Anthony David Leighton Scott (21 June 1944 – 19 August 2012) was an English film director and producer. He made his theatrical film debut with The Hunger (1983) and went on to direct highly successful action and thriller films such as Top Gun (1986), Beverly Hills Cop II (1987), Days of Thunder (1990), The Last Boy Scout (1991), Crimson Tide (1995), Enemy of the State (1998), Man on Fire (2004), Déjà Vu (2006), and Unstoppable (2010).

Scott was the younger brother of film director Sir Ridley Scott. They both graduated from the Royal College of Art in London, and were among a generation of British film directors who were successful in Hollywood having started their careers making television commercials. In 1995, both Tony and Ridley received the BAFTA Award for Outstanding British Contribution To Cinema. In 2010, they received the BAFTA Britannia Award for Worldwide Contribution to Filmed Entertainment.

Early life
Scott was born in Tynemouth, Northumberland, North East England, the youngest of three sons of Elizabeth (née Williams) and Colonel Francis Percy Scott, who served in the Royal Engineers. Dixon Scott, a grand uncle, was a pioneer of the cinema chain, opening cinemas around Tyneside. One Tyneside Cinema, in Newcastle, is the last remaining newsreel cinema operating in the United Kingdom.  Tony was a pupil at Rosebank School in Hartlepool, West Hartlepool College of Art and graduating from Sunderland Art School with a fine arts degree. At the age of 16, he appeared in the short film Boy and Bicycle, Ridley's directorial debut (he was 23).

Tony Scott continued his studies in art in Leeds after failing to gain admission to the Royal College of Art in London (he would succeed in a later attempt). In 1969, he made a short film based on the Ambrose Bierce story "One of the Missing". As Ridley had previously cast him in a film, Tony reciprocated by giving his brother a role in the production. "The film cost £1,000", he recalled in April 2012. While at the Royal College of Art, where he was taught by Raymond Durgnat, he starred in "Don't Walk", a film by fellow students Hank Onrust and Richard Stanley. The film credits state it was "made for BUNAC by MARCA films at the Royal College of Art". Again following in Ridley's footsteps, Tony graduated from the Royal College of Art, although he intended to become a painter. Their eldest brother Frank had earlier joined the British Merchant Navy.

Film career

Commercials
The success of his elder brother's fledgling television commercial production outfit, Ridley Scott Associates (RSA), drew Tony's attention to film. Ridley recounted, "Tony had wanted to do documentaries at first. I told him, 'Don't go to the BBC, come to me first.' I knew that he had a fondness for cars, so I told him, 'Come work with me and within a year you'll have a Ferrari.' And he did!" Tony recalled, "I was finishing eight years at art school, and Ridley had opened Ridley Scott Associates and said, 'Come and make commercials and make some money' because I owed money left and right and centre." He directed many television commercials for RSA while also overseeing the company's operation while his brother was developing his feature film career. "My goal was to make films but I got sidetracked into commercials and then I took off. I had 15 years [making them], and it was a blast. We were very prolific, and that was our training ground. You'd shoot 100 days in a year, then we gravitated from that to film," he said. Developing his own distinctive visual style while making commercials, Scott states, "I cornered the market in sexy, rock'n'roll stuff."

Scott took time out in 1975 to direct a television adaptation of the Henry James story The Author of Beltraffio. After the feature film successes of fellow British directors Hugh Hudson, Alan Parker, Adrian Lyne and his elder brother during the late 1970s, all of whom had graduated from directing advertising commercials, he received initial overtures from Hollywood in 1980. His eldest brother Frank died, aged 45, of skin cancer during the same year.

Early films
Scott reflected on his career in 2009:

Scott persisted in trying to embark on a feature film career. Among the ideas interesting to him was an adaptation of the Anne Rice novel Interview with the Vampire then in development. MGM was already developing the vampire film The Hunger, and hired Scott as director in 1982. Despite starring David Bowie, Susan Sarandon and Catherine Deneuve, and having elaborate photography and sumptuous production design, it failed to find an audience or to impress the critics although it later became a cult favourite. Finding few film opportunities in Hollywood over the next two and a half years, Scott returned to commercials and music videos.

In 1985, producers Don Simpson and Jerry Bruckheimer approached Scott to direct Top Gun, having been impressed by The Hunger, and a commercial he had done for Swedish automaker Saab in 1983 featuring a Saab 900 turbo racing a Saab 37 Viggen fighter jet. Scott, initially reluctant, finally agreed to direct Top Gun. While the film received mixed critical reviews, it was a box office smash, becoming the highest-grossing film of 1986, taking in more than $350 million, and making a star of its young protagonist, Tom Cruise. Labelling Top Gun "the key 1980s movie made by the British ad invasion", Sam Delaney of The Guardian writes, "By the mid-80's, Hollywood was awash with British directors who had ushered in a new era of blockbusters using the crowd-pleasing skills they'd honed in advertising. The vast resources and freedom made available to ad directors during advertising's boom era during the 1970's enabled them to innovate and experiment with new techniques that weren't then possible in TV or film."

Hollywood success
Following the stellar success of Top Gun, Scott found himself on Hollywood's A-list of action directors. He re-teamed with Simpson and Bruckheimer in 1987 to direct Eddie Murphy and Brigitte Nielsen in the highly anticipated sequel Beverly Hills Cop II. It left critics underwhelmed, but was among the year's highest-grossing films. That year, in 1987, Tony Scott had signed a deal with Paramount Pictures to develop films for a non-exclusive agreement, which will serve as producers and directors on the studio. His next feature, Revenge (1990), a thriller of adultery and revenge set in Mexico, starred Kevin Costner, Madeleine Stowe and Anthony Quinn. Once again directing Tom Cruise, Scott returned to the Simpson-Bruckheimer fold to helm the big-budget racing film Days of Thunder (1990). Scott later stated that it was difficult to find the drama in racing cars in circles, so he "stole from all race movies to date ... then tried to build on them." Scott's next film was the cult action thriller The Last Boy Scout (1991) starring Bruce Willis and Damon Wayans and written by Shane Black.

In 1993, Scott directed True Romance costing just $13 million, from a script by Quentin Tarantino. The cast included Christian Slater, Patricia Arquette, Dennis Hopper, Christopher Walken, Gary Oldman, Brad Pitt, Tom Sizemore, Chris Penn, Val Kilmer, James Gandolfini and Samuel L. Jackson. Although it received positive reviews from Janet Maslin and other critics, it earned less than it cost to make and was considered a box office failure, although it has since attained cult status. For his next film, Crimson Tide (1995), Scott again teamed up with producers Don Simpson and Jerry Bruckheimer. A submarine thriller starring Gene Hackman and Denzel Washington, it was critically and commercially well received.

In 1995, Shepperton Studios was purchased by a consortium headed by Tony and Ridley Scott, which extensively renovated the studios – located in Britain – while also expanding and improving its grounds. In 1996, Scott directed The Fan, starring Robert De Niro, Wesley Snipes, Ellen Barkin and Benicio del Toro. His 1998 film Enemy of the State, a conspiracy thriller, starred Will Smith and Gene Hackman, and was his highest-grossing film of the decade. Spy Game was released in November 2001, and garnered 63% positive reviews at Metacritic and topped $60 million at the U.S. box office. Scott subsequently directed another thriller starring Denzel Washington, Man on Fire, released in April 2004.

Tony teamed up with Ridley to co-produce the TV series Numb3rs, which aired from 2005 to 2010, with Tony directing the first episode of the fourth season. In 2006, he contributed voice-over to a song called Dreamstalker on Hybrid's album I Choose Noise; Scott collaborated with Hybrid on several films through their mutual friend, the highly successful film score composer,  Harry Gregson-Williams.

In 2005, Tony Scott directed Domino, starring Keira Knightley. While notable for its use of experimental film techniques, it was drubbed by critics and rejected by audiences. In autumn 2006, Scott again worked with Denzel Washington, this time on a sci-fi action film, Déjà Vu. The two collaborated again on The Taking of Pelham 123, a remake of the 1974 film of the same title, and which also starred John Travolta. It was released on 12 June 2009. In 2009,  Tony and Ridley Scott were executive producers for The Good Wife, a legal drama television series.

In 2010, the Scott brothers produced the feature film adaptation of the television series The A-Team. The same year, Scott collaborated again with Denzel Washington on Unstoppable, which also starred Chris Pine, and hit the screens in November.

Shortly before his death, Tony Scott produced Coma, a medical thriller miniseries, the Coca-Cola short film The Polar Bears and the thrillers Stoker and The East, the latter two with his brother, Ridley.

Unreleased projects

Scott developed a film adaptation of Clifford Irving's novel Tom Mix and Pancho Villa (1981) for over a decade. In November 2003, he scouted locations in Mexico, and Steven Zaillian was writing the screenplay. "This is Lawrence of Arabia meets The Wild Bunch, a huge film with trains, cavalry, thousands of soldiers in uniform and on horseback," Scott said.

In late 2006, Scott announced a remake of the action thriller The Warriors (1979). "The original Warriors was New York in the 1970s, and everything went upwards, everything went vertically. And now I'm making it a contemporary thing and doing it in L.A., so everything is horizontal. So my vision of The Warriors is Los Angeles in 2007 and the gangs, instead of being 30, are going to be 3,000 or 5,000," he said. Scott met with actual gang members for research: "I've met all the heads of all the different gangs, so I've already educated myself. They all said, 'Listen dude, if you get this on we'll sign a treaty and we'll all stand on the Long Beach Bridge. There'll be 150,000 members there. It'll look like the L.A. Marathon. Scott was simultaneously developing a drama project titled Emma's War about British foreign aid worker Emma McCune. Scott said in October 2006, "It's been a difficult piece to crack. We had one writer aboard who did a pass at the script and didn't get it, but we've got someone else onboard now who I'm going to make live down there and smell it, touch it, feel it. There's nothing that can compare to that kind of first-hand experience."

Tom Cruise was with Scott just two days prior to the director's suicide, scouting locations for a sequel to Top Gun, scheduled for production in 2013. In December 2012, Paramount announced that the project was officially cancelled, but they would go ahead with a 3D IMAX remastering of the original Top Gun, which was released on 8 February 2013. In June 2013, it was confirmed by Bruckheimer that Top Gun 2 had been greenlighted once again, with Joseph Kosinski announced as the project's new director in June 2017. The film, Top Gun: Maverick, was released on 27 May 2022, and was both a critical and financial success, and is the second-highest grossing film of 2022. Top Gun: Maverick was posthumously dedicated to Scott.

Scott was also slated to direct Narco Sub, from a script by David Guggenheim and Mark Bomback, about "a disgraced American naval officer forced to pilot a sub carrying a payload of cocaine to America", and the action film Lucky Strike, with Vince Vaughn slated to star. Scott was also considering a remake of the classic western The Wild Bunch (1969), and an adaptation of the comic book limited series Nemesis by Mark Millar.

Directing style
Katey Rich of Cinema Blend wrote that Scott had a "trademark frenetic camera style", which Scott spoke about in June 2009, in reference to The Taking of Pelham 123:

Scott also spoke about his career in general:

Manohla Dargis of The New York Times wrote that Scott was "one of the most influential film directors of the past 25 years, if also one of the most consistently and egregiously underloved by critics" and called him "[o]ne of the pop futurists of the contemporary blockbuster." She felt that "[t]here was plenty about his work that was problematic and at times offensive, yet it could have terrific pop, vigour, beauty and a near pure cinema quality. These were, more than anything, films by someone who wanted to pull you in hard and never let you go."

Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly wrote that "the propulsive, at times borderline preposterous popcorn-thriller storylines; the slice-and-dice editing and the images that somehow managed to glow with grit; the fireball violence, often glimpsed in smeary-techno telephoto shots; the way he had of making actors seem volatile and dynamic and, at the same time, lacking almost any subtext" were qualities of Scott's films that both "excited audiences about his work" and "kept him locked outside the gates of critical respectability."

Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter wrote that after Top Gun, Scott "found his commercial niche as a brash, flashy, sometimes vulgar action painter on celluloid," citing Beverly Hills Cop II, Days of Thunder, The Last Boy Scout, True Romance, and The Fan as examples. McCarthy concluded that Unstoppable, Scott's final film, was one of his best. Apart from having "its director's fingerprints all over it—the commitment to extreme action, frenetic cutting, stripped-down dialogue"—McCarthy found "a social critique embedded in its guts; it was about disconnected working class stiffs living marginal lives on society's sidings, about the barely submerged anger of a neglected underclass," something which "always had been lacking from Tony Scott's work, some connection to the real world rather than just silly flyboy stuff and meaningful glances accompanied by this year's pop music hit." Betsy Sharkey of The Los Angeles Times wrote that Denzel Washington—who starred in Crimson Tide, Man on Fire, Déjà Vu, The Taking of Pelham 123, and Unstoppable—was Scott's muse, and Scott "was at his best when Washington was in the picture. The characters the actor played are the archetype of the kind of men Scott made. At their core, and what guided all the actions that followed, was a fundamental decency. They were flawed men to be sure, some more than others, but men who accorded dignity to anyone who deserved it."

