A TV format is the overall concept and branding of a copyrighted television show. The most common type of formats are those in the television genres of game shows and reality shows, many of which are remade in multiple markets with local contestants. Recent examples include Survivor, Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, Pop Idol and Big Brother that have all proved successful worldwide. Such types of formats are also known as franchises, since rights to the format are usually handled with licenses.

Particular models in the genre of sitcoms are often sold as formats, enabling broadcasters to adapt them to the perceived tastes of their own audience. An example is The Office, a BBC sitcom which got adapted as The Office (U.S.) in the United States, Kontoret in Sweden, HaMisrad in Israel, Le Bureau in France, The Office (India) in India, Stromberg in Germany, La Job in Quebec, Canada and La Ofis in Chile.

A format is licensed by TV networks, so that they may produce a version of the show tailored to their nationality and audience. Formats are a major part of the international television market. Format purchasing is popular with broadcasters, due principally to the lower risk associated with an already-proven idea and the preference of audiences to watch programming tailored to their locality.

Leading companies that handle the creation and sales of programming formats include Warner Bros. International Television Production, ITV Studios, Talpa, Endemol Shine and Fremantle.

Legal issues
TV formats are viewed as a form of intellectual property (IP), and are regularly bought and sold by TV producers, distribution company and broadcasters. For example, Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? has been recreated in 108 territories, while local versions of Idol have aired (over 129 series) in 42 territories receiving about three billion votes, most notable being American Idol.

However, TV formats are not generally protected under copyright law. As a result, copycat formats are sometimes created, which seek to duplicate the success of an original format without paying the person who came up with it. Format developers seek to prevent this by various means, including the use of trademarks or withholding distribution of other shows. Establishing "Proof of Review" and exposure to companies reviewing new TV formats is one important aspect of protection by the industry at the Television Writers Vault. The Format Recognition and Protection Association (FRAPA) aims to protect rights to formats and lobbies for legal protection.

See also
 List of American television series based on British television series
 List of British television series based on American television series
 Radio format

References

External links
 Bournemouth University: TV Formats

Format

TV format


Le Priscilla Bunbury's Virginal Book est un manuscrit musical compilé vers la fin des années 1630 par deux jeunes femmes d'une famille aisée du Cheshire. Il est plus notable pour ses indications de doigté que pour la qualité de la musique qu'il contient.

Manuscrit
Le manuscrit est un volume vertical mesurant 30 centimètres sur 20 centimètres avec une reliure en cuir. La couverture avant porte les mots PRISCILLA BVNBURY en lettres ciselées et la couverture arrière les initiales PB. Il contient trente feuillets de deux pages avec des portées de six lignes. Il y a trente-cinq morceaux de musique bien écrits, mais les première et dernière pages, ainsi que les morceaux qu'ils portent, manquent. En plus de la musique, il y a une recette médicinale et d'autres gribouillis. Au moins deux écritures différentes peuvent être discernées (on en déduit qu'il s'agit des deux premières propriétaires, voir plus bas).

En 2001, le manuscrit se trouvait dans une collection privée en Angleterre.

Auteurs de la compilation
Le premier propriétaire du livre est Priscilla Bunbury (1615-1682), fille de Sir Henry Bunbury de Little Stanney dans le Cheshire et de sa seconde épouse Martha. Le deuxième propriétaire a également été une Priscilla Bunbury (vers 1675 – après 1707), fille de Sir Thomas Bunbury, petit-fils de Sir Henry et de sa première épouse, et filleule de la première Priscilla.

Contenu
Cinq pièces sont attribuées à Robert Hall, dont on ne sait rien. Cinq autres pièces sont d'Orlando Gibbons et trois de Randall Jewett, membre de la chorale de la cathédrale de Chester et frère de Randolph Jewett, peut-être élève d'Orlando Gibbons. L'intégralité de la "Battle" de William Byrd est considérée comme une seule pièce (elle se trouve également deux autres manuscrits). Il y a également une pièce de Giles Farnaby. Les vingt autres pièces ne sont pas attribuées.

 [Sans titre] Whoop, do me no harm, good man (Orlando Gibbons)
 The White Ribbin
 The freind's  [sic] Good Night
 The Celebran (Orlando Gibbons)
 A jig
 Put up thy dagger Jemmy (non attribué dans ce manuscrit, mais cette pièce est également dans le Fitzwilliam Virginal Book où elle est attribuée à Giles Farnaby)
 Money is a Gallant thinge
 Rappaks jig
 The maukin
 George
 La holland
 Mrs Prissilla Bunburie hir Delight
 Almaine Mr Gibbons (Orlando Gibbons)
 [Sans titre] (Randall Jewett)
 A maske (Orlando Gibbons)
 Berchen Greene Hollan
 A french Lesson
 Swinnertons Almaine
 A Maske
 A Coranto
 The Buildings
 Churtons farwell (Randall Jewett)
 Almaine (Randall Jewett)
 Grayes Inn Maske (Orlando Gibbons)
 The new Rant
 The parson of the parrish
 Captaine owens Delight
 A horne pipe (Robert Hall)
 The battle by mr:bird (William Byrd): The soldiers sumons [sic]: The foote march: The horse march: The trumpetts: Irish march: Bagpipe: fife and drum: march to the fighte: Tantara : [Sans titre] : [Sans titre]: The bells. (Se trouve également dans My Ladye Nevells Booke et Elizabeth Roger's Virginal Book)
 The buildinge
 Frogg gall[iard] (Robert Hall)
 The pleasing widdow (Robert Hall)
 Mock widdow (Robert Hall)
 My choyce is made and I desire no change. My choyce (Robert Hall)
 The Nightingaill

Doigtés
Les pièces 1 à 28, correspondant à l'écriture de la première Priscilla Bunbury, contiennent de nombreuses indications de doigté. En ce qui concerne la main droite, cela correspond au système moderne, avec le pouce numéroté "1" et le petit doigt "5". Le système est cependant inversé pour la main gauche, où l'auriculaire est numéroté "1" et le pouce "5". Il est clair que l'auteur a privilégié l'utilisation de l'annulaire pour la main droite et de l'annulaire et du pouce pour la main gauche sur les notes "fortes".

Notes et références

Bibliographie
 Priscilla Bunbury's Virginal Book, édité par Virginia Brookes. PRB Productions, Albany, Californie, 1993. Contient une introduction et une transcription de l'ensemble du manuscrit.

Manuscrit du XVIIe siècle
Œuvre pour clavecin
Manuscrit musical de la Renaissance

Priscilla Bunbury's Virginal Book


An Melica serrana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Muj.-sall. ngan M.Marchi. An Melica serrana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Melica, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Melica

Melica serrana


Alhaji Aliko Dangote (* 10. April 1957 in Kano, Nigeria) ist ein nigerianischer Unternehmer. Der Multi-Milliardär galt im April 2022 als der reichste Mann Afrikas.

Herkunft und Ausbildung
Dangote wurde als Sohn einer wohlhabenden Familie in Kano geboren. Er studierte Wirtschaftswissenschaft an der al-Azhar-Universität in Kairo und erreichte dort 1977 den akademischen Grad eines Bachelors.

Unternehmerische Tätigkeiten
Nach dem Studium machte er sich in Nigeria im Zementhandel selbständig, zunächst in Kano, dann in Lagos. Dort befasste er sich vor allem mit Importgeschäften. 1981 gründete er das Unternehmen, aus dem sich die Dangote Group entwickelte. In den 1980er und 1990er Jahren diversifizierte er sein Handelsunternehmen, unter anderem im Lebensmittelbereich. In der zweiten Hälfte der 1990er Jahre transformierte er sein Unternehmen und konzentrierte sich seither auf die Produktion von Gütern, weniger auf den Handel. Der Aufstieg zum Milliardär begann 1999/2000 unter der zweiten Präsidentschaft von Olusegun Obasanjo mit dem Bau einer  Zuckerraffinerie und eines Zementterminals. Seitdem expandierte Dangotes Konzern, unter anderem ist er der größte Zementhersteller Afrikas, besitzt Produktionsstätten für Lebensmittel und hat Anteile an einem Mobilfunknetz sowie an Ölfeldern. Im März 2022 eröffnete Dangote in Lagos die größte Düngemittelfabrik Afrikas.

Vermögen
Dangote galt im April 2022 als der reichste Mann Afrikas. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt schätzte Bloomberg sein Vermögen auf 18,5 Milliarden US-Dollar. 2016 betrug sein Vermögen 15,4 Milliarden US-Dollar.

Philanthropie
Der Unternehmer gründete die Dangote Foundation, um mit dieser Stiftung wohltätige Zwecke zu fördern, unter anderem im Bereich der Hochschulen, der Mikrokredite und der Katastrophenhilfe. Zusammen mit der Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation beteiligt sie sich am Kampf gegen Polio in Nigeria. 2014 spendete die Dangote Group nach Angaben der nigerianischen Regierung 150 Millionen Naira (750.000 US-Dollar) zur Bekämpfung der Ebola-Epidemie.

Privates
Dangote ist muslimischen Glaubens,  ist zweimal geschieden, hat drei Kinder und lebt in Lagos, wo auch sein Unternehmen den Sitz hat.

Ehrungen
Im Jahr 2000 wurde er Officer of the Order of Niger, fünf Jahre später Commander of the Order of Niger. 2019 wurde Dangote in die American Academy of Arts and Sciences gewählt. Drei Jahre später wurde er mit dem Verdienstorden Nigers (Kommandeur) ausgezeichnet.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Unternehmer (Nigeria)
Unternehmer (21. Jahrhundert)
Mitglied der American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Träger des Verdienstordens Nigers (Kommandeur)
Nigerianer
Geboren 1957
Mann

Aliko Dangote


ද රෙස්කියු'ස් යනු 1977 දී වෝල්ට් ඩිස්නි රොදුක්තිඔන්ස විසින් ප්‍රභූත ඇමරිකානු සජීවීකරණ විශේෂාංගයක්.

1977 සජීවිකරණ චිත්‍රපට
1970s ඇමරිකානු සජීවිකරණ
1970s මනඃකල්පිත චිත්‍රපට
ඇමරිකානු ළමා මනඃකල්පිත චිත්‍රපට
ඉංග්‍රීසි-භාෂා චිත්‍රපට

ද රෙස්කියු'ස්


عنكبوت الناسك البني   يفضل المناطق الدافئة الجافة مثل الأبنية المهجورة وأكوام الخشب والمخازن وهي ليلية النشاط عموماً.

وهناك دراسة لـ 460 وفاة في الولايات المتحدة من عضات سامة عزيت 63 وفاة أي 14% منها لعضات العنكبوت الناسك البني. قد تتسبب لسعته في تخثر منتشر داخل الأوعية أو فشل عضوي أو حتى في الوفاة. معظم الوفيات تكون في الأطفال ما دون سن السابعة

مراجع

حيوانات متوطنة في الولايات المتحدة
عناكب سامة
عناكب في أمريكا الشمالية
عناكب في الولايات المتحدة
عناكب وصفت في 1940

عنكبوت الناسك البني


3AK is the call sign of SEN 1116, and the earlier on-air name of a former Melbourne talk-back radio and music station, which, in 2003, leased its licence to sports network SEN 1116. A number of unusual events and precedents throughout the station's history make its story of unusual interest.  These events include (but are not limited to):
 In lieu of a "C" class licence, the granting of a "B" class licence in 1931, but with limiting conditions including: a position on the dial that could not be picked up by most contemporary radio sets; only allowed to broadcast when other Melbourne commercial stations were off the air, that is, most of the time only at night; limited power.
 The founder of the station was George F. Palmer, the father of Clive Palmer.
 The sharing of its wavelength with 2BS Bathurst, a station that was comparatively close geographically, thus causing interference problems.
 From 1954, permitted to broadcast during daylight hours, but only when its signal was perceived not to interfere with that of 2BS.
 Purchased in 1961 by Australian Consolidated Press and thus became sister station of GTV-9. Most high-profile GTV personalities also broadcast on 3AK.
 When some FM licences were auctioned off to existing AM stations in 1989, 3AK became one of the two successful Melbourne bidders, but the station did not take up the offer because of ownership changes.
 In 1990, purchased by Peter Corso.  3AK thus became an Italian language station for some years.
 In late 2003 the 3AK license was leased to Sports Entertainment Network and from January 2004 it became a 24-hour sports station, using the on-air name SEN whilst having to retain 3AK as its official callsign.

History

Early years

3AK commenced broadcasting on 29 November 1931, the fourth commercial radio station in Melbourne after 3UZ, 3DB and 3KZ.

The station's call-sign came from the name of its operating company, the Akron Broadcasting Co. Pty Ltd (a subsidiary of the Akron Tyre Co, a company that was wound up in 2016).  The owner of the Akron Tyre Co and of 3AK was George F. Palmer, the father of Clive Palmer.

