خنازير البحر (الاسم العلميPhocoenidae) هي من فصيلة حيتانيات، وهي من الثدييات المائية، وهي حيوانات ترتبط بالدلافين، فتشابهها في بعض الخصائص، حيث أن كلاهما حيوانات ذهنية وتستخدم الأمواج الصوتية في التنقل، وتختلف خنازير البحر عن الدلافين بأنها ذات أنف مسطح ليس طويل، وبأنها ذات زعانف ظهرية ثلاثية، كما أنها أقصر طولًا منها فيتراوح طولها ما بين 1.5 مترًا إلى 2 متر، وتزن ما بين 50 كيلو غرام إلى 120 كيلو غرام، ولديها أسنان مختلفة الأشكال، وتتكون خنازير البحر من 6 أنواع تعيش في جميع المحيطات في العالم، فكل نوعٍ منها يعيش في مكان ما من العالم ويختلف عن بعضه البعض في خصائص ويتشابه في خصائص أخرى.

الخصائص
الطول : 1.2 - 2.25 متر وذلك حسب النوع. الوزن : 30-160 كجم.

التغذية
يختلف الغذاء الذي تتناوله خنازير البحر من نوع لآخر، ولكن أغلبها تتناول الأسماك والحبّار والأخطبوط والقشريات والعديد من الأسماك الأخرى.

السلوك
تكون خنازير البحر في شكل قطعان من 2 - 20 لكن عادة ما يتكوّن القطيع من أربعة أفراد، تحمل الأنثى لمدة 11 - 12 شهرًا، ترزق بعدها بصغير واحد، ويعتبر الصغير بالغًا بعد مرور 4 - 7 سنوات حسب النوع، وقد يمتد به العمر من 12 - 23 سنة. يعتقد بأن لخنازير البحر ذخيرة كبيرة من الأصوات بما في ذلك الطقطقة التي تستخدم في تحديد مواقع الفرائس. وهناك ستة أنواع من خنازير البحر، وتتواجد في المياه الساحلية وتدخل في بعض الأحيان إلى المرافئ ومصبّات الأنهار، وغالباً ما تسبح لمسافات بعيدة داخل الأنهار. إن خنزير البحر المسمى بحوت الدال يعتبر من أكثر خنازير البحر نشاطاً واجتماعية وهي واحدة من الكائنات البحرية التي تجذبها السفن المتحركة، وتتواجد في شمال اليابان وعلى سواحل أمريكا الشمالية. كما أن حوت خنزير البحر آكل لحوم من الطراز الأول بالرغم من أن الأنواع المختلفة لها بعض الأغذية المتباينة فمثلاً حوت خنزير البحر عديم الزعانف يفضل القشريات بينما حوت خنزير البحر الدال يتغذّى على الحبّار، أما حوت خنزير البحر الشائع (المرافي) فيتغذّى على الأسماك مثل السردين والقد. وتتكون حيتان خنازير البحر في مجموعات صغيرة وفي بعض الأحيان تحوي المجموعة الواحدة على اثنين أو 4 أعضاء فقط ويغطس الحوت منفرداً بحثاً عن فريسته حيث أنها تتغذّى بصورة عامة على الأسماك، وإذا توفر عدد كبير منها فإن الحيتان تتجمع بشكل كبير لتتغذى على هذه الوليمة. إن معظم مظاهر صيد حيتان خنازير البحر تبدو فقط بواسطة النظر والسمع للأسماك إذ أنها لا تستخدم حاسة تحديد المواقع كثيراً كما تستخدمها الدلافين. وعند الأكل يمتلئ بلعوم ومعدة حوت خنزير البحر بالفرائس لأنها تبتلع بطولها أو يتم تقسيمها إلى قطع كبيرة. تُرضِع أنثى خنزير البحر عجلها لمدة 6 - 8 أشهر فقط، أما حوت خنزير البحر الدال فإن الرضاعة تستمر لأكثر من سنتين. وعادة ما تميل الأنثى التي لها عجل إلى الانفصال عن القطيع، لكنها ربما تنضم إلى أنثى أخرى لها عجل صغير أيضاً. ويسبح عجل خنزير البحر بشكل مستقيم مباشر أمام زعنفة أمه الظهرية، وعادة ما تبقى العجول مع أمهاتها بعد أن يتم فطامها عن الرضاعة.

الموطن
يعيش خنزير البحر في المياه الساحلية حول مناطق المحيط الهادي الشمالي والمحيط الهندي الغربي وفي المياه المعتدلة شبه القطبية الجنوبية في أمريكا الجنوبية وحول جزر أوكلاند في نيوزيلندا.

مراجع

أصنوفات سماها جون إدوارد غراي
حيتانيات
خنزير البحر
كائنات باقية ظهرت خلال العصر الميوسيني

خنازير بحرية


Os eventos de ginástica foram disputados nos Jogos do Cruzeiro do Sul de 1982 em Rosário, Argentina, de 26 de novembro a 5 de dezembro de 1978.

Resumo de medalhas

Quadro de medalhas

Ginástica artística

Masculino

Feminino

Referências

Jogos do Cruzeiro do Sul de 1982
1982
Jogos Sul-Americanos

Ginástica nos Jogos Sul-Americanos de 1982


Una intersección vial hace referencia a aquellos elementos de la infraestructura vial y de transporte donde se cruzan dos o más caminos. Estas infraestructuras permiten a los usuarios el intercambio entre caminos. El cruce de caminos se puede dar con una intersección a nivel o con una intersección a desnivel. Es importante remarcar que este término también puede hacer referencia a elementos de otros sistemas de transporte, como vías férreas o ciclovías.

Terminología

Cuando se habla de intersecciones viales a nivel, es frecuente referirse con el término de acceso a la sección vial que ingresa a la zona de conflicto. La zona de conflicto es la suma de las áreas donde se interceptan las trayectorias de los diferentes posibles movimientos. Movimientos se refieren a los posibles destinos que puede elegir un vehículo entrando a la intersección. En general hay cuatro tipos de movimientos: giro a la derecha, movimiento directo, giro a la izquierda y movimiento en "U". Muy frecuentemente las intersecciones a nivel tienen carriles exclusivos de giro a la derecha o a la izquierda, con el fin de aumentar la capacidad de la intersección y para evitar el bloqueo de otros vehículos por aquellos que están en espera. Esto es conocido en España como abocinamiento porque es un ensanchamiento de la sección regular de la vía al llegar a la intersección que se asemeja a una bocina.

Intersecciones a nivel

Intersecciones controladas

Como las intersecciones llevan a que los vehículos que van circulando por diferentes accesos se puedan encontrar simultáneamente (implicando peligro de colisión), las intersecciones a nivel requieren algún tipo de control para que puedan operar de forma segura. Existen diferentes códigos y sistemas de control de intersecciones que permiten prevenir el uso simultáneo de vehículos en movimientos en conflicto. Las más frecuentes son Stop/Pare, ceda el paso y semáforo.

A continuación algunas señales que permiten definir las reglas para operar en la intersección:

Rotondas

Dentro de las intersecciones a nivel, está también la glorieta o rotonda. A diferencia de las anteriores, funciona en un movimiento circular en el que los vehículos en el interior de la rotonda tienen preferencia, con lo cual técnicamente y en condiciones normales todos los caminos o vías que llegan a la rotonda tienen la misma preferencia.

Intersecciones sin control

Existen intersecciones que no tienen ningún tipo de control. Para estas intersecciones existen algunas reglas: Dar la prioridad al primer vehículo que llega, al vehículo que llegue por la derecha (en países en que los conductores vayan por la izquierda la regla puede ser inversa, dando paso a los vehículos que vengan por la izquierda) o al vehículo que transite en una vía pavimentada (cuando se transite por una sin pavimento), estas reglas pueden cambiar de acuerdo al país o región. Estas intersecciones se encuentran exclusivamente a zonas rurales o zonas residenciales e industriales de muy bajo tráfico.

Intersecciones a desnivel (intercambiadores)

Dentro del rango de intersecciones, las intersecciones a distinto nivel son las de mayor capacidad. Se les denominan enlaces o intercambiadores. Se basan en la idea de segregar en diferentes niveles las corrientes en conflicto por medio de túneles o viaductos. Los diferentes niveles en la intersección son interconectados por medio de rampas. Estas conexiones permiten intercambios de caminos.
Este tipo de soluciones son utilizadas en vías expresas (donde no se pueden colocar semáforos) y en intersecciones que a nivel no puede prestar un buen servicio. Se debe evaluar muy bien su implementación en casos necesarios debido a las cuantiosas inversiones necesarias.

Existen decenas de posibles intersecciones a desnivel estándar. Dentro de las más frecuentes está el trébol con sus diferentes variaciones. Los tréboles son utilizados cuando el flujo por las dos vías es alto, por ejemplo el cruce de dos autopistas en donde todos los giros (derecha, directo, izquierdo y en U) por todos los accesos se permiten. De forma similar, están las intersecciones en molino y de turbina, pero estas últimas son intersecciones de 3 o más niveles, mientras que el trébol solo requiere elevar uno de los dos caminos en conflicto.

Conceptos de ingeniería

Las intersecciones viales son de especial interés dentro del estudio de la ingeniería de tránsito, por ser los puntos que generan mayores retrasos dentro de la red.

Evaluación de intersecciones

Las intersecciones son evaluadas según la calidad del servicio que estén presentando a las diferentes horas del día. Existen procedimientos estandarizados para lograr determinar el nivel de servicio que la infraestructura está presentando.
Mientras para las vías de flujo discontinuo, la velocidad permite determinar el nivel de servicio, en las intersecciones son los retrasos (medidos en minutos por acceso) o la longitud de las diferentes filas o colas (en cada acceso).

Selección del tipo de intersección

El tipo de intersección y de control en la intersección se deciden en un proceso complejo. La razón más frecuente es tráfico que sirve en el presente y servirá en el futuro. Para volúmenes de tráfico bajos, las intersecciones de prioridad (con pare, ceda el paso) son suficientes. Cuando el flujo por la vía principal es mediano, se vuelve complicado para los vehículos de las vías que atraviesan encontrar un espacio entre carros para atravesar o incorporarse. Eso lleva a que se requiera cambiar de control. Usualmente se pasa a semáforo, pero también, dependiendo de las condiciones de la geometría y del tráfico, poner una rotonda. Cuando con estos controles no se puede prestar un buen servicio en la intersección (largas filas y demoras sustanciales) se recomienda construir intersecciones a distinto nivel.

Véase también

 Ingeniería de tráfico (transporte)
 Vía pública

Referencias

Infraestructuras de transporte
Vías públicas

Intersección vial


Der Botanische Garten von Pisa wurde in den Jahren 1543 und 1544 auf Betreiben des Arztes und Botanikers Luca Ghini, der selbst nicht aus der mittelitalienischen Stadt Pisa stammte, gegründet. Ihm stand Cosimo I. de' Medici, der Großherzog der Toskana, finanziell bei. Dem Gründungsdatum nach handelt es sich um den weltweit ältesten botanischen Garten einer Universität. Da er heute jedoch nicht mehr an der ursprünglichen Stelle ist, steht dieser Rang dem botanischen Garten von Padua zu.

Der Garten wurde 1563 an eine andere Stelle versetzt, wechselte dann von 1591 bis 1595 wieder den Ort und fand definitiv in der Nähe der Piazza dei Miracoli seinen Platz. Im Garten waren damals auch das Institut für Botanik (Istituto di Botanica) und ein naturwissenschaftliches Museum.

Im Jahr 1814 wurde das Museum vom Garten getrennt. Die Anordnung der Beete und Pflanzen wurde im Laufe der Zeit öfters geändert. Im 19. Jahrhundert erreichte die Anlage einen Umfang von 148 Beeten mit 2000 Pflanzenarten. Die Fläche wurde noch im 19. Jahrhundert auf ca. 3 ha erweitert. 1984 kamen die Fakultät für Botanik und der Garten unter die Abteilung Botanik der Universität Pisa. 2006 wurde diese Abteilung aufgelöst und der Garten unter die Abteilung Biologie der Universität gestellt.

Pflanzen
Das Arboretum geht auf das 19. Jahrhundert zurück. Die zwei ältesten Bäume (Ginkgo biloba und Magnolia grandiflora) stammen aus dem Jahr 1787. Weiters gibt es eine Abteilung nach systematischen Gesichtspunkten mit 550 Arten. In einer anderen Abteilung (Orto del Mirto) findet man 140 Heilpflanzen. Als Pflanzen der Feuchtgebiete werden einige in Italien bedrohte Sumpfpflanzen gehalten. Zu nennen sind noch die Abteilung für Geophyten mit Zwiebelpflanzen sowie jene für Sukkulenten mit Kakteen, Euphorbien, Dickblattgewächsen und Agaven.