Personal life
Scott married three times. His first marriage was to the later BAFTA Award-winning TV production designer Gerry Boldy (1944–2007) in 1967. They were divorced in 1974. His second marriage was in 1986 to advertising executive Glynis Sanders. They divorced a year later when his affair with Brigitte Nielsen (married to Sylvester Stallone at the time), whom he met on the set of Beverly Hills Cop II, became public. He subsequently met film and TV actress Donna Wilson, who was 24 years his junior, on the set of Days of Thunder in 1990; they married in 1994. She gave birth to their twin sons, Frank and Max, in 2000.

Death

On 19 August 2012, at approximately 12:30 pm PDT, Scott jumped off the Vincent Thomas Bridge in the San Pedro port district of Los Angeles. Investigators from the Los Angeles Police Department's Harbor Division found contact information in a note left in his car, parked on the bridge, and a note at his office for his family. One witness said he did not hesitate before jumping, but another said he looked nervous before climbing a fence, hesitating for two seconds before jumping. He landed beside a tour boat. His body was recovered from the water by the Los Angeles Port Police. On 22 August, Los Angeles County coroner's spokesman Ed Winters said the two notes Scott left behind made no mention of any health problems, but neither the police nor the family disclosed the content of those notes.

On 22 October 2012, the Los Angeles County Coroner's Office announced the cause of death as "multiple blunt force injuries". Therapeutic levels of the antidepressant mirtazapine and the sleep aid eszopiclone were in his system at the time of death. A coroner's official said Scott "did not have any serious underlying medical conditions" and that there was "no anatomic evidence of neoplasia [cancer] identified".

In a November 2014 interview with Variety, Ridley Scott described his brother's death as "inexplicable", saying that Tony had been "fighting a lengthy battle with cancer—a diagnosis the family elected to keep private during his treatments and in the immediate wake of his death", yet mentioning "his recovery".

Funeral and legacy
A family press release on 22 August 2012, stated, "The family will announce plans after Labor Day for a gathering to celebrate the life and work of Tony Scott. Details will be forthcoming once they are formalised." The family announced that they had established a scholarship fund at the American Film Institute in Scott's name, stating, "The family ask that in lieu of flowers, donations be made to the fund to help encourage and engage future generations of filmmakers." He was cremated, and his ashes were interred at Hollywood Forever Cemetery on 24 August in Los Angeles. Subsequently, it was reported that he had left his estate to his family trust.

Many actors paid tribute to him, including Tom Cruise, Christian Slater, Val Kilmer, Eddie Murphy, Denzel Washington, Gene Hackman, Elijah Wood, Dane Cook, Dwayne Johnson, Stephen Fry, Peter Fonda and Keira Knightley, as well as musical collaborators Hybrid. Cruise complimented Scott as "a creative visionary whose mark on film is immeasurable." Denzel Washington, Scott's most frequent acting collaborator, said, "Tony Scott was a great director, a genuine friend and it is unfathomable to think that he is now gone." Directors UK chairman Charles Sturridge said Scott was "a brilliant British director with an extraordinary ability to create energy on screen, both in action and in the creation of character."

The first episode of Coma and the first episode of season 4 of The Good Wife were dedicated to his memory, as were his brother Ridley's films The Counselor and Exodus: Gods and Kings. Ridley also paid tribute to Tony at the 2016 Golden Globes, after his film, The Martian, won Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy.

The end credits of Top Gun: Maverick (2022) include a dedication to Scott. Lady Gaga's performance of the film's Oscar-nominated song "Hold my Hand" at the 95th Academy Awards likewise included a tribute to the late director. He had been working on the film before his death.

Filmography

Films
Feature films

Mid-length films

Producer

Short films

Television
Director

Executive Producer
 AFP: American Fighter Pilot (2002)
 The Gathering Storm (2002)
 Numb3rs (2005–10)
 The Good Wife (2009–12)
 Gettysburg (2011)
 Labyrinth (2012)
 World Without End (2012)
 Killing Lincoln (2013)

Others
Music videos
 "Danger Zone" – Kenny Loggins (1986)
 "One More Try" – George Michael (1988)
 "Father Figure" – George Michael (1987) directed by Andy Morahan, the love scene shot by Tony Scott

Commercials
 DIM Underwear (1979)
 SAAB (1984)  "Nothing on Earth Comes Close"
 Player, Achievements and Big Bang for Barclays Bank (2000)
 Telecom Italia (2000) (Starring Marlon Brando and Woody Allen)
 Ice Soldier for US Army (2002)
 One Man, One Land for Marlboro (2003)

See also

 Scott Free Productions

References

Further reading
 Gerosa, Mario ed. (2014). Il cinema di Tony Scott. Il Foglio. .

External links

 In Memory of Tony Scott

1944 births
2012 deaths
2012 suicides
Action film directors
Alumni of the Royal College of Art
Alumni of the University of Sunderland
BAFTA Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema Award
Burials at Hollywood Forever Cemetery
English expatriates in the United States
English film directors
English film producers
English television directors
English television producers
Television commercial directors
People from North Shields
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Suicides by jumping in California
Tony
People from Tynemouth
20th-century English businesspeople

Tony Scott


Hey, 1970'lerin başından 1980'lerin sonuna dek Milliyet yayın topluluğunca çıkarılan müzik ve gençlik dergisidir. Dergi, en tutulduğu dönemde haftada 60,000 satış sayısını yakaladı.

Hey Dergisi 18 Kasım 1970'te yayın hayatına başlamıştır. Derginin editörü Doğan Şener, önemli muhabir-yazarlarından birisi de Yener Süsoy'dur. Dergi her hafta yerli ve yabancı şarkıların listesini yayınlamıştır. Derginin önemli kalemlerinden biri de 1998 yılında vefat eden gazeteci, yazar ve televizyoncu Erhan Akyıldız'dır. O yıllarda dergide kalem oynatan bir diğer önemli isim bugün köşe yazarlığına devam eden Arda Uskan'dır. Müzik yanında sinemaya da yer veren derginin bu sayfalarını Ercüment Akman hazırlıyordu.

1980'li yıllarda Erdoğan Sevgin'in yayın yönetmenliğinde yayın hayatını sürdüren derginin daha sonraki yayın yönetmeni ise derginin kurulduğu yıllarda stajyer olarak görev yapmış Hulusi Tunca olmuştur. 80'lerin ortasından kapadığı tarihe kadar Tunca'nın yönetiminde yayınlanan dergide Kanat Atkaya, İbrahim Seten, Tolga Akyıldız, Erdal Gökkaya, Ramiz Dağlı, Ali Öztürk Lokman Yavuz, Muzaffer Kantarcıoğlu, Afşin Akın, Uğur Çakır ve Şansal İlgün gibi isimler yer almıştır. Yine 80'li yıllarda popüler müzik sanatçılarından Umay Umay ve Rüya Ersavcı'da dergide yazarlık yapmıştır.

1980'li yılların sonunda Cağaloğlu'ndaki binasından önce Ferahevler, daha sonra da Tarabyaüstü'ndeki binasına taşınan Hey Dergisi değişen ekonomik koşullar nedeniyle önce aylık olarak yayınlanmış daha sonra da kapanmıştır. Dergi kapanmadan önce Mayıs 1988'de yayın hayatına Hey Dergisi'nin bir uzantısı olarak başlayan Hey Girl Dergisi bugün halen Doğan Burda Dergi Grubu bünyesinde yayın hayatına devam etmektedir.

Hey Dergisi'nin en çok ilgi gören bölümleri olarak; müzik listeleri, radyo program listeleri, mektup arkadaşı köşesi ve posterler örnek olarak gösterilebilir. Hey Dergisi'nin yayın hayatının son bulmasında Şubat 1987 tarihinde yayın hayatına başlayan ve bugün yine Doğan Burda Dergi Grubu bünyesinde yayınlanmakta olan Blue Jean dergisi ile rekabet edemeyişinin etkisi büyüktür.

Curcuna
1980 yılının ikinci yarısında müzik dergisi Hey'in mizah eki olarak sadece 10 hafta yayınlanabilmiş bir dergi. Karikatürist Nuri Kurtcebe'nin yönettiği dergideki başlıca yazar ve çizerler Nuri Kurtcebe, Necdet Şen, Kandemir Konduk, Kemal Gökhan Gürses, Levent Tarhan ve Fatih Aydoğdu'ydu.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Derginin bazı sayılarını barındıran bir site

Türkiye'de yayımlanan haftalık dergiler
Türkçe dergiler
Yayımı 1980'lerde sona eren dergiler
1970'te kurulan dergiler

Hey (dergi)


Şeytan Ayetleri (İngilizce: The Satanic Verses), Hint asıllı İngiliz yazar Selman Rüşdi'nin romanı. İlk baskısı 26 Eylül 1988'de Birleşik Krallık'ta yapılmıştır. Birçok İslam ülkesinde yasaklanan kitabın yazarı hakkında İran'da Humeyni tarafından ölüm fetvası verildi. Rüşdi'ye Fransa devleti tarafından onur ödülü ve İngiliz Kraliçesi tarafından şövalyelik nişanı verildi.

Konusu
Şeytan Ayetleri romanı öykülerdeki kahramanların başından geçen büyülü küçük öyküler ve gördüklerini anlatan şekilde şekillenmektedir. Ana öykülerden bir tanesi günümüzdeki Birleşik Krallık'taki Hint göçmenleri ele alır. İki kahraman Gibreel Farishta ve Saladin Chamcha Müslüman Hint iki aktördür. Farishta Bollywood film sektöründe Hindu tanrılarını canlandırmakta ünlüdür. Chamcha ise Hint kimliğini geride bırakmaya çalışarak Britanya'da seslendirme yapmaktadır.

Romanın başında iki aktör de Hindistan'dan Britanya'ya giden ve hava korsanları tarafından kaçırılmış bir yolcu uçağındadır. Uçağın havada infilak etmesine rağmen iki aktör mucizevi bir şekilde kurtulur. Büyülü bir değişim geçiren iki kahramandan Farishta, Cebrâîl isimli meleğe dönüşür, Chamcha ise Şeytan haline gelir. Chamcha, yasa dışı bir göçmen olarak algılanarak polis tarafından tutuklanır ve uygunsuz muameleye maruz kalır.

İki karakter de eski hayatlarının parçalarını bir araya getirmeye uğraşır. Farishta kayıp sevgilisi İngiliz dağcı Allie Cone ile bir araya gelmeye çalışırsa da akıl hastalığı buna engel olur. İnsan formunu koruyan Chamcha ise kendisine yardım etmeyen Farishta'dan intikam almak ister. Bu yüzden Allie olan ilişkisini baltalar. Farishta bunu anlamasına rağmen Chamcha'yı affeder ve hatta hayatını kurtarır.

Romanın sonunda iki kahraman da Hindistan'a döner, Farishta bir kıskançlık krizi sırasında önce Allie'yi sonra da kendisini öldürür. Farishta tarafından affedilen Chamcha uzun süredir konuşmadığı babasıyla barışır ve Hint kimliğiyle barışarak Hindistan'da kalmaya karar verir.

Edebi eser olarak değerlendirme
Eser genelde edebiyat eleştirmenlerinden olumlu eleştiriler almıştır. Ünlü eleştirmen Harold Boom eseri Rüşdi'nin en büyük estetik başarısı olarak niteler. Timothy Brennan romanı Britanya'daki göçmenlerin maruz kaldıkları yabancılaşmanın ve ruh hallerinin çok iyi anlatıldığı bir eser olarak değerlendirir. Romanın tepki görmesinden sonra değerlendirmelerde bulunan akademisyenlerden M. D. Fletcher olayların aslında çok ironik olduğunu, Rüşdi'nin romanla sorunlarına tercüman olmaya çalıştığı kesimler tarafından kıyasıya eleştirildiğini yazar.

Eserin yazılması sırasında yazarın çok sayıda yazardan etkilendiği düşünülmektedir. W. J. Weatherby yazarın bu kapsamda James Joyce, Italo Calvino, Franz Kafka, Frank Herbert, Pynchon, Mervyn Peake, Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Jean-Luc Godard, J. G. Ballard ve William Burroughs tarafından etkilediğini belirtmiştir. Srinivas Aravamudan postmodernizm ve postkolonyalizmin aynı romanda başarıyla işlendiğini ifade etmiştir.

Romanda Rüşdi'nin tarzı olarak paralel hikâyeler birlikte anlatılır. Birbirine geçiş yapan paralel rüyalar, gerçeklikler ve tekrarlanan isimler çarpıcıdır.

Tepkiler

Müslümanlıkla ilgili konular

Kitabın bir bölümünde, İslam peygamberi Muhammed'in içinde yaşadığı pagan topluluğun desteğini almak üzere çok tanrılı yaklaşım lehine bir ayeti haber verdiği, sonradan bu ayetin şeytan tarafından yazdırıldığını iddia ettiği anlatılmaktadır.

