In the game of baseball, the official scorer is a person appointed by the league to record the events on the field, and to send the official scoring record of the game back to the league offices. In addition to recording the events on the field such as the outcome of each plate appearance and the circumstances of any baserunner's advance around the bases, the official scorer is also charged with making judgment calls that do not affect the progress or outcome of the game. Judgment calls are primarily made about errors, unearned runs, fielder's choice, the value of hits in certain situations, and wild pitches, all of which are included in the record compiled. This record is used to compile statistics for each player and team. A box score is a summary of the official scorer's game record.

Newspaper writers initially performed this function in the early days of Major League Baseball (MLB). As the importance of baseball player statistics increased, teams began to pressure writer-scorers for favorable scoring decisions for their players in games played at home stadiums, and a home team scoring bias was perceived by many coaches, players, and writers. Controversies related to perceived bias or errors in scoring have led to questions about important baseball records, including several no-hitters and Joe DiMaggio's 56-game hitting streak of 1941. By 1979, many major newspapers decided to ban their writers from scoring baseball games due to conflict-of-interest concerns, and in 1980 MLB began to hire independent official scorers.

Since 1980, some reforms have been suggested to improve the performance of official scorers. In 2001, MLB formed a scoring committee to review their performance, and by 2008 the committee was given the authority to overturn scoring decisions. This authority was used by the scoring committee three times during the 2009 season. In 2006, an academic study seemed to confirm the historical existence of a home-team bias in scoring decisions, but this measurable bias decreased after 1979.

History

Henry Chadwick is generally credited with the invention of scorekeeping in baseball. Chadwick was also the inventor of the modern box score and the writer of the first rule book for the game of baseball. Since baseball statistics were initially a subject of interest to sportswriters, the role of the official scorer in Major League Baseball (MLB) in the early days of the sport was performed by newspaper writers. A judgment call that is required by the official scorer does not alter the outcome of a game, but these judgments impact the statistical records of the game. As the subjective scoring decisions which are used to calculate baseball statistics began to be used to determine the relative value of baseball players, MLB began to require approval from the league before a writer-scorer could be assigned to produce the scoring report for a game. By the 1970s, writers who were willing to score games for MLB were required to have attended 100 or more games per year in the prior three years and to be chosen by the local chapter chairman of the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA). Qualified candidates for scoring were submitted to the leagues for approval.

Early controversies

Baseball writer-scorers usually worked at the games played at the home stadium of the team which they covered for their newspaper. The writer-scorers were tasked with making objective decisions that could impact the statistics of the team they were writing about. Because of this affiliation, the official scorer was often presumed by the baseball players and managers to favor the home team when making the required judgment calls during the course of a game.

Criticism of scoring decisions date to the earliest days of the game. Some historians claim that Joe DiMaggio's record 56-game hitting streak in 1941 was made possible by several generous rulings at Yankee Stadium. In 1953, Al Rosen narrowly missed being recognized for achieving a rare "triple crown" in hitting after a questioned error caused him to finish the season one hit short of winning the American League batting title.

Although scoring decisions were widely believed to favor the hitter over the defense, many players believed this bias shifts in favor of the pitcher when he carries a no-hitter (where a pitcher throws a complete game without giving up a hit) into the late innings. Infielder Davey Johnson said, "I've been involved in five or six no-hit games, and all of them were suspected of being helped by hometown scoring." One of the last controversies of the writer-scorer era was seen in a 1978 game at St. Louis. In that game, St. Louis pitcher Bob Forsch was pitching a no-hitter in the 8th inning against Philadelphia when a hard ground ball hit into the hole between shortstop and third was narrowly missed by third baseman Ken Reitz. The official scorer Neal Russo (who was a writer for a local newspaper) judged the play to be an error rather than a hit, and Forsch went on to pitch the first no-hitter of the 1978 season.

Newspaper reaction

A player's baseball statistics can increase or reduce the leverage which he may have in future contract negotiations. Many players also have monetary incentives written in their contracts which are based on statistical measurements, and official scorers have the option to reverse a scoring decision within 24 hours of the conclusion of a game. Because of this, baseball writer-scorers were often subject to pressure from the players they were covering in their newspaper. After a game in 1962, infielder Jerry Adair asked for a meeting with local writer Neal Eskridge after learning that he was the scorer for the game. Angry about an error he had received in the game, Jerry "cursed [Neal] thoroughly and imaginatively, and told him, 'Never talk to me again. They reportedly did not speak to each other for almost four years. In the early days of baseball, a disagreement over a scoring decision occasionally led to physical altercations between the player and the writer. Confrontational incidents decreased after 1974 following a warning from MLB.

The pressure and the perceived conflict of interest faced by the baseball writers who scored games for MLB eventually led many major newspapers to end the practice for their employees. In 1958, The Washington Post prohibited their writers from scoring baseball games. Over the next two decades other major newspapers joined in the writer-scorer ban, including The New York Times, the Los Angeles Times, The Boston Globe, and the major daily newspapers published in Atlanta, Detroit, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, and Philadelphia. In 1980, MLB resolved the conflict by directly hiring official scorers for each stadium.

After 1980
Today, the MLB commissioner's office directly employs the official scorers who are responsible for producing score reports, although most scorers are hired on the recommendation of the public relations directors of baseball teams. Official scorers are typically retired writers, coaches, and umpires. Unlike umpiring teams, MLB official scorers do not typically travel between stadiums. Each official scorer is assigned to a stadium for the season, with each stadium having one or more scorers. Scorers now have access to replay video from different angles which they can review before making a decision. As of 2012, MLB official scorers earned $150 per game. Official scorers are not required to meet the old BBWAA requirements, and are also no longer required to pass a written test, which was once administered by the National League before it was phased out in the mid-1990s. Potential scorers are generally required to briefly apprentice under an existing scorer before they are allowed to work alone.

Official scorers are only occasionally terminated, but there have been cases when a scorer was replaced after making decisions which displeased the home team. In 1992 the Seattle Mariner players signed a petition to have their official scorer replaced, and in 2001 the management of the Boston Red Sox ordered that a rookie scorer not be allowed to score another game after pitcher Hideo Nomo lost a no-hitter on a close play in right field that was ruled a hit rather than an error.

In 2001, MLB formed a scoring committee to evaluate the performance of official scorers. In 2008, the scoring committee was given the authority to enforce the portion of rule 10.01(a) which allows the league to change a scoring decision that is "clearly erroneous". The committee has used this authority on a few occasions, having overturned three scoring decisions in the 2009 season. The scoring committee came under some scrutiny after a game on August 31, 2008. Milwaukee pitcher CC Sabathia threw a disputed 7–0 one-hit shutout against Pittsburgh. Milwaukee manager Ned Yost argued that the hit recorded by Pittsburgh should have been recorded as an error by the pitcher, but Pittsburgh official scorer Bob Webb disagreed. Yost commented, "That's a joke. That wasn't even close. Whoever the scorekeeper was absolutely denied major league baseball a nice no-hitter right there." The official scorer had argued that the batter was too close to first base to be put out by a clean play. Milwaukee appealed the ruling to the scoring committee, but on September 3 the committee reviewed the footage and supported the ruling by Webb, saying the ruling was not "clearly erroneous" as required by rule 10.01(a).

Outside MLB
Official scorers in the minor leagues are generally hired by the teams to score games at their stadium. Some minor league scorers have a history or connection with the team, including former players, former coaches, and local writers. Official scorers for international baseball competitions are generally selected by the organizer of the competition.

Analysis and proposed changes
Baseball players, managers, and writers have speculated about bias by the official scorer for decades, but this subject has been objectively studied only recently. In 2006, the rate at which errors have been recorded in MLB by the official scorer was investigated under many situations. The rate at which errors are called is higher when the quality of fielding is suspect and is lower when playing conditions are better, but these factors do not fully explain variations in error rate. After other known factors are accounted for, evidence was found that official scorers are biased toward the home team, but that this bias was reduced after the end of the writer-scorer era in 1979. Further, errors are significantly more likely to be called in the National League than in the American League.

Changes have been proposed over the years to reduce possible inconsistencies between scorers and possible mistakes made by the official scorer, especially as the end of the writer-scorer era began to seem likely in the late 1970s. The BBWAA and professional baseball umpires have suggested the creation of a "fifth umpire". Four-man umpire crews rotate officiating responsibilities after each game, and travel to several stadiums per year. This new fifth umpire would travel with the umpiring crew to score games and take his turn on the bases, but MLB has been reluctant to incur the increased cost. More recently, there have been suggestions to move the official scorer out of the press box and closer to the field behind the plate to get the best view of the game. MLB has conceded that this could be a good idea, but it is not currently feasible because of the design of most stadiums in the league.

Responsibilities

The rules which govern the official scorer are spelled out in Rule 10 of the official rules of baseball. The fundamental responsibilities of the official scorer are explained in rule 10.01.

Rule 10.01
The rules of baseball require that the official scorer views the game only from the press box, for two basic reasons. First, this ensures that every scorer has nearly the same perspective of the game. One of the intentions of this rule is to improve consistency in scorekeeping decisions between different official scorers working on different games at the same stadium, and between scorers in different stadiums. Second, the press box is the most neutral position within the stadium. Seated in the press box, the official scorer is surrounded by writers and broadcasters who are ostensibly neutral, and the scorer is less likely to be unduly influenced by the players, the coaches, and the crowd.

Rule 10.01 states that the scorer is never allowed to make scorekeeping decisions that conflict with the official rules governing scorekeeping. The official scorer is permitted to view available replays and to solicit the opinions of others, but the official scorer is given the sole authority to make the judgment calls that are required in the score report. When a judgment call is made, the official scorer is obligated to immediately communicate that decision to the media in the press box and to the broadcasters, usually through a microphone. The official scorer has up to 24 hours to reconsider or reverse a judgment call that was made during the game. In rare circumstances, MLB's scoring committee may reverse a scoring decision that is "clearly erroneous".

Finally, within 36 hours of a game's conclusion (including the conclusion of a suspended game), the official scorer is required to create a summary of the game using a form established by the league. This task is performed for each game that is scored, including called games which must be completely replayed at a later date, and games that end in forfeit. The information in the score report includes the date, location of the game, the names of the teams, the names of the umpires who officiated the game, the final score, and the data that is required in rule 10.02.

Judgment calls
Most plays in the game are resolved in such a way that the scorer is not given multiple choices when recording the outcome of the play, but several types of plays are open to the interpretation of the official scorer. In any judgment call where the official scorer is required to decide whether to credit a hit to the batter, the scorer is guided by rule 10.05. This rule directs the official scorer to "give the benefit of the doubt to the hitter when the scorer believes that the decision to credit the batter with a hit is equally valid to an alternative scoring decision". In a similarly difficult judgment call where the official scorer believes that an earned run or an unearned run are equally valid scoring decisions, rule 10.16 directs the official scorer to "give the benefit of the doubt to the pitcher".

Errors
The decision to charge an error to the defense is the most well-known responsibility of the official scorer. Some situations automatically call for an error to be charged to the defense, but most charged errors are the result of a play that requires a judgment call. Broadly speaking, an error is charged to the defense when an "ordinary effort" by the defense would have either recorded an out or prevented a runner from advancing, but the defense fails to do so. When an error is charged, the official scorer must charge the error to one of the fielders who were involved in the play. Errors are primarily discussed in rule 10.12.

One exception in this rule occurs when the defense makes at least one out and attempts to complete a double play or triple play. An error is not charged in that situation if a wild throw allows the runner to reach safely. If a wild throw allows the runner to advance an additional base, an error may then be charged for the additional advance. However, if an accurate throw is made in time to complete a double play or triple play, but the fielder on the base fails to make the catch, an error may be charged.

Rule 10.12 also states that an error should not be charged for a "mental mistake" by the defense. Rather, errors are charged when the defense attempts to make a logical play against the offense, but fails to record an out or prevent an advance due to a mechanical misplay. There is one rare exception to this rule against charging an error for a "mental mistake". If a fielder fails to tag the runner, batter, or a base in a force situation in time to record an out when he could have done so, that fielder is charged with an error.

The most common judgment call involving an error occurs when the defense fails to put out a batter-runner who puts the ball in play. If the out is not recorded and the official scorer believes that an "ordinary effort" by the defense would have resulted in an out, the defense is charged with an error, and the batter is not credited with a hit. Other common situations requiring a judgment call include unintentionally dropped foul balls that allow the batter to continue his at-bat, and poor throws to the next base when a runner attempts to advance.

