Roland Otto Adolf Mayer (* 26. Januar 1927 in Hartmannsdorf bei Chemnitz; † 12. November 2013 in Dresden) war ein deutscher Chemiker und Hochschullehrer.

Leben

Nach kurzer Teilnahme am Zweiten Weltkrieg und der nachfolgenden Kriegsgefangenschaft studierte Mayer von 1947 bis 1951 Chemie an der Universität Leipzig. Er promovierte unter der Leitung des Naturstoffchemikers Wilhelm Treibs im Jahre 1952 zum Dr. rer. nat. und habilitierte sich 1957 mit der Arbeit "Die präparative Bedeutung der Cyclopentanon-o-carbonsäureester". 1959 wurde Mayer als Nachfolger von Heinrich Wienhaus als Professor mit Lehrauftrag an das Institut für Pflanzenchemie und Holzforschung der TH Dresden in Tharandt und nach dem Weggang von Friedrich Asinger 1961 zum Professor für Organische Chemie und Direktor des gleichnamigen Institutes an der TU Dresden berufen. Diese Position hatte er bis zu seiner Emeritierung 1993 inne.

Nach der deutschen Wiedervereinigung arbeitete Roland Mayer aktiv an der Erneuerung der Wissenschaftslandschaft in Ostdeutschland und insbesondere des Dresdner Raumes mit. Er war unter anderem Mitglied von Evaluierungskommissionen für die außeruniversitäre Forschung des Wissenschaftsrates, Mitglied der Sächsischen Hochschulstrukturkommission, Gründungsmitglied der Medizinischen Fakultät der TU Dresden und Mitglied im Hauptausschuss sowie im Senat der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft.
Roland Mayer war bis 2010 mit Helga Mayer verheiratet und hat einen Sohn.

Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten

Standen in Tharandt Arbeiten zur Modellierung der Photosynthese und Beziehungen von Geruch und Geschmack zur Molekülstruktur im Vordergrund, war Mayers Hauptarbeitsgebiet in Dresden die Entwicklung von Synthesen zur Herstellung neuartiger organischer Schwefelverbindungen und deren Charakterisierung.
Sein wissenschaftliches Lebenswerk ist in 480 Originalpublikationen, in Übersichtsartikeln und Patenten sowie in Büchern niedergelegt. Zahlreiche Vorträge machten ihn in der internationalen Fachwelt bekannt. Er war Mitarbeiter am Standardwerk Organikum.

Ehrungen und wichtige Mitgliedschaften

 Orden Banner der Arbeit (1964)
 August-Kekulé-Medaille der Chemischen Gesellschaft der DDR (1978)
 Ehrenpromotion der Universität Rostock (1987)
 Verdienstmedaille der Karls-Universität Prag (1994)
 Hanus-Medaille der Czech Chemical Society (2007)
 Bundesverdienstkreuz am Bande des Verdienstordens der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (1997)
 Mitglied der Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina Halle (seit 1973)
 Korrespondierendes Mitglied (seit 1980) und Vollmitglied (seit 1990) der Akademie der Wissens

Literatur
 Achim Mehlhorn: Roland Mayer (1927–2013), in: Nachrichten aus der Chemie, Januar 2014, Seite 64 (Nachruf auf Mayer).

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Chemiker (20. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (Technische Universität Dresden)
Hochschullehrer (Technische Universität Dresden, Standort Tharandt)
Träger des Bundesverdienstkreuzes am Bande
Träger des Banners der Arbeit
Ehrendoktor der Universität Rostock
Mitglied der Leopoldina (20. Jahrhundert)
Mitglied der Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR
Absolvent der Universität Leipzig
Deutscher
Geboren 1927
Gestorben 2013
Mann

Roland Mayer


Ángel Parra à Paris (en castellano, «Ángel Parra en París») es el décimo sexto álbum de estudio del cantautor chileno Ángel Parra como solista, lanzado originalmente en Francia en 1978, país donde vivió luego de haber sido exiliado de Chile producto de la dictadura militar.

Fue lanzado originalmente como un LP doble, siendo la producción más extensa de Ángel hasta entonces. La mayoría de las canciones son compuestas por el cantautor, algunas de ellas están presentes en álbumes anteriores, y otras son versiones en estudio de versiones sólo publicadas anteriormente en directo.

Lista de canciones

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web oficial

Álbumes de Chile de 1978
Álbumes de Ángel Parra

Ángel Parra à Paris


Ivan Schwebel (în ebraică:איוון שוובל, n.1932 Morgentown, Virginia de Vest - 13 iulie 2011 Ierusalim) a fost un pictor și sculptor israelian, evreu originar din Statele Unite ale Americii

Biografie
Schwebel s-a născut la Morgentown în Virginia de vest, în S.U.A., într-o familie de evrei ortodocși. A crescut în Georgia și apoi în cartierul Bronx din New York. Părinții săi s-au despărțit înca din copilărie și Schwebel  a trebuit să muncească de copil și a învățat teatru. A început să picteze ca autodidact în timpul serviciului militar in armata americană (1953-1955), pe care l-a efectuat în Japonia în zilele Războiului din Coreea.  A studiat apoi pictura la Kyoto cu artistul Zen  Kimoru Kiwan, iar mai târziu la facultatea de istoria artei a Universității New York. În anii 1961-1962 a făcut o călătorie prin Europa.
În anul 1963 a emigrat în Israel și s-a stabilit într-o casă de piatră părăsită din fostul sat Ein Karem, azi cartier al Ierusalimului, pe care a renovat-o singur și unde a trăit până în ultima zi.
În anul 1977 Schwebel a pictat niște fresce mari pe zidul exterior al Palatului Culturii din Tel Aviv (Heikhal Hatarbut).
În anii 1980 a închiriat un studio de pictură la Tel Aviv și a pictat imagini din acest oraș.
Schwebel a început să fie cunoscut la finele anilor 1970 și începutul anilor 1980  prin mai multe serii de picturi tematice:
"Cartea Samuel" care s-a ocupat de simboluri biblice de pe străzile Ierusalimului, apoi seria "Stele de cinema", și apoi
"De la izgonirea din Spania la Soluția finală" care s-a ocupat de problematica Holocaustului și a fost expusă la un muzeu în Spania.

În ultimii ani de viață Schwebel a lucrat mai ales la portrete și la seria intitulată "The Inescapable pe străzile Tel Avivului" , a creat o serie de autoportrete și peisaje inspirate de regiunea Nahal Sorek.

Schwebel a murit subit la vârsta de 79 ani în iulie 2011 în timpul unei plimbări cotidiene în Eyn Kerem. A fost înmormântat printr-o ceremonie nereligioasă la cimitirul din Kiryat Anavim.
El a fost căsătorit cu Edva și a fost tatăl a cinci copii.

Stilul
Stilul lui Schwebel îmbină un expresionism moderat cu influențe din Pop Art-ul american.

Legături externe

 Saitul oficial
Biografie pe saitul Muzeului Israel

Pictori israelieni
Pictori evrei
Sculptori israelieni
Sculptori evrei
 Evrei americani
Oameni din Ierusalim

Ivan Schwebel


Jeg som regel er en dansk kortfilm fra 2006, der er instrueret af Martin Pieter Zandvliet efter manuskript af ham selv og Lars Kjeldgaard.

Handling
En eksperimentalfilm, der gennem et fragmentarisk portræt af to mænd på deres vej gennem livet en tidlig formiddag undersøger sproget og sprogets afmagt, hvad det er, der får mennesker til at føle sig ligegyldige, og hvorfra henter de denne følelse af mindreværd.

Medvirkende
 Mads Mathisen - Elgen
 Nicolas Bro - Nicolas
 Jakob Cedergren - Jakob

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2006

Jeg som regel


Teksas, aşağıdaki anlamlara gelebilir:

 Teksas, (İngilizce: Texas) Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin bir eyaleti
 Teksas Cumhuriyeti, ABD'nin şimdiki Teksas eyaletinde kurulmuş olan cumhuriyet,
 Teksas, sevilen bir çizgi roman
 Teksas, Bursaspor taraftar grubu
 Teksas Katliamı, ABD yapımı film serisi.
 Teksas, nadir bulunan bir tür semender.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Texas (anlam ayrımı)

Teksas (anlam ayrımı)


El gabinete de Grecia, oficialmente denominado pekelto Ministerial (en griego: Yπουργικό Συμβούλιο), constituye el Gobierno de Grecia (en griego: Κυβέρνηση της Ελλάδας), es el órgano de toma de decisiones colectivas de la República Helénica, integrado por el primer ministro (Jefe del Gobierno) y los Ministros del Gabinete. Uno o más ministros pueden ser nombrados por el Viceprimer Ministro, a mandato del primer ministro, o por el Presidente de la República (Jefe de Estado), también sobre el consentimiento del primer ministro.

El Consejo Ministerial define y dirige la política general del país, de acuerdo con la Constitución y las leyes. Tras las elecciones, el Presidente de la República convoca al primer ministro, y le encomienda la labor de formar gobierno. Los ministros y viceministros son designados oficialmente mediante decreto por el Presidente de la República, con el asesoramiento del primer ministro. Los ministros y viceministros son juramentados y toman posesión de su cargo en el Palacio Presidencial de Atenas, en presencia del Presidente de la República y de Su Eminencia el Arzobispo de Atenas y Primado de la Iglesia Ortodoxa de Grecia.

El gabinete se reúne en el Salón del Consejo Ministerial (en griego: Αίθουσα Υπουργικού Συμβουλίου) del edificio del Parlamento Helénico. Las reuniones son presididas por el primer ministro.

Procedimiento para formar gobierno

Después de que se celebren elecciones, el Presidente de Grecia nombra al primer ministro, normalmente al líder del partido más votado, y le entrega el mandato de formar gobierno. El primer ministro sugiere a los nuevos ministros y viceministros y más tarde el nuevo gobierno toma posesión ante el presidente en una ceremonia en el Palacio Presidencial de Atenas en la que también participa el Arzobispo de Atenas. Sin embargo, Alexis Tsipras (Syriza) fue el primer primer ministro que no tomó posesión de su cargo de esta manera.

Gabinete actual

El actual gabinete de ministros fue designado el 8 de julio de 2019 luego de que el partido conservador Nueva Democracia obtuviera la mayoría absoluta en los comicios parlamentarios de ese año, bajo el liderazgo de Kyriakos Mitsotakis.

Referencias

Véase también
 Elecciones parlamentarias de Grecia de junio de 2012
 Elecciones parlamentarias de Grecia de enero de 2015
 Elecciones parlamentarias de Grecia de septiembre de 2015

Enlaces externos
 Página web del primer ministro de Grecia

Gobierno de Grecia

Gobierno de Grecia


Komorač (lat. Foeniculum), biljni rod i porodice štitarki (Apiaceae) kojemu pripada pet vrsta, među kojima i obični komorač (Foeniculum vulgare), biljka koja raste una Mediteranu, te sjevernoafričke vrste F. scoparium i F. subinodorum. Ostali nazivi roda su komarač, koromač.

Ime mu dolazi od latinskog foenum (=sijeno), i to zbog uskog lisnog vrha koji osušen izgleda kao sijeno. Obični komorač medonosna je biljka, a svi njegovi dijelovi su aromatičnog i slatkastog okusa. Domovina su mu zemlje južne Europe.

Ne smije se brkati s rodom koramač (Ferulago), koji također pripada porodici štitarki, a u Hrvatskoj su poznate vrste šumski (Ferulago sylvatica) i smolasti koramač ili devesilja brazdasta (F. campestris).

Vrste
 Foeniculum piperitum (Ucria) C.Presl
 Foeniculum sanguineum Triano & A.Pujadas
 Foeniculum scoparium Quézel
 Foeniculum subinodorum Maire, Weiller & Wilczek
 Foeniculum vulgare Mill.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Apieae

Komorač


විශාල ජල  කඳක් පිටාර ගලා යාමක් වන අතර එය බිම් පෙදෙසක් ඡලයෙන් ගිල්වා ගැනීම ගංවතුර (ජල ගැල්ම) හැදින්වේ..  ගංවතුර නිර්වචනයට අනුවනම් ගංවතුරක් යනු යම් බිමක් තාවකාලිකව ඡලයෙන් යටවීමක් මිස සාමානයෙන් බිමක් ඡලයෙන් පිරී යාමක් නොවන බවයි. ජලය ගලායාම පිලිබඳ සලකා බැලීමේදී, එම වචනය වඩදිය බාදිය ඇතුලට ගලා යාමටද යොදා ගත හැක.
ගඟක, ඇළක හෝ වැවක, ඇති ජල ප්‍රමාණය එය පෙර පිරී තිබූ කොටසින් පිටාර ගැලීම හෝ කඩාගෙන යාම ගං වතුර ගැලීමට හේතු වේ. මෙහි ප්‍රතිඵලය වන්නේ සමහරක් ජලය එහි සාමාන්‍ය මට්ටම ඉක්මවා යාමයි. වැවක, ඇති ජල මට්ටම ඉහළ ගොස් පිටාර ගැලීම හෝ ඉවුරුවේලි කඩාගෙන යාම ගං වතුර ගැලීමකට හේතු වේ. වැවක පිරී ඇති ජල පරිමාව හෝ අනෙකුත් ජලය පිරී ඇති තැන්වල ජලය පිටාර ගැලීම වර්ෂාපතනය හා අයිස් කැටවීම් වැනි සෘතුමය වෙනස් වීම් මත විවිධ වේ. මෙසේ ජලය පිටාර ගැලීම් ගම්, නගර හා අනෙකුත් බිම් පෙදෙස් පුරා පැතිර ගොස් එය උපද්‍රවයක් තත්ත්වයට පත්වන ගංවතුරක් ලෙස නොසැළකේ.

