Kamal Kadmi () est un acteur marocain, né à Marrakech en 1962.

Carrière

Kamal Kadimi est un acteur marocain connu pour ses nombreux rôles dans des séries, des films et des émissions de télévision. Il a commencé sa carrière dans les années 2000 et est devenu une figure populaire dans l'industrie cinématographique marocaine.

Parmi les séries les plus connues auxquelles il a participé figurent "Khawa", "Hadidan" et "Hadidan à Gueliz". Il a également joué dans des émissions telles que "L'île au trésor" et "StandUp" (S1), ainsi que dans des productions de théâtre et de films.

En 2017, Kamal Kadimi a joué dans le film "Couleurs En Exil" aux côtés de l'actrice Amal Sakr. Il a également continué à apparaître dans des séries télévisées populaires au Maroc, notamment "Bint Al Nas", "Ras Al Mahayin" et "Al Khawa".

Grâce à ses performances réussies, Kamal Kadimi est devenu l'un des acteurs les plus appréciés et les plus reconnus du Maroc. Il continue de travailler dans l'industrie du divertissement et de divertir les téléspectateurs avec ses rôles variés et sa présence charismatique à l'écran.

Filmographie

Séries
 Hadidan
 Fawazeer Solo Hadidan
 Hadidan à Gueliz
 Lalla Fatima
 La fille du peuple
 Une heure en enfer
 Alkhawa
 Benkalo
 Al-Awni
 Pomegranate
 Bartal
 Rommana et Bartal
 Ras Lamhain
 Sisters
 Hadidan et la fille d'Al-Haraz

Films
 2009 : Allo 15
 2009 : Un homme au-dessus de tout soupçon
 2014 : Couleurs en Exil
 2016 : Dallas
 2017 : Rumeur
 2018:  Kilikis Dawar Alboum
 2018 : Jamal Afina
 2020 : ElKonji

Programmes TV
 L'Île au trésor
 Standup : Membre du Jury
 Rachid Show
 Jar o Majrour
 Wa9ila howa
 Lalla Laaroussa : Animateur

Théâtre
 Almofatich
 Aswifoun
 Ala Salama
 Jules César
 Khfet Rjel
 Tranzit
 Hdit o Moghzel
 Aljamra
 Le Vent

Références

Liens externes

 Site Web de Channel Two

Acteur marocain
Page utilisant P345
Page utilisant P1412
Page utilisant P103
Page utilisant P569
Naissance en 1962
Page utilisant P18

Kamal Kadmi


Hoya peekelii er fjölær jurt í vaxblómaættkvísl.  Útbreiðslan er á Bismark-eyjum austan við Nýju-Gíneu.

Tilvísanir

Vaxblómaættkvísl

Hoya peekelii


Religija u Srbiji zastupljena je s nekoliko vjerskih zajednica.

Povijest
U starom vijeku ovdje su bile poganske vjere balkanskih naroda. Dolaskom Rimljana uz lokalne kultove proširila se starorimska religija. Bili su nazočni i mitraistički kultovi te kultovi Jupitera Dolichenskog. Na jugu je bilo tragova kultova mitraizma. Širenje kršćanstva postupno se širilo i veći dio došao je u dodir s kršćanstvom od 2. do 5. stoljeća. Seoba naroda istiskuje kršćanske tradicije i oživljavaju poganski kultovi naroda koji su bili u prolasku ili su se zadržali. Dolaskom Slavena stigla je staroslavenska vjera. U srednjem vijeku Srbija južno od Dunava pokrštava se pod utjecajem Bizanta i od tada je tradicijski zemlja istočne Crkve. Velika šizma cementirala je to stanje, premda su zbog političkih razloga srpski monarsi ponekad primali vladarske oznake od pape, a ne od carigradskog patrijarha. Krajevi sjeverno od Dunava tradicijski su dio zapadne Crkve, što se postupno mijenja od velike seobe Srba u južnu Ugarsku. Zapadni raskol nije se ticao Srbije. Srbija južno od Dunava tradicijski je pravoslavna. Osmanska osvajanja pogodila su Srbiju i vrlo se raširio islam, najviše u gradovima. Kroz osmansku državu u Srbiju dolaze židovski trgovci. Protestantizam je ostavio traga toliko što su se u panonske krajeve doselili protestantski narodi nakon oslobađanja Vojvodine od Osmanlija i što je kalvinizam među Mađarima bio simbol mađarstva. Uskoro se u te krajeve doseljavaju i židovski vjernici (poljsko-njemački). Oslobađanje Srbije od Osmanskog Carstva pratila je i politika kojom su se muslimani morali rekristijanizirati ili iseliti. Stara Raška ostala je koridor Osmanskog Carstva prema najzapadnijem osmanskom posjedu BiH, zbog čega je i danas ondje velika koncentracija muslimana u Srbiji. U Jugoslavijama se sprovodila tiha politika poticanja iseljavanja muslimana u Tursku, osobito u Kraljevini Jugoslaviji. Padom Austro-Ugarske Mađari i Nijemci bili su smanjenih prava i dio ih je iselio u matične zemlje, a dio se postupno posrbio. U drugom svjetskom ratu ovdašnja je židovska zajednica strahovito stradala u Holokaustu, zbog čega su ju nacistički vođe proglasili za prvu zemlju bez Židova ("Judenfrei"). Nakon drugog svjetskog rata prisiljeni su na odlazak gotovo svi Nijemci, a u Vojvodinu su naseljavani ponajviše Srbi i Crnogorci iz pasivnih krajeva, te je postupno promijenjena vjerska i nacionalna struktura tih krajeva, odnosno Vojvodina je ostala bez mnogo katolika i protestanata, a dobila pravoslavce te nešto malo katolika i muslimana po kolonizacijskom ključu. Doba jugokomunizma za posljedicu je ostavilo ateizaciju društva u smislu odbacivanja vjere ili zapuštanja vjerskih tradicija. Gušenje hrvatskog proljeća i antihrvatska histerija u Jugoslaviji pogodovala je odlasku ili asimilaciji katoličkih Hrvata, tako da je i taj dio katoličkog elementa smanjen. Ekonomske migracije u drugoj polovici 20. stoljeća i poslije dovele su druge vjere u velike gradove, ponajviše Beograd. Osobito uoči, tijekom i nakon velikosrpske agresije na Hrvatsku, katolici (ponajviše Hrvati) su predbjegli, ubijani, izbjegli ili prognani iz Srbije, prije svega Vojvodine. Osamostaljenjem Kosova Srbija je ostala bez većinski muslimanske pokrajine ali i bez dijela tamošnjeg katoličkog stanonvništva, čime je opao udio muslimana i katolika u Srbiji.

Vjerska struktura
Procjene koje navodi CIA govore za 2011. o sljedećem vjerskom sastavu:
 pravoslavni (Srpska pravoslavna Crkva) 84,6%
 katolici 5%
 muslimani (suniti) 3,1%
 protestanti 1%
 ateisti 1,1%
 ostali 0,8%
 neizjašnjeni ili nepoznato 4,5%

Galerija

Izvori

Religija u Srbiji


Heteropsis, biljni rod iz porodice kozlačevki smješten u tribus Heteropsideae. Postoji 20 vrsta u Srednjoj i tropskoj Južnoj Americi..

Vrste
 Heteropsis boliviana Rusby
 Heteropsis croatii M.L.Soares
 Heteropsis duckeana M.L.Soares
 Heteropsis ecuadorensis Sodiro
 Heteropsis flexuosa (Humb., Bonpl. & Kunth) G.S.Bunting
 Heteropsis linearis A.C.Sm.
 Heteropsis longispathacea Engl.
 Heteropsis macrophylla A.C.Sm.
 Heteropsis melinonii (Engl.) A.M.E.Jonker & Jonker
 Heteropsis oblongata (Kunth) Croat
 Heteropsis oblongifolia Kunth
 Heteropsis peruviana K.Krause
 Heteropsis reticulata Croat & M.L.Soares
 Heteropsis rigidifolia Engl.
 Heteropsis robusta (G.S.Bunting) M.L.Soares
 Heteropsis salicifolia Kunth
 Heteropsis spruceana Schott
 Heteropsis steyermarkii G.S.Bunting
 Heteropsis tenuispadix G.S.Bunting
 Heteropsis vasquezii Croat & M.L.Soares

Izvori

Monsteroideae

Heteropsis (Plantae)


«The Island» es una canción de la banda australiana de Drum & Bass y Rock electrónico Pendulum.  Fue el tercer sencillo de su tercer álbum de estudio Immersion. Fue lanzado el 19 de septiembre de 2010. La canción contiene dos versiones: "Pt. I (Dawn)" que fue la que mayor aceptación tuvo comercialmente y "Pt. II (Dusk)". Contiene los samples del tema de Missy Elliot – "I'm Really Hot". Devin Townsend utilizó la base estructural de "The Island" para su canción "Save Our Now" incluida en el álbum de 2012 Epicloud.

Video musical
El videoclip está dirigido por Mike Sharpe y Barney Steel pertenecientes a la compañía productora "The Found Collective". Fue filmado en Tenerife, España y es interpretado por la actriz belga Carole Weyers quien personifica a una alien que cae en un planeta desconocido. Luego vislumbra a otro ser humano a través del desierto, que persigue a la persona por todo el planeta, hasta que se revela al final del video que es ella misma, de hecho, la que se persigue. Está inspirado en la película La isla.

Listado de canciones

Posicionamiento en listas

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 The Island en Discogs

Sencillos de 2010
Sencillos de Pendulum
Sencillos de rock alternativo
Sencillos de música electrónica
Canciones de música electrónica
Canciones de rock

The Island (canción de Pendulum)


Stångån is a small river in southern Sweden, 185 km long and with a drainage basin of 2440 km2. It flows from the highlands of eastern Småland in the south to lake Roxen in the north. At the outlet near Linköping, the average discharge is 15 m3 per second.

It passes through Vimmerby, Kisa, and Linköping. A great deal of the river is extended to a canal, Kinda Canal. A railway takes the same course as the river.

Stångån passes through the deciduous forests of one of Sweden's main cultural areas, featuring several great manor houses of the nobility.

References

Rivers of Östergötland County
Motala ström basin

Stångån


Jostein Gaarder (d. 8 Ağustos 1952, Oslo), Norveçli yazar.

Annesi, Inger Margrethe Gaarder öğretmendi ve çocuk kitapları yazarıydı. Babası Knut Gaarder Oslo'da kolej müdürlüğü yapıyordu. 1971'te Oslo Katedral Okulu'nu bitirdi. 1974'te evlendi. 1976 ve 1983 yıllarında iki oğlu oldu. 1976'da Oslo Üniversitesi'nde İskandinav dilleri (Norveççe), düşünce tarihi ve dinler tarihinden lisans eğitimini tamamladı.

1981'de Ailece Bergen'e yerleştiler. Jostein Gaarder Fana Koleji'nde on yıl boyunca felsefe ve edebiyat öğretmenliği yaptı. 1991'de Jostein Gaarder tam zamanlı yazar oldu. Sofie'nin Dünyası'nı yazdı.

1994 yılından beri doğduğu yer olan Oslo'da yaşıyor.

Kitapları
 İskambil Kağıtlarının Esrarı (1990)
 Sofie'nin Dünyası (1991)
 Aynadaki Muamma (1992)
 Orada Kimse Var Mı (1996)
 Hayat Kısa "Vita Brevis" (1996)
 Maya (1999)
 Sirk Müdürünün Kızı (2001)
 Portakal Kız (2004)

1952 doğumlular
Norveçli roman yazarları
Norveçli hikâye yazarları
Yaşayan insanlar
Oslo doğumlular

Jostein Gaarder


L'Association de la noblesse allemande (DAG) est la plus grande association de nobles allemands dans l'Empire allemand.

Fondation et rôle dans l'Empire
Elle est fondée à Berlin le  par 30 seigneurs des provinces prussiennes de Brandebourg, de Poméranie, de Prusse-Orientale, de Saxe et de Silésie. Par l'ordre du cabinet  du , l'empereur  accorde au DAG les droits d'une personne morale. Elle doit contrecarrer le « libéralisme » de l'époque, perçu comme pernicieux, et mettre en place un contrepoids conservateur. Le DAG est  promu par la direction de l'État dans l'Empire allemand. Elle publie un magazine appelé Deutsches Adelsblatt.

