اللبوه- أو لبوة هي بلدة لبنانية من قرى قضاء بعلبك في محافظة بعلبك الهرمل.

الموقع والخصائص.

تقع اللبوة في قضاء بعلبك، محافظة البقاع، مركز المحافظة زحلة ، ومركز القضاء بعلبك، ترتفع عن سطح البحر حوالي (950) م تبعد عن بيروت العاصمة مسافة حوالي (114) كم، عبر بعلبك - مقنة - رسم الحدث - التوفيقية. وعن مركز المحافظة زحلة (63) كم ، وتبعد عن مركز القضاء بعلبك حوالي (28) كم، يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي (5375) نسمة، وتبلغ مساحة أراضيها حوالي (2282) هكتاراً ، وهي تطل في سهل البقاع الشامخ ومن وسط محافظة بعلبك -الهرمل، حاضنة سماء عالية، جبال شامخة، أراض منبسطة، ينابيع عذبة، حقول خضراء، نبات وزهور تدخل السرور والبهجة لقلب كل من يمر بها ، يحدها شرقا بلدة عرسال، وشمالا بلدة النبي عثمان وبلدة العين، غربا حربتا ومن الجنوب بلدة البزالية

وتتميز بلدة اللبوة بينابيعها فهناك: نبع العاصي- وينبع من سلسلة جبال الشرقية ويستفاد منه في ري البساتين. وهناك نبع الشلال حيث المناظر الخلابة والمياه العذبة وهو مكان للترفيه والتنزه. وهناك نبع ساقية النبي عثمان ويستخدم في ري اراضي البلدة والبلدات المجاورة، نبع ساقية الرويس ومياهه صالحة للشرب وكذلك نبع الطاحونة.وتعتبر بلدة اللبوة بلدة زراعية بامتياز، فخراجها يمتد بين سلسلتي جبال لبنان الشرقية والغربية، إضافة الى امتلاكها سهلا واسعا يتميز بخصوبته، حيث تتميز بسهولها الكبيرة. من أهم المزروعات: الأشجار المثمرة كالمشمش والكرز والدراق، وتشتهر بزراعة التفاح الذي يصدر الى الخارج لجودة نوعيته. كما تزين طرقات البلدة والساحات العامة والبيوت أشجار الصفصاف، الشربين، الحور، الزيزفون، الجوز والسنديان، إضافة الى زراعة الخضار على أنواعها

التسمية

تعود التسمية إلى اللغة الآرامية وتعني القلب أو الوسط. ولكن هناك من الباحثين من يرى أن التسمية عربية في الأساس بمعنى اللبوة، أنثى الأسد علي اعتبار أن الأسود تواجدت قديماً في لبنان.

الآثار.
تم اكتشاف موقع أثري في ساحة البلدة وسط الطريق الدولي التي تربط بعلبك بحمص ، بضم هذا الموقع ثلاث مغاور ربما تعود إلي العهد الروماني- البيزنطي، تحوي في داخلها عدة نواويس وقطع من الحلي وأدوات الزينة، بالإضافة إلي بعض العملات المعدنية مجهولة المصدر وعظام بشرية. وهناك بقايا معبد روماني ربما يعود إلي القرن الأول أو الثاني الميلادي، ولا يزال المعبد يحتفظ بجزء من جداره الغربي وبعض أرضيته. وتتبعثر إلى جانب تلك المغاور ، وعلي بعد (2) كم بقايا حصن بيزنطي وجدت بقربه نواويس ممائلة ولكنها تعرضت للنهب من قبل لصوص الآثار أثناء الأحداث اللبنانية (1975 -1990م). وفي نهاية ثمانينيات القرن العشرين تم العثور في بلدة اللبوة علي كنز أثري بالغ الأهمية ربما يعود إلي القائد الروماني "سويسو"، كما يوجد هناك أيضاً سد روماني يعود إلى حقبة الملكة زنوبيا، وبعض الآثار التي استدل المنقبون منها على وجود أقنية لجر المياه من اللبوة إلى تدمر.

العائلات.
غالبية العائلات التي تسكن بلدة اللبوة علي المذهب الشيعي، والقليل علي المذهب السني والعلوي، بالإضافة إلي بعض الأسر المسيحية من مذاهب الروم الأرثوذكس والروم الكاثوليك والماروني، ومن بين هذه العائلات: الأثاث، الأحمر، أمهز، بلوط، بروق، جنبلاط، حبش، حجولا، حسن، حمود، حوري، حيدر، خليل، خير الدين، دندش، رعد، زيدان، سرور، سيف الدين، شيلي، شريف، شمص، الشيخ علي، صفا، العيتاوي، الغضبان، قميحة، الكيال، المصري، المهدي، وهبي، ياغي.

من أعلام البلدة.
أعلام بلدة اللبوة كثر نذكر منهم:

 صبحي سيف الدين - فنان ومخرج سينمائي، عضو جمعية الفنانين السينمائين.
 أسعد بك حيدر - رئيس محاكم بعلبك ، وعميد الأسرة الحيدرية باللبوة.
 إبراهيم بك أسعد حيدر - مهندس زراعي، وسياسي، وعضو مجلس نواب، تقلد منصب وزير أكثر من مرة، وخلف والده في عمادة الأسرة الحيدرية.

روابط خارجية.

 حلقة مصورة عن بلدة اللبوة ضمن البرنامج الوثائقي "أرض الآباء"

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة أسست في الألفية السابعة قبل الميلاد
آثار فينيقية في لبنان
الوادي المتصدع الكبير
قضاء بعلبك
مستعمرات رومانية
مواقع أثرية رومانية في لبنان
مواقع أثرية في لبنان
مواقع جذب سياحي في لبنان
أماكن مأهولة في قضاء بعلبك
معابد رومانية قديمة

اللبوه


Rukometni klub Buzet (RK Buzet; Buzet) je muški rukometni klub iz Buzeta, Istarska županija.

O klubu
U Buzetu se 1954. godine osniva Društvo za tjelesni odgoj (DTO) "Partizan", koji u kolovozu 1955. godina formira muške i ženske rukometne ekipe. Prvu utakmicu igraju u kolovozu 1955. u Bujama protiv tamošnjeg "Partizana". U redovno ligaško natjecanje se uključuju u sezoni 1955./56., u Istarskoj podsaveznoj ligi. U sezonama 1957./58. i 1958./59. rukometaši nastupaju u Istarskoj podsaveznoj ligi - Sjever, a potom muška ekipa prestaje s natjecanjima. 1958. godine je otvoreno igralište kod osnovne škole. Klub ponovno nastupa u sezoni 1961./62. u Istarskoj zonskoj ligi. U sezoni 1963./64. klub ne nastupa, a od 1964./65. je član Istarske regionalne lige. Od 1969./70. do 1971./72. nastupaju u Primorsko-istarskoj regionalnoj ligi. 1972. godine je DTO "Partizan" u financijskim problemima, pa djelovanje kluba nastavlja mjesna omladinska organizacija koja preuzima rukometni klub, koji dalje djeluje pod nazivom Omladinski rukometni klub (ORK) "Buzet", te se natječe u Istarskoj ligi.
1975. se službeno osniva Rukometni klub (RK) "Buzet"', s muškom i ženskom ekipom. Od 1977./78. do 1979./80. rukometaši nastupaju u Istarskoj međuopćinskoj ligi - Sjever, od 1980./81. do 1982./83. u Istarskoj ligi, 1983./84. i 1984./85. u Istarskoj međuopćinskoj ligi - Sjever, te potom od 1985. godine ponovno u Istarskoj ligi. Nakon 4. kola u sezoni 1989./90., momčad nastupa od natjecanja, te klub privremeno prestaje s djelovanjem.
Obnoviteljska skupština RK "Buzet" je održana 30. travnja 1993. godine. Seniori s natjecanjem počinju u sezoni 1995./96. u Županijskoj ligi.
U proljeće 1996. godine klub postaje RK "Buzet - Buzetska pivovara", a seniori nastupaju u 2. HRL - Zapad u kojoj u sezonama 1997./98. i 2003./04. osvajaju 2. mjesto.
29. kolovoza 2005. je klubu vraćeno ime RK "Buzet". Klub u sezoni 2007./08. osvaja 2. mjesto u 2. HRL - Zapad, te se plasira u novoformiranu 1. HRL, koju osvaja, te je tako od 2009. član Premijer lige. u kojoj igra do sezone 2015./16., te potom ispada u 1. HRL - Jug. U sezoni 2010./11. klub je nastupio u EHF Challenge kupu.

Uspjesi
 1. HRL
 prvak: 2008./09.

Poznati igrači

Poveznice
 Rukometni klub Buzet, facebook stranica
 rk-buzet.com, wayback arhiva
 rukomet-odbojka-istra.hr, RK Buzet
 sportilus.com, Rukometni klub Buzet
 eurohandball.com, RK Buzet
 hrs.hr, sva natjecanja

Izvori
 Milenko Trišović: Razvoj rukometa u Istri : 1953. – 2008. , Pula, 2010., , str. 31-37
 rk-buzet.com, POČECI RUKOMETA U BUZETU, wayback arhiva od 22. studenog 2011.

Buzet
Buzet

RK Buzet


قائمة بطولات دورة رولان غاروس لعام 1970:

الكبار

فردي رجال

 جان كوديز هزم  Željko Franulović, النتيجة: 6-2, 6-4, 6-0

فردي سيدات

 مارغيريت سميث كورت هزمت  هيلغا نايسين, النتيجة:6-2, 6-4

زوجي رجال
 إيلي ناستاسي و Ion Ţiriac هزما  أرثر أش و تشارلي باساريل, النتيجة:6-2, 6-4, 6-3

زوجي سيدات
 جايل شيرايف تشانفرو و فرانسيس دور هزمتا  روزماري كاسالس و بيلي جين كينغ, النتيجة:6-1, 3-6, 6-3

زوجي مختلط
 بيلي جين كينغ و بوب هيويت هزما  فرانسيس دور و جان كلود باركلاي, النتيجة:3-6, 6-4, 6-2

مراجع

باريس في 1970
أحداث مايو 1970 الرياضية في أوروبا
أحداث يونيو 1970 الرياضية في أوروبا
الجائزة الكبرى للتنس في 1970
دورات رولان غاروس
دورة فرنسا المفتوحة حسب السنة
رياضة فرنسية في 1970
كرة المضرب في 1970
كرة مضرب فرنسية في 1970

دورة فرنسا المفتوحة 1970


was a village located in Abu District, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 2,091 and a density of 15.60 persons per km². The total area was 134.04 km².

On March 6, 2005, Asahi was merged into the expanded city of Hagi along with the towns of Susa and Tamagawa, and the villages of Fukue, Kawakami and Mutsumi (all from Abu District).

External links
 Hagi official website

Dissolved municipalities of Yamaguchi Prefecture
Hagi, Yamaguchi

Asahi, Yamaguchi


A Diocese de Krishnagar (Latim:Dioecesis Krishnagarensis) é uma diocese localizada no município de Krishnagar, no estado de Bengala Ocidental, pertencente a Arquidiocese de Calcutá na Índia. Foi fundada em 1855 pelo Papa Pio IX como Missio Sui Iuris de Bengala Central, sendo elevado a prefeitura apostólica em 1870 e a diocese em 1886. Com uma população católica de 66.800 habitantes, sendo 0,5% da população total, possui 21 paróquias com dados de 2020.

História

Em 1855 o Papa Pio IX cria a Missio Sui Iuris de Bengala Central a partir do território do então Vicariato Apostólico de Bengala Ocidental. Em 1870 a missão sui iuris é elevada a Prefeitura Apostólica de Bengala Central. Em 1886 a prefeitura apostólica é elevada a Diocese de Bengala Central. Em 1887 tem seu nome alterado para Diocese de Krishnagar. Em 1889 a Diocese de Krishnagar perde território para a formação da então Prefeitura Apostólica de Assam. Em 1927 perde novamente território, dessa vez para a formação da Diocese de Dinajpur.

Lista de bispos
A seguir uma lista de bispos desde a criação da missão sui iuris em 1855, em 1870 é elevada a prefeitura apostólica e em 1886 a diocese.

Ligações externas

Krishnagar
Krishnagar

Diocese de Krishnagar


مبارك فالح رجعان راعي الفحماء، من مواليد 1937، وتوفي في 1 سبتمبر 2004 ، نائب سابق في مجلس الأمة الكويتي، وهو أخ النائب عبد الله فالح راعي الفحماء.

السيرة البرلمانية
ترشح في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 1975 وحصل على المركز السابع في الدائرة العاشرة برصيد 1193 صوت وسقط بالانتخابات ، وشارك في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 1981 وحصل على المركز الثاني في الدائرة الثالثة والعشرون برصيد 934 صوت وفاز بالانتخابات ، وشارك في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 1985 وحصل على المركز الأول في الدائرة الثالثة والعشرون برصيد 1283 صوت وفاز بالانتخابات ، وشارك في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 1999 وحصل على المركز السابع في الدائرة الثالثة والعشرون برصيد 260 صوت وسقط بالانتخابات.