At the time of its formation there were three types of broadcasters in Australia, A Class stations (most of which later evolved into the Australian Broadcasting Corporation); B Class stations, which are now known as commercial stations; amateurs.  There were also government plans for a set of C class stations which were intended to be used by businesses to exclusively advertise their products. However it was decided not to proceed with this type of license before 3AK was actually granted its licence. Akron and the Postmaster-General's Department had originally discussed the issuance of such a license, but in lieu, a B Class licence  with a number of restrictions, was issued to Akron.

From the outset, 3AK was only permitted to broadcast for limited hours when other Melbourne stations were off the air.  3AK originally broadcast from 11.30 pm to 2.00 am daily; 5.00 to 7.00 am Monday-Saturday; 1.00 to 2.00 pm Saturday; 12.30 to 2.30 pm Sunday.  The three hours of weekend afternoon broadcasting were shared with amateurs on the MW (medium wave) band.  3AK also had limited power, which although frequently altered was usually about 20% of that given to other B Class stations in Melbourne.  3AK's wavelength of 1500 KC could also be seen as a third limiting factor - it was at the very end of most contemporary radio dials; there were still some radio sets that were unable to receive it.

Most of 3AK's early broadcasts consisted of live concerts from its studio in Queen Street.  These were provided free of charge by a number of progressive Melbourne music teachers who believed that radio would help promote both them and their students.  These concerts were occasionally interspersed with broadcasts of recordings (both 78 rpm/80 rpm gramophone records and piano rolls).

Melbourne Broadcasters Pty. Ltd.
On 2 May 1934, the name of the company was changed to Melbourne Broadcasters Pty. Ltd., a name that persisted throughout many major changes of management and was still being used as late as the 1980s.  At this time Palmer changed the style of the station by introducing a format that mainly consisted of dance music, then very popular.

A listing of all Melbourne radio announcers published in February 1936 shows that George Palmer gave himself announcing duties, as well as managing the station.  He was assisted by only two other announcers, F. Bibby and T. Lelliott. This small announcing staff puts 3AK's lowly status in the 1930s and 1940s into context - the same list of Melbourne announcers shows that each of the five other commercial stations had either nine or 10 announcers each and the ABC is shown as employing 13 announcers in Melbourne to cover its two local stations (although this would have been supplemented by interstate announcers, because of the number of relays that were then taken).

In 1937 3AK was allowed to extend its hours of broadcast to 11.30 pm-7.00 am, however the station still closed at 3.00 am on Sundays.  It still broadcast for three hours on Saturday and Sunday afternoons, even though amateurs were no longer permitted to do so after 1939.  3AK's hours of broadcast remained unaltered until 1954.

1937 also saw the commencement of 2BS Bathurst on 1 January.  Because of 3AK's low power, 2BS was given the same wavelength (1500 kHz) and, within a few years, both stations suffered from interference during the few hours when they were simultaneously on the air.

One of 3AK's major personalities in the late 1930s/early 1940s was Alfred (Alf) Andrew who began broadcasting from 3AK in March 1937.  Although a controversial character, Andrew had been a pioneer broadcaster at 3LO, commencing there in 1925 before going to 3UZ and then 2UW and a few other stations.

During the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s, the station's slogan was "3AK - The Voice of the Night". However, unsubstantiated rumours about both drunkenness and the poor wages of the staff, led to some referring to the station as 3AK - The Voice of the TIGHT.

In the 1930s, the Postmaster General gave one station in the Canberra, Sydney, Brisbane and Adelaide markets a licence to broadcast 24 hours a day.  Because 3AK broadcast at night, Melbourne did not get any such 24-hour licences until as late as 1 February 1954 when 3UZ, 3DB and 3XY all began continuous broadcasting.  This was concurrent with 3AK changing its hours of broadcast  (see below).  Within six months 3XY had become Melbourne's only 24-hour station.

In this same era, 3AK moved its studio from Queen Street to Bourke Street, Melbourne.   By the 1950s it had again been resited and was to be found in the upper storey of a bank in Grey Street, St. Kilda.

In the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s 3AK provided an alternative to country radio, then the accepted place to commence a broadcasting career, many of 3AK's early staff going on to become well known at major stations, e.g. Stan Rofe, Mike Williamson, Hal Todd, John Worthy, John Eden, and John Hart.

At the time very few stations had newsrooms and most relied on newspapers for their news. Due to its poor financial situation, 3AK is believed to have devised a novel system of getting its news – the station had a rope dangling from their studio into the adjoining lane-way and the first newspaper firm to tie their morning edition onto the rope had it read on air.

By the late 1940s, 3AK had been purchased by Mack's Furnishing Company.  At this stage, both the Directors, the station's manager, Vernon Margetts and the studio manager, Ray Benn, held conservative Christian beliefs that were reflected in 3AK's program schedule.

1950s
For many years, 3AK management had been lobbying the Postmaster General's Department and, then, the Australian Broadcasting Control Board for an increase to its permitted broadcasting hours.  Eventually, 3AK was allowed to broadcast during those daylight hours when it was thought that it would not interfere with transmissions from 2BS.  From 1 February 1954, 3AK was permitted to broadcast from 6.00 am to 7.00 pm daily.  However, 2BS still experienced difficulties during the summer, and so, for 4 or 5 months per year, 3AK could not broadcast until 7.00 am, and had to close as early as 5.00 pm.  Until the introduction of television in Australia in 1956, the peak hours for any radio station were 7.00 pm-10.00 pm, so 3AK was never able to take advantage of this peak listening period.

When 3AK became a daylight station, its very first breakfast team was Lennie Holmes and Shin Berinson.  Holmes went on to become a well-known radio and television comedian. (His daughter, Jane Holmes, later became a prominent radio personality.) After changing his first name to Jim, Berinson became one of the most sought-after and well-paid voice-over men. The breakfast program was later compered by Lou Carr. Another important announcer during that era was Graham Madison.

1960s

In the early 1960s Australian Consolidated Press, owned by the Packer family, took over both television station GTV-9 and, a little later, 3AK.  3AK moved from its small St. Kilda studio into GTV-9's Television City premises at Bendigo Street, Richmond, broadcasting a revised format as from Easter Monday, 3 April 1961.  GTV's major television personalities were forced to broadcast from 3AK.  Therefore, overnight, 3AK changed from a station with a young and virtually unknown announcing staff, to one featuring some of Australia's best-known television personalities, including Philip Brady, Geoff Corke, Tommy Hanlon Jr., Geoff Hiscock, Graham Kennedy, Jack Little, Bert Newton, Eric Pearce, Brian Taylor, Hal Todd, Eric Welch, Arthur Young, and Frank Zepter.  In talking about the use of high-profile celebrities on 3AK, Philip Brady is quoted as saying: "They expected us to do it for nothing". Even so, Philip Brady was one of the few GTV personalities without previous radio experience. Despite his claim that he had always loved radio, his first job in the media was with GTV, as from 1958.

Frank Zepter was actually more of a GTV-9 back-room person than a TV personality. He presented a weekend Italian language program on 3AK. Arthur Young was also heard on 3AK at weekends - he was the leader of GTV-9's studio orchestra and presented a classical music program on 3AK. (This was an era when commercial radio stations were easing out of broadcasting classical music, but a small amount of it was still usually considered de rigueur at weekends. Prior to the Consolidated Press takeover, 3AK had broadcast quite a bit of classical music.)

Former 3AK manager, Bill Bowie, resigned and formed his own radio/television school.  Former 3AK announcers (Ron Alderton, Terry Calder, Peter Cavanagh, John Print) were redeployed with the GTV organisation; only former Chief Announcer, Ron Alderton, retaining any on-air work at 3AK, albeit only at weekends. Alderton later made his name as a TV newsreader, particularly at ATV-0/10. Peter Cavanagh was to make a name for himself as a TV actor, particularly in a number of Hector Crawford Production's police dramas.

During the mid-1960s, 3AK's program format shifted to Top 40 music with the slogan "the Good Guys".

ACP was always keen to solve the problem of transmission hours caused by 2BS and 3AK sharing the same wavelength.  Technology in the form of a directional antenna (at 2BS) seemed to be the answer, but this small country station was deaf to ACP's continuous requests, leading to ACP's purchase of 2BS, allowing them to install such an antenna.  By October 1968 permission which enabled 3AK to commence 24-hour transmission had been granted. 3AK officially launched 24-hour broadcasting at 7.00pm on Friday, 8 November 1968.  The station's first overnight announcer was Grantley Dee

1970s-1980s

In the early 1970s "The Good Guys" slogan was replaced by "Where No Wrinklys Fly".  During this period, there was a head-on battle for the lucrative Top 40 market between 3XY (managed by Rod Muir) and Rhett Walker's 3AK.  The fact that 3XY won the battle is reflected in 3AK's rapid change from Top 40 to Beautiful music, a predecessor to today's Easy listening music format.  The last announcer to work under the "Wrinkly" format was Mike Nicholls. The last song played was Aussie Rock Band Spectrum's "I'll Be Gone"

The new format paid dividends for 3AK as it took them to the top of the ratings where they remained for over a decade.

An interesting feature of the early days of 3AK's Beautiful Music format was that it stopped advertising the names of its on-air personalities, claiming that the format was important but not the announcers.  (Sister Beautiful Music station 2CH [Sydney] had a similar policy).

3AK continued with slight variations of a broadly easy listening sound well into the 1980s. Some changes were also made to the promotional aspects of the station. Use of the words "Beautiful Music" was finally discontinued after marketing research indicated that a high percentage of the male audience wasn't entirely comfortable with the term. Around 1985, the playlist underwent a major update. Most of the instrumental cover versions of Top 40 vocal hits which had always been a key component of the format were abruptly deleted and substituted with "original songs by the original artists". The revamp led to the establishment of a more mainstream soft gold type of sound. However, despite this successful transformation and solid ratings, another much more dramatic change took place early in the following year when the station went adult contemporary. Ratings plummeted as rival station 3MP decided to pick up the Easy Listening concept and the relevant audience simply switched from 3AK to 3MP.

In 1986, after just one disastrous ratings period, 3AK and Sydney's 2UE embarked on a shared talk-back format called the CBC Network which featured selected Melbourne and Sydney based programs being broadcast across both stations. 3AK's weekday breakfast shift with John Blackman, remained a Melbourne only concern. Other programs being produced at the station were presented by well known local personalities such as Ernie Sigley, Wendy Harmer, Jane Clifton, Fabian Datner, David Lentin and Adam Joseph. The experiment was yet another short lived failure.

CBC was not a success, in part because many considered the format to be Sydney-centric. 3AK soon returned to a music format.

1988 - 1990 saw 3AK again become a purely talk format station, with such high-profile names as Darren James (with Bruce Mansfield as Uncle Roy), Margaret Peacock, Don Chipp (a former Federal Liberal Party Minister and later the founder of and Senator for the Australian Democrats), Peter O'Callaghan (an ex 3XY and EON FM DJ), Keith McGowan and Bill Howie (a former 3AK Programme Director).

This period also saw the introduction of regular Saturday broadcasts of VFL (now AFL) with a football team headed by Graham (Smokey) Dawson.

1987 saw Kerry Packer sell all of Australian Consolidated Press's radio and television interests to Alan Bond for A$1 billion. 3AK was, of course, included in the deal, even though Bond made no secret of the fact that he wanted the TV stations but wasn't really interested in radio. (Because of Bond's insecure financial position, in 1990 Kerry Packer was able to buy back the Nine Television Network for half of what he had sold it for. By this time, Bond had already sold 3AK [see below].)

In 1989 the Federal Government invited bids from all capital city AM commercial radio stations for a number of FM licences. Six of the seven Melbourne commercial AM stations bid for the two licences being offered in their market. (3AW was the only station that didn't bid, on the grounds that its mature adult audience were not really FM listeners.) The two highest bidders were 3KZ with a record bid amongst all Australia-wide bidders of A$32 million, and 3AK with a bid of A$22 million.  Because of the dire financial position of Alan Bond (he was soon to be declared bankrupt), 3AK defaulted on the payment for its FM licence, which then went to the third highest Melbourne bidder, 3TT who paid only A$11 million.

1990s
In 1990 the station was sold to businessman Peter Corso who sacked most of its workforce in preparation to relaunch 3AK as Australia's first commercial Italian-language radio station. There was a brief transition period whilst Corso was preparing his Italian format during which Beautiful Music was played continuously without any advertisements, studio announcements, news broadcasts, etc., but interspersed with recorded announcements about the starting dates for the Italian broadcasts.  Nevertheless, the station was not able to get out of its obligations to broadcast the football and, so, at 12 noon on Saturdays football was still broadcast, both during this transition period and for the rest of the season.

Only two former 3AK employees, Technician Ralph Knight and Producer Warren Koglin were to be re-hired by the new owner. 3AK continued to broadcast from within the GTV9 complex for about 12 months, before moving to new studios at West Melbourne.

At one stage, Corso contemplated moving away from the unsuccessful Italian format and was in talks with Bert Newton and his partner to sub-lease the station and provide an old-fashioned personality format. The Australian Broadcasting Tribunal knocked back the application, firstly on the grounds that it could not allow the leasing of stations, and secondly because of questions raised as to the suitability of Newton's partner.  The former reason is interesting in the light of 3AK/SEN's present situation.