Rôle après la monarchie
Après la Révolution de novembre, le DAG est réorganisé. Les statuts du  autorise les femmes à devenir membres pour la première fois. En même temps, les non-Allemands et les Juifs sont exclus pour des raisons raciales : « Quiconque a un non-aryen né après 1800 parmi ses ancêtres en ligne masculine ou qui est plus du quart d'une race autre qu'aryenne ou qui est marié à quelqu'un à qui cela s'applique ne peut pas être membre du DAG. « Dans une version légèrement différente, le certificat d'aryanité est demandée depuis 1918. Les membres de l'Association de la noblesse allemande peuvent être inclus dans la liste de la noblesse allemande de sang pur, qui à partir de ce moment-là est explicitement mentionnée dans les livres de poche de Gotha, entre autres.

Avec l'article 109 de la Constitution de Weimar du , les « privilèges ou désavantages de droit public de naissance ou de statut » sont abolis. La noblesse privilégiée est ainsi effectivement abolie. Les titres de noblesse ne peuvent plus être décernés et font partie du nom. Les « pseudo-aristocrates » peuvent naître par adoption ou par mariage. Afin d'enregistrer cela, un département distinct est créé en 1923, qui à partir de 1925 créé des listes de « faux aristocrates ».

Étant donné que le DAG s'est de plus en plus déplacé dans le camp anti-républicain, le ministre de la Reichswehr, Wilhelm Groener, interdit aux membres et aux employés civils de la Reichswehr d'adhérer en 1929. Le DAG est sous la direction du maréchal aristocratique le prince , qui est élu président en 1932. Ce dernier est reçu par Hitler le  et promet de remédier au manque d'enthousiasme de l'aristocratie pour le national-socialisme. Le circuit continu de l'association a été empêché, mais en grande partie au prix d'une adaptation au régime. Il n'est donc pas surprenant qu'en , le conseil principal se compose de tous les dirigeants SA supérieurs et moyens (, von Detten, ,  et von Tschammer und Osten). Selon les annuaires du DAG (également DAg), qui compte désormais un grand nombre de membres, de 1938 et 1940, une composition légèrement modifiée de cet organe peut cependant être établie. Après la tentative d'assassinat de Claus Schenck Graf von Stauffenberg sur Hitler le , Bentheim-Tecklembourg publie un discours d'allégeance à Hitler dans l'Adelsblatt.

Après 1945
Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le DAG perd de son importance. Elle a perdu non seulement son bureau de Berlin, mais aussi ses sections régionales d'Allemagne centrale et orientale pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale et est dissoute le  à Hanovre par un comité directeur d'urgence. Les nouvelles associations de la noblesse historique ne sont plus dirigées de manière centralisée, mais structurées par région. En 1956, le DAG fusionne avec le nouveau « Groupe de travail des associations aristocratiques allemandes » pour former l' «  » (VdDA).

En 1949, le Comité allemand pour le droit de la noblesse, qui existe encore aujourd'hui, est fondé (en tant que successeur du département du DAG pour les questions de droit de la noblesse).

Maréchaux aristocratiques / présidents
 1874-1880 :  (1810-1880), député de la chambre des seigneurs de Prusse et administrateur de l'arrondissement de Dramburg
 1880-1903 : comte  (1829-1911), député de la chambre des seigneurs de Prusse
 1903-1915 : Wilhelm von Wedel-Piesdorf (1837-1915), chambellan, ministre de la Maison royale
 1915-1920 : Interrègne sans président
 1920-1932 : Friedrich von Berg-Markienen (1866-1939), major prussien
 1932-1945 : prince -Rheda (1889-1967), Rittmeister.
 1945-1956 : Conseil d'urgence (en principe toujours le prince Adolphe de Bentheim-Tecklembourg-Rheda)

Bibliographie
 Georg H. Kleine: Adelsgenossenschaft und Nationalsozialismus. In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte. Band 26, H. 1, 1978, S. 100–143, online (PDF; 8,64 MB).
 : "Führertum" und "Neuer Adel". Die Deutsche Adelsgenossenschaft und der Deutsche Herrenklub in der Weimarer Republik. In:  (Hrsg.): Adel und Bürgertum in Deutschland. Band 2: Entwicklungslinien und Wendepunkte im 20. Jahrhundert (= Elitenwandel in der Moderne 2). Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 2001 , S. 173–211
 Stephan Malinowski: Vom König zum Führer. Deutscher Adel und Nationalsozialismus (= Fischer 16365 Die Zeit des Nationalsozialismus). Lizenzausgabe. Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2004  (Zugleich: Berlin, Technische Universität, Dissertation, 2001).
 Lexikon zur Parteiengeschichte 1789 -1945, Band 1, Leipzig 1983, S. 539
 Jahrbuch der Deutschen Adelsgenossenschaft, 1938, Berlin, 1938, S. 42
 Jahrbuch der Deutschen Adelsgenossenschaft, 1940, Berlin 1940, S. 41

Liens externes
 Histoire du Comité allemand du droit de la noblesse
 Organisation de l'Association de l'aristocratie allemande sur le site de l'Institut de recherche sur l'aristocratie allemande

Références

Noblesse allemande
Fondation en 1874
Disparition en 1956

Association de la noblesse allemande


Soția astronautului (titlu original: The Astronaut's Wife) este un film american SF thriller din 1999 regizat de Rand Ravich. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Johnny Depp și Charlize Theron.

Prezentare

Spencer Armacost (Johnny Depp) este un astronaut care pierde contactul cu Pământul timp de două minute. Acesta își pierde cunoștința. În cele din urmă, Spencer este salvat și se întoarce pe Pămân mai mult mort decât viu. Ajuns acasă, prietenii săi îl consideră neschimbat. Dar pentru soția sa Jillian (Charlize Theron) acesta pare a fi un alt om.  Ea rămâne însărcinată, în timp ce Spencer anunță că va renunța pentru o perioadă la zborul în spațiul cosmic pentru a fi o alături de soția sa.  Jullian este din ce în ce mai derutată deoarece Spencer  i se pare a fi total schimbat, iar copilul cu care este însărcinată îl consideră o ființă extraterestră. Julian e convinsă ca acesta este Răul...

Distribuție
 Johnny Depp - Commander Spencer Armacost
 Charlize Theron - Jillian Armacost
 Joe Morton - Sherman Reese, NASA Representative
 Clea DuVall - Nan
 Donna Murphy - Natalie Streck
 Nick Cassavetes - Capt. Alex Streck
 Samantha Eggar - Dr. Patraba
 Gary Grubbs - NASA Director
 Blair Brown - Shelly McLaren
 Tom Noonan - Jackson McLaren
 Tom O'Brien -  Allen Dodge
 Lucy Lin - Shelly Carter
 Michael Crider - Pat Elliott
 Edward Kerr - Pilot

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 Listă de filme cu extratereștri

Filme din 1999
Filme americane
Filme în limba engleză
Filme regizate de Rand Ravich
Filme SF thriller
Filme SF din anii 1990
Filme thriller din anii 1990
Filme New Line Cinema
Filme independente
Filme psihologice
Filme SF psihologice
Filme cu extratereștri
Filme despre astronauți

Soția astronautului


Iván Rodríguez Torres (born November 27, 1971), nicknamed "Pudge" and "I-Rod", is a Puerto Rican former Major League Baseball catcher. A member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum, Rodríguez is widely regarded as one of the greatest catchers in MLB history. He played for the Texas Rangers (in two separate stints, comprising the majority of his career), Florida Marlins, Detroit Tigers, New York Yankees, Houston Astros and Washington Nationals.

Rodríguez was awarded the AL MVP award in 1999. He won the 2003 World Series with the Florida Marlins and played in the 2006 World Series while with the Tigers.  In 2009, he set an MLB record by catching his 2,227th game, passing Carlton Fisk. He had the best career caught-stealing percentage of any major league catcher, at 45.68% (versus a league average of 31%), and he had nine seasons with a caught-stealing rate of 50% or higher. Only one major league catcher (Yadier Molina) has more putouts.

In 2017, Rodríguez was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown in his first year of eligibility, receiving 76% of the votes cast.

After retiring from baseball, he served as a Shadow Representative from Puerto Rico.

Early life
Rodríguez was born in Manatí, Puerto Rico and raised in Vega Baja, Puerto Rico. His father, Juan, worked for a U.S.-based construction company, and his mother, Eva Torres, was an elementary school teacher. Iván's first job involved delivering flyers in the shopping malls in Puerto Rico.

He learned baseball at an early age, his biggest rival being Juan González, whom he often played against in his youth. As a Little League player and just 8 years old, he moved from pitcher and third baseman (his favorite position) to catcher because his father, who was also his coach, thought he was throwing too hard and scaring opposing players with his pitches.

His favorite player growing up was Johnny Bench, even before he was changed to the catcher position. The reason for this was that, according to Rodríguez, the Big Red Machine teams for whom Bench played were constantly on TV in Puerto Rico, and he saw how good Bench was. Rodríguez attended Lino Padron Rivera High School, where he was discovered by scout Luis Rosa. Rosa reported that "He showed leadership at 16 that I'd seen in few kids. He knew where he was going." Rodríguez signed a contract with the Texas Rangers in July 1988, at the age of 16, and began his professional baseball career.

Professional career

Minor leagues
Rodríguez made his professional debut in 1989 at the age of 17 as catcher for the Gastonia Rangers of the South Atlantic League. In his first game, he went 3-for-3 at the plate against Spartanburg. Playing in the Florida State League in 1990, Rodríguez was selected the best catcher in the league and named to the All-Star team. He placed 15th in the league in batting at .287, and led his team in runs batted in, with 55. He also played in the Liga de Béisbol Profesional Roberto Clemente (LBPRC) over the offseason.

At the beginning of the 1991 season, Rodriguez played 50 games with the Tulsa Drillers, a AA team, where he batted .274 in 175 at-bats. He was considered the number one prospect of the Texas League. Before the middle of the season, he was called up to the Texas Rangers, thus bypassing AAA.

Texas Rangers (1991–2002)
Making his debut with the Texas Rangers on June 20, 1991, he became the youngest player to catch in a major league game that season at 19 years of age. He immediately established himself as an excellent hitter who was also proficient in throwing out would-be base-stealers.  He started many of the Rangers games at the end of the season, including 81 of the last 102. Rodríguez became the youngest player in the history of the Texas Rangers to hit a home run, on August 30, 1991, facing the Kansas City Royals and right-hander Storm Davis. He was named to the Major League Baseball (MLB) Rookie All-Star team by both Topps and Baseball America and finished in fourth place in the AL Rookie of the Year voting. He also placed first in throwing out runners, catching 48.6 percent of runners attempting to steal.

In 1992, Rodríguez started 112 games behind the plate and was the youngest player in the major leagues for the second year in a row. Playing in the Puerto Rico Winter League, he had a .262 batting average playing in 17 games for Mayagüez. In the 1993 season, Rodríguez batted .273, had 66 runs batted in and hit 10 home runs, ranking fourth, fifth, and fifth on his team respectively. He had a stretch of eight straight hits over two games facing the Kansas City Royals on July 26 and July 28. He played the final month of the regular season in the Puerto Rican Winter league, where he had a .425 batting average and 14 runs batted in for Mayagüez. Rodríguez was named to the Puerto Rican Winter League all-star team and was also the league Most Valuable Player (MVP). In 1994, Rodríguez led the American League in batting average among catchers, at .298. He placed high on his team in many statistics, placing second in batting average (.298), tied for third in doubles (19), and fourth in hits, total bases, runs, home runs, walks, games, and at bats. He also caught Kenny Rogers' perfect game on July 28. Rodríguez played in the Puerto Rican Winter League over the winter, but he suffered a severe knee injury which kept him from playing for the rest of the season.

 Playing for the Rangers during the 1995 season, Rodríguez led his team in batting, total bases, and doubles, at .303, 221, and 32 respectively. He was named the Texas Rangers' player of the year. Rodríguez also had his first multi-home run game while playing the Boston Red Sox on July 13, hitting both off All-Star pitcher Roger Clemens. He also played for Caguas in the Puerto Rican Winter League during the offseason.

