The GOST block cipher (Magma), defined in the standard GOST 28147-89 (RFC 5830), is a Soviet and Russian government standard symmetric key block cipher with a block size of 64 bits. The original standard, published in 1989, did not give the cipher any name, but the most recent revision of the standard, GOST R 34.12-2015 (RFC 7801, RFC 8891), specifies that it may be referred to as Magma. The GOST hash function is based on this cipher. The new standard also specifies a new 128-bit block cipher called Kuznyechik.

Developed in the 1970s, the standard had been marked "Top Secret" and then downgraded to "Secret" in 1990. Shortly after the dissolution of the USSR, it was declassified and it was released to the public in 1994. GOST 28147 was a Soviet alternative to the United States standard algorithm, DES. Thus, the two are very similar in structure.

The algorithm

GOST has a 64-bit block size and a key length of 256 bits. Its S-boxes can be secret, and they contain about 354 (log2(16!8)) bits of secret information, so the effective key size can be increased to 610 bits; however, a chosen-key attack can recover the contents of the S-boxes in approximately 232 encryptions.

GOST is a Feistel network of 32 rounds. Its round function is very simple: add a 32-bit subkey modulo 232, put the result through a layer of S-boxes, and rotate that result left by 11 bits. The result of that is the output of the round function. In the adjacent diagram, one line represents 32 bits.

The subkeys are chosen in a pre-specified order. The key schedule is very simple: break the 256-bit key into eight 32-bit subkeys, and each subkey is used four times in the algorithm; the first 24 rounds use the key words in order, the last 8 rounds use them in reverse order.

The S-boxes accept a four-bit input and produce a four-bit output. The S-box substitution in the round function consists of eight 4 × 4 S-boxes. The S-boxes are implementation-dependent, thus parties that want to secure their communications using GOST must be using the same S-boxes. For extra security, the S-boxes can be kept secret. In the original standard where GOST was specified, no S-boxes were given, but they were to be supplied somehow. This led to speculation that organizations the government wished to spy on were given weak S-boxes. One GOST chip manufacturer reported that he generated S-boxes himself using a pseudorandom number generator.

For example, the Central Bank of Russian Federation used the following S-boxes:

However, the most recent revision of the standard, GOST R 34.12-2015, adds the missing S-box specification and defines it as follows.

Cryptanalysis of GOST

The latest cryptanalysis of GOST shows that it is secure in a theoretical sense. In practice, the data and memory complexity of the best published attacks has reached the level of practical, while the time complexity of even the best attack is still 2192 when 264 data is available.

Since 2007, several attacks have been developed against reduced-round GOST implementations and/or weak keys.

In 2011 several authors discovered more significant flaws in GOST, being able to attack the full 32-round GOST with arbitrary keys for the first time. It has even been called "a deeply flawed cipher" by Nicolas Courtois. Initial attacks were able to reduce time complexity from 2256 to 2228 at the cost of huge memory requirements, and soon they were improved up to 2178 time complexity (at the cost of 270 memory and 264 data).

In December 2012, Courtois, Gawinecki, and Song improved attacks on GOST by computing only 2101 GOST rounds. Isobe had already published a single key attack on the full GOST cipher, which Dinur, Dunkelman, and Shamir improved upon, reaching 2224 time complexity for 232 data and 236 memory, and 2192 time complexity for 264 data.

Since the attacks reduce the expected strength from 2256 (key length) to around 2178, the cipher can be considered broken. However, for any block cipher with block size of n bits, the maximum amount of plaintext that can be encrypted before rekeying must take place is 2n/2 blocks, due to the birthday paradox, and none of the aforementioned attacks require less than 232 data.

See also
GOST standards

References

Further reading

External links
 Description, texts of the standard, online GOST encrypt and decrypt tools
 SCAN's entry for GOST
 An open source implementation of PKCS#11 software device with Russian GOST cryptography standards capabilities
https://github.com/gost-engine/engine — open-source implementation of Russian GOST cryptography for OpenSSL.

Broken block ciphers
Feistel ciphers
GOST standards

GOST (block cipher)


Glasgow Airport  er en lufthavn i Skotland, Storbritannien. Den er beliggende ved Paisley, 11 km vest fra centrum af Glasgow.

I 2015 betjente lufthavnen 8.714.307 passagerer og havde 90.870 start- og landinger, hvilket gjorde den til Skotlands anden travleste efter Edinburgh Airport.

Eksterne henvisninger

 Glasgow Airports officielle hjemmeside

Lufthavne i Skotland
Etableret i 1966
Airport
Paisley

Glasgow Airport


The Mauser C96 (Construktion 96) is a semi-automatic pistol that was originally produced by German arms manufacturer Mauser from 1896 to 1937. Unlicensed copies of the gun were also manufactured in Spain and China in the first half of the 20th century.

The distinctive characteristics of the C96 are the integral box magazine in front of the trigger, the long barrel, the wooden shoulder stock, which gives it the stability of a short-barreled rifle and doubles as a holster or carrying case, and a grip shaped like the handle of a broom. The grip earned the gun the nickname "broomhandle" in the English-speaking world, and in China the C96 was nicknamed the "box cannon" () because of its rectangular internal magazine and because it could be holstered in its wooden box-like detachable stock.

With its long barrel and high-velocity cartridge, the Mauser C96 had superior range and better penetration than most other pistols of its era; the 7.63×25mm Mauser cartridge was the highest-velocity commercially manufactured pistol cartridge until the advent of the .357 Magnum cartridge in 1935.

Mauser manufactured approximately one million C96 pistols, while the number produced in Spain and China is large but unknown due to poor production records.

History

Within a year of its introduction in 1896, the C96 had been sold to governments and commercially to civilians and individual military officers. The Mauser C96 pistol was extremely popular with British officers at the time, and many purchased it privately. Mauser supplied the C96 to Westley Richards in the UK for resale. By the onset of World War I, the C96's popularity with the British military had waned.

As a military sidearm, the pistols saw service in various colonial wars, as well as World War I, the Easter Rising and the Irish Civil War, where the gun was nicknamed "Peter the Painter", after the contemporary London gangster of that name who was believed to use one, and because the pistol grip looked like a brush handle, the Estonian War of Independence, the Spanish Civil War, the Chinese Civil War, and World War II. During the Warlord Era in China, European embargoes on exporting rifles to Chinese warlords meant that the C96 became a mainstay of the period's armies, and the basic form of the pistol was extensively copied.  The C96 also became a staple of Bolshevik commissars from one side and various warlords and gang leaders from another in the Russian Civil War, known simply as "the Mauser". Communist revolutionaries Yakov Yurovsky and Peter Ermakov used Mausers to execute the Russian imperial family in July 1918.

Winston Churchill was fond of the Mauser C96 and used one at the 1898 Battle of Omdurman and during the Second Boer War; Lawrence of Arabia carried a Mauser C96 for a period, during his time in the Middle East. Indian revolutionary Ram Prasad Bismil and his partymen used these Mauser pistols in the historic Kakori train robbery in August 1925. Chinese communist general, Zhu De, carried a Mauser C96 during his Nanchang Uprising and later conflicts; his gun (with his name printed on it)  is in the Beijing war museum.

Three Mauser C96s were used in the killing of Spanish prime minister Eduardo Dato in 1921, and a Mauser C96 was used in the assassination of the King of Yugoslavia, Alexander I of Yugoslavia, in 1934.

Imported and domestic copies of the C96 were used extensively by the Chinese in the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War, as well as by the Spanish during the Spanish Civil War and the Germans in World War II.

Besides the standard 7.63×25 mm chambering, C96 pistols were also commonly chambered for 9×19mm Parabellum, with a small number also being produced in 9mm Mauser Export. In 1940, Mauser officials proposed using the C-96 as the vehicle for an upgrade to the 9×25mm Mauser Export cartridge to match the ballistics of the .357 Magnum. Lastly, there was a Chinese-manufactured model chambered for .45 ACP. Despite the pistol's worldwide popularity and fame, China was the only nation to use the C96 as the primary service pistol of its military and police.

Contract variants

1897 Turkish Army Mauser
Mauser's first military contract was with the Ottoman government in 1897. They ordered 1,000 pistols for the royal palace guards. They had their own range of serial numbers, running from 1 to 1000. They differ in that they use a Farsi number system on the tangent sight and serial number, and the weapon is designated in the Muslim calendar year number system "1314" in place of the year of the Gregorian calendar "1896/1897". Markings include a six-pointed star on both sides of the chamber and the crest of Sultan Abdul Hamid II (a trophy of crossed Turkish flags, various polearms, and a collection of his royal awards and honours) and the Muslim year "1314" on the square left rear frame panel. Under the sultan's rule, there was great concern about potential military coups, and most weapons were locked away in armories, including many of the C96 pistols. After the Young Turk Revolution of 1908-1909, these pistols were issued to the army and police for service use. Some were used in combat in World War I, and after the war they were considered obsolete, being put up for sale cheaply to army or police officers. All of this meant that they saw a lot of use and as a result few specimens survive today, many of them in quite harsh conditions.

1899 Italian Navy Mauser
In 1899, the Italian government ordered Mauser's first major military contract; an order for 5,000 C96 pistols for the Italian Royal Navy. They differ in that their receivers are "slab-sided" (i.e., lacked the milling on the sides found on commercial Mausers). They also have a "ring hammer" (spurless hammer with a hole through its head) instead of the early "cone hammer" (spurless hammer with ribbed cone-like projections on the sides of its head). These guns had their own serial number range, running from 1 to 5000.

1910 Persian contract Mauser
The Persian government ordered 1,000 pistols. They have the Persian government's "Lion and Sun" insignia on the rectangular milled panel on the left side of the receiver and the serial numbers range from 154000 to 154999. It is often confused with the Turkish contract Mauser.

M1916 Austrian contract
Austria-Hungary ordered 50,000 Mausers in the standard 7.63×25mm. A small number were rebarreled to 8mm Gasser (8.11×27mm) for an unknown reason.

M1916 Prussian "Red 9"

During World War I, the Imperial German Army contracted with Mauser for 150,000 C96 pistols chambered in 9mm Parabellum to offset the slow production of the standard-issue Luger P08 pistol. They use the same clip-loaded internal box magazines as the 7.63mm Mauser and also hold ten rounds. This variant of the C96 was named the "Red 9" after a large number 9 burned into the grip panels and painted in red. (This was done to warn the pistols' users not to incorrectly load them with 7.63 mm ammunition.) Because the army delegated the branding to unit armourers, not all 9 mm pistols carry the nine. Of the 150,000 pistols commissioned, approximately 137,000 were delivered before the war ended. Original 9 mm pistols can be told from 7.63 mm-to-9 mm conversions because they have 9 mm-rated sights (marked "50 m-500 m") rather than 7.63 mm-rated sights (marked "50 m-800 m").

M1920 French police contract
The French government set up an order for 2,000 pistols with  barrels for the Gendarmerie Nationale. The pistol has black ebonite grips rather than wooden ones.

WW2 Luftwaffe contract
The German government purchased 7,800 commercial M1930 pistols in 1940 for use by the Luftwaffe. They have Wehrmacht proof marks and the Mauser serial numbers come from the early- to mid-1930s. The weapon had ceased production in 1937 but the order was filled from remaining stocks. According to Kersten, Moll and Schmid, these were likely purchased by the high command of the armed forces and issued to motorcycle and flak crews of the Luftwaffe.

Major variants
There were many variants of the C96 besides the standard commercial model; the most common are detailed below.

M1896 Kavallerie Karabiner
One of the experimental ideas was the creation of a pistol-carbine for use by light cavalry. They had "slab-sided" receivers, standard 10-round magazines,  permanently affixed wooden stocks and forends, and lengthened  (early production) or  (late production) barrels. They were dropped from production after 1899 due to poor sales and little military interest.

There was limited sporting interest in the carbine version and, due to small production numbers, it is a highly prized collectable priced at about twice the value of the pistol version. Recently, importers like Navy Arms imported replica Mauser carbines with 16-inch or longer barrels for sale in the US.

M1896 compact Mauser
A version of the Mauser pistol with a full-sized grip, six-shot internal magazine, and a  barrel. Production was phased out by 1899.

M1896 officer's model
This is the unofficial term for a variant compact Mauser with a curved wooden or hard-rubber grip, like that of the Reichsrevolver. The name comes from the US Army designation of the Mauser pistol sent to participate in their self-loading pistol trials.

M1898 pistol carbine
This was the first model to come cut for a combination wooden stock-holster. The stock doubles as a case or holster and attaches to a slot cut in the grip frame.

