Edward Rydz-Śmigły marskálkur (11. mars 1886 – 2. desember 1941) var pólskur herforingi sem naut mikilla áhrifa í öðru pólska lýðveldinu á millistríðsárunum. Rydz-Śmigły varð æðsti maður pólska hersins eftir andlát Józefs Piłsudski árið 1935 og var í reynd valdamesti maður Póllands í aðdraganda seinni heimsstyrjaldarinnar.

Rydz-Śmigły stýrði vörnum Pólverja í innrásinni í Pólland árið 1939 en bað ósigur gegn innrásarherjum Þjóðverja og Sovétmanna. Eftir ósigurinn flúði Rydz-Śmigły til Rúmeníu en sneri síðar aftur til Póllands til að taka þátt í andspyrnu gegn hernáminu. Hann lést á sóttarsæng stuttu síðar, þann 2. desember 1941.

Æviágrip
Edward Rydz-Śmigły fæddist 11. mars 1886 í litlu þorpi í Galisíu. Hann var snemma áhugasamur um myndlist og ljóðlist og gekk að loknu stúdentsprófi í listaháskólann í Kraká, auk þess sem hann nam heimspeki. Verk hans einkenndust af þemum úr sjálfstæðisbaráttu Póllands.

Rydz-Śmigły komst ungur í kynni við Józef Piłsudski, einn aðalleiðtoga pólsku sjálfstæðishreyfingarinnar, og gekk árið 1908 í leynilegan hernaðarháskóla sem Piłsudski hafði stofnað til að þjálfa uppreisnarmenn. Piłsudski og fylgjendur hans biðu þess að rússneska keisaradæmið drægist inn í Evrópustyrjöld svo Pólland gæti neytt tækifærisins til að losa sig undan rússneskri stjórn.

Þegar fyrri heimsstyrjöldin hófst árið 1914 gengu pólsku sveitirnar til liðs við Miðveldin og börðust með þeim á móti Rússlandi. Rydz-Śmigły var þá foringi 3. fylkingar í 1. herdeild en árið 1915 varð hann majór, árið 196 ofursti og nokkru síðar varð hann æðstráðandi 1. herdeildarinnar. Pólsku hersveitirnar tóku þátt í harðskeyttum og banvænum orrustum gegn Rússum og áunnu sér virðingu þýskra og austurrískra bandamanna sinna.

Árið 1917 létu Þjóðverjar handtaka Piłsudski og settu hann í varðhald í Magdeburg. Rydz-Śmigły tók þá við stjórn pólsku hersveitanna í hans stað. Hann lét flytja stjórn pólsku sveitanna til Varsjár og hóf þar undirbúning að stofnun nýs pólsks lýðveldis sem ætti að fá sjálfstæði eftir ósigur Miðveldanna í stríðinu. Rydz-Śmigły lét bjóða Piłsudski velkominn með glæsibrag þegar hann sneri heim til Varsjár til að taka við stjórn Póllands þann 11. nóvember 1918.

Rydz-Śmigły var yfirforingi annars pólska hersins þegar stríð Sovétríkjanna og Póllands skall á árið 1919. Her undir forystu Rydz-Śmigły tók Vilníus í áhlaupi í apríl 1919 og þegar rauði herinn nálgaðist Varsjá sneri her Rydz-Śmigły við og stöðvaði framsókn hans.

Rydz-Śmigły studdi Piłsudski þegar hann framdi valdarán gegn borgaralegum stjórnvöldum Póllands árið 1926. Hann varð einn nánasti samverkamaður Piłsudski, sem lýsti því ítrekað yfir að hann vildi að Rydz-Śmigły tæki við af sér ef eitthvað henti hann. Það var Piłsudski sem gaf Rydz nafnbótina Śmigły, sem var ekki hluti af fæðingarnafni hans heldur viðurnefni sem merkir "hinn djarfi" eða "hinn snarráði".

Piłsudski lést árið 1935 og Ignacy Mościcki, forseti Póllands, útnefndi Rydz-Śmigły þá yfireftirlitsmann pólska hersins í samræmi við hinstu óskir hans. Næsta ár var því jafnframt lýst yfir að líta bæri á Rydz-Śmigły sem næstæðsta mann ríkisins á eftir forsetanum. Rydz-Śmigły var í reynd valdamesti maður Póllands í aðdraganda seinni heimsstyrjaldarinnar en gætti þess að mestu að blanda sér ekki í deilur milli stjórnmálaflokka.

Vinsældir og völd Rydz-Śmigły í Póllandi jukust mjög í aðdraganda stríðsins eftir því sem samskipti Pólverja við Þýskaland Hitlers og stríðsæsingur jókst. Rydz-Śmigły talaði mjög upp getu pólska hersins og lagði mikla áherslu á notkun skriðdreka ef Pólland yrði fyrir innrás.

Þjóðverjar hófu innrás í Pólland þann 1. september 1939 og Sovétmenn gerðu einnig innrás úr austri þann 17. september. Pólski herinn var ekki eins nútímalega útbúinn og sá þýski og tókst því ekki að veita Þjóðverjum árangursríka mótspyrnu.

Eftir að varnir Pólverja voru brotnar á bak aftur flúði Rydz-Śmigły ásamt fleiri pólskum ráðamönnum yfir landamærin til Rúmeníu en var kyrrsettur þar. Vegna handtöku sinnar hlaut Rydz-Śmigły ekki sæti í útlegðarríkisstjórn Póllands. Hann komst síðan undan og lét sig hverfa. Rydz-Śmigły sneri aftur til Póllands til að taka þátt í andspyrnuaðgerðum gegn hernámsliði Þjóðverja en lést stuttu síðar úr veikindum. Ekki var fyllilega upplýst um afdrif hans fyrr en árið 1957.

Tilvísanir

Herforingjar í seinni heimsstyrjöldinni
Pólskir herforingjar
Pólskir myndlistarmenn
Stjórnmálaleiðtogar í seinni heimsstyrjöldinni

Edward Rydz-Śmigły


Cuba er unikt derhen, at man opererer med to officielle valutaer: Cubansk konvertibel peso (CUC) og Cubansk peso (CUP). Peso'en er den valuta, som den menige cubaner primært bruger, mens den konvertible peso er den valuta turister skal bruge.

De fleste cubanere får det meste af deres løn udbetalt i pesos og en lille del i konvertible pesos. Systemet møder generelt stor kritik, da det er med til, at gøre ulighederne i det cubanske samfund større, da det primært er ansatte i turistrelaterede erhverv, der har adgang til konvertible pesos og da disse giver adgang til at købe ind i særlige butikker, hvor vareudbuddet er større.

Møntenheder fra Amerika
Pesos

Cubanske konvertible pesos


Melodien der blev væk er titlen på forfatteren og teatermaleren Kjeld Abells musikalske komedie med undertitlen 'Larsen, Komedie i 21 billeder'.

Stykket havde premiere på Riddersalen den 6. september 1935 i forfatterens egen instruktion. Det blev en øjeblikkelig succes og spillede i de følgende 2 år mere end 600 gange. Musikken er skrevet af Bernhard Christensen og Herman D. Koppel, sangteksterne af Sven Møller Kristensen. Hovedrollen som Larsen spilledes af Peter Poulsen og hans kone af Karen Lykkehus.

Efterfølgende blev stykket opført i både London, Paris og de øvrige nordiske lande. I Finland blev det endvidere filmatiseret.

Stykkets handling tager udgangspunkt i den meget almindelige mand Larsen, der har mistet melodien. Den lykke, han havde, da han som ung mødte sin kone, er forduftet i hverdagens dont og trummerum, og de sætter sammen ud for at genfinde den.

"Sangen om Larsen" blev en landeplage, og omkvædet Det sku' være så godt/og så' det faktisk skidt er siden gået ind i sproget som talemåde.

Stykket spilles til tider stadig på danske scener, senest på Nørrebro Teater i 2016.

Referencer

Skuespil fra Danmark
Skuespil fra 1935

Melodien der blev væk


Tanja Lange (Bad Gandersheim, ) é uma criptógrafa e teórica dos números alemã, professora da Universidade Tecnológica de Eindhoven. É conhecida por suas pesquisas em criptografia pós-quântica.

Formação e carreira
Lange obteve um diploma em matemática em 1998 pela Universidade Técnica de Braunschweig. Obteve um doutorado em 2001 na Universidade de Duisburg-Essen, orientada por Gerhard Frey e YoungJu Choie, com a tese Efficient Arithmetic on Hyperelliptic Curves.

Após estudos de pós-doutorado na Universidade de Bochum, tornou-se professora associada da Universidade Técnica da Dinamarca em 2005. Foi para a Universidade Tecnológica de Eindhoven como professora titular em 2007.

Em Eindhoven preside o grupo de teoria de codificação e criptologia e é diretora científica do Eindhoven Institute for the Protection of Systems and Information. É também coordenadora do PQCRYPTO, um consórcio multi-universitário europeu para tornar as comunicações eletrônicas à prova do futuro contra ameaças como a fatoração quântica. É uma das principais autoras do Handbook of Elliptic and Hyperelliptic Curve Cryptography, publicado em 2005.

Referências

Ligações externas
Página pessoal

Professores da Universidade Tecnológica de Eindhoven
Teoristas dos números
Criptógrafos modernos
Criptógrafos da Alemanha
Cientistas da computação da Alemanha
Mulheres cientistas da computação da Alemanha
Matemáticas da Alemanha
Matemáticos da Alemanha do século XXI
Alunos da Universidade Técnica de Braunschweig
Pessoas vivas

Tanja Lange


Boughton Malherbe es una parroquia civil y un pueblo del distrito de Maidstone, en el condado de Kent (Inglaterra).

Geografía
Según la Oficina Nacional de Estadística británica, Boughton Malherbe tiene una superficie de 11,08 km².

Demografía
Según el censo de 2001, Boughton Malherbe tenía 428 habitantes (50% varones, 50% mujeres) y una densidad de población de 38,63 hab/km². El 14,25% eran menores de 16 años, el 79,21% tenían entre 16 y 74 y el 6,54% eran mayores de 74. La media de edad era de 43,21 años. Del total de habitantes con 16 o más años, el 21,25% estaban solteros, el 67,03% casados y el 11,72% divorciados o viudos.

El 97,89% de los habitantes eran originarios del Reino Unido. El resto de países europeos englobaban al 0,7% de la población, mientras que el 1,41% había nacido en cualquier otro lugar. Según su grupo étnico, el 98,61% eran blancos, el 0,7% mestizos y el 0,7% negros. El cristianismo era profesado por el 82,05% y cualquier otra religión, salvo el budismo, el hinduismo, el judaísmo, el islam y el sijismo, por el 0,7%. El 11,19% no eran religiosos y el 6,06% no marcaron ninguna opción en el censo.

238 habitantes eran económicamente activos, 226 de ellos (94,96%) empleados y 12 (5,04%) desempleados. Había 171 hogares con residentes, 6 vacíos y 3 eran alojamientos vacacionales o segundas residencias.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Kent
Parroquias civiles de Kent

Boughton Malherbe


Supermarket Sweep is an American television game show. The format combines an ordinary team-based quiz show with the novel concept of a live, timed race through a supermarket. In the timed race, cameras follow the teams with shopping carts through a large vacated supermarket with several aisles; the value of items thrown into the cart determine the winning team. The original show was broadcast on ABC from December 20, 1965, to July 14, 1967. Later seasons aired on Lifetime from February 5, 1990, to June 16, 1995 (with reruns until August 14, 1998, and on PAX TV from April 5, 1999, to March 31, 2000), and later from April 3, 2000, to May 23, 2003, with reruns airing until March 26, 2004. Another version of the show aired from October 18, 2020, to January 30, 2022, also on ABC.

The 1960s Supermarket Sweep was broadcast from Food Fair supermarkets, mostly around New York City. For the Lifetime version, a mock supermarket was created at Hollywood Center Studios. It was modeled after a Hughes Family Market (which was later merged into the Ralphs chain in 1998). The PAX version was taped at Santa Clarita Studios in Santa Clarita, California. Beginning on November 20, 2000, the show moved to NBC Studios, with that series' set modeled after a Unified Western Market. The 2020 version was filmed at the Barker Hangar at Santa Monica Airport.