The Italian format continued until 1994 when Corso sold the station to Southern Cross Broadcasting who took the station back to easy-listening music.

Corso was keen to sell 3AK because he had just obtained one of the first of the new narrowcast licences then being offered by the Australian Broadcasting Tribunal.  Therefore, 3AK's Italian programming was transferred to the new narrow-cast station, 3BM, which transmitted from 1116 KC (ironically a wavelength that was later to be used by 3AK itself).

By 1996, Southern Cross had found itself owning 4 radio stations in Melbourne; 3AW, 3AK, 3EE, 3MP; whereas the legal limit is two stations in a single market.  They sold 3AK to a Christian organisation, Fusion Media, who switched the format to a mixture of talk-back and magazine programs and easy listening music.  The station was moved to studios in St. Kilda Road that had originally been built for 3EE (later Magic 693/Magic 1278); later moving again to Swan Street Richmond.

Final years
After more years of low ratings and financial troubles, 3AK was sold again, to a small media and data company Data and Commerce Limited (DCL).  In 2001, DCL transferred 3AK from 1503 kHz to 1116 kHz and relaunched 3AK once again as a talk back station in direct competition to top rating stations 3AW and 774 ABC Melbourne.

Controversial radio broadcaster Derryn Hinch took over 3AK's morning time-slot after twelve months as evening presenter at 3AW. The former Premier of Victoria Jeff Kennett was also a presenter.

Demise
Some unusual programming decisions and lack of promotion led to 3AK failing to lift from the bottom of the ratings ladder.  In late 2003, DCL announced it had leased the running of radio 3AK to a new organisation Sports Entertainment Network (SEN) who were to convert 3AK to a 24-hour sport radio station.  In January 2004, 3AK became known on-air as SEN 1116 although the official ACA/Australian Communications Authority callsign remains 3AK, a fact that is probably not appreciated by the majority of listeners.  As of the April 2004 ratings, the new format had already managed to lift 3AK's profile as well as the number of listeners.

SEN

While initially, ratings were steadily rising, the station's financial position took a turn for the worse in early 2005, with several employees, including Dermott Brereton, Mark Doran, and Robert Shaw not being paid. This eventually led to Brereton walking out on the station. This dour financial situation could not have come at a worse time, since SEN had recently begun broadcasting into Adelaide. Unfortunately, Adelaide broadcasts were short-lived because of the poor financial situation, and the station's heavy Melbourne focus.

In 2006 it was announced that SEN had acquired rights to broadcast five Australian Football League matches per weekend.

See also
 Radio Times

References

External links
 3AK Hall of Fame
 3AK - 2003 story in the Age

Radio stations in Melbourne
Radio stations in Victoria (state)
Radio stations established in 1931
Pacific Star Network

3AK


La  cérémonie des Africa Movie Academy Awards s'est tenue le  au Gloryland Cultural Center à Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria, pour honorer les meilleurs films africains de 2004. La cérémonie a été retransmise en direct à la télévision nationale nigériane.

L' actrice de Nollywood Stella Damasus-Aboderin et l'acteur de Nollywood Segun Arinze ont animé la cérémonie.

Gagnants

Récompenses majeures
Les gagnants des 14 catégories de prix sont répertoriés en premier et mis en évidence en caractères gras.

Liens externes

 Bobine de l'AMAA Awards 2013

Références

2005 au Nigeria
Récompense de cinéma en 2004
2004

1re cérémonie des Africa Movie Academy Awards


Allianz Arena (), 30 Mayıs 2005 tarihinde Almanya'nın Münih şehrinde açılmıştır. UEFA'nın 5 yıldızlı stadyumlarından biridir.

Stadın dış tarafı akşam veya maç olduğu günler ışıklandırılır. Maç günlerinde ev sahibi takımın renklerini alır. Stadyum 340 milyon Euro'ya mal olmuştur.

Stadın kapasitesi 70.000 kişiliktir. Stad, TSV 1860 München ve Bayern München futbol takımları tarafından ortak olarak kullanılmaktadır. Fakat stadın 2006-2007 sezonunda sadece Bayern München tarafından kullanılacağı açıklamıştır. Stadın çatısındaki şeffaf bölümler teker teker açılıp kapanabilmektedir. Böylece çimlerin güneş ışığı görmesi sağlanmaktadır. Stad aynı zamanda Avrupa'nın en büyük stadlarından olup yüksek teknoloji ile donatılmıştır.

Resim galerisi

Dış bağlantılar

 Allianz Arena resmi sitesi

Allianz
Münih'teki spor mekânları
Bavyera'daki stadyumlar
Herzog & de Meuron yapıları
Almanya'da modern mimarlık
FC Bayern München
TSV 1860 München
2006 FIFA Dünya Kupası stadyumları
2005'te Almanya'da kurulan oluşumlar
2005'te tamamlanan spor mekânları
2020 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası stadyumları
2024 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası stadyumları
Yüksek teknoloji mimarisi

Allianz Arena


MS Seattle var et tysk stykgodsskib og motorskib. Lasten om bord varierede, men hun transporteres hovedsagelig trælast og tømmer. På den sidste tur havde hun også 30.000 kasser med appelsiner. Den sidste tur havde været dramatisk. Skibet blev taget under blokade i de Nederlandske Antiller. Blokaden blev brudt, skibet undslap og kursen blev sat nordover til Island. Derfra sejlte skibet til Tromsø i Norge, hvorfra skibet havde fået tilladelse fra de neutrale norske myndigheder til at sejle rundt den norske kyst og ind i Østersøen. Sidste stop i Norge var Kristiansand, hvor skibet mødte sin endelige skæbne.

Krydsild under den tyske invasion

Skibet var ved daggry 9. april 1940 på vej fra Kristiansand, da hun kom under krydsild mellem de tyske invasionsstyrker under ledelse af den tyske krydser Karlsruhe og den norske Odderøya Fæstning. De norske styrker troede, at MS Seattle var et civilt fartøj, der støttede de tyske krigsskibe, og begyndte at skyde med 150 mm kanoner. Skibet vendte om og sejlede mod havnen i Kristiansand. MS Seattle blev udsat for hård beskydning og der brød ud brand. Besætningen gik til redningsbådene, mens skibet blev opgivet, drivende og brændende i Kristiansandsfjorden. Når besætningen kom i land, blev de holdt som krigsfanger, indtil den følgende dag. MS Seattle lå og fik brænde ud i flere dage. Hun begyndte så at tage ind vand og sank.

Vragdykning, en farlig sport

Vraget af skibet er et populært, men meget farligt mål for dykkere. Vraget ligger på en stejl havskrænt, hvor agterenden ligger på 28 meters dybde, mens det på dybeste sted ligger på hele 72 meters dybde. På vraget er opstået flere dødsulykker. Blandt andet i 2010, hvor to danske dykkere, fra den århusianske dykkerklub Nautica, mistede livet under et dyk ved vraget. Den ene dykker, en 38 årig mand fra Hørning, blev fundet i 2011 inde i vraget i et fragtrum på 55 meters dybde.

Kilder
 Kampen om Kristiansand  af den tyske kontreadmiral Otto Schenk (1940), side 6
 Arnold Kludas: Die Geschichte der deutschen Passagierschiffahrt Bd.IV Vernichtung und Wiedergeburt 1914 bis 1930, Schriften des Deutschen Schiffahrtsmuseum, Bind 21
 MS Seattle  www.teknisk-dykking.net
 MS Seattle www.dykkepedia.no
 Skipsvrak: MS Seattle Riksantikvaren / Kulturminnesøk

Seattle, MS
Skibe fra 2. verdenskrig fra Tyskland
Norge under 2. verdenskrig

MS Seattle


Rudolf Sremec (18 August 1909 – 16 August 1999) was a Yugoslav and Croatian film director. He is regarded as one of the most important Croatian authors of short documentary films. In a career spanning four decades, Sremec directed and wrote some 90 documentary shorts, mainly dealing with various cultural and anthropological topics.

Born in Vinkovci, Sremec graduated from the Zagreb Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences with a degree in Slavic studies and French language. Sremec began making films in 1945 after spending some time working as a high school teacher.

Apart from documentaries, he directed a handful of live-action short films and he also wrote the screenplay for The Substitute (Surogat; 1961), a short animated film directed by Dušan Vukotić which won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film.

Sremec spent a number of years working at the Croatian Radiotelevision and directed a 1981 two-part television film August Šenoa about Croatian writer August Šenoa. He was also a prolific film critic, editor of the Filmska kultura film magazine and taught courses in film history and film theory at the comparative literature department of the Zagreb Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences.

Sremec was honoured with the Vladimir Nazor Award for life achievement in film in 1976.

References

External links

Rudolf Sremec biography at Filmski-Programi.hr

1909 births
1999 deaths
People from Vinkovci
Croatian film directors
Yugoslav film directors
Croatian screenwriters
Vladimir Nazor Award winners
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb alumni
Academic staff of the University of Zagreb
20th-century screenwriters

Rudolf Sremec


Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) in Boston, Massachusetts is a teaching hospital of Harvard Medical School. It was formed out of the 1996 merger of Beth Israel Hospital (founded in 1916) and New England Deaconess Hospital (founded in 1896). Among independent teaching hospitals, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center consistently ranks in the top three recipients of biomedical research funding from the National Institutes of Health. Research funding totals nearly $200 million annually. BIDMC researchers run more than 850 active sponsored projects and 200 clinical trials. The Harvard-Thorndike General Clinical Research Center, the oldest clinical research laboratory in the United States, has been located on this site since 1973.

Overview
BIDMC is one of the largest hospitals in New England, is affiliated with Joslin Diabetes Center and is a research partner of Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, the largest cancer institution in the country. The hospital is part of the Boston MedFlight consortium and supports a Level I trauma center through the use of its rooftop helipad.

Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center has affiliates in the Boston-area towns of Needham, Milton, Plymouth, Chestnut Hill, Chelsea and Lexington, as well as through numerous primary care practices and community health centers.

BIDMC is the official hospital of the Boston Red Sox and under the 30+ year leadership of Mitchell T. Rabkin, M.D., was the first hospital in the nation to create and adopt a Patient Bill of Rights.

Peter J. Healy joined Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center as president in 2017. He has worked with BIDMC's senior management team and Harvard Medical Faculty Physicians (HMFP) leadership to strengthen clinical operations, academic achievement, leading-edge research, and the BIDMC Experience.

History
New England Deaconess Hospital was founded In 1896 by Methodist deaconesses to care for Boston's residents. The Methodist Deaconess movement, which started in Germany in 1836, was a group of women dedicating themselves to the care of the sick and the poor. The first 14-bed infirmary was opened in a converted five-story brownstone at 691 Massachusetts Avenue. Although the hospital was originally staffed by the Deaconesses, in 1922 it added a permanent medical and surgical staff. In 1927, the New England Deaconess Association opened the Palmer Memorial Hospital, a cancer treatment facility. During the 1960s, Deaconess' residency programs gained accreditation and it affiliated with Harvard Medical School. Deaconess had a leading role in the early studies of the cause, course and treatment of AIDS. Deaconess was also a pioneer in organ transplantation and immunological research.

During an era of religious separatism and anti-Semitism, Boston's Jewish community founded Beth Israel Hospital in 1916 to meet the needs of the growing Jewish immigrant population. Its first hospital on Townsend Street in Roxbury held 45 beds. The new hospital addressed the needs of immigrants who spoke Yiddish without speaking English and for patients who kept a kosher diet. In 1928, Beth Israel established relationships with Tufts University and the Harvard Medical School and relocated to a new facility in the Longwood area of Boston. During the Depression, Beth Israel was one of only two hospitals in Boston that treated welfare recipients. Researchers at Beth Israel discovered vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in 1983.

The two neighboring hospitals merged in 1996, continuing the patient care, educational and research components of both predecessors. In 2003, BIDMC researchers identified the source of preeclampsia, a life-threatening complication of pregnancy.

In January 2014, Jordan Hospital joined the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center family of hospitals and became Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital-Plymouth. It was founded in 1899 when a group of leading citizens from Plymouth saw a need to build a hospital to serve residents and pursued the idea of "a hospital on the hill". They approached retail tycoon, philanthropist, and summer resident Eben Jordan of the Jordan Marsh & Company who donated $20,000 to build was to become Jordan Hospital. In December 1903, Jordan Hospital opened its doors to the first patients and has remained a community hospital ever since. It remains a private, not-for-profit hospital serving the communities of Bourne, Carver, Duxbury, Halifax, Kingston, Lakeville, Pembroke, Plympton, Plymouth, Marshfield, Middleboro, Sandwich and Wareham.

Boston Marathon Bombing
BIDMC received and cared for 21 victims of the Boston Marathon bombing, as well as receiving Dzhokhar Tsarnaev after he was arrested by police. Of the 21 victims received, 17 had serious injuries and seven required emergency surgery. Tamerlan Tsarnaev was also brought to BIDMC where attempts were made to resuscitate him, and where he was ultimately pronounced dead.

