Konzervacija i restauracija povijesnog vatrenog oružja podrazumijeva preventivnu njegu, popravak oštećenja, stabilizaciju, zamjenu komponenti koje nedostaju i potencijalno vraćanje vatrenog oružja u sposobnost pucanja. Zahtijeva razumijevanje različitih vrsta povijesnog vatrenog oružja i znanje o brizi i obradi organskih i anorganskih materijala, budući da se vatreno oružje sastoji od mnogo vrsta materijala, od drva do metala, koji su spojeni zajedno.

Povijest
Izraz povijesno vatreno oružje odnosi se na oružje korišteno prije 20. stoljeća. Vatreno oružje se uvelike razlikuje po vrsti, funkciji, mehanizmimu za paljenje i ukrasnim elementima. Vatreno oružje je složeni predmet, što znači da je napravljeno od različitih materijala .Općenito, osnovne komponente povijesnog vatrenog oružja su metal (željezo, čelik, mjed) i drvo. Dekorativni elementi mogu uključivati druge metale poput zlata ili srebra i organske materijale poput kostiju, rogovlja ,sedefa i slonovače. Životinjska koža i tetive također su se mogle koristiti za popravak oštećenog vatrenog oružja ili izradu novog oružja od više dijelova. Povijesno vatreno oružje prepoznaje se po stilu cijevi, načinu punjenja i po  mehanizmu za paljenje. Vatreno oružje se prvo može klasificirati prema stilu cijevi te se opisuje kao oružje glatke cijevi ili oružje cijevi sa navojem. oružje glatke cijevi ima glatku unutrašnjost, dok narezana cijev  ima urezan spiralni utor.  Vatreno oružje koje se puni zatvaračem, prvi put je uvedeno u 16. stoljeću, puni se patronama ili granatama kroz stražnji dio cijevi i ima različite sisteme za paljenje. Treći način na koji se povijesno vatreno oružje također može kategorizirati je prema mehanizmu za paljenje poznatom kao zatvarač. Nekoliko vrsta  razvijeno je tijekom stoljeća; međutim, najčešći  su sustav na  fitilj, sustav na kolo, sustav  na kremen i udarna kapisla .

Vrste povijesnog vatrenog oružja
Najraniji sustav  za  opaljenje vatrenog oružja jest onaj na  fitilj.Kao  primjere  navedimo arkebuze i muškete iz razdoblja prije 1600 godine. Sustav na kolo,eng. Wheellock , razvijen je oko 1500. godine, koristio je kotač s oprugom .za stvaranje paljenja. Razvijen u 17. stoljeću, sustav sa kremenom,eng.Flintlock je koristio udar na kremen za opaljenje vatrenog oružja . Kremenjače su se koristile za različito vatreno oružje, od pištolja do mušketa i pušaka. Udarna kapisla uvedena  je početkom 1800-ih i na kraju je zamijenio sustav na kremen. Sustav je  vrlo sličan onom na kremen i brojno je oružje  preinačeno kako bi umjesto  kremena  koristilo ovaj sustav.. Vatreno oružje s udarnom kapislom moglo je imati glatku ili užljebljenu cijev.

Agensi propadanja i preventivna zaštita
Uzročnici propadanja su sile koje uzrokuju fizičku, kemijsku i biološku štetu i dovode do nepovratnih gubitaka muzejskih predmeta. Preventivni konzervatori rade na održavanju muzejskih zbirki poduzimanjem koraka za sprječavanje ili smanjenje učinaka uzročnika propadanja na objektima.

Fizička sila
Fizičke sile mogu  izravno ili  neizravno prouzročiti štetu sudarom između predmeta i dijelova ili drugih objekata . Oštećenje predmeta rezultat je pet mogućih fizičkih sila: udarca, šoka, vibracija, abrazije i pritiska. Za povijesno vatreno oružje najveći rizik od oštećenja je od udarca. Ako se ne drži pravilno, postoji opasnost da vatreno oružje padne ili da udari u okolne predmete ili opremu. Oštećenje od udarca također se može dogoditi ako vatreno oružje nije ispravno postavljeno kada je izloženo te padne. Oštećenja od udarca mogu uzrokovati pucanje, lomljenje i lomljenje drva i drugih organskih materijala; i može udubiti, izgrebati ili odlomiti metalne komponente. Kako bi se smanjio rizik od oštećenja fizičkim silama, povijesno vatreno oružje trebalo bi poduprijeti objema rukama i držati ga ispred tijela, imati odgovarajuće držače za zaslon i pohraniti ga u odgovarajuće kutije podstavljene mikropjenom. Osoba koja rukuje vatrenim oružjem treba biti oprezna i paziti na svoju okolinu kada pomiče predmet kako bi izbjegla da ga udari u drugo vatreno oružje, predmete ili opremu.

Temperatura
Nepravilna temperatura može oštetiti drvene dijelove. Kombinacija dugotrajnog ili prekomjernog izlaganja svjetlu s visokim temperaturama uzrokovat će pucanje drva i gubitak ili promjenu  oblika.  Visoke temperature imat će sličan učinak na sirovu i poluštavljenu kožu, slonovaču, kost i rog. Kako bi se usporio proces propadanja, povijesno vatreno oružje treba držati na temperaturama ispod temperature od 72 F .

Relativna vlažnost zraka
Relativna vlažnost utječe na drvene i metalne dijelove vatrenog oružja. Preniska vlažnost može uzrokovati sušenje i pucanje drva i drugih organskih materijala. Vlažnost koja je previsoka, iznad 65%, može uzrokovati bubrenje drva, može nagrizati metal i pogodovati razvoju plijesni.  Preferirani raspon relativne vlažnosti je između 45% i 50%; međutim, uzimajući u obzir sezonske promjene, prihvatljiv raspon je  od 35% do 60%.  Preferirani raspon relativne vlažnosti za rogovlje, kost i slonovaču je 45% do 55% .Sirova ili poluštavljena koža, ako se koristi na vatrenom oružju, također je podložna utjecaju vlage. Životinjska koža će upiti vlagu stvarajući idealno stanište za rast plijesni, a ako je vlažnost preniska, koža će se raspuknuti ili potencijalno oštetiti vatreno oružje. Kao i kod rogovlja, kostiju i bjelokosti, životinjska koža najstabilnija je s relativnom vlagom od 45% do 55% .

Voda
Voda šteti većini povijesnih objekata. Za povijesno vatreno oružje voda će uzrokovati koroziju metalnih dijelova, nabubriti drvo i potaknuti rast plijesni. Voda će također uzrokovati bubrenje rogovlja, kostiju i slonovače.  Životinjska sirova koža i poluštavljena koža upijaju vlagu i bit će u opasnosti od razvoja plijesni. Također bi mogao izgubiti boju. Povijesno vatreno oružje trebalo bi pohraniti podalje ili zaštititi od potencijalnih izvora vode, kao što su izložene vodovodne cijevi ili s tla ako postoji opasnost od poplave.

Vatra
Povijesno vatreno oružje je u opasnosti od oštećenja ako je izloženo vatri i može dovesti do gubitka predmeta. Drvo i drugi organski materijali će izgorjeti, a metal se može rastopiti ili izobličiti. Ako vatreno oružje nije provjereno na zaostatak baruta ili umetnuto streljivo, a još uvijek je napunjeno, vatra može zapaliti barut i dovesti do slučajnog pražnjenja. Vatreno oružje treba držati podalje od zapaljivih kemikalija i predmeta.

Svjetlo, UV, infracrveno
Visoka razina svjetla štetna je za organske materijale koji se nalaze na povijesnom vatrenom oružju. Dugotrajna ili jaka izloženost svjetlu uzrokovat će tamnjenje ili blijeđenje drva, slonovače, kosti i rogovlja, ovisno o materijalu.  Izlaganje UV svjetlu će izblijediti i izbijeliti drvo, a infracrveno svjetlo će osušiti i izblijedjeti drvene komponente.  Kako bi se spriječilo oštećenje uzrokovano izlaganjem svjetlu, UV filtri se mogu koristiti na svjetlima i prozorskom staklu. Izvori svjetla za vitrine trebaju biti smješteni izvan vitrine. Nakon postizanja maksimalne izloženosti od 100 luksa tijekom osam sati dnevno, šest dana u tjednu tijekom godine,  povijesno vatreno oružje trebalo bi ukloniti iz izložbe i pohraniti u kutiju ili ormar odnosno ladičar.

Štetočine
Štetočine su prije svega kukci i životinje koji oštećuju i uništavaju muzejske zbirke  Organski materijali na povijesnom vatrenom oružju osjetljivi su na napade štetočinama. a. Redovito čišćenje vatrenog oružja i izložbenog prostora pomoći će u sprječavanju najezde nametnika.