M1912 Mauser Export model
This model was the first to chamber the 9×25mm Mauser Export cartridge. It was designed to appeal to the arms markets in South America and China. Mauser C96 pistols in this caliber usually have an indentation milled into the upper surface of the magazine's follower to facilitate feeding of the straight-cased 9×25mm cartridge cases. The rifling in the barrel has a unique 13:8 twist. In addition, the flat surfaces extending around the chamber are longer, to accommodate the higher pressures of the 9×25mm cartridge. Examples of Mauser C96s in this caliber are rare, but are still occasionally found on the private collector's market. The 9×25mm Mauser Export calibre receded from the market as the armaments industry reoriented itself towards military manufacture during World War I, but the round enjoyed a resurgence in popularity as a submachine gun calibre in the 1930s.

M1917 Mauser trench carbine

This model features an extended stock and barrel similar to the M1896 Kavallerie Karabiner. It also possesses a 40-round magazine and is chambered in 9×19mm Parabellum. The M1917 Mauser trench carbine was introduced during World War I and was intended to be a cheaper replacement for the expensive Lange Pistole 08 in close-quarters combat. However, the Imperial German Army did not believe it was a cost-effective substitute, and the project was shortly abandoned with only a few ever made.

M1920 Mauser rework
The Treaty of Versailles (signed in 1919) imposed a number of restrictions on pistol barrel lengths and calibres on German arms manufacturers. Pistols for German government issue or domestic market sales could not have a barrel longer than 4 inches and could not be chambered for 9 mm cartridges.

The Weimar Republic banned the private ownership of military-issue or military-style weapons in an attempt to recover valuable arms from returning soldiers. The confiscated weapons were then used to arm government forces, leaving them with a hodge-podge of military and civilian arms. To meet the conditions of the Treaty of Versailles, a major reworking project was begun that set about converting these weapons.

To be compliant, pre-war C.96 models belonging to the Weimar government had to have their barrels cut down to . This meant that their tangent sights had to be replaced with fixed sights. They also had to be converted to the standard 7.63×25mm Mauser round, though a few hybrid Mausers were made with salvaged Navy Luger barrels that were chambered for 7.65mm Parabellum. Compliant confiscated government-issue guns were marked M1920. This practice was continued on German service pistols even after the ban was ignored and the conversions had stopped.

M1921 "Bolo" Mauser
Mauser began manufacturing a compliant version of the C96 for commercial sale from 1920 to 1921. It featured smaller grips, a shorter  barrel, and was chambered for the standard 7.63×25mm Mauser. An experimental 8.15×25.2mm Mauser cartridge (DWM 580) was used to replace the banned 9×19mm Parabellum and 9×25mm Mauser Export cartridges for domestic sales but it never supplanted the 9 mm calibre.

Mass-production of the weapon was from 1921 to 1930. It was sold in quantity to armies in the contested Baltic region and was carried by the Poles, Lithuanians, German Freikorps and White Russians. The Bolshevik government (and later the new Red Army) of the embryonic Soviet Union purchased large numbers of this model in the 1920s and also appropriated them from defeated enemies. The distinctive pistol became associated with the Bolsheviks and was thus nicknamed the "Bolo". The "Bolo" model was also popular elsewhere, as the shorter barrel and smaller overall size made the gun easier to conceal.

There was also a transitional version in 1930 that used the "Bolo" frame but with a longer  barrel.

M1930 Mauser
Also known as the M30 by collectors, it was a simplification and improvement of the M1921 Mauser. It simplified production by removing several fine-machining details and reverted to the "pre-war" large grip and long barrel. The early model M30s had a  barrel, but later models had the traditional  barrel. It was made from 1930 until 1937.

Joseph Nickl designed a selective-fire conversion in 1930. It tended to "cook off" (fire by spontaneous ignition of the propellant when overheated) when fired in long bursts. Only 4,000 of this model were made between 1930 and 1931.

Since the M1932 / M712 variant was full-auto, the semi-auto M1930 it was derived from was sometimes called the M711 by war surplus dealers and collectors.

M1932/M712 Schnellfeuer
The Spanish gunmaking firms of Beistegui Hermanos and Astra began producing detachable magazine-fed, select-fire versions of the C96 in 1927 and 1928 respectively, intended for export to the Far East.

Mauser began production of the Schnellfeuer (rapid fire), their own select-fire, detachable magazine version of the M30 designed by Karl Westinger. Production started in 1932 and ended in 1936, which has led to its unofficial designation of "M1932" by collectors. An extremely successful design, around 98,000 guns were made overall and they had their own series of serial numbers.

It was largely intended for export to South America and China or to the opposing sides in the later Spanish Civil War. From 1932 to 1935, the Yugoslavian military tested batches of the Schnellfeuer in both 7.63mm and 9mm Parabellum for the purpose of arming mountain troops and special operations units. Improvements requested by the Yugoslavs included a detachable barrel, improved front and rear sights, more durable parts to prevent breakage under sustained fire and lowered position of the shoulder stock to avoid "hammer bite".

Small numbers of M1932s were supplied to the German Wehrmacht during World War II, who designated it the M712.

The US National Firearms Act of 1934 placed a $200 tax on select-fire weapons ("machine guns"), making exports of the Schnellfeuer guns to the US impractical since at the time this was roughly half the cost of a new car. After World War II, importers sold a semi-automatic conversion of the detachable magazine Schnellfeuer that was made for the US surplus market. The versions imported from China were built on new semi-auto-only frames; the ATF treats them under the law as new guns and not under the curio and relic exemption.

PASAM machine pistol
The Brazilian government bought five-hundred 7.63mm M1932 Schnellfeuer machine pistols for the Policia Militar do Distrito Federal (Portuguese: "Federal District Military Police") during the mid-1930s. The PASAM (pistola automática semi-automática Mauser, or "semi-automatic / automatic Mauser pistol") used the M1932 as its base but made a few alterations. The controls were the same as the standard model, except the markings were in Portuguese. The selector switch (found on the left side, above the trigger guard) was marked N for normal ("average", or semi-automatic) and R for rápido ("rapid", or fully automatic). The safety control lever (found to the left of the hammer) was marked S for seguro ("safe") and F for fogo ("fire'). It was used with Brazilian State Military Police (Polícia Militar) forces in the 1980s. They preferred to use it as a semi-automatic carbine and reserved its full-auto setting for emergencies due to its recoil and muzzle-climb.

In 1970, the Policia Militar do Rio de Janeiro (PMRJ) asked the services of Jener Damau Arroyo, a Spanish-born gunsmith, to make modifications on their PASAMs in order to improve their handling. The first modification (PASAM MOD-1), of which 101 were modified, received a metal frame extension welded to the magazine housing. It was fitted with a metal forward grip well ahead of the gun under the muzzle. The original grip was left alone, making it compatible with the wooden holster/stock. The second modification (PASAM MOD-2), involving 89 pistols, featured a similar frame extension, but the forward grip had wooden panels and was of a different shape. The pistol grip frame used thicker rectangular wooden grips and had a  "t-bar" metal shoulder stock welded to it. A metal frame attached to the receiver supported a rectangular wooden foregrip, taking pressure off the barrel. In both models the barrel was left free to enable its short recoil during firing. (Two hundred and ninety five PASAMs were left in the original condition). The weapon took standard detachable 10-round box magazines, although they can also take the extended 20- and 40-round magazines.

Notable copies

Chinese C.96 (7.63mm Mauser)
The most common and popular pistol in China since the beginning of the Republic in 1909, was the Mauser C96, called the "Box Cannon" (盒子炮) in Chinese. It was imported from Germany and Spain (Astra 900 and MM31), but mostly produced locally in various arsenals, the larger being in Hanyang, Shanghai, Gongxian, Shanxi. They were often used with a detachable shoulder stock. Hanyang alone produced around 13,000 copies.

Shanxi Type 17 (.45 ACP)
During the Warlord era of Chinese history in the early 20th century, the province of Shanxi was ruled by warlord Yan Xishan, who had established a modern arms factory in his capital city of Taiyuan. Yan was equipping his troops with a locally-produced copy of the Thompson submachine gun, chambered for the .45 ACP cartridge, but was experiencing supply difficulties as his troops' sidearms were 7.63mm calibre C96 handguns.

Yan's solution was to produce a .45 ACP caliber version of the C96, thus standardizing ammunition and making supply logistics easier. Designated Type 17, production of the .45 caliber handgun began in 1928 at the Taiyuan Arsenal and ended in 1931. They are inscribed (in Chinese) "Type 17" on the left-hand side of the gun, and "Republic Year Eighteen, Made in Shansi" on the right-hand side. They were issued (along with Thompson SMGs) to railway guards in the province as a defense against bandits and other warlords.

Besides being chambered for a larger cartridge, the Shanxi .45 pistols use a noticeably larger frame than their 7.63mm counterparts, with the 10-round magazine extending below the trigger guard and a 140 mm (5.5 in) barrel. It was loaded using two five-round stripper clips rather than the single 10-round stripper clips of the standard 7.63mm Mauser. Because of the overall increase in size, Type 17 pistols share no interchangeable parts with any other C96 variant.

Most of the Shanxi .45 pistols were melted down after the communist victory in the Chinese Civil War, largely due to their odd caliber for Chinese communist standards, but a few examples were exported overseas for sale on the commercial market. Approximately 8,500 Shanxi .45 caliber broomhandle pistols are believed to have been produced by the Taiyuan Arsenal, but there is some debate as to how many of the Shanxi .45 calibre broomhandle pistols currently on the commercial market were actually produced for Yan's troops, and how many are more recent productions for the US collectors' market.

Type 80 (7.62mm Tokarev)

Astra Model 900 / 901 / 902 / 903

ETAI / Royal Model H
Produced by Beistegui Hermanos in Eibar, Spain, this was the first pseudo-Mauser on the market, a relatively crude semi-auto appearing in 1926 and full-auto variants appearing in 1927. Mechanically, it was laid out approximately like the Mauser original, but without the removable lock frame. Internal parts (trigger, hammer, safety lever, etc.) pivoted on pins and screws extending through the frame. The screws also held the frame together. The bolt was of round cross-section, unlike the square Mauser bolt. The weapon was stamped with either "Royal" or "ETAI".

Royal MM31 (Model 1)
Beistigui introduced an improved version of the Model H as the MM31 – the Modelo Military 1931. It included a number of improvements. A 20-round fixed magazine version was quickly introduced, followed by a detachable magazine version, to address the issues inherent to a gun with a 10-round magazine and a 900 rounds per minute rate of fire.

Royal MM31 (Model 2)
This was a much closer copy of the Mauser original than the ETAI/Royal model and variants, with the full separate lock frame. It is of much better quality than the earlier gun, though still not at Mauser level. The MM31 was manufactured until 1934. A total of about 10,000 were made, in perhaps four successive variants. These models came in semi-auto and semi-auto/full auto selective fire variants.

Royal MM34
This model is much like the MM31, but adds a mechanical rate reducer inside the grip area and a three-position lever to select the firing rate. It also has a ribbed barrel to help prevent  overheating during sustained full auto fire. Only a few hundred of these weapons were made and are very rare today.

Azul and Super Azul
The Azul and Super Azul pistols were also manufactured by Beistegui Hermanos in Eibar, Spain, but sold by Eulogio Arostegui. The Azul was a copy of the standard C96 while the Super Azul is a semi auto/full auto select fire variant. Each accept detachable box magazines instead of having an internal box magazine.

Federal Ordnance M713 and M714
In the late 1980s to the early 1990s, the Federal Ordnance firearms company in South El Monte, California made reproductions of the Mauser 1917 trench carbine and C96 pistol, named the M713 and M714 respectively.

The M713 came in a standard variant with a fixed stock and magazine, as well as a "deluxe" variant which has a detachable stock and detachable box magazines. The M714 supports detachable box magazines, unlike the original C96, and a "Bolo" variant, with the "Bolo" model having a shorter barrel and grip. All variants of the M713 and M714 were available in 7.63x25mm and 9x19mm ammunition.