One of the most controversial and poorly understood situations related to the charging of an error occurs when an outfielder misjudges the flight of a ball and allows the ball to drop out of his reach. This is usually considered to be a "mental mistake" by the outfielder, so the batter is usually credited with a hit. On that topic Bill Shannon, who was an official scorer for the New York Yankees, said "That's a base hit whether we like it or not. As a practical matter, we don't charge errors on those plays. No one says that baseball is entirely fair." Outfielders are generally charged with an error on a fly ball when they arrive at the ball's destination with sufficient time to make a catch with an ordinary effort, but simply miss the catch or drop the ball.

Unearned runs
Earned runs are runs that are directly attributable to a pitcher's efforts without a lapse by the defense. An unearned run does not adversely impact a pitcher's earned run average (ERA), and is only possible when an error (including catcher's interference) or a passed ball occurs earlier in the inning. Unearned runs are primarily discussed in rule 10.16 and often require a judgment call by the official scorer.

At the conclusion of an inning during which runs are scored after an error or passed ball, the official scorer attempts to recreate the events of the inning without the errors or passed balls. If in the official scorer's opinion a run would not have scored without the defensive lapses, then the run is unearned. If the scorer believes that a run would have scored anyway, the run is earned and charged to the pitcher. In one basic example, if the first batter reaches by an error, the second batter hits a home run, and the next three batters strike out, then one of the two runs scored was unearned. There are rules and restrictions which govern this general guideline.

When reconstructing an inning without errors or passed balls:

 Potential outs that were not recorded because of an error are presumed to be an out when the inning is reconstructed by the official scorer.
 Intentional walks which were issued are still presumed to be walks.
 Runs that are scored after what should have been the third out are automatically considered to be unearned.
 When the batter is given first base because of catcher's interference or obstruction, the official scorer does not presume that an out would have been recorded on that runner, but if that runner later scores the run is unearned.
 A run scored by a runner who advances due to an error or passed ball is unearned, unless it would not have made a difference in the reconstruction of the inning.

Most of the above rules are straightforward, but some judgment is required by the official scorer when a baserunner advances due to a defensive lapse and later scores. In this situation, the official scorer must decide what would have happened if the runner had not advanced. This is often an easy decision, but it can occasionally be difficult. In one difficult example with a runner on first and two outs, the batter hits a single but a defensive error allows an advance by the lead runner from second to third, and a soft run-scoring single is hit followed by an out. In that situation, the offense "should" have had runners on first and second with 2 outs when the run-scoring single was hit. Since the next batter was put out, the official scorer must decide based on the hit, the speed of the baserunner, and the positioning of the defense whether the runner would have been able to score from second in the reconstruction of the inning without the error.

Fielder's choice
In the rules of baseball, aside from the rare case of interference or obstruction, a batter who puts a ball into play and safely reaches first base is ruled to have reached in one of three possible ways: a hit, an error, or by fielder's choice. Fielder's choice is primarily discussed in rules 10.05 and 10.06, and it generally occurs when it is judged that a batter-runner would have been put out had the defense chosen to do so.

Most judgment calls made by the official scorer under this rule occur in three situations: when an infielder, pitcher, or catcher attempts to put out an unforced preceding runner who is attempting to advance one base, when any fielder attempts and fails to put out a forced preceding runner, and when any fielder attempts and fails to put out an unforced preceding runner who returns to their original base. In these situations, the official scorer is required to determine whether the batter-runner would have safely reached first base if the defense made an ordinary effort to put him out. If the defense could not be reasonably expected to make the play, the batter is credited with a hit, otherwise he is ruled to have reached by fielder's choice. If an error is made on the attempt to put out a preceding runner, that has no impact on this decision. It is instead noted to have occurred in addition to the hit or fielder's choice.

In some cases the official scorer is not given the discretion to decide between awarding a hit to the batter or ruling that he safely reached first base by fielder's choice. If a preceding runner is forced out or if an unforced preceding runner is put out while attempting to return to their original base, a hit is automatically not credited and the batter by rule is judged to have reached by a fielder's choice. In some situations this rule may appear unfair to the batter. For example, if the batter is a fast runner, the ball is slowly hit to the third baseman, and an unforced runner from second realizes (too late) that he can not safely advance, the batter-runner will lose the potential hit on a fielder's choice by the third baseman. This occurs regardless of whether the batter-runner would have reached first base with an ordinary effort to put him out.

Value of hits
In cases where a batter indisputably gets a hit and is able to safely advance past first base on the play, the value of that hit may be adjusted by the official scorer because of an error or a fielder's choice.

If the defense attempts to put out a preceding runner during the play, the official scorer must determine whether the batter would have reached second or third base safely had the defense attempted to limit the batter's advance. For example, if a runner on second attempts to score after a soft hit to center field and the center fielder chooses to throw to home while the batter advances to second, the official scorer must decide the value of the hit. In this situation, the scorer may either choose to credit the batter with a double, or the scorer may rule that the batter hit a single with an advance to second by fielder's choice. This is often referred to as "an advance on the throw".

If an error occurs during the play when a batter records a hit, the official scorer must determine whether the batter would have advanced as far as he did had the error not occurred. For example, if a batter hits a ball into an outfield gap, the ball is badly misplayed by an outfielder attempting to retrieve and throw the ball back into the infield, and the batter is able to reach all four bases to score, then the official scorer must decide whether an error should be charged to the outfielder. If no error is charged, then the batter would be credited with an "inside the park" home run. If an error is charged to the outfielder, then the batter would likely be credited with either a double or triple.

Wild pitch
When a baserunner is able to advance after a pitch is not caught or controlled by the catcher, the official scorer must determine whether the advance was due to a wild pitch or a passed ball. The pitch is never considered to be an error. If a pitch is thrown so high, wide, or low in relation to the strike zone that a catcher is not able to catch or control the ball with ordinary effort before a runner can advance, the advance is ruled to have occurred by a wild pitch. Any such pitch which strikes the ground before it reaches home plate is automatically considered to be a wild pitch. However, a pitch is not a wild pitch merely because it is off-target. If the official scorer determines that the catcher should have been able to control the pitch and prevent an advance with ordinary effort, then the catcher is charged with a passed ball on the advance.

One exception to this rule occurs when a baserunner attempts to steal a base. If the runner "starts for the next base" before the pitcher delivers the pitch, the runner is credited with a stolen base and a wild pitch or passed ball is not charged. If a wild pitch or passed ball allows a runner to advance beyond the base that is stolen, the scorer may rule that the further advance occurred by a wild pitch or passed ball.

Other judgment calls
Some relatively uncommon situations may also require a judgment call by the official scorer.

When a defensive player has the ball and can end the play by preventing further advance, but fails to do so because of a mental mistake (not an error) and a runner subsequently scores, the official scorer must decide whether to credit the batter with a run batted in (RBI). If the runner recognized the mistake after slowing or pausing his advance, an RBI is not credited. If the runner was oblivious to the mistake or runs home without slowing, the batter is credited with an RBI.

If a runner advances because the defense does nothing to try to stop the advance, the scorer may rule that the advance was due to defensive indifference and no stolen base is credited. However, a throw is not required for a stolen base. If a fielder begins to visibly make an attempt to prevent an advance but then elects not to throw, the advance is not due to defensive indifference.

When a batter attempts a sacrifice bunt and the resulting bunt is so well-placed that he safely reaches first base, the official scorer may elect to credit the batter with a hit instead of a sacrifice if there is no error on the play and an ordinary effort by the defense would not have recorded an out.

Finally, when the starting pitcher of the winning team does not qualify for the win under rule 10.17, and the relief pitcher who would otherwise qualify for the win pitches "ineffectively" in a "brief appearance", the official scorer may choose to credit a "succeeding relief pitcher" with the win.

See also
 Red Foley, a sportswriter and official scorer
 J.G. Taylor Spink, an official scorer
 Dubious Goals Committee (English Premier League soccer)

References

Sources

Further reading

External links
 MLB Official Rule 9.00: The Rules of Scoring

Baseball occupations

Official scorer


Ahmed Zahir (1946, Kabil - 1979, Sâlânk Tüneli, Pervân), Afgan şarkıcı-şarkı yazarıdır.

1946 yılında doğan sanatçı, başbakanlık da yapmış olan doktor Abdul Zahir'in oğludur. Habibia Lisesi'nden mezun olmuş, trafik kazasında ölene kadar ailesince hoş karşılanmadığı düşündüğü için herkesten habersiz amatör kayıtlar yaparak çalışmalarını sürdürmüştür. Afganistan'ın en ünlü ve en etkili müzisyenidir ve öldükten sonra 22 albümü çıkmıştır. Geleneksel Afgan müziğine etkisi büyük olmuştur ve şarkıları, bestelenmiş gazelleri, şiirleriyle hayli meşhurdur.

33 yaşında Sovyetler'in desteğiyle komünistlerin düzenlediği suikast sonucu vefat ettikten sonra çalışmaları gün ışığına çıktı ve Afganların kahramanı haline geldi. Afgan dilinin ve müziğinin en etkili ismi sayıldı. Aynı zamanda Reşat ve Şebnem adında iki çocuğu vardır.

Paul Mauriat başta olmak üzere pek çok ülkeden sanatçı tarafından farklı sözlerle kayda alınmış "Tanha Shodam" adlı şarkı da sanatçıya aittir.

Kaynakça

1946 doğumlular
Kabil doğumlular
Afgan besteciler
Afgan müzisyenler
Afgan sekülaristler
20. yüzyıl erkek şarkıcıları
Tacik asıllı Afganlar
1979 yılında ölenler
Trafik kazasında ölen şarkıcılar

Ahmed Zahir


25836 Harishvemuri este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
25836 Harishvemuri este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Socorro, New Mexico, în cadrul proiectului LINEAR. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,91 ua, o excentricitate de 0,01 și o înclinație de 3,2° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 25001-26000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2000
Centura de asteroizi

25836 Harishvemuri


11473 Barbaresco este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
11473 Barbaresco este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Stația Anderson Mesa de Edward L. G. Bowell. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,63 ua, o excentricitate de 0,25 și o înclinație de 9,9° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 11001-12000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1982
Centura de asteroizi

11473 Barbaresco


Emiroğlu, Kahramanmaraş ilinin Pazarcık ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe

Coğrafya
Kahramanmaraş iline 42 km, Pazarcık ilçesine 29 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar

Pazarcık'ın mahalleleri

Emiroğlu, Pazarcık


Now, Diabolical šesti je studijski album norveškog black metal-sastava Satyricon. U Europi ga je 17. travnja 2006. objavila diskografska kuća Roadrunner Records, a u Sjevernoj Americi ga je 13. lipnja iste godine objavio Century Media Records.

Objava
Digipak-inačica i gramofonska inačica albuma sadrže dodatnu pjesmu "Storm (of the Destroyer)". S uratka su objavljena dva singla: "K.I.N.G." i "The Pentagram Burns". Za obje je pjesme snimljen i glazbeni spot.

Recenzije
AllMusicov mu je recenzent Eduardo Rivadavia dodijelio tri i pol zvjezdice od njih pet, a o stilu albuma napisao je: "Kad god Satyricon objavi novi album koji ne ugađa zastarjeloj i jednostavnoj "necro-kvlt" inačici norveškog black metala koji je svirao početkom 90-ih (uz Darkthrone, Ulver, Enslaved itd.), kritiziraju ga. Njegov šesti studijski album Now, Diabolical nije iznimka i ne bi se moglo reći da šokira više od Volcanoa, svojeg slično nekonvencionalna prethodnika iz 2002.; budući da sastav trenutačno želi učiniti više s manje, [taj album] predstavlja samo sljedeći logičan korak u tom smjeru." Dodao je: "[N]a pjesmama kao što su 'A New Enemy', 'That Darkness Shall Be Eternal' i naslovna pjesma ovaj dvojac koji čine Satyr i Frost prije svega slijede jednostavnost; dosljedno odbacuju složene aranžmane i prerazmetljive glazbeničke vještine te se priklanjaju gotovo industrijalnu osjećaju za disciplinu dok sviraju svoje hipnotičke rifove, zlokobne melodije i statične ritmove."

Blabbermouth.net dodijelio mu je sedam i pol od deset bodova i izjavio: "Pjesme kao što su naslovna pjesma i 'K.I.N.G.' utemeljene su na [...] ritmičnosti. Snažni ritmovi i Satyrovi vokalni obrasci iznimno su pamtljivi. [Ovaj album] ne pokušava virtuoznošću ili nerazumljivim dodatcima dokazati neku vrstu kredibiliteta za podzemlje. Utemeljen je na čvrstim i snažnim ritmovima te mahanju glave uz režanje."