Zagađivači
Zagađivači su okolišni agensi, kemijski ili fizički, koji mogu promijeniti estetski izgled ili oštetiti predmete  Prašina , sastavljena od prljavštine, vlakana, stanica kože i peludi, čest su zagađivač, ali ako se ne uklone može dovesti do oštećenja. Na povijesnom vatrenom oružju prašina će upiti vlagu i oštetiti predmete.  Redovitim čišćenjem smanjit će se nakupljanje prašine i drugih čestica. Ostali zagađivači će kemijski reagirati s predmetom, potencijalno uzrokujući trajna oštećenja. Nepravilno skladištenje ili materijali za izlaganje mogu reagirati na metalne komponente i uzrokovati koroziju. Jedan materijal koji se ne smije skladištiti s vatrenim oružjem je koža koja će nagrizati metal jer ispušta plinove. Materijali za pohranjivanje i izlaganje mogu se testirati pomoću Oddy testa kako bi se utvrdilo hoće li reagirati na komponente vatrenog oružja.

Razdruživanje
Disasocijacija je gubitak podataka, objekata ili povezanosti između objekata . Može se dogoditi kada se dokumentacija izgubi, objekti ili njihovi dijelovi budu oštećeni ili uklonjeni i izgubljeni. S povijesnim vatrenim oružjem, odvajanje se može dogoditi kada se oružje rastavi radi čišćenja ili se uklone udarne igle kako bi se spriječila krađa ili slučajno opaljenje. Bez odgovarajućeg označavanja i praćenja dijelovi se mogu izgubiti. Serijski brojevi i oznake proizvođača mogu se ukloniti ako se vatreno oružje očisti abrazivnim kemikalijama. Kako bi se spriječilo odvajanje, sve komponente treba označiti, zabilježiti serijske brojeve, a ako je dio uklonjen, treba zabilježiti njegovu lokaciju. Prilikom čišćenja vatrenog oružja treba koristiti odgovarajuća sredstva za čišćenje i vosak kako bi se spriječio gubitak povijesnih podataka.

Krađa i vandalizam
U Sjedinjenim Državama povijesno vatreno oružje ne mora biti registrirano i popularan je kolekcionarski predmet, što ga čini potencijalnom metom krađe. Kako bi spriječili krađu, muzeji mogu odlučiti ukloniti udarnu iglu, čineći tako pištolj neispravnim i manje poželjnim za lopove ( kod nas  ovo zasad nije  precizno regulirano). Kada je izloženo, vatreno oružje treba držati u kutijama od akrila, polikarbonata ili sigurnosnog stakla, te ih treba zaključati ili zatvoriti vijcima.  U skladišnim prostorima vatreno oružje također treba biti zaključano na sigurno mjesto ili u metalnim ladicama i mora postojati minimalan broj ključeva za otključavanje izložbenih ili skladišnih kutija .Ključevi se također ne bi trebali lako replicirati. Ako se vatreno oružje koristi za istraživanje, istraživače bi trebalo nadzirati osoblje i ne bi im dopustili da nose kapute ili ruksake u području istraživanja jer su neke vrste povijesngo vatrenog oružja prilično malo i lako  stane u džep kaputa.

Rukovanje
Ispravno rukovanje važno je za sprječavanje oštećenja povijesnog vatrenog oružja. Rukavice, bilo nitrilne ili bijele pamučne, trebale bi se nositi svaki put kada se rukuje povijesnim vatrenim oružjem jer prirodna ulja, soli i kiseline iz kože mogu izazvati koroziju na metalnim površinama .  Oružje treba držati ispred tijela i pridržavati ga objema rukama,cijev nikao ne okretati prema  sebi ili drugim osobama.   Kao sigurnosnu mjeru, vatreno oružje treba uvijek provjeriti da nije napunjeno. Za vatreno oružje koje se puni zatvaračem, nakon otvaranja cijevi, potrebno je osvijetliti  cijev ili upotrijebiti malo ogledalo da se pogleda zatvarač kako biste vidjeli je li cijev blokirana. Treba kontaktirati konzervatora ako je cijev začepljena i uložak se ne može lako izvaditi. Za provjeru vatrenog oružja koje se puni iz cijevi, šipka za čišćenje umetne se u cijev i označi, zatim se šipka izvadi i poravna s cijevi.  Ako je razlika između mjesta na kojem je označena šipka i dodirne rupe veća od 3,7 cm cijev je najvjerojatnije nabijena i potrebno je konzultirati konzervatora.

Pohrana
Povijesno vatreno oružje trebalo bi čuvati podalje od zagađivača poput vune ili svile  te filca. Malo vatreno oružje i dugo oružje može se pohraniti u kutije bez kiseline i treba ih poduprijeti ili obložiti polietilenskom pjenom ili bezkiselinskim papirom. Puške  se isto mogu pohraniti u kutije i poduprijeti kao malo vatreno oružje. Ako, međutim;ovo nije moguće   mogu se skladištiti okomito s cijevima prema dolje i obložene polietilenskom pjenom.

Okolina
Okolina u kojoj se čuvaju povijesni predmeti uvelike utječe na njihovo ukupno dugoročno stanje. Za povijesno vatreno oružje važno je znati da će zbog svoje kompozitne prirode spomenutog svaki materijal drugačije reagirati na utjecaje okoliša,i koji zauzvrat mogu utjecati i na susjedne površine.  Općenito, prihvatljive razine vlage tempertaure i rasvjete povijesnog vatrenog oružja su relativna vlažnost između 35 i 50% i temperatura ispod 20 C ,te razina  rasvjete od oko 150 luksa ili manje ako se radi o  predmetima  na kojima su zastupljeni i materijali osjetljivi na  svijetlo.  Iako njihove tolerancije mogu varirati, UV i infracrveno svjetlo oštetit će materijale povijesnog vatrenog oružja i treba ih konstantno nadzirati.

Briga
Očuvanje povijesnog vatrenog oružja zahtijeva znanje o čuvanju i tretmanu organskih i anorganskih materijala. Tretman može biti u rasponu od jednostavnog čišćenja do konzerviranja-restauriranja . Prije popravka treba razmotriti tri čimbenika: je li izvor oštećenja uklonjen, koliki je opseg oštećenja i koji su dugoročni učinci primijenjenjih mjera.  Opće smjernice za konzervatorski postupak na bilo kojem predmetu je osigurati da je obrada reverzibilna, rabljeni materijali trebaju biti kemijski i fizički kompatibilni, a moramo koristiti stabilne kemikalije koje neće ispuštati plinove ili reagirati s predmetom stvarajući dalje pogoršanje. Sve  postupke Osim generalnog čišćenja kao dijela rutine održavanja muzeja, trebao bi obaviti državno ispitani ili školovani konzervator restaurator.

Čišćenje
Čišćenje povijesnog vatrenog oružja počinje ispitivanjem njegovog stanja kako bi se osiguralo da može izdržati postupak čišćenja. Može biti potrebno djelomično rastavljanje; međutim, ne preporučuje se rastavljanje zatvarača. Prašina i prljavština mogu se ukloniti mekom četkom. Treba izbjegavati komercijalne proizvode za čišćenje i lakove te sredstva za poliranje mesinga i srebra jer ta tredstva  mogu oštetiti staro vatreno oružje te uništiti eventualne  tragove izvorno korištenih postupaka i prevlaka . Ponekad se voskovi za očuvanje muzejskih predmeta , poput Renaissance Wax-a, koriste za poboljšanje izgleda i zaštitu od prašine starog vatrenog oružja.

Konzervacija-restauracija
Konzervatorsko-restauratorski rad na povijesnom vatrenom oružju niz je postupaka osmišljenih za stabilizaciju, popravak ili restauraciju dijelova i zaustavljanje propadanja.  Stabilizacija vatrenog oružja znači uspostavljanje idealnih okolišnih uvjeta , uklanjanje korozije, zamjenu komponenti koje nedostaju i popravak slomljenih dijelova.  Cilj restauratorskih radova može biti vraćanje vatrenog oružja u izvorni oblik, vraćanje svih mehaničkih komponenti u ispravno stanje ili vraćanje sposobnosti pucanja ( ovo  pretposljednje i posljednje nikako nije  nužno niti poželjno kod muzejskog vatrenog oružja, već se odnosi prije  svega  na  oružje u  privatnim  zbirkama ). Konzervacija-restauracija povijesnog vatrenog oružja zahtijeva  rad iskusnog konzervatora restauratora specijaliziranog za  ovaj materijal.

Školovanje
Kod nas specijalističkog školovanja  za  konzervatore restauratore  povijesnog  oružja nema, no postoji  školovanje za predmete  od  metala  te  drveta,odnosno 2 najvažnija  materijala  korištena  u  izradi  istog. Većinom je  oružje u   našim  muzejima  opustošeno neprimjerenim i  grubim  čišćenjem, bez ikakovih  tragova  eventualnog izvornog izgleda.

