Marie-Henri Beyle (23 Ocak 1783, Grenoble – 23 Mart 1842, Paris), daha çok mahlası Stendhal ile bilinen Fransız realist yazardır. Fransa ve İtalya'da yaşamış, yazarlık, askerlik ve diplomatlık yapmıştır. Kırmızı ve Siyah, Parma Manastırı gibi romanların yazarıdır.

Yaşam öyküsü

Gençliği (1783-1800)

Marie-Henri Beyle, Grenoble'da 23 Ocak 1783 tarihinde burjuva bir ailenin çocuğu olarak dünyaya geldi. Babası avukat Chérubin-Joseph Beyle (d.1747), annesi Henriette Gagnon'dur (d.1757). Bu ailede Pauline Eléonore (d. 1786) ve Zénaïde-Caroline (d. 1788) adlı iki kız kardeşi olan Marie-Henri, henüz yedi yaşındayken, 1790 yılında, çok sevdiği annesini kaybetti. Fransız İhtilali döneminde asilzadelerin ve Katolik Kilisesi'nin yanında yer alan, aile içinde de baskıcı ve muhafazakâr olan babasıyla hiçbir zaman anlaşamayan ve bunu eserlerine yansıtan Marie-Henri, babası ve teyzesi Séraphine tarafından büyütülürken, dedesi Henri Gagnon (d.1728) ve onun uşağı Lambert ile arkadaşlık yaptı.

13 yaşına kadar evde eğitim gören ve bu sırada edebiyata ilgi duymaya başlayan Marie-Henri, 1796'da Grenoble'da açılan École Centrale adlı okula kaydoldu. Bu okulda yaşıtlarıyla yaşadığı sorunlar sınıf arkadaşlarından biriyle düello yapmasına kadar vardı. Buna rağmen derslerinde başarılı oldu; resim ve matematik dallarında ödül kazandı. Bu dönemde Selmours adında, beş perdelik ilk komedyasını kaleme aldı. École Centralede üç yıl öğrenim gördükten sonra École Polytechnique'te eğitim alma ve mühendis olma niyetiyle 30 Ekim 1799'da Grenoble'dan ayrılarak Paris'e gitti.

Askerlik dönemi (1800-1814)

Napolyon Bonapart'ın hükûmet darbesiyle Fransız Konsülü olmasının ertesi günü (10 Kasım 1799) Paris'e ulaştı. Çok geçmeden mühendis olma hayalinden vazgeçti, zengin bir bürokrat olan kuzeni Noël Daru'nün (1729-1804) evinde yaşadı ve Noël'in oğlu Pierre'in yanında bir süre kâtiplik yaptı. İlk aşkı olan Adèle Rebuffel (1788-1861) ile bu dönemde tanıştı. Pierre'in kardeşi Martial'in (1784-1829) etkisiyle orduya katılmak üzere 7 Mayıs 1800 tarihinde Paris'ten ayrılarak, ağır süvari birliğinde teğmen olarak görev yapacağı Milano'ya doğru yola çıktı. Domenico Cimarosa ve Gioachino Rossini'nin müziğini ve Vittorio Alfieri'nin eserlerini tanıdığı ve önce Madame Martin, sonra da Angela Pietragrua adlarında iki kadına âşık olduğu Milano'da Ekim ayına kadar geçirdiği kısa süreyi, sonradan yazdığı otobiyografisi Henri Brulard'ın Hayatı'''nda "hayatının en güzel dönemi" olarak niteledi. 23 Ekim 1800 tarihinde terfi ederek Milano'dan ayrıldı ama Lombardiya ve Piyemonte bölgelerindeki birliklerde görev almaya devam etti. Aralık 1801'de sağlığını gerekçe göstererek ordudan ayrıldı ve Grenoble'a döndü. Burada üç ay kaldıktan sonra Nisan 1802'de Paris'e gitti ve aynı yılın Temmuz ayında ordudaki görevinden resmen istifa etti.

Aşk yaşadığı Mélanie Guilbert adlı genç aktrisin peşinden gitti ve 25 Temmuz 1805'te Marsilya'ya vardı. Orada ticarete atıldıysa da başarısız oldu. Ertesi yıl Paris'e döndü, ordudan istifası nedeniyle arasının açıldığı Daru ailesiyle ilişkilerini düzeltti ve kuzeniyle birlikte, Fransız işgali altında bulunan Prusya'ya gitti. 28 Ekim 1806'da Berlin'e vardı ve iki gün sonra Pierre Daru tarafından yeniden askeri bir göreve atandı. Prusya ve Avusturya'da çeşitli görevlerde bulunduktan sonra 1810 yılı başında Paris'e döndü. Aynı yıl başkentte bir başka resmi göreve atandı. 1811 yılında Angéline Béreyter adındaki genç bir opera sanatçısıyla aşk yaşadı. Birkaç ay sonra uzaktan akrabası Alexandrine Daru'ye aşkını ilan etti, fakat karşılık bulamadı.

24 Haziran 1812 tarihinde başlayan Napolyon'un Rusya seferine katıldı, Moskova'nın yanışına şahit oldu; üçte ikisi ölen veya esir düşen Fransız ordusunda eve dönmeyi başaran askerlerden biri oldu. Ancak notlarının önemli bir kısmını, ordu Rusya'dan geri çekilirken kaybetti. Yaklaşık altı ay süren bu sefer sırasında, Almanya'nın kuzeydoğusundaki Stendal kasabasından ilham alarak, yazılarında "Stendhal" takma adını kullanmaya başladı.

31 Ocak 1813 tarihinde Paris'e döndü ve sevgililerinden Angéline Béreyter ile birlikte yaşamaya başladı. Altıncı Koalisyon Savaşı sırasında Mainz, Bautzen ve Żagań bölgelerinde görevlendirildi. Ateşli hastalığı ilerleyince istirahat için önce Dresden'e, ardından 14 Ağustos 1813'te Paris'e gönderildi. Bu vesileyle 7 Eylül'de Milano'ya gitti; Venedik ve Como bölgelerini görme fırsatı buldu. 20 Eylül 1813 günü dedesi Henri Gagnon yaşamını yitirdi. 14 Kasım günü görev için Fransa'ya çağrıldı, ardından İsviçre'nin Carouge kentinde ve Grenoble'da görevlendirildi. Hastalığı artınca 1814 Mart ayının sonlarında Paris'e döndü. Napolyon'un düşüşü ve XVIII. Louis'nin Mayıs ayında Paris'e girişi üzerine yeni hükûmete yanaşmak istese de başarılı olamadı ve Milano'ya taşınmaya karar verdi.

Mayıs 1814'te, Joseph Haydn, Amadeus Mozart ve Pietro Metastasio'nun hayatlarını anlatan bir kitap yazmaya karar verdi. Ocak 1815'te yayımlanan bu kitap, İtalya'da Giuseppe Carpani tarafından yakın zamanda yayımlanmış bir kitaptan önemli ölçüde intihal içerdiği için Carpani ve Stendhal arasında sert bir tartışmaya neden oldu.

İtalya dönemi (1814-1821)

Napolyon'un düşüşüyle Fransa'dan ayrılan Beyle, 10 Ağustos 1814 tarihinde Milano'ya ulaştı. Napolyon'un 1815 Mart'ında yeniden Fransa'nın başına geçmesine rağmen memleketine dönmeyi düşünmedi.

Milano'da önce eski sevgilisi Angela Pietragrua'yla bir araya gelmeye çalıştı, fakat beklediği ilgiyi göremedi. Civardaki İtalyan kentlerini gezen Beyle, Milano'daki sanat camiasında etkinlik gösterdi ve İngiliz edebiyatını da inceleme fırsatı buldu; hatta Lord Byron ile tanıştı. 1817 Ağustos'unda kısa süreliğine Paris'i ziyaret ettiği seyahatinde Londra'ya da gitti. Paris'te bulunduğu sırada İtalya'da Resim Sanatının Tarihi adlı kitabını kendi imzasıyla, Roma, Napoli ve Floransa adlı eserini ise Stendhal mahlasıyla yayımlattı. Milano'ya döndüğünde Napolyon'un Hayatı eseri üzerinde çalışmaya başladı.

1818 Mart ayında arkadaşı Giuseppe Vismara aracılığıyla, Metilde Viscontini Dembowski'yle tanıştı; çok geçmeden âşık oldu, izleyen yıllarda uğraşmasına rağmen aşkına karşılık bulamadı. 1819 yılında babası Chérubin-Joseph Beyle'i kaybetti. 1820 yılının ikinci yarısında, hakkındaki "Fransız ajanı olduğu" iddialarının toplumda yayılması üzerine, Haziran 1821'de Fransa'ya döndü. Ayrılmadan önce son kez görüştüğü Metilde, dört yıl sonra tabes dorsalis nedeniyle öldü. Stendhal, Metilde'ye karşı hissettiklerinin etkisiyle, Aşk Üzerine (De l'amour) adlı denemesini bu dönemde yazdı.

Fransa dönemi (1821-1830)

Milano'dan ayrıldıktan sonra Paris'e yerleşti ve vaktinin çoğunu kültür-sanat çevrelerinde geçirmeye başladı. 1817 yılında kısaca uğramış olduğu Londra'yı 1821 yılının Ekim-Kasım aylarında beş haftalık süreyle ziyaret etti; kentte kültürel ve turistik etkinliklerde bulundu.

1823 yılında yayımladığı Racine ve Shakespeare ve Rossini'nin Hayatı adlı eserlerle Romantizm akımının üstlünlüğünü savundu.

