Gontran Gauthier, né le  à La Couronne et mort le  à Orléans, est un militaire français, Compagnon de la Libération. Marin déjà expérimenté au moment où débute la seconde guerre mondiale, il décide de se rallier à la France libre en 1940 et participe à la campagne de Norvège et à la bataille de l'Atlantique. Après la guerre, toujours marin, il participe à la guerre d'Indochine.

Biographie

Jeunesse et engagement

Gontran Gauthier naît le 30 octobre 1906 à La Couronne, en Charente, et vie une partie de son enfance à Orléans où il effectue ses études primaires. En 1924, il décide de s'engager dans la Marine et devient apprenti-électricien. En février 1938, il est affecté sur le sous-marin Rubis en tant que maître-électricien.

Seconde Guerre mondiale

Toujours en poste sur le Rubis au moment du déclenchement de la seconde guerre mondiale, il participe aux missions de mouillage de mines le long des côtes de Norvège. Après l'armistice du 22 juin 1940, sous l'impulsion du commandant du sous-marin Georges Cabanier, Gontran Gauthier et la majeure partie de l'équipage décident de se rallier à la France libre. Le 31 juillet 1940, il est affecté sur l'aviso Commandant Dominé à bord duquel il participe à l'expédition de Dakar en septembre suivant. Promu premier-maître en octobre 1940 puis maître-principal le mois suivant, il participe aux à la défense des convois alliés dans le cadre de la bataille de l'Atlantique. Affecté temporairement à l'état-major des forces navales françaises libres de mai à août 1941, il part ensuite pour la Nouvelle-Calédonie où il sert à l'état-major de la flotte de Nouméa jusqu'en octobre 1942. Promu officier des équipages de  classe, il est muté dans la flotte de Tahiti où il termine la guerre avec le grade d'officier des équipages de  classe.

Après-Guerre

Restant dans la marine après le conflit, Gontran Gauthier est affecté sur le porte-avion Dixmude de 1948 à 1950. Il participe ensuite à la guerre d'Indochine jusqu'en 1953. Il exerce ensuite comme électricien dans des dépôts de la marine à Paris de 1954 à 1957, à Hourtin de 1957 à 1958, à nouveau à Paris de 1958 à 1959 puis à Cherbourg où il termine sa carrière militaire en 1962 avec le grade d'officier principal des équipages.

Gontran Gauthier meurt le  novembre 1966 à Orléans où il est inhumé au grand cimetière.

Décorations

Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

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Articles connexes

 Ordre de la Libération
 Libération de la France

Liens externes

Résistant français
Officier des Forces navales françaises libres
Officier de la Marine française
Officier de la Légion d'honneur (date non précisée)
Compagnon de la Libération
Titulaire de la médaille militaire
Titulaire de la croix de guerre 1939-1945
Naissance en octobre 1906
Naissance en Charente
Décès en novembre 1966
Décès à Orléans
Décès à 60 ans
Personnalité inhumée à Orléans

Gontran Gauthier


Platanus rzedowskii,  stablo iz roda vodoklena rašireno po meksičkim državama Tamaulipas i Nuevo Leon

Izvori

Vodoklen
Flora Tamaulipasa
Flora Nuevo Leona
Flora Queretara
Flora Coahuile
Flora Veracruza
Flora San Luis Potosija

Platanus rzedowskii


නදීක ගුරුගේ යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ජනප්‍රිය සහ සම්මානනීය සංගීතඥවරයෙකි.

කලාවට පිවසීම
1999 වසරේදී බොලීවියානු ජන සංගීතඥයෙකු වූ  Marcello Titto Li සමග එක්ව, "සංයුග්ම" නම් ජන සහ ව්‍යවහාරික සංගීත නිරිමාණයක් සිදු කරමින්, නදීක සිය කලා දිවිය ආරම්භ කලේය.

දායකත්වයන්
නදීක ගුරුගේ විසින් සංගීතයෙන් දායක වූ නිර්මාණ.

චිත්‍රපට

වේදිකා නාට්‍යය

ටෙලි නාට්‍ය

මූලාශ්‍ර

බාහිර සබැඳි

ශ්‍රී ලාංකික සංගීතඥ

නදීක ගුරුගේ


er en tv-station i Tokyo, der markedsføres som Tokyo MX. Det er den eneste tv-station, der udelukkende dækker den japanske hovedstad. Den konkurrerer med Nippon Television, TV Asahi, NHK, Tokyo Broadcasting System, TV Tokyo og Fuji Television, der alle er de ledende tv-stationer i nationale netværk. Tokyo MX blev grundlagt 30. april 1993 og begyndte at sende 1. november 1995. Ejerne tæller blandt andre bystyret, Tokyo FM Broadcasting og flere andre.

Tv-stationen blev grundlagt af en gruppe ledet af en tidligere ansat i Daiichi Kogyo Bank (nu Mizuho Bank),Tetsuo Fujimori, med henblik på at skabe en femte kommerciel tv-station i Tokyo. Tv-stationen fik sin licens 13. oktober 1995 og begyndte prøvetransmissioner to dage efter under navnet MX-TV. MX-TV gik i luften med 1. november 1995 kl. 4.00 japansk tid med et 14 timers introduktionsprogram ved navn . De regulære udsendelser begyndte kl. 18.00 samme dag.

Fra 12. december 2000 blev tv-stationen markedsført som  og fra juli 2006 som Tokyo MX. Et digitalt signal blev taget i brug 1. december 2003. De analoge udsendelser blev indstillet 24. juli 2011. Tokyo Skytree blev benyttet som sendetårn fra 27. august 2012, mens brugen af det ældre Tokyo Tower ophørte 12. maj 2013. En anden kanal, Tokyo MX2, gik i luften i april 2014. Den er primært beregnet til alternative programmer.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Officiel hjemmeside
 Information på engelsk

Tv-stationer
Tv i Japan
MX
Etableret i 1993

Tokyo MX


Karl-Heinrich Kluge (* 19. Dezember 1915 in Gelsenkirchen; † 28. Oktober 2005 in Zingst) war ein Maler und Grafiker.

Leben
Karl-Heinrich Kluge wurde 1915 in Gelsenkirchen geboren. Mit 20 Jahren bildete er sich autodidaktisch zum Maler weiter. Nach dem Aufenthalt 1935/36 in München, um dort die "alten Meister" zu studieren, begab er sich 1939 mit Pferd und Zelt auf eine Reise nach Island und verbrachte dort einen eindrucksvollen Sommer. Das dort Erlebte prägte ihn sein ganzes weiteres Leben und schlug sich in vielen seiner Werke nieder.

1947 wurde Zingst die Wahlheimat des Malers. 1955 forderte er federführend, mit einer Gruppe einheimischer Naturfreunde und der Ortsgruppe Zingst des Deutschen Kulturbundes, die Errichtung eines »Deutschen Nationalparks an der Ostseeküste«. Die Initiative fand jedoch keine Resonanz auf höherer Ebene.

Seit 1955 war K.-H. Kluge freischaffender Maler und stellte regelmäßig aus.

Werke
Viele Werke von K.-H. Kluge zeigen die Natur, oft in Verbindung mit Wasser. Unter anderem sind Bilder in Norwegen, auf Island, an der Ostsee und auf Korsika entstanden.

 1973: Sonnenblumen

Ausstellungen
Mit seinen Bildern war Kluge beteiligt an Ausstellungen in vielen Städten in Westfalen, im Rheinland und in Berlin.
Anlässlich seines 100. Geburtstags haben die Töchter des Malers eine Ausstellung in der Galerie Stabenow in Stralsund organisiert.

Weblinks
 Fischland-Darß-Zingst: Galerien und Ausstellungen
 "Galerie Stabenow zeigt Bilder von Karl Heinrich Kluge", Ostsee-Zeitung Grimmen vom 13. Februar 2016.

Maler der Neuzeit
Maler (Deutschland)
Deutscher
Geboren 1915
Gestorben 2005
Mann

Karl-Heinrich Kluge


Topaklı bir yer ismidir ve şu anlamlara gelebilir:
Topaklı, Avanos – Nevşehir ili Avanos ilçesine bağlı köy
Topaklı, Gölbaşı – Ankara ili Gölbaşı ilçesine bağlı mahalle

Topaklı


Cuijk () er en kommune og en by i den sydlige provins Noord-Brabant i Nederlandene.

Kernerne
 Cuijk
 Sint Agatha
 Katwijk
 Beers
 Haps
 Linden
 Vianen

Eksterne henvisninger

 Website gemeente Cuijk
 Site over Cuijk

Byer i Nord-Brabant
Kommuner i Nord-Brabant

Cuijk


Believe in Nothing ist das achte Studioalbum der englischen Band Paradise Lost. Es erschien im Februar 2001.

Entstehung und Stil
Believe in Nothing wurde im Studio The Strongroom in London mit John Fryer (Depeche Mode, HIM) aufgenommen. Dabei setzte man im Gegensatz zum Vorgänger wieder zunehmend auf Gitarrenklänge und ein natürlicher klingendes Schlagzeug, ohne jedoch stilistisch an den Metal der ersten Alben anzuknüpfen.

Rezeption
Obwohl die Band sich später zum Teil skeptisch zu dem Album äußerte, bekam es zur Zeit der Veröffentlichung recht gute Kritiken. David Peter Wesolowski von AllMusic schrieb, das Album erreiche nicht dieselbe Qualität wie einige der früheren Veröffentlichungen der Band. Dennoch sei es eine qualitativ hochwertige Veröffentlichung. Er vergab drei von fünf Sternen. Metal.de schrieb: "Und wenn wir mal ehrlich sind, was hat uns denn an Alben wie Gothic oder Shades of God nun so fasziniert? Genau, die Melodien und die Gänsehautstimmung, aber bestimmt nicht die Härte der Songs! Jetzt ist zwar die Härte ganz weg, dafür ist das andere aber um mindestens 100% gestiegen. Meiner Meinung nach ein mehr als genügender Ausgleich!" Die Seite vergab neun von zehn Punkten. Im Rock Hard schrieb Breda Maßmann, Paradise Lost hätten "mit der neuen Langrille ein Klasse-Ding mit einigen potenziellen Hits aus dem Boden gestampft. Unbestritten ein Fall für die Repeat-Taste!" Die Wertung war acht von zehn Punkten.

Titelliste

 I Am Nothing – 4:01
 Mouth – 3:45
 Fader – 3:57
 Look at Me Now – 3:38
 Illumination – 4:31
 Something Real – 3:35
 Divided – 3:27
 Sell It to the World – 3:11
 Never Again – 4:38
 Control – 3:29
 No Reason – 3:14
 World Pretending – 4:28

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Album (Dark Rock)
Album 2001
Paradise-Lost-Album

Believe in Nothing


Lucie Granier, née le  à Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône), est une handballeuse internationale française évoluant au poste d'ailière droite au Metz Handball, en Division 1.

Elle est finaliste du Championnat du monde 2021 avec l'équipe de France.

Biographie

Jeunesse et formation
Originaire de Marseille, elle commence sa formation au Handball Plan-de-Cuques dans les Bouches-du-Rhône  avant de l'a poursuivre au centre de formation de l'ES Besançon, structure qu'elle rejoint en  à l'âge de . Elle déclare sur cette période :  Quelques mois après son arrivée dans le Doubs, en , elle effectue des débuts très remarqués avec les professionnelles de l'équipe première, à l'occasion d'un match de Division 1 face à Brest où elle inscrit trois buts à la gardienne Cléopâtre Darleux en sortie de banc. , dit-t-elle

Carrière en club
En , elle signe son premier contrat professionnel avec le club bisontin, pour une durée de  et prenant effet à compter de l'exercice 2021/2022. Diplômée d'un DUT information-communication, elle met dès lors ses études entre parenthèses afin de se consacrer pleinement à sa carrière. Le  , se déroule la finale de la Coupe de France où son club défie Metz Handball au Palais omnisports de Paris-Bercy. Malgré de bonnes intentions, Granier (aucun but) et les Bisontines s'inclinent sur le score de  à  au terme d'une rencontre nettement dominée par le club lorrain.

En sélection
Le , elle fait ses débuts en équipe de France dans « sa » salle de Besançon à l'occasion d'un match qualificatif pour le Championnat d'Europe 2022 face à la Tchéquie  où elle inscrit trois buts. Elle affirme après coup :  Deux mois plus tard, elle figure sur la liste des  appelées par le sélectionneur Olivier Krumbholz pour le Championnat du monde 2021 en Espagne où elle vit sa première expérience d'un grand tournoi international. Elle qui , décroche la médaille d'argent après une défaite en finale  à  face à la Norvège. À son retour en club, elle est honorée par la Ville de Besançon.

Palmarès

En sélection
Championnat du monde :
  Finaliste en 2021.

En club
Coupe de France :
 Finaliste en 2022.

