Der Biggels-Effekt ist ein britischer Science-Fiction-Film aus dem Jahr 1986. Es handelt sich dabei um eine Literaturverfilmung der Romanreihe Biggles von W. E. Johns. Der Film ist auch unter dem Titel Sturzflug durch die Zeit bekannt.

Handlung
Der New Yorker Jim Ferguson bereitet gerade eine Präsentation vor, die er am nächsten Tag im Büro vorzutragen hat, als er sich plötzlich, vom Blitz getroffen, im Jahr 1917 während des Ersten Weltkrieges an der Westfront wiederfindet und James 'Biggels' Bigglesworth aus seinem abgestürzten Flugzeug retten muss. Als hinter ihm eine Bombe explodiert, landet er wieder im Jahr 1985 und fragt sich, ob das gerade alles nur ein Traum war. Aber als am nächsten Morgen Air Commodore William Raymond in seinem Büro erscheint und nach den Fotoaufnahmen fragt, weiß Ferguson, dass die Zeitreise wirklich passiert ist. Raymond gibt ihm seine Karte, mit dem Hinweis, dass er ihn in London, unter der Adresse Tower Bridge 1a erreichen kann, falls ähnliches wieder passieren sollte. Es passiert. Als Ferguson auf seiner Firmenfeier anschließend wieder im Jahr 1917 landet, fliegt er mit Biggels auf Erkundungsflug, um eine geheime deutsche Waffe auszuspionieren. Dabei werden sie von einem deutschen Flieger gejagt, den sie erfolgreich abschütteln können, bevor die Deutschen mit dem Kommando "Rote Flamme" ihre Geheimwaffe abfeuern. Da sich Biggels und Ferguson mit ihrem Flugzeug in der Abschusszone befinden, drohen sie abzustürzen, bevor sie die nötige rettende Distanz zur Waffe aufbringen können.

Ferguson reist mit der Kamera zurück in seine Zeit, wo er sich sofort aufmacht, nach London zu fliegen, um Raymond zu treffen. Dieser erklärt ihm, dass Biggels sein Zeitzwilling sei und er ihm helfen müsse, die deutsche Geheimwaffe zu zerstören, damit die Deutschen den Krieg verlieren. Also bereitet sich Ferguson darauf vor, wieder in ins Jahr 1917 zurückzukehren. Doch irgendwie kommt kein Zeitsprung. Erst als er sich halbnackt rasiert, kommt es dazu, dass er sich vor den frommen Nonnen eines Klosters wiederfindet. Er wird von Biggels Leuten, Algy, Bertie und Ginger, gefasst. Dabei sieht Ferguson, wie Biggels mit seiner geliebten Marie spricht. Aber das Gespräch wird jäh unterbrochen, da die Deutschen das Kloster umstellt haben. Kurz bevor diese die vier Briten hinrichten, schafft es Ferguson sie als Nonne verkleidet zu retten. Allerdings springt er wieder in die Zeit nach vorne und begegnet als Nonne verkleidet seiner Geliebten und Arbeitskollegin Debbie, die sich Sorgen um seine psychische Gesundheit macht. Er erklärt ihr, dass er ein Zeitreisender sei, der permanent zwischen den Zeiten hin und her springt. Während dieses Gesprächs springt er erneut ins Jahr 1917 zurück und nimmt dabei Debbie mit.

Beide landen im Schützengraben und fliehen mit Biggels und seinen Leuten vor den Deutschen in eine zerbombte Stadt. Dort erleben sie, wie die Deutschen einen Test ihrer Geheimwaffe vorbereiten. Dabei kommt es zu einem Kampf zwischen ihnen und den Deutschen, der damit endet, dass diese ihre Waffe abfeuern. Gerade noch rechtzeitig schaffen es Ferguson, Debbie, Biggels und seine Leute Zuflucht in einem neuartigen Bunker zu finden. Von dort aus sehen sie, wie die Waffe ihre vernichtende Wirkung entfaltet. Irgendwie haben die Deutschen es geschafft mit Akustik eine zerstörerische Waffe zu entwickeln, die nicht nur Stahl und Beton, sondern auch Menschen in sich zusammenfallen lässt. Schnell werden sie von weiteren nachrückenden deutschen Truppen angegriffen, sodass sie den Rückzug antreten. Als Ferguson mit seinem Maschinengewehr auf die Deutschen schießt, reist er augenblicklich wieder in die Gegenwart, wo er plötzlich auf Polizisten schießt. Er merkt, was gerade passiert ist und flüchtet vor der Polizei. Dabei wird er von Biggels gerettet, der sich nun wundert, in was für einer seltsamen Zeit er gelandet sei.

Um dies zu klären, begeben sich beide zu Raymond, von dem sie erfahren, dass sie immer dann durch die Zeit reisen, wenn der jeweils andere in Gefahr ist. Anschließend stehlen sie einen Polizeihubschrauber, einen Bell 206 JetRanger, und schaffen es, wieder in das Jahr 1917 zu reisen. Mit dem Hubschrauber fliegen sie, über das Kampfgebiet der Westfront, direkt zur deutschen Waffe, welche gerade dabei ist, erneut aktiviert zu werden. Sie nehmen mit Hilfe moderner Mikrofone die Akustik auf und verstärken sie mit Hilfe der Bordlautsprecher. Dadurch wird die Akustik zurück zu Waffe gelenkt, wodurch sie zerstört wird. Derweil befreien Algy, Bertie und Ginger das Kloster von den Deutschen. Biggels und Ferguson fliegen ebenfalls dorthin. Als sie landen, will Biggels seine geliebte Marie in die Arme nehmen, wobei sie plötzlich unter Feindbeschuss eines deutschen Kampffliegers geraten. Marie wird getroffen und liegt im Sterben. Vor lauter Wut nimmt Biggels all seine Waffen und beschießt den Kampfpiloten, sodass dieser abstürzt. Mit dem Aufgehen der Sonne erkennt Biggels allerdings, dass Marie nicht sterben wird und Ferguson reist wieder in seine Zeit zurück. Raymond hilft ihm dabei, nicht von der Polizei verhaftet zu werden. Anschließend heiraten Ferguson und Debbie in England, wobei er kurz vor der Ringübergabe wieder in die Zeit zurückreist und Biggels, Algy, Bertie und Ginger aus dem Kochtopf eines Kannibalenstamms aus Neuguinea rettet.

Kritik
In der Los Angeles Times verriss Sheila Benson den Film. Dieses ewige "hin und her" sei "anstrengend" und völlig "ohne Flair", sodass man diesen "Film voller Enttäuschungen […] mit einem kitschigen Plot, der weltweit schlimmsten und aufdringlichsten Musik und einer Zeitreise wie ein Schleudertrauma" einfach "nicht genießen" kann.

Das Lexikon des internationalen Films meinte, dass dieses "haarsträubende Abenteuer" ein "turbulentes Verwirrspiel mit allzu viel Kriegsgetümmel" und dementsprechend nur "mäßig unterhaltsam" sei.

Soundtrack
 Jon Anderson – "Do You Want to Be a Hero"
 Jon Anderson – "Chocks Away"
 Deep Purple – "Knocking at Your Back Door"
 Mötley Crüe – "Knock 'Em Dead, Kid"
 The Immortals – "No Turning Back"

Hintergrund
Der Film wurde von Januar bis März 1985 gedreht. Im Film wurden mehrere Flugzeuge verwendet, darunter eine Stampe & Vertongen SV-4, Boeing-Stearman und die Shuttleworth Collection. Als Drehorte dienten die All Saints Church in Holdenby und das alte Fabrikgelände Beckton Gas Works, auf dem ein Jahr später Stanley Kubricks Full Metal Jacket gedreht wurde.

Ursprünglich sollte bereits 1969 eine erste Verfilmung mit Biggles veröffentlicht werden. Unter dem Titel Biggles Sweeps the Skies sollte der britische Schauspieler James Fox den Helden spielen. Obwohl bereits Requisiten gebaut und Promomaterial veröffentlicht wurde, wurde das Projekt abgebrochen, bevor ein fertiger Film entstand. Der Film lief am 19. Juni 1986 in deutschen Kinos an.

Weblinks

 Offizielle Internetpräsenz zu Biggles
 Offizielle englische Internetpräsenz zum Filmflugzeug von Biggles
 Film Review: Der Biggles Effekt

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1986
US-amerikanischer Film
Science-Fiction-Film
Abenteuerfilm
Literaturverfilmung
Zeitreisen im Film

Der Biggels-Effekt


Sennariolo (sardinski: Sinnarìolo) je grad i općina (comune) u pokrajini Oristanu u regiji Sardiniji, Italija. Nalazi se na nadmorskoj visini od 274 metra i ima 186 stanovnika. Prostire se na 15,61 km². Gustoća naseljenosti je 12 st/km².Susjedne općine su: Cuglieri, Flussio, Scano di Montiferro i Tresnuraghes.

Izvori

Općine u pokrajini Oristano

Sennariolo


Penelope (Yunanca Πηνελόπη, Pinelopi), Homeros'un Odysseia destanında Odysseus'un eşidir. Odysseus'un yokluğunda saraya yerleşen erkekler arasından eş seçmesini ertelemek için gündüz ördüğü örgüyü gece sökmesi ile tanınır ve sadakat imgesi olarak bilinir. Odysseus Tyndareos'un kızı Helene'ye talip olacakken, ondan vazgeçer ve akrabası Penelope ile evlenir. Bu çiftin Telemakhos adlı bir çocukları olur, ama o daha çok küçükken babası Troya savaşına gitmek zorunda kalır. Penelope'in çilesi o zaman başlar. Odysseia destanı başladığı sırada İthake sarayının Penelope'ye taliplerle dolu olduğunu, bu güzel kadını almayı ve zengin krallığını ele geçirmeyi istediğini öğreniriz. Üstelik oğlu Telemakhos çocuk olduğu için saraya yerleşen ve mal varlıklarını sömüren bu taliplere engel olamamaktadır. Telemakhos talipleri oyalarken annesi de başka bir yol bulmuştur. Taliplerine dokuduğu bezi bitirmesi için beklemelerini söyler ve ondan sonra evleneceği vaadini verir. Dokuduğu bezi her gece tekrar söker ta ki 3 yıl sonra bu diğer taliplerce öğrenilene kadar. Kocası kadar akıllı ve kurnaz olan Penelope taliplere bir yarışma önerir. Odysseus'a bir dostu tarafından hediye edilen yayı getirterek, onu gerip ok atmayı kim becerebilirse ona varacağını taliplere bildirir ve böylece destanın son sahnesine yani taliplerin öldürülmesine yol açan çareyi düşünür. Odysseus taliplerini yenince kendini eşine tanıtmakta zorluk çeker ve onu denemelere sokar. En sonunda karısının ne kadar akıllı ve şüpheci olduğunu anlar ve kavuşmalarını anlamlılaştırır.