Geçimini sağlamak için gazetecilik yapmaya başladı; 1824-1827 yılları arasında Journal de Parisnin yanı sıra Paris Monthly Review, New Monthly Magazine, London Magazine gibi İngilizce yayınlara da içerik sağladı. On yıl kadar önce tanıştığı Clémentine Curial ile 1824-1826 yılları arasında yaşadığı aşk sayesinde Metilde'nin acısını hafifletti. Clémentine'in kendisine duyduğu ilgiyi kaybetmesiyle yaşadığı üzüntüyü gidermek amacıyla 1826 yazını İngiltere'de geçirdi. Döndüğünde ilk romanı Armance'ı tamamladı ve ertesi yılın başlarında yayımlattı. 1829'da metresi olan Alberthe de Rubempré'yi bir arkadaşıyla yakaladı; 1830 yılında genç İtalyan Giulia Rinieri'yle aşk yaşadı.

Paris'te geçirdiği dokuz yıllık sürede entelektüel yaşamının epey geliştirdi; denemeler, gazete yazıları, gezi yazıları ve kısa öyküler yazdı. En ünlü eseri Kırmızı ve Siyah'ı yazmaya başladığı sırada, Temmuz Devrimi sonrasında, 13 Kasım 1830'da Paris'ten ayrıldı ve yeniden İtalya'ya gitti.

İtalya'ya dönüşü (1830-1836)

Temmuz Devrimi sonrasında yeni bir resmi görev alma girişiminde bulundu; tanıdıklarının aracılığıyla İtalya'nın Livorno şehrine konsolos olarak atanmak istedi, fakat 25 Eylül 1830 günü, Trieste şehrine tayin edildi. Yola çıkmadan önce Giulia Rinieri'lye evlenmek için kızın vasisi Daniello Berlinghieri'den izin istedi, fakat alamadı.

6 Kasım'da Paris'ten ayrıldı; günümüzde İtalya'da bulunan, ancak o dönemde Avusturya İmparatorluğu'nun parçası olan Trieste'ye 25 Kasım 1830 tarihinde ulaştı. Fakat ataması, Avusturya Şansölyesi Klemens von Metternich tarafından, Stendhal'in liberal görüşleri gerekçe gösterilerek, 19 Aralık günü resmi olarak reddedildi. Kentte sivil olarak vakit geçiren Stendhal, 5 Mart 1831 tarihinde Papalık Devleti sınırları içindeki Civitavecchia kentine konsolos olarak atandı. Dinsiz olması nedeniyle Papalık tarafından hoş karşılanmayan, fakat devletin Fransa'yla iyi geçinme niyeti nedeniyle ataması kabul edilen Stendhal, Avusturya'nın da baskısıyla sürekli gözetim altında tutuldu.

Stendhal, nüfusu o dönem 7500'ü geçmeyen bu küçük kenti sıkıcı bularak, vaktinin çoğunu, Roma başta olmak üzere, civardaki büyük şehirlerde geçirmeye başladı. Fransız diplomatik çevresiyle ve yerli aristokratlarla arkadaşlık eden Stendhal, 1810'larda Milano'da ve 1820'lerde Paris'te bulduğu rahatlığı ve kültürel zenginliği bulamadı. Fırsat buldukça Fransa'yı ziyaret etti; Aralık 1834'te Marsilya'da Alfred de Musset ve George Sand ile tanıştı.

Eski sevgilisi Giulia Rinieri'nin İtalya'ya döndüğünü duyunca 1833 yılı başında Siena'ya giderek, evlenmek için yeniden girişimde bulundu, ama yine başarılı olamadı ve Giulia, 1833 Haziran'ında Giulio Martini ile evlendi.

1834 yılında Civitavecchia Konsolosluğu çalışanlarından, Selanikli Lysimaque Mercure Caftangioglou Tavernier'in (d.1805) terfi etmesi için aracı oldu, fakat Tavernier, terfi alır almaz Stendhal'i şikayet etmeye ve koltuğunu elinden almaya çalıştı; bu sürecin sonunda Fransa Dışişleri Bakanlığı'ndan uyarı alan Stendhal, makamından uzak kaldığı seyahatlerini azaltmak zorunda kaldı. Bu vesileyle, İtalya'ya geldiği günden beri üzerine düşmediği edebi çalışmalarını artırdı; Lucien Leuwen ve Henri Brulard'ın Hayatı adlı eserlerini büyük ölçüde tamamladı ve birçok öykü kaleme aldı.

Paris dönemi (1836-1839)

Bakanlığından aldığı izinle 1836'da görev yerinden ayrılarak geçici olarak Paris'e döndü, sonra da konsolosluk görevinden resmi olarak ayrılmadan, bu geçici kalışını ucu açık biçimde uzattı. Çok geçmeden Barones Eulalie-Françoise Lacuée'ye evlenme teklif etti, ama reddedildi. Jules Gaulthier'e yaptığı kur da sonuçsuz kaldı. Fransa'nın çeşitli bölgelerinde gerçekleştirdiği gezileri Bir Turistin Anıları ("Mémoires d'un touriste") ve Güney Fransa Gezileri ("Voyage dans le Midi de la France") başlığını verdiği kitaplarda anlattı. En bilinen eserlerinden Parma Manastırı'nı 1839 yılının sonunda, 52 gün gibi kısa bir süre içinde yazdı.

Hükûmet değişikliği nedeniyle görev yeri Civitavecchia'ya dönmesi gerekti ve 24 Haziran 1839'da Paris'ten ayrıldı.

Son yılları (1839-1842)

Civitavecchia'ya 10 Ağustos 1839 tarihinde ulaştı. Görevinin başına dönmenin yanı sıra, Roma'yı sık sık ziyaret ederek sosyal bağlantılarını kuvvetlendirdi. Bu esnada Lamiel adlı romanını yazmaya başladı.

Frengi hastalığı nedeniyle bozulmuş olan sağlığı, 1840 yılında iyice kötüleşti ve bayılma, geçici felç ve konuşma güçlükleri yaşamaya başladı. Sağlık sorunları nedeniyle Paris'e dönme izni aldı; 21 Ekim 1841'de İtalya'dan ayrıldı ve 8 Kasım'da Paris'e ulaştı. Tedavisi devam ederken, son gününde dahi, Lamiel ve diğer hikâyeleri üzerinde çalışmayı sürdürdü, Aşk Üzerine'yi çeşitli değişikliklerle yeniden yayımlamak için hazırlandı.

Dışişleri Bakanlığı'nda 22 Mart 1842 tarihinde katıldığı bir toplantıdan çıktıktan sonra, Neuve-des-Capucines Sokağı'nda yeniden bayıldı ve komaya girdi. 22 Mart'ı 23 Mart'a bağlayan gece saat 2'de hayatını kaybetti.

Val-d'Oise'ın Andilly beldesine, dini merasim olmadan gömülmek istediğini vasiyet etmişse de, Paris'teki Notre-Dame-de-l'Assomption kilisesinde düzenlenen dini merasim sonrasında Montmarte Mezarlığı'na defnedildi. Mezarına, 1820 yılında Milano'da tespit etmiş olduğu "Yazdı, sevdi, yaşadı" (Milano lehçesinde: "Scrisse, amò, visse''") sözü yazıldı.

Kişisel yaşamı

Dindar yetiştirilmesine karşın sonradan agnostik oldu.

Hiç evlenmedi, hiç çocuğu olmadı. Hatıralarında anlattıkları çerçevesinde, en az 7 sevgilisi oldu. Bunların en uzun sürelisi, 11 yıldan uzun süre boyunca, aralıklarla da olsa temasta olduğu Giulia Rinieri'dir. Milano'da tanıştığı, karşılıksız aşkı Metilde Viscontini'yi ise hiç unutmamıştır.

Üslubu ve sanat hakkındaki görüşleri

Eserleri

Ayrıca bakınız
 Stendhal sendromu
 Fransız edebiyatı

Kaynakça

1783 doğumlular
Grenoble doğumlular
Fransız yazarlar
Fransız agnostikler
19. yüzyıl Fransız yazarları
19. yüzyıl Fransız roman yazarları
Fransız deneme yazarları
Fransız hikâye yazarları
Fransız gezi yazarları
Fransız biyografi yazarları
Realist yazarlar
Paris'te ölenler
1842 yılında ölenler
Frengiden ölenler
Montmartre Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler

Stendhal


Surface Amerikan yapımı bilimkurgu televizyon dizisi. NBC televizyonu tarafından 19 Eylül 2005 tarihinde yayınlanmaya başalmış ve 6. Şubat 2006 tarihine dek devam etmiştir. İlk sezonun bitimi sonrası 15. Mayıs 2006 tarihinde NBC tarafından açıklama yapılarak dizinin devam etmeyeceği söylenmiştir. Türk televizyonlarında da ilk kez Digiturk bünyesinde yer alan Dizimax kanalında gösterilmiştir.

Konusu
Büyük Okyanus'ta okyanusbilimci Laura Daughtery (Lake Bell)'in saldırıya uğraması ile başalayan dizide Richard Connelly (Jay R. Ferguson) isimli kişide balık avı esnasında benzer saldırıdan kardeşini kaybeder. Birlikte düştükleri araştırma sürerken denizden değişik saldırı haberleri ve yaratık(!) raporları gelmektedir.

Olayı organize ettiği ve yönlendirdiği düşünülen bir şirketde çalışan bilim insanı Dr. Aleksander Cirko (Rade Šerbedžija)'nın öldürülmesi ile entrikalar ve kovalamacalar başlar.

Diğer yandan bir yaratık yavrusu büyüten Miles isimli çocuğun çevresinde de olayın diğer yansımaları gelişmektedir. Dünyanın büyük bir saldırıya neden olacağı ve üstüne üstlük bunun insanoğlunun kendi deneyleri sonucu oluşacağı görüntüsü şekillenmeye başlamaktadır.