Literatur
 Garbari Fabio, Tongiorgi Tomasi Lucia, Tosi Alessandro. Il giardino dei semplici. L'orto botanico di Pisa dal XVI al XX secolo, Pacini Editore, 1991. ISBN 88-7781-058-0
 Bedini Gianni. L'Orto Botanico di Pisa. Piante, Storia, Personaggi, Ruoli / The Botanic Garden of Pisa. Plants, History, People, Roles, Edizioni Plus, 2007. ISBN 978-88-8492-483-4

Siehe auch
Liste botanischer Gärten

Weblinks
 Offizielle Webseite
 Bilder

Pisa
Pisa
Pisa
Garten in der Toskana

Botanischer Garten von Pisa


Tougher Than Love es el álbum debut de la cantante y compositora, Diana King. El álbum ingresó en el puesto #179 en la lista Billboard 200, en el puesto #85 en la lista de los Álbum R&B/Hip-Hop chart y #1 en la lista de los Reggae Albums chart.

Se lanzaron 4 singles, «Shy Guy», «Love Triangle», «Ain't Nobody» (a cover of the Rufus/Chaka Khan classic from 1983), todos con muchísmo éxito, al igual que el tema «Treat Her Like a Lady». Tema el cual años más tarde, la cantante Celine Dion incluyó en su álbum «Let's Talk About Love» a dúo con Diana King.

Lista de canciones

Enlaces externos
Sitio web oficial de Diana King

Álbumes debut de 1995
Álbumes de Estados Unidos de 1995

Tougher Than Love (álbum de Diana King)


Reijo Vilhelm Frank, né le  à Helsinki et mort le  dans cette même ville, est un chanteur finlandais connu notamment pour ses interprétations de chansons ouvrières et socialistes et qui s'est également illustré dans la chanson folklorique.

La plus connue des interprétations de Frank est probablement celle qu'il donne de la chanson pacifiste Veli, sisko, écrite par la poète Elsa Rautee après la guerre d'Espagne.

Frank a travaillé pendant 40 ans à l'atelier d'usinage Pleuna de la ville d'Helsinki, où il était installateur.

En 1982, Frank reçoit le premier prix de la culture ouvrière de la Fondation pour l'éducation du peuple et, en 2008, Reijo Frank et la présidente Tarja Halonen se voient décerner la médaille d'Ekenäs de la Fondation Éducation du peuple.

Discographie
 Talonpoikaisarmeijan lauluja (muiden kanssa, 1970, Finnlevy)
 Työväen lauluja (muiden kanssa, 1970, Finnlevy)
 Työväen lauluja 2 (muiden kanssa, 1970, Finnlevy)
 Rauha ystävyys solidaarisuus (muiden kanssa, 1973, Love Records)
 Toveruudella (1974, Love Records)
 Muistathan (1976, Love Records)
 Monella menee hyvin (1977, Love Records)
 Veli, sisko (kokoelma, 1994, Love Records)

Références

Articles connexes
 Satumaa, un tango finlandais interprété par Reijo Frank

Liens externes
 Reijo Frankin esitystuotanto Suomen äänitearkistossa (1901–1999)
 Reijo Frank dans les archives vivantes.
 Ilpo Saunio : Frère sœur tu entends les deux appels : chant de travail d'hier et d'aujourd'hui. Helsinki: Culture populaire, 1974 .

Chanteur finlandais du XXe siècle
Naissance en juillet 1931
Naissance à Helsinki
Décès en mars 2017
Décès à Helsinki
Décès à 85 ans
Socialiste

Reijo Frank


තාත්වික අභ්‍යවකාශ ගමන් පිළිබඳ තාත්වික යමක් යෝජනා කිරීමේ ගෞරවය හිමිවනුයේ "කොන්ස්තන්තියන් සියොල් කොවිස්කිටය" ඔහුගේ සුප්‍රසිද්ධ ග්‍රන්ථය වූ ප්‍රතික්‍රියමය යෙදුම් උපක්‍රමය මගින් අන්තරීක්ෂ අවකාශය ගවේෂණය කිරීම" 1903 දී ප්‍රකාශයට පත් විය. නමුත් මෙම න්‍යායාත්මක ග්‍රන්ථය රුසියාවෙන් පරිබාහිර අභ්‍යවකාශ ක්ෂේත්‍රයක් තුළට වැඩි බලපෑමක් එල්ල කළේය.

1919 දී රොබට් එච්. ගොඩාඩ් විසින් ප්‍රසිද්ධ කරන ලද "සීමාන්තික උසකරා පිවිසුමට ක්‍රමවේදයක්" නැමති පත්‍රය සමග අභ්‍යවකාශ ගමන් ඉන්ජිනේරු තාක්ෂණය අතින් සිදුවිය හැකිදෙයක් බවට පත්විය.

ද්‍රව ඉන්ධන රොකට්ටු සඳහා විසර්ජන නැසින්න පිළිබඳව වූ ඔහුගේ යෙදුම් අන්තර් ග්‍රහලෝක චාරිකා ප්‍රායෝගික කිරීමට බොහෝ සේ දායක විය. මෙම ප්‍රකාශන පත්‍රය පසුකලෙක අභ්‍යවකාශ ගමන්වල ප්‍රබල භූමිකාවක් රඟ පෑ හර්මන් ඔබර්ත්ට සහ වර්නර් වොන් බ්‍රවුන්ට බොහෝ සේ බලපෑවේය.

අභ්‍යවකාශයට පිවිසි ප්‍රථම රොකට්ටුව 1942 ඔක්තෝබර් 03 වැනි දින පරීක්ෂණ ගමනක යෙදුන ජර්මාණු V – 2 රොකට්ටුවේ මූලාකෘතියකි. පෘථිවිය වටා කක්ෂගත වූ ප්‍රථම කෘත්‍රීම චන්ද්‍රිකාව වූ ස්පුට්නික් -1 චන්ද්‍රිකාව සෝවියට් රුසියාව විසින් 1957 ඔක්තෝබර් 04 වැනි දින ගුවන්ගත කරන ලදී.

ප්‍රථම මනුෂ්‍ය අභ්‍යවකාශ ගමන වොස්ටෝක් -1 විය . 1961 අප්‍රේල් 12 වැනි දින ගුවන් ගත කෙරුණු මෙම යානය මගින් රුසියානු ගගනගාමී යූරි ගගාරින් පෘථිවිය වට‍ා  එක් වටයක් ගමන් ගත්තේය.

තවමත් අභ්‍යවකාශයට පිවිසීමට යොදා ගන්නා ප්‍රායෝගික ක්‍රමවේදය රොකට්ටුවයි. කෙටිදුර ඉහිලුම් ජෙට්යානා වැනි අනෙක් තාක්ෂණයන් තවමත් ඊට පියවර ගණනක් පසුපසින් සිටී.

තාරකා විද්‍යාව

අභ්‍යවකාශ ගමන්වල ඉතිහාසය


The flag of Saint Lucia consists of a cerulean blue field charged with a yellow triangle in front of a white-edged black isosceles triangle. Adopted in 1967 to replace the British Blue Ensign defaced with the arms of the colony, it has been the flag of Saint Lucia since the country became an associated state of the United Kingdom that year. Although the overall design of the flag has remained unchanged, specific aspects of it have been altered over the years.

History
The French colonised Saint Lucia in 1635 and subsequently signed a treaty with the local indigenous population 25 years later in 1660. However, the British vied for control with the French, and the island frequently switched hands between the two powers. This continued until 1814, when the Treaty of Paris was signed that saw France permanently relinquish Saint Lucia to the British, and it became a crown colony of the United Kingdom within its colonial empire in that same year. During this colonial period of French and British rule, Saint Lucia did not have its own unique colonial flag.

The British finally granted Saint Lucia its own unique coat of arms in August 1939. The escutcheon consisted of a black shield featuring two sticks of bamboo forming a cross, with two Tudor roses symbolising England and two fleurs-de-lis symbolising France occupying the four quadrants. This emblem was utilised to deface the British Blue Ensign in order to form the territory's flag.

The island became part of the West Indies Federation from 1958 to 1962. However, this political union turned out to be unsuccessful, and on 1 March 1967 – five years after the federation was dissolved – Saint Lucia became an Associated State. This gave the territory full control over domestic matters, while Britain retained responsibility for the island's foreign affairs and defence. The territory's new flag, which was designed by native Saint Lucian artist Dunstan St Omer, was adopted on that same day. When Saint Lucia became an independent country on 22 February 1979, the overall design of the flag from twelve years before remained unchanged, but the blue colour's shade and the triangles' sizes were modified marginally. Despite the fact that the island already had its own distinct flag by the time it became a sovereign state, the Union Jack was still lowered for the final time at the official ceremony marking independence.

Design

The colours and symbols of the flag carry cultural, political, and regional meanings. The blue epitomises the sky and the sea, specifically the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea which encircle the country. The black and white allude to the harmonious relationship between the black and white races. The yellow symbolises the sunshine, as well as prosperity. The triangles represent the Pitons, which are twin volcanic cones located in the southwest part of the island and unity; Gros Piton and Petit Piton are a national symbol of Saint Lucia.

Historical flags

References

External links

  Code of Etiquette for the use of the National Flag of Saint Lucia
 The Flag of Saint Lucia information from the Government of Saint Lucia
 Saint Lucia Flag at World Flags 101

Flags introduced in 1967
Flag
National flags

Flag of Saint Lucia


Lars Georg Rabenius (født 18. januar 1771, død 23. juli 1846) var en svensk retslærd og nationaløkonom. Han var søn af Olof Ingelsson Rabenius og far til Theodor Rabenius.

Rabenius blev student 1783, magister i filosofi 1791, cand. jur. 1792 og lic. jur. 1800. Han var 1807—37 professor i Uppsala. Foruden en del akademiske programmer og lignende — Observattiones Historiam Ziguenorum illustrantes (1791), Officium parentale etc. til Axel Fersens minde (1811), Åminnelse-tal öfver Matthias Calonius (1817) — skrev Rabenius Lärobok i svenska Kameral-lagfarenheten (1825, 2. oplag 1832), Lärobok i National-Ekonomien (1829), Lärobok i svenska Kyrko-Lagfarenheten, som med et digt tilegnedes Frans Michael Franzén (1836). Rabenius var medlem av straffelovskommissionen, men hans udkast tilfredsstillede ikke denne, hvad der havde hans udtrædelse deraf til følge.

Kilder

Jurister fra Sverige
Nationaløkonomer
Ansatte ved Uppsala Universitet
Faglitterære forfattere fra Sverige
Svensksprogede forfattere fra Sverige
Svenskere i 1700-tallet
Svenskere i 1800-tallet

Lars Georg Rabenius


Nicolae Jurebiță (n. 1898, Covasna, comitatul Trei Scaune, Regatul Ungariei – d. secolul al XX-lea, Brașov) a fost comandant al Gărzii Naționale Române din Covasna în anul 1918.

Biografie
Studiile și le face la Școlile Centrale Române din Brașov.

Note

Bibliografie
 Ioan I. Șerban, Nicolae Josan, Dicționarul Personalităților Române. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Alba Iulia, 2003.

Lectură suplimentară
 Gelu Neamțu, Mircea Vaida-Voevod, 1 decembrie 1918. Mărturii ale participanților, Editura Academiei Române, 2005. (ISBN 973-27-1258-9)
 Ioan I. Șerban, Nicolae Josan, Dicționarul Personalităților Române. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Alba Iulia, 2003. (ISBN 973-8141-90-7)
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Cluj Napoca, 1998. (ISBN 973-0007-24-1)

Legături externe
 Centenarul Marii Uniri: Au fost și la Alba Iulia
 Adunarea de la Alba Iulia, organ reprezentativ și democratic al poporului român din Transilvania
 Centenar 100. Marii oameni politici ai României

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1898
Decese în secolul al XX-lea
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Români din Austro-Ungaria
Transilvăneni

Nicolae Jurebiță


The Brain Prize er en international hjerneforskningspris, der årligt uddeles af Lundbeckfonden til en eller flere forskere, der har udmærket sig ved et ekstraordinært bidrag til hjerneforskningen. Prisen er på 10 mio. danske kroner og er verdens største hjerneforskningspris. Prisen anerkender internationale, originale og indflydelsesrige fremskridt inden for alle områder af neurovidenskaben, herunder grundlæggende forskning i molekylære, cellulære, fysiologiske og farmakologiske mekanismer, undersøgelser af adfærd og kognition, fremskidt inden for teknologi til overvågning af nervesystemet og klinisk forskning om årsager, behandling og forebyggelse af neurologiske og psykiatriske lidelser.

