Ricardo Alonso "Pancho" González (May 9, 1928 – July 3, 1995), known sometimes as Richard Gonzales, was an American tennis player. He won 15 major singles titles, including two U.S. National Singles Championships in 1948 and 1949, and 13 Professional Grand Slam titles. He also won three Tournament of Champions professional events in 1957, 1958, and 1959. He was ranked world amateur No. 1 in 1948 by Ned Potter and in 1949 by Potter  and John Olliff.

Gonzales was a prominent professional champion in the 1950s and 1960s, winning world professional championship tours between 1954 and 1961; he was the world number one ranked male tennis player professional between 1952 and 1961. Gonzales was a determined competitor with a fierce temper.  He was often at odds with officials and promoters. However, he was a fan favorite who drew many spectators.

Career

Amateur
Gonzales was given a 51-cent racquet by his mother when he was 12 years old. He received tennis analysis from his friend, Chuck Pate, but mostly taught himself to play by watching other players on the public courts at nearby Exposition Park in Los Angeles. Once he discovered tennis, he lost interest in school and began a troubled adolescence in which he was occasionally pursued by truant officers and police. He was befriended by Frank Poulain, the owner of the tennis shop at Exposition Park, and sometimes slept there.

Due to his lack of school attendance and occasional minor brushes with the law, he was ostracized by the tennis establishment of the 1940s. The headquarters for tennis activity was the Los Angeles Tennis Club, which actively trained other top players such as the youthful Jack Kramer. During that time, the head of the Southern California Tennis Association, and the most powerful man in California tennis was Perry T. Jones.

Jones, the head of California tennis, was described as an autocratic leader who embodied much of the exclusionary sensibilities that governed tennis for decades. Although Gonzales was a promising junior, once Jones discovered that the youth was truant from school, Jones banned him from playing tournaments.

Eventually he was arrested for burglary at age 15 and spent a year in detention. He then joined the Navy just as World War II was ending and served for two years, finally receiving a bad-conduct discharge in 1947.

1947
Despite his lack of playing time while in the Navy, and as a mostly unknown 19-year-old in 1947, Gonzales achieved a national ranking of No. 17 by playing primarily on the West Coast. He did, however, go East that year to play in the U.S. Championships at Forest Hills. He beat the British Davis Cup player Derek Barton and then lost a five-set match to third seed Gardnar Mulloy, despite leading 4–3 with a break in the fifth set. Following that, in the last major tournament of the year, the Pacific Southwest, played at the Los Angeles Tennis Club, he beat three players that would end their careers with Grand Slam singles titles, Jaroslav Drobný, Bob Falkenburg, and Frank Parker, before losing in the semifinals to Ted Schroeder.

1948
The following year, Perry T. Jones relented in his opposition to Gonzales and sponsored his trip East to play in the major tournaments. The top-ranked American player, Schroeder, decided at the last moment not to play in the U.S. Championships and Gonzales was seeded No. 8 in the tournament. To the surprise of most observers, he won it fairly easily by a straight-set victory over the South African Eric Sturgess in the finals with his powerful serve-and-volley game. As The New York Times story of that first win began, "The rankest outsider of modern times sits on the tennis throne." His persona at the time was strikingly different from what it would become in future years. American Lawn Tennis wrote that "the crowd cheered a handsome, dark-skinned Mexican-American youngster who smiled boyishly each time he captured a hard-fought point, kissed the ball prayerfully before a crucial serve, and was human enough to show nervousness as he powered his way to the most coveted crown in the world." This was Gonzales's only major tournament victory of the year, but it was enough to let him finish the year ranked as the number one American player. Gonzales was ranked world No. 1 amateur by Ned Potter.

1949
In 1949, Gonzales performed poorly at Wimbledon, where he was seeded second but lost in the fourth round to Geoff Brown, and was derided for his performance by some of the press. Gonzales was called a "cheese champion" and, because of his name, his doubles partner of the time, Frank Parker, began to call him "Gorgonzales", after gorgonzola, the Italian cheese. This was eventually shortened to "Gorgo", the nickname by which he was later known by his colleagues on the professional tour. (Jack Kramer, in his autobiography, says that it was Jim Burchard, the tennis writer for the New York World-Telegram who first called him a "cheese champ".)

When Gonzales returned to the United States Championships in 1949, he repeated his victory of the previous year. Schroeder, the top seed, had beaten Gonzales eight times in nine matches during their careers and was heavily favored. The only time he had beaten Schroeder, Gonzales was playing with a nose that had been broken the day before by his doubles partner's tennis racquet during a misplayed point at the net. In a tremendous final that has been called the 11th greatest match of all time", Gonzales lost a 1-hour and 15-minute first set 16–18 but finally managed to prevail in the fifth set. Once again he finished the year as the number-one ranked U.S. amateur. Gonzales was ranked world No. 1 amateur by John Olliff
and Ned Potter. Gonzales also won both his singles matches in the Davis Cup finals against Australia. Having beaten Schroeder at Forest Hills, Bobby Riggs, who had been counting on signing Schroeder to play Kramer on the professional tour, was then forced to reluctantly sign Gonzales instead.

Professional

1949–1950
Gonzales was beaten in his first year on the professional tour, 94 matches to 29, by the reigning king of professional tennis, Jack Kramer. During this time, Gonzales's personality apparently changed from a friendly, happy-go-lucky youngster to the hard-bitten loner he became known as for the rest of his life. According to Kramer in his 1979 autobiography, "The worst thing that ever happened to Gonzales was winning Forest Hills in 1949... At a time when Gorgo wasn't mature as a player he was pitted against Kramer, an established pro at his peak." Moreover, says Kramer, "Pancho had no idea how to live or take care of himself. He was a hamburger-and-hot-dog guy to start with and had no concept of diet in training... On the court, Gorgo would swig Cokes through a match... Also Gorgo was a pretty heavy cigarette smoker. He had terrible sleeping habits made even worse by the reality of a tour."

Life on the tour was not easy. Most of the matches were played indoors on the tour's portable canvas surface. "One night", Gonzales recalled later, "I sprained an ankle badly. The next night in another town I was hurting. I told Jack I couldn't play. He said to me, 'Kid, we always play.' Jack had a doctor shoot me up with novocaine, and we played. That's just the way it was. The size of the crowd didn't matter. They'd paid to see us play."

Kramer won 22 of the first 26 matches and 42 of the next 50. Gonzales improved enough to win 15 of the remaining 32 but it was too late. Bobby Riggs, the tour promoter, told Gonzales that he was now "dead meat": Kramer would need a new challenger for the next tour. As compensation, however, Gonzales had made US$75,000, well above his guarantee of $60,000, in his losing efforts. Kramer also said that "his nature had changed completely. He became difficult and arrogant. Losing had changed him. When he got his next chance, he understood that you either win or you're out of a job." He was now "a loner", said Ted Schroeder, "and always the unhappiest man in town."

One bright moment for Gonzales in his rookie year as a professional was winning the U.S. Pro Indoor Championship at Philadelphia in late March, defeating Kramer in the final in straight sets. Gonzales also won the tournament at Wembley, beating Don Budge and Welby Van Horn. He did not play in the 1950 U. S. Professional Championships in Cleveland, which were authorized by the USPLTA.

1951
From 1951 to 1953, Gonzales was in semi-retirement. He bought the tennis shop at Exposition Park and ran that while playing in short tours and occasional professional tournaments throughout the world. In spite of his infrequent play (because first Riggs, then Kramer, as promoters of the pro tour, did not offer him playing positions on the tours), he had nevertheless raised his game to a higher level than before and was winning most of his matches. Precise records of this time are difficult to locate but Gonzales asserts in his autobiography that after the decisive loss to Kramer in their 1949–50 tour he then beat his old antagonist 11 times in their next 16 matches.

In the southern hemisphere summer of 1950–51, Gonzales toured Australia and New Zealand with Dinny Pails, Frank Parker, and Don Budge. In December 1950, Pails won the short tour in New Zealand, but in January and February 1951 Gonzales won a second and longer tour in Australia. Gonzales lost the deciding match of the U.S. Professional Indoor Championships at Philadelphia in February 1951 to Kramer.

At the Philadelphia U.S. Pro Indoor in March, 1951, the service "drives" (not "forehand drives" as sometimes reported) of a number of players were electronically measured and compared to Tilden's reported service "drive" speed of 151 mph made by stopwatch and film in 1931. The service speeds were measured at the net, and not at the racquet face, as is currently the standard practice. Gonzales was recorded as hitting the fastest serve, 112.88 mph, followed by Kramer at 107.8, and Van Horn at 104. Kovacs, who possessed a big serve, played in the Philadelphia tournament but did not participate in the service speed measurements. Segura and Riggs participated in the test, but their results were not reported.

Gonzales finished second to Segura in the 1951 U.S. Professional Championships at Forest Hills, organized by Riggs and Kramer, and authorized by the USPLTA. Gonzales did not play in the 1951 Cleveland International Professional title at Cleveland, won by Kovacs (and approved as the U.S. National Pro Championships by the Professional Players Association of Tennis, an organization formed that year and led by Budge). Though Gonzales won Wembley in 1951 (where Kramer was not entered), Segura was ranked the number one U.S. pro in the USPLTA rankings for 1951 and Kramer won the world series over Segura.

1952
In 1952 Gonzales reached the top level of the pros. In 1952, he won the Philadelphia Inquirer Masters tournament (where he beat both Segura and Kramer twice in a double round-robin event, and split his two matches with Kovacs); the World Professional hard court event at Los Angeles (beating Budge and Segura); at Scarborough, England (where he defeated Budge and Segura); at Wembley, England (where he beat Segura in the semis, and then, to beat Kramer in the final, came from down 2 sets to none, and from 4-1 down in the fifth set); at Berlin, (where Segura and Budge lost again to him); and in Geneva (beating Segura). Gonzales was a finalist at Cleveland, approved by the P.P.A.T. as the U.S. National Pro, where he lost again to Segura. 1952 was the first year that "Big Pancho" (Gonzales) had an edge in results over "Little Pancho" (Segura) in their head-to-head matches, and thereafter his edge in results over Segura continued throughout their long careers.

The USPLTA issued rankings at the end of 1952 in which they ranked Segura the U.S. pro No. 1, with Gonzales second (in 1951, when Kramer had beaten Segura 64 matches to 28 in their championship tour, they had ranked Segura as the U.S. No. 1 pro player due to Kramer's lack of success in the U.S.). The Tennis Hall of Fame gives Gonzales "Top ranking: World number 1 (1952)". The PPAT rankings for 1952 placed Segura as the U.S. No. 1 professional, followed by Gonzales as the U.S. No. 2.

1953
In 1953, Gonzales was omitted by Kramer (by now also a promoter) from the big pro tour, which featured Frank Sedgman (a winner of five Grand Slam singles titles) against Kramer himself and Ken McGregor (the 1952 Australian Open singles winner) against Segura. Gonzales won the Cleveland event, defeating Don Budge in the final in four sets. Gonzales was awarded the Pilsner of Cleveland Trophy for his victory. At Wembley 1953 and two days later in Paris, he was severely beaten by Sedgman, the eventual winner of these tournaments, and Sedgman was ranked the pro No. 1 for 1953 by Tennis de France in its full season ranking list.
In June, the Players Committee of the Cleveland U.S. Pro or Cleveland World Pro (billed title) ranked Gonzales as the world No. 1 professional player for 1953 and he was also ranked No. 1 pro in October by Ken McGregor.