Oyuncu ve karakterler

2005'te başlayan Amerika Birleşik Devletleri televizyon dizileri
2006'da sona eren Amerika Birleşik Devletleri televizyon dizileri
2000'lerde Amerika Birleşik Devletleri televizyon dizileri
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri bilimkurgu dizileri
NBC ağı programları
NBC Universal Television dizileri
Kurguda Kuzey Karolina

Surface (dizi)


Die Western Rocks sind eine unbewohnte Inselgruppe im Westen der Scilly-Inseln in Cornwall. Die mehr als 15 Felseninseln liegen südwestlich von St. Marys und nördlich von Bishop Rock. Die im Karbon entstandenen Inseln sind Teil des Isles of Scilly Wildlife Trust und seit 1971 durch den Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) aufgrund der hier heimischen seltenen Seevögel-Kolonien geschützt. Aufgrund der vielen Untiefen im Bereich der Western Rocks kam es zu wiederholten Schiffsunglücken. Insbesondere der Untergang eines englischen Geschwaders unter dem Oberbefehl von Cloudesley Shovell 1707, bei dem 1.450 Seeleute starben, ist bemerkenswert.

Zu den Western Rocks gehören, neben der größten Insel Rosevear, Great Crebwethan Codnors Rocks, Crebwethan, Jolly Rock, Jacky's Rock, Silver Carn, Gorregan und Melledgan.

Weblinks

Inselgruppe (England)
Inselgruppe (Europa)
Inselgruppe (Atlantischer Ozean)
Geographie (Scilly-Inseln)
Geographie (Cornwall)
Site of Special Scientific Interest in England

Western Rocks (Scilly-Inseln)


El jilguero ventriamarillo o jilguero pechinegro (Spinus xanthogastrus) es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Fringillidae propia de América Central y el noroeste de América del Sur. Se extiende desde el sur de Costa Rica al de Ecuador, Bolivia central y las tierras altas del noroeste de Venezuela.

El Carduelis xanthogastra cría en los bosques de robles de montaña en altitudes de 800–3000

Referencias

Bibliografía

xanthogastra
Aves de América Central
Aves de América del Sur

Spinus xanthogastrus


The Tomb of Dracula is an American horror comic book series published by Marvel Comics from April 1972 to August 1979. The 70-issue series featured a group of vampire hunters who fought Count Dracula and other supernatural menaces. On rare occasions, Dracula would work with these vampire hunters against a common threat or battle other supernatural threats on his own, but more often than not, he was the antagonist rather than protagonist. In addition to his supernatural battles in this series, Marvel's Dracula often served as a supervillain to other characters in the Marvel Universe, battling the likes of Blade the Vampire Slayer, Spider-Man, the Werewolf, the X-Men, Howard the Duck, and the licensed Robert E. Howard character Solomon Kane.

Publication history

Original series
In 1971, the Comics Code Authority relaxed some of its longstanding rules regarding horror comics, such as a virtual ban on vampires.  Marvel had already tested the waters with a "quasi-vampire" character, Morbius, the Living Vampire, but the company was now prepared to launch a regular vampire title as part of its new line of horror books.  After some discussion, it was decided to use the Dracula character, in large part because it was the most famous vampire to the general public, and also because Bram Stoker's creation and secondary characters were by that time in the public domain.

The series suffered from lack of direction for its first year; most significantly, each of the first three issues was plotted by a different writer. Though Gerry Conway is credited as sole writer of issue #1, the plot was actually written by Roy Thomas and editor Stan Lee, and Conway had no input into the issue until it had already been fully drawn. Conway was allowed to plot issue #2 by himself, and wrote a story heavily influenced by the British Hammer Films - a striking departure from the first issue, which was derivative of Universal's monster movies. Conway then quit the book due to an overabundance of writing assignments, and was replaced by Archie Goodwin with issue #3. Goodwin quit after only two issues, but also made major changes to the series's direction, including the introduction of cast members Rachel Van Helsing and Taj Nital. New writer Gardner Fox took the series in yet another direction, and introduced a romance between Frank Drake and Rachel Van Helsing, which would remain a subplot for the rest of the series. However, Thomas (who had by this time succeeded Lee as the editor of The Tomb of Dracula) felt that Fox's take did not work, and took him off the book after only two issues.

The title gained stability and hit its stride when Marv Wolfman became scripter with the seventh issue, though Wolfman himself has contended that he was floundering on the series until the story arc in issues #12-14, remarking, "This storyline is when I finally figured out what this book was about." The entire run of The Tomb of Dracula was penciled by Gene Colan, with Tom Palmer inking all but #1, 2, and 8-11. Gil Kane drew many of the covers for the first few years, as he did for many other Marvel titles.  Colan based the visual appearance of Marvel's Dracula not on Bela Lugosi, Christopher Lee, or any other actor who had played the vampire on film, but rather on actor Jack Palance. Palance would play Dracula in a television production of Stoker's novel the year after The Tomb of Dracula debuted.

Colan, already one of Marvel's most well-established and prominent artists, said he had lobbied for the assignment.

Wolfman and Colan developed a bond while working on the series, on which they collaborated closely. Colan recalled, "He'd give me a written plot, but he'd also discuss it with me over the phone. I tended to ask questions, rather than to have him assume I got the idea."

Dracula encountered the Werewolf in a crossover story beginning in The Tomb of Dracula #18 (March 1974) and continuing the same month in Werewolf by Night #15 with both chapters written by Wolfman. A brief meeting between Dracula and Spider-Man occurred in the first issue of Giant-Size Spider-Man. The Tomb of Dracula #44 featured a crossover story with Doctor Strange #14, another series which was being drawn by Colan at the time.  The Tomb of Dracula ran for 70 issues until August 1979. Comics historian Les Daniels noted that "With an unbroken run of seventy issues over the course of more than seven years, Marvel's The Tomb of Dracula was the most successful comic book series to feature a villain as its title character." As cancellation loomed, Wolfman made to wrap up the storyline and lingering threads by issue #72. But Jim Shooter, then the editor-in-chief, retroactively cut two issues after the artwork had been completed for three. As Wolfman recalled,

Twelve of those pages, which Wolfman had saved as photocopies, appeared in the hardcover reprint collection The Tomb of Dracula Omnibus Vol. 2. The series culminated with the death of Quincy Harker and Dracula's apparent death and dispersal.

In 2010, Comics Bulletin ranked Wolfman, Colan, and Palmer's run on The Tomb of Dracula fifth on its list of the "Top 10 1970s Marvels".

Dracula Lives!

A black-and-white magazine, Dracula Lives!, published by "Marvel Monster Group", ran from 1973 to 1975. Dracula Lives! ran 13 issues plus a reprint Super Annual issue. Running concurrently with Tomb of Dracula, the continuities of the two titles occasionally overlapped, with storylines weaving between the two. Most of the time the stories in Dracula Lives! were stand-alone tales, including a serialized adaptation of the original Bram Stoker novel, in 10- to 12-page installments written by Roy Thomas and drawn by Dick Giordano.

Giant-Size Dracula
Tomb of Dracula was supplemented by a Giant-Size companion quarterly comic book that ran for five issues in the mid-1970s. Artist John Byrne's first story for Marvel Comics, "Dark Asylum", was published in Giant-Size Dracula #5 (June 1975).

Black-and-white magazine
The color title Tomb of Dracula was succeeded by another black-and-white magazine, also called The Tomb of Dracula, with stories also drawn by Gene Colan that picked up where the color title left off. It lasted six issues from 1979 to 1980.

Post-series Dracula appearances
Several years later, Dracula encountered the X-Men twice. Although Dracula (and all other vampires in the Marvel Universe) were eventually destroyed by the mystical Montesi Formula in the pages of Doctor Strange #62 (December 1983), the vampire lord was revived. Marvel published a four-issue Tomb of Dracula miniseries, reuniting Wolfman and Colan, under its Epic Comics imprint in 1991, and revived Dracula and his foes in the short-lived Nightstalkers and Blade series in the 1990s. Some unresolved plot threads from The Tomb of Dracula were addressed in the final three issues of Nightstalkers. These included the fates of Dracula's bride Domini, their son Janus, and vampire-hunter Taj Nital. Dracula took the title role in the miniseries Dracula: Lord of the Undead.

Two more four-issue miniseries followed. Stoker's Dracula continued and concluded the adaptation of the original Bram Stoker novel Dracula by writer Roy Thomas and artist Dick Giordano, which had begun in Dracula Lives 30 years prior. Another Tomb of Dracula miniseries followed with Blade joining a new team of vampire hunters to prevent Dracula's achieving godhood. Apocalypse vs. Dracula featured Dracula battling Apocalypse, an immortal foe of the superhero team the X-Men, in Victorian London.

