Energy development is the field of activities focused on obtaining sources of energy from natural resources. These activities include the production of renewable, nuclear, and fossil fuel derived sources of energy, and for the recovery and reuse of energy that would otherwise be wasted. Energy conservation and efficiency measures reduce the demand for energy development, and can have benefits to society with improvements to environmental issues.

Societies use energy for transportation, manufacturing, illumination, heating and air conditioning, and communication, for industrial, commercial, and domestic purposes.  Energy resources may be classified as primary resources, where the resource can be used in substantially its original form, or as secondary resources, where the energy source must be converted into a more conveniently usable form. Non-renewable resources are significantly depleted by human use, whereas renewable resources are produced by ongoing processes that can sustain indefinite human exploitation.

Thousands of people are employed in the energy industry. The conventional industry comprises the petroleum industry, the natural gas industry, the electrical power industry, and the nuclear industry. New energy industries include the renewable energy industry, comprising alternative and sustainable manufacture, distribution, and sale of alternative fuels.

Classification of resources

Energy resources may be classified as primary resources, suitable for end use without conversion to another form, or secondary resources, where the usable form of energy required substantial conversion from a primary source.  Examples of primary energy resources are wind power, solar power, wood fuel, fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas, and uranium. Secondary resources are those such as electricity, hydrogen, or other synthetic fuels.

Another important classification is based on the time required to regenerate an energy resource.  "Renewable" resources are those that recover their capacity in a time significant by human needs. Examples are hydroelectric power or wind power, when the natural phenomena that are the primary source of energy are ongoing and not depleted by human demands.  Non-renewable resources are those that are significantly depleted by human usage and that will not recover their potential significantly during human lifetimes. An example of a non-renewable energy source is coal, which does not form naturally at a rate that would support human use.

Fossil fuels

Fossil fuel (primary non-renewable fossil) sources burn coal or hydrocarbon fuels, which are the remains of the decomposition of plants and animals. There are three main types of fossil fuels: coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Another fossil fuel, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), is principally derived from the production of natural gas. Heat from burning fossil fuel is used either directly for space heating and process heating, or converted to mechanical energy for vehicles, industrial processes, or electrical power generation. These fossil fuels are part of the carbon cycle and allow solar energy stored in the fuel to be released.

The use of fossil fuels in the 18th and 19th century set the stage for the Industrial Revolution.

Fossil fuels make up the bulk of the world's current primary energy sources. In 2005, 81% of the world's energy needs was met from fossil sources. The technology and infrastructure for the use of fossil fuels already exist. Liquid fuels derived from petroleum deliver much usable energy per unit of weight or volume, which is advantageous when compared with lower energy density sources such as batteries. Fossil fuels are currently economical for decentralized energy use.

Energy dependence on imported fossil fuels creates energy security risks for dependent countries. Oil dependence in particular has led to war, funding of radicals, monopolization, and socio-political instability.

Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources, which will eventually decline in production  and become exhausted.  While the processes that created fossil fuels are ongoing, fuels are consumed far more quickly than the natural rate of replenishment.  Extracting fuels becomes increasingly costly as society consumes the most accessible fuel deposits. Extraction of fossil fuels results in environmental degradation, such as the strip mining and mountaintop removal for coal.

Fuel efficiency is a form of thermal efficiency, meaning the efficiency of a process that converts chemical potential energy contained in a carrier fuel into kinetic energy or work. The fuel economy is the energy efficiency of a particular vehicle, is given as a ratio of distance travelled per unit of fuel consumed. Weight-specific efficiency (efficiency per unit weight) may be stated for freight, and passenger-specific efficiency (vehicle efficiency) per passenger. The inefficient atmospheric combustion (burning) of fossil fuels in vehicles, buildings, and power plants contributes to urban heat islands.

Conventional production of oil peaked, conservatively, between 2007 and 2010. In 2010, it was estimated that an investment of $8 trillion in non-renewable resources would be required to maintain current levels of production for 25 years. In 2010, governments subsidized fossil fuels by an estimated $500 billion a year.  Fossil fuels are also a source of greenhouse gas emissions, leading to concerns about global warming if consumption is not reduced.

The combustion of fossil fuels leads to the release of pollution into the atmosphere. The fossil fuels are mainly carbon compounds. During combustion, carbon dioxide is released, and also nitrogen oxides, soot and other fine particulates. The carbon dioxide is the main contributor to recent climate change.
Other emissions from fossil fuel power station include sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds (VOC), mercury, arsenic, lead, cadmium, and other heavy metals including traces of uranium.

A typical coal plant generates billions of kilowatt hours of electrical power per year.

Nuclear

Fission

Nuclear power is the use of nuclear fission  to generate useful heat and electricity. Fission of uranium produces nearly all economically significant nuclear power. Radioisotope thermoelectric generators form a very small component of energy generation, mostly in specialized applications such as deep space vehicles.

Nuclear power plants, excluding naval reactors, provided about 5.7% of the world's energy and 13% of the world's electricity in 2012.

In 2013, the IAEA report that there are 437 operational nuclear power reactors, in 31 countries,  although not every reactor is producing electricity. In addition, there are approximately 140 naval vessels using nuclear propulsion in operation, powered by some 180 reactors. As of 2013, attaining a net energy gain from sustained nuclear fusion reactions, excluding natural fusion power sources such as the Sun, remains an ongoing area of international physics and engineering research. More than 60 years after the first attempts, commercial fusion power production remains unlikely before 2050.

There is an ongoing debate about nuclear power.  Proponents, such as the World Nuclear Association, the IAEA and Environmentalists for Nuclear Energy contend that nuclear power is a safe, sustainable energy source that reduces carbon emissions. Opponents contend that nuclear power poses many threats to people and the environment.

Nuclear power plant accidents include the Chernobyl disaster (1986), Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster (2011), and the Three Mile Island accident (1979). There have also been some nuclear submarine accidents. In terms of lives lost per unit of energy generated, analysis has determined that nuclear power has caused less fatalities per unit of energy generated than the other major sources of energy generation. Energy production from coal, petroleum, natural gas and hydropower has caused a greater number of fatalities per unit of energy generated due to air pollution and energy accident effects. However, the economic costs of nuclear power accidents is high, and meltdowns can take decades to clean up. The human costs of evacuations of affected populations and lost livelihoods is also significant.

Comparing Nuclear's latent cancer deaths, such as cancer with other energy sources immediate deaths per unit of energy generated(GWeyr). This study does not include fossil fuel related cancer and other indirect deaths created by the use of fossil fuel consumption in its "severe accident" classification, which would be an accident with more than 5 fatalities.

As of 2012, according to the IAEA, worldwide there were 68 civil nuclear power reactors under construction in 15 countries, approximately 28 of which in the People's Republic of China (PRC), with the most recent nuclear power reactor, as of May 2013, to be connected to the electrical grid, occurring on February 17, 2013, in Hongyanhe Nuclear Power Plant in the PRC. In the United States, two new Generation III reactors are under construction at Vogtle. U.S. nuclear industry officials expect five new reactors to enter service by 2020, all at existing plants. In 2013, four aging, uncompetitive, reactors were permanently closed.

Recent experiments in extraction of uranium use polymer ropes that are coated with a substance that selectively absorbs uranium from seawater. This process could make the considerable volume of uranium dissolved in seawater exploitable for energy production.  Since ongoing geologic processes carry uranium to the sea in amounts comparable to the amount that would be extracted by this process, in a sense the sea-borne uranium becomes a sustainable resource.

Nuclear power is a low carbon power generation method of producing electricity, with an analysis of the literature on its total life cycle emission intensity finding that it is similar to renewable sources in a comparison of greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions per unit of energy generated. Since the 1970s, nuclear fuel has displaced about 64 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent(GtCO2-eq) greenhouse gases, that would have otherwise resulted from the burning of oil, coal or natural gas in fossil-fuel power stations.

Nuclear power phase-out and pull-backs

Japan's 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident, which occurred in a reactor design from the 1960s, prompted a rethink of nuclear safety and nuclear energy policy in many countries. Germany decided to close all its reactors by 2022, and Italy has banned nuclear power. Following Fukushima, in 2011 the International Energy Agency halved its estimate of additional nuclear generating capacity to be built by 2035.

Fukushima
Following the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster – the second worst nuclear incident, that displaced 50,000 households after radioactive material leaked into the air, soil and sea, and with subsequent radiation checks leading to bans on some shipments of vegetables and fish – a global public support survey by Ipsos (2011) for energy sources was published and nuclear fission was found to be the least popular

Fission economics

The economics of new nuclear power plants is a controversial subject, since there are diverging views on this topic, and multibillion-dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source. Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs for building the plant, but low direct fuel costs. In recent years there has been a slowdown of electricity demand growth and financing has become more difficult, which affects large projects such as nuclear reactors, with very large upfront costs and long project cycles which carry a large variety of risks. In Eastern Europe, a number of long-established projects are struggling to find finance, notably Belene in Bulgaria and the additional reactors at Cernavoda in Romania, and some potential backers have pulled out. Where cheap gas is available and its future supply relatively secure, this also poses a major problem for nuclear projects.

Analysis of the economics of nuclear power must take into account who bears the risks of future uncertainties. To date all operating nuclear power plants were developed by state-owned or regulated utility monopolies where many of the risks associated with construction costs, operating performance, fuel price, and other factors were borne by consumers rather than suppliers. Many countries have now liberalized the electricity market where these risks, and the risk of cheaper competitors emerging before capital costs are recovered, are borne by plant suppliers and operators rather than consumers, which leads to a significantly different evaluation of the economics of new nuclear power plants.

Costs
Costs are likely to go up for currently operating and new nuclear power plants, due to increased requirements for on-site spent fuel management and elevated design basis threats. While first of their kind designs, such as the EPRs under construction are behind schedule and over-budget, of the seven South Korean APR-1400s presently under construction worldwide, two are in S.Korea at the Hanul Nuclear Power Plant and four are at the largest nuclear station construction project in the world as of 2016, in the United Arab Emirates at the planned Barakah nuclear power plant. The first reactor, Barakah-1 is 85% completed and on schedule for grid-connection during 2017.
Two of the four EPRs under construction (in Finland and France) are significantly behind schedule and substantially over cost.

Renewable sources

Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from resources which are naturally replenished on a human timescale such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat. Renewable energy replaces conventional fuels in four distinct areas: electricity generation, hot water/space heating, motor fuels, and rural (off-grid) energy services.

About 16% of global final energy consumption presently comes from renewable resources, with 10%  of all energy from traditional biomass, mainly used for heating, and 3.4% from hydroelectricity. New renewables (small hydro, modern biomass, wind, solar, geothermal, and biofuels) account for another 3% and are growing rapidly. At the national level, at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20% of energy supply. National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond. Wind power, for example, is growing at the rate of 30% annually, with a worldwide installed capacity of 282,482 megawatts (MW) at the end of 2012.

Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency is resulting in significant energy security, climate change mitigation, and economic benefits. In international public opinion surveys there is strong support for promoting renewable sources such as solar power and wind power.

While many renewable energy projects are large-scale, renewable technologies are also suited to rural and remote areas and developing countries, where energy is often crucial in human development. United Nations' Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has said that renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity.

Hydroelectricity

Hydroelectricity  is electric power generated by hydropower; the force of falling or flowing water. In 2015 hydropower generated 16.6% of the world's total electricity and 70% of all renewable electricity  and was expected to increase about 3.1% each year for the following 25 years.

Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 721 terawatt-hours of production in 2010, representing around 17 percent of domestic electricity use. There are now three hydroelectricity plants larger than 10 GW: the Three Gorges Dam in China, Itaipu Dam across the Brazil/Paraguay border, and Guri Dam in Venezuela.