Dodatna literatura
White, P. R., The Care and Preservation of Firearms, Canadian Conservation Institute Technical Bulletin 16, 1995.

Smith, R. D. Make all sure : the conservation and restoration of arms and armour, Leeds 2006.

Horev,V. Antikvarnoe oružie,ekspertiza i restavracija,Rostov na Donu 2011.

Williams,A.;Dowen,K.(Eds.) Arms & Armour History, Conservation and Analysis, Essays in Honour of David Edge,London 2021.

Vanjske poveznice
https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2016/pch/NM95-55-16-1995-eng.pdf

Izvori
Konzervacija


Glen George Salmon (Harare, Zimbabue, 24 de diciembre de 1977), futbolista zimbabuense, naturalizado sudafricano. Juega de delantero y su actual equipo es el Supersport United de la Premier Soccer League de Sudáfrica.

Selección nacional

Ha sido internacional con la Selección de fútbol de Sudáfrica, ha jugado 2 partidos internacionales.

Participaciones Internacionales

Clubes

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Futbolistas de Sudáfrica
Futbolistas del SuperSport United Football Club
Futbolistas del NAC Breda
Futbolistas del FC Groningen
Futbolistas del PAOK de Salónica F. C.

Glen Salmon


Faut pas karaté la queue du tigre (titre original : ) est un film américain réalisé par  sorti en 1976.

Synopsis
Chang Lan, un pays fictif quelque part en Asie de l'Est. Le méchant Carter Rangoon a orchestré l'enlèvement de la fille d'un sénateur américain,  June Dunbar. Rangoon exige que le sénateur accorde une aide financière à son pays, sinon Mme Dunbar sera exécutée. Les États-Unis sont dans une situation difficile. Ils ne sont pas les bienvenus dans cette région du monde et ont peu d'influence dans la région. Le gouvernement américain s'adresse au général qui décrit l'homme de la situation, Black Belt Jones.

Jones rassemble une petite troupe de mercenaires pour l'aider dans la mission. Johnny Chicago, dont la principale motivation dans la vie est l'argent, est le premier mercenaire présenté dans le film. Jones et Chicago sont rejoints par Pamala, une agent de Chang Lan qui doit servir d'interprète et de guide du groupe. Elle prouve rapidement son utilité en tant que combattante qualifiée quand elle affronte plusieurs hommes de main, refusant l'aide de Jones et de Chicago. Enfin, le groupe rejoint Rhino dans une maison close. Rhino est un italien grotesque du Texas passionné par les femmes et la nourriture.

Le plan de Rangoon est plus diabolique que l'enlèvement et l'extorsion. Il s'est également arrangé pour qu'une prostituée nommée Leslie se fasse passer pour la fille du sénateur et être libérée à sa place. Leslie craint pour sa sécurité si elle est découverte. Alors elle vole des lettres du bureau de Rangoon. Si le contenu des lettres devait sortir, cela pourrait signifier la fin de Rangoon.

Jones et son équipe envahissent la forteresse de la jungle de Rangoon, dont le symbole est Hannibal à dos d'éléphant.

Après le sauvetage, Rangoon découvre que ses lettres ont disparu et envoie ses serviteurs les suivre à travers la jungle. Alors que le groupe se fraie un chemin à travers la jungle, ils battent des groupes d'hommes de main. Un engagement romantique commence à se former lorsque Chicago tombe amoureux de Leslie. Le groupe est également rejoint par une femme indigène et son fils que Rhino a battu lors d'un combat de catch.

Jones comprend peu à peu l'imposture et prend le sac à main auquel elle tient plus que la vie elle-même. Il trouve les lettres. Le groupe retourne au château. Jones proposa un échange : les lettres contre la fille. Les choses ne se passent pas comme prévu et Leslie est tuée.

Jones planifie ensuite une attaque secrète sur le domaine principal de Rangoon se terminant par une scène de combat en tête-à-tête entre Rangoon et Jones alors que la fille du sénateur est pendue au-dessus d'une fosse de tigres.

Fiche technique
 Titre français : Faut pas karaté la queue du tigre
 Titre original :
 Réalisation :  assisté d'Anuson Kayoonwong et Terry Marcel
 Scénario : Oscar Williams
 Musique : Christopher Trussell
 Direction artistique : Urai Sirisombat
 Costumes : Sherry Chen
 Photographie :
 Son : Ron Green
 Montage :
 Production : ,
 Société de production : Warner Bros.
 Société de distribution : Warner Bros.
 Pays d'origine :
 Langue : anglais
 Format : Couleur - 1,85:1 - Mono -
 Genre : Action
 Durée : 87 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
  : .
  : .
  : .

Distribution
 Jim Kelly : Jones
  : "Rhino"
 Geoffrey Binney : "Chicago"
 Irene Tsu : Pam
 Judith Brown : Leslie/June Dunbar
 Sam Hiona : Rangoon
 Ron Prince : un général
 Hardy Stockmann : Krugman
 Metta Rungrat : une concubine de Rhino
 Supakorn Songssermvorakul : Boy
 Somchai Meekunsut : Pujo
 Veerapol Pitavan : Longkat
 Puchong Makaraj : Hoss
 Yuen Biao : un homme de main de Rangoon

Production
Ce film se situe à la fin de la mode de la blaxploitation et au début de celle du film d'arts martiaux. Le film est une suite de . Il est le dernier du film du contrat entre Jim Kelly et les producteurs Fred Weintraub et Paul Heller. Robert Clouse, réalisateur de La Ceinture noire, refuse de faire la suite, elle est alors confiée à Oscar Williams, son scénariste.

Le film est réalisé à Chiang Mai, en Thaïlande . Jim Kelly chorégraphie les combats.

Le film est un échec commercial. Il fera l'objet d'une exploitation en VHS sous le titre de Black Belt Jones 2.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 1976
Film en anglais américain
Film d'arts martiaux
Film tourné en Thaïlande
Film de Warner Bros
Film de Bruceploitation
Film d'action américain

Faut pas karaté la queue du tigre


Schhhh! er en børnefilm fra 2006 instrueret af Snobar Avani, Peter Hausner efter manuskript af Ulla Raben.

Handling
Det er tidlig morgen. Mor og far er trætte, men Louis og hans bedste ven, Dynen, er helt friske. Så de går på opdagelse. Og selv en almindelig lejlighed kan sagtens rumme fantastiske verdener. Louis og Dynen starter med en flyvetur ud over det store, vilde ocean. De kører i bil, de fægter, de kører i rutsjebane på en fantasi-savanne, og under stor ståhej dækker de også morgenbord. Men så går det galt!

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Børnefilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2006

Schhhh!


WLTM may refer to:

Radio stations
 WLTM (FM), a radio station (90.3 FM) licensed to serve Harrisburg, Illinois, United States
 WEBG (FM), a radio station (95.9 FM) licensed to serve Mina, New York, United States, which held the call sign WLTM from December 2017 to September 2020
 WIBT, a radio station (97.9 FM) licensed to serve Greenville, Mississippi, United States, which held the call sign WLTM from April 2010 to February 2017
 WBZW, a radio station (96.7 FM) licensed to serve Peachtree City, Georgia, United States, which held the call sign WLTM from December 2006 to January 2008
 WUBL, a radio station (94.9 FM) licensed to serve Atlanta, Georgia, which held the call sign WLTM from March 2003 to December 2006
 WDKF, a radio station (99.7 FM) licensed to serve Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin, United States, which held the call sign WLTM from September 1996 to April 2002
 WQQB, a radio station (96.1 FM) licensed to serve Rantoul, Illinois, United States, which held the call sign WLTM from October 1987 to December 1995
 WPFJ, a radio station (1480 AM) licensed to serve Franklin, North Carolina, United States, which held the call sign WLTM until June 1987

Other uses
 Would like to meet, in personal advertisements

WLTM


Yevhen Viktorovytch Kochovy (en , en , Ievgueni Viktorovitch Kochevoï), né le  à Kivcharivka, oblast de Kharkiv, RSS d'Ukraine, est un showman, présentateur de télévision et acteur comique ukrainien. Dans le passé, il était membre de l'équipe KVN "Va-Bank" de Louhansk (2000–2005). Depuis 2005, il était l'animateur des émissions "Amuse le comique" et "Quartier du soir". Depuis 2019, il était l'animateur de l'émission télévisée "Ligue du rire".

Jeunesse
Yevhen Kochovy est né dans la famille d'un ouvrier et d'une enseignante de maternelle. En 1989, la famille déménage à Altchevsk dans l'oblast de Louhansk. Kochovy est diplômé de la faculté d'art dramatique du Collège de la culture de Louhansk. De plus, il a étudié le saxophone en école de musique.