Références

Liens externes

Handballeuse internationale française
Joueuse de l'ES Besançon
Naissance en juin 1999
Naissance à Marseille

Lucie Granier


محافظة كوانغ ننه   هي إحدى محافظات فيتنام. وتقع في شمال شرق.

المصادر

روابط إضافية

 Halong Bay pictures, tourists attraction, boat fleet and tours information

خليج تونكين
شمال شرق (فيتنام)
محافظات فيتنام

محافظة كوانغ ننه


Loïc Lampérier (* 7. August 1989 in Mont-Saint-Aignan) ist ein französischer Eishockeyspieler, der seit 2013 erneut bei den Dragons de Rouen in der Ligue Magnus unter Vertrag steht.

Karriere
Loïc Lampérier begann seine Karriere als Eishockeyspieler in der Nachwuchsabteilung der Dragons de Rouen, für deren Profimannschaft er in der Saison 2007/08 sein Debüt in der Ligue Magnus, der höchsten französischen Spielklasse, gab. In seinem Rookiejahr gewann er mit der Mannschaft auf Anhieb das Double aus  Meisterschaft und Coupe de la Ligue. Diesen Erfolg konnte der Center mit Rouen in der Saison 2009/10 wiederholen. Zur Saison 2010/11 wurde er an den Ligarivalen Diables Rouges de Briançon ausgeliehen. Dort schaffte er mit 37 Scorerpunkten, davon neun Tore, in insgesamt 28 Spielen den Durchbruch im Profibereich und erhielt die Trophée Jean-Pierre Graff als bester französischer Nachwuchsspieler der Ligue Magnus.

Zur Saison 2011/12 kehrte Lampérier zu den Dragons de Rouen zurück, mit denen er 2012 erneut französischer Meister wurde. Im Anschluss an die Spielzeit schloss er sich erneut den Diables Rouges de Briançon an, mit denen er 2013 den französischen Eishockeypokal gewinnen konnte. Anschließend wechselte er wieder nach Rouen zurück. Dort erreichte er 2015 und 2016 zwei weitere Pokalsiege gewann 2014 den Ligapokal sowie 2016 die Meisterschaft und den Continental Cup.

International
Für Frankreich nahm Lampérier im Juniorenbereich an der U18-Weltmeisterschaft der Division I 2006 sowie den U20-Weltmeisterschaften der Division I 2008 und 2009 teil.

Im Seniorenbereich stand er im Aufgebot seines Landes bei den Weltmeisterschaften 2010, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2016 und 2017. Zudem vertrat er seine Farben bei den Qualifikationsturnieren zu den Olympischen Winterspielen 2014 in Sotschi und 2018 in Pyeongchang.

Erfolge und Auszeichnungen
 2008 Französischer Meister mit den Dragons de Rouen
 2008 Französischer Ligapokalsieger mit den Dragons de Rouen
 2010 Französischer Meister mit den Dragons de Rouen
 2010 Coupe de la Ligue mit den Dragons de Rouen
 2011 Trophée Jean-Pierre Graff
 2012 Französischer Meister mit den Dragons de Rouen
 2013 Französischer Pokalsieger mit den Diables Rouges de Briançon
 2014 Französischer Ligapokalsieger mit den Dragons de Rouen
 2015 Französischer Pokalsieger mit den Dragons de Rouen
 2016 Continental-Cup-Sieger mit den Dragons de Rouen
 2016 Französischer Pokalsieger mit den Dragons de Rouen

Weblinks

Eishockeynationalspieler (Frankreich)
Eishockeyspieler (Rouen Hockey Élite 76)
Eishockeyspieler (Diables Rouges de Briançon)
Französischer Meister (Eishockey)
Franzose
Geboren 1989
Mann

Loïc Lampérier


Fuhuş, belli bir ödeme karşılığında cinsel ilişkiye girilerek yapılan bir eylemdir. Bu işi yapan seks işçisine "fahişe" denir. Fahişelerin çoğu kadındır ve erkek müşterileri vardır. Ama erkek fuhuşları da yaygındır. Bu, pornografi, striptiz ve erotik dansla birlikte seks sektörü ve seks turizminin bir dalıdır.

İsim
"Fahişe" kelimesi, Arapçada "azgın" ya da "utanmaz" anlamına gelen فاحشه (faḥişa) kelimesinden türetilmiştir. Türkçede ilk olarak Enderunlu Vasıf'ın Divan edebiyatında kullanılmıştır. Fahişeler için Farsça روسپی (rospī)'den türeyen "orospu" sözcüğü gibi argo kelimeler de kullanılır.

Sözcüğün ikinci anlamı olan "taşkınlık ve aşırı davranış" ise, modern Türkçede yavaş yavaş kullanımdan kalkmaktadır.

Murat Bardakçı "orospu" kelimesinin hangi aşamalardan geçip son halini aldığını şöyle özetlemiştir;Kelimenin aslı Farsça 'ruspî'dir. Türkçe'nin bugün de en sık kullanılan kelimelerinden olan kelimenin aslı, Farsça "ruspî" sözüdür. Halk dilinde "limon"un "ilimon", "steam" in "istim", "Recep"in de "İrecep" olması misâli, başka dillerden aldığımız ve sessiz harflerle başlayan sözlerin başına o kelimeyi rahat telâffuz edebilmek için sesli harf ilâve etme âdetimiz gereğince "ruspî"nin önüne bir "u" koyup "uruspu" yapmışız ve "u" sonraları "o"ya dönmüş, "uruspu" da "orospu" olmuştur.

Yasal durumu

Fuhuşun yasal statüsü ülkeden ülkeye değişir. Spektrumun bir ucunda fahişelik  idam cezası ile cezalandırırken diğer ucundaki ülkelerde kısmen veya tamamen yasaldır.

Fuhuş Almanya, Avusturya, Bangladeş, Bolivya, Ekvador, Hollanda, İsviçre, Kolombiya, Letonya, Lübnan, Macaristan, Meksika, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Senegal, Türkiye, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yeni Zelanda ve Yunanistan'da yasal ve ülkelerine özgü yasal düzenlemelere bağlıdır. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde fuhuşun yasal durumu eyalet hükûmetleri tarafından kararlaştırılır ve mevcut durumda fuhuş bir tek Nevada eyaletinin bazı illerinde (Las Vegas gibi büyük şehirler dahil olmamak üzere) yasaldır. Avustralya'da da fuhuşun yasal durumu eyalete göre değişir: Queensland, Victoria, Yeni Güney Galler eyaletlerinde ve Avustralya Başkent Bölgesi'nde fuhuş yasal ve genelevler ruhsatlara sahip olmaları gerekiyor; Batı Avustralya'da fuhuş ve genelevler yasal bir düzeyde düzenlenmedikleri hâlde, polis ve genelevler arasında gayriresmî anlaşmalar varmış; Kuzey Toprakları ve Tazmanya'da serbest bir meslek olarak fahişelik yasal fakat, fuhuşa teşvik etmek yasa dışı; Güney Avustralya'da fuhşu yasallaştırmak için girişimler yapılmıştır fakat, bunlar hepsi başarısızlıkla karşılandı.

Birkaç ülkede (aşağıdaki haritaya bakınız) fuhuş, yani para karşılığına seks, yasak değil fakat, genelev sahibi olmak/genelevde çalışmak ya da muhabbet tellalığı gibi fuhuşa ilişkin aktiviteler yasa dışı olabilir ve bu yasaların kapsamı ve sertliği ülkeye göre değişir. Örneğin Brezilya'da yetişkinlerin fahişe olarak çalışmaları tamamen yasal ve fahişeler devlet emekliliklere sahip olabilirler ancak, genelev işletmek ya da bir fahişeyi diğer bir şekilde çalıştırmak yasa dışıdır. Diğer bir yandan Kanada gibi bazı ülkelerde para karşılığına seks yasal ancak, bahsi geçen aktiviteler ve kamu alanda müşteri aramak gibi diğer aktiviteler yasa dışıdır. Böylece bir yasaya karşı gelmeden fuhuş yapmak zor olabilir.

İsveç yasalarına göre fuhuş, kadına karşı şiddet olarak sayılır ve 1999'da fahişe olmayı yasaklamadan seks için para ödemeyi yasaklayan bir kanun onaylandı; bu durumda fahişe değil, müşteri suçlu olarak sayılır. 2009'da Norveç ve İzlanda'da benzeri yasalar çıkartıldı.

Bahsi geçen ülkelerin aksine çoğu ülkede fahişelik yasa dışıdır. Neredeyse her Müslüman ülke, çoğu Afrika ve Asya ülkesi ve birçok Doğu Avrupa ülkesinde fuhuş yasa dışıdır ve cezalandırma para cezasıyla yapılır. Örneğin; Rusya'da) hapis, Afganistan'da) kırbaçlama, Suudi Arabistan'da) ya da Sudan gibi bazı ülkelerde idam içerebilir.

Fuhuşu yasak kılan yasalara rağmen fuhuşa yönelik hukuk uygulaması gevşek ya da neredeyse var olmayabilir. Örneğin Tayland'da fuhuş hukukî olarak yasak, fakat pratikte yetkililer tarafından hoşgörülür; günümüzde Tayland seks turizmi bakımından dünyanın en büyük varış yerlerindendir ve Bangkok'taki Soi Cowboy gibi kırmızı fener mahalleleri dünyaca tanınır.

Ayrıca bakınız

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 100 tane ülkenin fahişelik politikaları

Arapçadan Türkçeye geçen sözcükler
Organize suç faaliyeti
Yasa dışı meslekler
İnsan cinselliği
Gündelik seks
Seks endüstrisi

Fuhuş


Gelsenkirchen-Horst, Almanya'nın Kuzey Ren-Vestfalya eyaletinde, Gelsenkirchen kentine bağlı idari bölge. Rhein-Herne Kanalı'nın kuzeyinde yer alır. Beckhausen ile birlikte Gelsenkirchen'in batı kesimini meydana getirmektedir.

Gelsenkirchen'in ilçeleri

Gelsenkirchen-Horst


بلدية تشايكلانا دي لا فرونتيرا ، هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة قادس, التي تقع في منطقة الأندلس جنوب إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 63.719 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2002).

توأمة
لتشايكلانا دي لا فرونتيرا اتفاقيات توأمة مع كل من:
 بيزييه
 أبدة

أعلام

 خوان الباريث مينديثابال
 دييغو غونزاليس
 خوسيه البرتو بينيتيز
 دييغو رييس مونيوث
 مانو فاليجو

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في قادس
بلديات قادس
تأسيسات سنة 1303 في إسبانيا

تشايكلانا دي لا فرونتيرا

تشايكلانا دي لا فرونتيرا


Calliarthron, rod crvenih algi smješten u potporodicu Corallinoideae, dio porodice Corallinaceae. Postoji dvije priznate vrste. Tipična je morska alga C. cheilosporioides uz pacifičku obalu Kalifornije i Meksika

Rod je opisan 1937.

Vrste
 Calliarthron cheilosporioides Manza
 Calliarthron tuberculosum (Postels & Ruprecht) E.Y.Dawson

Izvori

Koralinske alge

Calliarthron


Ljosanbotn Station (Ljosanbotn stasjon eller Ljosanbotn holdeplass) er en jernbanestation på Bergensbanen, der ligger i Voss kommune i Norge. Stationen består af et spor og en perron af træ samt en ventesalsbygning i rødmalet træ. Stationen ligger i et område med mange hytter og muligheder for at vandre. Om sommeren er stationen tilgængelig til fods, mens det om vinteren er nødvendigt at benytte ski eller snesko.

Stationen åbnede som trinbræt 9. maj 1948.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Bergensbanen
Etableret i 1948
Jernbanestationer i Hordaland

Ljosanbotn Station


A repurchase agreement, also known as a repo, RP, or sale and repurchase agreement, is a form of short-term borrowing, mainly in government securities. The dealer sells the underlying security to investors and, by agreement between the two parties, buys them back shortly afterwards, usually the following day, at a slightly higher price.

The repo market is an important source of funds for large financial institutions in the non-depository banking sector, which has grown to rival the traditional depository banking sector in size. Large institutional investors such as money market mutual funds lend money to financial institutions such as investment banks, either in exchange for (or secured by) collateral, such as Treasury bonds and mortgage-backed securities held by the borrower financial institutions.  An estimated $1 trillion per day in collateral value is transacted in the U.S. repo markets.

In 2007–2008, a run on the repo market, in which funding for investment banks was either unavailable or at very high interest rates, was a key aspect of the subprime mortgage crisis that led to the Great Recession. During September 2019, the U.S. Federal Reserve intervened in the role of investor to provide funds in the repo markets, when overnight lending rates jumped due to a series of technical factors that had limited the supply of funds available.

