Achille Varzi (Galliate, Pijemont, Kraljevina Italija, 8. kolovoza 1904. - Staza Bremgarten, Bern, Švicarska, 1. srpnja 1948.) je bio talijanski vozač motociklističkih i automobilističkih utrka.

Rođen 1904. u obitelji bogatog pijemontskog trgovca tekstilom, Achille se počeo utrkivati u motociklizmu u tinejdžerskim danima, kao i njegov brat Angelo. Prvu značajniju pobjedu ostvario je 1922. na stazi Tigullio s motociklom Garelli 350. Sljedeće 1923. osvojio je talijansko prvenstvo u klasi 350 cc, pobijedivši na stazama Perugia, Busto Arsizio, Padova, Parma-Poggio Berceto i Lario. Na utrci Tourist Trophy 1924. doživio je incident, kada je, da bi izbjegao drugog vozača koji je pao, udario u zid, no prošao je s lakšim ozljedama. Godine 1926. nastupio je na utrci Isle of Man TT, gdje je u klasi 500 cc osvojio sedmo mjesto, da bi sljedeće 1927. na istoj utrci u klasi 250 cc osvojio peto mjesto. U to vrijeme, upoznao je sunarodnjaka Tazija Nuvolarija, koji mu je ubrzo postao veliki prijatelj. U sezoni 1928. dva su talijanska motociklista odlučili prijeći u svijet automobilizma. Osnovali su zajedničku momčad, kupili dva Bugattija, i do kraja iste sezone razišli se zauvijek. Zapravo nije posve jasno što se dogodilo među njima, ali do kraja karijere obojici je najveći cilj biti pobijediti onoga drugog.

Godine 1929. pobijedio je na Velikoj nagradi Monze i na utrci Coppa Acerbo, a prvu veliku pobjedu u automobilizmu, ostvario je 1930. na utrci Targa Florio u Alfa Romeu ispred Louis Chirona u Bugattiju. Potkraj utrke, Varzi je vozio s probušenim rezervoarom, te je njegov mehaničar, kada bi Varzi prolazio preko boksa, u vožnji dosipao gorivo iz kante, tako da bi na momente čitav stražnji kraj Alfa Romea bio u plamenu od onoga što bi se prosulo preko vrućeg auspuha. Chiron je s druge strane imao dva oštećena kotača u utrci, ali samo jedan rezervni. Iste godine pobjeđuje na Velikoj nagradi Španjolske i Velikoj nagradi San Sebastiána vozeći Maserati. Na utrci Mille Miglia 1930. bio je u direktnoj borbi za pobjedu s Nuvolarijem. Varzi je startao ranije i mirno kontrolirao utrku, no u nastavku ga je Nuvolari pretekao, nakon čega je desecima kilometara vozio bez svjetala kako ga Varzi ne bi uočio, prateći stazu po putanji njegovih stražnjih svjetala i mjesečini, te tako stigao do pobjede.

U Europskom automobilističkom prvenstvu je nastupao 1931. i 1932. za Bugatti. U dvije sezone odvezao je ukupno pet utrka, no samo jednu je uspio završiti, onu na stazi Montlhéry 1931., gdje se vozila Velika nagrada Francuske, na kojoj je sa suvozačem Louisom Chironom stigao do pobjede.

Sljedeće dvije godine, Europsko automobilističko prvenstvo se nije održavalo, ali je Varzi u tom razdoblju ostvario nekoliko pobjeda, među kojima je najznačajnija ona na Velikoj nagradi Monaka 1933. Varzi je u Bugattiju startao s pole positiona, dok je u drugom startnom redu na četvrtom mjestu bio Tazio Nuvolari u Alfa Romeu. U drugom krugu utrke, Nuvolari je sustigao Varzija. Tijekom sljedećih 97 krugova, nikada nisu bili udaljeni više od duljine bolida, a vodstvo se mijenjalo svakih nekoliko krugova. Nuvolarijev je Alfa Romeo bio brži na ravnicama, pa ga je bilo nešto teže preteći, te je vodio u 66 krugova spram Varzijevih 34. No, ni Bugatti nije bio za baciti, nadoknađujući manjak brzine boljim ponašanjem kroz zavoje. U predzadnjem, 99. krugu, na usponu prema Casinu, obojica su u konačnom obračunu natjerali svoje motore u visoke okretaje, preko limita. Niti jedan nije popustio, bilo je to pitanje časti. Bugattijev je motor izdržao, Alfa Romeov nije. Nuvolari je završio utrku s bolidom u plamenu, a kasnije je diskvalificiran jer mu je mehaničar pomogao guranjem bolida. Godine 1934. pobijedio je i na Targa Floriju i na utrci Mille Miglia, a pobijediti na te dvije utrke u istoj godini, uspjelo je nakon njega još samo Clementeu Biondettiju i Stirlingu Mossu.

Kada je Europsko automobilističko prvenstvo ponovo uspostavljeno 1935., Varzi je potpisao za ambicioznu njemačku momčad Auto Union. Iskustvo vožnje revolucionarnog bolida s motorom smještenim iza vozača, nije mu najbolje leglo. Ostvario je nekoliko pobjeda na utrkama koje se nisu računale za prvenstvo, no u samom prvenstvu je bio lošiji od momčadskih kolega Hansa Stucka i Bernda Rosemeyera. Sljedeće 1936. osvojio je dva postolja na Velikoj nagradi Monaka i Velikoj nagradi Švicarske, no sezonu je završio na četvrtom mjestu konačnog poretka vozača, za razliku od Stucka koji je osvojio titulu viceprvaka i Rosemeyera koji je osvojio naslov prvaka. U to vrijeme, upoznao je Ilse Pietsch, suprugu Paula Pietscha, s kojom je započeo vezu. Nakon što se neko vrijeme mučio s povremenim upalama slijepog crijeva, Varzi ga je napokon dao izvaditi, a tijekom bolnog oporavka od operacije, Ilse mu je ponudila sredstvo za ublažavanje bolova koje je i sama učestalo koristila, morfij. Prvi znak da nešto nije u redu, bila je Velika nagrada Tunisa 1936. Na stazi na kojoj je ranije briljirao i pobjeđivao, Varzi se pojavio neobrijan, rastresen i šutljiv. Na brzom dijelu staze izletio je, a njegov Auto Union se smirio naslonjen na kaktus. Nije posve izvjesno je li izlijetanje bilo posljedica pucanja ovjesa ili vozačke greške, ali nakon gotovo desetljeća nastupanja Varzi je doživio prvu nesreću u karijeri, vrlo vjerojatno s organizmom punim morfija od prethodne večeri. Pukom srećom iz nje je izašao neozlijeđen, nakon čega su uslijedile godine lutanja i borbe protiv ovisnosti, koja je postala javno poznata. Propuštao je utrke bez najave, nastupao sve manje, a početkom 1939. zbog problematičnog ponašanja i problema s drogom, ukinuta mu je trkaća licenca. Za vrijeme Drugog svjetskog rata, dio vremena je proveo po švicarskim klinikama za odvikavanje od ovisnosti. Po završetku rata, posve neočekivano, vratio se na trkaću scenu.

Od 1946. do 1948., zajedno s Jean-Pierrom Wimilleom i Carlom Feliceom Trossijem, nastupao je za Alfa Romeo na neprvenstvenim utrkama Formule 1. Na Velikoj nagradi Valentina 1946., stigao je do pobjede ispred Wimillea, dok je na Velikoj nagradi Švicarske i Velikoj nagradi Belgije 1947.,, osvojio dva druga mjesta, iza Wimillea, a ispred Trossija. Posljednju pobjedu je ostvario na Velikoj nagradi Barija 1947., dok je još jedno drugo mjesto iza pobjednika Trossija, osvojio na Velikoj nagradi Italije iste godine.

Na Bremgartenu, gdje se vozila Velika nagrada Švicarske, na treningu po jakoj kiši, Varzi je u zavoju Jordenrampe izgubio kontrolu i izletio sa staze. Nekoliko puta se okrenuvši oko osi, Varzijev Alfa Romeo 158 se gotovo zaustavio prije ograde koje je dijelila stazu od šume, ali ipak je u nju udario silom dostatnom da se od tog naizgled ne preopasnog udarca prevrne i pritom slomi vrat nesretnom Varziju. Samo nekoliko sekundi potom, Louis Chiron je zaustavio svoj bolid pokraj Varzija, ali Talijanu pomoći nije bilo. Osim Varzija, na Grand Prix vikendu u Švicarskoj, Omobono Tenni, dvostruki europski prvak, poginuo je u motociklističkoj utrci održanoj prije treninga za Veliku nagradu Švicarske, dok je domaći natjecatelj Christian Kautz, poginuo na Velikoj nagradi.

Zbog Varzijeve smrti, FIA je učinila nošenje čvrste kacige obaveznim. Talijan kacigu u Švicarskoj nije imao. U Argentini je pak pod državnom paskom osnovana trkaća momčad Scuderia Achille Varzi, koja je pružala potporu ondašnjim vozačima u pohodu na europsku trkaću scenu, a vodio ju je dugogodišnji Varzijev mehaničar Amedeo Bignami.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Achille Varzi - Driver Database
Achille Varzi - Racing Sports Cars
Achille Varzi - Stats F1

Talijanski automobilisti
Talijanski športski motociklisti

Achille Varzi


To Ring or Not to Ring este un film românesc din 2016 regizat de Răzvan Dutchevici. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Razvan Enciu, Alexandru Pupăză.

Prezentare

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 2016 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 2016

To Ring or Not to Ring


කුෂාණ අධිරාජ්‍යය (; , ; පසුකාලීන බ්‍රාහ්මී සංස්කෘත:   , , ; දේවනාගරී , ; බෞදෙස: ; , ; ) යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ මුල්කාලීන 1වන සියවසේ බැක්ට්‍රියානු භූමියෙහි පැවති යුඒචිවරුන් විසින් ගොඩනැගි අධිරාජ්‍යයකි. මෙය වර්තමාන ඇෆ්ඝනිස්තානය, පාකිස්තානය සහ උතුරු ඉන්දියාව මෙන්ම අවම වශයෙන් සාකේත සහ වාරාණසී (බෙණාරෙස්) අසල සාරනාත් දක්වා වන භූමියෙහි පැතිර තිබෙන්නට ඇතැයි සිතිය හැක්කේ එම ස්ථානවලින් හමුවන කුෂාණ අධිරාජ මහා කණිෂ්කගේ අභිලේඛන හේතුවෙනි.

පාලකයෝ
වඩාත්ම මෑතකාලීනව පිළියෙල කරන ලද රාජාවලිය මෙසේ ය:
 හෙරාඕස් (1 ප. – 30), සිය කාසිවල තමන් "කුෂාණ" ලෙස සඳහන් වන ප්‍රථම පාලකයායි
"මහා කුෂාණයෝ";
 කුජුල කැඩ්පයිසීස් (50 ප. – 90 ප.)
 වීම තක්තෝ (90 ප. – 113 ප.), හෙවත් සෝටර් මේගස් හෙවත් "මහා ගැලවුම්කරු."
 වීම කැඩ්පයිසීස් (113 ප. – 127 ප.) ප්‍රථම මහා කුෂාණ අධිරාජයා
 මහා කණිෂ්ක (127 – 151 පමණ)
 හුවිෂ්ක (151 ප. – 190 ප.)
 වාසුදේව I (190 ප. – 230) අවසන් මහා කුෂාණ අධිරාජයායි
 කණිෂ්ක II (230 ප. – 247)
 වාශිෂ්ක (247 ප. – 267)
"කුඩා කුෂාණයෝ";
 කණිෂ්ක III (267 ප. – 270)
 වාසුදේව II (270 ප. – 300)
 මහී (300 ප්. – 305)
 ශක (305 ප. – 335)
 කිපුනාද (335 ප. – 350)

මේවාත් බලන්න
 පාකිස්තානයේ ඉතිහාසය
 ඇෆ්ඝනිස්තානයේ පුරාතන ඉතිහාසය
 ඉන්දු-පාර්තියානු රාජධානිය
 මථුරා
 තක්ෂිලා
 චීනයේ ඉරානියානුවෝ

සටහන්

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

බාහිර සබැඳි

 Kushan dynasty in Encyclopædia Britannica
 Metropolitan Museum capsule history

 Coins of the Kushans on wildwinds.com

 Brief Guide to Kushan History
 The CoinIndia Online Catalogue of Kushan Coins
 Dedicated resource to study of Kushan Empire

ඇෆ්ග්ගනිස්තානයේ පුරාතන ඉතිහාසය
පාකිස්තානයේ පුරාතන ඉතිහාසය
ඇෆ්ඝනිස්තානයේ බුද්ධාගම
ඉන්දියාවේ රාජවංශ
ඉන්දියාවේ අධිරාජ්‍ය සහ රාජධානි
ආසියාවේ පැරණි අධිරාජ්‍ය
ඓතිහාසික ඉරානියානු ජනයා
යුඒචි

කුෂාණ අධිරාජ්‍යය


Kruger nationalpark er en nationalpark i Sydafrika som ligger i provinserne Mpumalanga og Limpopo. Parken er en af verdens dyrerigeste. Den er cirka 350 km lang og 60 km bred, og dækker et areal på cirka 20.000 km², hvilket svarer til det dobbelte af Sjælland og Fyn tilsammen.