Carrière
Kochovy, issu de l'équipe de KVN "Va-Bank" de Louhansk, intégre le Studio Kvartal 95.en 2004. Depuis 2005 il participe aux émissions Quartier du soir (Вечерний квартал). Il est co-animateur de l'émission de divertissement du dimanche matin Debout l'Ukraine ! (Украина, вставай!) sur la chaîne de télévision « Inter ». Depuis 2012, il est juge de l'émission Amuse le comique (Рассмеши комика). Depuis 2017, il est membre du jury de la Ligue du Rire (Лига смеха). En 2019, il est devenu l'animateur de la Ligue du rire, en remplacement de Volodymyr Zelenskyy, qui a démissionné après avoir été élu président de l'Ukraine.

Filmographie
 2012 — « Rjevski contre Napoléon » (Levcha)
 2015 — « Serviteur du Peuple » — Serhii Viktorovytch Moukhine, ministre des affaires étrangères
 2017 — « Serviteur du peuple 2 » — Serhii Viktorovytch Moukhine, ministre des affaires étrangères

Notes et références

Liens externes

Animateur ukrainien de télévision
Acteur ukrainien du XXIe siècle
Naissance en avril 1983

Yevhen Kochovy


Operacija Mongoose (španjolski: Operación Mangosta), poznat kao Kubanski projekt, bila je tajna operacija CIA-je razvijena tijekom prve godine mandata predsjednika Johna F. Kennedyja. Kennedy je 30. studenog 1961. godine odobrio seriju agresivnih tajnih operacija protiv režima Fidela Castra na Kubi. Operaciju je predvodio Edward Lansdale, general Američkog ratnog zrakoplovstva, a službeno je započela nakon neuspjele invazije u Zaljevu svinja.

Kubanski projekt je bilo tajni program protiv komunističke vladavine na Kubi, a za cilj je imala rušenje Castrov režim; povjesničar s Harvarda Jorge Domínguez izjavio je kako je svrgavanje komunističkog režima na Kubi bio primarni fokus Kennedyjeve administracije. Jedan od dokumenata Državnog tajništva Sjedinjenih Država otkrio je kako je operacija doista imala za cilj "pomoći Kubi u svrgavanju komunističkog režima", uključujući i Fidela Castra, i "organizirati pobunu na Kubi do listopada 1962." Američki političari su htjeli "novu vladu, s kojom bi Sjedinjene Države živjele u miru". Među brojnim planovima bili su i neuspjeli pokušaji atentata na Fidela Castra.

Operacija Mongoose se, kao i ranija invazija u Zaljevu svinja, pokazala neuspješnom i još jednom krahom američke vanjske politike prema Kubi. Operacija, koja je od 1961. do 1975. godine bila tajna, imala je, prema Noamu Chomskom, proračun od $50,000,000 godišnje te je zapošljavala oko 2,500 ljudi, među kojima 500 Amerikanaca. Akcija je javnosti otkrivena djelomično od strane Churchove komisije, a djelomično od strane istraživačkih novinara. Chomsky je tijekom 1989. godine spekulirao kako operacija službeno možda još uvijek traje, međutim ne postoje jasni dokazi u prilog te teze.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Operation Mongoose: The Cuba Project, Cuban History Archive, 20. veljače 1962.
 The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962, The National Security Archive.
 Meeting with the Attorney General of the United States Concerning Cuba, CIA minutes, 19. siječnja 1962.
 Justification for US Military Intervention in Cuba, Joint Chiefs of Staff, 13. ožujka 1962.
  Minutes of Meeting of the Special Group on Operation Mongoose, 4. listopada 1962.
 CIA Inspector General's Report on Plots to Assassinate Fidel Castro, CIA Historical Review Program, 23. svibnja 1967. (HTML version )

Povijest Kube
Povijest SAD-a (1945. – 1989.)
Teorije zavjere
Operacije pod lažnom zastavom
Američko-kubanski odnosi

Operacija Mongoose


La cathédrale de la Dormition est la cathédrale orthodoxe de l'Église orthodoxe ukrainienne (Patriarcat de Moscou) dans la ville de Balta (Ukraine), construite au .

Histoire
Elle fut consacrée en 1915 et en exercice jusqu'en 1931 en style néo-russe. Lors de l'invasion de l'URSS par l'Allemagne nazie elle est rénovée puis de nouveau ouverte, elle est alors intégrée à la Transnistrie roumaine. Mais en 1964, le pouvoir soviétique la ferme. Elle est restituée à l'Eglise en 1988 et restaurée dans le style original ; elle est le centre du diocèse Balta et Ananiv de l'Église orthodoxe ukrainienne (patriarcat de Moscou) depuis 2012.

En images

Références

Liens externes

Balta
Balta
Oblast d'Odessa
Cathedral

Cathédrale de la Dormition de Balta


Malice Mizer (stylized as MALICE MIZER) was a Japanese visual kei rock band active from August 1992 to December 2001. Formed by guitarists Mana and Közi, their earlier music and themes were characterized by their strong French and classical influences, later moving away from deliberate French romanticism and incorporating Gothic aspects after several difficulties befell the band. Their official fan club is named "Ma chérie".

Malice Mizer was as famous for their live shows as they were for their music, featuring lavish historical costumes and stage sets, short silent theater pieces preluding various songs, and even a particularly notable instance of the vocalist descending to Earth (the stage) as a fallen angel, only to ascend again at the end of the concert. Throughout their history, the band has gone through several different lineups and three drastic image changes. At their peak, they were considered one of "the big four of visual kei" alongside La'cryma Christi, Fanatic Crisis and Shazna. On December 11, 2001, it was announced that Malice Mizer would go on an indefinite hiatus. Mana, Közi and bassist Yu~ki have performed together several times since 2010.

History

1992–1994: Tetsu era

After leaving Matenrou, guitarists Mana and Közi formed Malice Mizer in August 1992 with Tetsu on vocals, Yu~ki on bass and Gaz on drums. The band's name is a coined word for "Malice and Misery ", extracted from "Nothing but a being of malice and tragedy."  — their reply to the question "What is a human being?" From the outset, the band established their trademark "twin guitar"' sound, whereby two guitars play different melodies creating polyphony. Malice Mizer's sound during the Tetsu era was a mixture of early 1980s gothic rock, progressive rock and strong classical influences. Their first official release was the song "Speed of Desperate" on the 1993 compilation Brain Trash. Before this, they had released a demo tape called "Sans Logique" (a nod to French pop singer Mylène Farmer's hit song "Sans Logique") which contained no vocals. Shortly after the release of Brain Trash, Gaz left the band to join Kneuklid Romance, while Kneuklid Romance's drummer Kami in turn joined Malice Mizer. In 1994, after a couple more demos, the band released their debut album Memoire on Mana's newly founded independent record label Midi:Nette. It was re-released at the end of the year with an additional bonus track, "Baroque", under the title Memoire DX. Only days later, singer and lyricist Tetsu left the band after his last gig on December 27, 1994. While the exact reasons are unknown, Tetsu went on to take a different direction in his work. The band's continued use of his lyrics in songs they continued to perform with later vocalists suggest an amicable split.

1995–1999: Gackt era

After almost a year of inactivity, Malice Mizer recruited Gackt as their new vocalist and released the single "Uruwashiki Kamen no Shoutaijou" on December 10, 1995. It was with this single that Malice Mizer started to actively differentiate themselves from other bands; when the song was performed live, Mana and Közi put down their guitars and instead performed a dance routine. With a new concept, the band's music became more art rock and synthpop, incorporating even stronger classical and electronic elements. Visually, the band abandoned their 1980s goth look for colorful historical costumes with a gothic feel.

Malice Mizer released their second album, Voyage Sans Retour, in 1996, and their first home video in 1997; Sans Retour Voyage "Derniere" (Encore Une Fois), a concert video recorded at Shibuya Public Hall featuring an elaborate stage and dance routines. The band became increasingly popular and signed with major record label Nippon Columbia that same year, where they released a number of successful singles and a short film, Bel Air (Kuuhaku no Toki no Naka de) de L'image. Their major label debut album, Merveilles, was released in 1998. The band even had their own radio show around this time and played a two-day live at the Nippon Budokan, which involved a large building as a stage prop and elaborate theatrics; each member performing a skit with another member on their own (including [on "Le Ciel"] the aforementioned skit in which Gackt fell to the stage [to sing the song] and returned to "Heaven" by song's end). It was a massive success and was released on video as Merveilles (Shuuen to kisuu) l'espace. In July 1998, the Yokohama Arena's stage would be the last for Gackt as in January 1999, at the height of Malice Mizer's success, he would suddenly leave the band. No reason was given, but after just four months he would release his first solo EP. Malice Mizer left Nippon Columbia shortly after and returned to Midi:Nette (established as Midi:Nette M.†.M).