Users

 : 50,000 commercial model pistols were imported from Germany during WW1, most of them in 1916
 : Carried by officers in the Chaco War
 : The Federal District police acquired some C96 pistols at the beginning of the 20th century. in 1930 the Federal District police ordered 500 M1932 pistols a number of which were also bought by the São Paulo Public Force. Some police forces acquired Royal MM34 pistols. Two Royal machine-pistols with 15 round magazines were used by the Alagoas police in the raid that killed Lampião. By 1971 the Sergipe State Military Police had 5 7.63 Royal machine pistols in their inventory
 : The C96 was among the assortment of handguns in use after the declaration of independence in 1919
 : A number of pistols were purchased for the bodyguard of Emperor Haile Selassie
 : Used by police in Korea and the Kwantung Army; in 1941 it was introduced to home guard units. Mauser and Astra pistols were captured from the Chinese
 : 1000 delivered by Germany to the Jaeger Movement and later the Finnish White army. In 1919 multiple C96 pistols were ordered, including some in 7.65. By the time of the Second World War there were 614 pistols remaining ( 343 in 9mm and 271 pistols in 7.63) those were used mostly by the civil guard and rear echelon troops. The C96 was also used by policemen and some members of Lotta Svärd
 : 2,000 were bought and issued to Gendarmerie in occupied German territory after World War I
 : Army issued 137,000 of the "Red 9" variant during World War I.
 : Were used during Indonesian National Revolution
 : A thousand were bought around 1911
 : 295 reported in service in late 1940
 : A number of C96 pistols were at the disposal of the Jewish militias in Palestine before the formation of the state of Israel, they were also used by the Haganah during the war for independence remaining in service at least until the spring of 1950. The Schnellfeuer variant was also in use.
 : 5,000 slabside C96 pistols bought from Germany in 1899 for the navy During WW1 those were also issued to the air force. 700 commercial model pistols were captured from an Austrian Ship
 : Some used by Latvian police until the 1930s, gradually replaced by the Walther PP. A small number were also used by the Latvian Army (around 65 by April 1936).

 : A small number of pistols was supplied to the Mexican Government between 1898 and 1900 Also privately purchased by officers
 : 19,000 were issue to the regular army in 1942, the Schnellfeuer variant was issued to reconnaissance units of the Totenkopf Division and the Wehrmacht, 8,000 were also issued to the Luftwaffe during World War II. Also bought thousands of the Spanish-made Astra Model 900, 902 and 904 variants.
 : Purchased by KNIL in the late 1930s
 : M1930 model
 : 1,000 ordered from Germany in 1896

 : Hundreds of thousands were used by Kuomintang, communist, and warlord forces.
 : In 1908 officers were authorized to purchase the pistol and it became a popular sidearm. It was issued to aviators since 1909, and in 1915 to vehicle drivers and military personnel in some other specialized roles. The C96 was also used by police agencies.A small number of guns were captured from German shipments in Finland and issued to Gendarmes. During the Russian Civil War large amounts of ''Bolo'' pistols were ordered by White Guards.
 : Carried by some officers in Cuba during the Spanish American war

 : Received a number of pistols as reparations from Germany and Austria after World War I
 : M1930 model bought by police
 : 100 were bought after a Portuguese firm in Mozambique provided Piet Joubert with samples. Additionally, a number were privately purchased by burghers.
 : Used during the Russian Civil War (Mostly 7.63-mm model 1912). 'Bolo' Mausers were captured from White Guards and after the end of the war, about 30 thousand more such pistols chambered for 7.63 × 25 mm Mauser were ordered in Germany. These remained in service with the command staff of the Red Army at least until the end of 1939.  During the Winter war, those pistols were issued to ski reconnaissance groups of the Red Army. After Nazi Germany declared war on the Soviet Union, a number of pistols were transferred to the armament of the Soviet partisans, and issued to  the commanders of a number of partisan detachments.

 :Model 1930
 : As of 2011, 150 7.63 pistols were stored in Ministry of Defense warehouses.
 : Many were privately bought by British officers before World War I
 : Privately purchased guns in use with Texas Rangers and some Sheriff departments.
 : Used by police forces and Reichswehr officers
 : M1932 adopted by police

Non-state actors
  Irish Republican Army
  Italian Partisans
  Malayan Communist Party: Small numbers were donated by the Soviet Union.
  Communist Party of Brazil: Royal machine pistol used in the Araguaia
  Finnish Independence Movement: Small numbers were smuggled in before WW1, including some 300 pistols on the SS John Grafton
  Finnish Red Guards: Small numbers were obtained from intercepted German shipments during the civil war.

Cultural significance

The broomhandle Mauser is a popular collector's gun. It was popularized in Soviet films as the iconic weapon of the Russian revolution and civil war. The C96 frequently appears as a "foreign" or "exotic" pistol in a number of films (such as The Great Silence, where Jean-Louis Trintignant's use of the C96 intentionally contrasts with the Colt Single Action Army revolvers used by the other characters in the film) and TV shows, owing to its distinctive and instantly recognizable shape.

The gun is depicted as a standard sidearm for Turkish officers in the film, Lawrence of Arabia, and a wounded, disoriented Turkish officer fires one at Lawrence after he de-rails the Turkish train.  Author Ian Fleming outfitted agents of SMERSH in the James Bond series with Mausers on the advice of firearms expert Geoffrey Boothroyd. The C96 was the inspiration for the Buck Rogers Atomic Pistol in the movie serial and the comic, and a popular toy version was produced in 1934 by the Daisy Manufacturing Company. A C96 was modified to form Han Solo's prop blaster pistol for the Star Wars films (under the name BlasTech DL-44 heavy blaster pistol). Reproductions of the blaster became so popular in the cosplay community that gun collectors became aware that fans were buying and altering increasingly rare original Mausers to make blaster replicas. The gun also figures prominently in the films Sitting Target, Brannigan, and Joe Kidd. The Japanese toy maker Epoch Co. created a dedicated video game console in 1977, the TV Game System 10, which includes as a light gun a plastic replica of a Mauser C96; the C96 replica was also usable with its next console, the Epoch Cassette Vision, created in 1981. The C96 was used by Vlado Chernozemski to assassinate the Yugoslav king Alexander I in Marseilles in 1934.

See also
 Bergmann–Bayard pistol – a similar German designed semi-automatic pistol produced under license in Belgium.

Notes

Bibliography

7.63×25mm Mauser firearms
9mm Parabellum firearms
9×25mm Mauser firearms
7.65mm firearms
.45 ACP semi-automatic pistols
19th-century semi-automatic pistols
Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1896
Semi-automatic pistols of Germany
Machine pistols
Mauser semi-automatic pistols
World War I German infantry weapons
World War II infantry weapons of China
World War II infantry weapons of Germany
World War II infantry weapons of the Soviet Union
Weapons of the Ottoman Empire

Mauser C96


La Crételle hérissée ou Crételle épineuse (Cynosurus echinatus) est une espèce de plantes de la famille des Poacées.

Liens externes

Cynosurinae
Espèce d'Angiospermes (nom scientifique)
Taxon décrit par Carl von Linné
Plante décrite en 1753

Cynosurus echinatus


Arthur Lyon (West Derby, 1851 - 1905) est l'un des premiers joueurs internationaux anglais de rugby. Il a joué comme  (arrière) au tout premier match international de l'histoire opposant l'Angleterre à l'Écosse le .

Biographie
Arthur Lyon naît le  à West Derby, dans la banlieue de Liverpool, alors dans le Lancashire.

Il étudie à l'école de Rugby, à l'université d'Oxford, puis à Liverpool, où il évolue comme  (arrière) au sein du Liverpool Football Club, devenu le Liverpool St Helens Football Club.

Il fait ainsi partie des onze anciens élèves de la Rugby School à intégrer la première équipe d'Angleterre à l'occasion du tout premier match international de rugby de l'histoire contre l'Écosse. Joué le  à Raeburn Place, Édimbourg, il voit l'Écosse l'emporter 1 à 0 (1 transformation à 0). Ce match demeure le seul qu'il joue pour son équipe nationale, comme douze autres joueurs ayant participé à cette première rencontre historique.

Arthur Lyon meurt le .

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance dans le Merseyside
Naissance en août 1851
Décès en décembre 1905
Décès à 54 ans
Joueur international anglais de rugby à XV

Arthur Lyon (rugby)


لوجبان لغة مصطنعة مفردات تخلو من الاشتراك. تشتمل اللغة على 1300 أصل كلها صالح للتركيب.

تسمية
لوجبان اسم مركب من لوج (loj) وبان (ban) وهما صيغتان (rafsi) من كلمتي لوغجي (logji "منطق") وبانغو (bangu "لغة").

تاريخ
يعود أصل لغة لوجبان إلى لغة لوغلان (وهي لغة اخترعها جيمس كوك براون في عام 1955 ثم طورها معهد لوجلان لاحقًا) واخترعت  في الأصل كوسيلة لفحص تأثير اللغة على فكر المتحدث (وهي فرضية تعرف باسم النسبية اللغوية).

كتابة

قواعد
أقسام الكلام في اللوجبان ثلاثة: المسندات (brivla) والأعلام (cmevla) الأدوات (cmavo).

أمثلة

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 لوجبان: اللغة المنطقية

استحداثات 1987
لغات ذات رمز أيزو 2-639
لغات عازلة
لغات مساعدة دولية
لغات مصطنعة

لوجبان


Javno tijelo (niz. openbare lichaam) je u Nizozemskoj opći naziv za upravne podjele u nizozemskoj državi, kao što je središnja vlada, provincija, općina ili vodni odbor (waterschap ili hoogheemraadschap). Ovo je tijelo politički entitet koje definira Ustav Kraljevine Nizozemske.

Članak 134 Ustava omogućuje definiranje javnih tijela zakonom. Takva tijela mogu biti profesionalno orijentirana, kao Nizozemski red odvjetnika (niz. Nederlandse Orde van Advocaten), ili biti konstituiran za izvoditi funkcije u određenoj regiji. to znači da pojam "javno tijelo" ponekad se rabi za ukazati na posebnu ili neuobičajenu vrstu javnog tijela (bez posebno određenog imena), što također može biti upravna podjela ili određena druga vrsta vladine organizacije.

Izvori

Politika Nizozemske
Administrativna podjela Nizozemske

Javno tijelo (Nizozemska)


Süderstapel Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Schleswig-Flensburg iline bağlı bölge. 16,91 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Eylül 2006 itibarıyla yaklaşık 1071 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Hans-Joachim Bellendorf tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-stapelholm.de

Schleswig-Flensburg iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Süderstapel


A stub network, or pocket network, is a somewhat casual term describing a computer network, or part of an internetwork, with no knowledge of other networks, that will typically send much or all of its non-local traffic out via a single path, with the network aware only of a default route to non-local destinations. As a practical analogy, think of an island which is connected to the rest of the world through a bridge and no other path is available either through air or sea. Continuing this analogy, the island might have more than one physical bridge to the mainland, but the set of bridges still represents only one logical path.

 An enterprise  that connects to the corporate network by only one router, or multiple default routers connected to the same logical upstream destination.
 A single LAN which never carries packets between multiple routers connected to it. All traffic is to and/or from local hosts. The routers will only route packets into the LAN if it's destined for the LAN, and out from the LAN if it originated on the LAN.
 A person, or workgroup, who is connected to an , by only one router, is a stub network with respect to the ISP.  This stub network is part of the ISP's , discussed below.
 For each interface on which no default route (also called the gateway of last resort) has been elected,  refers to these subnets as stub networks.
 An OSPF stubby area is one which receives routes from other areas in the OSPF domain but for external routes, which are communicated via a Type 5 Link-state advertisement, the stubby area is only aware of a default route
 An OSPF totally stubby area is one which only has a default route to the rest of the OSPF routing domain. Such an area may have more than one router, but these routers will only know about the default route to the outside.
 A stub autonomous system that is connected to only one other autonomous system, through which it gains access to the Internet. This is also called a stub AS, which characterize the great majority of AS connected to the Internet. as of June 30, 2007, there were 224622 routes seen by the  router. These came from 25577 autonomous systems, of which only 74 were transit-only and 22272 were stub/origin-only. 3305 autonomous systems provided some level of transit.
 Stub networks are not to be confused with transit networks, as transit networks contain at least two routers. These networks differ from stub networks since they are able to allow information to pass through them (hence the name).
 The stub network is unique in the sense that it contains only one router, that router being the gateway to the network. Stub networks are also capable of implementing multi-homing technology. This technology is focused on setting a single computer to host multiple network connections and IP addresses.
 Stub networks are useful in situations where the OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) protocol needs to map out the topology of the network. Stub networks serve a special purpose in that they are a certain area within the construction of a network where IP addresses are filtered out and replaced with default routes.
 The experimental evaluation of stub networks has pushed for the use of ad hoc networks to act as stubs for larger multi-service networks. These networks are connected to a larger infrastructure in order to deliver a range of services including security, deliverance of unicast and multicast services, and many others to improve the functionality of these ad hoc networks.