ගංවතුරක් ඇතිවිය හැකි තවත් ආකාරයක් වන්නේ ගඟක ජලය එහි ගං ඉවුර හා දිය පහර සාමාන්‍ය ප්‍රමාණය ඉක්මවා ගලා යාමයි. ස්වාභාවික ගං වතුර ගැලීම් වලට ගොදුරුවන ගංඟා පෙදෙස්වල ඉදිකර ඇති නිවෙස් හා ව්‍යාපාර නිතරම ගං වතුරට ගොදුරු වෙයි. ගංගා ඇති ප්‍රදේශවලින් හා අනෙකුත් ජල කොටස් ඇති ප්‍රදේශවලින් ඉවත්වීමෙන් සැබැවින්ම ගං වතුරින් වන හානිය නැති කර ගත හැකිය. වගා කටයුතුවලට අවශ්‍ය ජලය සපයා ගනීමේ පහසුව මෙන්ම පහසු හා ලාභදායී ප්‍රවාහන හා වාණිජ ක්‍රම තුළින් ප්‍රාග්ධනගත වීම උදෙසා ගංගා වැව් ආශ්‍රිත ජීවත්වීම හා නිවාස ඉදිකිරීම් ආදී කටයුතු කිරීම සිදු වී ඇත. මිනිසුන් ගං වතුරින් තර්ජනයට ලක් වු ප්‍රදේශවල දිගින් දිගට වාසය කිරීම කාලයෙන් කාලයට තවදුරටත් ගං වතුර තත්ත්වයන් හට ගැනීමේ ප්‍රවණතාවය වැඩි වීමට හේතුවේ.

"Flood" යන වචනය පැරණි ඉංග්‍රීසි Flod නැමති වචනයෙන් බිඳී ආවකි. එය ජර්මන් භාෂාවට පුරුදු වචනයක් වේ. (ජර්මන් Flut නැමැති වචනය හා සංසන්දනය කරන විට ලන්දේසි භාෂාවේ vloed යන්නද ඊට සමාන වන අතර ඊට ගලා යාම  වචනය සම්බන්ධ වේ.එසේම ලතින් භාෂාවේ fluctus, flumen සමගද සංසන්දනය වේ. ) Deluge myths යනු මිත්‍යා කතා වන අතර ගං වතුර හට ගැන්වීම දේවතාවන් විසින් සිදුකරන බවත්, දේවගැතියන්ගේ පව් පළදීම් වෙනුවෙන් ශිෂ්ටාචාරය විනාශ කිරීමට ගංවතුර ඇති  වන බවත් බොහෝ සංස්කෘතියන් වල මිත්‍යා මතය වේ. දේවගැතියන්ගේ පව් පල දීම් වෙනුවෙන් ශිෂ්ඨාචාරය විනාශ කිරීම සඳහා ගංවතුර ඇති  වන බවත් බොහෝ සංස්කෘතියන්හි මිත්‍යා මතය වේ.

ගංවතුර තත්ත්වය හා ඊට බලපාන හේතු
 සෙමින් වර්ධනය වන ගංවතුර තර්ජනය : පවතින වැසි වැඩියෙන් ඇද හැලීම හෝ හිම කැට වීම් වේගවත් වීම්,ගංඟාවල ජල ප්‍රමාණය වැඩි කිරීම සඳහා බලපානු ලබයි. ඊට අදාළ හේතූන් වන්නේ විශාල මෝසම් වැසි, චණ්ඩ මාරුතයන්, සහ නිවර්තන දේශගුණයන්ගේ වායු පීඩනය, විදේශීය සුළං සහ අයිස් කැටි සඳහා බලපාන උණුසුම් වැසි ආදියයි. නාය යාම්, අයිස්, හෝ සුන්බුන් වැනි බලාපොරොත්තු නොවූ වැසි තත්ත්වයන් නිසා කාණු පද්ධති අවහිරවීම ජලය පහළට ගලා යාමේ වේගය අඩුවීමට හේතුවේ.
 වේගවත් වර්ගය: සංවහන වර්ෂාපතනය නිසා ඇතිවන ක්ෂණික ගංවතුර (ක්ෂණික වැහි කුණාටු)හෝ හදිසියේ වේලි කැඩීයාම, නායයාම් හා හිම නදී හේතුවෙන් ජල මට්ටම ඉහළ යාම හා ජලය බැසීම අවහිරවීම ඇතුළත් වේ.

මෝය
 සාමාන්‍යයෙන් කුණාටු සුළං නිසා ඇති වන මුහුදු වඩදිය බාදිය දිය රැලිවල එකතුව මීට බලපානු ලබයි. නිවර්තන සුළි කුණාටු හෝ අතිරේක නිවර්තන සුලං කුණාටු තුළින් ඇතිවන කුණාටු දිය වැල් මේ ඝනයට අයත් වේ.

වෙරළ ආශ්‍රිත ඇතිවන කුණාටු
 විශාල මුහුදු කුණාටු හෝ අනෙකුත් උපද්‍රවයන් (උදා.සුනාමි හෝ චණ්ඩ මාරුත) මීට හේතු වේ. නිවර්තන සුලං කුණාටු හෝ අතිරේක නිවර්තන සුළි කුණාටුවලින් ඇතිවන කුණාටු දිය වැල් මේ ඝනයට අයත් වේ.

විපත්ත දායක
 සැලකිය යුතු නමුත් බලාපොරොත්තු නොවූ සිද්ධියක් නිසා ඇතිවේ.උදා. වේලි කඩා වැටුම්, හෝ වෙනත් උපද්‍රවයන් හේතුවෙන් ඇතිවන තත්ත්වයන් ( උදා.භූමි කම්පා හෝ ගිනි කදු පුපුරායාම්)

මඩ සහිත
 පිටාර ගැලීම් නිසා වගා බිම්වල මඩ සහිත ගංවතුර ඇතිවේ. මඩ සහිත ගංවතුරක් නිර්මාණය වනුයේ පිටාර ගැලූ වගා බිම් එකතුවක් හේතුවනි. පිටාර ගැලූ මඩ ප්‍රමාණයන් එහි තැන්පත් වේ. මඩ සහිත ගංවතුර වඩා අවධානමට ලක් වීමට ඉඩ ඇත්තේ එය තහනම් කලාපයක් වෙත ඇදී ගිය විටදීය. මඩ සහිත ගංවතුර කදු බෑවුම් මත ඇතිවන ක්‍රියාවලියක් බැවින් මෙහිදී මඩ ගලා යාම් හේතුවෙන් ඇතිවන ජන සංචලන පීඩනය වැළැක්විය යුතුය.

වෙනත් අක්‍රමවත් ඉදිකිරීම් ආදිය
 විනිවිද යා නොහැකි මතු පිටක (උදා. වැසි) ජලය එකතු වීම හේතුවෙන් හා වේගයෙන් විසුරුවා හැරිය නොහැකි විටදී (i.e. අඩු වාෂ්පීකරණය හෝ මෘදු සංස්ථානය) ගංවතුර ඇති විය හැකිය.
 කුණාටු එකතුවක් එක් ප්‍රදේශයක් පුරා හමා යන
 වේල්ල බඳින්නන් මගින් ඇති වන සැලකිය යුතු හානියන් මගින් නගර හා ගම් ආශ්‍රිත ප්‍රදේශවලට ඇති වන ගංවතුර

ගංවතුර බලපෑම්

ප්‍රාථමික බලපෑම්
 භෞතික හානි - පාලම්, මෝටර් රථ, ගොඩනැගිලි, කාණු පද්ධති,  මහාමාර්ග හා උමං ආදී ඕනෑම ගොඩනැගීමක් මත ඇති වන හානියකි.
 හදිසි අනතුරු - ජලයේ ගිලීම හේතුවෙන් මිනිසුන් හා අනෙකුත් ජීවින් මියයාම්. වසංගත හා ජලයෙන් ඇතිවන රෝග පැතිරීමට මෙය බලපානු ලබයි
 විවිධ රෝග පැතිරීම- අපවිත්‍ර වූ ජලය නිසා විවිධ රෝග පැතිරීමට ඇති ඉඩකඩ වැඩිය.

ද්විතික බලපෑම්
  ජල සැපයුම් - ජල දූෂණය. පිරිසිදු බීමට ගන්නා ජලය හිඟ වීම.
 රෝග - සනීපාරක්ෂක තත්ත්වයන්, ජලයෙන් බෝවන රෝගවල ව්‍යාප්තිය.
 බෝග හා ආහාර සැපයුම්- අස්වැන්න නැති වීම හේතු කොට ගෙන ආහාර බෝගවල ඇතිවන හිඟය. කෙසේ වුවත්, ගංගා අද්දර පිහිටි පහත් බිම්,ගංවතුර නිසා එකතු වන වැලි හා රොන් මඩ තැන්පතුවලින් පෝෂණය වේ.
 වගා හානිය - ගංවතුරට ඔරොත්තු නොදෙන බෝග විශේෂ මියයයි.

 තෘතිය දිගු කාලීන බලපෑම්
ආර්ථීක - ආර්ථීක තර්ජනයන්, සංචාරක කර්මාන්තයන්හි තාවකාලික බිඳවැටීම්, පිරිවැය නැවත ගොඩනැංවීම්, ආහාර හිඟ වීම තුළින් ඇතිවන මිළ ඉහළ යාම් හේතු වේ.

 ගංවතුර තත්ත්වය පාලනයන්
ලෝකයේ ඇති බොහෝ රටවල්, ගං වතුර අවධානම ඇති කරනට දායකවන ගංඟා ඉතා හොඳින් කළමණාකරණය කරනු ලැබේ. ගං ඉවුරු කඩා වැටීම් වැළැක්වීම සඳහා ඉවුරු බැඳීම්, ජලාශ ජල ටැංකි හා අමුණු තැනීම් වැනි ආරක්ෂන ක්‍රම යොදා ගනී. මෙම ආරක්ෂාවන් බිඳ වැටුනොත්, ඒ සඳහා භාවිතා කිරීමට වැලි බෑග් සහ හුලං පිරවූ අත් නලයන් භාවිතා කරනු ලැබේ. වරායන් ආශ්‍රිත ගංවතුර සඳහා යුරෝපා සහ ඇමරිකානු රටවල් මුහුදු බිත්ති, වෙරළ පෝෂකයන් හා බාධක දූපත් වැනි වෙරළ ආරක්ෂාවන් යොදනු ලැබේ.

 යුරෝපාවේ ගංවතුර බලපැම
1910 දී පැරිසියේ ඇතිවු විශාල ගංවතුර නිසා මුහුණපාන්නට සිදු වු දුක්ඛිත තත්ත්වය සහ විනාශය සිහි කරමින් ප්‍රංශ රජය විසින් ජල තටාක පෙළක්ම නිපදවු අතර එය ගංවතුර ඇති විටදී ඇතිවන පීඩනය ඉවත් කිරීමට මෙන්ම විශේෂයෙන් ශීත සෘතුවේදී ඇතිවන ගං වතුර වැළැක්වීමටද උපකාර විය.

එංගලන්තය සාගරය ගොඩබිමට ගලා ඒමෙන් ආරක්ෂා වීම සඳහා කාර්මික බාධකයක් තේම්ස් නදිය හරහා යොදා ඇත. එය මුහුදු ජල මට්ටම වැඩි වූ විට වර්ධනය වේ. (තේම්ස් බාධකය බලන්න)

වෙනීසිය තවමත් වැඩි වන වඩදිය බාදිය සම්බන්ධයෙන් ප්‍රතිචාර නොදැක්වුවත් මීට සමාන සැකැස්මක් තුළ කටයුතු කරයි. නව පද්ධතියක් වන වේල් මුදුන් විචලතාව තවමත් ඉදි වෙමින් පවතී. එංගලන්තය හා වෙනීසිය යන රටවල් දෙකෙහිම භාවිතා කරන්නා වූ ආරක්ෂාවන් මුහුදු මට්ටම වැඩි වන විට ප්‍රමාණවත් නොවේ.

උතුරු ඉතාලියේ ඇති ඇජී නගරය මේ සඳහා භූගත දිය මාර්ගයක් සපයාගෙන ඇති අතර එය ගර්දා වැවට ගලා යාම සඳහා කානු පද්ධතිය සකසා ඇත. එය ගං වතුරෙන් වන බලපෑම අඩු කිරීම සඳහා උපකාරී වේ. මෙම භූගත දිය මාර්ගය 1996දී හා 2000දී භාවිතා කර ඇත.

විශාලම හා මහත් පරිශ්‍රමයක් දරා නෙදර්ලන්තයේ ගංවතුර ආරක්ෂකයක් ඉදිකර ඇත. එය ඔවුන් හඳුන්වා ඇත්තේ Oosterscheldeවේල්ල සමඟ ඩෙල්ටාව ක්‍රියා කිරීම ලෙසයි. මෙය ගොඩනඟන ලද්දේ 1953දී නෙදර්ලන්තයේ බටහිර ප්‍රදේශයේ ඇතිවු උතුරු මුහුදු ගංවතුරට ප්‍රතිචාරයක් ලෙසය. ලන්දේසි දැනටමත් තම රටේ උතුරු ප්‍රදේශයේ ලොව විශාලතම වේල්ල ගොඩනඟා ඇත. Afsluitdijk (1932 දී අවසානය සිදු විය.)