The cost of hydroelectricity is relatively low, making it a competitive source of renewable electricity. The average cost of electricity from a hydro plant larger than 10 megawatts is 3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt-hour. Hydro is also a flexible source of electricity since plants can be ramped up and down very quickly to adapt to changing energy demands. However, damming interrupts the flow of rivers and can harm local ecosystems, and building large dams and reservoirs often involves displacing people and wildlife. Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed, the project produces no direct waste, and has a considerably lower output level of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide than fossil fuel powered energy plants.

Wind

Wind power harnesses the power of the wind to propel the blades of wind turbines. These turbines cause the rotation of magnets, which creates electricity. Wind towers are usually built together on wind farms. There are offshore and onshore wind farms. Global wind power capacity has expanded rapidly to 336 GW in June 2014, and wind energy production was around 4% of total worldwide electricity usage, and growing rapidly.

Wind power is widely used in Europe, Asia, and the United States. Several countries have achieved relatively high levels of wind power penetration, such as 21% of stationary electricity production in Denmark, 18% in Portugal, 16% in Spain, 14% in Ireland, and 9% in Germany in 2010. By 2011, at times over 50% of electricity in Germany and Spain came from wind and solar power. As of 2011, 83 countries around the world are using wind power on a commercial basis.

Many of the world's largest onshore wind farms are located in the United States, China, and India. Most of the world's largest offshore wind farms are located in Denmark, Germany and the United Kingdom. The two largest offshore wind farm are currently the 630 MW London Array and Gwynt y Môr.

Solar

Biofuels

A biofuel is a fuel that contains energy from geologically recent carbon fixation. These fuels are produced from living organisms. Examples of this carbon fixation occur in plants and microalgae. These fuels are made by a biomass conversion (biomass refers to recently living organisms, most often referring to plants or plant-derived materials). This biomass can be converted to convenient energy containing substances in three different ways: thermal conversion, chemical conversion, and biochemical conversion. This biomass conversion can result in fuel in solid, liquid, or gas form. This new biomass can be used for biofuels. Biofuels have increased in popularity because of rising oil prices and the need for energy security.

Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermentation, mostly from carbohydrates produced in sugar or starch crops such as corn or sugarcane. Cellulosic biomass, derived from non-food sources, such as trees and grasses, is also being developed as a feedstock for ethanol production. Ethanol can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a gasoline additive to increase octane and improve vehicle emissions. Bioethanol is widely used in the USA and in Brazil. Current plant design does not provide for converting the lignin portion of plant raw materials to fuel components by fermentation.

Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils and animal fats. Biodiesel can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a diesel additive to reduce levels of particulates, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons from diesel-powered vehicles. Biodiesel is produced from oils or fats using transesterification and is the most common biofuel in Europe. However, research is underway on producing renewable fuels from decarboxylation

In 2010, worldwide biofuel production reached 105 billion liters (28 billion gallons US), up 17% from 2009, and biofuels provided 2.7% of the world's fuels for road transport, a contribution largely made up of ethanol and biodiesel. Global ethanol fuel production reached 86 billion liters (23 billion gallons US) in 2010, with the United States and Brazil as the world's top producers, accounting together for 90% of global production. The world's largest biodiesel producer is the European Union, accounting for 53% of all biodiesel production in 2010. As of 2011, mandates for blending biofuels exist in 31 countries at the national level and in 29 states or provinces. The International Energy Agency has a goal for biofuels to meet more than a quarter of world demand for transportation fuels by 2050 to reduce dependence on petroleum and coal.

Geothermal

Geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth. Thermal energy is the energy that determines the temperature of matter. The geothermal energy of the Earth's crust originates from the original formation of the planet (20%) and from radioactive decay of minerals (80%).  The geothermal gradient, which is the difference in temperature between the core of the planet and its surface, drives a continuous conduction of thermal energy in the form of heat from the core to the surface. The adjective geothermal originates from the Greek roots γη (ge), meaning earth, and θερμος (thermos), meaning hot.

Earth's internal heat is thermal energy generated from radioactive decay and continual heat loss from Earth's formation. Temperatures at the core-mantle boundary may reach over 4000 °C (7,200 °F). The high temperature and pressure in Earth's interior cause some rock to melt and solid mantle to behave plastically, resulting in portions of mantle convecting upward since it is lighter than the surrounding rock.  Rock and water is heated in the crust, sometimes up to 370 °C (700 °F).

From hot springs, geothermal energy has been used for bathing since Paleolithic times and for space heating since ancient Roman times, but it is now better known for electricity generation. Worldwide, 11,400 megawatts (MW) of geothermal power is online in 24 countries in 2012.  An additional 28 gigawatts of direct geothermal heating capacity is installed for district heating, space heating, spas, industrial processes, desalination and agricultural applications in 2010.

Geothermal power is cost effective, reliable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly, but has historically been limited to areas near tectonic plate boundaries. Recent technological advances have dramatically expanded the range and size of viable resources, especially for applications such as home heating, opening a potential for widespread exploitation. Geothermal wells release greenhouse gases trapped deep within the earth, but these emissions are much lower per energy unit than those of fossil fuels. As a result, geothermal power has the potential to help mitigate global warming if widely deployed in place of fossil fuels.

The Earth's geothermal resources are theoretically more than adequate to supply humanity's energy needs, but only a very small fraction may be profitably exploited. Drilling and exploration for deep resources is very expensive. Forecasts for the future of geothermal power depend on assumptions about technology, energy prices, subsidies, and interest rates. Pilot programs like EWEB's customer opt in Green Power Program  show that customers would be willing to pay a little more for a renewable energy source like geothermal. But as a result of government assisted research and industry experience, the cost of generating geothermal power has decreased by 25% over the past two decades. In 2001, geothermal energy cost between two and ten US cents per kWh.

Oceanic

Marine energy or marine power (also sometimes referred to as ocean energy, ocean power, or marine and hydrokinetic energy) refers to the energy carried by ocean waves, tides, salinity, and ocean temperature differences. The movement of water in the world's oceans creates a vast store of kinetic energy, or energy in motion. This energy can be harnessed to generate electricity to power homes, transport and industries.

The term marine energy encompasses both wave power i.e. power from surface waves, and tidal power i.e. obtained from the kinetic energy of large bodies of moving water. Offshore wind power is not a form of marine energy, as wind power is derived from the wind, even if the wind turbines are placed over water.
The oceans have a tremendous amount of energy and are close to many if not most concentrated populations. Ocean energy has the potential of providing a substantial amount of new renewable energy around the world.

100% renewable energy

The incentive to use 100% renewable energy, for electricity, transport, or even total primary energy supply globally, has been motivated by global warming and other ecological as well as economic concerns. Renewable energy use has grown much faster than anyone anticipated. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has said that there are few fundamental technological limits to integrating a portfolio of renewable energy technologies to meet most of total global energy demand. At the national level, at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20% of energy supply.  Also, Stephen W. Pacala and Robert H. Socolow have developed a series of "stabilization wedges" that can allow us to maintain our quality of life while avoiding catastrophic climate change, and "renewable energy sources," in aggregate, constitute the largest number of their "wedges."

Mark Z. Jacobson says producing all new energy with wind power, solar power,  and hydropower by 2030 is feasible and existing energy supply arrangements could be replaced by 2050. Barriers to implementing the renewable energy plan are seen to be "primarily social and political, not technological or economic". Jacobson says that energy costs with a wind, solar, water system should be similar to today's energy costs.

Similarly, in the United States, the independent National Research Council has noted that "sufficient domestic renewable resources exist to allow renewable electricity to play a significant role in future electricity generation and thus help confront issues related to climate change, energy security, and the escalation of energy costs ... Renewable energy is an attractive option because renewable resources available in the United States, taken collectively, can supply significantly larger amounts of electricity than the total current or projected domestic demand." .

Critics of the "100% renewable energy" approach include Vaclav Smil and James E. Hansen. Smil and Hansen are concerned about the variable output of solar and wind power, but Amory Lovins argues that the electricity grid can cope, just as it routinely backs up nonworking coal-fired and nuclear plants with working ones.

Google spent $30 million on their "Renewable Energy Cheaper than Coal" project to develop renewable energy and stave off catastrophic climate change. The project was cancelled after concluding that a best-case scenario for rapid advances in renewable energy could only result in emissions 55 percent below the fossil fuel projections for 2050.

Increased energy efficiency

Although increasing the efficiency of energy use is not energy development per se, it may be considered under the topic of energy development since it makes existing energy sources available to do work.

Efficient energy use reduces the amount of energy required to provide products and services. For example, insulating a home allows a building to use less heating and cooling energy to maintain a comfortable temperature. Installing fluorescent lamps or natural skylights reduces the amount of energy required for illumination compared to incandescent light bulbs. Compact fluorescent lights use two-thirds less energy and may last 6 to 10 times longer than incandescent lights.  Improvements in energy efficiency are most often achieved by adopting an efficient technology or production process.

Reducing energy use may save consumers money,  if the energy savings offsets the cost of an energy efficient technology.  Reducing energy use reduces emissions.  According to the International Energy Agency, improved energy efficiency in buildings, industrial processes and transportation could reduce the global energy demand in 2050 to around 8% smaller than today, but serving an economy more than twice as big and a population of about  2  billion more people.

Energy efficiency and renewable energy are said to be the twin pillars of sustainable energy policy. In many countries energy efficiency is also seen to have a national security benefit because it can be used to reduce the level of energy imports from foreign countries and may slow down the rate at which domestic energy resources are depleted.

It's been discovered "that for OECD countries, wind, geothermal, hydro and nuclear have the lowest hazard rates among energy sources in production".

Transmission

While new sources of energy are only rarely discovered or made possible by new technology, distribution technology continually evolves. The use of fuel cells in cars, for example, is an anticipated delivery technology. This section presents the various delivery technologies that have been important to historic energy development. They all rely in way on the energy sources listed in the previous section.

Shipping and pipelines

Coal, petroleum and their derivatives are delivered by boat, rail, or road. Petroleum and natural gas may also be delivered by pipeline, and coal via a Slurry pipeline. Fuels such as gasoline and LPG may also be delivered via aircraft. Natural gas pipelines must maintain a certain minimum pressure to function correctly. The higher costs of ethanol transportation and storage are often prohibitive.

Wired energy transfer

Electricity grids are the networks used to transmit and distribute power from production source to end user, when the two may be hundreds of kilometres away.  Sources include electrical generation plants such as a nuclear reactor, coal burning power plant, etc.  A combination of sub-stations and transmission lines are used to maintain a constant flow of electricity. Grids may suffer from transient blackouts and brownouts, often due to weather damage. During certain extreme space weather events solar wind can interfere with transmissions. Grids also have a predefined carrying capacity or load that cannot safely be exceeded. When power requirements exceed what's available, failures are inevitable. To prevent problems, power is then rationed.

Industrialised countries such as Canada, the US, and Australia are among the highest per capita consumers of electricity in the world, which is possible thanks to a widespread electrical distribution network. The US grid is one of the most advanced, although infrastructure maintenance is becoming a problem. CurrentEnergy provides a realtime overview of the electricity supply and demand for California, Texas, and the Northeast of the US. African countries with small scale electrical grids have a correspondingly low annual per capita usage of electricity. One of the most powerful power grids in the world supplies power to the state of Queensland, Australia.

Wireless energy transfer

Wireless power transfer is a process whereby electrical energy is transmitted from a power source to an electrical load that does not have a built-in power source, without the use of interconnecting wires. Currently available technology is limited to short distances and relatively low power level.

Orbiting solar power collectors would require wireless transmission of power to Earth. The proposed method involves creating a large beam of microwave-frequency radio waves, which would be aimed at a collector antenna site on the Earth. Formidable technical challenges exist to ensure the safety and profitability of such a scheme.