Odysseia karakterleri
Mitolojik kraliçeler
Yunan mitolojisinde kadınlar
Kurgusal Yunanlar

Penelope


Rupert Rozmarić (Štrigova, 2. travnja 1921. - Zagreb, 5. prosinca 1991.) - hrvatski katolički svećenik, franjevac. Istaknuo se u dušobrižništvu za bolesnike.

Rodio se u Štrigovi u Međimurju 2. travnja 1921. godine, kao najstariji od dvanaestero braće i sestara. Krsno ime bilo mu je Herman, a Rupert je redovničko ime. Bio je u franjevačkom sjemeništu u Varaždinu. U franjevački red ušao je na Trsatu, 14. kolovoza 1938. godine. Prve zavjete dao je na Trsatu, 15. kolovoza 1939., a svečane redovničke zavjete u Zagrebu, 6. siječnja 1945. godine. Za svećenika je zaređen u Zagrebu, 29. lipnja 1947. godine.

Svoju je svećeničku službu vršio po raznim mjestima u sjevernoj Hrvatskoj i Slavoniji: Čakovec, Klanjec, Krapina, Cernik, Vukovar, Kloštar Ivanić, Koprivnica, no najduže je službovao u Slavonskom  Brodu, gdje je u prvom mandatu svoje službe (1955.-1958.) bio revni vjeroučitelj djece i mladeži i veliki širitelj pobožnosti Presvetom Srcu Isusovu.

U svome drugom mandatu od 1975. do 1984. u Slavonskom Brodu istaknuo se upravo do heroizma u dušobrižništvu za bolesnike. Znao je godišnje ostvariti i preko deset tisuća posjeta bolesnicima; ovakva revna skrb za bolesnike jednog svećenika u Crkvi u Hrvata do sada još nije zabilježena. Ujutro bi uzeo svoj bicikl, na leđa ruksak u koji je stavio litru vode i kilogram kruha što mu je bila hrana za cijeli dan i onda je išao u obilazak bolesnika pa čak i onih koji su i po 15 km bili daleko od Slavonskoga Broda. Pohodio je ukupno 63.570 bolesnika po kućama i bolnicama.

Preminuo je u Zagrebu 5. prosinca 1991. godine. Fra Zvjezdan Linić na njegovom pokopu na zagrebačkom Mirogoju rekao je o njemu: "U životu o. Ruperta otkrivamo skromnog fratra, uslužnog brata, revnog ispovjednika, žarkog misionara, čovjeka duboke pobožnosti, apostola bolesnika, štovatelja Srca Isusova i pobožnika Marijina. Poznat je bio u provinciji kao vrsni poznavalac mističnih djela i svetaca koji su pozivali na svetost. Iz takvog duhovnog profila izrastao je čovjek i redovnik koji prihvaća život pokore i odricanja. Koliko god je to skrivao, o. Rupert je bio čovjek strogih postova, i drugih odricanja od svega što bi ga moglo smetati u njegovu životu sabranosti i molitve".

Prof. Josip Prudeus, nekadašnji vjeroučenik p. Ruperta iz Slavonskog Broda, napisao mu je pjesmu "Sjećanje na patera Ruperta". Akademski slikar Anto Mamuša iz Novoga Travnika naslikao je prvu umjetničku sliku p. Ruperta (ulje na platnu), za 25. obljetnicu njegove smrti.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Online inačica knjige Božidara Nagyja: Pater Rupert, život za Boga i duše, 2009.

Hrvatski katolički svećenici
Hrvatski franjevci
Životopisi, Slavonski Brod
Životopisi, Međimurje

Rupert Rozmarić


Michael "Mike" Wheeler é um personagem fictício da série de terror de ficção científica da Netflix Stranger Things. Ele é um dos personagens centrais da série, atuando como o líder do grupo principal de crianças, namorando Onze mas tendo um interesse romântico secreto pelo seu amigo Will Byers. Mike é interpretado por Finn Wolfhard.

Escolha de intérprete e conceito
Noah Schnapp originalmente fez o teste para interpretar Mike na série. Mike foi planejado pelos criadores da série Matt e Ross Duffer para ser um personagem principal prototípico dos anos 80 que é leal e enérgico, embora também inocente devido à sua pouca idade. Sua progressão de idade através da série também é semelhante a outros programas de TV e filmes dos anos 80 que os irmãos Duffer usaram como inspiração.

Biografia fictícia

1ª Temporada

No início da série, Mike está jogando Dungeons & Dragons com seus melhores amigos, Dustin Henderson (Gaten Matarazzo), Lucas Sinclair (Caleb McLaughlin), e Will Byers (Noah Schnapp) em 6 de novembro de 1983. Naquela noite, Will desaparece misteriosamente. No dia seguinte, Mike, Dustin e Lucas encontram uma garota com a cabeça raspada chamada Onze (Millie Bobby Brown). Eles levam Onze de volta para a casa de Mike e a escondem em seu porão.. Mais tarde, o cadáver de Will é aparentemente encontrado. Depois do funeral de Will, os meninos perguntaram ao professor deles, Sr. Clarke, sobre dimensões alternativas, e determinar que um portão para outra dimensão teria um forte campo eletromagnético, e eles podem usar uma bússola para encontrá-lo, o "Mundo Invertido." Eles finalmente descobrem que Onze estava adulterando a bússola para impedi-los de ir ao laboratório. Mike e Dustin são ameaçados por valentões; Mike é forçado a pular de um penhasco alto em um lago e Dustin é feito refém. Onze retorna e intervém antes de Mike cair na água e salva Mike e Dustin. O grupo eventualmente constrói um tanque de privação sensorial na Hawkins Middle School para permitir que Onze amplifique seus poderes para encontrar Will. Quando estão na escola, Mike pergunta se Onze quer ir ao baile de inverno e os dois compartilham seu primeiro beijo. Mais tarde, ela desaparece após derrotar o Demogorgon, um monstro do Mundo Invertido.

2ª Temporada

Dustin e Lucas se apaixonam por uma nova aluna, Maxine "Max" Mayfield (Sadie Sink) e tentam fazê-la se juntar ao grupo, ao que Mike discordou, levando Mike a abandonar Dustin, Lucas e Max na noite de Halloween. No dia seguinte, na escola, Dustin revela a nova criatura que descobriu, que ele chama de D'Artagnan. Depois de ver a criatura, Will confidencia a Mike que a criatura é do Mundo Invertido. Ao mesmo tempo em que Mike confronta seus sentimentos em relação a Max, Will passa por um episódio em que é possuído pelo "Devorador de Mentes." Mike e Will testemunham agentes do Laboratório de Hawkins incendiando partes do Mundo Invertido por túneis subterrâneos, fazendo com que Will comece a convulsionar no chão reclamando de queimaduras. Will é então levado ao laboratório de Hawkins para que ele possa ser tratado. Depois que eles escapam dos Demodogs no laboratório de Hawkins, eles se reúnem com Dustin, Lucas, Max, Nancy, o irmão de Will Jonathan (Charlie Heaton) e o ex-namorado de Nancy Steve Harrington (Joe Keery).

A casa dos Byers é cercada por Demodogs, e Onze chega e os erradica. Mike está aliviado que Onze está viva. Ela sai para fechar o portal no laboratório de Hawkins. O grupo entra nos túneis e encharca o lugar com gasolina. Meses depois que Onze fechou o portal do Mundo Invertido, Mike frequenta o baile de neve da escola com Onze, levando os dois a compartilhar uma dança e um beijo, começando seu relacionamento.

3ª Temporada

Mike e Onze namoram por sete meses. Ambos continuam se beijando o tempo todo para o desespero do pai adotivo de Onze, Jim Hopper. Jim irritado ameaça Mike para não se encontrar com On regularmente e terminaria seu relacionamento se ele discordasse. Isso leva Mike a mentir para Onze e, portanto, ela termina com ele mais tarde. Mike persegue Will e os dois têm uma discussão em que Mike diz "não é minha culpa que você não goste de garotas"; Will revela a eles que ele tem sentido o Devorador de Mentes. O grupo acaba descobrindo que o meio-irmão de Max, Billy, está possuído pelo Devorador de Mente. Eles decide encurralar Billy na sauna da piscina da cidade e esse plano acaba numa luta de Onze contr Billy, mas ele consegue escapar. O grupo tenta descobrir como se livrar do Devordor de Mentes para sempre e viajam para a casa de Onze e Hopper, onde Mike deixa escapar que a ama e não pode perdê-la novamente.. Onze encontra o Devorador de Mentes através dos seus poderes e Mike tenta compartilhar seus sentimentos para ela, mas é interrompido por Dustin, que liga para Mike em seu walkie-talkie dizendo que ele está em perigo, mas não consegue dar sua localização antes que as baterias acabem. Onze encontra ele e seu grupo no Starcourt Mall.

Mike, Lucas e Will se reconciliam com Dustin. Ele, Onze e Max são separados de todos os outros; eles conseguem se esconder antes que Lucas, Will, Nancy e Jonathan distraiam o Devorador de Mentes. Billy encontra Mike, Onze e Max por conta própria. Ele deixa Mike e Max inconscientes e traz Onze para o centro do Shopping, onde o Devorador de Mentes voltou. Mike e Max recuperam a consciência para ver o monstro prestes a matar Onze, mas Billy sacrifica sua vida para salvar a menina. Joyce e Hopper fecham o portal. Três meses depois, agora sem seus poderes, Onze vai morar com os Byers e se prepara para sair de Hawkins. Onze diz a Mike que ela o ama de volta e os dois se beijam antes de prometerem se visitar durante o dia de Ação de Graças.