Structure and other terminology

In a repo, the investor/lender provides cash to a borrower, with the loan secured by the collateral of the borrower, typically bonds. In the event the borrower defaults, the investor/lender gets the collateral. Investors are typically financial entities such as money market mutual funds, while borrowers are non-depository financial institutions such as investment banks and hedge funds. The investor/lender charges an interest rate called the "repo rate," lending $X and receiving back a greater amount $Y. Further, the investor/lender may demand collateral of greater value than the amount that they lend. This difference is the "haircut." These concepts are illustrated in the diagram and in the equations section. When investors perceive greater risks, they may charge higher repo rates and demand greater haircuts. A third party may be involved to facilitate the transaction; in this case, the transaction is referred to as a "tri-party repo."

Specifically, in a repo the security-buying party B acts as a lender of cash, whereas the seller A is acting as a  borrower of cash, using the security as collateral; a reverse repo refers to the transaction from the seller's point of view. A repo is economically similar to a secured loan, with the buyer (effectively the lender or investor) receiving securities for collateral to protect himself against default by the seller. The party who initially sells the securities is effectively the borrower. Many types of institutional investors engage in repo transactions, including mutual funds and hedge funds.  Almost any security may be employed in a repo, though highly liquid securities are preferred as they are more easily disposed of in the event of a default and, more importantly, they can be easily obtained in the open market where the buyer has created a short position in the repo security by a reverse repo and market sale; by the same token, non liquid securities are discouraged.

Treasury or Government bills, corporate and Treasury/Government bonds, and stocks may all be used as "collateral" in a repo transaction. Unlike a secured loan, however, legal title to the securities passes from the seller to the buyer. Coupons (interest payable to the owner of the securities) falling due while the repo buyer owns the securities are, in fact, usually passed directly onto the repo seller. This might seem counter-intuitive, as the legal ownership of the collateral rests with the buyer during the repo agreement. The agreement might instead provide that the buyer receives the coupon, with the cash payable on repurchase being adjusted to compensate, though this is more typical of sell/buybacks.

Although the transaction is similar to a loan, and its economic effect is similar to a loan, the terminology differs from that applying to loans: the seller legally repurchases the securities from the buyer at the end of the loan term. However, a key aspect of repos is that they are legally recognised as a single transaction (important in the event of counterparty insolvency) and not as a disposal and a repurchase for tax purposes. By structuring the transaction as a sale, a repo provides significant protections to lenders from the normal operation of U.S. bankruptcy laws, such as the automatic stay and avoidance provisions.

A reverse repo is a repo with the roles of A and B exchanged.

The following table summarizes the terminology:

History
In the United States, repos have been used from as early as 1917 when wartime taxes made older forms of lending less attractive. At first, repos were used just by the Federal Reserve to lend to other banks, but the practice soon spread to other market participants. The use of repos expanded in the 1920s, fell away through the Great Depression and WWII, then expanded once again in the 1950s, enjoying rapid growth in the 1970s and 1980s in part due to computer technology.

According to Yale economist Gary Gorton, repo evolved to provide large non-depository financial institutions with a method of secured lending analogous to the depository insurance provided by the government in traditional banking, with the collateral acting as the guarantee for the investor.

In 1982, the failure of Drysdale Government Securities led to a loss of $285 million for Chase Manhattan Bank.  This resulted in a change in how accrued interest is used in calculating the value of the repo securities.  In the same year, the failure of Lombard-Wall, Inc. resulted in a change in the federal bankruptcy laws pertaining to repos.  The failure of ESM Government Securities in 1985 led to the closing of Home State Savings Bank in Ohio and a run on other banks insured by the private-insurance Ohio Deposit Guarantee Fund.  The failure of these and other firms led to the enactment of the Government Securities Act of 1986.

In 2007–2008, a run on the repo market, in which funding for investment banks was either unavailable or at very high interest rates, was a key aspect of the subprime mortgage crisis that led to the Great Recession.

In July 2011, concerns arose among bankers and the financial press that if the 2011 U.S. debt ceiling crisis led to a default, it could cause considerable disruption to the repo market. This was because treasuries are the most commonly used collateral in the US repo market, and as a default would have downgraded the value of treasuries, it could have resulted in repo borrowers having to post far more collateral.

During September 2019, the U.S. Federal Reserve intervened in the role of investor to provide funds in the repo markets, when overnight lending rates jumped due to a series of technical factors that had limited the supply of funds available.

Market size

The New York Times reported in September 2019 that an estimated $1 trillion per day in collateral value is transacted in the U.S. repo markets. The Federal Reserve Bank of New York reports daily repo collateral volume for different types of repo arrangements. As of 24 October 2019, volumes were: secured overnight financing rate (SOFR) $1,086 billion; broad general collateral rate (BGCR) $453 billion, and tri-party general collateral rate (TGCR) $425 billion.  These figures however, are not additive, as the latter 2 are merely components of the former, SOFR.

The Federal Reserve and the European Repo and Collateral Council (a body of the International Capital Market Association) have tried to estimate the size of their respective repo markets. At the end of 2004, the US repo market reached US$5 trillion. Especially in the US and to a lesser degree in Europe, the repo market contracted in 2008 as a result of the financial crisis. But, by mid-2010, the market had largely recovered and, at least in Europe, had grown to exceed its pre-crisis peak.

Repo expressed as mathematical formula

A repurchase agreement is a transaction concluded on a deal date tD between two parties A and B:

 (i) A will on the near date  sell a specified security S at an agreed price PN  to B
 (ii) A will on the far date tF (after  tN) re-purchase S from B at a price PF which is already pre-agreed on the deal date.

If positive interest rates are assumed, the repurchase price PF can be expected to be greater than the original sale price PN.

The (time-adjusted) difference  is called the repo rate, which is the annualized interest rate of the transaction.  can be interpreted as the interest rate for the period between near date and far date.

Ambiguity in the usage of the term repo

The term repo has given rise to a lot of misunderstanding: there are two types of transactions with identical cash flows:

 (i) a sell-and-buy-back as well as,
 (ii) a collateralized borrowing.

The sole difference is that in (i) the asset is sold (and later re-purchased), whereas in (ii) the asset is instead pledged as a collateral for a loan: in the sell-and-buy-back transaction, the ownership and possession of S are transferred at tN from a A to B and in tF transferred back from B to A; conversely, in the collateralized borrowing, only the possession is temporarily transferred to B whereas the ownership remains with A.

Maturities of repos

There are two types of repo maturities: term, and open repo.

Term refers to a repo with a specified end date: although repos are typically short-term (a few days), it is not unusual to see repos with a maturity as long as two years.

Open has no end date which has been fixed at conclusion.
Depending on the contract, the maturity is either set until the next business day and the repo matures unless one party renews it for a variable number of business days. Alternatively it has no maturity date – but one or both parties have the option to terminate the transaction within a pre-agreed time frame.

Types

Repo transactions occur in three forms: specified delivery, tri-party, and held in custody (wherein the "selling" party holds the security during the term of the repo). The third form (hold-in-custody) is quite rare, particularly in developing markets, primarily due to the risk that the seller will become insolvent prior to maturation of the repo and the buyer will be unable to recover the securities that were posted as collateral to secure the transaction. The first form—specified delivery—requires the delivery of a prespecified bond at the onset, and at maturity of the contractual period. Tri-party is essentially a basket form of transaction and allows for a wider range of instruments in the basket or pool. In a tri-party repo transaction, a third party clearing agent or bank is interposed between the "seller" and the "buyer". The third party maintains control of the securities that are the subject of the agreement and processes the payments from the "seller" to the "buyer."

Due bill/hold in-custody repo / bilateral repo
In a due bill repo, the collateral pledged by the (cash) borrower is not actually delivered to the cash lender. Rather, it is placed in an internal account ("held in custody") by the borrower, for the lender, throughout the duration of the trade. This has become less common as the repo market has grown, particularly owing to the creation of centralized counterparties. Due to the high risk to the cash lender, these are generally only transacted with large, financially stable institutions.

Tri-party repo
The distinguishing feature of a tri-party repo is that a custodian bank or international clearing organization, the tri-party agent, acts as an intermediary between the two parties to the repo. The tri-party agent is responsible for the administration of the transaction, including collateral allocation, marking to market, and substitution of collateral. In the US, the two principal tri-party agents are The Bank of New York Mellon and JP Morgan Chase, whilst in Europe the principal tri-party agents are Euroclear and Clearstream with SIX offering services in the Swiss market. The size of the US tri-party repo market peaked in 2008 before the worst effects of the crisis at approximately $2.8 trillion and by mid-2010 was about $1.6 trillion.

As tri-party agents administer the equivalent of hundreds of billions of USD  of global collateral, they have the scale to subscribe to multiple data feeds to maximise the universe of coverage. As part of a tri-party agreement the three parties to the agreement, the tri-party agent, the repo buyer (the Collateral Taker/Cash Provider, "CAP") and the repo seller (Cash Borrower/Collateral Provider, "COP") agree to a collateral management service agreement which includes an "eligible collateral profile".

It is this "eligible collateral profile" that enables the repo buyer to define their risk appetite in respect of the collateral that they are prepared to hold against their cash. For example, a more risk averse repo buyer may wish to only hold "on-the-run" government bonds as collateral. In the event of a liquidation event of the repo seller the collateral is highly liquid thus enabling the repo buyer to sell the collateral quickly. A less risk averse repo buyer may be prepared to take non investment grade bonds or equities as collateral, which may be less liquid and may suffer a higher price volatility in the event of a repo seller default, making it more difficult for the repo buyer to sell the collateral and recover their cash. The tri-party agents are able to offer sophisticated collateral eligibility filters  which allow the repo buyer to create these "eligible collateral profiles" which can systemically generate collateral pools which reflect the buyer's risk appetite.

Collateral eligibility criteria could include asset type, issuer, currency, domicile, credit rating, maturity, index, issue size, average daily traded volume, etc. Both the lender (repo buyer) and borrower (repo seller) of cash enter into these transactions to avoid the administrative burden of bi-lateral repos. In addition, because the collateral is being held by an agent, counterparty risk is reduced. A tri-party repo may be seen as the outgrowth of the due bill repo''. A due bill repo is a repo in which the collateral is retained by the Cash borrower and not delivered to the cash provider. There is an increased element of risk when compared to the tri-party repo as collateral on a due bill repo is held within a client custody account at the Cash Borrower rather than a collateral account at a neutral third party.

 Whole loan repo
A whole loan repo is a form of repo where the transaction is collateralized by a loan or other form of obligation (e.g., mortgage receivables) rather than a security.

 Equity repo
The underlying security for many repo transactions is in the form of government or corporate bonds. Equity repos are simply repos on equity securities such as common (or ordinary) shares. Some complications can arise because of greater complexity in the tax rules for dividends as opposed to coupons.

 Sell/buybacks and buy/sell backs
A sell/buyback is the spot sale and a forward repurchase of a security. It is two distinct outright cash market trades, one for forward settlement. The forward price is set relative to the spot price to yield a market rate of return. The basic motivation of sell/buybacks is generally the same as for a classic repo (i.e., attempting to benefit from the lower financing rates generally available for collateralized as opposed to non-secured borrowing). The economics of the transaction are also similar, with the interest on the cash borrowed through the sell/buyback being implicit in the difference between the sale price and the purchase price.

There are a number of differences between the two structures. A repo is technically a single transaction whereas a sell/buyback is a pair of transactions (a sell and a buy).
A sell/buyback does not require any special legal documentation while a repo generally requires a master agreement to be in place between the buyer and seller (typically the SIFMA/ICMA commissioned Global Master Repo Agreement (GMRA)). For this reason, there is an associated increase in risk compared to repo. Should the counterparty default, the lack of agreement may lessen legal standing in retrieving collateral. Any coupon payment on the underlying security during the life of the sell/buyback will generally be passed back to the buyer''' of the security by adjusting the cash paid at the termination of the sell/buyback. In a repo, the coupon will be passed on immediately to the seller of the security.

A buy/sell back is the equivalent of a "reverse repo".

Securities lending
In securities lending, the purpose is to temporarily obtain the security for other purposes, such as covering short positions or for use in complex financial structures. Securities are generally lent out for a fee and securities lending trades are governed by different types of legal agreements than repos.

Repos have traditionally been used as a form of collateralized loan and have been treated as such for tax purposes. Modern Repo agreements, however, often allow the cash lender to sell the security provided as collateral and substitute an identical security at repurchase.

Reverse repo
A reverse repo is simply the same repurchase agreement from the buyer's viewpoint, not the seller's. Hence, the seller executing the transaction would describe it as a "repo", while the buyer in the same transaction would describe it a "reverse repo". So "repo" and "reverse repo" are exactly the same kind of transaction, just being described from opposite viewpoints. The term "reverse repo and sale" is commonly used to describe the creation of a short position in a debt instrument where the buyer in the repo transaction immediately sells the security provided by the seller on the open market. On the settlement date of the repo, the buyer acquires the relevant security on the open market and delivers it to the seller. In such a short transaction, the buyer is wagering that the relevant security will decline in value between the date of the repo and the settlement date.