වර්තමානයේ රුසියාවේදී Saint Petersburg වේල්ල ගං වතුර වැළැක්වීමේ පහසුකම් සපයන්නට නියමිත සංකීර්ණය 2008දී අවසන් කිරීමට ඇත. මෙය Saint Petersburg කුණාටු දිය වැල් වලින් ආරක්ෂා කිරීමට යොදා ගනී. එසේම එහි තදබදකාරී ක්‍රියාවන් ඇති අතර වේලි 11ක් කිලෝමීටර 25.4ක් පුරා වර්ධනය වී ඇති අතර සාමාන්‍ය ජල මට්ටමට වඩා මීටර් 8 ක් ඉහළ යනු ඇත.

ඕස්ට්‍රියාවේ අවුරුදු 150කට පෙර සිට ගංවතුර පාලනය කිරීම සඳහා Vienna Danube රෙගුලාසිවලට අනුව 1870 සිට 1875 කාලය තුළ ගං පතුලේ වැලි හා පස් ඉවත් කිරීම් සිදුවුණි. ඒ අතර නව ඩැනුබ් 1972 සිට 1988 කාලය තුළ සිදු විය. උතුරු අයර්ලන්තයේ ගං වතුර අවධානම් කළමනාකරණය කරනු ලබන්නේ ජලාශ ඒජන්සිය මගිනි.

 ඇමරිකාවේ ගංවතුරින් ඇතිවු බලපැම්
විශාල පරිශ්‍රමයක් දරා ඇති අනෙක් ගංවතුර ආරක්ෂන පද්ධතිය සොයා ගත හැකි වන්නේ කැනේඩියානු පළාතේ වන මැනිටෝබාහීදීය. එක්සත් ජනපදයේ පිහිටි උතුරු රතු ගඟ උතුරු දෙසට ගලා යන්නේ විනිපෙග් නගරය පසු කරමින් විනිපෙග් ජලාශය වෙතයි. උතුරු දෙසට ගලා යන හැම ගංඟාවක්ම මුහුණ දෙන ගැටලුව වන්නේ උතුරු ප්‍රදේශයේදී අයිස් මිදීමට ලක් වීමයි. එය දකුණු ප්රෙ ද්ශයේ ජල මට්ටම ඉහළ යාමට බලපායි. උතුරු ප්‍රදේශයේ අයිස් මිදීමට පෙර එනම් 1950 වසන්ත කාලෙය්දී විනිපෙග් හී ඇති වූ ගංවතුර තත්ත්වය අතිමහත් විනාශයට මුල් විය. අනාගත ගංවතුරින් නගරය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීම සඳහා මැනිටෝබා රජය ගංඟා හැරවීම් වේල් බැඳීම් ගංවතුර ගලා යන මාර්ගයන් තැනීම වැනි විශාල පද්ධති ගොඩනැඟීම් ආරම්භ කර ඇත. (රතු ගඟ මාර්ගය හා පෝටේජ් හැරවීම ඇතුළත්ව) මෙම පද්ධතිය 1997දී ඇති වු ගංවතුරෙන් විනිපෙග් ආරක්ෂා කර ගත් නමුත් 2009දී ඇති වූ ගංවතුරෙන්. විනිපෙග් හි ඉහළ බෑවුම් වල පිහිටි Grand Forks, උතුරු Dakota සහ Ste. Agathe, මැනිටෝබා යන ජනාවාසයන් වනන්නට හේතු විය

ඇමරිකාවේ නව ඕර්ලියන්ස් මෙට්ට්රොසපොලිටන් ප්‍රදේශයේ 35%ක් පමණ ප්‍රදේශයක්ම මුහුදු මට්ටමට පහළින් පිහිටන බැවින් ගංවතුර ගේට්ටු මඟින් එය ආරක්ෂා කර ඇත. මෙම ප්‍රදේශය අවස්ථා කිහිපයකදීම හරිකේන් කැත්‍රිනා කුණාටු හා ගංවතුර නිසා ඛේදනීයව බිඳ වැටුණු අතර නැගෙනහිර මෙට්ට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රදේශයන් වල 50%කට ආසන්න ප්‍රදේශයක් ගංවතුරින් පිඩාවට පත්විය. එහිදී මීටර් 8.2ක් (අඩි 27 ට ආසන්න) පමණ මුහුදු ජනාවාසයන් ජලයෙන් යට විය. ගංවතුර වැළැක්වීමේ පනතට අනුව ඇමරිකාවේ ෆෙඩරල් රජය විසින් ස්වභාවික ව්‍යසනයන් ඇති වීම වළක්වා ගැනීමට පියවර ගනු ලැබ ඇත. තෙත් බිම් කුණාටු සඳහා ජලමාත්තුවක් ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරයි. 1995 වනවිට තෙක් බිම් සංරක්ෂණයට කටයුතු කිරීම නිසා ගංවතුර හටගත්විට අනෙකුත් ප්‍රදේශවල සම්පත් භාවිතා කිරීමට ඇමෙරිකානු රජයට සිදු නොවීය.

 ආසියාවේ ගංවතුරින් ඇතිවු බලපැම්
ඉන්දියාව, බංග්ලාදේශය හා චීනය (චීන අධිරාජ්‍යයේ විශාල උමං මාර්ගය) යන රටවල් වල අනෙකුත් නගර සුරක්ෂිත කිරීම සඳහා ගංවතුර ගලා යාම් පිටිසර ප්‍රදේශයන් වෙත අරමුණුගතව මුදා හරිනු ලැබේ.

 අප්‍රිකාවේ ගංවතුරින් ඇතිවු බලපැම්
ඊජිප්තුවේ අස්වාන් වේල්ල මෙන්ම අස්වාන් ඉහළ වේල්ල (1976) නයිල් ගංඟාව පිටාර ගැලීම නිසා ඇතිවන ගංවතුර තත්ත්වයන් ඇති වීමේ මට්ටම පාලනය කරනු ලබයි.

 පිරිසිදු කිරීමේදී ආරක්ෂාව
ගංවතුරට පසුව සිදු වන පිරිසිදු කිරීමේ ක්‍රියාකාරකම් තුළින් නිතරම එම උත්සහයට සම්බන්ධ වන වැඩකරුවන් හා ස්වාධීනව ඉදිරිපත් වන්නන් කරදර වලට මුදුණපායි. වැසිකිලි අපද්‍රව්‍ය පිටාර ගැලීම නිසා ජලය සමඟ මිශ්‍ර වීමෙන් ඇතිවන ජල දූෂණය, විද්‍යුත් අනතුරු, කාබන් මොනොක්සයිඩ් අනාවරණය වීම, මාංශ පේශීවලට ඇති වන අනතුරු, උණුසුම් හෝ ශීතල පීඩනය, යතුරු පැදි අනතුරු, ගිනිගැනීම්, ජලයේ ගිලීම් හා කරදරකාරී අමුද්‍රව්‍යයන්ට අනාවරණය වීම වැනි තර්ජන නිගමනයන් ඇතුළත් වේ. ගංවතුර ඇති වන ප්‍රදේශවල අස්ථීරතාවය නිසා පිරිසිදු කිරීමේ කාර්යයන්හි නිරත කම්කරුවන්හට තියුණු කඩතොළු සහිත සුන්බුන්වලින්, ගංවතුර නිසා ඇතිවිය හැකි ජීව විද්‍යාත්මක අනතුරුවලින්, විද්‍යුත් රැහැන් කඩා වැටීමෙන්, ලේ සහ අනෙකුත් ද්‍රව වලින් හා සත්ව හා මානව සුන්බුන්වලින් කරදර වලට මුහුණපාන්නට සිදු වේ. සැලසුම් කිරීම මඟින් හා ගංවතුර විනාශයට නිසි ප්‍රතිචාර දැක්වීම මඟින් මේ තත්ත්වය මග හැරවිය හැකිය. ඒ සඳහා කළමනාකරුවන් විසින් සේවකයන්ට ආරක්ෂිත හිස් වැසුම්, දූවිලි ආරක්ෂිත කණ්ණාඩි, ආරක්ෂිත වැඩ අත්මේස්, ජීවිත ආවරණ හා යකඩින් තැනූ ජලය නොයන සපත්තු සැපයුම කරනු ලැබේ.

 ගංවතුර පිළිබඳ විස්තරයක්
මානව සකසා ගැනීම් හා ආර්ථිකක්‍රියාකාරකම් කඩාකප්පල් කිරීමට ගංවතුරට බලයක් තිබේ. කෙසේ වුවත් ගංවතුර බොහෝ වාසිදායක තත්ත්වයන්ද ළඟාකරවයි. එනම් බිම් වතුර නැවත පිරවීම්, පස පොහොර සහිත කිරීම්, ඌන පෝෂණ සැපයීමයි. විශේෂයෙන් වියළි හා අර්ධ වියළි කලාපයන්හි වර්ෂාපතනය වර්ෂය පුරා සම අයුරින් නොලැබෙන නිසා ගංවතුර ඉතාමත් අවශ්‍ය ජල සම්පතක් ලෙස සලකයි. නැවුම් ජලය ඇඳ හැලීම විශේෂයෙන් පරිසර පද්ධතිය පවත්වාගෙන යාම සඳහා වැදගත් කාර්යයක් ඉටු කරන අතර එය ගංවතුර ඇතිවන කලාපයන්හි ජෛව විවිධත්වය පවත්වාගෙන යයි. Tigris-Euphrates ගංඟා ආශ්‍රිතව, නයිල් ගඟ ආශ්‍රිතව, ඉන්ඩාස් ගඟ ආශ්‍රිතව, ගැන්ගාස් හා කහ ගඟ, ආශ්‍රිතව ජනාවාසයන්හි යහපත් පැවැත්ම සඳහා කාලානුකූල ගංවතුර අත්‍යාවශ්‍ය විය.

 ගංවතුරට ගොදුරුවන ප්‍රදේශ පරිගණක ඇසුරින් සිතියම් ගත කිරීම
ගංවතුරට ගොදුරුවන ප්‍රදේශ සිතියම්ගත කොට අඳිනු ලබන ආකෘති මෑතකදී වඩා ප්‍රකට විය. ගංවතුර සහිත ප්‍රදේශවල එනම් මීට පෙර අවම වශයෙන් සියවස් 6ක පමණ පෙර ඇතිවූ ගංවතුර තත්ත්වයන්හි යාන්ත්‍රණය තේරුම් ගැනීමට හා අවබෝධ කර ගැනීමට මේවා උපකාරිවේ. මෑතකදී දියුණු වු මෙම පරිගණක සිතියම් ආකෘති මගින් ඉංජිනේරුවන්ට සුපරික්ෂාකාරී තත්වයන් පවත්වා ගැනීමට හා අනාරක්ෂිත තත්ත්වයන් හඳුනාගෙන එම තත්ත්වයන් මගහැර ඉවත් කර නව ඉංජිනේරු ප්‍රවණතාවයක් වෙත ළඟා විය හැකිය. බොහෝ පරිගණක ගංවතුර ආකෘති නිර්මාණය කර ඇත්තේ මෑත අවුරුදු 10 ඇතුළත වන කාලය තුළ වන අතර එය 1D (ගංවතුර මට්ටම් ඇසුරින් මිනුම් ලබාගැනීම) හා 2D ආකෘතිය (ගංවතුරේ ගැඹුර ගංවතුරට ගොදුරු වූ ප්‍රදේශ මට්ටම් අනුව මනිනු ලැබීම) ලෙස වේ. HEC-RAS,  ආකෘතිය දැනට වඩාත් ජනප්‍රිය වන අතර එය නොමිලේ ලබා ගත හැකිය. අනෙකුත් ආකෘති වන, TUFLOW ගංවතුරේ ගැඹුර මැනීම සඳහා 1D සහ 2 D හි එකතුවක් ලෙස සෑදී ඇත. දැනට වඩදිය බාදිය සිතියම් කිරීම, ගංඟා ආශ්‍රිතව ගං වතුරට ගොදුරුවන ප්‍රදේශ පිළිබඳව අවධානය යොමු කර ඇති අතර 2007දී ඇමරිකාවේ ඇති වු සිද්ධින්වලදී ගංවතුර මට්ටම ජල මට්ටමේ බලපෑම වෙත මාරු විය.

 මරණීය ගංවතුර
මරණීය ගංවතුර වල ලයිස්තුව

පහත ඇත්තේ ලෝකය පුරා ඇතිවූ දරුණු ගංවතුර තත්ත්වයන්හි ලයිස්තුවක් වන අතර මෙහිදී මරණයට ගොදුරු වූවන්ගේ ගණන 100,000 ට අධික ප්‍රමාණයක් වේ.