Bazı kaynakların bildirmesine göre Muhammed şeytan tarafından kandırılmıştır. Bu rivayetin kökeni 6. ve 7. yüzyıla dayandırılmakta ve Muhammed'in bulunabilmiş ilk biyografisinde de geçmektedir. Şeytan, Muhammed'i, "müşriklerce" (paganlarca) kutsal bilinen ve adları Lat, Uzza ve Menat olan üç tanrıçayı övücü sözler söylemeye kandırmış ve bu sözleri onun diline ayet olarak sokmuştur. Şeytan'ın bu oyunu sonucunda Muhammed, "Lat'ı, Uzza'yı ve... üçüncü olan Menat'ı gördünüz mü?" diye konuşmuş ve bu sözleri Kur'an'a Tanrı'dan gelmiş vahiyler olarak koymuştur:

19 Siz de gördünüz değil mi o Lât ve Uzza'yı?
20 ve üçüncü olarak da öteki (put) Menat'ı?
21 Size erkek O'na dişi öyle mi?
Şeytan tarafından eklendiği söylenen "bunlar şefaatleri umulan yüce turnalardır." ayetinde geçen "turna" kelimesi Arapça "gharāniq" diye geçer ve bu "put, varlık" şeklinde de tercüme edilir. Bu olay Muhammed'in sözü edilen pagan tanrılarının gerçekten var olduğunu kabul ettiği şeklinde algılanır. Muhammed'in tanrılarını övdüğünü duyan Mekkeliler bunu sevinçle karşılar ve sureyi sonuna kadar Muhammed'le birlikte okurlar.

Kur'an'da, Hac Suresi'nde ise şeytanın, Tanrı'nın gönderdiği her peygambere türlü şekillerde musallat olduğu, onları ümitsizliğe düşürdüğü ve nihayetinde Tanrı'nın bu peygamberleri ümitsizlikten ve şeytanın yalanlarından koruduğu ve böylece tebliğ görevinin kusursuz bir şekilde yapılmasını sağladığı yazılıdır. Söz konusu ayet de şöyledir:

"Senden önce hiçbir resül ve nebi göndermedik ki, bir şey temenni ettiği zaman, şeytan onun bu temennisine dair vesvese vermiş olmasın. Ama Allah şeytanın vesvesesini giderir. Sonra Allah âyetlerini sağlamlaştırır. Allah hakkıyla bilendir, hüküm ve hikmet sahibidir." (K. 22 Hacc 52)

Bu ayetleri Muhammed'in Kureyşli paganlarla bir uzlaşma taktiği olarak da kullandığı yönünde teoriler de bulunmaktadır. Bunlara göre Kureyş'in tanrıçalarını onurlandırarak Muhammed aradaki düşmanlığı ortadan kaldıracağını düşünür. Ama Müslümanlardan gelen yoğun tepki üzerine bu tutumundan hemen vazgeçip Tanrı'dan gelen söz konusu uyarıcı ve düzeltici ayetleri duyurur.

Yaşanan olaylar ve fetva
Roman, Müslüman camiasında büyük yankı yaratmış ve dine küfür olarak algılanmıştır. Rüşdi'nin ifade özgürlüğünü kutsal değerlere saldırarak kullandığı iddia edilir. Olayların büyümesiyle birlikte kitabın ithali Hindistan'da yasaklanır, Birleşik Krallık'taki ilk eylemlerde kitap yakılır. 1989 yılı Şubat ayında Pakistan'da kitaba karşı büyük olaylar çıkar. İran'daki Şii önder Ruhullah Humeyni Rüşdi ve kitabın yayınlanmasında görev alan kişilerin öldürülmesini olanaklı kılan bir fetva yayınlar. Dönemin Birleşik Krallık Başbakanı Margaret Thatcher Rüşdi'ye sürekli koruma sağlamıştır. 1998 yılında İran hükûmetinden olayı yatıştırıcı yönde açıklamalar gelmesi üzerine gerginlik azalmıştır. 2006 yılındaki İran Haber Ajansının haberine göre fetva ancak onu yayınlayan makam tarafından geri alınabildiğinden ve Humeyni de ölmüş olduğundan fetva halen yürürlüktedir.

Şiddet olayları
Kitapla ilgili bazı kişiler şiddet olaylarına maruz kalmıştır. Kitabın Japon çevirmeni Hitoshi Igarashi 11 Temmuz 1991 tarihinde bıçaklanarak öldürülmüştür. İtalyan çevirmeni Ettore Capriolo aynı ay içinde bıçaklanmış ve ağır yaralanmıştır. Norveççe çevirmen William Nygaard Oslo'da 1993 yılı Ekim ayında üç el ateşe maruz kalmış, saldırıdan yara almadan kurtulmuştur. Eseri Türkçeye çevirten yazar Aziz Nesin de İslami çevrelerce hedef gösterilmiştir. Aziz Nesin'in 2 Temmuz 1993 tarihinde Sivas Katliamı olarak bilinen olaylarda yaptığı konuşmalardan sonra ise ikisi eylemci 37 kişi hayatını kaybetmişti.

Rüşdi 12 Ağustos 2022 tarihinde Chautauqua Enstitüsü'ndeki konferansı için tanıtıldığı sırada bir erkek kürsüye atlamış ve Rüşdi'yi boynundan bıçaklamıştır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 İfade özgürlüğü

Kaynakça

Konuyla ilgili yazılan eserler
 Nicholas J. Karolides, Margaret Bald & Dawn B. Sova (1999), 100 Banned Books: Censorship Histories of World Literature New York: Checkmark Books ISBN 0-8160-4059-1
 Pipes, Daniel (2003 with a postscript by Koenraad Elst), The Rushdie Affair: The Novel, the Ayatollah, and the West (1990) Transaction Publishers ISBN 0-7658-0996-6

1988 kitapları
İslam'da sansür
İslam'ı eleştiren kitaplar
Salman Rüşdi romanları
Yasaklanmış kitaplar
Birleşik Krallık-İran ilişkileri

Şeytan Ayetleri (roman)


An Schizachyrium cirratum in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Eduard Hackel, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Elmer Ottis Wooton och Stand.. An Schizachyrium cirratum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Schizachyrium, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Schizachyrium

Schizachyrium cirratum


O Campeonato NORCECA de Voleibol Masculino de 2011 foi a 22ª edição do torneio organizado pela NORCECA em parceria com a Federação Portorriquenha de Voleibol, realizado no período de 29 de agosto a 3 de setembro. Ao total, 8 equipes participaram desta edição.

A seleção cubana conquistou seu 15º título ao derrotar na final a seleção norte-americana. Ambas equipes garantiram vagas para a Copa do Mundo de 2011. O líbero cubano Keibel Gutiérrez foi eleito MVP do torneio.

Seleções participantes
As seguintes seleções foram selecionadas para competir o campeonato:

Local das partidas

Grupos

Formato da disputa
O torneio foi dividido em duas fases: fase classificatória e fase final.

As oito equipes participantes foram divididas em dois grupos. Ao término da primeira fase os dois primeiros colocados de cada grupo avançou para as semifinais, enquanto os segundos e terceiros colocados de cada grupo disputaram fase de quartas de finais. As equipes que ficaram em último lugar em seus respectivos grupos disputaram com as equipes derrotadas nas quartas de finais as posições do quinto ao oitavo lugar.

A fase de grupos foi jogado com um sistema de todos contra todos e as equipes foram classificadas de acordo com os seguintes critérios.

 Maior número de partidas ganhas.
 Maior número de pontos obtidos, que são concedidos da seguinte forma:
 Partida com resultado final 3-0: 5 pontos para o vencedor e 0 pontos para o perdedor.
 Partida com resultado final 3-1: 4 pontos para o vencedor e 1 pontos para o perdedor.
 Partida com resultado final 3-2: 3 pontos para o vencedor e 2 pontos para o perdedor.
 Proporção entre pontos ganhos e pontos perdidos (razão de pontos).
 Proporção entre os Sets ganhos e os Sets perdidos (relação Sets).
 Se o empate persistir entre duas equipes, a prioridade é dada à equipe que venceu a última partida entre as equipes envolvidas.
 Se o empate persistir entre três equipes ou mais, uma nova classificação será feita levando-se em conta apenas as partidas entre as equipes envolvidas.

Fase classificatória

Grupo A

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Resultados

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Grupo B

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Resultados

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Fase final

Chaveamento final

Chaveamento do 5º ao 8º lugar

Resultados

Quartas de final

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5º – 8º lugar

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Semifinais

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7º lugar

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5º lugar

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3º lugar

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Final

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Classificação final

Premiações

Individuais
Os atletas que se destacaram individualmente foramː

Most Valuable Player (MVP)
  Keibel Gutiérrez
Melhor Oposto
  Wilfredo León
Melhor Levantador
  Dustin Schneider

Melhor Central
  David Lee
Melhor Líbero
  Keibel Gutiérrez

Ver também
 Campeonato NORCECA de Voleibol Feminino de 2011

Ligações externas
 Página oficial da competição
 Campeonato NORCECA de 2011 no Volleybox

Campeonato NORCECA de Voleibol Masculino
Desporto em Porto Rico em 2011
2011 no voleibol
Competições de seleções de voleibol da América do Norte e Central


Beiersdorf je međunarodna korporacija koja proizvodi kozmetiku sa sjedištem u Hamburgu. Svjetski je poznata po svojim robnim markama poput krema Nivea, proizvoda za njegu lica i kože Eucerin, Labella, Elastoplasta (Hansaplasta), La Prairie, tesa i Coppertone. Proizvodi i ortopedska pomagala te pripravke za potrebe kirurških zahvata.

Nalazi se u podijeljenom javnom i privatnom vlasništvu koja se u većini nalazi pod kontrolom Maxingvest AG (čija je tvrtka pod Tchibom) koja posjeduje 50.49% dionica. Nalazi se na DAX-ovom indeksu Frankfurtske burze.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Beiersdorf na Facebooku
Beiresdorf na Twitteru
Beiersdorf na YouTube-u

Njemačke tvrtke
Njemačka industrija
Gospodarstvo Hamburga

Beiersdorf


August Strindberg (1849–1912), was a Swedish dramatist and painter.

Strindberg may also refer to:

People
 Nils Strindberg (1872–1897), Swedish photographer
 Friedrich Strindberg (1897–1978), Swedish writer, son of Frida Uhl and Frank Wedekind, adopted by August
 Anita Strindberg (born 1937), Swedish actor
 Henrik Strindberg (born 1954), Swedish composer

Other
 Strindberg Museum, Stockholm, Sweden
 Strindberg (crater), an impact basin in the Shakespeare quadrangle of Mercury

Strindberg (disambiguation)


Aizoanthemopsis, monotipski biljni rod iz porodice čupavica. Jedina vrsta A. hispanica raširena je uz mediteranske zemlje te na Arapskom poluotoku

Sinonimi
 Aizoanthemum hispanicum (L.) H.E.K.Hartmann
 Aizoon hispanicum L.
 Aizoon sessiliflorum Moench

Izvori

Aizooideae

Aizoanthemopsis


تفتناز بلدة سورية وناحية إدارية في منطقة إدلب التابعة لمحافظة إدلب في شمال غرب سوريا. يَبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 14,000 نسمة.

الموقع

تقع ناحية تفتناز في الشمال الشرقي من مدينة إدلب وتبعد عنها حوالي 17 كم وتقع على الطريق الواصل بين حلب وإدلب وتقع في الجهة الجنوبية الغربية لمدينة حلب وتبعد عنها حوالي 43 كم".
وتقع البلدة على خط طول (36,47) شرق غرينتش وعلى درجة العرض (35,59) شمال خط الاستواء.
تبلغ مساحة بلدة تفتناز 2597هكتار منها 2447 هكتار أراضي زراعية.

الحدود
تحد البلدة من الناحية الجنوبية الشرقية قرية الطلحية ومن الناحية الجنوبية آفس ومن الناحية الغربية تحدها بنش وطعوم. أما من الناحية الشمالية الغربية فتحدها الصواغية ومن الشمال تحدها شللخ ومن الجهة الشمالية الشرقية تحدها معارة النعسان ومن الجهة الشرقية تحدها الأربيخ ويوجد إلى الجنوب من البلدة مطار عسكري.

المساحة
تبلغ مساحة بلدة تفتناز 2597 هكتار منها 150 هكتار داخل المخطط التنظيمي و2447 هكتار أراضي زراعية.

لمحة تاريخية
يعتقد أن تفتناز كانت تسمى دريب وهي منطقة الآلهة لإيبلا وبعد أن دمرت إيبلا انقطع السكن فيها. ومنذ حوالي 600 سنة جاءت عائلة وسكنت في جنوب البلدة في منطقة أرض تيزر قرب وادي سان وعندما شعرت بالخطر نتيجة فيضان هذا الوادي في أحد مواسم السنة انتقلت هذه العائلة إلى مكان البلدة الحالي واستقرت فيه وأصبحت البلدة معمورة،"وقد وجد فيها وتحديداً في منطقة الرام الذي يقع في وسط البلدة نصب يمثل الإله ( هدد ) إله العاصفة والرياح عند الآراميين كما وجد نصب يمثل آلهة الخصب والجمال( عشتار ) عند الآراميين وهذه الآثار وجدت في عام 1959 م قبل أن تصبح إدلب محافظة بعام واحد ونقلت إلى المتحف الوطني بحلب وهذا ما أدلى به المرحوم نسيب صليبا مدير التنقيب والدراسات في المديرية العامة للآثار والمتاحف بدمشق.