See also
 Multihoming
 IP transit
 Peering
 OSPF
 EIGRP

References

Network architecture

Stub network


الشيخ علي الدقر،  (1294 هـ/1877م - 1362 هـ/1943م)، أحد أبرز علماء السنة في سوريا، اعتبره الكثيرون أنه صاحب أكبر نهضة علمية في بلاد الشام. قال عنه الشيخ علي الطنطاوي: «الرجل الذي هزّ دمشق من أربعين سنة هزّة لم تعرف مثلها من مئتي سنة، وصرخ في أرجائها صرخة الإيمان، فتجاوبت أصداؤها في أقطار الشام، واستجاب لها الناس، يعودون إلى دين الله أفواجاً، يبتدرون المساجد، ويستبقون إلى حلقاتها.. وهو علامة الشام.. بل هو في الشام علم الأعلام، أعطي من التوفيق في العمل، والعمق في الأثر، ما لم يعط مثله الشيخ بدر الدين ولا غيره من مشايخ الشام في تلك الأيام».

اسمه ونشأته
هو الشيخ الشريف محمد علي بن عبد الغني الدقر، الحسيني الدمشقي. ولد الشيخ علي في دمشق عام 1294 هـ الموافق 1877م لأب تاجر صالح محسن، ومن أسرة دمشقية عريقة، ولأمّ صالحة محسنة. وكان والده من أكرم الناس، وأوسعهم جودًا. وورث الشيخ عن والده هذه الخصال، فكان له مزرعتان في المزة وداريا، يؤمّهما الفقراء والمحتاجون، ليأخذ كل واحد منهم ما يحتاجه منهما، من دون استئذان، وعندما يمد الموائد، يفرح بازدحام المساكين عليها.

صفته
كان الشيخ علي الدقر جميل الصورة، ناصع البياض، أزرق العينين، حلو التقاسيم، له لحية بيضاء كبيرة تزيده جمالاً، وكان يتخذ العمامة التجارية من القماش الهندي المطرّز. وهذا كما وصفه الشيخ علي الطنطاوي.

تعليمه
تعلّم في الكتّاب القراءة والكتابة وشيئاً يسيراً من القرآن الكريم، ثم انتقل إلى مدرسة الشيخ عيد السفرجلاني، وأمضى فيها بضع سنين، أفاد منها شيئاً من علوم اللغة العربية، وعلوم الدين، ثم لازم الشيخ محمد القاسمي، وقرأ عليه من علوم العربية والدين ما أهّله لتدريس شيء من علم النحو ومن الفقه الشافعي. وصحب المحدّثَ الشيخ بدر الدين الحسني، وكان من أحبّ تلاميذه إليه، وأقربهم منه، وقرأ عليه الكتب الخمسة، كما قرأ على غيره من علماء الشام كالشيخ أمين سويد، ما جعله عالماً فقيهاً يشار إليه بالبنان.

وعظه
كان الشيخ نشيطاً في الدعوة، في مساجد دمشق وغيرها من المدن والقرى السورية، وكان عظيم التأثير في النفوس، فازدحم على دروسه العلمية والوعظية كبار تجار دمشق وصالحوها، وكان يدعوهم إلى التعاون والتحابب والإيثار، ويحرّم عليهم وينهاهم عن الغش والاحتكار، ويرسخ قواعد التعامل بينهم في سائر علاقاتهم الأسرية والاجتماعية والتجارية، ويحضّهم على التمسّك بتعاليم الإسلام العظيم.

النهضة العلمية أو نهضة العلماء

إن الشيخ علي الدقر هو صاحب أضخم نهضة علميّة في بلاد الشام في القرن الرابع عشر الهجري، والعشرين الميلادي. فقد كان التعليم الرسمي في سورية بعيدًا عن الله وعن تعاليم الإسلام ومبادئ الأخلاق، وتأثر بالغرب وعلومه. فأنشَأ الشيخ العديد من المدارس والمعاهد الشرعية، التي تعلم العقيدة، وأحكام الإسلام، والعلوم الشرعية، والعلوم العربية التي هي مفتاح العلوم الشرعية. ولإنشاء هذه المدارس كان لابد من إنشاء جمعية تمده بالأموال والرجال والنظام، فقرر بالتعاون مع التجار الذين يحبّونه، ويثقون به، وبصلاحه، وبسداد رأيه، وبالتعاون مع بعض العلماء أيضاً، كالشيخ هاشم الخطيب، وبمباركة محدّث الشام الشيخ بدر الدين الحسني، فقرّر إنشاء (الجمعية الغراء لتعليم أولاد الفقراء) ثم انطلق يحشد الطلاب لدراسة العلم الشرعي من أولاد الفقراء في حوران، والأردن، وبعض المدن والقرى السورية.

وفاته
توفي في دمشق يوم الثلاثاء في 25 صفر سنة 1362 هـ الموافق 1943م وصلي عليه في الجامع الأموي ودفن في مقبرة الباب الصغير.

طالع أيضاً
 حسن حبنكة الميداني
 خيرو ياسين
 بدر الدين الحسني
 أحمد كفتارو
 محمد الحامد
 محمد سعيد رمضان البوطي
 مصطفى البغا
 مصطفى الخن
 وهبة الزحيلي
 مصطفى الزرقا

مصادر

دعاة سوريون
شافعية
علماء دين سنة سوريون
مدفونون في مقبرة الباب الصغير
مواليد 1294 هـ
مواليد 1877
وفيات 1362 هـ
وفيات 1943

علي الدقر


LURF (acronyme de Ubåtsräddningsfarkost, en suédois navire de sauvetage sous-marin) est le sous-marin de sauvetage de la Marine royale suédoise.

Historique
La conception originale de l'URF avait une capacité de sauvetage de 25 sous-mariniers et comprenait un sas pour plongeurs à bord du navire pour fournir des moyens de dégagement et d'assistance. Le premier des trois URF prévus a été construit en 1978. Il a été fabriqué par la société suédoise Kockums. En 1981, il a été connecté pour la première fois avec succès à un sous-marin submergé.

Le sas des plongeurs a été supprimé en 1984 en faveur d'une durabilité plus longue et de la possibilité de sauver un équipage de sous-marin suédois complet de 35 personnes en une seule rotation. Le système de propulsion d'origine avec des propulseurs sur les côtés de l'URF a également été retiré au profit d'une hélice plus conventionnelle à l'arrière, offrant plus de puissance et un risque réduit d'endommager les propulseurs pendant le fonctionnement. La remorque d'origine a été remplacée par une autre avec plus d'axes. Ceci, associé à quelques modifications mineures de l'aileron, a permis de le transporter par voie aérienne à partir de 2000.

En 2015, l'URF d'origine a fait l'objet d'une nouvelle mise à niveau par les constructeurs maritimes JFDefence.

Conception
L'URF peut plonger jusqu'à la profondeur maximale de la mer Baltique. Il dispose d'une jupe de sauvetage qui permet de s'accoupler avec l'écoutille de secours du sous-marin et il peut sauver en un seul voyage un équipage de sous-marin comptant jusqu'à 35 sous-mariniers, tout en les maintenant sous pression au-dessus de la pression atmosphérique si nécessaire jusqu'à ce qu'ils puissent être transférés sous pression dans un système de caisson de décompression pour poursuivre le traitement et la décompression.

L'URF est un véhicule à nage libre avec une coque sous pression qui est séparée en trois compartiments étanches. Deux pilotes manœuvrent le véhicule à partir du compartiment pilote en actionnant une unité de propulsion principale et quatre propulseurs de tunnel. Le troisième membre d'équipage est l'opérateur de la machinerie qui assiste également les pilotes lors de l'amarrage de l'URF avec le sous-marin naufragé. Si le sous-marin est sous pression, un opérateur de salle de sauvetage supplémentaire est inclus dans l'équipage.

La coque sous pression est entourée d'un boîtier en plastique en fibre de verre profilé qui protège les équipements auxiliaires placés entre la coque sous pression et le boîtier, y compris les batteries, les bouteilles d'air comprimé et d'oxygène, les systèmes hydrauliques et de garniture.

Bien que l'URF puisse voyager seul, il est généralement plus rapide de remorquer le navire jusqu'à un port voisin et de le remorquer jusqu'à la zone du sous-marin naufragé. Dans les cas où son vaisseau-mère, le HMS Belos, ne peut pas l'amener rapidement sur le site de sauvetage, l'URF est transporté par avion vers un aéroport approprié, puis transporté au port et remorqué jusqu'à la zone d'opérations.

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Liens externes
.

Voir aussi

Liens internes
 Liste des sous-marins de la Suède

Sous-marin de sauvetage
Sous-marin de la Marine royale suédoise
Bateau lancé en 1978
Nom de bateau

URF (sous-marin)


Taylan Erler (d. 1966 Üsküdar, İstanbul), müzisyen, gezgin sunucu, tiyatro ve sinema sanatçısı.

1966 yılında İstanbul'da doğdu. 1985 yılında İstanbul Radyosu Gençlik Korosu'nda bariton korist olarak eğitim aldı ve konserler verdi. Süheyl Denizci ve Ümit Aksu (Ayten Alpman'ın eşi) yönetimindeki TRT İstanbul Radyosu Hafif Müzik ve Caz Orkestrası'nda görev aldı.

1994'te diyalog anlatım iletişim okulundan oyunculuk eğitimi alarak MEB diploması ile mezun oldu ve o yıllarda öğretmen ve eğitmenleri ile sahneye çıkma fırsatı buldu.
1995 ve 2007 yılları arasında birden fazla tiyatro topluluğu ile çalıştı. Şan ve tango dersleri aldı.
Yönetmenliğini Mazlum Kiper'in yaptığı "Bugün Benim Doğum Günüm" ve "Kadın ile Memur" adlı oyunların yönetmen yardımcılığını yaptı.
2008 yılında yani 15 yıl aradan sonra caz müzisyenliğine geri dönüp tiyatro çalışmaları ile beraber sürdürmeye başladı.
Marmara Eğitim Kurumu Tiyatro Öğretim Görevlisi olarak görev yapmıştır. Deniz Harp Okulu öğrencileriyle sosyal faaliyet alanında iki oyun yönetmiştir. Orta derecede Almanca bilmektedir. Kanal D'de sunuculuk yapmış; Radyo Fenerbahçe ve Radyo Pop'ta radyo programcılığı yapmıştır. Pek çok reklam filminde de rol almıştır. Taylan Erler İstanbul Jazz Band adında bir müzik grubu da bulunan Taylan Erler, FOX'ta 13 bölüm yayımlanan Not Defteri adlı televizyon dizisinde okul müdürünü canlandırmıştır. Yaban TV'nin kurumsal sesi olan Taylan Erler 2013 yılının sonlarına doğru apartman hayatını terk edip bir başka hayali olan karavanda yaşamını sürdürmektedir. 2014 yılında bir Çekya bira markası olan Breznak birasının reklamında oynamıştır. Reklam Türkiye'de gösterilmemiştir. 2015 yılının son döneminde vizyona giren Uzaklarda Arama filminde belediye başkanı Cevdet rolünü üstlenmiştir.

Sinema, tiyatro ve sunuculuk kariyeri
 1985 - TRT İstanbul Radyosu Gençlik Korosu
 1994 - Tiyatro İstanbul
 1995-1999 - Şehir Tiyatroları
 1998 - Tiyatro Günbay
 1998 - Ruhsar (TV Dizisi)
 1999 - 'Bugün Benim Doğum Günüm (Yönetmen Yardımcılığı)
 1999 - Eyvah Kızım Büyüdü (TV Dizisi)
 2002 - Mumya Firarda (Film)
 2002 - İyi Aile Robotu (TV Dizisi)
 2003 - Tatlı Hayat (TV Dizisi)
 2003 - Sevgili Dünürüm (TV Dizisi)
 2003 - Bıçak Sırtı (TV Dizisi)
 2004 - Mavi Rüya (TV Dizisi)
 2004 - Uygur Tiyatrosu
 2005-2013 - Tiyatro Alkış
 2010 - Sevgili Dünürüm (TV Dizisi)
 2012 - Atölye Tiyatrosu
 2014 - Not Defteri
 2015 - Uzaklarda Arama (Film)
 2017 - Parayı Bulduk (Film)
 2017-günümüz - Taylan Erler ile Karavan Sohbetleri (YouTube Serisi)
 2018 - Erkenci Kuş (TV Dizisi)
 2020 - Eltilerin Savaşı (Film)
 2020 - Şeytan İcadı (Film)
 2021-günümüz Taylan Erler ile Karavan Turu (YouTube Serisi)
 2022- Yalnız Kurt (TV Dizisi)

Reklam Filmleri
 Demirbank
 Akbank
 Axess
 Pakpen
 Yayla Tereyağı
 KVK
 Lassa
 Breznak

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 https://web.archive.org/web/20060505164909/http://www.tiyatroalkis.com/biyografi/taylanerler.asp
 https://web.archive.org/web/20130719084318/http://taylanerler.com/
 https://www.youtube.com/c/taylanerler

1966 doğumlular
Türk erkek tiyatro oyuncuları
İstanbul Şehir Tiyatroları sanatçıları
Yaşayan insanlar

Taylan Erler


7639 Offutt este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
7639 Offutt este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul Oak Ridge din Harvard, Massachusetts. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,24 ua, o excentricitate de 0,12 și o înclinație de 0,7° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 7001-8000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1985
Centura de asteroizi

7639 Offutt


was a town located in Hioki District, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 8,277 and the density of 143.32 persons per km2. The total area was 57.75 km2.