4ª Temporada

Mike agora faz parte do Hellfire Club em sua escola ao lado de Dustin e Lucas, que é dirigido por Eddie Munson.. Ele visita Onze e Will na Califórnia, onde a garota afirma ser feliz e Mike menospreza Will quando ele explica que Onze está sendo intimidada. Os dois então testemunham Onze atacando Angela, uma valentona, e são presos, onde ela é interceptada e levada para o projeto NINA. Mike se junta a Will, Jonathan e Argyle para encontrar Onze depois que o exército dos EUA ataca a casa, e Suzie, namorada de Dustin, os ajuda a encontrar as coordenadas. Will mostra a Mike uma pintura do grupo lutando contra um dragão e diz a Mike que ele faz Onze não parecer um erro e que a pintura foi ideia dela, no entanto, quando Mike não está prestando atenção, Will começa a chorar. Todos eles se reúnem com Onze e ajudam ela a lutar telepaticamente contra Vecna usando um tanque de isolamento, e quando ela luta, Mike a ajuda a dominar Vecna dizendo que a ama. Mike então retorna para Hawkins, onde ele se reúne com sua família antes de Will sentir uma presença e todos descobrem que o Mundo Invertido está se infiltrando em Hawkins.

Recepção
Enquanto classificava os personagens da série, Evan Romano de Men's Health disse que Mike é "um personagem realmente ótimo e é uma explosão de assistir na tela." Em uma revisão para a temporada 3 de Stranger Things, Judy Berman do Time disse que Wolfhard fica "melhor a cada temporada." Darren Franich da Entertainment Weekly gostou da transição de Mike de uma criança para um adolescente na terceira temporada. Ritwik Mitra de Screen Rant disse sobre Wolfhard: "o personagem que ele retrata é uma das melhores partes do show" e que "da angústia adolescente ao desenvolvimento de uma mentalidade protetora — Mike é definitivamente uma criança modelo em todos os sentidos e uma grande parte do show." Liz Shannon Miller, Steve Greene, Hanh Nguyen, Ben Travers do IndieWire disseram que "sua...tenacidade de se manter... é um crédito ao seu caráter. Não é de admirar que ele seja aquele em quem Will confia e que tenta lutar contra o Devorador de Mentes. Mike é apenas um bom cara para ter no seu canto, não importa quais sejam as circunstâncias." BuzzFeed disse que ele "realmente teve um grande processo de pensamento quando se tratava de ajudar seus amigos e derrubar o Devorador de Mentes."

Stranger Things
Personagens fictícias

Mike Wheeler


Hallelujah ( ; , Modern ) is an interjection from the Hebrew language, used as an expression of gratitude to God. The term is used 24 times in the Hebrew Bible (in the book of Psalms), twice in deuterocanonical books, and four times in the Christian Book of Revelation.

The phrase is used in Judaism as part of the Hallel prayers, and in Christian prayer, where since the earliest times it is used in various ways in liturgies, especially those of the Catholic Church, the Lutheran Churches and the Eastern Orthodox Church, the three of which use the Latin form alleluia which is based on the alternative Greek transliteration.

Etymology
Hallelujah is a transliteration of  (), which means "praise ye Jah!" (from , "praise ye!"  and , "Jah".) The word hallēl in Hebrew means a joyous praise in song. The second part, Yah, is a shortened form of YHWH (Yahweh or Jehovah in modern English).

Interpretation
In the Hebrew Bible hallelujah is actually a two-word phrase, hal(e)lu-Yah, and not one word. The first part, hallu, is the second-person imperative masculine plural form of the Hebrew verb hillel. The phrase "hallelujah" translates to "praise Jah/Yah", though it carries a deeper meaning as the word halel in Hebrew means a joyous praise in song, to boast in God.

The second part, Yah, is a shortened form of YHWH, the name of the national god of Israel. The name ceased to be pronounced in Second Temple Judaism, by the 3rd century BC due to religious beliefs. The correct pronunciation is not known. However, it is sometimes rendered in non-Jewish sources as "Yahweh" or "Jehovah". The Septuagint translates Yah as Kyrios (the ), because of the Jewish custom of replacing the sacred name with "Adonai", meaning "my Lord".

In  the Hebrew reads kol han'shamah t'halel yah hallu-yah; the first "hallel" and "yah" in this verse are two separate words, and the word "yah" is translated as "the LORD", or "YHWH". In 148:1 the Hebrew says  hallu Yah hallu eth-YHWH, notably including both the shortened Yah and the full name of YHWH.

Most well-known English versions of the Hebrew Bible translate the Hebrew "Hallelujah" (as at ) as "Praise the ", though "" is instead translated as "Yah" in the Lexham English Bible and Young's Literal Translation, "Jah" in the New World Translation, "Jehovah" in the American Standard Version, and "HaShem" in the Artscroll Tanach (Orthodox Jewish). Rather than directly translating it, the JPS Tanakh, International Standard Version, Darby Translation, God's Word Translation, Holman Christian Standard Bible, and The Message render the term as "Hallelujah", with the spelling "Halleluyah" appearing in the Complete Jewish Bible. The Greek-influenced form "Alleluia" appears in Wycliffe's Bible, the Knox Version and the New Jerusalem Bible.

In the great song of praise to God for his triumph over the Whore of Babylon in chapter 19 of the New Testament book of Revelation, the Greek word ἀλληλούϊα (allēluia), a transliteration of the same Hebrew word, appears four times, as an expression of praise rather than an exhortation to praise. In English translations this is mostly rendered as "Hallelujah", but as "Alleluia" in several translations, while a few have "Praise the Lord", "Praise God", "Praise our God", or "Thanks to our God".

The linguist Ghil'ad Zuckermann argues that the word Hallelujah is usually not replaced by a praise God! translation due to the belief in iconicity: the perception that there is something intrinsic about the relationship between the sound of the word and its meaning.

In the Bible

הַלְלוּיָהּ is found in 24 verses in the Book of Psalms (, , , ), but twice in Psalm 150:6. It starts and concludes a number of Psalms.

The Greek transliteration ἀλληλούϊα (allēlouia) appears in the Septuagint version of these Psalms, in  and , and four times in
, the great song of praise to God for his triumph over the Whore of Babylon. It is this usage that Charles Jennens extracted for the Hallelujah Chorus in Handel's Messiah. This transliteration is the basis of the alternative Latin transliteration "Alleluia" that is also used by Christians.

Usage by Jews
The word "hallelujah" is sung as part of the Hallel Psalms (interspersed between Psalms 113–150).  In Tractate Shabbat of the Talmud, Rabbi Yose is quoted as saying that the Pesukei dezimra Psalms should be recited daily.  Psalms 145–150, also known as the Hallel of pesukei dezimra, are included to fulfill this requirement in the liturgy for the traditional Jewish Shacharit (morning) service.  In addition, on the three Pilgrimage Festivals, the new moon and Hanukkah, Psalms 113-118 are recited.  The latter psalms are known simply as Hallel with no additional qualification.

, ending with Halleluja, is the third and final biblical quotation in the Kedushah.  This expanded version of the third blessing in the Amidah is said during the Shacharit and Mincha (morning and afternoon) services when there is a minyan present.

Usage by Christians

For most Christians, "Hallelujah" is considered a joyful word of praise to God, rather than an injunction to praise him. The word "Alleluia", a Latin derivative of the Hebrew phrase "Hallelujah" has been used in the same manner, though in Christian liturgy, the "Alleluia" specifically refers to a traditional chant, combining the word with verses from the Psalms or other scripture. In the Latin liturgical rites of the Catholic Church, and in many older Protestant denominations, such as the Lutheran Churches, the Alleluia, along with the Gloria in excelsis Deo, is not spoken or sung in liturgy during the season of Lent, instead being replaced by a Lenten acclamation, while in Eastern Churches, Alleluia is chanted throughout Lent at the beginning of the Matins service, replacing the Theos Kyrios, which is considered more joyful. At the Easter service and throughout the Pentecostarion, Christos anesti is used in the place where Hallelujah is chanted in the western rite expressing happiness.

In day-to-day situations, the expressions of "Hallelujah" and "Praise the Lord" are used by Christians as spontaneous expressions of joy, thanksgiving and praise towards God. In contemporary worship services across denominational lines, the use of these jubilatory phrases require no specific prompting or call or direction from those leading times of praise and singing. In Methodist worship, "Hallelujah!" is a frequently used ejaculatory prayer.

In popular culture
In modern English, "Hallelujah" is frequently spoken to express happiness that a thing hoped or waited for has happened. An example is its use in the song "Get Happy".

"Hallelujah" was the winning song of the Eurovision Song Contest 1979, performed in Hebrew by Milk and Honey, including Gali Atari, for Israel.

Leonard Cohen's 1984 song "Hallelujah" was initially rejected by Columbia Records for lacking commercial appeal, was popularized through covers by John Cale (1991) and Jeff Buckley (1994), achieved "modern ubiquity" after its inclusion in the animated movie Shrek (2001), and reached the Billboard charts upon Cohen's death in 2016.

See also
 Praise the Lord, a greeting phrase used by many Christians
 Alleluia, the Christian liturgical chant
 Alhamdulillah (), similar Arabic phrase used by Muslims and by Arabic-speaking Jews and Christians
 Allahu Akbar (), similar Arabic phrase
 Subhan Allah (), similar Arabic phrase
 "My Sweet Lord", a 1970 song by George Harrison which includes hallelujah along with Hare Krishna

References

External links

Christian prayer
Hallel
Hebrew words and phrases in the Hebrew Bible
Hebrew words and phrases in Jewish prayers and blessings
New Testament Hebrew words and phrases
Psalms
English words

Hallelujah


An Kefersteinia niesseniae in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Pedro Ortiz Valdivieso. An Kefersteinia niesseniae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Kefersteinia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Kefersteinia (Orchidaceae)

Kefersteinia niesseniae


Quae Volont Intercipit er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1998 instrueret af Trine Stark Olesen.

Handling
Quae Volont intercipit betyder opfanger dem som flyver. Denne film er lavet for at afmystificere folks spionage-opfattelse af en dansk radarstation. Den er samtidig en historisk film, da radarstationen i Bækskov står for en fremtidig afvikling i år 2000.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1998

Quae Volont Intercipit


Very ist ein kleiner Einschlagkrater auf der nordöstlichen Mondvorderseite in der Ebene des Mare Serenitatis, östlich des Kraters Sarabhai.
Unmittelbar östlich von Very verläuft ein Teil der Höhenrücken der Dorsa Smirnov, deren ungefähre Mitte Very bezeichnet.

Der Krater wurde 1973 von der IAU nach dem US-amerikanischen Astronomen Frank W. Very offiziell benannt.