Major characters

 Dracula
 Quincy Harker, the son of Jonathan and Mina and disabled leader of the vampire hunters; he died in a battle with Dracula.
 Rachel van Helsing, the granddaughter of Abraham Van Helsing and leader of the vampire hunters upon Harker's death; she was turned into a vampire by Dracula and subsequently given a mercy killing by Wolverine of the X-Men.
 Blade the Vampire Slayer, the son of a woman bitten by a vampire during childbirth and a valued, yet reluctant ally to Quincy Harker's band of vampire hunters. Blade possesses quasi-vampiric abilities, including a greatly prolonged lifespan and the ability to sense supernatural creatures, as well as an immunity to complete vampirism.
 Frank Drake, the last living mortal descendant of Dracula and a charter member of Quincy Harker's vampire hunters. Note: Drake's bloodline is based on one of Dracula's marriages prior to his vampirism.
 Hannibal King, a vampire hunter and private investigator who is himself a reluctant vampire, frequent partner of Blade and Drake. He subsisted solely on blood he acquired from blood banks or corpses he found and had never taken blood directly from a human being, thus he was able to survive the Montesi Formula and be restored to normal human form.
 Taj Nital, a mute Indian Muslim vampire hunter of considerable strength (sufficient to temporarily restrain Dracula) whose son Adri was vampirized. He was later transformed into a vampire himself and destroyed in Nightstalkers #18.
 Safron Caulder, a showgirl from London and Blade's recurring girlfriend. She sometimes found herself a typical damsel in distress, but was always rescued by Blade despite an instance when he was nearly tricked into staking her.
 Lilith, the daughter of Dracula, an immortal vampire who was cursed to never die until her father was permanently destroyed; when slain, she was reborn into the body of an innocent woman who wanted her father dead.
 Deacon Frost, the vampire responsible for the death of Blade's mother and Hannibal King's vampirism. He was an upstart contender for the title of Lord of the Vampires, a title held by Dracula at the time.
 Harold H. Harold, a hack writer who befriended the vampire hunters in an effort to get material for a book he was writing. He fell victim to Dracula and became a vampire (in Howard the Duck magazine #5)—though this did not stop him from becoming a successful Hollywood film producer. Like all vampires, he perished as a result of the casting of the Montesi Formula.
 Anton Lupeski, a Satanic priest through whom Dracula manipulated his Satanic cult while impersonating Satan.
 Domini, a member of Anton Lupeski's cult whom Dracula chose as his bride.
 Janus, the son of Dracula and Domini, who was possessed by a being called the Golden Angel. He was returned to his child form and at age five was kidnapped by the vampire Varnae (in the back story of Nightstalkers #16–18).
 Varnae, the first vampire (and, at one point, an enemy of Conan the Barbarian). He was the Lord of the Vampires prior to Dracula. Although he died in the process of making Dracula his heir, he was later revived. He was inspired by the 19th century character Varney the Vampire.
 Nimrod the First, another Lord of the Vampires prior to Dracula, who killed him in Nimrod's first appearance (Dracula Lives! #3). When Dracula's origin was revised in Bizarre Adventures #33, Nimrod was no longer the true Lord of the Vampires; instead, he was a mentally imbalanced servant of Varnae and had been empowered by his master as a test of Dracula's worthiness to become Varnae's heir.
 Mina Harker is the mother of Quincy, and the bride of Dracula. She died in a great battle, but she was turned into a vampire by her husband Dracula. She acts like a human rather than a vampire. She is the Queen of Romania.

Collected editions
 Essential Tomb of Dracula
 Volume 1 collects Tomb of Dracula #1–25, Werewolf By Night #15, Giant-Size Chillers featuring The Curse of Dracula #1, 560 pages, 2004, Panini, , Marvel,
 Volume 2 collects Tomb of Dracula #26–49, Dr. Strange #14, Giant-Size Dracula #2–5, 592 pages, April 2004, Panini, , |Marvel,
 Volume 3 collects Tomb of Dracula #50–70, The Tomb of Dracula magazine #1–4, 584 pages, 2004, Panini, , Marvel,
 Volume 4 collects Tomb of Dracula magazine #2, 4–6, Dracula Lives! #1–13, Frankenstein Monster #7–9, 576 pages, April 2005, Panini, , Marvel,

Some of the nudity was removed from the fourth volume. Publisher Dan Buckley explained, "That wasn't because we were going to bookstores, or because we were exclusively going to hobby shops. It probably had more with where we were at from a ratings standpoint and the editors felt that was the appropriate thing to do, considering how we communicate what's going on in our books from a packaging standpoint. ...We generally avoid nudity, unless it's a MAX title. We don't want to take an Essential volume and start calling it MAX; then you get into branding issues." Retailers' opinions on the matter were split.

 Tomb of Dracula Omnibus
 Volume 1 collects The Tomb of Dracula #1–31, Werewolf by Night #15, Giant-Size Chillers featuring The Curse of Dracula #1, and Giant-Size Dracula #2–4, 784 pages, November 2008,
 Volume 2  collects The Tomb of Dracula #32–70, Giant-Size Dracula #5, and Dr. Strange #14, 816 pages, December 2009,
 Volume 3 collects Tomb of Dracula magazine #1–6, Frankenstein Monster #7–9, and Dracula Lives! #1–13, 944 pages, January 2011,
 The Tomb of Dracula color trade paperbacks
 Volume 1 collects Tomb of Dracula #1–12, 264 pages, July 2010,
 Volume 2 collects Tomb of Dracula #13–23, Werewolf by Night #15, Giant-Size Chillers featuring The Curse of Dracula #1, 272 pages, October 2010,
 Volume 3 collects Tomb of Dracula #24–31, Giant-Size Dracula #2–4, 248 pages, January 2011,
 The Tomb of Dracula - The Complete Collection
 Volume 1 collects The Tomb of Dracula #1–15 and Dracula Lives #1–4, 512 Pages, October 2017,
 Volume 2 collects The Tomb of Dracula #16–24, Werewolf By Night #15, Giant-Size Spider-Man #1, Giant-Size Chillers #1, Giant-Size Dracula #2, Frankenstein #7–9 and Dracula Lives #5–7, 497 Pages, October 2018,
 Volume 3 collects The Tomb of Dracula #25–35, Giant-Size Dracula #3-4, and Dracula Lives #8-12, 496 Pages, October 2019,
 Volume 4 collects The Tomb of Dracula #36–54, Doctor Strange #14, Dracula Lives #12–13, and material from Legion of Monsters #1, 488 Pages, September 2020,
 Volume 5 collects Tomb of Dracula #55—70, Stoker's Dracula #2—4, and material from Marvel Preview #12 and Savage Sword of Conan #26

 Tomb of Dracula Masterworks Vol 1
  Marvel Masterworks - Tomb of Dracula Vol. 1 (Marvel Masterworks: The Tomb of Dracula) Hardcover – October 26, 2021 Volume 1 collects Tomb of Dracula (1972) 1-11; material from Dracula Lives (1973) 1-2 , 320 pages, 2021, Marvel,

Other media

TV movie

In 1980, an anime television movie based on The Tomb of Dracula was released. It was titled . Much of the main plot was condensed and many characters and subplots were truncated or omitted. The film was animated in Japan by Toei and sparsely released on cable TV in North America in 1983 by Harmony Gold dubbed into English under the title Dracula: Sovereign of the Damned. On October 31, 2022, Kineko Video released a remastered 4K scan of the film's original 16mm print.

Voice cast

Film
Blade, a character introduced in The Tomb of Dracula, has been featured in a series of three films: Blade (1998), Blade II (2002), and Blade: Trinity (2004), as well as a short-lived television series titled Blade: The Series (2006). Other Tomb of Dracula characters, Deacon Frost and Hannibal King, have been featured in these films (Frost in Blade, King in Blade: Trinity), albeit in heavily revised forms. Reference to the Tomb of Dracula series is made in Blade: Trinity when King shows an issue of the comic to Blade.

Dracula himself does not appear in the series until Blade: Trinity, in which he goes by the name of "Drake" and features an origin and powers that differ from the comics. He is played in the film by Dominic Purcell. Given Drake's age and origin, he, more than any other vampire that followed, can harness a much greater and more dynamic range of abilities. He possesses superhuman strength, much greater than that of Blade, as well as incredible speed. Like those he sired, he is capable of leaping great distances and seems to be knowledgeable of sword fighting techniques, even rivaling Blade himself. Drake's true power is derived from his origin as the first of his species. The manipulation of energies which led to his first resurrection left Drake with two forms: human and a demonic alter ego. In this form, Drake is much stronger, resilient to all forms of damage and much taller than his human form. He possesses very keen senses, allowing him, for example, to catch an arrow in mid-air.

The Curse of Dracula
Marv Wolfman and Gene Colan returned to Dracula comics with The Curse of Dracula, a three-issue miniseries published in 1998. The miniseries was published by Dark Horse Comics and was not officially associated with Marvel's Dracula series. A trade paperback collection was published in 2005.

References

External links

 The Tomb of Dracula tribute site  by Dr. Mike Rickard (Issue guide and criticism)
 The Tomb of Dracula fan site by Adrian Wymann (Issue-by-issue guide and reviews)
 Review of Essential Tomb of Dracula Volume 1 from Pulp and Dagger
 Review of Essential Tomb of Dracula Volume 2 from UGO
 Review of Essential Tomb of Dracula Volume 1 and Volume 2 from Comics Bulletin

 Japanese anime adaptation of The Tomb of Dracula

1972 comics debuts
1979 comics endings
1979 comics debuts
1980 comics endings
1980 anime films
1980 films
Anime television films
Blade (comics)
Comics adapted into television series
Comics based on Dracula
Comics by Archie Goodwin (comics)
Comics by Gardner Fox
Comics by Gerry Conway
Comics by Marv Wolfman
Defunct American comics
Marvel Entertainment franchises
Horror comics
Japanese animated horror films
Marvel Comics titles
Marvel Comics vampires
Toei Animation films

The Tomb of Dracula


Carabus gebleri es una especie de coleóptero adéfago de la familia Carabidae. Habita en  Rusia y Kazajistán.

Descripción
Alcanza un tamaño de 30-39 mm de longitud. La cabeza es de color negro o azul-negro, el pronoto y los élitros de color bronce, verde, azul, verde, azul o azul-negro. El pronoto transversal (en promedio 1,7 veces más ancho que largo), en términos generales con flecos.

Biología

Se produce en los bosques de hoja pequeña en los valles y colinas, a veces entre los arbustos. Los escarabajos se producen en mayo y julio.

Subespecies
Carabus gebleri gebleri Fischer, 1817
Carabus gebleri ultimus Obydov, 1999

Referencias

Carabus gebleri in Red Data Book of Russia
The Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD)
Catalogue of Palearctic Coleoptera. Vol. 1 ed. , Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, 2003 and 2004ISBN 87-88757-73-0, p.170

Enlaces externos

 List of Carabus (Morphocarabus) species at carabus.eu

gebleri

Carabus gebleri


Communist Party USA, officially the Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA), also known as the American Communist Party, is a communist party in the United States which was established in 1919 after a split in the Socialist Party of America following the Russian Revolution.