I nationalparken findes 147 forskellige pattedyr, såsom store bestande af antiloper, giraffer, aber, løver og elefanter, over 500 fuglearter og 114 forskellige krybdyrarter. Gode bilveje og lejrpladser gør området lettilgængeligt for turister og forskere. Parken blev oprindeligt oprettet i 1898 af præsident Paul Kruger som et fredet areal, Sabie Game Reserve, og 1926 blev området nationalpark. 1961 fik parken en indhegning, og siden 2000-tallet udvidedes den med lignende parker i Mozambique og Zimbabwe.

I januar 2014 tiltrak området sig opmærksomhed efter at en flod som løber gennem nationalparken forurenedes af udslip fra en fosfatmine. Resultatet blev i første omgang en meget stor fiskedød.

Kilder og eksterne henvisninger

 Officiel hjemmeside
 Heide-Jørgensen (2006) Naturindtryk fra Kruger Nationalpark og omegn

Nationalparker i Afrika
Sydafrikas geografi
Grænseoverskridende beskyttede områder

Kruger nationalpark


Auður Ava Ólafsdóttir (Reikiavik, 1958) es una escritora islandesa, profesora de historia del arte en la Universidad de Reikiavik y directora del Museo de la Universidad de Islandia.

Premios
 Premio literario de la ciudad de Reykjavik, 2004
 Premio Menningarverðlaun DV, 2008
 Premio Page des Libraires,  2010
 Premio Fjöruverðlaun
 Prix des Amis Du Scribe
 Premio de los Libreros de Quebec a la mejor novela extranjera
 Prix du Roman Venu d'Ailleurs
 Premio Médicis Extranjero

Obras
 Upphækkuð jörð, 1998
 Rigning í nóvember (La mujer es una isla), 2004
 Afleggjarinn (Rosa candida), 2007
 Undantekningin (La excepción), 2012
 Ör (Hotel Silencio), 2016
 Ungfrú Ísland (La escritora), 2018

Véase también
Literatura de Islandia

Escritores de Islandia del siglo XX
Escritores de Islandia del siglo XXI
Escritores en islandés
Escritoras de Islandia
Islandesas del siglo XX
Islandesas del siglo XXI
Nacidos en Reikiavik

Auður Ava Ólafsdóttir


Delaware County er navnet på 6 counties i USA:

 Delaware County, Indiana
 Delaware County, Iowa
 Delaware County, New York
 Delaware County, Ohio
 Delaware County, Oklahoma
 Delaware County, Pennsylvania

Delaware County


Famous Blue Raincoat (hr. Poznati kišni mantil) skladba je koju je napisao kantautor i književnik Leonard Cohen. Nalazi se kao šesta pjesma na njegovom trećem albumu iz 1971. Songs of Love and Hate. Pjesma je napisana u obliku pisma. Tekst pjesme govori o ljubavnom trokutu, između pisca, žene koja se zove Jane, i muškarca koji se samo spominje kao "my brother, my killer", (hr. moj brat, moj ubojica).

Pozadina
Tekst pjesme referira na njemačku ljubavnu pjesmu "Lili Marlene," na scijentologiju, i na Clinton Street. Cohen je živio 1970-ih na Clinton Streetu na Manhattanu kada je to bila živopisna latino-četvrt.

Cohen je rekao 1994. "da je to bila pjesma s kojom nisam nikada bio zadovoljan". U knjizi, The Complete Guide to the Music of Leonard Cohen objavljenoj 1999., pisci su komentirali Cohenovo pitanje u pjesmi, "Did you ever go clear?", kao referencu na scijentologiju.

Leonard Cohen je u tekstovima za album The Best of Leonard Cohen, objavljenom 1975. i koja je sadržavala tu pjesmu, spomenuo da je "famous blue raincoat" pripadao njemu, a ne nekoj drugoj osobi:

Ron Cornelius je svirao gitaru na albumu Songs of Love and Hate i bio vođa Cohenovog sastava nekoliko godina. On je izjavio Songfactsu: "Svirali smo tu pjesmu puno prije nego što je snimljena. Znali smo da će bito poznata. Mogli smo vidjeti što je publika radila — sviraš u Royal Albert Hallu, gomila poludi, a ti zbilja kažeš nešto jako tu. Ako bih morao izabrati omiljenu pjesmu s tog albuma, vjerojatno bi to bila 'Famous Blue Raincoat.'"

Cover inačice
"Famous Blue Raincoat" su obrađivali i brojni drugi pjevači a poznata je i obrada od Tori Amos. Jennifer Warnes je posudila ime pjesme za svoj album na kojima pjeva razne inačice Cohenovih pjesama.

Izvori

Kanadske skladbe

Famous Blue Raincoat


Continuité est un magazine québécois fondé en 1982 spécialisé dans les questions patrimoniales.

Histoire
Le magazine a été fondé en 1982 par Luc Noppen, alors président du Conseil des monuments et sites du Québec (CMSQ), sous le titre Continuité, le patrimoine en perspective. D'abord publié par le CMSQ avec l'appui d'Héritage Canada, le magazine est publié depuis 1986 par l'organisme à but non lucratif Éditions Continuité.

Diffusé de manière plus restreinte dans sa première année d'existence, le magazine est distribué dans les principaux kiosques à journaux dès 1983. Quatre ans après la fondation du magazine, en 1986, la ligne graphique est renouvelée et fait de l'actualité l'élément déclencheur des contenus de Continuité, selon la directrice de l'époque Line Ouellet. Le tirage du périodique atteint alors 4000 exemplaires. En date de 2003, le magazine était distribué dans 700 points de vente et atteignait 20000 personnes.

Ligne éditoriale
Unique revue francophone d'Amérique du Nord à ses débuts, la revue avait pour objectif, selon les propos de Béatrice Verge, directrice et rédactrice en chef de l'époque, d'être « un outil de sensibilisation et de diffusion qui vise la mise en valeur et la protection du patrimoine. »

Comité de rédaction, contributrices et contributeurs

Membres actuels
Caroline Fortin est directrice générale et rédactrice en chef du magazine (en date du 25 août 2022), remplaçant ainsi Josiane Ouellet qui a occupé le poste de rédactrice en chef durant une période de 10 ans.

Denis Boucher, Renée Genest, Pierre Lahoud, Alexandre Petitpas, Jessika Poirier et Mélanie St-Hilaire formaient le comité de rédaction lors de la parution du numéro d'été 2022 de la revue.

Prix et honneurs

1991: Prix Thomas-Baillairgé décerné par l'Ordre des architectes du Québec « pour sa contribution à la promotion d'une architecture de qualité et à la conservation du patrimoine. »

Notes et références
https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/2733350?docsearchtext=continuit%C3%A9%20patrimoine

https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/2927457?docsearchtext=revue%20continuit%C3%A9

https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/2974301?docsearchtext=patrimoine%20continuit%C3%A9

Liens externes

https://www.lafabriqueculturelle.tv/capsules/11300/l-hopital-general-de-quebec-revue-continuite
https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/continuite/

Magazine québécois
Presse culturelle au Québec
Titre de presse créé en 1982
Patrimoine au Canada

Continuité (magazine)


Royal Bernard Drôme Classic er et fransk cykelløb som blev arrangeret for første gang i 2014. Løbet er rangeret som 1.Pro af UCI og er en del af UCI ProSeries.

Vindere

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Etableret i 2014

La Drôme Classic


In Carnatic classical music, alapana is a form of manodharmam, or improvisation, that introduces and develops a raga (musical scale). It communicates the permitted notes and phrases of the raga, setting the mood for the composition that follows. As a term that is Sanskrit in language, alapana means "to speak, address, discourse, communicate". It is the first part of Ragam Tanam Pallavi (RTP), which showcases a Carnatic musician's ability to understand a raga and improvise music set to it.

Overview

The flavor of the raga is outlined in the alapana by rendering the raga's permitted notes in structures and phrases unique to the raga (known as "raga lakshanam"). Alapana typically precedes a song that is going to be sung in the same raga. It demonstrates proper knowledge of the raga by highlighting key phrases common to it. Alapana is rendered in different speeds, with a gradual increase in tempo. Likewise, the complexity of the patterns increases steadily as the alapana progresses.

Alapana, also referred to as ragam, is the exposition of a raga or tone. It is a slow improvisation with no rhythm, where the raga acts as the basis of embellishment.  In performing alapana, performers consider each raga as an object that has beginnings and endings and consists somehow of sequences of thought.

In a Carnatic concert, the alapana introducing a major composition may last 45 minutes or more, while those preceding other compositions are proportionately shorter. Performers and instrumental accompanists often render the alapana together and individually (for example, vocalist's phrases are shadowed by that of a violinist, and later the violinist may perform solo).

Raga Alapana is divided into three parts: Akshipthika, Ragavardhini, and Magarini.

Three Parts of Raga Alapana

Akshipthika
In Carnatic music, the Akshipthika is the first part or the introductory part of the alapana. It gives an idea about the raga (musical mode) in which the song is going to be sung. It is followed by the ragavardhini. Akshipthika is the introduction to the raga. It usually starts on a low note in the scale but then again the artist is permitted to start wherever they want on the scale and at whatever tempo they want. We must remember that the idea of raga alapana is to allow the musician to creatively express themselves and the raga without sticking to a particular scaffold as they must in a song. Thus, there is no particular order or manner in which it must be performed.

Ragavardhini
Ragavardhini is a major part of the alapana of a raga. The performer gives a step-by-step elaboration of the raga, pausing at each major note or swara.

Magarini
Magarini is the concluding section of the alapana. The artist sings brisks passages scaling across the entire range of raga.

References

Indian classical music
Carnatic music terminology

Alapana


This is a list of aviation-related events from 1946:

Events
 The American Section of the International League of Aviators resurrects the National Trophy, a Harmon Trophy awarded from 1926 to 1938 to the outstanding aviator of the year in each of the 21 member countries of the now-defunct League. It will be awarded until 1949 amid much controversy, with the awards going largely unrecognized.
 The Electric Boat Company purchases Canadair from the Government of Canada, an important step toward the 1952 founding of General Dynamics Corporation.
 The Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile (BEA), or Bureau of Investigation and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety, is formed as the French government agency responsible for investigating aviation accidents and incidents and making safety recommendations based on what is learned from those investigations.
 The Nicaraguan airline LANICA begins flight operations.