Weblinks

 Very auf The-Moon Wiki

Einzelnachweise

Einschlagkrater (Mond)

Very (Mondkrater)


Louis Bontes (* 28. Februar 1956 in Rotterdam) ist ein niederländischer Politiker. Bis Oktober 2013 war er Mitglied der Fraktion der Partij voor de Vrijheid (PVV) in der Zweiten Kammer der Generalstaaten. Er gründete im Frühjahr 2014 die Partei VoorNederland, für die er bis März 2017 in der Zweiten Kammer verblieb.

Leben
Nach seiner Schulzeit absolvierte Bontes ein Studium der höheren Polizeiausbildung an der De Haagse Hogeschool in Den Haag und an der Universität Utrecht. Viele Jahre war er in Rotterdam bei der niederländischen Polizei beschäftigt. Bontes wurde Unterstützer von Geert Wilders Partij voor de Vrijheid und vertrat die PVV vom 14. Juli 2009 bis zum 17. Juni 2010 als Abgeordneter im Europäischen Parlament. Ab dem 17. Juni 2010 war Bontes Abgeordneter in der Zweiten Kammer der Generalstaaten. Am 29. Oktober 2013 wurde er aus der PVV-Fraktion ausgeschlossen.

Er gehört zu den 89 Personen aus der Europäischen Union, gegen die Russland im Mai 2015 ein Einreiseverbot verhängt hat.

Bontes wohnt in Hellevoetsluis.

Weblinks
 Zweite Kammer der Generalstaaten: Louis Bontes

Einzelnachweise

Mitglied des Europäischen Parlaments für die Niederlande
Mitglied der Zweiten Kammer der Generalstaaten
PVV-Mitglied
Polizist (Niederlande)
Absolvent der Universität Utrecht
Niederländer
Geboren 1956
Mann

Louis Bontes


Stanko Marušić (Mostar, 13. siječnja 1986.), bivši hrvatski nogometni vratar i nogometni trener iz Bosne i Hercegovine.

Karijera

Igračka karijera

Nogomet je počeo igrati u omladinskoj školi NK Široki Brijeg. Za reprezentaciju BiH do 17 godina, kao igrač Širokog Brijega, zabilježio je tri nastupa. Iz matičnog kluba odlazi u Imotski, a zatim u mlađe selekcije zagrebačkog Dinama gdje je igrao za juniorsku momčad. Iz Dinama odlazi u vinkovačku Cibaliju koja ga šalje na posudbu u NK Dilj koji u to vrijeme igra 2. HNL. Potom se vraća u Imotski.

Nakon sezone u Imotskom prelazi u, federalnog prvoligaša, Drinovce iz kojih prelazi u mostarski Zrinjski. Sa Zrinjskim postaje prvak BiH u sezoni 2008./09. nakon čega još jedanput nastupa za Imotski. Iz Imotskog odlazi u Slogu iz Uskoplja, a potom i u bugojansku Iskru gdje završava igračku karijeru.

Trenerska karijera

Nakon igračke karijere bavi se trenerskim poslom. Bio je trener vratara u Mladosti iz Širokog Brijega. Voditelj je i trener u Školi nogometa HNK Biograci.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Profil na transfermarkt.com

Hrvatski nogometaši iz Bosne i Hercegovine
Bosanskohercegovački nogometni treneri
Nogometaši HŠK Zrinjski Mostar
Nogometaši NK Širokog Brijega
Životopisi, Široki Brijeg

Stanko Marušić


A Fogueira das Vaidades (em inglês: The Bonfire of the Vanities) é um romance, lançado em 1987, de Tom Wolfe. A obra foi publicada no Brasil pela editora Rocco, com tradução de Lia Wyler. A história é um drama sobre ambição, racismo, classe social, política e ganância na cidade de Nova York dos anos 1980, e centra-se em três personagens principais: o corretor da bolsa de valores Sherman McCoy, o promotor público judeu Larry Kramer e o jornalista expatriado britânico Peter Fallow.

O romance foi originalmente concebido como uma série, inspirado no formato de publicação já utilizado por Charles Dickens. Sua publicação se deu em 27 capítulos nas edições da revista Rolling Stone, a partir de 1984. Wolfe o revisou antes de ser publicado em livro. O romance foi um best-seller de grande repercussão. Muitas vezes foi chamado de romance quintessencial da década de 1980, e em 1990 foi adaptado para o cinema, dirigido por Brian De Palma.

Título
O título é uma referência à histórica Fogueira das Vaidades, que aconteceu em 1497, em Florença, na Itália, quando a cidade era governada pelo padre dominicano Girolamo Savonarola, que ordenou que os objetos que as autoridades da igreja consideravam pecaminosos fossem queimados, entre eles cosméticos, espelhos, livros e arte.

Contexto Histórico
Wolfe queria que seu romance refletisse a essência da cidade de Nova York na década de 1980.

Á sombra de Wall Street, a cidade era um foco de tensão racial e cultural. O ambiente era de confrontos constantes, com vários incidentes de racismo, como os assassinatos - em bairros brancos - de dois homens negros: Willie Turks, que foi assassinado na região de Gravesend, no Brooklyn, em 1982, e Michael Griffith, que foi morto em Howard Beach, no Queens, em 1986. Em outro episódio que recebeu muita atenção da mídia, Bernhard Goetz tornou-se uma espécie de herói popular na cidade ao atirar contra um grupo de jovens negros que tentou assaltá-lo no metrô em 1984.

Burton B. Roberts, um juiz do Bronx, conhecido pela maneira sensata de seus julgamentos, foi a inspiração para o personagem Myron Kovitsky no livro.

Escrita e Publicação
Wolfe começou as pesquisas para escrever o romance observando casos no Tribunal Criminal de Manhattan, e acompanhando membros da divisão de homicídios da polícia, no Bronx.

Para superar um momento de bloqueio de escritor, Wolfe escreveu a Jann Wenner, editor da revista Rolling Stone, para propor uma ideia inspirada em Charles Dickens e Thackeray. Esses escritores vitorianos, que Wolfe via como seus modelos, muitas vezes escreveram seus romances em fascículos. Wenner ofereceu a Wolfe cerca de $ 200.000 para escrever o romance em uma série.

A pressão do prazo deu a ele a motivação que ele esperava e, de julho de 1984 a agosto de 1985, cada edição quinzenal da Rolling Stone continha um novo capítulo.

Wolfe não gostou de seu "primeiro rascunho público" e revisou completamente seu trabalho. Até Sherman McCoy, o personagem central do romance, mudou - originalmente um escritor, na versão do livro ele é um corretor da bolsa de valores. (Wolfe surgiu com a ocupação revisada depois de passar um dia na seção de títulos do governo da Salomon Brothers).

Wolfe pesquisou e revisou seus escritos por dois anos. A Fogueira das Vaidades foi publicado em 1987. O livro foi um sucesso comercial e de crítica.

Enredo
A história gira em torno de Sherman McCoy, um bem-sucedido corretor da bolsa de valores de Nova York. A vida opulenta de McCoy, autodenominado "Mestre do Universo", é gradualmente destruída quando ele e sua amante, Maria Ruskin, acidentalmente entram no Bronx à noite enquanto voltam do Aeroporto Kennedy para Manhattan. Ao ver a rampa de acesso à rodovia bloqueada por latas de lixo e um pneu, McCoy sai do carro para abrir caminho. Abordados por dois homens negros que julgam ser assaltantes, McCoy e Ruskin fogem. Depois que Ruskin assume o volante do carro para fugir, o carro derrapa, aparentemente atingindo um dos supostos assaltantes.

Peter Fallow, um ex-jornalista alcoólatra do tabloide City Light, vê uma oportunidade quando é persuadido a escrever uma série de artigos sobre Henry Lamb, um jovem negro que disse ter sido vítima de um atropelamento e fuga de um motorista branco rico. Fallow aceita cinicamente as manipulações do reverendo Bacon, um líder religioso e político do Harlem. Os artigos de Fallow sobre o assunto iniciam uma série de protestos, e a cobertura da mídia sobre o caso Lamb cresce descontroladamente.

Candidato à reeleição e acusado de lentidão no caso Lamb, o promotor distrital do condado do Bronx, obcecado pela mídia, Abe Weiss, pressiona as autoridades pela prisão de McCoy. As evidências incluem o carro de McCoy (que corresponde à descrição do veículo envolvido no suposto atropelamento e fuga), além da resposta evasiva de McCoy ao interrogatório policial.

A partir daí McCoy é preso, e libertado sob fiança, mas vê sua vida desabar quando seu nome se torna público e atrelado ao caso Lamb.

Estilo e conteúdo
A Fogueira das Vaidades foi o primeiro romance de Wolfe. As obras anteriores de Wolfe eram, principalmente, artigos e livros-reportagem de não ficção. Seus contos anteriores apareceram em sua coleção Mauve Gloves & Madmen, Clutter & Vine.

De acordo com Wolfe, os personagens foram idealizados a partir de muitos indivíduos e observações culturais. No entanto, alguns foram baseados em pessoas reais. Wolfe reconheceu que o personagem de Tommy Killian é baseado no advogado nova-iorquino Edward Hayes, a quem o livro é dedicado. O personagem do reverendo Bacon é considerado por muitos como baseado nos reverendos Al Sharpton e/ou Jesse Jackson.

Em 2007, no 20º aniversário de publicação do livro, o The New York Times fez uma retrospectiva de como Nova York mudou desde o romance de Wolfe.

Recepção
O livro foi um best-seller e recebeu críticas contundentes.  O New York Times elogiou o livro, dizendo que era "um livro grande, amargo, engraçado e astutamente maquinado, que te pega pela lapela e não solta", mas criticou seus personagens às vezes superficiais, dizendo que quando "o livro acaba, há um sabor estranho, não totalmente agradável."

Adaptações
Em 1990, A Fogueira das Vaidades foi adaptado para o cinema, e estrelado por Tom Hanks como Sherman McCoy, Kim Cattrall como sua esposa Judy, Melanie Griffith como sua amante Maria e Bruce Willis como o jornalista (e narrador do filme) Peter Fallow. O roteiro foi escrito por Michael Cristofer. Wolfe recebeu $ 750.000 pelos direitos cinematográficos. O filme foi um fracasso comercial e crítico.

Uma adaptação para ópera, com música de Stefania de Kenessey, e libreto e direção de Michael Bergmann, foi encenada em Nova York em 9 de outubro de 2015.