In 1996, Rodríguez set an MLB record for most doubles by a catcher, amassing 47 over the course of the season. This broke the previous mark of 42, set by Mickey Cochrane in 1930. He also set the major league record for at-bats by a catcher in a single season, with 639, which surpassed Johnny Bench's record of 621 in 1970. He led the Texas Rangers in doubles, at bats, hits, and runs scored. He was selected to the Major League Baseball All-Star team that played a series in Japan against the Japanese all-stars after the season was over. He again played in the Puerto Rican Winter League this season. In the 1997 season, Rodríguez also placed first among catchers in many categories in Major League Baseball. These categories were hits, runs, runs batted in, and doubles. He placed second in home runs among catchers, below only Sandy Alomar Jr. of the Cleveland Indians, who had 20 home runs. He appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated on the week of August 4. This marked the fourth time a player from the Texas Rangers had been on the cover of Sports Illustrated. Rodríguez played in the Puerto Rican Winter League yet again, where he had a .285 batting average, four home runs, and 18 runs batted in over the course of 32 games playing for Caguas.

In the 1998 season, Rodríguez led the Texas Rangers in batting average at .325, which placed eighth in the American League. He also had 75 multi-hit games and 186 hits, finishing seventh and ninth in MLB respectively. He finished second on the Rangers in hits, total bases, triples, and slugging percentage. Rodríguez was third on the team in doubles, home runs, and stolen bases, and fourth in runs batted in. He recorded his 1,000th career hit in a game facing the Cleveland Indians on May 10 of that season. Rodríguez also became the first catcher in the history of Major League Baseball to have two or more seasons with 40 or more doubles. He was selected to the American League All-Star Team again, and he was also named to all-star teams by the Associated Press, The Sporting News, and Baseball America.

In 1999, Rodríguez was selected as the American League MVP. He set a new American League record for home runs in a single season among catchers with 35. Rodríguez was also the first catcher to have more than 30 home runs, 100 runs batted in, and 100 runs scored in the history of Major League Baseball. In addition, he holds the distinction of being the first catcher in the history of the league to amass more than 20 home runs and 20 stolen bases. From May 8 to June 1, 1999, Rodríguez had a career-high 20-game hitting streak. He had 25 stolen bases, which was fifth most among catchers in the history of the league. He led the league in times grounded into a double play, with 31. Rodríguez was only the ninth catcher in the history of Major League Baseball to win the Most Valuable Player award, and he was the first to win it since Thurman Munson in 1976. He was named on all of the ballots, getting seven first place votes and six second place votes. Rodríguez was the sixth Puerto Rican to win the award, and the fourth player from the Texas Rangers to win it. He also won the Silver Slugger Award for the sixth time in a row and was selected Most Valuable Player by Baseball Digest. He was again named to all-star teams by the Associated Press, The Sporting News, and Baseball America. While he was hitting home runs, he rarely drew walks. He is one of only six players active in 2009 who have had at least 30 home runs in a season in which they had more homers than walks (34 home runs, 24 walks in 1999). The others are Alfonso Soriano (39–23 in 2002, 36–33 in 2005, 33–31 in 2007), Garret Anderson (35–24 in 2000), Ryan Braun (34–29 in 2007), Joe Crede (30–28 in 2006), and José Guillén (31–24 in 2003).

In 2000, Rodríguez suffered a season-ending injury in a game against the Anaheim Angels. While trying to make a throw to second base, his thumb made contact with the swing of Mo Vaughn's bat. He fractured his right thumb and underwent surgery the next day. This injury caused him to miss the rest of the season. Rodríguez appeared in just 91 games, which was the fewest that he appeared in since his first season in the league, 1991. His nine home runs in April matched a team record that was shared (through 2008) with Alex Rodriguez (2002), Carl Everett (2003), and Ian Kinsler (2007). Even though he was injured, he was still named to the second-team of Baseball America's Major League Baseball All-Star Team.

Rodríguez returned to full action in 2001 and had another all-star season. He was selected to his ninth straight MLB All-Star Game, which tied the all-time record set by Johnny Bench. He also tied Bench's record of ten straight Rawlings Gold Glove Awards in a row. He batted .308, making 2001 his seventh straight season with a batting average of over .300. He had 25 home runs, 136 hits, and 65 RBI. He also posted a career-best 60.3% caught stealing rate, in a year when the league average was 29%.

Rodríguez's final year with the Texas Rangers came in 2002. His .314 batting average was seventh best among American League players. This was his eighth season in a row with batting average of .300 or above. He also had 32 doubles, two triples, and 60 runs batted in while playing in 108 games for the Rangers. Rodríguez was placed on the disabled list on April 23 after suffering a herniated disk on April 15. The injury did not require surgery, and he rehabilitated while playing for Class-A Charlotte. He later returned to the Rangers and played there for the remainder of the season. After the 2002 season, his contract with Texas expired and he became a free agent.

Florida Marlins (2003)
On January 22, 2003, Rodríguez signed a one-year, $10 million contract with the Florida Marlins. By then a major-league veteran of over a decade, he helped lead the young team to victory in the World Series. During the 2003 regular season, he set many Marlins single season records for a catcher, such as batting average, at .297, and runs batted in, at 85. On March 31, Rodríguez became the tenth Marlins player ever to hit a home run in the team's first game of the season. On April 8, he set a Marlins single game record by drawing five walks in a game against the New York Mets.

He had a nine-game hitting streak from June 24 to July 2, during which he batted .500 with seven doubles, two triples, and four home runs. From June 24 to July 1, he drove in a run in eight consecutive games, another single season record for the Marlins. In the postseason, he was named National League Championship Series Most Valuable Player for the first time in his career. He also closed out the National League Division Series by holding onto the ball during a dramatic game-ending collision at the plate with J. T. Snow in Game 4. He chose not to return to the Marlins following the 2003 season.

Detroit Tigers (2004–2008)

Before the 2004 season, Rodríguez signed a four-year, $40 million contract with the Detroit Tigers. In 2004, he was selected to the MLB All-Star Game for the 11th time in his career and for his 10th time as a starting player, joining Johnny Bench and Mike Piazza as the only Major League Baseball catchers to start an All-Star game 10 times or more in their career. During the month of June, he batted .500 and was named the American League Player of the Month. He also won his 10th consecutive Rawlings Gold Glove Award, making him the first player on the Detroit Tigers to win the award since Gary Pettis won it in 1989. He won his seventh career Silver Slugger Award, tied with Víctor Martínez of the Cleveland Indians. He was fourth in the American League in batting average and fourth among all Major League Baseball catchers. On October 1, he recorded his 1,000th career RBI in a game against the Tampa Bay Devil Rays.

Prior to the 2005 season, Jose Canseco, in his controversial book Juiced, claimed to have personally injected Rodríguez with anabolic steroids during their time as teammates on the Texas Rangers. Rodríguez denied the allegations and said he was "in shock" over Canseco's claims. Rodríguez arrived at spring training in 2005 weighing 193 lbs.; his 2004 playing weight had been 215 lbs. Given that Major League Baseball implemented a more stringent regime of testing for performance-enhancing drugs in 2005, the "significant weight loss" experienced by Rodríguez "raised more than a few eyebrows". Rodríguez asserted that his weight loss was the result of changes in his diet and exercise. Asked by a reporter in 2009 whether his name was on the list of 104 players who tested positive for steroids during baseball's 2003 survey testing, Rodríguez responded, "Only God knows."

Despite the off-season controversy, the 2005 season turned out to be another All-Star year for Rodríguez. He was selected to the Major League Baseball All-Star Game for the 12th time in his career, and he participated in the Century 21 Home Run Derby on the day before the All-Star game, finishing second to Bobby Abreu of the Philadelphia Phillies in his home stadium of Comerica Park. For the season, he batted .276 with 14 home runs and 50 runs batted in. On October 26, 2005, Major League Baseball named him the catcher on their Latino Legends Team.

In 2006, Rodríguez returned to throwing out runners attempting to steal a base at a very high percentage, as he did in his earlier career; he was first in the league in this category, throwing out 45.7 percent of all runners attempting to steal a base. On May 9, 2006, Rodríguez played first base for the Tigers. That game, a 7–6 loss to the Baltimore Orioles, was the first time that he played a position other than catcher in his 1,914 Major League games. On August 15, 2006, he also made his first Major League appearance at second base after regular second baseman Plácido Polanco was injured in a game in Boston. Rodríguez was honored with a Fielding Bible Award as the best fielding catcher in MLB in 2006. Rodríguez would help the Tigers upset the Yankees in the 2006 ALDS and the A's in the 2006 ALCS to help Detroit win the pennant.

On April 16, 2007, he batted in six runs on the way to a 12–5 victory over the Kansas City Royals. On June 12 he caught Justin Verlander's first no-hitter, the second no-hitter he caught in his career. In 2007, Rodríguez walked in only 1.8 percent of his plate appearances, the lowest percentage in the major leagues. On October 9, the Tigers announced that they were picking up the fifth-year, $13 million option on Rodríguez's contract, keeping him on the Tigers team through at least the 2008 season. The team could have bought out the option for $3 million and allowed him to become a free agent.

In spring training in 2008 he led the major leagues with eight home runs. On April 10 against Boston, he got his 2,500th hit.

New York Yankees (2008)

On July 30, 2008, Rodríguez was traded to the New York Yankees for relief pitcher Kyle Farnsworth after starting Yankee catcher Jorge Posada had season-ending surgery. While Rodríguez wanted to leave Detroit due to Tigers manager Jim Leyland's decision to use rotating catchers, he wound up sharing catching duties with back-up Yankee catcher José Molina, starting only 26 of the remaining 55 games of the 2008 season. With his customary number 7 having been retired by the Yankees for Mickey Mantle, Rodríguez changed his jersey number to 12. He finished the year with a .278 batting average with his time on the Yankees being his worst part of the season.

Return to Puerto Rican League
In preparation for the 2009 World Baseball Classic, Rodríguez returned to the Puerto Rico Baseball League (formerly LBPPR) during the offseason, following ten years of absence. Playing for the Criollos de Caguas, he gathered a batting average of .370 with three runs batted in and one home run in six games during the regular season. Upon leaving the team on vacation, Rodríguez noted that his intention was to return to action if the Criollos advanced to the playoffs. He returned to action in a "sudden death" game for the final postseason space, but the team lost and was eliminated. On January 8, 2008, the Leones de Ponce reclaimed Rodríguez in the last turn of a special post-season draft, where players from eliminated teams were selected to reinforce those that qualified. In the first week of December 2009, Rodríguez re-joined the Criollos de Caguas in the PRBL.

Houston Astros (2009)

On March 20, 2009, Rodríguez signed a one-year deal worth $1.5 million with the Houston Astros. Rodríguez was given the opportunity to make an additional $1.5 million in performance bonuses. In a situation similar to his tenure with the Yankees, his customary number 7 had been retired by the Astros in honor of Craig Biggio, so Rodríguez initially wore jersey number 12, then later changed to number 77 mid-season.

On May 17, 2009, Rodríguez hit his 300th career home run off of Chicago Cubs pitcher Rich Harden at Wrigley Field. On June 17, 2009, Rodríguez caught his 2,227th career game, passing Carlton Fisk for the most games caught in a career; the game was against his former team (the Rangers) at Rangers Ballpark in Arlington.

Second stint with Rangers (2009)
On August 18, 2009, Rodríguez was traded to the Texas Rangers for minor league reliever Matt Nevarez and two PTBNL. Teammate David Murphy switched his uniform number to #14 so Rodríguez could wear the #7 he previously wore with the Rangers. In his first game back with the Rangers, Rodríguez went 3-for-4 with an RBI double and two singles. He hit his first home run with the Rangers since 2002 on August 29, a solo shot against Minnesota Twins reliever José Mijares.

He finished the 2009 season ranked first in major league history with 13,910 putouts as a catcher, ahead of Brad Ausmus (12,671).

Washington Nationals (2010–2011)

Following the 2009 season, Rodríguez filed for free agency, declining the Rangers' offer of salary arbitration. On December 11, 2009, Rodríguez signed a two-year, $6 million contract with the Washington Nationals.

Rodríguez hit his first home run as a member of the Nationals on May 6 against Tim Hudson of the Atlanta Braves. Facing the New York Mets at Citi Field four days later, he went 4-for-4 and drove in the eventual game-winning RBI. On May 24, Rodríguez was hitting .325, but was placed on the 15-day disabled list due to a back sprain. Rodríguez returned from the DL in time to catch for Stephen Strasburg's Major League debut on June 8, 2010. Nationals pitching coach Steve McCatty instructed Strasburg to throw whatever Rodriguez called, which he did the entire game, except for the first pitch. Strasburg struck out 14 batters and walked none over seven complete innings, which has been described as one of the greatest major league pitching debuts of all time. In a postgame interview, Pudge reacted that "[e]verybody [was] impressed with what this kid did." In 2011, Rodríguez platooned at catcher for the Nationals with Wilson Ramos. Nationals GM Mike Rizzo later said signing Rodriguez to the team "turned out to be one of the best things we've done. He taught us to be a professional franchise."