Storage

Energy storage is accomplished by devices or physical media that store energy to perform useful operation at a later time. A device that stores energy is sometimes called an accumulator.

All forms of energy are either potential energy (e.g. Chemical, gravitational, electrical energy, temperature differential, latent heat, etc.) or kinetic energy (e.g. momentum). Some technologies provide only short-term energy storage, and others can be very long-term such as power to gas using hydrogen or methane and the storage of heat or cold between opposing seasons in deep aquifers or bedrock.  A wind-up clock stores potential energy (in this case mechanical, in the spring tension), a battery stores readily convertible chemical energy to operate a mobile phone, and a hydroelectric dam stores energy in a reservoir as gravitational potential energy. Ice storage tanks store ice (thermal energy in the form of latent heat) at night to meet peak demand for cooling. Fossil fuels such as coal and gasoline store ancient energy derived from sunlight by organisms that later died, became buried and over time were then converted into these fuels. Even food (which is made by the same process as fossil fuels) is a form of energy stored in chemical form.

History

Since prehistory, when humanity discovered fire to warm up and roast food, through the Middle Ages in which populations built windmills to grind the wheat, until the modern era in which nations can get electricity splitting the atom. Man has sought endlessly for energy sources.

Except nuclear, geothermal and tidal, all other energy sources are from current solar isolation or from fossil remains of plant and animal life that relied upon sunlight. Ultimately, solar energy itself is the result of the Sun's nuclear fusion. Geothermal power from hot, hardened rock above the magma of the Earth's core is the result of the decay of radioactive materials present beneath the Earth's crust, and nuclear fission relies on man-made fission of heavy radioactive elements in the Earth's crust; in both cases these elements were produced in supernova explosions before the formation of the Solar System.

Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the question of the future of energy supplies has been of interest. In 1865, William Stanley Jevons published The Coal Question in which he saw that the reserves of coal were being depleted and that oil was an ineffective replacement. In 1914, U.S. Bureau of Mines stated that the total production was . In 1956, Geophysicist M. King Hubbert deduces that U.S. oil production would peak between 1965 and 1970 and that oil production will peak "within half a century" on the basis of 1956 data. In 1989, predicted peak by Colin Campbell In 2004, OPEC estimated, with substantial investments, it would nearly double oil output by 2025

Sustainability

The environmental movement has emphasized sustainability of energy use and development. Renewable energy is sustainable in its production; the available supply will not be diminished for the foreseeable future - millions or billions of years.  "Sustainability" also refers to the ability of the environment to cope with waste products, especially air pollution.  Sources which have no direct waste products (such as wind, solar, and hydropower) are brought up on this point. With global demand for energy growing, the need to adopt various energy sources is growing. Energy conservation is an alternative or complementary process to energy development.  It reduces the demand for energy by using it efficiently.

Resilience

Some observers contend that idea of "energy independence" is an unrealistic and opaque concept. The alternative offer of "energy resilience" is a goal aligned with economic, security, and energy realities. The notion of resilience in energy was detailed in the 1982 book Brittle Power: Energy Strategy for National Security. The authors argued that simply switching to domestic energy would not be secure inherently because the true weakness is the often interdependent and vulnerable energy infrastructure of a country. Key aspects such as gas lines and the electrical power grid are often centralized and easily susceptible to disruption. They conclude that a "resilient energy supply" is necessary for both national security and the environment. They recommend a focus on energy efficiency and renewable energy that is decentralized.

In 2008, former Intel Corporation Chairman and CEO Andrew Grove looked to energy resilience, arguing that complete independence is unfeasible given the global market for energy. He describes energy resilience as the ability to adjust to interruptions in the supply of energy. To that end, he suggests the U.S. make greater use of electricity. Electricity can be produced from a variety of sources. A diverse energy supply will be less affected by the disruption in supply of any one source. He reasons that another feature of electrification is that electricity is "sticky" – meaning the electricity produced in the U.S. is to stay there because it cannot be transported overseas.  According to Grove, a key aspect of advancing electrification and energy resilience will be converting the U.S. automotive fleet from gasoline-powered to electric-powered. This, in turn, will require the modernization and expansion of the electrical power grid. As organizations such as The Reform Institute have pointed out, advancements associated with the developing smart grid would facilitate the ability of the grid to absorb vehicles en masse connecting to it to charge their batteries.

Present and future

Extrapolations from current knowledge to the future offer a choice of energy futures. Predictions parallel the Malthusian catastrophe hypothesis. Numerous are complex models based scenarios as pioneered by Limits to Growth. Modeling approaches offer ways to analyze diverse strategies, and hopefully find a road to rapid and sustainable development of humanity. Short term energy crises are also a concern of energy development. Extrapolations lack plausibility, particularly when they predict a continual increase in oil consumption.

Energy production usually requires an energy investment. Drilling for oil or building a wind power plant requires energy. The fossil fuel resources that are left are often increasingly difficult to extract and convert. They may thus require increasingly higher energy investments. If investment is greater than the value of the energy produced by the resource, it is no longer an effective energy source.  These resources are no longer an energy source but may be exploited for value as raw materials.  New technology may lower the energy investment required to extract and convert the resources, although ultimately basic physics sets limits that cannot be exceeded.

Between 1950 and 1984, as the Green Revolution transformed agriculture around the globe, world grain production increased by 250%. The energy for the Green Revolution was provided by fossil fuels in the form of fertilizers (natural gas), pesticides (oil), and hydrocarbon fueled irrigation. The peaking of world hydrocarbon production (peak oil) may lead to significant changes, and require sustainable methods of production. One vision of a sustainable energy future involves all human structures on the earth's surface (i.e., buildings, vehicles and roads) doing artificial photosynthesis (using sunlight to split water as a source of hydrogen and absorbing carbon dioxide to make fertilizer) efficiently than plants.

With contemporary space industry's economic activity and the related private spaceflight, with the manufacturing industries, that go into Earth's orbit or beyond, delivering them to those regions will require further energy development. Researchers have contemplated space-based solar power for collecting solar power for use on Earth. Space-based solar power has been in research since the early 1970s. Space-based solar power would require construction of collector structures in space. The advantage over ground-based solar power is higher intensity of light, and no weather to interrupt power collection.

Energy technology

Energy technology is an interdisciplinary engineering science having to do with the efficient, safe, environmentally friendly, and economical extraction, conversion, transportation, storage, and use of energy, targeted towards yielding high efficiency whilst skirting side effects on humans, nature, and the environment.

For people, energy is an overwhelming need, and as a scarce resource, it has been an underlying cause of political conflicts and wars. The gathering and use of energy resources can be harmful to local ecosystems and may have global outcomes.

Energy is also the capacity to do work. We can get energy from food. Energy can be of different forms such as kinetic, potential, mechanical, heat, light etc. Energy is required for individuals and the whole society for lighting, heating, cooking, running, industries, operating transportation and so forth. Basically there are two types of energy depending on the source s they are;
1.Renewable Energy Sources
2.Non-Renewable Energy Sources

Interdisciplinary fields
As an interdisciplinary science Energy technology is linked with many interdisciplinary fields in sundry, overlapping ways.

 Physics, for thermodynamics and nuclear physics
 Chemistry for fuel, combustion, air pollution, flue gas, battery technology and fuel cells.
 Electrical engineering
 Engineering, often for fluid energy machines such as combustion engines, turbines, pumps and compressors.
 Geography, for geothermal energy and exploration for resources.
 Mining, for petrochemical and fossil fuels.
 Agriculture and forestry, for sources of renewable energy.
 Meteorology for wind and solar energy.
 Water and Waterways, for hydropower.
 Waste management, for environmental impact.
 Transportation, for energy-saving transportation systems.
 Environmental studies, for studying the effect of energy use and production on the environment, nature and climate change.
 (Lighting Technology), for Interior and Exterior Natural as well as Artificial Lighting Design, Installations, and Energy Savings
 (Energy Cost/Benefit Analysis), for Simple Payback and Life Cycle Costing of Energy Efficiency/Conservation Measures Recommended

Electrical engineering

Electric power engineering deals with the production and use of electrical energy, which can entail the study of machines such as generators, electric motors and transformers. Infrastructure involves substations and transformer stations, power lines and electrical cable. Load management and power management over networks have meaningful sway on overall energy efficiency. Electric heating is also widely used and researched.

Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics deals with the fundamental laws of energy conversion and is drawn from theoretical Physics.

Thermal and chemical energy

Thermal and chemical energy are intertwined with chemistry and environmental studies. Combustion has to do with burners and chemical engines of all kinds, grates and incinerators along with their energy efficiency, pollution and operational safety.

Exhaust gas purification technology aims to lessen air pollution through sundry mechanical, thermal and chemical cleaning methods. Emission control technology is a field of process and chemical engineering. Boiler technology deals with the design, construction and operation of steam boilers and turbines (also used in nuclear power generation, see below), drawn from applied mechanics and materials engineering.

Energy conversion has to do with internal combustion engines, turbines, pumps, fans and so on, which are used for transportation, mechanical energy and power generation. High thermal and mechanical loads bring about operational safety worries which are dealt with through many branches of applied engineering science.

Nuclear energy

Nuclear technology deals with nuclear power production from nuclear reactors, along with the processing of nuclear fuel and disposal of radioactive waste, drawing from applied nuclear physics, nuclear chemistry and radiation science.

Nuclear power generation has been politically controversial in many countries for several decades but the electrical energy produced through nuclear fission is of worldwide importance. There are high hopes that fusion technologies will one day replace most fission reactors but this is still a research area of nuclear physics.

Renewable energy

Renewable energy has many branches.

Wind power

Wind turbines convert wind energy into electricity by connecting a spinning rotor to a generator. Wind turbines draw energy from atmospheric currents and are designed using aerodynamics along with knowledge taken from mechanical and electrical engineering. The wind passes across the aerodynamic rotor blades, creating an area of higher pressure and an area of lower pressure on either side of the blade. The forces of lift and drag are formed due to the difference in air pressure. The lift force is stronger than the drag force; therefore the rotor, which is connected to a generator, spins. The energy is then created due to the change from the aerodynamic force to the rotation of the generator.

Being recognized as one of the most efficient renewable energy sources, wind power is becoming more and more relevant and used in the world. Wind power does not use any water in the production of energy making it a good source of energy for areas without much water. Wind energy could also be produced even if the climate changes in line with current predictions, as it relies solely on wind.

Geothermal

Deep within the  Earth, is an extreme heat producing layer of molten rock called magma. The very high temperatures from the magma heats nearby groundwater. There are various technologies that have been developed in order to benefit from such heat, such as using different types of power plants (dry, flash or binary), heat pumps, or wells. These processes of harnessing the heat incorporate an infrastructure which has in one form or another a turbine which is spun by either the hot water or the steam produced by it. The spinning turbine, being connected to a generator, produces energy. A more recent innovation involves the use of shallow closed-loop systems that pump heat to and from structures by taking advantage of the constant temperature of soil around 10 feet deep.

Hydropower

Hydropower draws mechanical energy from rivers, ocean waves and tides. Civil engineering is used to study and build dams, tunnels, waterways and manage coastal resources through hydrology and geology. A low speed water turbine spun by flowing water can power an electrical generator to produce electricity.

Bioenergy

Bioenergy deals with the gathering, processing and use of biomasses grown in biological manufacturing, agriculture and forestry from which power plants can draw burning fuel. Ethanol, methanol (both controversial) or hydrogen for fuel cells can be had from these technologies and used to generate electricity.

Enabling technologies

Heat pumps and Thermal energy storage are classes of technologies that can enable the utilization of renewable energy sources that would otherwise be inaccessible due to a temperature that is too low for utilization or a time lag between when the energy is available and when it is needed. While enhancing the temperature of available renewable thermal energy, heat pumps have the additional property of leveraging electrical power (or in some cases mechanical or thermal power) by using it to extract additional energy from a low quality source (such as seawater, lake water, the ground, the air, or waste heat from a process).