Uses

For the buyer, a repo is an opportunity to invest cash for a customized period of time (other investments typically limit tenures). It is short-term and safer as a secured investment since the investor receives collateral. Market liquidity for repos is good, and rates are competitive for investors. Money Funds are large buyers of Repurchase Agreements.

For traders in trading firms, repos are used to finance long positions (in the securities they post as collateral), obtain access to cheaper funding costs for long positions in other speculative investments, and cover short positions in securities (via a "reverse repo and sale").

United States Federal Reserve use of repos

When transacted by the Federal Open Market Committee of the Federal Reserve in open market operations, repurchase agreements add reserves to the banking system and then after a specified period of time withdraw them; reverse repos initially drain reserves and later add them back. This tool can also be used to stabilize interest rates, and the Federal Reserve has used it to adjust the federal funds rate to match the target rate.

Under a repurchase agreement, the Federal Reserve (Fed) buys U.S. Treasury securities, U.S. agency securities, or mortgage-backed securities from a primary dealer who agrees to buy them back within typically one to seven days; a reverse repo is the opposite. Thus, the Fed describes these transactions from the counterparty's viewpoint rather than from their own viewpoint.

If the Federal Reserve is one of the transacting parties, the RP is called a "system repo", but if they are trading on behalf of a customer (e.g., a foreign central bank), it is called a "customer repo". Until 2003, the Fed did not use the term "reverse repo"—which it believed implied that it was borrowing money (counter to its charter)—but used the term "matched sale" instead.

Reserve Bank of India's use of repos
In India, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) uses repo and reverse repo to increase or decrease money supply in the economy. The rate at which the RBI lends to commercial banks is called the repo rate. In case of inflation, the RBI may increase the repo rate, thus discouraging banks to borrow and reducing the money supply in the economy. As of September 2020, the RBI repo rate is set at 4.00% and the reverse repo rate at 3.35%.

Lehman Brothers' use of repos as a mis-classified sale
The investment bank Lehman Brothers used repos nicknamed "repo 105" and "repo 108" as a creative accounting strategy to bolster their profitability reports for a few days during reporting season, and mis-classified the repos as true sales. New York attorney general Andrew Cuomo alleged that this practice was fraudulent and happened under the watch of accounting firm Ernst & Young. Charges have been filed against E&Y, with the allegations stating that the firm approved the practice of using repos for "the surreptitious removal of tens of billions of dollars of securities from Lehman's balance sheet in order to create a false impression of Lehman's liquidity, thereby defrauding the investing public".

In the Lehman Brothers case, repos were used as Tobashi schemes to temporarily conceal significant losses by intentionally timed, half-completed trades during the reporting season. This mis-use of repos is similar to the swaps by Goldman Sachs in the "Greek Debt Mask" which were used as a Tobashi scheme to legally circumvent the Maastricht Treaty deficit rules for active European Union members and allowed Greece to "hide" more than 2.3 billion Euros of debt.

Risks

While classic repos are generally credit-risk mitigated instruments, there are residual credit risks. Though it is essentially a collateralized transaction, the seller may fail to repurchase the securities sold, at the maturity date. In other words, the repo seller defaults on their obligation. Consequently, the buyer may keep the security, and liquidate the security to recover the cash lent. The security, however, may have lost value since the outset of the transaction, as the security is subject to market movements. To mitigate this risk, repos often are over-collateralized as well as being subject to daily mark-to-market margining (i.e., if the collateral falls in value, a margin call can be triggered asking the borrower to post extra securities). Conversely, if the value of the security rises there is a credit risk for the borrower in that the creditor may not sell them back. If this is considered to be a risk, then the borrower may negotiate a repo which is under-collateralized.

Credit risk associated with repo is subject to many factors: term of repo, liquidity of security, the strength of the counterparties involved, etc.

Certain forms of repo transactions came into focus within the financial press due to the technicalities of settlements following the collapse of Refco in 2005. Occasionally, a party involved in a repo transaction may not have a specific bond at the end of the repo contract. This may cause a string of failures from one party to the next, for as long as different parties have transacted for the same underlying instrument. The focus of the media attention centers on attempts to mitigate these failures.

In 2008, attention was drawn to a form known as repo 105 following the Lehman collapse, as it was alleged that repo 105s had been used as an accounting trick to hide Lehman's worsening financial health. Another controversial form of repurchase order is the "internal repo" which first came to prominence in 2005. In 2011, it was suggested that repos used to finance risky trades in sovereign European bonds may have been the mechanism by which MF Global put at risk some several hundred million dollars of client funds, before its bankruptcy in October 2011. Much of the collateral for the repos is understood to have been obtained by the rehypothecation of other collateral belonging to the clients.

During September 2019, the U.S. Federal Reserve intervened in the role of investor to provide funds in the repo markets, when overnight lending rates jumped due to a series of technical factors that had limited the supply of funds available.

See also
 Collateral management
 Currency swap
 Discount window
 Dollar roll
 Federal funds
 Implied repo rate
 Margin (finance)
 Money market
 Official bank rate
 Total return swap

Notes and references

External links

 Repurchase and Reverse Repurchase Transactions – Fedpoints –  Federal Reserve Bank of New York
 Explanation of the Federal Reserve repurchase agreements actions of August 10, 2007
 Statement Regarding Counterparties for Reverse Repurchase Agreements March 8, 2010

Capital budgeting
Derivatives (finance)
Money market instruments
Operations of central banks

Repurchase agreement


Joana Rita Pereira Simões (Setúbal, 11 de Maio de 1999) é uma futebolista portuguesa que atua como guarda-redes. Atualmente (2023), joga pelo Vitória Futebol Clube, clube sediado na freguesia de Setúbal, no distrito de Setúbal, Portugal.

Com formação feita entre CCDBA e Quintajense Futebol Clube, Joana Simões passou por clubes como: Atlético CP, Gil Vicente, Amora FC e atualmente Vitória Futebol Clube.

Joana Simões passou por diversas posições até chegar a guarda-redes, desde Ponta de Lança a Defesa central.

Títulos
 Campeã Nacional da II Divisão Feminina - 2016/2017
 Taça Associação de Setúbal Feminina - 2021/2022

https://www.zerozero.pt/news.php?id=377650
Mulheres desportistas de Portugal
Guarda-redes de futebol de Portugal

Joana Simões


Petak 13., smatra se nesretnim danom u tradiciji zapadnog praznovjerja. Strah od broja 13 naziva se triskaidekafobija, dok se strah od petka 13. naziva paraskevidekatriaphobia. U gregorijanskom kalendaru petak 13. može se tijekom godine pojaviti od jednog do čak tri puta. Godine 2020., petak 13. pada dvaput, u ožujku i studenom, dok će 2021. i 2022. godine, taj dan biti zabilježen samo jednom, u kolovozu, odnosno, u svibnju. U zapadnom društvu postoji tolika razina praznovjerja vezana uz taj dan, da se neki ljudi drže strogih pravila ponašanja tog dana, tako da, primjerice, izbjegavaju zakazivanje važnih poslovnih sastanaka na taj dan.

Strah od petka 13. povećao je poznati tragičan događaj, koji se dogodio na taj dan 1976. godine, kada je izvjesni Daz Baxter iz New Yorka ostao cijeli dan kod kuće u krevetu iz straha da mu se ne dogodi nešto loše na taj "zlokoban" datum, da bi naposljetku pao strop na njega i usmrtio ga.

Potencijalna objašnjenja nastanka praznovjerja

Jedno od najpopularnijih tumačenja nastanka praznovjerja vezanog uz petak 13. je da je u petak, 13. listopada 1307. godine, francuski kralj Filip IV. Lijepi dao uhititi stotinu templara, što je rezultiralo njihovim progonom, zatvaranjem u suđenjem i pogubljivanjem te naposljetku ukidanjem njihova viteškog reda. Drugo objašnjenje vezuje se iz priču iz Novog zavjeta, koja opisuje da je za vrijeme Isusove posljednje večeri sjedilo za stolom 13 osoba, nakon čega je Isus bio razapet na križu. Osim toga, trinaestim se gostom na večeri smatra Juda, koji je izdao Isusa i time navukao prokletstvo na sebe.

Vezano uz Bibliju, prije svega Stari zavjet, postoji vjerovanje kako je Eva upravo na petak 13. pojela jabuku s Drva spoznaje, te da se istoga datuma srušila Babilonska kula, a postoji i predaja da je Kain ubio Abela u petak.

Jedno od tumačenja nastanka praznovjerja vezanog uz petak 13. nalazi se i u nordijskom mitu koji pripovijeda o 12 bogova koji su večerali u Valahali, kada se pojavio 13 gost, Loki, koji je organizirao ubojstvo boga radosti. Zbog toga, čak i danas neki restorani nude uslugu 14-og profesionalnog gosta za stolom, za one koji su praznovjerni.

U popularnoj kulturi

 Godine 1980. snimljen je američki horor film Petak 13., koji je doživio niz nastavaka i promovirao filmski lik paranormalnog serijskog ubojice Jasona Voorheesa, koji lice sakriva hokejaškom maskom i ubija velikom mačetom.

Zanimljivosti

 Dosad je snimljeno dvanaest (12) nastavaka filmske franšize Petak 13. i još nema vijesti o snimanju trinaestog (13) filma.
 Neki hoteli drugačije označavaju hotelsku sobu br. 13. i trinaesti kat. Također, mnoge stambene zgrade u svijetu nemaju 13. kat, već se taj kat označava kao 12A ili drugačije, a također, mnoge bolnice nemaju sobu br. 13.
 U zrakoplovima ne postoji sjedalo s rednim brojem 13.
 Prema istraživanjima u SAD-u, svakog petka 13. bilježi se oko 900 milijuna dolara gubitaka u gospodarstvu, upravo zbog lošeg obavljanja posla zbog iracionalnog straha, dok čak oko 20 milijuna Amerikanaca na svaki petak 13. proživljava određeni strah i nesigurnost.

Vidi još
 Praznovjerje

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Otkuda praznovjerje u petak 13. u mjesecu? Vjerovanje u nesretan petak 13. je praznovjerje - glas-koncila.hr
 Petak 13 kako je nastao? – Petak 13 značenje - gorila.jutarnji.hr
 Danas je petak 13. No znate li zašto je nesretan? - vecernji.hr
 Zašto se petak 13. smatra najnesretnijim danom u godini? - vecernji.hr
 I danas je petak 13.: Trinaest stvari o danu kojeg se bojimo - 24sata.hr
 Petak 13. – već stoljećima 'nesretan' dan - tportal.hr
 Užasni događaji koji potvrđuju da je petak 13. nesretan dan - metro.co.uk

Kalendar
Fobije
Praznovjerje

Petak 13.


سليبريشن  هي أغنية لفرقة كول أند ذا غانغ عام 1979 من ألبومهم سيليبريت. سجلت الفنانة الأسترالية كايلي مينوغ تقليدا لها عام 1992 وبلغت المركز 11 في المملكة المتحدة.

مراجع

أغاني صنفت ضمن أغاني السجلات الوطنية الأمريكية
أغان منفردة في 1987
أغان منفردة في 1992
أغاني 1980
أغاني كايلي مينوغ
أغان منفردة حققت المركز الأول في نيوزيلندا
أغان منفردة أولى في قائمة بيلبورد هوت 100
أغان عن الموسيقى
أغان منفردة 1980
أغان عن رقص
أغان عن سعادة

سليبريشن


رانيا محمد (2 مارس 1975 -)، ممثلة سورية.

عن حياتها
بدايتها كانت في مسلسل عمشة بنت عماش عام 2007

من أعمالها

من المسلسلات
2007: عمشة بنت عماش.
2009: قلب أبيض.
2009: عمشة في ديرة النسوان.
2009: عطر.
2009: أسوار 2.
2009: طاش ما طاش 16.
2010: فينك.
2010: فيلم الخطأ الكبير.
2011: فينك 2.
2011: غشمشم 6.
2011: طاش ما طاش 18.
2014: سواق وشغالة.

روابط خارجية

المراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
ممثلات سعوديات
مواليد 1395 هـ
مواليد 1975

رانيا محمد


මනෝවිද්‍යාව යනු සිතුවිලි මෙන් ම විඥානික සහ අවිඥානික අත්දැකීම්වල සියලු අංග ආශ්‍රය කරගත් හැසිරීම සහ මනස පිළිබඳ විද්‍යාවයි. එය පොදු මූලධර්ම ගොඩනැගීම සහ විශේෂ සිද්ධි පර්යේෂණය මගින් පුද්ගලයින් සහ කණ්ඩායම් තේරුම් ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කරන ශාස්ත්‍රීය පුහුණුවක් සහ සමාජ විද්‍යාවකි.