Career statistics
In 2,543 games over 21 seasons, Rodríguez posted a .296 batting average (2,844-for-9,592) with 1,354 runs, 572 doubles, 51 triples, 311 home runs, 1,332 RBI, 127 stolen bases, 513 bases on balls, .334 on-base percentage and .464 slugging percentage. Defensively, he recorded a .991 fielding percentage. In 40 postseason games, he hit .255 (39-for-153) with 17 runs, 9 doubles, 4 home runs, 25 RBI and 14 walks.

International career

World Baseball Classic (Puerto Rico)
Rodríguez represented Puerto Rico in the 2006 World Baseball Classic. Rodríguez was one of several Major League Baseball players that committed to represent their birthplaces before the organization of the tournament. He also played for Puerto Rico in the 2009 World Baseball Classic and was named to the classic's All-World Baseball Classic team.

Retirement and honors

Rodríguez announced his retirement on April 18, 2012. He signed a one-day contract with the Rangers on April 23, retiring as a member of the team. Rodríguez also threw out the ceremonial first pitch during the Rangers home game against the New York Yankees. Instead of throwing out the ceremonial first pitch from the mound, he went to his usual position behind the plate and threw from behind home plate to second base to Michael Young.  Rodríguez was inducted into the Texas Sports Hall of Fame on February 27, 2014. He also joined FOX Sports Southwest in 2014 as an analyst for pre and postgame television coverage.

In 2017, Rodríguez became eligible for induction into the Baseball Hall of Fame. Richard Justice of MLB.com argued that he was "unquestionably" a Hall of Fame-caliber player, writing on MLB.com in 2012 that he batted better than .290 with more than 2,500 hits, 550 doubles, 300 home runs and 1,300 RBI, an accomplishment equaled only by four all-time greats: Hank Aaron, George Brett, Babe Ruth and Barry Bonds. Justice acknowledged that like Bonds, Rodríguez may have difficulty winning election to the Hall of Fame due to suspicion that he used steroids during his career, USA Today expressed similar sentiments. On January 18, 2017, Rodríguez was elected to the Hall of Fame on his first ballot, receiving 76% of the vote. He became the first former Washington Nationals player in the Hall of Fame.

Rodriguez was inducted into the Hall of Fame in Cooperstown on July 30, 2017. On August 12, 2017, the Rangers retired his jersey #7 with the team (and the opponent, Houston Astros) wearing throwback jerseys to the 1999 era in which Rodriguez played.

In August 2017, Rodríguez was selected by then-Governor Ricardo Rosselló as one of Puerto Rico's five shadow representatives.

Personal life

Rodríguez married Maribel Rivera on June 20, 1991. That same night, having been called up from double A (Rodriguez bypassed AAA) by the Texas Rangers, Rodríguez made his major league debut, in which he threw out two White Sox would-be base stealers. Rodríguez has three children: Dereck, Amanda, and Ivanna. In 1993, Rodríguez and his wife founded the Ivan "Pudge" Rodríguez Foundation, whose purpose is to help families in Puerto Rico, Dallas and Fort Worth, Texas. Rodríguez has also stated that the Make-a-Wish Foundation is one of his charities of choice. Their 15-year marriage ended in 2006 and Rodríguez married Colombia native Patricia Gómez in 2007.

See also

 List of Major League Baseball career at-bat leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career doubles leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career extra base hits leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career putouts as a catcher leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career putouts leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career total bases leaders
 List of Major League Baseball players from Puerto Rico
 List of second-generation Major League Baseball players
 List of Major League Baseball record holders
 Baseball in Puerto Rico

References

External links

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1971 births
2006 World Baseball Classic players
2009 World Baseball Classic players
American League Most Valuable Player Award winners
American League All-Stars
Charlotte Rangers players
Detroit Tigers players
Florida Marlins players
Gastonia Rangers players
Gold Glove Award winners
Harrisburg Senators players
Houston Astros players
Living people
Major League Baseball catchers
Major League Baseball players from Puerto Rico
Major League Baseball players with retired numbers
National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
National League Championship Series MVPs
New York Yankees players
People from Colleyville, Texas
Potomac Nationals players
Silver Slugger Award winners
Texas Rangers players
Tulsa Drillers players
Washington Nationals players

Iván Rodríguez


Ostatci brodoloma putničko-teretnog parobroda Brioni nalaze se u uvali Rukavcu na otoku Visu.

Opis dobra
Parobrod "Brioni" sagrađen je 1909. kao putničko-trgovačko plovilo. Pripadao je kompaniji Österreichische Lloyd. Tijekom prvog svjetskog rata plovio je u službi austro-ugarske mornarice. Bio je dugačak 69 metara i imao 1111 BRT-a. Olupina u podmorju leži na boku, te je dobro sačuvana.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-73 zaveden je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "arheološka baština".

Izvori

Zaštićene podvodne arheološke zone i nalazišta u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Vis
Ostatci novovjekih brodoloma u Hrvatskoj

Ostatci brodoloma parobroda Brioni


O Ganso-de-peito-ruivo (Branta ruficollis) é uma espécie de ganso que nidifica na Península de Taimir e migra no inverno para as margens do Mar Negro (embora até à década de 1970 migrasse para as margens do Mar Cáspio). É considerada uma espécie vulnerável, com uma população decrescente estimada em 56 mil indivíduos (2015). A Reserva Natural de Taymyr foi criada para a sua proteção.

Descrição
Todas as espécies do gênero Branta se distinguem por sua cor escura fuliginosa, relevada pelo branco, como distinção dos gansos cinzentos do gênero Anser. Entre as espécies desses dois gêneros, o ganso-de-peito-ruivo é a menor, com 53-56 cm de comprimento. Esta espécie brilhantemente marcada é inconfundível, mas pode ser surpreendentemente difícil de encontrar entre os gansos desse gênero. A longas distâncias, o vermelho do peito tende a parecer mais escuro.

Branta
Gansos

Ganso-de-peito-ruivo


El músculo recto lateral de la cabeza (musculus rectus capitis lateralis) es un corto y plano músculo que se origina desde la superficie superior de la apófisis transversa del atlas, e insertándose en la superficie bajo de la apófisis yugular del hueso occipital. Este tiene el trabajo de flexionar el cuello.

Es inervado por un nervio rama de la C1 y C2 que lleva su mismo nombre.

Enlaces externos

 Aplicación clínica de las técnicas neuromusculares; León Chaitow, Judith DeLany (editorial Paidotribo), pág. 225

Músculos del cuello
Músculos de la cabeza

Músculo recto lateral de la cabeza


Die Čabranka ist ein nur 17,5 km langer linker Nebenfluss der Kupa. Sie bildet auf dem größten Teil ihres Laufs die Grenze zwischen Slowenien und Kroatien.

Lauf
Die Čabranka entspringt in 546 m Höhe unterhalb des Hügels Obrh bei Čabar in der Gespanschaft Primorje-Gorski kotar in Kroatien unmittelbar an der Grenze zu Slowenien. Sie mündet auf 287 m Höhe bei Osilnica in die Kupa (slowenisch Kolpa).

Einzelnachweise

Fluss in Slowenien
Grenzfluss

Čabranka


Gent-Wevelgem 1984 var den 46. udgave af cykelløbet Gent-Wevelgem og blev arrangeret 4. april 1984. Løbet blev vundet af Guido Bontempi, efterfulgt af Eric Vanderaerden og Pierino Gavazzi.

Resultater

Eksterne henvisninger

1984
Cykelløb i 1984

Gent-Wevelgem 1984


La diócesis de Ogdensburg ( y ) es una circunscripción eclesiástica latina de la Iglesia católica en Estados Unidos, sufragánea de la arquidiócesis de Nueva York. La diócesis tiene al obispo Terry Ronald LaValley como su ordinario desde el 23 de febrero de 2010.

Territorio y organización
La diócesis tiene 12 036 km² y extiende su jurisdicción sobre los fieles católicos de rito latino residentes en el estado de Nueva York en los condados de Clinton, Essex, Franklin, Jefferson, Lewis y Saint Lawrence, además de porciones de los condados de Hamilton y de Herkimer.

La sede de la diócesis se encuentra en la ciudad de Ogdensburg, en donde se halla la Catedral de Santa María.

En 2019 en la diócesis existían 91 parroquias.

Historia
La diócesis fue erigida el 16 de febrero de 1872 con el breve Quod catholico nomini del papa Pío IX, obteniendo el territorio de la diócesis de Albany.

Estadísticas
De acuerdo al Anuario Pontificio 2020 la diócesis tenía a fines de 2019 un total de 86 182 fieles bautizados.

|- align="right"
| 1949 || 118 682 || 330 386 || 35.9 || 220 || 171 || 49 || 539 ||  || 70 || 583 || 154
|- align="right"
| 1966 || 166 555 || 390 188 || 42.7 || 264 || 204 || 60 || 630 ||  || 115 || 631 || 118
|- align="right"
| 1970 || 169 589 || 390 337 || 43.4 || 201 || 169 || 32 || 843 ||  || 60 || 549 || 122
|- align="right"
| 1976 || 171 543 || 382 353 || 44.9 || 223 || 181 || 42 || 769 ||  || 72 || 421 || 161
|- align="right"
| 1980 || 169 845 || 404 806 || 42.0 || 215 || 175 || 40 || 789 ||  || 73 || 376 || 161
|- align="right"
| 1990 || 172 000 || 402 000 || 42.8 || 205 || 179 || 26 || 839 || 44 || 50 || 263 || 159
|- align="right"
| 1999 || 136 090 || 430 422 || 31.6 || 182 || 167 || 15 || 747 || 58 || 9 || 203 || 120
|- align="right"
| 2000 || 137 022 || 430 000 || 31.9 || 163 || 151 || 12 || 840 || 56 || 24 || 176 || 120
|- align="right"
| 2001 || 143 084 || 450 982 || 31.7 || 154 || 142 || 12 || 929 || 56 || 24 || 166 || 120
|- align="right"
| 2002 || 143 700 || 462 000 || 31.1 || 153 || 141 || 12 || 939 || 54 || 25 || 164 || 119
|- align="right"
| 2003 || 143 700 || 462 000 || 31.1 || 143 || 134 || 9 || 1004 || 55 || 21 || 153 || 117
|- align="right"
| 2004 || 143 700 || 462 000 || 31.1 || 137 || 130 || 7 || 1048 || 64 || 17 || 146 || 119
|- align="right"
| 2013 || 123 700 || 519 000 || 23.8 || 104 || 98 || 6 || 1189 || 67 || 13 || 108 || 99
|- align="right"
| 2016 || 94 296 || 497 756 || 18.9 || 105 || 97 || 8 || 898 || 77 || 12 || 85 || 93
|- align="right"
| 2019 || 86 182 || 493 000 || 17.5 || 91 || 83 || 8 || 947 || 87 || 11 || 79 || 91
|- align="right"
|colspan=12 |<small>Fuente: Catholic-Hierarchy, que a su vez toma los datos del Anuario Pontificio.
|}

Escuelas elementales
 Immaculate Heart Central High School, Watertown
 Seton Catholic Central High School, Plattsburgh

Episcopologio
 Edgar Philip Prindle Wadhams † (15 de febrero de 1872-5 de diciembre de 1891 falleció)
 Henry Gabriels † (15 de enero de 1892-23 de abril de 1921 falleció)
 Joseph Henry Conroy † (21 de noviembre de 1921-20 de marzo de 1939 falleció)
 Francis Joseph Monaghan † (20 de marzo de 1939 por sucesión-13 de noviembre de 1942 falleció)
 Bryan Joseph McEntegart † (5 de junio de 1943-19 de agosto de 1953 renunció)
 Walter Philip Kellenberg † (19 de enero de 1954-16 de abril de 1957 nombrado obispo de Rockville Centre)
 James Johnston Navagh † (2 de mayo de 1957-12 de febrero de 1963 nombrado obispo de Paterson)
 Leo Richard Smith † (12 de febrero de 1963-9 de octubre de 1963 falleció)
 Thomas Andrew Donnellan † (28 de febrero de 1964-24 de mayo de 1968 nombrado arzobispo de Atlanta)
 Stanislaus Joseph Brzana † (22 de octubre de 1968-11 de noviembre de 1993 retirado)
 Paul Stephen Loverde (11 de noviembre de 1993-25 de enero de 1999 nombrado obispo de Arlington)
 Gerald Michael Barbarito (26 de octubre de 1999-1 de julio de 2003 nombrado obispo de Palm Beach)
 Robert Joseph Cunningham (9 de marzo de 2004-21 de abril de 2009 nombrado obispo de Syracuse)
 Terry Ronald LaValley, desde el 23 de febrero de 2010

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 (en inglés) Ficha de la diócesis en www.gcatholic.org

Ogdensburg
Organizaciones religiosas fundadas en 1872
Ogdensburg
Ogdensburg

Diócesis de Ogdensburg


මාපටුනගේ ජේම්ස් (ඇම්. ජේ) පෙරේරා (ඉංග්‍රීසි: M. J. Perera) යනු පේරාදෙනිය විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයයේ හිටපු උපකුලපති වරයායි.