The host for the 1960s version was Bill Malone. The announcers were Wally King from 1965 to 1966 and Richard Hayes from 1966 to 1967. The host for the Lifetime and PAX versions was David Ruprecht. The announcer was Johnny Gilbert from 1990 to 1995 and again from April to June 2000, with Randy West taking over for Gilbert in July 2000 and continuing for the rest of the series. The 2020 version was hosted by Leslie Jones and narrated by Tahir Moore.

Gameplay

1965–67
Three teams competed. Each team began with a base time of 1 minute and 30 seconds. In the first round of the game, one contestant from each team was shown a grocery item and asked to guess its retail price. The team who came the closest won the item and an additional 15 seconds were added to their time. Four items were shown.

In the second round of the game, the contestant from each team who did not play the first round went on a shopping spree through the market, using the time accumulated. Bonus items worth $10 to $100 were also spread throughout the store. All teams kept every item they picked up, with the team with the highest total in groceries, bonus prizes and other items winning the right to return to the show and play in the next game. Teams remained on the show until they were defeated or until they reached the winnings cap of $20,000.

1990–2003, 2020–22
The gameplay of the Lifetime/PAX version of Supermarket Sweep consisted of three segments: the question round, the Big Sweep, and the Bonus Sweep. The game was played between three teams of two related individuals, such as a parent and child, spouses, siblings, or best friends, initially called to play by an object they were holding. Three new pairs of contestants appeared in each episode. Some contestants on earlier episodes later appeared in various tournaments.

The 2020 format largely mirrored the format from 1990. Each hour-long episode consisted of two complete games, with three new teams per game.

Question rounds

Similar to the original version, all three teams started with a base time of one minute and 30 seconds. In 2020, the base time was increased to two minutes. Through a series of three rounds, contestants were asked a series of questions, usually centered around knowledge of products found in a grocery store. Each correct answer added 10 seconds to a team's time bank. The first two question rounds were played by one team member, with team members swapping positions after the first round. Questions included identifying a product that was missing letters, determining the brand of a product via an edited picture, and identifying a product based on a series of facts. Occasionally, questions centered around pop culture, movies, or stories found in checkstand tabloids.

Other questions centered around identifying the price of an item. This was accomplished in several different ways; two popular methods included determining which item in a set of three did not fit the designated criteria (e.g. +/- $3), or which item was incorrectly priced. A mainstay in the second round gave contestants the opportunity to add 30 seconds to their time banks if all three contestants gave the correct answer.

Occasionally, the second question round was replaced with one of the following games:

 "30-Second Shootout"Each team played this round individually. One member was given a list of words and had 30 seconds to get their partner to say as many of them as possible. The first letters of these words spelled out a brand or product name; if the partner could guess it, the team received 30 seconds of Sweep time. If the clue-giver said one of the target words, the team forfeited their turn. A variant of this game required one member to describe three particular brand names for their partner to guess (with their logos shown on-screen), with 10 seconds awarded for each correct solution.
 "Snack Attack Movie Game"Three questions about movies worth 10 seconds each were asked. The contestant who answered the last of the three questions correctly earned the right to take a taste test of a food item in the market, correctly identifying the item earned that team a $50 bonus for the Big Sweep. If the contestant guessed right on a second chance (multiple choice at that point, and consisting of a maximum three choices), that team earned $25. On some episodes, the question related to the item only had two choices and only the correct choice earned the $50 bonus.

The final round was the "Round Robin" game, in which the members of each team alternated turns buzzing in to answer questions (typically six altogether) that awarded 10 seconds apiece. For the Lifetime and PAX versions, the most common format featured a brand or product name that had its letters scrambled. The emcee would then offer a maximum of three clues to help contestants zero in on the correct answer. On some episodes of the Lifetime version, an alternate format was used that omitted the word scramble; instead, the host would offer five clues. The 2020 version used the same pool of mini-games for the Round Robin as the previous two rounds.

Mini-Sweep
Beginning in 1991, a Mini-Sweep was played at the beginning of the first round. A toss-up question (usually a rhyming couplet) was asked with a particular product as the answer. The team that correctly answered the question earned 10 seconds, as well as a chance for one team member to run into the market to retrieve a package of that product marked with the show's logo. If the product was returned within 30 seconds, the team won $50 towards their Sweep total. The team won no bonus if the runner failed to find the marked package, returned it after time ran out, or returned an incorrect item or unmarked package. Originally, contestants were only required to bring back any one package of the item in question.

In 1992, the bonus was doubled to $100 if the product was brought back within 20 seconds. In 1993, a second Mini-Sweep was added at the beginning of the second round. This was later discontinued as a regular feature but occasionally was used during special weeks on the PAX version.

In the 2020 version, the Mini-Sweep consisted of a clue read to all three teams. Instead of buzzing-in, the teams discussed the clue and each sent one member into the market to find the correct item. The first person to bring it back won $250 and 10 seconds for their team.

Big Sweep
The "Big Sweep" was the chance for the teams to run throughout the supermarket and take products from the shelves with the seconds they had earned in the front game. One contestant from each team was designated as the "runner," with the job of collecting items in a shopping cart, and the teams were assigned numbers based on their accumulated time: 1 for the most, 2 for the second-most, 3 for the least.

The clock for the Big Sweep was set to the leading time, and it started when Team 1 was sent into the market. Teams 2 and 3 were sent in when the clock displayed their respective times. If any of the teams were tied, they were sent into the market at the same time.

A camera operator would follow each shopper throughout the Big Sweep. In each finished episode, the footage was spliced together to create one near-real-time highlight reel, and the announcer would add a play-by-play commentary to the reel, describing the items being placed in each contestant's cart.

At any time, runners could bring full carts back to their partners' checkout counters and exchange them for empty ones. With the exception of certain bonuses, items had to be in a team's cart (either the runner's current one, or a full one already delivered to the checkout) when time ran out in order to count toward their total.

The main rules for the Big Sweep were:
 Each runner could take no more than five of any one item.
 If an item was knocked off a shelf or otherwise upset or damaged, the runner who did so either had to replace the item on the shelf, put it in their cart, or take a $25 penalty for each item. Teams were also penalized $100 for running into supermarket displays, cameramen or any other personnel, including opponents.
 Only the runners could be in the market; their partners were required to remain at the checkout counter behind a red restraining line and unload the groceries. The partners could cross the line only with permission from the producers, typically to pick up a dropped item or bonus or to take part in a bonus activity that required their participation.

The five-item limit was absent in the original ABC version of the show, but was added to prevent a team from overloading their carts with expensive items, such as poultry, laundry detergent or over-the-counter drugs.

From 1990 to 1991, costumed characters such as Frankenstein's monster, a gorilla, or a creature named Mr. Yuck ran through the aisles during the Sweep. If the character came near a contestant or vice versa, the contestant had to turn around and go in the other direction. If the contestant's cart hit the character, a penalty was also imposed. The characters were later dropped.

A variety of opportunities to earn additional cash were available during the Big Sweep. The one constant throughout the entire run of the second series was a group of giant "bonus" items (these included stuffed animals, advertising signs and inflatable displays) placed throughout the market in plain sight. Attached to each of these items was a peel-off sticker that concealed a value of either $50, $100 or $200. In 1993, a fourth bonus value ($250, dubbed the "Super Bonus") was added. Episodes of the Twin Car Giveaway tournament that took place in 1994 had a $300 bonus (dubbed the "Super Super Bonus"), replacing the $50 bonus. Each runner could take only one bonus, and its value was added to the team's total only if it was returned to the checkout counter before time ran out. The 2020 run added a "triple bonus" consisting of three tags worth $100, $200, and $300; the team that claimed the triple bonus had to select which tag they wanted to reveal after the Sweep ended.

Later in the Lifetime series, Supermarket Sweep began employing more ways for the teams to build up their sweep totals. The first such method employed was called the Shopping List, where teams could earn an extra $250 for bringing three specific grocery items back during the course of the Big Sweep ($500 in the 2020 version). Over the years, more variations on that theme would be used; for instance, the teams might be asked to fulfill a bread order or retrieve magazines.

Other ways for teams to earn money included:
Searching through a bin of canned goods to find a marked can of a specific brand, announced by Ruprecht during the Big Sweep
Finding a mystery product or movie, with the help of clues given by Ruprecht or a set of monitors in the aisles
Retrieving a sack of empty cans for the partner to stack or crush
Grinding a bag of coffee beans
Weighing and bagging $1 worth of self-serve candy, as shown on a digital scale, with a 2-cent margin of error
Making a sandwich using every ingredient on a table
Finding a token by popping balloons or emptying bags of popcorn

The following bonuses were introduced in the 2020 version:
Requesting an item from a staff member or placing an order, then waiting for it to be delivered or prepared
Finding a "golden can" in a specified aisle announced on the loudspeaker
Finding a cup tagged with the contestant's name at the in-store coffee bar
A "Triple Bonus" item with three stickers concealing values of $100, $200, and $300; a team claiming this item may peel off one sticker at the end of the Big Sweep and receive its value

Teams received money for these tasks only if they were completed in the manner specified by the host before time ran out.

Once time expired, the runners had to stop whatever they were doing and return to the checkout counters. All of the products were scanned while the show took a final commercial break, and the grand totals of each team's takes were revealed when the show returned, beginning with Team 3, and ending with Team 1. Each team's groceries were tallied and any bonuses/penalties were applied to determine the final totals. The team with the highest score won their Big Sweep total in cash and advanced to the Bonus Sweep for a chance to win an additional $5,000. The other teams received parting gifts. Sweep totals included cents from 1990 to 1991, but were subsequently rounded to the nearest dollar, with cents only used to break ties.

Bonus Sweep / Super Sweep
During Ruprecht's tenure as host, the bonus round was called the "Bonus Sweep." The winning team had 60 seconds to win $5,000 by finding three particular items in succession. Ruprecht read a clue to lead the team to the identity of the first item, and the clock started immediately afterward as the team ran into the market. The correct item was tagged with a large circular token bearing the show's logo and a clue for a second item to be found. This item in turn had a clue for a third item, which had a bundle of $5,000 in cash hidden behind it. In order to win, the team had to find all three items and have their hands on the money before time ran out. If they fell short, they received $200 for each item they had found.

Originally, if the team found the final product and the $5,000 before either of the other two, they automatically forfeited the bonus round. However, starting in 1992, this was changed so that an overhead announcement was made reminding the team to find the first two products, then return to the third product and claim the cash.

The first prize other than $5,000 offered on the show was a trip to Paris, given out as part of "Gourmet Week" in 1992. During the Twin Car Giveaway Tournament, rather than $5,000, the prize, as indicated by the tournament's name, was a pair of Geo Tracker mini SUVs worth over $25,000. During the PAX run, cruises would occasionally be awarded. Bonus rounds were not played in those shows, rather, the players' totals would be collected for the first three weeks of the tournament, and during the fourth week, the three teams with the highest amount would compete again, and at the end of the fourth week, the team with the highest total at the end of that show would win the prize offered as well as all of the cash they had amassed during their time on the show.

The bonus round was retitled the "Super Sweep" in 2020. The initial rules and time limit were the same as for the Bonus Sweep, but the prize for finding all three items was $25,000. Instead of a bundle of cash, the third item had a sealed envelope hidden behind it. The team had to decide whether to "cash out," ending the round and keeping the $25,000, or trade it for an additional 20 seconds on the clock to find a fourth item worth $50,000 and tagged with another envelope. If successful, they could either cash out or trade the money for another 15 seconds to find a fifth and final item, worth $100,000 and tagged with an oversized gold bill in that amount. If the team chose to continue the round after finding the third or fourth item, the clock restarted as soon as they opened the envelope containing the next clue. If time ran out at any point, the team won nothing beyond their Big Sweep total.

From 2021 to 2022, the team was given 90 seconds to find five items, each of which increased their Bonus Sweep winnings if found ($5,000, $10,000, $25,000, $50,000, and $100,000). If time ran out, the team won the money for the last item found in addition to their Big Sweep total.