1954
In late 1953, Kramer, then a temporarily retired player (due to his back troubles), signed Gonzales (a seven-year contract) to play in a 1954 US tour also featuring Pancho Segura, Frank Sedgman, and Donald Budge (the latter being replaced in March 1954 by Carl Earn for the last weeks of the tour). In the subsequent matches Gonzales beat Segura 30–21 and Sedgman by the same score. After this tour, Gonzales won the Cleveland World Pro or Cleveland U.S. Pro held at the Cleveland Arena from April 27 through May 2 and where all the best, except Pails, were present. Gonzales was awarded the Pilsner of Cleveland Trophy for his victory at Cleveland.

In early June 1954, Gonzales won the U.S. Professional Championships held by Jack Kramer at the Los Angeles Tennis Club in California. Gonzales was seeded No. 1 and defeated both Sedgman and Segura, the latter in a close five set final to win the USPLTA Benrus Trophy for the only time in his career. Gonzales thus won two U.S. Pro titles (according to some writers) in one year, a unique achievement in tennis.

Gonzales then played in the Far East tour (September–October 1954) that visited Japan, Korea, the Philippines, and Hong Kong. He finished second to Sedgman and barely won over Segura and Kramer, who was making a comeback in singles after a 14-month retirement. Later that year Gonzales enjoyed further success: he swept the Australian Tour of November–December 1954 by beating Sedgman 16–9, McGregor 15–0, and Segura, 4–2. Although he was beaten by the Australian Dinny Pails in the last competition of the year, Gonzales had clearly established himself as the top player in the world in 1954. In December, the International Professional Tennis Association ranked Gonzales as the No. 1 professional player for 1954.

1955–1956

In 1955–56, Gonzales beat Tony Trabert in the World series by 74 matches to 27. Forty years after his matches with Gonzales, Trabert told interviewer Joe McCauley "that Gonzales's serve was the telling factor on their tour — it was so good that it earned him many cheap points. Trabert felt that, while he had the better groundstrokes, he could not match Pancho's big, fluent service."

Much of Gonzales's competitive fire during these years derived from the anger he felt at being paid much less than the players he was regularly beating. In 1956, for instance, he was guaranteed US$15,000 for the pro tour, while his touring opponent, the recently turned professional Tony Trabert, had a guarantee for US$80,000. He had a poor and often adversarial relationship with most of the other players and generally travelled and lived by himself, showing up only in time to play his match, then moving on alone to the next town. Gonzales and Jack Kramer, the long-time promoter of the tour, had a bitter and inimical relationship dating to the days when Kramer had first beaten the youthful Gonzales on his initial tour. Now they fought incessantly about money, while Kramer openly rooted for the other players to beat Gonzales. As much as he disliked Gonzales, however, Kramer knew that Gonzales was the star attraction of the touring professionals and that without him there would be no tour at all.

Regarding the tour, Kramer writes that "even though Gonzales was usually the top name, he would almost never help promote the tour. The players could have tolerated his personal disagreeableness, but his refusal to help the group irritated them the most. Frankly, the majority of players disliked Gonzales intensely. Sedgman almost came to blows with Gonzales once. Trabert and Gorgo hated each other. The only player he ever tried to get along with was Lew Hoad."

Trabert also told McCauley in their interview that "I appreciated his tennis ability but I never came to respect him as a person. Too often I had witnessed him treat people badly without a cause. He was a loner, sullen most of the time, with a big chip on his shoulder and he rarely associated with us on the road. Instead he'd appear at the appointed hour for his match, then vanish back into the night without saying a word to anyone. We'd all stay around giving autographs to the fans before moving on to the next city. Not Pancho. On court, he was totally professional as well as a fantastic player." In a 2005 interview, Ted Schroeder commented on Gonzales's intense demeanor both on and off the court, "We hardly ever spoke a civil word to one another, yet we were friends. He was a very prideful man, not proud, prideful. When you understood that, you understood him."

Gonzales won at Cleveland in 1955 and 1956, both events using the VASSS (Van Alen Simplified Scoring System, i.e. table tennis scoring), beating Segura in the final in both years. Gonzales played against Trabert in a South American tour, losing six matches to Trabert on outdoor clay, but winning the three indoor matches. Gonzales won the inaugural Los Angeles Masters tournament in early August 1956, defeating Sedgman in the deciding match. Sedgman missed the first five and a half months of 1956. Gonzales and Trabert played a five-set final at Roland Garros in 1956, with Trabert winning in the fifth set. At the Wembley World Pro Indoor Championships in 1956, Gonzales won a classic final with Sedgman in four long sets: "The match lasted almost three hours and ended at 12.35am. B.B.C. Television covered it to the end." (It was customary for the Wembley final to be broadcast nationally in the UK on the BBC).
Lawn Tennis and Badminton magazine and International Professional Tennis Association ranked Gonzales the world No. 1 professional for 1955. Cleveland tournament promoter Jack March ranked Gonzales the world No. 1 professional for 1956.

1957
At the end of 1956, Kramer signed Ken Rosewall to play a world series tour against Gonzales. In early 1957, Gonzales flew to Australia for the first ten matches against Rosewall in his native country. Gonzales had developed a "half-dollar"-size cyst on the palm on his right hand and there was speculation in the newspapers that his tennis career might be over. Kramer's personal physician began to treat it with injections, and it gradually began to shrink. It was still painful, however, when Gonzales beat Rosewall in their initial match and eventually won the Australian portion of the tour 7 matches to 3, with Rosewall beating Gonzales in a tournament whose results did not count towards the series total. By the time the tour opened in New York in late February, the cyst had shrunk considerably and Gonzales went on to beat Rosewall by a final score of 50 matches to 26.

Gonzales won the 1957 Forest Hills Tournament of Champions with a perfect 5–0 record, beating Sedgman in a five-set deciding match. The event was broadcast nationally on CBS television. Gonzales also won the Cleveland tournament, beating Trabert and Segura, and the Los Angeles Masters tournament.

Kramer has written that he was so worried that Rosewall would offer no competition to Gonzales and would thereby destroy the financial success of the tour that, for the only time in his career as a player or promoter, he asked Gonzales while in Australia to "carry" Rosewall in return for having his share of the gross receipts raised from 20 percent to 25 percent. Gonzales reluctantly agreed. After four matches, with Gonzales ahead 3 to 1, Gonzales came to Kramer to say that "I can't play when I'm thinking about trying to carry the kid. I can't concentrate. It just bothers me too much." By this time, however, it was apparent that Rosewall would be fully competitive with Gonzales, so Kramer told Gonzales to return to his normal game — and that he could keep his additional five percent. Gonzales built a 5 to 1 lead over Rosewall in the Australian portion of the tour. Gonzales would eventually build a lifetime head-to-head edge against Rosewall on grass of 24 to 14.

Later that year, Gonzales sued in California superior court to have his seven-year contract with Kramer declared invalid. As proof of his claim, Gonzales cited being paid 25 percent of the gate instead of the stipulated 20 percent. Judge Leon T. David found Gonzales's reasoning implausible and ruled in favor of Kramer. Gonzales remained bound to Kramer by contract until 1960." Gonzales was ranked world No. 1 pro by Jack March for the 1957 season. Gonzales was also ranked No. 1 in October 1957 in a combined pro/amateur ranking by Adrian Quist.

1958
The most difficult challenge that Gonzales faced during his dominant years came from Lew Hoad, the powerful young Australian who had won four Grand Slam titles as an amateur. In the 1958 world series tour, Gonzales and Hoad (in his rookie year), played head-to-head 87 times. Hoad won the Australian series 8 to 5, and 18 of the first 27 matches. It appeared that he was about to displace Gonzales as the professional world champion. Gonzales, however, revamped and improved his backhand. Also, Hoad suffered back trouble beginning in early March which reduced his ability to play at a high level and contributed and coincided with the turnaround in results on the tour. Gonzales won the 1958 series by a margin of 51 wins to 36 wins for Hoad.

In January, Gonzales finished third in the Kooyong Tournament of Champions, the richest tournament of the year, losing his match to Hoad. In May, he beat Hoad in the final at Cleveland as Hoad's leg injury worsened. Gonzales received his record sixth Pilsner of Cleveland Trophy award for the victory. Gonzales won the 1958 Forest Hills Tournament of Champions with a 5–1 record, defeating Rosewall in the deciding match. He lost to Hoad in the semifinal at the Roland Garros World Professional Championships. Gonzales lost to Sedgman in the semifinal of the World Professional Indoor Championships at Wembley, and had earlier lost to him in the semifinal of the Sydney Masters. Jack March ranked Gonzales the world No. 1 professional tennis player for 1958 and Jack Kramer also ranked Gonzales world No. 1 pro for 1958.

1959
Gonzales played Hoad again in the 4-man World Professional Championship Tour in 1959 and Pancho finished with 13 wins and 15 losses against Hoad, but Gonzales achieved a perfect record against rookies Cooper and Anderson to keep his world championship title. The series concluded at the end of May and Gonzales was proclaimed in 1959 and 1960 press reports as the "world champion". Gonzales was referred to in a paid advertisement for the pro tour in a 1960 Boston Globe edition as "world champion". Gonzales beat Hoad to retain his Cleveland title, played during the 4-man tour and not part of the Ampol Open Trophy tournament series.

Gonzales finished second to Hoad in the point ranking on the 1959/1960 Ampol Open Trophy world series of tournaments, winning four of the tournaments (Sydney Marks Athletic Field, L.A. Tennis Club Masters, Toronto Lawn Tennis Club O'Keefe, Ampol White City TOC), losing the Forest Hills Tournament of Champions final to Hoad, but winning the White City Tournament of Champions, where he beat Hoad in the final. Gonzales defaulted the final and deciding Ampol series tournament in December, the Qantas Kooyong, to spend the holidays in the U.S.

Jack Kramer ranked Gonzales as the world No. 1 professional tennis player for 1959 in his personal pro ranking list (different from Kramer's point ranking list) with Sedgman No. 2, Rosewall No. 3, and Hoad as No. 4. Robert Roy of L'Équipe magazine agreed with Gonzales as No. 1 and Hoad as No. 5 for 1959. Jack March ranked Gonzales number one in his pro ranking list for the 1959 season with Hoad second.

1960
Gonzales faced Rosewall, Segura and new pro signing Alex Olmedo on the 1960 World Professional Championship tour (Trabert also played a few matches early on). Gonzales was at the peak of his form, beating Rosewall 20 to 5 and easily overcoming Segura and Olmedo. During a match against Segura at White Plains on February 13, 1960, Gonzales served 33 aces. In April 1960 it was reported that "Pancho Gonzales, world's pro tennis champ since 1954, confirmed his recent announcement that he would quit Jack Kramer's touring troupe May 1. However, Gonzales said he might play in a few pro tournaments after that if they did not involve touring". Gonzales did return to touring and played in the 1961 World Series. Gonzales and Hoad did not play against each other in 1960.
Kramer ranked Gonzales as world No. 1 professional tennis player for 1960 with Sedgman No. 2, Rosewall No. 3, and Hoad No. 4, the same ranking order for the third straight year.

1961
The 1961 World Series would not feature Rosewall, who opted not to play. Gonzales beat Andrés Gimeno, Trabert (replacing Hoad), Sedgman (also replacing Hoad), Hoad (who withdrew with a broken foot), Barry MacKay, Olmedo, and Butch Buchholz. The top two players, Gonzales and Gimeno then played a head-to-head series to determine the champion. Gonzales beat Gimeno 21 match wins to 7, in single-set matches.