Em 2016, a Amazon Studios, em associação com a Warner Bros., anunciou uma série dramática de oito episódios baseada no livro, produzida por Chuck Lorre (Two and a Half Men, B Positive), a ser distribuída pela Amazon Video.

Referências

Leituras

Livros ambientados em Nova Iorque
Romances pós-modernos
Romances adaptados para a ópera
Romances dos Estados Unidos

A Fogueira das Vaidades (romance)


Stepan (Степан, em ucraniano) é um gato ucraniano de coloração listrada, que ganhou popularidade mundial nas redes sociais pela sua natureza calma e postura blasé, tornando-se o gato mais popular da Ucrânia. Tem mais de um milhão e meio de seguidores no Twitter e Instagram. Desde 2019, Stepan tem também conta na rede TikTok.

Stepan nasceu em 2008, em Carcóvia. A dona de Stepan, Anna, encontrou-o quando era pequeno. Desde então, ele mora com ela em um alto edifício de apartamentos de Saltivka, em Carcóvia. Em 2020, durante o período de quarentena, Anna gravou o primeiro vídeo com seu gato e recebeu vários milhões de visualizações. Desde então, Anna vem postando novas fotos e tirando fotos do gato quase todos os dias, sempre inventando novas imagens para Stepan.

De acordo com o canal de Youtube do The Moskow Times, em julho de 2021, a fama do gato havia superado as fronteiras do país, com Stepan "capturando o coração" da Internet russa.

Em novembro de 2021, Britney Spears chamou a atenção para o gato em um seu post. A publicação teve mais de 1,1 milhões de apreciações e quase nove mil comentários.  Logo depois, a casa italiana Valentino publicou um anúncio de uma das suas malas de mão, com o gato Stepan.

A modelo Hailey Bieber e a atriz Diane Krueger também sobre o gato Kharkiv nas suas redes sociais.

A 24 de fevereiro de 2022, Anna e Stepan foram surpreendidos pela invasão da Ucrânia pela Rússia, durante a qual estão a ser feitos violentíssimos bombardeamentos em Carcóvia, com a destruição de parte da cidade, incluindo bairros residenciais, causando dezenas de mortos e feridos. Após o início da invasão, as contas de Stepan nas redes sociais confirmaram que tanto o gato como a sua dona sobreviveram aos bombardeamentos, encontrando-se num abrigo. Desde então, as fotos de Stepan são acompanhadas de fotos da destruição causada pelas forças russas, e mensagens pedindo o fim da invasão e o regresso da paz.

Notas

Gatos famosos
Naturais de Carcóvia
Animais celebridades da Internet

Stepan


Aveneae, nekadašnji tribus trava, dio potporodice Pooideae, danas je uklopljen u tribus Poeae. Sastoji se od 8 podtribusa čije su vrste slične zobi.

Podtribusi
 Aveninae J. Presl
 Agrostidinae Fr.
 Anthoxanthinae A. Gray
 Brizinae Tzvelev
 Calothecinae Soreng
 Echinopogoninae Soreng
 Hypseochloinae Röser & Tkach
 Phalaridinae Fr.
 Torreyochloinae Soreng & J.I. Davis

Izvori

Pooideae

Aveneae


කොන්ෆියුසියස්වාදය යනු දාර්ශනික සහ සදාචාරාත්මක-සමාජ දේශපාලනික ඉගැන්වීම් මත පදනම් වූ පද්ධතියකි. එය ඇතැම් විට ආගමක් ලෙස ද හඳුන්වනු ලබයි. ක්‍රි.පූ. 771-476 අතර කාලයේ දී, චීන දාර්ශනික කොන්ෆියුසියස් (ක්‍රි.පූ. 551–479) ගේ ඉගැන්වීම් අනුව කොන්ෆියුසියස්වාදය වර්ධනය වී ඇත.

අතීතයේ දී චීනය, තායිවානය, ජපානය, කොරියාව, වියට්නාමය, හොංකොං, මැකාවු සහ සිංගප්පූරුව ආදී රටවල් සහ ඒවායේ සංස්කෘතීන් කොන්ෆියුසියස්වාදයෙන් බෙහෙවින් ආභාෂය ලබා ඇත. 20 වන සියවසේ සිට පමණ කොන්ෆියුසියානු බලපෑම බෙහෙවින් අඩු වී ඇත. ක්‍රිස්තු වර්ෂ දෙවන සියවසේ දී වූ හැන් බෙදා වෙන්කිරීම මගින් බුදු දහමේ සහ තාඕ දහමේ වන විමුක්තිදායක මූලධර්ම හරහා බුද්ධිමය ජීවිතයකට මග විවර කර දෙන ලදී.

කොන්ෆියුසියස්

කොන්ෆියුසියස් උපත ලැබුවේ ක්‍රි.පූ. 551 දී ලු ප්‍රාන්තයේ (වර්තමාන ෂන්තුන්ගේ පළාතේ) ය. පළමුව ඔහු එම ප්‍රාන්තයේ ඉඩම් අධ්‍යක්ෂ ධූරය දැරීය. අනතුරුව ඔහුට එම ප්‍රාන්තයේ ප්‍රධාන ඇමති ධූරය දක්වා උසස්වීමක් ලැබුණි. ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ කටයුතු සම්බන්ධයෙන් කොන්ෆියුසියස් දැක් වූ උනන්දුව ගැන අධිරාජ්‍යයා අකැමැත්තක් දැක්වීම නිසා ඔහු එම තනතුරෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්විය. ඉන් පසු අවුරුදු 13 ක් තිස්සේ ධර්මය දේශනා කරමින් ඔහු තැනින් තැන සංචාරය කළේ ය. ඔහු අනුගාමිකයන් විශාල පිරිසක් ඇති කර ගැනීමට සමත් විය. ක්‍රි.පූ. 479 දී ඔහු මිය ගියේය.

කොන්ෆියුසියස්ගේ ඉගැන්වීම්
කොන්ෆියුසියස් මනුෂ්‍ය ස්වභාවය අධ්‍යයනය කිරීමේ ශ්‍රේෂ්ටයෙකු විය. චීනය මහත් ව්‍යසනවලට පත් වූ අවස්ථාවල දී ඒවාට හේතු වූ කරුණු පිළිබඳව අධ්‍යයනය කළ ඔහු විශ්වාස කළේ සදාචාරාත්මක ප්‍රතිපත්ති හා සමාජයීය ආචාර ධර්ම අනුගමනය නොකිරීම එවැනි තත්ත්වයන් උද්ගත කිරීමට තුඩු දී ඇති බවයි. ඒ නිසා මුතුන් මිත්තන් වන්දනා කිරීම, ළමයින්ගේ ධාර්මිකභාවය, අධිකාරීන්ට ගරු කිරීම වැනි පැරණි චාරිත්‍ර වාරිත්‍ර යළි ඉස්මතු කොට යහපත් සමාජයක් ගොඩනැගීමට ඔහු උත්සාහ කළේය. පාලකයන් සහ පාලිත ජනතාව අතරත් සියළු යහළු යෙහෙළියන් අතරත් සහජීවනය ගොඩනැගීමට ඔහු යත්න දැරීය. සෑම තරාතිරමකම සිටින මිනිසුන් සඳහා ඔහු සමාජ හර පද්ධතියක් නියම කළේය. යහපත් ආචාර ධර්ම, නිහතමානී බව, වගකීම් වෙනුවෙන් ඇප කැප වීම සහ අන්‍යයන් කෙරෙහි විශ්වාසය සහ ශක්තිය පැතිරවීම වැනි කරුණු කොන්ෆියුසියස්ගේ ඉගැන්වීම් අතර ප්‍රධාන තැනක් ගත්තේ ය. "අන් අයකු ඔබට කරනු දැකීමට ඔබ අකැමැති යම් දෙයක් වේ නම් එය ඔබ ද අන් අයට නොකරන්න" යනු, සමාජ චාරිත්‍ර වාරිත්‍ර සම්බන්ධයෙන් කොන්ෆියුසියස්ගේ වැදගත්ම නියමය විය.

කොන්ෆියුසියස්ට පෙර චීනයේ ආගම සහ දර්ශනය
ස්වභාවික වස්තූන් වන්දනාකිරීම චීනයේ ප්‍රචලිතව පැවති ආදිතම ආගම විය. ඊළඟට මළගිය මුතුන් මිත්තන් වන්දනා කිරීම ආරම්භ විය. සෑම නිවසකම පවුලේ සාමාජිකයන් ඔවුන්ගේ මුතුන් මිත්තන් වන්දනා කළහ.

කොන්ෆියුසියස්වාදයේ බලපෑම්
සියවස් ගණනාවක් තිස්සේ චීන ජාතිකයන්ගේ සිරිත් විරිත් හැඩගැස්වීමෙහි ලා කොන්ෆියුසියස්ගේ ඉගැන්වීම් විශාල බලපෑමක් කර ඇත. කොන්ෆියුසියස් විසින් ලියන ලදැයි හෝ ඔහු විසින් සංස්කරණය කරන ලදැයි සැළකෙන කෘති පහක් නිසා ඔහුගේ කිර්තිය වැඩිදියුණු විය. සියවස් කීපයක් තිස්සේ උගතුන්ගේ මහත් සම්භාවනාවට ලක් වූ කොන්ෆියුසියස් පසුව දේවත්වයෙහි ලා සලකනු ලැබුණි. නමුත් ෂින් රාජවංශයට අයත් ෂි-හුඈන්ග්-ති, තමා විශ්ව අධිරාජ්‍යයා ලෙස ප්‍රකාශ කර ගනිමින් පැරණි චීන සාහිත්‍ය කෘති විනාශ කළ අතර කොන්ෆියුසියස්ගේ ඇතැම් කෘතීන් ද වැඩවසම් මුහුණුවරක් ගත් බව පවසා විනාශ කළේ ය.

ආශ්‍රිත ග්‍රන්ථ

 Creel, Herrlee G. Confucius and the Chinese Way. Reprint. New York: Harper Torchbooks. (Originally published under the title Confucius—the Man and the Myth.)
 Fingarette, Herbert. Confucius: The Secular as Sacred ISBN 1-57766-010-2.

 Ivanhoe, Philip J. Confucian Moral Self Cultivation. 2nd rev. ed., Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing.
 Nivison, David S. The Ways of Confucianism. Chicago: Open Court Press..

