Ballens is a municipality in the district of Morges in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

History
A tumulus from the Hallstatt time period was found near Ballens.

The first record of Ballens is from 1139 under the name Barlens. In 1453 the spelling Balens appeared. In the Middle Ages Ballens was the center of a small dominion which was under the control of the Romainmôtier monastery and the lords of Aubonne. After the capture of Vaud by Bern in 1536 Ballens shared in the fate of Aubonne and in 1701 it became part of the district of Aubonne. After the collapse of the Ancien régime the village belonged to the canton of Léman from 1798 to 1803 during the Helvetic Republic. It finally became a part of the canton of Vaud as a part of a treaty. In 1798 Ballens was assigned to the district of Morges, and in 1803 it became part of the district of Aubonne.

Geography

Ballens is located at  above mean sea level (AMSL),  northwest of the city of Morges (as the crow flies). It is a scattered village, spread out over a knoll on a plateau at the foot of the Jura Mountains.

Ballens has an area, , of .  Of this area,  or 63.9% is used for agricultural purposes, while  or 29.4% is forested.   Of the rest of the land,  or 5.7% is settled (buildings or roads),  or 0.4% is either rivers or lakes and  or 0.7% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 1.3% and transportation infrastructure made up 2.7%.  Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests.  Of the agricultural land, 60.8% is used for growing crops and 2.7% is pastures.  All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

It contains a section of the western edge of the Swiss Plateau. The municipality stretches from the foot of the Jura Mountains eastward over the valley lowlands of the Veyron River and the rise that Ballens sits on and then to the dry river valley of Grand Marais in the east. This wide, flat valley serves as a channel for melt water from the Rhône Glacier, a remnant from the Ice Age.

In the south there is a forest, Le Sépey, which contains, at  AMSL, is the highest point in Ballens. In the far southeast of the municipality there is a part of the forest Les Bougeries (at  AMSL).

The hamlet Froidevill ( AMSL) is a part of Ballens, located on the western edge of the Grand Marais valley. The municipalities which border Ballens are Bière, Berolle, Mollens, Apples and Yens.

The municipality was part of the Aubonne District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Ballens became part of the new district of Morges.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Or, on a bend Gules in chef dexter a cross bottony Argent.

Demographics

Ballens has a population () of .  , 10.6% of the population are resident foreign nationals.  Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 27.6%.  It has changed at a rate of 22.9% due to migration and at a rate of 4.7% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population () speaks French (301 or 88.0%), with German being second most common (19 or 5.6%) and Portuguese being third (17 or 5.0%).  There are 2 people who speak Italian.

Of the population in the municipality 111 or about 32.5% were born in Ballens and lived there in 2000.  There were 102 or 29.8% who were born in the same canton, while 69 or 20.2% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 50 or 14.6% were born outside of Switzerland.

In  there were 5 live births to Swiss citizens and were 3 deaths of Swiss citizens.  Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 2 while the foreign population remained the same.  There were 3 Swiss men and 2 Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland.  At the same time, there were 2 non-Swiss men who immigrated from another country to Switzerland.  The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 13 and the non-Swiss population increased by 3 people.  This represents a population growth rate of 3.8%.

The age distribution, , in Ballens is; 51 children or 11.7% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 51 teenagers or 11.7% are between 10 and 19.  Of the adult population, 60 people or 13.8% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old.  44 people or 10.1% are between 30 and 39, 62 people or 14.3% are between 40 and 49, and 58 people or 13.3% are between 50 and 59.  The senior population distribution is 50 people or 11.5% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 33 people or 7.6% are between 70 and 79, there are 22 people or 5.1% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 4 people or 0.9% who are 90 and older.

, there were 116 people who were single and never married in the municipality.  There were 182 married individuals, 29 widows or widowers and 15 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 145 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.3 persons per household.  There were 40 households that consist of only one person and 10 households with five or more people.  Out of a total of 149 households that answered this question, 26.8% were households made up of just one person and there were 3 adults who lived with their parents.  Of the rest of the households, there are 54 married couples without children, 39 married couples with children  There were 8 single parents with a child or children.  There was 1 household that was made up of unrelated people and 4 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

 there were 50 single family homes (or 47.6% of the total) out of a total of 105 inhabited buildings.  There were 12 multi-family buildings (11.4%), along with 32 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (30.5%) and 11 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (10.5%).  Of the single family homes 21 were built before 1919, while 2 were built between 1990 and 2000.  The most multi-family homes (5) were built before 1919 and the next most (3) were built between 1946 and 1960.  There was 1 multi-family house built between 1996 and 2000.

 there were 159 apartments in the municipality.  The most common apartment size was 4 rooms of which there were 44.  There were 7 single room apartments and 50 apartments with five or more rooms.  Of these apartments, a total of 136 apartments (85.5% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 20 apartments (12.6%) were seasonally occupied and 3 apartments (1.9%) were empty.  , the construction rate of new housing units was 4.6 new units per 1000 residents.  The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 1.1%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Attractions
The Saint Maurice church was first mentioned in 1139. The building has been remodeled many times; the bell tower was added in 1715. In the old city center there are traditional farmhouses from the 16th century to the 19th century.

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 36.18% of the vote.  The next three most popular parties were the SP (21.3%), the LPS Party (11.73%) and the FDP (10.83%).  In the federal election, a total of 156 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 54.4%.

Economy
Until the middle of the 20th century Ballens was predominately an agricultural village. Today agriculture still plays an important role in the lives of its residents. They concentrate mainly on cultivation and cattle breeding, as it pertains to dairy farming. Thanks to the good transportation options, some construction businesses, a blacksmith shop and a bookbinding shop have more to Ballens. More people are also employed in the service sector.

, Ballens had an unemployment rate of 3.6%.  , there were 60 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 18 businesses involved in this sector.  25 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 4 businesses in this sector.  60 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 11 businesses in this sector.  There were 194 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 43.3% of the workforce.

 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 115.  The number of jobs in the primary sector was 37, of which 31 were in agriculture and 6 were in forestry or lumber production.  The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 23 of which 7 or (30.4%) were in manufacturing and 16 (69.6%) were in construction.  The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 55.  In the tertiary sector; 5 or 9.1% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 34 or 61.8% were in the movement and storage of goods, 4 or 7.3% were in a hotel or restaurant, 2 or 3.6% were technical professionals or scientists, 3 or 5.5% were in education.

, there were 39 workers who commuted into the municipality and 113 workers who commuted away.  The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 2.9 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering.  About 12.8% of the workforce coming into Ballens are coming from outside Switzerland.  Of the working population, 10.8% used public transportation to get to work, and 52.6% used a private car.

Religion
From the , 64 or 18.7% were Roman Catholic, while 218 or 63.7% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church.  Of the rest of the population, there were 8 individuals (or about 2.34% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church.  There were 2 (or about 0.58% of the population) who were Islamic.  43 (or about 12.57% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 7 individuals (or about 2.05% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Ballens about 131 or (38.3%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 40 or (11.7%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule).  Of the 40 who completed tertiary schooling, 52.5% were Swiss men, 40.0% were Swiss women.

In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 50 students in the Ballens school district.  In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts.  During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 631 children of which 203 children (32.2%) received subsidized pre-school care.  The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years.  There were 27 students in the municipal primary school program.  The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 23 students in those schools.

, there were 19 students in Ballens who came from another municipality, while 27 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

Transportation
The municipality is very accessible by public transport. It is located on the main road that runs from Morges to Bière. On July 1, 1895, the light railway Chemin de fer Bière-Apples-Morges began service to a station in Ballens.

References

External links

Official website of the municipality
Aerial photos

Ballens


La course à l'espace des milliardaires est la rivalité entre les entrepreneurs qui sont entrés dans l'industrie spatiale à partir d'autres industries – en particulier l'informatique. Cette course spatiale de l'industrie privée du  implique l'envoi de fusées dans l'ionosphère (mésosphère et thermosphère), la construction de fusées de lancement orbitales, ainsi que des vols spatiaux touristiques suborbitaux.

Parmi les milliardaires impliqués figurent :

 Jeff Bezos, fondateur de Blue Origin voulant établir une véritable base industrielle dans l'espace.
 Richard Branson, fondateur de Virgin Galactic et de Virgin Orbit, développe le tourisme spatial, les petits lanceurs orbitaux à bas prix et les vols spatiaux sous-orbitaux intercontinentaux.
 Elon Musk, fondateur de SpaceX, qui a un projet de colonisation de Mars.

Parmi ceux qui ont été impliqués, on compte :

 Paul Allen, fondateur de Vulcan Aerospace en vue de réduire le coût de lancement des charges utiles en orbite. Allen est décédé en 2018.

Contexte
Les bases de la course à l'espace milliardaire et des vols spatiaux privés ont sans doute été posées par Peter Diamandis, un entrepreneur américain. Dans les années 1980, il fonde une société spatiale étudiante américaine, les Students for the Exploration and Development of Space (SEDS). Plus tard, Jeff Bezos deviens président du SEDS. Dans les années 1990, Diamandis, déçu de l'état du développement spatial, décide de donner une impulsion pour dynamiser le marché du tourisme spatial en créant un prix, le X Prize. Ce prix amène Paul Allen à s'impliquer dans la compétition, créant la plate-forme Scaled Composites Tier One de SpaceShipOne et White Knight One, qui a remporté le Ansari X-Prize dans les années 2000. La technologie du gagnant a ensuite été licenciée par le groupe Virgin de Richard Branson comme base pour fonder Virgin Galactic. Les technologies de base de Tier One constituent également la base de Stratolaunch Systems (anciennement de Vulcan Aerospace). La course à l'espace des milliardaires montre que leurs objectifs vont au-delà de la simple exécution de contrats gouvernementaux, avec leur propre dorure de l'ère spatiale, pour étendre leurs capacités et leur aura. Elon Musk a exprimé son enthousiasme pour cette nouvelle course spatiale.

Le 11 juillet 2021, Richard Branson, avec Virgin Galactic, réussit un vol vers l'espace (uniquement selon la définition américaine, le vol n'atteignant pas la ligne de Kármán, comme le fera remarquer son rival, Jeff Bezos).

Le 20 juillet 2021, Jeff Bezos, avec Blue Origin, réussit également un vol spatial.

En décembre 2021, une plateforme d'information technologique britannique, TechRound, a publié sa liste des 10 meilleurs entrepreneurs spatiaux au monde. Les résultats d'un sondage auprès des lecteurs ont révélé que Richard Branson avait battu ses deux rivaux les plus proches, Elon Musk et Jeff Bezos, respectivement aux deuxième et troisième places. Les autres entrepreneurs spatiaux Chris Newlands () et  () constituaient les deux suivants.

Rivalités

SpaceX contre Blue Origin
SpaceX et Blue Origin ont une longue histoire de conflits. Blue Origin et SpaceX se sont affrontés à l'aide de communiqués de presse, mettant en compétitions leurs différentes annonces et leurs évènements.

SpaceX et Blue Origin se sont battus pour le droit d'utiliser la plate-forme de lancement de fusée LC-39A, qui a été utilisée pour lancer les missions lunaires Apollo. SpaceX a remporté le bail en 2013, mais Blue Origin a intenté une action en justice pour tenter de le récupérer. Il est actuellement utilisé par SpaceX, tandis que Blue Origin loue le  à la place.

SpaceX a intenté une action en justice contre Blue Origin pour invalider son brevet sur l'atterrissage de fusées sur des navires en mer. SpaceX remporte ce combat judiciaire en 2014, année à partir de laquelle l'entreprise tente de faire atterrir des fusées en mer, réussissant finalement en 2016, lors de la mission CRS-8, avant même que Blue Origin ne construise une plate-forme maritime sur laquelle faire atterrir des fusées.

SpaceX et Blue Origin se sont lancés dans une bataille sur Twitter à propos de la signification d'une fusée utilisée, d'une fusée qui a atterri, et d'une fusée spatiale, fin 2015, lorsque la New Shepard a atterri avec succès, après un vol suborbital dans l'espace. SpaceX avait déjà lancé et fait atterrir plusieurs fois sa fusée prototype  sans atteindre l'espace. Puis, SpaceX fait atterrir un premier étage de Falcon 9, qui avait été utilisé pour lancer un satellite en orbite, provoquant d'autres batailles sur Twitter début 2016, comme Bezos tweetant .

Fin 2016, Blue Origin annonce la New Glenn, en concurrence directe avec le Falcon Heavy de SpaceX, proposant une fusée plus grande, mais avec une charge utile réduite.

Lors du Congrès international d'astronautique de 2016 à Guadalajara, au Mexique, le président de Blue Origin, Rob Meyerson, expose la vision de Bezos précédemment décrite dans l'annonce de la New Glenn. La Blue Origin New Armstrong aurait un usage similaire au système de transport interplanétaire de SpaceX qu'Elon Musk a dévoilé lors de la même conférence.

En avril 2021, SpaceX a battu Blue Origin pour un contrat de 2,9 milliards de dollars pour construire l'atterrisseur lunaire du programme Artemis de la NASA.

Blue Origin contre Virgin Galactic
Blue Origin et Virgin Galactic sont sur le même marché, le tourisme spatial suborbital, avec la New Shepard pour Blue Origin, et le SpaceShipTwo pour Virgin Galactic. Ils sont dans une course pour être les premiers à lancer des clients privés et payant sur de courts vols spatiaux, avec des solutions technologiques rivales : des capsules spatiales pour Blue Origin, et des avions spatiaux pour Virgin galactic.

Anciennes rivalités

Stratolaunch contre Virgin Orbit
Les rivalités de Stratolaunch ne font plus partie de la course à l'espace des milliardaires, depuis 2019, ayant été suspendue au moment de la mort de Paul Allen. La société Stratolaunch a depuis poursuivi ses activités avec un nouveau propriétaire, mais ne se concentre plus sur les lancements spatiaux orbitaux.

Stratolaunch Systems, filiale de Vulcan Aerospace, prévoyait de tirer des fusées de lancement de satellites depuis un avion, de la même manière que ce qui était voulu par Virgin Orbit avec ses LauncherOne. Alors que LauncherOne a été développé et que des avions de lancement ont été achetés (autrefois le White Knight Two, maintenant le Boeing 747 ), le Scaled Composites  Model 351 est toujours en cours de développement (en 2022) et la fusée devant y être tirée n'a pas encore été sélectionnée. Après la mort de Paul Allen en 2018, Stratolaunch a été vendue et n'est plus une entreprise de milliardaire.