Popis pjesama

Zasluge

Satyricon
Satyr – vokali, gitara, klavijatura, efekti, aranžman za rogove, produkcija, dodatna tonska obrada, umjetnički direktor
Frost – bubnjevi
Dodatni glazbenici
Øivind Westby – aranžman za rogove
Thomas Røisland – tuba
John Woz – vokali (na pjesmi "A New Enemy")
Lars Norberg – bas-gitara

Ostalo osoblje
Pytten – tonska obrada
Erik Ljunggren – tonska obrada, efekti
Mike Cashin – dodatna tonska obrada, pomoć pri miksanju
Chris Samson – dodatna tonska obrada
Mike Fraser – miksanje
Eric Mosher – pomoć pri miksanju
Espen Berg – mastering
Snorre W. Ruch – pretprodukcija
Unit Delta Plus – dizajn
Superlow – dizajn
Per Heimly – fotografija

Ljestvice

Izvori

Albumi iz 2006.
Albumi sastava Satyricon

Now, Diabolical


Warner University is a  private Christian university in Lake Wales, Florida. It is affiliated with the Church of God.

History
Warner Southern College was founded in 1968 by the Southeastern Association of the Church of God in Anderson, Indiana. The first freshman class of 27 students entered in the fall of 1968. In 2008, the name was changed to Warner University.

Campus
Warner's  campus is located  south of Lake Wales, Florida, in the geographic center of the state between Tampa and Orlando.

Student enrollment
Enrollment hit an all-time record high of 1,215 students in the fall of 2017 and the university has a student-to-faculty ratio of 16:1. Its student body represents over 28 states and 19 countries. 43% of undergraduates at Warner University are first-generation college students. In 2019–2020, gender distribution was 54 percent male students and 46 percent female students.

Awards and recognition
Warner University was ranked #103-135 in Regional Universities South by U.S. News & World Report in 2022-23.

Warner University was ranked #63 the Regional Colleges South category of U.S. News & World Reports "Best Colleges."

Warner University's ranking in the 2020 edition of U.S. News & World Reports "Best Colleges" is #58 in the Regional Colleges South category. Schools are ranked according to their performance across a set of widely accepted indicators of excellence.

Academics
Warner is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools and offers over 30 undergraduate degree programs for traditional students. For working adults, Warner offers a Master of Business Administration, a Master of Arts in education, a Master of Science in management, a Bachelor of Science in Transformational Church Ministry, a Bachelor of Arts in Educational Studies, a Bachelor of Arts in Healthcare Management, and a Bachelor of Arts in Business Administration. These degrees are available in either an online or site-based format. In recent years, Warner added a Bachelor of Arts in Agricultural Studies.

Warner also supports a unique training facility known as the H.E.A.R.T. (Hunger Education and Resources Training) Institute. The HEART Institute is a simulated developing country village which trains students in missionary fieldwork while giving them an opportunity to live in an environment similar to many underdeveloped parts of the world.

Library
The Pontious Learning Resource Center serves as the academic library at Warner University. Its collection includes approximately 95,000 books and 8,000 periodical subscriptions in several different formats. The Pontious Learning Resource Center also offers several specialized collections including the Curriculum Materials Center, Instructional Materials Lab, and the Pioneer Room. The Pioneer Room houses the Church of God and Warner University archival materials.

Athletics

The Warner athletic teams are called the Royals. The university is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the Sun Conference (formerly known as the Florida Sun Conference (FSC) until after the 2007–08 school year) for most of its sports since the 1990–91 academic year; while its men's volleyball team competes in the Mid-South Conference (MSC). They are also a member of the National Christian College Athletic Association (NCCAA), primarily competing as an independent in the South Region of the Division I level.

Warner competes in 21 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, soccer, tennis, track & field and volleyball; women's sports include basketball, beach volleyball, cheerleading, cross country, dance, flag football, lacrosse, soccer, softball, tennis, track & field and volleyball; and co-ed sports include clay target. Former sports included men's & women's golf.

Volleyball
Warner was the first college/university to offer a varsity men's volleyball program in the state of Florida. The men's volleyball program participates in the Mid-South Conference (MSC). The program initially competed in the Mid-America Men's Volleyball Intercollegiate Conference (MAMVIC). The program made back-to-back appearances in the NAIA Men's Volleyball National Invitational Tournament in 2011 and 2012.

See also
 Independent Colleges and Universities of Florida

References

External links
 Official website
 Official athletics website

Liberal arts colleges in Florida
Universities and colleges affiliated with the Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)
Educational institutions established in 1968
Council for Christian Colleges and Universities
Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
Universities and colleges in Polk County, Florida
1968 establishments in Florida
Private universities and colleges in Florida

Warner University


Dorothy Buffum Chandler (May 19, 1901 – July 6, 1997; born Dorothy Mae Buffum) was a Los Angeles cultural leader. She is perhaps best known for her efforts on behalf of the performing arts.

Personal life
Born Dorothy Mae Buffum (nicknamed "Buff" or "Buffie") in 1901 in La Fayette, Illinois, she moved to Long Beach, California, in 1904 with her family. Her father, Charles Abel Buffum (later mayor 1921–1924), and her uncle, Edwin, opened the first of what would become the 16-store chain of Buffums department stores.

It was during her years at Long Beach High School that two characteristics that would help determine the kind of woman Dorothy Buffum Chandler would become were first evidenced:  She liked competition, especially against members of the opposite sex, and she had a recurring feeling, a "sense," really, of time slipping away while things that needed doing went undone. She was a good sprinter in high school, and looked on male students not so much as potential escorts but as objects of competition. "I didn't take to boys much except to run against them and beat them," she once said.

She attended Stanford University, where at a school dance she met Norman Chandler, eldest son of the family that had published the Los Angeles Times since 1883 and was a significant social and political force in the area. She was a member of Pi Beta Phi sorority. The two married in 1922, and had two children, Camilla and Otis, both born in 1927. At the time of her death in 1997, she had eight grandchildren and 14 great-grandchildren.

In 1945, her husband became publisher of the Times, a position he held until he was succeeded by their son, Otis, in 1960. Norman Chandler died in 1973. Dorothy Chandler never remarried.

Los Tiempos (the Times) was Norman and Buff's grand house on Lorraine Blvd. in Windsor Square, Los Angeles, where she lived until her death.

Career

Times Mirror Company
Chandler worked at the Times or its parent, the Times Mirror Company, from 1948 to 1976. She was a director of Times Mirror from 1955 until 1973, when she was named director emeritus.

She initiated the Times Woman of the Year award, which was given to 243 women from 1950 through 1976.

Other Volunteer work
In 1956, President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed Mrs. Chandler to his Committee on Education Beyond the High School and, in 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson named her to the U.S. Advisory Commission on Information.

Fundraising for the Arts
As the wife of the publisher of the city's leading newspaper, Dorothy Chandler became active in Los Angeles cultural circles.

In 1950, a financial crisis closed the Hollywood Bowl during its summer season. Chandler chaired a committee that organized a series of fundraising concerts that was able to reopen it, and she later served as president of its parent organization, the Southern California Symphony Association.

From this early success, she started a longer effort to build a performing arts center for Los Angeles. In 1955 she raised $400,000 at a benefit concert at the Ambassador Hotel featuring Dinah Shore, Danny Kaye and Jack Benny. This fundraiser began a nine-year crusade that raised some $20 million of the estimated $35 million total cost; the remainder was paid through private bond sales.

Mrs. Chandler sought funds from both the long established "old money" families of Pasadena, but also to "new money" sources on the city's Westside and Hollywood, many of whom were Jewish. "Before the Music Center," said the late attorney Paul Ziffren, "Jews were not a part of the social life of this community." Mrs. Chandler, he said, "was primarily responsible for opening up this community in terms of Jews and Gentiles."

She was featured on the cover of the December 18, 1964, issue of Time magazine, which praised her fundraising efforts as "perhaps the most impressive display of virtuoso money-raising and civic citizenship in the history of U.S. womanhood."

The Los Angeles Music Center held its first performance on December 6, 1964. The 24-year old conductor that Chandler hired, Zubin Mehta, led the Los Angeles Philharmonic orchestra. "We have given it bricks and mortar. Now we must give it a soul", Mrs. Chandler opined that evening.

The complex was completed in 1967, consisting of three venues: the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion, named in honor of Chandler, the Mark Taper Forum and the Ahmanson Theatre. The Chandler Pavilion served as the home of the Los Angeles Philharmonic from 1964 until 2003, when the Music Center opened its fourth hall, the Walt Disney Concert Hall.

Writing in The Powers That Be, David Halberstam said Mrs. Chandler was a "woman before her time. A feminist in pioneer country. Always, above all else, a presence."

Former Mayor Tom Bradley declared her "a giant in the cultural life of Los Angeles. We shall always remember her whenever we see the Music Center, knowing that without her vision and energetic leadership, it would not have been built in our lifetime."

On September 17, 2005, the Walt Disney Concert Hall held a Dorothy Chandler memorial concert.

Higher education
Chandler served as a regent and chairwoman of the Building Committee of the University of California from 1954 to 1968, during its period of most rapid growth, when the system grew from five to nine campuses. She also served as a trustee of Occidental College from 1952 to 1967.

Awards
 1971: the Herbert Hoover Medal for Distinguished Service, awarded by the Stanford University Alumni Assn.
1974: Humanitarian Award from Variety Clubs International
 1982: UCLA Medal from the University of California, Los Angeles
 1985: National Medal of Arts from the National Endowment for the Arts

References

External links

 Los Angeles Music Center, biography
 Historical Society of Southern California, biography by Albert Greenstein, 1999
Los Angeles Times Obituary

1901 births
1997 deaths
Otis family
History of Los Angeles
People from Los Angeles
Philanthropists from California
United States National Medal of Arts recipients
University of California regents
American women in business
20th-century American philanthropists
20th-century American women
20th-century American people
Chandler family (newspaper publishers)
People from Stark County, Illinois
People from Long Beach, California
Stanford University alumni
Long Beach Polytechnic High School alumni

Dorothy Buffum Chandler


Gunvá við Keldu (født 1966 i Klaksvík) er en færøsk grafiker og politiker (FF).

Hun har handelseksamen fra Føroya Handilsskúli 1988–1990 og er uddannet grafiker fra Den Grafiske Højskole i Danmark 1998–2000. Hun arbejdede som grafisk designer ved avisen Dimmalætting 1995–1998 og i dag ejer af firmaet Vasti/Estra.

Gunvá við Keldu har siddet i kommunalbestyrelsen i Klaksvíkar kommuna for Fólkaflokkurin siden 1. januar 2005, og var borgmester fra 1. januar 2009 til 31. desember 2012. Fra 2011-13 var hun desuden formand for Kommunusamskipan Føroya.

Gunvá við Keldu er datter af Jógvan við Keldu.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Profil  hos Fólkaflokkurin
 Profil hos LinkedIn
 Klaksvíkar kommuna

Borgmestre fra Færøerne
Politikere fra Fólkaflokkurin
Grafikere fra Færøerne
Personer fra Klaksvik
Erhvervsfolk fra Færøerne
Kommunalbestyrelsesmedlemmer fra Færøerne

Gunvá við Keldu


La transferencia de población polaca de los antiguos territorios orientales de Polonia, también conocida como el vuelo y expulsión de polacos al final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial alude a la migración forzosa de polacos entre 1944 y 1946. Esta fue una política oficial de la Unión Soviética que buscaba despoblar la zona de Kresy de población polaca (cerca de un millón de personas) (ver: Territorios polacos anexionados por la Unión Soviética a las  RSS Ucraniana, RSS Bielorrusa y RSS Lituana de acuerdo a lo pactado en la Conferencia de Teherán de 1943).

El desplazamiento de las etnias polacas fue consensuado con los líderes aliados —Franklin D. Roosevelt de los Estados Unidos, Winston Churchill del Reino Unido, y Iósif Stalin de la Unión Soviética— durante la Conferencia de Teherán y la Conferencia de Yalta. En efecto, se convirtió en una de las mayores e importantes expulsiones de posguerra en Europa central y Europa del este, desplazando un total de 20 millones de personas. De acuerdo a los datos oficiales, durante la expulsión gubernamental controlada entre 1945 y 1946, 1 167 000 recibieron permiso para abandonar las repúblicas más occidentales de la Unión Soviética, de cuales menos del 50% fueron registrados como población desplazada.