مراجع

أعضاء مجلس الأمة الكويتي 1981
أعضاء مجلس الأمة الكويتي 1985
مواليد 1937
وفيات 1425 هـ
وفيات 2004

مبارك راعي الفحماء


Benaiga la buena suerte / El huacho Jacinto es un sencillo del cantautor y folclorista chileno Tito Fernández, lanzado en 1973 bajo el sello discográfico DICAP. El Lado A perteneciente a su álbum Me gusta el vino del año 1975.

Lista de canciones

Referencias

Sencillos de 1973
Sencillos de Tito Fernández
Sencillos de Discoteca del Cantar Popular


Hernando de Arias y Ugarte (9 de setembro de 1561 – 27 de janeiro de 1638) foi um prelado católico romano neo-granadino espanhol que serviu como arcebispo de Lima (1628–1638), arcebispo de La Plata o Charcas (1624–1628), arcebispo de Santafé en Nueva Granada (1616–1625) e Bispo de Quito (1613–1616).

Sucessão episcopal
Enquanto bispo, foi o consagrador principal de:

 Leonel de Cervantes y Caravajal, Bispo de Santa Marta;
 Feliciano de la Vega Padilla, Bispo de Popayán;
 Melchor Maldonado y Saavedra, Bispo de Córdoba;
 Pedro de Villagómez Vivanco, Bispo de Arequipa; e
 Francisco de la Serna, Bispo do Paraguai.

Alunos da Universidade de Salamanca
Mortos em 1638
Nascidos em 1561
Bispos católicos
Bispos nomeados pelo Papa Paulo V
Bispos nomeados pelo Papa Urbano VIII

Hernando de Arias y Ugarte


Dobersberg ist der Name folgender Orte:

 Dobersberg, Marktgemeinde im Bezirk Waidhofen an der Thaya, Niederösterreich
 Dobersberg (Gemeinde Straßburg), Ortschaft in der Stadtgemeinde Straßburg, Bezirk Sankt Veit an der Glan, Kärnten
 Dobersberg (Herrschaft)

Dobersberg (Begriffsklärung)


Haga Station (Haga stasjon) er en jernbanestation, der ligger i Nes kommune på Kongsvingerbanen i Norge. Stationen består af to spor med to perroner af træ, en stationsbygning der ligeledes er af træ og en parkeringsplads. Den betjenes af lokaltog mellem Asker og Kongsvinger.

Stationen åbnede sammen med banen 3. oktober 1862. Den blev fjernstyret 21. maj 1966 og gjort ubemandet 1. oktober 1970.

Stationsbygningen blev opført til åbningen i 1862 efter tegninger af Heinrich Ernst Schirmer og Wilhelm von Hanno.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Kongsvingerbanen
Etableret i 1862
Jernbanestationer i Viken

Haga Station


La Pension Lepitre est une pension éducative parisienne créée à la fin du  à Paris par Jacques François Lepitre et qui perdura jusqu'au milieu du .

Histoire et fonctionnement
Jacques François Lepitre (ou Le Pître) a 22 ans quand il ouvre en 1786 une pension ou maison d'éducation particulière pour garçons, au , rue Saint-Jacques dans le quartier latin, à Paris. Cette entreprise, qui est régie par peu de règles administratives avant le Consulat, est destinée a accueillir des élèves dont les familles ont les moyens de faire suivre des cours d'aide complémentaires à leurs enfants ou encore à les héberger près de leur collège s'ils habitent loin de Paris. Il y a à cette époque un grand nombre de ce genre d'officine dans Paris, en 1806, on en recensait 76. La pension Lepitre survit à la Révolution française qui en a fait fermer un grand nombre et en 1804 Lepitre achète l'Hôtel de Joyeuse au 37-39 rue de Turenne où il s'installe car sa pension comportait de nombreux élèves du lycée Charlemagne tout proche. Alors que Lepitre exerce comme professeur de rhétorique au collège de Rouen, elle devient la pension Guillet-Lepître, sous la direction d'Isidore Guillet. La pension reste florissante et jouit d'une très bonne réputation, jusqu'en 1823, deux ans près la mort du fondateur, quand les bâtiments de la rue de Turenne sont vendus.

Élèves célèbres
 Victor Cousin de 1805 à 1810.
 Honoré de Balzac en 1815.

Notes et références

Bibliographie
 Françoise Huguet, Les pensions et institutions privées secondaires pour garçons dans la région parisienne (1700 – 1940) -  sur le site Journals.openedition.org.
 Marie-Madeleine Compère, Les pensions à Paris (1789 – 1820), in La Revue du Nord, tome 78, n°317. 1996.  sur le site Persee.fr.
 Honoré de Balzac, Le Lys dans la vallée, Paris, 1836.

Ancienne école privée à Paris
Fondation en 1786
3e arrondissement de Paris

Pension Lepitre


Hochkreuz, Almanya'nın Kuzey Ren-Vestfalya eyaletinde, Bonn kentine bağlı bölge. Bad Godesberg'in kuzeyinde yer alır. Bölgenin ismi, 1333 yılında yapılan, Gotik tarzdaki anıttan kaynaklanır. 9 No'lu Federal Otoyol ile Friesdorf ve Plittersdorf-Bonn'un kesiştiği noktada bulunan anıt, günümüzde Bonn'daki Ren Eyalet Müzesi'ne aktarılmıştır. Köln Katedrali'nin etkileri açıkça gözlenen anıtın küçük bir kopyası Hochkreuz/Alman Müzesi yakınlarında yer almaktadır.

Dış bağlantılar

Hochkreuz


FK Radnik Surdulica (srpski ФК Радник Сурдулица) je nogometni klub iz Surdulice, Pčinjski okrug, Republika Srbija.
U sezoni 2017./18. nastupa u Superligi Srbije.

O klubu
Klub je osnovan 1926. godine pod nazivom "SSK" (Surdulički sportski klub). Početkom Drugog svjetskog rata klub se gasi, a obnavlja se 1946. godine pod nazivom Polet. 1950. godine mijenja se naziv u Hidrovlasina, ali krajem godine klub se spaja s Molibdenom iz Belog Polja i dobiva naziv Radnik. Klub u narednim desetljećima igra u nižim rangovima natjecanja.
2013. godine osvaja Srpsku ligu Istok, a najveći uspjeh doživljava 2015. godine, kada osvaja Prvu ligu Srbije i ulazi u Superligu.
U 2000.-im godinama je također igrao i pod nazivom Radnik Rosa.

Uspjesi
 Prva liga Srbije
 prvak: 2014./15.

 Srpska liga Istok
 prvak: 2012./13.

Poveznice
 službene stranice
 srbijasport.net, Radnik Surdulica, profil kluba

Izvori
 fk-radnik.com, Istorija kluba, pristupljeno 21. siječnja 2018.

Radnik

FK Radnik Surdulica


An Sporobolus sciadocladus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jisaburo Ohwi. An Sporobolus sciadocladus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Sporobolus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Sporobolus

Sporobolus sciadocladus


M.C. එෂර් [1898 ජුනි 17 – 1972 මාර්තු 27] ලන්දේසි ජාතික චිත්‍ර ශිල්පියෙකු වේ. ඔහු වඩා ප්‍රසිද්ධ ලී අච්චු මුද්‍රණය, ලිතෝග්‍රැෆි හා මෙද්සොනයිට් ශිල්පක්‍රමයෙහි වේ.ඔහුගේ මෙම අද්විතීය නිර්මාණ තුළින් අපරිමිත බව, ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය වැනි පුළුල් ක්ෂේත්‍ර විමසා තිබේ.

1898 උපත්
1972 මරණ

M.C. එෂර්


Scholfield est un patronyme pouvant désigner:

Patronyme
 (1886-1950), joueur anglais de cricket
Henry Scholfield (1866-1935), homme politique canadien en Ontario
 (1834-1893), homme politique américain dans l'Illinois
Oliver Scholfield (né en 1993), joueur canadien de hockey sur glace
 (1894-1964), homme politique australien

Voir aussi

Homonymie de patronyme

Scholfield


Robert Maurice Lipson Winston, Baron Winston (d. 15 Temmuz 1940) İngiliz bilim insanı, politikacı ve sunucu.

Bazı eserleri
 "Infertility - a sympathetic approach" (1985)
 "Getting Pregnant" (1989)
 "Making Babies" (1996)
 "The IVF Revolution" (1999)
 "Superhuman" (2000)
 "Human Instinct" (2003)
 "The Human Mind" (2004)
 "Beni Ben Yapan Ne?" (2005)
 "The Story of God" (2005)

Türkçede Yayımlanan Eserleri

 Tanrının Öyküsü (The Story of God, 2005); Çev. Sinan Köseoğlu, Say Yayınları, İstanbul, Mayıs 2010.

1940 doğumlular
İngiliz bilim insanları
İngiliz siyasetçiler
İngiliz televizyoncular
Londra Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
Yaşayan insanlar
Bilgi kutusu bulunmayan kişiler

Robert Winston


Paul Jorck-Jorckston (født 14. april 1912 i København, død 3. august 1997) var en dansk officer.

Han var søn af bankbestyrer Aage Jorck-Jorckston (1889-1956) og hustru Elna født Meyer (1890-1914) og blev student fra Rungsted Statsskole 1930. Han blev sekondløjtnant ved Jydske Dragonregiment 1934 og premierløjtnant samme år, berider 1936, kaptajnløjtnant ved Gardehusarregimentet 1941, ritmester 1943 og var på generalstabskursus 1941-43. Jorck-Jorckston var tjenstgørende ved Generalstaben 1945-47, blev motorkyndig 1948 og var på kursus i USA 1950-51. Avanceret til oberstløjtnant i 1952 gennemførte han et kursus i Belgien og blev chef for Kampvognsskolen samme år, og han var derpå bataljonschef 1952-54 og chef for pansertroppernes befalingsmandsskoler 1954-58. Han blev oberst og chef for Gardehusarregimentet 1959, hvilket han var til 1974, da han fik sin afsked fra Hæren. Han var kammerherre.

Jorck-Jorckston var tillige medlem af bestyrelsen for Reinholdt W. Jorck A/S fra 1957 til 1995 og af Foreningen for National Kunst fra 1968. Han var Kommandør af Dannebrogordenen og bar Frederik den Niendes Mindemedalje samt talrige udenlandske ordener.

Han blev gift 20. maj 1939 med Tove Holst (1918-2003), datter af direktør E. Holst (død 1960) og hustru Else født Smith.

Kilder
 Opslag i Kraks Blå Bog 1974.

Personer i Kraks Blå Bog (afdøde)
Kavaleriofficerer fra Danmark
Danskere i 1900-tallet
Personer fra København
Kommandører af Dannebrog
Kammerherrer fra Danmark

Paul Jorck-Jorckston


Wittersham es una parroquia civil y un pueblo del distrito de Ashford, en el condado de Kent (Inglaterra).

Geografía
Según la Oficina Nacional de Estadística británica, Wittersham tiene una superficie de 14,66 km².

Demografía
Según el censo de 2001, Wittersham tenía 1143 habitantes (49,08% varones, 50,92% mujeres) y una densidad de población de 77,97 hab/km². El 17,32% eran menores de 16 años, el 74,63% tenían entre 16 y 74 y el 8,05% eran mayores de 74. La media de edad era de 42,89 años. Del total de habitantes con 16 o más años, el 20,74% estaban solteros, el 61,9% casados y el 17,35% divorciados o viudos.

El 94,23% de los habitantes eran originarios del Reino Unido. El resto de países europeos englobaban al 1,75% de la población, mientras que el 4,02% había nacido en cualquier otro lugar. Según su grupo étnico, el 99,65% eran blancos y el 0,35% mestizos. El cristianismo era profesado por el 79,39%, el budismo por el 0,26% y cualquier otra religión, salvo el hinduismo, el judaísmo, el islam y el sijismo, por el 0,26%. El 15,11% no eran religiosos y el 4,98% no marcaron ninguna opción en el censo.

547 habitantes eran económicamente activos, 529 de ellos (96,71%) empleados y 18 (3,29%) desempleados. Había 475 hogares con residentes, 18 vacíos y 10 eran alojamientos vacacionales o segundas residencias.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Kent
Parroquias civiles de Kent

Wittersham


سير فرانك ماكفارلين بورنيت  (الحاصل على وسام الاستحقاق، ووسام أستراليا، ووسام الإمبراطورية البريطانية، وزمالة الجمعية الملكية، وزمالة الأكاديمية الأسترالية للعلوم، وزمالة الجمعية الملكية في نيوزيلندا؛ وُلد في 3 سبتمبر 1899 – ت. 31 أغسطس 1985، ويُعرف أيضًا بماكفارلين أو ماك بورنيت) هو عالم فيروسات أسترالي اشتهر بإسهاماته الجليلة في علم المناعة. وفاز بجائزة نوبل في الطب عام 1960 لتنبؤه بتحمل المناعة المكتسب، وهو مشهور بتطوير نظرية الانتقاء الاستنساخي.