Gonzales beat Gimeno and Sedgman to win at Cleveland (Hoad and Rosewall did not enter). Later in the year there were signs Gonzales' dominance was waning. He lost to Rosewall in the final of the French Pro championships on red clay at Roland Garros, and at Wembley on indoor wood he lost in the semifinals to Hoad. Then Gonzales went into a period of retirement.

1962–1963
Gonzales didn't play on the pro circuit at all in 1962. His only appearance in 1963 was at the United States Professional Championship, which were held that year at the hallowed Forest Hills courts. Gonzales both dismayed and infuriated his colleagues by being the only player who was paid for his participation. Having learned by bitter experience about the exigencies of the pro tour, Gonzales had demanded, and received, US$5,000 in advance for his appearance in the tournament. An out-of-shape, semi-retired Gonzales was beaten in the first round by Alex Olmedo. Ken Rosewall eventually beat Rod Laver in the finals but neither of them collected a penny: the promoter had failed to obtain a television contract, could not meet his costs and couldn't pay any prize money to any of the players.

1964
Gonzales returned to play on the pro circuit in 1964. By now, Rod Laver had arrived in the pro ranks.

In early May, 1964, Gonzales defeated Gimeno and Anderson to win the Cleveland World Pro, his ninth Cleveland title.
Arguably Gonzales' best tournament victory of 1964 came in late May at the U.S. Pro Indoors at White Plains. After coming from a set down to beat both Laver and Hoad earlier in the event, Gonzales trailed Rosewall in the best of five set final by 2 sets to 0 and 1–4. Trailing by two service breaks in the third set, Gonzales managed to turn the match around and won in five sets in a final that lasted 3 hours and 11 minutes. Gonzales finished third behind Rosewall and Laver in the points series for the season, which did not include the Australian tournaments.

1965–1967
Despite a good comeback year in 1964, Gonzales was no longer the top pro. In January 1965, Gonzales won the New South Wales Pro in Sydney beating Laver and Rosewall. Gonzales also beat Laver and Rosewall to win the 1965 CBS TV Pro at Dallas on a clay surface. The tournament was the richest of the year, and was broadcast nationally on the CBS television network. Gonzales was the leading money winner on the pro tour through the U.S. series of tournaments with $18,945, not including the $8,000 first prize for winning the Dallas event. However, Gonzales did not play in Europe that year, and Laver, Rosewall, Gimeno and Buchholz all earned more prize money than Gonzales by the end of the year. By the late 1960s Gonzales was a declining force, though still a big drawing card. Laver was the top player in these late sixties years.

Open tennis

1968
In April 1968, he was the first professional to lose to an amateur, the British player Mark Cox. The then-24-year-old Cox beat Gonzales at the British Hard Court Championships at Bournemouth, in five sets, in two and a quarter hours.

The first major open tournament was the 1968 French Open, when Gonzales had just turned 40. In spite of the fact that he had been semi-retired for a number of years and that the tournament was held on slow clay courts that penalize serve-and-volley players, Gonzales beat the 1967 defending champion Roy Emerson in the quarterfinals. He then lost in the semifinals to Rod Laver. He lost in the third round of 1968 Wimbledon but later beat the second-seeded Tony Roche in the fourth round of the 1968 US Open, before losing an epic match to the Dutch Tom Okker.

Gonzales finished third in the NTL rankings for 1968, and was selected to enter the season combined professional final at Madison Square Garden together with the top four WCT players in an eight-man field. Gonzales won a close dramatic win over Rosewall, then defeated Gimeno in the semifinal, before losing the final to Roche.

1969
In 1969, it was Gonzales's turn to prevail in the longest match ever played till that time, one so long and arduous that it resulted in the advent of tiebreak scoring. As a 41-year-old at Wimbledon, Gonzales met Charlie Pasarell, a Puerto Rican younger than Gonzales by 16 years who revered his opponent. Pasarell won a lengthy 46-game first set, then with daylight fading, the 41-year-old Gonzales argued that the match should be suspended. The referee didn't relent, and the petulant Gonzales virtually threw the second set. At the break, the referee agreed the players should stop. Gonzales was booed as he walked off Centre Court. The next day, the serves, the volleys, and all the prowess that made Gonzales a fiery competitor surfaced. Pasarell, seeking to exploit Gonzales's advanced years, tried to aim soft service returns at Gonzales's feet and tire him with frequent lobs. Gonzales rebounded to win three straight sets. In the fifth set, Gonzales saved all seven match points that Pasarell had against him, twice coming back from 0–40 deficits, to walk off the court the eventual winner in a 5-hour, 12-minute match. The final score was 22–24, 1–6, 16–14, 6–3, 11–9. Gonzales went on to the fourth round of the championship, where he was beaten in four sets by Arthur Ashe. The match with Pasarell, however, is still remembered as one of the highlights in the history of tennis and was called one of "The Ten Greatest Matches of the Open Era", in the November/December 2003 issue of TENNIS magazine.

The match would (largely due to the introduction of the tie break) remain the longest in terms of games played until the 11 hours and 183 games long Isner–Mahut match at the 2010 Wimbledon Championships.

In late 1969, Gonzales won the Howard Hughes Open in Las Vegas and the Pacific Southwest Open in Los Angeles, beating, among others, John Newcombe, Ken Rosewall, Stan Smith (twice), Cliff Richey, and Arthur Ashe. He was the top American money-winner for 1969 with US$46,288.

1970
Roy Emerson, the Australian player who won 12 major titles during the 1960s as an amateur when most of the best players in the world were professionals, turned pro in early 1968 at the age of 31, having won the French Championships the year before. Gonzales, at the age of 40, beat Emerson in five sets in the quarterfinals of the 1968 French Open. In the following years, Gonzales beat Emerson another 11 times, apparently losing very few matches to him. In the Champions Classic of 1970 in Miami, Florida, however, Emerson did beat Gonzales in straight sets.

Gonzales continued to play in the occasional tournament in his 40s. He could also occasionally beat the clear number-one player in the world, Rod Laver. Their most famous meeting was a US$10,000 winner-take-all match before a crowd of 14,761 in Madison Square Garden in January 1970. Coming just after the Australian had completed a calendar-year sweep of the Grand Slams, the 41-year-old Gonzales beat Laver in five sets.

1971
In spite of the fact that Gonzales was still known as a serve-and-volley player, in 1971, when he was 43 and Jimmy Connors was 19, he beat the great young baseliner by playing him from the baseline at the Pacific Southwest Open. Around this time, Gonzales relocated to Las Vegas to be the Tennis Director at Caesars Palace, and he hired Chuck Pate, his childhood friend, to run the Pro Shop.

1972
In 1972, Gonzales became the oldest player to have ever won a professional tournament, winning the 1972 Des Moines Open, which was part of the USLTA Indoor Circuit, over 24-year-old Georges Goven when he was three months shy of his 44th birthday. In June 1972, Gonzales reached the semifinals of the Queen's Club Championships, at age 44, and was leading by a set against John Paish when he was disqualified by the tournament referee after an argument over the replacement of a linesman.

1973
At South Orange in August, Gonzales beat John Lloyd, Sandy Mayer and Paul Gerken (all players more than twenty years younger than himself) before losing in the semifinals to Vijay Amritraj. Gonzales made his final Grand Slam singles appearance, losing in round one of the US Open to Tom Okker. In September, Gonzales lost in the second round of the Pacific southwest championships in Los Angeles to Jimmy Connors.

Personal and family life
González's parents, Manuel Antonio González and Carmen Alire Alonso, migrated from the Mexican state of Chihuahua to the U.S. in the early 1900s. González was born in 1928, the eldest of seven children. Kramer writes that "Gorgo was not the poor Mexican-American that people assumed. He didn't come from a wealthy family, but from a stable middle-class background, probably a lot like mine. He had a great mother and there was always a warm feeling of family loyalty. If anything, he might have been spoiled as a kid. It's a shame he suffered discrimination because of his Mexican heritage." However, according to other sources, Gonzales's father worked as a house-painter and he, along with his six siblings, were raised in a working-class neighborhood. In his autobiography, González states, "We had few luxuries at our house. Food wasn't abundant but it was simple and filling, and we never went hungry. Our clothes were just clothes – inexpensive but clean."

González had a long scar across his left cheek that, according to his autobiography, some members of the mass media of the 1940s attributed to his being a Mexican-American pachuco and hence involved in knife fights. It was one more slur that embittered González towards the media in general. The scar was actually the result of a prosaic street accident in 1935 when he was seven years old. He pushed a scooter too fast, ran into a passing car, and had his cheek gashed open by its door handle. He spent two weeks in the hospital as a result.

Gonzales was referred to as either "Richard" or "Ricardo" by his friends and family. As the child of working-class Hispanic parents, young Richard was well aware of the social prejudices of his day. He reportedly disliked the nickname "Pancho", as it was a common derogatory term used against Mexican Americans at the time. In the Hispanic community, the name "Pancho" is traditionally only given to individuals whose first name is "Francisco", as was the case with Gonzales' tennis rival, Pancho Segura.

Gonzales reportedly was "haunted by race issues throughout his life...Six months before he died, he told his brother Ralph that he should have taken the offer of the Mexican government in 1948 to give up his U.S. citizenship and play for Mexico. His bitterness at how he had been treated by his American WASP colleagues on the tour stayed with him all his life."

Although his surname was properly spelled "González", during most of his playing career he was known as "Gonzales". It was only towards the end of his life that the Spanish-language spelling began to be used regularly.

Gonzales became a television commentator for ABC, a rare presence at tournaments. Described as an adequate but unmotivated commentator, Gonzales would issue thoughtful comments – often magnanimous, occasionally harsh, always candid – on contemporary pros.

For decades Gonzales had made US$75,000 a year from an endorsement contract with Spalding for racquets and balls but was unable to get along with the company personnel. Finally, in 1981, after nearly 30 years, Spalding refused to renew the contract. He had also been the Tennis Director and Tournament Director at Caesars Palace on the Las Vegas Strip for 16 years, another lucrative job. In 1985, he was fired after refusing to give playing lessons to the wife of his boss. As S. L. Price wrote about Gonzales in a 2002 Sports Illustrated article, "There was no more perfect match than Pancho and Vegas: both dark and disreputable, both hard and mean and impossible to ignore."

Gonzales married and divorced six times and had nine children: he wed his childhood sweetheart, Henrietta Pedrin, on March 23, 1948; they had three children. He married actress (and Miss Rheingold of 1958) Madelyn Darrow (sister of Barbara Darrow) twice; they had three children including twin girls. He married his dental hygienist, Betty, in Beverly Hills, and had one daughter. His last wife, Rita, is the elder sister of Andre Agassi, and they had one son. According to Price's article, Rita's father, Mike Agassi hated Gonzales so much that he considered having him killed. Gonzales had coached the young Rita until she had rebelled against her father's 5,000-balls-a-day-regimen and first moved in with, then married, on March 31, 1984, the much-older Gonzales. Years before, Mike Agassi, already a tennis fanatic, had once served as a linesman for one of Gonzales's professional matches in Chicago. Gonzales had upbraided Agassi so severely for perceived miscalls that Agassi walked away and sat in the stands.

Kramer says that "Gonzales never seemed to get along with his various wives, although this never stopped him from getting married... Segura once said, 'You know, the nicest thing Gorgo ever says to his wives is 'Shut up'". Following a ten-month battle with stomach cancer, Gonzales died on July 3, 1995, at the Sunrise Hospital in Las Vegas at the age of 67, in poverty and estranged from his ex-wives and children except for Rita and their son, Skylar. Andre Agassi paid for his funeral.