On November 1, 2004, Kōriyama, along with the town of Matsumoto (also from Hioki District), the town of Kiire (from Ibusuki District), and the towns of Sakurajima and Yoshida (both from Kagoshima District), was merged into the expanded city of Kagoshima and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

External links
 Official website of Kagoshima in Japanese

Dissolved municipalities of Kagoshima Prefecture

Kōriyama, Kagoshima


Agronomia Lusitana (abreviado Agron. Lusit.) es una revista ilustrada con descripciones botánicas que es editada por la Estación Agronómica Nacional de Portugal desde el año 1939.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
en IPNI

Revistas de botánica
Revistas científicas de Portugal
Revistas científicas en portugués
Revistas científicas en inglés
Publicaciones fundadas en 1939

Agronomia Lusitana


Robert Hayman (14 August 1575 – November 1629) was a poet, colonist and Proprietary Governor of Bristol's Hope colony in Newfoundland.

Early life and education

Hayman was born in Wolborough near Newton Abbot, Devon, the eldest of nine children.  His mother was Alice Gaverocke and his father, Nicholas Hayman, a prosperous citizen and later mayor and MP of both Totnes and Dartmouth.  By 1579 the family was living in Totnes, where in the high street Hayman as a small boy met Sir Francis Drake, who presented him with an orange (Hayman records the incident in one of his poems).

According to the 17th-century historian Anthony Wood Hayman was educated at Exeter College and the college register shows him matriculating on 15 October 1590 (the register wrongly shows his age as eleven whereas in fact he was fifteen).  He then, according to Wood, "retired to Lincolns-inn, without the honour of a degree": but here Wood is incorrect, as Hayman commenced B.A. on 8 July 1596. He was admitted as a law student to Lincoln's Inn on 16 October 1596, where, again according to Wood, he "studied for a time the municipal law", though modern researches find no evidence of this or of any intention to qualify as a lawyer.  In his supplication for B.A. Hayman had mentioned a plan to travel and study in Europe, and this apparently happened, as in a letter his father wrote to Robert Cecil in 1600 he states that he hoped for a career for his son in some government office, and that towards this end he had educated him at both Oxford University and at Poitiers.   Wood explains that "his geny being well known to be poetical, (he) fell into acquaintance with" a literary circle which included Ben Jonson, Michael Drayton, John Donne, George Wither, John Owen and others.  These encouraged his literary efforts with the result, according to Wood, that Hayman had "the general vogue of a poet".  Perhaps because of these distractions Hayman seems not to have achieved any significant public office in England.  Although Edward Sharpham dedicated a play to him in 1607 there is nothing further known about his activities for twenty years until he emerges as a venturer and colonist to the new world.

Family

Hayman was married on 21 May 1604 at St Petroc's Church, Exeter, to Grace Spicer, daughter of a prominent merchant of Exeter; but they appear to have had no children and as Hayman does not mention her directly in his works it seems she died young.  Several of the poems later published in the book 'Quodlibets' however are dedicated to other members of the Spicer family, so he apparently remained on friendly terms with them.

Colonial career

Hayman was appointed the Newfoundland colony's first and only governor in 1618 when Bristol's Society of Merchant Venturers received a charter from King James I of England to establish the settlement. Hayman's brother-in-law John Barker was the society's master. Hayman lived in the colony for fifteen months before returning to England and visited again over several summers until his tenure as governor ended in 1628. Much of his work was in England raising money for the settlement, publicizing it and encouraging more colonisation efforts. In 1628 he petitioned the king's favourite the Duke of Buckingham to forward a "Proposition of profitt and honor" to the king which set out the need to encourage continued colonization of Newfoundland, and which specifically mentioned a plan to build a settlement to be called 'Carolinople' (i.e. "Charles's Town").

As Newfoundland's first poet in English, Hayman is remembered for his writings extolling the island, its climate and its early English pioneers.  In his leisure hours as governor in Harbour Grace he composed a work later published in England as Quodlibets. Quodlibets ("What you will") was the first book in the English language written in what would become Canada.  Some of it consisted of original short poems by Hayman, and some of translations, both of Latin poems by John Owen (epigrammatist) and of French prose by Rabelais.  It was published in London in 1628, presumably as part of Hayman's attempts to raise interest in the colony.

Although Hayman apparently remained committed to Newfoundland he was also interested in other colonial ventures, including one to Guyana under the direction of Robert Harcourt.  Having arranged his financial affairs he made his will late in the fall of 1628 and left in the Little Hopewell for the Amazon. By February 1629 (new style) he was in Guiana looking into using the river 'Wiapoco' (modern Oyapock) as a trading route.

Death

It was while travelling up the Oyapock by canoe that Hayman died of a sudden fever and was hastily buried by his companions near the banks of the river, on or about 17 October 1629. His will, signed and sealed on 17 November 1628 but not proved until 1633 (1632 Old Style), leaves his estate to "my loving Cosin and Nephew Thomas Muchell of Longaston" (modern Long Ashton) "in the Countie of Somersett...".  His will also mentions two "policies of insurance" taken out with the diocesan chancellor of London, Arthur Duck.  Of the value of £100 each, one related to the safe arrival of Hayman's ship in Guiana and the other was "of one hundred pounds assured by the said Doctor Arthur Ducke on my life".

See also

List of Newfoundland and Labrador lieutenant-governors
Proprietary Governor

Notes

External links
Government House The Governorship of Newfoundland and Labrador
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
The complete text of Qvodlibets

1575 births
1629 deaths
17th-century Canadian poets
Governors of Newfoundland Colony
Writers from Newfoundland and Labrador
People from Newton Abbot
17th-century English writers
17th-century English male writers
16th-century English poets
Canadian male poets
English male poets
English emigrants to Canada

Robert Hayman


3. HNL – Sjever je bila jedna od pet skupina Treće HNL u sezoni 2013./14.
Sudjelovalo je 16 klubova, a prvak je bila momčad "Međimurja" iz Čakovca.
Za sezonu 2014./15. je reformirana Treća HNL, te su skupine "Sjever" i "Istok" spojene u novu skupinu "3. HNL – Istok".

Sudionici

Ljestvica

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Rezultati

Najbolji strijelci

Unutrašnje poveznice
 3. HNL – Sjever
 3. HNL 2013./14.
 3. HNL – Jug 2013./14.
 3. HNL – Središte 2013./14.
 3. HNL – Zapad 2013./14.
 2. HNL 2013./14.

Izvori

 rsssf.com, Hrvatska 2013./14., 3. HNL
 scoresway.com, 3. HNL Sjever 2013./14., pristupljeno 7. listopada 2018.
 sportnet.hr, 3. HNL 2013./14. , pristupljeno 7. listopada 2018.

2013-14 Sjever
3 Sjever

3. HNL – Sjever 2013./14.


Róbert Bezák CSsR (* 1. März 1960 in Prievidza, Slowakei) ist ein römisch-katholischer Ordensgeistlicher und ehemaliger Erzbischof von Trnava.

Leben
Róbert Bezák trat 1979 der Ordensgemeinschaft der Redemptoristen bei, legte 1983 die Profess ab und empfing am 14. Juni 1984 die Priesterweihe.

Papst Benedikt XVI. ernannte ihn am 18. Februar 2009 zum Erzbischof von Trnava. Der emeritierte Präsident des Päpstlichen Komitees für die Eucharistischen Weltkongresse, Jozef Kardinal Tomko, spendete ihm am 6. Juni desselben Jahres die Bischofsweihe; Mitkonsekratoren waren Mario Giordana, Apostolischer Nuntius in der Slowakei, und Stanislav Zvolenský, Erzbischof von Bratislava. Als Wahlspruch wählte er Imple Nos Misericordia.

Am 1. Juli 2012 wurde Bezák von Papst Benedikt XVI. seines Amtes enthoben. Die Hintergründe der Abberufung blieben weitgehend unklar, jedoch wird allgemein ein Zusammenhang mit dem Finanzgebaren Bezáks und seinen Vorwürfen gegen seinen Amtsvorgänger Ján Sokol und der daraus folgenden apostolischen Visitation angenommen.
Größere Teile der Bevölkerung sympathisieren nachdrücklich mit Bezák. So wurde  eine Petition mit etwa 12.000 Unterschriften gegen die Abberufung abgegeben.

Mitte 2013 gab es Signale für eine eventualle Rehabilitation Bezáks durch Papst Franziskus. Außerdem wurden auch im Nachbarland Österreich mehrere Petitionen gestartet. Seit Dezember 2013 hält Bezák sich im Redemptoristenkloster in Bussolengo bei Verona auf. Im Juni 2014 begegnete er nach einer Generalaudienz auf dem Petersplatz Papst Franziskus zum ersten Mal.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Römisch-katholischer Bischof (21. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Geistlicher (20. Jahrhundert)
Redemptorist
Slowake
Tschechoslowake
Geboren 1960
Mann

Róbert Bezák


Liga Națională de handbal feminin 2018-2019 a fost a 61-a ediție a primului eșalon valoric al campionatului național de handbal feminin românesc, respectiv a 22-a ediție în sistemul Ligii Naționale. Competiția a fost organizată de Federația Română de Handbal (FRH).

Televizări
Mai multe partide au fost televizate. Spre deosebire de sezonul anterior, când companiile DigiSport și DolceSport au cumpărat împreună un pachet de meciuri și le-au transmis în comun, partidele sezonului 2018-2019 au fost televizate doar de canalele televiziunii naționale. Câteva partide de pe teren propriu ale CSM Roman și SCM Râmnicu Vâlcea au fost totuși difuzate în direct pe internet de către stația roman24online, respectiv pe contul YouTube al Curierului de Vâlcea.

Parteneri oficiali
Partenerii oficiali ai FRH pentru ediția 2018-2019 a Ligii Naționale au fost:
BRD - Groupe Société Générale
Niro Investment Group
Ministerul Tineretului și Sportului
Ministerul Educației și Cercetării
Comitetul Olimpic și Sportiv Român

Săli
Partidele s-au jucat în principalele săli de sport din orașele de reședință ale echipelor. În București și Cluj meciurile s-au jucat în câte două săli, în funcție de disponibilitatea acestora și de potențialul de spectatori al partidelor. Cele două săli din București sunt Sala Polivalentă și Sala "Rapid", iar cele din Cluj sunt Sala Polivalentă și Sala "Horia Demian".

Echipe participante

În afara echipelor care s-au clasat pe primele 10 poziții la sfârșitul ediției 2017-2018 și care și-au păstrat astfel locul în Liga Națională, au mai promovat din Divizia A echipele clasate pe locul 1 în cele două serii. Aceste echipe sunt: SCM Gloria Buzău, câștigătoarea Seriei A, respectiv CS Minaur Baia Mare, câștigătoarea Seriei B. Alte două echipe, CSU Danubius Galați și CSM Slatina, au fost decise în urma unui turneu de baraj.

Pe data de 26 august 2018, CSU Danubius Galați a anunțat pe pagina sa oficială Facebook că "a devenit istorie" și că "va fi preluată integral de clubul municipalității, CSM Galați". Pe data de 31 august 2018, Consiliul de Administrație al Federației Române de Handbal a aprobat preluarea CSU Danubius Galați de către CSM Galați, permițând acestei din urmă echipe să evolueze în Liga Națională.

Astfel, echipele care au participat în sezonul competițional 2018-2019 al Ligii Naționale de handbal feminin sunt:

 CSM București
 SCM Craiova
 CS Măgura Cisnădie
 SCM Râmnicu Vâlcea
 HC Zalău
 CS Gloria Bistrița
 Corona Brașov

 CSM Roman1)
 HC Dunărea Brăila
 "U" Cluj
 CSM Slatina
 CSM Galați
 SCM Gloria Buzău
 CS Minaur Baia Mare

Clasament

Actualizat pe 19 mai 2019; modificat după retragerea CSM Roman din Liga Națională2)

1) Pe 31 octombrie 2018, primăria municipiului Roman a făcut public faptul că, "alături de membrii Consiliului de Administrație al Clubului Sportiv Municipal (CSM) Roman, a luat decizia [...] de a închide activitatea [...] CSM Handbal, care, în ciuda eforturilor financiare depuse de întreg bugetul local, nu se ridică la nivelul de performanță așteptat". Hotărârea Consiliului de Administrație al CSM Roman fusese adoptată într-o ședință din ziua anterioară, marți, 30 octombrie 2018.