حصل بورنيت على درجة دكتوراه الطب من جامعة ميلبورن في عام 1924، ونال درجة دكتوراه الفلسفة من جامعة لندن في عام 1928. ثم مضى يشغل وقته بإجراء أبحاث سابقة لأوانها عن علوم الأحياء الدقيقة وعلم المناعة في معهد والتر وإليزا هال للبحث الطبي في ميلبورن، وعُين مديرًا لهذا المعهد من عام 1944 إلى 1965. ظل بورنيت يعمل في جامعة ميلبورن من عام 1965 حتى تقاعده في عام 1978. ولعب دورًا حيويًا طوال مسيرته المهنية في تطوير سياسة عامة للعلوم الطبية في أستراليا، وكان عضوًا مؤسسًا في الأكاديمية الأسترالية للعلوم، ورئيسًا لها من عام 1965 إلى 1969.

من أبرز إنجازات بورنيت في علم الأحياء الدقيقة هي اكتشاف العوامل المسببة لحمى كيو وحمى الببغاوات؛ وتطوير مقايسات لعزل فيروس الإنفلونزا وزراعته واكتشافه عند المرضى؛ ووصف عملية إعادة التركيب الجيني لسلالات الإنفلونزا؛ وإثبات أن فيروس ميكسوما لا يتسبب في مرض عند الإنسان. وفي الوقت الحاضر ما تزال طرق إنتاج لقاحات الإنفلونزا معتمدة على أعمال بورنيت التي حسّن فيها طرق زراعة الفيروس في بيض الدجاج.

حصل بورنيت على أكثر عدد من الأوسمة والتشريفات من أي عالم آخر في أستراليا. حصل بورنيت على لقب المواطن الأسترالي لعام 1960 لإسهاماته العلمية في أستراليا، وحاز على لقب فارس من رتبة أستراليا في عام 1978. حظي بورنيت بتقدير على مستوى عالمي بفضل إنجازاته العلمية: فجانب جائزة نوبل، فاز بورنيت بجائزة لاسكر والقلادة الملكية وقلادة كوبلي من الجمعية الملكية، وحصل على عدة درجات دكتوراه فخرية، ووسام الخدمة المتميزة من عصبة الأمم والإمبراطورية اليابانية.

بداية حياته
وُلد بورنيت في ترارالغون، فيكتوريا. كان والده، فرانك بورنيت، مهاجرًا اسكتلنديًا، وعمل مديرًا لفرع البنك الاستعماري في ترارالغون. وكانت أمه، هاداسا بورنيت (وُلدت باسم ماكاي)، ابنة مهاجر اسكتلندي من الطبقة المتوسطة، وقابلت زوجها فرانك أثناء عمله في مدينة كورويت. كان فرانك حينها بعمر السادسة والثلاثين، أي أكبر منها بأربعة عشر عامًا. كانت عائلة بورنيت عائلة محافظة اجتماعيًا تتبع الكنيسة الأنجلو-ساكسونية البروتستانتية. كان فرانك ماكفارلين بورنيت الابن الثاني من بين سبعة أطفال، وكان يُعرف في فترة طفولته باسم «ماك». وكان له أختًا كبرى، وأختان وثلاثة إخوة أصغر منه سنًا. عانت أخته الكبرى دوريس من إعاقة ذهنية، وكانت تستزف معظم وقت هاداسا، واعتبر آل بورنيت حالة دوريس وصمة عار لا يجب الإفصاح عنها، وحذروا أولادهم الآخرين من دعوة الأصدقاء إلى منزلهم خشية أن يرى أحدهم ابنتهم الكبرى على حالتها. افتتن ماك من صغره بالبيئة التي أحاطت به في موطنه في ترارالغون، لا سيما جدول ترارالغون. والتحق أولًا بمدرسة خاصة يديرها معلم وحيد قبل أن يلتحق بمدرسة ابتدائية حكومية وهو بعمر السابعة. كان فرانك في معزلٍ عن والده الذي كان يحب قضاء وقت فراغه في الصيد ولعب الغولف. كان فرانك يؤثر القراءة من صغره على الرياضة والنشاط، وعندما بلغ عمر الثامنة كان كبيرًا بما فيه الكفاية ليحلل شخصية والده، فقد كان ماك مستاءً من والده وكان يرى أنه شخص منافق يتظاهر بالتحلي بالأخلاق والفضيلة، بيد أنه كان يعمل مع رجال أعمال مشكوك في مبادئهم الأخلاقية. أما أمه فكانت منشغلة برعاية أخته دوريس، ولذا تكونت لدى فرانك شخصية تتسم بالوحدة.

الأبحاث التي أدت إلى استحقاقه لجائزة نوبل

حصل بورنيت على  جائزة نوبل في الطب لنظريته التي وضعها عام 1949 وأكدها بيتر مدور (شريكه في الجائزة) فيما بعد، والقائلة بأن أجنة الحيوانات يمكنها اكتساب تحمل مناعي immunological tolerance إذا عولجت بمستضد (أنتيجين) معين، وقد أفاد هذا الاكتشاف الأبحاث التي أجريت فيما بعد في مجالي زراعة الأعضاء والسرطان إفادة عظيمة.

سيرته الذاتية

في عام 1968 نشر بورنيت سيرته الذاتية تحت عنوان «تغيير الأنماط» Changing Patterns

انظر أيضًا

بيتر مدور

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أستراليون حازوا جائزة نوبل
أستراليون من أصل إسكتلندي
أشخاص من ترارالغون
أطباء من ملبورن
أعضاء الأكاديمية السويدية الملكية للعلوم
أعضاء الجمعية الفلسفية الأمريكية
أعضاء أجانب في الأكاديمية الوطنية الأمريكية للعلوم
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة ملبورن
أكاديميون أستراليون
باحثون طبيون أستراليون
حائزون على الوسام الملكي
حائزون على جائزة ألبرت لاسكر للأبحاث الطبية الأساسية
حائزون على جائزة نوبل في الطب
حائزون على وسام كوبلاي
خريجو جامعة لندن
رؤساء الأكاديمية الأسترالية للعلوم
زملاء الأكاديمية الأسترالية للعلوم
زملاء الجمعية الملكية
علماء أستراليون في القرن 20
علماء فيروسات أستراليون
علماء مناعة أستراليون
لاأدريون أستراليون
ملحدون أستراليون
مواليد 1899
وفيات 1985
وفيات السرطان في فيكتوريا (أستراليا)
وفيات في ملبورن

فرانك ماكفارلين بورنيت


Slaget ved Caen var en slag under hundredårskrigen, der foregik i 1346 i den fransk by Caen osm en del af den engelske kong Edvard 3.s invasion af Normandiet i juli dette år. Det var den første store slag i felttoget, der i sidste ende ledte til et knusende nederlag til Frankrig under slaget ved Crecy og den efterfølgende belejring af Calais, der fik stor indflydelse på resten af hundredårskrigen.

Litteratur
 Jonathan Sumption, The Hundred Years War, Vol 1, Trial by Battle, 1990,
 A.H. Burne, The Crecy War, 1955,

Begivenheder i 1346
Hundredårskrigen
Caen, Slaget ved (1346)

Slaget ved Caen (1346)


بوهدانيفكا (Богданівка) هي مدينة في مقاطعة كيروفوهرادسكا في أوكرانيا.

مراجع

مدن أوكرانيا

بوهدانيفكا (كيروفوهرادسكا)


La rivière Oudy (en  ; en  ), est une rivière de Russie et d'Ukraine, affluent du Donets dans lequel elle se jette près de la ville de Tchouhouïv.

Sa longueur est de  dont  en Ukraine.

L'Oudy prend sa source dans l'oblast de Belgorod en Russie à une altitude de 190 mètres, puis s'écoule en Ukraine dans le raïon de Bohodoukhiv et traverse l'oblast de Kharkiv dans l'est de l'Ukraine.

L'oudy reçoit les eaux de la rivière Lopan au sud de la ville de Kharkiv.

L'Oudy draine un bassin d'une superficie de .

Lien externe
 Données sur la rivière Oudy

Cours d'eau en Ukraine
Cours d'eau frontalier en Ukraine
Cours d'eau dans l'oblast de Belgorod
2Oudy

Oudy


Petar I. (1311. – 19. rujna 1356.), bio je francuski plemić te vojvoda od Bourbona poslije 1342. Potječe iz vladarske kuće Bourbon.

Životopis

Rani život

Petar I. je rođen 1311. godine kao sin Luja I., prvog vojvode od Bourbona (Petar je bio drugi koji nosi tu titulu). Malo je toga poznato o njegovom djetinjstvu. Zna se da je živio sa svojim roditeljima, braćom i sestrama te da je bio katolik.

Sudjelovao je u nekoliko ranijih situacija Stogodišnjeg rata 1337. godine. U ljeto 1339. sudjelovao je u borbi gdje je propao plan biskupa od Beauvalaisa da osvoji Bordeaux, koji je u to doba bio pod kontrolom Engleske.

U jesen 1341. sudjelovao je u kampanji Ivana II. u Bretanji, francuskoj pokrajini koja je tada bila pod engleskom vlašću.

Bio je prisutan na krunidbi pape Klementa VI. 19. svibnja 1342.  U ljetu iste godine je zajedno s grofom od Eua branio Francusku od napada iz sjevernih grofovija pod engleskom vlašću, dok je kralj Filip VI. ratovao u Engleskoj. Te godine je postao i vojvoda.

U kolovozu 1343. je zajedno s grofom od Albona sudjelovao na mirovnoj konferenciji u Avignonu, ali je to bilo beskorisno, većinom zbog tadašnjeg engleskog kralja Edvarda III., koji je odbijao pristati na francuske mirovne uvjete.

Namjesnik u Languedocu

8. kolovoza 1345. kralj Filip VI. je pozvao Petra i rekao mu da će ga postaviti kao namjesnika u jednoj grofoviji na jugu Francuske. No njegov protivnik je bio Henrik, tada grof od Derbyja (a kasnije i vojvoda od Lancastera), koji je iskrcao cijelu svoju vojsku u gradu Bordeauxu dan kasnije, s ciljem da zaustavi Petra, pobijedi ga u bitci i on bude gospodar Languedoca.

Petar I. je otišao u Languedoc u rujnu, mjesec dana kasnije, kako bi preuzeo tu titulu. No dočekao ga je Henrik i započeo bitku. No Henrik je pobijedio francusku vojsku i osvojio grad Bergerac. Petar je poslao glasnike u mjesto Angouleme i okupio novu vojsku, kojom je zapovjedao vojvoda od Normandije, kasnije poznat kao francuski kralj Ivan II. Nova borba je počela 21. listopada, i grof od Derbyja je ponovo pobijedio. Čuvši to vojvoda od Normandije je otišao a vojska se raspala.

Grof od Derbyja je iskoristio zbunjenost i nedostatak zapovjednika te je osvojio tvrđavu La Reole. Petar je opet pokušao pobijediti Henrika, ali nije uspio a mnogi vojnici su poginuli. Ivan I., grof od Armagnaca je također pokušao pobijediti Henrika, ali ni on nije uspio.

Napokon, u zimi 1346. Petar je skupio novu vojsku zajedno s biskupom od Beuvaisa, koja je bila u gradu Toulouseu. Papa Klement ih je financirao, želeći se osvetiti jer je grof od Derbyja uhvatio i zatočio njegovog nećaka. Princ Ivan im je poslao i mnoge plemiće: grofa od Eua, vojvodu od Burgundije, grofa od Brienne... Pridružio im se i Ivan II., no on je uskoro morao ići pomoći na sjever u Normandiju boriti se protiv Edwarda III... A Petar nije postao kraljev namjesnik.

Misije i bitke

U lipnju 1347. je sudjelovao u pregovorima oko Calaisa. Idućih godina je također sudjelovao na mnogobrojnim misijama, kao što je posjet kralju Karlu od Navare u veljači 1354. godine.

Sudjelovao je u Bitci za Poitiers 19. rujna 1356. godine, gdje je bio jedan od zapovjednika. Petar je poginuo u toj bitci te je sahranjen u pariškoj Crkvi Sv. Jakova.

Obitelj

Oženio se 25. siječnja 1336. Izabelom Valojskom, s kojom je imao osmero djece, jednog sina i sedam kćeri:

 Luj II. (1337. – 1410.) - najstariji sin i treći vojvoda od Bourbona

 Ivana (1338. – 1378.) - udala se za kralja Karla V.

 Blanka (1339. – 1361.) - udala se za kralja Petra od Kastilje

 Bona (1341. – 1402.) - udala se za Amadea VI., grofa od Savoja

 Katarina (1342. – 1427.) - udala se za Ivana VI., grofa od Harcourta

 Margareta (1344. – 1416.) - udala se za vikonta od Tartasa

 Izabela (1345.)