Este proceso es conocido con diversos nombres como expulsión, deportación, depatriación, o repatriación dependiendo del contexto. Este último término, mientras que de forma oficial en tanto controlada por los comunistas de Polonia y la Unión Soviética, podría inducir a error, como en la mayoría de los casos las personas al salir de la zona salían de su país de origen en lugar de volver a él. También se refiere a veces como la primera repatriación, en contraste con la segunda repatriación entre los años 1955 y 1959. En un contexto más amplio, a veces es descrito como una culminación de un proceso de "despolonización" de las áreas anexionadas, durante y después de la II Guerra Mundial. El proceso fue planeado y llevado a cabo por los regímenes comunistas de la Unión Soviética y en la  Polonia de posguerra. Muchos de los repatriados polacos se establecieron en los Antiguos territorios orientales de Alemania, después de 1945, en los también llamados "Territorios recuperados" por la Población de la república de Polonia.

Antecedentes

Las imprecisiones aparecieron en el censo soviético de 1926, donde la población de etnia polaca baja en beneficio de las etnias rusa o ucraniana. Las relaciones polaco-soviéticas se deterioraron aún más después de 1933 con el descubrimiento de la existencia de una organización secreta de inteligencia polaca (see Prometheism). Los polacos asociados a esta organización fueron arrestados y ejecutados. El XII Congreso de la Partido Comunista de la Unión Soviética propuso la expulsión de los polacos del oeste de Ucrania a las regiones orientales de la URSS para añadir a los 58.000 polacos que ya vivían en Siberia después de las Particiones de Polonia. Una lista de 8.352 familias fueron marcadas para su deportación.

Las deportaciones en masa comenzaron en el otoño de 1935 con el fin de eliminar a los polacos de las regiones fronterizas y facilitar el reasentamiento en estas áreas de etnias rusas. Sólo en ese año, 1.500 familias fueron deportadas de Ucrania. En 1936, otras 5.000 familias polacas fueron deportadas a Kazajistán. Las deportaciones fueron acompañadas por la eliminación gradual de las instituciones culturales de Polonia. Los periódicos en polaco se cerraron, al igual que los cursos de lengua polaca en los Institutos Pedagógicos en Ucrania. En el censo 1937-38, la población polaca en Ucrania había disminuido oficialmente en 120.000 personas.

Momento histórico

La historia del asentamiento de polacos en lo que hoy es Ucrania se remonta a 1030-31. Se intensificó después de la Unión de Lublin en 1569, cuando la mayoría del territorio pasó a formar parte de la recién creada Mancomunidad polaco-lituana. De 1657 a 1793 alrededor de 80 iglesias católicas y monasterios fueron construidos solo en Volinia. La expansión del catolicismo en Lémkivschyna (véase Lemkos), Chełm, Podlaskie, Brześć, Galitzia, Volinia y Margen derecho de Ucrania estuvo acompañado por la polonización de algunos ucranianos. Los conflictos sociales y étnicos surgieron en relación con las diferencias de las prácticas religiosas entre las iglesias católica y ortodoxa y la celebración de la Unión de Brest.

En 1914, había cerca de 1.640.000 de polacos viviendo en esta región. En 1917, la población polaca de Kiev era de 42.800. En julio de 1917, cuando las relaciones entre la República Popular Ucraniana y Rusia se tensaron, el Consejo democrático polaco de Kiev dio apoyo de la parte ucraniana en el conflicto con Petrogrado. Durante la existencia de la República Popular Ucraniana se creó un ministerio para asuntos polacos noviembre de 1917 dirigido por M. Mickiewycz. Durante ese período, existían 1.300 escuelas polacas funcionado con 1.800 profesores y 84.000 estudiantes.

En la región de Podilya en 1917 había 290 escuelas polacas. Las acciones bolcheviques de 1920, sin embargo, alentaron la emigración de la población polaca a Polonia. En 1922, 120.000 polacos fueron repatriados a Polonia.

A raíz de la guerra polaco-soviética, la República Popular de Ucrania no consiguió alcanzar la independencia, a pesar del Tratado de Varsovia de 1920, y en el Tratado de Riga en 1921, los territorios en disputa se dividieron entre la Segunda República de Polonia y la RSS de Ucrania (desde 1922, una parte de la Unión Soviética).

En Polonia, 8.625 colonos (la mayoría de etnia polaca) fueron reasentados por el gobierno en Kresy. La repoblación del este con polacos fue abrumadora. En cambio, en el Voivodato polaco de Volinia (:en:Wołyń Voivodeship (1921–1939)), que contaba con 1.437.569 habitantes en 1921, el número de colonos polacos no superó los 15.000 (3.128 refugiados de la Rusia bolchevique, alrededor de 7000 miembros de la administración local y 2.600 colonos militares (:en:Osadnik). La situación por otro lado, se agravó ya que solo un 4% de los colonos recién llegados habían residido en dicha tierra, mientras que la mayoría tuvo que alquilar a los granjeros locales su tierra, una situación inaceptable para muchos habitantes de los superpoblada y hambrienta regiín. Lo cual incrementó estas tensiones entra la minoría ucraniana en Polonia y el gobierno polaco.

De acuerdo con el protocolo adicional secreto del Pacto Ribbentrop-Mólotov, firmado en agosto de 1939 entre la Alemania nazi y la Unión Soviética, Alemania invadió Polonia Occidental. Dos semanas más tarde, la Unión Soviética invadió Polonia Oriental. Como consecuencia de estas invasiones, Polonia fue dividida entre Alemania nazi y la Unión Soviética (ver Territorios polacos anexionados por la Unión Soviética). De esta manera, en 1939 se produjo la anexión de Kresy por la Ucrania soviética y de Bielorrusia Occidental por la Bielorrusia soviética.

En 1944, la población de etnia polaca en Ucrania occidental era de 1.182.100 personas.

Mientras tanto el Gobierno polaco en el exilio en Londres afirmó su posición de aferrarse a las fronteras de 1939. Nikita Jruschov, por otro lado, aprobaba personalmente la obtención ilegal de territorios de Stalin a través del pacto Mólotov-Ribbentrop.

1944–1946

El documento que reflejaba el reasentamiento de etnias polacas desde las repúblicas soviéticas de Ucrania y Bielorrusia a Polonia fue firmado el 9 de septiembre de 1944 en Lublin por Jruschov y el dirigente del Comité polaco por la liberación nacional, Edward Osóbka-Morawski. El correspondiente documento para el trasvase de población desde la RSS de Lituania fue firmado el 22 de septiembre del mismo año. Este documento especificaba que población era susceptible de ser elegida para su reasentamiento (era primariamente aplicable a todos los polacos y judíos que fueron ciudadanos de la Segunda república polaca antes del 17 de septiembre de 1939 y sus familiares), qué propiedades podían llevar consigo y que tipo de ayuda recibirían de los correspondientes gobiernos. El reasentamiento fue dividido en dos fases: primero, los ciudadanos objetivo fueron registrados como solicitantes del re-asentamiento; segundo, su petición fue revisada y aprobada por los correspondientes gobiernos. Cerca de 750.000 polacos y judíos de las regiones occidentales de Ucrania fueron deportados, así como 200.000 de las regiones occidentales de Lituania y Bielorrusia. Las deportaciones se sucedieron hasta el 1 de agosto de 1946.

Transferencias de población desde Ucrania
Después de la Segunda guerra mundial, las tensiones entre las etnias polacas y las ucranianas se intensificaron, escalándose estas tensiones a la relación entre las organizaciones nacionalistas ucranianas como la Organización de Nacionalistas Ucranianos (OUN en ucraniano) y el Ejército Insurgente Ucraniano (ver: Masacre de polacos en Volinia) y el polaco Armia Krajowa. Por otro lado, el gobierno soviético estaba tratando activamente eliminar estas organizaciones, e hicieron poco para apoyar a la minoría polaca y alentaron la deportación. La prisa en que la repatriación se hizo fue tal que el líder polaco Bolesław Bierut se vio obligado a intervenir e interceder con Stalin para retardar esta repatriación, ya que el gobierno de la posguerra de Polonia se vio abrumado por la gran cantidad de refugiados.

Los polacos del sur Kresy (noroeste de Ucrania) recibieron dos opciones, ser deportados a  Siberia o Polonia, y la mayoría eligieron Polonia.

El gobierno polaco en el exilio en Londres envió sus directrices a sus organizaciones (ver Estado secreto polaco) en Leópolis y en otros grandes centros de población en Ucrania occidental para que no se trasladasen y se negasen a ser evacuados, prometiendo que en la conversaciones de paz mantendrían la región dentro de Polonia. Jruschov como resultado de esta directiva cambió su enfoque para tratar la "cuestión polaca". Hasta ese momento, los niños polacos podían recibir educación en polaco de acuerdo con el plan de estudios de la Polonia de preguerra. De la noche a la mañana, todas las escuelas polacas fueron obligadas a seguir el plan de estudios de la Ucrania Soviética e impartir clases solo en ucraniano y ruso. A todos los hombres se les dijo también que se preparasen para ser movilizados en las brigadas de trabajo del Ejército Rojo. Estas acciones fueron introducidas específicamente para estimular la emigración polaca a Polonia.

El director de la escuela de secundaria Rokotyniv, Stefania Kubrynowycz declaró:
"Los rusos odian a los polacos. Los soldados (soviéticos) han cambiado sus uniformes por los de bandiso y se pasean por las aldeas polacas para presionar a que emigren a Polonia, con amenazas de muerte.....".

En enero de 1945, el NKVD arrestó a 772 polacos en Leópolis (donde, de acuerdo a las fuentes soviéticas, el 1 de octubre de 1944, tenía un 66,7% de población polaca), incluyendo a 14 profesores, 6 doctores, 2 ingenieros, 3 artistas, y 5 sacerdotes católicos. La reacción de la comunidad polaca a estos arrestos fue muy negativa. La prensa clandestina polaca en Leópolis consideró estos actos como un intento de acelerar la deportación de los polacos de su ciudad. Los arrestados fueron puestos en libertad después de haber firmado los papeles para emigrar a Polonia. Es difícil establecer el número exacto de los polacos expulsados de Leópolis, entre 100.000 y 140.000.

Transferencias de población desde Bielorrusia

En marcado contraste con lo que se llevó a cabo en el RSS Ucraniana, los oficiales comunistas de la RSS bielorrusa no apoyaron activamente la deportación de los polacos. Los funcionarios soviéticos de Bielorrusia hicieron difícil para los activistas de Polonia el comunicarse con los tuteyshios (:en:Tutejszy) - personas que estaban indecisos en cuanto a si se consideraban polacos o bielorrusos. A gran parte de la población rural, que por lo general no tenían ningún documento oficial de identidad, se les negó el derecho de repatriación sobre la base de que no tenían documentos que establecieran que eran ciudadanos polacos. En lo que se describió como la "lucha por el pueblo", las autoridades polacas trataron de conseguir el máximo posible de repatriados, mientras que los funcionarios de Bielorrusia trataron de mantener, sobre todo los campesinos, mientras que procedían a la deportación de la mayoría de la burguesía polaca o intelligentsia. Se estima que entre 150.000 y 250.000 personas fueron deportadas de Bielorrusia. Cifras similares de población se registraron como polacos, pero forzados por las autoridades de Bielorrusia a seguir siendo bielorrusos. Un proceso simétrico tuvo lugar en lo que respecta a la población bielorrusa del territorio de la vóblast de Białystok de la RSS de Bielorrusia, que fue trasladada por la URSS a Polonia.

Parte de la diferencia de trato se originó de la identidad religiosa, a diferencia de Ucrania, donde la mayoría de los cristianos ucranianos eran miembros de la poderosa Iglesia Única Ucraniana la cual estaba a menudo en conflicto con los polacos católicos, la mayoría de los cristianos bielorrusos eran miembros de rito latino. No era desconocido que para los más educados católicos bielorrusos que hablaban polaco era fácil identificarse como "polascos" a fin de ser deportados fuera del régimen de Stalin a Polonia, donde la libertad religiosa era un poco más abierta, las autoridades bielorrusas no quería un éxodo masivo de su población a Polonia. En consecuencia, el catolicismo de rito latino mantiene una presencia significativa en Bielorrusia aún hoy, en torno al 10%.

Transferencias de población desde Lituania

La repatriación de polacos del territorio de Lituania sufrió numerosos retrasos. El clero polaco agitaba activamente en contra de la emigración, y la prensa clandestina llamó a los que se habían inscrito para la repratriación "traidores", esperando, que la conferencia de paz después de la guerra asignase la región de Vilna () a Polonia. Después de que sus esperanzas se desvaneciesen, el número de personas que querían emigrar se elevó gradualmente en las Oficinas de repatriación estatal de la República Popular de Polonia.