The history of the CPUSA is closely related to the history of the American labor movement and the history of communist parties worldwide. Initially operating underground due to the Palmer Raids which started during the First Red Scare, the party was influential in American politics in the first half of the 20th century, and it also played a prominent role in the history of the labor movement from the 1920s through the 1940s, playing a key role in the founding of the Congress of Industrial Organizations. The party was unique among labor activist groups of the time in being outspokenly anti-racist and opposed to racial segregation after sponsoring the defense for the Scottsboro Boys in 1931. The party reached the apex of its influence in US politics during the Great Depression, playing a prominent role in the political landscape as a militant grassroots network capable of effectively organizing and mobilizing workers and the unemployed in support of cornerstone New Deal programs, principally Social Security, unemployment insurance, and the Works Progress Administration.

The transformative changes of the New Deal era combined with the US alliance with the Soviet Union during World War II created an atmosphere in which the CPUSA wielded considerable influence with about 70,000 vetted party members. Under the leadership of Earl Browder, the party was critically supportive of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and branded communism as "20th Century Americanism." Envisioning itself as becoming engrained within the established political structure in the post-war era, the party was dissolved in 1944 to become the 'Communist Political Association.' However, as Cold War hostility ensued, the party was restored but struggled to maintain its influence amidst the second Red Scare and McCarthyism. Its opposition to the Marshall Plan and the Truman Doctrine failed to gain traction, and its endorsed candidate Henry A. Wallace of the Progressive Party under-performed in the 1948 presidential election. The party itself imploded following the public condemnation of Stalin by Nikita Khrushchev in 1956, with membership sinking to a few thousand who were increasingly alienated from the rest of the American Left for their support of the Soviet Union.

The CPUSA received significant funding from the Soviet Union and crafted its public positions to match those of Moscow. The CPUSA also used a covert apparatus to assist the Soviets with their intelligence activities in the United States and utilized a network of front organizations to shape public opinion. The CPUSA opposed glasnost and perestroika in the Soviet Union and as a result major funding from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ended in 1991.

History

During the first half of the 20th century, the Communist Party was influential in various struggles. Historian Ellen Schrecker concludes that decades of recent scholarship offer "a more nuanced portrayal of the party as both a Stalinist sect tied to a vicious regime and the most dynamic organization within the American Left during the 1930s and '40s". It was also the first political party in the United States to be "fully" racially integrated.

By August 1919, only months after its founding, the Communist Party claimed to have 50,000 to 60,000 members. Its members also included anarchists and other radical leftists. At the time, the older and more moderate Socialist Party of America, suffering from criminal prosecutions for its antiwar stance during World War I, had declined to 40,000 members. The sections of the Communist Party's International Workers Order (IWO) organized for communism around linguistic and ethnic lines, providing mutual aid and tailoring cultural activities to an IWO membership that peaked at 200,000 at its height.

During the Great Depression, some Americans were attracted by the visible activism of Communists on behalf of a wide range of social and economic causes, including the rights of African Americans, workers and the unemployed. The Communist Party played a significant role in the resurgence of organized labor in the 1930s. Still others, alarmed by the rise of the Falangists in Spain and the Nazis in Germany, admired the Soviet Union's early and staunch opposition to fascism. Party membership swelled from 7,500 at the start of the decade to 55,000 by its end.

Party members also rallied to the defense of the Spanish Republic during this period after a nationalist military uprising moved to overthrow it, resulting in the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939). The Communist Party of the Soviet Union, along with leftists throughout the world, raised funds for medical relief while many of its members made their way to Spain with the aid of the party to join the Lincoln Brigade, one of the International Brigades.

The Communist Party was adamantly opposed to fascism during the Popular Front period. Although membership in the party rose to about 66,000 by 1939, nearly 20,000 members left the party by 1943. While general secretary Browder at first attacked Germany for its September 1, 1939, invasion of western Poland, on September 11 the Communist Party received a communique from Moscow denouncing the Polish government. Between September 14–16, party leaders bickered about the direction to take.

On September 17, the Soviet Union invaded eastern Poland and occupied the Polish territory assigned to it by the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, followed by co-ordination with German forces in Poland. The Communist Party then turned the focus of its public activities from anti-fascism to advocating peace, opposing military preparations. The party criticized British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and French leader Édouard Daladier, but it did not at first attack President Roosevelt, reasoning that this could devastate American Communism, blaming instead Roosevelt's advisors. The party spread the slogans "The Yanks Are Not Coming" and "Hands Off", set up a "perpetual peace vigil" across the street from the White House and announced that Roosevelt was the head of the "war party of the American bourgeoisie". The party was active in the isolationist America First Committee. In October and November, after the Soviets invaded Finland and forced mutual assistance pacts from Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, the Communist Party considered Russian security sufficient justification to support the actions. Comintern and its leader Georgi Dimitrov demanded to Browder to change the party's support for Roosevelt. On October 23, the party began attacking Roosevelt. The party changed this policy again after Hitler broke the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact by attacking the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941.

In August 1940, after NKVD agent Ramón Mercader killed Trotsky with an ice axe, Browder perpetuated Moscow's line that the killer, who had been dating one of Trotsky's secretaries, was a disillusioned follower.

The Communist Party's early labor and organizing successes did not last long. As the decades progressed, the combined effects of the second Red Scare, McCarthyism, Nikita Khrushchev's 1956 "Secret Speech" in which he denounced the previous decades of Joseph Stalin's rule and the adversities of the continuing Cold War mentality, steadily weakened the party's internal structure and confidence. Party membership in the Communist International and its close adherence to the political positions of the Soviet Union gave most Americans the impression that the party was not only a threatening, subversive domestic entity, it was also a foreign agent which espoused an ideology which was fundamentally alien and threatening to the American way of life. Internal and external crises swirled together, to the point when members who did not end up in prison for party activities either tended to disappear quietly from its ranks or they tended to adopt more moderate political positions which were at odds with the party line. By 1957, membership had dwindled to less than 10,000, of whom some 1,500 were informants for the FBI. The party was also banned by the Communist Control Act of 1954, although it was never really enforced and Congress later repealed most provisions of the act, also with some declared unconstitutional via the court system.

The party attempted to recover with its opposition to the Vietnam War during the civil rights movement in the 1960s, but its continued uncritical support for an increasingly stultified and militaristic Soviet Union further alienated it from the rest of the left-wing in the United States, which saw this supportive role as outdated and even dangerous. At the same time, the party's aging membership demographics distanced it from the New Left in the United States.

With the rise of Mikhail Gorbachev and his effort to radically alter the Soviet economic and political system from the mid-1980s, the Communist Party finally became estranged from the leadership of the Soviet Union itself. In 1989, the Soviet Communist Party cut off major funding to the American Communist Party due to its opposition to glasnost and perestroika. With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the party held its convention and attempted to resolve the issue of whether the party should reject Marxism–Leninism. The majority reasserted the party's now purely Marxist outlook, prompting a minority faction which urged social democrats to exit the now reduced party. The party has since adopted Marxism–Leninism within its program. In 2014, the new draft of the party constitution declared: "We apply the scientific outlook developed by Marx, Engels, Lenin and others in the context of our American history, culture, and traditions".

The Communist Party is based in New York City. From 1922 to 1988, it published Morgen Freiheit, a daily newspaper written in Yiddish. For decades, its West Coast newspaper was the People's World and its East Coast newspaper was The Daily World. The two newspapers merged in 1986 into the People's Weekly World. The People's Weekly World has since become an online only publication called People's World. It has since ceased being an official Communist Party publication as the party does not fund its publication. The party's former theoretical journal Political Affairs is now also published exclusively online, but the party still maintains International Publishers as its publishing house. In June 2014, the party held its 30th National Convention in Chicago.

The party announced on April 7, 2021, that it intended to run candidates in elections again, after a hiatus of over thirty years. Steven Estrada, who ran for city council in Long Beach, was one of the first candidates to run as an open member of the CPUSA again (although Long Beach local elections are officially non-partisan). Estrada received 8.5% of the vote.

Beliefs

Constitution program
According to the constitution of the party adopted at the 30th National Convention in 2014, the Communist Party operates on the principle of democratic centralism, its highest authority being the quadrennial National Convention. Article VI, Section 3 of the 2001 Constitution laid out certain positions as non-negotiable:

[S]truggle for the unity of the working class, against all forms of national oppression, national chauvinism, discrimination and segregation, against all racist ideologies and practices,... against all manifestations of male supremacy and discrimination against women,... against homophobia and all manifestations of discrimination against gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and transgender people.

Among the points in the party's "Immediate Program" are a $15/hour minimum wage for all workers, national universal health care and opposition to privatization of Social Security. Economic measures such as increased taxes on "the rich and corporations", "strong regulation" of the financial industry, "regulation and public ownership of utilities" and increased federal aid to cities and states are also included in the Immediate Program, as are opposition to the Iraq War and other military interventions; opposition to free trade treaties such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA); nuclear disarmament and a reduced military budget; various civil rights provisions; campaign finance reform including public financing of campaigns; and election law reform, including instant runoff voting.

Bill of Rights socialism

The Communist Party emphasizes a vision of socialism as an extension of American democracy. Seeking to "build socialism in the United States based on the revolutionary traditions and struggles" of American history, the party promotes a conception of "Bill of Rights Socialism" that will "guarantee all the freedoms we have won over centuries of struggle and also extend the Bill of Rights to include freedom from unemployment" as well as freedom "from poverty, from illiteracy, and from discrimination and oppression".

Reiterating the idea of property rights in socialist society as it is outlined in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels's Communist Manifesto (1848), the Communist Party emphasizes:

Many myths have been propagated about socialism. Contrary to right-wing claims, socialism would not take away the personal private property of workers, only the private ownership of major industries, financial institutions, and other large corporations, and the excessive luxuries of the super-rich.

Rather than making all wages entirely equal, the Communist Party holds that building socialism would entail "eliminating private wealth from stock speculation, from private ownership of large corporations, from the export of capital and jobs, and from the exploitation of large numbers of workers".