Bibliographie

Références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Course à l'espace
 Tourisme spatial

Liens externes

Milliardaire
Création d'entreprise

Course à l'espace des milliardaires


Die Mohrenmühle ist ein denkmalgeschütztes ehemaliges Mühlenanwesen nördlich von Gau-Heppenheim im Landkreis Alzey-Worms, das erstmals 1486 urkundlich genannt wird, wahrscheinlich aber deutlich früher entstanden ist. Die typisch fränkische Hofanlage mit Mühlengebäude, Wohnhaus, Stallungen, Weinkeller, Vorratskeller und Scheune wurde vermutlich im 16. Jahrhundert angelegt und Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts erweitert und renoviert.

Lage
Die Mohrenmühle liegt etwa einen Kilometer nördlich von Gau-Heppenheim am Weidasserbach (benannt nach dem Kloster Weidas bei Dautenheim, die Mühle hatte den Zehnten an dieses Kloster zu liefern) zwischen Dautenheim und Framersheim. Seit der Flurbereinigung von 1954 bis 1956 verläuft der Bach im Bereich der Mohrenmühle geradlinig in West-Ost-Richtung. Ursprünglich lag das Bachbett westlich und südlich unterhalb der Mühle. Das Wasser für den Mühlenbetrieb wurde im Mühlgraben westlich des Anwesens ausgeleitet, floss nördlich des Bachbetts in das Mühlengebäude und verließ die Mühle in Richtung Süden zurück in das ursprüngliche Bachbett. Der historische Verlauf des Mühlgrabens ist noch am Baumbestand ablesbar.

Geschichte
Eine Mühle in Gau-Heppenheim wird erstmals mit dem in einer Äckerbeschreibung von 1412/13 genannten "Mulenpfad" greifbar. 1486 wird der "Moller Emerich" für die Mohrenmühle genannt, 1536 erscheint der Mühlenname als "Mormühle" und 1610 als "Moormühle", während sie in einer Kartenskizze von 1672 mit "Reißen Mühl" bezeichnet wird. 1907 übernahm Wilhelm Scholl II. als letzter Müller die Mühle.

Die Mühle hatte drei Mahlgänge, neben der Mahl- und der Ölmühle gab es eine Hanfreibe, deren Betrieb aber schon vor 1863 eingestellt wurde. 1925 wurde der Mühlenbetrieb beendet, die Gebäude an eine Bettferdernreinigung (Kimmich & Hartmann) vermietet und die Äcker verpachtet. Mit der Flurbereinigung 1954 bis 1956 wurde das Wasserrecht gegen einen Stromanschluss getauscht. Von 1948 bis 1962 wurde der landwirtschaftliche Betrieb durch die Eigentümerfamilie Heinrich Steingass, Schwiegersohn von Wilhelm Scholl II., wieder aufgenommen. Ab 1980 wurde die Mohrenmühle als Jugendgästehaus durch das Bistum Mainz genutzt. Seit 2002 wird das Anwesen als Veranstaltungsstätte genutzt. Die Mohrenmühle wurde vom Landkreis Alzey-Worms am 6. November 2006 als Denkmalzone ausgewiesen.

Beschreibung
Die Mühlengebäude gruppieren sich auf drei Seiten um den nach Nordosten geöffneten Hof. Auf der Nordwestseite liegen das Wohngebäude und der Nordteil des Mühlentrakts, auf der Südwestseite der Südteil des Mühlentrakts und der Schweinestall und auf der Südostseite die Scheune. Nordöstlich des Wohnhauses befinden sich zwei kleinere Nebengebäude, von denen eines als Toilettengebäude und das andere vermutlich als Backofen genutzt wurden. Alle Gebäude datieren nach 1829, älteres Mauerwerk ist möglicherweise in den äußeren Fundamenten der Nordwest- und der Südwestseite erhalten.

Das ursprünglich fünfachsige zweigeschossige Wohnhaus wurde 1862/63 um zwei Achsen verlängert und umgestaltet, so wurden neue Fenstergewände aus Sandstein eingebaut. Aus dieser Zeit erhalten sind Fensterläden, Eingangstür, Bodenfliesen und Terrazzobelag in Teilen des Erdgeschosses. Die Treppe stammt noch aus der Biedermeierzeit, wurde beim Umbau also nicht ersetzt. Der Mühltrakt wurde nach dem Umbau des Wohnhauses erneuert. Der zweigeschossige Backsteinbau ist mit "FL / 1863" bezeichnet und verweist damit auf den damaligen Eigentümer Franz Limbacher. Vom Mahlwerk haben sich nur kleinere Reste erhalten. Der Schweinestall wurde nach 1839 errichtet. Im Erdgeschoss aus Sandsteinplatten führen zwei Doppeltüren in den Stall mit seitlichen Futtertrögen für vier Tiere, das Obergeschoss diente als Hühnerstall.

Die Scheune mit Kreuzgewölbestall entstand wahrscheinlich zwischen 1839 und 1848. Der Bruchsteinbau ist etwa 30 Meter lang und zwölf Meter breit, in seinem Südteil befindet sich der dreischiffige Gewölbestall. Das Gewölbe des annähernd quadratischen Stalles wird von vier Sandsteinsäulen getragen, auf seinem Boden liegt altes flaches Sandsteinpflaster. Teile der Scheune sind unterkellert.

Der Hof ist teilweise mit altem Kalksteinpflaster befestigt. In einer Ecke des Hofs befindet sich der Kollerstein der Hanfreibe, am Zufahrtsweg sind zwei Mühlsteine aufgestellt, einer bezeichnet mit "18 HR 50" für Heinrich Reith.

Einzelnachweise

Literatur
 Hermann Scholl: Chronik von Gau-Heppenheim. Häuser, Höfe, Heppenheimer. Verlag der Rheinhessischen Druck-Werkstätte, Alzey 2004, ISBN 3-87854-185-6, S. 335ff. und 524f.
 Denkmaltopographie Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Kulturdenkmäler in Rheinland-Pfalz Band 20.1: Kreis Alzey-Worms. Verbandsgemeinde Alzey-Land. Herausgegeben im Auftrag des Ministeriums für Bildung, Wissenschaft, Weiterbildung und Kultur von der Generaldirektion Kulturelles Erbe Rheinland-Pfalz Direktion Landesdenkmalpflege. Bearbeitet von Michael Huyer und Dieter Krienke. Wernersche Verlagsgesellschaft: Worms 2013. ISBN 978-3-88462-327-5; S. 226–227

Weblinks
 Website

Wassermühle in Rheinland-Pfalz
Kulturdenkmal im Landkreis Alzey-Worms
Gau-Heppenheim
Mühle in Europa
Denkmalzone (Rheinland-Pfalz)

Mohrenmühle


හැරී පෝටර් සහ හාෆ් බ්ල්ඩ් ප්‍රින්ස් යනුවෙන් හදුන්වන්නේ හැරී පෝටර් 6 වන චිත්‍රපටය වේ.

Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince යනු ඩේවිඩ් යේට්ස් විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද සහ Warner Bros. Pictures විසින් බෙදාහරින ලද 2009 ෆැන්ටසි චිත්‍රපටයකි. එය පදනම් වී ඇත්තේ J. K. Rowling ගේ 2005 නවකතාව මත ය. Harry Potter චිත්‍රපට මාලාවේ හයවන දිගහැරුම වන මෙම චිත්‍රපටය Steve Kloves විසින් රචනා කරන ලද අතර, David Heyman සහ David Barron විසින් නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලදී.[4] එහි Harry Potter ලෙස Daniel Radcliffe රංගනයෙන් දායක වන අතර Rupert Grint සහ Emma Watson හැරීගේ හොඳම මිතුරන් Ron Weasley සහ Hermione Granger ලෙස රංගනයෙන් දායක වේ. හොග්වාර්ට්ස් හි හැරිගේ හයවන වසරට පසු, ඔහුට අද්භූත පෙළපොතක් ලැබී, ආදරයෙන් බැඳෙන අතර, වෝල්ඩ්මෝර්ට් සාමිවරයාගේ වැටීමට යතුර ඇති මතකයක් ලබා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කරන විට කතාවෙන් පසුවය. මෙම චිත්‍රපටය Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007) චිත්‍රපටයේ අනුප්‍රාප්තිකය වන අතර Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (2010) ඉන් පසුව නිකුත් විය.

Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince

Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince poster.jpg

එක්සත් රාජධානියේ නාට්‍ය නිකුත් කිරීමේ පෝස්ටරය

අධ්යක්ෂණය කළේ

ඩේවිඩ් යේට්ස්

තිර රචනය

ස්ටීව් ක්ලෝව්ස්

මත පදනම්ව

Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince

J. K. Rowling විසිනි

විසින් නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලදී

ඩේවිඩ් හේමන්

ඩේවිඩ් බැරන්

රංගනයෙන්

ඩැනියෙල් රැඩ්ක්ලිෆ්

රූපට් ග්‍රින්ට්

එමා වොට්සන්

ජිම් බ්‍රෝඩ්බන්ට්

හෙලේනා බොන්හැම් කාටර්

රොබී කෝල්ට්රේන්

වෝර්වික් ඩේවිස්

මයිකල් ගැම්බන්

ඇලන් රික්මන්

මැගී ස්මිත්

තිමෝති ස්පාල්

ඩේවිඩ් තෙව්ලිස්

ජූලි වෝල්ටර්ස්

සිනමාකරණය

බෲනෝ ඩෙල්බොනෙල්

විසින් සංස්කරණය කරන ලදී

මාර්ක් දිනය

සංගීතය විසිනි

නිකලස් හූපර්

නිෂ්පාදනය

සමාගම්

Warner Bros. පින්තූර[1]

හයිඩේ ෆිල්ම්ස්

විසින් බෙදා හරිනු ලැබේ

වෝනර් බ්‍රදර්ස් පින්තූර

නිකුත් කරන දිනය

2009 ජූලි 7 (ලන්ඩන්)

2009 ජූලි 15 (එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ එක්සත් ජනපදය)

දුවන වෙලාව

මිනිත්තු 153[2]

රටවල්

එක්සත් රාජධානිය

එක්සත් ජනපදය

භාෂාව

ඉංග්රීසි

අයවැය

ඩොලර් මිලියන 250[3]

ආදායම් වාර්තා

$934.5[3]

රූගත කිරීම් 2007 සැප්තැම්බර් 24 වන දින ආරම්භ වූ අතර, චිත්‍රපටය 2009 ජූලි 15 වන දින ලොව පුරා සිනමාත්මක නිකුත් කිරීමට හේතු විය, අනුරූප නවකතාව නිකුත් වී සිව්වන සංවත්සරයට දිනක් අඩු විය. ඩොලර් මිලියන 250 ක ඇස්තමේන්තුගත අයවැයක් සහිතව, එය මෙතෙක් නිපදවා ඇති වඩාත්ම මිල අධික චිත්‍රපටවලින් එකක් වන අතර හැරී පොටර් චිත්‍රපට මාලාවේ වඩාත්ම මිල අධික චිත්‍රපටය වේ. චිත්‍රපටිය උතුරු ඇමරිකාව හැර සෑම තැනකම සාමාන්‍ය සිනමාහල්වල සහ IMAX 3D හි එකවර නිකුත් කරන ලද අතර, එහි IMAX නිකුත් කිරීම සති දෙකක් ප්‍රමාද විය.[5]

Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince 2009 ජුලි 7 [6] ලන්ඩන් හිදී තිරගත වූ අතර ජූලි 15 දින ලොව පුරා තිරගත විය. මෙම චිත්‍රපටය විශාල වාණිජමය සාර්ථකත්වයක් අත්කර ගත් අතර, ලොව පුරා විශාලතම තනි දින ආදායමේ වාර්තාව බිඳ දමයි. දින පහක් තුළ චිත්‍රපටය ඩොලර් මිලියන 394ක් ඉපැයූ අතර, ලොව පුරා වැඩිම දින පහක ආදායමේ වාර්තාව බිඳ දමමින්. $මිලියන 934 ක සම්පූර්ණ ආදායමක් සහිතව, එය සෑම කාලයකම[7] අටවන ඉහළම ආදායම් ලැබූ චිත්‍රපටය බවට පත් වූ අතර 2009 වසරේ (Avatar ට පසු) දෙවන වැඩිම ආදායමක් උපයාගත් චිත්‍රපටය බවට පත් විය. එය ෆ්‍රැන්චයිස් හි පස්වන-ඉහළම ආදායම් ලැබූ චිත්‍රපටයයි.

යේට්ස්ගේ අධ්‍යක්ෂණය, රංගනය, ඩෙල්බොනෙල්ගේ කැමරාකරණය, නිකලස් හූපර්ගේ සංගීතමය ලකුණු සහ "චිත්තවේගීය වශයෙන් තෘප්තිමත්" කතාව සඳහා ප්‍රශංසා සමඟින් චිත්‍රපටයට ධනාත්මක සමාලෝචන ලැබුණි.[8][9][10] මෙම චිත්‍රපටය 82 වැනි ඔස්කාර් සම්මාන උළෙලේ හොඳම කැමරාකරණය සඳහා[11] සහ 63 වැනි බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇකඩමි චිත්‍රපට සම්මාන සඳහා හොඳම විශේෂ දෘශ්‍ය ප්‍රයෝග සහ හොඳම නිෂ්පාදන නිර්මාණය සඳහා නම් කරන ලදී.[12]

අන්තර්ගතය

කුමන්ත්රණය සංස්කරණය

වෝල්ඩ්මෝට් සාමිවරයා මායාකාරියන් සහ මුග්ධ ලෝකයන් මත ඔහුගේ ග්‍රහණය දැඩි කරයි: ඔහුගේ ඩෙත් ඊටර්ස් ගැරික් ඔලිවැන්ඩර් පැහැරගෙන ගොස් මිලේනියම් පාලම විනාශ කරයි. ලුසියස් මැල්ෆෝයිව අස්කබාන් වෙත යවන විට, වොල්ඩමෝර්ට් හොග්වාර්ට්ස් හි රහසිගත මෙහෙයුමක් කිරීමට ඩ්‍රැකෝව තෝරා ගනී. ඩ්‍රැකෝගේ මව නාර්සිසා සහ නැන්දා බෙලාට්‍රික්ස් ලෙස්ට්‍රේන්ජ් ඕඩර් ඔෆ් ද ෆීනික්ස් තුළ මවුලයක් යැයි කියන සෙවෙරස් ස්නේප් සොයා යයි. ඩ්‍රැකෝව ආරක්ෂා කිරීමට සහ ඔහු අසමත් වුවහොත් ඔහුගේ පැවරුම ඉටු කිරීමට ස්නේප් නාර්සිසා සමඟ නොබිඳිය හැකි දිවුරුම් දෙයි.