 මේවාද බලන්න
 ව්‍යසන සඳහා පෙර සූදානම
 ගංවතුර අවදානම් නියම කිරීම්
 නෙදර්ලන්තයේ ගංවතුර පාලනයන්
 නෙදර්ලන්තයේ ඇතිවූ ගංවතුර
 එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ඇතිවූ ගංවතුර
 ගංවතුර වල ලැයිස්තුව
 උතුරු මුහුදේ වඩදිය බාදිය කුණාටු
 ගංවතුර මගපෙන්වීම්

 මූලාශ්‍ර

 ආශ්‍රේය
 ග්‍රන්ථ
 O'Connor, Jim E. and John E. Costa. (2004). The World's Largest Floods, Past and Present: Their Causes and Magnitudes [Circular 1254]. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey.
 Thompson, M.T. (1964). Historical Floods in New England '' [Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1779-M]. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office.
 Powell, W. Gabe. 2009. Identifying Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) Using National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) Data as a Hydrologic Model Input for Local Flood Plain Management. Applied Research Project. Texas State University - San Marcos. http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/296/

බාහිර සබැඳි

 Website on the Great Flood of Paris in 1910
 U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Healthy Water - Flood Water Exposure Health risks, cleanup of flood waters, and links to flood resources
 American Water Resources Association
 Associated Programme on Flood Management from World Meteorological Organization
 Dartmouth Flood Observatory
 Decision tree to choose an uncertainty method for hydrological and hydraulic modelling, Choosing an uncertainty analysis for flood modeling.
 DeltaWorks.Org Flood protecting dams and barriers project in the Netherlands
 Video: Monsoon flooding, in Phnom Penh, Cambodia
 Europe floods 2006
 Flood Risk Management Research Consortium
 Flooding Risk and warning for Emergency Rescue Services
 International Flood Initiative
 International teaching module "Integrated Flood Risk Management of Extreme Events" (Floodmaster)
 Predictions Off for Global Warming Flood Risk - Study.
 Protecting against the Next Katrina - Scientific American Magazine (October 2005)
 Related articles at Appropedia, a wiki for non-Wikipedia (projects & practical "how to") content.
 Safecoast Knowledge exchange on coastal flooding and climate change in the North Sea region
 Social & Economic Benefits/Costs of Heavy Rain & Flooding  NOAA Economics
   Rivers Agency of Northern Ireland

ජලය

ජලගැල්ම


මාක්ගේ සුවිශේෂය, () යනු නව ගිවිසුමේ එන සුවිශේෂ පොත් සතරෙන් (4) එකකි.

ශුද්ධවූ බයිබලය

මාක්ගේ සුවිශේෂය


Desert Blues es una película del año 2006.

Sinopsis
Procedentes de etnias diferentes, tres artistas malienses se reúnen para hacer oír el sonido del desierto. Está Habib Koité, un bambara descendiente de los kassonhkés del oeste de Malí; Afel Bocoum, un songhai considerado como el heredero de Ali Farka Touré y, finalmente, un grupo de mujeres tuareg de Tombuctú, étnicamente cercanas a los bereberes, que prestan su voz a la causa de una cultura superviviente. La reunión de estas tres músicas representa un auténtico acontecimiento político después de las tragedias que sacudieron Malí entre los años 1995 y 1996.

Premios
 Festival Internacional de Cine de África y de las Islas (FIFAI), La Reunión, 2007.

Referencias

Desert Blues


Logor Slana na Pagu bio je ustaški koncentracijski logor u blizini sela Metajne na otoku Pagu. Djelovao je od 24. lipnja 1941. godine kada su u nj dovedeni prvi zatvorenici, pripadnici židovskih organizacija i udruženja. Zatvoren je u drugoj polovici kolovoza 1941. godine na zahtjev talijanskih okupacijskih vlasti. Procjenjuje se da je u logoru ubijeno šest do osam tisuća Srba, Židova i hrvatskih antifašista.

Ni za vrijeme SFR Jugoslavije, ni kasnije nisu provedena terenska ni povijesna istraživanja koja bi potvrdila broj žrtava.  Elaborat Zločin okupatora i njihovih pomagača na području Primorsko-goranskog okruga iz 1947. godine procjenjuje da je ubijeno oko šest tisuća zatvorenika, a povjesničari Ostojić i Sabolevski u nizu članaka Pakao u kamenoj pustinji iznose da točnih podataka nema, ali da je lokalni svećenik don Josip Felicinović davao procjene o oko 8.000 pobijenih, a  predstavnik talijanskih okupacijskih vlasti na Pagu Marco Paro Vidolino je prenosio da se 1941. godine pričalo o čak 8 tisuća bačenih u ponore, te još 15 tisuća ubijenih utapanjem u moru; drugi procjene suvremenika govore o brojevima od 4 do 7 tisuća žrtava. U arhivima postoje talijanski vojni dokumenti s procjenom o osam do devet tisuća ljudi dopremljenih u logor i oko četiri tisuće žrtava.

Preživjeli zatočenik dr. Oto Radan svjedoči da je u židovski logor s njim bilo dovedeno tridesetak muškaraca, a da je postojao još i logor u kojem su bili zatočeni Srbi, muškarci, gdje ih je redovito moglo biti oko sedamsto. Radan se sjeća da se u logoru sa Srbima noću čulo mitraliranje i da ga je obilazio zapovjednik Ustaške nadzorne službe Eugen Dido Kvaternik. Između dvaju logora bio je poligon za vježbanje mladih ustaša. O obuci, mučenju i ubijanju svjedočio je i jedan od njih:
Mene su sa još nekim Gospićanima odredili u logor Slano na otoku Pagu. Tu su se nalazili najviše Židovi i Srbi, a bilo je i nekih Hrvata ljevičara. Spavali su pod vedrim nebom u žici. Za hranu su im nisu davali ništa osim slanih riba, ali im vode nisu davali tako da su mnogi poludjeli od žeđi. Starješine su nam dale naređenje da odvojimo 200 zatočenika iz prve partije, da ih odvedemo na more i pobijemo. Ja i neki moji drugovi nismo mogli. Onda su nas grdili i predbacivali nam kakvi smo mi to Hrvati i ustaše. Nakon par dana došao je u logor neki viši funkcioner iz Zagreba Luburić. Došao je da pogleda rad logora. Tek tada je počelo pravo klanje. More oko Paga bilo je crveno od krvi.Prema drugim izvještajima, na trećoj, udaljenoj lokaciji u Metajni nalazile su se žene i djeca; i o njoj postoje svjedočanstva o silovanjima i ubijanjima.

Web-portal "Jadovno" donosi prijevode (na engleski jezik) talijanskih dokumenata, u kojima se navodi da su Talijani ekshumirali 791 žrtvu. Tijela su bila plitko zakopana pa su ih iz sanitarnih razloga zapalili:

... naišli smo na jarak uklonjene zemlje širok 50 cm i dugačak 20 m. Uklonjena zemlja je bila pokrivena kamenjem radi prikrivanja, a osjećao se je karakteristični miris. Na nekim mjestiama su virile ruke i cipele. Podijelio sam ljude u dvije grupe. Radili smo metodički, te smo uklonili kamenje iz iskopane zemlje i potom lopatom uklonili sloj po sloj zemlje s čitavog grobišta. Nakon prvih 5 do 20 cm kopanja, vidjeli smo mnoge ruke, često vezane, bose noge, ponekad s cipelama, glave koje gledaju na gore ili s izloženim vratovima. Iako smo već navikli na udove i glave koje vire, bilo je nešto neobično u načinu na koji su zakopani ...Dokaz da su bili pokopani smrtno ranjeni, ali još uvijek živi, su bili iskrivljeni položaji i strašni izrazi lica na večini leševa.
Pronašli smo čahure strojnica blizu jame, a na mnogim leševima smo mogli vidjeti smrtne rane napravljane bodežima po prsima, leđima i vratu. Obje dojke jedne mlade žene su bile potpuno odsječene oštrim oružjem. U dvije jame smo pronašli smo samo žene i djecu, dok su u drugima muškarci, žene i djeca bili pokopani zajedno... Na taj način smo [iskopali i] spalili 791 leševa ... Od tih leševa bilo je: 407 muškaraca, 293 žena, 91 djece u dobi od 5 do 14 godina. Tu je bila i jedna beba od 5 mjeseci.

Na stranicama JUSP Jasenovac ne iznose se podrobniji podatci o Logoru Slana, izuzev da je uz Logor Jadovno na Velebitu bio prvi ustaški logor za masovno ubijanje i da su u nj većinom dovođeni zatvorenici iz radnog logora Ovčara kraj Gospića.

Izvori

Logori u NDH
Zaštićene stranice za neprijavljene suradnike

Logor Slana na Pagu


Liliana Lazăr (n. 1972) este o scriitoare română.

Biografie
Liliana Lazăr și-a petrecut copilăria în Slobozia (Schitu Duca, județul Iași). S-a mutat în Franța după căderea regimului comunist.

Distincții

Note

Nașteri în 1972
Scriitoare române
Români expatriați în Franța

Liliana Lazăr


Crkva sv. Ivana Krstitelja, crkva u Marini, zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Vrijeme nastanka: 16. stoljeće. Ostaci utvrde Citadele s crkvom Sv. Ivana Krstitelja nalaze se u središtu naselja Marina. Citadela je građena oko 1500. g., investicijom trogirskog biskupa Frana Marcella. Crkva je jednobrodna građevina, podignuta na pravokutnom tlocrtu s kvadratičnom apsidom, svođena šiljastim svodom i pokrivena kupom kanalicom. Zidana je poluobrađenim kamenom u redovima, a u unutrašnjosti je ožbukana. Pročelje je kasnije barokizirano, na vrhu je preslica sa zvonom. Na pročelje je ugrađen gradski sat. Uz južni zid crkve dograđena je renesansna kapelica koja se koristila kao krstionica.

Crkva je podignuta unutar Citadele, na prostoru seoskog trga – Brce.

Zaštita
Ostatci utvrde Citadele s crkvom Sv. Ivana Krstitelja skupa su po jedinstvenom oznakom Z-4900 zavedeni kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralno-profana graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Zaštićene sakralne građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Katoličke crkve u Hrvatskoj
Katoličke crkve u Marini
Marina

Crkva sv. Ivana Krstitelja u Marini


حسانا فلّه هو مهرجان سنوي يقام في محافظة الأحساء الواقعة شرق المملكة العربية السعودية، وقد بدأت النسخة الأولى من المهرجان سنة 1426 هـ وهو مستمر حتى الآن.

مراجع

مهرجانات في السعودية

حسانا فله


The three independent Baltic countries – Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania – were invaded and occupied in June 1940 by the Soviet Union, under the leadership of Stalin and auspices of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact that had been signed between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in August 1939, immediately before the outbreak of World War II. The three countries were then annexed into the Soviet Union (formally as "constituent republics") in August 1940. The United States and most other Western countries never recognised this incorporation, considering it illegal. On 22 June 1941, Nazi Germany attacked the Soviet Union and within weeks occupied the Baltic territories. In July 1941, the Third Reich incorporated the Baltic territory into its Reichskommissariat Ostland. As a result of the Red Army's Baltic Offensive of 1944, the Soviet Union recaptured most of the Baltic states and trapped the remaining German forces in the Courland Pocket until their formal surrender in May 1945.

During the 1944–1991 Soviet occupation large numbers of people from Russia and other parts of the former USSR were settled in the three Baltic countries, while the local languages, religion and customs were suppressed. David Chioni Moore classified it as a "reverse-cultural colonization", where the colonized perceived the colonizers as culturally inferior. Colonization of the three Baltic countries was closely tied to mass executions, deportations and repression of the native population. During both Soviet occupations (1940–1941; 1944–1991) a combined 605,000 inhabitants of the three countries were either killed or deported (135,000 Estonians, 170,000 Latvians and 320,000 Lithuanians), while their properties and personal belongings, along with ones who fled the country, were confiscated and given to the arriving colonists – Soviet military and NKVD personnel, as well as functionaries of the Communist Party and economic migrants.

The Baltic states' governments themselves, the United States and its courts of law, the European Parliament, the European Court of Human Rights and the United Nations Human Rights Council have all stated that these three countries were invaded, occupied and illegally incorporated into the Soviet Union under provisions of the 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. There followed occupation by Nazi Germany from 1941 to 1944 and then again occupation by the Soviet Union from 1944 to 1991. This policy of non-recognition has given rise to the principle of legal continuity of the Baltic states, which holds that de jure, or as a matter of law, the Baltic states had remained independent states under illegal occupation throughout the period from 1940 to 1991.

In its reassessment of Soviet history that began during perestroika in 1989, the Soviet Union condemned the 1939 secret protocol between Germany and itself. However, the Soviet Union never formally acknowledged its presence in the Baltics as an occupation or that it annexed these states and considered the Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republics as three of its constituent republics. On the other hand, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic recognized in 1991 the events of 1940 as "annexation". Historically revisionist Russian historiography and school textbooks continue to maintain that the Baltic states voluntarily joined the Soviet Union after their peoples all carried out socialist revolutions independent of Soviet influence. The post-Soviet government of Russia and its state officials insist that incorporation of the Baltic states was in accordance with international law and gained de jure recognition by the agreements made in the February 1945 Yalta and the July–August 1945 Potsdam conferences and by the 1975 Helsinki Accords, which declared the inviolability of existing frontiers. However, Russia agreed to Europe's demand to "assist persons deported from the occupied Baltic states" upon joining the Council of Europe in 1996. Additionally, when the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic signed a separate treaty with Lithuania in 1991, it acknowledged that the 1940 annexation as a violation of Lithuanian sovereignty and recognised the de jure continuity of the Lithuanian state.

Most Western governments maintained that Baltic sovereignty had not been legitimately overridden and thus continued to recognise the Baltic states as sovereign political entities represented by the legations—appointed by the pre-1940 Baltic states—which functioned in Washington and elsewhere. The Baltic states recovered de facto independence  in 1991 during the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Russia started to withdraw its troops from the Baltics (starting from Lithuania) in August 1993. The full withdrawal of troops deployed by Moscow ended in August 1994. Russia officially ended its military presence in the Baltics in August 1998 by decommissioning the Skrunda-1 radar station in Latvia. The dismantled installations were repatriated to Russia and the site returned to Latvian control, with the last Russian soldier leaving Baltic soil in October 1999.