Las actitudes en la RSS de Lituania fueron similares a las de los funcionarios de la RSS de Bielorrusia. El partido comunista lituano estaba dirigido por una facción nacionalista, que apoyaron la eliminación de la intelectualidad polaca, sobre todo de la muy disputada región de Vilna. La ciudad de Vilna se consideraba a sí misma como la capital histórica de Lituania, aunque a principios del , su población era en un 60% polaca, 30% judía y solo un 2-3% se autodenominaban lituanos. La población rural polaca se vio sin embargo, muy importante para la economía, y un blanco fácil para las políticas de asimilación (lituanizacion). La repatriación de los polacos de Vilna, por otro lado, se fomentó y se facilitó una rápida despolonización y lituanización de la ciudad. Por otro lado, la ideología lituana declaró que muchos de los individuos que se declaraban a sí mismos como polacos, eran de facto futuros lituanos. Una vez más, se negó a la población rural el derecho a salir de Lituania debido a su falta de documentación legal de preguerra que documentase su ciudadanía polaca. Contrariamente a un acuerdo con Polonia, muchas personas fueron amenazadas con el pago de deudas o con arrestos si decidían la repatriación. Individuos relacionados con la resistencia polaca (Armia Krajowa y Estado secreto polaco) fueron perseguidos por las autoridades de la ocupación soviética. Al final, sólo el 50% (400.000 personas) registradas como polacas fueron deportadas. Dovile Budryte estima que alrededor de 150.000 personas fueron deportadas.

Los historiadores lituanos estiman que alrededor del 10% de las personas que se fueron a Polonia eran étnicamente lituanos, que buscaban una manera de escapar de la ocupación soviética y huir al oeste.

Legalidad de las transferencias de población

El punto de vista del derecho internacional sobre las transferencias población experimentó una considerable evolución durante el . Antes de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, una serie de trasvases de población importantes fueron el resultado de tratados bilaterales y con el apoyo de organismos internacionales como la Sociedad de Naciones.

La marea comenzó a cambiar cuando en los Juicios de Núremberg se declaró que la deportación forzada de las poblaciones civiles durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial realizada por los líderes nazis alemanes era un crimen de guerra y un crimen contra la humanidad. Este dictamen se aprobó de manera progresiva y se refinó a través del resto del siglo. Subyacente a este cambio fue la tendencia a tomar en cuenta también los derechos de la persona, lo que limita los derechos de los estados-nación para imponer decisiones que los afecten de forma adversa.

Ahora hay poco debate sobre el régimen jurídico general de traslados de población involuntarios:
 "El traslado de poblaciones que solía ser aceptado como medio de solucionar los conflictos étnicos, hoy en día, los traslados forzados de población se consideran violaciones del derecho internacional." (Diario del Derecho Internacional y Política de Denver, primavera de 2001, p116).

No hay distinción legal entre una transferencia unidireccional y la transferencia bidireccional, ya que los derechos de cada individuo se consideran independientes de los de otros.

Así, aunque los firmantes de acuerdos de Yalta y Potsdam consideraron legales las expulsiones bajo el derecho internacional en dicho momento, hay historiadores y estudiosos del derecho internacional y los derechos humanos que han revisado su valoración de los hechos y argumentan que la transferencia de población de los polacos de Europa del Este deben ser considerados como episodios de limpieza étnica y por lo tanto una violación de los derechos humanos.

Véase también
 Expulsión de alemanes tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial
 Minoría polaca en Bielorrusia
 Minoría polaca en Lituania
 Minoría polaca en Ucrania
 Operación Vístula
 Oficinas de repatriación estatales
 Repatriación de polacos de 1955 a 1959
 Polonia A y B
 Deportaciones de pueblos en la Unión Soviética
 Deportación de ucranianos de Polonia a la URSS (1944-1946) - :en:Population exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine

Referencias

 Volodymyr Serhijchuk, Deportatsiya Poliakiv z Ukrainy - Kiev, 1999 ISBN 966-7060-15-2

Lectura adicional

 Grzegorz Hryciuk, ''Przemiany narodowościowe i ludnościowe w Galicji Wschodniej i na Wołyniu w latach 1931–1948

Historia de Polonia (1945–1989)
Historia de Ucrania
Historia de la Unión Soviética
Migración forzosa
Limpieza étnica

Repatriación de polacos de 1944 a 1946


Gottfried Riedl (* 22. November 1940 in Wien; Pseudonym Götz Kappenberg) ist ein österreichischer Schauspieler, Rezitator und Autor.

Leben
Der geborene Wiener Gottfried Riedl war 33 Jahre künstlerischer Leiter der Nestroy-Theater-Company. Er absolvierte mit dieser mehr als tausend Auftritte in Nestroy- und Raimund-Stücken in ganz Europa. Für die dramaturgische Bearbeitung der Stücke benutzte er das Pseudonym Götz Kappenberg.

Er schrieb auch Arbeiten für Rundfunk, Film und Fernsehen. Er ist Vizepräsident der Raimundgesellschaft, Schriftführer der Nestroygesellschaft sowie Autor und Herausgeber mehrerer Bücher über Raimund, Nestroy, Grillparzer und das Wiener Volkstheater.

In den vergangenen Jahren absolvierte er als Schauspieler den kompletten Raimund-Zyklus bei den Raimundspielen Gutenstein. Daneben stand er in Baden in Stücken von Schnitzler auf der Bühne, im Theater in der Josefstadt in Anzengrubers Das vierte Gebot und O Schicksal eines Narren (über Raimund), absolvierte Auftritte beim Grafenegger Advent und mit den Philharmonia Schrammeln bei den Eckelshausener Musiktagen.

Er hielt zahlreiche Lesungen u. a. über E. Kästner, J.W. v. Goethe, F. Grillparzer, A. Grün, Ch. Sealsfield, G. Strnadt, J. Weinheber, J. Nestroy, F. Raimund, J. Weiland, A. Krutisch, Terramare, Roda-Roda usw.

Gottfried Riedl lebt zurzeit in Niederösterreich, mit dem Riedl seine Kindheit verbindet. Er ist in Brand bei Nagelberg und in Waldhausen bei Zwettl im Waldviertel aufgewachsen und lebt heute in Schrick bei Mistelbach (Gemeinde Gaweinstal) im Weinviertel. Sein Vater war Staatsbeamter im Sozialministerium.

Als seine Mutter aufgrund Multipler Sklerose gelähmt war, bat sein Vater den Pfarrer den kleinen Buben für 14 Tage aufzunehmen. Daraus wurden sieben Jahre. Der Junge übersiedelte sogar mit dem Pfarrer und zwei Kühen nach Waldhausen.

Gottfried Riedl ist verheiratet und hat zwei erwachsene Kinder und fünf Enkelkinder.

Werke

Autor

Herausgeber
 Nestroy-Brevier, (Hg.), Int. Nestroy-Gesellschaft, Fleischmann und Jaeger, 1981.

Weblinks
 Homepage von Gottfried Riedl
 Kappenberg Productions

Einzelnachweise

Theaterschauspieler
Filmschauspieler
Dramaturg
Autor
Herausgeber
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (21. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (Österreich)
Literatur (Deutsch)
Österreicher
Geboren 1940
Mann

Gottfried Riedl


Kai Hirano (født 16. august 1987) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Kataller Toyama og Cerezo Osaka.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Kai Hirano


Das Schloss Schwanberg ist ein ehemaliger Adelssitz auf der Gemarkung der Gemeinde Rödelsee im Landkreis Kitzingen. Die Anlage erhebt sich auf dem gleichnamigen Berg im Steigerwald. Bereits in vorchristlicher Zeit war der Berg befestigt, als die Abschnittsbefestigung Schwanberg errichtet worden war.

Geschichte

Abschnittsbefestigung Schwanberg (bis um 1250)
Erste Siedlungsspuren auf dem Schwanberg datieren bereits auf das Mesolithikum. Die Bewohner der umliegenden Siedlungen zogen sich auf den dicht bewaldeten und von steil abfallenden Hängen umgebenen Berg zurück. Um etwa 1200 v. Chr. entstanden die Keltenschanzen auf dem Berg, erstmals wurde die Erhebung befestigt. Diese sogenannten Abschnittswälle sind noch zu erkennen. Um das Jahr 400 v. Chr. erreichten die Kelten den Berg und erneuerten die Befestigungen der Vorgängerkulturen.

Die letzte Besiedlungswelle erreichte um das 5. Jahrhundert nachchristlicher Zeit den Steigerwald. Es handelte sich um den germanischen Großstamm der Franken. Schnell erkannten die Eroberer den strategischen Wert des Berges und befestigten ihn umgehend. Ähnlich wie der Staffelberg in der Fränkischen Schweiz, der Vogelsberg in der Volkacher Mainschleife und der Marienberg in Würzburg wurde der Schwanberg in eine Festung umgewandelt, die den fränkischen Vorstoß sichern sollte.

Burg Schwanberg (bis 1525)
Mit den Franken wurde auch die Christianisierung im Gebiet des Steigerwaldes vorangetrieben. Eine Kirche entstand auf dem Berg, die der heiligen Walpurga geweiht wurde. Im Laufe des Mittelalters verlor der Schwanberg allerdings seine strategisch wichtige Bedeutung und wurde zu einer einfachen Burg herabgestuft. Ab etwa 1250 ist dieser Bau überliefert. Damals bewohnte die Familie der Fuchs die Anlagen, die sie wahrscheinlich von den neuen Herren der Umgebung, den Würzburger Fürstbischöfen, zu Lehen erhalten hatten.

Im Laufe des 14. Jahrhunderts kam es in Franken zu einer erneuten Machtverschiebung. Die Burggrafen von Nürnberg konnten ihre Machtbasis, ursprünglich um die Freie Reichsstadt gelegen, immer weiter ausbauen und gingen auch gegen die Besitzungen der Fürstbischöfe vor. Burggraf Friedrich IV. konnte den Schwanberg erwerben. Bis 1344 saß seine Familie auf der Burg auf dem Steigerwaldberg. Später erhielten die Herren von Seinsheim die Anlage.

In dieser Zeit existierten auf dem Schwanberg auch einige Höfe, die der Burganlage zugeordnet waren. So erhielt im Jahr 1303 Konrad Fuchs einen Garten "in Swanenberge" und einen Hof als Lehen. Friedrich Zollner zu Willanzheim war 1317/1318 im Besitz einer "mansionem in castro Swanberg" (Manse in der Burg Schwanberg). 1322 nannte man ein Dörfchen vor der Burg (villula). Letztmals tauchten die Liegenschaften um die Befestigung 1510 in den Quellen auf.

Die Kapelle auf dem Berg war mittlerweile ein beliebtes Wallfahrtsziel für die Gläubigen geworden. Dies änderte sich auch trotz der häufigen Besitzerwechsel nicht. Seit der Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts waren die Herren von Wenkheim neue Burgbesitzer. Über Ausbesserungen der alten Anlage schweigen die Quellen weitgehend. Der Bauernkrieg des Jahres brachte die komplette Zerstörung der Anlagen auf dem Schwanberg.

Das Schloss Schwanberg (bis heute)
Die Bauernerhebung beendete auch die Wallfahrt auf den Berg endgültig. Die Ruinen der Burg wurden im Jahr 1605 vom Würzburger Fürstbischof Julius Echter erworben und wiederaufgebaut. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt entstanden die weitgehend noch erhaltenen Anlagen. Die nächsten Zerstörungen folgten im Dreißigjährigen Krieg des 17. Jahrhunderts. Die Bewohner der umliegenden Orte zogen sich bei Überfällen regelmäßig hinter die alten Keltenwälle zurück. Im Jahr 1633 wurde das Schloss erneut niedergebrannt.

Die Anlage verfiel wiederum mehr als hundert Jahre. Erst im 18. Jahrhundert begann der Wiederaufbau der zerstörten Bauten. Nach der Säkularisation des Fürstbistums Würzburg im Jahr 1803 wurde das Schloss an Privatpersonen verkauft. Erster Käufer war der Bankier von Hirsch. Nach mehreren Besitzerwechseln erhielt im Jahre 1897 der Keramikunternehmer Jean Dern das Schloss und ließ es zu einem touristischen Ausflugsziel umbauen.