හැරී පොටර් ඇල්බස් ඩම්බල්ඩෝර් සමඟ හිටපු පොෂන්ස් මහාචාර්ය හොරේස් ස්ලූගෝර්න්ව නැවත හොග්වාර්ට්ස් වෙත පොළඹවා ගනී. Burrow හිදී හැරී ඔහුගේ හොඳම මිතුරන් වන Ron Weasley සහ Hermione Granger සමඟ නැවත එක්වේ. ඔවුන් Diagon Alley හි ෆ්‍රෙඩ් සහ ජෝර්ජ් වීස්ලිගේ නව විහිළු සාප්පුව වෙත ගොස් Fenrir Greyback ඇතුළු Death Eaters කණ්ඩායමක් සමඟ Draco Knockturn Alley වෙත ඇතුළු වන ආකාරය දකිනවා. හැරී විශ්වාස කරන්නේ වොල්ඩමෝට් ඩ්‍රැකෝව මරණ භක්ෂකයෙකු බවට පත් කර ඇති බවයි, නමුත් රොන් සහ හර්මියෝන් සැක සහිත ය. හොග්වාර්ට්ස් එක්ස්ප්‍රස් හි, හැරී තොරතුරු ලබා ගැනීමේ උත්සාහයක් ලෙස ඔහුගේ අදෘශ්‍යමාන සළුව භාවිතා කරමින් ස්ලිදරින් කරත්තය තුළ සැඟවී සිටින නමුත්, ලූනා ලව්ගුඩ් විසින් ඇගේ වර්ණාවලිවලින් බේරා ගැනීමට පෙර මැල්ෆෝයි විසින් දැක බියට පත් වේ.

හැරී ඔහුගේ ණයට ගත් පෝෂන් පෙළ පොත "අර්ධ-ලේ කුමාරයා" විසින් ඉතිරි කරන ලද ප්‍රයෝජනවත් සටහන් සහ අක්ෂර වින්‍යාසයෙන් පිරී ඇති බව සොයා ගන්නා අතර, එම පොත පන්තියේ විශිෂ්ටත්වය දැක්වීමට සහ ස්ලූගර්න්ව විශ්මයට පත් කිරීමට, දියර වාසනාවන්ත ඖෂධයක් දිනා ගැනීමට භාවිතා කරයි. රොන් Gryffindor Quidditch කණ්ඩායමේ මුරකරු බවට පත් වන අතර හර්මියෝන්ව කලබලයට පත් කරමින් ලැවෙන්ඩර් බ්‍රවුන් සමඟ පෙම් සබඳතාවක් ආරම්භ කරයි. හැරී හර්මියෝනිව සනසමින්, රොන්ගේ බාල සොහොයුරිය වන ජිනී කෙරෙහි ඔහුට ඇති හැඟීම් පිළිගනී. හැරී නත්තල් නිවාඩුව වෙස්ලි සමඟ ගත කරයි, එහිදී ඩ්‍රැකෝ පිළිබඳ ඔහුගේ සැකය නියෝගයෙන් බැහැර කරයි, නමුත් ආතර් වීස්ලි හෙළි කරන්නේ මැල්ෆෝයිස් අතුරුදහන් වන කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලයක් ගැන උනන්දු වන්නට ඇති බවයි. බෙලාට්‍රික්ස් සහ ග්‍රේබැක් බරෝට පහර දෙන අතර, ඇණවුම පැමිණීමට පෙර හැරී ජිනීව බේරාගෙන මරණයට එරෙහිව සටන් කරයි.අවසානයේ ඩම්බල්ඩෝර් මිය යයි.

හැරී පොටර් සහ හාෆ් බ්ලඩ් ප්‍රින්ස්


The Ark is an office building located in Hammersmith, London, England.

Original building
The building lies immediately south of the Hammersmith Flyover. Named in reference to its hull-like profile, the Ark was designed by architect Ralph Erskine, for Swedish developers Ake Larson and Pronator.

Erskine, based in Sweden, worked from a small office in collaboration with other trusted architects in order to retain design freedom. In the case of the Ark, Erskine and Vernon Gracie (who worked with Erskine on Byker Wall in Newcastle) collaborated with London architects Rock Townsend and latterly Lennart Bergstrom in Stockholm.

Planning permission for the building was granted on 19 September 1989; building commenced the same day and the complex was completed in 1992. Owing to the difficult economic circumstances at the time, Ake Larson's UK division did not survive to occupy the building. Drinks company Seagram subsequently occupied the Ark from 1996 until it was bought by Vivendi Universal in 2000.

Refurbishment

In 2006 German property company Deka sold the Ark to Landid backed by GE Real Estate and O&H Properties, who saw the building required a refit to make the interior better suited for multiple tenants.

The ensuing £20 million conversion was carried out by DN-A architects, comprising the stripping out of the central "village" and connecting walkways which spanned the atrium and the floorplates filled in creating two smaller atriums turning "the doughnut plan into a pretzel" in the words of DN-A director Stuart McLarty.

A new double height atrium was created on the ground floor, and a new fifth and sixth floor were erected, while the seventh floor was extended as an open mezzanine. As a result, net lettable floor space was increased by 30%, from  to . Each floor can be subdivided into two spaces and the open balustrading has been replaced with partially glazed partitions.

The building remained unoccupied until 2009.

References

External links

 Emporis.com on the Ark

Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham

The Ark, London


Deveti val je ulje na platnu ruskog romantističkog slikara Ivana Konstantinoviča Ajvazovskog. Riječ je o njegovom najpoznatijem djelu nastalom 1850. godine. Ajvazovski je ruski slikar armenskog podrijetla a upravo su slike mora zauzele više od polovice njegovog ukupnog likovnog stvaralaštva po kojima je najpoznatiji.

Opis
Deveti val je Ajvazovskovo remek djelo i čini se da označava prijelaz između fantastičnih boja njegovih ranijih slika i vizija srebrenkastih morskih pejzaža u kasnijim godinama. Ova slika se često naziva "najljepšom slikom u Rusiji" te se danas nalazi u sankt peterburškom Ruskom državnom muzeju.

Odnos čovjeka i prirode, čovjekova borba protiv prirode i njegova ljubav prema njoj bili su glavna tema Ivana Ajvazovskog. U pejzažu razvija romantičnu notu povezanu s efektima svjetlosti i atmosfere.

Slika Deveti val prikazuje more poslije noćne oluje i grupu nesretnih brodolomaca koji se suočavaju sa smrću i pokušavaju opstati pred nemilosrdnim prijetnjama u obliku morskih valova. Prve zrake sunca osvjetljavaju ogromne valove a najveći od njih, deveti val, izgleda kao da će progutati ljude i ostatke broda. Njihov brod je uništen dok su mnogi njihovi kolege stradali. Preživjeli brodolomci su svjesni da neće preživjeti te da se suočavaju sa sigurnom smrću, ali se očajnički hvataju za jarbol i dijelove uništenog broda koji tone te se bore za svoje živote.

Centar kompozicije slike je snažan, skoro mističan. Iako je Ajvazovski naslikao ovu sliku u svjetlo-tamnim nijansama, nekoliko zlatnih sunčevih zraka iza debelog sloja tamnih oblaka, osvjetljava scenu s čudnim, spektrom zelenih i ružičastih nijansi, i kao da daje iluzornu nadu da će se ljudi spasiti.

Usprkos tragičnoj prirodi slike Deveti val Ivan Ajvazovski jasno se divi ljepoti mora. Slika ima tople tonove i more na njoj ne izgleda toliko opasno, a boje i igra svjetlosti čine da izgleda prirodno i blistavo. Ovaj zamišljeni kontrast, u kombinaciji s majstorski oslikanim morem, valovima, čak i malim kapljicama vode koji sjaje na suncu pomogli su Ajvazovskom i njegovoj slici da steknu slavu. Danas je legendarni Deveti val izložen u ruskom muzeju u Sankt Peterburgu kao dio stalne zbirke, a često se naziva i "najljepšom slikom u Rusiji".

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Ivan Ajvazovski - Deveti talas

Slikarstvo
Romantičarske slike

Deveti val


Toilettes : une histoire d'amour (Toilet: Ek Prem Katha) est un film indien de Bollywood mettant en vedette Akshay Kumar, Bhumi Pednekar et Anupam Kher, racontant le combat d'un homme pour installer des toilettes dans sa maison afin de reconquérir l'amour de sa femme.

Synopsis
Keshav (Akshay Kumar), vieux trentenaire, est condamné par les astres, selon son père , à épouser une vache ou une femme possédant six doigts à chaque main. Mais quand il rencontre Jaya (Bhumi Pednekar), c'est le coup de foudre. Un mariage s'ensuit rapidement.

Installée dans la maison de son mari, Jaya découvre qu'il n'y a pas de toilettes et qu'elle doit, pour se soulager, se rendre à l'aube en compagnie des autres femmes de la maisonnée dans la jungle. Elle exige donc de son mari qu'il fasse construire des toilettes et retourne en attendant dans sa famille.

Pour reconquérir sa femme, Keshav doit affronter le poids des traditions et s'opposer aux valeurs ancestrales de son pays.

Fiche technique

Motivations
Cette histoire s'inspire du combat de plusieurs femmes pour exiger des toilettes dans leur maison, telles Anita Narre de Madhya Pradesh et Priyanka Bharti d'Uttar Pradesh.

Anita Narre s'est insurgée contre la tradition de déféquer en plein air et a obtenu du chef de village l'autorisation de construire des toilettes dans sa maison, arguant qu'elle refusait de se plier à cette coutume et ne réintègrerait le domicile conjugal qu'à cette condition. Elle est considérée comme une des initiatrices de la révolution des toilettes et a reçu d'une ONG un don de  pour son combat.

Priyanka Bharti, jeune mariée de 19 ans a quitté le domicile conjugal pour s'opposer à cette coutume. À l'aide de l'association Sulabh International, elle a convaincu de nombreuses femmes indiennes de construire des toilettes dans leur demeure.

Le problème de la défécation en plein air est une réel problème de santé publique en Inde où, en 2015, près de la moitié de la population faisait encore ses besoins en extérieur. Des femmes indiennes sont donc contraintes de se lever à l'aube et d'aller en groupe se soulager loin de la ville en tentant de se protéger notamment des regards concupiscents des hommes, prenant des risques d'attaques d'animaux ou même de viols , d'enlèvements ou de lynchages.

Cette pratique induit aussi des risques sanitaires sur la pollution des eaux et des sols. Ainsi en 2015, on estimait que  mouraient chaque année en Inde des suites d'une contamination fécale.

Les mentalités changent peu à peu mais le poids des traditions est grand : la religion considère comme impur de se soulager dans les lieux de vie et près des autels de la maison.

En 2014, le premier ministre Narendra Modi lance une grande campagne d'installation de toilettes destinée à faire disparaitre la pratique de la défécation en plein air. Sa campagne se heurte à l'opposition et l'incompréhension des populations visées. En 2019, il annonce triomphalement le succès de sa campagne malgré les doutes des observateurs.

Le film de 2017 de , tente, par le biais du divertissement, de sensibiliser les spectateurs sur ce sujet.

Réception
Ce film rencontre un réel succès à sa sortie. En quelques mois, il récolte plus de  d'Euros de recettes. Dans le classement des films de Bollywood, il est au 25 rang pour les critiques et au 38 rang pour le public, selon cinetrafic.

Mais certains avis sont plus mitigés. On lui reproche de traiter à la légère un sujet grave, voire de dévoyer le sens de ce combat, en faisant du personnage principal un homme alors que les premiers combats ont été menés par des femmes.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
Pad Man, film traitant de la précarité menstruelle
Toilettes en Inde

Liens externes

Film indien sorti en 2017
Comédie dramatique indienne
Film en hindi
Film de Bollywood
Film indien inspiré de faits réels

Toilettes : une histoire d'amour


قلعة صيرة هي موقع عسكري في عدن، اليمن. بنيت القلعة في القرن الحادي عشر الميلادي وحاليا يستخدمه الجيش اليمني. القلعة موجودة على جزيرة صيرة وهي جزيرة صخرية بركانية طويلة تقع بالقرب من ميناء عدن. وكانت هناك دراسات أثرية قليلة أجريت في المنطقة. إحدى النظريات تقول بأن القلعة بنيت في سنة 1173 من قبل الحاكم التركي على عدن الأمير عثمان الزانغابيلي التكريتي. وقد ثبتت القلعة خلال هجمات لاحقة ضد عدن من قبل البرتغاليين والأتراك خاصة في عام 1517. على الرغم من أن الميناء القديم بدأ يطمى والمركز التجاري الرئيسي انتقل في نهاية المطاف إلى الجانب الآخر من شبه جزيرة عدن واصل البريطانيون تطوير القلعة بعد وصولهم في عام 1839.

من أبرز القلاع وحصون مدينة عدن القديمة التاريخية وقد لعبت القلعة دوراً دفاعياً في حياة المدينة، حيث ومن خلالها تشكلت التحصينات الدفاعية في الجبل وتم صد الكثير من الهجمات والغزوات التي سعت للسيطرة على المدينة حتى صارت رمزاً للصمود امام هجمات الغزاة والطامعين والسيطرة على الميناء كان آخرها معركة التصدي التي قام بها سكان عدن بالدفاع عن المدينة باسلحتهم المتواضعة في وجه الاحتلال البريطاني في 19 يناير 1839م

التسمية
تطلق تسمية صيرة على الجزيرة كلها بما في ذلك القلعة والذي اختلف كثيراً الباحثون المحليون في تعريفها. فقد ذكر صاحب «تاريخ عدن وجنوب الجزيرة العربية» وله السبق في تناول مثل تلك الموضوعات، ثلاثة حلول للتسمية:

أولها: ان المستعمرين البرتغاليين اطلقوا اسم «سيرة» والتي تعني لهم الجبل على هذه البقع.