Background

Early in the morning of 24 August 1939, the Soviet Union and Germany signed a ten-year non-aggression pact, called the Molotov–Ribbentrop pact. The pact contained a secret protocol by which the states of Northern and Eastern Europe were divided into German and Soviet "spheres of influence". In the north, Finland, Estonia and Latvia were assigned to the Soviet sphere. Poland was to be partitioned in the event of its "political rearrangement"—the areas east of the Narev, Vistula and San Rivers going to the Soviet Union while Germany would occupy the west. Lithuania, adjacent to East Prussia, would be in the German sphere of influence, although a second secret protocol agreed in September 1939 assigned the majority of Lithuanian territory to the Soviet Union. According to this secret protocol, Lithuania would regain its historical capital Vilnius, previously subjugated during the inter-war period by Poland.

Following the end of the Soviet invasion of Poland on 6 October, the Soviets pressured Finland and the Baltic states to conclude mutual assistance treaties. The Soviets questioned the neutrality of Estonia after the escape of an interned Polish submarine on 18 September. A week later on 24 September, the Estonian foreign minister was given an ultimatum in Moscow. The Soviets demanded the conclusion of a treaty of mutual assistance to establish military bases in Estonia. The Estonians were thus coerced to accept naval, air and army bases on two Estonian islands and at the port of Paldiski. The corresponding agreement was signed on 28 September 1939. Latvia followed on 5 October 1939 and Lithuania shortly thereafter, on 10 October 1939. The agreements permitted the Soviet Union to establish military bases on the Baltic states' territory for the duration of the European war and to station 25,000 Soviet soldiers in Estonia, 30,000 in Latvia and 20,000 in Lithuania from October 1939.

Soviet occupation and annexation (1940–1941)

In September and October 1939, the Soviet government compelled the Baltic states to conclude mutual assistance pacts which gave it the right to establish Soviet military bases. In May 1940, the Soviets turned to the idea of direct military intervention, but still intended to rule through puppet regimes. Their model was the Finnish Democratic Republic, a puppet regime set up by the Soviets on the first day of the Winter War. The Soviets organised a press campaign against the allegedly pro-Allied sympathies of the Baltic governments. In May 1940, the Germans invaded France, which was overrun and occupied a month later. In late May and early June 1940, the Baltic states were accused of military collaboration against the Soviet Union by holding meetings the previous winter. On 15 June 1940, the Lithuanian government was extorted to agree to the Soviet ultimatum and permit the entry of an unspecified number of Soviet troops. President Antanas Smetona proposed armed resistance to the Soviets but the government refused, proposing their own candidate to lead the regime. However, the Soviets refused this offer and sent Vladimir Dekanozov to take charge of affairs while the Red Army occupied the state.

On 16 June 1940, Latvia and Estonia also received ultimata. The Red Army occupied the two remaining Baltic states shortly thereafter. The Soviets dispatched Andrey Vyshinsky to oversee the takeover of Latvia and Andrey Zhdanov to oversee the takeover of Estonia. On 18 and 21 June 1940, new "popular front" governments were formed in each Baltic country, made up of Communists and fellow travelers. Under Soviet surveillance, the new governments arranged rigged elections for new "people's assemblies." Voters were presented with a single list, and no opposition movements were allowed to file and to get the required turnout to 99.6% votes were forged. A month later, the new assemblies met, with their sole item of business being resolutions to join the Soviet Union. In each case, the resolutions passed by acclamation. The Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union duly accepted the requests in August, thus sanctioning them under Soviet law. Lithuania was incorporated into the Soviet Union on 3 August, Latvia on 5 August, and Estonia on 6 August 1940. The deposed presidents of Estonia (Konstantin Päts) and Latvia (Kārlis Ulmanis) were imprisoned and deported to the USSR and died later in the Tver region and Central Asia respectively. In June 1941, the new Soviet governments carried out mass deportations of "enemies of the people". It is estimated that Estonia alone lost 60,000 citizens. Consequently, many Balts initially greeted the Germans as liberators when they invaded a week later.

The Soviet Union immediately started to erect border fortifications along its newly acquired western border — the so-called Molotov Line.

German occupation (1941–1944)

Ostland province and the Holocaust

On 22 June 1941 the Germans invaded the Soviet Union. The Baltic states, recently Sovietized by threats, force, and fraud, generally welcomed the German armed forces when they crossed the frontiers. In Lithuania, a revolt broke out and an independent provisional government was established. As the German armies approached Riga and Tallinn, attempts to reestablish national governments were made. It was hoped that the Germans would reestablish Baltic independence. Such political hopes soon evaporated and Baltic cooperation became less forthright or ceased altogether. The Germans aimed to annex the Baltic territories to the Third Reich where "suitable elements" were to be assimilated and "unsuitable elements" exterminated. In actual practice, the implementation of occupation policy was more complex; for administrative convenience the Baltic states were included with Belorussia in the Reichskommissariat Ostland. The area was ruled by Hinrich Lohse who was obsessed with bureaucratic regulations. The Baltic area was the only eastern region intended to become a full province of the Third Reich. Nazi racial attitudes to the peoples of the three Baltic countries differed between Nazi authorities. In practice, racial policies were directed not against the majority of Balts but rather against the Jews. Large numbers of Jews were living in the major cities, notably in Vilnius, Kaunas and Riga. The German mobile killing units slaughtered hundreds of thousands of Jews; Einsatzgruppe A, assigned to the Baltic area, was the most effective of four units. German policy forced the Jews into ghettos. In 1943 Heinrich Himmler ordered his forces to liquidate the ghettos and to transfer the survivors to concentration camps. Some Latvians and Lithuanian conscripts collaborated actively in the killing of Jews, and the Nazis managed to provoke pogroms locally, especially in Lithuania. Only about 75 percent of Estonian and 10 percent of Latvian and Lithuanian Jews survived the war. However, for the majority of Lithuanians, Latvians and Estonians, the German rule was less harsh than Soviet rule had been, and it was less brutal than German occupations elsewhere in eastern Europe. Local puppet regimes performed administrative tasks and schools were permitted to function. However, most people were denied the right to own land or businesses.

Baltic nationals within the Soviet forces

The Soviet administration had forcefully incorporated the Baltic national armies at the wake of the occupation in 1940. Most of the senior officers were arrested and many of them murdered. During the German invasion, the Soviets conducted a forced general mobilisation that took place in violation of the international law. Under the Geneva Conventions, this act of violence is seen as a grave breach and war crime, because the mobilised men were treated as arrestants from the very beginning. In comparison with the general mobilisation proclaimed in the Soviet Union, the age range was extended by 9 years in the Baltics; all reserve officers were also taken. The aim was to deport all men capable to fight to Russia, where they were sent to convict camps. Almost half of them perished because of the transportation conditions, slave labour, hunger, diseases, and the repressive measures of the NKVD. In addition, destruction battalions were formed under the command of the NKVD. Hence, Baltic nationals fought in both German and Soviet army ranks. There was the 201st Latvian Rifle Division. The 308th Latvian Rifle Division was awarded the Red Banner Order after the expulsion of the Germans from Riga in the autumn of 1944.

An estimated 60,000 Lithuanians were drafted into the Red Army. During 1940, on the basis of disbanded Lithuanian Army, Soviet authorities organized 29th Territorial Rifle Corps. Decrease in quality of life and service conditions, forceful indoctrination of Communist ideology, caused discontent of recently Sovietized military units. Soviet authorities responded with repressions against Lithuanian officers of the 29th Corps, arresting over 100 officers and soldiers and subsequently executing around 20 in Autumn 1940. By that time allegedly near 3,200 officers and soldiers of 29th Corps were considered "politically unreliable". Due to high tensions and soldiers' discontent the 26th Cavalry Regiment was disbanded. During the 1941 June deportations over 320 officers and soldiers of 29th Corps were arrested and deported to concentration camps or executed. The 29th Corps collapsed with the German invasion into Soviet Union: on June 25–26 a rebellion broke in its 184th Rifle Division. The other division of the 29th Corps, the 179th Rifle Division lost most of its soldiers during the retreat from Germans mostly to deserting of its soldiers. A total of less than 1,500 soldiers from initial strength of around 12,000 reached the area of Pskov by August 1941. By the second part of 1942, most of Lithuanians remaining in the Soviet ranks as well as male war refugees from Lithuania were organized into 16th Rifle Division during its second formation. 16th Rifle Division, despite officially called "Lithuanian" and mostly commanded by officers of Lithuanian origin, including Adolfas Urbšas, was ethnically very mixed, with up to 1/4 of its personnel made of Jews and thus being the largest Jew formation of Soviet Army. Popular joke of those years said that 16th Division is called Lithuanian, because there are 16 Lithuanians among its ranks.

The 7000-strong 22nd Estonian Territorial Rifle Corps got heavily beaten in the battles around Porkhov during the German invasion in summer 1941, as 2000 were killed or wounded in action, and 4500 surrendered. The 25,000—30,000 strong 8th Estonian Rifle Corps lost 3/4 of its troops in the Battle of Velikiye Luki in winter 1942/43. It participated in the capture of Tallinn in September 1944. About 20,000 Lithuanians, 25,000 Estonians, and 5000 Latvians died in the ranks of the Red Army and labor battalions.

Baltic nationals within the German forces

The Nazi administration also conscripted Baltic nationals into the German armies. The Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force, composed of volunteers, was formed in 1944. The LTDF reached the size of about 10,000 men. Its goal was to fight the approaching Red Army, provide security and conduct anti-partisan operations within the territory, claimed by Lithuanians. After brief engagements against the Soviet and Polish partisans, the force self-disbanded, its leaders were arrested and sent to Nazi concentration camps, and many of its members were executed by the Nazis. Latvian Legion, created in 1943, consisted of two conscripted divisions of the Waffen-SS. On 1 July 1944 the Latvian Legion had 87,550 men. Another 23,000 Latvians were serving as Wehrmacht "auxiliaries". Among other battles they participated in the battles in the Siege of Leningrad, in Courland Pocket, in Pomeranian Wall defences, in Velikaya River for Hill "93,4" and in the defence of Berlin. 20th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Estonian) was formed in January 1944 through conscription. Consisting of 38,000 men they took part in the Battle of Narva, the Battle of Tannenberg Line, the Battle of Tartu, and Operation Aster.

Attempts to restore independence and the Soviet offensive of 1944

There were several attempts to restore independence during the occupation. On 22 June 1941 the Lithuanians overthrew Soviet rule two days before the Wehrmacht arrived in Kaunas, where the Germans then allowed a Provisional Government to function for over a month. The Latvian Central Council was set up as an underground organisation in 1943, but it was destroyed by the Gestapo in 1945. In Estonia in 1941, Jüri Uluots proposed restoration of independence; later, by 1944, he had become a key figure in the secret National Committee. In September 1944, Uluots briefly became acting president of independent Estonia. Unlike the French and the Poles, the Baltic states had no governments in exile located in the West. Consequently, Great Britain and the United States lacked any interest in the Baltic cause while the war against Germany remained undecided. The discovery of the Katyn massacre in 1943 and callous conduct towards the Warsaw uprising in 1944 had cast shadows on relations; nevertheless, all three victors still displayed solidarity at the Yalta conference in 1945.

By 1 March 1944 the siege of Leningrad was over and Soviet troops were on the border with Estonia. The Soviets launched the Baltic Offensive, a twofold military-political operation to rout German forces, on 14 September. On 16 September the High Command of the German Army issued a plan in which Estonian forces would cover the German withdrawal. The Soviets soon reached the Estonian capital Tallinn, where the NKVD's first mission was to stop anyone escaping from the state; however, many refugees did manage to escape to the West. The NKVD also targeted the members of the National Committee of the Republic of Estonia. German and Latvian forces remained trapped in the Courland Pocket until the end of the war, capitulating on 10 May 1945.

Second Soviet occupation (1944–1991)

Resistance and deportations

After reoccupying the Baltic states, the Soviets implemented a program of sovietization, which was achieved through large-scale industrialisation rather than by overt attacks on culture, religion or freedom of expression. The Soviets carried out massive deportations to eliminate any resistance to collectivisation or support of partisans. Baltic partisans, such as the Forest Brothers, continued to resist Soviet rule through armed struggle for a number of years.

The Soviets had previously carried out mass deportations in 1940–41, but the deportations between 1944 and 1952 were even greater. In March 1949 alone, the top Soviet authorities organised a mass deportation of 90,000 Baltic nationals.

The total number deported in 1944–55 has been estimated at over half a million: 124,000 in Estonia, 136,000 in Latvia and 245,000 in Lithuania.

The estimated death toll among Lithuanian deportees between 1945 and 1958 was 20,000, including 5,000 children.

The deportees were allowed to return after Nikita Khrushchev's secret speech in 1956 denouncing the excesses of Stalinism, however many did not survive their years of exile in Siberia. After the war, the Soviets outlined new borders for the Baltic republics. Lithuania gained the regions of Vilnius and Klaipėda while the Russian SFSR annexed territory from the eastern parts of Estonia (5% of prewar territory) and Latvia (2%).