Prismodtagerne vælges af eksperter inden for hjerneforskning, som besidder relevant og omfattende viden på området, og som er respekterede af det internationale videnskabelige samfund.

Vinderne skal efter kåringen være til rådighed for dansk hjerneforskning det efterfølgende år, således at danske hjerneforskere får mulighed for at lære af internationale topforskere.

Historie
Prisen blev første gang uddelt i 2011 med det formål at fremme interessen for hjerneforskning og stimulere dansk forskning ved at styrke samspillet med europæisk hjerneforskning og det videnskabelige grundlag for fremskidt inden for forebyggelse, diagnose og behandling af sygdomme i hjernen og nervesystemet.

Udvælgelseskomité
 Richard Morris (formand). Professor, University of Edinburgh, Storbritannien
 Story C. Landis (næstformand). Dr., Ph.D., USA
 Joseph Coyle. Professor, McLean Hospital, Harvard, USA
 Geoffrey A. Donnan. Professor og leder, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australien
 Mu-ming Poo, Professor, CAS Shanghai, China
 Ole Petter Ottersen, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
 Philip Scheltens. Professor og leder, Alzheimer Center, Nederlandene
 Irene Tracey. Professor, Oxford Universitet, John Radcliffe Hospital, Storbritannien

Prismodtagere

Noter

Hædersbevisninger fra Danmark
Etableret i 2010
Lundbeckfonden
Neurovidenskab
Videnskabspriser fra Danmark

The Brain Prize


<DIV ALIGN="justify">
El Parque Nacional Congaree (en inglés Congaree National Park) protege la mayor extensión de bosque primario templado de frondosas y de tierras bajas de tipo caducifolio que queda en los Estados Unidos. Ubicado en Carolina del Sur, el parque nacional de 89 km² recibió esta designación en 2003 como culminación de una campaña de base comenzada en 1969. Los exuberantes árboles que crecen en este bosque de terrenos aluviales están entre los más altos del este de Estados Unidos y forman uno de los más altos doseles boscosos templados caducifolios que quedan en el mundo. El río Congaree fluye a través del parque del que 60,7 km² (el 57%) son, además, área salvaje nacional.

Historia del parque
El Sierra Club lanzó en 1969 una campaña popular para salvar esta área de bosque primario de propietarios privados interesados en los relativamente altos precios de la madera. El resultado de esta campaña fue el establecimiento por el Congreso del Monumento Nacional del pantano Congaree el 18 de octubre de 1976. El monumento nacional se convirtió en Reserva de la Biosfera el 30 de junio de 1983 y casi dos tercios del monumento nacional fueron nombrados área salvaje el 24 de octubre de 1988, además de ser designado área importante para las aves (Globally Important Bird Areas) por American Bird Conservancy el 26 de julio de 2001.  El Congreso cambió la designación del lugar de monumento al parque nacional Congaree el 10 de noviembre de 2003 y al mismo tiempo expandió sus límites unos 18,52 km². Aproximadamente 105,3 km² del parque eran de propiedad federal en agosto de 2011.

Medio ambiente

El parque protege una parte importante de la ecorregión de Bosque Costero del Atlántico Medio.

Atractivos y servicios
Además de ser un Área Salvaje designada, una Reserva de la Biosfera, un Área Importante para las Aves a nivel global y un Monumento Natural Nacional, el parque nacional Congaree dispone de lugares de acampada y ofrece senderismo, piragüismo, descenso con kayak y observación de aves. El ciprés de los pantanos es común en el parque. Es posible ver grandes animales en el parque como linces rojos, cérvidos, cerdos salvajes, perros asilvestrados, coyotes, armadillos y pavos. Sus aguas contienen criaturas interesantes como anfibios, tortugas, serpientes, aligatores y muchos tipos de peces que incluyen bowfins, lubinas negras, centrárquidos y peces gato. Es posible acampar en zonas habilitadas o de manera particular con material propio.

Algunos de los caminos para senderismo incluyen Bluff Trail (1,12 km.), Weston Lake Loop Trail (7,4 km.) Oakridge Trail (12 km.) y King Snake Trail (17,86 km) donde los senderistas pueden observar huellas de ciervos, mapaches, zarigüeyas e incluso linces rojos. Los rangers del Servicio de Parques Nacionales tienen información actualizada sobre el estado de los caminos que puede ser consultada en el centro de visitantes de Harry Hampton. Además de pistas de senderismo el parque dispone de un recorrido señalizado en canoa de 32 km. en el Cedar Creek.
La mayoría de visitantes del parque escogen recorrer el Boardwalk Loop, una pasarela elevada de 3,9 km a través del entorno pantanoso que protege a la sensible vida fúngica y vegetal a nivel del suelo. Se realizan recorridos gratuitos en canoa por el pantano cada sábado y domingo. El Congaree presume de tener los pinos taeda más altos (51,4 m.) y gruesos (42 metros cúbicos) vivos hoy en día.

El Centro de Visitantes Harry Hampton ofrece presentaciones sobre la historia natural del parque y los esfuerzos por proteger el pantano.

Documentales

El canal South Carolina Educational Television (SCETV) comenzó a rodar en 2008 un documental sobre la historia del parque nacional Congaree titulado Roots in the River: The Story of Congaree National Park (Raíces en el río: La historia del parque nacional Congaree). La historia cuenta con entrevistas con personas implicadas en el movimiento que al final llevó al área a su estatus de Monumento Nacional de EE.UU. y tiene muy en cuenta el papel que juega el parque en la cercana comunidad del área del condado de Lower Richland en Carolina del Sur. El programa fue retransmitido en la cadena SCETV en septiembre de 2009.

Véase también
 Parques nacionales de Estados Unidos

Referencias

 The National Parks: Index 2001–2003. Washington: Departamento del Interior de los Estados Unidos.(en inglés)

Enlaces externos

 Página web oficial
 Amigos del pantano Congaree
 Página en Wilderness.net sobre el parque
 Foto panorámica de la muestra en Centro de Visitantes Harry
 Artículo sobre el pantano Congaree y los esfuerzos para protegerlo

Reservas de la biosfera de Estados Unidos
Parques nacionales de Carolina del Sur
Áreas protegidas establecidas en 1976
Áreas protegidas establecidas en 2003
Estados Unidos en 2003

Parque nacional Congaree


Jean-Marie Nicolas Fréteau de La Thiaudière est un médecin français né le  à Messac et mort le  à Nantes.

Biographie
D'une famille de Lavau-sur-Loire, Jean-Marie Nicolas Fréteau est le fils de Jean Fréteau (Frétaud), avocat au parlement de Bretagne, procureur fiscal du marquisat de Bain et de La Marzellière, et de Marguerite Françoise Levieil. Marié avec Marie Ursule Bourdier, il est le beau-père du colonel .

Après ses études à Paris, reçu docteur en médecine, il s'établit à Nantes comme chirurgie et médecine, où il se fait une réputation pour la cure des plaies invétérées et dans l'art des accouchements. Il se consacre également à l'étude les moyens propres à corriger les difformités du corps.

Durant la Révolution, il sert dans l'armée avec le grade chirurgien-major.

Il est président de la Société académique du département de la Loire-Inférieure en 1815 puis de 1818 à 1820.

Publications

 Mémoire sur les moyens de guérir facilement et sans danger les vieux ulcères des jambes, même chez les vieillards, Paris, 1805
 Considérations pratiques sur le traitement de la gonorrhée virulente, etc., 1813, in-8
 Traité élémentaire sur l'emploi légitime et méthodique des émissions sanguines dans l'art de guérir, avec application des principes à chaque maladie, Paris, 1816, in-8 (Couronné par la Société de médecine de Paris)

Notes et références

Annexes

Sources
Dechambre, Amédée (dir.) - Dictionnaire encyclopédique des sciences médicales / [publ. sous la] dir. de M. A. Dechambre . - série 4, tome 6, FRAN - GAST. - Paris : G. Masson : P. Asselin - 1880
Léonard, Jacques (1935-1988) - Les médecins de l'ouest de la France au XIXe siècle. Les Officiers de santé de la Marine française de 1814 à 1835. Papiers scientifiques de Jacques Léonard (1935-1988) - 1969
Jules Roger, Les médecins bretons du XVIe au XXe siècle : biographie et bibliographie, 1900. p. 22-23

Liens externes

Naissance en mars 1767
Médecin français du XVIIIe siècle
Médecin français du XIXe siècle
Membre de la société académique de Nantes et de Loire-Atlantique
Décès en mars 1823
Décès à Nantes
Naissance dans la province de Bretagne
Chirurgien français
Médecin militaire français
Étudiant de la faculté de médecine de Paris
Médecin lié à Nantes

Jean-Marie Nicolas Fréteau


الرُّكام الجليدي طين وأحجار تحملها المثلجات، وتترسب عندما يذوب الثلج. والركام الجليدي يعني أيضًا طبقة من هذه المواد في نهر ثلجي، أو على سطحه، أو كومة غير مستوية من هذه المواد تترسب على حافة الثلج الذائب. وعلى كُلٍّ من جانبي النهر الثلجي، في الوديان التي تقع بين الجبال، توجد قطع من الأحجار التي تدحرجت على الثلوج من منحدرات قريبة. وتُكوِّن هذه القطع الركام الجليدي.

وعندما يتّحد نهران ثلجيان جبليان، فإنهما يكوِّنان نهرًا ثلجيًا. وتتحد الركامات الجليدية الجانبية لتصير ركامًا جليديًا أوسط في وسط النهر الثلجي المُركّب وعلى امتداده، وعندما تبقى الواجهة الثلجية للنهر الثلجي الجبلي، أو المساحة الثلجية القارية ثابتة مستقرة، فإن الثلج المنصهر يُخلِّف صخورًا يحملها النهر الثلجي.

معرض صور

مراجع

تسلق جبال
تضاريس جليدية
رواسب
علم الجليد
مسطحات جليدية
علم شكل الأرض

ركام جليدي


Se også Rolls-Royce Phantom for andre modeller med samme navn
Rolls-Royce Phantom II er en bilmodel fra britiske Rolls-Royce som blev lanceret i 1929. Modellen erstattede Phantom I.

Litteratur
 G.N. Georgano: The Classic Rolls-Royce (1985)
 Jonathan Wood: The Rolls-Royce (2003)

Eksterne henvisninger

2

Rolls-Royce Phantom II


Die Auhagener Schier ist ein Naturschutzgebiet in der niedersächsischen Gemeinde Auhagen im Landkreis Schaumburg.

Das Naturschutzgebiet mit dem Kennzeichen NSG HA 037 ist 14 Hektar groß. Es liegt etwa zwischen Auhagen und Hagenburg und stellt einen älteren und mäßig feuchten Eichen-Hainbuchenwald unter Schutz, in dem sich eine Graureiherkolonie befindet. Das Waldgebiet verfügt über eine artenreiche Krautschicht und einen gut ausgeprägten Waldmantel.

Das Naturschutzgebiet ist von landwirtschaftlichen Nutzflächen umgeben, die teilweise in das Naturschutzgebiet mit einbezogen sind. Im Osten grenzt es an die Landesstraße 445.

Das Gebiet steht seit dem 13. April 1972 unter Naturschutz. Zuständige untere Naturschutzbehörde ist der Landkreis Schaumburg.

Weblinks

Naturschutzgebiet im Landkreis Schaumburg
Schutzgebiet (Umwelt- und Naturschutz) in Europa
Waldschutzgebiet in Niedersachsen
Auhagen

Auhagener Schier


Tippmann is an American manufacturer of paintball markers and paintball equipment, including military simulation (MilSim) kits. Tippmann Industrial Products, a related company manufactures manual and pneumatic heavy-duty sewing machines primarily used for leather, other leather-related equipment, and some industrial products. Originally a family-owned business run from Fort Wayne, Indiana, in 2004 Dennis Tippmann Sr. sold a majority ownership stake to Summit Partners, a private equity firm. Tippmann designed one of the first automatic markers, the use of refillable air systems in place of 12 gram cartridges, the "Cyclone Feed" system, the "Flatline" barrel, and the Tippmann C-3, the first propane-powered marker.