Thermal storage technologies allow heat or cold to be stored for periods of time ranging from hours or overnight to interseasonal, and can involve storage of sensible energy (i.e. by changing the temperature of a medium) or latent energy (i.e. through phase changes of a medium, such between water and slush or ice). Short-term thermal storages can be used for peak-shaving in district heating or electrical distribution systems. Kinds of renewable or alternative energy sources that can be enabled include natural energy (e.g. collected via solar-thermal collectors, or dry cooling towers used to collect winter's cold), waste energy (e.g. from HVAC equipment, industrial processes or power plants), or surplus energy (e.g. as seasonally from hydropower projects or intermittently from wind farms). The Drake Landing Solar Community (Alberta, Canada) is illustrative. borehole thermal energy storage allows the community to get 97% of its year-round heat from solar collectors on the garage roofs, which most of the heat collected in summer. Types of storages for sensible energy include insulated tanks, borehole clusters in substrates ranging from gravel to bedrock, deep aquifers, or shallow lined pits that are insulated on top. Some types of storage are capable of storing heat or cold between opposing seasons (particularly if very large), and some storage applications require inclusion of a heat pump. Latent heat is typically stored in ice tanks or what are called phase-change materials (PCMs).

See also

Worldwide energy supply
Technology
Water-energy nexus

Policy Energy policy, Energy policy of the United States, Energy policy of China, Energy policy of India, Energy policy of the European Union, Energy policy of the United Kingdom, Energy policy of Russia, Energy policy of Brazil, Energy policy of Canada, Energy policy of the Soviet Union, Energy Industry Liberalization and Privatization (Thailand)

General Seasonal thermal energy storage (Interseasonal thermal energy storage), Geomagnetically induced current, Energy harvesting, Timeline of sustainable energy research 2020–present

Feedstock Raw material, Biomaterial, Energy consumption, Materials science, Recycling, Upcycling, Downcycling

Others Thorium-based nuclear power, List of oil pipelines, List of natural gas pipelines, Ocean thermal energy conversion, Growth of photovoltaics

References

Sources
 Armstrong, Robert C., Catherine Wolfram, Robert Gross, Nathan S. Lewis, and M.V. Ramana et al. The Frontiers of Energy, Nature Energy, Vol 1, 11 January 2016.
 Serra, J. "Alternative Fuel Resource Development", Clean and Green Fuels Fund, (2006).
 Bilgen, S. and K. Kaygusuz, Renewable Energy for a Clean and Sustainable Future, Energy Sources 26, 1119 (2004).
 Energy analysis of Power Systems, UIC Nuclear Issues Briefing Paper 57 (2004).

Journals
 Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization and Environmental Effects
 Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning and Policy
 International Journal of Green Energy

External links

Bureau of Land Management 2012 Renewable Energy Priority Projects
Energypedia - a wiki about renewable energies in the context of development cooperation
Hidden Health and Environmental Costs Of Energy Production and Consumption In U.S.
IEA-ECES - International Energy Agency - Energy Conservation through Energy Conservation programme.
IEA HPT TCP - International Energy Agency - Technology Collaboration Programme on Heatpumping Technologies.
IEA-SHC - International Energy Agency - Solar Heating and Cooling programme.
SDH - Solar District Heating Platform. (European Union)

Energy technology
Sustainable technologies
Power station technology
Energy conversion

Energy development


بلدية الديهويلا دي هيرتي ، هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة قصرش والتي تقع في منطقة إكستريمادورا، غرب إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 367 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2002).

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في قصرش
بلديات قصرش

الديهويلا دي هيرتي


Elena Di Girolamo foi uma política argentina. Ela foi eleita para o Senado em 1951 como uma das primeiras mulheres parlamentares na Argentina.

Biografia
Nas eleições legislativas de 1951, Di Girolamo foi candidata pelo Partido Peronista e uma das seis mulheres eleitas para o Senado. Representando Corrientes, foi secretária da Comissão de Obras Públicas e também fez parte da Comissão de Legislação Geral e Assuntos Técnicos.

Mulheres da Argentina na política
Membros do Partido Justicialista
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Mulheres)

Elena Di Girolamo


බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙව් ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායම ටෙස්ට් තරඟ දෙකකට ක්‍රීඩා කිරීම සඳහා 2021 නොවැම්බර් සහ දෙසැම්බර් මාසවල ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සංචාරයක නිරත විය. මුලින් 2022 ඔක්තෝබර් සහ නොවැම්බර් මාසවල ක්‍රීඩා කිරීමට සැලසුම් කර ඇත, පසුව මෙම සංචාරය 2021 අයිසීසී පිරිමි වි20ජා ලෝක කුසලානයෙන් පසුව ක්‍රීඩා කිරීමට ඉදිරියට ගෙන එන ලදී. ටෙස්ට් තරඟ 2021-2023 අයිසීසී ලෝක ටෙස්ට් ශූරතාවයේ කොටසක් විය. ටෙස්ට් තරඟාවලියට පෙර බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙව් කණ්ඩායම කොළඹදී සිව්දින පෙරහුරු තරඟයක් පැවැත්වීමට නියමිතව තිබුණා. කෙසේ වෙතත් වර්ෂාව හේතුවෙන් එකදු පන්දුවක් හෝ නොයවා තරගය අතහැර දැමුණා.

පළමු ටෙස්ට් තරගයේ ජයග්‍රහණය සඳහා බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙව්වන්ට ලකුණු 348ක ඉලක්කයක් හිමිව තිබුණද, සිව්වන දිනය අවසානයේ කඩුලු 6ක් දැවී ලකුණු 52කට සීමා විය. ටෙස්ට් තරගයේ පස්වැනි දිනයේ දිවා විවේකයෙන් පසු පන්දුවට පහරදෙමින් සිටියද බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙව් පිල ලකුණු 160කට දැවී ගිය අතර එම තරගයෙන් ශ්‍රී ලංකාවට ලකුණු 187ක ජයක් හිමිවිය. අවසන් කඩුල්ල බිඳ වැටී මඳ වේලාවකට පසු පිටියට මහ වැස්සක් පතිත විය. දෙවන ටෙස්ට් තරගයේ අවසන් දිනයේ දිවා ආහාරය වන විට කොදෙව්වන් 65/2 ක් ලබා සිටි අතර ජයග්‍රහණය සඳහා තවත් ලකුණු 232 ක් අවශ්‍යව තිබුණි. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ඔවුන්ගේ අවසන් කඩුලු 8 ලකුණු 40කට දැවී ගිය අතර, මුළු ලකුණු 130කට සියලුදෙනා දැවී ගියහ. ශ්‍රී ලංකාව ලකුණු 164කින් තරගය ජය ගනිමින් තරගාවලිය 2-0ක් ලෙස ජය ගත්තේය.

සංචිත

දෙවැනි ටෙස්ට් තරගයට පෙර දුෂ්මන්ත චමීර, අසිත ප්‍රනාන්දු, සුමින්ද ලක්ෂාන්, කමිල් මිෂාර සහ රොෂේන් සිල්වා යන සියලු දෙනාම ශ්‍රී ලංකා තේරීම් කමිටුව විසින් සංචිතයෙන් නිදහස් කර තිබේ.

පුහුණු තරගය

ටෙස්ට් තරගමාලාව
ප්‍රධාන ලිපිය: සෝබර් - තිසේරා කුසලානය

1 වන ටෙස්ට් තරගය

2 වන ටෙස්ට් තරගය

බාහිර සබැඳි

 ESPN Cricinfo හි තරගමාලා පිටුව

යොමු කිරීම්

බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙව් ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායමේ ශ්‍රී ලංකා තරග සංචාරය 2021


Als Bezirk Braunau werden bezeichnet:

 Bezirk Braunau am Inn, politischer Bezirk in Oberösterreich
 Bezirk Braunau (Königreich Böhmen), ehemaliger politischer Bezirk im Königreich Böhmen

Bezirk Braunau


An Microcoelia jonssonii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Dariusz Lucjan Szlachetko ngan Tomasz Sebastian Olszewski. An Microcoelia jonssonii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Microcoelia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Microcoelia

Microcoelia jonssonii


يعد الدماغ البيني  قسمًا من الدماغ الأمامي (الدماغ المقدم الجنيني)، ويقع بين الدماغ الانتهائي والدماغ المتوسط (الدماغ المتوسط الجنيني). يُعرف الدماغ البيني أيضًا باسم الدماغ الوسطي في المؤلفات القديمة. يتكون من بنىً تقع على جانبي البطين الثالث، منها المهاد وتحت المهاد وفوق المهاد والمهاد السفلي.

يعد الدماغ البيني أحد الحويصلات الرئيسية في الدماغ التي تشكلت أثناء التطور الجنيني. خلال الأسبوع الثالث من التطور، يتشكل أنبوب عصبي من الأديم الظاهر، وهو إحدى الطبقات المنتشة الأساسية الثلاث. يشكل الأنبوب ثلاث حويصلات رئيسية خلال الأسبوع الثالث من التطور: وهي الدماغ المقدم والدماغ المتوسط والدماغ الخلفي. ينقسم الدماغ المقدم تدريجيًا إلى الدماغ الانتهائي والدماغ البيني.

البنية
يتكون الدماغ البيني من الهياكل التالية:

 المهاد
 تحت المهاد: ويشمل ذلك الغدة النخامية
 فوق المهاد: ويتألف من:
 النوى المجاورة للبطين الأمامية والخلفية
 النوى العنانية الإنسية والوحشية
 السطر النخاعي المهادي
 الصوار الخلفي
 الغدة الصنوبرية
 تحت المهاد

الاتصالات
يتصل العصب البصري (العصب القحفي الثاني) بالدماغ البيني. يعد العصب البصري عصبًا حسيًا (وارد) مسؤولًا عن الرؤية والبصر. يمتد من العين عبر القناة البصرية في الجمجمة ويتصل بالدماغ البيني. تشتق الشبكية نفسها من القديح البصري، وهو جزء من الدماغ البيني الجنيني.

الوظيفة
يعد الدماغ البيني منطقة الأنبوب العصبي للفقاريات الجنينية التي تؤدي إلى تشكل بنى الدماغ الأمامي منها المهاد وتحت المهاد والجزء الخلفي من الغدة النخامية والغدة الصنوبرية. يحيط الدماغ البيني بتجويف يسمى البطين الثالث. يعمل المهاد مركزًا لنقل النبضات الحسية والحركية بين الحبل الشوكي والنخاع المستطيل والمخ. يتعرف المهاد على النبضات الحسية للحرارة والبرودة والألم والضغط وغير ذلك. تسمى أرضية البطين الثالث منطقة ما تحت المهاد. تقع فيها مراكز تحكم لضبط في حركة العين والاستجابات السمعية.

مراجع

جهاز عصبي
علم الأحياء النمائي الحيواني
مقالات تتضمن نصوصا من الطبعة العشرين لكتاب تشريح جرايز (1918)

دماغ بيني


Crkva sv. Jelene Križarice  je rimokatolička crkva u gradu Zaboku, zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Župna crkva je jednobrodna je građevina s užim i nižim svetištem zaključenim stiješnjenom apsidom te jednokatnom sakristijom prislonjenom uz sjeverni zid svetišta. Glavno pročelje, zaključeno kulisnim zabatom, bogato je raščlanjeno, s istaknutim klasicističkim portalom. Unutrašnjost crkve oslikana je dekorativnim šablonskim ornamentom, karakterističnim za prijelaz iz 19. u 20. stoljeće. Župna crkva Svete Jelene Križarice jedan je od najboljih primjera baroknog klasicizma u Zagorju, a glavni portal je rijedak i izuzetno kvalitetan primjer klasicističkih portala u Hrvatskoj. Smještajem na ponešto povišenom terenu u središtu naselja, crkva je prisutna u svim prilaznim vizurama gradu.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-2498 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravnog statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralna graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Zaštićene sakralne građevine u Krapinsko-zagorskoj županiji
Katoličke crkve u Hrvatskoj
Zabok

Crkva sv. Jelene Križarice u Zaboku


Online Doctor Sri Lanka []

සිංහල භාෂාවෙන් ලියවුන වෛද්‍යය තොරතුරු ඇතුලත් වෙබ් පි‍ටුවකි. විවිධ ලෙඩ රෝග වල හේතු, පර්යේෂණ හා ප්‍රතිකාර ක්‍රමගැන වඩා හොද අවබෝධයක් ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා භාවිතා කල හැකිය.