 Xinzhong Yao (2000) An Introduction to Confucianism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

 Qingsong Shen, Kwong-loi Shun. Confucian Ethics in Retrospect and Prospect. Council for Research in Values & Philosophy, 2007. ISBN 1565182456
 Billioud, Sébastien. Carrying the Confucian Torch to the Masses: The Challenge of Structuring the Confucian Revival in the People's Republic of China. On: OE 49 (2010)
 Chen, Yong. Confucianism as Religion: Controversies and Consequences. BRILL, 2012. ISBN 9004243739
 Clart, Philip. University of Missouri-Columbia. Confucius and the Mediums: Is There a "Popular Confucianism"?. On: T'uong Pao LXXXIX. Brill, Leiden, 2003.
 Fan Lizhu, Chen Na. The Religiousness of "Confucianism" and the Revival of Confucian Religion in China Today. On: Cultural Diversity in China 1: 27-43. De Gruyter Open, 2015. ISSN 2353-7795, DOI: 10.1515/cdc-2015-0005
 Fan Lizhu, Chen Na. Revival of Confucianism and Reconstruction of Chinese Identity. Paper presented at: The Presence and Future of Humanity in the Cosmos, ICU, Tokyo, 18–23 March 2015. (a)
 Payette, Alex. Shenzhen's Kongshengtang: Religious Confucianism and Local Moral Governance. Part of: Role of Religion in Political Life, Panel RC43, 23rd World Congress of Political Science, 19–24 July 2014.
 Tay, Wei Leong. Kang Youwei: The Martin Luther of Confucianism and His Vision of Confucian Modernity and Nation. In: Haneda Masashi, Secularization, Religion and the State, University of Tokyo Center for Philosophy, 2010.
 Joseph A. Adler. Confucianism as a Religious Tradition: Linguistic and Methodological Problems. Kenyon College, 2014.

බාහිර සබැඳි

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Entry: Confucius
Interfaith Online: Confucianism
Confucian Documents at the Internet Sacred Texts Archive.
Oriental Philosophy, "Topic:Confucianism"

ආසියාව
විකිපීඩියා ආසියානු මාසය 2015
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කොන්ෆියුසියස් ධර්මය


Kimyada, fenil grubu ya da fenil halkası (-Ph olarak da kısaltılabilir) "-C6H5"
formüllü bir fonksiyonel gruptur.

Altı karbon atomu halkal dizilmiş ve birer karbon atlayacak şekilde ikişer ikişer çift bağ taşımaktadır (3  bağı). Genel olarak tepkime vermez. Bu aromatik hidrokarbon birçok organik bileşikte bulunabilir. Benzenden (C6H6)türediği söylenebilir. En basit ve bilindik olarak fenol bileşiminde bulunur.

Bu fonksiyonel grup benzilden farklı olarak ekstra CH2 içermez.

Bkz.
 Fenol
 Benzen
 Benzil
 Ksilen
 Ksilil

Fenil


James Lee Williams, plus connu sous le nom de scène The Vivienne, est une drag queen galloise principalement connue pour sa participation à la première saison de RuPaul's Drag Race UK et à la septième saison de RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars.

Jeunesse et débuts
James Lee Williams naît le  à Colwyn Bay, dans le comté de Clwyd, au Pays de Galles, d'une famille d'origine galloise et rom. Il déménage à Liverpool, en Angleterre, à l'âge de seize ans.

Carrière
James Lee Williams commence sa carrière de drag queen en 2007 à Liverpool et choisit le nom de scène The Vivienne en référence à la créatrice de mode Vivienne Westwood.

En , The Vivienne est couronnée ambassadrice de RuPaul's Drag Race pour le Royaume-Uni et apparaît lors du quatrième épisode de la huitième saison de RuPaul's Drag Race.

Le , The Vivienne est annoncée comme l'une des dix candidates de la première saison de RuPaul's Drag Race UK, qu'elle remporte.

Le , The Vivienne est annoncée comme l'une des huit candidates de la septième saison de RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars.

Vie privée
James Lee Williams est ouvertement homosexuel. Il est marié à David Ludford depuis le .

Discographie

Filmographie

Références

Liens externes

Drag queen britannique
Gagnant de RuPaul's Drag Race UK
Nom de scène
Naissance en avril 1992

The Vivienne


Die Pont des Catalans ist eine Straßenbrücke über die Garonne in Toulouse, Frankreich. Sie wurde früher Pont des Amidonniers nach dem Viertel genannt, von dem aus sie über den Fluss führt. Sie verbindet die Avenue Paul Séjourné im Norden mit der Allée Charles de Fitte auf der Südseite der Garonne.

Beschreibung
Die 257 m lange und 22 m breite Straßenbrücke hat zwei Fahrspuren in beide Richtungen sowie breite Gehwege mit gusseisernen Geländern und einer Reihe von Kandelabern. Die Steinbogenbrücke besteht aus zwei parallel nebeneinander stehenden Reihen von je fünf Korbbögen. Das mittlere Bogenfeld hat eine lichte Weite von 46 m, die anderen Bogenfelder überspannen jeweils 38,50 m. Die Bogenreihen sind jeweils nur 3,25 m stark und stehen in einem Abstand von 10 m zueinander. Die profilierten Bögen setzen sich mit ihrem helleren Stein deutlich von dem rotbraunen Ziegelmauerwerk der Brücke ab. Über den Pfeilern sind große Durchlässe angebracht, die aus kleineren, auf den Hauptbögen aufsitzenden Rundbögen gebildet werden. Die Brücke zeigt dadurch ihre enge Verwandtschaft mit dem rund einen Kilometer flussaufwärts stehenden Pont Neuf, der ältesten Brücke in Toulouse, vermittelt aber trotz ihrer Größe einen leichten und transparenten Eindruck.

Geschichte

Die 1907 fertiggestellte Brücke wurde nach den Plänen von Paul Séjourné gebaut, der hier seine an der Adolphe-Brücke in Luxemburg begonnene Konzeption fortsetzte, die massiven Steinbögen in schmale parallele Brückenbögen aufzuteilen und den Raum über den Bögen durch kleinere Öffnungen oder Sparbögen freizulassen. Mit dieser Bauweise konnte er erhebliche Einsparungen nicht nur am Material, sondern insbesondere an den Lehrgerüsten erzielen.

Die Stadt Toulouse hat später den Erbauer Paul Séjourné geehrt, indem die rechtsseitig zur Brücke führende Straße nach ihm benannt wurde.

Weblinks

Fußnoten

Neuf (Toulouse)
Neuf (Toulouse)
Neuf (Toulouse)
Erbaut in den 1900er Jahren
Verkehrsbauwerk in Toulouse
Brücke in Okzitanien
Brücke in Europa
Brücke über die Garonne
Monument historique in Toulouse
Monument historique seit 2018
Monument historique (Brücke)

Pont des Catalans


Lewis Robert "Hack" Wilson (April 26, 1900 – November 23, 1948) was an American Major League Baseball player who played 12 seasons for the New York Giants, Chicago Cubs, Brooklyn Dodgers and Philadelphia Phillies. Despite his diminutive stature, he was one of the most accomplished power hitters in the game during the late 1920s and early 1930s. His 1930 season with the Cubs is widely considered one of the most memorable individual single-season hitting performances in baseball history. Highlights included 56 home runs, the National League record for 68 years; and 191 runs batted in, a mark yet to be surpassed. "For a brief span of a few years," wrote a sportswriter of the day, "this hammered down little strongman actually rivaled the mighty Ruth."

While Wilson's combativeness and excessive alcohol consumption made him one of the most colorful sports personalities of his era, his drinking and fighting undoubtedly contributed to a premature end to his athletic career and, ultimately, his premature death. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1979.

Baseball career

Early life and minor leagues
Lewis Robert Wilson was born April 26, 1900, in the Pennsylvania steel mill town of Ellwood City, north of Pittsburgh. His mother, Jennie Kaughn, 16, was an unemployed drifter from Philadelphia; his father, Robert Wilson, 24, was a steel worker. His parents never married; both were heavy drinkers, and in 1907 his mother died of appendicitis at the age of 24.

In 1916, Wilson left school to take a job at a locomotive factory, swinging a sledge hammer for four dollars a week. Although only  tall, he weighed  with an 18-inch neck, and feet that fit into size  shoes. Sportswriter Shirley Povich later observed that he was "built along the lines of a beer keg, and was not wholly unfamiliar with its contents." While his unusual physique was considered an oddity at the time, his large head, tiny feet, short legs and broad, flat face are now recognized as hallmarks of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome.

In 1921, Wilson moved to Martinsburg, West Virginia, to join the Martinsburg Mountaineers of the Class "D" Blue Ridge League. After breaking his leg while sliding into home plate during his first professional game, he was moved from the catcher's position to the outfield. In 1922, he met Virginia Riddleburger, a 34-year-old office clerk; they married the following year. In 1923, playing for the "B" division Portsmouth Truckers, he led the Virginia League in hitting with a .388 batting average. Late in the season, New York Giants manager John McGraw purchased his contract from Portsmouth for $10,500 ($ in current dollar terms).

New York Giants
Wilson made his major league debut with the Giants on September 29, 1923, at the age of 23, and became the starting left fielder the following season. By mid-July he was ranked second in the National League (NL) in hitting. He ended the season with a .295 average, 10 home runs, and 57 runs batted in (RBIs) as New York won the NL pennant. In the 1924 World Series he averaged only .233 in a seven-game loss to the Washington Senators.

Multiple stories exist to explain the origin of Wilson's nickname: By one account, a New York newspaper held a nicknaming contest; the winning entry was "Hack" because he reminded many fans of another stocky athlete, the popular wrestler Georg Hackenschmidt. In another version, McGraw is said to have remarked that Wilson's physique was reminiscent of a "hack" (slang for taxicab in that era). Giants teammate Bill Cunningham claimed that the nickname was based on Wilson's resemblance to Hack Miller, an outfielder with the Chicago Cubs. The New York Times printed the first documented usage of "Hack" on June 10, 1924.