Living standards
Among the primary concerns of the Communist Party are the problems of unemployment, underemployment and job insecurity, which the party considers the natural result of the profit-driven incentives of the capitalist economy:

Millions of workers are unemployed, underemployed, or insecure in their jobs, even during economic upswings and periods of 'recovery' from recessions. Most workers experience long years of stagnant and declining real wages, while health and education costs soar. Many workers are forced to work second and third jobs to make ends meet. Most workers now average four different occupations during their lifetime, many involuntarily moved from job to job and career to career. Often, retirement-age workers are forced to continue working just to provide health care for themselves and their families. Millions of people continuously live below the poverty level; many suffer homelessness and hunger. Public and private programs to alleviate poverty and hunger do not reach everyone, and are inadequate even for those they do reach. With capitalist globalization, jobs move from place to place as capitalists export factories and even entire industries to other countries in a relentless search for the lowest wages.

The Communist Party believes that "class struggle starts with the fight for wages, hours, benefits, working conditions, job security, and jobs. But it also includes an endless variety of other forms for fighting specific battles: resisting speed-up, picketing, contract negotiations, strikes, demonstrations, lobbying for pro-labor legislation, elections, and even general strikes". The Communist Party's national programs considers workers who struggle "against the capitalist class or any part of it on any issue with the aim of improving or defending their lives" part of the class struggle.

Imperialism and war
The Communist Party maintains that developments within the foreign policy of the United States—as reflected in the rise of neoconservatives and other groups associated with right-wing politics—have developed in tandem with the interests of large-scale capital such as the multinational corporations. The state thereby becomes thrust into a proxy role that is essentially inclined to help facilitate "control by one section of the capitalist class over all others and over the whole of society".

Accordingly, the Communist Party holds that right-wing policymakers such as the neoconservatives, steering the state away from working-class interests on behalf of a disproportionately powerful capitalist class, have "demonized foreign opponents of the U.S., covertly funded the right-wing-initiated civil war in Nicaragua, and gave weapons to the Saddam Hussein dictatorship in Iraq. They picked small countries to invade, including Panama and Grenada, testing new military equipment and strategy, and breaking down resistance at home and abroad to U.S. military invasion as a policy option".

From its ideological framework, the Communist Party understands imperialism as the pinnacle of capitalist development: the state, working on behalf of the few who wield disproportionate power, assumes the role of proffering "phony rationalizations" for economically driven imperial ambition as a means to promote the sectional economic interests of big business.

In opposition to what it considers the ultimate agenda of the conservative wing of American politics, the Communist Party rejects foreign policy proposals such as the Bush Doctrine, rejecting the right of the American government to attack "any country it wants, to conduct war without end until it succeeds everywhere, and even to use 'tactical' nuclear weapons and militarize space. Whoever does not support the U.S. policy is condemned as an opponent. Whenever international organizations, such as the United Nations, do not support U.S. government policies, they are reluctantly tolerated until the U.S. government is able to subordinate or ignore them".

Juxtaposing the support from the Republicans and the right-wing of the Democratic Party for the Bush administration-led invasion of Iraq with the many millions of Americans who opposed the invasion of Iraq from its beginning, the Communist Party notes the spirit of opposition towards the war coming from the American public:

The party has consistently opposed American involvement in the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the First Gulf War and the post-September 11 conflicts in both Iraq and Afghanistan.

The Communist Party does not believe that the threat of terrorism can be resolved through war.

Women and minorities

The Communist Party Constitution defines the U.S. working class as "multiracial and multinational. It unites men and women, young and old, gay and straight, native-born and immigrant, urban and rural." The party further expands its interpretation to include the employed and unemployed, organized and unorganized, and of all occupations.

The Communist Party seeks equal rights for women, equal pay for equal work and the protection of reproductive rights, together with putting an end to sexism. They support the right of abortion and social services to provide access to it, arguing that unplanned pregnancy is prejudiced against poor women. The party's ranks include a Women's Equality Commission, which recognizes the role of women as an asset in moving towards building socialism.

Historically significant in American history as an early fighter for African Americans' rights and playing a leading role in protesting the lynchings of African Americans in the South, the Communist Party in its national program today calls racism the "classic divide-and-conquer tactic". From its New York City base, the Communist Party's Ben Davis Club and other Communist Party organizations have been involved in local activism in Harlem and other African American and minority communities. The Communist Party was instrumental in the founding of the progressive Black Radical Congress in 1998, as well as the African Blood Brotherhood.

Historically significant in Latino working class history as a successful organizer of the Mexican American working class in the Southwestern United States in the 1930s, the Communist Party regards working-class Latino people as another oppressed group targeted by overt racism as well as systemic discrimination in areas such as education and sees the participation of Latino voters in a general mass movement in both party-based and nonpartisan work as an essential goal for major left-wing progress.

The Communist Party holds that racial and ethnic discrimination not only harms minorities, but is pernicious to working-class people of all backgrounds as any discriminatory practices between demographic sections of the working class constitute an inherently divisive practice responsible for "obstructing the development of working-class consciousness, driving wedges in class unity to divert attention from class exploitation, and creating extra profits for the capitalist class".

The Communist Party supports an end to racial profiling. The party supports continued enforcement of civil rights laws as well as affirmative action.

Geography

The Communist Party garnered support in particular communities, developing a unique geography. Instead of a broad nationwide support, support for the party was concentrated in different communities at different times, depending on the organizing strategy at that moment.

Before World War II, the Communist Party had relatively stable support in New York City, Chicago and St. Louis County, Minnesota. However, at times the party also had strongholds in more rural counties such as Sheridan County, Montana (22% in 1932), Iron County, Wisconsin (4% in 1932), or Ontonagon County, Michigan (5% in 1934). Even in the South at the height of Jim Crow, the Communist Party had a significant presence in Alabama. Despite the disenfranchisement of African Americans, the party gained 8% of the votes in rural Elmore County. This was mostly due to the successful biracial organizing of sharecroppers through the Sharecroppers' Union.

Unlike open mass organizations like the Socialist Party or the NAACP, the Communist Party was a disciplined organization that demanded strenuous commitments and frequently expelled members. Membership levels remained below 20,000 until 1933 and then surged upward in the late 1930s, reaching 66,000 in 1939 and reaching its peak membership of over 75,000 in 1947.

The party fielded candidates in presidential and many state and local elections not expecting to win, but expecting loyalists to vote the party ticket. The party mounted symbolic yet energetic campaigns during each presidential election from 1924 through 1940 and many gubernatorial and congressional races from 1922 to 1944.

The Communist Party organized the country into districts that did not coincide with state lines, initially dividing it into 15 districts identified with a headquarters city with an additional "Agricultural District". Several reorganizations in the 1930s expanded the number of districts.

Relations with other groups

United States labor movement

The Communist Party has sought to play an active role in the labor movement since its origins as part of its effort to build a mass movement of American workers to bring about their own liberation through socialist revolution.

Soviet funding and espionage
From 1959 until 1989, when Gus Hall condemned the initiatives taken by Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union, the Communist Party received a substantial subsidy from the Soviets. There is at least one receipt signed by Gus Hall in the KGB archives. Starting with $75,000 in 1959, this was increased gradually to $3 million in 1987. This substantial amount reflected the party's loyalty to the Moscow line, in contrast to the Italian and later Spanish and British Communist parties, whose Eurocommunism deviated from the orthodox line in the late 1970s. Releases from the Soviet archives show that all national Communist parties that conformed to the Soviet line were funded in the same fashion. From the Communist point of view, this international funding arose from the internationalist nature of communism itself as fraternal assistance was considered the duty of communists in any one country to give aid to their allies in other countries. From the anti-Communist point of view, this funding represented an unwarranted interference by one country in the affairs of another. The cutoff of funds in 1989 resulted in a financial crisis, which forced the party to cut back publication in 1990 of the party newspaper, the People's Daily World, to weekly publication, the People's Weekly World (see references below).

Somewhat more controversial than mere funding is the alleged involvement of Communist members in espionage for the Soviet Union. Whittaker Chambers alleged that Sandor Goldberger—also known as Josef Peters, who commonly wrote under the name J. Peters—headed the Communist Party's underground secret apparatus from 1932 to 1938 and pioneered its role as an auxiliary to Soviet intelligence activities. Bernard Schuster, Organizational Secretary of the New York District of the Communist Party, is claimed to have been the operational recruiter and conduit for members of the party into the ranks of the secret apparatus, or "Group A line".

Stalin publicly disbanded the Comintern in 1943. A Moscow NKVD message to all stations on September 12, 1943, detailed instructions for handling intelligence sources within the Communist Party after the disestablishment of the Comintern.

There are a number of decrypted World War II Soviet messages between NKVD offices in the United States and Moscow, also known as the Venona cables. The Venona cables and other published sources appear to confirm that Julius Rosenberg was responsible for espionage. Theodore Hall, a Harvard-trained physicist who did not join the party until 1952, began passing information on the atomic bomb to the Soviets soon after he was hired at Los Alamos at age 19. Hall, who was known as Mlad by his KGB handlers, escaped prosecution. Hall's wife, aware of his espionage, claims that their NKVD handler had advised them to plead innocent, as the Rosenbergs did, if formally charged.

It was the belief of opponents of the Communist Party such as J. Edgar Hoover, longtime director of the FBI; and Joseph McCarthy, for whom McCarthyism is named; and other anti-Communists that the Communist Party constituted an active conspiracy, was secretive, loyal to a foreign power and whose members assisted Soviet intelligence in the clandestine infiltration of American government. This is the traditionalist view of some in the field of Communist studies such as Harvey Klehr and John Earl Haynes, since supported by several memoirs of ex-Soviet KGB officers and information obtained from the Venona project and Soviet archives.