Im Jahr 1911 kamen wiederum neue Käufer in den Besitz der Schlossanlage. Alexander zu Castell-Rüdenhausen ließ auf dem Berg von 1919 bis 1921 eine große Gartenanlage errichten, die Elemente des barocken Schlossgartens mit dem englischen Landschaftspark verknüpft. Während des Zweiten Weltkriegs beschlagnahmten die NS-Machthaber das Schloss und planten eine Kaderschule in den Bauten einzurichten. Mit der Besetzung durch die Amerikaner mussten diese Pläne aufgegeben werden. Bis ins Jahr 1949 diente Schloss Schwanberg den Amerikanern als Kaserne.

Nach der Gründung der Bundesrepublik wandelte man das Schloss in ein Altersheim um. Im Jahr 1957, das Altersheim war verlegt worden, zogen die Schwestern der Communität Casteller Ring unter Priorin Christel Felizitas Schmid in die Gebäude ein. Im Jahr 2004 erwarben sie die Anlage käuflich. In den 1980er-Jahren entstand in unmittelbarer Nähe des Schlosses die Kirche St. Michael als geistiges Zentrum der Communität. Das Bayerische Landesamt ordnet das Schloss als Baudenkmal ein.

Beschreibung
Die frühmittelalterlichen Gebäudereste, die die Zerstörungen im Bauernkrieg überstanden hatten, wurden zu Beginn des 16. Jahrhunderts in die neuen Gebäudetrakte eingefügt und sind so zumindest an den Außenflächen noch nachzuweisen. Die Anlage besteht aus einem unregelmäßigen Fünfeck, das durch zwei- und dreigeschossige Gebäude gebildet wird. Zentrum ist ein Innenhof, in dessen Südostecke ein polygonaler Treppenturm eingebaut ist.

Unterhalb der Anlage findet sich ein weiträumiger, tonnengewölbter Keller. Einfache Rahmungen der Fenster sind zu erkennen. Im Nordosten und Nordwesten werden die jeweiligen Geschosse durch Gurtgesimse unterteilt. Besonders charakteristisch sind die beiden Rundtürme auf der Nordostseite. Sie wurden mit Buckelquadern angelegt. Die vielfachen Benutzerwechsel ließen eine Anlage entstehen, auf der unterschiedlichste Stilepochen zu erkennen sind.

Literatur
 Evang. Luth. Pfarramt Rödelsee, Kath. Pfarramt Rödelsee, Communität Casteller Ring (Hrsg.): Orte der Einkehr am Schwanberg. Bayreuth.
 Landrat und Kreistag des Landkreises Kitzingen (Hrsg.): Landkreis Kitzingen. Münsterschwarzach 1984.
 Hans Bauer: Landkreis Kitzingen. Ein Kunst- und Kulturführer. Marktbreit 1993.
 Georg Dehio: Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler. Bayern I: Franken. München/ Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-422-03051-4.
 Peter Rückert: Landesausbau und Wüstungen des hohen und späten Mittelalters im fränkischen Gäuland. Diss. Würzburg 1990.
 Walter Schilling: Die Burgen, Schlösser und Herrensitze Unterfrankens. Echter Verlag, Würzburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-429-03516-7, S. 298–299.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Schwanberg
Baudenkmal in Rödelsee
Wüstung im Landkreis Kitzingen
Communität Casteller Ring
Steigerwald
Geographie (Rödelsee)
Bauwerk in Rödelsee
Schwanberg, Franken

Schloss Schwanberg (Franken)


Ömer Tanıl Tuncel, (1941, İstanbul), yelkenli teknesiyle Dünya turu yapan ikinci Türk denizcisi.

1941'de İstanbul, Üsküdar'da doğdu. 1962 yılında Deniz Harp Okulu'nu bitirdi. 1976 yılında, kıdemli yüzbaşı olarak mecburi hizmet sonunda, Bahriye'den ayrıldı. Yelken ve deniz ile iç içe 10 yıl Amerika'da yaşadı. 1983 yılında satın aldığı Kelebek III'e kadar ilki 7, ikincisi 10,5 metre olan ilk Kelebeklerle New York ve Kuzey Amerika kıyılarında dolaştı ve yarıştı.

Dünya seyahatine 22 Aralık 1986'da Kelebek III adlı yelkenli teknesiyle New York, Port Washington'da başladı. Yolculuğu sırasında Avustralya'da tanıştığı hidrobiyolog Annette ile birlikte yola devam etti. 1986 ile 1991 yılları arasında Dünya'yı yelken ile dolaşan 2.Türk, Ümit Burnu'nu geçen ilk Türk oldu.

Dünya turu boyunca Yelken Dünyası ve sonraki yıllarda Yachting World ile Yacht Türkiye dergilerine düzenli olarak yazılar yazdı.

Tanıl Tuncel ilk turundan sonra yelkenle yeni bir Dünya turuna çıktı. Teknesi Kelebek ile 30 yıl üzerinde tam zamanlı denizde yaşarken 110.000 deniz mili üzerinde yol yapmıştır.

Kitapları
 Dünya Gerçekten Yuvarlakmış, Denizler Kitabevi

1941 doğumlular
Türk denizciler
Türk gezginler
İstanbul doğumlular
Yaşayan insanlar

Tanıl Tuncel


Talaşlı ve talaşsız imalat yöntemleri olmak üzere genel olarak ikiye ayrılır. Talaşlı imalat yöntemleri, tornalama, frezeleme, matkapla delme, taşlama olarak genelleştirilebilir. Talaşsız imalat yöntemleri ise genel olarak, döküm, dövme, soğuk/sıcak çekme, ekstrüzyon ve sac metal işleme olarak ayrılabilir. Bunların dışında çok çeşitli (Otoinşa gibi) sıra dışı imalat yöntemleri de vardır. Ayrıca günümüzde tüm bu tezgâhlar bilgisayar kontrollü (CNC) olarak kullanılmaktadırlar. Bunların 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 eksenlileri bulunmakta ve 0,1 - 0,0001 mm hassasiyet aralığında işlem yapan çeşitleri kullanılmaktadır.

Yöntem

İmalat yöntemleri


Fernando Ezequiel Gutiérrez (Avellaneda, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 4 de febrero de 1989) es un futbolista surgido de las inferiores de San Lorenzo de Almagro. Juega de volante y club es el Municipal Limeño de la Primera División de El Salvador.

Clubes

Palmarés

Campeonatos nacionales

Distinciones individuales

Referencias

Nacidos en 1989
Futbolistas de Avellaneda (Buenos Aires)
Futbolistas del Tecos Fútbol Club
Futbolistas del Club Atlético San Miguel
Futbolistas del Club Olimpo
Futbolistas del Club Atlético San Lorenzo de Almagro
Futbolistas de las inferiores del Club Atlético San Lorenzo de Almagro
Futbolistas del Club Deportivo O'Higgins en los años 2010
Futbolistas del Club Atlético Los Andes
Futbolistas del Club Deportivo Municipal Limeño

Fernando Ezequiel Gutiérrez


Sajković je naseljeno mjesto u gradu Livnu, Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine, BiH.

Stanovništvo

1991.

Nacionalni sastav stanovništva 1991. godine, bio je sljedeći:

ukupno: 200

 Srbi - 200

2013.

Nacionalni sastav stanovništva 2013. godine, bio je sljedeći:

ukupno: 34

 Srbi - 32
 Hrvati - 1
 ostali, neopredijeljeni i nepoznato - 1

Izvori

Naselja u Hercegbosanskoj županiji
Livno

Sajković


Liberty Hill ist der Name folgender Orte in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Liberty Hill (Alabama)
 Liberty Hill (Connecticut)
 Liberty Hill (Georgia)
 Liberty Hill (Illinois)
 Liberty Hill (Louisiana)
 Liberty Hill (North Carolina)
 Liberty Hill (South Carolina)
 Liberty Hill (Cocke County, Tennessee)
 Liberty Hill (Fayette County, Tennessee)
 Liberty Hill (Giles County, Tennessee)
 Liberty Hill (Grainger County, Tennessee)
 Liberty Hill (Greene County, Tennessee)
 Liberty Hill (McMinn County, Tennessee)
 Liberty Hill (Rhea County, Tennessee)
 Liberty Hill (Williamson County, Tennessee)
 Liberty Hill (Wilson County, Tennessee)
 Liberty Hill (Texas)
 Liberty Hill (Virginia)
 Liberty Hill (West Virginia)

Siehe auch:
 Liberty Hill School
 Liberty Hills

Liberty Hill


Daniel Stern (n. 28 august 1957) este un actor american.

Biografie

Filmografie

Note

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1957
Nașteri pe 28 august
Actori americani

Daniel Stern


Bretton Woods sistemi, II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Temmuz 1944'te ABD'nin küçük bir kasabası olan Bretton Woods'da toplanan Birleşmiş Milletler Para ve Finans konferansında ortaya çıkan iktisadi sistemdir. Bu konferansa 44 ülkenin temsilcileri katılmıştır ve bu konferansa gelen devletlerin yarısından fazlası  az gelişmekte olan ülkelerdir. Ayrıca Romanya dışındaki sosyalist ülkeler fona üye olmamış ve sistemin dışında kalmışlardır. Aynı zamanda Bretton Woods sisteminin kurulma sebeplerinden biri olan 1930 yılında yaşanan ekonomik buhran ve hemen ardından gelen dünya savaşı ile ekonomisi dibe vuran ülkeler, uluslararası alanda yaşanan para değişiminin duraksama noktasına gelişi ve savaş sebebiyle ülkeler arası alım satım ticaretinin durması, uluslararası alanda tekrar parasal döngünün düzelmesi ve ekonomik istikrarın sağlanması için böyle bir sistemin kurulması amaçlandı.

Bretton Woods uluslararası para idare sistemi, dünyanın önde gelen devletleri arasındaki ticari ve finansal işlemlerde uyulması gereken kuralları belirler. Bu sistem, dünya tarihinde ilk kez, bağımsız ulus-devletlerin kendi aralarında ortak bir parasal düzen üzerinde anlaşmaları sonucunda uygulamaya konulmuştur. Bretton Woods sistemi hem ekonomik hem de siyasi yönden gelişmiş ülkelerin liderliğinde İkinci dünya savaşından yıkılan ve harap olan Avrupa'nın tekrar kalkınmasını sağlamak için yapılan ve savaş sonrası talan edilmiş bitik halde olan dünya ekonomisini yeniden ayağa kaldırmak ve canlandırmak için ve ülkelerin paralarını teminat altına almak kurulmuştur. En büyük gayesi dünya ticaretindeki engellerin yok olmasını biten ekonomilerin tekrar canlandırılıp ekonomiyi savaşın olmadığı anlardaki gibi istikrarlı olmasını sağlayacak şekilde uluslararası ve bir dünya parasal sistemin kurulması yönünde ülkelere destek olmak için kurulmuştur.

Uluslararası para sisteminin kurallarını belirleyen bu anlaşma, Dünya Bankası ve Uluslararası Para Fonu'nun (IMF) kurulmasına karar vermiştir. Bu kurumlar, 1946'da, yeterli sayıda ülke anlaşmayı imzalayınca faaliyete geçmiştir. Bretton Woods sistemi faaliyete geçince artık tüm dünyaya faydası olacak şekilde ayarlanmış ve dünya ekonomisinin ihtiyaçlarını giderecek şekilde ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu sistem savaş sonrası yıkılan ülke ekonomilerini kalkındırmak ve bu ülkeleri uluslararası ekonomiye katkı sağlayacak şekilde monte etmek ve dünyadaki para ticaretinin döngüsünü savaş olmamış gibi sağlamaktır.

Bu sistemin getirilmesini isteyen ABD'nin önerilerini ünlü ekonomist Harry Dexter White sunmuştur. John Maynard Keynes ise İngiliz ekibinin başındadır. Bu konferansta altına dönüştürülebilen tek para biriminin dolar olmasına, diğer para birimlerinin değerlerinin de dolara göre ayarlanmasına karar verilmiştir

Tüm para birimlerinin dolara endeksli olması zamanla piyasalarda gerilim yaratmış ve 1971'de ABD'nin doları altına endekslemekten vazgeçtiğini açıklamasıyla sistem çökmüştür. Ortaya çıkan bu krizin en önemli sebebi ABD dışındaki ülkelerde dolar miktarının artması ve bu sebeple doların değerinin düşmesidir. Bretton Woods sisteminin temel amaçlarından biri Amerika Birleşik Devletlerinin dünyadaki para akışını düzenlemek ve İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrası yıkılan harap olan Avrupa'nın para olarak kendisine bağlı olmasını amaçlamıştır. Ayrıca Bretton Woods sistemi İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrası ülkelere yaptığı parasal yardımlarla ülkelere aynı sabit kurdan para ile dağıtımın olması, birçok ülkenin bu sistemin içinde yer almasıyla birlikte bir nevi dünyanın küreselleşmesine önayak olmuştur.