Revival
On October 13, 2017, it was announced that Fremantle had acquired the global rights to the format and that a new version of the show was in the works. Fremantle stated that the new incarnation of the show would incorporate "modern technology" into the program to reflect 21st-century shopping habits. On August 27, 2019, Deadline reported that Leslie Jones had signed on as host and executive producer. Several networks, including ABC, NBC, and Fox, as well as Netflix, were said to be interested in acquiring the series. On January 8, 2020, Deadline confirmed that ABC had picked up the series, with Jones as host. On June 17, 2020, it was announced that the series would premiere on October 18, 2020, and air on Sundays at 8:00p.m. On May 13, 2021, the series was renewed for a second season, which premiered on September 26, 2021. In May 2022, ABC shelved the series indefinitely.

Episode status
Currently, episodes from the Lifetime and PAX versions of the show are airing on Buzzr. In addition, a 24-hour channel of the show, featuring episodes from 1991 to 1993, is available on The Roku Channel.

Merchandise
A board game based on the original ABC version was manufactured by Milton Bradley in 1966. Another board game, based on the 2020 version, was manufactured by Imagination Gaming. A video slot machine was released in 2005 by WMS Gaming.

See also
Cash and Carry
Shop 'til You Drop
Supermarket Street Sweep

References

External links

 Pearson site for Supermarket Sweep (via Internet Archive)

1960s American game shows
1965 American television series debuts
1967 American television series endings
1990s American game shows
1990 American television series debuts
1995 American television series endings
2000s American game shows
2000 American television series debuts
2003 American television series endings
2020s American game shows
2020 American television series debuts
2022 American television series endings
American Broadcasting Company original programming
American television series revived after cancellation
English-language television shows
Lifetime (TV network) original programming
PAX TV original programming
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La Boucle d'Orion () est un film de science-fiction soviétique réalisé par Vassili Levine et sorti en 1981.

Le cosmonaute Alexeï Leonov a co-écrit le scénario du film avec Valentin Selivanov.

Synopsis

Fiche technique
 Titre français : La Boucle d'Orion
 Titre original russe : , Petlya Oriona
 Réalisateur : Vassili Levine
 Scénario : Alexeï Leonov, Valentin Selivanov
 Photographie : , Edouard Goubski, Iouri Lemechev
 Musique : Alexandre Zatsepine
 Société de production : Studio d'Odessa
 Pays de production :
 Langue de tournage : russe
 Format : Couleur
 Durée : 80 minutes
 Genre : Film de science-fiction
 Dates de sortie :
 Union soviétique :

Distribution
  : Pavel Belov, le commandant
  : August Goris, le navigateur
  : Mitia Tamarkine, l'ingénieur
  : Alexandre Saganski, le cybernéticien
  : Maria Dementieva, la doctoresse

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film soviétique sorti en 1981
Film en russe
Film de science-fiction soviétique
1981 en science-fiction
Film se déroulant dans l'espace
Film avec une musique composée par Alexandre Zatsepine
Film de Studio d'Odessa

La Boucle d'Orion


Crkva i samostan sv. Marije bili su rimokatolička crkva i samostan u selu Bratuncu. Bila je crkvom naseobine katolika Hrvata, trgovaca iz Dubrovačke Republike, koji su u Podrinju na području Bratunca imali nekoliko naselja. Katolički svećenici ove crkve činila su posebnu bratovštinu po kojoj je vjerojatno nastalo ime Bratunac. Godine 1399. godine se u vrelima spominje Bratunac kao selo i u njemu parokijalna katolička crkva sv. Marije.

Izvori

Katoličke crkve u Bosni i Hercegovini
Katolički samostani u Bosni i Hercegovini
Bratunac

Crkva i samostan sv. Marije u Bratuncu


Ménilmontant () is a station on Line 2 of the Paris Métro, on the border of the 11th and 20th arrondissements.

Location
The station is established at the start of Boulevard de Ménilmontant at its junction with Boulevard de Belleville, at the intersection with Rue de Ménilmontant and Rue Oberkampf. Oriented approximately along a north-west / south-east axis, it is located between the Couronnes and Père Lachaise stations.

History

The station was opened on 31 January 1903 as part of the extension of line 2 (known at the time as "2 Nord") from Anvers to Bagnolet (now called Alexandre Dumas). It is named after the Boulevard de Ménilmontant, which was named after a hamlet, annexed by Belleville before the French Revolution and in turn by Paris in 1860. It was the location of the Barrière de Ménilmontant, a gate built for the collection of taxation as part of the Wall of the Farmers-General; the gate was built between 1784 and 1788 and demolished during the 19th century.

On 10 August 1903, the station was one of the locations of the most serious accident on the Paris metro. A fire in a wooden train, empty of passengers, killed seven people in the station, but the spread of toxic fumes and heat to the neighboring station at Couronnes would claim the lives of 77 others.

As part of the RATP's Metro Renewal program, the entire station was renovated around the year 2000.

On 9 October 2019, half of the nameplates on the station's platforms are temporarily replaced by the RATP in order to celebrate the 60th anniversary of Astérix and Obélix, as in eleven other stations. Taking up in particular the typography characteristic of the comics of René Goscinny and Albert Uderzo, Ménilmontant is humorously renamed Menhirmontant in reference to the animated film Asterix and the Big Fight (Astérix et le coup du menhir) .

In 2019, 3,943,809 travelers entered the station which placed it at the 120th position of the metro stations for its usage.

Passenger services

Access
The station has a single access entitled Boulevard de Ménilmontant, leading to the central reservation of this boulevard facing no. 137. Consisting of a fixed staircase, it is adorned with a Guimard entrance, which was subject to a registration as historic monument by the decree of 12 February 2016.

Platforms
Ménilmontant is a metro station with a slight curve with a standard configuration. It has two platforms separated by the metro tracks and the vault is elliptical. The decoration is of the style used for the majority of metro stations with bevelled white ceramic tiles covering the walls, the vault, the tympans and the end of the corridors, while the lighting is provided by two tube strips. The advertising frames are metallic and the name of the station is written in Parisine font on enameled plates. The seats are in the blue Motte style. Access is via the northwest end.

Station layout

Bus connection
The station is served by lines 20, 71 and 96 of the RATP Bus Network and, at night, by lines N12 and N23 of the Noctilien bus network.

Gallery

References

Paris Métro stations in the 11th arrondissement of Paris
Paris Métro stations in the 20th arrondissement of Paris
Railway stations in France opened in 1903

Ménilmontant station


Pincher Creek is a town in southern Alberta, Canada. It is located immediately east of the Canadian Rockies,  west of Lethbridge and  south of Calgary.

History
For centuries before European settlers reached this area and inhabited it, Indigenous clans of the Blackfoot, Peigan and Kootenai passed through, lived in or frequented the region.

The town received its name in 1868 when a group of prospectors lost a pincer in the small creek at this location.  These pincers would have been used as a device for trimming the feet of the horses and thus had some value to the group. In 1874, the South-East Mounted Police came to southern Alberta. One of them discovered the rusting tools in the creek, and they named the area Pincher Creek.

Pincher Creek was officially listed as a place name in the Geological Survey Report, 1880.

In 1876, the NWMP established a horse farm in the area. It closed in 1881, but many of the troops stayed to help the town. James Schofield opened Pincher Creek's first store in 1884. By 1885 Pincher Creek had a store known as Schofield & Hyde General Store. Harry Hyde succeeded Schofield as Pincher Creek's first postmaster.

In 1898, Pincher Creek was incorporated a village. In 1906, the community was officially incorporated as a town and named Pincher Creek. Many residents are descendants of the pioneer families who settled there over 100 years ago.

Geography

Climate
Strong Chinook winds often blow off the mountains and Pincher Creek can be extremely windy. The Oldman River and Castle River valleys seem to act as a kind of funnel for air masses, arguably making the area around Pincher Creek the windiest in Alberta. Any typical day may see wind speeds of 50–90 km/h, the most violent recorded wind being 177 km/h. The strong winds have given rise to a significant amount of wind farm development in the area, with the towers and blades of wind turbines being a characteristic of the scenery. Another consequence of the breezy conditions is that the weather is mostly sunny and very dry as the wind tends to dissipate cloud cover.

The town was severely affected by a flood that hit the area in 1995 as the peak stream flow  discharge of the creek that gave the town its name was 271 cubic meters per second.

On January 10, 1962, a dramatic weather change happened in the area. The temperature in the area rose by 41 °C (74 °F) from -19 °C to 22 °C (-2 °F to 72 °F) in only a few hours.

Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Town of Pincher Creek had a population of 3,622 living in 1,521 of its 1,661 total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of 3,642. With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Town of Pincher Creek recorded a population of 3,642 living in 1,490 of its 1,589 total private dwellings, a  change from its 2011 population of 3,685. With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2016.

The population of the Town of Pincher Creek according to its 2013 municipal census is 3,619, a 2.5% decrease from its 2008 municipal census population of 3,712.

Attractions

The Kootenai Brown Pioneer Village is a popular tourist stop open year-round. It was named after Kootenay Brown, who was the founder of Waterton Park. The six-acre site is home to over twenty-three historical buildings, all on open exhibit. Each July, the village has a large Canada Day celebration, as well as hosting other community based events through the year. Among over 18,000 artifacts, historical archives are also located on site and accessible to the public.

Pincher Creek is located  north of Waterton Lakes National Park. The Castle Mountain Ski Resort is located  to the southwest.

Airport

The town is served by the Pincher Creek Airport which is a general aviation airfield that does not currently have any scheduled passenger airline flights.

Government
The town's mayor is Don Anderberg.

Media
Pincher Creek is served by two newspapers, the Sun Media owned Pincher Creek Echo, which publishes on Wednesdays and has been in operation since 1900 and the locally owned Shootin' the Breeze which has been serving the community since 2011. It is also served by an online news website, the Pincher Creek Voice, established in 2011.

Pincher Creek is served by Mountain Radio, a country music station based in nearby Blairmore. Mountain Radio's Pincher Creek transmitter can be heard on 92.7 FM.

Notable people
White Bird, Nez Perce leader
Dustin Flundra, rodeo cowboy
Matthew Halton, World War II news correspondent
Beverley McLachlin, Hong Kong Court of Appeal judge and former Chief Justice of Canada
Andy Russell, author and conservationist
Gordon Walter Semenoff, theoretical physicist
Darcy Wakaluk, former professional hockey player
Warren Winkler, former Chief Justice of the Ontario Court of Appeal
Darren Varley, murder victim
Charlie Russell, naturalist, artist
Ernest Sands, American politician
Ruth Collins-Nakai, educator, researcher, physician leader, healthcare advisor, and public health advocate
Fred Stinson, writer

See also
List of communities in Alberta
List of towns in Alberta

Images

References

External links

1898 establishments in Alberta
Hudson's Bay Company trading posts
Latter-day Saint settlements in Canada
Towns in Alberta
Municipal District of Pincher Creek No. 9

Pincher Creek


تستخدم غرفة الدردشة أو غرف المحادثة في المقام الأول عن طريق وسائل الاعلام لوصف أي شكل من اشكال المقابلات علي الإنترنت التي تكون علي هيئة موتمرات متزامنة (أي التحدث والمناقشة في نفس الوقت) أو تكون أحيانا غير متزامنة (كما في المنتديات).وبالتالي يمكن أن يعني هذا المصطلح أي تكنولوجيا تتراوح بين الدردشة عبر الإنترنت والرسائل الفورية عن طريق الايميلات والمنتديات الموجودة علي شبكة الإنترنت وبين الدردشة داخل البيئات الاجتماعية والتي يتوافر بها عنصر رؤية الاشخاص لبعضهم البعض أثناء التحدث.