ජීවන සටහන්
මීට අමතරව ඔහු ලංකා ගුවන් විදුලි සේවයෙහි   අධ්‍යක්ෂ ජනරාල් තනතුර හෙබවූ පළමු ලාංකිකයාද , ශ්‍රී ලංකා රූපවාහිනී සංස්ථාවෙහි සභාපති ධූරය හෙබවූ පළමුවැන්නාද විය.

මාපටුනගේ ජේම්ස් (ඇම්. ජේ) පෙරේරා   කොළඹ නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලයයේ ආදි සිසුවෙකි.

ආශ්‍රිත

 කොළඹ නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලයයේ ආදි සිසු සිවිල් නිලධරයන්

චරිත කතා
ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයෝ
ආදි නාලන්දියයෝ
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික බෞද්ධයෝ
ලාංකික සිංහලයෝ
1915 උපත්
2002 මරණ

ඇම්.ජේ. පෙරේරා


Parcul Venus, cunoscut anterior ca Parcul Operei, aflat în sectorul 1 al municipiului București, cu o suprafață de 3,5 hectare, este situat pe malul stâng al Dâmboviței, între Strada Știrbei Vodă, Calea Plevnei și Opera Română.

În secolul al XIX-lea terenul actualului parc era străbătut de vechea albie a râului Dâmbovița și făcea parte din moșia unei văduve bogate, Marghioala Procopie Canusis, al cărei tată era grec. Aici se afla, atestată în documente de pe la 1830, așa numita grădină a lui Procopie, mai târziu Grădina Procopoaiei.

Denumirea de "parcul Operei" a fost purtată până în 2012, când, după costisitoare lucrări de reamenajare, parcul a fost denumit "parcul Venus". În prezent, "parcul Operei" a rămas doar peluza dintre Statuia lui George Enescu din București și intrarea în Opera Română, cu cele două alei de acces.

Denumirea "Venus" vine de la numele uneia dintre cele mai valoroase echipe de fotbal din perioada interbelică, Venus București, al cărei stadion, inaugurat în 1928, se afla pe locul actualului parc, chiar lângă locul unde avea să se construiască Opera. Arena "Venus"a fost demolată în 1953, anul în care a început ridicarea clădirii Operei Române. Pe terenul rămas viran a fost construit complexul TCB (Tenis Club București) care la rândul lui a fost demolat la sfârșitul anilor `80.

Galerie de fotografii
În parc a fost organizată o rotondă înconjurată de busturile a 5 oameni de știință români, toate busturile fiind realizate de sculptorul Istoc Ionel:

Note

Venus
Sector 1

Parcul Venus


Akçalıuşağı, Adana ilinin Kozan ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Dış bağlantılar

Kozan'ın mahalleleri

Akçalıuşağı, Kozan


Carabinieri (, de asemenea , ; trecut Arma dei Carabinieri, "Forțele carabinierilor"; trecut Corpo dei Carabinieri Reali, "Corpul Carabinierilor Regali") sunt jandarmeria națională a Italiei care îndeplinesc în primul rând îndatoriri interne de poliție. Este una dintre principalele agenții de aplicare a legii din Italia, alături de Polizia di Stato și Guardia di Finanza. Ca și în cazul Guardia di Finanza, în contrast cu Polizia di Stato, Carabinierii sunt o forță militară. Ca a patra ramură a Forțelor Armate italiene, acestea se află sub autoritatea Ministerului Apărării. În practică, există o suprapunere semnificativă între jurisdicția Polizia di Stato și Carabinieri, care sunt contactați pe numere de telefon separate de urgență.

Carabinierii au puteri de poliție care pot fi exercitate în orice moment și în orice parte a țării și li se permite întotdeauna să transporte armele lor ca echipament personal (pistoale Beretta 92FS). Acestea au fost inițial întemeiate ca forța de poliție a Regatului Sardiniei, precursorul Regatului Italiei. În timpul procesului de unificare italiană, Carabinierii au fost numiți "Prima Forță" a noii organizații militare naționale. Deși Carabinierii au asistat la suprimarea opoziției în timpul domniei lui Benito Mussolini, ei au fost, de asemenea, responsabili pentru căderea sa și multe unități au fost desființate de Germania nazistă în timpul celui de-al doilea război mondial, ceea ce a dus la un număr mare de Carabinieri care au aderat la mișcarea de rezistență italiană. În 2001, au fost separați de armată pentru a deveni o ramură separată a forțelor armate italiene.

Note

Legături externe

  Official Carabinieri website
  FIEP - Italian Carabinieri
  Carabinieri Association website

Jandarmeria
Armata Italiană
Fondări în 1814

Carabinieri


التعليب هو وسيلة لحفظ الطعام في ( المواد الغذائية التي يتم تجهيزها ومختومة) حاوية محكمة الإغلاق، تعليب الطعام يمكن الناس من حفظ الطعام لفترة طويلة قد تصل إلى عام كامل. عام 1804 اكتشف طباخ يدعى نيكولاس آبرت ان السوائل كالحساء والثمار الصغيرة كالكرز، يمكن ان تحفظا بوضعهما في عبوات زجاجية وإغراق العبوات المغلقة في ماء مغلي. ولم يكن آبرت يدرك آنذاك، انه كان يقتل البكتيريا التي كانت تفسد الغذاء لو لم يفعل ذلك.

وفي بعض الأقطار تسمى المعلبات باسم آخر وهو المصبرات.

التاريخ
مرت صناعة تعليب الأغذية بمراحل تطور يمكن تلخيصها على النحو الآتي:
 من عام 1851-1900 طُور المعقِّم المحسن، واستعمل التبريد المفاجئ بعد المعاملة الحرارية لدعم التعقيم وقتل الأحياء الدقيقة المقاومة للحرارة.
 من عام 1901-1950م، وهي مرحلة شهدت تطوراً سريعاً في صناعة التعليب، فاستعملت علبة الصفيح الصحية، واستخدم القفل المزدوج. أما أبرز ما وضح في هذه المرحلة فهو السيطرة على البكتريا المطثية الوشيقية Clostridium botulinum وقتلها في المعلبات، وكشف العلاقة بين الباهاء (الأس الهدروجيني) pH والأغذية، وتصنيف الأغذية المعلبة بموجبها إلى أغذية حامضية وأغذية منخفضة الحموضة، وحدد لكل من الصنفين طرائق تعقيم خاصة. ومن الإنجازات المهمة التي تمت في هذه المرحلة ابتكار طرائق رياضية عملية لحساب الحرارة والزمن اللازمين لتعقيم الأغذية، وبذلك يستغنى عن المحاولات التجريبية التي تعتمد على الخطأ والصواب لمعرفة الشروط المناسبة للمعاملات الحرارية لتعقيم الأغذية.
طبقت في هذه المرحلة طريقة التعقيم المحمي للأغذية السائلة، وتقتصرعلى تعقيم المادة الغذائية والعبوة كل على حدة، ثم تعبئتها آلياً ضمن حيز معقم، وهي الطريقة السائدة اليوم، وخاصة عند تعبئة الأغذية السائلة من حليب وعصائر وخلافها.
 بعد عام 1950م: اتصفت هذه المرحلة بتطوير تقانات كل نوع من أنواع التعقيم وطرائقه، إضافة إلى تطوير أواني التعبئة، فاستعمل المعقم المائي الساكن hydrostatic retortor والمعقم المائي المغلق. وطورت طريقة التعقيم المحمي للسوائل في السويد. وفي سبعينات القرن العشرين استعملت الأكياس المرنة القابلة للتعقيم sterilizable pouch لتعليب الأغذية المنخفضة الحموضة، وهي أكياس مصنوعة من مادة لدنة بلاستيكية على طبقات بينها طبقة رقيقة من الألمنيوم وتقفل بالحرارة، وقد استعملها رواد الفضاء. ويضاف إلى ذلك استعمال الأطباق القابلة للتعقيم retortable trays.

قصة علبة الصفيح
منذ أكثر من مئة سنة تبرع نابليون بمكافأة قدرها 12,000 فرانك للشخص الذي يبتكر آنية يمكن أن يحفظ فيها الطعام أثناء الحروب، هذا هو بداية قصة علبة الصفيح.

لاحظ الإنسان كما رأينا منذ قديم الزمان تعاقب الفصول فأفاده ذلك كثيرا في شئون الزراعة، كما ارتبط بهذه المواسم في طعامه، فالإنسان الذي يعيش في منطقة من مناطق الأرض لا يتسنى له مهما جاهد في فلاحة أرضه أن يخرج منها كل ما تشتهي نفسه من حبوب وفاكهة. فكان عليه أن يصنع ما يصنعه النمل فيختزن طعامه حتى لا يكون تحت رحمة الطبيعة.

و أقدم طريقة لحفظ الطعام هي تجفيفه، وكثير من الشعوب الفطرية عرفت ذلك، فالهنود الحمر كانوا يجففون الحبوب والسمك والفاكهة، كما يفعل أهل السودان في تجفيف اللحوم. وطريقة حفظ الطعام بتثليجه عرفتها بعض الشعوب التي كانت تعيش في البلاد الباردة، التي يتيسر لها حفظ اللحوم في الماء المثلج أو في جوف الأرض. أما في البلاد الحارة فقد اكتشف الإنسان أن اللحوم المطبوخة لا تتعفن بسرعة كاللحوم النيئة، ومن هنا بدأت سلسلة طويلة من التجارب لحفظ الطعام تجارب مرت عليها قرون انتهت بابتكار علبة الصفيح.

و السر في نجاح علبة الصفيح في حفظ الطعام هو إحكام قفلها وحجزها عن التأثيرات الجوية الخارجية. وليس هذا بالشئ الجديد. فقد وجد الطعام محفوظا بين مخلفات كثير من الشعوب القديمة كالمصريين وغيرهم؛ فاكتشف الباحثون في جزيرة كريت من جزر البحر الأبيض بقايا قصر قديم يرجع تاريخه إلى ألفي سنة قبل الميلاد وفي مخازن هذا القصر الأرضية وجدوا جرارا عظيمة أحكم قفلها أعدت لحفظ الطعام.

و لكن الفضل في ابتكار علبة الصفيح الحديثة يرجع كما ذكرنا إلى نابليون، ذلك أن مبلغ الأثني عشر ألف فرنك التي وهبها مكافأة لهذا الابتكار لم تكن بالمبلغ الهين في تلك الأيام، إذ أنها أثارت ضجة في فرنسا جعلت التنافس عظيما بين صانعي الخبز وبين مقطري الخمور وغيرهم لاكتشاف طريقة لحفظ الطعام. وبقي هذا المال معلقا اثنتي عشرة سنة حتى استحقه صانع للحلوى يدعى «أبيرت» كرس حياته لحل هذه المعضلة.

و مع ذلك لم يكف أبيرت يده عن العمل بعد أن كسب هذا المبلغ، بل راح يعمل بجد في تحسين اكتشافه حتى أفنت تجاربه المال الذي عنده ومات في ضيق.

و من حسن الحظ أن الحكومة الفرنسية قامت بنشر طريقة أبيرت حين منحته المكافأة. وهذه الطريقة لا تختلف كثيرا عما نقوم به في مصانع حفظ الطعام الكبرى اليوم وهي التي تغمر بمنتجاتها أرجاء الأرض، والتي تحفظ في علب الصفيح ألوان الأطعمة شهورا وسنين.