ثانيها: ان الهنود وبحكم العلاقات التجارية وماقامت به عدن من دور كميناء هام كانوا يسمون عدن «سيرة سيت» ولعلها إشارة إلى أسطورة رأس الجني «راون» الذي يسكن السلسلة الجبلية الممتدة من جبل التعكر «جبل حديد حالياً».

ثالثها: أن صيرة بالعربية تعني السمك الصغير أو الساردين أو الشقوق والكهوف.

الموقع
تقع قلعة صيرة على الجزيرة المعروفة باسم صيرة والتي تقع إلى الشرق من مدينة كريتر. وهي عبارة عن جبل يحيط بها البحر من اربع جوانب، حيث يبلغ ارتفاعه 430 قدماً فوق مستوى سطح البحر...

بالاعتماد على بعض الشواهد والمصادر التاريخية ومقارنتها والدراسة المتأنية لها يمكن ان نتواصل قدر الإمكان إلى تحديد زمن بناء القلعة والتي لا يمكن بأي حال من الأحوال إلاّ ان يكون بناقرها مرتبط ارتباطاً وثيقاً بنشوء وتطور الميناء والذي لا يمكن ان يتطور ويذيع صيته كأهم ثلاثة موانئ في العالم القديم ان لم يكن أهمها والتي ذكرت في الكتب اليونانية والرومانية القديمة دون أن يكون لها حماية -القلعة- وتحصين تطرز بها الجبال المطلة على هذا الميناء. من خلال كل هذا يتبين لنا أن هناك حصن قديم فوق جبل صيرة وهناك من الطامعين والغزاة من قام بتوسعها وآخر قام بتخريبها ومن سعى لإعادة ترميمها وإصلاحها.

الوصف العام للقلعة
ان الغرض من إنشاء القلعة إضافة إلى موقعها الاستراتيجي الذي يتحكم في ميناء عدن القديم كان عسكرياً بحتاً وذلك من أجل الدفاع عن المدينة، ويدل ذلك من حيث عدد المدافعين عنها وانتشارهم في حجراتها المتعددة ووجود المزاغل المنتشرة فيها تطل غالبيتها على البحر.

 الوصف لشكلها الخارجي

تتكون القلعة من برجين اسطوانيين متساويين في الارتفاع يحصران بينهما المدخل الرئيسي الواقع في الجهة الغربية، في البرجين فتحتان كبيرة وفتحات صغيرة عبارة عن «مزاغل» تضيق في المقدمة وتتسع للداخل بحيث تسمح بحرية الحركة للمرابط عليها والتصويب بدقة.

 المدخل

يوجد مدخلان للقلعة رئيسي وهو محصور بين البرجين ويقع في الجهة الغربية والباب الآخر يوجد في البرج الشمالي. ويصعد إلى المدخل الرئيسي بواسطة درجات دائرية الشكل تؤدي إلى فتحة باب مستطيلة بطول 47.2 سم وعرض 96.1 سم كان يغلق عليها باب خشبي سميك لا يوجد الآن ولكن آثاره باقية ثم يليه باب خشبي آخر بطول 72.2 سم وعرض 96.1 سم يفتح على الصالة المركزية.

 البرجان

احدهما يقع على جهة الجنوب والآخر إلى الشمال فيهما عدة فتحات ثلاث منها في الوسط وأربع في العلا وكذلك الحال بالنسبة للبرج الآخر ويختلف هذا البرج الواقع في جهة الجنوب بوجود باب من الناحية الشمالية ويلتف البرجان حول القلعة بشكل دائري حيث يلتقيان في الخلف.

 الوصف الداخلي للقلعة
المدخل الرئيسي للقلعة يفتح على صالة مركزية عليها ممرات تؤدي إلى حجرات مختلفة المساحات، أما سقفها فهو سطح وبه فتحات للتهوية والضوء.
ويلاحظ تنوع البناء والطراز المستخدم في اساليب الممرات بالأقبية الاسطوانية (البرميلية) والحجرات بالأقبية المتقطعة إلى جانب الأسقف المسطحة.
الجانب الأيمن للبرج الجنوبي من القلعة يوجد به اربع غرف (حجرات) ويتم الوصول إلى هذه الحجرات عبر ممرين، فالممر الأول يصل بالحجرة رقم (1-2) والممر الآخر يؤدي إلى الحجرتين (3-4).

 الجانب الشمالي من القلعة
في هذا البرج نفس عدد الحجرات في البرج الجنوبي ويتميز بوجود حجرات مغلقة من التهوية والضوء وربما انها تستخدم كمستودع أو مخزن للمؤن الغذائية وكذا الأسلحة وفي إحدى حجرات هذا البرج فتحة دائرية عبارة عن صهريج لخزن الماء لخدمة الحامية العسكرية في القلعة.

 الطابق العلوي (سقف القلعة)
يتم الصعود للطابق العلوي للقلعة عبر درج حجرية وعلى سطح القلعة اربع قواعد حديدية في الجهات الأبع مستندة على قواعد مستديرة الشكل مبنية من الحجارة ومكونة من ثلاث طبقات وطبقتين وقد سدت بعض المزاغل في الطابق العلوي بأنها -مستحدثة- ويبلغ عددها ثمانية وعشرين فتحة كما يوجد الحمام في الطابق العلوي.

المراجع

وصلات خارجية
 دليل مدينة عدن السياحي

حصون في اليمن
قلاع في اليمن
مبان ومنشآت في عدن

قلعة صيرة


Podagrasti jarčevac (jarčevac trojnolistni, regoča, kozja noga,sedmerolist lat. Aegopodium podagraria), vrsta višegodišnje biljke iz porodice kimovki, raširena po Europi i Aziji.

Šuplja glatka stabljika naraste do 100cm visine, pri vrhu je razgranata. Rizomi su dugački i razgranati .
Biljka je ljekovita i jestiva, te se koristi i u kulinarstvu (začin) i za liječenje, diuretik. Jela s njom olakšavaju rad želuca i sprečavaju upale organa za probavu, smanjuje masnoću u krvi, regulira cirkulaciju i izlučivanje mokraćne kiseline, liječi reumatizam, kostobolju. Sasvim mladi proljetni listovi mogu se jesti sirovi ili kuhani.

U Hrvatskoj je jedina vrsta iz roda jarčevca.

Sastav
Sadrži do 100 mg% C vitamina,limunsku i jabučnu kiselinu,holin,glukozu,fruktozu,mineralne soli,karotenoide.

Dodatna literatura
Grlić,Lj. Samoniklo jestivo bilje,Zagreb 1980.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Podvrste
 Aegopodium podagraria subsp. nadeshdae N. V Stepanov
 Aegopodium podagraria subsp. podagraria

Careae
Samoniklo jestivo bilje
Flora Europe
Flora Azije
Flora Hrvatske
Flora Srbije
Flora Bosne i Hercegovine

Podagrasti jarčevac


Daegeling, Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Steinburg iline bağlı yerleşim yeri. 7,53 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 1 Aralık 2005 itibarıyla yaklaşık 1010 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Rainer Hahn tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-krempermarsch.de

Steinburg iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Daegeling


غنوجة بيا مسلسل لبناني كوميدي عرض عام 2006 من تأليف الكاتبة اللبنانية منى طايع وبطولة ريتا برصونا وبيتر سمعان ونادين الراسي وغسان سالم، توقف بسبب حرب تموز ولكن استكمل عرضه في نهاية العام.

حقق المسلسل نجاحاً منقطع النظير مما جعل القائمين يحولون الحلقة الأخيرة منه إلى فيلم سينمائي عرض في دور السينما وحقق ايرادات كبيرة.

القصة

يحكي العمل قصة رنا بركات (ريتا برصونا) الفتاة والمدلله من قبل ابيها مما جعلها إنسانة لا مبالية
ولا يرفض لها طلب وتتحول القصة عندما يفلس الأب وتضطر رنا إلى العمل لكسب لقمة العيش وتقابل رنا رجل الأعمال
طارق فياض (بيتر سمعان) فيقع في غرامها لكنها ترفضه ظناً منها انه السبب في افلاس والدها وتحدث المفارقات.

شخصيات العمل

 ريتا برصونا في دور رنا بركات
 بيتر سمعان في دور طارق فياض
 نادين الراسي في دور نادين صديقة رنا
 غسان سالم في دور شادي
 سعد حمدان في دور عدنان

مراجع

مسلسلات تلفزيونية لبنانية

غنوجة بيا (مسلسل)


فاسيلي كاندينسكي (بالروسية: Василий Кандинский) فنان روسي (16 ديسمبر 1866 - 13 ديسمبر 1944) أحد أشهر فناني القرن العشرين، اكتشافاته في مجال الفن التجريدي جعلته واحدا من أهم المبتكرين والمجددين في الفن الحديث. في كلتا الحالتين، كفنان وباحث نظري لعب دوراً محورياً ومهماً جدا في تطور الفن التجريدي. تنسب اليه جائزة كاندينسكي للفنون، ومن أشهر تصاميمه كرسي كاندينسكي الذي أخذ طابع مدرسة باوهاوس في ألمانيا.

يعتبر كاندينسكي من اعظم المؤثرين في الحركة الفنية بين أبناء جيله، وفي القرن العشرين. وكاحد الرواد الأوائل للمبدأ اللاتصويري أو اللاتمثيلي، وبعبارة أخرى، مبدأ «التجريدية الصافية». كما يعتبر الفنان كاندينسكي ممهد الطريق للمذهب التعبيري - التجريدي، حيث أصبح هذا المذهب مدرسة الرسم المهيمنة والسائدة منذ ذلك الوقت - وفترة الحرب العالمية الثانية وما بعدها. وقد أطلق عليه اصحابه لقب "أمير الروح" و"الفارس".

حياته المهنية
عمل كاندينسكي في مطلع شبابه لدى إحدى الشركات التي تولَّتْ أعمال الإحصاء في المقاطعات القروية والفلاحية. وقد أنجز مهمَّته في إعداد دراسة وإحصاء عن الفلاحين في مقاطعة فلوغدا Voogda بنجاح كبير، مما أهَّله لأن يصبح أحد أعضاء الهيئة الإدارية لتلك الشركة. وقد ساعده هذا النجاح على متابعة دراسته الأكاديمية. ففي السنة 1892، اجتاز الامتحانات النهائية في كلِّية الحقوق دون عناء يُذكَر. وفي تلك الأثناء بالذات، التقى مع آنية تشمياكين، التي كانت تدرس في القسم الخارجي من نفس الجامعة، وتزوَّج منها.

وقف كاندينسكي، مع نهاية القرن التاسع عشر، أمام خيارين: إما أن يعمل من خلال لقب بروفسور في جامعة Tartu، وإما أن يكون رسامًا لا يلوي على شيء، متكلاً فقط على إحساسه بهذا الفنِّ العظيم وإيمانه به. وقد كان لاكتشافه معرض الانطباعيين الباريسيين الذي أقيم في موسكو في تلك الحقبة من تاريخه، وخاصة تأثره البالغ بإحدى لوحات الفنان الانطباعي العريق كلود مونيه «كومة القش»، ولاستماعه إلى موسيقى فاغنر Wagner في المسرح الإمبراطوري الروسي، تأثيرٌ كبير على قرار حياته. فانحاز إلى اتجاه دراسة الفنون التشكيلية دون أيِّ تردد أو إبطاء، وهو عندئذٍ يناهز الثلاثين من العمر.

هاجر كاندينسكي إلى ألمانيا سنة 1896 ليستقر في ميونخ التي درس في اكاديمة الفنون الجميلة فيها. ثم عاد إلى موسكو بداية الحرب العالمية الأولى عام 1914.

درس كاندينسكي الفن في مدرسة مالينكس للفنون التي اسست انذاك في ميونيخ وكان أحد تلامذته في ذلك الوقت، غابرييل مونتز والذي أصبح رفيقه في الفن سنوات عديدة. رسوماته ولوحاتاه انجزها بالأسلوب الطبيعي naturalistic. اقام أول عرض لاعماله سنة 1902 في معرض منفصل وكانت أعمال نحت على الخشب. في الفترة 1904 بدأ رحلة فنية واطلاع واستكشاف عامة إلى إيطاليا، هولندا، شمال أفريقيا، ثم عاد إلى روسيا في زيارة قصيرة. بعدها اقام معرضا لاعماله في " صالون الخريف " - "Salon d' automn " في باريس. في الفترة 1904 - 1909 انتخب كاندينسكي رئيسا لتجمع فني تاسس وقتها ودعي بـ" مجموعة ميونيخ الحديثة - " NKVM" بداية التغير وتطور طبيعة الرسم خلال رحلة قصيرة إلى باريس عام 1909.

اعتمد كاندينسكي في ميونخ على تبسيط الشيء. فرسم بواسطة «طباعة الخشب» الكثير من الأعمال الغرافيكية والتصاميم الخطوطية، على الرغم من أنه كان محاطًا بحركة فنية اتصفت بـ«المحافظة والنظرة البرجوازية وضيق الأفق»، على حدِّ تعبيره. كما رأى أن هناك خضوعًا نصف أكاديميٍّ مسيطِرًا عليها. ومن ضمن ما أنجزه في تلك الأيام بواسطة طباعة الخشب لوحة «المغنية» ذات اللونين (1903)؛ وقد تميزت بتلك الخطوط الطولانية العمودية التي تشابهت وخطوط أسطر النوتة الموسيقية. وكان مردَّ ذلك إيمانُه العميق بتواصل الموسيقى مع الرسم. وهو يفسِّر هذا التواصل بأنه يحدث من خلال علاقة تفرُّس ما بين المتلقِّي واللوحة بألوانها وتشكيلها الكلِّي. وتُعتبَر لوحة «المغنية» إقرارًا وثائقيًّا بهذا الإيمان المطلق. مع حلول العام 1911، أسَّس كاندينسكي وصديقه فرانتس مارك Franz Marc حركة تشكيلية جديدة عُرِفَتْ بجماعة «الفارس الأزرق» der Blaue Reiter؛ ويعود ذلك اللقب إلى أن كليهما أحبَّ استخدام اللون الأزرق في أعماله، إضافة إلى شَغَفِ مارك برسم الخيول وشغف كاندينسكي برسم الفرسان.