الدردشة القائمة علي الرسائل النصية
الدردشة علي الإنترنت هي وسيلة للاتصال بين الافراد الموجودين في نفس غرفة الدردشة عن طريق إرسال الرسائل النصية. بعض غرف الدردشة مثل ياهو! تستخدم كل من الرسائل النصية والصوتية في وقت واحد. وأقدم شكل من أشكال غرف الدردشة هي التي تعتمد رسائل نصية متنوعة. تقنية ال (talkomatic) وقد تم تطويرها ووضعها علي نظام ال plato تقريبا في عام 1974، حيث كان هناك مطالبة قوية بان يحتوي هذا النظام علي نموذج من غرف الدردشة التي تعتمد علي الرسائل النصية. وقد تم ملاحظة عام 1980 ظهور الدردشة القائمة علي الرسائل النصية علي طاولة المحادثات. وأفضل نوع من أنواع الدردشة هي الدردشة عن طريق الإنترنت حيث يطلق علي كل غرفة دردشة باسم قناة. ومن الملحوظ أيضا ان شعبية الدردشة عن طريق غرف الدردشة تضاءلت بمرو السنين مما افسح المجال للدردشة عن طريق الإنترنت بتوسعها وذلك لانها تتميز بارسال الرسائل الفورية.وقد لاحظ ان معظم الناس الذين يدخلون الي غرف الدردشة من الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية ومن مواقع الدردشة علي شبكة الإنترنت.

هناك أيضا واجهة المستخدم الرسومية (GUI) حيث تسمح غرف الدردشة القائمة علي الرسائل النصية للمستخدمين لاختيار بعض الايكونات التي تساعدهم علي تعديل من شكل الكلام المكتوب وبعض الخصائص الاخري التي تتعلق بتحسين شكل البيئة التي يتواصل من خلالها مع الافراد الاخرين.

بيائات تصورية متعدة المستخدمين (Graphical multi-user environments)
يتم إضافة الصور والرسومات ذات البعدين (2D) أو ثلاث ابعاد (3D) داخل غرف الدردشة المرئية (حيث يتم توظيف تكنولوجيا الافتراضية المحسوسة)وهذه تتميز باستخدام التمثيل البياني للمستخدم (اي تجسيد الفكرة في هيئة صور) حيث يمكن ان تتحرك تلك الصور كخلفية أو تكون بيئة تصورية لغرفة الدردشة.
هذه العالم الافتراضي ليالي قادرة على إدماج عناصر مثل الألعاب (ولا سيما كثر على الانترنت لعبة ليالي والمواد التعليمية في معظم الأحيان التي وضعها أصحاب المواقع الفردية، الذين بصفة عامة هي ببساطة أكثر تقدما من المستخدمين للأنظمة. في البيئات الأكثر شعبية أيضا إتاحة المجال أمام المستخدمين لإنشاء أو بناء على المساحات الخاصة (profile).

بعض غرف الدردشة المرئية تتضمن أيضا وسائل الاتصالات السمعية والبصرية، بحيث يمكن للمستخدمين في الواقع ان يروا ويستخدموا بعضهم البعض. ومع ذلك، تجد بعض هذه الأنواع من بيئات مرهقة لاستخدام وفعليا تكون عقبة في سبيل الدردشة.

انشطة غرف الدردشة
تستخدم غرف الدردشة في الأساس في تبادل المعلومات النصية مع مجموعة من المستخدمين الآخرين. اتاحة التكنولوجيا الحديثة تقنية تبادل الملفات واستخدام الكاميرا لكي يتمكن الافراد من روية بعضهم البعض أثناء الدردشة وذلك عن طريق وجود بعض البرامج لتحقيق هذة الأغراض. وقد اتاحة تقريبا (الدردشة عن طريق الإنترنت وخدمة إرسال الرسائل)للمستخدمين ان يرسلو أو يعرضوا صورهم. مع ارتفاع وافر في نشاط (Sexting)، حيث كان الافراد يرسلون صور عارية أو صورا جنسية فاضحة لأنفسهم إلكترونيا لكي ينظر إليها الاخرين، فقد أصبح شائعا بشكل متزايد في غرف الدردشة للمستخدمين لتبادل صور عارية أو جنسية.

بعض الناس الذين يزورون غرف الدردشة على استخدامها كمكان لتجربة الجنس على الإنترنت، والتي تعرف أيضا باسم سبرسإكس (cybersex) أو ما يسمي حب علي الكمبيوتر. في حين لم يكن ماديا قادرا على رؤية زوجاتهم، حيث السيبرانية كانت عبارة عن التحفيز عن طريق القراءة. في حين أن العديد من وسائل الاعلام في التركيز على هذا الجانب من غرف الدردشة لأنها بالتأكيد يعزز تصنيفاتها، فإن الأمر لا يعني ان هذا الشي الوحيد التي من اجلة يتم استخدام غرف الدردشة.في حين أن العديد من الناس يدخلون في «سبرسإكس» لأسباب كثيرة، فمن الصحيح أيضا أن الاشخاص الذين يستخدمون الإنترنت للتعدي الجنسي يستخدمون محادثات سبرسإكس كوسيلة من وسائل التعرف على الضحايا المحتملين.

الألعاب هي أيضا كثيرا ما لعبت في غرف الدردشة. أمثلة تاريخية هي (initgame) أو (Hunt the Wumpus) علي الدردشة

القواعد السلوكية
وعادة ما يكون لغرف الدردشة قواعد صارمة التي كانت تتطلب من المستخدمين أن يتبعوها من أجل الحفاظ على سلامتهم وسلامة مستخدميها. ولا سيما في غرف الأطفال، وعادة ما تكون القواعد لا تسمح للمستخدمين استعمال اللغة الهجومية، أو لتعزيز بريد الكراهية والعنف وغيرها من القضايا السلبية. كذلك غرف الدردشة في كثير من الأحيان لا تسمح بعرض الاعلانات فيها، والتي باستمرار تملء الشاشة مع النص المتكرر. تعتبر الكتابة باستخدام زر ال (Caps Lock) يكون غير مشجع حيث يمكن ان يسبب صعوبة في القراءة

أحيانا ما يكون هناك مشرفين في بعض غرف الدردشة ليقوموا بالتحكم أو الحد من استخدام الخاصية الصوتية (وهذا ليس شائعا)أو عن طريق الحصول علي متطوعين كمشرفين داخل غرفة الدردشة لملاحظة سلوك الموجودين داخل غرفة الدردشة هل هو سلوك تخريبي أو لا.

حتى الآن، والأكثر شيوعا في غرف الدردشة ليست خاضعة للإشراف ويمكن للمستخدمين كتابة ما يختارونة أو ما تملية عليهم شخصيتهم.

قضايا اللغة
حتى اليوم، لا يعرف إلا القليل نسبيا عن المحادثات التي تكون عبر الإنترنت.في حين أن هناك مجموعة متزايدة من المؤلفات حول التغير الاجتماعي اللغوي باللغة الفرنسية الآن على سبيل المثال وغيرها من أشكال الاتصال عبر الكمبيوتر (على سبيل المثال مناقشة المنتديات، المدونات، الخ) قد حظيت باهتمام أقل

المخاطر المتوقعة
وغالبا ما يتردد القصر علي غرف الدردشة، فإنهامن الممكن أن تسهل عليهمالاتصال الجنسي الغير مشروعة  على الرغم من الدراسات أظهرت أن هذه ليست عام أو شائعا، تدعو مجلة علم النفس الأمريكية الكثير من المخاوف من هذا الامر.

انظر أيضًا
 دردشة على الإنترنت
 جماعة تشاور (إنترنت)

المراجع

وصلات خارجية
 اختصارات دردشة، دردشة اللغات العامية واختصارات—معاني المختصرات المستخدمة في الدردشة على شبكة الإنترنت
 في علم النفس من الفضاء التخيلي التشعبي الكتاب استكشاف الجوانب النفسية للبيئات على الإنترنت من قبل الدكتور جون Suler، جامعة رايدر
 مراجعة العوالم لافتراضية  قائمة العوالم الافتراضية التي تحتفظ بها المجتمعات استشاري على شبكة الإنترنت
 برمجيات untangles ومناقشة غرف الدردشة

لمواقع الدردشة غرفة، انظر

اتجاهات وبدع عقد 1990
بدع وترندات العقد 2000
ثقافة الإنترنت
دردشة إنترنت
مصطلحات منتديات الشابكة

غرفة دردشة


The United Democratic Movement (UDM) is a centre-left, social-democratic, South African political party, formed by a prominent former National Party leader, Roelf Meyer (who has since resigned from the UDM), a former African National Congress and Transkei homeland leader, General Bantu Holomisa, and a former ANC Executive Committee member, John Taylor. It has an anti-separatist, pro-diversity platform; and supports an individualist South Africa with a strong moral sense, in both social and economic senses.

Along with the much larger Democratic Alliance (DA) and other smaller parties, the UDM is currently part of the governing coalition in Johannesburg, South Africa's largest Metropolitan municipality.

Mongameli Bobani was the Executive Mayor of the Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality from 2018 to 2019 and the first mayor from the UDM since the party governed King Sabata Dalindyebo Local Municipality (2000-2002).

Formation

The National Consultative Forum

During his testimony at the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), Holomisa made reference to a possible bribe that was paid to the former Prime Minister of Transkei, Chief George Matanzima and Miss Stella Sigcau, the then incumbent Prime Minister. Holomisa was expelled from the ANC because of these allegations. In November 1996 Holomisa publicly announced consulting South Africans on the need or not for a new political party. With this objective, the National Consultative Forum (NCF) was established on 8 February 1997.

The New Movement Process

Roelf Meyer left the National Party on 17 May 1997, along with fellow politicians Nilo Botha, Takis Christodoulou, Kobus du Plessis, and Annelizé van Wyk, some of whom had resigned their seats in the Gauteng Legislature. At a three-day strategic planning conference in May 1997, it was decided that a political movement should be established capable of unifying people around shared values across racial, historical, ideological and social dividing lines. The New Movement Process (NMP) was then established.

Bantu Holomisa and Roelf Meyer (who had met with Meyer still representing the National Party to discuss the process for a new movement) again met at Loftus Versveld, in mid-1997, to discuss working together and agreed in principle to explore the possibility of formal cooperation. A Joint Committee (JC) between the NCF and the NMP was formed to look into matters of common interest. The JC amalgamated its two (NCF and NMP) technical support teams into a Technical Committee (TC) to act as its executive body to implement the brief of the JC. This was to "look into matters of common interest between the two sides… consider… the establishment of a new party at an appropriate time… (and) in regard to the latter question… (investigate) matters of strategy, time scales, policy and funding". The TC was jointly chaired by Kobus du Plessis (NMP) and Joel Mafenya (NCF) and its first meeting took place at the Carlton Hotel on 22 June 1997. After a joint strategic session at the Vaal Dam in July 1997 it was agreed that a new political party should be formed. The United Democratic Movement was launched at the World Trade Centre, in Kempton Park, on 27 September 1997. Bantu Holomisa was elected the party's first president at its first national congress in June 1998.

First elections

As one of several newcomer parties, UDM was among the most successful in the 1999 general election; the party garnered 3.4% and earned seats in six of the nine provincial legislatures. It also became the official opposition in the Northern Province and its stronghold, the Eastern Cape.

Decline

In the 2000 municipal elections, the UDM won control of the King Sabata Dalindyebo Local Municipality. The party lost the council during the floor crossing period, however, and this would begin a time of decline; In the 2004 general election, nine members were elected to the National Assembly, five fewer than were elected in the 1999 election. The UDM lost its position as the official opposition in the Eastern Cape after two of its members in the Eastern Cape Legislature had defected to the splinter United Independent Front in 2005.

On October 8, 2008, the UDM announced its kickoff of the 2009 general election campaign. It also welcomed over 300 former members of the ANC who had left their former party following the deposition of former president Thabo Mbeki in September 2008. Almost 1,000 former African National Congress members joined the party after the ANC recalled President Mbeki and replaced him with Kgalema Motlanthe. Nevertheless, the election would continue the downward trend of the UDM, with the party retaining only four MPs with 0.8% of the vote and losing its representation in all provinces except the Eastern Cape, where it was pushed into fourth place.

In 2014, a faction of the Congress of the People led by Mbhazima Shilowa joined the UDM. This helped to strengthen the party in its Eastern Cape stronghold, where it likely gained support from many previous COPE supporters. In the 2014 general elections, UDM support remained at very low levels in eight of the provinces, and it failed to re-establish itself nationally, but made a convincing rebound in the Eastern Cape, where it overtook COPE to become the third-largest party. The increase was especially convincing in the King Sabata Dalindyebo region. However, this new growth had largely evaporated by the time of the 2016 local elections.