أما أبيرت فلم يحفظ الطعام في علبة من الصفيح إذ أنها كانت مجهولة في أيامه، ولكنه كان يستخدم آنية من الزجاج والخزف، وذلك بوضع أنواع الطعام في ماء ترتفع درجة حرارته إلى الغليان ثم يحكم اغلاقها.

و إن كان ذلك يبدو سهلا بسيطا، إلا أنه احتاج إلى سنين طويلة وإلى رجل مثل أبيرت راح يجرب أنواع الأطعمة المختلفة ودرجات الحرارة المختلفة وأنواع الآنية العديدة، أخذ يجرب النسين الطويلة حتى وثق من أنه في الطريق إلى هدفه.

و كان أبيرت يعتقد أن الهواء هو الذي يفسد الطعام لذلك كان همه منصرفا إلى حجز الهواء عن آنية الحفظ، وكانت العملية صحيحة في ذاتها إلا أنه أخطأ التفسير. وظن الناس معه هذا الظن، حتى جاء مواطنه باستير العظيم فاكتشف أن الهواء ليس هو الذي يسبب فساد الطعام بل الكائنات الدقيقة التي تعيش فيه وهي البكتيريا، واكتشفت أن هذه الكائنات تموت برفع درجة الحرارة. فاكتشف باستير قد فسر حقيقة ما صنعه أبيرت وعجز عن تعليله.

و بينما كان أبيرت يجرب عملية حفظ الطعام في آنية الزجاج والخزف، كان صانع إنجليزي يعمل من ناحيته فاخترع أول علبة من الصفيح وكانت عند عرضها في سنة 1807 قبيحة المنظر وثقيلة الوزن.

و انتقلت طريقة أبيرت من فرنسا إلى إنجلترا، وجاء الأمريكيون وتعلموا صناعة الصفيح وخفظ الطعام ونقلوها إلى أمريكا. وبدأوا هناك بتجربة حفظ الفاكهة والسمك وغيرها حتى صارت هذا الصناعة من أعظم الصناعات التي تدر الملايين من الجنيهات على أمريكا وعلى غيرها في كل عام.

و ليست أهمية علبة الصفيح منحصرة في هذه الملايين من الجنيهات، بل تعدتها إلى الأثر الذي تركته في حياة الإنسان الذي كان مقيدا في حركته وفي طعامه وشرابه، وكان عاجزا عن البقاء في مكان ما إذا كان خاليا مما يأكله، فكانت اكتشافاته الجغرافية محدودة، وكانت رحلاته البحرية الطويلة غير متيسرة، بل كان اتساع المدن التي يسكن فيها متوقفا على كمية الغذاء التي يمكن أن تستوردها المدينة من الحقول حولها.

أما اليوم فقد تغلب الإنسان على كل هذا بفضل علبة الصفيح البسيطة.

أنواع العبوات
بدأت صناعة التعليب باستعمال علب الصفيح والأوعية الزجاجية، ثم تطورت إلى استعمال علب الألمنيوم والأكياس المرنة والأكياس شبه الصلبة، ولكن يبقى أساس هذه التقنية العلب المعدنية سواء أكانت من الصفيح أم من الألمنيوم مع تزايد استعمال الأوعية الزجاجية والأكياس المرنة.
تصنع علب الصفيح من صفائح الحديد المعالجة بمراحل متعددة، بدءاً من الدرفلة لإنتاج ألواح ذات صلابة ومرونة عالية، ثمّ التخشين، لتكوين سطح يساعد على لصق القصدير ثمّ القصدرة، وهي إلباس الصفائح طبقة متجانسة الثخانة من القصدير بالتحليل الكهربائي، ثمّ الطلاء بالمينا أو الورنيش المركب من مواد عضوية ذات صفات خاصة، لمنع تفاعل مكونات الغذاء مع معدن العلبة، ومن أنواعه المينا «سي» Enamel C، الذي يدخل في تركيبه أكسيد الزنك، ويخصص لطلاء العلب التي تحوي على أغذية فيها كبريت، كما في سائر أنواع اللحوم مع الخضار والبقول، والمينا «ل» Enamel L، ويستعمل للعلب المخصصة لتعبئة الأغذية الحامضية كالفواكه والمربيات والهُلامات والمخللات ومنتجات البندورة، والمينا «ر» Enamel R، ويستخدم لعلب الأغذية المحتوية على مواد ملونة قابلة للإرجاع كالكرز.
أما علب الألمنيوم فقد انتشر استعمالها حديثاً بدرجة كبيرة، وهي مقاومة للتآكل حتى في الأجواء الرطبة، وتكاد تكون عديمة التأثير في نكهات الأغذية، إلا أنها أضعف من علب الصفيح، وأغلى سعراً، وحجمها وسعتها محدودان.
يغلب في الوقت الراهن استعمال الأوعية الزجاجية في تعليب الخضار والثمار ومنتجاتهما، وهي تمتاز بعدم تفاعلها مع المادة الغذائية، وبوضوح ما بداخلها، وبإمكانية إعادة استعمالها، إلا أنها ثقيلة الوزن، وسريعة الانكسار.
أما الأكياس المرنة القابلة للتعقيم فأغلب استعمالها في تعبئة اللحوم والصلصات والحساء والخضار والفواكه. ويمكن القول إن جميع المنتجات الغذائية التي تصلح للتعليب في عبوات معدنية أو زجاجية يمكن تعليبها في هذه الأكياس، لأنها تمتاز برقتها وبسرعة وصول الحرارة إلى مركزها، وبسرعة تعقيمها مما يساعد على حفظ لون الأغذية ونكهتها وجودتها التي قد تتأثر بطول زمن التعقيم في علب الصفيح أو الزجاج.
أما العبوات شبه الصلبة، فهي التي لا يطرأ على شكلها أي تغير في شروط التعقيم، ومنها العلب التي تسمى تتراباك Tetrapak ، وبيورباك Purepak وعلب Ex-cell-O، وتتكون من ثلاث مواد رئيسية وهي:

الكارطون:و تتجلى وظيفته الاساسية في اشهار المنتوج واعطاء شكل متماسك للعلبة حتى تقاوم الصدمات نسبيا.

الالومنيوم:و تتجلى وظيفته في كونه حاجز للضوء والهواء و غير منفد للسوائل والروائح حيث يعمل على الحفاظ على جودة المنتوج.

متعدد الاثلين:و تتجلى وظيفته في الزيادة من صلابة العلبة وغير منفذ للسوائل ويعمل كطبقة واقية تمنع تفاعل المنتوج مع الالومنيوم.

خطوات حفظ الأغذية بالتعليب
تشمل تقانة حفظ الأغذية بالتعليب مجموعة خطوات متلاحقة لوقف نشاط عوامل فساد الأغذية.
وهذه الخطوات هي استقبال المواد الخام ومواد التعبئة، ثمّ فصل الجزء الصالح للأكل منها، وفرزها وتفتيشها ثمّ نقعها وغسلها وسلقها، ثمّ تعبئتها وطرد الهواء من العلب، وإحكام قفلها، وتعقيمها، فتبريدها تبريدا ًمفاجئاً، ثمّ خزنها.
استقبال المواد الخام: في هذه المرحلة يتم التحقق من مطابقة المواد الخام الأولية الواردة للمواصفات المطلوبة، من حيث درجة النضج والجودة والسلامة ومتطلبات التصنيع.

فصل الجزء الصالح للأكل
يتم ذلك فور وصول الخامات الزراعية، فيفرز التالف منها، وتقشر وتخلّص من البقايا وتحفظ.

الفرز والتفتيش
تفرز في هذه العملية الخضار والثمار وفق درجة النضج والحجم وانتظام اللون، والتحقق من عدم وجود تالف بينها.

النقع والغسيل
يغسل الجزء الصالح للأكل مباشرة بالماء النظيف المكلور لخفض ما يمكن أن يحويه من جراثيم، مما يخفف من عبء عملية التعقيم. وتفيد عملية النقع والغسيل في التخفيف من آثار المبيدات المتبقية.

السلق
يؤدي سلق الخضار والثمار بالماء أو البخار لعدة دقائق بدرجة حرارة لا تقل عن 80ْم إلى تثبيط الأنزيمات وخاصة المؤكسدة منها. وتعد عملية السلق عملية غسيل نهائية لأنها تساعد على جرف المزيد من الأحياء الدقيقة وقتل قسم منها وخاصة تلك التي تتحمل الحرارة المتوسطة mesophile.
ويعقب عملية السلق مباشرة معالجة المادة المسلوقة لتعد في حالتها النهائية سواء بإضافة السكر والبكتين والحمض في حالة المربيات أو الملح مع التوابل في حالة الخضار، أو بإعدادها لأن تكون وجبات جاهزة بإضافة ما تتطلب من لحم وتوابل وخلافه.

التعبئة
تعبأ المواد الغذائية في أحد أنواع العبوات الصحية على أن تكون الطبقة التي بتماس مباشر مع الأغذية خاملة لا تتفاعل مع مكوناتها، ولا تؤدي إلى حدوث تآكل وثقوب في العلبة.

طرد الهواء من العلبة
تسمى هذه الخطوة كذلك التسخين الأولي للعلب، ويستخدم بخار الماء مصدراً للحرارة، والغاية منها طرد الهواء من داخل العلبة، وإيقاف نشاط الأحياء الدقيقة إضافة إلى وقف تفاعلات الأكسدة التخريبية داخل العبوة.

القفل المحكم
تقفل العبوة بعد طرد الهواء قفلاً محكماً يمنع دخول الهواء إليها ثانية، ويمنع أيضاً دخول أحياء دقيقة جديدة إلى داخل العبوة إبان التداول والتخزين.

التعقيم الغذائي
تعامل العبوات بعد إقفالها في درجة حرارة تراوح بين 100-121ْم مدة تكفي للقضاء على معظم ما يبقى من الأحياء الدقيقة التي يمكن أن تتكاثر في شروط التخزين العادية.

التبريد المفاجئ
يسهم التبريد المفاجئ للعبوات بعد معاملتها حرارياً في هلاك ما تبقى من الأحياء الدقيقة نتيجة لانكماشها المفاجئ.
التخزين المناسب: يؤدي تخزين المعلبات في درجة حرارة أعلى من 30ْم، إلى إنتاش أبواغ الجراثيم المقاومة للحرارة العالية التي نجت من المعاملات الحرارية في مرحلة التعقيم فتعود إلى النشاط. ولذلك فإن تخزين المعلبات على درجة حرارة بين 15-20ْم يقيد هذه الأبواغ والأحياء الدقيقة، ويحد من نشاطها داخل العبوة.
إضافة إلى المعاملات الحرارية التي تتعرض لها الأغذية المعلبة يمكن أن يضاف إلى بعض أنواعها مواد حافظة أو يرفع تركيز السكر فيها كما في المربيات، أو يرفع تركيز الملح كما في بعض الخضار.

قتل الأحياء الدقيقة بالحرارة
في المواد المعلبة نوعان من البكتريا لهما أهمية خاصة، ويشكلان أبواغاً عندما يتعرضان لشروط قاسية، وهما العصيات bacillus والمطثية الوشيقية، فالأولى هوائية والثانية لا هوائية.