January
 Aeropostal Alas de Venezuela (LAV) inaugurates its second international route, offering service between Venezuela and Aruba in the Netherlands East Indies. The route connects LAV with KLM′s international route structure.
 January 1
A British South American Airways Avro Lancastrian becomes the first commercial flight to depart from London Heathrow Airport.
East African Airways begins flight operations.
Middle East Airlines begins flight operations, flying three de Havilland DH.89A Dragon Rapides between Beirut, Lebanon, and Nicosia, Cyprus.
 January 6 – Pennsylvania Central Airlines Flight 105, a Douglas DC-3-393, crashes while landing at Birmingham Municipal Airport in Birmingham, Alabama, killing three and injuring five of the 19 people on board.
 January 8 – The U.S. Joint War Plans Committee reports that by July 1946, as a result of post-World War II demobilization, the United States Army Air Forces will have only five heavy bomber groups in Europe, with only a 65-percent readiness level, and a reserve force of five heavy bomber groups in the United States, with only a 20-percent readiness level. It also reports that the United States Navy will have 13 aircraft carriers at a high state of readiness by that time. It finds that in the event of war with the Soviet Union, the only effective American response will be the delivery of atomic bombs by aircraft of the U.S. Army Air Forces and the United States Navy, and recommends atomic strikes by Army Air Forces B-29 Superfortress bombers based in England; Foggia, Italy; Agra, India; and Chengdu, Republic of China, on 17 Soviet cities to target administrative and research and development centers and aircraft and munitions factories, with an expectation of a B-29 loss rate of 35 percent. It recommends an inventory of 196 atomic bombs in order to carry out this campaign.
 January 10 – A Sikorsky R5 sets an unofficial helicopter altitude record of  at Stratford, Connecticut.
 January 12 – The U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff note that the use of atomic bombs alone will be insufficient to defeat the Soviet Union in the event of a war, and that substantial conventional air, ground, and naval forces will remain necessary.
 January 14 – Pan American Airways becomes the first airline to offer transatlantic Lockheed Constellation service, beating its rival Transcontinental & Western Air in providing transatlantic Constellation service by three weeks.
 January 18 – The most decorated United States Navy ship of World War II, the aircraft carrier , arrives at Bayonne, New Jersey, completing the second of her two round-trip voyages between the New York City area and Southampton, England, to bring American military personnel back to the United States as part of Operation Magic Carpet. She never puts to sea again.
 January 26 – United States Army Air Forces Colonel William Councill sets a new U.S. transcontinental speed record of 4 hours 13 minutes in a Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star.
 January 28 – Iraqi Airways begins flight operations, offering a service to Syria using five De Havilland Dragon Rapides.

February
 Misr Airlines, the future EgyptAir, ceases all flight operations until May because of three accidents in late 1945 and resulting strikes demanding that the airline acquire newer, safer aircraft.
 February 4 – Pan American Airways begins its first transatlantic landplane service, scheduling seven Douglas DC-4 flights per week from LaGuardia Airport in New York City to Hurn Airport at Bournemouth in England and two per week between LaGuardia Airport and Lisbon, Portugal. The flights to Bournemouth take 17 hours 40 minutes one-way and those to Lisbon take 20 hours 45 minutes one-way. The flights are a great advance over Pan Am's one-every-two-week Boeing 314 flying boat service from LaGuardia to Lisbon, which requires 29 hours 30 minutes one way, and the airline soon ends flying boat service.
 February 5 – Transcontinental and Western Air, the future Trans World Airlines, inaugurates its first international service, using Lockheed Constellations on the route New York City–Gander, Newfoundland–Shannon, Ireland–Paris, France.
 February 8 – Trans Australia Airlines is founded. It will begin flight operations in September.
 February 11 – After lengthy negotiations, American and British government representatives reach the Bermuda Agreement, the first bilateral agreement regulating international commercial air transport. Agreement also is reached for the International Air Transport Association (IATA) to coordinate and fix international air fares.
 February 14 – Using Douglas DC-4s, National Airlines launches both the first nonstop service between Miami, Florida, and New York City and the first four-engined commercial flights between the two cities.
 February 25–26 (overnight) – Jewish guerrillas attack three Royal Air Force bases in the British Mandate of Palestine simultaneously. The attacks destroy 22 Handley Page Halifaxes, seven Supermarine Spitfires, and four Avro Ansons.

March
 March 3 – The second jet fighter to serve in the Royal Air Force, the De Havilland Vampire, enters service with 247 Squadron.
 March 8 – The Bell 47 receives the worlds first type certificate awarded to a civil helicopter.
 March 9 – The United States Army Air Forces establish the Air Materiel Command.
 March 10 – The Australian National Airways Douglas DC-3 VH-AET crashes into Frederick Henry Bay off Seven-Mile Beach south of Cambridge Aerodrome just after takeoff from Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, killing all 25 people on board. At the time it is the second-deadliest aviation accident and deadliest civil aviation accident in Australian history.
 March 12 – The U.S. Army Air Forces redesignate the Army Air Forces School at Maxwell Field, Alabama, as the Air University.
 March 14 – The Royal Canadian Navy commissions its first aircraft carrier, , which the United Kingdom has transferred to Canada. She will serve until replaced by  in 1948.
 March 21 – A major reorganization of the United States Army Air Forces creates the Strategic Air Command, the Air Defense Command, and the Tactical Air Command.
 March 23 – The Royal Netherlands Navy commissions its first aircraft carrier, the escort carrier HNLMS Karel Doorman (QH1). Formerly the British carrier , she will serve until replaced in 1948 by the fleet carrier HNLMS Karel Doorman (R81).
 March 29 – Maszovlet (the Hungarian-Soviet Civil Air Transport Joint Stock Company) is founded as Hungary's first post-World War II airline. In November 1954 it will be renamed Malév Hungarian Airlines.
 March 31
The U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff assess that a U.S. atomic arsenal and bombers capable of delivering it promptly could deter the Soviet Union from launching a war.
 Transcontinental and Western Air inaugurates international service from the United States to Rome, Athens, and Cairo.

April
 April 5
 Brewster Aeronautical Corporation is dissolved by its shareholders.
 A Fleet Air Arm Vickers Wellington, HE274, crashes into a residential area in Rabat, Malta during a training exercise, killing all 4 crew members and 16 civilians on the ground.
 April 9 - The Indonesian Air Force is founded by Indonesian Republican forces in the Netherlands East Indies. Initially it is equipped with a limited number of small aircraft left behind by Japanese military forces at the end of World War II.

May
 Pacific Ocean Airlines initiates air passenger service between the continental United States and Hawaii.
 Misr Airlines, the future EgyptAir, resumes flight operations. It had suspended flights in February because of three accidents in late 1945 and resulting strikes demanding that the airline acquire newer, safer aircraft.
 May 1 – Transcontinental and Western Air inaugurates international service from the United States to Lisbon and Madrid.
 May 20 – A United States Army Air Forces Beechcraft C-45F Expediter flying in fog from Lake Charles Army Air Field in Louisiana to Newark Airport in Newark, New Jersey, crashes into the north side of 40 Wall Street in New York City, striking the 58th floor. The crash creates a 20-by-10-foot (6.1-by-3-meter) hole in the masonry and kills all five people aboard the plane, one of them a Women's Army Corps officer. No one on the street below and none of the 2,000 people in the building are injured.
 May 27 – In United States v. Causby, the United States Supreme Court rules that the common law doctrine that persons who own real property own it Cuius est solum, eius est usque ad coelum et ad inferos ("from the depths to the heavens") "has no place in the modern world" at least as far as air rights are concerned, but that it remains "fundamental to property rights in land" as a source of law, and therefore a landowner does own "at least as much of the space above the ground as he can occupy or use in connection with the land" and invasions of that airspace "are in the same category as invasions of the surface." The ruling entitles the plaintiff to collect damages from the United States Government under the takings clause of the Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution for forcing him out of the business of raising chickens on his farm because of the negative effect on the chickens of U.S. military aircraft operating from a nearby airport, but it does not specifically define where private property rights end and public airspace begins over private property in the United States.
 May 31 - London Heathrow Airport is officially opened.

June
 The United States possesses nine atomic bombs, two of them earmarked for use in tests.
 The United States estimates that the Soviet Air Force has 14,000 combat aircraft and that the Soviet Navy has 2,000 aircraft.
 With post-World War II demobilisation underway, 100,000 members of the British Women's Auxiliary Air Force have left the service.
 June 4 – SABENA inaugurates its first transatlantic route, using Douglas DC-4 airliners to fly between Belgium and New York City.
 June 8 – A celebration of the Allied victory in World War II is held in London. It includes a flypast of 300 British aircraft over the city that stretches for , led by a Hawker Hurricane that had fought in the Battle of Britain in 1940.
 June 11 – Capitol Airways is founded.
 June 15 – The United States Navys newly formed Navy Flight Exhibition Team, better known as the Blue Angels, gives its first public performance at Jacksonville-Craig Field at Jacksonville, Florida.
 June 21 – A U.S. Army Air Forces P-80 Shooting Star carries the first air mail flown by a turbojet-powered aircraft.
 June 22 – Venezuela creates the Venezuelan Air Force as an independent service equal with the Venezuelan Army and Venezuelan Navy.

July
 The Government of Iran establishes the Iran Civil Aviation Organization as Iran's civil aviation authority.
 July 1
As part of Operation Crossroads, the U.S. Army Air Forces 509th Bombardment Group B-29 Superfortress Dave's Dream drops an atomic bomb on Bikini Atoll in the central Pacific Ocean in nuclear test Able. The bomb detonates at an altitude of  but inflicts less damage than expected on target ships anchored around the atoll because it misses its aim point by .
The U.S. Navy establishes Experimental Squadron 3 (VX-3). Equipped with Piasecki HRP-1 Rescuer helicopters, it probably is the worlds first official all-helicopter squadron.
With post-World War II demobilization well underway, the U.S. Navys force of aircraft carriers has dropped to 23 of all types with more decommissionings planned, while its aircraft force has declined from 41,000 to 24,000 within the past year and continues to decline rapidly.
 July 4 – The aircraft carriers  and  are among ten U.S. Navy ships participating in the celebration at Manila of the independence of the Republic of the Philippines.
 July 11 – A fire begins in the baggage compartment of the Transcontinental and Western Airways Lockheed L-049 Constellation Star of Lisbon during a training flight with no passengers on board designated Flight 513. The fire spreads and the plane crashes near Reading, Pennsylvania, killing five of the six people on board. As a result of the accident, all Constellations are grounded from July 12 to August 23 for the installation of cargo fire detection equipment.
 July 21 – A McDonnell XFD-1 Phantom executes the first intentional and controlled landing by a purely jet-powered aircraft aboard a U.S. Navy aircraft carrier, .
 July 26
 The U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff report that the Soviet Union has 4,000 combat aircraft based in Germany at a high state of readiness and able to strike virtually without warning.
 Trans-Pacific Airlines (the future Aloha Airlines) begins non-scheduled interisland service in Hawaii.
July 31 – Philippine Airlines becomes the first Asian airline to cross the Pacific using a chartered Douglas DC-4 on the first of several flights to ferry home 40 US servicemen. Each crossing took 41 hours with fuelling stops at Guam, Wake, Kwajelein and Honolulu.

August
 The United Kingdom loans the aircraft carrier  to France, which commissions her as Arromanches. Arromanches becomes the French Navys first non-experimental fleet aircraft carrier. France will purchase the ship outright in 1951.
 The first peacetime deployment of American naval air power in the Mediterranean Sea in history begins with the arrival there of the aircraft carrier .
 August 1 – The United Kingdom establishes British European Airways as a state-owned corporation.
 August 5 – The U.S. Joint Warfare Planning Committee predicts that after 1950 the Soviet Union will be able to strike the United States with guided missiles and strategic bombers armed with atomic weapons, seize territory in Alaska and Canada from which to launch air attacks against the United States, and employ airborne forces to attack vital targets. It recommends that the United States develop air warning, air defense, and antiaircraft artillery systems with which to counter such operations.
 August 9 – As three U.S. Army Air Forces A-26 Invader attack aircraft make a low-level pass during an air show at the North Montana State Fair in Great Falls, Montana, two of them collide  from a grandstand crowded with 20,000 spectators. The wing of one A-26 shears off the tail of the other. The tail-less A-26 crashes into a horse barn, killing three crew members, three people on the ground, and twenty thoroughbred horses; the other A-26 continues to fly for between one and five miles (1.6 and 8 kilometers) (sources differ) before crashing in a field, killing one of its crewmen. The third bomber in the formation lands safely.
 August 15 – The U.S. Joint Warfare Planning Committee submits Plan Gridle for the defense of Turkey against the Soviet Union, which finds that the Turkish Air Force of fewer than 700 aircraft could offer only token resistance against a Soviet offensive and would have to be reinforced by ten American fighter groups, followed by the establishment of U.S. Army Air Forces heavy bomber bases in Turkey.
 August 23 – The U.S. Joint Intelligence Staff assesses that by 1948 the Soviet Union will be able to deploy 2,000 bombers against sea lines of communication in the Mediterranean Sea.
 August 30 – Bell's chief test pilot, Jack Woolams, dies in a plane crash while flying the P-39 "Cobra I" over Lake Ontario preparing for an air race the following day.