The national and provincial election of 2019 saw its support drop to its lowest levels yet. The UDM lost half of its seats both nationally and in the Eastern Cape, and is now the seventh-most supported party nationally, and fourth-most in the Eastern Cape.

Election results

National elections

|-
! Election
! Total votes
! Share of vote
! Seats
! +/–
! Government
|-
! 1999
| 546,790
| 3.42%
|
| –
|
|-
! 2004
| 355,717
| 2.30%
|
|  5
|
|-
! 2009
| 149,680
| 0.85%
|
|  5
|
|-
! 2014
| 184,636
| 1.00%
|
|  ±0
|
|-
! 2019
| 78,030
| 0.45%
|
|  2
|
|}

Provincial elections

! rowspan=2 | Election
! colspan=2 | Eastern Cape
! colspan=2 | Free State
! colspan=2 | Gauteng
! colspan=2 | Kwazulu-Natal
! colspan=2 | Limpopo
! colspan=2 | Mpumalanga
! colspan=2 | North-West
! colspan=2 | Northern Cape
! colspan=2 | Western Cape
|-
! % !! Seats
! % !! Seats
! % !! Seats
! % !! Seats
! % !! Seats
! % !! Seats
! % !! Seats
! % !! Seats
! % !! Seats
|-
! 1999
| 13.60% || 9/63
| 1.67% || 0/30
| 1.95% || 1/73
| 1.17% || 1/80
| 2.51% || 1/49
| 1.42% || 1/30
| 1.29% || 0/33
| 0.90% || 0/30
| 2.40% || 1/42
|-
! 2004
| 9.23% || 6/63
| 0.88% || 0/30
| 0.99% || 1/73
| 0.75% || 1/80
| 1.72% || 1/49
| 1.00% || 0/30
| 0.96% || 0/33
| 0.45% || 0/30
| 1.75% || 1/42
|-
! 2009
| 4.13% || 3/63
| 0.36% || 0/30
| 0.40% || 0/73
| 0.23% || 0/80
| 0.35% || 0/49
| 0.26% || 0/30
| 0.51% || 0/33
| 0.15% || 0/30
| 0.17% || 0/42
|-
! 2014
| 6.16% || 4/63
| 0.21% || 0/30
| 0.44% || 0/73
| 0.17% || 0/80
| 0.27% || 0/49
| 0.13% || 0/30
| 0.88% || 0/33
| 0.09% || 0/30
| 0.48% || 0/42
|-
! 2019
| 2.60% || 2/63
| 0.09% || 0/30
| 0.21% || 0/73
| 0.10% || 0/80
| 0.09% || 0/49
| 0.08% || 0/30
| 0.30% || 0/33
| 0.06% || 0/30
| 0.28% || 0/42
|}

Municipal elections

|-
! Election
! Votes
! %
|-
! 2000
|
| 2.6%
|-
! 2006
| 334,504
| 1.3%
|-
! 2011
| 168,351
| 0.6%
|-
! 2016
| 238,000
| 0.62%
|-
! 2021
| 157,700
| 0.52%
|-
|}

See also

 List of political parties in South Africa

References

External links
United Democratic Movement (official site)
Flag of the UDM

1997 establishments in South Africa
Political parties established in 1997
Political parties in South Africa
Social democratic parties in South Africa

United Democratic Movement


Füles este o revistă de jocuri și benzi desenate publicată în Ungaria începând din 3 februarie 1957. Ea apare în fiecare marți.

Profilul revistei este distractiv. În paginile ei sunt publicate diferitele tipuri de puzzle-uri, cuvinte încrucișate, jocuri de logică, rebusuri, mutări de șah etc. O secțiune importantă a acestei revistei este formată de benzi desenate care adaptează operele literare clasice maghiare și străine. Raportul între puzzle-uri și articole este de 70-30%.

Istoric
Primul număr al revistei Füles a apărut pe 3 februarie 1957, fiind publicată de Ifjúsági Lapkiadó Vállalat. Revista a fost privatizată în 1992, fiind cumpărată de compania olandeză VNU, fondată de Erasmus Press.

În 2005 revista a obținut premiul Superbrands.

Redactorii șefi ai revistei de la fondare până în prezent au fost:
 György Gál (1957 - iunie 1958)
 András Gelléri (redactor responsabil în 1958-1962, apoi redactor șef în 1962-1968)
 László Tiszai (1968-1992)
 Gábor Udvari (1993)
 Tibor Sebes (1993-1995)
 Ferenc Bőcs (1995-1997)
 Tibor Nádasi (1997-1998)
 György Bodansky (1998 până în 2000)
 Zoltán Erős (2000-2009)
 Ede Markos (din 2009)

Cei mai cunoscuți artiști de benzi desenate sunt Pál Korcsmáros și Ernő Zórád.

Numărul 3000 al revistei Füles a apărut pe 19 august 2014.

Note

Bibliografie
 Superbrands
 Rejtvényregény – A Füles 50 éve (Sanoma Budapest Kiadói Zrt., 2006)
 A rejtvény és az ismeretterjesztés kapcsolata (Iván Katalin szakdolgozata)
 Kun Erzsébet: A rejtvény (Gondolat Könyvkiadó, 1966)

Reviste din Ungaria

Füles (revistă)


Andrés González (1634 - 14 de fevereiro de 1709) foi um prelado católico romano que serviu como bispo de Nueva Caceres (1685–1709).

Biografia
Andrés González nasceu em Villar de Frades, Espanha, e foi ordenado sacerdote na Ordem dos Pregadores. A 10 de setembro de 1685, o Papa Inocêncio XI nomeou-o Bispo de Nueva Cáceres. Em 1686, foi consagrado bispo por Felipe Fernandez de Pardo, arcebispo de Manila com Diego de Aguilar, bispo de Cebu e Ginés Barrientos, bispo auxiliar de Manila como co-consagradores. Serviu como Bispo de Nueva Cáceres até à sua morte a 14 de fevereiro de 1709. Antes de se tornar bispo, ele ajudou na consagração de Felipe Fernandez de Pardo, Arcebispo de Manila.

Mortos em 1709
Nascidos em 1634
Bispos católicos

Andrés González (bispo)


Güngören, Karabük ilinin Eflani ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1928 yılı kayıtlarında Mevrük olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya
Köy, Karabük il merkezine 51 km, Eflani ilçe merkezine 6 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Eflani belde ve köyleri

Güngören, Eflani


OpenFOAM (Open Source Field Operation and Manipulation) softverski je paket u C++ za razvoj prilagođenih numeričkih solvera i pred/post procesnih alata za rješavanje problema u mehanici kontinuuma, uključujući računalni dinamiku fluida. OpenFOAM je distribuiran kao slobodan softver otvorenog koda pod licencom GNU General Public License.

Povijest

OpenFOAM (izvorno, FOAM) stvorio je Henry Weller 80-ih godina dvadesetog stoljeća na Imperial College, London, u svrhu razvijanja moćnije i fleksibilnije simulacijske platforme od tadašnje standardne, FORTRAN. Zbog svoje modularnosti i objektno orijentiranih značajki kao programski jezik izabran je C++. Godine 2004. Henry Weller, Chris Greenshields i Mattijs Janssens osnivaju OpenCFD Ltd kako bi razvili i distribuirali OpenFOAM. 8.kolovoza 2011. OpenCFD kupila je tvrtka Silicon Graphics International (SGI). Istovremeno, autorsko pravo OpenFOAM-a prebačeno je na OpenFOAM Foundation, novoosnovanu, neprofitnu organizaciju koja upravlja OpenFOAM-om i distribuira ga široj javnosti. 12.rujna 2012. ESI Group objavljuje da kupuje OpenCFD Ltd od SGI-a. Weller i Greenshields 2014. napuštaju ESI Group i nastavljaju razvoj i upravljanje OpenFOAM-om preko OpenFOAM Foundation, na CFD Direct-u. CFD Direct nastavio je razvoj distribucije poznat kao OpenFOAM, dok ESI Group sada samostalno razvija OpenFOAM-plus.

Istaknute značajke

Sintaksa
Jedna od istaknutih značajki OpenFOAM-a jest njegova sintaksa za tenzorske operacije i parcijalne diferencijalne jednadžbe koja sliči jednadžbama koje se rješavaju. Na primjer, jednadžbu:

Predstavlja kod:

solve
(
     fvm::ddt(rho,U)
   + fvm::div(phi,U)
   - fvm::laplacian(mu,U)
  ==
   - fvc::grad(p)
);

Ova sintaksa, postignuta korištenjem objektno orijentiranog programiranja i preopterećenih operatora, omogućuje korisnicima stvaranje prilagođenih rješenja s relativnom lakoćom. Međutim, prilagodba koda postaje izazovnija s produbljivanjem u OpenFOAM biblioteku, zbog nedostatka dokumentacije i teške uporabe metaprogramiranja.

Fleksibilnost rada

Korisnici mogu izraditi prilagođene objekte, kao što su rubni uvjeti ili modeli turbulencije, koji će raditi bez potrebe za izmjenom postojećeg izvornog koda. OpenFOAM postiže to kombiniranjem virtualnih konstruktora uz korištenje pojednostavljenih osnovnih klasa kao sučelja. Rezultat je dobra fleksibilnost rada OpenFOAM-a.

Struktura OpenFOAM-a

OpenFOAM je konstituiran od velike standardne biblioteke koja nudi osnovne sposobnosti koda:

 Tenzorske operacije
 Diskretizacija parcijalnih diferencijalnih jednadžbi pomoću sintakse čitljive ljudima
 Rješenje linearnih sustava
 Rješenje običnih diferencijalnih jednadžbi
 Dinamička meža
 Opći fizikalni modeli:
 Reološki modeli
 Termodinamički modeli i baza podataka
 Modeli turbulencije
 Modeli kemijskih reakcija i kemijske kinetike
 Modeli prijenosa topline zračenjem
 Lagrangeova metoda praćenja čestica
Mogućnosti koje pruža biblioteka koriste se za razvoj aplikacija. Aplikacije su zapisane pomoću sintakse, razvijene od strane OpenFOAM-a, koja ima cilj reproducirati konvencionalnu matematičku notaciju. Postoje dvije kategorije aplikacija:
Solvers: izvode stvarni izračun za rješavanje specifičnog problema mehanike kontinuuma
Utilities: koriste se za pripremu mreže, postavljanje simulacijskog slučaja, te obradu rezultata
Svaka aplikacija pruža specifične mogućnosti: na primjer, aplikacija zvana blockMesh koristi se za generiranje mreža iz ulazne datoteke koju je dao korisnik, dok druga aplikacija pod nazivom icoFoam rješava Navier-Stokesove jednadžbe za nestlačivo laminarno strujanje.

Sposobnosti

OpenFOAM mehanizmi rješavanja uključuju:

osnovne CFD solvere
direktne numeričke simulacije (DNS) koje rješavaju puni raspon trubulentnih skala
simulacije velikih vrtloga (LES)
RANS (Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes) i LES (Large eddy simulation) pristup modeliranju stlačivog strujanja
RANS (Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes) i LES (Large eddy simulation) pristup modeliranju nestlačivog strujanja
modeliranje višefaznih strujanja
modeliranje jednofaznih strujanja
metoda praćenja čestica
rješavanje problema procesa izgaranja
simulacije molekularne dinamike
Monte Carlo simulacije
modeli izmjene topline

Osim standardnih solvera, OpenFOAM sintaksa omogućuje jednostavno kreiranje prilagođenih solvera.