A few months after Gackt's departure, drummer Kami died of a subarachnoid hemorrhage on June 21, 1999. He left behind a handful of songs, which the band eventually released as part of the EP/video boxset Shinwa, which consists of two songs composed by him and the short track "Saikai" written by the band. Kami was never officially replaced; from that point on, Malice Mizer would only use support drummers (namely ex-Aion member Shu, who is not shown in the band's later promotional material, nor credited) and Kami would be credited as "eternal blood relative" on all their future releases. Possibly due to Kami's death and other factors, the band shifted to a "darker" image and sound.

2000–2001: Klaha era
In the second half of 1999 and the beginning of 2000, Malice Mizer, still without an official vocalist, released a number of singles and began to work on a new album. Eventually, they recruited Klaha (vocalist of dark wave band Pride of Mind), officially inducted into the band as a full member in January. By then the band had abandoned the lighter pop music sound of the Gackt era for a dramatic mixture of classical music, dark wave, with slight heavy metal elements, and adopted an elaborate funerary elegant gothic look. In the summer of 2000, they released what would be their last album, Bara no Seidou. On August 31 and September 1, they gave a theatrical two-day live at the Nippon Budokan, featuring pyrotechnics, a choir of veiled nuns and a scaled-down cathedral as a stage prop. In 2001, Malice Mizer starred in a feature-length vampire movie (Bara no Konrei (Mayonaka ni Kawashita Yakusoku)), and released three more singles: "Gardenia", "Beast of Blood" and "Garnet ~Kindan no Sono e~"; "Gardenia" and "Garnet" being of a considerably lighter tone than their previous album, suggesting another new era for the band. However, the band members decided to go their own separate ways in 2001, leaving messages on their official website, which can still be viewed today. The split was spoken of as a "hiatus", so as not to exclude the possibility of a future reformation.

Post projects
After his departure in 1994, Tetsu released one solo album, and has subsequently taken part in a series of bands such as Zigzo, Mega 8 Ball, Nil; his most recent being The JuneJulyAugust.

After his departure in early 1999, Gackt started a solo career a year later which has been enormously successful; he is one of Japan's top musicians and TV personalities.

Klaha started a solo career as well in December 2002, but in the middle of 2004 it was announced that his fan club would be closing down, and after that there have been long periods of silence, only broken by rare updates on his site. In 2007 he stated on his site that he would resume musical activity that year. But this did not happen and no information has been announced since.

Yu~ki has not been active on the music scene since 2004 when he wrote the song "Memento", about Kami, for Közi's solo project. In an informal conversation with Klaha, he said he would like to return to the music scene.

Közi formed the industrial duo Eve of Destiny with Haruhiko Ash (ex:The Zolge) and also started a solo career. As of Halloween 2008 he is part of the band Dalle. Around June 2010, Közi started to perform with a band called My Horror Revue. He has also formed the band XA-VAT, who held their first performance on November 16, 2010 and released their first single on December 2. In 2012, he formed the band ZIZ with the musicians who supported him with his solo career.

Mana has formed his own solo project Moi dix Mois, which has performed live concerts across Europe. In addition to the successful solo project, Mana is a designer for his fashion label Moi-même-Moitié (created in 1999), which focuses on the styles Elegant Gothic Aristocrat and Elegant Gothic Lolita. He also continues to run his indie record label Midi:Nette, and has produced for artists such as Schwarz Stein and Kanon Wakeshima.

Malice Mizer's song "Gekka no Yasōkyoku" was covered by D on the compilation Crush! -90's V-Rock Best Hit Cover Songs-, which was released on January 26, 2011 and features current visual kei bands covering songs from bands that were important to the '90s visual kei movement. Their song "Illuminati" was covered by Moran on its sequel, Crush! 2 -90's V-Rock Best Hit Cover Songs-, that was released on November 23, 2011.

Original drummer Gaz died on December 22, 2017, due to illness.

Deep Sanctuary reunions

Since 2008, Mana's band Moi dix Mois has held a special event, most taking place every two years, which has had some sort of connection to Malice Mizer. The first was Dis Inferno Vol.VI: Last Year Party on December 27, 2008, where Malice Mizer's "Speed of Desperate" was played in a session by Mana on drums, Közi on guitar and Mana's cousin  on vocals. Közi said that this was the first time he and Mana had met since 2001. In 2009, Moi dix Mois and Közi went on a short two-date tour called Deep Sanctuary, on July 17 in Osaka and the 19th in Tokyo.

A year later in July 2010, Közi once again went on a tour with Moi dix Mois, titled Deep Sanctuary II. This tour had six shows, but the gig at Akasaka Blitz on the 17th was special, as Yu~ki was a special guest. This was the first time in 9 years that the three original members of Malice Mizer played together, and they were supported by Hayato (Moi dix Mois) on drums. They played "Saikai no Chi to Bara" and "Beast of Blood", as well as a cover of Rob Zombie's "What Lurks on Channel X?". In 2012, the three played together twice more for Deep Sanctuary III; once on September 12 at Akasaka Blitz and again on November 14, 2012 at Osaka Muse Hall.

In 2014, another reunion of the three original members happened for Deep Sanctuary IV at Akasaka Blitz on October 11. This marked the first time they performed under the Malice Mizer name since 2001. It was followed by Deep Sanctuary V at Akasaka Blitz on August 7, 2016. On September 8 and 9, 2018, Mana, Közi, and Yu~ki reunited as Malice Mizer to perform two shows for the band's 25th anniversary special at Tokyo Toyosu Pit. Titled Deep Sanctuary VI, Moi dix Mois and ZIZ also performed. They were supported on drums by Sakura, who was Kami's drum mentor, and who used Kami's original drum kit for the show. Mana tried reaching out to Tetsu, Gackt and Klaha regarding their participation, but the first two declined and he was unable to reach the third. Instead, the band's former roadies Shuji (Cali Gari), Kamijo, and Hitomi filled in as guest vocalists. A Blu-ray of the concert was released on June 21, 2019.

Deep Sanctuary VII was scheduled to take place at Mynavi Blitz Akasaka on June 7, 2020, but was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan.

Influences
Mana stated that the  opening theme music scared him a lot in childhood and Malice Mizer's music has its roots in that experience.

Members
 Mana – guitar, keyboards, synthesizers, percussion (1992–2001, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018)
 Közi – guitar, keyboards, synthesizers, percussion, backing vocals (1992–2001, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018)
 Yu~ki – bass, contrabass, percussion (1992–2001, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018)

Former members
 Klaha – vocals (2000–2001)
 Gaz – drums (1992–1993; died 2017)
 Tetsu – vocals (1992–1994)
 Gackt – vocals, piano (1995–1999)
 Kami – drums (1993–1999; died 1999)

Support members
 Shu "Shue" Sakai – drums (2000–2001)
 Kazune – keyboards, synthesizers (2000–2001)
 Hayato – drums (2010, 2012, 2014, 2016)
 Sakura – drums (2018)

Timeline

Discography

Studio albums
 Memoire (1994)
 Voyage Sans Retour (1996)
 Merveilles (1998)
 Bara no Seidou (2000)

Notes

References

External links
 Official website

Visual kei musical groups
Japanese art rock groups
Japanese gothic rock groups
Japanese dark wave musical groups
Japanese progressive rock groups
Japanese musical quartets
Nippon Columbia artists
Musical groups established in 1992
Musical groups disestablished in 2001
1992 establishments in Japan
2001 disestablishments in Japan
Articles which contain graphical timelines

Malice Mizer


Campanula orphanidea er tegund af klukkuætt (Campanulaceae), ættuð frá Búlgaríu og Grikklandi.

Tilvísanir

Bláklukkur

Campanula orphanidea


5-MeO-DMT (5-metoxi-N,N-dimetiltriptamina) es un alcaloide con efectos alucinógenos de la familia de las triptaminas.

Al igual que sus parientes, la dimetiltriptamina (N,N-DMT) y la bufotenina (5-HO-DMT), ha sido usada por los chamanes sudamericanos como un enteógeno para propósitos rituales y en la medicina tradicional durante al menos cuatro mil años a partir de sus fuentes botánicas del género Anadenanthera sp.

En América del Norte es producido de manera natural por el sapo Incilius alvarius.

Química
La 5-MeO-DMT fue sintetizada por primera vez en 1936. En 1959 se aisló como uno de los ingredientes psicoactivos de las semillas de Piptadenia colubrina (ahora Anadenanthera colubrina) y de la corteza de Dictyoloma incanescens (ahora Dictyoloma vandellianum).

Historia
Tradicionalmente 5-MeO-DMT se ha utilizado en el polvo psicodélico a partir de la semilla de la Anadenanthera colubrina (cebil, wilca, vilca) y la Anadenanthera peregrina conocida también como yopo en los Andes, la Amazonia, la Orinoquía y el Caribe.