Merger with Lahey Hospital & Medical Center
In January 2017, The Boston Globe reported of a letter of intent for a merger between Beth Israel Deaconess and Lahey Hospital & Medical Center with this partnership creating the largest hospital merger in more than 20 years. The combined system would be counteraction to Partners HealthCare, Massachusetts' largest network of hospitals and doctors with a market share of 22% in the eastern part of the state.

In December 2017, a group called the Make Healthcare Affordable Coalition came out in opposition to the proposed merger of Lahey Health and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center stating that the "mega merger" would lead to higher costs and the closing of health clinics serving minority communities.

In March 2019, Beth Israel Lahey Health was formed by the merger of Lahey Health and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Beth Israel Lahey Health is composed of Addison Gilbert Hospital, Anna Jaques Hospital, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital—Milton, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital—Needham, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital—Plymouth, Beverly Hospital, Lahey Hospital & Medical Center, Lahey Medical Center-Peabody, Mount Auburn Hospital, New England Baptist Hospital, and Winchester Hospital.

Structure
Since the Beth Israel–Deaconess merger, the hospital has consisted of two campuses, the East (former Beth Israel) and the West (former Deaconess). The East Campus retained most primary care, outpatient, clinical and administrative functions, while the emergency department, inpatient care, the department of human resources, and many specialists are located on the West Campus. The medical center has more than 6,000 full-time employees.

The merger coincided with the completion of the ten-story Clinical Center, located at the corner of Brookline and Longwood Avenues, in space formerly occupied by the Massachusetts College of Art. The Clinical Center houses most of the hospital's outpatient services. The East Campus is located at 330 Brookline Avenue in the Longwood Medical Area.

The nation's oldest clinical research laboratory, the Harvard–Thorndike Laboratory, has been at this site since 1973.

The West Campus is nearly diagonally across the street, at 1 Deaconess Road. A number of other non-clinical, administrative offices (e.g. payroll, accounts payable, telecommunications) are located offsite in offices scattered throughout the area.

Major affiliates
 One of the teaching hospitals of Harvard Medical School
 Affiliated with Joslin Diabetes Center
 Research partner of the Dana-Farber Harvard Cancer Center
 Level I trauma center verified by the American College of Surgeons
 Part of the consortium of hospitals which operates Boston MedFlight
 In 2003 the institution formed a partnership with the Boston Red Sox, becoming the official hospital of the team

In popular culture
A stylized version of Beth Israel Hospital serves as the setting for the novel The House of God, a satirical account of one physician's training in the Harvard medical system in the 1970s.

The hospital's intensive care unit served as the basis and subject of Frederick Wiseman's 1989 documentary Near Death. The film explores the "complex interrelationships among patients, families, doctors, nurses, hospital staff, and religious advisors" as they are confronted with the implications of continuing life-sustaining treatment on individual patients approaching the end of their lives. It is Wiseman's longest documentary at a length of six hours, and is regarded as one of the longest cinematic films of all time.

Notable faculty and alumni
 James B. Aguayo-Martel, MD, MPH, developer of MR microscopy and deuterium spectroscopy
 Stephen Bergman, author of The House of God
 William Dameshek, MD, a pioneering hematologist, founder of the journal Blood, and founder of the American Society of Hematology
 Sanjiv Chopra, MD, MACP, Professor of Medicine and Faculty Dean for Continuing Medical Education at Harvard Medical School, Senior Consultant in Hepatology at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
 Ezekiel Emanuel, MD, PhD, bioethicist at the University of Pennsylvania who was instrumental in developing the Affordable Care Act
 Jerome Groopman, chief of experimental medicine, author of Anatomy of Hope, How Doctors Think
 Mark Josephson, chairman of cardiology, one of the most influential figures in the history of electrophysiology
 Roderick MacKinnon, 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels"
 Godwin Maduka, MD and founder of Las Vegas Pain Institute and Medical Center
 Joel Mark Noe, MD, pioneering reconstructive plastic surgeon who, in 1977, created the burn unit and argon laser program
 Alvaro Pascual-Leone, MD, PhD, noted neuroscientist, one of the pioneers in the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation and the director of Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation
 John Rowe, former chief of geriatrics, CEO of Aetna
 Chip Skowron, hedge fund portfolio manager convicted of insider trading
 Jill Stein, MD, two-time presidential candidate
 Paul Zoll, first to describe technique of electrical cardioversion in humans and eponym for the Zoll defibrillator

References

External links
 Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center

1996 establishments in Massachusetts
Harvard Medical School
Hospitals established in 1996
Hospitals in Boston
Jewish medical organizations
Jews and Judaism in Boston
Teaching hospitals in Massachusetts
Trauma centers

Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center


الصباح هو الجزء الأول من اليوم، يقصد به وقت بزوغ الشمس من المشرق على مكان ما، وقد يشار به أيضاً إلى تلك الفترة التي تتلو الفجر أي عندما يمكن رؤية قرص الشمس بعضه أو كله.

معرض صور

انظر أيضاً
 ليل
 مساء
 غروب

 شفق وغسق

مراجع

صباح
أوقات اليوم
الزمن في الفلك

صباح (وقت)


Diego de Quijada, (Carmona, Sevilla, España, 1516 - Carmona, Sevilla 1571) fue un político español, alcalde mayor de Yucatán, Cozumel y Tabasco de 1560 a 1565 nombrado por el Rey Felipe II, siendo el primero en ser nombrado con ese cargo directamente por el rey. En 1564 fundó oficialmente la ciudad de Villahermosa con el nombre de Villa Carmona y que posteriormente sería la capital de la provincia de Tabasco. Fue destituido del gobierno provincial de Yucatán para enfrentar juicio de residencia debido a quejas presentadas en su contra.

Alcalde Mayor de Yucatán, Cozumel y Tabasco
Diego de Quijada fue el primer alcalde mayor de Yucatán que recibió el nombramiento directo del rey, ya que anteriormente, los alcaldes mayores fueron enviados por las Audiencias de México y Guatemala, ya que en diversos tiempos la provincia de Yucatán estuvo subordinado a ellas.

Aunque el nombramiento de Alcalde Mayor de Yucatán, Cozumel y Tabasco fue otorgado por el rey Felipe II de España mediante cédula real, el 19 de febrero de 1560, por motivos desconocidos, Diego de Quijada tomó posesión de su cargo, hasta el 10 de enero de 1562, es decir, dos años después de haber sido nombrado.

A su llegada a la provincia de Yucatán, Quijada trajo consigo, la facultad del rey para poder establecer encomiendas de indios que estuvieran "vacantes", dando preferencia a los primeros conquistadores de estas provincias que estuvieran aun sin indios, y después de ellos, a los pobladores que tuviesen cualidades para tenerlos.

También traía orden para tasar los tributos que debían pagar los indios y los encomenderos conforme a las nuevas leyes. La cédula real de Quijada, prohibía al presidente y oidores de la Nueva España dar en encomienda a los indios de estas provincias, ya que era una facultad de las autoridades de ellas.

A Diego de Quijada, le corresponde el mérito de haber iniciado en la ´península la llamada "política de caminos", con una visión certera de lo que significa para el desarrollo de los pueblos, ya que antes de su llegada, las únicas vías de comunicación existentes eras las veredas o senderos en los que los indígenas caminaban uno detrás del otro, en lo que se le ha llamado "fila india".

Durante su gobierno, Diego de Quijada puso especial empeño en abrir muchos de los caminos carreteros, que comunican a la capital de la provincia, con las villas y lugares principales, con el fin de "descargar la conciencia real", liberando a los indígenas de pesada tarea de tener que transportar "a lomo" los productos agrícolas, las mercaderías y los tributos que tenían que entregar a sus señores, por cuyo objeto, trajo el alcalde las primeras "arrias" a la provincia, obligando su uso para recoger los tributos y transportar las mercancías que debían venderse o embarcarse, medida que desató la inconformidad de los encomenderos ya que se veían obligados a gastar en fletes y bestias de carga.

Uno de los logros de Quijada, y que ya había sido intentado sin éxito por sus antecesores, fue la construcción del primer camino carretero Mérida - Sisal, y la calzada que cruza una ancha ciénega para dar acceso a la población, lo que indica que comprendía la necesidad de habilitar un puerto más cercano a Mérida que el de Campeche, y que permitió la transportación de mercancías desde Castilla y la Nueva España hacia la provincia.

Fundación de la capital de Tabasco
En el año de 1564, durante un recorrido por la provincia de Tabasco en su calidad de Alcalde Mayor de Yucatán, Cozumel y Tabasco, Diego de Quijada llegó a la entonces capital Santa María de la Victoria, siendo informado de la precaria situación en que se encontraba la provincia debido al azote de los piratas ingleses que asaltaban y quemaban la villa desde 1557, y fue informado de que un grupo de personas había dejado la villa remontando el río Grijalva para establecerse en el interior de la provincia.

Diego de Quijada remontó el río Grijalva y llegó el 24 de junio de ese año al asiento que los habitantes denominaban San Juan Bautista o Tres Lomas, y después de trazar solares fundó oficialmente la hoy ciudad de Villahermosa con el nombre de Villa Carmona. En una carta fechada el 10 de febrero de 1565, Quijada le informa al rey Felipe II:

De esta forma, Diego de Quijada, fundó oficialmente la ciudad de Villahermosa, en el mismo lugar al que en 1557 se habían instalado ya varios vecinos de Santa María de la Victoria, huyendo de los ataques piratas. Posteriormente, el 24 de junio de 1641 y debido precisamente a la piratería, las autoridades de la provincia de Tabasco, cambiarían los poderes de la provincia a villa Carmona, entonces llamada ya San Juan Bautista.

El 10 de febrero de 1565, y ya de regreso en Mérida, Quijada le envió una carta al rey de España narrándole todas las actividades que había hecho en Tabasco, y solicitándole que ahí se implantasen seis ingenios de azúcar, y que se llevasen cuatrocientos negros esclavos para las labores. Pedía igualmente un obispado para Tabasco que abarcase Coatzacoalcos y Veracruz, con sede en la Villa de Santa María de la Victoria, proponiendo como Obispo a Fray Domingo de Tineo.

Destitución y fallecimiento
Diego de Quijada, gobernó la provincia de Yucatán, hasta el 13 de noviembre de 1565, en que fue sustituido por don Luis de Céspedes y Oviedo. Se le siguió juicio de residencia por quejas presentadas en su contra por vecinos y encomenderos de las villas y pueblos de la provincia, quienes molestos por tener que pagar fletes y transportes en lugar de transportar las mercancías a lomo de indios, protestaron por los diferentes "abusos" cometidos supuestamente por Quijada. En la orden de sustitución, se decía que porque así "convenía al real servicio" aunque durante el juicio no se encontró razón de ello.

Uno de cargos que se le imputaron, fue el haber hecho llevar a su esposa de Mérida a Valladolid en "hombros de indios" en una litera y de haber viajado él de la misma manera de Mérida a Sisal, dejando a los indios sin paga alguna. El Dr. Quijada se defendió y desbarató muchos de los cargos, explicando los hechos, pero fue condenado en 1568, siendo obligado a pagar una fianza por 20 000 pesos.  Sin embargo, al no haberla entregado a satisfacción, fue encarcelado en Mérida con la intención de enviarlo a España junto con su expediente en el primer navío que saliera. Diego de Quijada se evadió de la cárcel y viajó subrepticiamente a México donde presentó ante la Real Audiencia su queja y sus excusas, logrando su excarcelación pero no las penas pecuniarias, que hubo de pagar penosamente con la ayuda de otros ya que no contaba con los medios para hacerlo personalmente.

Viajó a su natal Carmona donde murió pobre, de asma,a finales de 1571, a los 55 años de edad.

Véase también

 Gobernantes de Yucatán
 Villahermosa (Tabasco)

Referencias

Gobernadores de Yucatán del siglo XVI
Villahermosa
Historia del estado de Tabasco
Nacidos en Carmona
Fallecidos en Carmona

Diego de Quijada


حي الملاوي هو من أقدم أحياء مدينة مكة ويبعُد حوالي 2 كم أو أقل عن الحرم المكي الشريف ويفصله عنه فقط شعب عامر.

التاريخ
يعرف قديمًا أن سكان حي الملاوي هم من الحضارم والبادية. وبدأ سكان جنوب المملكة بالتوافد والسكن في حي الملاوي قديماً، وبعد ذلك الجاليات اليمنية والمصرية والأفارقة وبعض الجنسيات الأخرى.

المعالم الأثرية
أحد المعالم الأثرية التي لا زالت في هذا الحي العتيق هو قصر السّقاف والذي كان مقر للملك عبدالعزيز بن عبدالرحمن آل سعود مؤسس الدولة السعودية الثالثة وموحّدها.

المراجع

أحياء مكة المكرمة

حارة الملاوي


صامويل كوهين  (ولد في 1921 في بروكلين-نيويورك, توفي في 28 نوفمبر 2010) هو فيزيائي أمريكي اشتهر على خلفية اختراعه للرأس الحربي W70 والقنبلة النيوترونية.