මූල ධර්ම

මනස සහ මොළය

මානසිකවිද්‍යාව මගින් අපගේ සිත අපගේ හැසිරීම් සහ සමාජ සම්බන්ධතා විස්තර කරයි. පුරාණ මනෝ විද්‍යාව මූලික වශයෙන් වෙන්වූයේ මිනිස් අත්දැකීම් සහ හැසිරීම් විස්තර කිරීම සඳහාය. වසර 1980 සිට මනෝවිද්‍යාව මගින් සිහිය, මොළය සහ ස්නායු පද්ධතිය අතර පවත්නා සම්බන්ධතාවය ගවේෂණයට පෙළඹිණි. නමුත්,

විඥානය මගින් මොළයේ පවත්නා තත්වය හෝ මොළයේ පවත්නා තත්ව මගින් විඥානය තීරණය කරයි ද යන්න පැහැදිලි නැත. නැතහොත් විඥානය යනු ද ස්නායු පද්ධතිය සමග සම්බන්ධතාවයක් නොමැති සංකීර්ණ අවස්ථාවක් ද?

මෙය පැහැදිලි කරගැනීම සඳහා විඥානය හා මොළයේ ක්‍රියාකාරිත්වය අර්ථ දැක්වීම අත්‍යවශ්‍ය වේ.

ප්‍රායෝගිකව ගත්කළ විශේෂයෙන්ම කෘත්‍රීම බුද්ධිය, ස්නායු මනෝවිද්‍යාව සහ ප්‍රජානන ස්නායු මනෝ විද්‍යාව යන අවස්ථාවල මෙය වැඩි වශයෙන් යොදා ගෙන ඇත.

සිතුවිලි සමූහය

මිනිස් හැසිරීම බහුතරයක් විස්තර කිරීම සඳහා උපකාරක වශයෙන් යොදා ගත හැකි විවිධාකාර වූ ආකෘති වශයෙන් සිතුවිලි සමුදායක විස්තර කර ඇත. මේවායේ ප්‍රසිද්ධිය කාලයා සමග නැති වී යයි. සමහර මනෝ විද්‍යාඥයින් ඇතැම් සිතුවිලිවලට අනුබද්ධ වූ පසු අනෙක් ඒවා ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කර දමති. නමුත් බොහෝ දෙන‍ා මේවා මනස අවබෝධකර ගැනීම සඳහා උපකාර කරගත්තද මෙම සිද්ධාන්ත එකිනෙකට පොදු ඒවා නොවේ. "ටිනිබර්ගන්ගේ ප්‍රශ්න 4 උපයෝගී කරගනිමින් පරිහරණය සඳහා ආකෘතියක් හෝ මනෝවිද්‍යා පර්යේෂණ සඳහා වගුවක් සාදාගත හැක. (මානව විද්‍යාව සහ මිනිසා ඇතුළුව)

මොළයේ ක්‍රියාකාරිත්වය පිළිබඳ අවබෝධය , වර්තමානයේදී මනෝවිද්‍යාවේ සෛද්ධාන්තිකමය හා ප්‍රායෝගිකමය වශයෙන් යොදා ගැනීම බහුල වී තිබේ.

විද්‍යාත්මක මනෝවිද්‍යාවේ ආරම්භය
මනෝ විද්‍යාව ස්වාධීන පර්යේෂණ විෂයක් ලෙස අධ්‍යයනයන් ආරම්භ වූයේ 1879 වුව ද මනෝ විද්‍යාත්මක පර්යේෂණ 1021 "Alhazna's" දෘෂ්ටි ශාස්ත්‍ර පොත්වල ද විග්‍රහ කර ඇත. මනෝ විද්‍යාවේ පියා ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන Wilhem Wandit මනෝ විද්‍යා පර්යේෂණයන් සඳහා වෙනම පර්යේෂණාගාරය ජර්මනියේ Leipzig විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ ස්ථාපනය කරන ලදී. එමනිසා 1879 වසර මනෝ විද්‍යාවේ උපන් දිනය ලෙස ද සැලකේ. ඇමරිකානු ජාතික දර්ශනවාදියෙකු වන Wiliam James විසින් මුද්‍රණය කරන ලද මනෝ විද්‍යාවේ මූලධර්ම නම් ග්‍රන්ථය මනෝ විද්‍යා පැන නැඟිය හැකි ගැටළු සඳහා මනා අඩිතාලමක් විය. මෙයට අමතරව මතයක පිළිබඳ පර්යේෂණාත්මක අධ්‍යයනයේ මූලාරම්භකයෙක් වන Hermann Ebbinghans (1850 – 1909) සහ ඉගෙනීම පිළිබඳ අධ්‍යයනය කරන රුසියානු ජාතික මනෝ විද්‍යාඥ Ivan Pavlov (1849 – 1936) විද්‍යාත්මක මනෝ විද්‍යාව සඳහා හොඳ දායකත්වයක් ලබා දුන්හ.

මේ අතරතුර 1896 දී ස්නායු විද්‍යාඥයකු ලෙස පුහුණුව ලද ඕස්ට්‍රේලියානු ජාතික සිග්මන්ඩ් ප්‍රොයිඩ් මනෝ ප්‍රතිකාර ක්‍රමයක් ලෙස මනෝ විශ්ලේෂණය ඉදිරිපත් කරන ලදී. නමුදු මොහුට පර්යේෂණාත්මක මනෝ විද්‍යාවේ ක්‍රමානුකූල පුහුණුවක් නොතිබිණි. මොහුගේ මෙම අවබෝධයන් බොහෝ දුරට රඳා පැවතුනේ තේරුම් ගැනීමේ ක්‍රම , ආත්ම පරීක්ෂාව හා රෝග විනිශ්චය මතය. මොහු මූලිකව අවධානය යොමු කරන ලද්දේ සිහිබුද්ධියෙන් (අනුදැනුමෙන්) තොරව ඇතිවන ගැටුම් නිරාකරණයට සහ මානසික පීඩා සහ මානසික ව්‍යාධි විද්‍යාව සඳහා වෙයි. මොහු මනෝ විද්‍යාවේ වර්ධනයේ සාමාන්‍ය අංග ලෙස ලිංගිකත්වය, යටපත් කිරීම, අචේතනික මනස වැනි අංගයන් යොදා ගැනීම ඔහුගේ සිද්ධාන්ත ඉතා ප්‍රසිද්ධියට පත් වීමට හේතු විණි. එම කාලය වන විට තහනම් අංග ලෙස සැලකූ අතර ඒවා ප්‍රසිද්ධියේ සාකච්ඡා කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රොයිඩ් විසින් උත්ප්‍රේරක සැපයීය. නමුත් "කාල් පොපර්" විසින් ප්‍රොයිඩ්ගේ  මනෝ විද්‍යාත්මක විශ්ලේෂණ සිද්ධාන්ත පරීක්ෂා කළ නොහැකි ස්වභාවය යුක්ත බවට තර්ක කරන ලදී. ප්‍රොයිඩ්ගේ මෙම සිද්ධාන්ත නූතන මනෝ විද්‍යා අධ්‍යාපන ආයතන සදහා ප්‍රයෝජනයක් නොමැති තරම්ය. එහෙත් ප්‍රොයිඩ්ගේ මතයන් අනුමත කරන නමුත් ඔහුගේ මනෝ විෂ්ලේශනාත්මක සිද්ධාන්ත යම් තරම් දුරට වෙනස් කරන ඔහුගේ අනුගාමිකයින් නව - ප්‍රෝයිඩ්වරු ලෙස හැදින්වේ.

පර්යේෂණ ක්‍රම

ජර්මානු ජාතික මනෝවිද්‍යාඥ විල්ගෙම් මැක්සිමිලියන් වුන්ඩ්ට් පර්යේෂණාත්මක මනෝවිද්‍යාවේ පියා ලෙස හැදින් විය හැක. මනෝවිද්‍යාවේ පර්යේෂණ මගින් මනෝවිද්‍යා ප්‍රපංචයන්හි එන විශ්ලේෂණාත්මක උපකල්පනයන් බිහිකිරීම සහ ඇගයීමක් කෙ‍රෙයි. මේ සඳහා මොවුන් විද්‍යාත්මක ක්‍රමයේ එන සම්මතයන් වන ගුණාත්මක චර්යා විද්‍යාව සහ ප්‍රමාණාත්මක සංඛ්‍යානය  පුළුල් ලෙස උපයෝගී කර ගනී. පර්යේෂණ ආචාර ධර්ම සහ පර්යේෂණයේ ඇති වූ වර්ධනය අනුමත කරයි නම් ඉදිරි පර්යේෂණ කටයුතු එහි මූල ලේඛයන් මත රඳා පවතී. මනෝවිද්‍යාවේදී වෙනත් විෂය පථයන්හි එන විද්‍යාත්මක දැනුම උපයෝගී කර ගනිමින් මනෝවිද්‍යාත්මක ප්‍රපංචන් පහදා දීමට සහ අවබෝධ කරගැනීමට උපයෝගී කර ගනියි. ගුණාත්මක මනෝවිද්‍යා පර්යේෂණයන්හිදී ක්‍රියාකාරී පර්යේෂණයන්, චර්යා ධර්ම, ගවේෂණාත්මක සංඛ්‍යානය, සම්මුඛ පරීක්ෂණ සහභාගිවූවන් නිරීක්ෂණය යන පුළුල් නිරීක්ෂණ ක්‍රම උපයෝගී කරගනිමින් විශාල ලෙස තොරතුරු රැස්කරගනී. මෙය පාරම්පරික පර්යේෂණයන්හිදී කළ නොහැක්කකි. මානුෂීය මනෝවිද්‍යාවේ එන පර්යේෂණ ඉදිරියට කරගෙනයාම සඳහා චර්යා ධර්ම, ඉතිහාසය යන ක්‍රම ප්‍රමුඛ ලෙස උපකාරී වී ඇත.

මනෝවිද්‍යාවේ එන විවිධ අංගයන් පරීක්ෂා කිරීම නූතන ම‍නෝවිද්‍යාවේ මූලික විෂය පථයකි. මේ සඳහා සම්මත පර්යේෂණ ක්‍රම මෙන්ම එම අවස්ථාව හෝ පර්යේෂණ අනුව නිර්මාණය කළ ක්‍රමයන් ද ඇතුළු කර ගනිමින් මනෝමිතික සහ සංඛ්‍යාත්මක ක්‍රමයන් ප්‍රධානව උපයෝගී කර ගනී.

අධ්‍යයන මනෝ විද්‍යාඥයන් කිසියම් පථයක මනෝවිද්‍යාත්මක අවබෝධය වැඩි දියුණු කරගැනීම සඳහා පර්යේෂණ සහ මනෝවිද්‍යා සිද්ධාන්ත යොදා ගත්තද, අනෙක් මනෝ විද්‍යාඥයින් මෙම දැනුම එම අවස්ථාවේදීම සහ  ප්‍රායෝගික යෙදීම්  සඳහා යොදා ගනියි. නමුදු මෙම ප්‍රවේශන දෙඅංශයම අන්‍යෝන්‍ය වශයෙන් එකට බැඳී පවතින නිසා බොහෝ මනෝ විද්‍යාඥයින් තම වෘත්තීය ජීවිතය තුළ පර්යේෂණ සහ ව්‍යවහාරික මනෝවිද්‍යාව යන දෙඅංශය තුළම තම කටයුතු කිරීමට සිදුවෙයි.

මනෝවිද්‍යාවෙහි එන එක් අංගයක් වන සායනික මනෝවිද්‍යාවේදී මනෝ චිකිත්සකයින් හට තම සායනික කටයුතුවලදී රෝගීන්ට උදව් කිරීමට මෙන්ම, වෘත්තිකයින් ලෙස රෝගීන් හා කටයුතු කිරීමේ දී තම දැනුම ගොඩනගා ගැනීමට පර්යේෂණ සහ පර්යේෂණ ක්‍රමයන්හි අත්ඇකීම් සහ දැනුම උපකාරී කර ගනියි.

ව්‍යවහාරයේදී මෙම අභිමත විෂය පථය විශේෂ පුහුණුව සහ විශේෂඥ දැනුම ලබාදීම අවශ්‍ය නිසා මනෝ විද්‍යාත්මක සමුළුව එම කටයුතු පාලනය සඳහා සහ එම අවශ්‍යතා සපුරාලීමට පාලන කමිටුවක් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් පිහිටුවා ගනියි. එලෙසම විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයීය මනෝ විද්‍යාත්මක උපාධීන් ඇතිකිරීම මගින් සිසුන් හා විවිධ විෂයන් හී දැනුම ලබාදීම කළ හැක. මීට අමතරව මනෝවිද්‍යා චිකිත්සකයින් රෝගීන් හට ප්‍රතිකාර ලබාදීම සිදු කරන නිසා රජයේ පාලන ආයතනයක් මගින් ඔවුන්‍ට බලපත්‍ර ලබාදීම සිදු කළ යුතුය.

මානසික සෞඛ්‍යය

ස්නායු පද්ධතිය
මනෝ විද්‍යාව

මනෝවිද්‍යාව


Južna zvijezda (francuski: L'Étoile du sud) pustolovni je roman Julesa Vernea koji je prvi put izdan 1884. godine.