September
 Frank N. Piaseckis P.V. Engineering Forum is renamed Piasecki Helicopter Corporation.
 Operation Magic Carpet, which returns millions of American military personnel to the United States after World War II, concludes. Sixty-three U.S. aircraft carriers have taken part as temporary personnel transports.
 September 1 – Using Douglas DC-4 aircraft, Northwest Airlines initiates service between Seattle, Washington, and Anchorage, Alaska, as the first leg of its proposed United States-Japan North Pacific route.
 September 7 – A Royal Air Force Gloster Meteor flown by Group Captain E. M. Donaldson establishes a new world absolute air speed record of  off the coast of West Sussex, England. The same day, a U.S. Army Air Forces Republic P-84 Thunderjet narrowly misses the world record, setting a United States speed record of .
 September 9 – Trans Australia Airlines begins flight operations with a domestic flight in Australia from Laverton, Victoria, to Sydney. The flight carries a number of VIPs and only one paying passenger.
 September 16
The Italian airline Alitalia is formed.
Seaboard & Western Airlines is founded, operating a fleet of Douglas DC-4 aircraft. It will change its name to Seaboard World Airlines in April 1961.
 September 17 – A Sabena Douglas C-47 Skytrain (registration OO-AUR) crashes on takeoff from Haren Airport in Brussels, Belgium, killing one crew member. The other two crew members and four passengers on board survive.
 September 18 – A Sabena Douglas DC-4 (registration OO-CBG) crashes  short of the runway while on final approach to Gander Airport in the Dominion of Newfoundland, killing 27 of the 44 people on board. A United States Coast Guard team from Coast Guard Air Station Elizabeth City in Elizabeth City, North Carolina, led by Commander Frank A. Erickson disassembles two helicopters, ships them to Newfoundland in fixed-wing aircraft, reassembles them, and uses them to rescue the 17 survivors.
 September 19 – The Portuguese airline Transportes Aéreos Portugueses, the future TAP Portugal, begins flight operations.
 September 24 – Cathay Pacific Airways is founded in Hong Kong by American Roy Farrell and Australian Sydney de Kantzow.
 September 27 – Geoffrey de Havilland Jr. is killed when the de Havilland DH 108 breaks up in mid-air over the Thames Estuary.
 September 29 – The United States Navy Lockheed P2V Neptune Truculent Turtle, piloted by Commander Thomas D. Davies and aided by four JATO rockets, departs Perth, Australia, bound nonstop for Naval Air Station Anacostia in Washington, D.C. On take-off, it weighs , the heaviest twin-engine aircraft ever to take off up to this time. Although bad weather forces the plane to land short of Washington in Columbus, Ohio, after 55 hours 17 minutes continuously in the air, the flight nonetheless sets a new nonstop, unrefueled world distance record of  which stands for 16 years until broken by a U.S. Air Force B-52H Stratofortress in 1962.

October
 Under pressure from Pan American Airways, the Government of Mexico suspends the operating permit for the airline Aerovias Braniff, which has operated only since March 1945. With the U.S. Civil Aeronautics Board denying Braniff Airways' request to merge with Aerovias Braniff, the brief history of Aerovias Braniff comes to an end.
October 3 – Carrying mostly wives and children of United States Army personnel serving in Germany, the  American Overseas Airlines Douglas DC-4 Flagship New England crashes into a mountainside shortly after taking off from Stephenville in the Dominion of Newfoundland bound for Shannon Airport in Ireland, killing all 39 people on board. It is the worst U.S. civil airline accident in history at the time.
October 15 – Hermann Göring commits suicide by poisoning himself in his jail cell at Nuremberg, Germany, the day before his scheduled hanging for war crimes. A World War I ace with 22 victories and one of the leaders of the German Nazi movement and government, he had served as Supreme Commander of the German Luftwaffe from 1935 to 1945.
October 23 – Orient Airways, the first and only Muslim-owned airline in the British Raj, is founded. It will begin operations in June 1947.
October 29 – California Polytechnic State University football team plane crash: A Curtiss C-46 carrying the Cal Poly Mustangs football team crashes during takeoff from Toledo Express Airport in Ohio, resulting in 22 deaths.

November
November 6 – An American intelligence report predicts that by 1956 the Soviet Union will have a strategic air force and as many as 150 atomic bombs, while the United States will have 350 to 400 atomic bombs. It assesses that the Soviet Union would withhold its atomic weapons during a war in order to deter an American nuclear attack on Soviet targets.
November 10 – A U.S. Army Air Forces C-53 Skytrooper crashes on Switzerland's Gauli Glacier, posing a challenge for an assemblage of rescuers from the United States and the United Kingdom and Swiss aviators in spotting the downed plane. They rescue all twelve people (four crew members and eight passengers), partly through the Swiss use of a pair of Fieseler Fi 156 Storch ski-equipped short-takeoff-or-landing (STOL)-capable aircraft.
November 23 – An Avro Lancastrian powered by two Rolls-Royce Merlin piston engines and two Rolls-Royce Nene turbojets turns off its Merlins and, operating using only the Nenes, becomes the first commercial aircraft to fly solely on jet power, making the trip from London to Paris in just 41 minutes.
November 27 – Monarch Airlines begins scheduled air service with a flight from Durango, Colorado, using a Douglas DC-3.

December
 The Soviet Air Forces first jet fighter, the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-9 (NATO reporting name "Fargo"), becomes operational.
 December 20 – The U.S. Joint Warfare Planning Committee reports that air forces in Italy consist of 112 British Royal Air Force fighters and 198 obsolete operational aircraft of the ill-trained Italian Air Force, which has low morale, and that in an invasion of Italy by the Soviet Union and its allies these forces would face 642 Yugoslav Air Force combat aircraft.
 December 24 – Western Air Lines Flight 44, a Douglas DC-3A (registration NC45395) crashes into the east slope of Cayupaipe Mountain in the Laguna Mountains while descending to a landing at Lindbergh Field in San Diego, California, towards the end of a flight from Holtville Airport, in Holtville, California, killing all 12 people on board.
 December 25 – Three passenger planes, all flying in from Chongqing, China, crash due to fog in separate incidents in Shanghai, China, killing at least 62 of the combined 68 passengers and 9 crew members aboard. Two of the planes belong to China National Aviation Corporation and one to Central Air Transport.
 December 30 – A United States Navy PBM Mariner supporting Operation Highjump crashes at Thurston Island, Antarctica, during a blizzard, killing three of the nine people on board. The six survivors are rescued 13 days later by aircraft from the U.S. Navy seaplane tender .
 December 31
The Portuguese airline Transportes Aéreos Portugueses (TAP) – the future TAP Portugal – begins its 12-stop Linha Aérea Imperial ("Imperial Air Line") service to Portuguese colonies, including stops at Luanda, Portuguese Angola, and Lourenço Marques, Portuguese East Africa.
The U.S. Navys inventory of combat aircraft stands at 1,461, a 64 percent decline from the force it had available at the end of World War II on 15 August 1945. It has 10,000 naval aviators.

First flights
 OKB-1 EF 131 (or Junkers EF 131)

January
 January 19 – Bell X-1 (unpowered)

February
 February 4 – Republic XF-12 Rainbow
 February 28 – Republic XP-84 45-54975, prototype of the F-84 Thunderjet

March
 March 10 – Avro Tudor 2 G-AGSU
 March 31 – Percival Prentice

April
 April 4 – Starck AS.57
 April 17 – Avro Tudor 7
 April 24
Mikoyan-Gurevich I-300, the Soviet Union's first jet
Yakovlev Yak-15 (three hours after the I-300)

May
 May 7 – Handley Page Hastings
 May 10 – SECAN Courlis
 May 17 – Douglas XB-43, first U.S. jet bomber 44-61508
 May 19 – Miles M.60 Marathon
 May 21 – Junkers EF 126 (unpowered)
 May 22 – de Havilland Canada DHC-1 Chipmunk

June
 June 6 – SNCAC NC.3021 Belphégor
 June 7 – Short Sturgeon prototype RK787
 June 14 – Fairchild F-11 Husky
 June 25 – Northrop XB-35 42-13603, prototype of the Northrop YB-35 flying-wing bomber

July
 July 7 – Hughes XF-11
 July 8 – Convair Model 110
 July 10 – Douglas DC-6
 July 27 – Supermarine Attacker prototype TS409

August
 August 8 – Convair XB-36 42-13570, prototype of the Convair B-36 Peacemaker
 August 16 – Northrop XP-89, prototype of the F-89 Scorpion

September
 September 11
Lavochkin La-150
North American XFJ-1, prototype of the FJ-1 Fury, the first jet aircraft to enter service with the United States Navy
 September 20 - Martin XP4M-1, prototype of the Martin P4M Mercator

October
 October 2 – Vought XF6U-1, prototype of the F6U Pirate
 October 7 – Fairchild XNQ
 October 13 – Boisavia Muscadet

November
 Ryan XF2R-1 Dark Shark
 November 9 – Lockheed R6O Constitution, later R6V Constitution
 November 11
Avions Fairey Belfair OO-TIA
SNCASO SO-6000 Triton, France's first jet
 November 13 – Sukhoi Su-9
 November 16 – Saab 90 Scandia prototype SE-BCA
 November 27 – North American XFJ-1, prototype of the FJ Fury, by George Welch

December
 December 2 – Beechcraft T-34 Mentor
 December 9 – Bell X-1 (first powered flight)
 December 12 *– Westland Wyvern TS371
 December 21 – Northrop N-23 Pioneer

Entered service
 Aeronca 11 Chief
 Fairchild F-11 Husky

September
 September 1 - Vickers Viking with British European Airways (G-AHOP)
 September 30 - Short S.26 with BOAC Golden Hind (G-AFCI)

November
 November 24 - Douglas DC-6 with American Airlines and United Airlines

Retirements
 Vought OS2U Kingfisher by the United States Navy.

References

 Bridgman, Leonard. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1951–52. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company, Ltd, 1951.

Aviation by year

1946 in aviation


Albert  de Pietengau (né vers 1215, mort le  ou 1262) est le vingt-huitième évêque de Ratisbonne et prince-évêque de la principauté épiscopale de Ratisbonne de 1246 à 1259.

Famille
Le père d'Albert est le comte Gottfried de Sigmaringen-Helfenstein et sa mère est Adelheid de Neuffen, fille du comte Berthold  de Weissenhorn-Neuffen-Achalm-Hettingen. Comme ses deux frères, le comte Gebhard de Sigmaringen-Pietengau et le comte Berthold de Pietengau, le nom de famille d'Albert s'écrit Byedingowe, Bitengowe, Pietengaw, Petinkeu, Peutengau, Pietengau ou Peitingau (aujourd'hui Peiting).

Biographie
Albert est chanoine à Halberstadt quand, en 1246, le cardinal légat Philippe de Ferrare, passant outre le droit de vote du chapitre de la cathédrale, e fait évêque de Ratisbonne, après la mort de l'évêque Siegfried. Le nouvel évêque fait venir ses frères Gebhard et Berthold, qu'il nomme vicedominus de l'évêché ; Berthold doit probablement son influence pour son élection comme évêque de Passau en 1250.

Albert est un organe volontaire de la Curie dans ses mesures contre le duc Othon II de Bavière, est en contact avec le roi Ottokar II de Bohême et combat depuis sa forteresse de Stauf. Albert s'arrange pour que son ministériel Konrad von Hohenfels puisse assassiner le roi Conrad IV de Hohenstaufen dans la nuit du , alors que le roi de Germanie séjourne à Ratisbonne. L'évêque et la ville sont alors toujours en litige avec la Bavière.

Au printemps 1258, des commissaires pontificaux viennent à Ratisbonne en raison d'une accusation de sodomie contre l'évêque, une accusation parmi d'autres que son chapitre présente au pape . Albert de Pietengau se rend à Rome pour répondre, mais la partie accusatrice s'emporte. Au printemps 1259, il rencontre la Curie en résidence à Anagni et présente sa démission.