انضم عام 1921 في ألمانيا إلى مدرسة باوهاوس الفنية والمعمارية إلى غاية اغلاقها من قبل النازيين عام 1933، فانتقل بعدها إلى فرنسا ليعيش بقية حياته فيها بعد أن أصبح مواطنا فرنسيا في 1939 وتوفي هناك عام 1944.

أعماله

وصلات خارجية

 معرض لرسومات الفنان الروسي كاندينسكي في ميونخ
 فاسيلي كاندينسكي وسنوات مخاضه الروحي نحو التجريد في معرض..

مراجع

أشخاص من موسكو
خريجو أكاديمية الفنون الجميلة (ميونيخ)
خريجو جامعة موسكو الحكومية
رسامون تجريديون
رسامون روس
رسامون مائيون روس
رسامون مائيون من الإمبراطورية الروسية
رسامون مستشرقون
رسامون من الإمبراطورية الروسية
روس
روس أرثوذكس من روسيا
روس من أصل ألماني
صناع طباعة روس
فرنسيون من أصل روسي
فنانون عصريون
فنانون من أوديسا
فنانون من موسكو
مسيحيون أرثوذكس روس
مهاجرون إلى الإمبراطورية الألمانية
مهاجرون إلى فرنسا
مهاجرون من الإمبراطورية الروسية
مهاجرون من الإمبراطورية الروسية إلى فرنسا
مواليد 1866
مواليد في موسكو
وفيات 1944
وفيات في نويي-سور-سين
صناع طباعة من الإمبراطورية الروسية

فاسيلي كاندينسكي


În electronică, un bistabil (cum ar fi flip-flop-ul), este un circuit care are două stări stabile și poate fi utilizat pentru a stoca informații de stare - un multivibrator bistabil. Circuitul poate fi realizat pentru a schimba starea prin semnale aplicate la una sau mai multe intrări de control și va avea una sau două ieșiri. Este elementul de stocare de bază în logica secvențială. Bistabilele sunt elemente fundamentale ale sistemelor electronice digitale utilizate în computere, comunicații și multe alte tipuri de sisteme.

Flip-flop-urile sunt utilizate ca elemente de stocare a datelor. Un flip-flop este un dispozitiv care stochează un singur bit (cifră binară) de date; una dintre cele două state ale sale reprezintă una "una", iar cealaltă reprezintă un "zero". Un astfel de stocare de date poate fi utilizat pentru stocarea stării și un astfel de circuit este descris ca logică secvențială în electronică. Atunci când este utilizat într-o mașină cu stare finită, ieșirea și starea următoare depind nu numai de intrarea sa curentă, ci și de starea sa curentă (și, prin urmare, de intrările anterioare). Poate fi, de asemenea, utilizat pentru numărarea impulsurilor și pentru sincronizarea semnalelor de intrare cronometrate variabil cu un semnal de cronometrare de referință.

Note

Bibliografie

Circuite digitale
Articole despre adjective

Bistabil


An Hypodiscus argenteus in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl Peter Thunberg, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Maxwell Tylden Masters. An Hypodiscus argenteus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Hypodiscus, ngan familia nga Restionaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Hypodiscus

Hypodiscus argenteus


Granhjerpe () er en fugl i familien fasanfugle, der lever i Canada og Alaska.

Noter
 Avibase - the world bird database

Eksterne henvisninger

Fasanfugle
Fugle fra Alaska
Fugle fra Canada

Granhjerpe


La saison 2021 du championnat de Dominique de football est la soixante-dixième édition de la National Premier League, le championnat de première division en Dominique. Les dix meilleures équipes de l'île sont regroupées en une poule unique.

South East est le double tenant du titre.

Cette saison est de nouveau marquée par la pandémie de Covid-19 qui frappe le pays et amène à l'arrêt prématuré du championnat.

Les équipes participantes

Légende des couleurs

Compétition
Le barème utilisé pour établir le classement est le suivant :
 Victoire : 3 points
 Match nul : 1 point
 Défaite : 0 point

Classement

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Résultats

Statistiques

Buteurs

Bilan de la saison

Voir aussi

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Lien interne
 Championnat de Dominique de football

Lien externe
  Classements et résultats complets de la saison sur RSSSF

2021
Dominique
2021 à la Dominique

Championnat de Dominique de football 2021


La Mancha est une dénomination d'origine (équivalent espagnol de l'appellation d'origine contrôlée, AOC) pour les vins originaires d'une vaste zone viticole qui s'étend sur une grande partie des provinces de Tolède, d'Albacete, de Cuenca et de Ciudad Real, dans la communauté autonome espagnole de Castille-La Manche.

Irrigué par les fleuves Guadiana, Tage et Júcar, ce vignoble est le plus grand du monde et compte environ , dont environ  sont sous la DO La Mancha, ce qui en fait également l'appellation d'origine avec le plus grand nombre de vignobles enregistrés de toute l'Espagne, qui lui vaut d'être connu sous le nom de  (la cave de l'Europe). Au total, la DO La Mancha comprend 182 municipalités et plus de 250 établissements viticoles, dont beaucoup atteignent des dimensions colossales.

Histoire
L'origine connue du vin de La Mancha date du  au plus fort de la Reconquista, bien que certains prétendent qu'elle remonte à l'époque romaine. Aux , les vins de cette région approvisionnaient la cour en raison de sa proximité avec Madrid, et le vin de La Mancha est fréquemment mentionné dans le livre le plus universel écrit en langue espagnole, Don Quichotte de La Mancha.

Au , l'extension de la culture s'est intensifiée notamment pour la production du Marquis de Mudela, appelé le , , pour avoir eu le mérite d'avoir :

Environnement
Situé au cœur du sous-plateau sud, le terrain n'est pas très accidenté et l'altitude est d'environ . Le sol est calcaire, souvent de couleur rougeâtre. Le climat est continental avec une température moyenne de . Les étés sont très chauds, dépassant même , et les hivers sont longs et froids, avec des températures allant jusqu'à . Les précipitations varient entre .

Caractéristiques
 Rouges : vins de 11,5° à 13° d'alcool. Il y a les jeunes, les traditionnels, le roble (60 jours minimum de vieillissement en barrique de chêne), le crianza (6 mois minimum de vieillissement en barrique de chêne), le reserva (12 mois minimum de vieillissement en barrique de chêne) et le gran reserva (18 mois minimum de vieillissement en barrique de chêne).
 Rosés : vins de 10,5° à 13° d'alcool.
 Blancs : vins de 10,5° à 13° d'alcool.
 Mousseux : secs, demi-secs, doux, extra-secs et extra-brut, avec un arôme fruité.
 Vin doux naturel : degré alcoolique volumique naturel supérieur à 15 % vol. et degré alcoolique volumique acquis non inférieur à 13 % vol.
 Vins pétillants

Cépages
 Blancs : airén, macabeo, chardonnay, sauvignon blanc, verdejo, muscat blanc à petits grains, pedro ximénez, parellada, torrontés, gewürztraminer, riesling et viognier.
 Rouges : tempranillo, grenache, moravia, cabernet sauvignon, syrah, merlot, petit verdot, graciano, malbec, cabernet franc et pinot noir.

Millésimes

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 La Manche
 Castille-La Manche
 Viticulture en Espagne

Liens externes
 Site de la DO La Mancha.

Vin de Castille-La Manche

La Mancha (DO)


Houtzager ist der Name von

 Hans Houtzager (1910–1993), niederländischer Hammerwerfer
 Marc Houtzager (* 1971), niederländischer Springreiter

Houtzager


Saccharomycetes, Fungi alemine ait, tomurcuklanarak çoğalan bir mayaların dahil olduğu bir sınıftır. Hemiascomycetes olarak da bilinir.

Dış bağlantılar

Saccharomycetes


Guaram I. od Iberije (gruz. გუარამ I) bio je gruzijski knez, koji je postao nasljedni vladar Iberije i istočnorimski kuropalat od 588. do oko 590. godine. Tradicionalno se smatra osobom identičnom Gurgenu kojeg spominje bizantski ljetopisac Teofan.

Guaram je bio sin kneza Levana, mlađeg sina iberijskog kralja Vahtanga I. Gorgasalija i bizantske plemkinje Helene. Bio je član mlađe, nekraljevske grane dinastije Hosroida, koja se naziva Guaramidi, a koja je pod svojom vlašću imala jugozapadna područja Klardžetije i Džavahetije. Kad je 572. godine izbio rat između Bizanta i Perzije, Guaram je bio saveznik armenskom knezu Vardanu III. Mamikonianu, koji je podigao ustanak protiv perzijske vlade. Perzijanci su ugušili ustanak i Guaram se sklonio u Carigrad. Ondje je ostao sve dok se Iberijci ponovno nisu pobunili i zatražili od cara Mauricija da im pošalje iberijskog vladara. On je to učinio, poslavši Guarama, koji je svoje sjedište pronašao u samostanu Mcheta. Guaramova kratka vladavina zabilježena je zbog kovanja vlastitog novca, a pripisuje mu se i osnivanje samostana Džvari. Naslijedio ga je sin Stjepan I.

Guaram I. bio je prvi gruzijski vladar koji je poduzeo neobičan korak izdavanja kovanica po uzoru na srebrne sasanidske drahme. Ovi novčići, koji se nazivaju "iberijsko-sasanidskim", imaju inicijale GN, tj. Gurgen. Stoga se čini da je "Guaram" (zabilježen u Gruzijskim kronikama) naziv namijenjen domaćoj upotrebi; dok je "Gurgen" bilo službeno ime ovog vladara koji se koristio za vanjske odnose i nalazio se na kovanicama i u stranim izvorima.

Izvori

Gruzijski vladari

Guaram I. od Iberije


An Pitcairnia aphelandriflora in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Lem.. An Pitcairnia aphelandriflora in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pitcairnia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pitcairnia

Pitcairnia aphelandriflora


Australski rat protiv emua, poznat i kao Veliki rat protiv emua, bio je vojni pokušaj upravljanja populacijom divljih životinja u Australiji krajem 1932. godine kako bi se smirila javnost u vezi s glasinama o velikom broju emua koji pustoše okrug Campion u Zapadnoj Australiji. Neuspješni pokušaji smanjivanja populacije emua, velike australske neleteće ptice, uključivali su vojnike naoružane Lewisovim topovima, a to je potaknulo medije da događaje prozovu emu ratom.

Uzroci

Nakon Prvog svjetskog rata veliki se broj australskih i britanskih veterana počeo baviti poljoprivredom u zapadnoj Australiji, često u rubnim područjima. Dolaskom Velike depresije 1929. godine, te se poljoprivrednike poticalo da povećaju svoje usjeve pšenice, a vlada je obećavala – iako nije uspjela isporučiti – pomoć u obliku subvencija. Unatoč preporukama i obećanim subvencijama, cijene pšenice nastavile su padati, a do listopada 1932. godine stvari su postajale sve intenzivnije jer su se poljoprivrednici pripremali za žetvu sezonskog usjeva, a istodobno su prijetili i odbijanjem prodaje pšenice.

Poteškoće s kojima su se suočavali poljoprivrednici povećane su dolaskom čak 20 000 emua. Emui redovito migriraju nakon svoje sezone parenja krećući se s kopna na obalu. S mnogo zemljišta prenamijenjenog za poljoprivredu i dodatnom vodoopskrbom sagrađenom za stoku zapadnoaustralskih poljoprivrednika, emui su uzeli da su kultivirana zemljišta dobra staništa i počeli prodirati u poljoprivredni teritorij, a pogotovo granično poljoprivredno zemljište oko Chandlera i Walgoolana. Emui su uništavali usjeve hraneći se, a ostavljali su i velike praznine u zaštitnoj ogradi omogućavajući prodor zečevima i daljnje probleme.

Početak rata
Poljoprivrednici su izrazili zabrinutost zbog ptica koje su uništavale njihove usjeve, a izaslanstvo bivših vojnika, a sadašnjih poljoprivrednika, poslano je ministru obrane, sir Georgeu Pearceu. Zbog svojeg su iskustva u Prvom svjetskom ratu vojnici bili svjesni učinkovitosti oružja, pa su zatražili njegovu upotrebu. Ministar je prihvatio njihove prijedloge dodajući svoje uvjete: oružjem će se koristiti vojno osoblje, prijevoz tereta financirat će zapadna australska vlada, a poljoprivrednici će osigurati hranu, smještaj i plaćanje streljiva. Pearce je također podržavao zahvat jer se smatralo da su ptice dobre za vježbanje ciljanja, a, kako su neki članovi vlade to vidjeli kao pomoć zapadnoaustralskim poljoprivrednicima, u tu (propagadnu) svrhu unajmljena je snimateljica Fox Movietona.

Tijek rata

Vojna prisutnost trebala je početi u listopadu 1932. godine. "Rat" se odvijao pod zapovjedništvom bojnika G.P.W. Meredith iz sedme teške bitnice Royal Australian Artilleryja. S Meredithom u zapovjednoj ulozi nad nekoliko vojnika naoružanih dvama Lewisovim topovima i 10 000 rundi streljiva. Operacija je, međutim, odgođena zbog kišnog razdoblja koje je uzrokovalo rasipanje emua u širem području. Kiša je prestala do 2. studenoga 1932. kada su postrojbe razmještene sa zapovijedima da pomognu poljoprivrednicima i, prema novinskim izvještajima, naredbom za prikupljanje 100 komada kože emua kako bi se njihovo perje moglo iskoristiti za izradu šešira lakokonjaničkih postrojbi.