OpenFOAM alati podjeljeni su u sljedeće grupe:

alati za rad s mežama
generiranje mreža: generiraju računalne rešetke počevši od ulazne datoteke (blockMesh) ili iz generičke geometrije navedene kao STL datoteka, koja je automatski povezana s hex-dominantnim rešetkama (snappyHexMesh)
pretvorba mreže: oni pretvaraju rešetke generirane drugim alatom u OpenFOAM format
manipulacija mrežom: obavljaju specifične operacije na mreži, kao što su lokalno usavršavanje, definiranje područja i druge
usluge paralelne obrade: oni pružaju alate za rastavljanje, rekonstrukciju i ponovnu distribuciju računalnog slučaja za obavljanje paralelnih izračuna
pred-procesni alati: alati za pripremu simulacijskih slučajeva
post-procesni alati: alati za obradu rezultata simulacijskih slučajeva, uključujući dodatak za sučelje OpenFOAM i ParaView
termodinamički procesi

Kako bi se mogli riješiti sustavi parcijalnih diferencijalnih jednadžbi, u OpenFOAM-u primjenjuju se sljedeće sheme diskretizacije koje su implementirane u C ++ programsku biblioteku:
metoda konačnih volumena
metoda konačnih elemenata i
metoda konačnih površina (Finite Area)

Licenca
OpenFOAM je slobodan softver otvorenog koda, distribuiran pod licencom GNU General Public License verzija 3.

Prednosti i nedostaci

Prednosti
jednostavna sintaksa za parcijalne diferencijalne jednadžbe
potpuno dokumentirani izvorni kod
širok raspon primjena i modela spremnih za upotrebu
komercijalna podrška i obuka koju pružaju programeri
bez troškova licenciranja

Nedostaci
razvojna zajednica pati od fragmentacije, što dovodi do velikog broja loših projekata
nedostatak integriranog grafičkog korisničkog sučelja (dostupne samostalne open-source opcije)
vodič za programere nije dovoljno detaljan zbog čega je učenje dugotrajno kada je potrebno napisati novi program ili dodati funkcionalnost

Izvedeni programi i projekti
OpenFOAM+ je verzija koju je dodatno razvio ESI Group, a proizlazi iz verzije 3.0.x koju je razvio OpenFOAM Foundation
Extend-Project sa svojom vezijom "foam-extend-3.1" temelji se na verziji OpenFOAM-1.6 i sadrži dodatne funkcije poput "Radial Basis Function", "General Grid Interface (GGI)","Finite-Flächen-Methode (Finite Area Method, FAM)" ili "Block Coupled Matrix Solver".
FreeFOAM ne pruža dodatnu funkcionalnost u odnosu na OpenFOAM, ali pokušava olakšati pokretanje na drugim operacijskim sustavima primjenjujući CMake umjesto OpenFOAM-ovog vlastitog "wmake" (Weller make). Prebacivanje FreeFOAM-a na CMake primijenio je programer Extend-Project-a kako bi omogućio prebacivanje na Microsoft Windows.
caelus-CML je OpenFOAM podružnica i opisuje se kao "Computational Mechanics Library" koja ukazuje na širok raspon primjena na području CAE.

Grafičko korisničko sučelje (GUI) i alati za rad s OpenFOAM-om
 SwiftBloc i SwiftSna su dvije Python-plug-in skripte za Blender koje olakšavaju stvaranje konfiguracijski datoteka blockMeshDict i snappyHexMeshDict
 HELYX-O je grafičko korisničko sučelje za rad s programom automatskog umrežavanja snappyHexMesh
SimScale je simulacijski softver temeljen na oblaku koji integrira OpenFOAM i ostale solvere.
 SimFlow je GUI za OpenFOAM. RapideCFD varijanta istog proizvođača također nudi rješavanje jednadžbi na bazi GPU-a.
 iconCFD je još jedna komercijalna verzija OpenFOAM-a s grafičkim sučeljem

Izvori

Energetika

OpenFOAM


El arroyo de las Cañas es un pequeño curso de agua uruguayo que atraviesa el departamento de Cerro Largo perteneciente a la cuenca hidrográfica de la laguna Merín.

Nace en la Sierra de Ríos, tienen un recorrido cercano al Caserío Las Cañas desemboca en el río Yaguarón.

Referencias

Cañas
Cañas

Arroyo de las Cañas (Cerro Largo)


Ulica Maršala Tita (kolokvijalno: Titova) jedna je od glavnih ulica Sarajeva, koja se nalazi u općini Centar i povezuje ulicu Mula Mustafe Bašeskije i Ferhadiju na istoku i ulicu Zmaja od Bosne na zapadu. Kroz ovu ulicu prolazi glavna trasa sarajevskog tramvaja.

Ulica nosi ime po Josipu Brozu Titu, bivšem predsjedniku SFR Jugoslavije.

Imena
U osmansko doba trasa današnje ulice Maršala Tita bila je podijeljena na nekoliko dijelova. Dionica od ulice Kralja Tvrtka do Koševskog potoka zvala se Gornja Hiseta (gornji dio), u narodu i Podmagribija, po džamiji i mahali Magribiji. Od Koševskog potoka do Velikog parka vodio je Gazilerski put, koji je ime dobio po dervišima i gazijama (herojima) Ajni-dedi i Šemsi-dedi, čije se turbe nalazilo na mjestu Higijenskog zavoda.

Između Velikog parka i Dalmatinske bio je Žabljak ili Hadži Idrisova mahala, dok se prostor oko Vječne vatre zvao Bare. Iz imena Žabljak i Bare vidi se kako je cijeli taj kraj bio močvaran, pošto je niz Dalmatinsku tekao potok Buka.

Iza austrougarske okupacije ulica od Koševskog potoka do Baščaršije nazvana je Ćemaluša. Austro-Ugarska je za realizaciju urbanističkog plana proširenja ulice Ćemaluša, angažirala najbolje arhitekte tog vremena. Josip Vancaš, Karl Paržik i brojni drugi arhitekti su tada projektovali najmodernije, elitne zgrade u Sarajevu, koje se i danas mogu vidjeti.

Nakon Sarajevskog atentata Ćemaluša je preimenovana u ulicu Franza Ferdinanda. Dio ulice koji vodi od Vječne vatre do Katedrale, zvao se po Frazovoj supruzi Sofiji, također ubijenoj tog 28. lipnja 1914., a onaj dio koji vodi do Baščaršije dobio je ime po generalu Oskaru Potioreku, bosanskom namjesniku, koji je tog dana bio u njihovoj pratnji, i ranjen je.

Siječnja 1919. osnovana je ulica od Marijin Dvora do Baščaršije, koja je nazvana po Aleksandru I. Karađorđeviću. Od 1941. do 1945. zvala se po ustaškom poglavniku Anti Paveliću. Nakon što je Sarajevo oslobođeno, u travnju 1945, opet će je preimenovati u Karađorđevu. No, već u studenom te godine, kada Josip Broz Tito dolazi u Sarajevo, gdje će – na terasi iznad Vječne vatre – održati znani govor, bit će preimenovana u ulicu Maršala Tita. Ratne 1993. podijeljena je na dva dijela. Od Marijin Dvora do Vječne vatre vodi Maršala Tita, dok se ostatak do Baščaršije zove Mula Mustafe Bašeskije.

Poslije posljednjeg rata, 1995., bilo je inicijativa da je se preimenuje u ulicu Alije Izetbegovića. Sve su bile neuspješne, te se ulica i danas zove Titova, koja je danas popularno mjesto za organiziranje koncerata na otvorenom, obilježavanje različitih događaja i proslava. Dana 6. travnja 2012. godine, ova ulica je bila i mjesto postavke Sarajevske crvene linije, memorijalni događaj organiziran u suradnji grada Sarajeva i pozorišne skupine East West kojim je obilježeno 20 godina od početka opsade Sarajeva.

Izvori

Vanjske povezice
 Maršala Tita

Ulice u Sarajevu

Ulica Maršala Tita (Sarajevo)


روابط إضافية

 Tipsarevic Recent Match Results
 Tipsarevic World Ranking History
 ITF profile

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون من بلغراد
لاعبو كرة مضرب أولمبيون من صربيا
لاعبو كرة مضرب شاركوا في دورة الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية لعام 2008
لاعبو كرة مضرب شاركوا في دورة الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية لعام 2012
لاعبو كرة مضرب صربيون
لاعبو كرة مضرب يوغوسلافيون
مواليد 1984
مواليد في بلغراد
لاعبو كرة مضرب من بلغراد

يانكو تيبساريفيتش


Dubravka Duca Marković, (Beograd, 26. prosinca 1960.) TV je voditeljica, novinarka, pankerica i jedan od osnivača "novog vala" osamdesetih godina u Beogradu. Kćer je spikerice Ljiljane Marković i TV novinara, Aleksandra Markovića. Radila je rock intervjue na radiju Studio B i bila voditeljica glazbenog televizijskog programa "Hit meseca" (po uzoru na britanski "Top of the Pops"). Pored toga vodila je i internacionalni show "Igre bez granica". Danas je urednica emisije "Večaras zajedno" na Radio Beograd 1. Udata je za novinara Gorana Gmitrića, a iz prvog braka ima sina Kosa Gasparija.

Izvori

Srbijanski novinari
Srbijanski televizijski voditelji

Dubravka Marković


Takhion est un drone de reconnaissance tactique russe. L'appareil a été créé par Izhmash qui fait partie du groupe Kalashnikov il est introduit en 2012 et en janvier 2015 les tests d'état commencent.

Description
Le Takhion est un drone de reconnaissance construit sur le principe de l'aile volante. Il est alimenté par une pile à combustible qui alimente une hélice à trois pales situé sur le nez de l'appareil. Différents types de caméras peuvent être installés sous le drone (caméra infrarouge, caméra photo...). Son rayon d'action est de . Sa durée de vol est de 6h, son plafond est de . Conçu pour marcher de jour comme de nuit et sous toutes les conditions météo.

Il est surtout utilisé par l'artillerie.

Histoire opérationnelle
Un drone a été abattu en 2017 lors de son engagement durant la guerre du Donbass.

Opérateurs militaires

Galerie d'images

Voir aussi

 Zala Lancet
 Koub-BLA
 Kronstadt Orion
 Yakovlev Ptchela-1T
 Tiptchak
 Zala 421-16EM

Notes et références

Drone de reconnaissance
Drone russe
Drone militaire
Arme militaire fabriquée en Russie

Takhion


Ampenajul este o structură din partea din spate al unui avion, care asigură stabilitatea lui în zbor într-un mod similar cu cel în care penele din coada săgeților stabilizau zborul acestora. Termenul provine din limba franceză unde cuvântul empenner însemnă "a împăna o săgeată". În nod obișnuit ampenajele avioanelor sunt formate din suprafețe de stabilizare a zborului în tangaj și girație, și suprafețele corespunzătoare de comandă a zborului.

Fără astfel de suprafețe, construcțiile din perioada de pionierat a aviației erau instabile. Chiar și construcțiile actuale de  au suprafețele de comandă verticale (deriva și direcția), cele care nu au deloc ampenaje, cum ar fi Northrop B-2, sunt foarte rare.

Structură
Ampenajul este întreaga structură din partea din spate al avionului, incluzând ampenajul vertical, cel orizontal și bucata de fuzelaj de care sunt prinse acestea. La un avion de linie asta înseamnă toate elementele din spatele peretelui cabinei presurizate. Suprafețele care stabilizează avionul după axa de tangaj formează ampenajul orizontal, iar cele care stabilizează avionul după axa de girație formează ampenajul vertical.

La avioanele subsonice ampenajul orizontal este format din două suprafețe: spre bordul de atac o parte fixă, , iar spre bordul de fugă de una mobilă, profundorul, articulată de stabilizator. Profundorul determină asieta avionului, respectiv cabrajul sau picajul său. La unele avioane, în special cele supersonice, întregul ampenaj orizontal este mobil.

Ampenajul vertical este format și el din două suprafețe: spre bordul de atac o parte fixă, , iar spre bordul de fugă de una mobilă, , articulată de derivă. Acesta. împreună cu eleroanele se folosesc pentru ca avionul să execute un viraj corect.

Există și avioane la care întregul ampenaj este articulat față de fuzelaj, după axele orizontală și verticală.

În ampenaj sunt plasate de obicei înregistratoarele de zbor și radiobalizele (ELT) deoarece în partea din spate a avioanelor sunt mai bine protejate în caz de accident.

Ampenaje clasice
Ampenajele clasice se pot realiza în diferite configurații.

Ampenaje orizontale
Acestea se pot clasifica după:
 numărul lor: de la 0 (la avioanele canard sau ) până la 3 (la );
 amplasarea lor: montate în partea de sus, mijloc sau de jos a fuzelajului, sau pe lonjeronul dintre derivele duble;
 formate dintr-o parte fixă și una mobilă (cazul obișnuit la avioanele subsonice) sau complet mobile (de exemplu la (F-16).