ඉතිහාසය
මෙය 2013 නොවැම්බර් මස සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වන අඩවියක් වේ.  විශේෂයෙන් සෞඛ්‍යය අධයාපන පුලුල් කිරීම සඳහා කැපවු මෙය ඒ සඳහා විශේෂ දායකත්වයක් දක්වයි.

අරමුණු
ශ්‍රි ලංකාව යනු තොරතුරු තාක්ෂණය අතින් දුර්වල රටකි. මෙයට එක් හේතුවක් වන්නේ සිංහල භාශායෙන් ලියවුන වෙබ් අඩවි අඩු වීමයි. විශේෂයෙන්ම සෞඛ්‍ය තොරතුරු ලබා ගැනෙමට ඇති පි‍ටු ගනන අතලොස්සකි. එබැවින් ශ්‍රී ලාන්කීය ජනතාවගේ සෞඛය වර්ධනය සඳහ සෞඛ්‍ය අධ්‍යාපනය සැපයීම මෙහි අරමුණයි.

Online Doctor Sri Lanka


Gaspard Monge, comte de Péluse (d. 9 Mayıs 1746, Beaune - ö. 28 Temmuz 1818, Paris), Fransız matematikçi. Tasarı geometrisini büyük oranda kendisi kurdu. Metrik sistemin hayata geçirilmesine yardım etti. Soyut matematikte diferansiyel geometrinin babası olarak kabul edilebilir. École Polytechnique' in kurulmasında yer alan kişilerden biri idi.

Kaynakça

1746 doğumlular
Côte-d'Or doğumlular
1818 yılında ölenler
Fransız matematikçiler
Fransız Bilimler Akademisi üyeleri
Panthéon'na defnedilenler
Diferansiyel geometriciler

Gaspard Monge


NGC 6600 (NGC 6599) je lećasta galaktika u zviježđu Herkulu. Naknadno je utvrđeno da je NGC 6599 ista galaktika.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 6600
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 6600 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
   DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 6600 - 6649

6600

NGC 6600


The Wexner Center for the Arts is the Ohio State University's "multidisciplinary, international laboratory for the exploration and advancement of contemporary art."

The Wexner Center is a lab and public gallery, but not an art museum, as it does not collect art. However, when the center was constructed, it replaced the University Gallery of Fine Arts, and assumed possession and stewardship of the University Gallery's permanent collection of roughly 3,000 art works. The collection serves a secondary role in the center's programs in the visual, media and performing arts. The Wexner Center is made available to Ohio State University students and scholars for study, and is open to the public. The Wexner Center opened in November 1989, named in honor of the father of Limited Brands founder Leslie Wexner, who was a major donor to the center.

History
The precursor was the University Gallery of Fine Art which was curated by the university's fine art director. In 1970, under Director Betty Collings' leadership, the gallery began hosting major contemporary artists and acquiring the collection that would become the Wexner Center as a response to student grievances about the Kent State shootings. In the 1980s, Jonathan Green became director and acquired art that expressed activism. The gallery's final exhibit was "AIDS: The Artists' Response" in 1989 prior to the opening of the Wexner Center.

The $43 million Wexner Center, commissioned by Ohio State University, was named after the father of Leslie H. Wexner, chairman of Limited Brands, an Ohio native and Ohio State alumnus who pledged $25 million to the project. Peter Eisenman won the design competition for the Wexner in 1983 over four other, more experienced finalists: Cesar Pelli; Michael Graves; Kallmann McKinnell & Wood; and Arthur Erickson. (Each was paired with a local architect.) Progressive Architecture magazine devoted a whole issue to the building even before it was finished.

The Wexner Center opened on November 17, 1989, and architects like Philip Johnson, Richard Meier and Charles Gwathmey convened in Columbus to mark the building's completion with a public forum on the state of American architecture. The event was hailed by The New York Times as "one of the most eagerly awaited architectural events of the last decade."

During its three-year renovation between 2002 and 2005, the Wexner relocated its galleries in a former coffin factory two miles away, while the performing arts and film programs continued at the center. It typically drew 200,000 to 250,000 visitors a year before the renovation. In November 2005, the Wexner Center reopened.

Architecture

The Wexner Center's , three-story building was designed by architects Peter Eisenman of New York and the late Richard Trott of Columbus with landscape architect Laurie Olin of Philadelphia. It was the first major public building to be designed by Eisenman, previously known primarily as a teacher and theorist. Based on the controversial theory that art should be "challenged" by its environment rather than displayed neutrally, the museum raised Eisenman's profile and he went on to design and build a number of other major projects including the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe in Berlin.

When determining the site, Eisenman and Trott rejected four options from OSU in favor of their own site between Weigel Hall, home of the School of Music, and Mershon Auditorium, a 3,000-seat hall.

The design includes a large, white metal grid meant to suggest scaffolding, to give the building a sense of incompleteness in tune with the architect's deconstructivist tastes. Eisenman also took note of the mismatched street grids of the OSU campus and the city of Columbus, which vary by 12.25 degrees, and designed the Wexner Center to alternate which grids it followed. The result was a building of sometimes questionable functionality, but admitted architectural interest. The center's brick turrets make reference to the Ohio State University Armory and Gymnasium, a castle-like building that occupied the site until 1958.

Included in the Wexner Center space are a film and video theater, a performance space – the Mershon Center stage, which seats 2,500 for dance, music, theater, multimedia productions and lectures –, a film and video post production studio, a bookstore, café, and 12,000 square feet (1,100 m2) of galleries. The galleries are placed linearly in the building space to emphasize progression. The Fine Arts Library was located to the lower level of the building. Devoid of natural light, the architects employed an alternating warm and cool fluorescent lighting to mimic daylight and a grey palate that put the focus on the collection.

In 1993, the Wexner Center installed Maya Lin's large-scale site-specific installation Groundswell. The work reinterprets Eastern and Western landscape forms in shattered tempered glass to fill in three sites of the building's design. That year, the building won the American Institute of Architects' National Honor Award.

The 2005 renovation originally enlisted the help of a local firm, then switched to Arup. In addition to the building envelope, the scope of renovation includes HVAC, lighting, electrical, plumbing, fire protection systems. The renovation works had a minimum impact on the original architectural design while improving environmental, daylight and climate control. With the restoration of the center as a whole, the bookstore, film and video theater, and café sections were all revamped, equipment and layout-wise.

Programs

Exhibitions

Notable exhibitions include: Chris Marker: Silent Movie, Julie Taymor: Playing With Fire, Shirin Neshat: Suite Fantastique, As Painting: Division and Displacement, Mood River, Pier Paolo Calzolari, Part Object Part Sculpture, Twice Untitled and Other Pictures (looking back), Louise Lawler, Chris Marker Staring Back, William Wegman: Funney/Strange, Andy Warhol: Other Voices, Other Rooms, and William Forsythe: Transfigurations.

In 2002, the Wexner staged Mood River, one of the most comprehensive exhibitions of industrial and commercial design staged in America, featuring artwork by Simparch, Tony Cragg, and E.V. Day; designs by Peter Eisenman, Kivi Sotamaa, and Ben van Berkel; and "products" like the Stealth Bomber and the Redman Self-Defense Instructor suits. In 2017, the gallery featured an exhibition by Cindy Sherman. In 2018, the Wexner showcased the works of 16 artists working in contemporary abstraction, including Eric N. Mack, Sam Gilliam and Zachary Armstrong.
In 2019, the Wexner Center kicked off its 30th anniversary year of exhibitions with "HERE: Ann Hamilton, Jenny Holzer, Maya Lin."

The Box, the Wexner Center's dedicated to video and short film work opened in September 2005 and typically offers a new piece every month.

In 2022, admission to the Wexner Center for the Arts's galleries became free for all audiences.

Film/Video Theater
The Wexner Center's Film/Video department is known for screening films that are new and different, rare and classic, or just too edgy for the multiplex. They have a year-round theater program that includes independent films, international cinema, new documentaries, classics, and experimental film. Films are often accompanied by visiting filmmakers discussing their works for the public.

The Film/Video department presents more than 180 films and videos annually in all formats and genres in the center's Film/Video Theater that seats about 300; hosts visiting filmmakers year-round; operates the Film/Video Studio Program (known as the Art & Technology program until 2010), which is an in-kind residency program that offers production and post-production support to filmmakers and video artists; programs The Box, the center's dedicated video exhibition space; and organizes gallery-based exhibitions involving moving image media. The department was given the "Outstanding Organization" Award from NAMAC, the National Alliance for Media Arts and Culture, in 2002.

Performing arts
Creative residency and commissioning projects for artists include: Bill T. Jones, Anne Bogart and the SITI Company, Big Art Group, Ann Hamilton (in collaboration with Meg Stuart and subsequently with Meredith Monk), Improbable Theatre, Bebe Miller, The Builders Association, Akram Khan, Elizabeth Streb, Eiko & Koma, The Wooster Group, Savion Glover, Urban Bush Women, Anthony Davis, Richard Maxwell, da da kamera, Mark Morris, Young Jean Lee's Theater Company, and Kronos Quartet.

Artist awards

The Wexner Prize
Established in 1992, the Wexner Prize recognizes an artist whose work reflects exceptional innovation and the highest standards of artistic quality and integrity.

The prize includes a $50,000 award and an engraved commemorative sculpture designed by Jim Dine in 1991. Programs at the Wexner Center explore the prize recipient's career and thought.

Past winners include film and theater director Peter Brook (1992), choreographer Merce Cunningham and composer John Cage (1993), artist Bruce Nauman (1994), choreographer and filmmaker Yvonne Rainer (1995), filmmaker Martin Scorsese (1996/97), painter Gerhard Richter (1998), sculptor Louise Bourgeois (1999), artist Robert Rauschenberg (2000), architect Renzo Piano (2001), choreographer William Forsythe (2002), designer Issey Miyake (2004), choreographer Bill T. Jones (2005), and filmmaker Spike Lee (2008).

Artist residencies
Residencies at the Wexner Center offer support to artists and often provide opportunities for interaction with the Ohio State community and the public at large. They are an essential part of the Wex's mandate to be a creative research laboratory for all the arts.

Wexner Center Residency Awards are their most substantial and high-profile residencies. They are given annually in the main program areas—performing arts, media arts (film/video), and visual arts—with some projects extending over two or more years.

Other artists participating in exhibitions and performances also may receive commissions and often engage in residency activities—workshops, master classes, and discussion sessions with students or the community—during their time at the center. In addition, each year about 20 visiting filmmakers and video artists from around the world are invited to work in residence in the Film/Video Studio Program.