تتفاوت العناصر البكترية وأبواغها تفاوتاً كبيراً بمدى مقاومتها للحرارة. وتعتمد المعاملة الحرارية للمعلبات على عوامل متعددة منها العدد الأصلي للخلايا أو الجراثيم والحالة التي توجد فيها هذه الأحياء، وتركيب المادة الغذائية من رطوبة ومكونات مختلفة، وكذلك حجم العبوة ونوع مادتها.
يعبر عن مقاومة الأحياء للحرارة بمفهوم «وقت القتل الحراري» therminal death time، ويعرف بأنه الوقت اللازم لقتل عدد محدد من الأحياء في درجة حرارة محددة وشروط معينة، وقد قام العلماء باستنباط طريقة سهلة لتعيين مقاومة الأحياء للحرارة، بوضع كمية مناسبة من الأحياء الدقيقة معلقة في محلول وتسخينها في حمام مائي في درجة حرارة معينة وزمن محدد، ثم تبريدها فوراً، وزراعتها في بيئة ملائمة لمعرفة البكتريا الناجية من تأثير الحرارة وعددها. ودلت التجارب أن وقت القتل الحراري يتبع قيماً لوغاريتمية، أي إن معدل موت البكتريا ثابت، وهذا ما تبينه العلاقة بين درجة حرارة التعقيم على محور العينات والزمن.
يعتمد عملياً في تقانة التعليب على تطبيق معاملة حرارية في أثناء التعقيم كافية لأن تحقق القضاء على أعتى الجراثيم المتبوغة، وهي المطثية الوشيقية، في الأغذية المنخفضة الحموضة، ومن هنا أتى الحرص على العمل على تخفيف الحمولة البكتيرية للأغذية قبل تعليبها بتطبيق خطوات التعليب التي سبق شرحها.
إن الهدف من هذه العملية هو إيجاد الشروط التي تحقق التعقيم الغذائي أو التجاري للمعلبات، أي تطبيق الشروط الحرارية التي تخلص الأغذية من الأحياء الدقيقة الممرضة والأحياء التي تتكاثر في الغذاء أثناء التخزين في الشروط الطبيعية، أي إن الأغذية المعلبة هي أغذية معقمة غذائياً وليست معقمة بكتيرياً.
ومن دراسة شروط نمو جرثوم المطثية الوشيقية، تبين أنه لا ينمو في أوساط لها تركيز أس هدروجيني أقل من 4.6.
علاقة الزمن بدرجة الحرارة
يعتمد اليوم على تقانة جديدة للمعاملات الحرارية المطبقة على الأغذية المعلبة، وتقتصر على درجات حرارة عالية لاختزال الزمن اللازم لقتل العناصر البكتيرية. وهذا ما يعبر عنه بـ UHT، وهي الحروف الأولى لكلمات مصطلح ultra high temperature، أي «درجة الحرارة الفائقة»، ومن المعروف أن تطبيق التعقيم الغذائي بدرجة الحرارة الفائقة وفي زمن قصير جداً له فوائد جمة، أهمها عدم تعرض مكونات الغذاء الحساسة من فيتامينات وبروتينات وغيرها إلى تخرب شديد بالموازنة مع طرائق التعقيم في درجات الحرارة العادية والزمن الطويل.

انتقال الحرارة في العبوات
يخضع انتقال الحرارة عبر جدار العبوات وصولاً إلى وسط المادة الغذائية المعلبة إلى عدد من العوامل تتعلق بنوع مادة العبوة وحجمها ومكونات المادة الغذائية وقوامها ودرجة حرارتها الأولية. ونوع التقنية المستخدمة في التعقيم، إذ يسرِّع تدوير الأوعية التي تحوي أغذية سائلة وتحريكها في نفوذ الحرارة إليها. ومهما كان نوع المادة الغذائية المعلبة فإن انتقال الحرارة في أثناء التعقيم إلى داخل العبوات يتم عن طريق الحمل الحراري convection أو التوصيل conduction وهو الأبطأ، وهي حالة المواد الغذائية ذات القوام العجيني كالذرة والبطاطا الحلوة اللتين تحتاجان إلى معاملة حرارية طويلة الأمد.
ثمة علاقة وثيقة بين الزمن الذي يستغرقه التعقيم ودرجة الحرارة. فارتفاع حرارة المعقم يقابله ارتفاع مماثل في كفاية عملية التعقيم وسرعة إنجازها، فالتعقيم على درجة حرارة 121ْم أكثر كفاية بمئة مرة من التعقيم على الدرجة 100ْم.
إن صناعة التعليب هي أهم تقانات حفظ الأغذية التي تسهم في تحويل الغذاء الطازج السريع العطب إلى منتوجات معلبة صحية توفَّر للمستهلك على مدار السنة، وهذا يساعد على عدم تفاوت الأسعار الموسمية ويشجع كلاً من المزارعين والصناعيين على الإنتاج.

ملاحظة

ان التعليب قد يضر فيجب عليك قراءت التاريخ قبل الشراء.

مصادر ومراجع

انظر أيضاً
 سلامة الغذاء
 حفظ الأغذية

اختراعات فرنسية
تعبئة وتغليف الغذاء
حاويات تخزين مواد غذائية
عمليات صناعية
اختراعات القرن 19

تعليب


El zócalo  en arquitectura es un elemento del pedestal.

Se refiere a la base corta que sostiene un pedestal, una escultura o una columna.

También se denomina zócalo al cuerpo inferior de un edificio. Una de las funciones constructivas del zócalo es la de nivelar los basamentos de un edificio a una misma cota. Suelen elaborarse en piedra tallada con elevadas prestaciones a los esfuerzos de compresión, y es por esta razón por lo que predomina el granito. El zócalo está soportado directamente sobre la cimentación de los edificios; antiguamente consistía en un paralelepípedo pétreo que se asentaba inmediatamente sobre el suelo.

En una columna, se denomina zócalo (o basamento) a la pieza cilíndrica sobre la  que esta se soporta, y es por esta razón por la que se emplea como sinónimo de pedestal.

También se denomina zócalo la superficie salediza en la parte inferior de una obra.

Otro uso es como sinónimo de friso, la faja inferior en una pared. Esta superficie pintada o enbaldosinada, usualmente corrida y estrecha, en la parte inferior de una pared. También puede ser de seda, estera de junco, papel pintado, azulejos, mármol, entre otros.

Véase también
 Pedestal
 Friso
 Estilóbato
 Plinto
 Zócalo (Ciudad de México)

Referencias

Construcción
Elementos arquitectónicos

Zócalo (arquitectura)


The Sefer Chafetz Chaim (or Chofetz Chaim or Hafetz Hayim) (, trans. "Pursuer of Life") is a book by Rabbi Yisrael Meir Kagan, who is also called "the Chofetz Chaim" after it. The book deals with the Jewish laws of speech.

The Sefer
The title of the Chafetz Chaim is taken from Psalms:

The book's subject is Hilchoth Shmirath HaLashon (laws of clean speech). Kagan provides copious sources from the Torah, Talmud, and Rishonim about the severity of Jewish law on tale-mongering and gossip. Lashon hara, literally "'the evil tongue", i.e., evil speech (or loosely gossip and slander and prohibitions of defamation), is sometimes translated as "prohibitions of slander", but most commonly concerns the prohibitions of saying evil/bad/unpleasant things, whether or not they are true.

The book is divided into three parts:
 The legal text is Mekor Chayim ("Source of Life").
 Be'er Mayim Chayim ("Well of living water"), the footnotes and legal argument.
 It is commonly printed together with the text Shemirath haLashon ("Guarding of the tongue"), an ethical treatise on the proper use of the faculty of speech.

The author

Rabbi Yisrael Meir Kagan is commonly known as the Chafetz Chaim, the name of his famous work on guarding one's tongue. He was born in Dzyatlava, Grodno Governorate, Russian Empire (today Belarus), on January 26, 1838. As his reputation grew, students from all over Europe flocked to him; by 1869 his house became known as the Radin Yeshiva. Kagan published twenty-one books. His first work, Chafetz Chaim (1873), is the first attempt to organize and clarify the laws regarding Lashon Hara. Other notable works include the Sefer Shmirat HaLashon, an ethical work on the importance of guarding one's tongue and the Mishnah Berurah (printed between 1894 and 1907) which is a commentary on the "Orach Chayim", the first section of the Shulchan Aruch, and has been accepted universally among many Ashkenazi Jews as an authoritative source of Halacha.

References

External links
 Chofetz Chaim Heritage Foundation
 Online edition in Hebrew
 A Lesson A Day: A Daily Learning Program
 Chofetz Chaim Daily Calendar
 Devekut.com has a link ("Chofetz Chaim") with an abstract of a book by Rabbis Shimon Finkelman and Yitzhak Berkowitz about Chofetz Chaim's ideas.

1873 books
Hebrew-language religious books
Rabbinic legal texts and responsa

Chofetz Chaim


The PZL.23 Karaś (crucian carp) was a Polish light bomber and reconnaissance aircraft designed in the early 1930s by PZL in Warsaw.

During the interwar period, the Polish High Command had placed considerable emphasis upon the role of armed aerial reconnaissance aircraft. To meet this interest, during 1931, PZL decided to embark on the development of a new combat aircraft to meet this role. An earlier proposal for a fast single-engine passenger airliner, designated the PZL.13, was adopted as the basis of the new design. The new aircraft, which was designated as the PZL.23, a relatively modern design, which integrated features such as an all-metal body and unconventional wing construction. As the British Bristol Pegasus radial engine was licensed for use in Poland only, export aircraft were instead equipped with the Gnome-Rhône 14K engine. Powered as such and along with some airframe changes, the PZL.23 became the PZL.43 Karaś.

It was the primary Polish reconnaissance bomber in use during the invasion of Poland. On 2 September 1939, a single PZL.23B of the 21st Escadrille was responsible for the bombing of a factory in Ohlau, inside Germany; the attack represented the first bombing raid to be conducted against a target in territory within the Third Reich. During the following days, the PZL.23 bomber escadrilles were deployed to attack several advancing German armoured columns; they often conducted these attacks at low altitudes, which made them vulnerable to anti-aircraft fire. By the end of 1939, around 120 PZL.23s (86 per cent of the Polish Air Force's inventory of the type) were destroyed; however, of these, only 67 had been lost as a direct result of enemy actions.

Development

Background
As a result of wartime experiences acquired by the Polish armed forces during the 1919-1921 Polish–Soviet War, during the 1920s and 1930s (now known as the interwar period), a great emphasis was placed upon the role of armed aerial reconnaissance aircraft. According to aviation historian J. B. Cynk, the role was recognised by the Polish High Command as being, aside from the basic fighter aircraft, the most important type of aerial unit in their doctrine. As such, considerable resources and effort was placed upon the creation of sizable army cooperation escadrilles, which were initially principally equipped with foreign-built biplanes such as the French Breguet 19 and Potez 25.

During the late 1920s, it had become increasingly obvious that the existing types used for the aerial reconnaissance role would need to be replaced, which led to the Ministry of War's Aviation Department defining a set of a broad performance requirements desired in an aircraft to fulfil the role. Around the same time, at the Polish state-owned aviation works PZL, the aircraft designer Stanisław Prauss had been studying options for a new fast single-engine airliner, to be designated the PZL.13. An advanced low-wing cantilever monoplane design proposal with an all-metal structure and a Pratt & Whitney Wasp radial engine was selected for further development, however during early 1931, the Ministry of Transport cancelled the project and terminated its sponsorship amid a lack of interest. Accordingly, PZL were keen to embark upon a replacement project in the place of the PZL.13 venture. Following a series of consultations between the company and the Aviation Department, it was decided to embark upon the design of a three-man armed reconnaissance-bomber, using the abortive PZL.13 passenger transport airliner as a starting point for the new aircraft. The resulting design, designated the PZL.23, was only one of several proposals to be produced; alternatives included the PWS.19, a high-wing monoplane, and the Lublin R.XVII, a clean twin-seat biplane with a retractable undercarriage. During late 1931, the Aviation Department decided to opt for the PZL submission.

Design phase
During early 1932, PZL were authorised to formally proceed with preliminary design work on what would become the PZL.23. An early key design decision was the selection of the British Bristol Pegasus radial engine to power the type, which was domestically produced by Skoda in their Warsaw plant. The emerging design was for a modern combat aircraft, integrating features such as an all-metal body and unconventional wing construction, being built around light closed profiles instead of spars (this wing design had been previously introduced on the PZL.19).

During the spring of 1932, the preliminary design was approved in principle by the Aviation Department, however, in accordance with the department's expressed preferences, the ventral gun turret was redesigned for increased field of fire, as well as to accommodate more capable bomb-aiming equipment. During late 1932, authorisation to proceed with the construction of a batch of three prototypes along with one static-test airframe. However, development would not prove to be a straightforward venture. The diverse requirements of the PZL.23 imposed considerable hurdles in the design phase; in order to produce a relatively fast aircraft, a heavy airframe was practically necessitated, however, it was also important for the type to be able to operate from constrained austere airstrips rapidly established on the front lines of warzones; producing a suitable compromise was not easy.

The venture has been considered to be pioneering in some aspects of its design, which contributed to its design complications. Static testing by the Institute of Aviation Technical Research (ITBL) was both protracted and determined some components to process insufficient strength; these were not completed until 1933. However, completion of the prototypes was delayed to incorporate modifications to address the findings. The name Karaś was selected for the type around this time.