Industrialization and immigration
The Soviets made large capital investments for energy resources and the manufacture of industrial and agricultural products. The purpose was to integrate the Baltic economies into the larger Soviet economic sphere. In all three republics, manufacturing industry was developed resulting in some of the best industrial complexes in the sphere of electronics and textile production. The rural economy suffered from the lack of investments and the collectivization. Baltic urban areas had been damaged during wartime and it took ten years to recuperate housing losses. New constructions were often of poor quality and ethnic Russian immigrants were favored in housing. Estonia and Latvia received large-scale immigration of industrial workers from other parts of the Soviet Union that changed the demographics dramatically. Lithuania also received immigration but on a smaller scale.

Ethnic Estonians constituted 88 percent before the war, but in 1970 the figure dropped to 60 percent. Ethnic Latvians constituted 75 percent, but the figure dropped 57 percent in 1970 and further down to 50.7 percent in 1989. In contrast, the drop in Lithuania was only 4 percent. Baltic communists had supported and participated the 1917 October Revolution in Russia. However, many of them were killed during the Great Purge in the 1930s. The new regimes of 1944 were established mostly by native communists who had fought in the Red Army. However, the Soviets also imported ethnic Russians to fill political, administrative and managerial posts.

Restorations of independence

The period of stagnation brought the crisis of the Soviet system. The new Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in 1985 and responded with glasnost and perestroika. They were attempts to reform the Soviet system from above to avoid revolution from below. The reforms occasioned the reawakening of nationalism in the Baltic republics. The first major demonstrations against the environment were Riga in November 1986 and the following spring in Tallinn. Small successful protests encouraged key individuals and by the end of 1988 the reform wing had gained the decisive positions in the Baltic republics. At the same time, coalitions of reformists and populist forces assembled under the Popular Fronts. The Supreme Soviet of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic made the Estonian language the state language again in January 1989, and similar legislation was passed in Latvia and Lithuania soon after. The Baltic republics declared their aim for sovereignty: Estonia in November 1988, Lithuania in May 1989 and Latvia in July 1989. The Baltic Way, that took place on 23 August 1989, became the biggest manifestation of opposition to the Soviet rule. In December 1989, the Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union condemned the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and its secret protocol as "legally deficient and invalid."

On 11 March 1990 the Lithuanian Supreme Soviet declared Lithuania's independence. Pro-independence candidates had received an overwhelming majority in the Supreme Soviet elections held earlier that year. On 30 March 1990, seeing full restoration of independence not yet feasible due to large Soviet presence, the Estonian Supreme Soviet declared the Soviet Union an occupying power and announced the start of a transitional period to independence. On 4 May 1990, the Latvian Supreme Soviet made a similar declaration. The Soviet Union immediately condemned all three declarations as illegal, saying that they had to go through the process of secession outlined in the Soviet Constitution of 1977. However, the Baltic states argued that the entire occupation process violated both international law and their own law. Therefore, they argued, they were merely reasserting an independence that still existed under international law.

By mid-June, after unsuccessful economic blockade of Lithuania, the Soviets started negotiations with Lithuania and the other two Baltic republics. The Soviets had a bigger challenge elsewhere, as the Russian Federal Republic proclaimed sovereignty in June. Simultaneously the Baltic republics also started to negotiate directly with the Russian Federal Republic. After the failed negotiations the Soviets made a dramatic but failed attempt to break the deadlock and sent in military troops killing twenty and injuring hundreds of civilians in what became known as the "Vilnius massacre" and "The Barricades" in Latvia during January 1991. In August 1991, the hard-line members attempted to take control of the Soviet Union. A day after the coup on 21 August, the Estonians proclaimed full independence, after an independence referendum was held in Estonia on 3 March 1991, alongside a similar referendum in Latvia the same month. It was approved by 78.4% of voters with an 82.9% turnout. Independence was restored by the Estonian Supreme Council on the night of 20 August. The Latvian parliament made similar a declaration on the same day. The coup failed but the collapse of the Soviet Union became unavoidable. After the coup collapsed, the Soviet government recognised the independence of all three Baltic states on 6 September 1991.

Withdrawal of Russian troops and decommissioning the radars
The Russian Federation assumed the burden and the subsequent withdrawal of the occupation force, consisting of about 150,000 former Soviet, now Russian, troops stationed in the Baltic states. In 1992 there were still 120,000 Russian troops there, as well as a large number of military pensioners, particularly in Estonia and Latvia.

During the period of negotiations, Russia hoped to retain facilities such as the Liepāja naval base, the Skrunda anti-ballistic missile radar station and the Ventspils space-monitoring station in Latvia and the Paldiski submarine base in Estonia, as well as transit rights to Kaliningrad through Lithuania.

Contention arose when Russia threatened to keep its troops where they were. Moscow's linkage to specific legislation guaranteeing the civil rights of ethnic Russians was seen as an implied threat in the West, in the U.N. General Assembly and by Baltic leaders, who viewed it as Russian imperialism.

Lithuania was the first to complete the withdrawal of Russian troops—on 31 August 1993—owing in part to the Kaliningrad issue.

Subsequent agreements to withdraw troops from Latvia were signed on 30 April 1994, and from Estonia on 26 July 1994. Continued linkage on the part of Russia resulted in a threat by the U.S. Senate in mid-July to halt all aid to Russia in case the forces were not withdrawn by the end of August. Final withdrawal was completed on 31 August 1994. Some Russian troops remained stationed in Estonia in Paldiski until the Russian military base was dismantled and the nuclear reactors suspended operations on 26 September 1995. Russia operated the Skrunda-1 radar station until it was decommissioned on 31 August 1998. The Russian Government then had to dismantle and remove the radar equipment; this work was completed by October 1999 when the site was returned to Latvia. The last Russian soldier left the region that month, marking a symbolic end to the Russian military presence on Baltic soil.

Civilian toll

The estimated human costs of the Nazi and Soviet occupations is presented in the table below.

Aftermath

The Soviet Union and its successors have never paid reparations to the Baltic states.

In the years following the reestablishment of Baltic independence, tensions have remained between indigenous Balts and Russian speaking settlers in Estonia and Latvia. While requirements for getting citizenship in the Baltic states are relatively liberal, a lack of attention to the rights of Russian-speaking and stateless individuals in the Baltic states has been noted by some experts, whereas all international organisations agree that no forms of systematic discrimination towards the Russian-speaking and often stateless population can be observed.

In 1993, Estonia was noted for having problems concerning the successful integration of some who were permanent residents at the time Estonia gained independence. According to a 2008 report of Special Rapporteur on racism to United Nations Human Rights Council the representatives of the Russian speaking communities in Estonia saw the most important form of discrimination in Estonia is not ethnic, but rather language-based (Para. 56). The rapporteur expressed several recommendations including strengthening the Chancellor of Justice, facilitating granting citizenship to persons of undefined nationality and making language policy subject of a debate to elaborate strategies better reflecting the multilingual character of society (paras. 89–92). Estonia has been criticized by the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination strong emphasis on Estonian language in the state Integration strategy; usage of punitive approach for promoting Estonian language; restrictions of the usage of minority language in public services; low level of minority representation in political life; persistently high number of persons with undetermined citizenship, etc.

According to Israeli author  of the Minerva Center for Human Rights at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, illegal regimes typically take measures to change the demographic structure of the territory held by the regime, usually via two methods: the forced removal of the local population and transfer their own populations into the territory. He cites the case of the Baltic states as an example of where this phenomenon has occurred, with the deportations of 1949 combined with large waves of immigration in 1945–50 and 1961–70. When the illegal regime transitioned to a lawful regime in 1991, the status of these settlers became an issue.

Author Aliide Naylor notes the lingering legacy of Soviet modernist architecture in the region, with many iconic Soviet structures in the Baltic states falling into disrepair or being demolished completely. There are ongoing debates surrounding their future.

State continuity of the Baltic states

The Baltic claim of continuity with the pre-war republics has been accepted by most Western powers. As a consequence of the policy of non-recognition of the Soviet seizure of these countries, combined with the resistance by the Baltic people to the Soviet regime, the uninterrupted functioning of rudimentary state organs in exile in combination with the fundamental legal principle of ex injuria jus non oritur, that no legal benefit can be derived from an illegal act, the seizure of the Baltic states was judged to be illegal thus sovereign title never passed to the Soviet Union and the Baltic states continued to exist as subjects of international law.

The official position of Russia, which chose in 1991 to be the legal and direct successor of the USSR, is that Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania joined freely of their own accord in 1940, and, with the dissolution of the USSR, these countries became newly created entities in 1991. Russia's stance is based upon the desire to avoid financial liability, the view being that acknowledging the Soviet occupation would set the stage for future compensation claims from the Baltic states.

Soviet and Russian historiography

Soviet historians saw the 1940 incorporation as a voluntary entry into the USSR by the Balts. Soviet historiography promoted the interests of Russia and the USSR in the Baltic area, and it reflected the belief of most Russians that they had moral and historical rights to control and to Russianize the whole of the former empire. To Soviet historians, the 1940 annexation was not only a voluntary entry but was also the natural thing to do. This concept taught that the military security of mother Russia was solidified and that nothing could argue against it.

Soviet point of view
Prior to Perestroika, the Soviet Union denied the existence of the secret protocols and viewed the events of 1939–40 as follows: the Government of the Soviet Union suggested that the Governments of the Baltic countries conclude mutual assistance treaties between the countries. Pressure from working people forced the governments of the Baltic countries to accept this suggestion. The Pacts of Mutual Assistance were then signed which allowed the USSR to station a limited number of Red Army units in the Baltic countries. Economic difficulties and dissatisfaction of the populace with the Baltic governments' policies that had sabotaged fulfilment of the Pact and the Baltic countries governments' political orientation towards Germany led to a revolutionary situation in June 1940. To guarantee fulfilment of the Pact additional military units entered Baltic countries, welcomed by the workers who demanded the resignations of the Baltic governments. In June under the leadership of the Communist Parties political demonstrations by workers were held. The fascist governments were overthrown, and workers' governments formed. In July 1940, elections for the Baltic Parliaments were held. The "Working People's Unions", created by an initiative of the Communist Parties, received the majority of the votes. The Parliaments adopted the declarations of the restoration of Soviet powers in Baltic countries and proclaimed the Soviet Socialist Republics. Declarations of Estonia's, Latvia's and Lithuania's wishes to join the USSR were adopted and the Supreme Soviet of the USSR petitioned accordingly. The requests were approved by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

The Stalin-edited Falsifiers of History, published in 1948, states regarding the need for the June 1940 invasions that "[p]acts had been concluded with the Baltic States, but there were as yet no Soviet troops there capable of holding the defences". It also states regarding those invasions that "[o]nly enemies of democracy or people who had lost their senses could describe those actions of the Soviet Government as aggression".

Upon the reassessment of the Soviet history during the Perestroika, the USSR condemned the 1939 secret protocol between Germany and itself that had led to the invasion and occupation.

Russian historiography in the post-Soviet era
There was relatively little interest in the history of the Baltic states during the Soviet era, which were generally treated as a single entity owing to the uniformity of Soviet policy in these territories. Since the fall of the Soviet Union, two general camps have evolved in Russian historiography. One, the liberal-democratic (либерально-демократическое), condemn Stalin's actions and Molotov–Ribbentrop pact and do not recognize the Baltic states as having joined the USSR voluntarily. The other, the national-patriotic (национально-патриотическое), contend the Molotov–Ribbentrop pact was necessary to the security of the Soviet Union, that the Baltics' joining the USSR was the will of the proletariat—both in line with the politics of the Soviet period, "the 'need to ensure the security of the USSR', 'people's revolution' and 'joining voluntarily'"—and that supporters of Baltic independence were the operatives of western intelligence agencies seeking to topple the USSR.

Soviet-Russian historian  argues that Stalin's ultimatums of 1940 were defensive measures taken because of German threat and had no connection with the 'socialist revolutions' in the Baltic states. The arguments that the USSR had to annex the Baltic states in order to defend the security of those countries and to avoid German invasion into the three republics can also be found in the college textbook "The Modern History of Fatherland".

Sergey Chernichenko, a jurist and vice-president of the Russian Association of International Law, argues there was no declared state of war between the Baltic states and the Soviet Union in 1940, and that Soviet troops occupied the Baltic states with their agreement—nor did violation by the USSR of prior treaty provisions constitute occupation. Subsequent annexation was neither an act of aggression nor forcible and was completely legal according to international law as of 1940. Accusations of "deportation" of Baltic nationals by the Soviet Union is therefore baseless, as individuals cannot be deported within their own country. He characterizes the Waffen-SS as being convicted at Nuremberg as a criminal organization and their commemoration in the "openly encouraged pro-Nazi" (откровенно поощряются пронацистские) Baltics as heroes seeking to liberate the Baltics (from the Soviets) an act of "nationalistic blindness" (националистическое ослепление). With regard to the current situation in the Baltics, Chernichenko contends the "theory of occupation" is the official thesis used to justify the "discrimination of Russian-speaking inhabitants" in Estonia and Latvia and prophesies the three Baltic governments will fail in their "attempt to rewrite history".

According to the revisionist historian Oleg Platonov "from the point of view of the national interests of Russia, unification was historically just, as it returned to the composition of the state ancient Russian lands, albeit partially inhabited by other peoples". The Molotov–Ribbentrop pact and protocols, including the dismemberment of Poland, merely redressed the tearing away from Russia of its historical territories by "anti-Russian revolution" and "foreign intervention".