2) În urma retragerii CSM Roman, în Liga Națională au rămas doar 13 echipe, iar rezultatele înregistrate de CSM Roman până în acel moment au fost anulate. Clasamentul general a fost actualizat prin scăderea numărului partidelor, a punctelor obținute, a golurilor înscrise și a golurilor marcate de celelalte echipe în meciurile disputate împotriva CSM Roman.

3) SCM Râmnicu Vâlcea și CSM București au terminat sezonul la egalitate de puncte, însă echipa din Râmnicu Vâlcea a câștigat campionatul având un golaveraj superior în meciurile directe cu echipa din București.

4) SCM Gloria Buzău și HC Zalău au terminat sezonul la egalitate de puncte, însă echipa din Buzău a avut un golaveraj superior în meciurile directe cu echipa din Zalău (SCM Gloria Buzău - HC Zalău: 25–24 / HC Zalău - SCM Gloria Buzău: 26–26), iar departajarea s-a făcut conform articolului 3, aliniatul 3.1.1.a) din regulamentul de desfășurare a competiției.

Partide
Meciurile ediției 2018-19 a Ligii Naționale de handbal feminin s-au jucat în sistem fiecare cu fiecare cu tur și retur, fără Play-Off și Play-Out, iar programul acestora a fost alcătuit după Tabela Berger. Calendarul Competițional s-a stabilit prin tragerea la sorți care a avut loc la București, pe 28 iunie 2018.. Datele de desfășurare a partidelor au fost anunțate ulterior.

Rezultate în tur
Date oficiale publicate de Federația Română de Handbal

Etapa I

Etapa a II-a

Etapa a III-a

Etapa a IV-a

Etapa a V-a

Etapa a VI-a

Etapa a VII-a

1) Pe 31 octombrie 2018, primăria municipiului Roman a făcut public faptul că, "alături de membrii Consiliului de Administrație al Clubului Sportiv Municipal (CSM) Roman, a luat decizia [...] de a închide activitatea [...] CSM Handbal, care, în ciuda eforturilor financiare depuse de întreg bugetul local, nu se ridică la nivelul de performanță așteptat". Hotărârea Consiliului de Administrație al CSM Roman fusese adoptată într-o ședință din ziua anterioară, marți, 30 octombrie 2018.

Etapa a VIII-a

HC Dunărea Brăila a stat

Etapa a IX-a

SCM Râmnicu Vâlcea a stat

Etapa a X-a

Corona Brașov a stat

Etapa a XI-a

CS Măgura Cisnădie a stat

Etapa a XII-a

"U" Cluj a stat

Etapa a XIII-a

CSM Slatina a stat

Rezultate în retur
Date oficiale publicate de Federația Română de Handbal

Etapa a XIV-a

CS Gloria Bistrița a stat

Etapa a XV-a

SCM Gloria Buzău a stat

Etapa a XVI-a

SCM Craiova a stat

Etapa a XVII-a

CS Minaur Baia Mare a stat

Etapa a XVIII-a

HC Zalău a stat

Etapa a XIX-a

1) În urma înfrângerii suferite în această etapă, CSM Galați va termina matematic la sfârșitul campionatului pe unul din ultimele trei locuri ale clasamentului, care conduc fie la retrogradare directă, fie la meciuri de baraj pentru rămânere în Liga Națională.

CSM București a stat

Etapa a XX-a

CSM Galați a stat

Etapa a XXI-a

HC Dunărea Brăila a stat

Etapa a XXII-a

1) În urma înfrângerii suferite în această etapă, "U" Cluj a devenit matematic una din echipele clasate pe ultimele trei locuri la sfârșitul campionatului, aflându-se fie în situația de a retrograda direct, fie de a participa la meciurile de baraj pentru rămânerea în Liga Națională.
2) Începând din această etapă SCM Craiova a fost condusă de pe bancă de secundul Costin Dumitrescu, după ce antrenorul Bogdan Burcea a suferit un atac de cord și a fost operat de urgență.

SCM Râmnicu Vâlcea a stat

Etapa a XXIII-a

Corona Brașov a stat

Etapa a XXIV-a

1) În urma înfrângerii suferite în această etapă, CSM Galați a retrogradat matematic în Divizia A, nemaiputând ajunge la puncte echipa clasată pe locul al 12-lea, "U" Cluj, iar aceasta a devenit matematic prima echipă obligată să participe la meciurile de baraj pentru rămânerea în Liga Națională

CS Măgura Cisnădie a stat

Etapa a XXV-a

1) În urma înfrângerii suferite în această etapă, CSM Slatina a devenit matematic a doua echipă obligată să participe la meciurile de baraj pentru rămânerea în Liga Națională, iar SCM Râmnicu Vâlcea a câștigat matematic titlul național.

"U" Cluj a stat

Etapa a XXVI-a

CSM Slatina a stat

Promovare și retrogradare

În ediția 2018-2019, Liga Națională de handbal feminin s-a desfășurat doar cu tur și retur, fără Play-Off și Play-Out. La întrecere au participat 14 echipe, dar CSM Roman a fost retrasă din campionat după 7 etape de către finanțatorul principal, Consiliul Local al orașului Roman. Astfel, doar echipa clasată pe ultimul loc la finalul competiției a retrogradat direct, în timp ce echipele clasate pe locurile 11 și 12 au disputat un turneu de baraj împreună cu formațiile care au terminat sezonul pe locurile 3 și 4 în Divizia A. Regulamentul de desfășurare preciza că, la capătul turneului de baraj, primele două echipe clasate vor rămâne sau, după caz, vor promova în Liga Națională. Echipa care a retrogradat direct, CSM Galați, a fost decisă în urma înfrângerii din data de 5 mai 2019 din etapa a XXIV-a, punctele acumulate până în acel moment nemaifiindu-i suficiente pentru a rămâne în Liga Națională, indiferent de rezultatele din partidele rămase de jucat.

În această ediție echipele clasate pe locurile 1 și 2 în Divizia A au promovat direct în Liga Națională. Cele două echipe, HCM Slobozia și CS Rapid București, au promovat după ce s-au calificat în finala Diviziei A, pe 18 mai 2019.

Barajul pentru promovare/menținere în Liga Națională

Astfel, la sfârșitul sezonului 2018-2019
CSM Slatina și "U" Cluj au rămas în Liga Națională;
HCM Slobozia și CS Rapid București au promovat în Liga Națională;

Pedepse disciplinare
1) Pe 22 august 2018, handbalista Alexandra Andrei a fost penalizată cu 5.000 de lei de către Comisia Centrală de Disciplină a FRH și suspendată pentru 6 luni, începând cu ziua ședinței, pentru semnarea unor contracte de joc cu două echipe diferite. Ulterior, în urma apelului înaintat de sportivă, sancțiunea a fost redusă la o penalitate de 2.500 de lei și o suspendare timp de o lună.

2) În timpul meciului din 13 septembrie 2018, din etapa a II-a, desfășurat împotriva SCM Râmnicu Vâlcea, antrenorul Bogdan Burcea a retras pentru câteva minute echipa SCM Craiova de pe teren, nemulțumit de unele decizii ale arbitrilor. Deși echipa a revenit în joc, antrenorul a fost sancționat cu cartonaș roșu și cartonaș albastru. Acțiunea sa a fost judecată în ședința Comisiei Centrale de Disciplină a FRH din 19 septembrie 2018, iar Burcea a fost suspendat pentru cinci etape, începând cu ziua ședinței, și penalizat cu o amendă de 2.000 de lei. Ulterior, în urma apelului înaintat de antrenor suspendarea a fost anulată, sancțiunea fiind transformată în plata unei amenzi totale de 4.000 de lei.

Clasamentul marcatoarelor
Actualizat pe data de 19 mai 2019; modificat după retragerea CSM Roman din Liga Națională2)

Referințe

Legături externe
 Federația Română de Handbal
 HandbalVolei
 HandbalMania
 Handbal Feminin

Sezoanele Ligii Naționale de handbal feminin
2018 în handbal
2019 în handbal


Jesen u Lici je kulturno-turistička manifestacija, izložba tradicijskih i poljoprivrednih proizvoda, koja se održava početkom listopada u Gospiću.

Prvi put se ova manifestacija održala 1998. godine, a začetnici izložbe bili su nevladina udruga "ZOE" i "Kap života" te Park prirode Velebit, koji su okupili desetak entuzijasta, izlagača s idejom predstavljanja autohtonih ličkih proizvoda što široj publici.

Godine 2007., izložba je prvi put održana kao dvodnevna manifestacija na kojoj se predstavljaju proizvodi malih poljoprivrednih gospodarstava (proizvodi od mlijeka, marmelade, meda, sokova, vina, kolača, sira i dr.) te na taj način čuvaju tradiciju ličkog kraja.

Prezentiraju se tradicijske vrijednosti Like i drugih dijelova Hrvatske s izlagačima iz domovine i inozemstva. U sklopu "Jeseni u Lici" održavaju se tradicionalno ocjenjivanje meda i rakija, izložbe autohtone krave buše i ovce ličke pramenke, nastupi KUD-ova i plesnih skupina, stručna predavanja i izložbe, ocjenjivanje najljepše okućnice itd.  U autentičnoj atmosferi posjetitelji imaju prigodu čuti izvornu narodnu pjesmu, ples ličkog kraja, ali i vidjeti izradu proizvoda od gline, bukare, tamburice, pletenje košari, predenje vune i sl.

Izvori

Lika
Gospić
Hrvatske gastronomske manifestacije

Jesen u Lici


The Great Brink's Robbery was an armed robbery of the Brink's building in the North End of Boston, Massachusetts, on January 17, 1950. The $2.775 million ($ million today) theft consisted of $1,218,211.29 in cash and $1,557,183.83 in checks, money orders, and other securities. It was at the time the largest robbery in the history of the United States and has been called "the crime of the century". The robbery remained unsolved for nearly six years, until estranged group member Joseph O'Keefe testified only days before the statute of limitations would have expired.

Of the eleven people involved in the robbery, eight would receive life sentences after a trial, with two others dying before they could be convicted. Less than $60,000 of the more than $2.7 million stolen would ever be recovered. The robbery received significant press coverage and was eventually adapted into four movies.

Perpetrators

 Joseph McGinnisaccording to O'Keefe's testimony, McGinnis was the mastermind behind the robbery; however, this was later disputed by Geagan. He was responsible for destroying incriminating evidence, including guns, the truck, and clothes. McGinnis died in prison on October 5, 1966.
 Joseph "Specs" O'KeefeO'Keefe died in March 1976, at the age of 67.
 Anthony Pinoaccording to Geagan, Pino was the leader of the gang. Pino died in October 1973, at the age of 67.
 Adolph "Jazz" MaffieMaffie died in September 1988, at the age of 77. He was the last surviving member of the robbery.
 Thomas "Sandy" RichardsonRichardson died in 1980, at the age of 73.
 Vincent CostaCosta was released from prison in 1969 after being paroled. He was arrested again in 1985 and charged with cocaine trafficking.
 Michael GeaganGeagan was released in 1969 after being paroled.
 Henry BakerBaker died in prison in 1961, at the age of 54.
 James FahertyFaherty, along with Geagan and Maffie, was released in 1969 after being paroled.
 Joseph BanfieldBanfield died in 1955, at the age of 45.
 Stanley GuscioraGusciora died in July 1956 of a brain tumor, before he could be tried for his role in the robbery.

Planning
The robbery was first conceived in 1947; however, in 1948, after months of planning, the group learned that Brink's had moved to a new location. While the theft was originally intended to be a burglary, rather than an armed robbery, they could not find a way around the building's burglar alarm. After observing the movements of the guards, they decided that the robbery should take place just after 7 pm, as the vault would be open and fewer guards would be on duty. Over a period of several months, the robbers removed each lock from the building and had a key made for it, before returning the lock. Two vehicles were stolen: a truck, to carry away the loot from the robbery, and a car, which would be used to block any pursuit. Vincent Costa was the group's lookout and signalled with a flashlight from a nearby rooftop when he saw the vault being opened. After five aborted runs, Costa finally gave the go-ahead on the night of January 17, 1950.