تسميتها

هناك عدة آراء في تسمية البلدة ففي حين يذهب خير الدين الأسدي إلى أن اسمها مكون من شقين (تفتا) وتعني النسيج المتقدم و(ناز) وتعني اسم بلد وبذلك يصبح معنى اسمها بلد الحرير، يرى اخرون أن كلمة تفتناز منقسمة إلى قسمين: الأولى (تفت) وتعني الشرق و(ناز) السوق وعلى هذا يتم تركيبها بالسوق الشرقي مقارنة مع أرمناز السوق الغربي على اعتبار أن معنى (أر) الغرب. وبلدة تفتناز بلدة قديمة تحكي قصة قرون مضت على أرضها فهي تقع على طريق الحرير الذي يأتي من الجنوب الشرقي ماراً في وسطها حتى يصل إلى شواطئ البحر المتوسط وإلى ميناء أنطاكية.

العوامل المؤثرة في نشوء البلدة
1. العوامل الطبيعية المؤثرة في نشوء البلدة:
1-1 المناخ:
تتميز ناحية تفتناز بصيفها الحار حيث متوسط حرارة الصيف فيها(29ـ37)درجة مئوية وشتاؤها الدافئ (5ـ8)درجة مئوية وبذلك فإن معدل حرارتها السنوي مابين(16ـ 18)و الرياح السائدة فيها غربية وجنوبية غربية متوسط سرعتها(1ـ 3)م/ثا وتهبط الرطوبة في تفتناز مقارنة مع مناطق غرب إدلب حيث تصل إلى 35% وتقع الناحية ضمن الإقليم شبه الجاف ويبلغ معدل هطول الأمطار( 350 ـ 400 ) ملم وفترة الشتاء تبدأ من بداية تشرين الأول إلى نهاية شباط وبعدها تبدأ فترة الربيع من أوائل نيسان إلى أواخر حزيران وبعدها يبدأ المناخ الحار حيث تصل الحرارة في شهر آب إلى 40 درجة مئوية في الظل وهو أحر الشهور وقد لعب المناخ دوراً كبيراً في التوطن والتوسع في البلدة حيث أن مناخها معتدل ويمكن التلاؤم معه بسرعة.

1-2 مصادر المياه:
تعتمد البلدة في مياهها بشكل رئيسي على مياه الآبار الارتوازية ولا يوجد أية مياه سطحية ولكن مشروع نهر الفرات أصبح قريبا من البلدة.
1-3 العامل التضاريسي:
تقع البلدة على هضبة قليلة الارتفاع وأراضيها زراعية حمراء خصبة وتحيط فيها السهول من كل الجهات.

2. العوامل البشرية المؤثرة في نشوء المكان:
2-1 الصناعة:
«لقد قال الدكتور علي أبو عساف أن تفتناز كانت مدرسة للنحت وصناعة الفخار حيث شاهد وبأم عينه وإلى الشمال الغربي من المقبرة في البلدة بعض لأواني الفخارية أثناء حفر قبر لمتوفى وعلى عمق متر واحد فقط وأضاف أن صناعتها كانت دقيقة وهذه الشهرة الصناعية أسهمت في زيادة التوسع العمراني وزيادة حجم هذا المركز العمراني».
2-2 التجارة:
يتوفر في البلدة جميع احتياجات السكان الأساسية من السلع وتقام فيها أسبوعياً وتحديداً يوم الخميس البازار ويشهد هذا اليوم من الأسبوع حركة تجارية هامة وهذا ما أدى إلى انتشار المنشآت العمرانية والمحلات التجارية في ساحة البازار وزيادة كثافة الأبنية العمرانية في تلك المنطقة.
2-3 الزراعة:
تبلغ مساحة الأراضي الزراعية 2447 هكتار وقد كانت الأراضي الزراعية في البلدة شيوع فكل شخص كان يملك عدداً من الأسهم في مقاسم معينة وكان جزء كبير من إنتاج هذه الأراضي يذهب هدراً فرأت الدولة في عام 1975م ضرورة تجميع هذه الأراضي وتقسيمها على السكان كل على حسب ملكيته وقد قسمت الأراضي الزراعية إلى عدة مقاسم لكل منها اسم وثمن يختلف عن الأخرى حسب خصوبتها وهذه التقسيمات هي:(( أرض تيزر ـ سد الغزال ـ الجويزرات ـ قسيمات البور ـ رابة صغار ـ المنقع ـ السبعة ـ الثمانية ـ الأربيخ ـ العظامة ـ أرض معارة ـ الصييور (اليمة) ـ الستات ـ الطاقين ـ أرض أوبية ـ الجوينية ـ العرقوب ـ الرميدات ـ المشرقة ـ سد البير ـ سد مقيديم ـ درب إدلب ـ الفتيحات ـ سد بريج ـ الجورة ـ الفاقور ـ التيان ـ رابة شرايح ـ المغربات ـ أرض الصواغية ـ الدقيقات ـ البحصاصة )) .
وتم جمع ملكية كل فرد في كل المقاسم وتم تجميعها في مقسم واحد وبذلك زاد الإنتاج وزالت المشاكل بين الفلاحين وتم تقطيع الأراضي بشكل شطرنجي يساعد على الوصول إلى كل أرض في البلدة وزالت الطرق المائلة التي كانت تحدد جميع الأراضي بموجبها وساعد هذا التقسيم على حفر الآبار وأصبحت الأراضي تزرع مروية بعد أن كانت تزرع بعلاً وبلغت مساحة الأراضي المروية عام 2000م 803 هكتار.

وهذا الجدول يبين مساحة الأراضي الزراعية المروية والبعلية و المشجرة بين عامي(2000 ـ 2006 ) م:

نوع الزراعة	2000/هكتار	2006/هكتار
مروية 803 831
بعلية 1576 1547
مشجرة 69 70

وهذا الجدول يبين عدد الآبار والآلات الزراعية الموجودة في البلدة:
النوع	الآبار	حصادات	جرارات	مرشات يدوية	مرشات آلية
العدد 145 6	120 16 6

و أما بالنسبة للحيوانات فهذا الجدول يوضح أعدادها بين عامي 2000 و 2005 م:

النوع	العدد عام 2000	العدد عام 2005
أبقار 124 	176
أغنام 740 382
ماعز 478 556

وخلايا النحل تصنف إلى قديمة وحديثة ففي عام 2005 بلغ عدد الخلايا القديمة 1240 والحديثة 190 خلية.
وبالنسبة للأشجار المثمرة فهي الزيتون والدراق. وبلغ عدد أشجار الزيتون عام 2006م
( 7386 )شجرة منها( 6686 )شجرة مثمرة و(700 )شجرة غير مثمرة.

والجدول الآتي يوضح أهم المحاصيل الزراعية في البلدة ومساحتها:

النوع المساحة بالهكتار	كمية إنتاج(طن)	إنتاج الهكتار(طن)
 2000 - 2006 2000- 2006	2000- 2006
قمح قاسي مروي 467 200 2335 800 5	4
قمح قاسي بعل 805 290 1610 435 2 	1.5
قمح طري مروي ـ 340 ـ 1510 ـ	4.5
قمح طري بعل ـ 490 ـ	980 ـ	2
شعير بعل 50 90 125	180 2.5	2
عدس بعل 350 270	350	216 1	0.8
حمص بعل 240 120 240	84 1	0.7
فول حب مروي 30 15 66	45 2.2	3
فول حب بعل 5 ـ 5	-	1 -
كمون 190 80 143	48	0.75	0.6
بطاطا ربيعية 60 25 	1200	500	20	20
شوندر خريفي 5 3 	350	180	70	60
شوندر ربيعي 21 90 1260	4500	60	50
قطن 135 63 537 	378	4	6
بصل جاف 7 5 140 200	20	40
بندورة مروي 3 3 	90	150	30	50
باذنجان مروي 1 2 30 60	30	30
فليفلة مروي 1 2 15	30	15	15
بطيخ أخضر 8 3 	100 60	13	20
ثوم 7 2 70	40	1	20
حبة سوداء 5 100	14	188	0.8	1.8

السكان

بلغ عدد سكان البلدة 11685 نسمة عام 2006م وقد وصل في نهاية 2011 تقريباً إلى 14000 نسمة
	الولادات الوفيات	الزواج الطلاق	ذكور	إناث
العدد 475 30 225 10 5858	5827
النسبة % 4 0.2 1.9 0.08 	50.13	49.87

والبلدة تتألف من عدة أحياء وهذه الأحياء أغلب قاطنيها تربطهم أواصر القربى والنسب ولا زالت البلدة تقوم على الروابط الأسرية المتينة
ويمكن أن ترى في العقار الواحد أكثر من عائلة الجد والأبناء و الأحفاد والوضع المالي لهذه الأسر دون المتوسط ومتوسط عدد أفراد الأسرة الواحدة
( 6 ـ 7 ) أفراد معظمهم دون سن 25 سنة ولا نزال نرى الشباب يقطنون في بيت العائلة بعد الزواج وبعد فترة نجد الشاب ينفصل ويعيش في بيت
مستقل وبعض الشباب يسعون لتأمين المسكن قبل الزواج وهذا ما ساعد على انتشار العمران في البلدة.
والتركيب العمري للسكان هو كما يلي:
(من 1-15 سنة 30%)(من 15 -65 سنة 50%)(من 65فما فوق 20%) ونسبة المشتغلين بالزراعة 30% وبالصناعة 20% وبالتجارة 20% والباقي يتوزعون على كافة الاختصاصات.

الناحية العمرانية بالناحية
كان العمران في البلدة عبارة عن بيوت من الطين يتألف البيت من عدة غرف من الطين مسقوفة بالأخشاب الذي يوضع فوقه طبقة ترابية سميكة ويفصل بين الأخشاب البلان وكانت الغرفة مجزأة إلى عدة أجزاء فالموقدة توضع في إحدى زوايا الغرفة بجانبها أدوات المطبخ والحمام قرب الغرفة التي تسمى العتابة وتفرش الغرفة بشيء من الحصر والبسط ومن النادر ما تفرش بالسجاد. وفي كل بيت كان يبنى بناء للدواب يسمى الإسطبل توضع فيه الحيوانات والتبن الذي يشكل المادة العلفية الأساسية وكان التنور أحد أجزاء البيت الأساسية حيث كان يتم صنع الخبز فيه من الدقيق الصافي وهذا الخبز يتحسر عليه الذين عاشوا في تلك الفترة لأنه أصبح قليلاً جداّ.
كما كانت توجد داخل البيت غرفة تسمى الكوارة مبنية من الطين والتبن لوضع القمح فيها وهذه الغرفة تحافظ على سلامة الحبوب بداخلها لأن جدرانها من الطين والآن لم يبق من هذه البيوت إلا ما يعد على الأصابع.
وبعد تطور المجتمع وارتفاع مستوى المعيشة أصبح يستخدم في البناء المواد الحجرية والبلوك والأسمنت ثم بدأنا نرى البناء بالرخام والسيراميك.
في عام 1970 م قام مجلس بلدة تفتناز بالتعاون مع وزارة الشؤون البلدية والقروية آنذاك بإعداد مخطط تنظيمي للبلدة القديمة والتوسع بالبلدة ولقد حدد في هذا المخطط المناطق السكنية والفعاليات الأساسية لخدمة السكان القاطنين ضمن البلدة القديمة والمنطقة التوسعية وتم تحديد التوسع على ضوء الزيادة الطبيعية لعدد السكان وتم عرض المخطط التنظيمي وتوسيعه باتجاه الأراضي الزراعية وأصبح لدى مجلس بلدة تفتناز سكن أول.