 Marija (1347. – 1401.) - upraviteljica Poissyja

Izvori

Petar I., vojvoda od Bourbona
Petar I., vojvoda od Bourbona
Petar I.
Petar I., vojvoda od Bourbona

Petar I., vojvoda od Bourbona


AC Transit (Alameda-Contra Costa Transit District) is an Oakland-based public transit agency serving the western portions of Alameda and Contra Costa counties in the East Bay of the San Francisco Bay Area. AC Transit also operates "Transbay" routes across San Francisco Bay to San Francisco and selected areas in San Mateo and Santa Clara counties. AC Transit is constituted as a special district under California law. It is governed by seven elected members (five from geographic wards and two at large). It is not a part of or under the control of Alameda or Contra Costa counties or any local jurisdictions.

Buses operate out of four operating divisions: Emeryville, East Oakland (Seminary), Hayward, and Richmond. The Operations Control Center is in Emeryville. The Richmond operating division closed in 2011, but opened again in early 2017 due to a revived economy. The District is the public successor to the privately owned Key System.

In , the system had a ridership of , or about  per weekday as of .

Service area
The AC Transit District is the third-largest public bus system in California, serving a number of cities and unincorporated areas in Alameda and Contra Costa counties. These include Alameda, Albany, Ashland, Berkeley, Castro Valley, Cherryland, East Richmond Heights, El Cerrito, El Sobrante, Emeryville, Fairview, Fremont, Hayward, Kensington, Newark, North Richmond, Oakland, Piedmont, Richmond, San Leandro, San Lorenzo, and San Pablo. Some AC Transit bus routes also serve other areas in the Bay Area, such as Contra Costa Centre, Dublin, Milpitas, Palo Alto, Pinole, Pittsburg, San Francisco, Stanford, and Union City.

AC Transit provides service to many colleges and universities, including Berkeley City College, California State University, East Bay, Chabot College, College of Alameda, Contra Costa College, Holy Names University, Laney College, Merritt College, Mills College at Northeastern University, Northwestern Polytechnic University, Ohlone College, Stanford University, and University of California, Berkeley.

Most AC Transit routes connect with rapid transit services, such as BART, with one route connecting to the VTA Orange Line light rail service at the Milpitas Transit Center. Some routes also connect with commuter rail and regional rail services, including the ACE commuter rail service at the Fremont–Centerville station and Amtrak's California Zephyr, Capitol Corridor, Coast Starlight, and San Joaquins services. AC Transit routes also connect with several other bus systems in the Bay Area, such as the Dumbarton Express, Emery Go-Round, FAST, Golden Gate Transit, MUNI, SamTrans, SolTrans, Union City Transit, VTA, and WestCAT bus systems. AC Transit also connects with the San Francisco Bay Ferry system at several ferry slips, including the Alameda Harbor Bay Ferry Slip, the Alameda Seaplane Lagoon Ferry Slip, the Oakland Ferry Slip, and the Richmond Ferry Slip.

While most AC Transit service consists of local lines that operate within the East Bay District, the District also provides Transbay lines. Most of these run across the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge during rush hours only, connecting commuters with San Francisco's Transbay Transit Center. Three routes run across the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge on a daily basis, connecting passengers in Alameda, Berkeley, Emeryville, and Oakland with the Transbay Transit Center. A late night-only bus operates overnight as a Transbay Replacement for BART service when BART is not running, connecting Albany, Berkeley, El Cerrito, Oakland, and Richmond with San Francisco's Central Business District along Market Street, as well as the Inner Mission and SoMa neighborhoods. Several "Early Bird" Transbay Lines run only on early weekday mornings to substitute for early morning BART rail service while BART is undergoing construction, connecting commuters in Contra Costa Centre, Dublin, Fremont, Oakland, Pittsburg, and San Leandro with the Transbay Transit Center. Lastly, one Transbay Bus service is provided during rush hours only across the Dumbarton Bridge between the Fremont BART station and the Stanford Oval at Stanford University, connecting commuters in Fremont with Palo Alto and Stanford.

Hubs

AC Transit's primary hubs include BART stations, major shopping centers, and points of interest, which are spread throughout the East Bay. Most routes serve and/or terminate at BART stations. The hubs include:

 12th St. Oakland City Center BART
 Ashby BART
 Bay Fair BART
 Castro Valley BART
 Chabot College
 Contra Costa College
 Coliseum BART/Amtrak
 Downtown Berkeley BART
 Eastmont Transit Center
 El Cerrito del Norte BART
 El Cerrito Plaza BART
 Fremont BART
 Fruitvale BART
 Hayward BART
 Hillsdale Caltrain Station
 Hilltop Mall

 Lake Merritt BART
 MacArthur BART
 Milpitas BART
 NewPark Mall
 Oakland International Airport
 Richmond BART/Amtrak
 Richmond Parkway Transit Center
 Rockridge BART
 Transbay Transit Center
 San Leandro BART
 South Hayward BART
 Southland Mall
 Union City BART
 Uptown Transit Center (19th Street/Oakland BART)
 Warm Springs/South Fremont BART
 West Oakland BART

Routes

Much of AC transit's ridership is skewed heavily towards a few heavily trafficked local (as opposed to trans-bay) routes.  As of 2013, the top five routes account for a third of all riders, and the top twelve routes account for more than half.

History

Voters created the Alameda-Contra Costa Transit District (AC Transit) in 1956 and subsequently approved a $16.5 million bond issue in 1959 enabling the District to buy out the failing privately owned Key System Transit Lines. In October 1960, AC Transit's service began. The new District built up the bus fleet with 250 new "transit liner" buses, extended service into new neighborhoods, created an intercity express bus network, and increased Bay Bridge bus service.

In 2003, the District introduced a San Mateo-Hayward Bridge route. Designated as Line M, the service connected the BART stations of Castro Valley and Hayward with Foster City and San Mateo's Hillsdale Caltrain station. A second San Mateo-Hayward Bridge route, Line MA, was added in 2006 and discontinued in 2007. (The M replaced the SamTrans 90E, which had been canceled in 1999.)

On June 30, 2003, a new "rapid bus" line operating on San Pablo Avenue was introduced. Designated as Line 72R (or San Pablo Rapid), the service connected Oakland with Richmond and operated at faster speeds than regular local service due to wide stop spacing and signal priority treatments.

In 2004, the District began service on Line U across the Dumbarton Bridge, connecting Stanford University with ACE and BART trains in Fremont. As part of a consortium of transit agencies (including AC Transit, BART, SamTrans, Union City Transit, and VTA), the District already operated Dumbarton Express bus service across the Dumbarton Bridge.

Beginning December 10, 2005, AC Transit began participating in the regional All Nighter network, providing 24-hour bus service throughout its service area to supplement BART service, which does not operate during owl hours. AC Transit had provided 24-hour service on many of its trunk lines prior to this date, except in the late 1990s due to budget limitations.

On July 30, 2007, AC Transit announced that it had entered into a 25-year partnership with SunPower, MMA Renewable Ventures, and PG&E to install solar energy systems at its facilities in an effort to reduce its carbon footprint, improve local air quality, and save money on energy costs that could be used instead to spend on transit service.

On March 28, 2010, several major service changes were implemented to reduce a severe budget shortfall. Changes included reduced service on local and Transbay lines, elimination of unproductive routes, splitting of the 51 into two sections (called as lines "51A" and "51B"), and the introduction of limited-stop line 58L (which, as of 2016, is discontinued).

Starting in February 2011, all buses on Line 376 were being escorted by a marked Contra Costa County Sheriff's patrol vehicle through the unincorporated community of North Richmond. Line 376 provides late-night service through North Richmond and the nearby cities of Richmond, San Pablo, and Pinole. The escorts were introduced to improve the safety of the service, which had five serious incidents between 5 January and 9 February.

On December 13, 2013, AC Transit adopted a new fare policy that brought changes to the transit system July 2014, including a new day pass that is in line with other transit agencies including VTA and SamTrans. The policy is also designed to speed boarding and help keep buses on schedule, provide greater convenience and value for customers, and encourage more customers to switch to Clipper

Rapid Bus and Bus Rapid Transit

A rapid bus line was introduced on San Pablo Avenue on June 30, 2003. Designated as Line 72R (or San Pablo Rapid), it operates from 6 am to 7 pm at 12-minute intervals on weekdays, and 7 am to 7 pm at 15-minute intervals on weekends and holidays. Bus stops are spaced 2/3-mile apart on average, running between Jack London Square (via 20th Street and Broadway) in Oakland and Contra Costa College in San Pablo, and buses receive signal priority at several intersections. Although the line does have scheduled timepoints en route, most buses typically travel along the route as fast (or as slow) as traffic allows.

On June 24, 2007, the success of line 72R made it a model for another rapid bus line that was introduced. Line 1R (or International Rapid) operated on weekdays between Berkeley Way and Oxford Street in Berkeley and Bay Fair BART station in San Leandro, mainly along Telegraph Avenue, International Boulevard, and East 14th Street. Weekend and holiday service operated between Downtown Oakland and San Leandro only.

Line 1R was discontinued on June 26, 2016. On August 9, 2020, the 1R was largely replaced by Tempo, AC Transit's new Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) route. Tempo operates between the Uptown Transit Center and the San Leandro BART station via International Boulevard and East 14th Street. It features 46 brand new platform stations (curbside and center-median) with dedicated bus lanes along the majority of the route. The Telegraph Avenue alignment of the 1R between the Uptown Transit Center and U.C. Berkeley is currently being served by local route 6.

Bus fleet

At its inception, AC Transit purchased the mixed White, Mack, and GM "old-look" bus fleet from its predecessor, the Key System. The ex-Key System buses were repainted in "clownface" livery, featuring a predominantly white (upper half) and orange (lower front) color scheme with teal side stripes, and AC Transit adopted a "wing" logo featuring the same colors. After its inception, the first new AC Transit orders were for GM New Look buses, which the agency advertised as "Transit Liners". AC Transit began New Look operation in late 1960. AC Transit would continue to operate a mixed fleet of buses throughout the 1960s.

AC Transit also pioneered the use of articulated buses in the United States; in March 1966 it was the first transit agency to use the Super Golden Eagle long-distance coach (originally designed and built for Continental Trailways; AC Transit designated it XMC-77 and called it the "Freeway Train"), primarily on Transbay service. By 1970, AC Transit was one of six agencies to participate in a "super bus project" coordinated by the National Transportation Center (Pittsburgh) to write a specification for a higher-capacity bus; once the specification had been written, two prototypes would be built and tested to select a winner for a large group procurement of 100 buses to keep per-unit costs low. Two European-built articulated buses were tested in the summer of 1974: a Volvo B58, and a . Riders received the M.A.N. bus favorably, and the specification was released for bid in 1975; AC Transit placed an order for 30 buses in 1976 and deliveries began from the AM General/M.A.N. joint venture in 1978.

For its rigid buses, AC Transit continued purchasing GM New Look buses through the early 1970s, then switched to purchasing Flxible New Look buses starting in 1974. Since the early 1980s, AC Transit began acquiring buses from Flyer, Neoplan, and Gillig. Around this time, AC Transit began ordering new buses in a "stripe" color scheme, featuring the same orange, teal, and white colors as the previous "clownface" livery. In the late 1990s, AC Transit added buses from NABI. AC Transit supplemented these buses with a fleet of 45-foot over-the-road coaches purchased from Motor Coach Industries beginning in the early 2000s.

In 2003, AC Transit began purchasing low-floor buses from Van Hool. The Van Hool buses were assembled in Belgium and featured low floors and three doors (four doors on articulated models), which AC Transit touted as the key to bus rapid transit service between Berkeley and San Leandro along Shattuck, Telegraph, International Blvd, and East 14th Street. At the same time, AC Transit rolled out a revised "ribbon" livery featuring new colors (green and black), and a new logo. The logo was simplified in 2014.

After criticism over the use of federal funds to purchase foreign-made Van Hool buses and the tailoring of specification requirements to exclude domestic manufacturers, AC Transit ordered locally-built Gillig buses in 2012. In March 2013, AC Transit began operating the first of its new Gillig buses. In August of the same year, AC Transit placed the first of its new New Flyer Xcelsior articulated buses into service. Later that year, in November 2013, new Gillig buses with a suburban seating configuration and Transbay branding were introduced into service.

All AC Transit buses are wheelchair accessible and have front-mounted bicycle racks. The MCI buses also feature luggage bay bicycle racks. AC Transit buses purchased after 2007 have air conditioning, as approved by the board of directors.

Alternative power

In 1969, AC Transit received a grant and converted bus #666 to steam power, which ran in revenue service between 1971 and 1972. The propulsion system was designed by William Brobeck and used a triple-expansion reciprocating steam engine; power was improved compared to the original six-cylinder Detroit Diesel 6V71 engine and emissions were reduced, but fuel consumption was higher than the conventional diesel bus. The steam system is a closed loop. Exhaust steam is condensed and returned to the steam generator, which is an externally-fired boiler that uses  of coiled steel tubing. Prior to entering service, the steam bus was exhibited in Washington DC and to the public. Bus #666 completed  in revenue service when the trial ended in September 1972, and the diesel engine was subsequently reinstalled in the bus.