Unele configurații au nume proprii:
 , în care ampenajul orizontal este amplasat la mijlocul ampenajului vertical, având un aspect de cruce. Această configurație se folosește pentru scoaterea ampenajului orizontal din curentul de aer produs de motoare, evitându-se în același timp dezavantajele ampenajului în T (exemple: Hawker Sea Hawk, Douglas A-4 Skyhawk).
 , în care în care ampenajul orizontal este amplasat la capătul ampenajului vertical, având un aspect de T. Și această configurație se folosește pentru scoaterea ampenajului orizontal din curentul de aer produs de motoare, în special la turboreactoarele cu motoarele plasate în spate. Ampenajul în T asigură o bună  și este mai eficient la viteze mici. Totuși, avioanele cu ampenajul în T sunt mai greu de recuperat în cazul . Ampenajele în T trebuie să fie mai solide, prin urmare mai grele decât cele convenționale. De asemenea, ele au o  mai mare (exemple: Gloster Javelin, Boeing 727, McDonnell Douglas DC-9)

Ampenaje verticale
Acestea se pot clasifica după:
 numărul lor: uzual unul sau două;
 amplasarea lor: pe fuzelaj (deasupra sau dedesubt), pe fuzelajul dublu, pe aripi sau pe stabilizatorul orizontal (cele duble sau triple):

, numit și ampenaj în H are două derive situate la capătul stabilizatorului. Soluția se folosește când este necesară scoaterea derivei din zona centrală, de exemplu la bombardierele echipate cu turele dorsale care trag înapoi (exemple: Avro Lancaster, B-25 Mitchell) sau avioane care pot transporta încărcături deasupra fuzelajului (exemplu: Antonov An-225).

Dubla derivă se folosește și la diferite configurații ale avioanelor (exemple: P-38 Lightning, de Havilland Vampire, Sadler Vampire, Edgley Optica) și chiar la configurații fără coadă, unde sunt montate pe aripi (exemplu F7U Cutlass) sau la capătul lor (exemple: Handley Page Manx, Rutan Long-EZ).

Există și configurații mai rare:
 fără ampenaj vertical (exemplu: McDonnell Douglas X-36), numite uneori incorect "fără coadă";
 cu derive multiple (exemple: Lockheed Constellation (trei), Bellanca 14-13 (trei), Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye (patru);
 cu ampenaj vertical ventral, plasat sub fuzelaj, adesea în combinație cu derivele convenționale (exemple: North American X-15, Dornier Do 335).

Ampenaje neconvenționale

Ampenaje în V și X

 și  sunt soluții alternative la ampenajele clasice. La acestea suprafețele sunt plasate diagonal, fiecare suprafață acționând atât asupra tangajului, cât și asupra girației. Efectul dorit se obține prin bracarea diferențiată a suprafețelor mobile. Bracarea în același sens acționează ca profundorul, iar bracarea în sens contrar acționează ca direcția ampenajelor clasice.
 Ampenajul în V a fost considerat o soluție mai simplă, mai ușoară, cu rezistență la înaintare mai mică și cu amprentă radar mai mică decât ampenajul clasic (exemple: Beechcraft Model 35 Bonanza, Davis DA-2, avionul de antrenament Fouga Magister, RPV-ul Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk și nava X-37).
 Ampenajul în V inversat este întâlnit la Predator, Lazair și Mini-IMP.
 Ampenajul în X este întâlnit la Lockheed XFV și Convair XFY Pogo, la care suprafețele sunt întărite și prevăzute cu roți, astfel că avioanele se pot sprijini pe coadă și pot decola și ateriza vertical.
  este o variantă a ampenajului în V. A fost propus pentru Boeing X-32, dar a fost abandonat și nu a fost folosit niciodată. Avantajele sale sunt suprafețele mari și amprenta radar redusă.

 Ampenaje cutie
Unele construcții din perioada de pionierat a aviației aveau ampenajele orizontale și verticale integrate într-o structură de tip cutie, inspirată din structura zmeelor de tip cutie (exemplu: Bristol Boxkite din 1910).

 Avioane fără "coadă" '' nu au ampenajul orizontal, iar suprafețele de comandă ale asietei sunt plasate pe bordul de fugă al aripilor. La configurațiile  acestea formează o a doua pereche de aripi, mai mici, situate în fața aripilor principale. De obicei avioanele fără coadă au ampenajul vertical (exemplu: DH108 Swallow), dar există construcții și fără, ca aparatul experimental al NASA McDonnell Douglas X-36 sau bombardierul B-2.

Note

Componente de avion
Comenzi de zbor

Ampenaj


UTC+2 er betegnelsen for den tidszone hvor klokken er 2 timer foran UTC. Den bruges som sommertid i Danmark.

UTC+2 bruges som standard tid (vinter på den nordlige halvkugle)

Europa
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UTC+2 bruges som sommertid på den nordlige halvkugle

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Tidszoner

UTC+2


O Kugelpanzer ("blindado-bola") é um veículo blindado de um homem só construído pela Alemanha Nazista durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial. A história do veículo é praticamente desconhecida, além do fato de que pelo menos um exemplar foi exportado para o Império do Japão e usado pelo Exército Kwantung. A máquina permanece um mistério devido à falta de registros e à incompletude do único modelo sobrevivente.

Exemplar sobrevivente
Apenas um exemplar do Kugelpanzer ainda existe hoje. Ele foi capturado pelo Exército Vermelho na Manchúria durante a Ofensiva de Agosto e está em exibição na coleção de veículos blindados alemães no Museu de Blindados de Kubinka em Moscou, onde é descrito simplesmente como "exibição nº 37". Não há registro de que alguma vez tenha sido usado em combate. No entanto, outro relatório afirma que foi capturado no campo de provas de Kummersdorf junto com o infame tanque superpesado Maus. O veículo foi modificado após sua captura, repintado e sua unidade de acionamento removida. Em 2000 a pintura original foi restaurada.

Teorias sobre o veículo
Apenas cinco pontos parecem certos com base no único exemplar conhecido:

 É um veículo de fabricação alemã que foi enviado para o Japão.
 Foi usado como um veículo leve de reconhecimento.
 Foi capturado pelas tropas soviéticas em 1945, presumivelmente na Manchúria.
 A blindagem externa tem apenas cinco milímetros de espessura.
 O veículo era movido por um motor de motocicleta monocilíndrico de dois tempos.

Só se pode deduzir a funcionalidade do veículo com base em seu exterior. Parece ser um tanque de reconhecimento de um homem só, equipado com uma parede externa blindada e uma fenda de observação. A unidade provavelmente estava localizada abaixo ou atrás do motorista. Na parte traseira há uma roda direcionável para deslocar o centro de gravidade atrás do eixo das duas rodas da lagarta e para apoiar os movimentos rotativos que são realizados com as rodas da esteira. Em operação estacionária, o tanque provavelmente poderia servir como refúgio blindado ou bunker improvisado. Com base nas imagens disponíveis, não é possível determinar se havia uma abertura abaixo da fenda de visualização para permitir o uso de armas de fogo de dentro do tanque.

Veículos similares
Embora não imediatamente equivalente, um possível precursor do Kugelpanzer foi um tanque de um homem só da Primeira Guerra Mundial conhecido na França como bouclier roulant ("escudo rolante"). Um artigo de 1936 na Popular Science descreveu o projeto de um inventor texano para um veículo blindado esférico que foi apelidado de "tumbleweed tank" ("tanque de planta rolante"). Ele era consideravelmente maior que o Kugelpanzer - oferecendo espaço para três pessoas e três metralhadoras, além de motores e outros equipamentos necessários.

Veja também

 Wunderwaffe
 Monorroda

Referências

Livros
Robert Dale Arndt Jr.: Strange Vehicles of Pre-War Germany & the Third Reich (1928-1945). 2006, Publicação IRP

Ligações externas

{Controle de autoridade}}

Tanques alemães da Segunda Guerra Mundial

Kugelpanzer


Philippe Djian (París, 6 de junio de 1949) es un escritor francés de ascendencia armenia, principalmente conocido por su novela de 1985 37˚2 le matin (37'2˚ al amanecer). En 2012 fue galardonado con el premio Interallié por su novela "Oh…", publicada en 2012.

Graduado en la École Supérieure de Journalisme de Paris, Djian pasó un periodo de vagabundeo y trabajos varios antes de publicar un volumen de cuentos, 50 contre 1 (1981), y luego las novelas Bleu comme l'enfer (1982) y Zona erogene (1984). El reconocimiento le llegaría con sus novelas posteriores 37°2 le matin (1985), Maudit Manège (1986), Echine (1988), Lent dehors (1991), Sotos (1993), y Assassins (1994).

Varias de sus novelas fueron adaptadas al cine: 37°2 le matin (Betty Blue, dirigida por Jean-Jacques Beineix) y "Oh…" (Elle, de Paul Verhoeven) entre otras. También coescribió el guion de Ne fais pas ça (2004) de Luc Bondy.

El presentador de televisión Antoine de Caunes le presentó al cantante suizo Stephan Eicher. Los dos hombres se hicieron amigos y Djian se convirtió en el escritor de las letras de Eicher, al menos para las canciones en francés.

Djian se mudó con frecuencia (de Boston a Florencia). Hoy vive en Biarritz y escribe una novela cada período de 18 meses en promedio. Con Doggy Bag, escrito en 2005, comenzó una serie de 6 temporadas literarias inspiradas en series de televisión estadounidenses.

Obras

Novelas
Bleu comme l'enfer (1983)
Zone érogène (1984) (Zona erógena, Barcelona, Plaza & Janés, 1988)
37˚2 le matin (1985) (37'2˚ al amanecer, Barcelona, Plaza & Janés, 1989)
Échine (1988) (Espinazo, Barcelona, Plaza & Janés, 1990)
Lent dehors (1991)
Sotos (1993)
Vers chez les blancs (2000) (¿Por qué no un porno?, Barcelona, Editorial Diagonal/Grup 62, 2001)
Impardonnables (2009)
Incidences (2010) (Los incidentes, Logroño, Fulgencio Pimentel, 2021)
Vengeances (2011)
"Oh…" (2012) («Oh…», Logroño, Fulgencio Pimentel, 2018)
Love Song (2013)
Chéri-Chéri (2014)
Dispersez-vous, ralliez-vous! (2016)
Marlène (2017)

Cuentos
50 contre 1 (1981)
Crocodiles (1989)
Lorsque Lou (1992)
Contes de Noël (1996)
Mise en bouche (2003)

Adaptaciones de sus novelas al cine
 1986: Bleu comme l'enfer, película francesa dirigida por Yves Boisset, adaptación de la novela homónima.
 1986: 37°2 le matin, película francesa dirigida por Jean-Jacques Beineix, adaptación de la novela homónima.
 2011: Impardonnables, película francesa dirigida por André Téchiné, adaptación de la novela homónima.
 2013: L'amour est un crime parfait, película franco-suiza dirigida por Arnaud et Jean-Marie Larrieu, adaptación de la novela Incidences.
 2016: Elle, película germano-francesa dirigida por Paul Verhoeven, adaptación de la novela "Oh…".

Enlaces externos
Biografía of Djian (en inglés).
Philippe Djian vs Betty Blue  (en inglés).

Escritores de París
Cuentistas de Francia del siglo XX
Novelistas de Francia del siglo XX
Novelistas de Francia del siglo XXI
Escritores en francés del siglo XX
Escritores en francés del siglo XXI
Nacidos en París

Philippe Djian


Ottilia Solt est une sociologue et femme politique hongroise, membre fondatrice de l'Alliance des démocrates libres.

Biographie

Elle est diplômée en philosophie hongroise de l'université Loránd-Eötvös en 1967. De 1967 à 1971, elle œuvre comme sociologue à l'Institut de recherche économique, et de 1972 à 1979, au groupe de sociologie de l'Institut pédagogique de Budapest. Entre-temps, elle participe, avec István Kemény et d'autres, à des recherches organisées pour le compte du Groupe de recherche sociologique de l'Académie hongroise des sciences (devenu l'Institut à partir de 1963) et de l'Institut d'économie de l'Académie hongroise des sciences.