الناحية التعليمية في البلدة

والجدول التالي يبين أعداد المدارس ونوعها ونوع الطلاب وعدد الذكر والإناث فيها:
أعداد المدارس ونوعها ونوع الطلاب وعدد الذكر والإناث جدول رقم (6)

المدرسة	نوعها عدد الذكور	عدد الإناث	عدد الطلاب	طوابق
ثانوية تفتناز ثانوية	147	123 270 2
حافظ بيازيد تعليم أساسي	170	151 321 2
محي الدين غانم تعليم أساسي	167	518 685 2
درويش العلي تعليم أساسي	430	129 559 2
إبراهيم غنيم تعليم أساسي	271	326 597 2

الخدمات الصحية
بالنسبة للخدمات الصحية فيوجد تسعة أطباء وثلاث صيدليات في البلدة ويوجد أيضا مركز صحي وهذا الجدول يبين أعداد الأطباء والممرضين ونوع العمران في المركز الصحي:
 أطباء	ممرضين	أسرّة	طوابق
المستوصف	2 10 2 1

المياه والكهرباء وباقي الخدمات
و تم تنفيذ شبكة مياه من اترنيت عام 1975 وتم استبدالها بشبكة حديد مزئبق عام 2000م وفي عام م2004 دخلت شبكة المياه الحديثة من البولتلين وتم استبدال القسم الأكبر من الشبكة بطول 11 كم وباقي 6 كم قيد الإنجاز ويتم تغذية البلدة بآبار ارتوازية عددها 5 عائدة للمؤسسة العامة للمياه في محافظة إدلب ويوجد بيارة مع مضخات أفقية تقوم على دعم الخزان«* و» بدأت الشركة العامة للكهرباء بتنفيذ مشروعات توتر منخفض هوائية في البلدة عام 1963 بشكل نظامي وبما يلبي طلبات المشتركين وبلغ عدد مراكز التحويل ( 5 ) مراكز باستطاعات (400) كيلو واط ساعي فاز 630 و الجدول التالي يبين عدد المشتركين ومعدل استهلاك الشخص الواحد من المياه والكهرباء:
المشروع	عدد المشتركين	معدل استهلاك الشخص الواحد
كهرباء 1680	40 كيلو واط في الساعة
مياه 1400	20 م

ويوجد في البلدة شبكة صرف صحي من جميع الأقطار حيث تصل نسبة تخديم البلدة بالصرف الصحي حوالي 85% .
و أمابالنسبة للهاتف فقد بلغ عدد المشتركين في شبكة الهاتف الأرضي 1308 مشترك بمعدل هاتف لكل تسعة أشخاص وأما عن خطة مؤسسة الاتصال المستقبلية فهي إدخال 1000 رقم في خطة عام 2007م و توسيع شبكة الهاتف الأرضي وتحويلها إلى أرضية.
ويتراوح عرض الشوارع في البلدة بين 6 ــ 16 م معبدة ولكن غير مرصوفة حيث تكون نسبة الطرق المعبدة 55% ويتم صرف مبلغ حوالي 300 ألف ليرة سورية من أجل الإنارة ويوجد جرارين اثنين لترحيل القمامة يومياً وبلغ مساحة المخطط التنظيمي 150 هكتار.

النقل
ظلت البلدة وحتى وقت قريب عقدة مواصلات برية مهمة حيث كان يمر فيها طريق حلب دمشق القديم الذي ساهم في ازدهار هذه المنطقة والتوسع العمراني على جانبي هذا الطريق وكان يوجد فيها سكة قطار ولكن تم إلغاؤها.
يوجد خط ادلب تفتناز لنقل الركاب إلى مدينة ادلب يتألف من 4 سرافيس
و5 باصات وتقع البلدة على خط ادلب حلب القديم يستطيع الركاب الوصول إلى حلب وادلب بواسطة سرافيس ادلب حلب. كما أن السفر إلى المدن الأخرى حماة حمص دمشق متوفر عبر البولمانات التي تمر بالبلدة.

المراجع

 .

أماكن مأهولة في منطقة إدلب
بلدات سوريا
تجمعات سنية في سوريا
قرى محافظة إدلب

تفتناز


Miguel Figueroa (born July 29, 1952) is a Canadian political activist who was the leader of the Communist Party of Canada from 1992 to 2015. He is known for the landmark Figueroa case, which redefined the role of small parties and Canadian Parliamentary democracy, as well as his role re-establishing the Communist Party of Canada in the post-Soviet era.

Early political career
Figueroa was born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. He attended Dawson College, McGill and Concordia in Montreal, before joining the staff of the National Union of Students in 1975 as a national field organizer.

Figueroa joined the Communist Party in 1977 and held many positions within the Party. In 1978, he became the party's Greater Vancouver organizer, working with people such as city councilors Harry Rankin and Bruce Yorke as well as Party activists across the region. He also helped organize demonstrations which brought scores of thousands onto the streets, marching for nuclear disarmament.

From 1986 to 1992, Figueroa served as regional correspondent for the Canadian Tribune and the Party's Atlantic region leader. He was based in Halifax, but traveled across Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Newfoundland on a regular basis. In 1991 Figueroa was laid off (a casualty of the inner-party struggle which had begun to brew), and he decided to go back to school, beginning a Master's program in International Development Studies at St. Mary's University, while working as a teaching assistant at neighbouring Dalhousie University. In 1992–93, Figueroa chaired a union organizing committee that signed up 800 part-time seasonal professors and teaching assistants at Dalhousie, ultimately leading to membership in the Canadian Union of Public Employees. He was also active in various mass movements like peace and disarmament, international solidarity, and trade union organizing.

Leadership of the Communist Party of Canada
The dissolution of the Soviet Union produced sharply different assessments within the CPC.

The protracted ideological, political, organizational and legal battle created much confusion and disorientation within the ranks of the Party, and paralysed both its independent and united front work for over two years. Ultimately, the Hewison-led majority in the party's Central Committee and Central 28th Convention voted to abandon Marxism-Leninism. An orthodox minority, led by Elizabeth Rowley, Figueroa and former leader William Kashtan, resisted this effort. As the inner-party conflict intensified, the Hewison leadership expelled Rowley and 10 other leading opponents of the reformist orientation being imposed, and the moves to liquidate the party entirely. In August 1991, Rowley and the other expelled members took the Communist Party to court. An out-of-court settlement resulted in the Hewison leadership relinquishing the name "Communist Party of Canada", and in return split the party's assets with the Hewison group under the umbrella of the Cecil-Ross Society, a publishing and educational foundation previously associated with the party.

A convention was held in December 1992 in which delegates declared themselves to be the continuation of the Communist Party (thus the meeting was titled the 30th CPC Convention). Delegates rejected the changes instituted by Hewison and reaffirmed the CPC as a Marxist-Leninist organization. Since half of the old party's assets were now the property of the Hewison-led Cecil Ross Society, the CPC convention decided to launch a new newspaper, the People's Voice, to replace the Canadian Tribune and Pacific Tribune.

Elected leader in December 1992 at the 30th Party Convention, Figueroa was re-elected to that office until his resignation in January 2016, for health reasons. Over his 23-year term, Figueroa led the party through eight federal election campaigns, touring and speaking across the country. As part of a new collective leadership, he worked to help achieve what the Party considers the clarification of its revolutionary orientation as well as its ideological identity based on Marxism-Leninism. In particular, Figueroa participated in the elaboration of the Party's new political program, Canada's Future is Socialism!, a process which began in the mid-1990s and culminated in the adoption of the final version at the 33rd Central Convention in February 2001.

His leadership also saw the consolidation and rebuilding of the Communist Party across the country — helping to launch People's Voice and, later, Clarté, as well as The Spark! , the CPC's theoretical and discussion journal. The Party re-established several clubs and committees, including the Party's Quebec component the Communist Party of Quebec, as well as the youth organization known as the Young Communist League. The Party continues to play a role in many labour, peace, environmental, aboriginal, women's, student, immigrant and other people's movements.

Figueroa chaired the international commission of the Party and represented the CPC around the world, including Greece, Portugal, India, China, Vietnam, South Africa, Cuba, Venezuela and the United States. He was regularly present at the International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties where, on behalf of the Party, he advocated for efforts to build greater cooperation, political cohesion, and unity of action among Communist and Workers' parties to deal with the growing dangers of imperialism and urgent problems of peace, solidarity and protection of the global environment.

The 38th Central Convention of the CPC was held May 21–23, 2016 in Toronto. The Convention included a tribute to Miguel Figueroa for his lengthy service as party leader; it also elected Elizabeth Rowley as the new national leader. Figueroa was elected to the new 23-member Central Committee.

Recent History
In October 2016, Figueroa was invited to join the Executive of the Canadian Peace Congress, and was subsequently appointed "interim President" in early 2017. He organized several speaking tours with Eva Bartlett and Canadian author Stephen Gowans in the winter and spring of 2017, and undertook a Canada-wide tour in the fall of 2017, which covered 13 cities across the country. He also represented the Peace Congress in solidarity missions to Venezuela and Syria during that year. In 2018 he participated in a hemispheric conference of peace organizations held in Moca, Dominican Republic in September, and the Executive Meeting of the World Peace Council in Damascus, Syria in October.

In November 2018, the Peace Congress convened a country-wide Convention in Toronto, at which time Figueroa was elected President, leading an 11-member Executive Committee elected at the Convention.

Figueroa v. Canada
In 1993, the fledgling CPC was still recovering from its crisis and split. The Party now had only a few hundred members, and had lost a number of assets, including the party's headquarters at 24 Cecil Street in Toronto. As a result, the CPC was not in a position to run fifty candidates in the 1993 federal election, the number required to maintain official party status because of recent changes to Canada's Elections Act. As a result, the newly relaunched CPC was deregistered by Elections Canada, and its remaining assets were seized by the government. A prolonged legal battle, Figueroa v. Canada ensued, resulting in a Supreme Court of Canada ruling in 2003 that overturned a provision in the Elections Act requiring fifty candidates for official party status (the number had been increased by an act of parliament in the intervening years). Earlier in the legal battle, the party had its deregistration overturned and its seized assets restored.

Canadian federal elections since 2000
Figueroa has run in nine Canadian general elections and at least two provincial elections:
 1979 British Columbia general election: Figueroa ran in the two-member riding of Vancouver Centre, and finished eighth in a field of eight candidates with 237 votes. Gary Lauk and Emery Barnes of the New Democratic Party of British Columbia won.
 1984 Canadian federal election: Figueroa ran in the riding of Vancouver East, and finished last with 259 votes. Margaret Mitchell of the New Democratic Party won.
 1988 Canadian federal election: Figueroa ran in the riding of Halifax, and finished 5th in a field of 7 candidates with 151 votes. Mary Clancy of the Liberal Party of Canada won.
 1993 Canadian federal election: Figueroa ran as an independent in the riding of Parkdale—High Park, and finished 9th out of a field of 11 with 105 votes. Jesse Flis of the Liberals won.
 1995 Ontario general election: Figueroa ran in the riding of Beaches—Woodbine, and finished 5th in a field of six candidates with 169 votes. Frances Lankin of the New Democratic Party of Ontario won.
 1997 Canadian federal election: Figueroa ran as an independent in the riding of Davenport, and finished 7th in a field of 8 with 194 votes. Charles Caccia of the Liberals won.
 2000 Canadian federal election: Figueroa ran in the riding of Toronto—Danforth, and finished 9th in a field of 10 with 129 votes. Dennis Mills of the Liberals won.
 2004 Canadian federal election: Figueroa ran in the riding of Beaches—East York in Toronto, and finished 7th in a field of 8 with 62 votes. Maria Minna of the Liberals won.
 Between 2006 and 2015, Figueroa ran in every federal election in the riding of Davenport, placing fifth or sixth in each.

Electoral record

References

External links
 How the Communist Party changed Canadian elections forever, This Magazine - includes a profile of Figueroa.
A Short Biography of Miguel Figueroa at the Communist Party of Canada website

1952 births
Living people
Leaders of the Communist Party of Canada
Figuerora, Miguel
Figuerora, Miguel
Figuerora, Miguel
Figuerora, Miguel
Figuerora, Miguel
Figuerora, Miguel
Figuerora, Miguel
Canadian communists
Canadian federal political party presidents

Miguel Figueroa


Salima Tete (en ) née le 27 décembre 2001 dans l'état de Jharkhand, est une joueuse professionnelle indienne de hockey sur gazon.

Carrière
En 2021, elle est sélectionnée dans l'équipe indienne pour les Jeux olympiques de Tokyo.

Références

Liens externes

Joueuse indienne de hockey sur gazon
Naissance en décembre 2001
Joueuse de hockey sur gazon aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2020
Naissance au Jharkhand

Salima Tete


7223 Dolgorukij este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
7223 Dolgorukij este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul de Astrofizică din Crimeea de Liudmila Juravliova și Liudmila Karacikina. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,35 ua, o excentricitate de 0,18 și o înclinație de 1,6° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 7001-8000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1982
Centura de asteroizi

7223 Dolgorukij


Cuartango   İspanya'nın kuzeyinde otonom bölgelerinden biri olan Bask Özerk Bölgesi'ninAlava eyaletine bağlı bulunan belediyesi.  (2002)

Álava'nın belediyeleri

Cuartango


WWE 2K15 este un joc de wrestling, care a fost primul pe generația a 8-a de console e. Jocul are 5 storyline-ur reale numite 2k showcase : Hustle, Loyality, Disrespect despre John Cena și CM Punk, Best Friends, Bitter Enemies despre HHH și HBK, One More Match despre Christian și Randy Orton, Hall of Pain despre Mark Henry și Path of The Warrior despre The Ultimate Warrior. Primele două fiind gratuite la achiziționarea jocului.  Acest joc a fost portat pe XBox One și 360, Playstation 3 si 4 si PC. My Career este un mod care îți dă voie să creezi un persoanj și să îi faci o carieră. Pe coperta jocului e John Cena.