ولد كوهين لوالدين قدما من لندن. وقد ولد ونشأ كوهين في نيويورك، وأكمل دراسته حتى حصل على درجة الدكتوراة في الفيزياء من جامعة كاليفورنيا، لوس أنجلس UCLA. وقد عمل صأمويل كوهين في العام 1944 في مشروع مانهاتن وهو المشروع الذي أنتج أول قنبلة ذرية في العالم. وقد كان من بين أعمال كوهين حسابه لكيفية تصرف النيوترونات في القنبلة الذرية التي ألقيت على ناجازاكي.

خلال حرب فيتنام دعا كوهين إلى استخدام القنابل النيوترونية لإنهاء الحرب بسرعة وإنقاذ أرواح الأمريكيين. لكن دعوته تلك لم تلق أذناً صاغية. وقد قام لاحقاً الرئيس الأمريكي الأسبق جيمي كارتر بتعطيل برنامج القنابل النيوترونية عام 1978، لكن كوهين - على حد زعمه - نجح في إقناع الرئيس اللاحق رونالد ريجان بإنتاج 700 قنبلة نيوترونية، نصفها على شكل قذائف لمدفع عيار 200 ملم، والنصف الآخر كرؤوس W70 للصواريخ الرمحية.

خلال فترة التسعينات كان صأمويل كوهين من بين من روجوا لمزاعم وجود مادة تسمى الزئبق الأحمر، زاعمًا أن السوفييت طور تلك المادة، وأن تلك المادة تتيح إمكانية ضغط الوقود الاندماجي في القنابل الاندماجية دون الحاجة لوقود انشطاري لتوفير الضغط اللازم للاندماج. ووفق مزاعم كوهين فإن هذه المادة أتاحت للسوفييت تصنيع قنابل ذرية اندماجية بالغة الصغر. ووصل الأمر بكوهين لاحقًا إلى الزعم أن عدداً من تلك القنابل قد بات بحوزة إرهابيين وبحوزة صدام حسين. وقد سعى كوهين للرد على الاعتقاد الشائع لدى الكثيرين ممن أكدوا أن قصة الزئبق الأحمر من أساسها ليست سوى حملة تزييف قادتها وكالات الحكومة الأمريكية أو السوفييتية لاستدراج أية إرهابيين محتملين ثم القبض عليهم.

مراجع

أشخاص مرتبطون بمشروع مانهاتن
أشخاص من بروكلين
أعلام مؤسسة راند
أمريكيون من أصل يهودي نمساوي
خريجو جامعة كاليفورنيا (لوس أنجلوس)
علماء أمريكيون يهود
علماء ذرة أمريكيون
علماء من ولاية نيويورك
ملحدون أمريكيون
ملحدون يهود
مواليد 1921
وفيات 2010
وفيات السرطان في كاليفورنيا
وفيات بسبب سرطان المعدة
ملحدون أمريكيون يهود

صامويل كوهين


Gribaja je rječica u Bosni i Hercegovini.

Desna je pritoka Spreče. Vodotok Gribaje spada u vodne površine na području Grada Tuzle. Izvire podno vrha Stolice (915 m). Teče prema zapadu kroz Seljublje i Čaklovinu, kod koje skreće prema jugu. U Babinoj Luci se u nju slijeva ulijeva Hrašljanka. Dalje teče ka jugozapadu kroz Kundakoviće, Kikače i Tojšiće. Nedaleko od Jeginova Luga skreće jugozapadnije. Južno od zračne luke u Gornjim Dubravama ulijeva se u Spreču.

Izvori

Rijeke u Bosni i Hercegovini
Pritoke Spreče

Gribaja


نبات القِشْطَة أو القِشدة (Annona) واسمه العلمي Annona sp، هو نبات من العائلة القشطية Annonaceae.

تنتشر زراعته في السودان واليمن حيث تعرف هذه الثمرة في اليمن باسم (خِرْمِش) وكانت تعرف باسم السفرجل الهندي أو الأناناس الهندي وتنتشر في منطقة وادي اسلم والمحابشة والمنحدرات الغربية كما تزرع بعض أشجار منها في غزة وتنتشر في مصر في محافظات الإسكندرية والشرقية (انشاص) والجيزة (الهرم)والمنيا وأسوان.

الوصف النباتي
من أشجار فاكهة المناطق الحارة وهي نصف متساقطة وقد تكون متساقطة والشجرة متوسطة الحجم، توجد البراعم تحت اعناق الأوراق طويلة رمحية حادة تسقط قبل بدء ظهور النموات الجديدة، المجموع الجذري سطحي والثمرة متجمعة تسمى syncarpium عبارة عن كرابل ملتحمة بالتخت اللبي وتحتوي كل كربلة على بذرة واحدة كما تحتوي الثمرة الواحدة على عدد كبير من البذور وللقشطة عدة أنواع أهمها:
القشطة البلدي A.spuamosa - suger apple-Anona
الشجرة نصف متساقطة صغيرة الحجم تصل لارتفاع 2-7 متر، تتحمل البرد، ذات موسم أزهار طويل، يمكن زراعتها بنجاح من شاطئ البحر الأبيض إلى اسوان عدا الواحات، الورقة صغيرة رمحية أو بيضاوية أو مستطيلة بيضاوية طولها 5-17 سم وعرضها 2-7 سم وطول العنق 0.7-1.5 سم جلدية لونها اخضر باهت وتسقط الأوراق متاخره في الربيع من منتصف أبريل، الأزهار منفردة أو زوجية، الثمرة بيضية مستديرة قطرها 5-10 سم لونها اخضر مصفر ذات فصوص عديدة ظاهرة تنفصل عن بعضها عند النضج والبذور صغيرة سوداء لامعة وتنضج في أغسطس إلى أكتوبر. وتمتاز القشطة اليمني عن المصري باتها اقل وزنا واصغر حجما وأكثر حلاوة ولبها وبذورها اغمق لونا.لب

قشطة شريموليا
الشجرة متساقطة صغيرة أكبر من البلدي قائمة أو منتشرة النمو تصل لارتفاع 5-7 متر، ويمكن زراعتها بنجاح في مناطق شمال الدلتا حيث تحتاج إلى جو معتدل ولذلك تعتبر من فاكهة المنطقة شبة الاستوائية، وهي أكثر الأنواع تحملاً للبرد. الورقة كبيرة بيضاوية طولها 10-25 سم، سطحها السفلي قطيفي الملمس، وتسقط مبكراً في الربيع (مارس).الأزهار منفردة أو 2-3 أزهار، الثمرة شبة كروية أو مخروطية طولها 7.5-12.5 سم أو أكثر شبة ملساء لونها اخضر فاتح ليس من السهل فصل فصوصها عن بعضها حيث تندمج انسجة الكرابل مع التخت، البذور قليلة العدد بنية اللون مطفية أو سوداء اللون واللب أبيض كريمي أو مصفر ذو رائحة عطرية وقوام لين شديد الحلاوة، تنضج في أكتوبر إلى نوفمبر.

القشطة قلب الثور
وتسمى أيضاً الشريفة A.reticulata - custard apple –Bullocks heart –Ramphal – Mamon
الشجرة متساقطة متوسطة الحجم تصل لارتفاع 3-7 متر ذات نمو غير منتظم تتحمل البرد، يمكن زراعتها بنجاح على حافة الصحراء، كما تزرع على نطاق صغير في المناطق الاستوائية وتحت الاستوائية. الأوراق جلدية مستطيلة متوسطة الحجم طولها 30.5 سم وعرضها 2-7 سم خالية من الزغب الأزهار 2-10 معا في مجاميع والثمرة مستديرة أو بيضاوية قطرها 10-12 سم ملساء ملونة باللون الأحمر البني عند النضج بها عدد كبير من البذور السوداء اللون، تمتاز بأنها ابكر أنواع القشطة ظهورا في السوق فهي تنضج في يونيو ويوليو. اللب أبيض مصفر أو قشدي عطري وهو حبيبي قليل عند القشرة

القيمة الغذائية
ثبت أن كل 100 جم ثمار تحتوي على 72 جم ماء / 1.1 جم بروتين، 0.5 جم / دهون، 0.8 رماد /21.5 جم كربوهيدرات / (سكر مختزل 12.8% وسكروز 7.2%) 0.5 جم ألياف.

الأزهار والتلقيح
عديد الحمل ثنائية الجنس، تزهر وتثمر الأشجار بعد حوالي 3 سنوات من الزراعة المستديمة، البراعم الزهرية مختلطة تحمل جانبياً على أفرع بعمر سنة أو على أفرع قصيرة تشبة الدوابر، ويتكشف البرعم عن نمو خضري يحمل النورة الزهرية طرفيا وتظهر الأزهار كما لو كانت جانبية مثل العنب تماما والأزهار خنثى، في حالة القشطة الهندي تكون الأزهار فردية عادة وقد تكون زوجية أو ثلاثية أحياناً وفي حالة القشطة قلب الثور تكون الأزهار في مجاميع محمولة على الأفرع الحديثة بينما في القشدة البلدي توجد الأزهار في مجاميع غالباً مكونة من 2-3 أزهار وأحياناً فردية على أفرع حديثة وقليلاً منها مسن، وقد يبدا تفتح الأزهار في نفس الوقت تقريبا الذي تسقط فية الأوراق وقد توجد أزهار في طور التكوين بعد تساقط الأوراق بحوالي 3 شهور ولا تعقد الأزهار المتفتحة في غياب الأوراق بنفس الدرجة التي تعقد بها الأزهار المتفتحة في وجود الأوراق الحديثة ولوجود المياسم في قرص مستقل وفي مستوى أعلى من الموجودة أيضا في مجموعة مستقلة حيث أن الأزهار سفلية Hypogynous وأيضا لاختلاف موعد نضج المتك عن موعد نضج المياسم في نفس الزهرة يرجع لوجود ظاهرة الDichogamy حيث أن الأزهار مبكرة المناع Protogenous وكذلك لقلة الرائحة التي تجذب الحشرات لهذة الأسباب الثلاثة من الضروري إجراء التلقيح صناعيا بواسطة الإنسان، اذ ان الأشجار إذا ترك تلقيحها للطبيعة ستنتج محصولا قليلاً جدا ثماره مشوهة غير منتظمة الشكل وذلك بسبب التلقيح الخلطي الذي يتم بدرجة غير كافية عن طريق الحشرات التي تنقل حبوب اللقاح من زهرة إلى أخرى حديثة التفتح، وقد لا تحتاج القشطة البلدي إلى تلقيح صناعي باليد ولكن ثبت أن اجراءه أدى إلى زيادة المحصول.
ولاجراء التلقيح الصناعي باليد تجمع قبل الغروب الأزهار الكبيرة السن عند تمام تفتحها وبحيث تكون اجزائها متماسكة ولونها فاتح وغير ذابلة تماما ويفضل أن تجمع الأزهار من الأفرع العالية من اطرافها حيث أن مثل هذة الأزهار العليا الطرفية عادة لاتكون ثمار وهي عرضة للتساقط تؤخذ منها حبوب اللقاح وتحفظ إلى الصباح في وعاء زجاجي مغطى باستمرار وبواسطة فرشاة نمرة 3 وتحمل بحبوب اللقاح وتمرر على المياسم فيتم التلقيح وذلك بان تمسك الزهرة باليد اليسرى ثم تحني إحدى البتلات إلى الخلف حتى يظهر ما بداخل المخروط ثم تدخل فرشة التلقيح بما عليها من حبوب لقاح باليد اليمنى إلى قلب الزهرة وتلمس بها سطح المادة الميسمية اللزجة عدة مرات، ويكفي لتلقيح الشجرة الواحدة في المرة الواحدة حوالي خمسة أزهار ويكرر التلقيح في الشجرة حوالي 8 مرات أثناء موسم الأزهار أي من مايو: يوليو والأزهار الصالحة للتلقيح هي الأزهار صغيرة السن نسبيا وتكون مياسمها منداة بمادة سكرية تكثر عندما تكون الأزهار على وشك التفتح البتلات قد بدات في التباعد عن بعضها. تزهر القشطة في أبريل في الوجة القبلي وفي يونية في الوجة البحري خاصة في المناطق الساحلية وقد تطول فترة الأزهار بالنسبة للقشطة الهندي أكبر من القشطة البلدي بنحو 2-3 اسابيع بينما يتاخر نضج ثمارها عن ثمار القشطة البلدي اما القشطة قلب الثور فتزهر في يوليو وأغسطس دون إعطاء أي ثمار ثم تزهر مرة أخرى في نوفمبر وديسمبر وتعطي ثمار في يونية ويوليو أي في وقت لا توجد فية أي نوع اخر من القشطة، وتنضج الثمرة بعد حوالي 5-8 أشهر من تلقيحها وقد تزيد عن ذلك لو تاخر التلقيح بحيث يحل الشتاء والثمار لا زالت في دور العقد، وإذا لم تخصب البويضة لا تتكون وتثمر الكربلة ويظهر انخفاض في سطح الثمرة مكان الكربلة ونتيجة لعدم نمو بعض هذة الكرابل تاخذ الثمرة اشكالا مختلفة

طرق التكاثر

 البذور: إذ زرعت عقب استخراجها من الثمار مباشرة تكون نسبة الإنبات عالية، كما يمكن الحصول على نسبة انبات عالية في أقصر وقت وذلك بتعريض البذور في اقل من 45 يوم، كذلك يمكن تقصير فترة الإنبات بصنفرة القشرة الخارجية أو بنقع البذور لمدة ثلاثة أيام في ماء دافئ مع تغيير الماء يوميا. وتزرع البذور اما في صناديق خشبية أو في خطوط أو سطور تبعد عن بعضها 50 سم وبعمق لايزيد عن 2 سم، وعندما يصل ارتفاع الشتلة إلى حوالي 10 سم تنقل إلى قصرية نمرة 10 حتى يصل طولها لحوالي 20 سم فتنقل إلى قصرية أكبر أو تنقل إلى المشتل في مارس وتطعم في مايو إذا كان النمو جيدا وفي أغسطس إذا كان النمو ضعيفا.
 العقل: تؤخذ من خشب ناضج أثناء دور الراحة فتزرع في بيئة رملية وتوالى بالري فتخرج عليها الجذور بعد 5:4 اسابيع
 التطعيم: في حالة القشطة الهندي ويكون بالعين أو بالقلم على
الاصول التالية

ا- القشطة جلابرا A.glabra: ثمارها كبيرة الحجم ملساء لونها أصفر عند النضج واللب ليفي له طعم غير مقبول، ويستعمل كاصل

ب-القشطة البلدي: في حالة الرغبة في الحصول على أشجار قصيرة، حيث أنه أصل مقصّر، ولا ينصح باستعماله في الأرض سيئة التصريف، حيث تصاب الأشجار بمرض تعفن الجذور.