Wexner Center Residency Award recipients include:

Performing arts:
 Young Jean Lee's Theater Company
 The Builders Association
 da da kamera
 Twyla Tharp
 Elizabeth Streb/Ringside
 Mark Morris Dance Group
 The Wooster Group
 Anne Bogart/SITI Company (multiple)
 Improbable (multiple)
 Bill T. Jones
 Ann Carlson
 Amanda Miller/Pretty Ugly Dance Company
 Michael Curry, G.W. Mercier, Donald Holder, Molly Anderson (all collaborators with Julie Taymor)
 William Forsythe,

Visual arts:
 Kerry James Marshall
 Zoe Leonard
 Josiah McElheny
 Maya Lin
 Ann Hamilton
 Barbara Kruger
 Lorna Simpson
 Barbara Bloom
 Alexis Smith
 Shirin Neshat
 Lee Mingwei
 Greg Lynn and Fabian Marcaccio
 Sarah Oppenheimer
 Hussein Chalayan
 Terry Allen
 Softworlds

Media arts:
 Guy Maddin
 Jennifer Reeder
 April Martin
 Yvonne Rainer
 Jennifer Reeves
 Deborah Stratman,
 Phil Collins
 Tom Kalin
 Judith Barry
 Todd Haynes
 Julie Dash
 Isaac Julien,
 Tacita Dean
 Miranda July
 Cheryl Dunn
 Rineke Dijkstra
 Sadie Benning
 William Wegman,
 Sowon Kwon, Steven Bognar
 Helen DeMichiel
 Iñigo Manglano-Ovalle
 Tom Poole
 Robert and Donald Kinney
 Steve Fagin,
 Daniel Minahan
 Chris Marker
 Paper Tiger Television.

In popular media
Portions of the Jodie Foster-directed film Little Man Tate were shot at the Wexner Center in 1991.

Unionization Effort
On March 4, 2022, staff at the Wexner Center for the Arts announced their intent to form a union with the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME). Organizing under the name Wex Workers United, staff cited "long-standing issues at the Wex and Ohio State, including pay equity and working culture" and said that the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated these problems. Wex Workers United has sought formal voluntary recognition of the union from leadership at the Ohio State University and the Wexner Center for the Arts.

Management

Operations
As of 2021, the Wexner Center had a staff of 70 and budget of $12 million.

Directors
 Jonathan Green
 Robert Stearns
 1993–2019: Sherri Geldin
 2018–2021: Johanna Burton
 2021–2022: Megan Cavanaugh and Kelly Stevelt, co-interim executive directors
 2022–present: Gaëtane Verna

In August 2021, it was announced that Burton would be leaving Wexner in November 2021 to become executive director of MOCA Los Angeles.

References

External links

 Wexner Center official website
 Building Record of the Wexner Center in the John H. Herrick Archives. Includes statistics, timeline.
 Finding aid for the Wexner Center for the Visual Arts project, Peter Eisenman fonds, Canadian Centre for Architecture (digitized items)

Museums in Columbus, Ohio
Arts centers in Ohio
Buildings and structures completed in 1989
Deconstructivism
National Performance Network Partners
Modern art museums in the United States
Art museums and galleries in Ohio
Contemporary art galleries in the United States
Event venues established in 1989
Art galleries established in 1989
1989 establishments in Ohio
Peter Eisenman buildings and structures
University District (Columbus, Ohio)
Ohio State University buildings
University and college arts centers in the United States
Les Wexner

Wexner Center for the Arts


Aydınkavak, Türkoğlu - Kahramanmaraş ili Türkoğlu ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Aydınkavak, Kağızman - Kars ili Kağızman ilçesine bağlı köy

Aydınkavak


Sultan IV. Muhammed Stadyumu Malezya'nın Kota Bharu şehrinde 1957 yılında çok amaçlı olarak inşa edilen bir stadyum.

Çoğunlukla futbol müsabakalarının yapıldığı Sultan IV. Muhammed Stadyumu, 30.000  seyirci kapasitelidir.

Malezya'daki stadyumlar
Kota Bharu

Sultan IV. Muhammed Stadyumu


Hitlers fødselsdag 20. april 1939 er en film med ukendt instruktør.

Handling
Denne Ufa-ugerevy blev første gang vist for offentligheden den 25. april 1939 - 5 dage efter Hitlers 50 års fødselsdag. Filmens historiske sagkyndige, dr. Fritz Terveen: "I anledning af Hitlers 50 års fødselsdag den 20. april 1939 skulle det tyske folk have en udførlig beretning om højtidelighederne, der fandt sted i Berlin. Til dette formål blev der givet befaling til en "storindsats" fra ugerevyens side. Forberedelsen til optagelserne lå, således som det var blevet almindeligt ved alle offentlige stats- og partiforanstaltninger i det tredje rige, i hænderne på en særlig teknisk arbejdsgruppe, der stod under rigspropagandaministeren."

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1939

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Propagandafilm fra Danmark

Hitlers 50. Geburtstag


Joan Francés Fulconis (Leusola - hoy Isola - Condado de Niza, hacia 1520) fue un matemático nizardo del  autor de un tratado de aritmética titulado La Cisterna Fulcronica imprimido en Lyon en 1562 y escrito en occitano (en su dialecto nizardo, que su autor designa como provenzal).

La Cisterna fue editada y estudiada por Roger Rocca y Rémy Gastiglia. El autor explica haber nacido en Leusola y residir en Niza. Su obra es un tratado práctico destinado a los comerciantes. Se inspira en los autores griegos y árabes y también en Lo Compendion de l'Abaco de Francés Pellos (tratado, teórico este, de aritmética y primer libro imprimido en occitano, también en nizardo - 1492) del cual saca algunos ejemplos numéricos idénticos, pero sin mencionarlo explícitamente. La Cisterna, con sus ejemplos muy concretos, es un testimonio de la vida cotidiana y de la economía de la época.

Edición
 Fulconis, Jouan-Francés. La cisterna fulconicra. Niça : Lou Sourgentin, 1996.

Escritores en occitano del siglo XVI

Joan Francés Fulcònis


"Superstar" (Pede B sang), fra 2008
 "Superstar" (Christine Milton sang), 2003, sangen blev senere udgivet af Jamelia
 "Superstar" (Delaney og Bonnie sang), 1969,
 "Superstar" (Ice Prince sang), 2011
 "Superstar" (Jade MacRae sang), 2005
 "Superstar" (Jesus Christ Superstar sang), 1970
 "Superstar" (Lupe Fiasco sang), 2007
 "Superstar" (Madonna sang), 2012
 "Superstar", af Saliva fra Every Six Seconds, 2001
 "Superstar" (Toy-Box sang), 2001
 "Superstar" (TVXQ sang), 2011
 "Superstar (Remember How You Got Where You Are)", af The Temptations, 1971
 "Superstars" (sang), af David Fonseca, 2007
 "Superstar", af Böhse Onkelz, fra Adios, 2004
 "Superstar", af Geri Halliwell, fra Passion, 2005
 "Superstar", af Ja Rule fra Pain Is Love 2, 2012
 "Superstar", af Lisa fra albummet Juicy Music, 2003
 "Superstar", af RuPaul fra Glamazon, 2011
 "SuperStar", af Taylor Swift fra Fearless, 2009
 "(Rock) Superstar", af Cypress Hill, udgivet med en B-side kaldet "(Rap) Superstar", almindeligvis kaldet "Superstar", uanset versionen, 2000
 "Süper Star (Sibel Tüzün sang)", Tyrkiets sang til det internationale Melodi Grand Prix i 2006
 "Super Star", koreansk sang ag Kwon Ji Yong
 "Super Star", kinesisk sang af S.H.E. fra Super Star (S.H.E album)

Superstar


චන්ද්‍රකාන්තා යනු ඉදිරියේ දී විකාශය වීමට නියමිත ඉන්දියානු රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලාවකි. මෙය කලර්ස් ටීවී නාළිකාව ඔස්සේ විකාශය වනු ඇත. මෙම අධිස්වාභාවික ෆැන්ටසි ත්‍රාසකය මගින් චන්ද්‍රකාන්තා කුමරියගේ කථා පුවත නිරූපණය වේ. මෙම වැඩසටහන නිෂ්පාදනය කොට ඇත්තේ ඒක්තා කපූර් විසින් බාලාජි ටෙලිෆිල්ම්ස් සන්නාමය යටතේ ය. මෙම කතාමාලාව මගින් කලර්ස්හි නාගින් 2 විස්ථාපනය කෙරෙනු ඇත. කතාමාලාවේ ප්‍රධාන චරිත නිරූපණය කරන්නේ මධුරිමා ටුලි, ඌර්වෂි ධෝලාකියා සහ විශාල් ආදිත්‍ය සිං විසිනි. චන්ද්‍රකාන්තා විකාශය ඇරඹීමට නියමිතව ඇත්තේ 2017 ජූනි 24 දින ය.

කථාපුවත
විජයගාර් රාජධානියේ කුමරියක බව ලාබාල චන්ද්‍රකාන්තාට ඇගේ පවුල සහ රාජධානිය අහිමි වන්නේ නෞගාර්හි බල ලෝභී දුෂ්ට රැජිනිය වන ඓරාවතී විසින් අරඹන යුද්ධය හේතුවෙනි. ඇගේ මව වන රත්නප්‍රභා රැජින මියයාමට ප්‍රථම දිය දියණියව ආරක්ෂාව පතා ඇගේ සුරතලා වූ මායා ඩොල්ෆින්ට භාර කරයි. සූර්යගාර් රාජධානියේ දරුවන් නොවූ සාමාන්‍ය අයියාර් යුවලකට මෙම දරුවාව හමුවෙයි. ඔවුහු කුමරියව හදාවඩා ගන්නා අතර, කුමරියට කිසිවක් මතක නැත. තමන්ට හිමි මායා බලයන් සහ ඉරණම පිළිබඳ නොදත් චන්ද්‍රකාන්තා අතිශයින් දක්ෂ, රූමත් සහ භයානක අයියාරා රණකාමියක බවට පත්වේ. ලෝකයා විශ්වාස කරන්නේ විජයගාර් රාජධානියේ උරුමකරු මියගොස් ඇති බවයි. චන්ද්‍රකාන්තාට ද ඇගේ සැබෑ අනන්‍යතාව පිළිබඳ ඇත්තේ අල්ප වූ මතකයකි. වසර 21කට පසු, දෛවය විසින් චන්ද්‍රකාන්තා සහ නෞගාර්හි වීරේන්ද්‍ර කුමරුන් මුහුණට මුහුණ මුණගස්වයි. ඔවුහු දෙදෙනා සත්‍යයන් ද්විත්වයක් නොදනිති. එනම් ඔවුන් දෙදෙනාව බිළිඳු වියේම විවාහ ගිවිසවා ඇති බවත්, කුමරුන්ගේ මව චන්ද්‍රකාන්තාගේ දිවිය අඳුරු කිරීමට හේතුවූ බවත් ය. මේ අතර, වීර් ඇය දක්ෂ රණකාමියකු වීම නිසා පමණක් නොව ඇගේ රූමත්භාවය සහ ජීවීභාවයට ද ආකර්ෂණය වේ....

චරිත නිරූපණය
මධුරිමා ටුලි, චන්ද්‍රකාන්තා කුමරිය ලෙස
විශාල් ආදිත්‍ය සිං, වීරේන්ද්‍ර කෲර් කුමරු ලෙස
ඌර්වෂි ධෝලාකියා, ඓරාවතී රැජින ලෙස

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

2017 ඉන්දියානු රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලා ඇරඹීම්
කලර්ස් (රූපවාහිනී නාළිකාව) කතාමාලා
රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලා

චන්ද්‍රකාන්තා (2017 රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලාව)


جون سنغر سارغنت  (12 يناير 1856 في فلورنسا - 15 أبريل 1925 في لندن) فنان أمريكي مغترب، ويعتبر رسام بورتريه رائد في جيله. رسم نحو 900 لوحة زيتية وأكثر من 2000 لوحة مائية، بالإضافة إلى عدد لا يحصى من الرسومات بالفحم. توثق أعماله السفر في جميع أنحاء العالم، من البندقية إلى تيرول وكورفو والشرق الأوسط ومونتانا وماين وفلوريدا.