Referințe

Jocuri video de sport
World Wrestling Entertainment
Jocuri pentru PlayStation 3
Jocuri pentru PlayStation 4
Jocuri pentru Xbox 360
Jocuri pentru Xbox One
Jocuri pentru Windows

WWE 2k15


Højres Fond stiftedes i 1883 som et finansieringsorgan for partiet Højre. I forbindelse med stiftelsen af Det Konservative Folkeparti blev den gamle fond i efteråret 1915 ophævet, og erstattet af Den Konservative Fond. Allerede i 1918 viste det reorganiserede parti sig ikke at omfatte alle konservative grupper, og Højres Fond blev genstiftet som en uafhængig fond uden tilknytning til partiet. Siden har fonden med privat indsamlede midler bl.a. støttet forsvarssagen, det danske mindretal i Sydslesvig og kampagner for at hindre grundlovsændringer i 1939 og 1953. Desuden har man "finansieret anerkendte historiske og videnskabelige værker om den samfundsmæssige udvikling i Danmark fra 1864 til 1901 med den hensigt at påvise, at Danmark dengang blev styret med forstand og ansvarsbevidst af de gamle højreregeringer". Den sidstnævnte opgave førte til, at professor Hans Chr. Johansen i 1962 for fonden skrev "Den økonomiske og sociale udvikling i Danmark 1864—1901".

Jack G. Westergaard var i en længere årrække formand for fonden. Den nuværende formand er godsejer Claus de Neergaard til Gunderslevholm.

Fonde fra Danmark
Etableret i 1883

Højres Fond


Etli sodaotu (Salsola crassa), Amaranthaceae familyasına ait bir yıllık otsu bir bitki türüdür.

Mayıs-Temmuz aylarında çiçeklenir ve 25–45 cm'e kadar boylanır. Orta Anadolu'da yayılış gösterir. Sonbaharda pembemsi-kırmızı rengiyle fark edilir. Meyveleri kanatlıdır. Deniz seviyesinden 1000 metre yükseklikteki nemli, tuzlu topraklarda yetişir.

Dış bağlantılar
 TÜBİTAK Türkiye Taksonomik Tür Veritabanı
 Salsola crassa resmi

Tuzcul bitkiler
crassa

Climacoptera crassa


An Microcoelia obovata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Victor Samuel Summerhayes. An Microcoelia obovata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Microcoelia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Microcoelia

Microcoelia obovata


"To", aşağıdaki anlamlara gelebilir:
 "To (Ermeni) (Թ, թ), Ermeni alfabesinde bir harf.
 "To (Yunan)", Yunan alfabesinde bir harf.

To


Azima, rod dvosupnica iz porodice Salvadoraceae. Priznate su dvije ili tri vrste biljaka iz južne i jugoistočne Azije i Afrike, te na krajnjem jugu Arapskog poluotoka.

Vrste
 Azima angustifolia A.DC.
 Azima sarmentosa (Bl.) Benth. & Hook.fil.
 Azima tetracantha Lam.

Izvori

Brassicales

Azima


La masacre de Lieja de 2011 fue una acción suicida dirigida contra la población que tuvo lugar el 13 de diciembre de 2011 en la ciudad belga de Lieja.

El atacante, Nordine Amrani, de 33 años y delincuente local habitual, lanzó varias granadas de mano y disparó su fusil de combate FN FAL contra los civiles que se encontraban en la céntrica plaza de Saint-Lambert, causando la muerte de 5 personas y heridas a más de 120, algunas de extrema gravedad. Después se suicidó con una pistola.

El ataque
Los hechos sucedieron el 13 de diciembre de 2011 sobre las 12h30 en la plaza Saint-Lambert, una céntrica plaza, muy concurrida a esa hora donde se concentran muchos comercios y paradas de autobús. Ubicado en una plataforma cercana, el atacante, lanzó varias granadas en dirección a las paradas de autobús con el objetivo de dañar al mayor número de personas posibles. El ataque desató el caos en la zona y obligó a un gran despliegue policial para controlar la situación y atender los numerosos heridos. Tras el lanzamiento de la cuarta granada, Nordine Amrani optó por poner fin a su vida.

El atacante
Nordine Amrani era una ciudadano belga, nacido el 15 de noviembre de 1978 en Ixelles. Según su abogada, aunque era de origen marroquí, no hablaba árabe ni era musulmán. Estaba en libertad condicional tras haber sido condenado en 2008 por el tribunal de Lieja a 58 meses de cárcel por posesión ilegal de armas así como por la tenencia de 2 800 plantas de cannabis.

El mismo día de los hechos, por la mañana, ya había cometido una primera agresión al matar a una empleada del hogar que trabajaba en su edificio tras invitarla a su casa con la excusa de darle trabajo.  Abandonó luego su domicilio con una bolsa donde escondía armas y munición para dirigirse al lugar desde donde perpetró el ataque.

Las víctimas
El suceso dejó cinco muertos y 125 heridos, entre los que se encuentran muchos estudiantes. La mayoría de ellos sufrió cortes, problemas respiratorios, o heridas causadas por las granadas. Un hospital de campaña se instaló en el patio del Palacio de Justicia, mientras que un rosario de ambulancias se encargaron de trasladar los diferentes heridos a los centros hospitalarios. Para todo ello se activó el plan MASH7. Entre los fallecidos, se encontraba un bebé de 17 meses, un estudiante de 15 años y otro de 17 años.

Reacciones

Las reacciones oficiales han sido numerosas y diversas personalidades políticas belgas se desplazaron al lugar de los hechos. Entre ellas, el rey Alberto II y su esposa Paola, o el primer ministro belga Elio Di Rupo, acompañado de los ministros Joëlle Milquet y Annemie Turtelboom.

Desde el extranjero, Bélgica, ha recibido las condolencias por parte del primer ministro británico David Cameron y del presidente del Eurogrupo y actual primer ministro de Luxemburgo Jean-Claude Juncker. El presidente de la Comisión Europea, el portugués, José Manuel Barroso, se ha mostrado «impactado y profundamente apenado» por lo ocurrido mientras que el presidente del Parlamento Europeo, Jerzy Buzek, ha hablado de «profunda consternación».

Referencias

Bélgica en 2011
Masacres en Bélgica
Suicidas de Bélgica
Historia de Lieja

Masacre de Lieja de 2011


Marie Bjerre (nascida a 6 de maio de 1986, em Viborg) é uma política dinamarquesa, membro do Folketing pelo partido político Venstre. Ela foi eleita para o Folketing nas eleições legislativas dinamarquesas de 2019.

Carreira política
Bjerre foi eleita para o Folketing na eleição de 2019, tendo recebido 8627 votos.

Nascidos em 1986
Pessoas vivas
Políticos da Dinamarca
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Mulheres)

Marie Bjerre


Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise (illicit negative) is a formal fallacy that is committed when a categorical syllogism has a positive conclusion and one or two negative premises.

For example:
No fish are dogs, and no dogs can fly, therefore all fish can fly.

The only thing that can be properly inferred from these premises is that some things that are not fish cannot fly, provided that dogs exist.

Or:
We don't read that trash. People who read that trash don't appreciate real literature. Therefore, we appreciate real literature.

This could be illustrated mathematically as
If  and  then .

It is a fallacy because any valid forms of categorical syllogism that assert a negative premise must have a negative conclusion.

See also
 Negative conclusion from affirmative premises, in which a syllogism is invalid because the conclusion is negative yet the premises are affirmative
 Fallacy of exclusive premises, in which a syllogism is invalid because both premises are negative

References

 The Fallacy Files: Affirmative Conclusion from a Negative

Syllogistic fallacies


João Diacrinomeno (; ) foi um historiador eclesiástico bizantino do início do . Seu apelido se refere à sua teologia: foi um dos "hesitantes" (diacrinomenos) que rejeitaram o Concílio da Calcedônia. Trabalhando em Constantinopla, escreveu uma história da igreja em dez livros cobrindo o período do Concílio de Éfeso em 431 até o início do patriarcado de Severo de Antioquia em 512. A dedicou a seu tio, o bispo Silvano, que foi enviado pelo imperador   ao Reino de Himiar em 512. Agora está perdido. Sobrevive apenas um resumo de cada livro. Já no  o patriarca de Constantinopla  só teve acesso aos primeiros cinco livros, que incluiu em sua Biblioteca. O quinto livro terminou com a expulsão de Pedro Fulão do patriarcado de Alexandria por volta de 476. Fócio identificou erroneamente João com o padre João de Egas porque ambos eram anticalcedônios. João é citado por Teodoro, o Leitor.

Bibliografia

Historiadores do Império Bizantino do século VI

João Diacrinomeno


مهرجان الرباط الدولي لسينما المؤلف هو تظاهره سنوية أسست في عام 1994 في العاصمة المغربية.

المسابقة الرسمية مفتوحة على التجارب والجغرافيات السينمائية العالمية المختلفة التي تتماشى والخط العام للمهرجان الطامح لتكريس سينما المؤلف.

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي لمهرجان الرباط الدولي لسينما المؤلف

الرباط
مهرجانات سينمائية دولية
مهرجانات سينمائية في المغرب

مهرجان الرباط الدولي لسينما المؤلف


Anser, ördekgiller (Anatidae) familyasında tüm boz kaz ve bazen de beyaz kaz türlerini içeren kuş cinsi. Gerçek kaz ve kuğuların sınıflandırıldığı Anserinae alt familyasında yer alır. Bu cinste yer alan kazlar Kuzey Yarımküre'de yaşar. Çoğu üreme mevsimini kuzeyde, kışları da daha güneyde geçiren göçmen kuşlardır. Cins içinde yaşayan 10 ayrı tür kaz bulunur. En büyükleri 2,5-4,1 kg ağırlığında olan boz kaz, en küçükleri de 1,2-1,6 kg ağırlığında olan küçük kar kazıdır. Hepsinin ayak ve bacakları pembe ya da turuncu renklidir. Gagaları pembe, turuncu ya da siyah renklidir. Hepsinin kuruk alt ve üst tüyleri beyazdır. Bazılarının başında da beyazlıklar vardır. Boyun, gövde ve kanatlar gri ya da beyaz renklidir ve tüylerin ucunda siyahlıklar görülür. Branta cinsinde yer alan "kara" kazlar kara ayakları ve daha koyu gövde tüyleri ile bu cinsteki kazlardan ayırtedilebilirler.

Türler
Boz kazlar:
 Çin kazı Anser cygnoides - bazen Cygnopsis cinsinde sınıflandırılır.
 Tarla kazı Anser fabalis  ve Anser serrirostris - bazen A. serrirostris alt tür olarak sınıflandırılır
 Küçük tarla kazı Anser brachyrhynchus
 Sakarca Anser albifrons
 Küçük sakarca Anser erythropus
 Boz kaz Anser anser
 Hint kazı Anser indicus

Aşağıda bulunan beyaz kazlar bazen ayrı olarak Chen cinsinde, ve içlerinden biri de Philacte cinsinde sınıflandırılabilir.

 Kar kazı Anser caerulescens
 Küçük kar kazı Anser rossii
 Bering kazı Anser canagicus - bazen Philacte cinsinde sınıflandırılır

Galeri

Anserinae
Kuş cinsleri

Anser


El chichón (Zanthoxylum caribaeum) es una especie arbórea perteneciente a la familia de las rutáceas. Zanthoxylum caribaeum fue descrita por Jean-Baptiste Lamarck y publicado en Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 2: 39, en el año 1786.

Descripción
Es un árbol que alcanza un tamaño de 5–16 m de alto, los troncos armados con acúleos. Hojas alternas e imparipinnadas, de 15-27 cm de largo; raquis cilíndrico, con 5-14 folíolos, ápice agudo o acuminado. Las inflorescencias en panículas terminales y subterminales, 2.5-15 cm de largo.

Ramas jóvenes glabras, con o sin aguijones. Flores verdes, con cinco pétalos. Frutos en folículos café a negro al madurar, globosos, de 4-5 mm de diámetro. Semillas negras, globosas, de 3 a 4 mm. La especie se distingue por su borde crenado (dientes redondeados) y el olor desagradable de sus hojas al ser estrujadas. Fruto y semilla: baya globosa que mide hasta 4 cm de diámetro de color amarillo claro. El fruto tiene una apariencia de pico de loro, con numerosas semillas globosas muy pequeñas menores a 0.1 cm de diámetro.

Distribución
Se distribuye en México en la vertiente del Golfo de México, desde Tamaulipas hasta Yucatán, y en la vertiente del pacífico, desde Sinaloa hasta Chiapas. Fuera de México se localiza, desde Belice hasta Costa Rica.

Ambiente
Se le encuentra principalmente en bosques húmedos de alturas intermedias, de 30 a 1300 , cuya precipitación varía  de 1800 a 2000 mm anuales y una temperatura media anual de 24 °C. Es una especie que prefiere suelos  ácidos, con un pH de hasta 4.5.