History
The Tippmann family, headed by Dennis Tippmann Senior, originally manufactured collectible, half-scale replica machine guns. However, a change in gun laws led to entry into the paintball market in 1986; forming the Tippmann Pneumatics Incorporated company. The company attempted to make high-performance, durable and affordable products - with the company claiming to have built the first semi-automatic and full-automatic paintball markers in the world.

In June 2004, Tippmann announced that the company had completed a financial recapitalization with private equity and venture capital firm Summit Partners. Howard Kosick joined Tippmann as its president and CEO, with both Dennis Tippman Senior and Dennis Tippmann Junior remaining on the company's Board of directors as consultants; the latter continuing with the management team in product development. Shortly afterward in 2005, the company announced a record year for increased sales of paint marker units.

The company has been credited with the development of several technologies, including the introduction of C3 with PEP Technology propane markers in 2005, and improved Anti-Chop technology in 2006 to combat paintball breakages inside the marker.

In 2010, Tippmann Sports acquired NXe, a manufacturer of soft goods for the paintball industry. The acquisition combined the industry's leading paintball marker brand with the leading soft goods brand. A full line of paintball harnesses, protective gear, tank covers, apparel, bags, pods and other miscellaneous accessories were immediately integrated into Tippmann's existing product offering.

On December 20, 2013, the acquisition of Tippmann was announced by G.I. Sportz Chairman and CEO Richmond Italia.

Current paintball markers

Tippmann M4 Carbine (TMC)

The TMC is Tippmann's MagFed Paintball Marker. It was first sold to the public in 2016 it can be magazine or hopper fed. It comes in an all black or a black and tan finish. The TMC is approximately  in weight.

Tippmann Tactical Compact Rifle (TCR)
The TCR is Tippmann's MagFed only close-quarters battle military simulation magazine fed paintball marker. The manual was published in February 2015. The TCR is first strike round ready out of the box. It can be powered by 12 gram  cartridges or by using a remote line to a larger tank. This paintball marker cannot use a hopper without being disassembled to install an adapter and must be reloaded via magazine. The TCR is about  in weight.

Cronus
The Cronus was released by Tippmann in December 2013. It comes in a "Basic" version, which includes just the marker and simple barrel. It also comes in a "Tactical" version, with a more M16-like appearance. The Tactical version features a 6-position adjustable stock, barrel shroud, forward grip, and a removable carry handle, similar to that seen on the Alpha Black Elite. It comes in a desert tan or olive green finish.

Crossover
Debuting in 2012, the Crossover is aimed at both Speedball and Recreational play. The Crossover utilizes the latest version of the FlexValve, allowing it to fire in both Electronic and Mechanical modes. Other advancements and features include integrated break beam anti-chop eyes, low pressure operation under 300 PSI allowing users to use LPA tanks and a magnetic hall effect trigger. The upper body is a solid-machined piece of aluminum and has a centered adjusting feedback to allow the use of any hopper.

Being a "hybrid" marker, the Crossover board comes with pre-installed tournament modes for semi-pro and professional speedball play. The board features multiple adjustable firing modes, including standard semi-auto, auto-response, 3-shot burst, PSP, NPPL and Millennium modes. It also has a bottom regulator with the ability to convert to a front regulator so players can easily run their own regulator. As an added bonus of having a bottom regulator, the Crossover has the ability to utilize an internal gas line to keep the marker cleaner looking on the outside.

FT-12
The FT-12 is one of Tippmann's newest paintball markers. Debuting in 2012, the FT-12 is aimed at rental and beginner use. The FT-12 uses a new body design never seen before in a Tippmann, using die-cast receivers. Splitting along the sides to open at the top, the FT-12 gives users a top-down view of the internals. The new body design can allow field owners to easily and quickly maintain their markers, with a savings of 75% in work time. The entire marker can be disassembled and reassembled in seconds, with everything coming right out the top. The FT-12 also utilizes an internal gas line, which prevents damage and leaks. The FT-12 also uses an enclosed bolt, similar to the A5, keeping dirt and debris from entering the marker through the cocking arm opening.

The FT-12 comes stock with a vertical foregrip that can be removed. The Ft-12 shares a thread similar to the 98 Custom "quick-thread" design, allowing the use of 98 Custom barrels. No other upgrades are available or compatible.

The FT-12 comes in 2 versions, a bright yellow framed rental version with rental labels riveted to the sides, and a black public version. Both generally sell for the same amount.

98 Custom Platinum
The Tippmann 98 Custom has undergone many body and internal changes, but has remained almost the same over the years since being released in 1998. Tippmann's most recent 98 model, the 98 Custom Platinum, has many of Tippmann's most recent technology changes while keeping the 98 Custom a very reliable, basic and upgradeable marker. The 98 Custom utilizes the "clamshell" body design with a split receiver for even easier access to the internals. The powertube and valve were also redesigned with a self-sealing / locking gas line to allow easier removal. The marker is flat-topped, and unlike earlier 98 Customs, comes pre-grooved to allow the use of all picatinny accessories like sights, scopes and handles right out of the box. The marker features a new finish and a textured vertical foregrip with internal locking pins to provide extra stability. Other advancements include an integrated front sight spring and a solid rear sight, to make service easier. They also started making the stock endcap with a sling mount.

ACT (Anti-Chop Technology) is featured in current versions of the 98 Custom.

Tippmann also produces upgrades for the 98 Custom including the Response Trigger, eGrip and Cyclone feed system. The 98 Custom utilizes a "quick-thread" design that allows for quick and painless installation/ removal, and can take all 98 Custom threaded barrels and Flatline systems.

Gryphon
The Gryphon is essentially the same in-line blowback internals as the 98 custom, in a low cost speedball-esque style body. It has an internal gas line, fixed center-feed neck, a top cocking knob, and a 2 finger blade trigger. Sharing the same threads as the A5 and X7 Phenom, any A5/X7 barrel can be used. It was designed to give entry-level players on a budget an easy to maintain, effective and reliable marker for the lowest price possible. Its price is comparable to many of the "no-name" guns found in department stores, however the common parts and proven design make it far more reliable and repairable, allowing for years of use. The primary drawback of the marker is its limited upgrade options, although some internal upgrades MAY be interchangeable with the 98 Custom & US Army lineups.

A-5
In appearance, the A-5 was modeled after the H&K MP5K but can be modified to look like a number of different real-world firearms. It is one of the most customizable markers on the market, with many different cosmetic and performance parts. The Tippmann A5 could easily accept standard ASA expansion chambers and regulators allowing easier performance upgrades, unlike the later X-7. Departing from previous Tippmann bodies, the A-5s hammer is completely enclosed within the clam-shell, using a separate overhead cocking mechanism. The body also incorporates a removable barrel thread adapter, allowing the marker to change its barrel threads to any major type (Spyder and Autococker being the most common).

The A-5 is a semi-automatic paintball marker. It utilizes an atypical pneumatic loader called the "Cyclone Feed" similar to the Tippmann F/As force feed. This enables the marker to have a higher rate of fire than a gravity feed without the addition of a battery-operated loader (at the cost of air efficiency). It uses a larger surface area and a series of rotating arms in a star-shaped pattern. Five balls are held between the paddles as they rotate paintballs into the firing chamber (moving 1/5 of a revolution per trigger pull). Theoretically, this system eliminates chops by positively feeding a paintball into the chamber before each shot.

The stock Cyclone is rated for a maximum of 15 balls per second. While higher rates of fire are possible, the stock mechanics are not designed to deal with the stresses this will place on them. This limitation was addressed during the creation of the X-7.

In addition to the stock semi-automatic function, the A-5 can be easily upgraded with either the Response Trigger or an Electronic Trigger by swapping out the lower grip frame, a feature introduced on the A-5.

X7 Phenom
The X7 Phenom is almost identical to the X7, with a few superficial differences, and an important internal difference. The X7 Phenom is 3 inches shorter than its X7 counterpart but still utilizes the same "clamshell" design. It also comes stock with a top Picatinny rail allowing the use of sights, scopes, and handles, and a hand-guard with top and bottom Picatinny rails. The X7 Phenom can use almost all X7 accessories and still uses the Cyclone feed system. X7 grips, however, cannot work on the X7 Phenom. The X7 supports full-auto firing with compatible E-grips.

Internally, the X7 Phenom is pioneered with Tippmann's new "Flex Valve" technology, allowing the marker to fire with under 300 PSI, making it more air/ efficient. It also allows electro versions of the X7 Phenom to fire in mechanical semi-automatic mode when the battery for the electro-pneumatic operation has been depleted. The X7 Phenom also fires noticeably quieter and with less recoil than the X7.

TPX / TiPX
The Tippmann TPX is a low-cost, high-performance paintball pistol. Eight- or seven-round magazines are inserted into the bottom of the grip like a normal pistol. The pistol features an A5/X7 threaded barrel, making it compatible with all A5/X7 barrels that are 7/8 inch in outer diameter. The TPX can also be powered on both HPA or  by an external source using an adapter or can utilize a 12 gram cartridge that is inserted into a chamber under the barrel. Similar to Tippman's other markers, the TPX utilizes the "clamshell" design and in place of metal uses a high-impact polymer to help keep down the weight.

The Tippmann TiPX is the second generation of the pistol. The second generation mostly included fixes to the valve and regulator, and also combined them both into one solid piece. The Tru-Feed magazine was also introduced to correct misfeeding that the 8-round magazines would occasionally have. Tippmann has been known to send owners of the TPX new TiPX internals in trade for the old ones, and also trade in the old 8-round magazines for the 7-round Tru-Feed magazines.

Accessories for the pistol include the Remote Line Adapter kit, which allows users to use an external continuous air source like HPA or . Tippmann's Hammerhead barrels will also fit, and they sell leg holsters and spare magazines compatible with the pistol.

U.S. ARMY Line
The U.S. ARMY line of paintball markers is produced by Tippmann in partnership and licensed under the U.S. ARMY name.

Alpha Black Elite
The Alpha Black Elite (Bravo One outside the US) is a blowback design modeled after the 98 Custom, using "clamshell" body halves. In 2013, the Alpha Black was re-designed to use body halves similar to that of the "Project Salvo", but retaining its M16 look. With the redesign, Tippmann added on their removable M16 carry handle, and re-designed the handguard to feature a Picatinny rail to allow the use of foregrips.

The Alpha Black Elite still has 3 variants similar to that of the Alpha Black. The Alpha Black Elite, consisting of just the marker and its accessories. The Alpha Black Elite Powerpack, consisting of the marker, and a beginners kit made of a mask,   tank and hopper. And the Alpha Black Elite with E-Grip which is the same as the "Alpha Black Elite" but with added E-Grip internals.

Project Salvo
The Project Salvo (Sierra One outside the US) is a blowback design similar to the 98 Custom using "clamshell" body halves molded to resemble the AR-15. To date, there is only 1 version of the Project Salvo being sold by Tippmann. The Project Salvo comes with an AR-15 styled handguard with 4 picatinny rails. It also comes with a 6-position collapsible stock that also folds to the right of the marker. The entire top of the marker is flat-topped and is also grooved to work as a picatinny rail, allowing the use of sights and scopes and also handles.

Tippmann also produces upgrades for the Project Salvo including the Response Trigger, eGrip and Cyclone feed system. The Project Salvo utilizes the same "quick-thread" design that the 98 Custom uses so 98 Custom Flatline and barrel upgrades can be used.

Carver One
The Carver One (Tango One outside the US) is a blowback design similar to the 98 Custom using "clamshell" body halves molded to resemble the M4. It also has three small picatinny rails toward the front to allow the use of flashlights, foregrips and bipods, as well as a picatinny rail along the top to allow the use of sights, scopes and handles. To date, there are 3 versions of the Carver One being sold by Tippmann. The "basic" version comes with only the Carver One. The "Carver One PowerPack" version comes with the Carver One, and like the Alpha Black PowerPack, the Carver One also comes with a   tank, a 200-round gravity hopper and the TP420 goggle system. The "Carver One + eGrip" version comes with the basic Carver One with the eGrip internals installed.

As of 2012, Tippmann has started including a vertical foregrip with the Carver One on all of its versions.

The Carver One utilizes the same "quick-thread" design that the 98 Custom uses so 98 Custom barrel upgrades can be used. Because of the body design, the Cyclone feed system and Flatline systems cannot be used on the Carver One.