وُلد في فلورنسا لأبوين أمريكيين، وتلقى تدريبه في باريس قبل أن ينتقل إلى لندن، وعاش معظم حياته في أوروبا. تمتع بشهرة عالمية كرسام بورتريه. كان عرض لوحته في صالون باريس في الثمانينيات من القرن التاسع عشر، وهو بورتريه مدام إكس، يهدف إلى تعزيز موقعه كرسام مجتمع في باريس، ولكنه أدى بدلًا من ذلك إلى فضيحة. خلال العام التالي بعد الفضيحة، غادر إلى إنجلترا حيث واصل مسيرته المهنية الناجحة كفنان بورتريه.

منذ البداية، اتسم عمل سارغنت بقدرة فنية رائعة، لا سيما في قدرته على الرسم بالفرشاة، والتي أثارت في السنوات اللاحقة الإعجاب وكذلك النقد. أظهرت لوحات المناظر الطبيعية التي رسمها إلمامًا بالانطباعية. لاحقًا في حياته، أعرب سارغنت عن تناقض فيما يتعلق بالقيود المفروضة على العمل الشخصي الرسمي، وكرس الكثير من طاقته للرسم الجداري والعمل في الهواء الطلق. تجاهل مؤرخو الفن عمومًا فناني المجتمع مثل سارغنت حتى أواخر القرن العشرين.

حياته المبكرة
سارغنت هو سليل إبيس سارغنت القائد العسكري الاستعماري والفيلسوف. قبل ولادة جون سينغر سارغنت، كان والده، فيتزويليام (مواليد 1820 غلوستر، ماساتشوستس)، جراح عيون في مستشفى ويلز للعيون في فيلادلفيا 1844-1854. بعد وفاة أخت جون الكبرى عن عمر يناهز الثانية، تعرضت والدته ماري نيوبولد سينغر (1826–1906)، للانهيار، وقرر الزوجان السفر للخارج للتعافي. ظلوا مغتربين لبقية حياتهم. على الرغم من وجودهما في باريس، إلا أن والدا سارغنت كانا ينتقلان بانتظام إلى البحر والمنتجعات الجبلية في فرنسا وألمانيا وإيطاليا وسويسرا.

بينما كانت ماري حامل، توقفوا في فلورنسا، توسكانا، بسبب وباء الكوليرا. وُلد سارغنت هناك عام 1856. وبعد عام ولدت أخته ماري. بعد ولادتها، استقال فيتزويليام على مضض من منصبه في فيلادلفيا وقبل طلب زوجته بالبقاء في الخارج. كانوا يعيشون بشكل متواضع على ميراث ومدخرات صغيرة ويعيشون حياة هادئة مع أطفالهم. لقد تجنبوا عمومًا المجتمع والأمريكيين الآخرين باستثناء الأصدقاء في عالم الفن. وُلد أربعة أطفال آخرين في الخارج.

على الرغم من أن والده كان مدرسًا صبورًا للمواد الأساسية، إلا أن سارغنت الصغير كان طفلًا مشاغبًا، وكان مهتمًا بالأنشطة الخارجية أكثر من دراسته. كما كتب والده في المنزل، إنه مراقب عن كثب للطبيعة المتحركة. كانت والدته مقتنعة بأن السفر في جميع أنحاء أوروبا، وزيارة المتاحف والكنائس، من شأنه أن يمنح الشاب سارغنت تعليمًا مرضيًا. فشلت عدة محاولات لجعله يدرس رسميًا، ويرجع ذلك في الغالب إلى حياتهم المتنقلة. كانت والدته فنانة هاوية بارعة وكان والده رسامًا طبيًا ماهرًا. في وقت مبكر، أعطته كراسات الرسم وشجعته على رسم الرحلات. عمل سارغنت على رسوماته، وقام بنسخ الصور بحماس من رسم مخططات تفصيلية للمناظر الطبيعية. كان فيتزويليام يأمل أن يؤدي اهتمام ابنه بالسفن والبحر إلى مهنة بحرية.

في الثالثة عشرة من عمره، ذكرت والدته أن جون كان يرسم بشكل جيد للغاية، وقالت: إذا استطعنا تحمل نفقة إعطائه دروسًا جيدة حقًا، فسيصبح قريبًا فنانًا صغيرًا. في الثالثة عشر، تلقى بعض دروس الرسم بالألوان المائية من كارل ويلش، رسام المناظر الطبيعية الألماني. على الرغم من أن تعليمه كان بعيدًا عن الاكتمال، نشأ سارغنت ليصبح شابًا متعلمًا وعالميًا، بارعًا في الفن والموسيقى والأدب. كان يجيد اللغة الإنجليزية والفرنسية والإيطالية والألمانية. في السابعة عشرة، وُصف سارغنت بأنه متعمد، فضولي، حازم وقوي (مثل والدته) لكنه خجول، كريم، ومتواضع (مثل والده). كان على دراية جيدة بالعديد من الأساتذة العظماء من خلال الملاحظة المباشرة، كما كتب في عام 1874: لقد تعلمت في البندقية الإعجاب بتينتوريتو بشكل كبير وأن أعتبره ربما في المرتبة الثانية بعد مايكل أنجلو وتيتيان.

مهنته المبكرة
في عام 1879، في سن الثالثة والعشرين، رسم سارغنت صورة للمعلم كارولوس دوران؛ قوبل الجهد المبدع بموافقة الجمهور وأعلن الاتجاه الذي سيتخذه عمله الناضج. كان عرضه في صالون باريس تكريمًا لمعلمه وإعلانًا عن لجان البورتريه.

بعد مغادرة مشغل كارولوس دوران، زار سارغنت إسبانيا. هناك درس لوحات فيلاسكيز بشغف، وفي أسفاره جمع الأفكار للأعمال المستقبلية. كان مغرمًا بالموسيقى والرقص الإسباني. أعادت الرحلة أيضًا إيقاظ موهبته الخاصة في الموسيقى. استمرت الموسيقى في لعب دور رئيسي في حياته الاجتماعية أيضًا، حيث كان مرافقًا ماهرًا لكل من الموسيقيين الهواة والمحترفين. أصبح سارغنت مدافعًا قويًا عن الملحنين المعاصرين، وخاصة غابرييل فوري. قدمت الرحلات إلى إيطاليا رسومًا تخطيطية وأفكارًا للعديد من لوحات المناظر الطبيعية لشوارع البندقية، والتي التقطت بشكل فعال الإيماءات والمواقف التي وجدها مفيدة في فن البورتريه لاحقًا.

عند عودته إلى باريس، سرعان ما تلقى سارغنت عدة عروض للعمل. انطلقت مسيرته المهنية. أظهر على الفور التركيز والقدرة على التحمل اللذين مكّناه من الرسم بثبات على مدار الخمسة وعشرين عامًا القادمة. جعلت منه أخلاقه الرفيعة، والفرنسية المثالية، ومهاراته العظيمة مكانة بارزة بين رسامي البورتريه الجدد، وسرعان ما انتشرت شهرته.

العلاقات والحياة الشخصية
كان سارغنت عازبًا طوال حياته مع وجود مجموعة واسعة من الأصدقاء بما في ذلك الرجال والنساء على حد سواء مثل أوسكار وايلد (الذي كان جاره لعدة سنوات)، والمؤلفة فيوليت باجيت، وعشيقه المحتمل ألبرت دي بيلروش. صوّره كتاب السيرة ذات مرة على أنه رزين ومتحفظ. ومع ذلك، فقد تكهّنت دراسة حديثة بأنه كان رجلًا مثليًا، إذ كرّس وقتًا كبيرًا لتقديم دراسات شخصية لذكور عراة. يعتمد هذا الرأي على تصريحات أصدقائه، والبعد العام الجذاب لصوره، والطريقة التي تتحدى أعماله مفاهيم القرن التاسع عشر للاختلاف بين الجنسين، وبعض صور الرجال العراة، بما في ذلك تلك توماس إي مكيلر، بارثولومي ماجانوسكو، أوليمبيو فوسكو، والفنان الأرستقراطي ألبرت دي بيلروش، التي جرى تعليقها في غرفة طعام تشيلسي. كان لسارغنت صداقة طويلة مع بيلروش، الذي التقى به عام 1882 وسافر معه كثيرًا. قد يلمح الرسم الباقي على نحو تأملي إلى أن سارغنت ربما استخدمه كنموذج لمدام إكس.

حياته اللاحقة
في عام 1922 شارك سارغنت في تأسيس معارض الفنون المركزية الكبرى في مدينة نيويورك مع إدموند غريسين ووالتر لايتون كلارك وآخرين. شارك سارغنت بنشاط في معارض غراند سنترال للفنون، مدرسة غراند سنترال للفنون، حتى وفاته في عام 1925.

أقيمت المعارض التذكارية لأعمال سارغنت في بوسطن عام 1925، في متحف متروبوليتان للفنون في نيويورك وفي الأكاديمية الملكية ومعرض تيت في لندن عام 1926. نظمت معارض غراند سنترال الفنية أيضًا معرضًا بعد وفاته في عام 1928.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص من فلورنسا
أكاديميون ملكيون
أمريكيون تخرجوا في المدرسة الوطنية العليا للفنون الجميلة (فرنسا)
أمريكيون مهاجرون إلى إنجلترا
العصر المذهب
إيطاليون من أصل أمريكي
إيطاليون مهاجرون إلى المملكة المتحدة
بريطانيون متجنسون
حاصلون على وسام الاستحقاق (فئة مدنية)
رجال ثنائيو الميول الجنسية
رسامو بورتريه أمريكيون
رسامون أمريكيون
رسامون أمريكيون في القرن 19
رسامون أمريكيون في القرن 20
رسامون مائيون أمريكيون
رسامون من فلورنسا
فنانو بورتريه
فنانو حرب أمريكيون
فنانون ذكور في القرن 19
فنانون مثليون من الولايات المتحدة
فنانون من مكتبة بوسطن العامة
مدفونون في مقبرة بروكوود
مغتربون أمريكيون في فرنسا
مواليد 1856
مواليد في فلورنسا
وفيات 1925
وفيات في لندن

جون سنغر سارغنت


An Thelymitra spiralis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni John Lindley, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Ferdinand von Mueller. An Thelymitra spiralis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Thelymitra, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Thelymitra

Thelymitra spiralis


Otto František Babler (), cu numele inițial Otto Franjo Babler, a fost un traducător, scriitor, poet, istoric literar, bibliotecar, jurnalist cultural și poliglot ceh.

Biografie
Tatăl său provenea dintr-o familie german-slovenă, iar mama sa era cehă. Babler a urmat cursurile unor școli publice din Prijedor și Sarajevo, apoi a studiat la Gimnaziul real sârbo-croat din Sarajevo. În anul 1915 a sosit ca refugiat de război în Boemia, împreună cu mama sa, și a absolvit în anul 1919 studiile secundare la Gimnaziul real german din Olomouc.

În anul 1928 s-a căsătorit și s-a stabilit la Samotišek lângă Olomouc, iar piața centrală a localității îi poartă numele în prezent.

Este unul dintre cei mai prolifici traducători cehi, fiind autorul a aproximativ 4 000 de traduceri. A efectuat traduceri în limba cehă din limbile slovenă, sârbocroată, bulgară, rusă, germană, engleză, franceză și italiană și din engleză în germană și engleză. În centrul atenției sale s-au aflat creațiile spiritualiste, religioase și folclorice. În anii 1926–1946 a publicat ediția Hlasy, în care au fost publicate traduceri din scrierile lui Rilke, Blake, Claudel, Buber și alții.