Early in the 1925 season, Wilson hit the longest home run on record at Ebbets Field against the Brooklyn Robins, but fell into a slump in May, and was replaced in left field by Irish Meusel. On July 2, he hit two home runs in one inning, tying Ken Williams' major league record set in 1922, but his hitting slump continued. In August, McGraw told reporters that he had "... made the mistake of rushing [Wilson] along," and sent him to the Giants' minor league affiliate, the Toledo Mud Hens of the American Association. At season's end, a front office oversight — or possibly, deliberate inaction — left him unprotected on the Toledo roster, and the last-place Chicago Cubs acquired him on waivers. "They let go the best outfielder I ever played alongside," said Giants right fielder Ross Youngs, "and they're going to regret it."

During the 1925 World Series — between the Senators and the Pittsburgh Pirates — Wilson's son, Robert, was born.

Glory years with the Cubs

Wilson regained his form as the Cubs' center fielder in 1926, and he quickly became a favorite of Chicago fans. On May 24, he hit the center field scoreboard with one of the longest home runs in Wrigley Field history as the Cubs came from behind to defeat the Boston Braves. Later that evening, he made news again when he was arrested during a police raid of a Prohibition-era speakeasy while trying to escape through the rear window, and was fined one dollar. He ended the season with a league-leading 21 home runs along with 36 doubles, 109 RBIs, a .321 batting average, and a .406 on-base percentage. The Cubs improved to fourth place, and Wilson ended the year ranked fifth in voting for the NL's Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award.

Another strong performance followed in 1927 as Wilson once again led the league in home runs. Although the Cubs were in first place heading into the final month of the season, the team faltered and again finished fourth. Wilson posted a .318 average with 30 home runs and 129 RBIs, and led NL outfielders with 400 putouts. He led the NL in home runs for a third consecutive year in 1928 with 31, along with 120 RBIs and a .313 average as the Cubs improved to third place.

Wilson had a combative streak and sometimes initiated fights with opposing players and fans. On June 22, 1928, a near-riot broke out in the ninth inning at Wrigley Field against the St. Louis Cardinals when Wilson jumped into the box seats to attack a heckling fan. An estimated 5,000 spectators swarmed the field before police could separate the combatants and restore order. The fan sued Wilson for $20,000, but a jury ruled in Wilson's favor. The following year, he took offense at a remark by Cincinnati Reds pitcher Ray Kolp, and — upon reaching first base after hitting a single — he charged into the Reds dugout, punching Kolp several times before they could be separated. Later that evening at the train station, Wilson exchanged words and blows with Cincinnati player Pete Donohue. In late 1929, he signed a contract to fight Art Shires of the Chicago White Sox in a boxing match, but reneged after Cubs president William Veeck, Sr. enlisted Wilson's wife Virginia to dissuade him, and then Shires lost a fight to George Trafton of the Chicago Bears. There was nothing to gain, Wilson said, by fighting a defeated boxer.

Wilson's "penchant for festivities" is also well documented. Biographer Clifton Blue Parker described him as "... the Roaring '20s epitome of a baseball player, primed for an age of American excess ... at a time when baseball was America's favorite sport." His love of drinking and partying did not endear him to Cubs owner William Wrigley, who abhorred alcohol consumption. (Wilson always insisted that he never played drunk; "hung over, yes; drunk, no.") Manager Joe McCarthy worked hard to shield Wilson from Wrigley, and to keep him on an even keel. "Better than any other manager," wrote sportswriter Frank Graham, "Joe understood Hack, made allowances for him when he failed, and rewarded him with praise when he did well. Joe could be strict and stern with his players ... but he never was with Hack, and Hack repaid him by playing as he never had before, nor would again."

In 1929, Wilson hit .345 with 39 home runs and a league-record 159 RBIs. He and new teammate Rogers Hornsby (who also contributed 39 home runs) led the Cubs to their first NL pennant in eleven years. In the World Series against Connie Mack's Philadelphia Athletics, Wilson's .471 hitting performance was eclipsed by two fielding errors at Shibe Park. Though trailing the Series two games to one, the Cubs were leading by a score of 8–0 in the fourth game when the Athletics mounted a 10-run rally in the seventh inning. Wilson lost two fly balls in the sun; the second, with two runners on base, led to an inside-the-park home run by Mule Haas as the Athletics won 10–8. After the game, McCarthy reportedly told a boy asking for a souvenir baseball, "Come back tomorrow and stand behind Wilson, and you'll be able to pick up all the balls you want!" The Athletics won again the next day to take the Series in five games.

1930 peak
Wilson's 1930 season, aided by a lively ball wound with special Australian wool, is considered one of the best single-season hitting performances in baseball history. By the middle of July, he had accumulated 82 RBIs. In August, he hit 13 home runs and 53 RBIs, and by September 17 he had reached 174 RBIs, breaking Lou Gehrig's major league record established three years earlier. He finished the season with 190 RBIs, along with a then-NL-record 56 home runs, .356 batting average, .454 on-base percentage, and league-leading .723 slugging percentage. He was unofficially voted the NL's most "useful" player by the Baseball Writers' Association of America (which did not inaugurate its official MVP award until 1931).

In 1999, the Commissioner of Baseball officially increased Wilson's 1930 RBI total to 191 after a box score analysis by baseball historian Jerome Holtzman revealed that Charlie Grimm had been mistakenly credited with an RBI actually driven home by Wilson during the second game of a doubleheader on July 28. Wilson's 191 RBIs remains one of baseball's most enduring records; only Gehrig (185) and Hank Greenberg (184) ever came close, and there have been no serious challenges in the last 75 years (the best recent effort was 165 by Manny Ramirez in 1999).

Reds catcher Clyde Sukeforth asserted that Wilson should have been credited with an additional home run in 1930 as well. "He hit one in Cincinnati one day," he said, "way up in the seats, hit it so hard that it bounced right back onto the field. The umpire had a bad angle on it and ruled that it had hit the screen and bounced back. I was sitting in the Cincinnati bullpen, and of course, we weren't going to say anything. But Hack really hit 57 that year." Wilson's official total of 56 stood as the NL record until the 1998 season, when it was broken by Sammy Sosa (66) and Mark McGwire (70).

Decline
Wilson's success in the 1930 season served only to fuel his drinking habits, and in 1931 he reported to spring training 20 pounds overweight. In addition, the NL responded to the prodigious offensive statistics of the previous year (the only season, other than 1894, in which the league as a whole batted over .300) by introducing a heavier ball with raised stitching to allow pitchers to gain a better grip and throw sharper curveballs. Wilson complained that the new Cubs manager, Hornsby, did not allow him to "swing away" as much as Joe McCarthy had. He hit his 200th career home run at Ebbets Field on June 18 — only the fourth player ever to do so, behind Ruth, Cy Williams, and Hornsby — but then fell into a protracted slump, and was benched in late May. By late August, Wrigley publicly expressed his desire to trade him. On September 6, he was suspended without pay for the remainder of the season after a fight with reporters aboard a train in Cincinnati. He was hitting .261 with only 13 home runs (his 1930 production during August alone) at the time.

In December 1931, the Cubs traded Wilson, along with Bud Teachout, to the St. Louis Cardinals for Burleigh Grimes. Less than a month later, the Cardinals sent him to the Brooklyn Dodgers for minor league outfielder Bob Parham and $25,000 ($ in current dollar terms). Wilson hit .297 with 23 home runs and 123 RBIs for Brooklyn in 1932. He began 1933 with a ninth-inning game-winning pinch-hit inside-the-park grand slam home run at Ebbets Field—the first pinch-hit grand slam in Dodger history, and only the third inside-the-park pinch-hit grand slam in MLB history. By season's end, his offensive totals had dropped substantially, and he was hitting .262 when the Dodgers released him mid-season in 1934. The Philadelphia Phillies signed him immediately, but after just two hits in 20 at-bats he was released again a month later. After a final season with the Albany Senators of the Class "A" New York–Pennsylvania League, Wilson retired at the age of 35.

Career statistics
In a 12-year major league career, Wilson played in 1,348 games and accumulated 1,461 hits in 4,760 at-bats for a .307 career batting average and a .395 on-base percentage. He hit 244 home runs and batted in 1,063 runs, led the NL in home runs four times, and surpassed 100 RBIs six times. Defensively, he finished his career with a .965 fielding percentage. For players  or shorter, he has the most home runs for any player in major league history.

Life after baseball

Wilson returned to Martinsburg where he opened a pool hall, but encountered financial problems due to a failed sporting goods business venture, and then a rancorous divorce from Virginia. By 1938, he was working as a bartender near Brooklyn's Ebbets Field where he sang for drinks, but had to quit when customers became too abusive. A night club venture in suburban Chicago was another financial failure. In 1944, he took a job as a good will ambassador for a professional basketball team in Washington, D.C., where he lamented that fans remembered his two dropped fly balls in the 1929 World Series far more vividly than his 56 home runs and 191 RBIs in 1930. Unable to find work in professional baseball, he moved to Baltimore where he worked as a tool checker in an airplane manufacturing plant and later as a laborer for the City of Baltimore. When municipal authorities realized who he was, he was made the manager of a Baltimore public swimming pool.

On October 4, 1948, Wilson was discovered unconscious after a fall in his home. Though the accident did not appear serious at first, pneumonia and other complications developed and he died of internal hemorrhaging on November 23, 1948, at the age of 48.

Wilson — once the highest-paid player in the National League — died penniless; his son, Robert, refused to claim his remains. NL President Ford Frick finally sent money to cover his funeral expenses. His gray burial suit was donated by the undertaker. In marked contrast to Babe Ruth's funeral, which had been attended by thousands just three months earlier, only a few hundred people were present for Wilson's services. He was buried in Rosedale Cemetery in the town where he made his professional playing debut, Martinsburg, West Virginia.

Ten months later, Joe McCarthy organized a second, more complete memorial service, attended by Kiki Cuyler, Charlie Grimm, Nick Altrock and other players from the Cubs and the Martinsburg team (by then renamed the Blue Sox). A granite tombstone was unveiled, with the inscription, "One of Baseball's Immortals, Lewis R. (Hack) Wilson, Rests Here."

One week before his death, Wilson gave an interview to CBS Radio which was reprinted in Chicago newspapers. In 1949, Charlie Grimm, the Cubs' new manager, posted a framed excerpt from that interview in the Cubs' clubhouse, where it remains. It reads, in part:

Talent isn't enough. You need common sense and good advice. If anyone tries to tell you different, tell them the story of Hack Wilson. [...] There are kids in and out of baseball who think because they have talent they have the world by the tail. It isn't so. Kids, don't be too big to accept advice. Don't let what happened to me happen to you.