ج- القشطة الهندي: أصل جيد.
تنقل الأشجار المطعّمة من المشتل إلى الأرض الدائمة بعد حوالي سنة من نجاح التطعيم وتزرع، على أن توالى بالري كل اسبوع صيفاً وكل شهر شتاء في حالة الأرض الثقيلة وتقلل الفترة في حالة الأرض الخفيفة أو الرملية.

الجو المناسب:

تحتاج أشجار القشطة الهندي بالرغم من أنها من فاكهة المناطق الاستوائية إلى جو معتدل صيفاً وشتاء حيث أن برودة الجو تسبب صغر حجم الثمار وعدم نضجها تماما ولذلك تجود في المناطق الساحلية حيث أن الحرارة معتدلة نسبيا طول السنة والرطوبة ليست عالية أثناء نضج الثمار بينما القشطة البلدي تحتاج إلى جو حار ورطوبة قليلة نسبيا حيث أن الجو الرطب يحسن من نسبة عقد الثمار ولذلك تجود في المناطق الداخلية حيث تشتد الحرارة والبرودة وتنخفض الرطوبة وخاصة في الصيف. من ذلك يتضح أن الجو الجاف يحسن كثيرا من الأزهار بينما الجو الرطب يحسن من عقد الثمار في جميع الحالات وكلما اشتدت الحرارة والجفاف قصرت الفترة التي تصبح فيها الأزهار صالحة للتلقيح.

الأرض المناسبة
أفضل تربة لزراعة الأشجار هي التربة الطميية الخفيفة الخصبة الجيدة الصرف فهي اقل تحملا للتهوية الرديئة والرطوبة الأرضية العالية عن أشجار الموالح مثلا ولكنها أكثر تحملا عن أشجار الزبدية، ويمكن زراعة الأشجار في أنواع كثيرة من الأراضي مثل الطينية والرملية بشرط العناية بالتسميد والري كما في الموالح والمانجو والزيتون والنخيل مع ملاحظة أن أشجار القشطة البلدي تجود في التربة الجيرية

مسافات الزراعة
تزرع الأشجار على بعد 5×7 متر في الأرض العادية وعلى بعد 3.5×5 متر في التربة الخفيفة والرملية
التسميد: في حالة التربة الثقيلة قد لا تحتاج الأشجار إلى تسميد الا إذا كان النمو ضعيفا وفي هذة الحالة تسمد بحوالي 15 متر مكعب سماد بلدي للفدان مع جوال نترات جير. اما في حالة التربة الخفيفة أو الرملية فيجب إضافة حوالي 25 متر مكعب سماد بلدي للفدان مع 100-200 كجم نترات + 200 كجم سوبر فوسفات + 100 كجم سلفات بوتاسيوم للفدان تضاف على ثلاث دفعات الأولى قبل ظهور الأوراق الجديدة مباشرة أي في مارس وأبريل ودفعة ثانية بعد التلقيح والعقد أي في يوليو والدفعة الثالثة أثناء نمو الثمار في أغسطس وسبتمبر، ويفضل زراعة الاسمدة الخضراء

الري
تتحمل أشجار القشطة البلدي جفاف التربة والعطش بدرجة أكبر من الأنواع الأخرى إلا أن العناية بالري تزيد من المحصول ففي التربة الثقيلة تروي كل اسبوع صيفاً وكل شهر شتاء حسب الحاجة وجو المنطقة مع منع الري دون تعطيش أو تروى على فترات متباعدة وبكمية قليلة من منتصف ديسمبر إلى اواخر فبراير ميعاد أول رية، بينما في التربة الرملية والخفيفة يزداد عدد الريات فتروي كل 4-5 أيام صيفاً وكل 15-20 يوما شتاء حسب الحاجة وجو المنطقة لا يمنع الري من منتصف ديسمبر إلى أواخر فبراير بل تطول الفترة بين الريات وتقلل كمية الري.

التقليم
1- تقليم تربية: تترك الأشجار لتنمو بحالتها الطبيعية مع مراعاة أن يكون شكل الشجرة منتظماً والقلب مفتوح نسبياً يتخلله الضوء والهواء
2- تقليم الأشجار المثمرة: ثبت أن التقليم المتوسط سنوياً يجعل حجم الشجرة اصغر من حجمها الطبيعي ولكن لا يمنع الأفرع الجديدة من التزهير بشكل طبيعي كما أنة يزيد من حجم الثمار وعلية يقتصر التقليم على إزالة الأفرع الجافة والمصابة مع خف الأفرع المتشابكة والمتزاحمة وتقصير طول الأفرع الرئيسية للحد من ارتفاع هيكل الشجرة أكثر من اللازم لسهولة إجراء عمليات الخدمة المختلفة

بالنسبة لفاعليتها:
تساعد القشطة على المساعدة في الشفاء لعدة أمراض منها السرطان وأمراض القلب والسكر

فوائد القشطة
 تساهم في رفع المناعة من خلال احتوائها على فيتامين ج المضاد للأكسدة.
 وقاية القلب من الأمراض، حيث تحتوي على الكثير من الألياف الذائبة والتي تعمل على خفض الكوليسترول السيء.

انظر أيضاً
 قشطة شائكة
 قشطة صدفية
 سفرجل هندي

المراجع

أجناس القشديات
ثمار استوائية

قشدة (نبات)


The Mumbai Police (Marathi: मुंबई पोलीस, IAST: Mumbaī Pulīs, officially Greater Mumbai Police, formerly Bombay Police) is the police department of the city of Mumbai, Maharashtra. It is a part of Maharashtra Police and has the primary responsibilities of law enforcement and investigation within the limits of Mumbai.  The force's motto is "" (, English: "To protect Good and to destroy Evil").

It is headed by the Commissioner of the Mumbai Police assisted by an IPS officer in the rank of Additional Director General, and each district headed is headed by a Deputy Commissioner of Police in the rank of Superintendent of Police (excluding jails headed by Inspector Generals). Each police station is headed by a Senior Inspector called the Station House Officer (SHO).

History

Early history

From 1534 until 1661, Mumbai (then known as Bombay) was under Portuguese colonial rule. The Portuguese authorities in Mumbai established a police station in 1661, the same year it was transferred to the English colonial empire. Now being governed by the East India Company, the new city administration established a militia known as the Bhandari Militia (which consisted of approximately 600 Bandareen men supplied by 100 local landowners) in 1669 to combat street gangs that targeted sailors. This new force, which was organised by governor of Bombay Gerald Aungier, was headquartered at Mahim, Sevree and Sion (with a subedar stationed in each headquarter) and used primarily for law enforcement purposes. In 1672, the city administration implemented a policy of having all law enforcement decisions to be subject to judicial review by the judiciary, though the East India Company suffered from a lack of trained judges during the first decades of their control over Mumbai. The situation remained unchanged for decades. By 1682, law enforcement in Mumbai remained stagnant, and there was only one ensign, two corporals and three sergeants in the Bhandari Militia.

Creation and early days
On 29 March 1780, the office of the Lieutenant of Police was dissolved and the office of Deputy of Police was created. James Tod, the then Lieutenant of Police was appointed as the first Deputy of Police on 5 April 1780. He was tried and dismissed for corruption in 1790. Subsequently, the designation was changed to "Deputy of Police and High Constable".

In 1793, Act XXXIII, Geo. III was promulgated. The post of Deputy of Police was abolished and a post of Superintendent of Police was created in its place, with a Deputy of Superintendent of Police assisting him. Mr. Simon Halliday was the first Superintendent of Police, and governed till 1808. During this time, a thorough revision and re-arrangement of policing in the area outside the Fort was carried out. The troublesome area known as "Dungree and the Woods" was split up into 14 Police divisions, each division being staffed by two English constables and a varying number of Peons (not exceeding 130 for the whole area), who were to be stationary in their respective charges and responsible for dealing with all illegal acts committed within their limits.

Post-1857

Following the establishment of Crown rule in India after the Indian Rebellion of 1857, in 1864 Commissioners of Police were assigned to the three presidency towns of Bombay, Calcutta and Madras. On 14 December 1864, Sir Frank Souter was appointed as the first Police Commissioner of Bombay; in the same year, Khan Bahadur Sheikh Ibrahim Sheikh Imam became the first Indian to be appointed to a senior rank in the Bombay Police, while Souter remained in office for 24 years until 3 July 1888. In 1896, the Police Commissioner of Bombay's office was moved to an Indo-Saracenic building, which it still occupies to this day. The building has been designated as a protected heritage site by the Indian government.

After 1947
After independence, many changes to the Bombay Police were instituted. On 15 August 1947, J.S. Bharucha became the first Indian head of the Bombay Police, taking over from the last British Commissioner, Mr. A.E. Caffin. A dog squad was set up in 1965. Computers were first used by the Bombay police in 1976. A Narcotics Cell and an anti-terrorist special operations squad were created in 1989.

The service was renamed to Mumbai Police in 1995, following the renaming of Bombay to Mumbai. In 1995, the control room was computerised, and finally, in 1997, the Mumbai Police went online.

Modernisation and present day
A massive modernization of the Mumbai Police took place in 2005. New vehicles, guns and electronic equipment were procured for police use. The Tourist Squad was also created to patrol the beaches of Mumbai. On 30 May 2009 the Maharashtra government in Mumbai set up a police station dedicated to tackling cyber crime. It is the third such facility in India after Bangalore and Hyderabad. The dedicated police station will now register first information reports (FIRs) on its own and investigate offences pertaining to cyberspace. It is not clear how people abroad may report to Mumbai Cybercell. The police station will take care of all cyber cases in the city including that of terror e-mails.
The existing Cyber Crime Investigation Cell of the city police probes cyber offences, but the FIRs are registered in local police stations depending on the site of the offence.
A specially trained team of over 25 policemen, headed by an Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP), were selected for the new job.
The facility will function under the supervision of Deputy Commissioner of Police (Preventive) and Joint Commissioner of Police (Crime).

Headquarters

The Mumbai Police Headquarters are in a Grade II-A listed heritage building that was built in 1894 and designed by John Adams, who also designed the Royal Bombay Yacht Club. It is located opposite Crawford Market in South Mumbai, a mile away from the Victoria Terminus. The construction work started on 17 November 1894 and finished two years later on 24 December 1896.  The building was formally opened on 1 January 1897.

The architectural style of the building is Gothic Revival. In contrast to the Maharashtra Police Headquarters in Fort, which uses blue basalt and was built some two decades earlier, this building uses yellow basalt. The building underwent a major restoration in 2017 for the first time in its 120-year history. In 2018, it was announced that a police museum funded by Tata Trusts would open in the building. Since then, there have been no further developments.

Organisation
The Mumbai Police Department is headed by a Police Commissioner, who is an IPS officer. The Mumbai Police comes under the state home department through Maharashtra Police. The city is divided into Twelve police zones and Twenty Five traffic police zones, each headed by a Deputy  Commissioner of Police. The Traffic Police is a semi-autonomous body under the  Mumbai Police.

The department holds several programs for the welfare of its officials including Retirement Planning Workshop.