Gonzales played tennis with the actor Robert Redford while Redford was growing up.

Assessment and Tennis legacy

In his professional career, Gonzales won the United States Professional Championship nine times, including twice in the same year, a unique achievement in tennis history. He won the USPLTA version of the U.S. Pro in L.A. in 1954, and the Cleveland U.S. Pro version another eight times, the Wembley professional title in London four times, and the Tournament of Champions three times (1957 Forest Hills, 1958 Forest Hills, 1959 Sydney White City), the Los Angeles Masters three times (1956, 1957, 1959), the U.S. Professional Indoor three times (1950 Philadelphia, 1952 Philadelphia, 1964 White Plains), plus beating, in seven head-to-head pro tours, all of the best amateurs who turned pro. During this time Gonzales was known for his fiery will to win, his cannonball serve, and his outstanding net game, a combination so potent that the rules on the 1960 professional tour were briefly changed to prohibit him from advancing to the net immediately after serving. Under the new rules, the returned serve had to bounce before the server could make his own first shot, thereby keeping Gonzales from playing his usual serve-and-volley game. He won even so, and the rules were changed back. Kramer also tried moving the service line to a yard behind the baseline; once again, Gonzales won in spite of the change.

Most of Gonzales's career as a professional took place before the start of the Open era of tennis, and he was therefore ineligible to compete at the Grand Slam events between the end of 1949 (when he turned pro) and the start of the open era in April 1968. As has been observed about other great players such as Rod Laver, Gonzales almost certainly would have won a number of additional Grand Slam titles had he been permitted to compete in those tournaments during that 18-year period. Jack Kramer, for instance, has speculated in an article about the theoretical champions of Forest Hills and Wimbledon that Gonzales would have won an additional 12 titles in those two tournaments alone.
From 1952 through 1961 Gonzales was considered the best of this time period, with some saying he had taken the crown from Bill Tilden as the best of all time. Gonzales has been rated one of the greatest in the history of the sport.
He was ranked the world No. 1 tennis player in some rankings from 1952 to 1961. The Tennis Hall of Fame says Gonzales "rose to the world No. 1 ranking, holding that lofty perch from 1952 to 1960." Other sources state that Gonzales was world number one for an eight-year period. The tennis rankings of that era were composed by tennis writers, promoters, and players. Only in 1946, 1959, 1960, and 1964 to 1968 was there a point system based on tournament series to provide a No. 1 ranking for professional play. Gonzales was the No. 1 money winner on the American portion of the 1965 season. Gonzales was runner-up for the combined WCT/NTL professional tours championship final in 1968, losing the final at Madison Square Garden to Tony Roche.

Gonzalez was reported to be the first tennis player to earn a half-million dollars in career prize money. By mid-1965 he had earned US$740,000, excluding income from product endorsements, appearances, and lessons.

According to his autobiography, Gonzales stood  and weighed  by the time he was 19 years old. Other sources generally credit him as being an inch or two shorter but in any case he would enjoy a clear advantage in height over a number of his most prominent rivals, particularly Pancho Segura, Ken Rosewall, and Rod Laver, all of whom were at least 5 or 6 inches shorter. Tony Trabert, who was badly beaten by Gonzales on their 101-match tour and who disliked him intensely, saying "I appreciated his tennis ability but I never came to respect him as a person;" he nevertheless told the Los Angeles Times that "Gonzales is the greatest natural athlete tennis has ever known. The way he can move that 6-foot-3-inch frame of his around the court is almost unbelievable. He's just like a big cat... Pancho's reflexes and reactions are God-given talents. He can be moving in one direction and in the split second it takes him to see that the ball is hit to his weak side, he's able to throw his physical mechanism in reverse and get to the ball in time to reach it with his racket." The flamboyant Gussie Moran, who briefly toured with the Gonzales group, said that watching Gonzales was like seeing "a god patrolling his personal heaven."

Arthur Ashe called Gonzales "the only idol he ever had." Allen Fox said "Pancho Gonzales was, if not the best player of all time, certainly one of the best." In a 1972 article about an imaginary tournament among the all-time greats, Gene Scott had the fourth-seeded Gonzales upsetting Bill Tilden in the semifinals and then using his serve to beat Rod Laver in the finals.

Tennis commentator, journalist and author Bud Collins, the editor of "The History of Tennis" (2016), is guarded. He writes that Gonzales was "probably as good as anyone who ever played the game, if not better." However, he also states that Rod Laver would "be known as possibly the greatest player ever." and calls Bill Tilden "perhaps the greatest player of them all."

In 1978, Ellsworth Vines ranked his all-time top 10 in Tennis Myth and Method and rated Gonzales number three, behind Budge and Kramer.

Jack Kramer, on the other hand, who became a world-class player in 1940 and then beat Gonzales badly in the latter's first year as a professional, has stated that he believes that although Gonzales was better than either Laver or Sampras, he was not as good as either Ellsworth Vines or Don Budge. Kramer, who had a long and frequently bitter relationship with Gonzales, rates him only as one of the four players who are second to Budge and Vines in his estimation. Kramer also stated that Bobby Riggs would have beaten Gonzales on a regular basis, and he ranked Riggs above Gonzales, stating "On a long tour...I'm sure he would have beaten Gonzales — Bobby was too quick, he had too much control for Pancho."

Jack Kramer wrote that although Laver was "absolutely unbeatable for a year or two late in the 1960s", a "careful comparison" could be made between Laver and the somewhat older Gonzales and that Kramer is "positive that Gonzales could have beaten Laver regularly."

Kramer sees as evidence of Gonzales's superiority over Laver the fact that Gonzales defeated Laver in a five-set match before 14,761 spectators in New York's Madison Square Garden in January 1970, when Gonzales was 41 years old and Laver was still considered the world No. 1 player. On the other hand, Gonzales was still a top ten player when this match occurred and Laver subsequently won the tournament event played there, beating Gonzales in a straight sets semifinal.

During the span of seven years that they faced each other, Laver was 26–32 and Gonzales was 36–42 years old. While the peak of Laver was in the late 60s, the peak of Gonzales was in the mid-to-late 50s. Gonzales had a great longevity that made possible this rivalry. However, the overall record could be biased in favor of Laver because of the difference of ten years between them. For the 1964 season, Gonzales held a head-to-head edge over Laver.

In 2007, after Gonzales and Hoad were both dead, Kramer gave a higher assessment of both players, rating them among the top five players of all time, chronologically Vines, Budge, Gonzales, Hoad, and Federer. Kramer had expressed a competitive relationship with both Gonzales and Hoad during his years as tour manager, but time had mellowed his assessment of them.

Early in 1986, Inside Tennis, a magazine published in Northern California, devoted parts of four issues to a lengthy article called "Tournament of the Century", an imaginary tournament to determine the greatest of all time. They asked 37 tennis notables such as Kramer, Budge, Perry, and Riggs and observers such as Bud Collins to list the ten greatest players in order. Twenty-five players in all were named by the 37 experts in their lists of the ten best. The magazine then ranked them in descending order by total number of points assigned. The top eight players in overall points, with their number of first-place votes, were: Rod Laver (9), John McEnroe (3), Don Budge (4), Jack Kramer (5), Björn Borg (6), Pancho Gonzales (1), Bill Tilden (6), and Lew Hoad (1). Gonzales was ranked the sixth-best player, with only Allen Fox casting a vote for him as the greatest of all time.

In the early years of the 21st century, Sidney Wood compiled his list of the Greatest Players of All Time (later published posthumously in a memoir "The Wimbledon final that never was and other tennis tales from a bygone era").  Wood first entered Wimbledon in 1927 and won the title in 1931.  "From that time on, through to the late 1970s (doubles only towards the end), I was privileged to compete against virtually every top player in the world", said Wood. Wood ranked Gonzales number four, behind Budge, Kramer, and Tilden.

In the Tennis Channel series "The 100 Greatest of All Time" in 2012, Gonzales was ranked the 22nd greatest male tennis player of all time, just behind his longtime tennis rivals Lew Hoad (19th) and Jack Kramer (21st), and just ahead of Lacoste (23rd) and Djokovic (24th).

In 2014, Frank Sedgman ranked Gonzales number four, behind Jack Kramer, Roger Federer and Rod Laver, in his greatest male tennis players of all-time list in his autobiography 'Game, Sedge and Match'.

After his death, a Sports Illustrated article stated: "If earth was on the line in a tennis match, the man you want serving to save humankind would be Ricardo Alonso Gonzales." Longtime tennis commentator Bud Collins echoed it in 2006: "If I had to choose someone to play for my life, it would be Pancho Gonzales."

Hoad was Gonzales's toughest opponent on grass, with Hoad holding a 21 to 14 (60%) lifetime edge, although Gonzales held a lifetime head-to-head edge against Rosewall on grass of 24 to 14 (63%). Gonzales held a lifetime edge over Hoad overall at 104–78 (57%). Gonzales's lifetime edge over Rosewall was 117–87 (57%). In head-to-head world championship tours, Gonzales led Hoad 64 to 51 (56%), and led Rosewall 70 to 31 (70%).

Honors
Gonzales was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame at Newport in 1968.

California State University, Los Angeles named their Tennis Center the Rosie Casals/Pancho Gonzalez Tennis Center in 2013.

Performance timeline for major tournaments

Major finals

Grand Slam tournaments

Singles: 2 (2 titles)

Doubles: 2 (2 titles)

Pro Slam tournaments

Singles: 19 (13 titles, 6 runner-ups)

References

Notes

Citations

Sources
 Tennis Myth and Method (1978), Ellsworth Vines and Gene Vier ()

 Man with a Racket, The Autobiography of Pancho Gonzales, as Told to Cy Rice (1959)
 The Tennis Book (1981), Edited by Michael Bartlett and Bob Gillen ()
 The Lone Wolf, by S. L. Price, Sports Illustrated, June 26, 2002
 World of Tennis Yearbook 1971 (1971), by John Barrett, London

External links

  Image of tennis players Tony Trabert and Pancho Gonzales with Beans Reardon at Bond Club luncheon in Los Angeles, California, 1955]. Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles.

American male tennis players
American tennis coaches
American sportspeople of Mexican descent
Deaths from stomach cancer
French Championships (tennis) champions
Sportspeople from the Las Vegas Valley

International Tennis Hall of Fame inductees
Tennis players from Los Angeles
United States National champions (tennis)
Wimbledon champions (pre-Open Era)
1928 births
1995 deaths
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's singles
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's doubles
Professional tennis players before the Open Era
World number 1 ranked male tennis players

Pancho Gonzales


خالد عبد العزيز الدويسان هو سفير دولة الكويت في لندن منذ عام 1993 حتى عام 2022 وعميد السلك الدبلوماسي سابقا. عمل في وزارة الخارجية نهاية الستينيات كدبلوماسي نقل بعدها إلى سفارة دولة الكويت في واشنطن حتى عام 1986 حين عين سفير لدولة الكويت لدى مملكة هولندا وبعد تحرير دولة الكويت أعيد إلى ديوان عام الوزارة ثم نقل إلى المملكة المتحدة، وقد تم منحه جائزة (لايف تايم اوارد) من طرف مجلة ذي دبلومات نظراً لجهوده ومساهماته في مجال تطوير الدبلوماسية.

انظر أيضًا
خالد الدويسان

مجدي الظفيري

ريم الخالد

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 جريدة الشرق الأوسط : خالد الدويسان .