AC Transit is the lead agency of Zero Emission Bay Area (ZEBA), a consortium of five Bay Area transit agencies (AC Transit, Golden Gate Transit, SFMTA, SamTrans, and VTA) demonstrating fuel cell buses. The District began the HyRoad program in 1999 and tested several fuel cell buses with new hydrogen fuelling infrastructure, including the Ballard/XCELLSiS ZEbus (a New Flyer F40LF with a Ballard fuel cell) in November 1999. Three hydrogen-powered buses, based on the Van Hool A330, operated in revenue service from 2006 to 2010. AC Transit took delivery of 12 additional third-generation fuel cell buses, based on the Van Hool A300L in 2011. In 2019, AC Transit began operating 11 additional hydrogen fuel cell buses from New Flyer, one of which is a 60-foot articulated bus, and 5 battery electric buses from New Flyer.

Funding
AC Transit is funded with a mix of federal, state, and local government subsidies, as well as passenger fares.

In March 2004, voters throughout the San Francisco Bay Area approved Regional Measure 2, which funds regional transportation capital and operating programs through a US$1.00 surcharge on State-owned bridges operated by the BATA. (The Golden Gate Bridge is owned and operated by the Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District.)

In November 2004, voters approved Measure BB, which increased the parcel tax from US$24 to US$48 annually for 10 years beginning 1 July 2005, to help fund AC Transit services.

In April 2005, a federal class-action lawsuit was filed against the Metropolitan Transportation Commission alleging that it discriminates against AC Transit's primarily minority riders by giving AC Transit disproportionately less money than BART and Caltrain. AC Transit is not party to the lawsuit, and the court sided with MTC in 2009.

In November 2008, voters approved Measure VV, which increased the parcel tax by US$48 annually for 10 years beginning 1 July 2009, to help fund AC Transit services. Measure VV also extended the US$48 parcel tax approved under Measure BB so a total US$96 annual tax is effective through 30 June 2019.

Internet access
AC Transit also offers wireless internet on many buses that serve Transbay lines. These buses can be distinguished by their all-green livery, padded "commuter" seats, and Wi-Fi logos near the front entrance door and inside the bus.

References

External links

 AC Transit mobile website

Public transportation in San Francisco
Public transportation in San Mateo County, California
Public transportation in Santa Clara County, California
Public transportation in Alameda County, California
Public transportation in Contra Costa County, California
Transportation in Oakland, California
Bus transportation in California
Transit agencies in California

AC Transit


Hematoksilin je organsko prirodno bojilo koje u biologiji i medicini ima osobitu važnost za bojenje preparata jer boji samo određene dijelove stanica. Hematoksilin se nalazi u plavom drvetu kampečevini (lat. Lignum campechianum, L. haematoxyli). Upotrebljava se za bojenje i tiskanje pamuka, svile, poliamida, vune, krzna i kože. Dobiva se vrlo postojana plavocrna boja, te kao pigment za izradu crne tinte, tiskarskih i slikarskih uljenih boja. Hematoksilinski preparati mogu se upotrebljavati kao antioksidacijska sredstva za nezasićene masne kiseline, kao reagens za dokazivanje truljenja hrane, te za bojenje histoloških preparata.

Oksidacijom hematoksilina na zraku nastaje hematein. Hematein je prirodno bojilo, C16H1206 (C.I. 75290), tvori crvene iglice koje se raspadaju na temperaturi višoj od 200 °C. Malo je topljiv u etanolu i eteru (žuta boja), te u vodi (crvena boja). Dobro je topljiv u alkalijama (modroljubičasta boja) i mineralnim kiselinama (crvena boja). Hematein čini sa solima teških metala složene spojeve, i to od modroljubičastih s bakrenim i kositrenim solima do crnih sa željeznim solima.

Prirodna bojila

Prirodna bojila su obojeni organski spojevi koji se nalaze u stanicama biljaka i životinja, te u mikroorganizmima. Prirodna bojila mogu se u njima nalaziti u slobodnom obliku (kurkumin) ili u spoju sa šećerom i bjelančevinama. Neka su bojila (indigo, antikni purpur) bezbojna, pa se od njih dobiva obojen spoj oksidacijom, fermentacijom ili fotokemijskim postupkom.

Heterociklička prirodna bojila
Prema kemijskoj konstituciji heterociklička prirodna bojila mogu se svrstati u dvije skupine: bojila s kisikovim atomima i bojila s dušikovim atomima u prstenima. Od bojila koja danas imaju neko praktično značenje u prvoj su skupini: brazilein, hematein, oenin i santalin, dok su u drugoj skupini: antikni purpur, indigo i klorofil.

Slike

Izvori

Pigmenti

Hematoksilin


Lee Namyong né le 28 septembre 1983, est un joueur de hockey sur gazon sud-coréen.

Il a participé aux Jeux olympiques à 2 reprises (2008 et 2012).

Palmarès

Jeux olympiques
 Top 8 : 2008, 2012

Jeux asiatiques
  : 2002, 2006
  : 2014

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en septembre 1983
Joueur de hockey sur gazon aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2008
Joueur de hockey sur gazon aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2012

Lee Namyong


Gökçeayva, Eskişehir ilinin Beylikova ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Eskişehir ili, Mihalıççık ilçesi Özel İdare Memurluğu'ndan yazılı olarak edinilen bilgiye göre, Sorkun mahallesinin ilk sakinleri Horasan'lı, Karayusuf adlı bir kişinin Hacı İsmail, Hacı Mehmet, Hacı Ali adındaki üç oğlu ve aileleriyle birlikte 700-800 yıl kadar önce gelip buraya yerleşmeleriyle oluşmuştur. Bundan 400 yıl önce de Sorkunlular, şimdi Gökçeayva'nın bulunduğu yeri kışın davarlarını barındırmak için kışlak olarak kullanmaya başlamışlardır; bir iki çoban evi derken, giderek toprağın da işlenmesiyle Gökçeayva sürekli oturulan bir köy olmuştur. Yazıda bu bilgilerin belgesel olmayıp rivayetlere dayandığı da ayrıca belirtilmektedir.

Coğrafya
Eskişehir iline 80 km, Beylikova ilçesine 20 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar

Beylikova'nın mahalleleri

Gökçeayva, Beylikova


The Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands, fought during 25–27 October 1942, sometimes referred to as the Battle of Santa Cruz or Third Battle of Solomon Sea, in Japan as the Battle of the South Pacific ( Minamitaiheiyō kaisen), was the fourth aircraft carrier battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II. It was also the fourth major naval engagement fought between the United States Navy and the Imperial Japanese Navy during the lengthy and strategically important Guadalcanal campaign. As in the battles of the Coral Sea, Midway, and the Eastern Solomons, the ships of the two adversaries were rarely in sight or gun range of each other. Instead, almost all attacks by both sides were mounted by carrier- or land-based aircraft.

In an attempt to drive Allied forces from Guadalcanal and nearby islands and end the stalemate that had existed since September 1942, the Imperial Japanese Army planned a major ground offensive on Guadalcanal for 20–25 October 1942. In support of this offensive, and with the hope of engaging Allied naval forces, Japanese carriers and other large warships moved into a position near the southern Solomon Islands. From this location, the Japanese naval forces hoped to engage and decisively defeat any Allied (primarily U.S.) naval forces, especially carrier forces, that responded to the ground offensive. Allied naval forces also hoped to meet the Japanese naval forces in battle, with the same objectives of breaking the stalemate and decisively defeating their adversary.

The Japanese ground offensive on Guadalcanal was underway with the Battle for Henderson Field while the naval warships and aircraft from the two adversaries confronted each other on the morning of 26 October 1942, just north of the Santa Cruz Islands. After an exchange of carrier air attacks, Allied surface ships retreated from the battle area with the fleet carrier  sunk, and another fleet carrier, , heavily damaged. The participating Japanese carrier forces also retired because of high aircraft and aircrew losses, plus significant damage to the fleet carrier  and the light carrier .

Santa Cruz was a tactical victory and a short-term strategic victory for the Japanese in terms of ships sunk and damaged, and control of the seas around Guadalcanal. However, Japan's loss of many irreplaceable veteran aircrews proved to be a long-term strategic advantage for the Allies, whose aircrew losses in the battle were relatively low and quickly replaced. The Japanese had hoped for and needed a bigger, more decisive victory. The fact that the naval battle was won just after the land battle was lost meant that the opportunity to exploit their victory in the battle had already passed.

Background

On 8 August 1942, Allied forces, predominantly from the United States, landed on Japanese-occupied Guadalcanal, Tulagi, and the Florida Islands in the Solomon Islands. The landings on the islands were meant to deny their use by the Japanese as bases for threatening the supply routes between the U.S. and Australia, and to secure the islands as starting points for a campaign with the eventual goal of neutralizing the major Japanese base at Rabaul while also supporting the Allied New Guinea campaign. The landings initiated the six-month-long Guadalcanal campaign.

After the Battle of the Eastern Solomons on 24–25 August, in which the fleet carrier  was heavily damaged and forced to sail to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, for a month of major repairs, three U.S. carrier task forces remained in the South Pacific area. The task forces were based around the fleet carriers , , and  plus their respective air groups and supporting surface warships, including battleships, cruisers, and destroyers, and were primarily stationed between the Solomons and New Hebrides (Vanuatu) islands. In this area of operations, the carriers were charged with guarding the line of communication between the major Allied bases at New Caledonia and Espiritu Santo, supporting the Allied ground forces at Guadalcanal and Tulagi against any Japanese counteroffensives, covering the movement of supply ships to Guadalcanal, and engaging and destroying any Japanese warships, especially carriers, that came within range. The area of ocean in which the U.S. carrier task forces operated was known as "Torpedo Junction" by U.S. forces because of the high concentration of Japanese submarines in the area.

On 31 August, Saratoga was torpedoed by  and was out of action for three months for repairs.
On 15 September, Wasp was hit by three torpedoes fired by Japanese submarine  while supporting a major reinforcement and resupply convoy to Guadalcanal and almost engaging the Japanese carriers  and , which withdrew just before the two adversaries came into range of each other's aircraft. With power knocked out from torpedo damage, Wasps damage-control teams were unable to contain the ensuing large fires, and she was abandoned and scuttled.

Although the U.S. now had only one operational carrier, Hornet, in the South Pacific, the Allies still maintained air superiority over the southern Solomon Islands because of their aircraft based at Henderson Field on Guadalcanal. However, at night, when aircraft were not able to operate effectively, the Japanese were able to operate their ships around Guadalcanal almost at will. Thus, a stalemate in the battle for Guadalcanal developedthe Allies delivered supplies and reinforcements to Guadalcanal during the day, and the Japanese did the same by warship, referred to as the "Tokyo Express" by the Allies, at nightwith neither side able to deliver enough troops to the island to secure a decisive advantage. By mid-October, both sides had roughly an equal number of troops on the island. The stalemate was briefly interrupted by two large-ship naval actions. On the night of 11–12 October, a U.S. naval force intercepted and defeated a Japanese naval force en route to bombard Henderson Field in the Battle of Cape Esperance. But just two nights later, a Japanese force that included the battleships  and  successfully bombarded Henderson Field, destroying most of the U.S. aircraft there and inflicting severe damage on the field's facilities.

The U.S. made two moves to try to break the stalemate in the battle for Guadalcanal. First, repairs to Enterprise were expedited so that she could return to the South Pacific as soon as possible. On 10 October, Enterprise received her new air group (Air Group 10) and on 16 October, she left Pearl Harbor; and on 23 October, she arrived back in the South Pacific and rendezvoused with Hornet and the rest of the Allied South Pacific naval forces on 24 October,  northeast of Espiritu Santo.

Second, on 18 October, Admiral Chester Nimitz, Allied Commander-in-Chief of Pacific Forces, replaced Vice Admiral Robert L. Ghormley with Vice Admiral William Halsey, Jr. as Commander, South Pacific Area: this position commanded Allied forces involved in the Solomon Islands campaign. Nimitz felt that Ghormley had become too myopic and pessimistic to lead Allied forces effectively in the struggle for Guadalcanal. Halsey was reportedly respected throughout the U.S. naval fleet as a "fighter". Upon assuming command, Halsey immediately began making plans to draw the Japanese naval forces into a battle, writing to Nimitz, "I had to begin throwing punches almost immediately."

The Japanese Combined Fleet was also seeking to draw Allied naval forces into what was hoped to be a decisive battle. Two fleet carriers— and , as well as the light carrier —arrived at the main Japanese naval base at Truk Atoll from Japan in early October and joined Shōkaku and Zuikaku. With five carriers fully equipped with air groups, plus their numerous battleships, cruisers, and destroyers, the Japanese Combined Fleet, directed by Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, was confident that it could make up for the defeat at the Battle of Midway. Apart from a couple of air raids on Henderson Field in October, the Japanese carriers and their supporting warships stayed in the northwestern area of the Solomon Islands, out of the battle for Guadalcanal and waiting for a chance to approach and engage the U.S. carriers. With the Japanese Army's next planned major ground attack on Allied forces on Guadalcanal set for 20 October, Yamamoto's warships began to move towards the southern Solomons to support the offensive and to be ready to engage any enemy ships, especially carriers, that approached to support the Allied defenses on Guadalcanal.