Geographical division
Mumbai police is broadly divided into five regions namely Central, North, South, East and West. For administrative purposes, each region is subdivided into 3 to 4 zones. Each zone contains 3 to 4 police stations. Each zone is commanded by a Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP). Apart from the 12 zones, there is also an additional Port zone. Police stations under the Port zone keep vigil on the Mumbai Port and container terminals in Mumbai. There are a total of 91 police stations in the jurisdiction of Mumbai Police. Every police station has a Police Inspector who is the in-charge officer of the station.

Subunits

Mumbai Police is divided into the following units:
 Local Police
 Special Unit Service
 Crime Branch
  or Cyber Cell  is a wing of Mumbai Police, India, to deal with computer crimes, and to enforce provisions of India's Information Technology Law, namely, The Information Technology Act, 2000, and various cyber crime related provisions of criminal laws, including the Indian Penal Code, and the Companies Act of India subsection on IT-Sector responsibilities of corporate measures to protect cybersecurity. Cyber Crime Investigation Cell is a part of Crime Branch, Criminal Investigation Department of the Mumbai Police.
 Commando Force
 Detection Unit (Mumbai Encounter Squad)
 Anti Terrorist Squad
 Mumbai Traffic Police
 Administration
 Social Service Cell
 Narcotics Cell
 Wireless Cell
 Local Armed Police
 Anti-Extortion Cell
 Modus Operandi Bureau
 Missing Persons Bureau
 Special Branch
 Intelligence Unit
 Protection & Security
 Riot Control Police
 Economic Offenses Wing
 Juvenile AID Protection Unit
 Quick Response Team
 Force One

Each of these units have a Chief of the rank of Joint Commissioner of Police.

Hierarchy

Commissioner of Police (CP)(DGP/ADGP Rank)
Special Commissioner of Police (Spl.CP)(ADGP Rank)
Joint Commissioner of Police (Jt.CP)(IG Rank)
Additional Commissioner of Police (Addl.CP)(DIG Rank)
Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP) (SP/Addl.SP Rank)
Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP)(ASP/DSP Rank)
Police Inspector/Senior Police Inspector (PI)
Assistant Police Inspector (API)
Police Sub-Inspector (PSI)
Assistant Sub Inspector of Police (ASI)
Head Constable (HC)
Police Naik (PN)
Police Constable (PC)

Insignia of Mumbai Police (City Police)
Gazetted Officers

Non-gazetted officers

Hierarchy

Recruitment
Those who join the police department through the subordinate   services examination of the Maharashtra Public Service Commission enter the force at the lowest ranks of the force. Their starting rank is that of a Police constable. Those who join the police force through the combined competitive examination of the Maharashtra Public Service Commission holds a starting rank of Sub Inspector or Deputy Superintendent of Police of Maharashtra Police Service . Civil Servants who join the police force through the civil service examination conducted by UPSC  holds a starting rank of Assistant Superintendent of Police of Indian Police Service cadre. Generally the IPS officers make it to the highest rank of Director General. The Commissioner of Police of Mumbai, an IPS officer is one of the rank of Additional Director General of Police.

High-profile cases

26 November 2008 Mumbai attacks

Anti-Terrorism Squad Chief Hemant Karkare, Additional Commissioner of Police Ashok Kamte and Encounter specialist Vijay Salaskar were among the policemen who fell to the bullets of the terrorists. Then Joint Commissioner of Mumbai Crime Branch Mr. Rakesh Maria under the leadership of Police Commissioner Hasan Gafoor tackled the abrupt attack by his superb skills. Mr. Ramesh Mahale, then an officer with crime branch investigated the case and brought the lone arrested militant Ajmal Kasab to justice. Police Commissioner Hasan Gafoor was shunted out of his office. Mahale resigned recently over a murder case investigation which he was leading.
In the following year, as a response to these attacks, a specialised counter-terrorism unit, Force One was formed and commissioned on 24 November 2009, two days before the anniversary of the 26/11 terror attacks. A Committee was appointed to look into the failures of cops pertaining to the terror attack. The Ram Pradhan Committee, as it came to be known, furnished a report recommending a series of improvements & reforms. The State Government of Maharashtra however never had this report tabled in the legislature fearing a fallout over strictures passed in the report. A Public Interest Litigation has been filed by social activist Ketan Tirodkar to demand equal justice for all the police who were killed in the terror attack; especially for the members of the Bomb Disposal Squad of Mumbai Police. During the hearing of the petition, the Government informed the High Court that the Federal Government of India has rejected the proposal to award the Bomb Disposal Squad of the city police for their contribution in defusing granades in the terror attack.

Sheena Bora murder case

Sheena Bora, an executive working for Metro One based in Mumbai, went missing on 24 April 2012. In August 2015, the Mumbai Police had received a tip-off  from an unknown man claiming that Sheena Bora had been murdered. After they got in touch with their  Counterparts in Pune, they arrested her mother, Indrani Mukerjea, her stepfather Sanjeev Khanna, and her mother's chauffeur, Shyamvar Pinturam Rai, for allegedly abducting and killing her and subsequently burning her corpse. They also arrested Indrani's husband, Peter Mukerjea in connection with the case. Rai has now been allowed to turn approver in the case after he was pardoned by the Bandra Magistrate Court in Mumbai. As of May 2017, Indrani, Peter, and Sanjeev have been lodged in Byculla Women's Prison and Arthur Road Jail in Mumbai, respectively.

Equipment
Much of the equipment for the Mumbai Police are manufactured indigenously by the Indian Ordnance Factories controlled by the Ordnance Factories Board, Ministry of Defence, Government of India. Weapons such as Glock Pistols are imported from Austria. These pistols were first imported for the Anti-terrorist Squad in Mumbai when the same was formed in 2004.

Weapons

Rifles SMLE Mk III*, Ishapore 2A1, SUB Machine GUN CARBINE 9 mm 1A1, 7.62 MM 1A1, Assault Rifle 7.62 mm, 38 MM  Multi Shot Riot Gun, INSAS 5.56 mm, AK-47 (247 in total), FN-FAL

250 MP5 German automatic sub-machine guns have just been ordered., M4, M107 Barrett anti-material rifles and SWAT equipment.

Pistols Glock pistol, Pistol Auto 9mm 1A, Smith & Wesson M&P.

Detail List of Mumbai police's Vehicles

72 speed boats have been also ordered.

Uniform

Peaked caps are worn with an orange band and crown that is less stiff such it drops downwards. Khaki short sleeve shirt and long pants are worn by most members. Some women might wear sarees if they prefer. The patch of the police force is visible too.

Mumbai police in popular culture
Because Bollywood, India's Hindi language film industry, is primarily based in Mumbai, the Mumbai police has been frequently portrayed in films. Some of the prominent ones are listed below:

 Company (2002)
 Dum (2003)
 Aan: Men at Work (2004)
 Ab Tak Chhappan (2004)
 Black Friday (2004)
 Khakee (2004)
 Shootout at Lokhandwala (2007)
 A Wednesday (2008)
 Mumbai Meri Jaan (2008)
Slumdog Millionaire (2008)
 Department (2012)
 Talaash (2012)
 Shootout at Wadala (2013)
 The Attacks of 26/11 (2013)
 Singham Returns (2014)
 Ab Tak Chhappan 2 (2015)
 Simmba (2018)Darbar (2020)
Mumbai Saga (2021)
Sooryavanshi (2021)
Most of these films are based on the operational groups most commonly known as Encounter Squads. Officers like Pradeep Sharma, Vijay Salaskar, Praful Bhosale, Ravindra Angre etc. have previously headed these squads. Junior officers Hemant Desai, Ashok Khot, Sachin Waze, Daya Nayak, Uttam Bhosale etc. assisted them.

 Honours
The Ashok Chakra, India's highest civilian honour during peace time, was conferred posthumously upon two Mumbai Police officers – Hemant Karkare and Ashok Kamte who laid their lives in the service of the nation during the 2008 Mumbai attacks. Junior officer Vijay Salaskar was also posthumously awarded the Ashok Chakra.

 Notable achievements
The Cyber Crime App launched by Mumbai Police in 2019 registered 140,000 incidents within one year whereby 132,000 suspicious phone numbers were tracked.

 Controversies
The 2008 terrorist attacks in Mumbai have been ascribed to massive intelligence failure by Mumbai Police. Indian poet Dr Tapan Kumar Pradhan in his books and social media posts has exposed several loopholes in criminal investigation by Mumbai Police, especially with regard to Hemangi Sharma Fraud Case

In 2003-04 Telgi scam also known as fake-stamp scam broke out in which Mumbai's police commissioner R.S. Sharma came to be arrested along with many other senior officers.
Another former police commissioner of Mumbai police Sanjay Pande came to be arrested in stock-exchange scam involving tapping of telephone lines of investors.
Encounter specialist Pradeep Sharma came to be arrested in Antilia bomb scare case involving murder of Mansukh Hiren.

Another encounter specialist Daya Nayak absconded while anti-corruption bureau of Mumbai was seeking his custody.  Same officer is now facing a criminal accusation of planting drugs upon some youngsters during his tenure with the Anti-terrorist Squad of Maharashtra Police.

A reply filed by Director General of Police Housing Corporation (former Police Commissioner of Mumbai) Arup Patnaik has exposed land-grabbing offence by IASs, IPSs & Bombay High Court Judges wherein six prime plots
of land reserved for service quarters of constabulary were usurped by private housing societies of the land-grabbing bureaucrats and judges of Bombay High Court. Three plots of land are located at Worli Sea Face while three are Western-Mumbai suburb Andheri west. This disclosure exposing the biggest organised land-grab operation by bureaucrats & judges was made by Director General of Police Housing Corporation Shri Arupji Patnaiksaheb in his reply to  a Public Interest Litigation filed by former journalist Ketan Tirodkar.

 See also

 Mumbai
 History of Mumbai
 Mumbai Fire Brigade
 Maharashtra Police
 Sheriff of Mumbai

Literature
 Kadam, B. S. Sri; Socio-Historical Study Of Police Administration in Bombay Presidency (1861 to 1947); Kolhapur 1993 (Diss. Shivaji University)
 Kennedy, M. Notes On Criminal Classes in the Bombay Presidency Appendices regarding some Foreign Criminals who occasionally visit the Presidency: Including Hints on the Detection of Counterfeit Coin; Bombay 1908
 Edwardes, Stephen M. (Commissioner of Police); The Bombay City Police: A Historical Sketch, 1672–1916;  Bombay u.a. 1923
 Edwardes, Stephen M.; Crime in India:  Brief Review of the more Important Offences included in the Annual Criminal Returns with Chapters on Prostitution & Miscellaneous Matters; Oxford u.a. 1924
 Statistiken: gedruckt im: Annual Report of Police for the Town and Island of Bombay,'' laufende Monatsstatistiken auf Mumbai Police

Notes

References

External links

 Official website of the Mumbai Police
 Mumbai Traffic Police, Official website

Maharashtra Police
Organisations based in Mumbai
1864 establishments in British India

de:Bombay City Police#Mumbai Police

Mumbai Police


Castelul Krimulda este situat în afara orașului Sigulda, Letonia și este o atracție turistică. Castelul datează din secolul al XIV-lea și a fost distrus într-un război în 1601. Casa de locuit a prințului Liven a fost construită în stil clasic. Complexul conacului este format printre altele din casa administratorului, garajul pentru trăsuri, o cabană elvețiană. Localul pentru degustarea de vinuri este disponibil în urma unei rezervări.

Istoria
În secolul al XII-lea malul stâng al râului Gauja era guvernat de Ordinul Fraților de Sabie, (mai târziu cunoscut sub numele de Ordinul livoniann), în timp ce teritoriile de pe malul drept făceau parte din domeniul arhiepiscopului de Riga. Castelul Krimulda aparținea de Marele Consiliul al Rigăi, care era un grup de doisprezece preoți sfătuitori ai arhiepiscopului.

Castelul Krimulda a fost construit pe marginea unui banc înalt de pe partea dreaptă a râului Gauja, lângă o movilă a castelului Vikmeste și lângă satul Livs. Această localizare făcea aproape imposibilă cucerirea lui. De o parte acesta era protejat de peretele abrupt al văii râului Gauja, alte două părți erau asigurate de râul Vikmeste, care a avea și el maluri abrupte, iar cea de-a patra parte era mărginită de un șanț cu apă peste care cobora un pod ce ducea în castel. Valea adâncă a râului Vikmeste oferea o graniță naturală între ținuturile Krimulda si Turaida.

Castelul a fost construit folosind bolovani de dimensiuni mari. Peretele exterior al castelului de la nivelul solului avea o grosime de aproximativ 2 metri.

Castelul a fost implicat într-o serie de lupte între Ordinul Livonian și arhiepiscopul de Riga, precum și mai multe războaie din Livonia de mai târziu. În primăvara anului 1601, în timpul războiului suedezo-polonez, a fost cucerit de armata suedeză. În toamna aceluiași an trupele poloneze au ars castelul pentru a nu cădea în mâinile inamicului. Castelul nu a mai fost reparat după incendiu.