En la cuenca amazónica, también está presente en las resinas y cortezas pulverizadas de las virolas (Virola sp.) que son aún usadas tradicionalmente a manera de rapé en tabletas y/o como bebida.

En América del Norte
También se encuentra en la piel del sapo Incilius alvarius (antes Bufo alvarius), aunque no hay evidencia directa de que este fuera utilizado como alucinógeno hasta tiempos recientes.

Estudios
La 5-MeO-DMT está siendo estudiada por sus potenciales efectos terapéuticos. En marzo de 2019 unos investigadores de la Universidad John Hopkins anunciaron que el 80 % de los usuarios de 5-MeO-DMT sintético en rituales colectivos reportaron a través de encuestas mejoras en sus síntomas de depresión y trastorno de ansiedad.

Véase también
 Bufotenina (5-HO-DMT)
 Enteógenos
 Dimetiltriptamina

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos
 Entrada en lo absoluto con 5-meo-dmt: la experiencia de Stanislav Grof
 TiHKAL #38 on Erowid, Erowid's 5-MeO-DMT Vault

Alucinógenos
Drogas
Triptaminas

5-MeO-DMT


Deep River is a tributary of the Cape Fear River, approximately  long, in north central North Carolina in the United States. Deep River is a translation of the Indian name sapponah, "deep river".

Paddling is popular on the river. Deep River is flanked by the planned Deep River State Trail and several other parks and preservation areas including Carbonton Dam Park, House in the Horseshoe Historic Site, Deep River Park and Deep River Camelback Truss Bridge, Endor Iron Furnace, White Pines Nature Preserve, Lockville Dam, Canal and Powerhouse, and Mermaid Point.

The Cape Fear shiner, a critically endangered minnow, inhabits the river.

Course

Deep River rises in the Piedmont country in western Guilford County, east of Kernersville. It flows southeast past High Point and Randleman, forming the Randleman Lake. It passes northeast of Asheboro, then flows east to Franklinville then to Ramseur, then passing north of Sanford. The Rocky River enters the Deep River at the White Pines Nature Preserve. Deep River joins Haw River at Mermaid Point near Moncure to form the Cape Fear River.

Dams

Deep River has 12 dams or relict dam structures and is the source river of the Randleman lake project that covers  of property on the river near U.S. Route 220. The river crosses the Fall Line of North Carolina, an area where rivers are quite rocky and have a moderately high gradient. This gradient was used to power mills along the river to support the early textile industry in North Carolina. The river, popular with canoeists, was a center of a great deal of activity during the American Revolution at places such as Franklinville and the House In The Horseshoe.

The Lockville Dam, built of stone, is the only portion of the 19th-century Deep River lock and dam system that remains today.

Until recently, the Deep River was host to the Carbonton Dam, the largest dam on the river at  high and  wide. In the fall of 2005, the dam was removed for the purpose of creating environmental mitigation credit by Restoration Systems, LLC, a leading environmental mitigation company in North Carolina. The project restored  of the former impoundment around the House in the Horseshoe to free-flowing river.

Tributaries

References

Rivers of North Carolina
Rivers of Chatham County, North Carolina
Rivers of Guilford County, North Carolina
Rivers of Lee County, North Carolina
Rivers of Moore County, North Carolina
Rivers of Randolph County, North Carolina

Deep River (North Carolina)


The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-8 Utka (, "duck") was a Soviet experimental aircraft. Built of wood, the aircraft was designed and built in 1945 to test the novel canard configuration. It also used a tricycle undercarriage, the first used by the OKB. It was modified to test a variety of vertical stabilizer and wingtip configurations and was later used as a liaison aircraft for many years by the design bureau.

Design and development
Nicknamed Utka ("duck"), as the word canard (referring to its small forward wing) is French for "duck", and with the Russian aeronautics term for a canard wing being described as a "duck" scheme (схема "утка"), the MiG-8 was an experimental aircraft designed and built by the OKB to evaluate the stability and handling of the canard configuration in conjunction with swept wings. This design has benefits in a jet-powered aircraft as it leaves the rear of the fuselage clear of interference from the jet's exhausts. To test the concept the MiG-8 was powered by a Shvetsov M-11 five-cylinder radial engine, with a pusher propeller.

Operational history
The aircraft was used as a testbed for developing the swept wing of the MiG-15, and afterwards continued to fly as a communications/utility aircraft for the OKB. Being made of wood and fabric, it was very light and reportedly a favorite among MiG OKB test pilots for its docile, slow-speed handling characteristics.

Specifications

See also

References

Bibliography
 Gordon, Yefim and Komissarov, Dmitry. OKB Mikoyan: A History of the Design Bureau and its Aircraft. Hinckley, England: Midland Publishing, 2009
 Gunston, Bill. The Osprey Encyclopaedia of Russian Aircraft 1875–1995. London: Osprey, 1995

External links

 MiG-8 from aviation.ru
 MiG-8 from armscontrol.ru
 Archival film of MiG-8 winter rollout and takeoff

Canard aircraft
MiG-008
Single-engined pusher aircraft
1940s Soviet civil utility aircraft
1940s Soviet experimental aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1945

Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-8


Nzinga may refer to:

People
 Nzinga of Ndongo and Matamba (c. 1583–1663), Central African warrior queen
 João I of Kongo, also known as Nzinga a Nkuwu or Nkuwu Nzinga
 Afonso I of Kongo (c. 1456–1542 or 1543), also known as Mvemba a Nzinga or Nzinga Mbemba
 Nzinga Blake (born 1981), American/Sierra Leonean actress
 Christian Nzinga (born 1985), French-born Angolan footballer currently playing for Floridians FC in Florida
 Daniel Ntongi-Nzinga (born 1946), peace activist and Christian leader in Angola
 Héritier Luvumbu Nzinga (born 1994), Congolese footballer

Places
 Nzinga, Nyanga, Gabon, in Nyanga Province
 Nzinga, Ogooué-Ivindo, Gabon, in the province of Ogooué-Ivindo
 Nzinga, Central African Republic, a port in the Central African Republic
 Nzinga Tchi, in Nyanga Province, Gabon

Other uses
 Nzinga (leafhopper), a leafhopper genus in the tribe Erythroneurini

African feminine given names
Feminine given names

Nzinga


Borissowo (, ) ist ein Ort im Moskauer Rajon, einem Stadtbezirk der russischen Stadt Kaliningrad (Königsberg (Preußen)) in der Oblast Kaliningrad (Gebiet Königsberg).

Geographische Lage
Borissowo liegt acht Kilometer südöstlich des Stadtzentrums von Kaliningrad (Königsberg (Preußen)) in einem in den Rajon Gurjewsk (Kreis Neuhausen) hineinragenden Landzipfel und ist von der russischen Fernstraße A 196 (ehemalige deutsche Reichsstraße 131) aus zu erreichen. Die nächste Bahnstation ist Lugowoje (Gutenfeld) an der Bahnstrecke von Kaliningrad über Gussew (Gumbinnen) nach Litauen, einem Teilstück der ehemaligen Preußischen Ostbahn.

Geschichte
Das ehedem Kraussen (1425 Crawsyn, nach 1785 Craußen, nach 1871 Craussen, nach 1905 Kraußen, 1933 bis 1946 Kraussen) genannte Dorf erfuhr im Jahre 1425 seine Gründung. Von 1874 bis 1945 war der Kraußen in den Amtsbezirk Steinbeck (heute russisch: Rybnoje) eingegliedert, der zum Landkreis Königsberg (Preußen) (1939 bis 1945 Landkreis Samland) im Regierungsbezirk Königsberg der preußischen Provinz Ostpreußen gehörte. Im Jahre 1910 zählte Kraußen 233 Einwohner.

Am 30. März 1920 vergrößerte sich die Landgemeinde Kraußen um den nordwestlich gelegenen Gutsbezirk Kraussenhof, der hierher eingemeindet wurde. Am 25. März 1993 wurde Kraußen in Kraussen umbenannt. Im gleichen Jahr zählte der Ort 277 Einwohner, nur sechs Jahre später lebten hier am Stadtrand von Königsberg (Preußen) 1.523 Menschen.

Im Jahre 1945 kam das nördliche Ostpreußen und somit auch Kraussen zur Sowjetunion. Das Dorf erhielt die russische Bezeichnung "Borissowo" und ist seit 1993 eine "Siedlung" (russisch: possjolok) im Moskauer Rajon (Stadtbezirk Moskau) der Stadt Kaliningrad (Königsberg).