În perioada 1935-1948 a fost bibliotecar al Camerei de Comerț din Olomouc, apoi în anii 1948-1956 a fost bibliotecar al Bibliotecii Universitare. În plus, în perioada 1946-1956 a predat cursuri de sârbo-croată la Universitatea din Olomouc. Începând din 1956 a trăit ca scriitor liber-profesionist. Capodopera lui Babler este traducerea Divinei Comedii a lui Dante, realizată în colaborare cu Jan Zahradníček. Foarte apreciată este și traducerea în limba germană a poemului romantic "Máj" al lui Karel Hynek Mácha.

Opera

Scrieri proprii
 Jak jsem překládal Havrana, 1931

Traduceri

din germană
 Abraham a Sancta Clara: Výrobce papíru (výbor ze sbírky kázání Etwas für Alle; Mor. Ostrava, Otto F. Babler, R. Michalik, Antonín J. Schmidt a synové, Pokorný a spol., 1931)
 Immanuel Kant: O svazu národů (1924)
 Christoph Martin Wieland: Kámen mudrců (1927)
 Achim von Arnim: Devět balad (ze sb. Des Knaben Wunderhorn – Chlapcův kouzelný roh)
 Martin Buber: Chasidské povídky (1937)
 Daniel von Czepko, Angelus Silesius: Průpovědi poutníků cherubínských (1938)
 Angelus Silesius: Poutník cherubínský (1941)

din engleză
 William Shakespeare: Král Lear
 William Blake: Snoubení nebe s peklem (1931)
 Edgar Allan Poe: Havran (Corbul, 1930)
 Sinclair Lewis: Mantrap (1931)

din francezi
 Gustav Flaubert: Legenda o sv. Juliánu Pohostinném (1927)
 Pověsti sladké Francie

din franceza veche
 Kejklíř matky Boží: Starofrancouzská legenda (1924)

din italiană
 Giovanni Boccaccio: Život Dantův
 František z Assisi: Píseň bratra Slunce (Il Cantico di Frate Sole, 1936)
 Dante Alighieri: Božská komedie (1952, împreună cu Jan Zahradníček)

din sârbo-croată
 Travnická kronika (1958)

din latină
 Ve svátek svatého Cyrila a Metoděje (In festo SS. Cyrilli et Methodii, 1937, cu ilustrații de Vojmír Vokolek)

din alte limbi
 Legendy ukrajinské
 Srbské legendy
 Ethiopské legendy
 Jeníček usmrkanec: Bretoňská národní píseň (il. Josef Váchal, Praga 1929)
 Marie po poli kráčela... sbírka lidové mystiky (1927)
 Estonské hádanky. Venkov 31, 1936, 102, s. 12.
 Estonské národní hádanky. Venkov 21, 1926, 73. s. 8.
 Finské národní hádanky. Venkov 24, 1929, 216, s. 9.

traduceri din cehă în germană
 Josef Čapek: Geschichten vom Hündchen und vom Kätzchen (O pejskovi a kočičce, 1958)
 Karel Hynek Mácha: Máj

traduceri din cehă în engleză
 Jaroslav Seifert: Old Women (Staré ženy, 1935)

Referințe

Bibliografie

Legături externe
 Medailon na stránkách Obce překladatelů s podrobným seznamem překladů
 Slovník českých knihovníků
 Článek k výročí úmrtí O. F. Bablera
 Bablerův překlad Božské komedie

Nașteri în 1901
Decese în 1984
Poligloți
Scriitori romano-catolici
Traducători cehi

Otto František Babler


Jarl af Shrewsbury er en adelig engelsk jarltitel, der første gang blev oprettet i 1074, og senere igen i 1442.

Blandt kendte jarler af Shrewsbury er:

John Talbot, 1. jarl af Shrewsbury, ved oprettelsen i 1442.
George Talbot, 6. jarl af Shrewsbury
Charles Talbot, 12. jarl af Shrewsbury, 1. hertug af Shrewsbury

Se også
Lord Edmund Talbot

Adelige titler

Jarl af Shrewsbury


Zacualpan steht für folgende Orte in Mexiko:

 Zacualpan (Colima)
 Zacualpan (Guerrero)
 Zacualpan (México)
 Zacualpan (Nayarit)
 Zacualpan (Veracruz)
 Zacualpan de Amilpas, Morelos
 San Jerónimo Zacualpan, Tlaxcala

Siehe auch:
 Municipio Zacualpan

Zacualpan


3000 meter forhindringsløb for damer under Sommer-OL 2020 fandt sted den 1. august og 4. august 2021 på Japan National Stadium. 41 atlete deltog.

Medaljefordeling

Turneringsformat
Der er kvalificeret 45 løbere til konkurrencen, der bliver afviklet med 3 indledende heats og finalen. Efter de indledende heats går de fire bedste fra hvert heat og de tre bedste tider direkte til finalen, hvor medaljerne bliver fordelt.

Tidsplan
Nedenstående tabel viser tidsplanen for afvikling af konkurrencen:

Resultater

Runde 1
Kvalifikationsregel: Første 3 I hvert heat (Q) og de næste 6 hurtigste (q) avancerer til finalen.

Heat 1

Heat 2

Heat 3

Finale

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 https://tokyo2020.org/en/games/sport/olympic/athletics/
 https://www.iaaf.org/home

3000 meter forhindringsløb (damer)

Atletik under sommer-OL 2020 - 3000 meter forhindringsløb (damer)


Abrams Battle Tank is a video game developed by Dynamix and published by Electronic Arts in 1988 for MS-DOS. Designed by Damon Slye, the game is a 3D vehicle simulation of the M1 Abrams tank. The 1991 Sega Genesis port by Realtime Games Software was renamed to M-1 Abrams Battle Tank.

Gameplay
Although the simulation depicts the four crew positions, and is advertised as a simulation, gameplay is not actually very realistic; the missions are arcade game-like with a fixed sequence of actions to perform. The graphics were very good for their time, but reviews are mixed, with many players enjoying the "fun factor" introduced by the lack of realism, and others decrying it for the same reason.

Ports

The port from MS-DOS to Genesis was performed by Realtime Games Software in the UK using their own 3D engine that was earlier used in Carrier Command with some tweaks to adapt it to the Genesis and the needs of the tank scenario.

Reception
In 1989, Dragon gave the MS-DOS version of the game 3 out of 5 stars. Computer Gaming World gave the game two and a half stars out of five, stating that Abrams Battle Tank was a good game but a poor simulation. The magazine cited the commanding officer's briefings, at one point threatening failure with execution, as unprofessional and offensive to military personnel. In a 1994 survey of wargames the magazine gave the title two out of five stars, stating that newer games had superseded it and criticizing the simulation of a single tank instead of a company or squad. Compute! agreed that the game was not very realistic, but advised players to "accept the game as a graphically excellent, tactically complex simulation".

In 1994, PC Gamer US named Abrams Battle Tank the 50th best computer game ever.

Reviews
Games-X (Jun 27, 1991)
Raze (Oct, 1991)
Computer and Video Games (Aug, 1991)
The One (Jul, 1989)
ACE (Advanced Computer Entertainment) (Jul, 1989)
ASM (Aktueller Software Markt) (Jul, 1989)
Video Games (Sep, 1991)
The Games Machine (Jun, 1989)
Power Play (May, 1989)
Jeux & Stratégie #59

References

External links

1988 video games
DOS games
Sega Genesis games
Electronic Arts games
Tank simulation video games
Dynamix games
Single-player video games

Abrams Battle Tank


Das Damendoppel der French Open 1988 war ein Tenniswettbewerb in Paris.

Titelverteidigerinnen waren Martina Navratilova und Pam Shriver. Das Finale bestritten Martina Navrátilová und Pam Shriver gegen Claudia Kohde-Kilsch und Helena Suková, das Navrátilová und Shriver in zwei Sätzen gewann.

Setzliste

Hauptrunde

Viertelfinale, Halbfinale, Finale

Obere Hälfte

Obere Hälfte 1

Obere Hälfte 2

Obere Hälfte 3

Obere Hälfte 4

Untere Hälfte

Untere Hälfte 1

Untere Hälfte 2

Untere Hälfte 3

Untere Hälfte 4

Weblinks

Damendoppel
1988

French Open 1988/Damendoppel


Bedford kan have flere betydninger:

 Bedford, Bedfordshire, England
 Borough of Bedford
 Bedford Vehicles - bilproducent
 Bedford (Indiana), USA
 Bedford (Greater Manchester), England
 Bedford-Stuyvesant, New York, USA

Bedford (flertydig)


Jan Ciągliński (, deutsche Transkription Jan Franzewitsch Zionglinski; *  in Warschau, Kongresspolen; †  in Sankt Petersburg) war ein polnischer Maler im Russischen Kaiserreich. Er gilt als Vorläufer des russischen Impressionismus.

Leben
Ciągliński studierte die Malerei von 1879 bis 1885 an der Akademie der Bildenden Künste in Sankt Petersburg. Ciągliński wurde in Sankt Petersburg auch Dozent an der Zeichenschule der Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Künste. 1894 setzte er seine Ausbildung in Paris fort. Inspiration suchte er auf Reisen durch Europa, Nord-Afrika und den Nahen Osten. Ab 1902 unterrichtete er an der Hochschule für Kunst der Akademie für Bildende Künste. Einer seiner Schüler war Stepan Nadolski. Im Jahr 1906 erhielt den Titel eines Akademikers und 1911 wurde er Mitglied der Akademie und ordentlicher Professor. Er hat auch eine eigene private Malschule und war Mitbegründer der Kunst-Gruppe Mir Iskusstwa.

Ciągliński malte Landschaften, orientalisch anmutende Gemälde mit starkem symbolischen Ausdruck, figurale Kompositionen und Porträts. Er gilt als der erste impressionistische Maler Russland.

Porträts
 Pjotr Tschaikowski
 Sergei Rachmaninow
 Anton Rubinstein
 Józef Hofmann
 Leopold Godowski
 Frédéric Chopin

Siehe auch
 Liste der Maler des Impressionismus#Russland

Literatur
 Jan Ciagliński : artist file : study photographs and reproductions of works of art with accompanying documentation 1920-2000, Frick Art Reference Library, 1999
 Jan Ciagliński, Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie, Warszawa 1936

Weblinks

  bei korfucorfu.wordpress
 Ciagliński, Jan 1858-1913 bei WorldCat

Maler (Russisches Kaiserreich)
Künstler (Sankt Petersburg)
Maler des Impressionismus
Hochschullehrer (Petersburger Kunstakademie)
Pole
Geboren 1858
Gestorben 1913
Mann

Jan Ciągliński


تويوتا فور رنر (يطلق عليها أيضاً تويوتا هايلوكس-سيرف في عدة مناطق حول العالم) هي إحدى طرازات SUV التي تنتجها شركة تويوتا للسيارات وتباع في معظم مناطق العالم من عام 1984م حتى الآن.

كان طراز فور رنر بالبداية SUV صغيرة وأشبه ما تكون إلى طراز هايلوكس بسقف فايبرجلاس، إلا أن الطراز جرى عليه عدة تعديلات وإعادة تصميم عدة أجزاء منه لتصبح SUV متوسطة بدايةً من الجيل الثالث. للسيارة أربعة أجيال وسيتم إعادة تصميم السيارة للجيل الخامس الذي سيبدأ عام 2010م بإذن الله.

جميع سيارات فور رنر تم تصنيعها بمصنع تويوتا بآيتشي باليابان أو بمصنع هينو بهامورا باليابان أو بمصنعها بالبرازيل.

معرض صور

مراجع

سيارات اخترعت في 1984
سيارات إس يو في
سيارات تدفع بجميع العجلات
سيارات تويوتا
سيارات خلفية الدفع
سيارات عقد 1980
سيارات عقد 1990
سيارات عقد 2000
سيارات عقد 2010
سيارات عقد 2020
مركبات رياضية مدمجة

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