Bretton Woods sisteminde iki plandan söz edilmiştir. Bunlardan birincisi olan İstikrar Fonudur. Bu fona göre uluslararası ticareti düzenleme yaparak ödemeler dengesinin sorunlarını gidermek ve uluslararası para ve kredi akışını düzenlemesi amaçlanmıştır. Bir diğer plan ise Keynes Planıdır bu planda öngörülen ise Dünya Ticaret Bankası'nın kurulması amaçlanmıştır. Bu planda amaçlanan ise dünya bankası olarak 'Bancon' adı verilen uluslararası rezerv ile çalışacaktı.

Bu iki plandan Keynes Planı daha çok ilgi görse de artık İngiltere'nin dünya ekonomisine tek başına yön veremeyecek kadar güçlü olamaması nedeniyle hayata geçmemiştir. Keynes planının asıl amacı ise Kriling Birliğinin kurulmasıdır. Uluslararası tahsilatlarda MB rolünü üstlenecek olan birlik 'BANCOR' ile kendi para birimini ortaya çıkararak dış borçlar sisteme üye ülkelerin aralarında yer değiştirmiş olacaklardır. İngiltere İkinci Dünya Savaşı'nda tahrip olup ekonomisinde ciddi hasarlar alması sonucu artık yeni bir lider olan Amerika'nın amaçladığı ve savunduğu plan olan İstikrar fonu kabul edilmiştir. Böylelikle artık Amerika dünyada tek güç olarak yükselmiş ekonomik gücünü de kullanarak yükselen güç olarak dünyaya egemen olmaya başlamıştır. ABD'nin öneresi olan White Planı ise uluslararası bir değer taşıyan paraların ortak para birimlerini oluşturulması sorunlarını çözmeyi amaçlar ve dünya para sisteminde altının esas alınmasını öngören ve kabul edilen plandır.

Bretton Woods sisteminin temel özellikleri ve Sistemdeki bazı oluşan sorunlar :
a-)Doların değerine göre ayarlanmış ve dolar altına dönüştürülebilen tek para biçimidir.
b-) Ulusal paraların değerleri dolara göre ayarlanmış ve değerler IMF'ye kaydedilmiştir.
c-) Ülkeler ulusal paralarının belirlenmiş kurlarında %1'lik oynama yapabilirler ve bu sınırda istikrarlı kalabilmeleri için Merkez bankaları döviz alıp satabilirler.
Bu sistemde ortaya çıkan bazı sorunlar da olmuştur. Bunlardan biri likidite ve anahtar paraya güven sorunudur; yani ülkeler merkez bankalarında uluslararası yüksek likidite miktarda sahip iseler paralarının dış değerini belli ölçülerde sabit tutma şanslarına sahiptirler. Sorunlardan bir diğeri ise Dış denge sorunudur bu soruna göre IMF sistemi otomatik denk mekanizmasına sahiptir. Sabit kurun temelinden dolayı otomatik denkleşme oluşma şansı yoktur. Kaynak israfı sorunun da ise altın talebi altının üretimine bağlı olduğu için sayılı kaynaklarla elde edilen altının ülkelerin kasalarına girdiğini görüyoruz bu yüzden kaynak israfı söz konusudur. Bretton Woods sistemindeki ödeme bilançosu düzenleme mekaniği altın standardı ile benzer özellikler göstermekteydi. Temel farkı ise ABD dışındaki ülkelerin altın yerine dolar cinsinden kafi uluslararası rezerv bulundurmak zorunda olmalarıydı altın standardında böyle bir olay yoktu.

Birinci Dünya Savaşı ve İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrası tüm dünya yoksulluk ve sefalet ile uğraşmış ekonomisi bozulan devletlerin kendilerine bir çıkış yolu ve ekonomik kaynak olarak bir kurtuluş reçetesi olarak karşılarına Bretton Woods sistemi çıkmıştır. Sistemin işleyişine baktığımızda ise ayarlanabilen sabit bir kur modeline dayanmaktaydı. Bu modele göre ABD dışındaki tüm üye ülkelerin milli para birimleri Amerikan Doları cinsinden tanımlanır ve Amerikan Doları farklı ülkenin para birimine değil 1 ons ağırlığındaki altına 35 dolar fiyatından sabitlenmiştir. Her ulusal paranın dolar paritesi olduğu için altının da paritesi bulunmaktaydı. Aslında tüm sistem altına dayanmaktaydı ve o yüzden bu sisteme 'Altın kambiyo' sistemi de denilmektedir

ABD savaştan güçlenerek çıkmıştır. Ayrıca zaten güçlü olan ekonomisini de savaşta koruyarak ekonomik olarak da kendini koruyup Bretton Woods sistemi ile oluşabilecek yeni bir dünya düzeninde dünyanın yeni hamisi olabileceğini düşünmüştür. Bretton Woods sistemi ile Amerika sağlam ve güçlü ekonomisi ile diğer ülkelere göre bayağı güçlenmiştir ve uluslararası alanda ve dünyada paradan sorumlu ve yeni güç olma yolunda emin adımlar atmıştır. Bretton Woods sistemi gibi ABD'nin dünyanın hamisi olmak istediğini gösteren benzer diğer uygulamalar ise Truman Doktrini, Marshall planıdır. Hem Bretton Woods sistemi hem de Truman Doktrini ve Marshall Planı gibi uygulamalar ABD'nın küresel dünyada tek güç olma isteği, hakimiyeti altına aldığı ülkeleri parasal ve ekonomik anlamda gücünü devam ettirme politikası olarak görülür. Bretton Woods sistemi serbest piyasa ekonomisinin savaşta çok yara almayan Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin önderliğinde ortaya çıkan uluslararası kuruluş aracılığı ile yönetilmeye başlanmıştır. Bretton Woods sisteminin temel amaçlarından biri değişen dünyada ABD'nin yeni ortaya çıkacak çok taraflı küresel ekonomik sisteme hakim olmasıdır. Ancak Bretton Woods sisteminin devam edebilmesi için eskisi gibi bir dünya savaşının olmaması lazımdır.

Kuruluşlarında itibaren IMF'ye ve Dünya Bankası'na 1947 yılında üye olan Türkiye IMF'den aldığı yardımlarla ülke içinde siyasetini sürdürmüştür. Aynı zamanda Türkiye yapılan araştırmalara göre IMF ile en çok Destekleme Düzenlemesi (Stand-By) anlaşması yapan ülkeler arasında gözükmektedir. Dünya Bankasına üye olan bir ülkenin IMF'ye üye olma şartı göz önünde bulundurulmaktadır. Aynı zamanda IMF'den ayrılan bir ülkenin Dünya Bankasından da ayrılması gerekmektedir. Çünkü bu yapılar Bretton Woods sisteminin yapıları arasındadır. Fakat IMF'ye üye olan bir ülkenin Dünya Bankasına üye olması gibi bir zorunluluğu yoktur. Bretton Woods sistemi 1945-1971 dönemleri arasında küreselleşmeyi hayata geçirerek tekrar inşaya hayata geçirmek için hızlıca atağa geçmiştir. Bu senelerde ticarette artan hızla büyümelerle tüm dünya tarihinde hızlı bir büyüme gerçekleştirmiştir. Bu dönemde IMF para buhranlarını önlemek için ilk başlarda sermaye denetimlerini kabul etmiş ve bu yaklaşımı daha aktif para politikalarının devam ettirilebilmesi için üye devletlere daha çok güç vererek bir miktar özerklik tanınmasına müsaade etmiştir.

Bretton Woods Sistemi 1955'lere kadar başarılı oldu ve dünya ticaretini geliştirdi. Dünyanın  ekonomik olarak kalkınmasına savaştan sonra ekonomisi bozulan devletlere yapılan yardımlar aracılığı ile Avrupa'nın kalkınmasına ve kapitalist sisteme Avrupalı devletlerinde eklemlenmesine vesile olmuştur. 1973'te yıkılmasına  ve sona ermesine neden olacak birçok olay meydana geldi. ABD'nin 1950'lerde dış ödemeler bilançosunda açık vermesi, Japonya ve AET ülkelerinin rekabet güçlerini arttırmaları, ABD'nin askeri savaşlar konusunda yani Vietnam savaşında harcadığı fazla paralar ve artan dış ekonomik harcamalar bu sistemin sona ermesine sebep olan olaylardan bazılarıdır. Özellikle Avrupa ülkelerinin para konusunda tek hegemonya olan ve dünyayı yöneten ABD karşısında ABD dolarına karşılık Avro'yu ortak değer olarak almaları artık bu para birimini kullanmaya başlamaları ABD dolarına rağbeti azaltmıştır. Aynı zamanda ABD'nin Vietnam savaşında harcadığı olağan dışı para ve sürekli bir dış açık vermesi sonucu Bretton Woods sistemi zamanla gözden düşerek ve gelişen dünyaya ayak uyduramaması sonucu zamanla sistem çökmüştür.

Kaynakça

Ayrıca bakınız
 Bretton Woods Anlaşması

Para ekonomisi
Ekonomik sistemler

Bretton Woods sistemi


Dietrich Hoffmann ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Dietrich Hoffmann (Althistoriker) (* 1929), Schweizer Althistoriker
 Dietrich Hoffmann (Pädagoge) (* 1934), deutscher Erziehungswissenschaftler
 Dietrich Hoffmann (Geologe) (1936–2008), deutscher Geologe
 Dietrich Hoffmann (Schriftsteller) (1936–2012), deutscher Schriftsteller auf Plattdeutsch

Siehe auch:
 Dieter Hoffmann

Dietrich Hoffmann


روابط إضافية

 Koubek Recent Match Results
 Koubek World Ranking History

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون من كلاغنفورت
رياضيون نمساويون في قضايا منشطات
قضايا منشطات في كرة المضرب
لاعبو كرة مضرب نمساويون
مواليد 1977
مواليد في كلاغنفورت

ستيفان كوبيك


Lýs eru vænglaus skordýr sem lifa nauðbundnu sníkjudýralífi utan á fuglum og spendýrum og nærast á blóði þeirra. Til eru um fimm þúsund tegundir.

Þrjár gerðir lúsa lifa á manninum: Höfuðlús og líkamslús (sem tilheyra sömu tegund), og svo flatlús.

Skordýr
Lýs

Lús


Matias Gunnar Malmberg (født 31. august 2000 på Frederiksberg) er en dansk cykelrytter, der kører for . Hans foretrukne disciplin er banecykling.

I 2019 debuterede han ved de professionelles udgave af Københavns seksdagesløb. Sammen med makker Yoeri Havik endte han til slut på 3-pladsen. Det var efter at Malmberg tidligere i løbet havde haft tre makkere i løbet, der af forskellige årsager udgik undervejs.

Efter at Malmberg i 2022-sæsonen kørte for det danske kontinentalhold , skiftede han året efter til det tyske kontinentalhold Maloja Pushbikers.

Privat
Han er søn af tidligere banerytter og VM- og OL-deltager Hanne Malmberg, og faren Kim Gunnar Svendsen er også tidligere OL-deltager, og to gange været en del af par nummer syv ved Københavns seksdagesløb.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Personer fra Frederiksberg
Mandlige cykelryttere fra Danmark

Matias Malmberg


Belt Creek () is a tributary, approximately 80 mi (129 km) long, of the Missouri River in western Montana in the United States.

It originates in the Lewis and Clark National Forest north of Big Baldy Mountain, in the Little Belt Mountains in western Judith Basin County. It flows northwest through mountainous canyons (Limestone Canyon) past Monarch, through Sluice Boxes State Park, and flows through Armington and Belt. It finally joins the Missouri  approximately 15 mi (25 km) northwest of Great Falls of the Missouri and  downstream of Morony Dam.

It is named for the Little Belt Mountains, which it flows through.

Willow, cottonwood, chokecherry, and wild roses grow in part of the canyon stretch and in a large band in the foothill zone. Brook, Brown, and Rainbow Trout have been introduced to the creek. Native fish include several minnows, mooneye,perch, sculpin, 4 types of suckers, and 2 types of trout.

See also

List of rivers of Montana
Montana Stream Access Law

Notes

Rivers of Montana
Tributaries of the Missouri River
Rivers of Cascade County, Montana
Rivers of Chouteau County, Montana

Belt Creek (Montana)


بلدية سانت بيسينس دي مونتالت (بالكاتالانية: Sant Vicenç de Montalt) هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة برشلونة، والتي تقع في منطقة كاتالونيا، شرق إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 5.267 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2007).