Robbery
Seven of the group went into the Brink's building: O'Keefe, Gusciora, Baker, Maffie, Geagan, Faherty, and Richardson. They each wore a chauffeur cap, pea coat, rubber Halloween mask, and each had a .38 caliber revolver. At 7:10 pm, they entered the building and tied up the five employees working in the vault area. They spent about twenty minutes inside the vault, putting money into large canvas bags. Approximately a million dollars in silver and coins was left behind by the robbers; they were not prepared to carry it. The total amount stolen was $1,218,211 in cash and $1,557,183 in checks and other securities. By 7:37, one of the Brink's employees managed to free himself and raise the alarm.

Investigation and falling out

Immediately following the robbery, Police Commissioner Thomas F. Sullivan sent a mobilization order for all precinct captains and detectives. Thirteen people were detained in the hours following the robbery, including two former employees of Brink's. Brink's, Inc. offered a $100,000 reward for information leading to the arrest and conviction of those involved in the robbery, with an additional 5% of recovered cash offered by the insurance company. Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, J. Edgar Hoover, took over supervision of the investigation.

The only physical evidence left at the crime scene was a cap and the tape and rope used to bind the employees. Most of the cash stolen was in denominations of $1 to $20, which made it nearly impossible to trace the bills through serial numbers. Any information police could get from their informers initially proved useless. The truck that the robbers had used was found cut to pieces in Stoughton, Massachusetts, near O'Keefe's home.

In June 1950, O'Keefe and Gusciora were arrested in Pennsylvania for a burglary. O'Keefe was sentenced to three years in Bradford County Jail and Gusciora to 5-to-20 years in the Western State Penitentiary at Pittsburgh. Police heard through their informers that O'Keefe and Gusciora demanded money from Pino and MacGinnis in Boston to fight their convictions. It was later claimed that most of O'Keefe's share went to his legal defense.

FBI agents tried to talk to O'Keefe and Gusciora in prison but the two professed ignorance of the Brink's robbery. Other members of the group came under suspicion, but there was not enough evidence for an indictment, so law enforcement kept pressure on the suspects. Adolph Maffie was convicted and sentenced to nine months for income tax evasion.

After O'Keefe was released, he was taken to stand trial for another burglary and parole violations and was released on a bail of $17,000. O'Keefe later claimed that he had never seen his portion of the loot after he had given it to Maffie for safekeeping. Apparently in need of money, he kidnapped Vincent Costa and demanded his part of the loot for ransom.

Pino paid a small ransom but then decided to try to kill O'Keefe. After a couple of attempts, he hired underworld hitman Elmer "Trigger" Burke to kill O'Keefe. Burke traveled to Boston and shot O'Keefe, seriously wounding him but failing to kill him. The FBI approached O'Keefe in the hospital, and on January 6, 1956, he decided to talk.

On January 12, 1956, just five days before the statute of limitations was to run out, the FBI arrested Baker, Costa, Geagan, Maffie, McGinnis, and Pino. They apprehended Faherty and Richardson on May 16 in Dorchester. O'Keefe pleaded guilty on January 18. Gusciora died on July 9. Banfield was already dead. A trial began on August 6, 1956.

Eight of the gang's members received maximum sentences of life imprisonment. All were paroled by 1971 except McGinnis, who died in prison. O'Keefe received four years and was released in 1960. Only $58,000 of the $2.7 million was recovered. O'Keefe cooperated with writer Bob Considine on The Men Who Robbed Brink's, a 1961 "as told to" book about the robbery and its aftermath.

Films

At least four movies were based, or partially based, on the Great Brink's Robbery:
Six Bridges to Cross (1955, Joseph Pevney)
Blueprint for Robbery (1961, Jerry Hopper)
 Brinks: The Great Robbery (1976, Marvin J. Chomsky)
 The Brink's Job (1978, William Friedkin)

See also

 List of bank robbers and robberies
 Large-value US robberies
 1981 Brink's robbery, an armed robbery in the state of New York
 Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum theft, a robbery of artwork in Boston in 1990

References

Further reading

External links
 Article on the Great Brink's Robbery
 Brink's Robbery- FBI famous cases
 Historical Photos: Boston's Great Brinks Robbery
 The Great Brink's Robbery, and the 70-year-old question: What happened to the money?

1950 crimes in the United States
Bank robberies
1950s in Boston
Robberies in the United States
Crimes in Massachusetts
1950 in Massachusetts
Criminals from Massachusetts
January 1950 events in the United States
North End, Boston

Great Brink's Robbery


Kalina (zimolezina, lat. lat. Ligustrum), rod listopadnih, poluzimzelenih grmova i drveća iz porodice maslinovki (Oleaceae). Rod je raširen po Europi, Aziji, sjevernoj Africi, a jedna vrsta intruducirana je i u Queensland. Postoji četrdesetak vrsta, a u Hrvatskoj rastu tri vrste, među kojima obična kalina (L. vulgare)

Latinsko ime roda dolazi po glagolu ligāre, vezati, jer su se grančice koristile pletenje. Drvo obične kaline je tvrdo i pogodno za izradu sitnih predmeta. Biljka je otrovna, a njeini plodovi mogu izazvati povraćanja, proljeve i u težim slučajevima smrt.

Vrste

 Ligustrum angustum
 Ligustrum australianum
 Ligustrum compactum
 Ligustrum confusum
 Ligustrum cumingianum
 Ligustrum delavayanum
 Ligustrum expansum
 Ligustrum foliosum
 Ligustrum gamblei
 Ligustrum glomeratum
 Ligustrum gracile
 Ligustrum guangdongense
 Ligustrum henryi
 Ligustrum ibolium
 Ligustrum ibota
 Ligustrum japonicum,  japanska kalina
 Ligustrum leucanthum
 Ligustrum lianum
 Ligustrum lindleyi
 Ligustrum liukiuense
 Ligustrum lucidum
 Ligustrum micranthum
 Ligustrum morrisonense
 Ligustrum myrsinites
 Ligustrum nepalense
 Ligustrum novoguineense
 Ligustrum obovatilimbum
 Ligustrum obtusifolium
 Ligustrum ovalifolium
 Ligustrum pricei
 Ligustrum punctifolium
 Ligustrum quihoui
 Ligustrum retusum
 Ligustrum robustum
 Ligustrum salicinum
 Ligustrum sempervirens
 Ligustrum sinense
 Ligustrum stenophyllum
 Ligustrum strongylophyllum
 Ligustrum tamakii
 Ligustrum tenuipes
 Ligustrum tschonoskii,  kineska kalina (sin. L. acutissimum)
 Ligustrum undulatum
 Ligustrum vicaryi
 Ligustrum vulgare,  obična kalina
 Ligustrum xingrenense

Galerija

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Oleeae
Grmlje

Kalina


Galliumarsenid (GaAs) er en kemisk forbindelse mellem grundstofferne gallium og arsen. Det er en direkte båndgab-halvleder mellem gruppe 3 og 5, med en zinkblende krystalstruktur.

Galliumarsenid anvendes til fremstillingen af enheder såsom integrerede kredsløb til mikrobølge-frekvenser, infrarøde lysdioder, laserdioder, solceller og optiske vinduer.

GaAs anvendes ofte som et substratmateriale til den epitaksiale vækst af andre III-V-halvledere, heriblandt: Indiumgalliumarsenid, aluminumgalliumarsenid og andre.

Noter

Legeringshalvledere
Kemiske forbindelser

Galliumarsenid


Colliguaja odorifera, llamada comúnmente colliguay, coliguay, o lechón, es una especie endémica del centro de Chile del género de plantas Colliguaja de la familia Euphorbiaceae. Fue descrito por el abate Juan Ignacio Molina en el año 1810.

Características

Es un arbusto siempreverde de hasta 2 m. La corteza es café-pardo y se desprende fácilmente, liberando látex de color blanco si se lo tala. Sus hojas son pecioladas, de color verde claro, oblongas a elípticas, opuestas, de ápice redondeado, mucronado o agudo. Los bordes son aserrados y glandulosos. Las medidas de la lámina son de 15 a 45 mm de longitud, con un ancho de 8 a 20 mm.

Posee inflorescencias terminales unisexuales en tonos de amarillo a rojizo. Las  flores femeninas muestran un estigma trífido, siendo más gruesas que las masculinas, estas últimas contienen de 8 a 12 estambres, y se ubican en lo más alto de la espiga. Su fruto es una cápsula tricoca con un diámetro 20 mm. Al terminar de madurar, se abre violentamente, lanzando las semillas que contenía su interior a varios metros de distancia, evitando de esta manera la competencia con la planta madre.

Su corona radical posee una inflamación como protección del tallo contra la destrucción del fuego, llamada lignotúber. La corona contiene yemas de las cuales nuevos tallos pueden brotar, y una suficiente provisión de nutrientes para apoyar un período de crecimiento en la ausencia de fotosíntesis.

Usos

Es un arbusto ornamental. En medicina popular se emplea contra el dolor de muelas. La corteza se utiliza como sucedáneo del jabón.

Etimología

El nombre del género, Colliguaja, es el nombre de la planta en Mapudungun. El nombre odorifera, se debe a la fragancia que expele su madera.

Hábitat

Esta especie arbustiva se la encuentra en terrenos pedregosos y áridos, expuestos al sol, en el bosque esclerófilo y bosquetes de palma chilena (Jubaea chilensis) hasta los 1300 m snm.

Distribución

Es una especie endémica de Chile, creciendo desde Antofagasta hasta Linares. Cuenta con registros en las siguientes regiones: Región de Antofagasta, Región de Atacama, Región de Coquimbo, Región de Valparaíso, Región Metropolitana de Santiago, Región del Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins, hasta la Región del Maule.

Taxonomía
Colliguaja odorifera fue descrito por Juan Ignacio Molina y publicado en Saggio sulla Storia Naturale del Chili . . . 158, 354. 1782.
sinonimia
 Colliguaja triquetra Gillies & Hook.
 Colliguaja obtusa Regel
 Croton colliguay Molina.

Véase también
 Terminología descriptiva de las plantas
 Taxonomía de las Euforbiáceas

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Essex Institute. 1891. The American Naturalist, American Society of Naturalists, published by Essex Institute, v.25:pt.2
 C. Michael Hogan. 2008. Chilean Wine Palm: Jubaea chilensis, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg
 Marticorena, C. & M. Quezada. 1985. Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Chile. Gayana, Bot. 42: 1–157.
 Marticorena, C. & M. Quezada. 1991. Additions and Notes to the Flora of Chile. Gayana 48(1–4): 121–126.
 Zuloaga, F. O., O. Morrone, M. J. Belgrano, C. Marticorena & E. Marchesi. (eds.) 2008. Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Cono Sur (Argentina, Sur de Brasil, Chile, Paraguay y Uruguay). Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 107(1): i–xcvi, 1–983; 107(2): i–xx, 985–2286; 107(3): i–xxi, 2287–3348.

Enlaces externos

 Flora chilena.

odorifera
Flora endémica de Chile
Plantas medicinales
Plantas descritas en 1782
Plantas descritas por Molina

Colliguaja odorifera


SWAT (eng. Special Weapons and Tactics, hrv. posebna oružja i taktike) naziv je za američke paravojne policijske postrojbe koje su posebno obučene za obavljanje određenih zadataka (npr. spašavanje taoca, protuterorističko djelovanje...) i osobito opasnih zadataka (uhićenja naoružanih kriminalaca...). Svaka glavna policijska postaja u SAD-u imaju takav odjel.

Povezani članci
Antiteroristička jedinica Lučko

Vanjske poveznice

NTOA.org The National Tactical Officers Association, a national organization of tactical professionals.
ITOTA.net The International Tactical Officers Training Association, an international organization of tactical professionals

Policija

SWAT


Nigerul a participat la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016 de la Rio de Janeiro în perioada 5 – 21 august 2016, cu o delegație de șapse sportivi, care a concurat în patru sporturi. Cu o medalie de argint, cea de-a două medalie olimpică din istoria sa, Nigerul s-a aflat pe locul 69 în clasamentul final.

Participanți
Delegația din Niger a cuprins șase sportivi: patru bărbați și două femei. Cel mai tânăr atlet din delegația a fost sprinterul Ousseini Djibo Idrissa (17 ani), cel mai vechi a fost judocanul Ahmed Goumar (28 de ani).

Medaliați

Note

Referințe
 Niger la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016  pe Rio2016.com

2016
Țări la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016


Entoloma sinuatum (1871), sin. Rhodophyllus sinuatus (1951), denumită în popor ciuperca pieptănușului, este o specie de ciuperci otrăvitoare posibil letală de basidiomicete din familia Entolomataceae și genul Entoloma. Buretele coabitează, fiind un simbiont micoriza (formează micorize pe rădăcinile arborilor) și se poate găsi în România, Basarabia și Bucovina de Nord pe terenuri calcaroase sau acre în păduri foioase sub stejari și, fagi, crescând în cercuri ("cearcăne de vrăjitoare"), precum grupuri în locuri umede. El apare  din mai până în octombrie (noiembrie).