La raison de sa démission peut être la réconciliation entre le duc Louis II de Bavière et les citoyens, ce qui a peut-être rendu sa position intenable. Pour sa retraite, Albert se contente de quelques bénéfices dans le diocèse et se rend à l'abbaye de Sittichenbach.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Évêque de Ratisbonne
Évêque catholique du XIIIe siècle
Date de naissance non renseignée (XIIIe siècle)
Date de décès non renseignée (XIIIe siècle)
Prince-évêque de Ratisbonne

Albert Ier de Pietengau


توجد وحدات كثيرة للوزن ولكن الأكثر شيوعا منها النظام الفرنسي والإنجليزي والصيني وهذا الجدول تعطيك المكافئ لكل وحدة:

استخدام هذه الوحدات
 كيلو مستخدم في البلدان والدول التي تستعمل النظام الفرنسي
 الباوند في الدول والبلدان التي تستعمل النظام الإنجليزي
 جين تايواني في تايوان
 جين صيني في الصين وهونغ كونغ

انظر أيضا
 وحدات طول
 وحدات الحجم
 وحدات الوزن

مراجع

وحدات دولية

وحدات الوزن


قائمة بالأبطال في بطولة 1991 أمريكا المفتوحة:

الكبار

فردي رجال

 ستيفان إدبرغ هزم  جيم كورير ، 6-2, 6-4, 6-0

فردي سيدات

 مونيكا سيليش هزم  مارتينا نافراتيلوفا ، 7-6, 6-1

مراجع

الرياضة في مدينة نيويورك في 1991
أحداث أغسطس 1991 الرياضية في الولايات المتحدة
أمريكا المفتوحة حسب السنة (كرة مضرب)
كرة المضرب في 1991
كرة مضرب أمريكية في 1991
أحداث سبتمبر 1991 الرياضية في الولايات المتحدة

أمريكا المفتوحة 1991 (كرة مضرب)


San Miguel de Tucumán (), usually called simply Tucumán, is the capital and largest city of Tucumán Province, located in northern Argentina  from Buenos Aires. It is the fifth-largest city of Argentina after Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Rosario and Mendoza and the most important of the northern region. The Spanish conquistador  founded the city in 1565 in the course of an expedition from present-day Peru. Tucumán moved to its present site in 1685.

Overview

The city is bordered on the north by Las Talitas (Tafí Viejo), on the east by Banda del Río Salí and Alderetes (Cruz Alta), on the west by the city of Yerba Buena, and on the south by Lules.

The city is located on the slopes of the Aconquija mountains, the easternmost mountain range before the large Chaco-Pampean flats. It is the commercial center of an irrigated area that produces large quantities of sugarcane, rice, tobacco, and fruit, giving the province its nickname, the Garden of the Republic. The National University of Tucumán (1914) and the Saint Thomas Aquinas University of the North (1965) are in the city.

On July 9, 1816, a congress gathered in Tucumán declared independence from Spain, which did not officially recognize it until 1862. The meeting place of the congress, the House of Tucumán, has been reconstructed as a national monument.  After the national government broke down in 1820, the town was capital of the short-lived Republic of Tucumán.

Its telephone code is 0381, and its postal codes are T4000 (Center), T4001 (North), T4002 (South) and T4003 (East).

Climate

San Miguel de Tucuman lies in a transition zone between temperate climates to the south, and subtropical climates to the north. It has a humid subtropical climate (Cwa) under the Köppen climate classification, with vastly more precipitation in the summer than in the winter. The average annual temperature is .  The precipitation pattern is monsoonal: out of the  that fall annually, most of it falls in the summer months, while the winter months tend to be drier. The average temperature in winter is . July is the coldest month with a mean temperature of . Frosts are uncommon, with some years recording no frosts at all. Usually, when frosts occur, they are light with temperatures rarely falling below . Winters are sunny, averaging 9–12 clear days and 9–12 overcast days per month. Snow is extremely rare, but in 2007, it reached the city center. There have been other episodes of sleet and snow in the mountains around the city, and in 2010, sleet was reported downtown again, a very rare event.

Spring and fall are transition seasons. Springs are very short, and by October, summer weather settles in the city, with highs beyond  very common. This is due to the dryness of the season: daytime highs are close to those in the summer, when rainfall and clouds are persistent, whereas spring is often sunny and arid. April marks the beginning of the fall, but temperatures remain near summer levels:  during the day, and  during the night. Rainfall decreases as fall progresses.

Summers are the hottest and most humid time of year. The average temperature during the summer ranges from . In the summer, one can expect daytime highs ranging from ; at night,  are the norm. Much of the rainfall that the city receives occurs during the summer months and cloudy weather tends to be more common, averaging 11–13 overcast days and only 2–4 clear days per month. Heat waves can push temperatures up to . However, some relief is possible after cold fronts from the south caused by Pampero winds which brings in cooler air. These winds can be strong following a hot day in advance of the cold fronts.

The highest temperature recorded was  on October 31, 2009 while the lowest temperature recorded was  on July 16, 1962.

History

The first foundation of "San Miguel de Tucumán y Nueva Tierra de Promisión" was on May 31, 1565 by Diego de Villarroel in the Campos de Ibatín,  to the southwest from where the current city is located nowadays. The city was moved to "La Toma" (where the old town or casco histórico is placed today) in 1685, due to the low quality of Ibatín water.

On September 24, 1812, the Battle of Tucumán took place near the city, when the Spanish army coming from the Alto Perú were defeated by the army led by Manuel Belgrano. Belgrano had been obliged to fall back to Córdoba by the government of Buenos Aires, but the inhabitants of Tucumán called on him to resist another Spanish invasion.

With his troops almost unarmed and tired but reinforced by local gauchos (calling themselvesLos decididos de Tucumán), Belgrano attacked the Spanish army from behind, defeating them and ensuring the Independence of Argentina. After the battle of Tucumán, the same army led by Belgrano would achieve another victory in Salta.

After those battles, Belgrano established a circular fortress known as "La Ciudadela", located  from the current Plaza de la Independencia (former Plaza Mayor). Because it had patriot barracks and was located on an intermediate point between the Río de la Plata and the Alto Perú and Santa Cruz de la Sierra, San Miguel de Tucumán was designated as the venue for the Congress of Independence. On July 9, 1816, the Independence of Argentina was declared, not only from Spain but from any other foreign domination. The act of the Independence was signed at the Casa de Tucumán, also named "Casa Histórica" or "Casa de la Independencia".

By 1850 the city's population had increased considerably, surpassing the estimated registers. Because of that, in 1870 it was proposed that the city be expanded, setting new limits. During those years, the first railway line reached the city, built by British-owned Córdoba Central Railway. The immigrants arriving in the region (most of whom were Spanish, Arabic, Jewish, and Italian) influenced the architectural style that adapted to those new cultures, leaving the original colonial style behind. Therefore, new buildings in the city were made in Neoclassical, eclectic and picturesque styles.

During the first years of the 20th century, the city added  for recreational uses, and the first great park (similar to those  existing in Paris and London) was thus established. By 1930 the city's population had doubled.

Cultural and tourist heritage

The House of Government of Tucumán was built in Art Nouveau style at the end of 19th century. The White Room is commonly used to receive notable people who visit the city.

In the city downtown, the San Miguel de Tucumán Cathedral still preserves some colonial elements and other elements from Italian architecture. The Basílica de San Francisco (also declared a historical heritage), the Parroquia de San Roque, Basílica del Santísimo Sacramento (known as "Iglesia de Santo Domingo"), Basílica de Nuestra Señora de la Merced and the Iglesia Nuestra Señora de Lourdes are some of the most important churches of the city.

The Casa de Tucumán (or "Casa de la Independencia"), as the site of the declaration of independence of Argentina, is the most significant building in the city. After the Congress of Tucumán various people lived in the house and deterioration became visible over the years, which is clearly evident in the famous photo taken by Angel Paganelli in 1869. The Government of Argentina acquired the historic house in 1874 with a view to its serving as a post office. Starting in the 1880s celebrations took place in the building to commemorate Independence.

Nevertheless, the government did not remodel the house until 1903, when it was demolished almost completely due to its very poor condition. The only room that was preserved from demolition was the room where the Independence was declared by the congressists. In 1942 the house was completely rebuilt, based on the original plans and the picture taken by Paganelli in 1869. For that purpose, the same kind of bricks, tejas (roof tiles) and baldosas (stone floor tiles) were used.

Other notable buildings of San Miguel include the Teatro San Martín (with some elements in neoclassical style), and the Correo Central, made in a mix of styles and a tower inspired in the palaces of Florence (specially Palazzo Vecchio), the old Legislature, the Palace of Justice, the Casino (former Savoy Hotel, built in 1912), the birthplace of Nicolás Avellaneda, the Colegio Nacional Bartolomé Mitre and the Campo de las Carreras, where the battle of Tucumán took place and which is now an historical park.

Main sights

 Independence House
 Tucumán Government Palace
 Ninth of July Park
 Timoteo Navarro Museum of Art
 Cementerio del Oeste
 President Avellaneda's House
 Independence Square
 Museum of Northern Folklore
 Federación Económica Building
 Padilla House
 San Francisco Basilica
 Cathedral
 Museum of Sacred Art
 La Merced Church

Cultural life and education

For decades, San Miguel de Tucumán has been one of the cultural spots in the country, in part due to the influence of the  National University of Tucumán. It has been the birthplace and/or home of well-known personalities such as folk singer Mercedes Sosa, author Tomas Eloy Martínez, a professor at Rutgers University in the United States; musician Miguel Ángel Estrella, artist/architect Tomás Saraceno, painter Luis Lobo de la Vega, and many others.

Two large theatres (San Martín and Alberdi) and several smaller and independent theaters offer a wide array of events, including plays, concerts, operas, and ballet, all year round. The Septiembre Musical is by far the most important cultural event during the year. This music festival, generally held at Independence Square, brings together several local and national artists who perform different musical styles ranging from folk music to rock.

Universities in the city include the public National University of Tucumán and the National Technological University, and the private (and Catholic) Saint Thomas Aquinas University of the North and the Saint Paul T University.

Since August 2008, the city has been the location of trials of high-ranking former military officers charged with war crimes from the 1976–83 dictatorship. Luciano Menéndez, a former colonel, was convicted for crimes against humanity, including the kidnapping and disappearance of senator (Guillermo Vargas Aignasse) on the night of the golpe (coup) in 1976. Many Abuelas de la Plaza de Mayo (Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo) have been seen in and around the Tucumán trials. The convictions of Menéndez and Ricardo Bussi were the first of this round of prosecution of military leaders of the Jorge Rafael Videla dictatorship. Their sentencings were seen as symbolic victories for the mothers and grandmothers whose children or husbands were "disappeared" by the military during that dark period of Argentine history.

Sports

Association football is the most popular sport in the city. San Miguel's main football clubs are Club Atlético San Martín de Tucumán and Club Atlético Tucumán. Club Atletico San Martín is based out of San Miguel de Tucumán and was founded in 1909. This team has won four total national titles (1944, 1988, 2005, and 2007–08) and several regional titles. The longtime rival, Club Atletico Tucumán, is also based in the city of San Miguel de Tucumán but was founded in 1901. This team is the oldest football club in the Tucumán Province and the team has five national titles (1959, 2004, 2005, 2007–08, and 2008–09) and also many regional titles.

Basketball is also a popular sport, some clubs are Juan Bautista Alberdi Club, Central Córdoba Club, Belgrano Club, Villa Luján Club, Tucumán BB Club and others. Tucumán was one of two co-hosts of the 1995 FIBA Americas Championship.

The city is also a rugby union hotbed and hosts the Unión de Rugby de Tucumán, as well as the province's two most successful clubs: Tucumán Rugby Club and Universitario. The rugby of Tucumán is the second most powerful in the Argentine, behind the Rugby of the Buenos Aires Union. For eight times, the Naranjas (Oranges) won the Argentine Championship of Unions; this is the greatest number won by a hinterland union. Other important rugby clubs of the city are Natación y Gimnasia, Cardenales, Tucumán Lawn Tennis, Los Tarcos, amongst others. The fans of the rugby of Tucumán are the most passionate among the Argentines.

Transport

The city is served by several bus lines that have routes within the city limits, and some others that connect it to the neighbouring cities of Yerba Buena, El Manantial, Tafí Viejo, Las Talitas, Banda del Río Salí, and Alderetes. San Miguel de Tucumán enjoys one of the largest bus stations in Argentina. The 30,000 m² estación central de ómnibus (opened in 1994) is the point from where hundreds of bus services arrive from and depart to almost all of the largest and mid-size cities throughout the country.