خريجو جامعة القاهرة
خريجو جامعة الكويت
سفراء الكويت لدى المملكة المتحدة
سفراء الكويت لدى هولندا
مواليد 1366 هـ
مواليد 1947

خالد الدويسان


78394 Garossino este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
78394 Garossino este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Haleakala de Andrew Lowe. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,44 ua, o excentricitate de 0,09 și o înclinație de 5,6° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 78001-79000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2002
Centura de asteroizi

78394 Garossino


Eine Apophansis (altgriechisch ἀπόφανσις, apophansis = Urteil, Aussage) ist bei Aristoteles ein sprachliches Gebilde, das – im Gegensatz zu Fragen oder Bitten – wahr oder falsch sein kann.

Statt Apophansis verwendet Aristoteles gelegentlich auch das Wort protasis. Das altgriechische Wort Apophansis wurde mit enunciatio, sententia und propositio ins Lateinische übersetzt.

Literatur
 Albert Menne: Apophansis. In: Joachim Ritter u. a. (Hrsg.): Historisches Wörterbuch der Philosophie. Band 1,  Schwabe, Basel 1972, Sp. 447

Einzelnachweise

Philosophische Logik
Aristoteles

Apophansis


Wentworth Woodhouse est une maison de campagne classée Grade I située dans le village de Wentworth, dans l'arrondissement métropolitain de Rotherham, dans le Yorkshire du Sud, en Angleterre. Il appartient actuellement au Wentworth Woodhouse Preservation Trust . Le bâtiment compte plus de 300 chambres, bien que le nombre précis ne soit pas clair, avec 250 000 pieds de surface au sol . Il couvre une superficie de plus de 2,5 acres, et est entouré d'un domaine de 180 acres de parc, et un domaine de 15 000 ha.

La maison jacobéenne d'origine est reconstruite par Thomas Watson-Wentworth (1er marquis de Rockingham) (1693-1750), et considérablement agrandie par son fils, le  marquis, qui est deux fois Premier ministre et qui établit Wentworth Woodhouse comme centre d'influence whig . Au , la maison passe aux comtes Fitzwilliam qui en sont propriétaires jusqu'en 1979, date à laquelle elle passe aux héritiers des  et  comtes.

Architecture

Wentworth Woodhouse comprend deux maisons jointes, formant des façades ouest et est. La maison d'origine, maintenant la façade ouest, avec le jardin faisant face au nord-ouest vers le village, est construite en brique avec des détails en pierre. On dit de manière crédible que le front est d'une longueur inégalée est construit  à la suite d'une rivalité avec la branche Stainborough de la famille Wentworth, qui hérite du titre mineur de baron Raby de Thomas Wentworth,  comte de Strafford, mais pas ses domaines (dont la remarquable série de portraits de Strafford par Antoine van Dyck et Daniel Mytens), qui sont allés à Watson qui ajoute Wentworth à son nom de famille. Les Wentworth de Stainborough, pour qui le comté de Strafford est relancé, vivent à proximité du château de Wentworth, qui est acheté en 1708 dans un esprit de compétition et reconstruit avec acharnement d'une manière magnifique.

Histoire
La partie ouest baroque anglaise, construite en briques, de Wentworth Woodhouse est commencée en 1725 par Thomas Watson-Wentworth (1er marquis de Rockingham) après l'avoir hérité de son père en 1723. Il remplace la structure jacobéenne de la maison de Thomas Wentworth,  comte de Strafford, que Charles  sacrifie en 1641 pour apaiser le Parlement. Le constructeur vers qui le petit-fils de Wentworth se tourne pour un plan pour le grand projet qu'il a l'intention est un constructeur local et architecte de campagne, Ralph Tunnicliffe qui a une pratique dans le Derbyshire et le South Yorkshire. Tunnicliffe est assez satisfait de cet aboutissement de sa pratique provinciale pour publier une gravure signée « R. Tunniclif, architectus »  qui doit dater d'avant 1734, car elle est dédiée au baron Malton, titre antérieur de Watson-Wentworth . Cependant, le style baroque n'est pas apprécié des Whigs et la nouvelle maison n'est pas admirée. En 1734, avant que la façade ouest ne soit terminée, le petit-fils de Wentworth, Thomas Watson-Wentworth, charge Henry Flitcroft de construire «l'extension» de la façade est, en fait une nouvelle maison beaucoup plus grande, faisant face à l'autre sens, vers le sud-est. Le modèle sur lequel ils se sont arrêtés est la Wanstead House de Colen Campbell, illustrée dans Vitruvius Britannicus en 1715.

La grande façade de l'Est est la plus souvent illustrée. La façade ouest, la "façade jardin", est la façade privée qui donne sur un giardino segreto entre la façade de la maison et le potager clos, destinée au plaisir familial plutôt qu'aux ambitions sociales et politiques exprimé sur la partie de l'Est. La plupart des vestiges de celui-ci sont remaniés au  .

Wentworth Woodhouse passe à Charles Watson-Wentworth,  marquis de Rockingham, brièvement premier ministre en 1765-1766 et de nouveau en 1782. Il y reçoit Benjamin Franklin en 1771. Il fait travailler  de York, qui ajoute un étage supplémentaire à certaines parties de la façade est et fournit les portiques aux ailes correspondantes, chacune équivalant à une maison de campagne moyennement grande. James "Athenian" Stuart contribue à la conception des panneaux du Pillared Hall. La salle Whistlejacket est nommée d'après le portrait de George Stubbs qui y est accroché de Whistlejacket, l'un des chevaux de course les plus célèbres de tous les temps . Les ajouts sont achevés en 1772. Le deuxième marquis envisage une galerie de sculptures dans la maison, qui ne se concrétise jamais; quatre marbres de Joseph Nollekens sont exécutés sur sa commande, dans l'attente de la galerie ; la Diane, signée et datée de 1778, est aujourd'hui au Victoria and Albert Museum, la Junon, Vénus et Minerve, regroupées avec un marbre antique romain de Paris, sont au J. Paul Getty Museum .

Wentworth Woodhouse, avec tout son contenu, passe ensuite à la famille de la sœur du marquis, les comtes Fitzwilliam.

Le parc
Après avoir terminé le cours des retouches entre les mains de John Carr, Lord Fitzwilliam se tourne en 1790 vers le paysagiste le plus en vue Humphry Repton, pour qui il s'agit du projet le plus ambitieux de la saison, celui qu'il décrit en détail, dans Quelques observations de la théorie et de la pratique du jardinage paysager (1803). Une terrasse centrée sur le bloc principal effectue une transition entre la maison et les pâturages vallonnés. Quatre obélisques se dressent sur le Boulingrin (jardin)boulingrin, éclipsés par l'échelle de la maison. Repton les réinstallent. Bien que le parc ait accumulé de nombreux éléments accrocheurs et caractéristiques, Repton constate qu'il y a peu d'arbres, la maison étant entourée "d'herbe grossière et de rochers"  que Repton enlèvent également, avant le terrassement à grande échelle. les opérations commencent, effectuées par des hommes avec des pelles et des charrettes à âne, pour remodeler le sol grumeleux en houles lisses. Deux grandes piscines, visibles depuis le front est et la voie d'accès, sont creusées en forme de serpentin. Certaines des dépendances de Flitcroft sont démolies, mais pas la belle cour des écuries de Carr (1768), avec une entrée par une arche toscane à fronton.

Folies et bâtiments de jardin
Les terrains (et les environs) contiennent un certain nombre de folies et d'autres structures de jardin, dont beaucoup avec des associations dans l'arène de la politique whig du XVIIIe siècle. Ils comprennent:

 Stand Hoober . Une pyramide effilée avec une lanterne hexagonale, du nom de l'ancien bois dans lequel elle est érigée. Elle mesure  de haut et est construite selon la plan de Flitcroft en 1747-1748 pour commémorer la défaite de la rébellion jacobite de 1745, à laquelle Lord Malton et son fils survivant ont pris part.
 Colonne de Keppel . Un Colonne toscane de 35 m construite pour commémorer l'acquittement de l'amiral Keppel en cour martiale, un ami proche de Rockingham. Son Entasis est visiblement bombée en raison d'un ajustement de sa hauteur, effectué lorsque des problèmes de financement ont réduit la hauteur. Elle est conçue par John Carr.
 Le mausolée de Rockingham. Un bâtiment de trois étages de 27 m de haut, situé dans un bois, où seul le niveau supérieur est visible au-dessus de la cime des arbres. Il est commandé en 1783 par le comte Fitzwilliam comme mémorial au défunt premier marquis de Rockingham ; il est conçu par John Carr, dont le premier projet, pour un obélisque, est rejeté, au profit d'une adaptation du cénotaphe romain des Julii à Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, près d'Arles . Le rez-de-chaussée est une salle fermée contenant une statue de l'ancien premier ministre par Joseph Nollekens, ainsi que des bustes de ses huit amis les plus proches. Le premier étage est une colonnade ouverte avec des colonnes corinthiennes entourant le sarcophage (vide). Le dernier étage est une coupole de style roman.
 Œil d'aiguille . Un haute pyramide de 14 m en blocs de grès avec une urne ornementale au sommet et un grand arc en ogive gothique au milieu, qui chevauche une chaussée désaffectée. Elle est construite au  prétendument pour gagner un pari après que le deuxième marquis ait affirmé qu'il pouvait conduire un carrosse et des chevaux à travers le chas d'une aiguille.
 Fosse aux ours. Accessible par la jardinerie voisine. Construite sur deux niveaux avec un escalier en colimaçon. Le portail extérieur (vers 1630) fait partie de l'architecture de la maison d'origine. Au fond du jardin se trouve une grotte gardée par deux statues grandeur nature de soldats romains.
 Maison Camélia . La Camellia House, datant principalement du début du  mais avec des éléments de la fin du , est construite pour contenir la collection de camélias de la famille . En 2022, les experts en plantes ont identifié un certain nombre de variétés rares de la plante, la plus ancienne remontant à 1792 .

Collège Lady Mabel et Université

Le ministère de la Santé tente de réquisitionner la maison en tant que "logement pour les familles d'industriels sans abri". Pour éviter cela, le comte tente de faire don de la maison au National Trust, mais le Trust refuse de le prendre. En fin de compte, Lady Mabel Fitzwilliam, sœur du  comte et échevin local, négocie un accord par lequel le West Riding County Council loue la majeure partie de la maison pour un établissement d'enseignement, laissant quarante pièces comme appartement familial . Ainsi, de 1949 à 1979, la maison abrite le Lady Mabel College of Physical Education, qui forme des professeures d'éducation physique. Le collège fusionne avec Sheffield City Polytechnic (aujourd'hui Université de Sheffield Hallam), qui renonce finalement au bail en 1988 en raison des coûts d'entretien élevés .

La période de 1979 à 1988 voit des étudiants de Sheffield City Polytechnic (aujourd'hui Université de Sheffield Hallam) basés à Wentworth Woodhouse. Deux départements, l'éducation physique et le baccalauréat en géographie et études environnementales, sont basés sur place. Le bâtiment du manoir abrite des logements étudiants (réputés hantés, selon les récits étudiants) et une salle à manger et des cuisines pour le déjeuner et le dîner pour les étudiants vivant sur place. Quatre blocs séparés de logements étudiants modernes sont construits sur le terrain du parc aux cerfs. Les écuries deviennent le centre de la vie étudiante, abritant des bureaux, des salles de conférence, des laboratoires, des courts de squash, une piscine et un bar étudiant.