At one time, this view was shared by the majority of the Congress. In the "Findings and declarations of fact" section of the Subversive Activities Control Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C. Chap. 23 Sub. IV Sec. 841), it stated:

[T]he Communist Party, although purportedly a political party, is in fact an instrumentality of a conspiracy to overthrow the Government of the United States. It constitutes an authoritarian dictatorship within a republic... the policies and programs of the Communist Party are secretly prescribed for it by the foreign leaders... to carry into action slavishly the assignments given.... [T]he Communist Party acknowledges no constitutional or statutory limitations.... The peril inherent in its operation arises [from] its dedication to the proposition that the present constitutional Government of the United States ultimately must be brought to ruin by any available means, including resort to force and violence... its role as the agency of a hostile foreign power renders its existence a clear present and continuing danger.

In 1993, experts from the Library of Congress traveled to Moscow to copy previously secret archives of the party records, sent to the Soviet Union for safekeeping by party organizers. The records provided an irrefutable link between Soviet intelligence and information obtained by the Communist Party and its contacts in the United States government from the 1920s through the 1940s. Some documents revealed that the Communist Party was actively involved in secretly recruiting party members from African American groups and rural farm workers. Other party records contained further evidence that Soviet sympathizers had indeed infiltrated the State Department, beginning in the 1930s. Included in Communist Party archival records were confidential letters from two American ambassadors in Europe to Roosevelt and a senior State Department official. Thanks to an official in the Department of State sympathetic to the party, the confidential correspondence, concerning political and economic matters in Europe, ended up in the hands of Soviet intelligence.

Counterintelligence
In 1952, Jack and Morris Childs, together codenamed SOLO, became FBI informants. As high-ranking officials in the American Communist Party, they informed on the CPUSA for the rest of the Cold War, monitoring the Soviet funding. They also traveled to Moscow and Beijing to meet USSR and PRC leadership. Jack and Morris Childs both received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1987 for their intelligence work. Morris's son stated, "The CIA could not believe the information the FBI had because the American Communist Party had links directly into the Kremlin."

According to intelligence analyst Darren E. Tromblay, the SOLO operation, and the Ad Hoc Committee, were part of "developing geopolitical awareness" by the FBI about factors such as the Sino-Soviet split. The Ad Hoc Committee was a group within CPUSA that circulated a pro-Maoist bulletin in the voice of a "dedicated but rebellious comrade." Allegedly an operation, it caused a schism within the CPUSA.

Criminal prosecutions
When the Communist Party was formed in 1919, the United States government was engaged in prosecution of socialists who had opposed World War I and military service. This prosecution was continued in 1919 and January 1920 in the Palmer Raids as part of the First Red Scare. Rank and file foreign-born members of the Communist Party were targeted and as many as possible were arrested and deported while leaders were prosecuted and, in some cases, sentenced to prison terms. In the late 1930s, with the authorization of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the FBI began investigating both domestic Nazis and Communists. In 1940, Congress passed the Smith Act, which made it illegal to advocate, abet, or teach the desirability of overthrowing the government.

In 1949, the federal government put Eugene Dennis, William Z. Foster and ten other Communist Party leaders on trial for advocating the violent overthrow of the government. Because the prosecution could not show that any of the defendants had openly called for violence or been involved in accumulating weapons for a proposed revolution, it relied on the testimony of former members of the party that the defendants had privately advocated the overthrow of the government and on quotations from the work of Marx, Lenin and other revolutionary figures of the past. During the course of the trial, the judge held several of the defendants and all of their counsel in contempt of court. All of the remaining eleven defendants were found guilty, and the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of their convictions by a 6–2 vote in Dennis v. United States, . The government then proceeded with the prosecutions of more than 140 members of the party.

Panicked by these arrests and fearing that the party was dangerously compromised by informants, Dennis and other party leaders decided to go underground and to disband many affiliated groups. The move heightened the political isolation of the leadership while making it nearly impossible for the party to function. The widespread support of action against communists and their associates began to abate after Senator Joseph McCarthy overreached himself in the Army–McCarthy hearings, producing a backlash. The end of the Korean War in 1953 also led to a lessening of anxieties about subversion. The Supreme Court brought a halt to the Smith Act prosecutions in 1957 in its decision in Yates v. United States, , which required that the government prove that the defendant had actually taken concrete steps toward the forcible overthrow of the government, rather than merely advocating it in theory.

African Americans

The Communist Party played a significant role in defending the rights of African Americans during its heyday in the 1930s and 1940s. The Alabama Chapter of the Communist Party USA played a highly important role in organizing the unemployed Black workers, the Alabama Sharecroppers' Union and numerous anti-lynching campaigns. Further, the Alabama chapter organized many young activists that would later go on to be prominent members in the civil rights movement, such as Rosa Parks. Throughout its history many of the party's leaders and political thinkers have been African Americans. James Ford, Charlene Mitchell, Angela Davis and Jarvis Tyner, the current executive vice chair of the party, all ran as presidential or vice presidential candidates on the party ticket. Others like Benjamin J. Davis, William L. Patterson, Harry Haywood, James Jackson, Henry Winston, Claude Lightfoot, Alphaeus Hunton, Doxey Wilkerson, Claudia Jones and John Pittman contributed in important ways to the party's approaches to major issues from human and civil rights, peace, women's equality, the national question, working class unity, socialist thought, cultural struggle and more. African American thinkers, artists and writers such as Claude McKay, Richard Wright, Ann Petry, W. E. B. Du Bois, Shirley Graham Du Bois, Lloyd Brown, Charles White, Elizabeth Catlett, Paul Robeson, Gwendolyn Brooks and many more were one-time members or supporters of the party and the Communist Party also had a close alliance with Harlem Congressman Adam Clayton Powell Jr. The party's work to appeal to African Americans continues to this day. It was instrumental in the founding of the Black Radical Congress in 1998.

Gay rights movement
One of the most prominent sexual radicals in the United States, Harry Hay, developed his political views as an active member of the Communist Party. Hay founded in the early 1950s the Mattachine Society, America's second gay rights organization. However, gay rights were not seen as something the party should associate with organizationally. Most party members saw homosexuality as something done by those with fascist tendencies (following the lead of the Soviet Union in criminalizing the practice for that reason). Hay was expelled from the party as an ideological risk. In 2004, the editors of Political Affairs published articles detailing their self-criticism of the party's early views of gay and lesbian rights and praised Hay's work.

The Communist Party endorsed LGBT rights in a 2005 statement. The party affirmed the resolution with a statement a year later in honor of gay pride month in June 2006.

United States peace movement
The Communist Party opposed the United States involvement in the early stages of World War II (until June 22, 1941, the date of the German invasion of the Soviet Union), the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the invasion of Grenada and American support for anti-Communist military dictatorships and movements in Central America. Meanwhile, some in the peace movement and the New Left rejected the Communist Party for what it saw as the party's bureaucratic rigidity and for its close association with the Soviet Union.

The Communist Party was consistently opposed to the United States' 2003–2011 war in Iraq. United for Peace and Justice (UFPJ) includes the New York branch of the Communist Party as a member group, with Communist Judith LeBlanc serving as the co-chair of UFPJ from 2007 to 2009.

Presidential tickets

Best results in major races

Party leaders

Notable CPUSA members

See also
 English-language press of the Communist Party USA (annotated list of titles)
 History of Soviet espionage in the United States
 International Publishers
 Jencks v. United States
 Language federation
 National conventions of the Communist Party USA
 Non-English press of the Communist Party USA (annotated list of titles)
 Progressive Labor Party (United States)
 Revolutionary Communist Party, USA
 Socialist Workers Party (United States)
 W.E.B. Du Bois Clubs of America
 Young Communist League USA
 List of Communist Party USA members who have held office in the United States

Notes

References

Further reading

 Arnesen, Eric, "Civil Rights and the Cold War at Home: Postwar Activism, Anticommunism, and the Decline of the Left", American Communist History (2012), 11#1 pp 5–44.
 Draper, Theodore, The Roots of American Communism. New York: Viking, 1957.
 Draper, Theodore, American Communism and Soviet Russia: The Formative Period. New York: Viking, 1960.
 Draper, Theodore, The Roots of American Communism. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers (Originally published by Viking Press in 1957). .
 Howe, Irving and Lewis Coser, The American Communist Party: A Critical History. Boston: Beacon Press, 1957.
 Isserman, Maurice, Which Side Were You On?: The American Communist Party During the Second World War. Wesleyan University Press, 1982 and 1987.
 Jaffe, Philip J., Rise and Fall of American Communism. Horizon Press, 1975.
 Klehr, Harvey. The Heyday of American Communism: The Depression Decade, Basic Books, 1984.
 Klehr, Harvey and Haynes, John Earl, The American Communist Movement: Storming Heaven Itself, Twayne Publishers (Macmillan), 1992.
 Klehr, Harvey, John Earl Haynes, and Fridrikh Igorevich Firsov. The Secret World of American Communism. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995.
 Klehr, Harvey, Kyrill M. Anderson, and John Earl Haynes. The Soviet World of American Communism. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998.
 Lewy, Guenter, The Cause That Failed: Communism in American Political Life. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
 McDuffie, Erik S., Sojourning for Freedom: Black Women, American Communism, and the Making of Black Left Feminism. Durham: Duke University Press, 2011
 Ottanelli, Fraser M., The Communist Party of the United States: From the Depression to World War II. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1991.
 Maurice Spector, James P. Cannon, and the Origins of Canadian Trotskyism, 1890–1928. Urbana, IL: Illinois University Press, 2007
 Palmer, Bryan, James P. Cannon and the Origins of the American Revolutionary Left, 1890–1928. Urbana, IL: Illinois University Press, 2007.
 Service, Robert. Comrades!: a history of world communism (2007).
 Shannon, David A., The Decline of American Communism: A History of the Communist Party of the United States since 1945. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1959.
 Starobin, Joseph R., American Communism in Crisis, 1943–1957. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972.
 Zumoff, Jacob A. The Communist International and US Communism, 1919–1929. [2014] Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2015.

Archives
 "Communist Party of the United States of America Records", Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Archives, New York University Special Collections
 Communist Party of the United States of America Records, 1956–1960. At the Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections.
 Communist Party of the United States of America, Washington State District Records, 1919–2003. At the Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections.
 Marion S. Kinney Papers, 1930–1983. At the Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections.