أعلام
 راسل غوميز

مراجع

بلديات في مقاطعة برشلونة

بلديات في ماريسمى

سان فايسينت دي مونتالت


(11572) Schindler ist ein Asteroid des Hauptgürtels, der am 15. September 1993 vom belgischen Astronom Eric Walter Elst am La-Silla-Observatorium (IAU-Code 809) der Europäischen Südsternwarte entdeckt wurde.

Der Asteroid wurde nach dem deutschen Unternehmer Oskar Schindler benannt.

Siehe auch
 Liste der Asteroiden

Weblinks

 Asteroid Schindler: Discovery Circumstances gemäß dem Minor Planet Center der Internationalen Astronomischen Union bei dem Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, USA

Hauptgürtelasteroid unter 50 km Durchmesser
Massalia-Familie

(11572) Schindler


This Is Hell drugi je studijski album švedskog melodičnog death metal sastava Dimension Zero. Objavljen je 27. listopada 2003. godine. Posljednji je album s gitaristom Glennom Ljungströmom. Također je prvi album sastava s basistom Danielom Antonssonom.

Popis pjesama

Osoblje

Dimension Zero
Jesper Strömblad – bas-gitara
Hans Nilsson – bubnjevi
Jocke Göthberg – vokali
Daniel Antonsson – gitara, mastering
Glenn Ljungström – gitara

Ostalo osoblje
Anders Fridén – produkcija, inženjer zvuka, mix
Niklas Sundin – omot albuma
Göran Finnberg – mastering
Fredrik Reinedahl – inženjer zvuka
Karim Hatoum – fotografije

Izvori

Švedski glazbeni albumi
Albumi iz 2003.

This Is Hell


Self-abuse may refer to:
 Self-inflicted wound, harm to one's own body
 Self-harm, the intentional, direct injuring of one's own body without suicidal intentions
 Self-destructive behavior, patterns of behavior to inflict metaphorical or literal harm on oneself
 A derogatory euphemism for masturbation

See also
 Algolagnia, deriving sexual pleasure and stimulation from physical pain
 Abuse § Self-abuse
 Violence § Self-directed violence

Self-abuse


وُلد السير مايكل كين (موريس جوزيف مايكلوايت الابن) في 14 مارس 1933، وهو ممثل ومنتج ومؤلّف إنجليزي. وقد ظهر في أكثر من 130 فيلمًا خلال مسيرته المهنية التي تمتدّ لأكثر من 60 عامًا ويُعتبر أيقونة الأفلام البريطانية. يشتهر كين بلهجة كوكني، إذ وُلد في جنوب شرق لندن.

حقّق نجاحًا باهرًا في ستينيات القرن العشرين من خلال أدوار البطولة التي لعبها في الأفلام البريطانية، بما في ذلك: «زولو» (1964)، و«ملف أبكرس» (1965)، وألفي (1966)، الذي رُشّح فيه لنيل جائزة أوسكار، وفيلم «المهمّة الإيطالية» (1969)، و«معركة بريطانيا» (1969). شملت أدواره في السبعينيات «اقبض، اقبض على كارتر» (1971) و«الوادي الأخير» (1971) و«التحرّي السري» (1972)، والذي حصل من خلاله على ترشيحه الثاني لجائزة الأوسكار، «الرجل الذي سيصبح ملكًا» (1975)، و«جسر بعيد جدًا» (1977). لقد حقّق بعضًا من أعظم نجاحاته المصيرية في ثمانينيات القرن العشرين، في فيلم «تعليم ريتا» (1983)، وحصل على جائزة بافتا وغولدن غلوب لأفضل ممثل عن ذلك الدور. في عام 1986، حصل على جائزة الأوسكار لأفضل ممثل مساعد عن أدائه في الفيلم الذي أخرجه وودي آلن «هانا وأخواتها».

لعب كين دور إبنزر سكروج في «دمية ترنيمة عيد الميلاد» (1992). كان ذلك الدور أول دور بطولة يلعبه منذ عدة سنوات، ما أدّى إلى انتعاش مسيرته المهنية في أواخر التسعينيات، وحصل على جائزة غولدن غلوب الثانية عن أدائه في فيلم «صوت خافت» في عام 1998، وحصل على جائزة الأوسكار الثانية لأفضل ممثل مساعد في «قوانين منزل سايدر»، في العام التالي. لعب كاين دور نايجل باورز في محاكاةٍ ساخرة من خلال فيلم «أوستن باورز في غولدميمبر» في عام 2002، ولعب دور ألفريد بيني وورث في ثلاثية المخرج كريستوفر نولان «فارس الظلام». ظهر في العديد من أفلام نولان الأخرى، بما في ذلك «العظمة» (2006) و«الاستهلال» (2010) و«بين النجوم» (2014). كما ظهر في فيلم من إخراج ألفونسو كوارون «أطفال الرجال» وأفلام كوميديا الحركة التي أخرجها ماثيو فون كفيلم «كينغزمان: الاستخبارات السرية». اعتبارًا من فبراير 2017، حققت الأفلام التي لعب أدوار البطولة فيها أكثر من 3.5 مليار دولار محليًا، وأكثر من 7.8 مليار دولار حول العالم. صُنّف كاين في المرتبة العشرين كواحدٍ من نجوم شباك التذاكر.

يعتبر كين أحد اثنين فقط من الممثلين المرشحين لجائزة الأوسكار للعمل في كل عقد من ستينيات القرن العشرين إلى أوائل القرن الحادي والعشرين، والآخر هو جاك نيكلسون. جرى ترشيح لورنس أوليفييه أيضًا لنيل جائزة الأوسكار في خمسة عقود مختلفة، بدءًا من عام 1939 وانتهاءً بعام 1978. ظهر كين في سبعة أفلام صنّفتها الجمعية البريطانية للأفلام في قائمة أفضل 100 فيلم بريطاني في القرن العشرين. في عام 2000، حصل كين على «زمالة بافتا»، ومنحته الملكة إليزابيث الثانية لقب فارس لمساهمته في السينما.

حياته المبكرة
وُلد مايكل كين موريس جوزيف مايكلوايت الابن في 14 مارس 1933 في مستشفى سانت أولاف في مقاطعة روثرهايت في لندن. كان والده يدعى موريس جوزيف مايكلوايت الأب (مواليد 20 فبراير 1899، سانت أولاف، برموندسي، لندن –1956، لامبيث، لندن)، حمالًا في سوق السمك للتراث الإنجليزي والإيرلندي، بينما كانت والدته الإنجليزية، إيلين فرانسيس ماري بورشيل (1900، كان ساوثويك، لندن –1989، لندن)، طباخةً وساحرة. اعتنق ديانة والدته البروتستانتية.

كان لدى كين أخٌ غير شقيق من والدته يدعى ديفيد ويليام بورشيل، وشقيق أصغر سنًا يدعى ستانلي مايكلوايت. نشأ وترعرع في ساوثوورك، لندن، وخلال الحرب العالمية الثانية، أُجلي إلى نورث رانكتون بالقرب من كينجز لين في نورفولك حيث كان يرعى حصان عربة يدعى لوتي كحيوان أليف. بعد الحرب، سُرّح والده، وحصلت الأسرة على سكن من مجلس مارشال غاردنز في منطقة إليفنت آند كاسل في منزل مُصنّع مسبقًا في كندا، حيث تضرّرت الكثير من المساكن في لندن جراء قصف لندن بين عامي 1940-1941:

«المساكن الجاهزة، كما كانت تُعرف آنذاك، كان الغرض من إنشائها أن تكون منازل مؤقّتة بينما يعاد بناء لندن، لكن انتهى بنا الأمر لنعيش هناك لمدة ثمانية عشر عامًا، وبالنسبة لنا كان ذلك المسكن، بعد أن عشنا في شقة مزدحمة مزوّدة بمرحاضٍ خارجي، فاخرًا.»

في عام 1944، اجتاز امتحانه الحادي عشر، وحصل على منحةٍ دراسية في مدرسة هاكني داونز (المعروفة سابقًا باسم «ذا غروسرز كومبانيز»). بعد عام، انتقل إلى مدرسة ويلسون للقواعد في كامبرويل (الآن مدرسة ويلسون في والينغتون، لندن)، والتي تركها في سن السادسة عشرة بعد حصوله على شهادة مدرسية في ستة مواد. ثم عمل لفترةٍ وجيزة ككاتب ملفات وساعٍ لشركة أفلام في شارع فيكتوريا ومنتج أفلام جاي لويس في شارع وردور.

تغيير الاسم
في يوليو 2016 قرر مايكل تغيير اسمه الذي وُلد به وهو موريس ميكلوايت في جواز السفر، واستبداله باسم شهرته «مايكل كاين»، بعد ما عانى من إجراءات تدقيق إضافية في المطارت بسبب عدم تطابق الإسمين، خاصة بعد تكثيف الإجراءات في المطارات الأوروبية في تلك الفترة بعد الهجمات الإرهابية التي تعرضت لها باريس وبروكسيل،
وكان ميكلوايت عُرف باسمه الفني «مايكل كين» منذ عام 1953 إلا أن ذلك الأمر أصبح يسبب له تضييقا أمنيا في المطارات في الآونة الأخيرة بسبب تعارض اسم شهرته مع اسمه الحقيقي في الجواز، حيث ذكر الممثل أن رجال الأمن يرحّبون به باسمه الشهير مايكل كين، وعندما يعطيهم جواز سفره باسمه الحقيقي (موريس ميكلوايت) يتسبّب ذلك في إيقافه في المطار لمدة نحو ساعة.

أفلام
 غنوميو و جولييت 2011
 الآن انت تراني 1 2013
 صائد الساحرات الأخير 2015
 الآن انت تراني 2 2016
 شارلوك غنومس 2018

المراجع

مواقع خارجية

ممثلون من ساوثوورك
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من روثرهايت
أشخاص من ساوثوورك
أشخاص من لياتيرهييد
أفراد الجيش البريطاني في الحرب الكورية
إنجليز من أصل أيرلندي
بريطانيون من أصل أيرلندي
بريطانيون من أصل إنجليزي
بريطانيون من أصل غجري
حائزون على جائزة الفيلم الأوروبي لأفضل ممثل
حائزون على جائزة بافتا (أشخاص)
حائزون على وسام الإمبراطورية البريطانية من رتبة قائد
رواة كتب صوتية
زمالة بافتا
سير ذاتية إنجليزية
شخصيات من حزب المحافظين (المملكة المتحدة)
فرسان المملكة المتحدة
كتاب إنجليز في القرن 20
كتاب إنجليز في القرن 21
كتاب من لندن
مسيحيون إنجليز
مشككون أوروبيون بريطانيون
ممثلو أفلام إنجليز
ممثلو أفلام من لندن
ممثلو تلفزيون إنجليز
ممثلون إنجليز في القرن 20
ممثلون إنجليز في القرن 21
ممثلون حائزون على جائزة أوسكار لأفضل ممثل مساعد
ممثلون حائزون على جائزة غولدن غلوب لأفضل ممثل كوميدي أو موسيقي (أفلام)
ممثلون حائزون على درجة فارس البريطانية
ممثلون ذكور من أصل أيرلندي
مواليد 1933
نقاد الاتحاد الأوروبي
أعلام غجرية إنجليزي

مايكل كين


Esta é uma lista demostrando a população estrangeira de cada região portuguesa, ordenadas pela região e ano, mostrando os valores de cada ano desde 2008.

População estrangeira por região
A lista mostra as regiões portuguesas pela população estrangeira em 2021, junto com a comparação da posição entre 2020 e 2021, a participação no número nacional e o crescimento entre 2020 e 2021.

Desenvolvimento da população estrangeira
A lista mostra as regiões portuguesas pelo desenvolvimento da população estrangeira desde 2009, mostrando os valores de cada três anos, e a variação final em 2021.

Variação da população estrangeira
A lista mostra as regiões portuguesas pela variação da população estrangeira desde 2009, mostrando os valores de cada três anos.

Posição entre regiões
A lista mostra as regiões portuguesas pela posição da população estrangeira desde 2009, mostrando os valores de cada três anos, e a variação final em 2021.

Dados anuais
A lista mostra as regiões portuguesas com os dados anuais da população estrangeira desde 2008.

Demografia de Portugal

Lista de regiões portuguesas ordenadas por população estrangeira


Madunice este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Hlohovec din regiunea Trnava. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 2.218 locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Madunice este atestată documentar din 1113.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Madunice