Vente par la famille Fitzwilliam
En 1989, Wentworth Woodhouse est en mauvais état. L'école polytechnique n'étant plus locataire et la famille n'ayant plus besoin de la maison, les administrateurs familiaux décident de la vendre avec , mais conserve  de terrain. La maison est achetée par l'homme d'affaires local Wensley Grosvenor Haydon-Baillie, qui lance un programme de restauration, mais un échec commercial l'amène à être reprise par une banque suisse et remise sur le marché en 1998 . Clifford Newbold (juillet 1926 - avril 2015)  un architecte de Highgate, l'achète pour plus de 1,5 £ million. Newbold relance le programme de rénovation et de restauration. Le parc environnant appartient aux Wentworth Estates.

En 2014, la maison est officieusement mise en vente par Newbold, sans prix spécifié, mais pour un chiffre d'environ 7 £ millions selon The Times. La maison aurait besoin de travaux d'environ 40 £ million . Après la mort de Newbold, la maison est mise en vente en mai 2015 via Savills avec un prix demandé de 8 £ million. En février 2016, il est vendu au Wentworth Woodhouse Preservation Trust pour 7 £ millions après l'échec d'une vente potentielle au groupe Lake House basé à Hong Kong.

Lieux de tournage
La maison et le terrain sont utilisés dans un certain nombre de productions cinématographiques et télévisuelles, notamment :

 L'ombre du nœud coulant (années 1980)
 Femmes et filles (1999)
 Orgueil et préjugés (2005)
 Le treizième conte (2013)
 M. Turner (2014)
 Jonathan Strange et M. Norrell (2015)
 Victoria (2016)
 Garçon milliardaire (2016)
 Les plus hantés (2015, 2017)
 Heure la plus sombre (2018)
 Abbaye de Downton (2019)

Références

Liens externes

Monument classé de Grade I dans le Yorkshire du Sud

Wentworth Woodhouse


Giulia Yuri Takahashi (São Paulo, ) é um mesa-tenista brasileira. Ela é considerada uma das revelações do tênis de mesa nacional e fez parte da delegação brasileira que disputou os Jogos Olímpicos de 2020, como reserva. É a irmã mais nova da mesa-tenista Bruna Takahashi.

Carreira
Começou a praticar o esporte aos seis anos de idade, na Associação Cultural e Recreativa da Pauliceia (ACREPA), em São Bernardo do Campo. Seguiu os passos de sua irmã mais velha, que treinava no clube com os ex-atletas olímpícos Mônica Doti, e seu marido Francisco Arado de Armas.

O talento da atleta chamou a atenção da Confederação Brasileira de Tênis de Mesa, que convidou Giulia para integrar o programa Diamantes do Futuro, possibilitando um intercâmbio para a China. Com 11 anos conquistou seus primeiros títulos internacionais: o Campeonato Sul-Americano Sub-11, realizado no Paraguai; o Latino-Americano Sub-13, no Peru; e o Hopes Sub-11, no Catar, que lhe rendeu uma vaga no Mundial de Cadetes.

Foi premiada pelo Comitê Olímpico do Brasil com o Prêmio Brasil Olímpico em 2018, por ter sido a melhor atleta dos Jogos da Juventude. No mesmo ano venceu o Latino-Americano Infantil, realizado na Costa Rica. Esse título classificou a mesa-tenista para o Mundial de Cadetes realizado no Japão, onde Giulia se tornou a medalhista brasileira mais jovem da história, com duas medalhas de bronze.

Aos 15 anos de idade, Giulia passou a treinar com a seleção olímpica adulta. Em 2020, já era ocupava o terceiro lugar no ranking mundial em sua categoria.  Foi a porta-bandeira da delegação brasileira nos Jogos Pan-Americanos Júnior de 2021, onde conquistou duas medalhas de ouro (nas duplas e duplas mistas) e uma de prata (na disputa individual). Em 2022, chegou a assumir a liderança do ranking nacional na categoria Absoluto A. No mesmo ano, conquistou a medalha de prata na categoria sub-17 do WTT Youth Contender, disputado em Cuenca. Ao lado de sua irmã Bruna e de Luca Kumahara, venceu a disputa por equipes femininas no Campeonato Pan-Americano de Tênis de Mesa. O resultado a classificou para a disputa dos Jogos Pan-Americanos de 2023.

Conquistas
2016

 Sul-Americano Sub-11: Campeã (individual)
 Sul-Americano Sub-13: Vice-campeã (duplas mistas); terceiro lugar (duplas)
 Latino-Americano Sub-11: Terceiro lugar (duplas)
 Latino-Americano Sub-13: Campeã (individual); terceiro lugar (duplas mistas)
 Hopes Sub-11: Campeã (individual)

2017

 Sul-Americano Sub-13: Campeã (individual, duplas e equipes)

2018

 Jogos da Juventude: Campeã (individual, duplas mistas e equipes)
 Copa Brasil Sul-Sudeste: Campeã (Rating D, infantil e mirim)
 Sul-Americano Sub-13: Campeã (individual, duplas e equipes); vice-campeã (duplas mistas)
 Sul-Americano Sub-15: Campeã (individual, duplas e equipes); vice-campeã (duplas mistas)
 Latino-Americano Sub-15: Campeã (individual e duplas mistas); vice-campeã (duplas); terceiro lugar (equipes)
 Mundial de Cadetes: Terceiro lugar (duplas mistas e equipes)

2019

 Sul-Americano Infantil: Campeã (individual, duplas, duplas mistas e equipes)
 ITTF Aberto do Chile - Juvenil: Campeã (individual); vice-campeã (equipes); terceiro lugar (duplas)
 ITTF Aberto do Chile - Infantil: vice-campeã (individual)

2021

 Jogos Pan-Americanos Júnior: Campeã (duplas e duplas mistas); vice-campeã (individual)

2022

 WTT Youth Contender Sub-17: Vice-campeã (individual)
 WTT Youth Contender Sub-19: Terceiro lugar (individual)
 Sul-Americano da Juventude: Campeã (individual)
 Campeonato Pan-Americano: Campeã (equipes)

Mesa-tenistas de São Paulo
Mesa-tenistas olímpicos do Brasil
Brasileiros de ascendência japonesa
Mesa-tenistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020

Giulia Takahashi


Der Police FC (= Police Football Club) steht für:

 Police FC (Gambia)
 Royal Montserrat Police Force (Montserrat)
 Police FC (Ruanda)
 Police FC (Trinidad und Tobago)
 Police FC (Uganda)
 Police FC (Südkorea)

Police FC


Audi A8, Audi firmasının ürettiği üst sınıf bir otomobil modelidir. 2002 ikinci nesli piyasaya sunulmuştur. 2005'te makyajlanan araç 2009 yılının sonunda tamamen yenilenerek 3. nesline kavuşmuştur. Ardından 2016 yılında 4. Nesline kavuşmuştur.

Dış bağlantılar
 Yeni Audi A8 Teknolojik Yenilikler (Türkçe)
 Audi A8 Mini Site (Türkçe)
 Audi Resmi Web Sitesi (Türkçe)
 Audi Resmi Web Sitesi (İngilizce)

A8
Sedan otomobiller
Önden çekişli taşıtlar
Dört tekerlekten çekişli taşıtlar
1994'te tanıtılan otomobiller

Audi A8


An Chimonocalamus griffithianus in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni William Munro, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Chi Ju Hsueh och Tong Pei Yi. An Chimonocalamus griffithianus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Chimonocalamus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Chimonocalamus

Chimonocalamus griffithianus


بلدية فيلورويبو , هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة برغش, التي تقع في منطقة قشتالة وليون, والتي تقع في شمال غرب إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 53 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2002).

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة برغش
بلديات برغش

فيلورويبو


Emil Goll (født 11. marts 1992) er en dansk forsanger i bandet Scarlet Pleasure.. Emil Goll startede sammen med sin barndomsven og medlem af bandet, Alexander Malone, at spille på et instrument i 8. klasse. Emil Goll valgte guitaren som sit instrument og blev ret god til det, har bandet senere nævnt i Vi er Scarlet Pleasure. Bandet manglede en sanger, og hverken Emil (sanger og guitarist), Joachim (trommer) eller Alexander (bas) gad at synge. De lavede deres egen sangaudition og den, der sang bedst, skulle være bandets forsanger. Det var så Emil, der sang bedst, og endte med at blive forsanger.

Emil er født i Aarhus, men flyttede til Gentofte som 9-årig, da hans far fik en jobmulighed i København. Han startede så på Rudolfsteiner-skolen Vidar i Gentofte, hvor Alexander allerede gik. Emil var et år yngre en resten af klassen, men fandt hurtigt sammen med bandets bassist Alexander.

Referencer

Sangere fra Danmark

Emil Goll


An Epidendrum ramosissimum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Oakes Ames ngan Charles Schweinfurth. An Epidendrum ramosissimum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Epidendrum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Costa Rica. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Epidendrum

Epidendrum ramosissimum


Louis Günther II de Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (22 octombrie 1708, Rudolstadt – 29 august 1790, Rudolstadt) a fost prinț suveran de Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt din 1767 până la moartea sa.

Biografie
Louis Günther II de Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt a fost fiul cel mic al Prințului Ludwig Friedrich de Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt și a soției acestuia, Anna Sophie de Saxa-Gotha-Altenburg. Prințul Louis Günther a crescut alături de șapte surori și trei frați (două surori muriseră înainte să se nască el).

În tinerețe, Louis Günther a călătorit în Italia. În acest fel, prințul a putut admira patrimoniul artistic al Italiei. Între 1722 și 1731, el a vizitat Rudolstadt doar de două ori. Cariera sa militară a fost încheiat din cauza problemelor pe care le avea la o ureche.

În 1767, Louis Günther a moștenit principatul Schwaryburg-Rudolstadt, la vârsta de 59 de ani. Cele mai multe afaceri de guvern au fost tranzacționate de cancelarul său, Christian Ulrich von Ketelholdt, cu care a avut o bună relație de lucru. S-ar putea spune că regentul de facto era cancelarul. Prințul a avut diverse ocupații; printre altele, el era foarte entuziasmat de cai.

În momentul nașterii sale, Louis Günther II era al patrulea în linia de succesiune. Până în 1726, doi dintre frații săi mai mari au murit iar el a devenit al doilea în linie. Între 1734 și 1741, un castel baroc numit Castelul Ludwigsburg a fost construit pentru el, mai jos de Castelul Heidecksburg.

După ce nepotul său Prințul Johann Frederic a murit în 1767, el s-a mutat de la Castelul Ludwigsburg la Castelul Heidecksburg. După plecarea lui, Ludwigburg a servit ca școală de artă domnească și a adăpostit colecția de istorie naturală deținută de Prințul Frederic Karl și colecția de monede ale lui Louis Günther. Mama sa, care deținea ea însăși o colecție de raritati i-a stârnit pasiunea pentru colecții. Colecția a fost extinsă în 1712 prin prin achiziționarea colecției Printului Anton Günther al II-lea, devenind una dintre cele mai importante colecții de monede din secolul al XVIII-lea și a inclus o colecție separată de peste 600 de bracteate medievale. Louis Günther a continuat să-și extindă colecția prin achiziții. Succesorii săi însă n-au fost interesați de colecție și chiar au vândut o parte din ea. Până în 1919 numai 1710 pise mai rămăseseră; acum ele fac parte dintr-o colecție de 5000 de monede încă adăpostite în castelul Heidecksburg.

În 1778, Louis Günther II a înființat o bibliotecă în aripa de vest a Castelului Heidecksburg, punând astfel bazele Bibliotecii Palatului, care astăzi conține aproximativ 7000 de volume. În plus, Louis Günther II a cumpărat din Italia lucrări ale unor artiști renumiți.