In 1979, Wilson was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame by the Veterans Committee. A Martinsburg street is named Hack Wilson Way in his honor, and the access road to a large city park within his hometown, Ellwood City, Pennsylvania, is known as Hack Wilson Drive.

See also

50 home run club
List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders
List of Major League Baseball annual runs batted in leaders
List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle
List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders
List of Major League Baseball career slugging percentage leaders
List of Major League Baseball career OPS leaders
List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders

References

Further reading
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External links

, or Retrosheet

National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
Major League Baseball center fielders
Chicago Cubs players
Brooklyn Dodgers players
New York Giants (NL) players
Philadelphia Phillies players
National League home run champions
National League RBI champions
Martinsburg Mountaineers players
Martinsburg Blue Sox players
Portsmouth Truckers players
Toledo Mud Hens players
Albany Senators players
Baseball players from Pennsylvania
Sportspeople from Martinsburg, West Virginia
People from Ellwood City, Pennsylvania
Sportspeople from Beaver County, Pennsylvania
Sportspeople from Lawrence County, Pennsylvania
1900 births
1948 deaths

Hack Wilson


The Royal Society of Literature (RSL) is a learned society founded in 1820, by King George IV, to "reward literary merit and excite literary talent". A charity that represents the voice of literature in the UK, the RSL has about 600 Fellows, elected from among the best writers in any genre currently at work. Additionally, Honorary Fellows are chosen from those who have made a significant contribution to the advancement of literature, including publishers, agents, librarians, booksellers or producers. The society is a cultural tenant at London's Somerset House.

History

The Royal Society of Literature (RSL) was founded in 1820, with the patronage of George IV, to "reward literary merit and excite literary talent", and its first president was Thomas Burgess, Bishop of St David's (who was later translated as Bishop of Salisbury). As of 2018, the RSL's patron is Queen Camilla, who took over in the role from Elizabeth II.

At the heart of the RSL is its Fellowship, "which encompasses the most distinguished writers working today", with the RSL Council, Chair and President, who are responsible for its direction and management, being drawn from the Fellowship. As an independent charity, the RSL receives no regular public or government funding, relying on the support of its Members, Patrons, Fellows and friends to continue its work. The RSL has about 600 Fellows, elected from among the best writers in any genre currently at work. Additionally, Honorary Fellows are chosen from those who have made a significant contribution to the advancement of literature, including publishers, agents, librarians, booksellers or producers, or who have rendered special service to the RSL. Paid membership is open to all and offers a variety of benefits.

The society publishes an annual magazine, The Royal Society of Literature Review, and administers a number of literary prizes and awards, including the RSL Ondaatje Prize, the RSL Giles St Aubyn Awards for Non-Fiction, the RSL Encore Award for best second novel of the year and the V. S. Pritchett Memorial Prize for short stories.

In 2000, the RSL published a volume that provides a description and history of the society, written by one of its fellows, Isabel Quigly.

In 2020, the RSL celebrated its 200th anniversary with the announcement of RSL 200, "a five-year festival launched with a series of major new initiatives and 60 new appointments championing the great diversity of writing and writers in the UK". Initiatives included RSL Open (electing new Fellows from communities, backgrounds and experiences currently under-represented in UK literary culture), RSL International Writers (recognising the contribution of writers across the globe to literature in English) and Sky Arts RSL Writers Awards.

In 2021, the RSL launched "Literature Matters: Reading Together", a project aiming to make recreational reading accessible to young people across the UK.

Fellowship

The society maintains its current level of about 600 Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature: generally 14 new fellows are elected annually, who are accorded the privilege of using the post-nominal letters FRSL.

Past and present fellows include Samuel Taylor Coleridge, J. R. R. Tolkien, W. B. Yeats, Rudyard Kipling, Thomas Hardy, George Bernard Shaw, Arthur Koestler, Chinua Achebe, Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, Robert Ardrey, Sybille Bedford, Muriel Spark, P. J. Kavanagh, and Sir Roger Scruton. Present Fellows include Margaret Atwood, Bernardine Evaristo, David Hare, Kazuo Ishiguro, Hilary Mantel, Andrew Motion, Paul Muldoon, Zadie Smith, Nadeem Aslam, Sarah Waters, Geoffrey Ashe and J. K. Rowling. A newly created fellow inscribes his or her name on the society's official roll using either Byron's pen, T. S. Eliot's fountain pen, which replaced Dickens's quill in 2013, or (as of 2018) George Eliot's pen, with pens belonging to Jean Rhys and Andrea Levy being additional choices from 2020.

From time to time, the RSL confers the honour and title of Companion of Literature to writers of particular note. Additionally, the RSL can bestow its award of the Benson Medal for lifetime service in the field of literature.

Membership
The RSL runs a membership programme offering a variety of events to members and the general public. Membership of the RSL is open to all.

The RSL also runs an outreach programme, currently for young people and those in prison.

Awards and prizes
The RSL administers two annual prizes, two awards, and two honours. Through its prize programmes, the RSL supports new and established contemporary writers.

 The RSL Christopher Bland Prize — £10,000 for debut prose writers aged 50 or over.
 The Encore Awards — £10,000 for best second novel of the year. The RSL took over the administration of this award in 2016.
 The RSL Giles St Aubyn Awards for Non-Fiction – annual awards, currently one of £10,000 and one of £5,000 and one of £2,500, to authors engaged on their first commissioned works of non-fiction (replaced the Jerwood Award in 2017).
 The RSL Ondaatje Prize – an annual award of £10,000 for a distinguished work of fiction, non-fiction or poetry, evoking the spirit of a place.
 The V. S. Pritchett Memorial Prize – an annual prize of £1,000 for the best unpublished short story of the year.
 The Benson Medal – awarded to those who have done sustained and outstanding service to literature.
 Companion of Literature – the highest honour that the Society can bestow upon a writer.

Council and presidents
The Council of the Royal Society of Literature is central to the election of new fellows, and directs the RSL's activities through its monthly meetings. Council members serve for a fixed term of four years, with new members being elected by Council when members retire.

 Patron
 Queen Camilla

 President
 Bernardine Evaristo

 Presidents Emeriti
 Sir Michael Holroyd
 Colin Thubron
 Marina Warner

 Chair of Council
 Daljit Nagra

 Vice-Chair of Council
 Irenosen Okojie

 Vice-Presidents

 Lisa Appignanesi
 Simon Armitage
 Mary Beard
 Anne Chisholm
 Maureen Duffy
 Maggie Gee
 Victoria Glendinning
 Jackie Kay
 Blake Morrison
 Grace Nichols
 Philip Pullman
 Elif Shafak
 Kamila Shamsie
 Colm Tóibín
 Claire Tomalin
 Jenny Uglow

Council

 Colin Chisholm, Hon. Treasurer
 Imtiaz Dharker
 Louise Doughty
 Inua Ellams
 Tessa Hadley
 Catherine Johnson
 Helen Mort
 Daljit Nagra
 Susheila Nasta
 Irenosen Okojie
 Michèle Roberts
 Roger Robinson
 Ruth Scurr

 Boyd Tonkin

List of presidents
 1820–1832: Bishop Thomas Burgess
 1832–1833: George Agar-Ellis, 1st Baron Dover
 1834–1845: F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich
 1845–1849: Henry Hallam
 1849–1851: Spencer Compton, 2nd Marquess of Northampton
 1851–1856: George Howard, 7th Earl of Carlisle
 1856–1876: The Rt Rev. Connop Thirlwall (Bishop of St David's until 1874)
 1876–1884: The Prince Leopold (Duke of Albany from 1881)
 1885–1893: Sir Patrick Colquhoun
 1893–1920: Hardinge Giffard, 1st Earl of Halsbury
 1921–1945: Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe
 1946–1947: Victor Bulwer-Lytton, 2nd Earl of Lytton
 1947–1982: Lord Butler of Saffron Walden
 1982–1988: Sir Angus Wilson
 1988–2003: Lord Jenkins of Hillhead
 2003–2008: Sir Michael Holroyd
 2008–2017: Colin Thubron
 2017–2021: Marina Warner
 2022–present: Bernardine Evaristo

Fellows

The Royal Society of Literature comprises more than 600 Fellows, who are entitled to use the post-nominal letters FRSL.

New fellows of the Royal Society of Literature are elected by its current fellows. To be nominated for fellowship, a writer must have published two works of literary merit, and nominations must be seconded by an RSL fellow. All nominations are presented to members of the Council of the Royal Society of Literature, who vote biannually to elect new fellows. Nominated candidates who have not been successful are reconsidered at every election for three years from the year in which they were proposed. Newly elected fellows are introduced at the Society's AGM and summer party. While the President reads a citation for each, they are invited to sign their names in the roll book which dates back to 1820, using either T. S. Eliot's fountain pen or Byron's pen. In 2013, Charles Dickens' quill was retired and replaced with Eliot's fountain pen, and in 2018 George Eliot's pen was offered as a choice, the first time in the RSL's history that a pen that belonged to a woman writer was an option.

In 2018, the RSL honoured the achievements of Britain's younger writers through the initiative "40 Under 40", which saw the election of 40 new fellows aged under 40.

In 2020, pens belonging to Andrea Levy and Jean Rhys were added to the choices offered to fellows for signing the RSL roll book.

The RSL's 2022–23 Open initiative aimed to recognise writers from backgrounds currently underrepresented in UK literary culture by electing 60 fellows over a two-year period from communities, backgrounds and experiences currently under-represented in UK literary culture, through drawing on a broad range of writers from "different parts of the UK, from different communities, different demographics", as Bernardine Evaristo noted.

Current fellows

The * before the name denotes an Honorary Fellow. The list is online at the RSL website.

RSL International Writers
The RSL International Writers programme is a new life-long honour and award recognizing the contribution of writers across the globe to literature in English, and the power of literature to transcend borders in bringing people together, the inaugural list of recipients being announced in 2021.

References

External links
 The Royal Society of Literature website
 RSL Review magazine
 RSL literary prizes and awards
 Current RSL Fellows
 Roy Jenkins & The Royal Society of Literature – UK Parliament Living Heritage

1820 establishments in the United Kingdom
British literature
Learned societies of the United Kingdom
Organizations established in 1820
Organisations based in London with royal patronage

Royal Society of Literature


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An Pheidochloa vulpioides in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jan Frederik Veldkamp. An Pheidochloa vulpioides in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pheidochloa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

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