Prvi pokušaj

Dana 2. studenoga vojnici su otputovali u Campion gdje je zapaženo oko 50 emua. Budući da su ptice bile izvan dosega oružja, lokalni doseljenici pokušavali su napraviti zasjede za emue, ali ptice su se podijelile u male skupine i trčale tako da ih je bilo teško pogoditi. Ipak, dok je prva runda iz pušaka bila neučinkovita zbog dometa, druga runda pucnjave uspjela je ubiti "nešto" ptica. Kasnije tog dana naišli su na maleno jato, pa je ubijeno "možda desetak" ptica.

Sljedeći bitan događaj bio je 4. studenog. Meredith je uspostavio zasjedu u blizini lokalne brane, a uočeno je više od 1000 emua koji su se približavali njihovom položaju. Ovaj su put vojnici čekali da se ptice dovoljno približe prije otvaranja vatre. Korištena puška pri tome bi se zaglavila nakon što je ubijeno samo dvanaest ptica, a ostatak ptica raspršio se prije nego što su ih mogli ubiti. Tog dana nije primijećeno još ptica.

U sljedećim danima Meredith se odlučio uputiti na jug gdje je dojavljeno da su ptice "skoro pa pitome", ali to je svejedno polučilo samo ograničeni uspjeh. U jednom je trenutku Meredith čak postavio pušku na kamion, međutim, i taj pokušaj je propao jer se kamion nije uspio približiti pticama, a vožnja je bila takva da vojnik koji je trebao pucati nije uopće bio u stanju pucati. Izvješća o ubijenim pticama nepouzdana su. Negdje se tvrdi o samo 50, a drugdje procjene idu od 200 do 500 ptica po pričama doseljenika. Meredith je u službenom izvještaju naveo da nitko od njegovih ljudi nije nastradao.

Sažimajući rezultate, ornitolog Dominic Serventy komentirao je:

Dana 8. studenoga zastupnici su u australskom parlamentu raspravljali o operaciji. Zbog negativnih povratnih informacija iz lokalnih medija koji su zaključivali da je ubijeno samo par ptica Pearce je povukao vojno osoblje i oružje 8. studenog. Nakon povlačenja, bojnik Meredith usporedio je emue sa Zuluima i komentirao zapanjujuću prilagodljivost i izdržljivost emua, pa čak i onih teško ranjenih.

Drugi pokušaj

Nakon što se vojska povukla, napadi emua na usjeve nastavili su se. Poljoprivrednici su opet tražili pomoć navodeći povišene temperature i sušu koja je nanijela "invaziju emua" na farme u tisućama. James Mitchell, zapadnoaustralski premijer podupro je nastavak vojnih aktivnosti. Također, izvješće vojnog zapovjednika naglasilo je da je u prvoj operaciji pobijeno 300 emua.

Zbog tih zahtjeva vojna je uprava odobrila nastavak vojnih operacija. Iako se vojska složila naoružati zapadnoaustralske farmere, Meredith je opet postavljen na zapovjednu odgovornost zbog očita manjka iskusnih vojnika u državi. Operacija je pokrenuta 13. studenog 1932. i je bila uspješna prva dva dana s otprilike 40 ubijenih emua. Treći dan (15. studenoga) bio je puno manje uspješan, ali od 2. prosinca zabilježeno je da je ubijeno oko 100 emua tjedno. Meredith je opozvan 10. prosinca, a izvijestio je da je ubijeno 986 ptica. U dodatku je tvrdio da je još 2500 ptica uginulo od rana zadobivenih u "borbama".

Posljedice

Bez obzira na probleme organizacije poljoprivrednici su opet zatražili vojnu pomoć 1934., 1943. i 1948., samo kako bi ih vlast odbila. Umjesto toga primijenjen je sustav "nagrade na glavu" iz 1923. godine i to je imalo više uspjeha. Čak 57034 nagrade podignute su u razdoblju od 6 mjeseci 1934. godine.

Do prosinca se 1932. godine vijest o ratu protiv emua proširila došavši do Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva. Neki konzervativci prosvjedovali su protiv "klanja rijetkih emua". Dominic Serventy, poznati australski ornitolog opisao je akciju kao "pokušaj masovnog uništavanja ptica".

Izvori

Povijest Australije

Australski emu rat


La  est l'une des trois circonscriptions législatives que compte la préfecture de Toyama au Japon. Cette circonscription comptait  électeurs en date du .

Description géographique

La première circonscription de la préfecture de Toyama correspond à une grande partie de la ville de Toyama.

Députés

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Chambre des représentants du Japon

Circonscription législative au Japon

Première circonscription de la préfecture de Toyama


Michael Punke (n. 7 decembrie 1964) este un scriitor, profesor și analist politic și este actualmente Ambasadorul Statelor Unite la Organizația Mondială a Comerțului în Geneva, Elveția. Punke a devenit cunoscut după de a publicat romanul "The Revenant", care a fost adaptat în 2015 într-un film în 2015, regizat de Alejandro González Iñárritu. În film au jucat actori precum Leonardo DiCaprio și Tom Hardy.

Viața timpurie și educația
Punke s-a născut și a fost crescut în Torrington, Wyoming, fiind fiul lui Marilyn șu Butch Punke. El are un frate și o soră mai mică. Cei trei frați își petreceau timpul împreună făcând multe activități în aer liber, precum pescuitul, vânatul, mersul pe biciclete, campatul etc. De asemenea, Michael a fost și campionul echipei de dezbateri din liceul la care studia.

Ambasadori ai Statelor Unite ale Americii

Michael Punke


The Dasam Granth (Gurmukhi: ਦਸਮ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ dasama gratha) is a collection of various poetic compositions attributed to Guru Gobind Singh. The text enjoyed an equal status with the Adi Granth, or Guru Granth Sahib, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and were installed side by side on the same platform. The Dasam Granth lost favor during the colonial period when reformist Singh Sabha Movement scholars couldn't contextualize the reworkings of Puranic stories or the vast collection of 'Tales of Deceit' Sri Charitropakhyan.
The standard edition of the text contains 1,428 pages with 17,293 verses in 18 sections. These are set in the form of hymns and poems mostly in the Braj language (Old western Hindi), with some parts in Avadhi, Punjabi, Hindi and Persian. The script is written almost entirely in Gurmukhi, except for the Guru Gobind Singh's letters to Aurangzeb—Zafarnama and the Hikaaitaan—written in the Persian alphabet.

The Dasam Granth contains hymns, from Hindu texts, which are a retelling of the feminine in the form of goddess Durga, an autobiography, letter to the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, as well as reverential discussion of warriors and theology. The scripture was recited in full within Nirmala Sikhs in the contemporary era. Parts of it are popularly retold from Hindu Puranas, for the benefit of the common man, who had no access to Hindu texts of the time. Compositions of the Dasam Granth include Jaap Sahib, Tav-Prasad Savaiye and Kabiyo Baach Benti Chaupai which are part of the Nitnem or daily prayers and also part of the Amrit Sanchar or initiation ceremony of Khalsa Sikhs.

Zafarnama and Hikayats in a different style and format appended to it in the mid 18th century. Other manuscripts are said to include the Patna bir and the  Mani Singh Vali bir all originated in mid to late 18th century. These manuscripts include the writings that are questioned by most Sikhs in the contemporary era, such as the Ugradanti and Bhagauti Astotar.

Authorship
Although the compositions of the Dasam Granth are traditionally accepted to be written by Guru Gobind Singh, there have been questions of the authenticity of the entirety of Dasam Granth from time of compilation. There are three major views on the authorship of the Dasam Granth:
 The traditional view is that the entire work was composed by Guru Gobind Singh himself.
 The entire collection was compiled by the poets in the Guru's entourage.
 Only a part of the work was composed by the Guru, while the rest was composed by the other poets.

In his religious court at Paonta Sahib and Anandpur Guru Gobind Singh had employed 52 poets, who translated several classical texts into Braj Bhasha. Most of the writing compiled at Paonta Sahib was lost while the Guru's camp was crossing the Sirsa river before the Battle of Chamkaur in 1704. There were copiers available at the Guru's place who made several copies of the writings, and other writings may have been included too which may have led to authenticity issues. Later, Bhai Mani Singh compiled all the available works under the title Dasam Granth.

The traditional scholars claim that all the works in Dasam Granth were composed by the Guru himself, on the basis of Bhai Mani Singh's letter. But the veracity of the letter has been examined by scholars and found to be unreliable. Syan (2013) notes, "Neither in colonial nor post-colonial Sikhism has the issue of the Dasam Granth authorship been satisfactorily resolved. What is germane, however, is that pre-colonial Sikh society wholeheartedly accepted the Dasam Granth as the work of Guru Gobind Singh"

Historical writings

The following are historical books after the demise of Guru Gobind Singh which mention that the compositions in the present Dasam Granth was written by Guru Gobind Singh:
 Rehitnama Bhai Nand Lal mentioned Jaap Sahib is an important Bani for a Sikh.
 Rehitnama Chaupa Singh Chibber quotes various lines from Bachitar Natak, 33 Swiayey, Chaupai Sahib, Jaap Sahib.
 In 1711, Sri Gur Sobha was written by the poet Senapat and mentioned a conversation of Guru Gobind Singh and Akal Purakh, and written three of its Adhyay on base of Bachitar Natak.
 In 1741, Parchian Srvadas Kian quoted lines from Rama Avtar, 33 Swaiyey, and mentioned Zafarnama with Hikayats.
 in 1751, Gurbilas Patshahi 10 – Koyar Singh Kalal, mentioned Guru Gobind Singh composed Bachitar Natak, Krisna Avtar, Bisan Avtar, Akal Ustat, Jaap Sahib, Zafarnama, Hikayats etc. This is first Granth mentioned Guruship of Guru Granth Shahib.
 In 1766, Kesar Singh Chibber in Bansavalinama writes that Guru Gobind Singh ordered the Guru Granth Sahib and Dasam Granth be kept separate. Kesar Singh frequently quotes Ugardanti, Bachitar Natak, Khalsa Mehima and many other compositions.
 In 1766, Sri Guru Mahima Parkash – Sarup Chand Bhalla, mentioned about various Banis of Guru Gobind Singh and compilation of Dasam Granth
 In 1790, Guru Kian Sakhian – Svarup Singh Kashish, mentioned Guru Gobind Singh composed, Bachitar Natak, Krishna Avtar, Shastarnaam Mala, 33 Swaiyey etc.
 In 1797, Gurbilas Patshahi 10 – Sukkha Singh, mentioned compositions of Guru Gobind Singh.
 In 1812, J. B. Malcolm, in Sketch of Sikhs mentioned the Dasam Granth as Bani of Guru Gobind Singh.

Structure
The standard print edition of the Dasam Granth, since 1902, has 1,428 pages.

The standard official edition contains 17,293 verses in 18 sections. These are set in the form of hymns and poems mostly in the Braj Bhasha (Old western Hindi), with some parts in Avadhi, Punjabi, Hindi, and the Persian language. The script is almost entirely the Gurmukhi script except for the letter of the Sikh Guru to Aurangzeb – Zafarnama, and the Hikayat in the Persian script.

Contents
The Dasam Granth has many sections covering a wide range of topics:

Ugardanti
Ugardanti (, pronunciation: ) is a poetic composition said to be written by Guru Gobind Singh, after the creation of the Khalsa Panth at Anandpur Sahib. The composition is present in Dasam Granth Bir Patna Sahib. The bani contains information about the creation of the Khalsa Panth, the dress code of the Sikhs, and is strictly against ritualism.

Etymologically, Ugardanti is a feminine term made of two words, Ugar means Fierce and Danti means Tooth. One having Fierce Tooth, is called Ugardanti. Guru Gobind Singh Ji invokes Adi Shakti in the form of the Fierce Toothed Ugardanti, writing various attributes of Ugardanti and asking for blessings and protection for the prosperity of the new Panth which is free from hypocrisy, ritualism, casteism, human worship and worships only One Non-Dual God.

In Bansavalinama Dasan Patshahian ka (1769), the author Kesar Singh Chibbar explains and quotes a few passages from Guru Gobind Singh's Ugardanti.

In Hum Hindu Nahi(1898 ), the author Bhai Kahn Singh Nabha, believed that Ugardanti Bani was not written by Guru Gobind Singh but by Bhai Sukha Singh, a priest at Patna. However, Sukha Singh's works came into being after the Bansavalinama of Kesar Singh Chibbar.

Nihang and Namdhari Sikhs believe it to be written by Guru Gobind Singh and is part of their daily liturgy. It was and is read to inspire warriors to stand up for truth and righteousness in the face of tyranny and oppression. The Composition is divided into six verses called Chhands in which the syllables and the rhythm are arranged in a precisely controlled pattern. The Type of Chhandd used is Bhagvati Chhand.

Tav-Prasad Savaiye
Tav-Prasad Savaiye (, pronunciation: , lit. 'exclusively you, in war song meter') is a short composition of 10 stanzas which is part of daily liturgy among Sikhs (Nitnem). It was penned down by Guru Gobind Singh and is part of his composition Akal Ustat (The praise of God). This is an important composition which is read during Amrit Sanchar. This Bani appears in the Dasam Granth on pages 13 to 15, starting from Stanza 21 of Akal Ustat.

Tavprasad means with thy grace. This composition strongly rejects idolatry, pilgrimages, grave worshiping, samadhis of yogis and other ritualistic beliefs of Hinduism, Jainism and Islam as being of no use in attaining God if performed without the love of God and all his creation . It is included in Nitnem, the daily morning prayers of Sikhs, and recited after completing Jaap Sahib. It starts with Sravag Sudh Samuh Sidhan Ke and goes up to Koor Kriya Urjheo Sab Hi Jag. Among many famous quotes from Tav-Prasad Savaiye, "Jin Prem Kiyo Tin Hi Prabhu Paayo" is widely quoted by different scholars of different religions. In Dialogues on Universal Responsibility and Education, the Dalai Lama quoted it while giving lessons on love.

Tav-Prasad Savaiye is very important part of the Nitnem. Among other things Nitnem works as a shield for the Khalsa (Khalsa is a perfect human being, which is the vision of Guru Gobind Singh  by the orders of Akal Purkh. Such a human is perfectly capable of defending himself and others from the attacks of enemy(both spiritual and temporal)). Specifically Savaiye act as a shield against the attacks of Pride, Ignorance, Hatred, Hypocrisy and Delusions.