External links

 Young Communist League USA – youth group
 People's World – weekly newspaper
 Communism in Washington State History and Memory Project
 Manifesto and program. Constitution. Report to the Communist International – first pamphlet of the Communist Party of America
 Manifesto to the workers of America
 FBI files on the CPUSA on the Internet Archive

1919 establishments in the United States
Communism in the United States
Communist parties in the United States
Formerly banned communist parties
Political parties established in 1919
Political parties in the United States
Socialist parties in the United States
Soviet Union–United States relations
William Z. Foster
International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties

Communist Party USA


«Make Me Wanna Die» es el primer sencillo de la banda The Pretty Reckless, perteneciente a su álbum debut Light Me Up, estrenado el 30 de marzo de 2010 por Interscope.

Letra
La canción fue escrita por Taylor Momsen, Kato Khandwala y Ben Phillips, y también producida por Khandwala para su álbum debut, Light Me Up. Fue lanzado el 30 de marzo de 2010 en los Estados Unidos como el primer sencillo de la banda. El intro de la canción cuenta con una reelaboración de la canción de ABBA, «Lay All Your Love on Me».

Recepción crítica
Nick Levine del Blog de Digital Spy le dio a la canción una reseña positiva afirmando que:

Video musical
Un video promocional fue lanzado el cual incluye shows en vivo y material del backstage de la banda. Este video es considerado como la versión viral y se estrenó el 13 de mayo de 2010, en Vevo de YouTube. El video musical oficial, debido a que el original fue pospuesto por problemas legales relacionados con la censura, fue estrenado el 15 de septiembre de 2010 en iTunes en los Estados Unidos. El video fue dirigido por Meiert Avis.

Formato y lista de canciones
Descarga digital
 "Make Me Wanna Die" – 3:54
 "Zombie" – 3:07

Posición en las listas

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio oficial de The Pretty Reckless

Canciones de 2010
Sencillos de 2010
Sencillos de post-grunge
Canciones de The Pretty Reckless
Canciones escritas por Taylor Momsen
Canciones sobre muerte
Canciones en inglés

Make Me Wanna Die


Das Internationaal Constantin Brunner Instituut (ICBI) (deutsch: Internationales Constantin Brunner Institut) ist eine 1947 im Haag gegründete kulturelle Stiftung, die sich mit dem geistigen und kulturellen Vermächtnis des deutsch-jüdischen Philosophen Constantin Brunner (1862–1937) beschäftigt. Damit war sie neben der 2021 aufgelösten Constantin-Brunner-Stiftung zu Hamburg die ältere von zwei Stiftungen, die sich der Person Brunner verschrieben hatten, bis die zuletzt lange in Personalunion mit dem ICBI geführte Hamburger Stiftung mit dem ICBI fusionierte.

Aufgaben und Ziele
Das Ziel der Stiftung ist die Neuherausgabe der Werke Brunners, die in den Jahren des national-sozialistischen Regimes in Deutschland zum großen Teil vernichtet wurden. Auch soll die Erforschung seiner Werke und Gedanken auf dem Gebiet von Wissenschaft, Philosophie, Kunst und Literatur gefördert und die Bedeutung seiner praktischen Philosophie für ein besseres Verständnis gesellschaftlicher und religiöser Probleme diskutiert werden.

Anträge auf Unterstützung von Brunnerprojekten können nach eigenen Angaben jederzeit formlos gestellt werden.

Geschichte
Das ICBI wurde 1947 von Freunden und Verehrern Brunners, die durch die Kriegswirren und nationalsozialistische Verfolgung in alle Welt zerstreut wurden, in Den Haag, Brunners letztem Wohnort, gegründet. Dort ist sie seit 1950 als kulturelle Stiftung registriert (Handelskammer Haaglanden # 41152272).

Bis zum Jahr 2008 bewahrte das ICBI Brunners Nachlass in einem eigenen Archiv sowie Brunners letztes Arbeitszimmer. Das Archiv wurde inzwischen dem Leo Baeck Institut in Berlin übergeben, wo es der Öffentlichkeit voll zugänglich gemacht wird. Die wesentlichen Teile von Brunners letztem Arbeitszimmer sind dem Jüdischen Museum in Berlin übergeben worden.

Gemäß seiner Zielsetzung hat das ICBI im Laufe der Jahrzehnte Neuauflagen der Werke Brunners, Übersetzungen und Kommentare veröffentlicht. Es organisierte zudem wiederholt Vorträge und Tagungen und unterstützte vielfältige Forschungen.

Seitdem Jürgen Stenzel den Vorsitz innehatte, war das ICBI zuletzt mit der Hamburger Constantin-Brunner-Stiftung in Personalunion vereint, die sich Ende 2021 formell auflöste und eine Fusion mit dem ICBI in die Wege leitete. Damit sollten sich die vorhandenen Ressourcen auf die größere Stiftung konzentrieren.

Vorsitzende
 1947–1950: Lothar Bickel
 1950–1968: George Goetz
 1968–1981: Walter Bernard
 1981–1992: Israel Eisenstein
 1992–2006: Hans Raphael Goetz
 2006–heute: Jürgen Stenzel

Literatur

Herausgegebene Literatur
 Constantin Brunner, Jürgen Stenzel (Hrsg.): Der Judenhaß und die Juden, im Auftrag des ICBI mit einem Vorwort von Hans Goetz, Philo: Berlin, Wien 2004.
 Magdalena Kasch: Meine letzten Jahre mit Constantin Brunner: Aufzeichnungen aus den Jahren 1935–1937, ICBI: Den Haag 1990.
 Phöbus Grünberg: Der Begriff Philosophie in der Lehre Constantin Brunners, ICBI: Den Haag 1985.
 Walther König: Die Insel des Verständnisses oder Bedeutung Constantin Brunners für Überwindung des Judenhasses, ICBI: Den Haag 1974. Nachdruck von Verl. der Neuen Gesellschaft: Berlin-Hessenwinkel 1928.
 Constantin Brunner: Verzeichnis d. Werke, ICBI: Den Haag 1972.
 Magdalena Kasch: Constantin Brunner, sein Leben und Wirken: aktive Philosophie, ICBI: Den Haag 1970.
 Heinz Stolte: Het vuur der waarheid. De filosoof Constantin Brunner, Nijhoff (in Zusammenarbeit mit dem ICBI): Den Haag 1969.
 Constantin Brunner, ICBI (Hrsg.): Materialismus und Idealismus, Kiepenheuer & Witsch: Berlin, Köln 1959. Nachdruck von 1928.
 Constantin Brunner, ICBI (Hrsg.): Unser Christus oder Das Wesen des Genies, Kiepenheuer & Witsch: Berlin, Köln 1958. Nachdruck von 1921.
 Constantin Brunner, ICBI (Hrsg.): Vermächtnis, Nijhoff: Den Haag 1952.

Sonstige Literatur
 Lothar Bickel (Mitverf.), Constantin Brunner (Mitverf.), Israel Eisenstein (Hrsg.): Gedenkbuch in memoriam Lothar Bickel: sein inniges Verhältnis zu Constantin Brunner; d. Briefwechsel zwischen ihnen; über Bickels Persönlichkeit u. Wirken, Constantin-Brunner-Gruppe Israel, im Auftrag des ICBI, Tel Aviv 1985.

Weblinks
 Homepage des ICBI, Unterseite Institutionen

Einzelnachweise

Kulturstiftung
Gegründet 1947
Stiftung (Niederlande)
Organisation (Den Haag)
Organisation (Göttingen)


An Ischaemum pubescens in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Elmer Drew Merrill. An Ischaemum pubescens in nahilalakip ha genus nga Ischaemum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Ischaemum

Ischaemum pubescens


Harpia é sistema de espionagem (também spyware ou programa espião) desenvolvido pela empresa Harpia Tecnologia Eireli.

No Brasil
No Brasil, o governo de Jair Bolsonaro comprou o sistema em 2021 por 5,5 milhões de dólares (cerca de 1 milhão de dólares na época), mas foi proibido em novembro de 2021 pelo TCU (Tribunal de Contas da União) de fazer" a assinatura de qualquer ordem de serviço ou a realização de qualquer pagamento, até que o Tribunal delibere sobre o mérito da matéria em apreço". Em janeiro de 2022, o TCU manteve sua decisão.

Segundo a ONG Conectas de direitos humanos, "o caso foi parar na Corte de contas após Ministério Público, senador Randolfe Rodrigues e entidades da sociedade civil apresentarem pedidos para a paralisação do Pregão Eletrônico 3/2021, do Ministério da Justiça, voltado para a contratação de serviços de espionagem.

A compra do Harpia foi feita após negociações para a compra do Pegasus, desenvolvido pela empresa israelense NSO Group, não avançar devido a graves irregularidades na licitação. A NSO desistiu do contrato, no valor de 60,9 milhões de reaias (cerca de 15 milhões de dólares na época), após o assunto repercutir negativamente na imprensa. Entre as irregularidades, o UOL apontou com exclusividade o envolvimento do vereador do Rio Carlos Bolsonaro (Republicanos), filho do presidente Jair Bolsonaro.

A Abraji (Associação Brasileira de Jornalismo Investigativo) reportou em seu portal que "trinta e cinco [35] organizações da sociedade civil lançaram uma campanha para tentar impedir que o Ministério da Justiça compre um programa de espionagem digital usado por governos para monitorar e invadir o celular de opositores. Para especialistas ouvidos pela Abraji, tanto o software Pegasus quanto o Harpia Tecnologia podem violar o direito à privacidade e impactar o exercício do jornalismo no Brasil.

Ver também
 Projeto Harpia

Escândalos e incidentes de espionagem
Internet do Brasil
Cibercrime
Cibersegurança
Vírus de computador
Espionagem

Harpia (sistema de espionagem)