Castelul și-a recâștigat renumele, la mijlocul secolului al 19-lea pe când se afla în proprietatea Prințului Lieven, dar nu ca o fortificație militară, ci ca o zonă romantică a unui parc. Aici se găsește un frumos loc numit 'Bellevue' de se pot observa numeroasele curbe pitorești ale râului Gauja.

Imagini
Ruinele castelului Krimulda în 2014.

Referințe

Legături externe

Castele din Letonia

Castelul Krimulda


Thomas Anthony Daly (30 de abril de 1960) é um ministro americano e bispo católico romano de Spokane.

Thomas Anthony Daly foi ordenado sacerdote em 9 de maio de 1987.

Papa Bento XVI nomeou-o Bispo Auxiliar de San Jose, Califórnia e Bispo Titular de Tabalta em 16 de março de 2011. O bispo de San Jose, Califórnia, Patrick Joseph McGrath, concedeu sua consagração episcopal em 25 de maio do mesmo ano; Os co-consagradores foram George Leo Thomas, Bispo de Helena, e George Hugh Niederauer, Arcebispo de São Francisco.

O Papa Francisco o nomeou Bispo de Spokane em 12 de março de 2015. A posse ocorreu em 20 de maio do mesmo ano.

Ver também

Bispos católicos dos Estados Unidos

Thomas Anthony Daly


Rodrigo "Rody" Roa Duterte (Maasin, 28. ožujka 1945.) je filipinski političar i bivši predsjednik Filipina. Dužnost predsjednika obnašao je od 2016. do 2022. godine. Tri puta je obnašao dužnost gradonačelnika Davaoa (1988. – 1998.; 2001. – 2010.; 2013. – 2016.).

U narodu je poznat po nadimku Digong.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Političari nakon Drugog svjetskog rata
Filipinski predsjednici
Gradonačelnici
Političari nakon 1989.

Rodrigo Duterte


Weight pulling (også kaldet weightpull) er en hundesport. Weight pulling er en moderne variant af tidligere tiders "freighting", der var benævnelsen som det arbejde, som trækhunde udførte i Nordamerika under "guldfeberen", hvor terrænet ikke tillod brugen af heste som trækdyr. Sporten etableredes officielt i 1970'erne i USA. Sidenhen har sporten bredt sig til resten af verdenen.

Ved Weight pulling-træning og konkurrence anvendes en specialkonstrueret sele til hunden. Ved weight pulling trækker hunden en en lastet vogn eller en slæde 4,8 meter (16 fod) fra start til mål. Underlaget kan være forskelligt. Trækket skal være gennemført indenfor et fastsat tidsrum. Den hund, der har kunnet trække mest har vundet. Der findes flere organisationer verden over, der hver især har forskellige konkurrenceregler. I Danmark arrangeres weight pulling af Dansk Weightpull klub under European Weight Pull Leagues (EWPL) reglement.

Kritik og dyrevelfærd
Sporten er blevet kritiseret fra flere sider. Kritikere mener, at sporten kan medføre skade på hunden.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Dansk Weightpull klubs hjemmeside
Weight Pulling - A Basic Introduction
American Pulling Alliance
International Weight Pulling Association

Hundesport

Weight pulling


Agrilus amorphus é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Kerremans, 1900.

Referências

amorphus

Agrilus amorphus


Grinio, Grinea o Grinia es una antigua ciudad cercana a Aliağa en la provincia de Esmirna de Turquía,  al oeste de Anatolia. Está en la costa egea, muy próxima a la actual ciudad de Yeni Şakran.

Grinio fue una de las ciudades que formaban parte de la dodecápolis eolia, y de las más importantes de Eólida. Se halló un templo de Apolo, santuario oracular.

Hubo un asentamiento de pueblos nativos de la costa noroccidental de Anatolia previo a la colonización eolia, al igual que en Mirina, Pitane y Elea.

Fue miembro de la Liga de Delos, a la que pagaba un phoros anual de 1000 dracmas. En 433/432 a. C., la suma ascendió a 2000. Jenofonte refiere que Grinio fue una de las polis que entregó el rey persa a Góngilo en dicho siglo, cuyo dominio pasó a sus descendientes a principios del siglo IV a. C.

En 334 a. C., Parmenión, uno de los generales de Alejandro Magno, invadió la región y capturó e incendió Grinio para prevenir la eventual resistencia de las poblaciones aledañas. Sometió a sus habitantes al andrapodismos.

Las excavaciones han puesto al descubierto una necrópolis con tumbas del siglo VII al IV a. C.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Antiguas monedas de Grinio (en inglés)

Colonias griegas de Eólida
Localidades de la provincia de Esmirna
Localidades del culto de Apolo
Puertos de la Antigua Grecia
Miembros de la Liga de Delos

Grinio


Franz Christian Schaumburg (* 27. April 1788 in Kassel; † 18. Februar 1868 in Hannover) war ein deutscher Gartenkünstler.

Leben
Die Jugendjahre von Christian Schaumburg sind bisher "nach teilweise unsicherer Familienüberlieferung" geschildert: Er zeigt schon früh Talent zum Blumenzeichnen und besuchte in Wien die dortige Malerakademie. "Wahrscheinlich" absolvierte Schaumburg eine Lehre als Gärtner in Wien-Schönbrunn. Anschließend widmete er sich in Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe bei Karl Steinhöfer der Gartenkunst.

Zwischen 1809 und 1810 kam Christian Schaumburg nach Herrenhausen, um hier für Kassel Blumen zu malen. In den 1820er Jahren war er als Gartenmeister in der Hofgärtnerei in Linden, dem Küchengarten, und für das Altensche Gut tätig.

1825 entwarf Schaumburg für den Minister Caspar Detlev von Schulte den Park zu der von Georg Ludwig Friedrich Laves erbauten Villa Bella Vista.

Im Folgejahr wurde Franz Christian Schaumburg am 16. Februar 1826 unter der Matrikelnummer 247 in die Freimaurerloge Zur Ceder aufgenommen, wo er von 1834 bis 1836 das Amt des stellvertretenden Sekretärs und Archivars innehatte, dann jeweils von 1836 bis 1840 und von 1848 bis 1850 das Amt des Zeremonienmeisters wahrnahm.

Innerhalb von wenigen Jahren hatte sich Schaumburg zu einem der gefragtesten Landschaftsgärtner im Königreich Hannover. Besonders in Norddeutschland und Dänemark schuf er – mehr als 40 Jahre seinen Stil des zonierten Landschaftsgarten bewahrend – Gartenanlagen für seine fürstlichen, adligen, privaten und kommunalen Auftraggeber.

1827 unternahm Schaumburg – gefördert von Prinz Adolphe Friedrich von Cambridge und Reichsgraf Ernst zu Münster-Ledenburg – eine Studienreise nach England.

1829 wurde, auf Schaumburgs Anregung hin, der Gartenbau-Verein für das Königreich Hannover gegründet.

Das Hauptwerk von Schaumburg in Hannover ist die gemeinsam mit Heinrich Ludolph Wendland und Laves 1835 begonnene Umgestaltung und Erweiterung des Georgengartens zu einem großen Landschaftspark an der Herrenhäuser Allee. Der Schaumburg dort gestattete gestalterische Freiraum schwand jedoch vorübergehend ab 1837.

Nachdem Schaumburg schon seit 1838 den Schlöner Schlosspark im Dienst des dänisch-norwegischen Königs Christian VIII. umgestaltet hatte, wurde er 1840 zum Hofgarteninspektor in Plön ernannt.

1847 kehrte Schaumburg nach Hannover zurück, wo er als Leiter des Georgengartens diesen bis 1860 bedeutend erweiterte. Zu den weiteren Arbeiten Schaumburgs in Hannover zählt unter anderem auch die Umgestaltung des Berggartens.

Franz Christian Schaumburg wurde auf dem Herrenhäuser Friedhof begraben.

Werke

Gärten und Parks

In Hannover
 1820er-Jahre: Gartenmeister im Küchengarten in Linden
 1825: Park um Bella Vista
 um 1830: Umgestaltung des Freiraums zwischen Friedrichswall und dem Nothelfergraben zu einem schmalen Landschaftspark; das Anfangsstadium des Maschparks
 ab 1835: Umgestaltung und Erweiterung des Georgengartens
 Garten für A. von Arnswald
 Garten für die Gräfin von Wangenheim
 Gestaltung des Georgsplatzes
 1852: Gestaltung des Opernplatzes/Theaterplatzes rund um das Opernhaus mit einzelnen Bepflanzungsflächen zwischen geschwungener Wegeführung
 Pläne für den Prinzengarten und den Welfengarten um das neu entstandene Welfenschloss
 Berggarten

Sonstige
Franz Christian Schaumburg werden Werke bis nach Holstein, Mecklenburg und in Süddeutschland zugeschrieben. Belegt sind:
 ab 1838: Umgestaltung des Schlossparks in Plön
 1866: Entwürfe für den Bürgerpark in Bremen

Schriften und Pläne
 Über englische Gartenanlagen. In: Verhandlungen des Gartenbau-Vereins für das Königreich Hannover, 1833, S. 131–137
 Über den jetzigen Zustand der Gartencultur in Hannover und in der Umgebung. In: Verhandlungen des Gartenbau-Vereins für das Königreich Hannover, 1834, S. 105–112, 131–135
 1836: Charte von dem Königlichen Wallmodenschen Garten und den angrenzenden Grundstücken, gezeichnet von C. Schaumburg, 1836
 1859: General Plan der neuen Anlage zwischen Hannover und Herrenhausen, der die Zustimmung durch Königin Marie fand

Ehrungen
 Zu Ehren des Königlichen Hofgarteninspektors wurde in Herrenhausen die historische Neustädter Straße 1892 umbenannt in Schaumburgstraße.

Literatur
 Dieter Lange: Herrenhausen – Architektur im Gartenbezirk. In: Laves und Hannover. Niedersächsische Architektur im neunzehnten Jahrhundert, hrsg. von Harold Hammer-Schenk und Günther Kokkelink (revidierte Neuauflage der Publikation Vom Schloss zum Bahnhof...), Ed. Libri Artis Schäfer, 1989, ISBN 3-88746-236-X, S. 173–180
 Ronald Clark: Christian Schaumburg. In: "Zurück zur Natur". Idee und Geschichte des Georgengartens in Hannover-Herrenhausen, Begleitbuch zur gleichnamigen Ausstellung, veranstaltet von der Wilhelm-Busch-Gesellschaft e.V. und dem Grünflächenamt der Landeshauptstadt Hannover, Wilhelm-Busch-Museum Hannover, Deutsches Museum für Karikatur und Kritische Grafik 18. Mai – 27. Juli 1997, hrsg. von der Wilhelm-Busch-Gesellschaft e.V. und dem Grünflächenamt der Landeshauptstadt Hannover 1997, Göttingen: Wallstein-Verlag, ISBN 3-89244-250-9, S. 51–55
 Ronald Clark: Die Entstehung des Georgengartens, Diplomarbeit am Institut für Grünplanung und Gartenarchitektur an der Universität Hannover, 1986
 Ronald Clark, Dieter Hennebo: Vom Wallmodengarten zum Georgengarten. Anmerkungen zu den ersten Entwürfen von Ch. Schaumburg. In: Festschrift für Georg Hoeltje, hrsg. vom Institut für Bau- und Kunstgeschichte der Universität Hannover, Hannover 1988, S. 79ff.
 Hermann Wendland: Die Königlichen Gärten zu Herrenhausen bei Hannover. Ein Führer durch dieselben, Hannover 1852
 Rainer Schomann (Hrsg.), Urs Boeck: Historische Gärten in Niedersachsen, Katalog zur Landesausstellung, Eröffnung am 9. Juni 2000 im Foyer des Niedersächsischen Landtages, anlässlich der Landesausstellung "Historische Gärten in Niedersachsen". Hannover, 2000, S. 92–94
 Helmut Knocke, Hugo Thielen: Schaumburg, in Hannover Kunst- und Kultur-Lexikon, passim
 Helmut Knocke: Schaumburg, Franz Christian. In: Dirk Böttcher, Klaus Mlynek, Waldemar R. Röhrbein, Hugo Thielen: Hannoversches Biographisches Lexikon. Von den Anfängen bis in die Gegenwart. Schlütersche, Hannover 2002, ISBN 3-87706-706-9, S. 310f.
 Helmut Knocke: Schaumburg, Franz Christian. In: Klaus Mlynek, Waldemar R. Röhrbein (Hrsg.) u. a.: Stadtlexikon Hannover. Von den Anfängen bis in die Gegenwart. Schlütersche, Hannover 2009, ISBN 978-3-89993-662-9, S. 538.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Landschaftsarchitekt (Deutschland)
Botaniker (19. Jahrhundert)
Gärtner
Person (Kassel)
Person (Wien)
Person (Hannover)
Person (Plön)
Freimaurer (Deutschland)
Freimaurer (19. Jahrhundert)
Deutscher
Geboren 1788
Gestorben 1868
Mann

Franz Christian Schaumburg