The Teniente General Benjamín Matienzo International Airport (TUC/SANT) is the city's airport (though located  east of the city, in the neighboring department of Cruz Alta) serving over 290,000 passengers a year.  There are daily flights to Buenos Aires, Jujuy, Santiago del Estero, Campo Arenal, the Minera Alumbrera Gold Mine, as well as international flights to Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia. The Mauricio Gilli Aerodrome is a private airport, located  west from the city, for private aviation.  It is locally known as Aeroclub.

The city has also four railway stations, with only the Mitre Railway terminus operating passenger trains to Retiro in Buenos Aires, with intermediate stops in Santiago del Estero and Santa Fe provinces amongst other stations. The other train station active is Belgrano Railway station, originally built by the Córdoba Central Railway and currently operated by freight company Trenes Argentinos Cargas y Logística.

Railway stations in San Martín de Tucumán:

Notes:
 1 Also known as "El Bajo" station, the building is currently a Municipal unit.
 2 The line was also known as "Provincial" before being acquired by the Cordoba Central Railway in 1899.

Media

San Miguel de Tucumán is home to two free-to-air television stations (Channel 8 and Channel 10), four newspapers (La Gaceta, El Siglo, El Periódico, El Tribuno de Tucumán), three cable television companies (CCC, ATS, and TCC), and several radio stations.

Healthcare
San Miguel de Tucuman is part of the Provincial Health System (Sistema Provincial de Salud or SIPROSA). This system divided the Tucuman province into four systematic areas with San Miguel being in its own area. Each area has its own public hospitals and Health Primary Attention Centers for the people. This divisions purpose was to help regulate health care assistance across the population and make it more accessible. Since then, SIPROSA has been a part of a modernizing program with the government in trying to make a successful medical records system. This would collect data from all the different resources and compile it into one database making it a lot easier and quicker for patients to pull up medical history, medical records, or anything of that nature. This is a big step for the Tucuman region.

Notable people

Melitón Camaño, politician and journalist
Pablo Rodriguez, politician.
Juan Bautista Alberdi, lawyer, writer, political theorist and diplomat.
 Carlos Alvarado-Larroucau, writer.
 Gregorio Aráoz de Lamadrid
 Nicolás Avellaneda former President of Argentina.
 Franco Fagioli opera singer
 Victor García, theatre director.
 Omar Hasan, rugby player.
 Daniel Hourcade, former international rugby player, Pumas head coach.
 Francisco Maldonado da Silva, Jewish martyr
 Tomás Eloy Martínez, journalist and writer, author of Santa Evita.
 Richard Maury, American engineer, honorary professor of the National University
 Lola Mora, sculptor.
 José Luis Palomino (born 1990), professional footballer
 Mercedes María Paz, tennis player.
 César Pelli, architect.
 Alfredo Poviña, sociologist.
 Raúl Prebisch, economist, one of the founders of ECLAC-UN.
 Ana Falú, architect and a social activist for human rights and for women's rights.
 José María Núñez Piossek, former international/professional rugby player.
 Julio A. Roca, former President of Argentina.
 Alejandro Romay, television and theatre producer.
 Federico Nicolás Sánchez, rugby player.
 Juan Soler, actor.
 Mercedes Sosa, folk music singer.
 Leda Valladares (1919–2012), folk singer and ethnographer of Argentine folk music.

Gallery

Twin towns – sister cities

San Miguel de Tucumán is twinned with:

 Concepción, Chile
 Erfurt, Germany
 Nof HaGalil, Israel
 Sucre, Bolivia
 Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
 New Orleans, United States of America

References

External links

 Tucuman.com Tucumán portal website
 Terminal de Ómnibus Bus Station website
 Tucumán Turismo Tucuman Tourist Office (Official Website)
 La Gaceta The most important local newspaper
 Universidad Nacional de Tucumán Tucuman State University
 Universidad del Norte Santo Tomas Aquino Tucuman Catholic University
 Universidad Tecnologica Nacional (Tucuman Campus)

Capitals of Argentine provinces
Populated places in Tucumán Province
Populated places established in 1565
1565 establishments in the Spanish Empire
Cities in Argentina

San Miguel de Tucumán


El distrito de Mödling es un distrito político del estado de Baja Austria (Austria). La capital del distrito es la ciudad de Mödling.

División administrativa

Localidades con población (año 2018)

Municipios
Barrios, aldeas y otras subdivisiones de los municipios se indican con letras pequeñas.
 Achau
 Biedermannsdorf
 Breitenfurt bei Wien
 Brunn am Gebirge
 Gaaden
 Gießhübl
 Gumpoldskirchen
 Guntramsdorf
 Hennersdorf bei Wien
 Hinterbrühl
 Hinterbrühl, Sparbach, Weissenbach bei Mödling, Wassergspreng
 Kaltenleutgeben
 Laab im Walde
 Laxenburg
 Maria Enzersdorf
 Mödling
 Münchendorf
 Perchtoldsdorf
 Vösendorf
 Wiener Neudorf
 Wienerwald
 Dornbach, Grub, Gruberau, Sittendorf, Stangau, Sulz im Wienerwald, Wöglerin

Enlaces externos

Distritos  de Baja Austria

Distrito de Mödling


سير نيفيل فرانسيس موت   هو عالم فيزيائي بريطاني حاز على جائزة نوبل للفيزياء عام 1977 بالمشتركة مع فيليب أندرسون وجون فان فليك عن «تفسيرهم التركيب الإلكتروني للمواد الصلبة المسامية والمغناطيسية».

ولد نيفيل موت في 30 سبتمبر 1905 وتوفي في 8 أغسطس 1996.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أساتذة كلية غونفيل وكايوس (جامعة كامبريدج)
أشخاص درسوا في كلية كليفتون
أشخاص من ليدز
أعضاء أجانب في الأكاديمية الوطنية الأمريكية للعلوم
أكاديميو جامعة بريستول
إنجليز حازوا على جائزة نوبل
برنامج الأسلحة النووية في الاتحاد السوفيتي
بريطانيون حازوا جائزة نوبل
حائزون على الوسام الملكي
حائزون على جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء
حائزون على وسام كوبلاي
خريجو كلية سانت جونز (كامبريدج)
زملاء الجمعية الملكية
زملاء كلية غونفيل وكايوس (جامعة كامبريدج)
علماء مسيحيون
علماء من يوركشاير
فرسان المملكة المتحدة
فيزيائيون إنجليز
فيزيائيون بريطانيون في القرن 20
مواليد 1905
مواليد في ليدز
وفيات 1996
وفيات في ميلتون كينز

نيفيل موت


An Aloe tenuifolia in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck. An Aloe tenuifolia in nahilalakip ha genus nga Aloe, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Aloe

Aloe tenuifolia


මොණරාගල යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ඌව පළාතේ		මොණරාගල දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ අග නගරයයි. කොළඹ - මඩකලපුව A4 මාර්ගයේ පිහිටා ඇත.

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ නගර ලැයිස්තුව

මොණරාගල දිස්ත්‍රික්කය

මොණරාගල


Petróvskaya  es una stanitsa del raión de Slaviansk del krai de Krasnodar, en el sur de Rusia. Está situada entre los arrozales del delta del Kubán, 24 km al noroeste de Slaviansk-na-Kubani y 94 al noroeste de Krasnodar, la capital del krai. Tenía 13 554 habitantes en 2010.

Es cabeza del municipio Petróvskoye, al que pertenece asimismo Vodni.

Historia

La localidad fue fundada en 1817 o 1823. El desarrollo de la stanitsa fue lento en un inicio, al estar alejada de las vías de comunicación principales. En 1835 se erigió la iglesia Gueorguiyévskaya. En 1861 contaba con 5 046 habitantes, una escuela y una escuela parroquial. Pertenecía al otdel de Temriuk del óblast de Kubán hasta 1920. Entre 1924 y 1953 fue centro del raión de Chernoyerkovskaya. A partir de la década de 1880 el desarrollo se incrementa, creándose los primeros molinos, fábricas de ladrillos y otros establecimientos industriales. En 1904 se construye la iglesia Pokrovakskaya y una capilla adjunta dedicada a la Santísima Trinidad. En 1914 la población había aumentado a 17 860 habitantes. Pertenecía al otdel de Temriuk del óblast de Kubán hasta 1920.

Tras la victoria del poder soviético, en las década de 1920 y 1930 se estableció la colectivización de las tierras, formándose varios koljoses: im. Voroshilova, im. Chapáyeva, im. Kalínina, im. Andréyeva, im. Makeyeva, Vudionnogo y Sotsialisticheski zhivotnovod. Entre 1924 y 1953 fue centro del raión de Chernoyerkovskaya. En esos años se trajo el agua potable a la stanitsa.

Durante la Gran Guerra Patria fue ocupada por las tropas de la Alemania Nazi desde agosto de 1942 al 18 de marzo de 1943. En las décadas de 1940 y 1950 se sucedieron reformas en la composición de los koljoses, pasando en 1958 a estar unidas todas las tierras en el koljós Kalinin (a partir de 1964 Rodina.

Demografía

Composición étnica

De los 13 170 habitantes que tenía en 2002, el 95.8 % era de etnia rusa, el 1.9 % era de etnia ucraniana, el 0.5 % era de etnia armenia, el 0.4 % era de etnia bielorrusa, el 0.2 era de etnia griega, el 0.2 % era de etnia tártara, el 0.2 % era de etnia alemana, el 0.1 % era de etnia azerí, el 0.1 % era de etnia georgiana y el 0.1 % era de etnia gitana

Lugares de interés

Como edificio notable cabe mencionar la ya mencionada iglesia Gueorguiyévskaya, de 1835. En el centro de la stanitsa se halla el complejo memorial a los caídos en la defensa y liberación de la misma durante la Gran Guerra Patria en 1942-1943. Asimismo se hallan en la localidad varios monumentos: uno a Lenin y otro a la memoria de Pável Stepánovich Kuzub, nacido en Petróvskaya, Héroe de la Unión Soviética, que repitió el sacrificio de Aleksandr Matrósov, cerrando la aspillera de una ametralladora enemiga con su cuerpo. Cabe destacar los monumentos arquitectónicos que constituyen la escuela parroquial y la escuela de cosacos, fechados en 1890, el edificio administrativo, varias casas particulares y el molino del cosaco Abramenko (1914). Posee un museo etnográfico.

Economía

Las principales compañías de la localidad son: ZAO Priazovskoye, OOO Niva Priazovia, OOO Petroris, OOO Slavianska A, OOO Trikotazhnoye proizvodstvo Belara, OOO Sluzhba Petrovskoye ZhKJ, Petrovskoye SelPO, 'OOO Agrofond, OOO Meliorator, la red eléctrica de Slaviansk Petrovski setevoi uchastok, la sección gasífera '''OOO Slavianskgorgaz.

Servicios sociales

Educación y deportes

La localidad cuenta con una escuela secundaria (nº29), tres escuelas generales básicas (n.º9, 30 y 31), tres jardines de infancia (nº 23, 25 y 52), dos Casa de Cultura, dos Clubs de Cultura rurales, dos bibliotecas, una escuela musical, un polideportivo, una escuela de deportes y un estadio.

Salud

Existen en la población un hospital de distrito y un punto de enfermería, tres farmacias y un gabinete veterinario.

Transporte

La estación de ferrocarril más cercana se halla en Slaviansk-na-Kubani.

Enlaces externos y referencias

 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde  este enlace.
 Este artículo es en parte una traducción de su correspondiente en la edición rusa de Wikipedia, Петровская (станица).
 Artículo sobre la localidad
 Mapa en vlasenko.net .
  en Panoramio
 Otra vista en Panoramio
  en Panoramio
  en Panoramio
  en Panoramio
 Escuela nº31 en Panoramio

Localidades del raión de Slaviansk del krai de Krasnodar
Localidades establecidas en 1823

Petróvskaya (Krasnodar)


En mathématiques, le théorème de Siegel–Mahler ou théorème de Siegel sur les points entiers stipule que pour une courbe algébrique lisse C de genre g > 0 définie sur un corps de nombres K, dans un espace affine, il n'y a qu'un nombre fini de points sur C de coordonnées dans l'anneau de entiers O de K.

Le théorème a été prouvé pour la première fois en 1929 par Carl Ludwig Siegel et a été le premier résultat majeur sur le équations diophantiennes qui ne dépendaient que du genre et non d'une forme algébrique particulière des équations. Pour g > 1, il a été remplacé par le théorème de Faltings en 1983.