Kirche
Die vor 1945 mehrheitlich evangelische Bevölkerung Kraussens war in das Kirchspiel Steinbeck-Neuendorf (russisch: Rybnoje-Rschewskoje) eingepfarrt. Es gehörte zum Kirchenkreis Königsberg-Land I innerhalb der Kirchenprovinz Ostpreußen der Kirche der Altpreußischen Union. Letzter deutscher Geistlicher war Pfarrer Viktor Felix Reiß.

Heute liegt Borissowo im Einzugsbereich der evangelisch-lutherischen Auferstehungskirche in Kaliningrad (Königsberg). Sie ist die Hauptkirche der neu gebildeten Propstei Kaliningrad der Evangelisch-lutherischen Kirche Europäisches Russland (ELKER).

Sohn Kraußens
 Erhard Riemann (1907–1984), deutscher Volkskundler und Hochschullehrer

Einzelnachweise

Borissowo (Kaliningrad)

Borissowo (Kaliningrad)


Klaus Schenkel ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Klaus Schenkel (Segler) (* 1939), deutscher Segler
 Klaus Schenkel (Fechter) (* 1940), deutscher Fechter und Fechttrainer

Klaus Schenkel


منطقة  صلخد منطقة سورية إدارية تتبع محافظة السويداء  ومركزها مدينة صلخد، بلغ تعداد سكان المنطقة 60,375 نسمة حسب التعداد السكاني لعام 2004.

نواحي منطقة  صلخد
ناحية مركز صلخد
ناحية ذيبين
ناحية الغارية
ناحية القريا
ناحية ملح

المراجع

انظر أيضاً
 تجمعات محافظة السويداء السكانية

منطقة صلخد
مناطق محافظة السويداء

منطقة صلخد


FS1 (oder FS1 – Freies Fernsehen Salzburg) ist ein nichtkommerzieller Fernsehsender in Salzburg (Österreich) und neben dem Wiener Community TV Okto und Dorf in Linz der dritte nichtkommerzielle Fernsehveranstalter in Österreich. FS1 bezeichnet sich selbst als 24-Stunden-Vollprogramm.

Geschichte
FS1 wurde 2009 auf Initiative des Salzburger Freien Radios Radiofabrik angestoßen und öffentlich angekündigt. Basis war die gesetzlich beschlossene Einführung des Nichtkommerziellen Rundfunkfonds (NKRF) der Republik Österreich – verwaltet durch die RTR – im Jahr 2010, die eine Etablierung eines Community TVs für das Bundesland finanziell machbar erscheinen ließen. Das Institut für Medienbildung (IMB) beteiligte sich als erste Organisation, es folgte der Dachverband Salzburger Kulturstätten.

Die späteren FS1-Geschäftsführer Alf Altendorf – früher tätig für TIV, an der Etablierung von Okto beteiligt, Radiofabrik Geschäftsführer – und Markus Weisheitinger-Herrmann – Mitarbeiter des 2018 aufgelösten IMB – sind die Gründer von FS1. Der Geschäftsführer des Dachverbands Thomas Randisek war Aktivist zur Unterstützung des neuen Senders. Ein Trägerverein wurde eingetragen.

Stadt und Land Salzburg verhielten sich für gewünschte finanzielle Beteiligung länger abwartend, auch mit Verweis auf Pleiten im kommerziellen Fernsehbereich wie Salzburg TV, später Jedermann TV und Salzburg Plus.

Es folgten medienpolitische Auseinandersetzungen, die Initiative zahlte Mitte 2011 bereits bewilligte Förderungen der RTR mangels Beteiligung des Landes und damit verbundenen erhöhten finanziellen Risiken zurück. Der Kulturausschuss der Stadt Salzburg beschloss Ende 2011 eine Teilfinanzierung. Wegen der Konflikte zogen sich die Jugendorganisationen Akzente und Spektrum aus dem Trägerverein zurück.

Ende 2011 entschied ein Konsortium aus Radiofabrik, Dachverband Salzburger Kulturstätten und IMB trotz der Widerstände der Gebietskörperschaften von Stadt und Land den Sender FS1 2012 umzusetzen, und deren Beteiligung später zu klären.

Am 16. Februar 2012 ging die Initiative unter dem neuen Namen FS1 im Kabelnetz der Salzburg AG auf Sendung.

Seit April 2012 ist auch das Land Salzburg als Förderer engagiert.

Im Mai 2012 wurde der Trägerverein von FS1 in eine gemeinnützige GesmbH umgewandelt. Gesellschafter waren Radiofabrik, IMB, Dachverband, der neue Verein der Produzenten und die Gründer des Projekts.

Das neu gebaute Studio in der Bergstraße wurde im Juni 2012 eröffnet.

Seit Dezember 2013 werden die Infrastrukturen des Senders durch das Tochterunternehmen "FS1 Infrastruktur GesmbH" verwaltet.

Ab 2014 richtet FS1 gemeinsam mit der Radiofabrik die Konferenz Civilmedia aus.

Seit Ende 2016 sendet FS1 in HD und ist zusätzlich im Netz von A1.TV zu empfangen.

Programm
Die Medienbehörde KommAustria berücksichtigt den Sender im Rahmen des Nichtkommerziellen Rundfunkfonds (NKRF) in der Medienförderung als Community TV. Grundlage dieser Förderung ist die Einhaltung der Richtlinien des NKRF und die Selbstverpflichtung zur Programmgestaltung im Sinne des Bekenntnisses zur Charta für Community Fernsehen in Österreich  des VCFÖ.

Das werbefreie Programm wird unbezahlt von der Bevölkerung Salzburg und den zivilgesellschaftlichen Organisationen vor allem aus den Bereichen Kunst und Kultur, Musikszene, Jugend, Soziales und Bildung produziert, und über die Station koordiniert und gesendet. In der FS1-Academy bildet die Station ihre Produzenten dafür aus.

Der Sender übernimmt das US-amerikanische Magazin Democracy Now.

Ausbildung
In Kooperation mit der Radiofabrik bildet FS1 laut Eigenangaben den größten Ausbildungscluster für Medienkompetenz des nichtkommerziellen Rundfunk Österreichs mit 2.000 Kunden pro Jahr. Eine Vielzahl an Workshops, Lehrgängen und medienpädagogische Ausbildungen werden laufend angeboten.

Projekte
FS1 entwickelt Projekte für Vernetzung, Medienbildung und die Filmwirtschaft.

 Civilmedia, Konferenz, in Kooperation mit Radiofabrik seit 2014
 Medienwerkstatt Salzburg, Vertriebsplattform Medienbildung, in Kooperation mit Radiofabrik, DasKino und anderen (seit 2019)
 filmedition:online Salzburg, Präsentation des Salzburger Filmschaffens, in Kooperation mit Stadt und Land Salzburg (seit 2012)

Juvinale

Seit dem Abgang der Diagonale nach Graz 1998 bestand in Salzburg kein regelmäßiges Filmfestival mehr. Das internationale Nachwuchs-Filmfest Juvinale hat als Schwerpunkt junges Filmschaffen und wird biennal seit 2017 abgehalten. Partner sind Stadt, Land und die Wirtschaftskammer Salzburgs.

Organisation
Trägerin und Herausgeberin des Senders ist eine nichtkommerzielle Community TV Salzburg BetriebsgesmbH. Gesellschafter sind ein Verein der Programmschaffenden, das Freie Radio Radiofabrik, das Institut für Medienbildung (IMB), der Dachverband Salzburger Kulturstätten und Einzelpersonen. Im September 2018 übernahmen die ARGEkultur Salzburg und die Lebenshilfe die Anteile des IMB.

Durch Beteiligung der Produzenten an der Eigentümerstruktur von FS1 kann der Sender als das erste demokratische Fernsehen Österreichs gelten.

Finanzierung
Der Betrieb finanziert sich durch Zuwendungen der öffentlichen Hand als auch durch selbst erwirtschaftete Einnahmen.

Sendegebiet und Empfang
FS1 ist seit dem 16. Februar 2012 über DVB-C im Kabelnetz der Salzburg AG im Land Salzburg, Schladming und Ausseerland empfangbar. Weiters betreibt der Sender als Simulcast einen Livestream des Programms.

Seit Jänner 2017 wird FS1 im IPTV-Netz von A1 Kabel TV (A1 Telekom Austria) ausgestrahlt.

Partnerschaften
FS1 ist Mitglied im Dachverband Salzburger Kulturstätten, der IG Kultur Österreich, des Verband Freier Rundfunk Österreich (VFRÖ), des Verband Community Fernsehen Österreich (VCFÖ), des Community Media Forum Europe (CMFE) und des Community Medien Instituts (COMMIT).

Der Sender ist dem Ehrenkodex für die österreichische Presse verpflichtet.