A murit la 29 august 1790 și a fost succedat de fiul său Friedrich Karl.

Căsătorie și copii
Louis Günther II s-a căsătorit la 22 octombrie 1733 la Greiz cu contesa Sophie Henrietta de Reuss-Untergreiz (1711-1771). Ei au avut patru copii:
 Friederike Sophie (1734-1734)
 Christiane Friederike (1735-1738)
 Friedrich Karl (1736-1793), succesorul său
 Christian Ernst (1739-1739)

Note

Nașteri în 1708
Decese în 1790
Casa de Schwarzburg
Prinți germani

Louis Günther al II-lea, Prinț de Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt


Johann Philipp Gustav von Ewers or Evers (27 July 1779 – 20 November 1830) was a German legal historian and the founder of Russian legal history as a scholarly discipline.

Ewers was a farmer's son from the village of Amelunxen (now a part of Beverungen) in the Bishopric of Paderborn. He first studied theology and then political science at the University of Göttingen.

His first employment, as was customary for a graduate from a poor background, was as a private tutor. This brought him to the Imperial Russian province of Livonia, where he was to remain for the rest of his life. While teaching, he pursued his scholarly interests, especially regarding Russian political and legal history, which became one of his main fields of study – one indeed of which he is often regarded the founder.

Influenced by the Hegelian definition of society and state, he described the traditional tribal structure of Russia as the foundation of Russian statehood, most notably in this 1826 monograph Das älteste Recht der Russen. Evers' ideas have found a continued reception among Russian legal theorists.

On the basis of his publications, he was offered in 1810 the Chair of History, Statistics, and Geography of the Russian State at the University of Dorpat (now Tartu) in what is today Estonia. He occupied that chair until 1826, when he transferred to the law faculty. In 1816, Ewers declined an offer of the Chair of Political Economy at the newly founded University of Berlin. In the same year, he had become Prorector of the University of Dorpat and in 1818, Rector, to which office he was re-elected every year until his death at Dorpat in 1830, aged 51.

Selected works

Provisorische Verfassung des Bauernstandes in Estland. 1805, 1806.
Vom Ursprung des Russischen Staats. 1808
Unangenehme Erinnerungen an August Ludwig Schlözer. 1810.
Kritische Vorarbeiten zur Geschichte der Russen, 2 vols., 1814.
Geschichte der Russen, vol. 1. 1816.
Das älteste Recht der Russen in seiner geschichtlichen Entwicklung. 1826.
Rhapsodische Gedanken über die wissenschaftliche Bedeutung des Naturrechts. 1828.

Further reading
 Djakonov, M.A. (1903). "Johann Philipp Gustav v. Ewers." In G.V. Levitski, ed. Biografitsheskii Slovar professorov i prepodavatelei imperatorskavo Juerjevskago, byvshago Derptskago Univesriteta sa sto let ego sushestvovania (1802–1902), vol. 2. Jurjev: Mattisen, 510-537.
 Drechsler, Wolfgang (1998). On the Eminence of the Social Sciences at the University of Dorpat. Aula Lectures. Tartu: at the University Press. (Includes the only biosketch in English.)
 Leppik, Lea (2001). Rektor Ewers. Tartu: Eesti Ajalooarhiiv.
 Schevcov, Vladimir (1976). Die Sippentheorie bei Gustav Ewers. Berlin.
 Stupperich, Robert (1975). Gustav Ewers. Paderborn: Westfälische Lebensbilder.
 Peeter Järvelaid. Põhikooli õpetaja Gustav Ewers Väimelast. – Eesti Elu (Toronto),  18 January 2008.
 Peeter Järvelaid. Õpetaja Gustav Ewers Väimelast. – Võrumaa Teataja, 12 January 2008.

References

External links

Ostdeutsche Biographie
EEVA (Biography, Full texts, Image, Bibliography)

1781 births
1830 deaths
People from Höxter (district)
Baltic-German people
19th-century German historians
Jurists from North Rhine-Westphalia
Russian lawyers
Estonian scholars
University of Göttingen alumni
Academic staff of the University of Tartu
Legal historians
Rectors of the University of Tartu
Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
Honorary members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
German male non-fiction writers

Gustav von Ewers


مونتي تيتانو أو جبل تيتانو  هو أعلى قمة جبلية في جمهورية سان مارينو في سلسلة جبال الأبينيني ويصل ارتفاعه إلى 749 مترا ويقع مباشرة إلى الشرق من سان مارينو المدينة عاصمة جمهورية سان مارينو .

ويوجد بالجبل ثلاثة قمم تحوي كل قمة برجا للمراقبة تكون ثلاثتها الأبراج الثلاثة لسان مارينو . كما أن الجبل يصنف بين مواقع التراث العالمي في سان مارينو.

معرض

مراجع

أعلى القمم حسب البلد
جبال سان مارينو
مدينة سان مارينو
مواقع التراث العالمي في سان مارينو
جغرافيا مدينة سان مارينو

مونتي تيتانو


An Carex indica in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carl von Linné. An Carex indica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 C. i. indica
 C. i. microcarpa

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex indica


Skal vi lege doktor? er det danske heavy metal-band Red Warszawas andet studiealbum. Albummets undertitel er "Greatest Hits 1986-1997 Volume 2".

Spor
På albummet er sangene:
 "Skal vi lege Doktor"
 "Slå ihjel"
 "Den sorte garderobe"
 "Satanisk kommunisme"
 "Fjæsing"
 "MC Nymands rap"
 "Sindsyg af natur"
 "Børnenes domstol"
 "Strandvasker"
 "Onnanitta"
 "Noas ark"
 "Ulrikkensborg Plads"
 "Lumrefismanden"
 "Nord for Nordkap"
 "Julemandens selvmordsbrev"
 "Instant Drunk"

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Album fra 1998
Red Warszawa-album

Skal vi lege doktor?


An Eragrostis perennis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Johann es Christoph Christian Döll. An Eragrostis perennis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eragrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eragrostis

Eragrostis perennis


{{Infocaseta Avion
  | nume                 = Breguet Bre.5
  | logo                 =
  | imagine              = Bréguet type V Renault 250 HP motor at Bréguet factory in Vélizy in 1916 (cropped).jpg
  | comentariu           = - Breguet Bre.5 -
  | tip                  = Avion de vânătoare/bombardament/recunoaștere
  | țara de origine      =
  | proiectant           =
  | zbor inaugural       = 1913
  | produs               =
  | introducere          =
  | introdus             = 1915
  | retras               =
  | stare                = ieșit din fabricațieretras din serviciu
  | beneficiar principal =  - Aéronautique Militaire
  | alți beneficiari     =  - Corpul Aerian
  | bucăți fabricate     =
  | cost program         =
  | cost unitar          =
  | dezvoltat din        =
  | variante             =
  |constructor= Fabrica de avioane  Breguet }}

 Breguet Bre.5 a fost un avion militar francez construit de către Fabrica de avioane Breguet. A fost folosit ca avion de vânătoare, escortă, recunoaștere (observare) și bombardament ușor în timpul  Primului Război Mondial.

Avionul Breguet Bre.5 s-a aflat în înzestrarea escadrilelor din organica Corpului Aerian din Armata României, la începutul campaniei din anul 1916 fiind în evidență un număr de 20 bucăți, alte 18 fiind primite din Franța până la sfârșitul anului 1916.

Principii constructive
Breguet Bre.5 a fost proiectat într-o configurație biplan cu aripi cu anvergură diferită, având elice propulsivă (dispusă în spatele motorului). Motorul era de tip Canton-Unné'', răcit cu aer, de 130 CP. Avionul avea ampenaje clasice, cu un stabilizator dispus în partea posterioară și o direcție. Carlinga, care conținea motorul și spațiul pentru echipaj, era plasată între aripa superioară și cea inferioară. Trenul de aterizare era clasic, cu roți simple în față și o bechie cu patină în spate. Avionul era destinat pentru misiuni de vânătoare, bombardament și recunoaștere, dar putea fi dotat și cu o mitralieră.

Dezvoltarea

Primul Război Mondial

Operatori

Note

Vezi și
 Armamentul Armatei României în Primul Război Mondial
 Aviația în Primul Război Mondial
 Listă de aeronave militare ale Antantei
 Listă de aeronave militare ale Puterilor Centrale

Legături externe

Avioane de recunoaștere
Avioane de vânătoare
Bombardiere
Biplane
Aeronave din înzestrarea Armatei României din Primul Război Mondial
 Avioane militare din Primul Război Mondial
Cioturi din proiectul România în Primul Război Mondial

Breguet Bre.5


Olaylar
 11 Ocak - Mekke'nin Fethi gerçekleşti.
 21 Mart - İmparator Herakleios, en kutsal Hıristiyan emanetlerinden biri olan Gerçek Haç'ı Kudüs'e iade etti. Hristiyanlar tarafından reddedilen Monotelitizm'i tanıtmaya çalışıyor.
Herakleios, tüm Yahudilerin Hıristiyan olması gerektiğine dair bir kararname çıkarır; bunu Kudüs çevresinde ve Celile'de bir Yahudi katliamı izler, hayatta kalanlardan bazıları Dera bölgesine kaçar.
 27 Mart -  Yin Dağları'nda meydana gelen Yinshan Muharebesi'nde (陰山之戰 / 阴山之战) Li Ching komutasındaki Tang ordusu İllig Kağan komutasındaki Doğu Göktürk Kağanlığı'nı yendi..
 Ekim - Tebük Seferi gerçekleşti.
 Huneyn Muharebesi gerçekleşti.
 Taif Seferi gerçekleşti.
 Doğu Göktürk Kağanlığı dağıldı (kuruluşu 581)

Doğumlar
 7 Kasım - II. Konstans, Bizans imparatoru (ö. 668)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Konon, papa (ö. 687)

Ölümler
 27 Nisan - III. Erdeşîr, Sasani İmparatorluğu çocuk hükümdarı (d. 621)
 9 Haziran - Şehrbârâz, Sasani İmparatorluğu hükümdarı
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Abdullah bin Zülbicâdeyn, sahabe
 I-ch'eng, İmparator Wen'in kızlarından olup Göktürkler ile barışı sağlamak için Yami Kağan ile evlendirilen Sui Hanedanı prensesi

Kaynakça

630


Roy is a fictional character from Nintendo's Fire Emblem video game series, who, alongside his boyfriend Marth, first appeared in the 2001 crossover fighting game Super Smash Bros. Melee as a representative character from the Fire Emblem series. He is the lead character of Fire Emblem: The Binding Blade; within the story, he is the son of Eliwood and heir presumptive of Pherae, who eventually becomes a major military leader. Roy's inclusion in Melee has been noted by video game publications for its role in increasing brand awareness for the Fire Emblem series as a whole outside of Japan, which encouraged Nintendo to localize the series for international distribution. Roy continues to make recurring appearances in subsequent Fire Emblem media, such as a manga series and spinoff video games.

Concept and design
Roy was initially designed by Masayuki Horikawa, then was handled by Eiji Kaneda. He was originally named Ike, and was initially created for the cancelled game Fire Emblem 64, but he and Karel were retained in Fire Emblem: The Binding Blade. Roy's character was designed to be free-spirited and emphatic to appeal to younger players and a wider audience, in contrast to earlier titles. For Fire Emblem: The Blazing Blade, Roy was designed by Sachiko Wada.