Additional Equipment and Technologies

A.C.T.
Tippmann recently introduced a feature known as A.C.T. (Anti-Chop Technology), which is a mechanical system integrated into the bolt system to reduce the chance of jams due to misfed paintballs. In the 98 Custom and Custom Pro markers, the hammer has a deep groove that the linkage arm sits in, along with the ACT spring to keep it in position (there is also a small hole to insert the linkage arm into if the user chooses not to use the ACT function). If a paintball is incorrectly fed into the breech when the bolt is closing, the bolt stops on the paintball with little pressure from the ACT spring, while the hammer continues on its stroke unlinked to the bolt. It hits the valve and is blown back open, where it re-engages the linkage arm and retracts the bolt, letting the paintball fall into the breech correctly. The marker is now ready to fire again. The Tippmann A.C.T feature is very similar to Spyder's ACS bolt.

Cyclone Feed System
Much like the Response Trigger System, the Cyclone Feed System uses the excess gas from firing the marker to cycle a feeding mechanism providing up to 15 balls per second. (Some have tested the unit at 20+ Balls Per Second with some commercially available modifications.) In comparison with conventional hoppers, the Cyclone has a much wider mouth, holding multiple paintballs in the feeding mechanism even without a hopper.

As a shot is fired, excess (normally waste) gas from the shot is scavenged through the side of the marker via a banjo fitting (a T-type fitting is required for use with the response trigger system). The gas is utilized to rotate the cyclone as the marker re-cocks, force-feeding a paintball into the chamber. The Cyclone Feed System comes standard on the Tippmann A-5 and an enhanced version comes on the X-7. Tippmann offers Cyclone upgrades for 98 Custom and Custom Pro users. The advent of the Cyclone Feed System marks the first widely used, non-electronic, agitated hopper. The lack of electronics means the user can expose the system to moisture (rain, snow, etc.) which would interfere with or destroy other mechanical systems.

The Cyclone feed concept first appeared on the Tippmann F/A as a spring-operated system that required manual rewinding.

Response Trigger System
The Response Trigger System is a firing system available for current production Tippmann paintball guns. The system uses a series of parts that are added to the gun to greatly increase the firing rate for the marker. The system uses excess carbon dioxide or compressed air from the firing process to reset the trigger and sear with a pneumatic cylinder. The cylinder can reset the trigger with only moderate pressure. When this happens, the pressure of the finger immediately pulls the trigger back again, firing another shot. If the operator utilizes the correct amount of pressure on the trigger, a "bouncing" effect occurs, resulting in fully automatic-like fire for the duration of the time that the operator can maintain that amount of pressure (commonly known as the "sweet spot"). As such, its use has been restricted to single-shot operation at some commercial paintball fields while banned completely at others.

The Response Trigger System is available on the 98 Custom, Custom Pro, A-5, and X-7 markers. It can also be installed in the Model 98 with modification (tapping the powertube and allowing space in the grip for the cylinder).

E-Grip
The E-Grip is an electronic means of firing the marker. Utilizing battery-operated components, the E-Grip replaces the trigger function, to where the trigger simply closes a micro switch. The switch sends a signal to a small circuit board, activating a solenoid. The solenoid uses a push rod to actuate the sear in this system. The board has multiple firing modes, allowing semi-automatic, burst, automatic and other modes. A few models of boards are available from different manufacturers, with different features, but the same dimensions to fit into the guides in the grip.

The term E-Grip is usually applied to the system in the A-5 and X-7 markers because they use a removable grip frame that contains all the electronics. The term E-Trigger is applied to the US Army and 98 Custom lines.

Flatline Barrel System
The Flatline barrel is a curved paintball barrel using a slight arch in combination with a rough inner surface texture to create backspin on the ball which flattens the trajectory. The range can increase to upwards of  ( over a standard barrel). With a regular paintball barrel, a player will often have to raise the angle at which he/she is shooting in order to reach the opposing player. The accuracy of this barrel system is dependent on more factors than a standard barrel. With backspin being put on the paintball, inconsistency in the shape of a paintball will create unusual trajectories. Another disadvantage is its tendency to break thin shelled paintballs more easily due to the increased friction. However, this can be remedied by avoiding the use of low-grade paintballs.

The 98 Custom Flatline barrel must be re-adjusted for accuracy whenever it is removed and reinstalled. Therefore, it's a good idea to "mark" where the barrel is aligned for reinstallment. The barrel is surrounded by a plastic shroud that hides the curved barrel and integrates a sight system replacing the marker sight, this is required as the barrel curves above the marker's normal sight system. The shroud also has a picatinny rail for mounting accessories that attach onto a rail system.

The A-5 Flatline barrel doesn't change the normal sight rail system. It resembles a large suppressor though it does not operate as one - in fact the barrel system does not have any porting and is therefore louder than a typical paintball barrel. The A-5 Flatline system can be removed and installed to the same position, making it unnecessary to adjust, unlike its predecessor.

It is also important to keep the marker adjusted to no more than ,  being the most effective velocity, for higher velocities cause paintballs to curve upwards before reaching their maximum distance, which in turn decreases the barrel's normally high effective range. Tilting the barrel to the left or right will also cause the trajectory to be altered in that direction.

Paint Grenades
Tippmann offers a small line of paintball grenades, all using the same basic design but coming in a variety of sizes. Due to the safety hazards and field regulations of using explosives, they use an expanded bladder filled with a paint mix similar to that in a paintball. To activate them, the user releases a clasp and throws the grenade, to which releases its contact and spins upon impact. In 2013, Tippmann re-designed their larger grenade, the Big Boy to have a pull-pin type clasp to simulate a real grenade pin.

Previous and Discontinued products

Alpha Black
The Alpha Black (Bravo One outside the US) is a blowback design using the 98 Custom internals but instead using "clamshell" body halves molded to resemble the M16. To date, there are 4 different versions of the Alpha Black currently being sold by Tippmann. The "Basic" version is simply the Alpha Black with nothing else but the barrel. The "Tactical" version comes with a molded plastic M16 styled handguard, barrel and a 6-position collapsible stock. The "Tactical PowerPack" comes with all of the Tactical aesthetic upgrades plus a   tank, a 200-round gravity hopper and the TP420 goggle system. The "Tactical + eGrip" comes with everything the Tactical version does but with the added eGrip internals to allow for burst fire and full-auto shooting.

The Alpha Black can also be found sold with a Digital Camo finish but only in the Tactical version. The handguard, grip panels and stock are also molded out of a different color plastic to match.

Tippmann also produces upgrades for the Alpha Black including the eGrip and Cyclone feed system. The Alpha Black utilizes the same "quick-thread" design that the 98 Custom uses so 98 Custom Flatline and barrel upgrades can be used.

It is still commonly found.

Custom Pro
The Tippmann Custom Pro was an upgraded version of the 98 Custom. It featured a double trigger, drop-forward, longer barrel, and later models had Anti-chop technology. The marker also featured a scratch-resistant powdercoat on later models, and also had models that utilized the E-Trigger system.

X-7
On November 20, 2006, Tippmann launched their X-7 marker product line in cooperation with Special Ops Paintball. Tippmann marketed the X-7 as the most customizable marker on the market. The marker was sold as either a basic model, a response trigger edition or an E-grip edition (the latter using a Hall effect sensor for select fire modes).

It had a mechanical design similar to the A-5, while featuring an upgraded cyclone feed that can achieve up to 20 balls per second. Accessories built specifically for the A-5 receiver could not be used with the X-7 (and vice versa). It featured a MilSim body design, including an array of picatinny rails, a strong lightweight magnesium receiver, a low profile cyclone hopper, and an M16 magazine shaped tool kit.

C-3

The C-3, with PEP technology, was a paintball marker produced by Tippmann - and is the first paintball marker to run on propane. The C-3 was discontinued in 2006, and no plans have been announced to release another propane-powered marker.

SMG
The SMG-60 was the first fully automatic paintball marker on the market. It is modeled on the appearance of the British STEN of World War II. The marker is .62 caliber, has a fixed steel barrel, and uses three stripper clips of five balls each (or four clips if using the extended 20-round magazine); the fire rate is 10 paintballs per second, therefore an entire standard magazine can be emptied in about 1.5 seconds. The rate of fire was deliberately limited by the use of a heavy hammer and maintained by a valve designed to use liquid . Some versions offered a 2-stage trigger (similar to those on firearms such as the Steyr AUG) in which a short pull produces semi-automatic fire and a long pull produces full-auto.

The SMG-68 is a .68 caliber version of the SMG-60, configured for semi-automatic operation, and featuring a removable barrel. Tippmann offered a trade-in for SMG-68's to be converted into 68 Specials, by adding a front bolt and external linkage arm.

SL-68
The SL-68 was a pump gun designed for improved durability over prior product designs. The body was constructed from a cast and machined magnesium aluminum alloy, and the hopper adapter was integrated into the body casting, reducing the overall number of parts. The pump handle was originally manufactured with a cast metal, but was later replaced with a fiber-reinforced plastic. A squeegee could be stored in the pump handle, and a breech port could be used to quickly clean the barrel.

68 Special
The 68 Special was an inline poppet valve design. It was a retrofit of the SMG-60/68, designed to fire from a hopper instead of clips. The rear half of the body is identical to the SMG (early conversions even retained the "SMG 68" sticker), while the front half was cut off and replaced with a hopper fed breach. A bolt and external linkage arm was also added. One interesting feature about this gun is that the hammer can be moved out of position into a safety position preventing the gun from being able to fire, like the PMI-3/VM-68 and firearms such as the Sten and MP40. It had a built-in back bottle setup that ran on liquid  and was very inefficient, due to the small valve and heavy hammer (nearly 1 pound). It was one of the first semi-auto markers on the market, and cycled at 6 balls per second - very fast considering the loader technology at the time.

SL-68 II

A pump marker, the Tippmann SL-68 II superseded the original SL-68, adding anti-double feed and modified breech features. Most importantly, the constant-air adapter was relocated to an ergonomic position in the base of the cast grip frame meaning that players could easily aim with a full mask on. It was discontinued in 2003, reintroduced to the market in 2009, and then discontinued again in 2012.

Pro-AM
The Pro-Am is an open bolt semi-automatic marker. Early models had cast metal foregrips and pistol grips (the Pro-Am), while later models had composite foregrips and grip frames (the Pro-Lite). The loader connection was built into the foregrip, and by clicking the foregrip forward with a sear at the front of the gun the paint was kept from feeding, and the breech became open to clean the gun with a pull through squeegee. This allowed a player to clean the gun really fast with a pull through squeegee, without removing the barrel or removing the loader. Like all Tippmann markers, the Pro-Am was nearly indestructible and an extremely reliable gun. While the Pro-Am was like the 68 Special in layout, being an inline poppet valve design, it was a major change in design, with a different body, valve, breech, hammer, hammer to bolt linkage, and sear arrangements. Additionally, the tank was moved to below the grip frame for better balance and to allow different bottom line arrangements and stocks, instead of the Lone Star (M-16 style) grip that had been on the previous Tippmann Semi/Full Auto lines. It was also the first Tippmann Semi-Auto that didn't require a siphon tank to run liquid , even though it could in colder weather without any problems.

Pro-Lite\Mini-Lite
The Pro-Lite is a semi-automatic open bolt marker. It is nearly identical to the Pro-Am differing only in the materials used to make the foregrip and pistol grip. The Pro-Lite used composite plastic while early Pro-Ams used cast metal foregrips and pistol grips (later Pro-Am models used composite foregrips). The difference in materials made the Pro-Lite considerably lighter than its predecessor. Like the Pro-Am, the Pro-Lite was designed for durability and is extremely reliable. Paintball Fields commonly used Pro-Lites as rentals because of their ease of maintenance and ability to take extreme abuse. The Mini-Lite is essentially a Pro-Lite with an extra CA adapter mounted just behind the foregrip.

Factory F/A
The F/A was a select fire, force fed, blowback paintball gun based on the Pro-Am/Pro-Lite body, with the Star feed apparatus on the side. It can be said that the F/A's Star feed, which is close in function to the modern Cyclone feed, is the predecessor to the A-5. The F/A could be switched between safe, semi, and fully automatic firing via a fire selector lever. The full-auto setting changed the sear from a disconnecting version (used in semi-auto) to a full open sear. It used a hydraulic key/linkage/shock style system to slow the rate of fire by dragging 2 sets of keys on the top of the hammer. Although the rate of fire was adjustable from a few shots a second to around 20, the adjustments were seen as "tricky" by some users (although that was a small price to pay for such awesome firepower). Also, the Star feed required manual winding, and no other loaders on the market could feed a marker at that rate of fire. This feed system was prone to breaking paint, partially due to the spring tension, and partially due to the heavy action of older Tippmanns. The F/A, like the Pro-Lite and Carbine series, shares barrel threading and basic valve design with the A-5.