Prelude

On or around 11 October a large force consisting of aircraft carriers, battleships, and their escorts departed Truk for an extended sortie in support of an October Guadalcanal offensive. On the same day a major reinforcement convoy reached Guadalcanal, but a force of supporting heavy cruisers was prevented from bombarding Henderson Field and turned back in what became known as the Battle of Cape Esperance. What followed were three heavy bombardment missions conducted by battleships and heavy cruisers between 13 October and 16 October (this was the heaviest naval attack on the airfield in the entire campaign), the first and third of those conducted by vessels detached from Vice admiral Nobutake Kondō's Advance Force. Starting midnight on 14 October, another major convoy consisting of four transports unloaded the bulk of their cargo successfully, including tanks and heavy artillery. On 15 October, the destroyer , while escorting the tug Vireo pulling a resupply barge, was spotted and sunk by aircraft from Zuikaku and Shokaku. On 17 October, Hiyō and Jun'yō launched a strike force to attack transports off Lunga Point, but caused no damage. The large body of warships would remain in the waters around Guadalcanal until after fighting in the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands had ceased and returned to Truk at the end of October. The recently commissioned carrier Hiyō was originally part of the fleet, but a fire in her engineering room on 21 October forced her to retire to Truk for repairs. On 25 October, 6 bombers and 12 fighters from Jun'yo attacked Henderson Field, but did little damage.

From 20 to 25 October, Japanese land forces on Guadalcanal attempted to capture Henderson Field with a large-scale attack against the U.S. defenders. The attack was decisively defeated with heavy casualties for the Japanese. Incorrectly believing that the Japanese army troops had succeeded in capturing Henderson Field, the Japanese sent warships from the Shortland Islands toward Guadalcanal on the morning of 25 October to support their ground forces on the island. Aircraft from Henderson Field attacked the convoy throughout the day, sinking the light cruiser  (with some help from B-17s out of Espiritu Santo) and damaging the destroyer .

Despite the failure of the Japanese ground offensive and the loss of Yura, the rest of the Combined Fleet continued to maneuver near the southern Solomon Islands on 25 October in the hope of engaging Allied naval forces in a battle. The Japanese naval forces now comprised four carriers (two large, one medium, one light), Hiyō having departed, with a combined aircraft complement of approximately three Shokaku-class fleet carriers.

The Japanese naval forces were divided into three groups: the "Advanced" force of Jun'yō, four heavy cruisers, one light cruiser, and seven destroyers commanded by Kondō in heavy cruiser  with a support group consisting of two battleships and two destroyers under the command of Rear Admiral Takeo Kurita; the "Main Body" of Shōkaku, Zuikaku, and Zuihō plus one heavy cruiser and eight destroyers, commanded by Vice Admiral Chūichi Nagumo aboard Shōkaku; and the "Vanguard" force of two battleships, three heavy cruisers, one light cruiser, and seven destroyers, commanded by Rear Admiral Hiroaki Abe in the battleship . In addition to commanding the Advanced force, Kondo acted as the overall commander of the three forces.

On the U.S. side, the Hornet and Enterprise task groups, under the overall command of Rear Admiral Thomas Kinkaid, swept around to the north of the Santa Cruz Islands on 25 October, searching for the Japanese naval forces. The U.S. warships were deployed as two separate carrier groups, separated from each other by about . A U.S. PBY Catalina reconnaissance seaplane based in the Santa Cruz Islands located the Japanese Main Body carriers at 11:03. However, the Japanese carriers were about  from the U.S. force, just beyond carrier aircraft range. Kinkaid, hoping to close the range to be able to execute an attack that day, steamed towards the Japanese carriers at top speed and, at 14:25, launched a strike force of 23 aircraft. But the Japanese, knowing that they had been spotted by U.S. aircraft and not knowing where the U.S. carriers were, turned to the north to stay out of range of the U.S. carriers' aircraft. Thus, the U.S. strike force returned to its carriers without finding or attacking the Japanese warships.

Battle

Carrier action on 26 October: first strikes
At 02:50 on 26 October, the Japanese naval forces reversed direction and the naval forces of the two adversaries closed the distance until they were only  away from each other by 05:00. Both sides launched search aircraft and prepared their remaining aircraft to attack as soon as the other side's ships were located. Although a radar-equipped Catalina sighted the Japanese carriers at 03:10, the report did not reach Kinkaid until 05:12. Therefore, believing that the Japanese ships had probably changed position during the intervening two hours, he decided to withhold launching a strike force until he received more current information on the location of the Japanese ships.

At 06:45, a U.S. scout aircraft sighted the carriers of Nagumo's main body. At 06:58, a Japanese scout aircraft reported the location of Hornets task force. Both sides raced to be the first to attack the other. The Japanese were first to get their strike force launched, with 64 aircraft, including 21 Aichi D3A2 dive bombers, 20 Nakajima B5N2 torpedo bombers, 21 A6M3 Zero fighters, and 2 Nakajima B5N2 contact aircraft on the way towards Hornet by 07:40. This first strike was commanded by Lieutenant Commander Shigeharu Murata, while the fighter cover was led by Lieutenants Ayao Shirane and Saneyasu Hidaka. Also at 07:40, two U.S. SBD-3 Dauntless scout aircraft, responding to the earlier sighting of the Japanese carriers, arrived and dove on Zuihō. With the Japanese combat air patrol (CAP) busy chasing other U.S. scout aircraft away, the two U.S. aircraft were able to hit Zuihō with both their 500-pound bombs, causing heavy damage and preventing the carrier's flight deck from being able to land aircraft.

Meanwhile, Kondo ordered Abe's Vanguard force to race ahead to try to intercept and engage the U.S. warships. Kondo also brought his own Advanced force forward at flank speed so that Jun'yōs aircraft could join in the attacks on the U.S. ships. At 08:10, Shōkaku launched a second wave of strike aircraft, consisting of 19 dive bombers and five Zeros, and Zuikaku launched 16 torpedo bombers and 4 Zeros at 08:40. The second strike leader was Lieutenant Commander Mamoru Seki, while the fighter cover was led by Lieutenant Hideki Shingo. Thus, by 09:10 the Japanese had over 100 aircraft on the way to attack the U.S. carriers.

The U.S. strike aircraft were running about 20 minutes behind the Japanese. Believing that a speedy attack was more important than a massed attack, and because they lacked fuel to spend time assembling prior to the strike, the U.S. aircraft proceeded in small groups towards the Japanese ships, rather than forming into a single large strike force. The first group—consisting of 15 Douglas SBD Dauntless dive bombers, 6 Grumman TBF-1 Avenger torpedo bombers, and eight Grumman F4F Wildcat fighters, led by Lieutenant Commander William J. "Gus" Widhelm from Hornet—was on its way by about 08:00. A second group—consisting of three SBDs, nine TBFs (including the Air Group Commander's), and eight Wildcats from Enterprise—was off by 08:10. A third group—consisting of nine SBDs, ten TBFs (including the Air Group Commander's), and seven F4Fs from Hornet—was on its way by 08:20.

At 08:40, the opposing aircraft strike formations passed within sight of each other. Lieutenant Hidaka's nine Zuihō Zeros surprised and attacked the Enterprise group, attacking the climbing aircraft from out of the sun. In the resulting engagement, four Zeros, three Wildcats, and two TBFs were shot down, with another two TBFs and a Wildcat forced to return to Enterprise with heavy damage. The remaining Zuihō Zeros, having exhausted their ammunition, withdrew from the action.

At 08:50, the lead U.S. attack formation from Hornet spotted four ships from Abe's Vanguard force. Pressing on, the U.S. aircraft sighted the Japanese carriers and prepared to attack. Three Zeros from Zuihō attacked the formation's Wildcats, drawing them away from the bombers they were assigned to protect. Thus, the dive bombers in the first group initiated their attacks without fighter escort. Twelve Zeros from the Japanese carrier CAP attacked the SBD formation, shot down two (including Widhelm's, though he survived), and forced two more to abort. The remaining 11 SBDs commenced their attack dives on Shōkaku at 09:27, hitting her with three to six bombs, wrecking her flight deck, and causing serious damage to the interior of the ship. The final SBD of the 11 lost track of Shōkaku and instead dropped its bomb near the Japanese destroyer , causing minor damage. The six TBFs in the first strike force, having become separated from their strike group, did not find the Japanese carriers and eventually turned back towards Hornet. On the way back, they attacked the Japanese heavy cruiser , missing with all their torpedoes.

The TBFs of the second U.S. attack formation from Enterprise were unable to locate the Japanese carriers and instead attacked the Japanese heavy cruiser  from Abe's Vanguard force but caused no damage. At about the same time, nine SBDs from the third U.S. attack formation—from Hornet—found Abe's ships and attacked the Japanese heavy cruiser , hitting her with two  bombs and causing heavy damage. The three Enterprise SBDs then arrived and also attacked Chikuma, causing more damage with one bomb hit and two near-misses. Finally, the nine TBFs from the third strike group arrived and attacked the smoking Chikuma, scoring one more hit. Chikuma, escorted by two destroyers, withdrew from the battle and headed towards Truk for repairs.

The U.S. carrier forces received word from their outbound strike aircraft at 08:30 that Japanese attack aircraft were headed their way. At 08:52, the Japanese strike force commander sighted the Hornet task force—the Enterprise task force was hidden by a rain squall—and deployed his aircraft for attack. At 08:55, the U.S. carriers detected the approaching Japanese aircraft on radar—about  away—and began to vector the 37 Wildcats of their CAP to engage the incoming Japanese aircraft. However, communication problems, mistakes by the U.S. fighter control directors, and primitive control procedures prevented all but a few of the Wildcats from engaging the Japanese aircraft before they began their attacks on Hornet. Although the U.S. CAP, including fighter pilot Swede Vejtasa, was able to shoot down or damage several dive bombers (the formation leader Lieutenant Sadamu Takahashi had to abort the dive due to the damage), most of the Japanese aircraft commenced their attacks relatively unmolested by U.S. fighters.

At 09:09, the anti-aircraft guns of Hornet and her escorting warships opened fire as the 20 untouched Japanese torpedo planes and remaining 16 dive bombers commenced their attacks on the carrier. At 09:12, a dive bomber placed its 250 kg semi-armor-piercing "ordinary" bomb dead center on Hornets flight deck, across from the island, which penetrated three decks before exploding, killing 60 men. Moments later, a 242 kg high-explosive "land" bomb struck the flight deck, detonating on impact to create an  hole and kill 30 men. A minute or so later, a third bomb hit Hornet near where the first bomb hit, penetrating three decks before exploding, causing severe damage but no loss of life. At 09:14, a dive bomber was set on fire by Hornets anti-aircraft guns; the pilot, Warrant Officer Shigeyuki Sato, deliberately crashed into Hornets stack, killing seven men and spreading burning aviation fuel over the signal deck.

At the same time as the dive bombers were attacking, the 20 torpedo bombers were also approaching Hornet from two different directions. Despite suffering heavy losses from anti-aircraft fire, including Murata, the torpedo planes planted two torpedoes in Hornets side between 09:13 and 09:17, knocking out her engines. As Hornet came to a stop, a damaged Japanese dive bomber approached and purposely crashed into the carrier's side, starting a fire near the ship's main supply of aviation fuel. At 09:20, the surviving Japanese aircraft departed, leaving Hornet dead in the water and burning. Twenty-five Japanese and six American aircraft were destroyed in this attack, including 12 dive bombers, ten torpedo planes and at least one Zero.

With the assistance of fire hoses from three escorting destroyers, the fires on Hornet were under control by 10:00. Wounded personnel were evacuated from the carrier, and an attempt was made by the heavy cruiser  under Captain Willard A. Kitts to tow Hornet away from the battle area. However, the effort to rig the towline took some time, and more attack waves of Japanese aircraft were inbound.

Carrier action on 26 October: post-first strike actions
Starting at 09:30, Enterprise landed many of the damaged and fuel-depleted CAP fighters and returning scout aircraft from both carriers. However, with her flight deck full, and the second wave of incoming Japanese aircraft detected on radar at 09:30, Enterprise ceased landing operations at 10:00. Fuel-depleted aircraft then began ditching in the ocean, and the carrier's escorting destroyers rescued the aircrews. One of the ditching aircraft, a damaged TBF from Enterprises strike force that had been attacked earlier by Zeros from Zuihō, crashed into the water near the destroyer . As Porter rescued the TBF's aircrew, she was struck by a torpedo, possibly from the ditched aircraft, causing heavy damage and killing 15 crewmen. After the task force commander ordered the destroyer scuttled, the crew was rescued by the destroyer  which then sank Porter with gunfire ().