Role in Sikh liturgy, access
The compositions within Dasam Granth play a huge role in Sikh liturgy, which is prescribed by Sikh Rehat Maryada:
 Jaap Sahib is part of Nitnem, which Sikh recites daily in morning.
 Tav-Prasad Savaiye, again a bani of Nitnem, is part of Akal Ustat composition, which is recited daily in morning along with above.
 Benti Chaupai, is part of Sri Charitropakhyan, which is recited in morning as well as evening prayers.
 Jaap, Tav Prasad Savaiye and Chaupai are read while preparing Khande Batey Ki Pahul for Khalsa initiation.
 The first stanza of the Sikh ardās is from Chandi di Var.
 As per Sikh Rehat Maryada, a stanza of Chaubis Avtar, "pae gahe jab te tumre", should be comprised in So Dar Rehras.

In the Nihang tradition – considered heretical by the Khalsa Sikhs, the Dasam Granth is given equal scriptural status as the Adi Granth (first volume). Chandi di Var is also an important prayer among Nihang and Namdhari Sikhs.

Except for the liturgical portions and some cherrypicked verses of the Dasam Granth that are widely shared and used, few Sikhs have read the complete Dasam Granth or know its contents. Most do not have access to it in its entirety, as the generic printed or translated versions do not include all its sections and verses. In its history, the entire text was in the active possession of the Khalsa soldiers.

Manuscripts

The oldest manuscript of Dasam Granth is likely the Anandpuri Marco Bir (Not to be confused with the Anandpuri Hazuri Bir). It is said to have been written by the Guru's own hand. It is dated to the 1687 CE, which matches up with the signature given at the end of the Krishna Avtar composition of the Bir (this is where it ends, it does not contain the full Dasam Granth Index). The Anandpur Hazuri Bir (Not to be confused with the Marco Bir) is dated circa 1698 CE, but a few folio pages were definitely added later (Zafarnama and Hikayats), because they were composed after 1700 (circa 1705 CE), and are in a different style and format, and lack the folio numbers present on all pages elsewhere. These letters of Guru Gobind Singh may have been appended in the early 18th century. According to another view, the earliest surviving manuscript of the complete text is dated to 1713, and the early manuscript versions have minor variations.

Other important manuscripts include the Patna bir (1698 CE) found in Bihar, and the Mani Singh Vali bir (1713) found in Punjab. The Mani Singh bir includes hymns of the Banno version of the Adi Granth. It is also unique in that it presents the Zafarnama and Hikayats in both Perso-Arabic Nastaliq script and the Gurmukhi script. The Bhai Mani Singh manuscript of Dasam Granth has been dated to 1721, and was produced with the support of Mata Sundari, states Gobind Mansukhani.

The early Anandpuri, Patna and Mani Singh manuscripts include writing that are disputed in the contemporary era, as well as sections such as the Ugradanti and Sri Bhagauti Astotra that were, for some reason, removed from these manuscripts in the official versions of Dasam Granth in the 20th century by Singh Sabha Movement activists.

According to the Indologist Wendy Doniger, many orthodox Sikhs credit the authorship and compilation of the earliest Dasam Granth manuscript to Guru Gobind Singh directly, while other Sikhs and some scholars consider the text to have been authored and compiled partly by him and partly by many poets in his court at Anandpur.

Prior to 1902, there were numerous incomplete portions of manuscripts of Dasam Granth in circulation within the Sikh community along with the complete, but somewhat variant, major versions such as the Anandpuri and Patna birs. In 1885, during the Singh Sabha Movement, an organization called the Gurmat Granth Pracharak Sabha was founded by Sikhs to study the Sikh literature. This organization, with a request from Amritsar Singh Sabha, established the Sodhak Committee in 1897. The members of this committee studied 32 manuscripts of Dasam Granth from different parts of the Indian subcontinent. The committee deleted some hymns found in the different old manuscripts of the text, merged the others and thus created a 1,428-page version thereafter called the standard edition of the Dasam Granth. The standard edition was first published in 1902. It is this version that has predominantly been distributed to scholars and studied in and outside India. However, the prestige of the Dasam Granth was well established in the Sikh community during the Sikh Empire, as noted in 1812 by colonial-era scholar Malcolm. According to Robin Rinehart – a scholar of Sikhism and Sikh literature, modern copies of the Dasam Granth in Punjabi, and its English translations, often do not include the entire standard edition text and do not follow the same ordering either.

Other compilations

Das Granthi
Das Granthi (ਦਸ ਗ੍ਰੰਥੀ) is a small religious booklet containing only few selected compositions from Dasam Granth. Das stands for Ten and Granthi stands for booklet. It means Booklet of 10th Guru of Sikhism. This booklet was created for beginners and lay readers for reading these compositions in daily liturgy for proper understanding.

There is no standardization of this booklet and various sects in Sikhism have their own versions. The Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee contains eight texts namely, Jaap, Bachitra Natak, Chandi Charitra I, Shabad Hazare Patshahi 10, Akal Ustati, Chandi Charitra 2, Gian Prabodh and Chandi di Var.

See also
 History of Dasam Granth
Sarbloh Granth
Guru Gobind Singh
Guru Granth Sahib

Notes

References

External links

Related to Dasam Granth
Dasam Granth website
Debating the Dasam Granth, Christopher Shackle (2012)
Framing the Dasam Granth Debate: Throwing the Baby with the Bath Water, Pashaura Singh (2015)
Presence and Absence: Constructions of Gender in Dasam Granth Exegesis, Robin Rinehart (2019)
Read Ugardanti & Translation Online
Sri Dasam Granth Sahib: Questions and Answers: The book on Sri Dasam Granth Sahib
Tav Prasad Savaiye Bani in Punjabi
Tav Prasad Savaiye Bani in Hindi

Related to Dasam Granth
Exegesis on Bachitar Natak on dasamgranth.in
Manuscripts of Dasam Granth
Hemkunt
Analysis of Bichitra Natak

Indian religious texts
Sikh scripture
18th-century manuscripts

Dasam Granth


Şatt'ül-Arab (Arapça: شط العرب - Arap Kıyısı), veya Ervend Rūd (Farsça: اروندرود - Akanak), Fırat ve Dicle nehirlerinin Basra Körfezi'nden denize dökülmeden önce birleştikleri yerdir. Uzunluğu 193 km'dir. Şatt-ül-Arap su yolunun hangi kısmının hangi devlete ait olduğu sorunu İran-Irak Savaşı'nın sebebi olarak gösterilmiştir. Önemi, petrol tankerlerinin karanın 30 kilometre içine kadar girmesine olanak sağlamasından kaynaklanır.

Resimler

Ayrıca bakınız
Dünyanın en uzun nehirleri

Dış bağlantılar
 İran-Irak savaşı ve suyolu hakkı
 İran-Irak sınırı, 1840 - 1958, arşiv
 Google Maps görüntüsü

İran'ın toprak anlaşmazlıkları

Şattülarap


Fila de prioridade é uma estrutura de dados que armazena elementos com base em suas prioridades. Cada elemento possui uma prioridade associada a ele e a fila garante que os elementos com maior prioridade sejam atendidos primeiro.

As filas de prioridade podem ser implementadas de várias maneiras, como por meio de uma heap binária, uma árvore de busca binária balanceada ou uma lista ordenada.

Essa estrutura de dados é amplamente utilizada em algoritmos de otimização e em sistemas em que é necessário processar tarefas em ordem de prioridade.

Aplicações
Uma fila de prioridade é uma estrutura de dados muito útil para lidar com tarefas em que uma ordem de prioridade deve ser respeitada. Alguns exemplos de aplicação de fila de prioridade são:

 Algoritmos de busca: em muitos algoritmos de busca, como A*, Dijkstra e Algoritmo de Bellman-Ford, é importante manter uma fila de prioridade para explorar os nós mais promissores primeiro.
 Sistemas de atendimento: em sistemas de atendimento, como filas de espera em hospitais, bancos ou serviços de suporte, é comum usar uma fila de prioridade para lidar com pacientes ou clientes de acordo com sua gravidade ou urgência.
 Escalonamento de processos: em sistemas operacionais, uma fila de prioridade é frequentemente usada para decidir qual processo deve ser executado em seguida, levando em consideração fatores como prioridade, tempo de espera e recursos disponíveis.
 Codificação de Huffman: na codificação de Huffman, uma fila de prioridade é usada para construir a árvore de Huffman, que é uma árvore binária usada para codificar dados de forma eficiente.
 Compressão de dados: em algoritmos de compressão de dados, como o algoritmo LZ77, uma fila de prioridade é usada para localizar o maior padrão de correspondência em uma string de dados.

Exemplo de código fonte
import java.util.PriorityQueue;

public class ExemploFilaPrioridade {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // Criação da fila de prioridade com capacidade inicial 10 e ordem natural de elementos
        PriorityQueue<Integer> fila = new PriorityQueue<>(10);

        // Adição de elementos na fila
        fila.add(7);
        fila.add(1);
        fila.add(4);
        fila.add(2);
        fila.add(9);
        fila.add(8);
        fila.add(3);
        fila.add(6);
        fila.add(5);

        // Impressão da fila
        System.out.println("Fila de prioridade: " + fila);

        // Remoção do elemento de maior prioridade
        int elementoRemovido = fila.poll();
        System.out.println("Elemento removido: " + elementoRemovido);

        // Impressão da fila após remoção
        System.out.println("Fila de prioridade após remoção: " + fila);

        // Verificação do elemento de maior prioridade sem removê-lo
        int maiorPrioridade = fila.peek();
        System.out.println("Elemento de maior prioridade: " + maiorPrioridade);
    }

}Nesse exemplo, foi criado uma fila de prioridade de capacidade inicial 10 e ordem natural de elementos (menor para o maior). Em seguida, adicionamos vários elementos à fila e imprimimos a fila completa. Depois, removemos o elemento de maior prioridade (menor valor) da fila e imprimimos a fila novamente. Por fim, verificamos o elemento de maior prioridade sem removê-lo da fila.

Ver também

 Lista de termos relacionados aos algoritmos e estruturas de dados
 Escalonamento de processos
 Autómato
 Árvore (estrutura de dados)

Fila de prioridade


Le tétrafluorure de thorium est un composé chimique de formule . Il se présente sous la forme d'une poudre blanche cryptocristalline ou de cristaux irisés à réfraction simple. Il est insoluble dans l'eau et a une structure cristalline monoclinique appartenant au groupe d'espace I2/c (, position 8) avec pour paramètres cristallins , ,  et , semblable à celle du tétrafluorure de zirconium . Cette structure cristalline contient des unités  de géométrie antiprismatique carrée.

Synthèse et réactions

Le tétrafluorure de thorium peut être obtenu en faisant réagir du fluorure d'hydrogène HF avec du dioxyde de thorium  à  ou de l'  à  :
 + 4 HF ⟶  + 2  ;
2  + 32 HF ⟶ 8  + 31 .

Il est également possible de le produire en faisant réagir de l'oxyde de thorium avec du bifluorure d'ammonium  à  :
 + 4  ⟶  + 4  + 2 .

La synthèse directe à partir de thorium et de fluor  est également possible.

Le tétrafluorure de thorium réagit avec l'humidité de l'air aux températures supérieures à  pour former de l' . Il forme des hydrates, notamment des octahydrates, tétrahydrates et dihydrates, dont seule la structure de l'hémihydrate a pu être déterminée ; l'eau de cristallisation de l'hémihydrate peut être éliminée par chauffage à  sous vide.

Applications

Le tétrafluorure de thorium est utilisé pour produire du thorium pur et des céramiques réfractaires. Il peut également être employé comme cible de pulvérisation cathodique pour la production de couches minces à faible indice de réfraction sans absorption dans le domaine visible et ultraviolet. Malgré sa radioactivité, qui reste assez faible, le tétrafluorure de plutonium est utilisé dans certains traitements antireflet à base de revêtements optiques multicouches. Il est très transparent dans les longueurs d'onde de  et son rayonnement, essentiellement sous forme de , est facilement arrêté par une couche mince superficielle d'un autre matériau. Il a également été utilisé pour la réalisation de lampes à arc pour projecteurs.

Le tétrafluorure de thorium est étudié dans la réalisation de réacteurs nucléaires à sels fondus (), notamment les  ().

Notes et références

Composé du thorium
Fluorure

Tétrafluorure de thorium


Pteleocarpa, monotipski rod bilja čiji je jedini predstavnik zapadnomalezijsko drvo Pteleocarpa lamponga, rašireno na Malajskom poluotoku, južnom Tajlandu, Borneu, Sumatri, Molucima, dok je u Singapuru iščezlo. Do 2014 godine uključivano je u nekoliko porodica, a otada se kalsificira porodici Gelsemiaceae.

Drvo naraste do najviše 37 metara, a može ga se naći po tropskim nizinama i brdima do 600 metara iznad mora.

Izvori

Gelsemiaceae

Pteleocarpa


Faversham es una parroquia civil y una villa del distrito de Swale, en el condado de Kent (Inglaterra).

Geografía
Según la Oficina Nacional de Estadística británica, Faversham tiene una superficie de 11,16 km².

Demografía
Según el censo de 2001, Faversham tenía 17 710 habitantes (47,92% varones, 52,08% mujeres) y una densidad de población de 1586,92 hab/km². El 21,03% eran menores de 16 años, el 70,32% tenían entre 16 y 74 y el 8,65% eran mayores de 74. La media de edad era de 39,07 años. Del total de habitantes con 16 o más años, el 27,36% estaban solteros, el 53,94% casados y el 18,7% divorciados o viudos.

El 96,44% de los habitantes eran originarios del Reino Unido. El resto de países europeos englobaban al 1,34% de la población, mientras que el 2,22% había nacido en cualquier otro lugar. Según su grupo étnico, el 98,64% eran blancos, el 0,6% mestizos, el 0,25% asiáticos, el 0,14% negros, el 0,21% chinos y el 0,15% de cualquier otro. El cristianismo era profesado por el 75,62%, el budismo por el 0,16%, el hinduismo por el 0,08%, el judaísmo por el 0,12%, el islam por el 0,27%, el sijismo por el 0,04% y cualquier otra religión por el 0,45%. El 15,44% no eran religiosos y el 7,81% no marcaron ninguna opción en el censo.