Pro-Carbine and .68 Carbine
The .68 Carbine was developed as a lighter and more customizable version of the Pro-Lite, featuring a .45 grip frame, a simplified feed neck that was not part of the forearm grip, and now-standard bottom line ASA adapter. Like the Pro-Lite, it was durable, accurate, and required minimal maintenance. The feed neck turned out to be the only weak spot, which led to the development of a new model, a combination of the Pro-Lite forearm breech and the Carbine receiver. This new model was named the Pro-Carbine. Pro-Carbine Barrels will fit Pro-Lite, .68 Carbine, and A-5 Models. They will NOT fit the Model 98.

The Pro-Carbine is a popular rental gun at paintball fields. It is semi-automatic and is known for its durability and reliable function. The Pro-Carbine is also known for its "rifle-like" forearm grip and Thompson SMG Style Action (even though it's only a Mechanical Semi Automatic). This gives the gun an appearance that is similar to that of a real-life rifle. It is a popular woodsball/scenario marker due to its focused upgradability toward MilSim, but is less popular in speedball or Tourney games due to its handling, weight characteristics and slower rate of fire.

Model 98
The Tippmann model 98 is the original version of the 98 custom.
One of the workhorses of the Tippmann line, it has been superseded by the 98 Custom and the Custom Pro.

The shells were redesigned for the model 98 custom key changes included:
 a removable trigger guard (previously part of the shell)
 elimination of the gills on the front of the marker
 internal changes to the shells to allow the addition of other aftermarket parts namely the reactive trigger system.

Special Note: New style thread flatline barrels will fit both the old thread and new thread guns.

Triumph
The .68 caliber Triumph series was launched in 2006 by Tippman Pneumatics; the marker is an entry-level model, which departs from the Tippman standard MilSim design. The three basic models include the XL semi-automatic (with  basic barrel), XT semi-automatic (adding an expansion chamber, front grip assembly and 11-inch barrel), and eXT Electronic - which operates at fully automatic twelve or fifteen BPS, single-shot, or three round burst. The markers all feature a high-impact composite body, double trigger, a center feed neck, in-line bolt system and a 200-round gravity feed hopper.

References

External links
 Tippmann Pneumatics official web site

Airsoft
Paintball equipment manufacturers

Tippmann


Doreen Bird MA FISTD ARAD (27 January 1928 – 4 February 2004) was a British dance teacher and founder of the Doreen Bird College of Performing Arts in Sidcup, Kent (now Southeast London).  She was a fellow, examiner, lecturer, committee and council member of the ISTD, life member of the RAD, and Honorary MA.  Prior to her death from Leukaemia in 2004, she had been studying towards a Ph.D.  As well as being a respected dance figure in the United Kingdom, Bird also travelled the World as a lecturer and adjudicator specialising in dance and musical theatre.  The college which Bird founded is now recognised Internationally as a centre of excellence for dance and performing arts, with its students working worldwide in high-profile areas of the performing industry including West End and Broadway theatre.

Professional accomplishments

Dance College

In 1945, Bird founded the Doreen Bird School of Dance, the predecessor of today's Bird College of Dance, Music & Theatre Performance.  Bird initially taught her students in her parents' living room then a local church hall, before opening a full-time performing arts course at permanent premises in Sidcup.  This became the Doreen Bird College of Performing Arts and Bird remained principal of the college until her retirement in 1998, when the name Bird College was adopted under its new principal.  The college is one of the United Kingdom's leading institutions for specialist dance and musical theatre training, with many ex-students of the college appearing in dance and theatre Worldwide including West End and Broadway theatre.  The college now operates a range of courses including the National Diploma in Musical Theatre and the BA (Hons) Degree in Dance & Theatre Performances, both courses being established during Bird's tenure as principal.  The college has continued to expand since Bird died, becoming the first college of its kind in the UK to offer an MA Degree (by research), as subject specialist provider for the University of Greenwich.  Since October 2007, the college has also been the official provider of music and dance services for the London Borough of Bexley.

Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing

Doreen Bird was a member of the ISTD, an international dance examination board based in London, England.  As a life member of the organisation, she served as a teacher, examiner, lecturer, committee and council member.  She was appointed an examiner of the Modern Theatre Branch in 1957, National Dance Branch in 1958 and Imperial Ballet Branch in 1964, travelling the world as a representative of the society.  Bird served as a member of the ISTD Grand Council from 1970 to 1975, and became a committee member of the Modern Theatre Branch in 1970, a post which she held for sixteen years until 1986. During her time as a committee member of the ISTD, Bird was influential in the examination of dance and the modernisation of the organisations syllabus and approach to teaching young dancers.  As a member of the Modern Theatre Branch, Bird helped to compile all the society's new Major examination syllabi for Modern Dance and Tap Dance.  Much of this work is still used today, although the syllabi are often revised to keep up to date with current trends in dance.

Awards and honours
In recognition of her work in the field of dance, Bird was awarded an Honorary Master of Arts from the University of Greenwich in 1999
Bird received the Imperial Faculty Award in 1996, in recognition of her long service as a member of the ISTD
In 2007 the ISTD launched the "Creation" choreographic competition as a memorial to Bird.  The first competition was held at the Harlequin Theatre in Redhill, Surrey

References

Sources
 Doreen Bird Obituary - Page 4
 University of Greenwich Press Release
 ISTD faculty Autobiography for Doreen Bird

External links
 Bird College of Dance & Theatre Performance Website
 Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing Website

Alumni of the University of Greenwich
Dance teachers
20th-century English educators
1928 births
2004 deaths
People from Sidcup
English women educators
20th-century English women
20th-century English women educators

Doreen Bird


المعتوه فيلم دراما مصري إنتاج عام 1982م، إخراج كمال عطية. بطولة: محمود عبد العزيز، عفاف شعيب، مجدي وهبة، جورج سيدهم.

القصة
(أحمد) موظف بحديقة الحيوان، يقع من أعلى سلم منزله ويتم نقله إلى المستشفى، وبعد علاجه يتهم جارته (ثناء) أنها من دفعته وتسببت في سقوطه وبناء عليه يتم القبض على ثناء وتقديمها للمحاكمة، يلجأ (عادل) زوج ثناء إلى أحد أكبر المحامين للدفاع عن زوجته، يظل يبحث زوجها عن أية معلومات عن أحمد من خلال المحيطين به.

طاقم العمل
 محمود عبد العزيز
 جورج سيدهم
 نظيم شعراوي
 حسين عبد الوهاب
 صلاح نظمى
 بدرية عبد الجواد
 منى عبد الله
 يسرى غنيم
 فريدة سيف النصر
 مطاوع عويس
 عفاف شعيب
 منى أبو الفتوح
 لويس يوسف
 شعبان حسين

المراجع

أفلام مصرية إنتاج 1982
أفلام محمود عبد العزيز

المعتوه (فيلم)


Punionica za punjenje električnih vozila, također zvana EV (eng. electric vehicle= električno vozilo) stanica za punjenje, točka ponovnog punjenja električnom energijom, dio je infrastrukture koja snabdijeva električnu energiju za punjenje električnih vozila poput hibridnih vozila uključujući električne automobile te gradskih(manjih) električnih vozila. Kako tržište nad punjivim hibridnim električnim vozilima i električnim vozilima na baterije povećava, raste i potreba za sve većom dostupnošću javno dostupnih stanica za punjenje (neke od njih podržavaju brže punjenje na većim naponima] i strujama od dostupnih od EVSE-a (electric vehicle supply equipment). Mnoge stanice za punjenje su na samim prometnicama koje pružaju električne komunalne tvrtke ili su smještene uz maloprodajne šoping centre i upravljani su mnogim privatnim kompanijama. Te stanice za punjenje pružaju jedan ili niz teških zadaća ili posebnih priključaka koji odgovaraju različitim standardima električnih priključaka za punjenje.

Kontekst
Stanice za punjenje dolaze obično u četiri osnovna konteksta:
 Kućne stanice za punjenje: Vlasnik električnog vozila priključi ga na struju kad se vrati kući te se auto nadopuni preko noći. Kućna stanica za punjenje obično nema autentifikaciju korisnika, bez mjerenja je, i može zahtijevati dodatno ožičenje strujne mreže. Poneki prijenosni punjači se također mogu ugraditi na zid te biti poput stanice za punjenje.
 Punjenje dok je parkiran (uključujući javne stanice za punjenje)- komercijalni pothvat uz financijsku naknadu ili bez nje, ponuđena u partnerstvu s vlasnicima parkirnih mjesta. Punjenje može biti sporo ili brzo i potiče vlasnike električnih vozila da nadopune svoja vozila dok koriste obližnje usluge. Mogu se nalaziti na većim parkirališnim zonama, parkiralištima trgovačkih centara, manjim centrima i drugim javnim površinama (ili za zaposlenike određenih tvrtki).
 Brzo punjenje na javnim stanicama za punjenje >40kW, dajući za 10 do 30 minuta punjenja mogućnost vožnje do 100km. Ovi punjači se obično nalaze na odmaralištima uz cestu da omoguće putovanja između udaljenijih destinacija. Njima se također mogu koristiti i uglavnom građani metropola i za punjenje dok su parkirani na kraće i duže periode. Pravi primjer ovakvih punjača su CHAdeMO (tvrtka koja konstruira i prodaje standardizirane punjače), SAE kombinirajući sistemi punjenja i Teslini superpunjači.
 Promjena baterije ili punjenje u manje od 15 minuta. Poseban cilj CARB (California Air Resources Board) vezano za vozila s nula-emisija štetnih plinova je nadodavanje 200 milja (321km) njegovom dometu za manje od 15 minuta. U 2014 godini ovo nije bilo moguće u punjenju električnih vozila, ali je omogućeno zamjenama baterija električnih vozila i onim vozilima s vodikovim gorivnim čelijama. Cilj je ugoditi očekivanjima vezano za nadopunu vozila redovitim vozačima.

Kapacitet baterija i sposobnost rukovanja bržim punjenjem rastu pa se i metode punjenja se moraju mijenjati i poboljšavati. Nove opcije su također poznate (u malim razmjerama, uključujući mobilne stanice za punjenje i punjenje pomoću induktivnih tepiha za punjenje). Različite potrebe i rješenja različitih proizvođača su usporile pojavu standardnih metoda punjenja i u 2015. godini se prepoznaje velika potreba za standardizacijom.

Infrastruktura
Stanica za punjenje električnih vozila ne trebaju nužno potpuno novu infrastrukturu u razvijenim zemljama, čak manje nego što je potrebno za dostavu novog alternativnog goriva novom mrežom. Stanice mogu koristiti postojeću sveprisutnu električnu mrežu i kućno punjenje kao opciju. Na primjer, ankete su pokazale da više od pola kućevlasnika u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu ima pristup priključku za punjenje njihovog auta. Također, većina vozi lokalno na kraćim udaljenostima što smanjuje potrebe za punjenjem. U SAD-u, na primjer, 78% korisnika su unutar 40 milja (64km) radijusa kretanja. Štoviše, duže vožnje između gradova i mjesta zahtijevaju mrežu javnih stanica za punjenje ili drugih metoda za povećanje dometa električnih vozila iznad normalnih dnevnih potreba. Jedan od izazova u takvoj infrastrukturi je razina potrebe: izolirana stanica pokraj autoceste mogla bi vidjeti puno korisnika po satu kad bi svako električno vozilo koje prolazi moralo stati tu da bi nastavilo svoj put. U prvoj polovici 20. stoljeća, motori s unutarnjim izgaranjem suočili su se sa sličnim infrastrukturnim problemom.

Troškovi
Tesla trenutno daje vlasnicima Tesla automobila kredit za superpunjenje koje im dopušta 400kWh potpuno besplatno. Nakon što potroše sav iznos, vozači koristeći Tesline superpunjače moraju platiti po kWh. Cijena se kreće između $0.06 do $0.26 po kWh u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu. Problem s Teslinim superpunjačima je taj što ga mogu koristiti jedino vozila marke Tesla. Ostale mreže za punjenje su dostupne i za druge marke vozila. The Blink mreža punjača ima oba, Level 2 i DC brze punjače i naplaćuje različito članovima i ostalima. Njihove cijena se kreće od $0.39 do $0.69 po kWh za članove i od $0.49 do $0.79 po kWh za one koji to nisu, ovisno o lokaciji.  The ChargePoint mreža ima besplatne punjače i plaćene punjače koje vozaći aktiviraju besplatnom članskom iskaznicom. Stanice za punjenje koje se plaćaju zasnivaju se na sličnim cijenama kao Blink. Ostale mreže koriste slične metode naplaćivanja kao i tipične crpke s gorivom, u kojima se plaća karticom ili gotovinom po kWh električne energije. Po uzoru na poslovni model Chargepoint i Blink mreže u Hrvatskoj se pojavila EPunjači mreža punionica, na kojoj mogu puniti vlasnici EPunjači kartica ali i vlasnici kartica drugih mreža punionica.