As the first wave of Japanese strike aircraft began returning to their carriers from their attack on Hornet, one of them spotted the Enterprise task force, which had now emerged from the rain squall, and reported the carrier's position. The second Japanese aircraft strike wave, believing Hornet to be sinking, directed their attacks on the Enterprise task force, beginning at 10:08. Again, the U.S. CAP had trouble intercepting the Japanese aircraft before they attacked Enterprise, shooting down only 2 of the 19 dive bombers as they began their dives on the carrier. Attacking through the intense anti-aircraft fire put up by Enterprise and her escorting warships, Seki's division attacked first and scored no hits. Next attacked the division led by Lieutenant Keiichi Arima that scored hits on the carrier with two 250 kg semi-AP "ordinary" bombs, where the first one was released by Arima's pilot, Petty Officer Kiyoto Furuta. The 2 bombs killed 44 men and wounded 75, and caused heavy damage to the carrier, including jamming her forward elevator in the "up" position. In addition, Arima's division also achieved a near-miss with another bomb. However, ten of the nineteen Japanese bombers were lost in this attack, including Seki's, with two more ditching on their return.

Twenty minutes later, the 16 Zuikaku torpedo planes arrived and split up to attack Enterprise. One group of torpedo bombers was attacked by two CAP Wildcats, again including Vejtasa, which shot down three of them and damaged a fourth. On fire, the fourth damaged aircraft purposely crashed into the destroyer , setting the ship on fire and killing 57 of her crew. The torpedo carried by this aircraft detonated shortly after impact, causing more damage. The fires initially seemed out of control until Smiths commanding officer ordered the destroyer to steer into the large spraying wake of the battleship , which helped put out the fires. Smith then resumed her station, firing her remaining anti-aircraft guns at the torpedo planes.

The remaining torpedo planes attacked Enterprise, South Dakota, and the cruiser , but all of their torpedoes missed or failed, causing no damage. The engagement was over at 10:53; 9 of the 16 torpedo aircraft were lost in this attack. After suppressing most of the onboard fires, at 11:15 Enterprise reopened her flight deck to begin landing returning aircraft from the morning U.S. strikes on the Japanese warship forces. However, only a few aircraft landed before the next wave of Japanese strike aircraft arrived and began their attacks on Enterprise, forcing a suspension of landing operations.

Between 09:05 and 09:14, Jun'yō had arrived within  of the U.S. carriers and launched a strike of 17 dive bombers and 12 Zeros, under the command of Lieutenant Yoshio Shiga. As the Japanese main body and advanced force maneuvered to try to join formations, Jun'yō readied follow-up strikes. At 11:21, the Jun'yō aircraft arrived and dove on the Enterprise task force. The dive bombers scored one near miss on Enterprise, causing more damage, and one hit each on South Dakota and light cruiser , causing moderate damage to both ships. Eight of the seventeen Japanese dive bombers were destroyed in this attack, with three more ditching on their return.

At 11:35, with Hornet out of action, Enterprise heavily damaged, and the Japanese assumed to have one or two undamaged carriers in the area, Kinkaid decided to withdraw Enterprise and her screening ships from the battle. Leaving Hornet behind, Kinkaid directed the carrier and her task force to retreat as soon as they were able. Between 11:39 and 13:22, Enterprise recovered 57 of the 73 airborne U.S. aircraft as she retreated. The remaining U.S. aircraft ditched in the ocean, and their aircrews were rescued by escorting warships.

Between 11:40 and 14:00, the two undamaged Japanese carriers, Zuikaku and Jun'yō, recovered the few aircraft that returned from the morning strikes on Hornet and Enterprise and prepared follow-up strikes. It was now that the devastating losses sustained during these attacks became apparent. Lt. Cmdr. Masatake Okumiya, Jun'yōs air staff officer, described the return of the carrier's first strike groups:

 Only one of Jun'yōs bomber leaders returned from the first strike, and upon landing he appeared "so shaken that at times he could not speak coherently".

At 13:00, Kondo's Advanced force and Abe's Vanguard force warships together headed directly towards the last reported position of the U.S. carrier task forces and increased speed to try to intercept them for a gun battle. The damaged carriers Zuihō and Shōkaku, with Nagumo still on board, retreated from the battle area, leaving Rear Admiral Kakuji Kakuta in charge of the Zuikaku and Jun'yō aircraft forces. At 13:06, Jun'yō launched her second strike of seven torpedo planes led by Lieutenant Yoshiaki Irikiin, which were escorted by eight Zeros led by Lieutenant Shirane. At the same time, Zuikaku launched her third strike of seven torpedo planes, two dive bombers, and five Zeros, under the command of Lieutenant (jg) Ichirō Tanaka. Most of the torpedo planes were armed with an 800 kg armor-piercing bomb. At 15:35, Jun'yō launched the last Japanese strike force of the day, consisting of four dive bombers and six Zeros, again under the command of Lieutenant Shiga.

After several technical problems, Northampton finally began slowly towing Hornet out of the battle area at 14:45, at a speed of only five knots. Hornets crew was on the verge of restoring partial power, but at 15:20, Jun'yōs second strike arrived, and the seven torpedo planes attacked the almost stationary carrier. Although six of the torpedo planes missed, at 15:23, one torpedo struck Hornet amidships, which proved to be the fatal blow. The torpedo hit destroyed the repairs to the power system and caused heavy flooding and a 14-degree list. With no power to pump out the water, Hornet was given up for lost, and the crew abandoned ship. The third strike from Zuikaku attacked Hornet during this time, where B5N level bombers hit the sinking ship with one 800 kg bomb. All of Hornets crewmen were off by 16:27. During the last Japanese attack of the day, a dive bomber from Jun'yōs third strike dropped one more 250 kg semi-AP bomb on the sinking carrier at 17:20.

After being informed that Japanese forces were approaching and that further towing efforts were infeasible, Halsey ordered Hornet sunk. While the rest of the U.S. warships retired towards the southeast to get out of range of Kondō's and Abe's oncoming fleet, the destroyers  and  attempted to scuttle Hornet with multiple torpedoes and over 400 shells, but she still remained afloat. With advancing Japanese naval forces only 20 minutes away, the two U.S. destroyers abandoned Hornets burning hulk at 20:40. By 22:20, the rest of Kondō's and Abe's warships had arrived at Hornets location. The destroyers  and  then finished Hornet with four  torpedoes. At 01:35 on 27 October 1942, she finally sank, at approximately . Several night attacks by radar-equipped Catalinas on Jun'yō and Teruzuki, knowledge of the head start the U.S. warships had in their retreat from the area, plus a critical fuel situation apparently caused the Japanese to reconsider further pursuit of the U.S. warships. After refueling near the northern Solomon Islands, the Japanese ships returned to their main base at Truk on 30 October. During the U.S. withdrawal from the battle area towards Espiritu Santo and New Caledonia, while taking evasive action from a Japanese submarine, South Dakota collided with the destroyer , heavily damaging Mahan.

Aftermath

Both sides claimed victory. The Americans stated that two Shōkaku-class fleet carriers had been hit with bombs and eliminated. Kinkaid's summary of damage to the Japanese included hits to a battleship, three heavy cruisers, and a light cruiser, and possible hits on another heavy cruiser. In reality, Shōkaku, Zuihō, and Chikuma were the only ships hit during the battle, none of which sank. For their part, the Japanese asserted that they sank three American carriers, one battleship, one cruiser, one destroyer, and one "unidentified large warship". Actual American losses comprised the carrier Hornet and the destroyer Porter, and damage to Enterprise, the light cruiser San Juan, the destroyer Smith and the battleship South Dakota.

The loss of Hornet was a severe blow for Allied forces in the South Pacific, leaving Enterprise and Saratoga as the only operational Allied carriers in the entire Pacific theater. As Enterprise retreated from the battle, the crew posted a sign on the flight deck: "Enterprise vs Japan". Enterprise received temporary repairs at New Caledonia and, although not fully restored, returned to the southern Solomons area just two weeks later to support Allied forces during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal. There she played an important role in what turned out to be the decisive naval engagement in the overall campaign for Guadalcanal when her aircraft sank several Japanese warships and troop transports during the naval skirmishes around Henderson Field. The lack of carriers pressed the Americans and Japanese to deploy battleships in night operations around Guadalcanal, one of only two actions in the entire Pacific War in which battleships fought each other, with South Dakota again being damaged while two Japanese battleships were lost.

Although the Battle of Santa Cruz was a tactical victory for the Japanese in terms of ships sunk, it came at a high cost for their naval forces, as Jun'yō was the only active aircraft carrier left to challenge Enterprise or Henderson Field for the remainder of the Guadalcanal campaign. Zuikaku, despite being undamaged and having recovered the aircraft from the two damaged carriers, returned to home islands via Truk for training and aircraft ferrying duties, returning to the South Pacific only in February 1943 to cover the evacuation of Japanese ground forces from Guadalcanal. Both damaged carriers were forced to return to Japan for extensive repairs and refitting. After repair, Zuihō returned to Truk in late January 1943. Shōkaku was under repair until March 1943 and did not return to the front until July 1943, when she was reunited with Zuikaku at Truk.

The most significant losses for the Japanese Navy were in aircrew. The U.S. lost 81 of the 175 aircraft that were available at the start of the battle; of these, 33 were fighters, 28 were dive-bombers, and 20 were torpedo bombers. However, only 26 pilots and aircrew members were lost. The Japanese fared much worse, especially in airmen; in addition to losing 99 aircraft of the 203 involved in the battle, they lost 148 pilots and aircrew members, including two dive bomber group leaders, three torpedo squadron leaders, and eighteen other section or flight leaders. The most notable casualties were the commanders of the first two strikes – Murata and Seki. Forty-nine percent of the Japanese torpedo bomber aircrews involved in the battle were killed, along with 39% of the dive bomber crews and 20% of the fighter pilots. The Japanese lost more aircrew at Santa Cruz than they had lost in each of the three previous carrier battles at Coral Sea (90), Midway (110), and Eastern Solomons (61). By the end of the Santa Cruz battle, at least 409 of the 765 elite Japanese carrier aviators who had participated in the attack on Pearl Harbor were dead. Having lost so many of its veteran carrier aircrew, and with no quick way to replace them—because of an institutionalized limited capacity in its naval aircrew training programs and an absence of trained reserves—the undamaged Zuikaku was also ordered to return to Japan. Jun'yo remained and provided air support during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, Zuikaku returned just in time to cover the withdrawal of the forces from Guadalcanal.

Admiral Nagumo was relieved of command shortly after the battle and reassigned to shore duty in Japan. He acknowledged that the victory was incomplete:
 In retrospect, despite being a tactical victory, the battle effectively ended any hope the Japanese Navy might have had of scoring a decisive victory before the industrial might of the United States placed that goal out of reach. Historian Eric Hammel summed up the significance of the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands as, "Santa Cruz was a Japanese victory. That victory cost Japan her last best hope to win the war."

Military historian Dr. John Prados offers a dissenting view, asserting that this was not a Pyrrhic victory for Japan, but a strategic victory:  In Prados' view, the real story of the aftermath is that the Imperial Navy failed to exploit their hard-won victory.