On the other hand, Professor and Dean of the School of International Relations and Vice-Rector of Saint Petersburg State University, Konstantin K. Khudoley views the 1940 incorporation of the Baltic states as not voluntary, he considers the elections were not free and fair and the decisions of the newly elected parliaments to join the Soviet Union cannot be considered legitimate as these decisions were not approved by the upper chambers of the parliaments of the respective Baltic states. He also contends that the incorporation of the Baltic states had no military value in defence of possible German aggression as it bolstered anti-Soviet public opinion in the future allies Britain and the US, turned the native populations against the Soviet Union and the subsequent guerrilla movement in the Baltic states after the Second World War caused domestic problems for the Soviet Union.

Position of the Russian Federation
With the advent of Perestroika and its reassessment of Soviet history, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in 1989 condemned the 1939 secret protocol between Germany and the Soviet Union that had led to the division of Eastern Europe and the invasion and occupation of the three Baltic countries.

While this action did not state the Soviet presence in the Baltics was an occupation, the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic and Republic of Lithuania affirmed so in a subsequent agreement in the midst of the collapse of the Soviet Union. Russia, in the preamble of its 29 July 1991, "Treaty Between the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic and the Republic of Lithuania on the Basis for Relations between States", declared that once the USSR had eliminated the consequences of the 1940 annexation which violated Lithuania's sovereignty, Russia-Lithuania relations would further improve.

However, Russia's current official position directly contradicts its earlier rapprochement with Lithuania as well as its signature of membership to the Council of Europe, where it agreed to the obligations and commitments including "iv. as regards the compensation for those persons deported from the occupied Baltic states and the descendants of deportees, as stated in Opinion No. 193 (1996), paragraph 7.xii, to settle these issues as quickly as possible....". The Russian government and state officials maintain now that the Soviet annexation of the Baltic states was legitimate and that the Soviet Union liberated the countries from the Nazis. They assert that the Soviet troops initially entered the Baltic countries in 1940 following agreements and the consent of the Baltic governments. Their position is that the USSR was not in a state of war or engaged in combat activities on the territories of the three Baltic states, therefore, the word "occupation" cannot be used. "The assertions about [the] 'occupation' by the Soviet Union and the related claims ignore all legal, historical and political realities, and are therefore utterly groundless".—Russian Foreign Ministry.

This particular Russian viewpoint is called the "Myth of 1939–40" by David Mendeloff, Associate Professor of International Affairs, who states that the assertion that Soviet Union neither "occupied" the Baltic states in 1939 nor "annexed" them the following year is widely held and deeply embedded in Russian historical consciousness.

Treaties affecting USSR–Baltic relations

After the Baltic states proclaimed independence following the signing of the Armistice, Bolshevik Russia invaded at the end of 1918. Izvestia said in its 25 December 1918, issue: "Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania are directly on the road from Russia to Western Europe and therefore a hindrance to our revolutions... This separating wall has to be destroyed". Bolshevik Russia, however, did not gain control of the Baltic States and in 1920 concluded peace treaties with all three of them. Subsequently, at the initiative of the Soviet Union, additional non-aggression treaties were concluded with all three Baltic States:
 Peace treaties
 Non-aggression treaties
 Kellogg-Briand Pact and Litvinov's Pact
 The Convention for the Definition of Aggression
 The Pacts of Mutual Assistance
 Treaties the USSR signed between 1940 and 1945

Timeline

See also
 Kersten Committee
 January 1991 events in the aftermath of the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania, resulting in deaths and injuries
 Museum of Occupations, Tallinn, a project by the Kistler-Ritso Estonian Foundation
 Occupations of Latvia
 Population transfer in the Soviet Union
 Russia involvement in regime change
 State continuity of the Baltic states
 Territorial changes of the Baltic states
 United States resolution on the 90th anniversary of the Latvian Republic

References

Bibliography

Further reading
 Yaacov Falkov, "Between the Nazi Hammer and the Soviet Anvil: The Untold Story of the Red Guerrillas in the Baltic Region, 1941–1945", in Chris Murray (ed.), Unknown Conflicts of the Second World War: Forgotten Fronts (London: Routledge, 2019), pp. 96–119,
 Aliide Naylor, The Shadow in the East
 Regarding the Procedure for carrying out the Deportation of Anti-Soviet Elements from Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. – Full text, English
 The Global Museum on Communism about the occupation of Estonia by the Soviet Union.
 The Occupation museum of Latvia
 GULAG 113 – Canadian film about Estonians mobilized into the Red Army 1941 and forced into labour in the GULAG
 Soviet Aggression Against the Baltic States by (Latvian Supreme Court justice) Augusts Rumpeters — Short and thoroughly annotated dissertation on Soviet-Baltic treaties and relations. 1974. Full text
 Situation in Soviet occupied Estonia in 1955–1956. Manivald Räästas, Eduard Õun. 1956.

Academic and media articles
 Mälksoo, Lauri (2000). Professor Uluots, the Estonian Government in Exile and the Continuity of the Republic of Estonia in International Law. Nordic Journal of International Law 69.3, 289–316.
 Non-Recognition in the Courts: The Ships of the Baltic Republics by Herbert W. Briggs. In The American Journal of International Law Vol. 37, No. 4 (Oct., 1943), pp. 585–596.
 Alfred Erich Senn What Happened in Lithuania in 1940?(PDF)
 The Soviet Occupation of the Baltic States, by Irina Saburova. In Russian Review, 1955
 The Steel Curtain, Time Magazine, 14 April 1947
 The Iron Heel, Time Magazine, 14 December 1953

External links
 A radio drama about the occupation is presented in "John Alma Johnny and Myra", a presentation from Destination Freedom

History of the Baltic states
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Jewish Latvian history
Jewish Lithuanian history
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Military history of Estonia during World War II
Military history of Finland during World War II
Military history of Latvia during World War II
Military history of Lithuania during World War II
Military history of the Soviet Union during World War II
Annexation
Communist repression
Politics of World War II
Russians in Estonia
Estonia–Soviet Union relations
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Estonia–Germany relations
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German occupation of Lithuania during World War II
1940 establishments in Europe
1941 establishments in Europe
1940 in international relations
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Occupation of the Baltic states


16674 Birkeland este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
16674 Birkeland este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Caussols de Eric Walter Elst și Christian Pollas. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,62 ua, o excentricitate de 0,08 și o înclinație de 8,5° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 16001-17000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1994
Centura de asteroizi

16674 Birkeland


Thirst is the craving for potable fluids, resulting in the basic instinct of animals to drink. It is an essential mechanism involved in fluid balance. It arises from a lack of fluids or an increase in the concentration of certain osmolites, such as sodium. If the water volume of the body falls below a certain threshold or the osmolite concentration becomes too high, structures in the brain detect changes in blood constituents and signal thirst.

Continuous dehydration can cause acute and chronic diseases, but is most often associated with renal and neurological disorders. Excessive thirst, called polydipsia, along with excessive urination, known as polyuria, may be an indication of diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus.

There are receptors and other systems in the body that detect a decreased volume or an increased osmolite concentration. Some sources distinguish "extracellular thirst" from "intracellular thirst", where extracellular thirst is thirst generated by decreased volume and intracellular thirst is thirst generated by increased osmolite concentration.

Detection
It is vital for organisms to be able to maintain their fluid levels in very narrow ranges. The goal is to keep the interstitial fluid, the fluid outside the cell, at the same concentration as the intracellular fluid, the fluid inside the cell. This condition is called isotonic and occurs when the same levels of solutes are present on either side of the cell membrane so that the net water movement is zero. If the interstitial fluid has a higher concentration of solutes (or a lower concentration of water) than the intracellular fluid, it will pull water out of the cell. This condition is called hypertonic and if enough water leaves the cell, it will not be able to perform essential chemical functions. The animal will then become thirsty in response to the demand for water in the cell. After the animal drinks water, the interstitial fluid becomes less concentrated of solutes (more concentrated of water) than the intracellular fluid and the cell will fill with water as it tries to equalize the concentrations. This condition is called hypotonic and can be dangerous because it can cause the cell to swell and rupture. One set of receptors responsible for thirst detects the concentration of interstitial fluid. The other set of receptors detects blood volume.

Decreased volume

This is one of two types of thirst and is defined as thirst caused by loss of blood volume (hypovolemia) without depleting the intracellular fluid. This can be caused by blood loss, vomiting, and diarrhea. This loss of volume is problematic because if the total blood volume falls too low the heart cannot circulate blood effectively and the eventual result is hypovolemic shock. The vascular system responds by constricting blood vessels thereby creating a smaller volume for the blood to fill. This mechanical solution, however, has definite limits and usually must be supplemented with increased volume. The loss of blood volume is detected by cells in the kidneys and triggers thirst for both water and salt via the renin-angiotensin system.

Renin-angiotensin system
Hypovolemia leads to activation of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) and is detected by cells in the kidney. When these cells detect decreased blood flow due to the low volume they secrete an enzyme called renin. Renin then enters the blood where it catalyzes a protein called angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is then almost immediately converted by an enzyme already present in the blood to the active form of the protein, angiotensin II. Angiotensin II then travels in the blood until it reaches the posterior pituitary gland and the adrenal cortex, where it causes a cascade effect of hormones that cause the kidneys to retain water and sodium, increasing blood pressure. It is also responsible for the initiation of drinking behavior and salt appetite via the subfornical organ.

Others
 Arterial baroreceptors sense a decreased arterial pressure, and signal to the central nervous system in the area postrema and nucleus tractus solitarii.
 Cardiopulmonary receptors sense a decreased blood volume, and signal to area postrema and nucleus tractus solitarii.

Cellular dehydration and osmoreceptor stimulation

Osmometric thirst occurs when the solute concentration of the interstitial fluid increases. This increase draws water out of the cells, and they shrink in volume. The solute concentration of the interstitial fluid increases by high intake of sodium in diet or by the drop in volume of extracellular fluids (such as blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid) due to loss of water through perspiration, respiration, urination and defecation. The increase in interstitial fluid solute concentration causes water to migrate from the cells of the body, through their membranes, to the extracellular compartment, by osmosis, thus causing cellular dehydration.

Clusters of cells (osmoreceptors) in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) and subfornical organ (SFO), which lie outside of the blood brain barrier can detect the concentration of blood plasma and the presence of angiotensin II in the blood. They can then activate the median preoptic nucleus which initiates water seeking and ingestive behavior. Destruction of this part of the hypothalamus in humans and other animals results in partial or total loss of desire to drink even with extremely high salt concentration in the extracellular fluids. In addition, there are visceral osmoreceptors which project to the area postrema and nucleus tractus solitarii in the brain.

Salt craving
Because sodium is also lost from the plasma in hypovolemia, the body's need for salt proportionately increases in addition to thirst in such cases. This is also a result of the renin-angiotensin system activation.

Elderly
In adults over the age of 50 years, the body's thirst sensation reduces and continues diminishing with age, putting this population at increased risk of dehydration. Several studies have demonstrated that elderly persons have lower total water intakes than younger adults, and that women are particularly at risk of too low an intake.
In 2009, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) included water as a macronutrient in its dietary reference values for the first time. Recommended intake volumes in the elderly are the same as for younger adults (2.0 L/day for females and 2.5 L/day for males) as despite lower energy consumption, the water requirement of this group is increased due to a reduction in renal concentrating capacity.

Thirst quenching

According to preliminary research, quenching of thirst – the homeostatic mechanism to stop drinking – occurs via two neural phases: a "preabsorptive" phase which signals quenched thirst many minutes before fluid is absorbed from the stomach and distributed to the body via the circulation, and a "postabsorptive" phase which is regulated by brain structures sensing  to terminate fluid ingestion. The preabsorptive phase relies on sensory inputs in the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and upper gastrointestinal tract to anticipate the amount of fluid needed, providing rapid signals to the brain to terminate drinking when the assessed amount has been consumed. The postabsorptive phase occurs via blood monitoring for osmolality, fluid volume, and sodium balance, which are collectively sensed in brain circumventricular organs linked via neural networks to terminate thirst when fluid balance is established.

Thirst quenching varies among animal species, with dogs, camels, sheep, goats, and deer replacing fluid deficits quickly when water is available, whereas humans and horses may need hours to restore fluid balance.

Neurophysiology

The areas of the brain that contribute to the sense of thirst are mainly located in the midbrain and the hindbrain. Specifically, the hypothalamus appears to play a key role in the regulation of thirst.

The area postrema and nucleus tractus solitarii signal to the subfornical organ and to the lateral parabrachial nucleus. The latter signaling relies on the neurotransmitter serotonin. The signal from the lateral parabrachial nucleus is relayed to the median preoptic nucleus.

The median preoptic nucleus and the subfornical organ receive signals of decreased volume  and increased osmolite concentration. Finally, the signals are received in cortex areas of the forebrain where thirst arises. The subfornical organ and the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis contribute to regulating the overall bodily fluid balance by signalling to the hypothalamus to form vasopressin, which is later released by the pituitary gland.

See also

References

Further reading

Effects of external causes
Body water

Thirst


Disulfidi su kemijski spojevi sumpora s alkalijskim metalom ili vodikom. Opće su formule M2Sn. M u općoj formuli predstavlja alkalijski metal ili vodik.  Obično ih se stvara djelovanjem HCI na otopinu alkalijskih polisulfida.
Funkcionalna skupina u disulfidu je R–S–S–R'. Vezu se također zove SS-veza ili disulfidni most i obično je izvedne uparivanjem dviju tiolnih skupina. Formalno, sveza je persulfid, analogno imenu kongenera peroksida (R–O–O–R'), ali ovaj se izraz rijetko koristi, osim u odnosima ka hidrosulfidima (sastojci su R–S–S–H ili H–S–S–H).