Povezani članci
 Električni automobil
 Električni izvor
 Električni motocikl
 Tesla (tvrtka)

Izvori

Električna energija
Cestovna infrastruktura

Punionica za električne automobile


Orhidanta (lat. Orchidantha), biljni rod od dvadesetak vrsta vazdazelenih trajnica iz porodice Lowiaceae, red Zingiberales. U porodicu su nekada bili uključivani i rodovi Protamomum i Lowia, ali su sve vrste tih rodova priključene rodu Orchidantha.

Rod orhidanta raširen je od južne Kine do Bornea.

Vrste
 Orchidantha anthracina H.Ð.Trần, Luu & Škorničk.
 Orchidantha borneensis N.E.Br.
 Orchidantha chinensis T.L.Wu
 Orchidantha crassinervia P.Zou & X.A.Cai
 Orchidantha fimbriata Holttum
 Orchidantha foetida Jenjitt. & K.Larsen
 Orchidantha grandiflora Mood & L.B.Pedersen
 Orchidantha holttumii K.Larsen
 Orchidantha inouei Nagam. & S.Sakai
 Orchidantha insularis T.L.Wu
 Orchidantha laotica K.Larsen
 Orchidantha lengguanii Škorničk.
 Orchidantha longiflora (Scort.) Ridl.
 Orchidantha maxillarioides (Ridl.) K.Schum. in H.G.A.
 Orchidantha megalantha Škorničk. & A.D.Poulsen
 Orchidantha micrantha Škorničk. & A.D.Poulsen
 Orchidantha quadricolor L.B.Pedersen & A.L.Lamb
 Orchidantha ranchanensis Syauqina & Meekiong
 Orchidantha sabahensis A.L.Lamb & L.B.Pedersen
 Orchidantha sarawakensis Syauqina & Meekiong
 Orchidantha siamensis K.Larsen
 Orchidantha stercorea H.Ð.Trần & Škorničk.
 Orchidantha suratii L.B.Pedersen, J.Linton & A.L.Lamb
 Orchidantha vietnamica K.Larsen
 Orchidantha virosa Škornick. & Q.B.Nguyen
 Orchidantha yunnanensis P.Zou, C.F.Xiao & Škorničk.

Izvori

Đumbirolike

Orhidanta


(2019) van Albada es un asteroide que forma parte del cinturón de asteroides y fue descubierto por Hendrik van Gent desde la Estación meridional de Leiden, en Johannesburgo, República Sudafricana, el 28 de septiembre de 1935.

Designación y nombre
van Albada recibió al principio la designación de .
Más adelante, en 1991, se nombró en honor del astrónomo neerlandés Gale Bruno van Albada (1911-1972).

Características orbitales
van Albada está situado a una distancia media de 2,241 ua del Sol, pudiendo alejarse hasta 2,611 ua y acercarse hasta 1,871 ua. Tiene una excentricidad de 0,165 y una inclinación orbital de 4,043 grados. Emplea en completar una órbita alrededor del Sol 1225 días.

Características físicas
La magnitud absoluta de van Albada es 12,2 y el periodo de rotación de 2,72 horas. Está asignado al tipo espectral S de la clasificación SMASSII.

Véase también
 Lista de asteroides del (2001) al (2100)
 Cuerpo menor del sistema solar

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Asteroides del cinturón principal
Objetos astronómicos descubiertos por Hendrik van Gent
Objetos astronómicos descubiertos desde la Estación Meridional de Leiden
Objetos astronómicos descubiertos en 1935
Wikiproyecto:Asteroides/Artículos de asteroides

(2019) van Albada


Francisco Rodríguez Santana (Santa Brígida, Gran Canaria, 21 de marzo de 1907 - ídem, 28 de marzo de 1986), más conocido como Panchito, fue un alfarero innovador en el foco locero de La Atalaya, al noreste de la isla de Gran Canaria. Su personal sensibilidad, la calidad de sus piezas y sobre todo, el hecho de ser el primer representante masculino del gremio, llegaron a hacer de él un objetivo turístico y un valioso icono fotográfico para los aficionados a la artesanía popular canaria, entrando así a formar parte de la leyenda etnográfica de la isla.

Biografía
"Panchito" nació en 1907 en el barrio satauteño de La Atalaya. Fue bautizado con el nombre de Francisco, hijo de Cho Bartolo Rodríguez y su segunda esposa Antonia Santana, una locera. Aunque en su juventud desempeñó pequeños trabajos eventuales, llegando a vestir de portero de la Residencia Santa Brígida, con el tiempo se acomodó en el taller "locero" de su madre, rodeado por todas las mujeres de la familia.

En la antropología canaria, el oficio de alfarero tuvo siempre un contexto femenino-matriarcal. Desde mediados los años 30 del , este oficio quedó ligado para turistas y gran público a la persona de un varón: "Pancho". La situación se mantuvo hasta la década de 1980, cuando sus propios alumnos lo relevaron, equilibrando el género en la producción alfarera de La Atalaya.

En sus últimos años, Panchito era invitado de honor en las Ferias de Artesanía locales. Tuvo además un puesto fijo en el barrio de Vegueta, en Las Palmas. Falleció en 1986, sin haber contraído matrimonio. Dos años después de su muerte, aún se recibían bombones en su cueva taller.

De casa-alfar a centro locero

En 1999 se inauguró el Museo Casa-Alfar "Panchito" en el complejo troglodita de su barrio natal. El conjunto de instalaciones, originalmente dependientes del Cabildo de Gran Canaria a través de la FEDAC (Fundación para la Etnografía y el Desarrollo de la Artesanía Canaria), está gestionado localmente por la ALUD (agrupación de artesanos de la loza tradicional de La Atalaya de Santa Brígida). Además de la conservación del ecomuseo "Casa-Alfar Panchito", el centro locero anexo dispone de una serie de servicios didácticos y documentales además de un taller permanente y un museo (sala temática) en la que pueden contemplarse ejemplares antiguos y nuevos de la típica vajilla locera: bernegales, braseros, fogueros, gánigos, hornillas, jarras para gofio, sahumadores, tinajas para frutos secos, tostadores para el grano, etc.

Bibliografía comentada

 La Talayera(1901), por F.González Díaz, en El Museo Canario (Tomo X.Cuaderno 10), pionero de la etnografía canaria.
 Visita a la Atalaya de Gran Canaria, de Pedro Lezcano Montalvo. Relato sentimental y naturalista publicado por el I.E.C.de La Laguna en 1944.
 Epiques et douces canaries, de Attilio Gaudio: la visión romántica de un viajero francés. Publicado en París por Rene Julliard en 1958.
 Aguayro, revista de difusión popular creada a mediados de los 70. Especialmente referentes los trabajos de J.Cuenca Sanabria entre 1981-86.
 Género, tradición e identidades: estrategias de creación de valor en la alfarería de La Atalaya (Gran Canaria), estudio antropológico-social de Carmen Ascanio Sánchez. Muy completo y muy técnico (2007).

Notas

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Este artículo incorpora texto de la Enciclopedia Guanche, artículo Panchito de La Atalaya, disponible bajo los términos de la Licencia de documentación libre de GNU 1.3.

Alfareros y ceramistas de Canarias
Nacidos en Santa Brígida (Gran Canaria)

Francisco Rodríguez Santana (Panchito)


Das zwanzigste Jahrhundert (20. Jahrhundert) steht für:

 Das zwanzigste Jahrhundert (1890–1896), antisemitische Monatsschrift
 Das zwanzigste Jahrhundert, reformkatholische Zeitschrift (1902–1908), siehe Freie deutsche Blätter
 Das XX. Jahrhundert, deutsche Monatsschrift (1939–1944), siehe Die Tat (Monatszeitschrift)
 Mein 20. Jahrhundert, ungarischer Film von Ildikó Enyedi (1989)

Siehe auch:
 Der Mythus des 20. Jahrhunderts
Label Patrimoine du XXe siècle
Ballet du XXe siècle
Le Vingtième Siècle
Twentieth Century

Das zwanzigste Jahrhundert


La  des championnats d'Amérique du Nord, d'Amérique centrale et des Caraïbes d'athlétisme ou championnats NACAC, organisée par l'Association d'athlétisme d'Amérique du Nord, d'Amérique centrale et des Caraïbes (NACAC), se déroule du 19 au  à Freeport, aux Bahamas.

Résultats

Hommes

Femmes

Mixte

Notes et références

Liens externes
  Site de la NACAC
 Résultats sur worldathletics.org

2022
Événement sportif international aux Bahamas
Athlétisme aux Bahamas
Athlétisme en août 2022
2022 aux Bahamas

Championnats d'Amérique du Nord, d'Amérique centrale et des Caraïbes d'athlétisme 2022


La Drentse Acht van Westerveld es una carrera ciclista femenina de un día holandesa que se disputa en la Dwingeloo (provincia de Drenthe) y sus alrededores; aunque no tiene fecha fija se encuadra en el mismo programa de competiciones consecutivas disputadas en Drenthe entre un jueves y un domingo, tres femeninas y dos masculinas, sin ningún orden predeterminado de un año a otro.

Se creó en 2007 por la Fundación del Tour de Drenthe (Stichting Ronde van Drenthe) con el nombre de Drentse 8 van Dwingeloo, dentro de la categoría 1.1; pasando en 2012 al nombre de Drentse 8, por el que ha sido conocido habitualmente, y desde 2015 al actual de Drentse Acht van Westerveld.

Habitualmente se ha disputado sobre unos 140 km, (3 vueltas a dicho circuito con final e inicio en Dwingeloo) unos 60 km menos que el Tour de Drenthe masculino cuando es carrera de un día aunque con similares características. El nombre tradicional de Drentse 8 era debido a la visión en mapa del circuito, que resultaba en una figura que recordaba a la de ese número.

Palmarés

Palmarés por países

Véase también
 Tour de Drenthe
 Novilon Euregio Cup
 Dwars door Drenthe

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Web oficial
 Drentse 8 (sitiodeciclismo.net)
 Drentse 8 (cqranking.com)

Competiciones de ciclismo profesionales femeninas
Competiciones de ciclismo de los Países Bajos
Deporte de la provincia de Drenthe
Westerveld

Drentse Acht van Westerveld


Aceasta este o listă a localităților din raionul Camenca din Republica Moldova, regiunea istorică Transnistria/Bugonistria.

Orașe
 Camenca

Localități
 Caterinovca
 Crasnîi Octeabri
 Cuzmin
 Hristovaia
 Hrușca
 Ocnița
 Podoima
 Rașcov
  Rotari
 Severinovca
 Slobozia-Rașcov
 Valea Adîncă

Liste de localități din Republica Moldova
Raionul Camenca

Listă de localități din raionul Camenca


El Cerro Grande es la mayor elevación de la ciudad de La Serena. En él se encuentran las antenas de comunicaciones y televisión que cubren el área de La Serena y Coquimbo.

En los faldeos de este cerro se desarrolló la Batalla de Cerro Grande el 29 de abril de 1859, que se convirtió en la victoria decisiva del gobierno, derrotando a los insurrectos que se encontraban al mando de Pedro León Gallo. Con este enfrentamiento se colocó fin a la Revolución de 1859.

Referencias

Grande
La Serena

Cerro Grande (La Serena)


SDU Syd/Hospital Nord Station er en letbanestation på Odense Letbane, beliggende ved SDU's fakultet SUND, samt det ny Odense Universitetshospital i Odense Kommune. Letbanen åbnede 28. maj 2022, men stationen åbnede først 25. august 2023 i forbindelse med åbningen af fakultetet 28. august 2023.

Letbanen går gennem i et område, hvor der tidligere var marker, men som blev ryddet med henblik på bebyggelse. Stationen ligger ved den nordlige ende af hospitalsområdet og består af to spor med hver sin sideliggende perron. Derudover bliver der anlagt en supercykelsti langs med letbanen gennem hospitalets og universitetets område. Til gengæld er det ikke muligt at køre igennem for bilister, der i stedet må tage letbanen eller køre udenom.