Estado de conservación
Es una planta utilizada tradicionalmente en el sureste mexicano para tratar diferentes enfermedades, como; diarrea, reuma, dolor de cabeza, pasmo. Recientemente se llevó a cabo un estudio científico para evaluar extracto hexánico de esta especie y cuyo resultado es interesante, ya que se encontró que el extracto es antibacteriano y no mutagénico, propiedad que lo convierte en una especie potencial para la generación de antibióticos.  Es una especie que no se encuentra bajo alguna categoría de protección  en México, de acuerdo a la NOM-059- ECOL- SEMARNAT- 2010.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 http:// www.crbio.cr:8080/neoportal-web/species/Zanthoxylum%20caribaeum http://www.medicinatradicionalmexicana.unam.mx/termino.php?l=3&id=7498
 www.bios.conabio.gob.mx/especies/6079026

 Enciclovida tiene un artículo sobre Zanthoxylum caribaeum
 Naturalista.

caribaeum

Zanthoxylum caribaeum


Cat's eye and other variations may refer to:

Nature
 Cat's Eye Nebula, a planetary nebula

Biology
 Cat's eye, the visual organ of a cat; see cat senses
 Cat eye snail (Turbo castanea), or other species from the genus Turbo
 Cat's eye snail (Lunella smaragdus), a sea snail endemic to New Zealand
 Cat eye syndrome, a symptom of 'trisomy 22'

Mineralogy and gemology
 Cymophane, sometimes called "cat's eye"; a variety of the mineral chrysoberyl
 Cat's eye effect, or chatoyancy, the reflective property of certain gems

Arts and entertainment

Literature
 Cat's Eye (novel), a 1988 novel by Margaret Atwood
 Catseye (novel), a 1961 science fiction novel by Andre Norton
 Catseye (comics), Sharon Smith, a character from Marvel Comics
 Cat's Eye (manga), a 1981 Japanese manga about three cat burglar sisters

Film and TV
 Cat's Eye (1985 film), a film based on works by Stephen King
 Cat's Eye (1997 film), a live-action feature film based on the manga and anime
 C.A.T.S. Eyes, a UK television series
 "Cat's Eyes", a Series C episode of the television series QI (2005)

Music
 Cat's Eyes (band), a UK alternative pop duo
 "Cat's Eye" (song), a 1983 song by Anri, later covered by MAX

Products
 Cat eye glasses, a style of horn-rimmed glasses designed for women
 Cat's eye (toy), a kind of toy marble
 Cat's Eye (cocktail), a gin-based cocktail
 Cat's eye (road), a type of road marker using retroreflectors
 Cat eye tube, an electron tube used as a visual indicator

Other uses
 CatEye Inc., a Japanese company, manufacturer of bicycle lights and reflectors

See also

 Cat (disambiguation)
 Eye (disambiguation)

Cat's eye


Nagi Matsumoto (født 4. september 2001) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Cerezo Osaka.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Nagi Matsumoto


Türksat 1B, Türkiye'nin ilk başarılı fırlatılmış ve yörüngeye oturmuş uydusu olup 1994-2006 yılları arasında aktif hizmet vermiş olan TÜRKSAT A.Ş. tarafından işletilen yapay bir iletişim uydusuydu.

10 Ağustos 1994 tarihinde fırlatılmış ve 1994 yılında hizmete girmiştir. Üretimi Alcatel Alenia Space Industries tarafından yapılmıştır. 16 Ku transponder; 6 geniş bant 72 MHz ve 10 dar bant 36 MHz'lik iletişim özelliklerine sahiptir.Türkiye, Avrupa, Orta Asya'yı kapsama alanına almaktadır.12 yıllık görevinin ardından 2006 yılında, 31.3° Doğu boylamındaki görevi sona ermiştir.

Kaynakça

1B

Türksat 1B


Sir Peter Frank Hannibal Emery (27 February 1926 – 9 December 2004) was a British Conservative Party politician.

Early life
Emery was born in London, but was evacuated to the United States during World War II. He was educated at Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School in New Jersey, graduating in 1943, before serving with the Royal Air Force. He attended Oriel College, Oxford. While at Oriel he founded the political group United Europe with Edward Boyle, Peter Kirk, and Dick Taverne. He was librarian of the Oxford Union.

Emery was a councillor on Hornsey Borough Council, chairing the housing committee. He was a school governor and a member of the executive committee of the London Municipal Society.

Parliamentary career
He stood for Parliament without success in Poplar at the 1951 general election and Lincoln. He first gained a seat in parliament at the 1959 general election, when he famously ousted trade unionist Ian Mikardo—of whose union Emery was a member—from his Reading seat. He became a founding member of the Bow Group. In the 1964 general election, his majority was just 10 votes.

After being defeated in Reading in the 1966 general election, Emery returned the following year by winning a by-election in Honiton. He represented that seat and its successor East Devon until stepping down at the 2001 general election, having served 40 years in Parliament. He was made a Privy Counsellor in 1993.

Emery spent most of his long political career as a backbencher, although he did serve as a junior Energy minister under Edward Heath, which included oversight of the notorious three day week and, during his final term, served as treasurer of the powerful 1922 committee. Emery was a freemason.

References

External links

1926 births
2004 deaths
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Reading
Councillors in Greater London
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford
Members of the Bow Group
UK MPs 1959–1964
UK MPs 1964–1966
UK MPs 1966–1970
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
Knights Bachelor
School governors
Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School alumni
Freemasons of the United Grand Lodge of England
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Honiton
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for East Devon
Royal Air Force personnel
Military personnel from London

Peter Emery


Cajari es un municipio brasileño del estado del Maranhão.
Se localiza en el estado del Maranhão a 200 km de la capital Sao Luís, tiene una población de 13.203 habitantes y un área territorial de 544.050 km.
Situada en los márgenes del río Maracú, esta pequeña ciudad, fundada en 1948 con el nombre de Villa Barro Rojo.?id=27 Cultura popular</ref>.

Su población estimada en 2004 era de 12.064 habitantes. Es atravesada por el río Maracú, principal puerta para el turismo local.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Maranhão

Cajari


Jessica Salazar (Guadalajara, 21 de septiembre de 1995) es una ciclista de pista mexicana. Actualmente posee el récord del mundo en la prueba de 500 metros contrarreloj.

Palmarés
2015
 Campeonato Panamericano de Ciclismo en Pista
  Oro en 500 metros contrarreloj
  Oro en Velocidad individual
  Plata en Velocidad por equipos (junto con Luz Gaxiola)
  Bronce en Keirin2016
 Campeonato Panamericano de Ciclismo en Pista
  Oro en 500 metros contrarreloj (Récord del mundo)
  Oro en Velocidad individual
  Oro en Velocidad por equipos (junto con Yuli Verdugo)

2017
 Campeonato Panamericano de Ciclismo en Pista
  Oro en 500 metros contrarreloj 2018
 Campeonato Panamericano de Ciclismo en Pista
  Oro en 500 metros contrarreloj
  Oro en Velocidad por equipos (junto con Daniela Gaxiola)
  Plata en Velocidad individual

 Juegos Centroamericanos y del Caribe
  Oro en 500 metros contrarreloj
  Oro en Velocidad individual
  Oro en Keirin

2019
 Campeonato Panamericano de Ciclismo en Pista
  Oro en 500 metros contrarreloj
  Plata en Velocidad por equipos (junto con Yuli Verdugo)

 Juegos Panamericanos
  Oro en Velocidad por equipos (junto con Daniela Gaxiola)2020
 Campeonato Mundial de Ciclismo en Pista
  Plata en 500 metros contrarreloj

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Nacidos en Guadalajara (México)
Ciclistas de pista de México
Premio Nacional del Deporte (México)
Deportistas de México en los Juegos Olímpicos de Tokio 2020

Jessica Salazar


Somnologia este studiul științific al somnului. Acesta include studiul clinic și tratamentul tulburărilor de somn. Medicina somnului este o ramură a somnologiei.

Istorie
După inventarea EEG, etapele de somn au fost determinate în anul 1936 de către Harvey și Loomis, primele descrieri ale undelor delta și theta au fost făcute de către Walter și Dovey, iar somnul REM a fost descoperit în 1953. Apneea în somn a fost identificată în 1965. În 1970, primul laborator clinic pentru somn a fost dezvoltat la Stanford. Primul aparat pentru actigrafie a fost realizat în 1978 de către Krupke, iar terapia presiunii pozitive continue a căilor respiratorii și uvulopalatofaringoplastia au fost create în 1981.

Comisia de Examinare de Asociere de Tulburari de Somn Centre, care este acum al Academiei Americane de Medicina Somnului, a fost înființată în 1978 și administrat de somn administrare test de până în 1990. În 1989, Consiliul American de Medicina Somnului a fost creat pentru a administra teste și în cele din urmă a preluat toate atribuțiile comisiei de Examinare, în 1991. În Statele Unite ale americii, Consiliul American de Medicina Somnului granturi de certificare pentru medicina somnului la atât medicii, cât și non-medici. Cu toate acestea, consiliul nu permite practicarea medicinei somnului fără o licență medicală.

Clasificarea Internațională a Tulburărilor de Somn
Creată în 1990 de către Academia Americana de Medicina a Somnului (cu asistență din partea European Sleep Research Society, Societatea Japoneză de Cercetarea a Somnului, și Societatea Latino-Americană a Somnului), Clasificarea Internațională a Tulburărilor de Somn este referință primară pentru oamenii de știință și diagnosticieni. Tulburările de somn sunt împărțite în patru categorii distincte: parasomnii; disomnii; tulburări de somn asociate cu tulburări mentale, neurologice sau alte condiții medicale; tulburări de somn pentru care nu există suficiente date disponibile pentru a fi considerate definitiv ca tulburări de somn. CITS (engleză:International Classification of Sleep Disorders - ICSD) a creat o descriere cuprinzătoare pentru fiecare tulburare de somn cu următoarele informații.

 Cuvinte sinonime și cuvinte cheie – Această secțiune descrie termenii și expresiile folosite pentru a descrie boala și, de asemenea, include o explicație privind numele preferat al tulburării, atunci când este cazul.
 Caracteristici esențiale – Această secțiune descrie principalele simptome și caracteristici ale tulburării.
 Caracteristici asociate  – Această secțiune descrie caracteristicile care apar de multe ori, dar nu întotdeauna prezente. În plus, sunt listate aici complicațiile care sunt cauzate în mod direct de tulburare.
 Curs – Această secțiune descrie evoluția clinică și rezultatul unei tulburări netratate.
 Factori care predispun – Această secțiune descrie factorii interni și externi care cresc șansele ca un pacient să dezvolte tulburarea de somn.
 Prevalența – Această secțiune descrie, dacă este cunoscută, proporția în care oamenii au sau au avut această tulburare.
 Vârsta de debut – Această secțiune descrie intervalul de vârstă a apariției pentru prima dată a caracteristicilor clinice.
 Sex ratio – Această secțiune descrie frecvența relativă a tulburării la fiecare sex.
 Patternul Familial – Această secțiune descrie dacă tulburarea este constatată printre membrii familiei.
 Patologie – Această secțiune descrie caracteristicile patologice microscopice ale tulburării. Dacă tulburarea nu este cunoscută, se descrie patologia tulburării.
 Complicații – Această secțiune descrie orice eventuale afecțiuni sau complicații care pot apărea din cauza bolii.
 Caracteristici polisomnografice  – Această secțiune descrie modul în care tulburarea la polisomnograf.
 Alte caracteristici de laborator  - Această secțiune descrie alte probe de laborator, cum ar fi probele de sânge și imagistica creierului.
 Diagnostic diferențial – Această secțiune descrie afecțiuni cu simptome similare.
 Criterii de diagnostic – Această secțiune are criterii stabilirii unui diagnostic clar.
 Criterii minime – Această secțiune este folosită pentru de practica clinică generală și este folosită pentru a face un diagnostic provizoriu.
 Criterii de severitate  – Această secțiune are o clasificare tripartită în "ușoară", "moderată" și "severă" și descrie, de asemenea, criteriile de severitate.
 Criterii ale duratei – Această secțiune va permite unui medic să determine cât de mult a fost prezentă o tulburare  și să separe duratele în "acută", "subacută" și "cronică''.
 Bibliografie – Această secțiune conține referințe.

Instrumente de diagnosticare
Somnologiștii folosesc diferite instrumente de diagnosticare pentru a determina natura tulburării de somn sau. Unele dintre aceste instrumente pot fi subiective, cum ar fi  jurnalele de somn sau chestionarul de somn. Alte instrumente de diagnosticare sunt utilizate, în timp ce pacientul este adormit, cum ar fi polisomnograful și actigrafia.

Jurnalele de somn
Un jurnal de somn este un jurnal de zi cu zi ținut de către pacient, care conține informații despre calitatea și cantitatea de somn. Informațiile includ debutul somnului, timpul de latență a somnului, numărul de treziri pe noapte, timpul în pat, dormitul în timpul zilei, evaluarea calitatea somnului, utilizarea agenți hipnotici, consumul de alcool și de țigări și evenimente neobișnuite care pot influența somnul unei persoane. Un astfel de jurnal este, de obicei, realizat timp de una sau două săptămâni înainte de a vizita un somnologist. Jurnalul de somn poate fi folosit în combinație cu actigrafia.

Chestionarele de somn
Chestionarele de somn  ajută la determinarea prezenței unei tulburări de somn punând pacientul să completeze un chestionar despre un anumit aspect al somnului, cum ar fi somnolența în timpul zilei. Aceste chestionare includ Scala de Somnolență Epworth, Scala de Somnolență Stanford și  Chestionarul Timingului Somnului.

Scala de Somnolență Epworth
Măsoară apetența generală pentru somn  și cere pacientului să-și evalueze șansele de a dormita în opt situații diferite.

Scala de Somnolență Stanford
Aceasta cere pacientului să noteze percepția lor a somnolenței, prin utilizarea unui test în șapte puncte.