Into flight
On 1 April 1934, the P.23/I first prototype conducted its maiden flight; it was quickly followed by the second P.23/II prototype. Early flight testing revealed several issues that needed to be resolved, including tail flutter and vibration in the rear fuselage area; another difficulty identified even prior to the first flight was the inadequate visibility from the cockpit for both the pilot and observer. Various measures to rectify these issues were incorporated onto the second and third prototypes.

During the following year, the third P.23/III prototype was completed; on this aircraft, various further refinements were included, such as the pilot's seat having been raised into a new fully glazed canopy arrangement and the engine being positioned lowered down, giving the aircraft a characteristic hump-nose, as to improve the pilot's external field of vision. The fuselage bomb bay of the earlier prototype was eliminated; instead, the entire payload was carried externally on racks fixed onto the underside of the wing's center-section. Various other alterations were made to the wings, including the adoption of more effective slotted ailerons, improved flaps and center-section slots, the latter feature served to smooth the airflow over the tail when flown at high angles of incidence.

During mid-1935, the second prototype was lost in a crash shortly after a take-off conducted at the maximum loading weight, killing the crew on board. The remaining airworthiness tests and service acceptance trials were completed successfully using the third prototype. Further refinements had been incorporated into the third prototype during the test programme to eventually conform with the standards of subsequent production-standard aircraft. Amongst the final changes were the adoption of a Pegasus VIII engine, after which it was used as the development aircraft for the PZL.23B variant of the type.

As a consequence of its favourable flight test programme, the aircraft was approved to enter full-scale production during the second half of 1935. The first series, which was given the designation of PZL.23A, was fitted with a single Bristol Pegasus IIM2 engine, which possessed an upper thrust capability of 670 hp (500 kW) thrust. Early on, the limited availability of the Pegasus engine led to production delays. However, since this engine proved to be unreliable during testing, the final variant, which was designated PZL.23B, was fitted with the newer Pegasus VIII model, which was capable of generating a maximum of 720 hp (537 kW) of thrust.

Further development
The Bristol engines were licensed for use in Poland only, so for export purposes the Gnome-Rhône 14K was used in a variety of PZL designs. In this case, the 14K-powered PZL.23, which featured some changes to the airframe, became the PZL.43 Karaś. The final export variant to be developed was PZL.43A; it was furnished with a single 1,020 hp Gnome-Rhone 14N-01 engine. 52 PZL.43s were made in total, all for Bulgaria only. The new engine improved the aircraft's performance considerably, resulting in the maximum speed being increased to 365 km/h.

During 1936, 40 PZL.23As were produced. Between late 1936 and February 1938, 210 PZL.23Bs were produced with the new engines. They were also known as Karaś A and B or Karaś I and II. All PZL.23s had military numbers from 44.1 to 44.250.Sometimes the aircraft is called the "PZL P.23", but despite an abbreviation P.23 painted on a tail fin, the letter "P" was generally reserved for fighters of Pulawski's design (like PZL P.11). In November 1936, one aircraft was shown at the Paris Air Show, where it was met with interest.

During this period, PZL developed the PZL.46 Sum, a new light bomber, which was partly based on the PZL.23 design. However, only a pair of prototypes were completed during 1938. There was also a single experimental variant of the Karaś, designated at the PZL.42; it featured a double tail fin configuration and a modified bombardier gondola which, amongst other things, was retractable into the fuselage.

Design
The PZL.23 Karaś was a low-wing cantilever monoplane, featuring all-metal, metal-covered construction. The crew of three consisted of a pilot, a bombardier, and a rear gunner. The bombardier's combat station was situated in a gondola underneath the hull, where he could also operate an underbelly machine gun. The pilot was positioned within a fully enclosed air-conditioned and heated cockpit, while the observer was seated directly behind him and could descend into the ventral gondola during applicable parts of a given mission. The fixed undercarriage comprised a pair of cantilever struts and single tail skid, all of which were outfitted with pneumatic shock absorbers built by Czechoslovakian company Avia. When prepared for operating from rough or austere airfields, the streamlined fairings over the wheels would have to be removed in advance.

The aircraft were equipped with one of the following engines: Bristol Pegasus IIM2 normal: 570 hp (425 kW), maximum: 670 hp (500 kW) - PZL.23A; Pegasus VIII normal: 650 hp (485 kW), maximum: 720 (537 kW) - PZL.23B. Early Polish-built engines had encountered several common issues, including crankshaft fractures and reduction gears jamming; the original engine manufacturer, Bristol, had not amended the drawings and specifications provided to Poland to incorporate their latest improvements to the Pegasus, which addressed these issues. For the export market, it was outfitted with either the Gnome-Rhône 14K or Gnome-Rhône 14N-01 engines. Regardless of the engine adopted, the aircraft was always outfitted with a two-blade propeller.

One of the more unusual features of the PZL.23 was the design of its three-piece low-mounted wing. In order to produce a wing that was both light and strong, Prauss had opted to use a relatively new wing structure which had been recently designed by Polish engineer Fraciszek Misztal. This wing combined a revolutionary heavy-gauge corrugated duralumin center box and a multi-cellular trailing edge, along with a partially stressed exterior skin composed of duralumin; according to Cynk, it was one of the earliest implementations of a metal sandwich structure in the field of aviation.

The fuselage of the PZL.23 had an oval-section structure, composed of a mixture of duralumin frames and stringers, which were strengthened via several struts on the middle section. The exterior of the fuselage was covered with smooth duralumin sheet, which was internally reinforced in some areas by corrugated sheeting. The rear fuselage featured a semi-monocoque structure. A cantilever structure composed of ribs and spars was used for the tail unit; the fin and tailplane were covered by duralumin sheeting, while the rudder and elevators had finely corrugated exterior surfaces.

The aircraft's offensive payload consisted of bombs. These were carried underneath the wings using racks; the maximum load was  (6 x 100 kg and 2 x 50 kg). While plans to incorporate the Swiatecki bomb-release gear had been mooted, however, they were eliminated from the design during the prototype stage due to disagreements between the Aviation Department and the inventor regarding the manufacturing arrangements. The PZL.23 was also armed with several machine guns, including a defensive ventral gun turret; additional positions, such as a twin-gun mounting on the upper fuselage were considered but never pursued. A typical gun armament included either one or a pair of 7.7 mm fixed guns, along with two single 7.7 mm movable guns.

Operational history

During late 1936, a batch of 40 PZL.23As were delivered to the Polish Air Force. Due to engine faults, these aircraft were initially flown with a limited service ceiling and they were used exclusively in the training role, being fitted with dual controls to fit this usage. From 1937, a total of 210 PZL.23Bs were delivered to the Air Force. Around this time, the time became the main armament of Polish bomber and reconnaissance "line squadrons", having replaced the majority of Breguet 19, Potez 25 and Potez 27 biplanes. By August 1939, there had been 23 reported crashes involving the type, which was deemed to have been an average safety result.

However, due to rapid advances in the field of aviation during the late 1930s, by 1939 the aircraft was considered to be approaching obsolescence. There were increasing questions over the validity of prior air doctrine, leading to a major reorganisation of the PZL.23 squadrons during 1938-1939. The main deficiency of the PZL.23 was its relatively low speed compared to newer aircraft that were then entering service with neighbouring nations. Other issues with the aircraft included a lack of manoeuvrability and unfavourable characteristics when flown at high speeds (the maximum speed of the PZL.23B was 365 km/h, but it was forbidden to exceed 319 km/h due to dangerous flight characteristics). However, at the outbreak of the Second World War on 1 September 1939, with the invasion of Poland, it remained Poland's primary light bomber and reconnaissance aircraft.

During late August 1939, in anticipation of imminent hostilities with Nazi Germany, all Polish combat units were relocated from their peacetime bases to secret combat airfields, so they avoided destruction on the ground. Some PZL.23s were also used in wartime improvised units with 114 PZL.23Bs deployed in combat units (a further 75 PZL.23B and 35 PZL.23A were in air schools, held in reserve or under repair). In total, the PZL.23B were operational with five bomber escadrilles (Eskadra Bombowa) of the Bomber Brigade and seven Army reconnaissance escadrilles, each of which equipped with ten aircraft. In Bomber Brigade there existed also bigger units (Dywizjon Bombowy), consisting of two escadrilles each, and traditionally translated as squadron (two other squadrons of the Bomber Brigade were equipped with the PZL.37 Łoś bomber). In addition, a pair of PZL.43A bombers that had been produced for the Bulgarian order were impressed into Polish service in the 41st Escadrille.

On 2 September 1939, a single PZL.23B of the 21st Escadrille was responsible for the bombing of a factory in Ohlau, inside Germany, the first bombing raid to be conducted against a target within the Third Reich. Over the following days, the PZL.23 bomber squadrons commenced attacks upon several advancing German armoured columns, which were responsible for knocking out as many as thirty per cent of the German ground vehicles. One such high-profile engagement occurred on 3 September 1939. Despite this offensive use of the type, the main task of the Army escadrilles was to perform reconnaissance missions. The five escadrilles of the Bomber Brigade delivered about 52-60 tons of bombs during the campaign, while the Army escadrilles were responsible for the deployment of roughly another dozen tons.

Due to the plane's low speed, light armour and, perhaps most importantly, a lack of supporting protection from friendly fighter aircraft, the PZL.23 suffered heavy combat losses. Many were shot down by German fighter aircraft, but they were also able to fight back and were responsible for shooting down several in return. Despite the lack of protective armour, Polish aircrews often conducted attacks upon German columns while flying at low altitudes, which made their aircraft particularly vulnerable to anti-aircraft fire. Reportedly, around twenty aircraft were lost in crash landings on the improvised and rough airfields. During 1939, around 120 PZL.23s (86 per cent of the Polish Air Force's inventory) were destroyed. However, only 67 of these had been due to direct enemy action. Additionally, only a small number of PZL.23s were destroyed on the ground at various airfields; the only large-scale Luftwaffe success of this type occurred on 14 September, at Hutniki airfield, against the PZL.23Bs of the Bomber Brigade.

During late 1939, at least 21 PZL.23s were evacuated to Romania, of which at least 19 were subsequently used by the Romanian Air Force against the Soviet Union (USSR) during Operation Barbarossa, the costly Axis invasion of the USSR. In addition to Romania's use of the type, a total of 50 PZL.43s and PZL.43As (one pair were delivered by the Germans) were used in Bulgaria for training purposes; the type, which was known by the Bulgarians as the "Chaika", were used in this role until 1946. There are no known PZL.23s survivors of the war.

Operators

Polish Air Force

Royal Romanian Air Force

Bulgarian Air Force

Specifications (PZL.23B Karaś B)

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography

 Angelucci, Enzo and Paolo Matricardi. World War II Airplanes (2 vol). Chicago: Rand McNally, 1978. .
 Axworthy, Mark, Cornel Scafes and Cristian Craciunoiu. Third Axis, Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War 1941-45. London: Arms & Armor Press, 1995. .

 Cynk, Jerzy B. Polskie lotnictwo myśliwskie w boju wrześniowym (in Polish). Gdańsk, Poland: AJ-Press, 2000.
 Cynk, Jerzy B. Polskie Siły Powietrzne w Wojnie Tom 1: 1939-43 (Polish Air Force in War pt. 1: 1939-43), Polskie Siły Powietrzne w Wojnie Tom 2: 1943-45 (Polish Air Force in War pt. 2: 1943-45) (in Polish). Gdańsk, Poland: AJ-Press, 2002.
 Cynk, Jerzy B. The Polish Air Force at War: The Official History. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing, 1998. .
 Cynk, Jerzy B. The P.Z.L. P-23 Karas (Aircraft in Profile number 104). Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications, 1966.
 Glass, Andrzej. Samolot rozpoznawczo - Bombardujący PZL - 23 Karaś (TBIU Series) (in Polish). Warsaw: Wydawnictwo MON, 1973.
 Kopański J. Tomasz. PZL - 23 Karaś i wersja eksportowa (in Polish). Sandomierz, Poland: Stratus, 2004, .
 Kopański J. Tomasz. PZL - 23 Karaś. Sandomierz, Poland/Redbourn, UK: Mushroom Model Publications, 2004. .
 Neulen, Hans Werner. In the Skies of Europe: Air Forces Allied to the Luftwaffe, 1939-45. London: Crowood Press, 2000. .

External links

PZL.23 Karas at Ugolok Neba (translated)

1930s Polish bomber aircraft
1930s Polish military reconnaissance aircraft
World War II Polish light bombers
PZL aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1934

PZL.23 Karaś