Radnja

Glavni lik romana francuski je rudarski inženjer Cyprien Méré. On dolazi u Griqualand (danas dio Južnoafričke Republike) kako bi proučavao nastanak dijamanata. Boraveći tamo zaljubljuje se u Alice, kćerku Johna Watkinsa, bogatog zemljoposjednika. Cyprien Méré traži od Johna Watkinsa ruku njegove kćeri, no Watkins ga odbija zbog Cyprienovog podrijetla i imovnog stanja. Cyprien dolazi na ideju kako bi se mogao obogatiti kopanjem dijamanata sa svojim partnerom Thomasom Steelom. Njih dvojica kupuju claim, a Cyprien unajmljuje nekoliko Afrikanaca za rade na njemu. Nedugo zatim dolazi do obrušavanja claima u kojem gine nekoliko kopača, a Cyprien uspijeva spasiti samo jednog od njih – Matakija. S obzirom na to da nije našao ništa značajno, Cyprien biva obeshrabren jer gospođicu Watkins ima mnogo prosaca koji su bili poželjniji od njega.

Alice moli Cypriena da se vrati znanstvenom radu, stoga on odlučuje pokušati umjetno stvoriti dijamant. Njegov pokušaj izgleda uspješnim jer je proizveo dijamant od 243 karata (48,6 g). Daje ga gospodinu Watkinsu za Alice. Gospodin Watkins priređuje proslavu u čast Cypriena i njegovog otkrića. Dijamant, koji je Alice nazvala Južna zvijezda, prikazan je tijekom proslave. Tijekom proslave dijamant nestaje kao i Cyprienov pomoćnik Mataki. Dolazi do pretpostavke da je Mataki pobjegao s dijamantom te gospodin Watkins, sav razjaren, nudi ruku Alice onome tko vrati dijamant. Cyprien i trojica prosaca kreću u potjeru za Matakijem. Pripremaju se za put preko velda.

Cyprien je poveo i dvojicu pratitelja: Lija, njegovog perača, i Bardika, jednog od kopača. Tijekom puta trojica putnika umiru od napada životinja ili od bolesti. Kasnije, Cyprien hvata Matakija koji mu se kune da nije ukrao dijamant. Jedini razlog zašto je pobjegao je taj što se plašio da će ga nepravedno objesiti zbog nestanka dijamanta. Nakon povratka u Griqualand, Cyprien pronalazi dijamant u trbuhu Aliceinog noja, Dade. Cyprienu je nakon toga zaprijećeno smrću zbog njegovog otkrića proizvodnje umjetnih dijamanata. Uspio si je spasiti život zahvaljujući Matakijevom priznanju da je on pronašao dijamant i da ga je postavio u peć u kojoj je Cyprien pokušavao proizvesti dijamant. Cyprien je zaprepašćen i razočaran. Gospodin Watkins nakon toga ponovo organizira banket, a gospodin Vandergaart, pravi vlasnik zemljišta, upada s potvrdom o vlasništvu tvrdeći da je posed njegov. John Watkins je još više slomljen kada se Južna zvijezda raspada te umire narednog dana. Cyprien i Alice vjenčali su se i živjeli su sretno do kraja života.

Vanjske poveznice

 Južna zvijezda na francuskom
  Audio verzija na francuskom

Djela Julesa Vernea
Pustolovni romani

Južna zvijezda


Hrvatska nogometna liga (također i kao Hrvatska republička nogometna liga, Jedinstvena hrvatska nogometna liga) je nanovo formirana u sezoni 1979./80. od sudionika dotadašnje dvije skupine Hrvatske nogometne lige – Jug i Sjever, te je bila liga trećeg ranga natjecanja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije u sezoni 1979./80.

Sudjelovalo je 16 klubova, a prvak je bio GOŠK-Jug iz Dubrovnika.

Ljestvica

Novi članovi lige:
 Mladost Petrinja
 Rudar Labin
 Šparta Beli Manastir
 Zadar

Rezultatska križaljka

Izvori:

Unutarnje poveznice
 Prvenstvo Hrvatske u nogometu
 Dalmatinska liga 1979./80.
 Regionalna liga Rijeka – Pula 1979./80.
 Regionalna liga Slavonije i Baranje 1979./80.
 Liga Zagrebačke regije 1979./80.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori
 Ivan Jurić: Narona / Neretva : 1919 - 1994, Metković, 1995., , str. 225.
 Franjo Frntić, Dragutin Hripko i dr: Sto godina nogometa u Hrvatskoj : 1880-1980., Zagreb, 1983., str. 148.

1979-80
1979-80 Hrvatska

Hrvatska nogometna liga 1979./80.


حمل الثعابين طقس ديني في عدد صغير من الكنائس الخمسينية في الولايات المتحدة. حسب ممارسيها فالشعيرة قديمة ويستدلون بإنجيلي مرقس ولوقا عليها:

مرقس 16: 17-18:
 من امن واعتمد خلص ومن لم يؤمن يدن
 وهذه الايات تتبع المؤمنين يخرجون الشياطين باسمي ويتكلمون بالسنة جديدة

لوقا 10: 19:
 ها انا اعطيكم سلطانا لتدوسوا الحيات والعقارب وكل قوة العدو ولا يضركم شيء

المؤسسون
يعتبر جورج ونت هنسلي (1880-1955) مؤسس أول حركة قدسية مكرسة لحمل الثعابين في العصر الحديث وذلك في عشرينات القرن التاسع عشر، وكان واعظا في كنيسة الله عندما لاحظت الكنيسة مشاركته في طقوس حمل ثعابين فوضعت قواعد لمنعها. بعد تأسيس جورج هنسلي للحركة ظهرت كنائس مشابهة في منطقة جبال الأبلاش.

كسبت الحركة بفضل المبشرين المسافرين مزيدا من الأتباع في أواخر القرن التاسع عشر، فقد قام المبشرون الكريزميون بالفخر بعمل معجزات وعرضوا أعاجيب. ادعى جيمس ميلر وبدون سماعه لجورج هنسلي أنه تلقى وحيا من الله ليحمل الثعابين وليعمد باسم يسوع فقط كما في سفر الأعمال 2: 38. ومع بداية القرن العشرين وصل حمل الأفاعي إلى كندا حيث اعتنق عدد قليل تعليمات مرقس 16.

حمل الأفاعي اليوم
كما في بدايات الحركة يشجع المتعبدون على وضع الأيدي على المرضى للشفاء والتحدث بالألسنة وتقديم شهادة عن المعجزات، وأحيانا يتجرعون السم. يتجمعون عادة في بيوت أو أبنية مهيأة ويلتزمون بأسلوب لباس مثل تغطية حتى الكاحل للنساء وشعر قصير وقمصان طويلة الكم للرجال. ومعظم مبشري الحركة يحذرون من استعمال الدخان أو الكحول.

يوجد معظم الممارسين اليوم في جبال البلاش وفي أجزاء من جنوب الولايات المتحدة مثل ألاباما وجورجيا وكنتاكي وتنسي وفرجينيا الغربية وأوهايو.

كانت هناك 40 كنيسة صغيرة تقريبا في 2001 تمارس حمل الأفاعي، وانتشرت الحركة إلى أربع كنائس في كندا في 2004. يؤمن الأتباع عادة بنسخة الملك جيمس فقط للبيبل كنسخة صحيحة وبالتفسير الحرفي للكتاب المقدس. ومعظم كنائس التابعة لكنيسة الله التي تتبعها الآيات غير طائفية وتؤمن بأن الطوائف صنعها البشر وتحمل علامة الوحش. يحضر المتعبدون عادة قداسات في عدة أمسيات في الأسبوع، وإذا ما «تدخل» الروح القدس قد يدوم القداس خمس ساعات، وأقصر مدة 90 دقيقة تقريبا.

الأخطار
تعرض عدد من كبار تلك الكنائس إلى عضات ثعابين كثيرا من المرات، كما يلاحظ من تشوه أيديهم. فقد مات جورج ونت هنسلي مؤسس الحركة الحديثة من عضات ثعبان في 1955. ومات المبشر جون وين براون بعد عضة ثعبان في 1998 في كنيسة روك هاوس هولينس في ألاباما. لكن يقول أعضاء عائلته إنه مات بسبب احتشاء القلب بالرغم من أن زوجته أيضا ماتت قبله بثلاث سنوات بسبب عضة ثعبان في كنتاكي، ومات أحد الأتباع في كنيسة في كنتاكي في 2006.

قانونية الممارسة
وضعت ولايات ألاباما وكنتاكي وتنسي قوانين تمنع استعمال الثعابين السامة أو الزواحف الأخرى التي يمكن أن تضر حياة الآخرين بدون ترخيص. ويذكر قانون ولاية كنتاكي العبادة الدينية بالتحديد، ويعاقب على حمل الثعابين بغرامة 50 إلى 250 دولارا. لذا تجري معظم جلسات حمل الأفاعي في بيوت لتجنب طلب رخصة الدولة. تتجاهل الشرطة عادة الممارسات الدينية ما لم تستدع وهذا ما يحدث إذا ما حدثت وفاة بسبب الممارسة.

اعتقل عشرة أشخاص مع مصادرة 125 ثعبانا في 2008 كجزء من حملة مداهمة، وكان من المعتقلين قس كنيسة ماتت سابقا فيها امرأة في 1995 بسبب عضة أفعى،  وكان في بيته 74 أفعى.

وضعت ولاية جورجيا عقوبة الإعدام على حمل الأفاعي في 1941 بعد موت فتاة عمرها سبع سنوات، لكن القانون ألغي في 1968.

انظر أيضا
 مرقس 16

مراجع

مواقع خارجية
 Holiness Snake Handlers, official site of beliefs.
 Interview with Dennis Covington
 Salvation on Sand Mountain: Snake-Handling and Redemption in Southern Appalachia, by Dennis Covington
 Cincinnati Skeptics article on snake handling

 History of serpent handlers
 "Snake Handling in the Pentecostal Church: The Precedent Set by George Hensley" by Joi Brown

 University of Virginia article on serpent handlers
 "Snake Handling" by Pat Arnow, from Southern Exposure (PDF file)
 Snake Handlers in Georgia
 The Church In Jesus Christ Name - Large collection of snake-handler photos
 Why do we believe in God?, Robert Winston, الغارديان، Thursday 13 أكتوبر، 2005, an article describing snake handling
 Serpent Handling Believers, by Tom Burton, University of Tennessee Press, 1993. This definitive work represents twenty years of Burton's research. Many photos.

الأفاعي في الدين
الدين في الجنوب الأمريكي
السلوك والخبرة المسيحية
المسيحية في الأبالاش
تفاعل بشري حيواني
ثقافة أبلاشية
ثقافة الجنوب الأمريكي
حركات مسيحية جديدة
حيوانات في الأديان
حيوانات في المسيحية
خمسينية في الولايات المتحدة
طوائف مسيحية أنشئت في القرن 20

حمل الأفاعي


An Herminium lanceum in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl Peter Thunberg ngan Olof Swartz, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Vuijk. An Herminium lanceum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Herminium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Herminium

Herminium lanceum


Chicago je američki rock sastav osnovan u Chicagu 1967. godine. Izvornu postavu činili su Peter Cetera (bas), Terry Kath (gitara), Robert Lamm (klavijature), Lee Loughnane (truba), James Pankow (trombon), Walter Parazaider (puhački instrumenti) i Danny Seraphine (bubnjevi).

Jedan su od najdugovječnijih i najuspješnijih sastava svih vremena, te jedan od najprodavanijih, s prodajom od više od 100 milijuna ploča. Dobitnici su nagrade Grammy za pjesmu "If You Leave Me Now".

Studijski albumi

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Službene stranice sastava

Američki rock-sastavi
Dobitnici nagrade Grammy

Chicago (sastav)


El Audi Q8 e-tron (anteriormente Audi e-tron) es un automóvil utilitario deportivo eléctrico del segmento E que el fabricante alemán Audi se comenzó a comercializar en septiembre de 2018. Es un cinco plazas con carrocería de cinco puertas y tracción a las cuatro ruedas. Sus rivales directos son el BMW iX, el Jaguar I-Pace, el Mercedes-Benz EQC y el Tesla Model X. Otros modelos similares pero con motor de combustión son el BMW X7, el Mercedes-Benz Clase GLS, el Range Rover y el Volvo XC90.

Prototipos

e-tron frankfurt
Estaba basado en el Audi R8. Fue presentado en el salón del automóvil de Frankfurt 2010.
Mide 4,26 m de largo, 1,90 m de ancho y 1,23 m de alto. Acelera de 0 a 100 km/h en 4,8 segundos. Su velocidad máxima es de unos 200 km/h.
Tiene 4 motores, uno por rueda.

e-tron detroit
Se presentó en el salón de Detroit de 2010. A diferencia del Audi e-tron Frankfurt, este tiene tan solo dos motores que impulsan las ruedas traseras y es más pequeño. Tiene 201 cv y 2650 Nm. Llega a 100 km/h en 5,9 segundos.