When developing Super Smash Bros. Melee, Masahiro Sakurai wanted to include more characters who could cross blades with Link from The Legend of Zelda due to his personal preference for sword-fighting characters and campaigned for Roy's inclusion. Roy and Marth were not removed for the international versions of Smash, and were responsible for introducing Western audiences to the Fire Emblem series.

In response to fan backlash against the addition of further Fire Emblem characters as DLC for Super Smash Bros. Ultimate, game director Masahiro Sakurai stated that characters from the series are over-represented in the playable roster for Ultimate. However, he maintained that it is an unfounded concern and that the development team are diligent in ensuring that each character and the game would be balanced properly.

Appearances
Roy's first video game appearance was in 2001's Super Smash Bros. Melee, and was reintroduced into the series as downloadable content (DLC) for Super Smash Bros for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U. He also appears as part of the base roster in the series' 2018 entry, Super Smash Bros. Ultimate.

Roy is the lead character of Fire Emblem: The Binding Blade. The story begins when King Zephiel, ruler of the kingdom of Bern, conquers Ilia and Sacae and sets his sights on Lycia. In a small region called Pherae, Roy, the son of Pherae's ruling marquess Eliwood, is forced to return home when Bern begins its invasion. As Eliwood is unable to battle due to illness, Roy is assigned command of Lycia's army and eventually assumes command of the army of Etruria.

The next installment after The Binding Blade, Fire Emblem: The Blazing Blade, is a prequel featuring a younger Eliwood as one of its protagonists. Roy appears during the game's epilogue, where Eliwood reunites with his comrade Hector and their respective children are introduced to each other. Roy is available as a playable character in Fire Emblem Awakening as DLC. Roy also appears in Fire Emblem Heroes. He later appears as an Emblem character in Fire Emblem Engage.

In other media
Roy appears in the Fire Emblem: The Champion's Blade manga, which was first published prior to the release of The Binding Blade and takes place concurrently with the events of the game. Roy does not reappear in the 2008 entry Super Smash Bros. Brawl, but was remade in the fan mod Project M.

Promotion and merchandise
To promote his appearance in Super Smash Bros for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U, an amiibo figure of Roy was featured as an exclusive release at GameStop. In 2019, plushies depicting Roy and other Fire Emblem characters were released.

Reception
Roy's appearance in Melee, alongside Marth, introduced the Fire Emblem series to players outside of Japan, and was a contributing factor to Nintendo beginning to localize and release Fire Emblem games internationally, beginning with the seventh title in the series. Due to popular demand from Japanese fans, Roy was added in Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U as a DLC character. Chris Carter from Destructoid welcomed Nintendo's decision to reintroduce Roy and considered him his "personal favorite", although he found that the character played quite differently  in Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U compared to his previous iteration in Melee or to other Fire Emblem characters.

However, Roy's continued presence in the Smash series has invited criticism from some. In 2007, Lucas M. Thomas from IGN said that Roy's moveset in Melee overlapped too much with Marth's and drew an unfavorable comparison to Ike, a playable character set to be introduced in 2008's Super Smash Bros. Brawl and whom Thomas perceived to be more distinctive. Gavin Jasper of Den of Geek downplayed Roy's significance, and claimed that the character was added to Melee as a gamble because The Binding Blade was still in development at the time and Nintendo wanted to promote the game ahead of its release. Cecilia D'Anastasio criticized Roy for being the same sword fighter archetype as fellow Fire Emblem characters Lucina, Marth and Chrom, who were set to be included in the playable roster of Ultimate. Commenting on Roy's 30th-place ranking on a 2018 tier list of Smash playable characters published by Polygon shortly before the game launched, Jeremy Parish expressed a preference for Roy Koopa, a Koopaling character instead.

In his review of The Binding Blade, Mike Moehnke of RPGamer criticized Roy's weak in-game attributes for the majority of the game, to the point where his presence detracts from an otherwise satisfactory gameplay experience.
Marianne Penn of TheGamer concurred that Roy is one of the series' weakest lords and a difficult character to optimize for gameplay viability, which is a stark contrast from his playable appearances in the Smash series. Penn felt that Roy is a decent character in terms of personality, and that his popularity is "rightfully warranted" in spite of his glaring flaws. In North American Fire Emblem character popularity polls running up to the release of Fire Emblem Heroes, Roy was ranked the second favorite male character behind Ike . The top four characters in the polls received new in-game costumes; Heather Alexandra of Kotaku has praised Roy's original costume by stating that "Roy's outfit hits all the notes of overclass imagery one", but criticized that Roy remains as a red-colored unit. Ricky Berg from Nintendo Wire looked forward to seeing the release of a Binding Blade remake with localization; he opined that the brand awareness surrounding the character would serve a hypothetical remake well, noting that part of the appeal for players would be to discover the canon character's original personality, as he is less hot-blooded compared to his characterization in the Smash series.

References

Fictional lords and ladies
Fictional swordfighters in video games
Fictional war veterans
Fire Emblem characters
Male characters in video games
Nintendo protagonists
Nobility characters in video games
Teenage characters in video games
Role-playing video game characters
Super Smash Bros. fighters
Video game characters introduced in 2001
Video game characters with fire or heat abilities
Video game protagonists

Roy (Fire Emblem)


Benetutti (sardinski: Benetùtti) je grad i općina (comune) u pokrajini Sassariju u regiji Sardiniji, Italija. Nalazi se na nadmorskoj visini od 406 metara i ima 1 862 stanovnika. Prostire se na 94,45 km2. Gustoća naseljenosti je 20 st/km2.Susjedne općine su: Bono, Bultei, Nuoro, Orune, Oniferi, Orani, Orotelli, Nule i Pattada.

Izvori

Gradovi na Sardiniji

Benetutti


La inmigración lituana en Argentina comenzó de modo significativo a principios del , pero su momento más intenso fue entre 1925 y 1930, período en el que se estima que arribaron 35.000 lituanos al país.

Pioneros y asentamientos

En 1909, un grupo de inmigrantes lituanos de las ciudades de Ensenada y Berisso fundó la Sociedad Lituana de Socorros Mutuos Vargdienis, de la que hacían parte los señores Rimavicius, Pavilonis, Boguzas y Baltusis. Con fechas menos específicas se sabe que antes de la Primera Guerra Mundial había organizaciones de inmigrantes lituanos en Villa Diego, cerca de Rosario (Ausros Zvaigzde) y en la localidad bonaerense de Avellaneda (Susivienijimas Lietuviu Argentinoje). La colectividad de Berisso, mientras tanto, adoptó el nombre de Nemunas, que conserva actualmente.

Instituciones

 Argentinos Lietuviu Centras - Villa Riachuelo, Buenos Aires
 Colectividad lituana NEMUNAS - Berisso, provincia de Buenos Aires
 Museo Lituano Olgbrun - Esquel, provincia del Chubut
 Susivienijimas Lietuviu Argentinoje - Lanús, provincia de Buenos Aires
 Ausros Zvaigzde - Rosario, provincia de Santa Fe
 Sociedad de Socorros Mutuos Mindaugas - Berisso, provincia de Buenos Aires

Prensa lituana en Argentina

Los inmigrantes lituanos pusieron en circulación más de una decena de publicaciones en su idioma desde fines de la década de 1920. Según los registros de la Biblioteca Nacional de Argentina, está documentada la existencia de los siguientes 14 periódicos:
  Argentinos Aidas (1935-1936)
  Argentinos Lietuviu Balsas (1927-1968)
  Argentinos Naujienos (1929)
  Cnobo (1949-1950)
  El Faro (1933-1939)
  Hoboe Caobo (1950-1959
  La Patria (1949-1955)
  Laikas (1950-1999)
  Momentas (1936-1941)
  Solidaridad (1936-1939)
  Tevyne (1958)
  Unidad (1945-1947)
  Unidad Juvenil (1947)
  Zinios (1934-1940)

Relaciones bilaterales Argentina-Lituania

La última visita de un mandatario lituano al país ocurrió en 2008, cuando visitó Buenos Aires el presidente Valdas Adamkus.
Ambos países mantuvieron históricamente buenas relaciones desde que las establecieron por primera vez en 1921. Luego de la dominación soviética, en 1991, la Argentina fue el primer país latinoamericano en reconocer la independencia del país.

Argentinos de ascendencia lituana

 Ricardo Ivoskus, abogado, intendente del partido de General San Martín entre 1999 y 2011.
 Julieta Jankunas, jugadora de hockey sobre césped, integrante de la Selección nacional.
 Casimiro Szlapelis, aviador lituano radicado en la provincia del Chubut, cuyo nombre lleva el aeropuerto que sirve a la localidad de Alto Río Senguer.

Véase también

 Inmigración báltica en Argentina

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Relaciones Argentina-Lituania
Lituania
Emigrantes lituanos hacia Argentina
Diáspora lituana

Inmigración lituana en Argentina


Jökulsárlón İzlanda'nın bir dizi buzul gölünün en büyük ve en ünlüsüdür. Vatnajökull'un güney kenarında, Breiðamerkursander 'da Skaftafell Milli Parkı ve Höfn arasında bulunur. 150 m derinliği ile İzlanda'nın en derin üçüncü gölüdür.

Üzerinde gezinen ve yükseklikleri 15 metreye ulaşan buzdağları, Jökulsárlón'un karakteristik özelliğidir. Bunlar Breiðamerkurjökull'un buzul dilinden çözülen buzdağlarıdırlar.

Gölün kıyısında, çok sayıda yol ve patikalarda gezinti yapılabilir ve üç renkli buzdağları görülebilir. Buzdaki mavi renk, çeşitli kristaller ve onların yansımasından kaynaklanırken, siyah renk volkanik küllerden ileri gelir.

Jökulsárlón'da bazen yüzen foklar, genelde gölün denize açılan 50 m uzunluğundaki bağlantısına çekilmişlerdir. Bu foklar, turist gezi teknelerinin ürettiği gürültüden kaçınırlar.

Haziran ve Temmuz aylarında büyük kahverengi martılar buzul gölünün yakınlarına yuva yaparlar. Kuluçkadaki hayvanların agresifliği sebebiyle, onların ve yuvalarının çevresinden mümkün olduğunca uzağından gezilmesi tavsiye edilir.

Gölün yakınlarında iki buzul gölü daha bulunur. Bunlar çok daha küçük olan ve buzdağları da yine o kadar büyük olmayan Fjallsárlón ve Breiðárlón gölleridir.

Bu gölden çıkan kısa ırmağın adı Jökulsá á Breiðamerkursandi 'dir. Irmak üzerinde, kısmen gölün hemen yanından giden, izlanda'yı çevreleyen Hringvegur Karayolu 'nun bir köprüsü gerilidir. Deniz dalgalarının yıpratması ve buna bağlı olarak kıyı erozyonu sebebiyle köprünün yıkılma tehlikesi gittikçe büyüyen bir tehlikedir. Böylelikle, bu kara yolu ve aynı şekilde Jökulsá  bu kısımda kaybolacak ve göl bir deniz koyuna dönüşecektir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Harita
 Buzul gölü Jökulsárlón

İzlanda'daki buzul gölleri

Jökulsárlón


Jack Warden (født 18. september 1920, død 19. juli 2006) var en amerikansk karakterkuespiller i film og på tv. Han blev to gange nomineret til en Oscar for bedste mandlige birolle - for Shampoo (1975), og Himlen må vente (1978). Han modtog en BAFTA-nominering til den tidligere film, og vandt en Emmy for sin præstation i Brian's Song (1971).

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra USA
Personer fra Newark
Amerikanere i 1900-tallet
Amerikanere i 2000-tallet
Oscar-nominerede skuespillere

Jack Warden