8250 habitantes eran económicamente activos, 7913 de ellos (95,92%) empleados y 337 (4,08%) desempleados. Había 7449 hogares con residentes, 243 vacíos y 35 eran alojamientos vacacionales o segundas residencias.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Kent
Parroquias civiles de Kent

Faversham


Kölln-Reisiek Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Pinneberg iline bağlı bölge. 6,77 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 31 Aralık 2014 itibarıyla 3.115 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Karin Röder tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 Kölln-Reisiek

Kaynakça

Kölln-Reisiek


Larisa Israelevna Mondrus (15 de noviembre de 1943) es una cantante (soprano) y actriz rusa nacida en Dzhambul, Kazakh, popular en la URSS en los años sesenta. Actualmente reside en Taraz, Kazajistán.

Biografía
Se graduó en la escuela de música. Ya en 1962 participó en el festival de jazz de Riga e inmediatamente atrajo la atención del público. En 1964, Larisa Mondrus llega a Moscú y desde ese momento comienza una nueva etapa en la vida de la joven cantante. Trabajó con la orquesta de Eddie Rosner y colaboró con un conjunto instrumental, bajo la dirección de Egil Schwartz, con el que grabó nuevas canciones, lo que demuestra su talento. En 1968 actuó en la comedia musical "Vecinos smile". Para Larisa una cosa es aprender canciones e interpretarlas en concierto, y otra cosa es crear canciones. Larisa ha trabajado así, con la búsqueda, la duda, la alegría, el descubrimiento para conseguir una creatividad genuina. No es casualidad que muchos compositores y poetas se inspiren en ella. La primera canción pop que hizo famoso a Raymond era de Larisa. Tuvo gran éxito en Rusia en los años 60 y en Alemania y centro Europa en los 70.

Larisa se casó con su excompañero de clase Egil Schwartz, músico de jazz, arreglista y director de orquesta, que dirigió la Riga Variety Pauls Orchestra. Participó en tres películas: una en doblaje, otra en la banda sonora y otra como actriz secundaria. Desgraciadamente, con el tiempo, las cosas no fueron bien con el régimen soviético y la pareja terminó abandonando el país. Desde 1973, Larisa y Egil viven en Munich (Alemania Occidental por entonces).

Su presencia en el mundo occidental comenzó en la Radio de Baviera. Tuvo éxito y actuó en el programa de televisión de Iván Rebrov. Fue contratada por la compañía discográfica Polydor para cinco años. Su primer disco, en letón, alcanzó popularidad tanto entre el público alemán como letón. En Alemania es conocida como Larissa. Canta en ruso, letón y alemán.

En 1982 abandona temporalmente los escenarios tras el nacimiento de su hijo, Loren Schwartz, quien, además de recibir educación alemana, aprendió letón y ruso. Aunque sus primeros pasos se dirigieron hacia la música clásica como pianista, se decantó por las ciencias y trabaja actualmente en la Facultad de Ciencias de la Computación en la Universidad Técnica de Múnich.

A principios de los años 90 la cantante, de gira en Riga, se reunió con Raymond Voldemarovich. En el verano de 2001 Larisa Mondrus visita Moscú por primera vez en 28 años, y actúa en radio y televisión. En 2001 el escritor Boris Savchenko (autor de Vadim Kozin) visitó a Larissa en Múnich y trabajó con ella en el libro biográfico "Las Dos Vidas de Larissa Mondrus" que se publicaría a principios de 2003.

Discografía
 Larissa (1974) - Polydor
 ... wofem die Wolga rauschf (1975) - Polydor
 Svešā zemē stādu rozes (1975) - Polydor
 La sena dienas draugs (1975) - Polydor
 Starportrait (1978) - Stereo
 Tik un tā (1984) - Laima Records
 Larisa Mondrusa (2003) - Baltic Records Group

Filmografía
 Dayte zhalobnuyu knigu (1965)
 Ulybnis sosedu (1968)
 Delo o (1970)

Referencias
 Página oficial
 Ivan Rebroff Show:With Larisa Mondrus 1975

 Classify

Cantantes de la Unión Soviética
Cantantes femeninas de Letonia
Mezzosopranos de Letonia
Cantantes femeninas de Alemania
Mezzosopranos de Alemania

Larisa Mondrus


Lille Olympique Sporting Club (Lille OSC olarak da bilinir), Fransız futbol kulübü. Kulüp, 1902'de kurulmuş olan Olympique Lillois ve 1901'de kurulmuş olan SC Fives futbol takımlarının birleşmesiyle, Fransa'nın kuzeyinde yer alan Lille şehrinde 1944 yılında kuruldu.

Kulüp tarihi

1944-2000
II. Dünya Savaşı'ndan sonra LOSC 2 kez lig şampiyonu olmuş, 4 kez ligi ikinci olarak bitirmiş ve 6 kez Coupe de Francenı kazanmış ancak daha sonra yerel rakibi olan RC Lens gösterdiği başarı ve ilginin gölgesinde kalmıştır. İki kulüp arasındaki köklü rekabet, Lille OSC'nin büyük bir burjuvazi şehri -aynı zamanda Fransız Flanders bölümünün başkenti- olan Lille'de RC Lens'in ise orta direk madencilerin yaşadığı Lens kentinde kurulmuş olmalarına kadar takip edilebilir.

2000-günümüz
İkinci Lig'de üç yıl geçirdikten sonra 2000 yılında döndükleri Birinci Lig'de kazandıkları başarılar; üç kez; 2002, 2005 ve 2006'da şampiyonlar ligine katılmak, 2004'te Intertoto Kupası'nı kazanmak gibi, yerel rakiplerinin başarılarından çok daha üstündür. Ligue 1'de 2004/05 sezonunda Lille Monaco, Marsilya gibi büyük kulüplerin ve yerel rakibi Lens'in önünde lig ikincisi olarak parlak bir başarıya imza attı. Lyon ile arasında; Lyon'u evinde yenmesine rağmen kazanamadıkları bir şampiyonluk mücadelesi yaşandı. Lille doğrudan UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi gruplarına katıldı ve grupları geçerek Avrupa'da iyi bir etki bırakmayı hedefledi. 2 Kasım 2005 tarihinde Şampiyonlar Ligi grup maçlarında Manchester United'ı yenerek kendi kulüp tarihlerindeki en büyük başarılardan birini elde ettiler. Ancak Lille son iki maçında sadece bir puan toplayabildi. Grubu, Manchester United'ı arkalarında dördüncü sırada ve Avrupa kupalarının dışında bırakıp üçüncü sırada bitirip UEFA Kupası'na kaldılar. Lille'in UEFA Kupası macerası, son 16 takıma kaldıkları zaman karşılaştıkları Sevilla'ya elenince sona erdi.

2005/06 Ligue 1 sezonunda Lille, Lyon (bu takımı evinde 4-0 deplasmanda 1-3'lük skorlarla yendi) ve Bordeaux'nun ardından ligi üçüncü olarak bitirdi. Ezeli rakibi Lens ise gene Lille'in arkasında kalarak bu sezonu dördüncü bitirdi. Üçüncü sıra Lille'in Şampiyonlar Ligi için son eleme turuna kaldığı anlamına geliyordu. Eleme maçında Rabotniçki'yi 4-0 yenerek altı yıl içinde üçüncü kez, kendilerine ait düzenli bir stadı olmamasına rağmen UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi gruplarına kaldılar. Grup maçlarını Lille, Giuseppe Meazza Stadyumu'nda Milan'ı etkileyici bir skorla; 2-0 yenmesine rağmen Milan'ın arkasında ikinci sırada bitirdi. Bir sonraki turdaki rakip eski bir tanıdıktı: Manchester United. Lille her iki maçı da 1-0'lık skorlarla kaybedip bu turda elendi. Fransa Ligue 1'de 2010-11 sezonunu şampiyonu olarak tamamlayan Lille, 2011-12 UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi'nde Inter, CSKA Moskova ve Trabzonspor'la birlikte B grubunda mücadele etti. Grupta sonuncu olarak turnuvadan elendi. 2020-21 sezonunda Ligue 1'i şampiyon olarak tamamladı ve 2021-22 sezonunda UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi gruplarında mücadele etmeye hak kazandı.

Oyuncular

Teknik direktörleri

Başarıları

Fransa
Ligue 1
 Şampiyon (4): 1945-46, 1953-54, 2010-11, 2020-21
Ligue 2
Şampiyon (4): 1963-64, 1973-74, 1977-78, 1999-2000
Coupe de France
Şampiyon (6): 1946, 1947, 1948, 1953, 1955, 2011
İkinci (2): 1945, 1949
Gambardella Kupası
Şampiyon (1): 1960
İkinci (2): 1955, 2000
Coupe Charles Drago
İkinci (2): 1954, 1956

Avrupa
UEFA Intertoto Kupası
Şampiyon (1): 2004
Latin Kupası
İkinci (1): 1951

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Resmi sitesi

Fransa'daki futbol kulüpleri

OSC
Villeneuve-d'Ascq
1944'te kurulan futbol kulüpleri

Lille OSC


رشيد الوالي ممثل ومنتج ومخرج ومقدم برامج مغربي ولد في الرباط في 3 أبريل 1965. شارك في عدة أفلام ومسلسلات مغربية وأجنبية، ويعتبر واحدًا من أنجح الممثلين المغاربة وأكثرهم شهرة، حيث حصل على العديد من الجوائز الوطنية والدولية.

مسيرته

حصل على شهادة الباكالوريا شعبة الآداب العصرية سنة 1984، وتخرج من المدرسة الوطنية للفن الدرامي والمسرحي سنة 1988. تمكن الوالي من كسب شعبية كبيرة في المغرب وخارجه حيث غالبا ما أدّى أدوار البطولة في الأعمال التي شارك فيها، كما قدم البرنامج التلفزيوني من سيربح المليون؟ (النسخة المغاربية) على قناة نسمة سنة 2009.

وبعد تجربته الطويلة في الحقل الفنّي، انتقل رشيد الوالي إلى مجال الإخراج، بدأها عبر مجموعة من الأفلام القصيرة مثل «نيني يا مومو» سنة 2004، و«المرحوم» و«الذبابة وأنا» و«الفجر»، التي أخرجها ما بين 2007 و 2008، فضلا عن مشاركته في إخراج فيلم نهار تزاد طفا الضو إلى جانب المخرج محمد كغاط، ثم تجربته مع أول فيلم سينمائي طويل بعنوان يما سنة 2013.

أما في المجال التلفزيوني فقد أخرج بعض حلقات سلسلة البعد الآخر، وسلسلة ناس الحومة التي تعتبر من الأعمال التي أنجزها سنة 2013 وتعاون في كتابتها مع مجموعة من المؤلفين، وشارك في بطولتها نخبة من الممثلين منهم حسن فولان وعائشة ماه ماه وسعيدة باعدي وهشام الوالي ومحمد عاطر.

أعماله

أفلام تلفزيونية
 1999: هواجس بعد منتصف الليل
 2001: رأس العين
 2001: الملف الأزرق
 2001: قصر السوق
 2001: شادية
 2001: البكمة
 2002: الرقم السري
 2003: الذبابة البيضاء
 2003: علال القلدة
 2004: خريف الأحلام
 2004: أصدقاء من كندا
 2004: ليالي بيضاء
 2005: علاش لا
 2005: محاين د الحسين
 2006: ماجدة
 2006: آسفة أبي
 2007: الباحث
 2010: أولاد البلاد
 2011: ظلال الموت
 2015: أحلام مؤجلة
 2015: حفيد الحاج
 2015: جنب البحر
 2017: العاطي الله
 2019: الشبيه
 2019: الدار المشروكة

أفلام سينمائية
 1991: حب في الدار البيضاء
 1994: سارق الأحلام
 1996: سفر في الماضي (فيلم قصير، 26 دقيقة)
 1997: مكتوب
 1997: عبروا في صمت
 1998: مصير امرأة
 1999: كيد النساء
 1999: فيها الملح و السكر أو مبغاتش تموت 1
 2001: وبعد
 2002: محاكمة امرأة
 2004: الأجنحة المتكسرة
 2005: هنا ولهيه
 2005: فيها الملح و سكر ومزال مبغاتش تموت 2
 2006: أبواب الجنة
 2007: الحلم المغربي
 2008: وداعا أمهات
 2011: نهار تزاد طفا الضو
 2013: يما
 2015: دموع إبليس
 2016: المسيرة الخضراء
 2017: نوح لا يعرف العوم
 2018: صمت الفراشات

مسلسلات
 مداولة
 1992: حوت البر
 1992: ظلال الماضي
 1995: الوصية
 1998: سرب الحمام
 1999: المصابون
 2002: خلخال الباتول
 2003: ربيع قرطبة
 2006 - 2009: البعد الآخر
 2006: المستضعفون
 2011: الحسين و الصافية
 2013: ناس الحومة
 2019: الماضي لا يموت
 2020: هي
 2021: باب البحر
 2022: جروح

برامج
 2009 : من سيربح المليون المغاربية (مقدم البرنامج)
 (2007 - 2008): لالة لعروسة (مقدم البرنامج)
 2015 : رشيد شو
 جزيرة الكنز

الأعمال الخيرية
ينشط رشيد الوالي كثيرًا في الأعمال الخيرية حيث يقود مجموعة من المبادرات التي تهدف لمساعدة الأطفال والأشخاص بدون مأوى، كما انخرط في العديد من حملات جمع التبرعات، حيث يتلقى الكثير من الإشادة بسبب دعواته الدائمة والمتكررة لمساعدة الأخرين.

من مبادراته البارزة مبادرة «دير يديك» التي يقدمها بشاركة مع شركة الاتصالات المغربية إنوي، والتي تهدف بالأساس إلى دفع الشباب المغاربة نحو تنمية روح التعاون والعمل التطوعي.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

ممثلون من الرابات
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من الرباط
مخرجو أفلام مغاربة
مذيعون مغاربة
ممثلو أفلام مغاربة
ممثلو تلفزيون مغاربة
ممثلون مغاربة في القرن 21
ممثلون وممثلات مغاربة
مواليد 1384 هـ
مواليد 1965
مواليد في الرباط

رشيد الوالي