Histoire
En 1929, Siegel a prouvé le théorème en combinant une version du théorème d'approximation diophantienne de Thue-Siegel-Roth, avec le théorème de Mordell-Weil de géométrie diophantienne.

En 2002, Umberto Zannier et Pietro Corvaja ont donné une nouvelle preuve en utilisant une méthode basée sur le théorème du sous-espace.

Versions effectives
Le résultat de Siegel était inefficace en pratique (voir les résultats effectifs en théorie des nombres), puisque la méthode de Thue en approximation diophantienne est également inefficace pour décrire d'éventuelles très bonnes approximations rationnelles des nombres algébriques. Des résultats efficaces dans certains cas dérivent de la méthode de Baker.

Références

Siegel-Mahler
Équation diophantienne

Théorème de Siegel-Mahler


Das Dokumentations- und Informationszentrum (DIZ) Torgau, Arbeitsstelle der Stiftung Sächsische Gedenkstätten zur Erinnerung an die Opfer politischer Gewaltherrschaft, ist eine Gedenkstätte in Sachsen. Das DIZ Torgau dokumentiert die und informiert über die Geschichte der Torgauer Haftstätten während der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus, der sowjetischen Besatzung und der DDR.

Geschichte

Historischer Ort

Zentrale des NS-Wehrmachtstrafsystems

In Torgau befanden sich mit Fort Zinna und Brückenkopf zwei der insgesamt acht Militärgefängnisse der Wehrmachtsjustiz. Zwischen 1936 und 1939 wurde Fort Zinna zum größten und modernsten Gefängnis der Wehrmacht ausgebaut. In beiden Gefängnissen wurden von Militärgerichten wegen Wehrdienst- oder Befehlsverweigerung, Desertion, "Wehrkraftzersetzung", "Feindbegünstigung" und "Spionage" sowie wegen krimineller Delikte verurteilte Soldaten inhaftiert. Unter den Insassen waren zudem Kriegsgefangene und Angehörige des Widerstandes sowie für die Wehrmacht zwangsrekrutierte ausländische Staatsbürger.

Im März 1941 bestimmte das Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH) das Gefängnis Fort Zinna zur Überprüfungsstelle für zum "Bewährungseinsatz" Verurteilte. Ein Jahr später ordnete das Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW) die Aufstellung der Feldstraflager I und II in Torgau an. Im August 1943 wurde zudem das Reichskriegsgericht, die höchste Instanz der Wehrmachtjustiz, von Berlin in die Zieten-Kaserne nach Torgau verlegt. Während des Krieges verhängte dieses knapp 1400 Todesurteile, von denen 1200 vollstreckt wurden. Die Gesamtzahl der Hinrichtungen in Torgau lässt sich nachträglich nicht mehr exakt ermitteln; aus den unvollständigen Unterlagen lässt sich aber zumindest die Erschießung von mindestens 197 verurteilten Wehrmachtangehörigen belegen. Die tatsächliche Zahl an Hinrichtungsopfern dürfte indes weit höher sein. Erst mit dem Aufeinandertreffen sowjetischer und amerikanischer Truppen am 25. April 1945 wurde das Wehrmachtstrafsystem in Torgau beendet.

Sowjetische Speziallager

Nach dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges richtete die sowjetische Geheimpolizei NKWD in Torgau zwei Speziallager ein.

In dem im August 1945 im Fort Zinna eingerichteten Speziallager Nr. 8 wurden mehrheitlich Mitglieder der NSDAP oder anderen NS-Organisationen sowie Kriegsgefangene ohne Urteil interniert. Als Grund für die Internierung reichte zumeist die bloße Mitgliedschaft in den entsprechenden Organisationen oder eine Denunziation aus. Die Insassen wurden unter völliger Isolation gehalten; Angehörige erhielten keine Auskunft über ihren Verbleib oder Tod. Bis Ende 1945 füllte sich das für 1000 Gefangene konzipierte Fort Zinna mit rund 7500 Gefangenen, die im Zellenbau und notdürftig errichteten Baracken innerhalb der Festung untergebracht wurden. Im März 1946 zog das Lager in die benachbarte Seydlitz-Kaserne (Speziallager Nr. 10) um und wurde im Januar 1947 durch Verlegung der Gefangenen in die Speziallager Nr. 2 Buchenwald und Nr. 1 Mühlberg/Elbe aufgelöst.

Unter der Bezeichnung Speziallager Nr. 10 wurde das Fort Zinna von Mai 1946 bis Oktober 1948 weiterhin betrieben. Ab Herbst 1946 diente es vornehmlich als Zwischenlager für sowjetische SMT-Verurteilte. In rechtsstaatswidrigen Verfahren wurden sie wegen Kollaboration mit den Deutschen, Desertion oder krimineller Delikte zu fünf bis 25 Jahren Arbeitslager verurteilt und für die Deportation in die UdSSR vorgesehen. Die Hälfte aller Deportationen über Speziallager in die UdSSR wurde auf diese Weise über Torgau vollzogen. Unter den verurteilten deutschen Staatsbürgern befanden sich weniger Kriegsverbrecher oder aktive Nationalsozialisten als vielmehr Menschen, die Widerstand gegen die sowjetische Nachkriegspolitik leisteten oder dessen verdächtigt wurden.

Nach sowjetischen Angaben sind zwischen 1945 und 1948 800 bis 850 Menschen in den Torgauer Lagern umgekommen. Nahezu alle von ihnen starben an physischer Auszehrung oder Tuberkulose infolge der unzureichenden Lebensmittelrationen und medizinischen Versorgung. Weitere Häftlinge starben nach ihrer Deportation in die Sowjetunion.

Gefängnis der DDR-Volkspolizei
Zwischen 1950 und 1990 diente Fort Zinna als Strafvollzugsanstalt der DDR-Volkspolizei. Zu den ersten Inhaftierten gehörten Gefangene der sowjetischen Speziallager nach deren Auflösung. In den 1950er und 1960er Jahren wurden zudem von der DDR-Justiz verurteilte Gegner der SED-Politik in Torgau gefangen gehalten. Erst später überwog der Anteil wegen krimineller Delikte verurteilter Personen. Bis 1975 wurden im Haftgebäude Fischerdörfchen, ab 1963 im Fort Zinna auch jugendliche Straftäter inhaftiert. Daneben verbüßten auch Gefangene, die wegen "ungesetzlichen Grenzübertritts" oder anderer "Verbrechen gegen die DDR" verurteilt worden waren, ihre Strafen in Torgau. Der Haftalltag war durch ein hohes Arbeitspensum, Kontrollen und Schikanen sowie Bespitzelungen von Mithäftlingen und Strafvollzugsangehörigen geprägt. Die baulichen und hygienischen Zustände des überbelegten Gefängnisses blieben bis zu seinem Ende mangelhaft, sodass Gefangene im Herbst 1989 gegen diese Missstände aufbegehrten. Seit der Wiedervereinigung 1990 ist die frühere Strafvollzugseinrichtung Torgau eine Justizvollzugsanstalt des Freistaats Sachsen.

Gedenkstätte
Der Förderverein Dokumentations- und Informationszentrum (DIZ) Torgau wurde Juni 1991 gegründet, mit dem Ziel, die Geschichte der Torgauer Haftstätten während des Nationalsozialismus, der sowjetischen Besatzungszeit und der DDR zu dokumentieren. Seit 1998 wird das DIZ Torgau zu gleichen Teilen vom Bund und vom Freistaat Sachsen gefördert, und seit 1999 arbeitet es unter dem Dach der Stiftung Sächsische Gedenkstätten zur Erinnerung an die Opfer politischer Gewaltherrschaft. Da der zentrale Haftort Fort Zinna als Justizvollzugsanstalt Torgau des Freistaats Sachsen genutzt wird, befindet sich das DIZ Torgau mit seiner zwischen September 1996 und Mai 2004 in drei Teilen fertiggestellten Dauerausstellung "Spuren des Unrechts"  nicht dort, sondern im nahegelegenen Schloss Hartenfels.

Literatur
 Michael Eberlein, Norbert Haase, Wolfgang Oleschinski: Torgau im Hinterland des Zweiten Weltkriegs. Militärjustiz, Wehrmachtgefängnisse, Reichskriegsgericht. Schriftenreihe der Stiftung Sächsische Gedenkstätten zur Erinnerung an die Opfer Politischer Gewaltherrschaft, Bd. 6, Leipzig 1999, ISBN 3-378-01039-8.
 Brigitte Oleschinski, Bert Pampel: "Feindliche Elemente sind in Gewahrsam zu halten". Die sowjetischen Speziallager Nr. 8 und Nr. 10 in Torgau 1945–1948, Schriftenreihe der Stiftung Sächsische Gedenkstätten zur Erinnerung an die Opfer Politischer Gewaltherrschaft, Bd. 3, Leipzig 2002, ISBN 3-378-01017-7.
 Norbert Haase, Brigitte Oleschinski (Hrsg.): Das Torgau-Tabu. Wehrmachtstrafsystem, NKWD-Speziallager, DDR-Strafvollzug. Forum-Verlag, Leipzig 1998, ISBN 3-86108-269-1.

Weblinks
 Webseite des DIZ Torgau
 Orte der Repression: Torgau, DIZ

Einzelnachweise

Speziallager
Torgau
NS-Opfer-Gedenken
Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur

Dokumentations- und Informationszentrum Torgau


بلدية تاليس ، هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة كاستيلون التي تقع في منطقة بلنسية، في شرق إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 828 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2006).

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في كاستيون
بلديات كاستيلون

تاليس (كاستيلون)


La iglesia de San Nicolás el Real es un templo católico del  de estilo barroco situado en el centro de Guadalajara (España).

Historia
Antiguamente la parroquia de San Nicolás el Real tuvo su sede en otro templo también dedicado a San Nicolás, de estilo mudéjar, situado en el solar que hoy ocupa el edificio del Banco de España.

La actual iglesia de San Nicolás el Real fue en sus orígenes la del convento de la Santísima Trinidad de la Compañía de Jesús, fundado en 1619 por la familia de los Lasarte. La iglesia comenzó a levantarse a partir del año 1647 y las obras concluyeron en 1691. El convento se alojó en el antiguo palacio de los Condes de Coruña, casona fundada a mediados del .

Después de la expulsión de los jesuitas en 1767, la titularidad y culto de la antigua parroquia fue trasladada a la iglesia del convento de la Trinidad. La iglesia tomó el nombre de San Nicolás el Real.

Al templo actual fueron a parar, ya en el , las distintas imágenes y ornamentos de orfebrería de la antigua iglesia de San Nicolás. De todo lo trasladado habría que destacar, sobre todo, la estatua yacente del Comendador de la Orden de Santiago Rodrigo de Campuzano, fallecido en 1488, que se encuentra, actualmente, en la segunda capilla de la nave derecha de la actual iglesia.

A mediados de los años 1940 la iglesia de San Nicolás el Real era el centro neurálgico de la vida religiosa y social de la ciudad de Guadalajara, debido a la gran proliferación de celebraciones litúrgicas, actos religiosos y conferencias.

Descripción

La actual iglesia de San Nicolás se trata de un edificio de fábrica de ladrillo sobre zócalo de piedra sillar, rematado con motivos geométricos. La portada barroca se recorta sobre el ladrillo en piedra caliza de Tamajón, y se abre con arco de medio punto moldurado, apoyado en jambas cajeadas. Franquean la entrada dos columnas sobre pedestal, de fuste liso y capitel corintio. Sobre ellas se apoya el frontón partido cuyos extremos sirven para sujetar dos ángeles arrodillados, con tema central de la Trinidad, primitiva advocación del templo, que se eleva a través de la abertura del frontón. Otro frontón más pequeño cubre la anterior adaptando su base a la forma circular de un fondo que aparece sobre el relieve. Remata el conjunto una hornacina con la imagen de la Fe.

El interior es de un claro estilo jesuita, de planta de cruz latina, de única nave pero con grandes capillas laterales intercomunicadas a las que se tiene acceso por arcos de medio punto. Sobre el amplio crucero una gran cúpula hemisférica con balconada y rematada en una linterna. La nave va cubierta con una bóveda de medio cañón.

El espacio de la capilla mayor está ocupado por un enorme retablo barroco con grandes columnas salomónicas y de exuberante decoración y contiene, al igual que la portada, un relieve de la Trinidad.