U anorganskoj kemiji disulfidi se obično odnosi na odgovarajući anionIn S22− (−S–S−).
Disulfidna veza u organskoj kemiji osobito je važna u stabilizaciji bjelančevina.

Disulfid, bisulfid i disumpor različiti su pojmovi.

Izvori

Sumpor
Funkcionalne skupine

Disulfid


ලිංගික කාර්ය කොට්ටයක් යනු, ලිංගික සංසර්ගය ඉවැඩි  කිරීම සඳහා භාවිතා වන, විශේෂිත ලෙසින් සැලසුම් කෙරුණු සහ සාමාන්‍ය වශයෙන් දැඩි කොට්ටයකි.  කෙසේවෙතත්, විශේෂ කොට්ටයක් වෙනුවට, සාමාන්‍ය කොට්ටයක් භාවිතා කල හැකිය. ස්ථාවර වාරුවක් සහ සුමුදුබවක් යන තර්පණයන් දෙකම සමබරව සැපයීම සඳහා, සමහරක් ලිංගික කාර්ය කොට්ට විසින් ඉහළ-ඝණත්ව යුරිතේන් මධ්‍යයක් භාවිතා කෙරෙයි. සුලබ කොට්ට හැඩ වලට අමතරව, කූඤ්ඤ-හැඩැති, හැඩපෝරු-හැඩැති, ප්‍රිස්ම-හැඩැති ආදි වශයෙන් විවිධ හැඩැති කොට්ට සැපයෙන්නේ විවිධ ලිංගික පිහිටුවන් සඳහා යෝග්‍ය වන පරිදී වන අතර, මෙම සමහරක් ලිංගික පිහිටුවන් සඳහා මෙවැනි කොට්ට නොමැතිව ලිංගික කාර්යය සිදුකිරීමට නොහැකි වනු හෝ එය කිරීමට දුෂ්කර වනු හෝ ඇත.

එක් සහකරුවෙකුට පසු පස භාගයෙහි වේදනාවක් ඇති විටෙක, වාරුව සැපයීම සඳහා මෙවැනි කොට්ටයක්  භාවිතා කල හැකිය.  මිෂනරි පිහිටුව ඇරඹීමට පෙර ස්ත්‍රීයගේ තට්ටම් හෝ උකුළු ප්‍රදේශය හෝ යටින් කොට්ටය පිහිටුවීම, ලිංගික කාර්ය කොට්ටයක අති බහුල  භාවිතයක් ලෙසින් දැක්විය හැකිය; යෝනිය වෙත ශිශ්නය එල්ල කිරීම මෙයින් පහසු කෙරෙන අතර විනිවිදුම් ගැඹුර වැඩි කරවයි.  විශේෂිත වශයෙන් ලිංගික කාර්යය සඳහා සැලසුම් කෙරුණු පළමු සවාධිකාරී කොට්ටය ලෙසින් 2001 වසරෙහිදී ලුවී ෆ්‍රීඩ්මන් සහ ඩොන් කොවෙන් විසින් සොයාගත් ලිබරේටර් ෂේප්ස් දැක්විය හැකිය

ආශ්‍රිත

ලිංගික කාර්ය  කෙළි උපකරණ
කොට්ට

ලිංගික කාර්ය කොට්ටය


Michael Allan Warren () este un fotograf portretist, cunoscut în primul rând pentru realizarea unor fotografii ale unor membri ai înaltei societăți.

Primii ani
Dupa ce a crescut în Londra postbelică alături de mama lui, Warren a urmat Terry's Juveniles, o școală de teatru din cadrul Drury Lane Theatre. În această perioadă a participat la audiții, obținând mai multe roluri. A fost, spre exemplu, copil prezentator la "The Five O'clock Club", ceea ce i-a oferit posibilitatea de a cunoaște un număr de persoane, inclusiv pe tânărul Marc Bolan (care-l interpreta pe atunci pe "Toby Tyler"), care-l va angaja mai târziu pe Warren ca primul său manager.

Cariera

Warren și-a început cariera fotografică la vârsta de 17 ani când juca, alături de John Gielgud, în piesa Forty Years On a lui Alan Bennett la Teatrul Apollo din West End. Prin această perioadă Warren și-a cumpărat primul său aparat de fotografiat second-hand și a început să facă fotografii colegilor săi actori. Primul său contract important l-a obținut de la prietenul său, Mickey Deans, care i-a cerut să facă fotografii la nunta lui cu Judy Garland, ceea ce a marcat începutul activității lui Warren ca fotograf profesionist. Aflat la New York din motive personale, el a participat la o audiție pentru producția Minnie's Boys de pe Broadway. Cu toate acestea, el a refuzat mai târziu rolul care i s-a oferit pentru a se întoarce la Londra și a-și urma vocația de fotograf.

După acest eveniment decisiv Warren s-a angajat definitiv în cariera de fotograf, realizând portrete fotografice ale personalităților, printre care mulți actori, scriitori, muzicieni, politicieni și membri ai Familiei Regale Britanice. La începutul anilor 1980 Warren a fost pentru a-i fotografia pe toți ducii britanici (4 din familia regală și alți 26 care nu erau membri ai Familiei Regale). Împreună cu cel de-al 12 Duce de Manchester el a înființat Duke's Trust, o organizație de caritate pentru copiii cu probleme. Warren a încărcat mai multe imagini din arhiva lui pe Wikimedia Commons.

Diverse
La începutul anilor 1990 Warren a devenit interesat să scrie piese de teatru. Una dintre piesele sale, The Lady of Phillimore Walk, a fost regizată de Frank Dunlop și criticii au comparat-o cu Sleuth, un thriller scris de Anthony Shaffer. Distribuția piesei The Lady of Phillimore Walk era formată din Zena Walker și Philip Lowrie; piesa a fost reprezentată de mai multe ori în Statele Unite ale Americii.

Warren a inventat Hankybreathe, o batistă care-i permite utilizatorului să inspire aer în gură printr-un filtru de carbon, pentru a filtra efectele nocive ale gazelor de eșapament. Batista, care trebuie muiată în ulei de eucalipt, își are originea în experiența de astmatic a lui Warren în Londra puternic poluată.

Lucrări
 Nobs & Nosh – Eating with the Beautiful People, 1975
 Confessions of a Society Photographer, 1976
 The Dukes of Britain, 1986
 The Lady of Phillimore Walk (piesă), 1991
 Dukes, Queens and Other Stories, 1999
 Strangers in the Buff, August 2007
 Carpet Dwellers, October 2007
 Nein Camp, December 2012
 Stand By To Repel All Boarders, December 2014

Referințe

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1948
Dramaturgi englezi
Memorialiști englezi
Fotografi englezi
Oameni în viață

Allan Warren


Kıbrıs Türk Devleti, dönemin Birleşmiş Milletler Genel Sekreteri Kofi Annan tarafından hazırlanan Annan Planı'ında Kıbrıs Rum Devleti ile birlikte Birleşmiş Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti'ni oluşturacak olan federe devlete verilecek olan isim.

24 Nisan 2004 tarihinde Kıbrıs adasının her iki tarafında eş zamanlı olarak referanduma sunulan, Türkler tarafından kabul edilmesine rağmen, Rumlar tarafından ret edilmesi ile hayata geçemeyen Annan Plan'nında merkezi devlete ait bazı yetkiler kurulacak olan alt federe devletlere verilecekti. Fakat bu planın reddi nedeniyle bu oluşum hiçbir zaman hayata geçemedi. Fakat planın reddinden sonra Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti, İslam İşbirliği Teşkilatı'na ve Ekonomik İşbirliği Teşkilatı'na Kıbrıs Türk Devleti adıyla gözlemci üye olmuş ve bugün bu isim ile temsil edilmektedir.

Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti'nin dış ilişkileri
Kıbrıs Sorunu
Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti tarihi

Kıbrıs Türk Devleti


أتسوغي  هي مدينة يابانية تقع في محافظة كاناغاوا.
تم تأسيس المدينة في 1 فبراير، 1955.

تشتهر مدينة أتسوغي بأنها امتداد لطوكيو ويوكوهاما. كما تعرف بوجود قاعدة للبحرية الأمريكية والتي هي في الواقع لا تقع ضمن حدود المدينة بل في المدن المجاورة أياسه وياماتو.

معالم
 جامعة شوان
 مركز نيسان التقني للأبحاث

توأمة
لأتسوغي (كاناغاوا) اتفاقيات توأمة مع كل من:
 نيو بريتن
 أباشيري

أعلام
 تاكافومي هوري
 يويا أندو
 تيرويوكي مونيوا
 كيوكو كويزومي
 ريوهيإي أوكازاكي

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي باللغة اليابانية
 موقع المساعدة الرسمي للأجانب في أتسوغي باللغة الأنكليزية

مدن محافظة كاناغاوا

أتسوغي (كاناغاوا)

أتسوغي (كاناغاوا)


Amanda Kurtović (născută pe 25 iulie 1991, în Karlskrona) este o handbalistă norvegiană care joacă pentru clubul Larvik HK și, din 2011, pentru echipa națională a Norvegiei.

Kurtović a evoluat pentru CSM București, în Liga Națională, în sezoanele 2017-2018 și 2018-2019 și pentru HC Dunărea Brăila în sezonul 221-2022.

Amanda Kurtović s-a născut în Suedia. Mama handbalistei este suedeză, iar tatăl croat, antrenorul și fostul jucător Marinko Kurtović. Familia Amandei s-a mutat la Sandefjord, în Norvegia, pe când ea avea 6 ani, deoarece tatăl ei a semnat un contract cu clubul de handbal local.

Palmares
Club
Liga Campionilor EHF
Medalie de bronz: 2018

Liga Națională:
Câștigătoare: 2018

Cupa României:
 Câștigătoare: 2018

Supercupa României:
 Câștigătoare: 2017
Finalistă: 2018

Campionatul Norvegiei:
Câștigătoare: 2012, 2016

Cupa Norvegiei:
 Câștigătoare: 2012, 2016

Campionatul Danemarcei:
Câștigătoare: 2014

Cupa Danemarcei:
 Câștigătoare: 2014

Echipa națională
Jocurile Olimpice:
 Medalie de aur: 2012
 Medalie de bronz: 2016

Campionatul Mondial:
 Câștigătoare: 2011, 2015

Campionatul European:
 Câștigătoare: 2016

Campionatul European pentru Tineret:
 Câștigătoare: 2009

Distincții individuale
 Cea mai bună extremă dreapta, inclusă în echipa ideală All-Star Team la Campionatul European pentru Junioare: 2008;
 Cea mai bună extremă dreapta, inclusă în echipa ideală All-Star Team la Campionatul European pentru Tineret: 2009.

Note

Legături externe
  Federația Europeană de Handbal: Profil Amanda Kurtović

Jucătoare de handbal din Norvegia
Nașteri în 1991
Sportivi norvegieni în viață
Handbaliști olimpici norvegieni
Handbaliști la Jocurile Olimpice de Vară 2016
Handbaliști la Jocurile Olimpice de Vară 2012
Medaliați olimpici cu aur norvegieni
Medaliați olimpici cu bronz norvegieni
Handbaliste ale Viborg HK
Medaliați la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016
Medaliați la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2012
Handbaliști expatriați
Suedezi expatriați în Norvegia
Norvegieni expatriați în Danemarca
Norvegieni expatriați în România
Oameni din Karlskrona

Amanda Kurtović


Algebrele Łukasiewicz–Moisil (algebrele LMn ) au fost introduse în anii 1940 de către românul Grigore Moisil (inițial sub numele de algebre Łukasiewicz). Cu toate acestea, în 1956, Alan Rose a descoperit că pentru n ≥ 5, algebra Łukasiewicz–Moisil  nu modela logica Łukasiewicz.

În 1982, Roberto Cignoli a publicat unele constrângeri suplimentare, care adăugate la algebrele LMn produc modele corespunzătoare pentru logica Łukasiewicz ; Cignoli a numit descoperirea lui algebrele Łukasiewicz adecvate.

Moisil, însă, a publicat în 1964 o logică care să se potrivească algebrei lui (în cazul general n ≥ 5), numită acum logica Moisil. După venirea în contact cu logica fuzzy a lui Zadeh , în 1968 Moisil a introdus și el o nouă variantă de logică și algebrele LMθ  corespunzătoare. Deși implicațiile Łukasiewicz  nu pot fi definite într-o algebră LMn pentru n ≥ 5, implicația Heyting poate fi, adică algebrele LMn sunt algebre Heyting; ca urmare, logica Moisil poate fi, de asemenea, dezvoltată (din punct de veder pur logic) în cadrul logicii intuiționiste a lui Brower

Definiție
Un LMn algebra este o algebră De Morgan (o noțiune, de asemenea, introdusă de către Moisil) cu operații unare suplimentare "modale" n-1, adică o algebră de semnătură unde  J = { 1, 2, ... n-1 }.

Referințe

Algebră abstractă

Algebre Łukasiewicz–Moisil


Banaur (en punyabí: বানয়ৌর ) es una ciudad de la India en el distrito de Patiala, estado de Punyab.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 288  a 26 km de la capital estatal, Chandigarh, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2010 contaba con una población de 20 782 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Punyab (India)

Banaur