Weblinks
 Website des Senders mit Livestream
 FS1 auf Salzburgwiki

Einzelnachweise

Rundfunkveranstalter
Fernsehsender (Österreich)
Nichtkommerzieller Lokalfunk
Kulturelle Organisation (Österreich)
Medien (Salzburg)
Kultur (Salzburg)
Kultur (Land Salzburg)
Unternehmen (Salzburg)
Gegründet 2012
Deutschsprachiger Fernsehsender
Salzburger Altstadt (rechts)
Sendestart 2012
Menschenrechtsorganisation
Bürgerrechtsorganisation
Bildung in Salzburg
Medien (Land Salzburg)

FS1 (Fernsehsender)


Supersano ist eine südostitalienische Gemeinde (comune) mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) in der Provinz Lecce in Apulien. Die Gemeinde liegt etwa 39 Kilometer südsüdöstlich von Lecce im südlichen Salento. Supersano ist Teil der Unione delle Terre di Mezzo.

Geschichte
Erstmals urkundlich erwähnt wurde die Gemeinde 1195. Das Lehen über Supersano gehörte damals zum Fürstentum Tarent.
Seit 1999 werden in der kleinen Ortschaft Scorpo archäologische Ausgrabungen getätigt, bei denen Fundstücke aus dem 7. bis 10. Jahrhundert verzeichnet werden konnten. Von gewisser Bedeutung sind auch die Menhire im Gemeindegebiet. Ferner gibt es hier gut erhaltene Überreste einer Motte.

Söhne und Töchter
 Gerardo Antonazzo (* 1956), katholischer Geistlicher und Bischof von Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo
 Paolo Rocco Gualtieri (* 1961), katholischer Erzbischof und Diplomat des Heiligen Stuhls

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Apulien

Supersano


Trenul (titlu original: The Train) este un film alb-negru din 1964 regizat de John Frankenheimer și produs de Jules Bricken după o poveste și un scenariu de Franklin Coen și Frank Davis, bazat pe o carte de non-ficțiune  Le front de l'art de Rose Valland, carte despre operele de artă depozitate după ce au fost jefuite de germani din muzee și colecții private de artă.  Este o coproducție internațională, fiind realizat de studiouri de film din  SUA, Franța și Italia. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Burt Lancaster, Paul Scofield, Jeanne Moreau și Michel Simon.

Prezentare

Povestea filmului are loc în august 1944, când un membru al rezistenței franceze, Paul Labiche (Lancaster), complotează împotriva colonelului german Franz von Waldheim (Scofield) care încearcă să mute cu trenul în Germania capodoperele de artă furate. Ca inspirație pentru scenele de interceptare a trenului au fost evenimentele reale din jurul trenului nr 40044 care a fost atacat și examinat în afara Parisului de către locotenentul Forțelor Franceze Libere Alexandre Rosenberg.

Distribuție

 Burt Lancaster - Paul Labiche
 Paul Scofield - Col. Franz von Waldheim
 Jeanne Moreau - Christine
 Suzanne Flon  - Mademoiselle Villard
 Michel Simon - Papa Boule
 Wolfgang Preiss - Maj. Herren
 Albert Rémy - Didont
 Charles Millot - Pesquet
 Richard Münch - Gen. von Lubitz
 Jacques Marin - Jacques
 Paul Bonifas - Spinet
 Arthur Brauss - Lt. Pilzer
 Jean Bouchaud - Capt. Schmidt
 Donald O'Brien - Sgt. Schwartz
 Howard Vernon - Cpt. Dietrich

Primire
Trenul a avut încasări de 3 milioane $ în SUA și de încă 6 milioane $ în restul lumii. A avut un buget de 6,7 milioane. Filmul a fost al 13-lea film cel mai popular în Regatul Unit în 1965.

Trenul a avut un rating de 100% "Fresh" pe Rotten Tomatoes și un scor de 7,9/10 pe Internet Movie Database.

Acuratețe istorică

Trenul se bazează pe cartea de non-ficțiune din 1961   Le front de l'art de Rose Valland, istoric de artă la Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume. Valland s-a documentat în privința operelor de artă depozitate acolo și care au fost jefuite de naziști din muzee și colecții de artă particulare din întreaga Franță și care au fost alese pentru expediere în Germania nazistă în al doilea război mondial.

În contrast cu acțiunea și drama descrisă în film, transportul de artă pe care germanii au încercat să-l scoată din Paris la 1 august 1944 a fost oprit de Rezistența franceză cu un baraj nesfârșit de documente și din cauza birocrației și nu a mers mai departe decât până într-un depou la câteva mile în afara Parisului.

Interceptarea efectivă a trenului a fost inspirată de evenimente din viața reală din jurul trenului nr. 40.044 care  a fost atacat și examinat de către locotenentul forțelor franceze libere Alexandre Rosenberg în afara Parisului, în august 1944. Soldații săi au deschis cutiile și au descoperit multe piese de artă jefuite și care anterior erau expuse în casa tatălui său, comerciantul de artă parizian Paul Rosenberg, unul dintre principalii comercianți de artă modernă din lume.

Organizațiile de veterani germani, inclusiv cea de veterani SS din grupul HIAG, au obiectat față de faptul că soldați ai Wehrmachtului au fost prezentați în film ca executând ostatici francezi și membrii ai rezistenței. Ei au declarat că personalul potrivit pentru aceste scene era cel care ar fi purtat uniforme SS sau cele ale Sicherheitspolizei (Sicherheitsdienst și Gestapo).

Note

Bibliografie

 Armstrong, Stephen B. Pictures About Extremes: The Films of John Frankenheimer. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 2007. ISBN 978-0-78643-145-8.
 Balio, Tino. United Artists: The Company That Changed the Film Industry. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987. ISBN 978-0-29911-440-4.
 Buford, Kate. Burt Lancaster: An American Life. New York: Da Capo, 2000. ISBN 0-306-81019-0.
 Champlin, Charles, ed. John Frankenheimer: A Conversation With Charles Champlin. Bristol, UK: Riverwood Press, 1995. ISBN 978-1-880756-09-6.
 Evans, Alun. Brassey's Guide to War Films. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books Inc., 2000. ISBN 978-1-57488-263-6.
 Pratley, Gerald. The Cinema of John Frankenheimer (The International Film Guide Series). New York: Zwemmer/Barnes, 1969. ISBN 978-0-49807-413-4.

Vezi și
 Listă de filme despre cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial
 Listă de filme străine până în 1989
 Listă de filme cu acțiunea în trenuri
Filme asemănătoare
 Eroii monumentelor (2014)
 Luptătorii din umbră (1946)

Legături externe

Filme din 1964
Filme americane
Filme în limba germană
Filme în limba engleză
Filme în limba franceză
Filme regizate de John Frankenheimer
Filme United Artists
Filme franțuzești
Filme italiene
Filme despre Al Doilea Război Mondial
Filme alb-negru
Filme cu trenuri
Scenarii de Walter Bernstein
Filme cu naziști
Filme despre Rezistența Franceză
Filme bazate pe cărți de non-ficțiune
Filme de aventuri

Trenul (film din 1964)


Bruce Craig Scott  (born 20 October 1943) is an Australian former politician. He was a member of the National Party and represented the Division of Maranoa in the House of Representatives from 1990 to 2016. He served as Minister for Veterans' Affairs in the Howard government from 1996 to 2001.

Early life
Scott was born in Roma, Queensland, and was educated at the Anglican Church Grammar School in Brisbane. Before entering politics, Scott was a wool and grain grower. He served as president of the Queensland Merino Stud Sheep Breeders Association, president of the Maranoa Graziers' Association and president of the Australian Association of Stud Merino Breeders. He was a Nuffield Farming Scholar in 1983.

Politics
Scott was first elected to parliament at the 1990 federal election, retaining the Division of Maranoa that has been in Country/National hands for all but three years since 1921, and without interruption since 1943. He was a member of the Opposition Shadow Ministry 1992–96. He was Minister for Veterans' Affairs from 1996 to 2001, and also Minister Assisting the Minister for Defence from 1998 to 2001.

Following the resignation of Harry Jenkins Jr. as Speaker of the House on 24 November 2011, Scott was nominated for the position of Deputy Speaker of the House by Liberal MP Christopher Pyne. Scott accepted the nomination and a ballot took place, installing Anna Burke as the Deputy Speaker of the House. Following the resignation of Peter Slipper as Speaker on 9 October 2012, Burke was elected as his replacement. Scott was nominated by Pyne as Deputy; with his nomination seconded by Tony Windsor. Scott defeated Steve Georganas in a ballot.

Scott announced on 3 August 2015 that he would not stand in the next election.

References

External links
http://www.aec.gov.au/pdf/redistributions/2005/qld/object/QO84.pdf

1943 births
Living people
National Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia
Liberal National Party of Queensland members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Maranoa
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Members of the Order of Australia
Australian pastoralists
People educated at Anglican Church Grammar School
21st-century Australian politicians
20th-century Australian politicians

Bruce Scott (Australian politician)