Chestionarul Timingului Somnului
Acesta este o autotestare de 10 minute care poate fi folosită în loc unui  jurnal de somn de 2 săptămâni. Chestionarul poate determina parametri ai somnului, cum ar fi ora de culcare, ora trezirii, latența somnului și trezirea după debutul somnului.

Actigrafia
Actigrafia poate evalua patternurile de somn/veghe fără laborator. Monitoarele sunt mici, de purtat la încheietura mâinii, care pot înregistra activitatea până la câteva săptămâni. Somuln și veghea sunt determinate prin utilizarea unui algoritm care analizează mișcarea pacientului, mersul la culcare și momentele de trezire dintr-un jurnal de somn.

Examenul fizic
Un examen fizic poate determina prezența altor condiții medicale care pot provoca o tulburare de somn.

Polisomnografia
Polisomnografia implică o monitorizare continuă a mai multor variabile fiziologice în timpul somnului. Aceste variabile includ electroencefalograful, electrooculografia, electromiografia și electrocardiografia, precum și fluxul de aer, oxigenarea, ventilația și măsurătorile respective. Electroencefalograful măsoară tensiunea activității neuronale a somelor și dendritelor în cortex, electro-oculografia măsoară potențialul între cornee și retină, electromiografia este folosită pentru a identifica somnul REM prin măsurarea potențialului electric al musculaturii scheletice, iar electrocardiografia măsoară pulsul și ritmul cardiac. Este important să subliniem faptul că EEG, în special, se referă întotdeauna la un colectiv de neuroni de care emit semnalul electric, întrucât echipamentul EEG  nu este suficient de sensibil pentru a măsura semnalul electric al unui singur neuron.

Măsurători ale circulației aerului
Măsurarea debitului de aer poate fi folosită pentru a  a determina indirect prezența unei apnee; măsurătorile sunt făcute de un pneumotahograf, de presiunea nazală, de senzori termici, și de dioxidul de carbon expirat. Pneumotahograful măsoară diferența de presiune între inhalare și expirație, presiunea nazală poate ajuta la determinarea prezenței circulației aerului similar cu pneumotahograful, senzorii termici detectează diferența de temperatură între aerul inhalat și aerul expirat, iar monitorizarea dioxidului de carbon expirat detectează diferența de dioxid de carbon între aerul inhalat și cel expirat.

Măsurarea oxigenării și ventilării
Monitorizarea oxigenării și ventilației este importantă în evaluarea tulburărilor de respirație legate de somn. Cu toate acestea, deoarece valorile oxigenului  se pot schimba de multe ori în timpul somnului,  se repetă măsurătorile pentru a asigura acuratețe. Măsurătorile directe ale tensiunii arteriale a oxigenului oferă doar o parte mică a întregului, iar măsurătorile repetate prin proceduri invazive, cum ar fi prelevarea de probe de sânge arterial pentru conținutul de oxigen, vor deranja pacientul în somn; prin urmare, metodele neinvazive sunt preferate, cum ar fi oximetria pulsului, monitorizarea transcutanată a oxigenului, monitorizarea transcutanată a dioxidului de carbon și timpul de tranzit al pulsului.

Oximetria pulsului măsoară oxigenarea capilarelor periferice  (cum ar fi la degete); cu toate acestea, un articol scris de Bohning afirmă că oximetria pulsului poate fi imprecisă în diagnosticarea apneelor în somn, din cauza diferențelor de prelucrare a semnalului în dispozitive.

Monitorizarea transcutanată a oxigenului și a dioxidului de carbon măsoară tensiunea pe suprafața pielii a oxigenului și a dioxidului de carbon, iar timpul de tranzit al pulsului măsoară timpul de transmisie a undei tranzitului de puls arterial. În această privință, timpul de tranzit al pulsului crește atunci la trezirea din somn, făcându-l util în determinarea apneei de somn.

Sforăitul
Sforăitul poate fi detectat de un microfon și poate fi un simptom de apnee de somn obstructivă.

Testul multiplu al latenței somnului
Testul multiplu al latenței somnului (engleză: Multiple Sleep Latency Test, MSLT) măsoară tendința fiziologică a unei persoane de a adormi în timpul unei perioade de liniște în termeni de latență a somnului, cantitatea de timp necesară pentru cineva. O MSLT este efectuată în mod normal după o polisomnografie nocturnă pentru a asigura atât un nivel adecvat de durată de somn cât și pentru a exclude alte tulburări de somn.

Testul menținerii stării de veghe
Testul menținerii stării de veghe (Maintenance of Wakefulness Test, MWT) măsoară capacitatea unei persoane de a sta treaz pentru o anumită perioadă de timp, în esență măsoară timpul cât se poate sta treaz în timpul zilei. Testul izolează o persoană de factorii care pot influența somnul, cum ar fi temperatura, lumina și zgomotul. În plus, pacientului, de asemenea, i se sugerează să nu ia hipnotice sau alcool sau să fumeze înainte sau în timpul testului. După ce se permite pacientului să se întindă în pat, timpul dintre momentul culcării și cel al adormirii este măsurat și utilizată pentru a determina somnolența în timpul zilei.

Tratamente
Deși somnologia nu înseamnă neapărat medicina somnului, somnologiștii pot folosi mijloace comportamentale, mecanice sau farmacologice  pentru a corecta o tulburare de somn.

Tratamente comportamentale
Tratamente comportamentale tind să fie cele mai prescrise și cele mai cost-eficiente dintre toate tratamentele; aceste tratamente includ exercițiile fizice, terapia cognitiv comportamentală, terapia de relaxare, meditația și îmbunătățirea igienei somnului. Îmbunătățirea igienei somnului include realizarea de către pacient a unui somn regulat, descurajarea pacientului a avea scurte pauze de somn în timpul zilei, sau indicarea unei poziții diferite în somn.

Tratamentele mecanice
Tratamentele mecanice sunt utilizate în principal pentru a reduce sau elimina sforăitul și pot fi invazive sau non-invazive. Procedurile chirurgicale pentru tratarea sforăitului includ tehnicile de rigidizare palatală, uvulopalatofaringoplastia și uvulectomia în timp ce procedurile non-invazive includ presiunea continuă pozitivă a căilor respiratorii, atele de avansare mandibulară și dispozitive de reținere a limbii.

Tratamentele farmacologice
Tratamentele farmacologice sunt folosite pentru a trata chimic tulburările de somn cum ar fi insomnia sau somnolența excesivă în timpul zilei. Tipurile de medicamente folosite pentru a trata tulburările de somn includ: anticonvulsivante, antinarcoleptice, medicamente antiparkinsoniene, benzodiazepine, non-benzodiazepine hipnotice, opiacee, precum și hormonul melatonină și stimulatorii receptorilor melatoninei. Anticonvulsivantele, opiaceele, și medicamentele antiparkinsoniene  sunt adesea folosite pentru a trata sindromul picioarelor neliniștite. În plus, melatonina, benzodiazepinele hipnotice, și non-benzodiazepinicele pot fi utilizate pentru a trata insomnia. În cele din urmă, anti-narcolepticele ajută la tratarea narcolepsiei și a somnolenței excesive în timpul zilei.

De un interes special sunt benzodiazepinele care reduc insomnia prin creșterea eficienței GABA. GABA scade excitabilitatea neuronilor prin creșterea pragului de excitabilitate. Benzodiazepinele provoacă o mai bună conexiune a receptorilor GABA de GABA, care permite medicamentației să inducă somnul.

În general, aceste tratamente sunt aplicate după ce tratamentul comportamental nu a reușit. Medicamentele, cum ar fi tranchilizantele, deși ele pot fi eficiente în tratarea insomniei, comportă un risc de abuz, care este motivul pentru care aceste tratamente nu sunt la prima instanță. Unele tulburări de somn, precum narcolepsia nu necesită tratament farmacologic.

Vezi și

 Sforăitul

Referințe

Științe medicale
Somn

Somnologie


HHI may refer to:

 Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications (also Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute), an organization of the Fraunhofer Society based in Berlin
 Hamburg International (ICAO code: HHI), an independent passenger airline based in Hamburg-Nord, Hamburg, Germany
 Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, an interfaculty Harvard University initiative dedicated to advancing research, practice, and policy in the field of humanitarian assistance
 Henry Henderson Institute, an educational establishment in Blantyre, Malawi
 Herfindahl–Hirschman index, a measure of the size of firms in relation to the industry they are in
 Hildesheim Hauptbahnhof (DS100 code: HHI), the main railway station for the city of Hildesheim in Lower Saxony, Germany
 Hillcrest Heights Institute, a private school located in the barangay of San Francisco, Magalang, Pampanga
 Hoia Hoia language (ISO 639-3 code: hhi), a Papuan language of Papua New Guinea
 Hopewell Highway Infrastructure, the highway unit of Hong Kong-listed conglomerate Hopewell Holdings Ltd
 Hyundai Heavy Industries, the world's largest shipbuilding company
 Wheeler Army Airfield (IATA code: HHI), a United States Army post located on O'ahu

HHI


Roger Vernon Scruton (Lincolnshire, 27. veljače 1944. – 12. siječnja 2020.), engleski je filozof i pisac, specijaliziran u filozofiji politike i estetici, poznat kao jedan od najistaknutijih predstavnika tradicijskoga konzervativizma.

Od 1982. do 2001. bio je urednikom konzervativnih političkih novina The Salisbury Review. Uz to što je autor 50 knjiga, Scruton je napisao i dva romana te dvije opere. Njegovi su najpoznatiji radovi Značenje seksualnosti (1980.), Sexual Desire (1986.), Estetika glazbe (1997.) i Kako biti konzervativac (2014.). Svoj spisateljski doprinos dao je radeći u poznatim medijima, a neki od njih su The Times, The Spectator i New Statesman.

Scruton prihvaća konzervativizam za vrijeme pariških studentskih prosvjeda u svibnju 1968., kojima je i sam bio svjedok. Bio je profesor estetike na Birkbeck Collegeu u Londonu te je nakon toga bio na povremenim akademskim položajima na Sveučilištu u Oxfordu i Sveučilištu St. Andrews. Na Ethics and Public Policy Centeru obavljao je dužnost višeg suradnika.

Proglašen je vitezom 2016. zbog "doprinosa u polju filozofije, poučavanja i javnog obrazovanja".

Izvori

Britanski filozofi
Britanski književnici

Roger Scruton


A Liga Democrática da China (chinês simplificado: 中国 民主 同盟; chinês tradicional: 中國 民主 同盟; pinyin: Zhōngguó Mínzhǔ Tóngméng) é um dos oito partidos políticos legalmente reconhecidos na República Popular da China. O partido foi fundado em 1941 com o nome de "Liga dos Grupos Políticos Democráticos", e em 1944 assumiu o atual nome de Liga Democrática Chinesa. Inicialmente formou uma coalizão de três partidos pró- democráticos e três grupos de defesa, mas alguns se uniram a Tchang Kai-shek em 1946. A Liga incluía então a Associação para a Salvação da Pátria, a Sociedade para a educação profissional e o Camponês Democrático Partido. Este partido apoiou os esforços da China durante a Segunda Guerra Sino-Japonesa, em particular. Os principais membros desse partido incluíam Liang Shuming, Fei Xiaotong, Li Huang, Zhang Junmai (Carson Chang), Huang Yanpei, Wu Han, Chu Anping e Wen Yiduo. Em 2010, o partido tinha 214.000 membros.

Ligações externas

 Site oficial Liga Democrática da China

Partidos políticos comunistas
Partidos políticos da China

Liga Democratica da China


Thomas Rune Andersen Orre, poznatiji pod umjetničkim imenom Galder (Jessheim, Norveška, 18. listopada 1976.), norveški je gitarist i pjevač. Osnivač je melodičnog black metal-sastava Old Man's Child, koji je osnovao 1993. pod pseudonimom Grusom s Tjodalvom i Jardarom. Svirao je gitaru, bas-gitaru i klavijature te je pjevao. Godine 2000. pridružio se sastavu Dimmu Borgir, u kojem svira i danas.

Također je bio gitarist skupine Dødheimsgard i svirao je na EP-u Satanic Art. Aldrahn, tadašnji član Dødheimsgarda, autor je tekstova pjesama na demoalbumu Old Man's Childa In the Shades of Life. Ima dva sina.

Diskografija
Old Man's Child
 Born of the Flickering (1996.)
 The Pagan Prosperity (1997.)
 Ill-Natured Spiritual Invasion (1998.)
 Revelation 666: The Curse of Damnation (2000.)
 In Defiance of Existence (2003.)
 Vermin (2005.)
 Slaves of the World (2009.)
Dødheimsgard
 Satanic Art (1998., EP)
Dimmu Borgir (2001. – danas)
 Puritanical Euphoric Misanthropia (2001.)
 Alive in Torment (2002., EP)
 Death Cult Armageddon (2003.)
 In Sorte Diaboli (2007.)
 Abrahadabra (2010.)
 Eonian (2018.)

Izvori

Dimmu Borgir
Norveški gitaristi heavy metala
Norveški pjevači heavy metala

Galder