Après avoir été démise de ses fonctions pour ses sujets de recherche et pour avoir soutenu la charte 77, elle travaille comme enseignante et bibliothécaire jusqu'en 1981.

Dans les années 1970, elle commence à étudier les conditions de vie des couches les plus pauvres de la société hongroise, ce qui l'amène à créer, en 1979, le ). En même temps, elle commence à participer au journal d'opposition illégal Beszélő. En 1985, elle prend part à la  à Monor. En 1988, elle devient la directrice du Réseau des initiatives libres et membre fondateur de l'Alliance des démocrates libres (SZDSZ). Entre 1990 et 1994, elle est membre du Parlement et, plus tard, enseignante.

Au début de l'année 1993, elle s'éloigne complètement de la ligne principale du SZDSZ et décide de ne pas se représenter aux élections. Peu après, le 4 avril 1993, elle est impliquée dans un grave accident sur l'autoroute M1 à la sortie de Tata, alors qu'elle se rendait de Budapest à Győr. La Trabant dans laquelle elle se trouvait entre en collision avec un camion grec et son fils y trouve la mort. Peu de temps après, en 1994, son compagnon décède après une longue et grave maladie.

Dans les dernières années de sa vie, elle crée un nouveau cadre institutionnel pour poursuivre la tradition de SZETA en établissant le programme de diplôme en travail social au  et en façonnant son identité intellectuelle. Elle continue à s'exprimer sur l'état des affaires publiques dans ses articles. Après une longue période de grave maladie, elle meurt le .

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en janvier 1944
Naissance à Budapest
Sociologue hongrois
Femme politique hongroise
Député au Parlement hongrois (1990-1994)
Étudiant de l'université Loránd-Eötvös
Décès en février 1997
Décès à Budapest
Décès à 53 ans

Ottilia Solt


Lantchyn () est une commune urbaine de l'oblast d'Ivano-Frankivsk, en Ukraine. Elle compte  en 2021.

Références

Commune urbaine dans l'oblast d'Ivano-Frankivsk
Lieu d'exécution de la Shoah en Ukraine

Lantchyn


Georgijevski ugovor (rus. Георгиевский трактат, gruz. გეორგიევსკის ტრაქტატი, transliterirano georgievskis trakt'at'i) bio je bilateralni ugovor sklopljen između Ruskog Carstva i istočnog gruzijskog kraljevstva Kartlije i Kahetije dana 24. srpnja 1783. godine. Ugovorom je istočna Gruzija uspostavljena kao protektorat Rusije, koja jamči njenu teritorijalnu cjelovitost i nastavak vladavine dinastije Bagrationi, a zauzvrat će od Gruzije preuzeti vođenje vanjskih poslova. Time se istočna Gruzija odrekla bilo kakve ovisnosti o Perziji, čiji je suzeren bila stoljećima, ili pak o nekoj drugoj sili. No, svaki novi gruzijski vladar Kartlije i Katehije zahtijevao bi potvrdu i investituru ruskog cara.

Članci

Prema člancima I, II, IV, VI i VII ugovora, ruska carica postala je službena i jedina suzerena vladarica Kartlije i Kahetije, jamčeći Gruzijcima unutarnji suverenitet i teritorijalni integritet, i obećavajući da će "njihove neprijatelje smatrati svojim neprijateljima". Svaki od careva gruzijskog kraljevstva od sada će biti dužan prisegnuti na vjernost ruskim carevima, podržavati Rusiju u ratu i ne komunicirati diplomatskim putem s drugim narodima bez prethodnog pristanka Rusije.

S obzirom povijest invazija na Gruziju s juga, savez s Rusijom možda se smatrao jedinim načinom da se obeshrabri ili odupre perzijskoj i osmanskoj agresiji, a da se pritom uspostavi veza sa zapadnom Europom. U prošlosti, gruzijski vladari ne samo da su prihvaćali formalnu dominaciju turskih i perzijskih careva, već su također često prelazili na islam i boravili u njihovim prijestolnicama.

Ugovor je u ime Rusije pregovarao general-pukovnik Pavel Potemkin, zapovjednik ruskih trupa u Astrahanu i delegat i rođak generala kneza Grigorija Aleksandroviča Potemkina, koji je bio službeni ruski opunomoćenik. Službeno izaslanstvo Kartlije i Kahetije predvodili su Ivan, princ od Mukhranija,  i general-pobočnik Garsevan Čavčavadze. Ti su emisari službeno potpisali ugovor u tvrđavi Georgievsk na Sjevernom Kavkazu 24. srpnja 1783. godine. Gruzijski kralj Eraklo II. i carica Katarina Velika su ga, zatim, službeno ratificirali 1784. godine.

Izvori

Povijest Gruzije
Povijest Rusije
Međunarodni ugovori

Georgijevski ugovor


Otpjevni psalam je pjesma u crkvenoj glazbi. Na liturgiji ovaj psalam omogućuje zajednici prikladno odgovoriti na riječ Božju koju je u biblijskom čitanju slušala. Odgovor koji otpjevom izgovori zajednica je nadahnuta riječ, zato što svaki dostojan odgovor na Božji poziv nadahnjuje njegov Duh koji prebiva u vjernicima. Sadržan u crkvenim pjesmaricama.

Izvori

Liturgijska glazba

Otpjevni psalam


منحنى السواء في الاقتصاد الجزئي مصطلح اقتصادي يختص بنظرية المستهلك.
على أي نقطة على المنحنى يتوفر للمستهلك نفس درجة الرضا من السلعتين المستهلكتين.

تعريف
منحنى السواء هو منحنى يحتوي على بدائل كل منها يعطي ذات الكمية الإجمالية من الإشباع.
الاستخدام الرئيسي لمنحنيات السواء هو في تمثيل أنماط الطلب التي يحتمل ملاحظتها للمستهلكين الأفراد على حزم السلع المختلفة.

تتيح منحنيات السواء قياس رغبات المستهلكين في استهلاك توليفات مختلفة من السلع واختبار قدرة أولئك المستهلكين في الحصول على مختلف السلع ضمن حدود ميزانيتهم المحدودة.

مفهوم
بدأ استخدام هذا المصطلح منحنى التعادل في أواخر القرن التاسع عشر في الطبيعة الرياضية. ثم استخدم في مجال الاقتصاد للدلالة على المحل الهندسي للنقط التي تمثل مجموعات من السلع والخدمات المساهمة في إشباع رغبة مستهلك فرد. ويستخدم بنفس المعنى ولكن بدرجة أقل في علم النفس.

أول من استخدم هذه منحنيات السواء هو الاقتصادي الإنجليزي فرانسيس إدجورث وذلك في عام 1881
ثم قام بإدخال تعديلات عليها الاقتصادي الإيطالي فيلفريدو باريتو في عام 1906
ثم اكتمل تطويرها في عام 1934 على يد الاقتصاديين البريطانيين جون هيكس والن.

خصائص منحنيات السواء
 منحيات السواء تنحدر من أعلى إلى اسفل باتجاه اليمين.
 منحنيات السواء ما هي إلا توضيح لسلم افضليات المستهلك من سلعة ما ومدى إشباع رغباته وحاجاته من تلك السلع.
 منحنيات السواء لاتتقاطع: لان منحنى السواء الأعلى يعطي منطقه أكبر بوجود كميه أكبر من إحدى السلع وفرضا إذا افترضنا تقاطع تلك المنحنيات فإن نقاط التقاطع لتلك المنحنيات فسوف تمثل نفس القدر من الإشباع وهذا غير منطقي.

التاريخ
طور فرانسيس يسيدرو اجورث نظرية منحنيات السواء وشرح في كتابه عام 1881 المعادلات الرياضية اللازمة لرسمها، أصبح فيلفريدو باريتو بعد ذلك أول شخص رسم هذه المنحنيات في كتابه عام 1906.

خريطة وخصائص منحنيات السواء
يسمى الرسم البياني لمنحنيات السواء لعدة مستويات منفعة للمستهلك الفردي خريطة السواء. ترتبط النقاط التي تنتج مستويات مختلفة من المنفعة بمنحنيات السواء المختلفة وتشبه هذه المنحنيات على خريطة السواء خطوط الكنتور في الرسم البياني الطبوغرافي. إذ تمثل كل نقطة على المنحنى نفس الارتفاع. إذا حركت منحنى السواء في الاتجاه الشمالي الشرقي (افتراض فائدة هامشية إيجابية للبضائع) فأنت تزيد المنفعة. فكلما ارتفع المستوى زاد مستوى المنفعة. يقيد شرط عدم الإشباع الوصول إلى حزمة القمة أو نقطة النعيم، وهي حزمة استهلاك مفضلة لدى الجميع.

عادة ما يُمثل منحنى السواء على الشكل التالي:

1.  يُعرف فقط في الربع غير السلبي لكميات السلع (أي يجب تجاهل إمكانية وجود كميات سلبية من أي سلعة).

2.  ينحدر بشكل سلبي. أي أنه مع زيادة الكمية المستهلكة من سلعة واحدة (X) يزيد الرضا الكلي إذا لم يقابله انخفاض في الكمية المستهلكة من سلعة أخرى (Y).

3.  مكتمل، تُصنف جميع النقاط على منحنى السواء بشكل متساوٍ، وتصنف إما أكثر أو أقل تفضيلاً من كل نقطة أخرى ليست على المنحنى. ولذلك لا يمكن أن يتقاطع منحنيان.

4.  يملك علاقة متعدية بين النقاط على منحنيات السواء المختلفة. بمعنى أنه إذا كانت كل نقطة في I2 مفضلة على كل نقطة في I1، وكل نقطة في I3 مفضلة على كل نقطة في I2، فإن كل نقطة في I3 مفضلة على كل نقطة في I1.

5.   محدب. لا يمكن أن تكون منحنيات السواء مقعرة، أي أنها تكون إمّا خطوطًا مستقيمة أو تتحدب نحو مركز منحنى السواء. يلزم في هذه الحالة عندما يقلل المستهلك من استهلاك سلعة واحدة دفعات أكبر من السلعة الأخرى للحفاظ على رضا المستهلك دون تغير.

افتراضات نظرية تفضيل المستهلك

 تعتبر التفضيلات مكتملة. يصنف المستهلك جميع المجموعات البديلة المتاحة من السلع من حيث الرضا الذي توفره له.

بافتراض وجود حزمتين للاستهلاك A وB تحتوي كل منهما على سلعتين x وy. يمكن للمستهلك أن يحدد دون شك إحدى الحالات التالية:

    A مفضلة على B، يشار إليها كـ A p B.
    B مفضل على A، يشار إليها كـ B p A.
    A غير متعلق بـ B، يشار إليها كـ A I B.

تستبعد هذه الفرضيات إمكانية عدم قدرة المستهلك على القرار، وتفترض أنَّ المستهلك قادر على إجراء هذه المقارنة فيما يتعلق بكل حزمة من السلع التي يمكن تصورها.

 التفضيلات انعكاسية

يعني ذلك أنه إذا تطابق A وB من جميع النواحي سيدرك المستهلك هذه الحقيقة وسيكون غير مبال في المقارنة بين A وB

    A = B ⇒ A I B
 التفضيلات متعدية
 إذا كان A p B وB p C، فإن A p C.
 أيضًا إذا كان A I B وB I C، فإن A I C.

وتدعى فرضية الاتساق.

 التفضيلات مستمرة
 إذا كان A مفضلًا على B وكان C قريبًا من B، فإن A مفضل على C.
 A p B and C → B ⇒ A p C.

تدل كلمة مستمر على قابلية القسمة إلى ما لا نهاية، تمامًا كما يوجد عدد لا نهائي من الأرقام بين 1 و2 فإن جميع الحزم قابلة للقسمة بشكل لا نهائي. يجعل هذا الافتراض منحنيات السواء مستمرة.

المصادر

انظر أيضا
 منحنى تعاقد
 أمثلية باريتو
 صندوق إدجورث

الاقتصاد في 1881
سلوك أسري واقتصاد عائلي
مصطلحات اقتصادية
منحنيات الاقتصاد
منفعة

منحنى السواء