A1 e-tron
El Audi A1 e-tron concept car es una variante eléctrica del Audi A1. Fue mostrado por primera vez al público en el salón del automóvil de Ginebra de 2010.
Cuenta con 50 kilómetros de autonomía. Posee un motor de gasolina tipo Wankel de 254cc, que sirve únicamente para recargar la batería, con el cual se consigue ampliar la autonomía a 200 km. Rinde 1,9 litros cada 100 km. Tiene una potencia de 101 cv.

E-tron spyder
El audi e-tron spyder fue presentado en el salón del automóvil de París de 2010. Es un automóvil híbrido impulsado por un motor diésel de 296 cv biturbo TDI 3.0 l V6 en las ruedas traseras; además posee dos motores eléctricos de 86 cv que impulsan a las ruedas delanteras. La velocidad máxima de este automóvil está limitada electrónicamente a 249 km/h.

Especificaciones

Motor
El e-tron se ofrece con tres motorizaciones. El "e-tron 50" tiene dos motores que erogan en total de 313 CV, una bateríaa de 71 kWh, y una autonomía de 336 km según el ciclo WLTP. El "e-tron 55" tiene dos motores que erogan en total de 408 CV, una batería de 95 kWh, y una autonomía de 436 km según el ciclo WLTP. El "e-tron S" tiene tres motores que erogan en total de 503 CV, una batería de 95 kWh, y una autonomía de 368 km según el ciclo WLTP.

A velocidades constantes, usa únicamente el motor trasero para obtener una mayor eficiencia.

Diseño
El Audi e-tron es el primer vehículo de producción en serie que permite incorporar los Audi virtual mirrors, unos retrovisores con cámaras en vez de los clásicos espejos, que ofrecen, a través de dos pantallas táctiles OLED de 7 pulgadas instaladas en el interior del vehículo, una visión más precisa y segura del entorno mejorando la aerodinámica. Sin embargo, algunos mercados no permiten actualmente la venta de coches sin espejos retrovisores convencionales, por la legislación vigente sobre las condiciones de homologación. Puede adaptarse a diferentes situaciones al volante ofreciendo tres vistas: conducción en carretera, giros y estacionamiento.

El coeficiente aerodinámico Cd es de 0,28 (o 0,27 con Virtual Mirrors).

El e-tron es el primer modelo de Audi que no incluye ningún elemento cromado y según el equipo de diseño esto es porque «se quería romper con el pasado y mirar hacia el futuro». El logotipo delantero es de aluminio pulido.

Seguridad

Puede disponer de varios sistemas de seguridad y ayuda a la conducción que funcionan gracias a un equipo formado por cinco sensores de radar, seis cámaras, doce sensores de ultrasonidos y un escáner láser. Cuenta con sistemas de asistencia como el Asistente de conducción adaptativo, un asistente de frenado en cruces, una alerta por cambio involuntario de carril, otra de tráfico cruzado al circular marcha atrás, un detector de vehículos en el ángulo muerto o un sistema de aparcamiento semiautomático.

Tecnología
Incorpora el sistema MMI Navegación plus, que incluye de serie LTE Advanced y punto de acceso Wi-Fi.

Los grupos ópticos de serie son LED y en opción los faros Digital Matrix.

Incorpora tres pantallas digitales: la de los instrumentos, la central encastrada en el salpicadero y la de debajo de esta última para los sistemas de ventilación. Son táctiles con reconocimiento gestual y ambas situadas por debajo de la línea visual de la carretera.

Maletero
Tiene una capacidad de maletero de 525 litros hasta la bandeja, 600 litros si se retira una bandeja en el suelo y 1725 litros con los asientos traseros abatidos. En la parte delantera cuenta con un pequeño maletero de 60 litros de capacidad.

Frenos
Incorpora un nuevo sistema de frenado electrohidráulico integrado (brake-by-wire).  Se activa mediante una bomba electrohidráulica sin conexión directa entre el pedal y el circuito hidráulico. Esta bomba genera la presión el doble de rápido (en 150 milisegundos), lo que permite que las pastillas estén más alejadas de los discos —por tanto, hay menos pérdidas por rozamiento— y reduce la distancia de frenado hasta un 20 %. Además, pesa 6 kg, un 30 % menos que una convencional.

Dispone de tres niveles de recuperación de energía que se pueden seleccionar mediante unas levas en el volante. La frenada regenerativa puede alcanzar una deceleración de hasta 0,3 g, 300 N·m de par y una potencia de 220 kW.

Dispone de la conducción con un pedal.

Recarga

El cargador de a bordo tiene una potencia de 11 kW (opcionalmente 22 kW).

Dispone de un conector SAE Combo (también denominado CCS Combo) Level 3 DC que le permite cargar usando un cargador rápido DC de hasta 150 kW.  Esto le permite una carga del 80% en poco más de 30 minutos.

Suspensión
La suspensión de serie tiene muelles neumáticos y amortiguadores de dureza variable. La altura libre en el modo normal es de 172 mm; puede aumentarse hasta 222 mm o rebajarse a 146 mm. Las llantas de serie son de 19 pulgadas de diámetro (con neumáticos en medidas 255/55). Opcionalmente las hay de hasta 22 pulgadas.

Véase también
Automóvil eléctrico
Anexo:Automóviles eléctricos
 Audi e-tron GT
 Audi Q4 e-tron

Galería

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Noticias sobre el Audi e-tron en forococheselectricos.com
 Noticias sobre el Audi e-tron en electrek (en inglés)
 Audi R8 e-tron , coche eléctrico.
 Audi E-Tron Crossover Concept
 http://www.motorpasion.com/audi/audi-e-tron-el-amperio-contraataca
 http://www.diariomotor.com/2009/09/16/audi-e-tron-todos-los-datos-oficiales/
 Audi e-tron GT concept.

Q8 e-tron
Modelos de automóviles de los años 2010
Modelos de automóviles eléctricos
Prototipos de automóviles

Audi Q8 e-tron


Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg (Eutin, 30 de novembro de 1802 - Berlim, 24 de janeiro de 1872) foi um filósofo e filólogo alemão. Ele propôs uma filosofia que ele mesmo chamou de "visão de mundo orgânica" (em alemão, organische Weltanschauung), que foi modelada na filosofia de Aristóteles.

Ensino
Ele ensinou por quase quarenta anos. Seu método de ensino foi estimado por Søren Kierkegaard, que o considerou um importante e sóbrio filólogo.

Em 1865, ele discutiu com Kuno Fischer sobre a interpretação da doutrina kantiana do espaço em Kuno Fischer und sein Kant (1869), ao qual Fischer respondeu com Anti-Trendelenburg (1870).

Filósofo
A forma de filosofar de Trendelenburg foi sempre condicionada pelas figuras de Platão e Aristóteles, que ele considerava uma ampla base para formular as teorias do idealismo. Por causa disso, sua visão pode ser considerada uma versão moderna do aristotelismo. Ao negar a possibilidade de um método e filosofia absolutos - como Hegel e outros sustentavam - Trendelenburg era um idealista no sentido antigo ou platônico; toda a sua obra foi dedicada à manifestação do ideal no real. Crítico da filosofia contemporânea, sua obra marcou o declínio do hegelianismo na Universidade de Berlim.

Publicações

 Platonis de ideis et numeris doctrina ex Aristotele illustrata, 1826 (dissertação de doutorado) digitalizada
 Elementa logices Aristoteleae, 1837 (9. ed. 1892) (Sammlung griechischer Textstellen mit lateinischer Übersetzung) digitalizada
 De Platonis Philebi consilio, Berlim 1837.
 Logische Untersuchungen, 1840. Volume 1; Volume 2. Terceira edição aumentada, 1870. Volume 1; Volume 2.
 Erläuterungen zu den Elementen der aristotelischen Logik, 1842 (3. ed. 1876) (Google Books)
 Raphaels Schule von Athen, Berlim 1843.
 Die logische Frage in Hegel's System. Zwei Streitschriften, Leipzig 1843. (com Friedrich Altenstein) (digitalizada)
 Historische Beiträge zur Philosophie, drei Bände, 1846, 1855 und 1867
 Geschichte der Kategorienlehre (in Volume I) (Google Books)
 Über den letzten Unterschied der philosophischen Systeme (Volume II) Google Books)
 Über Spinozas Grundgedanken und dessen Erfolg, 1850 (Volume II) (Google Books)
 Herbarts praktische Philosophie und die Ethik der Alten, 1856 (Volume III) (Google Books)
 Die sittliche Idee des Rechts, 1849 (Google Books)
 Leibniz und die philosophische Thätigkeit der Akademie im vorigen Jahrhundert, Vortrag 1852. (digitalizada)
 Über Herbarts Metaphysik und die neuen Auffassungen derselben, 1853 (Google Books)
 Über Leibnizens Entwurf einer allgemeinen Charakteristik, 1856 (digitalizada)
 Die überkommene Aufgabe unserer Universität: Rede gehalten am 3. August 1857 (Google Books)
 Friederich der Grosse und sein Staatsminister Freiherr von Zedlitz. Eine Skizze aus dem preussischen Unterrichtswesen. (digitalizada)
 Naturrecht auf dem Grunde der Ethik, Leipzig 1860 (2. ed. 1868) (Google Books)
 Zur Erinnerung an Johann Gottlieb Fichte, palestra de 1862. (digitalizada)
 Kuno Fischer und sein Kant: Eine Entgegnung, 1869 (Google Books)
 Lücken im Völkerrecht, 1870 (digitalizada)
 Kleine Schriften, 1871. 1. Parte; 2. Parte.
 Zur Geschichte des Wortes Person. Ensaio póstumo de Adolf Trendelenburg. Apresentado por Rudolf Eucken. Kant-Studien 13. Volume, 1908, S. 1‒17.
 Der Zweck. Editado e fornecido com uma introdução e notas de Georg Wunderle. Schöningh, Paderborn 1925
 Ethische Untersuchungen: Genetisch-kritische Fragmentedition. Editado por Christian Biehl. Exempla critica 5. De Gruyter, Berlim/Boston 2022

Filósofos da Alemanha

Friderich Adolf Trendelenburg


El Informe Summers fue un memorando de 1991 sobre la liberalización del comercio, escrito por Lant Pritchett y firmado por Lawrence Summers, mientras este último era Economista en Jefe del Banco Mundial. Se incluyó una sección, que tanto Summers como Pritchett afirman que era sarcástica, que sugería realizar el vertido de desechos tóxicos en países del tercer mundo para la percepción de beneficios económicos.

Después de que el material se filtró, Pritchett (que era subordinado de Summers), declaró que él había escrito el memo y Summers sólo la había firmado, y que pretendía ser "sarcástico". De acuerdo con Pritchett, el memo tal como se filtró había sido retocado para eliminar el contexto y la intención irónica, y era "un fraude y una falsificación deliberada para desacreditar a Larry y al Banco Mundial". Esta interpretación se ve reforzada por la última frase del fragmento filtrado, el cual señala que "El problema con los argumentos en contra de todas estas propuestas por más contaminación en los países subdesarrollados... podrían invertirse y ser usados más o menos eficazmente contra cualquier propuesta del Banco para la liberalización." Es decir, que parece ser una reductio ad absurdum de los argumentos de los economistas ortodoxos de libre mercado que estaban en boga en el momento en que el memo fue escrito.

Daniel Hausman y Michael McPherson han argumentado que la sección satírica podría aparentemente estar basada en la economía como una ciencia, pero en realidad contiene fuertes premisas morales que no se pueden obviar y que de todas formas dejan el argumento intacto. El Secretario de Medio Ambiente de Brasil, José Lutzenberger, sostuvo que demostraba "la arrogante ignorancia de muchos de los 'economistas' convencionales respecto a la naturaleza del mundo en que vivimos"

Extracto del texto

El siguiente extracto ha sido publicado en numerosos sitios web.:

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 La lógica de un economista de libre mercado , una crítica de parte de la lógica económica del informe.

Economía ambiental
Globalización

Informe Summers


Die N189 war eine französische Nationalstraße, die 1824 zwischen Paris und Sèvres über den Porte de Versailles festgelegt wurde. Ihre Länge betrug 6 Kilometer. 1978 übernahm die N187 den Teil zwischen Sèvres und der N189A. 1993 wurde die N189 abgestuft. 1991 wurde die Nummer schon neu vergeben für eine Umgehungsstraße um Beaumont und Ceyrat, wo die Stammstraße N89 weiter durch die Orte verlief. Diese wurde 2006 abgestuft.

N189a

Die N189A war von 1933 bis 1973 ein Seitenast der N189, der von dieser zum Quai d'Issy am heutigen Boulevard périphérique verlief. 1978 wurde sie von der N187 umernommen, die auf diesem Abschnitt 1993 abgestuft wurde.