Istoric

Și acest soi a fost menționat de multe ori sub denumiri diferite. Aici cele mai importante: Specia a fost descrisă și pictată pentru prima oară de Pierre Bulliard sub numele Agaricus lividus în cartea sa Herbier de la France, volumul 8, din anul 1788. După ce Christian Hendrik Persoon  la redenumit în Agaricus sinuatus (1801), micologul francez Lucien Quélet i-a dat trei însemnări noi: Entoloma lividum (1872), Rhodophyllus lividus (1886) și Rhodophyllus sinuatus (1888)., pe când între timp, micologul german Paul Kummer  îi  da-se o denumire numai puțin luată în seamă: Entoloma sinuatum (1871).

Din mijlocul secolului al XX-lea, a fost folosit numele Rhodophyllus sinuatus dat de micologul german Rolf Singer în anul 1951 în toate cărțile de ciuperci.

În sfârșit micologul olandez Machiel Noordeloos (n. 1949) a propagat în lucrarea sa Fungi Europaei din 1992, redenumirea în numele aproape uitat dat anterior de Paul Kummer: Entoloma sinuatum care este valid până astăzi (situația pe 11 octombrie 2014).

Descriere

Ordinul Agaricales este de diversificare foarte veche (între 178 și 139 milioane de ani), începând din timpul perioadei geologice în Jurasic în diferență de exemplu cu genul Boletus (între 44 și 34 milioane de ani).

 Pălăria: are un diametru de 6-15 cm, este fragedă și cărnoasă, mai întâi semisferică, devenind apoi convexă și în final plată, ondulată neregulat și adesea tare cocoșată. Cuticula este netedă, nelucioasă, cu fibre radiale de gri-ocru. Coloritul diferă între albicios, cenușiu și pătat cenușiu-brun.
 Lamelele: stau nu prea dense, sunt înalte și subțiri, mereu intercalate, fiind inițial albe, apoi de un roz-închis.
 Piciorul: are o înălțime de 6-14 cm și o grosime de 1,5-3 cm, este, destul de masiv, puternic, deseori curbat, subțiat în partea de  sus, acolo brumat,cu baza îngroșată, inițial plin, la bătrânețe gol. Coloritul este alb murdar până la slab galben. Acest burete nu are manșetă în jurul piciorului.
 Carnea: este albă și cam fragedă, de asemenea la marginea pălăriei. Ciuperca este de gust plăcut cu un miros de faină proaspătă.
 Caracteristici microscopice: are spori angulari-ovoidali, aproape hexagonali, au o mărime de 8-10 x 7-8,5 microni, fiind  de un colorit roz murdar.
 Reacții chimice: Lamelele se colorează cu sulfat de fier brun și cu  violet.

Toxicitate
Această ciupercă este cea mai toxică și otrăvitoare din genul Entoloma, care poate provoca după consum complicații gastrointestinale mortale, mai ales la copii și persoane în vârstă care au un sistem imunitar al organismului mai scăzut. Zece la sută din toate cazurile de otrăvire sunt cauzate de această ciupercă. Se suspectă, că cauza intoxicației ar fi un glicovinil (C4H7NO2), de asemenea sunt conținute lectine fungide care duc în mod specific la agregare de celule sanguine de grupa de sânge A. și alcaloide. În plus, acest soi conține cele mai mari concentrări de cupru, zinc, mercur și arsen în relație cu alte specii.

Simptomele de ingestie încep după 20 minute, dar deseori de abia după 4 ore de la ingerare. Principalele simptome pe care se observă la persoane care au consumat astfel de ciuperci sunt: stări de greață și vărsături, probleme acute și severe la nivel gastrointestinal cu diaree, dureri mari de cap, dificultăți respiratorii, amețeli si dureri de burtă.

Confuzii

Buretele poate fi confundat cu specii comestibile și toxice acelui gen cum sunt între altele: Entoloma abortivum (comestibil), Entoloma clypeatum (comestibil) Entoloma excentricum (necomestibil) sau Entoloma hiemale, dar și cu bureți altor genuri, ca de exemplu Agaricus campestris (comestibil), Clitocybe nebularis (fiert comestibil), Clitopilus prunulus (comestibil), Cortinarius crassus (comestibil), Cortinarius triumphans sin. Cortinarius crocolitus (comestibil), Hygrophorus russula (comestibil), Lepista glaucocana (comestibil),> Lepista personata, (comestibil) Leucocybe connata sin. Clitocybe connata, Lyophyllum connatum (comestibil, saprofit), Russula citrina (comestibil) ), Tricholoma columbetta (comestibil), Tricholoma irinum sin. Lepista irina, (comestibil) sau cu necomestibilele Tricholoma album, Tricholoma lascivum și Tricholoma stiparophyllum sin.Tricholoma pseudoalbum.

De cele mai multe ori Entoloma sinuatum (ciuperca pieptănușului) este confundată cu savuroasa Calocybe gambosa (buretele de mai).

Specii asemănătoare

Note

Bibliografie
 Csaba Locsmándi, Gizella Vasas: "Ghidul culegătorului de ciuperci", Editura Casa, Cluj-Napoca 2013, ISBN 9786068527147, 192 p.
 Bruno Cetto, vol. 1, 2, 3, 4 (vezi sus)
 H. Clémençon: "Pilze im Wandel der Jahreszeiten", vol. 1 și 2, Editura Éditions Piantanida, Lausanne 1981
 Rose Marie și Sabine Maria Dähncke: "Pilze", Editura Silva, Zürich 1986
 Gustav Lindau, Eberhard Ulbrich: "Die höheren Pilze, Basidiomycetes, mit Ausschluss der Brand- und Rostpilze", Editura  J. Springer, Berlin 1928
 Meinhard Moser: "Kleine Kryptogamenflora der Pilze - Partea a.: " Höhere Phycomyceten und Ascomyceten". Partea b: "Kleine Kryptogamenflora de Helmut Gams" Editura G. Fischer, Jena 1950

Legături externe

 Scurt film depre Entoloma sinuatum

Entoloma
Ciuperci otrăvitoare
1788 în știință

Entoloma sinuatum


Addict est une mini-série télévisée française en  réalisée par Didier Le Pêcheur sur un scénario de Didier Le Pêcheur, Delphine Labouret et Gilles Daniel, et diffusée en Suisse sur RTS Un à partir du , en Belgique sur RTL TVI à partir du , en France sur TF1 à partir du  et au Québec sur ICI Radio-Canada Télé à partir du .

Cette fiction est une coproduction de Morgane Production et de TF1.

Synopsis
Élodie, Yvan et leurs deux enfants adolescents Chloé et Achille emménagent dans leur nouvelle maison. Leur voisin le plus proche, Bruno, se montre d'emblée très sympathique. Lors du barbecue qu'ils organisent pour fêter leur arrivée et faire connaissance avec les gens du quartier, Bruno leur offre une enceinte connectée.

Mais ce voisin, en apparence si souriant et serviable, est en fait un grand manipulateur. Il espionne la famille par le biais de l'enceinte connectée qu'il leur a offerte, il utilise les services d'une escort-girl, Déborah, pour tenter de piéger Yvan et glisse une petite culotte et un emballage de préservatif dans le divan du couple pour persuader Élodie de l'infidélité de son mari.

Éric, un voisin tenu à l'écart par les gens du quartier, voit clair dans le jeu de Bruno et tente de prévenir Achille, le fils d'Élodie et Yvan…

Distribution
 Cécile Bois : Élodie Marsais
 Medi Sadoun : Yvan Marsais
 Sagamore Stévenin : Bruno Garanger
 Cécile Rebboah : Fabienne, la sœur d'Élodie
 Aurore Clément : Françoise
 Lorànt Deutsch : Éric, le voisin clairvoyant
 Mylène Jampanoï : Déborah
 Lucie Vagenheim : Chloé, la fille d'Élodie et Yvan
 Louis Duneton : Achille, le fils d'Élodie et Yvan
 Mhamed Arezki : Brahim, le collègue d'Élodie
 Vanessa Liautey : Lucie
 Cyril Couton : Morizot, le marchand de piscines et patron d'Yvan
 Myriam El Ghali-Lang : Shaïma
 Farida Rahouadj : capitaine Leila Mokhrani

Production

Genèse et développement
La série est créée et écrite par Didier Le Pêcheur, Delphine Labouret et Gilles Daniel, et réalisée par Didier Le Pêcheur.

Attribution des rôles
Dans une interview donnée à TF1 et publiée le 4 octobre 2022, Cécile Bois explique : .

Elle précise par ailleurs : .

Cécile Bois explique : . Parlant de Medi Sadoun qui joue le rôle de son mari Yvan et de Sagamore Stévenin qui tient le rôle de Bruno, l'actrice continue : .

Sagamore Stévenin dit de son personnage Bruno : . Concernant le tournage des scènes d'intimité avec Cécile Bois, il précise :  : .

Tournage
Le tournage de la série se déroule à partir du  dans le sud de la région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur :

Parlant du tournage de l'épilogue de la série, l'actrice Cécile Bois explique : .

Fiche technique
 Titre français : Addict
 Genre : Drame, thriller
 Réalisation : Didier Le Pêcheur
 Scénario : Didier Le Pêcheur, Delphine Labouret et Gilles Daniel
 Musique : Jean-Pierre Taïeb
 Décors : Hervé Leblanc
 Costumes : Nadia Chmilewsky
 Directeur de la photographie : Raynald Capurro
 Son : Ronald Beauchamp
 Montage : Christine Lucas-Navarro, Patrick Zouzout
 Casting : Frédérique Amand, Julien Grossi
 Production : Gilles Daniel
 Sociétés de production : Morgane Production et TF1
 Pays de production :
 Langue originale : français
 Format : couleur
 Nombre de saisons : 1
 Nombre d'épisodes : 6
 Durée :
 Dates de première diffusion :
 Suisse :  sur RTS Un
 Belgique :  sur RTL TVI
 France :  sur TF1

Accueil

Audiences et diffusion

En Belgique
En Belgique, la série est diffusée les mercredis vers 20 h 30 sur RTL TVI par salve de deux épisodes du  au .

En France
En France, la série est diffusée les jeudis vers 21 h 10 sur TF1, par salve de deux épisodes à partir du .

Réception critique
David Hainaut, de l'hebdomadaire belge Moustique, qualifie cette mini-série de captivante. Pour lui,  et il considère que la série .

Pour Fanny Guillaume, du quotidien belge L'Avenir, .

À l'opposé, sous le titre Addict (2022) : le beau ratage de TF1, Luigi Lattuca du site Bulles de culture se montre sans pitié envers la série : .

Liens externes

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Série télévisée créée en 2022
Série télévisée française des années 2020
Série télévisée dramatique
Série télévisée se déroulant en France
Série télévisée en français
Série télévisée tournée en Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Série télévisée se déroulant en Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur

Addict (série télévisée)


منشأة سلطان إحدى قرى مركز منوف التابع لمحافظة المنوفية بجمهورية مصر العربية، وتحدها قرى تتا وغمرين ودبركي وشبرا باص ودكما والعراقية، ومن أعلامها محمد محمود السطوحي شيخ مشايخ الطرق الصوفية الأسبق.

التاريخ
قرية منشأة سلطان من القرى القديمة، حيث وردت باسم «إلواط» في أعمال المنوفية ضمن قرى الروك الصلاحي التي أحصاها ابن مماتي في كتاب قوانين الدواوين، كما وردت باسم «إلواط» في أعمال المنوفية ضمن قرى الروك الناصري التي أحصاها ابن الجيعان في كتاب «التحفة السنية بأسماء البلاد المصرية». وفي العصر العثماني وردت باسم «إلواط» في التربيع العثماني الذي أجراه الوالي العثماني سليمان باشا الخادم في عصر السلطان العثماني سليمان القانوني ضمن قرى ولاية المنوفية، وفي تاريخ 1228هـ/1813م الذي عدّ قرى مصر بعد المسح الذي قام به محمد علي باشا باسم «إلواط» ضمن قرى مديرية المنوفية. تغيّر الاسم سنة 1350هـ/1931م إلى منشأة سلطان.

السكان
بلغ عدد سكان منشأة سلطان 20,201 نسمة، منهم 10،318 رجل و9،883 إمرأة، حسب الإحصاء الرسمي لعام 2006.

انظر أيضاً
قائمة قرى محافظة المنوفية

مصادر

الوحدة المحلية لقرية منشأة سلطان (منوف)

منشأة سلطان