Bibliografía
 Muñoz Jiménez, José Miguel. La arquitectura del Manierismo en Guadalajara. Institución Provincial de Cultura "Marqués de Santillana". Guadalajara, 1987.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Soneto descriptivo de la Iglesia de San Nicolás de Guadalajara, Juan Pablo Mañueco

Guadalajara
San Nicolas el Real
Bienes de interés cultural de la provincia de Guadalajara
Iglesias de Guadalajara (España)
Arquitectura de 1691
España en 1691
Guadalajara

Iglesia de San Nicolás el Real (Guadalajara)


دونلد إوين كامرون  ولد في اسكتلاندا يوم 24 ديسمبر سنة 1901 وتوفي يوم 8 سبتمبر سنة 1967. وشغل منصب رئيس الجمعية الأمريكية للأطباء النفسيين (خلال عامي 1952 و1953)، ورئيس الجمعية الكندية للأطباء النفسيين (خلال عامي 1958 و1959)، ورئيس الجمعية الأمريكية للأمراض النفسية (عام 1963)، ورئيس جمعية الطب النفسي البيولوجي (عام 1965)، ورئيس الجمعية العالمية للأطباء النفسيين (منذ عام 1961 وحتى عام 1966). رغم شهرته في أوساط الأطباء النفسيين، انتُقِدَ إوين كامرون بسبب تجريبه لأساليب العلاج بالصدمات الكهربائية والعقاقير المخدرة على مرضاه دون الحصول على موافقتهم. وقد تم إجراء جزء من هذه التجارب في سياق مشروع إم كيه ألترا التابع لوكالة الاستخبارات المركزية بالولايات المتحدة، حيث تضمن المشروع أساليب غسيل الدماغ ومحو الأنماط.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص من ألباني (نيويورك)
أطباء أمريكيون في القرن 20
أطباء نفسيون أمريكيون
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة مكغيل
أمريكيون متجنسون
انتهاكات حقوق الإنسان في الولايات المتحدة
بريطانيون مهاجرون إلى الولايات المتحدة
تاريخ الصحة النفسية في المملكة المتحدة
تاريخ الطب النفسي
تجربة سريرية في الطب النفسي
تعذيب في الولايات المتحدة
مشروع إم كي ألترا
مواليد 1901
وفيات 1967
وفيات في ليك بلاسيد (نيويورك)
وكالة المخابرات المركزية

دونلد أيوين كامرون


Dora Mayer Loehrs ou Dora Mayer de Zulen (Hambourg,  – Lima, ) est une militante, essayiste et intellectuelle péruvienne d'origine allemande, qui a défendu les droits des .

Biographie

Jeunesse
Dora Mayer naît le  à Hambourg, Confédération de l'Allemagne du Nord. Elle est la fille d'Anatol Mayer, un commerçant et de Mathilde de Loehrs. La famille s'est installée à Callao, au Pérou, en . Dora Mayer reçoit une éducation familiale et est une autodidacte motivée, qui lit beaucoup et écrit des romans, des pièces de théâtre, des essais et des articles.

Militantisme
Dora Mayer a écrit sur les droits des femmes, la philosophie, les préoccupations sociales et  pour les populations indigènes du Pérou.

En tant que journaliste, elle a contribué à de nombreuses publications et en a édité quatre elle-même : El Deber Pro Indígena, La Crítica, Concordia et El Trabajo.

Comme beaucoup d'autres militants pro-indigènes de l'époque, Dora Mayer est influencée par Manuel González Prada. Dans son manifeste de 1905 intitulé  (Nos Indiens), Manuel González Prada soutient que les Péruviens indigènes ont été ravagés par l'exploitation et les attitudes et pratiques discriminatoires, plutôt que d'être condamnés par nature par leur infériorité raciale perçue.

En 1909, Dora Mayer cofonde l  (Association pro-indigène), avec le philosophe  et le sociologue Joaquín Capelo. Selon Frank Salomon, l'Association travaille principalement par le biais de l'assistance juridique et de la recherche, et . Bien qu', l'organisation est . Le groupe finit par disparaître en 1917, mais il a été un précurseur notable du mouvement indigénisme, qui a pris de l'ampleur dans les années 1920. Dora Mayer soutient ensuite le  (actif de 1919 à 1925).

En 1911, elle rédige un document pour le premier Congrès universel des races, à Londres, concernant le traitement des populations indigènes au Pérou. Le résumé de celui-ci, tel que décrit dans une brochure produite pour le Congrès, se lit en partie comme suit :

En 1913, en sa qualité de présidente du comité de presse de l'association pro-indigène, Dora Mayer publie , dans lequel elle note que, bien que les opérations initiales de la compagnie minière nord-américaine aient été légitimes :

Dora Mayer poursuit en décrivant la  qu'elle emploie. Elle est une fervente critique des pratiques abusives ou d'exploitation des entreprises transnationales, tant du point de vue social qu'environnemental.

Droits des femmes
En ce qui concerne le rôle des femmes dans la société, Dora Mayer valorise le rôle de la femme au foyer, mais reconnaît les inconvénients pour les femmes d'un travail domestique insuffisamment reconnu. Elle soutient :

Relation avec Pedro Zulen
Pedro Zulen, de vingt-deux ans plus jeune que Dora Mayer mais pendant de nombreuses années son , aurait repoussé ses avances romantiques à plusieurs reprises. Néanmoins, elle affiche publiquement sa passion pour lui et, dans les ouvrages publiés à partir de 1920, utilise le nom de . C'est également le nom utilisé sur sa pierre tombale.

Mort et héritage
Dora Mayer meurt au Pérou le , à l'âge de 91 ans. En 2019, le philosophe Joel Rojas édite un recueil des écrits de Mayer intitulé '', et une exposition est organisée à Lima sur sa vie et son œuvre.

La même année, l'université nationale de San Marcos, est lancé dans un projet de numérisation des documents de Dora Mayer conservés dans ses archives.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Liens externes

Journaliste allemande
Militant allemand
Femme de lettres allemande
Femme de lettres péruvienne
Femme essayiste
Naissance en mars 1868
Naissance à Hambourg
Décès en janvier 1959
Décès à Lima
Décès à 91 ans

Dora Mayer


Valesca Machado da Silva (Rio de Janeiro, 6 de maio de 1996), mais conhecida como Tina Black, é uma lutadora profissional de MMA. Ela realiza lutas pela categoria Invicta Fighting Championships (Invicta FC) e, atualmente, é detentora do cinturão na categoria peso-palha (até 52 kg).

História e carreira
Natural do Rio de Janeiro, Valesca entrou no mundo das lutas por um convite de seu cunhado, que era professor de muay-thai. Mesmo relutando em participar de uma aula demonstrativa, ela definiu a experiência como "paixão à primeira vista".

O apelido "Tina" surgiu ainda na infância por conta de seu irmão mais novo, que a chamava de "Tininha" quando era pequeno. Já o complemento "Black" foi ideia da também lutadora Poliana Botelho em alusão ao cabelo black power que Valesca possuía quando treinava com ela.

Tina fez sua estreia no Invicta em setembro de 2022, com uma vitória por decisão unânime sobre a americana Liz Tracy. Com o resultado positivo, a brasileira ganhou a oportunidade de participar do GP do peso-palha em novembro, em Denver, nos Estados Unidos, para disputar o cinturão da categoria.

No evento, Tina precisou vencer duas lutas na mesma noite para levar o título. Na primeira, ela derrotou a compatriota Ediana "Mel Pitbull" Silva por decisão dividida dos juízes. Já na segunda, superou a polonesa Karolina Wójcik por decisão unânime e conquistou o cinturão.

Em março de 2023, a brasileira defenderá o cinturão pela primeira vez diante da irlandesa Danni Mccormack.

Cartel
Em toda a carreira, Tina Black fez um total de 16 lutas como profissional, com 12 vitórias, três derrotas e uma luta sem resultado. Dessas vitórias, quatro foram por nocaute, uma foi por finalização e sete foram por decisão dos juízes. Quanto aos reveses, Tina nunca perdeu uma luta por nocaute ou finalização.

Referências

Tina Black


Onthophagus pseudosanguineus é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus, família Scarabaeidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Walter & Cambefort em 1977.

Referências

Ligações externas

pseudosanguineus
Coleópteros descritos em 1977

Onthophagus pseudosanguineus


සංවාසය යනු ස්ත්‍රි සතෙකු හා පුරුෂ සතෙකු විසින් සිදුකරනු ලබන ලිංගික එක් වීමයි.

සංවාසය


Hættemåge og dværgmåge er en dansk naturfilm fra 1951.

Handling
Først vises hættemågen i vinter- og sommerdragt; rugningen vises og ungerne iagttages fra de første dage, til de som ungfugle følger de voksne fugle ud på vandet. Derefter vises dværgmågen, som ligner hættemågen noget, men er sjældnere. Om efteråret drager mågerne sydpå i flokke.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Naturfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1951

Hættemåge og dværgmåge


In United States law, an organic act is an act of the United States Congress that establishes a territory of the United States and specifies how it is to be governed, or an agency to manage certain federal lands. In the absence of an organic law a territory is classified as unorganized.

The first such act was the Northwest Ordinance, passed in 1787 by the U.S. Congress of the Confederation (under the Articles of Confederation, predecessor of the United States Constitution). The Northwest Ordinance created the Northwest Territory in the land west of Pennsylvania and northwest of the Ohio River and set the pattern of development that was followed for all subsequent territories. The Northwest Territory covered more than 260,000 square miles and included all of the modern states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and the northeastern part of Minnesota.

The District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801 incorporated Washington, D.C., and placed it under the exclusive control of the United States Congress.

The Organic Act for the Territory of New Mexico was part of the Compromise of 1850, passed September 9, 1850. Primarily concerned with slavery, the act organized New Mexico as a territory, with boundaries including the areas now embraced in New Mexico, Arizona, and southern Colorado.

List of organic acts
Territorial organic acts have included (in chronological order):

 The Northwest Ordinance
 The Indiana Territory Organic Act
 The District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801
 The Organic Act of 1804, with respect to the Territory of Orleans
 The Michigan Territory Organic Act (1805)
 The Illinois Territory Organic Act (1809)
 The Arkansas Territory Organic Act (1819)
 The Oregon Bill of 1848, created the Territory of Oregon
 The Utah Territory Organic Act (1850)
 The New Mexico Territory Organic Act (1850)
 The Kansas–Nebraska Act created Kansas Territory and Nebraska Territory
 The Colorado Organic Act, 1861, created the Territory of Colorado out of eastern Utah Territory, western Kansas Territory, southwestern Nebraska Territory, and a small portion of northeastern New Mexico Territory
 The Nevada Territory Organic Act, 1861
 The Dakota Organic Act of 1861
 The Arizona Organic Act, created the Territory of Arizona in 1863 from western New Mexico Territory
 The Montana Organic Act, created the Territory of Montana in 1864
 The District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871, amalgamated Anacostia, Georgetown and Tenley Town to the City of Washington; and consolidated the County of Washington, City of Washington and District of Columbia into one governmental unit
 The Act Establishing Yellowstone National Park (1872)
 The First Organic Act for Alaska, 1884
 The Oklahoma Organic Act of 1889, established the Oklahoma Territory
 The Hawaiian Organic Act, enacted in 1900, established a government for the Territory of Hawaii
 The Foraker Act or Organic Act of 1900, established civilian government in Puerto Rico.  It was superseded in 1917 by the Jones–Shafroth Act.
 The Second Organic Act for Alaska, 1912
 The Organic Act of the Virgin Islands of the United States of 1936 () established a government for the U.S. Virgin Islands, replacing previous temporary provisions (). It was superseded by the Revised Organic Act of the Virgin Islands of 1954 ().
 The Guam Organic Act of 1950, codified Guam as an unincorporated territory and established civilian government ending Guam's administration by the U.S. Navy.

The Philippines:
 The Philippine Organic Act (1902), creation of an elected Philippine Assembly.
 The Jones Law (Philippines), replaced the 1902 act in 1916 and created a fully elected Philippine Legislature.

Others:
 Organic Act of Feb, 10, 1807, founding the Survey of the Coasts (National Ocean Service)
Organic Act of 1862, establishing the United States Department of Agriculture
 The National Park Service Organic Act, establishing the National Park Service and the National Park System in 1916

See also
 Organic law
 Organic Laws of Oregon of 1843

References

United States federal legislation
United States federal territory and statehood legislation

Organic act