See also
 Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service
 Imperial Japanese Navy in World War II
 United States Navy in World War II
 Pacific Theater aircraft carrier operations during World War II

World War II carrier-versus-carrier engagements
 Battle of the Coral Sea
 Battle of Midway
 Battle of the Eastern Solomons
 Battle of the Philippine Sea
 Battle off Cape Engaño

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

 , Interactive animation of the battle

Santa Cruz Islands
1942 in the Solomon Islands
Naval battles of World War II involving Japan
Naval battles of World War II involving the United States
Santa Cruz Islands
Santa Cruz Islands
Santa Cruz Islands
Santa Cruz Islands
Military history of Japan during World War II
Santa Cruz Islands
Santa Cruz Islands
1942 in Japan
October 1942 events

Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands


Găinușa de baltă sau corla (Gallinula chloropus) este o pasăre semiacvatică migratoare din familia ralide de mărimea unui porumbel sălbatic cu penajul negru-cenușiu, cu o dungă albă pe părțile laterale ale corpului și cu o pată albă sub coadă. Picioarele sunt galben-verzui, fruntea și baza ciocului sunt roșii, vârful ciocului este însă galben. Masculul și femela seamăna foarte bine. Lungimea corpului este de 30-38 de centimetri, anvergura aripilor de 50-55 cm, iar greutatea medie de 320 de grame. Longevitatea maximă înregistrată în natură este de 18  ani. Trăiește în bălți, iazuri și lacuri cu vegetație acvatică abundentă înaltă (stuf etc.) pe maluri. Poate fi întâlnită și în parcuri, unde se plimbă pe iarbă. Este răspândită pe toate continentele, cu excepția Australia și Antarcticei. În România și Republica Moldova sosește pe la mijlocul lunii martie sau chiar în februarie și este întâlnită vara pretutindeni unde sunt bazine acvatice cu vegetație emersă, iar toamna prin septembrie migrează spre locurile de iernat din vestul Europei, în jurul Mării Mediterene și în sud-vestul Asiei, dar în iernile blânde unele exemplare rămân pe apele neînghețate. Este o specie diurnă, dar se hrănește și în serile cu lumină puternică a lunii. Poate înota și se scufundă foarte bine cu toate că degetele nu au membrane sau lobi înotători, ci sunt mult alungite spre a-i permite mersul pe frunzele plutitoare. Când înoată își mișcă în mod tipic capul, pe care-l înalță ritmic. Zborul este greoi și scurt, la înălțimi joase, la înălțare pasărea bătând apa, pe o distanță de câțiva metri, cu picioarele, care-i atârnă și după ce s-a înălțat. Coada este ținută în sus, fiind mișcată atât în timpul înotului, cât și al mersului. Se hrănește cu vegetație acvatica (rizomi de stuf, semințe și fructe), nevertebrate acvatice (insecte etc.), pești mici și ouă de pasare. Cuibărește la marginea apei în vegetație deasă (stufăriș, rogoz), la mică înălțime, aproape de suprafața solului sau în arbori mici, dar și la oarecare înălțime spre a fi ferită de creșterile viiturilor. Adesea folosește și cuiburi vechi de mierle, gaițe, turturele etc.  Cuibul are forma de cupă  și este construit de ambele sexe, pe care îl apară cu agresivitate. Atinge maturitatea sexuală la vârsta de un an. Perechile formate sunt în general monogame. Ponta constă din 6-12 ouă nisipii, cu mărimea de 43 x 31 mm și cu puncte brun-roșcate, depuse prin martie-mai. Ambii soți clocesc alternativ, 19-22 de zile. În mod curent au loc două ponte pe an. Puii eclozați sunt nidifugi, negricioși, cu creștet ruginiu și cioc roșu și sunt hrăniți de ambii părinți. După 40-50 de zile de la eclozare, puii încep să-și dobândească hrana independent. La vârsta de 35 de zile devin zburători. Specia Gallinula chloropus include 5 subspecii. În România și Republica Moldova cuibărește subspecia Gallinula chloropus chloropus.

Numiri românești
Corlă, Găinușă de trestie, Găinușă de apă, Găinușă de baltă, Curlă verde, Găinuță.

Comportamentul teritorial
Comportamentul teritorial al găinușelor de baltă se manifestă prin strigăte specifice, care au un rol de semnalizare acustică, și printr-un comportamentul demonstrativ. Ele își apără agresiv teritoriului, împotriva semenilor, dar și a altor păsări.

În timpul conflictelor păsările din perechile vecine înoată spre hotarul teritoriilor stăpânite apropiindu-se unele de altele și adoptă o postură de "atac pe apă", apoi iau o postură  de "amenințare" și o poză de "superioritate", în care înoată paralel între ele de-a lungul hotarului teritoriilor, privindu-se reciproc, sau întorcându-se în direcții opuse.

Postura de "superioritate " se manifestă prin următoarele: în apă pasărea în timpul înotului își ține vertical gâtul, aripile sunt ridicate deasupra spatelui, coada este ridicată vertical în sus și întinsă lateral; pe uscat această postură nu diferă de cea din apă. Postura de amenințare ia două forme: "redusă" și "crescută". În poziția de amenințare "redusă" pasărea se întinde pe apă, își aruncă gâtul înainte, atinge apa cu ciocul și înoată năvalnic spre dușman; în timp ce în poziția de amenințare "crescută" gâtul este tras între umeri, coada și partea inferioară a corpului este ridicată considerabil, văzându-se clar subcodala albă. Pe uscat păsările manifestă un comportament similar. Pe uscat postură de "amenințare crescută" se manifestă prin următoarele: pasărea își înclină spre pământ capul, trăgându-l între umeri, își ridică destul de sus partea posterioară a corpului și coada, răsfirând-o în evantai. Luptele sunt rare, în acest caz păsările se ciupesc reciproc, se zgârie cu picioarele, iar pasărea învinsă scăpa prin fugă și se ascunde în tufișuri.

Comportamentul teritorial al găinușei de baltă se aseamănă mult cu cel al lișiței (Fulica atra), însă ei îi este caracteristic demonstrarea subcodalei albe. Ca și lișița, în timpul atacului dușmanului aleargă rapid pe suprafața apei, fluturând aripile. În locurile de cuibărire comune cu lișița, găinușa de baltă intră în conflict cu ea, ajungându-se până la încăierare. Însă lișița poate elimină găinușa de baltă din toate bazinele acvatice adecvate, așa cum a fost  în bălțile de lângă lacul Hasan din sudul Primoriei. Găinușa de baltă este de asemenea agresivă față de speciile mai mici de ralide: cârstelul de baltă (Rallus aquaticus), crestețul pestriț (Porzana porzana), crestețul cenușiu (Porzana parva) și crestețul pitic (Porzana pusilla).

Reproducerea

Maturitatea sexuală este atinsă la sfârșitul primului an de viață. Sunt păsări monogame, după toate probabilitățile perechile formate sunt constante, deoarece în timpul pasajelor și iernării cele mai multe exemplare se țin în perechi, iar la locurile de cuibărire sosesc întotdeauna în perechi. Formarea perechile are loc probabil în cartierele de iernare.

La locurile de cuibărire sosesc relativ târziu, când gheața din desișurile de vegetație se topește complet și se dezgheață definitiv bazinele acvatice mici. Data sosirii la locurile de cuibărit depinde de condițiile meteorologice locale, precum și de latitudinea și longitudinea acestor locuri.

Locurile preferate de cuibărire sunt bazinele acvatice bogate în vegetație. În iazurile și albiile mici cuibărește de obicei o singură pereche, în cele mari - mai multe perechi, cuiburile fiind amplasate la 70-100 m unul de altul, cel puțin - la 25 de metri.

Cuibul

Găinușele de baltă își fac cuiburile în forma de cupă în diverse locuri - pe apă, pe sol, pe ramurile tufelor și arborilor, în stufăriș, rogoz etc., iar în orașe - pe acoperișurile caselor și a altor clădiri, dar în mod normal cuibăresc pe suprafața apei, unde cuibul este ancorat de vegetația adiacentă. Cuibul este întotdeauna uscat. Cuiburile sunt întotdeauna bine ascunse în vegetație palustră.

Cuiburile din bazinele acvatice sunt plasate pe suprafață apei (tipul plutitor), pe agest, pe plaur, pe insulițe plutitoare formate de vegetație, pe tulpinile plutitoare de stuf și papură, pe tufele semiscufundate.  Găinușele de baltă se instalează cu plăcere în cuiburile artificiale pentru rațe, cuibăresc și în sălciile retezate, la o înălțime de 2-3 metri, și în centrul tufișurilor dese. Cuibul este construit de ambele sexe ale perechii. Se pare că, la fel ca și la lișiță, are loc separarea sarcinilor; mascul construiește baza cuibului, iar femela căptușește interiorul lui. Construcția durează între 12-20 ore la câteva zile.

În absența unui acoperiș natural păsările rup și împletesc deasupra cuibului tulpini verzi și frunze. Spre cuib duce un coridor îngust. Păsările folosesc pentru construcția cuibului materialul vegetal existent în vecinătate, când au posibilitatea de a alege preferă tulpinile uscate și frunzele de papură (Typha), pipirig de baltă (Schoenoplectus lacustris) și stuf (Phragmites), în afară de ele folosesc tulpinile și frunzele de rogoz (Carex), trestioară (Calamagrostis), orez sălbatic (Zizania aquatica), pipirig (Juncus), frunzele de nufăr (Nymphaea) etc. Baza cuibului este construită din tulpini mari, rareori din rizomi, iar cuibul propriu zis este construit din tulpini mici și frunze, pe care păsările în prealabil le moaie puțin. Periodic în timpul construcției găinușele de baltă bătătoresc cuibul. Cuibul finisat are o formă cilindrică sau de cupă și este destul de rezistent și solid. Material cuibului este adeseori uniform, el fiind construit din tulpinile sau frunzele unei singure specii de plante. În timpul clocirii găinușele de baltă amenajează în permanență cuibul, fiind deosebit de active la creștere lentă a nivelului apei.

În funcție de locul unde este amplasat și tipul materialelor din care este făcut dimensiunile cuibului variază considerabil. Dimensiunile cuiburilor sunt următoarele: diametrul exterior 20-27 cm, uneori până la 30 cm, diametrul interior 10-19 cm, adâncimea cuibului este de 3-8 cm, înălțime cuibului deasupra apei de 12-25 cm.  Pe lacul Hanka din Primorie, adaptându-se la fluctuațiile nivelului apei, găinușele de baltă construiesc cuiburi cilindrice înalte la 30-35 cm deasupra apei, interiorul lor rămânând întotdeauna uscat, la creșterea nivelului apei ele proeminează numai la 5-6 cm deasupra apei, iar la  retragerea apei se descoperă complet.

Note

Legături externe

 Societatea Ornitologică Română. Găinușă de baltă (Gallinula chloropus)
 Common moorhen (Gallinula chloropus). ARKive.  Imagini, video.
 Gallinule poule-d'eau Gallinula chloropus - Common Moorhen. Oiseaux.net
 Common Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus). Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW). 17-volume
 Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus. BirdLife International
 Eurasian Moorhen Gallinula chloropus (Linnaeus, 1758). Avibase
  Gallinula chloropus. Photomazza
  Gallinula chloropus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Камышница. Институт проблем экологии и эволюции им. А.Н. Северцова Российской академии наук.
 Камышница — Gallinula chloropus (Linnaeus, 1758). Водоплавающие и чайковые птицы Подмосковья
 Gallinula chloropus. Птицы России и exUSSR
 Poule d'eau.  Encyclopédie Larousse

Gallinula
Păsări din România
Păsări din Republica Moldova
Păsări descrise în 1758
Taxoni clasificați de Carl Linnaeus

Găinușă de baltă


الطريق الوطنية رقم 20 أو ط و20 طريق رئيسية تونسية تصل بين مدينتي مدنين وحزوة قرب الحدود التونسية الجزائرية، وهي تمرّ بالمدن التالية على التوالي:
 مدنين،
 توجان،
 مطماطة،
 دوز،
 رجيم معتوق،
 حزوة.

الطرقات الوطنية - تونس

الطريق الوطنية رقم 20 (تونس)


Rex Masterman Hunt (Redcar, Inglaterra, Reino Unido, 26 de junio de 1926 - Elton, Inglaterra, Reino Unido, 11 de noviembre de 2012) fue un administrador colonial y embajador británico.

Fue gobernador y comandante de las Islas Malvinas entre 1980 y septiembre de 1985, con excepción de una breve interrupción desde principios de abril a fines de junio de 1982, cuando las islas estuvieron administradas por Argentina durante la Guerra de Malvinas. Hunt también fue cónsul británico de la capital de la República de Vietnam, Saigón, desde 1974 hasta 1975.

En la tarde del 2 de abril de 1982, Hunt es trasladado en un avión de la Fuerza Aérea Argentina hacia la ciudad de Comodoro Rivadavia y de ahí hacia la República Oriental del Uruguay donde permaneció hasta el final del conflicto.

Véase también
 Cuestión de las islas Malvinas
 Anexo:Gobernadores de Malvinas

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Gobernadores británicos de las Islas Malvinas
Diplomáticos de Reino Unido
Alumnado del New College
Comisionados del Territorio Antártico Británico
Compañeros de la Orden de San Miguel y San Jorge
Caballeros grandes cruces de la Orden de San Miguel y San Jorge
Militares británicos del siglo XX
Británicos de la guerra de las Malvinas

Rex Hunt


Microbotryum marginale est une espèce de champignons basidiomycètes phytoparasites  de la famille des Microbotryaceae et du genre Microbotryum. Ce microchampignon européen provoque la maladie cryptogamique de la rouille sur les parties végétatives de Bistorta officinalis.

Microbotryum marginale produit des sores d' de diamètre ressemblant à de grandes pustules gris plomb uniformément réparties le long du bord des jeunes feuilles, généralement si nombreuses qu'elles s'unissent en une crête continue. Lorsque la membrane extérieure se rompt, une masse de spores brunâtre à noir-violet est libérée. Ces spores sont plus ou moins sphériques et mesurent de  de long pour  de large. Une fois les spores complètement diffusées, les pustules flétrissent et roussissent. L'infection est systémique et pérenne.

L'espèce est généralement visible au printemps avant la floraison de Bistorta officinalis, mais il est possible d'en apercevoir les stigmates jusqu'en été. Elle est présente de la plaine à l'étage alpin, mais principalement aux étages montagnard et sub-alpin, et relativement rare en Europe centrale.

Références

Liens externes

Microbotryaceae
Espèce de champignons (nom scientifique)
Basidiomycète phytopathogène

Microbotryum marginale