Weblinks
 Route nationale française auf WikiSara, eine Auflistung aller Nationalstraßen (französisch)

189
Straße in der Île-de-France

Route nationale 189


Liam Fox (født 22. september 1961 i East Kilbride i Skotland) er en britisk politiker, der i 2016 stillede op som kandidat til posten som leder af det britiske Konservative Parti. Han blev ikke valgt, men kort tid efter blev han minister for international handel.

Valget af  David Camerons efterfølger
Posten som Det Konservative Partis leder blev ledig, da David Cameron den 24. juni 2016 varslede, at han ønskede at gå af som partileder og premierminister senere på året.

Fristen for at tilmelde sig som kandidat blev fastsat til den 30. juni 2016. Ved fristens udløb var der opstillet fem kandidater: Stephen Crabb, Liam Fox, Michael Gove, Andrea Leadsom og Theresa May.

Liam Fox blev stemt ud allerede den 5. juli 2016, og den samme aften trak Stephen Crabb sig. Michael Gove blev stemt ud den 7. juli. Andrea Leadsom trak sig den 11. juli. Theresa May blev (konservativ partileder og) premierminister den 13. juli 2016.

Medlem af Underhuset
Siden 1992 har Liam Fox været medlem af Underhuset. Han var først opstillet i Woodspring og fra 2010 i North Somerset. Kredsene er stort set sammenfaldende, og de ligger i Somerset, South West England.

Ministerposter
Liam Fox var forsvarsminister fra 12. maj 2010 til 14. oktober 2011.

Liam Fox blev minister for international handel den 13. juli 2016 i Regeringen Theresa May.

Konservativ partisekretær
Liam Fox var organisatorisk formand (partisekretær) for det konservative parti i 2003-2005.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Medlemmer af Underhuset
Handelsministre fra Storbritannien
Forsvarsministre fra Storbritannien
Organisatoriske formænd og partisekretærer for de britiske konservative

Liam Fox


Yusuke Maruhashi (født 2. september 1990) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Cerezo Osaka.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Yusuke Maruhashi


7 dage i maj () er en amerikansk politisk spændingsfilm, der handler om et militærkup mod den amerikanske præsident, der planlægges som reaktion på præsidentens forhandlinger med Sovjetunionen om atomnedrustning. Filmen er instrueret af John Frankenheimer og har blandt andre Burt Lancaster, Kirk Douglas, Fredric March og Ava Gardner på rollelisten. Filmen er baseret på en roman af Fletcher Knebel og Charles W. Bailey II.

Eksterne henvisninger

Amerikanske film fra 1964
Thrillerfilm fra USA
Film baseret på bøger

7 dage i maj


An Dyckia delicata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Larocca ngan Marcos Sobral. An Dyckia delicata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dyckia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dyckia

Dyckia delicata


Die FIFA-Klub-Weltmeisterschaft 2013 () war die zehnte Austragung dieses weltweiten Fußballwettbewerbs für Vereinsmannschaften und fand vom 11. bis 21. Dezember zum ersten Mal in Marokko statt. Sieger wurde die Mannschaft des FC Bayern München.

Vergabe
Ursprünglich hatten sich vier Staaten um die Austragung der Turniere 2013 und 2014 beworben:

  (waren bereits Gastgeber der Turniere 2009 und 2010 in Abu Dhabi)

Am 17. Dezember 2011 erteilte die FIFA Marokko den Zuschlag.

Modus
Gegenüber dem seit 2007 geltenden Austragungsmodus gab es keine Änderungen. Das Turnier wurde mit sieben Teilnehmern ausgetragen. Neben den sechs Siegern der kontinentalen Meisterwettbewerbe auf Klubebene aus Asien (AFC), Afrika (CAF), Karibik, Nord- und Zentralamerika (CONCACAF), Südamerika (CONMEBOL), Europa (UEFA) und Ozeanien (OFC) nahm auch der marokkanische Meister teil, der zunächst ein Ausscheidungsspiel gegen den Sieger der OFC Champions League bestreiten musste. Hätte ein Klub aus Marokko die CAF Champions League gewonnen, dann wäre der am besten platzierte nichtmarokkanische Klub qualifiziert gewesen. Der Sieger des Ausscheidungsspieles spielte mit den Vertretern Afrikas, Asiens und der CONCACAF zwei Teilnehmer des Halbfinales aus. Für dieses waren die Teams aus Europa und Südamerika wie bisher gesetzt und bestritten nur je zwei Spiele. Gespielt wurde im K.-o.-System. An elf Tagen fanden acht Spiele statt.
Die Siegermannschaft erhielt 3,65 Millionen Euro, der Zweitplatzierte 2,92 Millionen Euro, der Drittplatzierte 1,82 Millionen Euro und der Viertplatzierte 1,46 Millionen Euro.

Spielstätten

Teilnehmer

Das Turnier im Überblick
Die Auslosung der Viertelfinalpartien fand am 9. Oktober 2013 statt. Die Anstoßzeiten beziehen sich auf die Ortszeit UTC±0, was der Mitteleuropäischen Zeit minus eine Stunde entspricht.

Finale
Nach dem überraschenden 3:1-Erfolg im Halbfinale gegen Atlético Mineiro aus Brasilien war Raja Casablanca Endspielgegner des FC Bayern München. Dante und Thiago brachten Bayern München früh in Führung. Nach einer einseitig geführten ersten Hälfte mit fast 80 Prozent Ballbesitz für Bayern konnte Casablanca in der zweiten Halbzeit Nachlässigkeiten in der Defensive der Bayern nicht nutzen. In der Schlussphase verzeichnete Xherdan Shaqiri auf der Gegenseite noch einen Lattentreffer. Somit sicherte sich der FC Bayern München als erstes deutsches Team die FIFA-Klub-Weltmeisterschaft und damit seinen fünften Titel im Jahr 2013.

Kader des FC Bayern München
Folgende Spieler standen im 23-Mann-Kader des FC Bayern München:

Statistik

Ehrungen

Adidas Goldener Ball
Der Goldene Ball für den besten Spieler des Turniers ging an den Franzosen Franck Ribéry vom Titelträger FC Bayern München. Der Silberne Ball wurde an seinen deutschen Teamkollegen Philipp Lahm verliehen. Den Bronzenen Ball erhielt der Marokkaner Mouhcine Iajour von Raja Casablanca.

FIFA-Fair-Play-Trophäe
Den Fair-Play-Preis für sportlich korrektes Auftreten auf und außerhalb des Rasens konnte sich der FC Bayern München sichern.

Schiedsrichter
Seitens der FIFA wurde von jedem Kontinentalverband, mit Ausnahme Ozeaniens, ein Schiedsrichterteam nominiert. Afrika stellte zusätzlich noch ein Reservetrio.

Technische Hilfsmittel
Erstmals kam bei einer Klub-WM das sogenannte Freistoßspray zum Einsatz. Bei Freistößen markierte der Schiedsrichter mit einer Sprühdose den Abstand, den die Fußballspieler zum Ball einhalten mussten, wenn sie eine Mauer bildeten, und die Stelle, von der aus der Schütze schießen musste. Die auf den Rasen gesprühte Linie war nach etwa einer Minute nicht mehr sichtbar. Kritiker bemängelten, diese Neuigkeit verzögere das Spiel.

Außerdem wurde wiederum die Torlinientechnik getestet. Nachdem im Jahr zuvor zwei andere Systeme erprobt worden waren, kam 2013 in Marokko das System GoalControl-4D der deutschen Firma GoalControl zum Einsatz, welches auf sieben Hochgeschwindigkeitskameras pro Tor basiert. Während des Turniers wurden den Stadionbesuchern auf großen Anzeigetafeln erstmals Animationen von strittigen Torszenen vorgeführt. Diese Animationen, die auch im Fernsehen ausgestrahlt wurden und auf dem System GoalControl Replay basieren, machten sichtbar, ob ein Ball die Torlinie in vollem Umfang überschritten hatte, eine notwendige Voraussetzung für ein korrektes Tor.

Fernsehübertragung
Die ARD übertrug die Spiele des UEFA-Champions-League-Gewinners FC Bayern München live.

Weblinks
 Website der FIFA zum Turnier 2013

Einzelnachweise

2013
Fußballveranstaltung 2013
Fußballwettbewerb in Marokko
Sportveranstaltung in Agadir
Sportveranstaltung in Marrakesch

FIFA-Klub-Weltmeisterschaft 2013


Petr Pavel (f. 1. nóvember 1961) er tékkneskur stjórnmálamaður, fyrrum hershöfðingi í tékkneska hernum og núverandi forseti Tékklands. Hann var áður formaður hermálanefndar Atlantshafsbandalagsins frá 2015 til 2018 og yfirmaður herafla Tékklands frá 2012 til 2015.

Pavel var kjörinn forseti Tékklands í seinni umferð forsetakosninga þar í landi þann 28. janúar 2023. Hann tók við af Miloš Zeman sem forseti þann 9. mars.

Æviágrip
Petr Pavel hóf feril sinn í tékkneska hernum árið 1983. Pavel var meðlimur í Kommúnistaflokki Tékkóslóvakíu á yngri árum og hefur hlotið gagnrýni fyrir það í seinni tíð. Hann hefur lýst aðild sinni að flokknum sem mistökum en segir þó að flokksaðild hafi verið eðlileg hjá fjölskyldu hans á þessum tíma. Á námsárum sínum í herskóla lagði Pavel stund á nám sem tengdist leyniþjónustustörfum. Hann sagði upp aðild sinni að kommúnistaflokknum þegar kommúnistastjórn Tékkóslóvakíu leið undir lok árið 1989 en hélt áfram þjálfun sinni til leyniþjónustustarfa.

Pavel hlaut jafnframt þjálfun sem sérsveitarliði í fallhlífadeild hersins. Í Júgóslavíustríðunum árið 1993 tók Pavel þátt í því að bjarga frönskum hermönnum sem voru í sjálfheldu milli Serba og Króata í Króatíu. Hann hlaut fyrir þetta viðurkenningar og frægð í Frakklandi.

Síðar nam Pavel herfræði í Bretlandi og útskrifaðist með meistaragráðu frá King's College London. Pavel hóf störf hjá Atlantshafsbandalaginu eftir að Tékkland gerðist aðili að því árið 1999. Hann varð formaður hermálanefndar bandalagsins árið 2015. Var þetta í fyrsta sinn sem einstaklingur frá fyrrum austantjaldsríki gegndi þessu embætti.

Pavel kom meðal annars til Íslands á vegum Atlantshafsbandalagsins árið 2016. Pavel sagði við það tilefni að hann teldi framtíð Atlantshafsbandalagsins byggjast á breiðri samvinnu, meðal annars við tví- og marghliða öryggisstofnanir. Hann tók jafnframt fram að Rússar hefðu breytt stefnu sinni á undanförnum árum og virtust vilja stefna að því að endurheimta stöðu sína sem heimsveldi, meðal annars með hernaðaríhlutun sinni í Transnistríu, stríðinu í Georgíu og innlimun sinni á Krímskaga. Hann taldi þó ekki tilefni til varanlegrar veru NATO á Íslandi.

Pavel gaf kost á sér sem óháður frambjóðandi í forsetakosningum Tékklands árið 2023. Í kosningabaráttunni talaði Pavel fyrir auknum stöðugleika í landinu og sagðist hafa orðið var við að kjósendum þætti ríkisvaldið ekki sinna skyldum sínum nægilega vel. Pavel lenti í fyrsta sæti í fyrri umferð kosninganna og atti kappi við fyrrum forsætisráðherrann og viðskiptajöfurinn Andrej Babiš í seinni umferðinni. Kosningabaráttan varð óvægin og meðal annars varð Pavel að bera á bak falska orðróma um að hann væri dauður á samfélagsmiðlinum Twitter. Pavel hefur stutt Úkraínumenn í yfirstandandi innrás Rússa í Úkraínu og því sakaði Babiš hann jafnframt um að vilja leiða Tékkland í stríð gegn Rússlandi.

Pavel vann afburðasigur í seinni umferð kosninganna þann 28. janúar 2023 með 57 prósentum atkvæða gegn 43 prósentum sem Andrej Babiš hlaut.

Eftir að Pavel vann kosningarnar ræddi hann símleiðis við Tsai Ing-wen, forseta Lýðveldisins Kína á Taívan, sem óskaði honum til hamingju með kjörið. Leiðtogar Alþýðulýðveldisins Kína á meginlandinu brugðust illa við símtalinu og sökuðu Pavel um að hafa skipt sér að innanríkismálum Kína með því að eiga í samskiptum við leiðtoga Taívans, sem Kínverjar líta á sem hluta af Kína.

Tilvísanir

Embættismenn Atlantshafsbandalagsins
Forsetar Tékklands
Tékkneskir herforingjar

Petr Pavel


LOL <(^^,)> este un album de studio al muzicianului suedez Basshunter. A fost lansat la data de 28 august 2006 de către Warner Music Sweden.

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Clasamente

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Referințe

Legături externe
 Site oficial

Albume din 2006
Albume Basshunter

LOL (^^,)