Vest for stationen kommer der til at ligge et byggeri, der binder universitetet mod nord og hospitalet mod syd sammen. Derudover kommer der et rekreativt område med et eksisterende skovområde ved universitetet og nye søer. En eksisterende sti giver forbindelse til boligkvarterne Hjallese i vest og Neder Holluf i øst.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Odense Letbane

Referencer

Odense Letbane

SDU Syd/Hospital Nord Station


1988 සාජා කුසලානය එක්සත් අරාබි එමීර් රාජ්‍යයේ සාජා හිදී 1988 මාර්තු 25 සිට අප්‍රේල් 1 දක්වා පැවැත්විණි. ජාතික කණ්ඩායම් තුනක් සහභාගී විය: ඉන්දියාව, නවසීලන්තය සහ ශ්‍රී ලංකාව.

1988 සාජා කුසලානය ආරම්භ වූයේ රවුන්ඩ් රොබින් තරගාවලියකින් වන අතර එහිදී සෑම කණ්ඩායමක්ම අනෙක් කණ්ඩායම් සමග එක් වරක් ක්‍රීඩා කළහ. පිළිමළුන් පිටුදැකීමේ තරගාවලියේ දී ප්‍රමුඛ කණ්ඩායම අවසන් තරඟයට සුදුසුකම් ලබා ඇති අතර දෙවන හා තෙවන ස්ථාන කණ්ඩායම අවසන් පූර්ව තරඟයට සුදුසුකම් ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා අවසන් පූර්ව වටයට තරඟ වැදුණි.

ඉන්දියාව තරඟාවලිය ජයගත් අතර ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් 30,000 ක ත්‍යාග මුදලක් හිමි විය. ත්‍යාග මුදල්, සම්මාන සහ ප්‍රතිලාභ වශයෙන් සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් 150,000 ක් ලබා දී ඇත.

තරග

මූලික අධියර

මූලික අධියරේ පලමු ස්ථානය ලබා ගත් කණ්ඩායම අවසන් තරගයට සුදුසුකම් ලබා ගත් අතර දෙවන හා තෙවන ස්ථාන අතර අවසන් පූර්ව තරගයක් පවත්වා එහි ජයග්‍රාහකයා අවසන් තරගයට තේරී පත්විය.

අවසන් පූර්ව තරගය

අවසාන තරගය

යොමුව

International cricket competitions from 1985–86 to 1988
Sharjah Cup, 1988
1988 in Emirati sport
International cricket competitions in the United Arab Emirates
ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුළ ක්‍රිකට්
ක්‍රිකට්

සාජා කුසලානය 1988


Mi camino es amarte (lit. Meu Caminho é Amar Você) é uma telenovela mexicana produzida por Nicandro Díaz González para TelevisaUnivision e exibida pelo Las Estrellas desde 7 de novembro de 2022 e 12 de março de 2023, substituindo Vencer la ausencia e substituida por Pienso en Ti. É uma adaptação da telenovela chilena El camionero produzida em 2016.

É protagonizada por Susana González e Gabriel Soto e antagonizada por Mark Tacher, Ximena Herrera, Sara Corrales, Fabián Robles, Alfredo Gatica e Alberto Estrella e atuações estelares de Mónika Sánchez, Ara Saldívar, Julián Figueroa, Karla Esquivel, Rodrigo Brand, Diana Haro e Carlos Said e com a participação dos primeiros atores Sergio Reynoso, Leonardo Daniel e María Prado, conta também o regresso da atriz Ingrid Martz.

Elenco
Susana González - Daniela Gallardo Rojas de Beltrán
Gabriel Soto - Guillermo "Memo" Santos Pérez
Mark Tacher - Fausto Beltrán Rubalcaba / Don Rodolfo Beltrán
Ximena Herrera - Karen Zambrano de León
Sara Corrales - Úrsula Hernández
Mónika Sánchez - Amparo Santos Pérez de Hernández
Sergio Reynoso - Humberto Santos
Leonardo Daniel - Eugenio Zambrano Torres
Fabián Robles - Aarón Peláez Roldán
María Prado - Nélida
Alberto Estrella - Macario Hernández
Claudia Álvarez - Olivia
Ingrid Martz - Martina Pérez de Santos

Exibição no Brasil
Foi encaminhada para dublagem nos estúdios da Rio Sound, podendo ser exibida em breve no país.

Audiência

!Artigos novos
Telenovelas do México
Telenovelas em espanhol
Telenovelas da Televisa da década de 2020

Mi camino es amarte


Sophie Johanna Maria af Isenburg (født 7. marts 1978 i Frankfurt am Main) er en tysk prinsesse, der er gift med Georg Friedrich af Preussen. Han blev overhoved for tidligere preussiske kongehus i 1994.

Slægten Isenburg
Isenburg er slægt af rigsgrever og fyrster, der indtil 1822 regerede områder i Hessen og Rheinland-Pfalz, fortrinsvis i Main-Kinzig-Kreis, Landkreis Neuwied, Wetteraukreis og Landkreis Offenbach. I 1815 fik slægten status som standsherrer.

Sophie af Isenburg har brødre og to søstre:
 Katharina af Isenburg-Birstein (født 1971), gift med Martin af Østrig-Este (født 1959), svigerinde til ærkehertug Lorenz af Østrig-Este (født 1955) og prinsesse Astrid af Belgien (født 1962).
 Isabelle af Isenburg-Birstein (født 1973), gift med Carl, 8. fyrste af Wied (1961 – 2015).

Familie
Sophie af Isenburg blev gift med Georg Friedrich af Preussen i august 2011.

Parret fik to tvillingesønner den 20. januar 2013, og de fik en datter den 2. april 2015 i Bremen:
 Carl Friedrich af Preussen
 Louis Ferdinand af Preussen
 Emma Marie af Preussen

Huset Hohenzollern

Sophie Johanna Maria af Isenburg-Birstein


ماريان ماسني ، من مواليد 13 أغسطس 1950 ، لاعب كرة قدم تشيكوسلوفاكي سابق.

لعب مع منتخب تشيكوسلوفاكيا لكرة القدم.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في النمسا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية سلوفاكيون
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون تشيكوسلوفاكيون مغتربون في النمسا
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1976
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1980
لاعبو دوكلا بانسكا بيستريتسا
لاعبو كأس العالم 1982
لاعبو كرة قدم تشيكوسلوفاكيون مغتربون
ماسني
ماسني
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في النمسا
لاعبو منتخب تشيكوسلوفاكيا لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي سلوفان براتيسلافا
لاعبون فائزون ببطولة أمم أوروبا
ماسني

ماريان ماسني


المدار الجزيئي هو دالة رياضية تصف السلوك الموجي للإلكترون في جزيء ما. يمكن استخدام هذه الدالة لحساب وتحديد الخصائص الفيزيائية والكيميائية للجزيء، كما يمكن بواسطتها تععين احتمالية وجود إلكترون في منطقة ما حول الذرات المكونة للجزيء.

نظرة عامة
كلمة مدار ابتدعها الكيميائي روبرت موليكن أثناء ترجمته لمصطلح 'Eigenfunktion' الذي استعمله إرفين شرودنغر خلال أبحاثه في ميكانيكا الكم.

تشكيل المدارات الجزيئية
تنشأ المدارات الجزيئية من التفاعلات المسموح بها باندماج المدارات الذرية بحيث تحصل عملية تهجين لهذه المدارات.
(تحدد من نظرية الجماعة) للمدارات الذرية المتوافقة مع بعضها البعض. يتم تحديد كفاءة التفاعلات المدارية الذرية من التداخل المداري (وهو مقياس لمدى نجاح اثنين من مدارات التفاعل البناء مع بعضها البعض) بين اثنين من المدارات الذرية، وهو أمر مهم إذا كان المدارات الذرية هي قريبة في الطاقة.

المدارات الجزيئية تعطى الأسماء (سيجما، باي، دلتا )
وقد يكون التداخل بناء، أو غير بناء وفي هذه الحالة توضع علامة «*» على رمز السيجما
والمدارات الجزيئية سيجما هي تلك الناتجة عن إحدى التداخلات التالية:
 تداخل المدار الذري (s ) معمدار ذري آخر (s )
 تداخل المدار الذري (s) مع مدار ذري (p )
 تداخل المدار الذري (p ) مع مدار ذري آخر (p)

أولاً : المدارات الجزيئية (سيجما) الناتجة عن تداخل مدارين ذريين من نوع ( s ):

المراجع

انظر أيضًا

 عدد تجسيمي
 نظرية فيسبر

ترابط كيميائي
فيزياء جزيئية
كيمياء حسابية
كيمياء كمومية
كيمياء نظرية

مدار جزيئي


Melur er skátafélag sem hefur verið staðsett á Þorlákshöfn og gaf út uppskriftabók árið 1998

Heimildaskrá

Skátafélag
Skátafélög á Íslandi

Melur (Skátafélag)


Dune er en amerikansk science fiction- og fantasyfilm fra 1984 instrueret af David Lynch. Hovedrollerne spilles af Kyle MacLachlan, Sting, Jose Ferrer, Virginia Madsen, Linda Hunt, Patrick Stewart og Max von Sydow. Filmen er baseret på romanen med samme titel, skrevet af Frank Herbert.

Medvirkende
 Kyle MacLachlan som Paul Atreides
 José Ferrer som Kejser Shaddam IV
 Francesca Annis som Lady Jessica
 Kenneth McMillan som Baron Vladimir Harkonnen
 Jürgen Prochnow som Hertug Leto Atreides
 Sean Young som Chani
 Linda Hunt som Shadout Mapes
 Sting som Feyd-Rautha
 Freddie Jones som Thufir Hawat
 Max von Sydow som Kynes
 Patrick Stewart som Gurney Halleck
 Everett McGill som Stilgar
 Virginia Madsen som Prinsesse Irulan
 Jack Nance som Nefud
 Paul L. Smith som Rabban
 Brad Dourif som Piter de Vries
 Dean Stockwell som Doktor Wellington Yueh
 Silvana Mangano som Ramallo
 Siân Phillips som Gauis Helen Mohiam
 Richard Jordan som Duncan Idaho

Eksterne henvisninger

Amerikanske film fra 1984
Science fiction-film fra USA
Film baseret på bøger
Kultfilm
Engelsksprogede film

Dune - ørkenplaneten


جامعة نيوشاتيل وبالفرنسي (Université de Neuchâtel) تقع في مدينة نوشاتيل السويسرية يبلغ عدد الطلاب 5000.

مواقع خارجية
 موقع جامعة نيوشاتيل
 الدراسة في سويسرا
 Swiss Universities handbook Web2.0 searchable database of Swiss Universities موقع يضم الجامعات السويسرية - بالإنجليزية

مراجع

تأسيسات سنة 1838 في سويسرا
مبان ومنشآت في كانتون نيوشاتل
نوشاتيل
هيئات تعليمية أسست في 1838

جامعة نيوشاتيل


This is a list of the prime ministers of the Commonwealth of Nations in order of appointment.

List

See also
 List of prime ministers of Elizabeth II
 List of prime ministers of Charles III

Commonwealth prime ministers
Prime Ministers

List of Commonwealth of Nations prime ministers


Skadesreduktion er en gruppe af pragmatiske folkesundhedstiltag, der har til formål at reducere skadevirkninger associeret med stofmisbrug og andre højrisikoaktiviteter.

Fortalere for skadesreduktion hævder at forbud kan være skadelige, da de for eksempel tvinger prostituerede til at arbejde under farlige betingelser eller fører til at stofbrugere må skaffe deres stoffer fra upålidelige og kriminelle kilder.

Skadesreduktion i bredere forstand forekommer overalt i samfundet. I bilers konstruktion, anbefalinger for alkoholindtag og uddeling af kondomer. Eksempler på skadesreduktion inden for narkotikaområdet er fixerum, informationsmaterialer om hvordan man bruger stoffer på en mindre skadelig måde, fokus på rene kanyler, erstatningslægemidler/substitution, eller at teste ecstasypiller for urenheder. Man kan også reducere straffe associeret med en aktivitet (afkriminalisering) for at få mennesker til at søge pleje.

Kritikere af skadesreduktion mener at stoffrihed bør være endemålet for behandlingstiltag. De hævder at det er en inhuman synsvinkel at begrænse ambitionerne til skadesbegrænsning og livslang substitutionsbehandling. Skadesreducerende handlinger, som ikke er koblet til att personen skal ud af misbrug, kan give indtryk af at narkotika kan anvendes sikkert og risikerer at bidrage til et øget forbrug.

I Danmark opererer et åbent online-forum for skadesreduktion ved navn psychedelia. Deres primære mål er at skabe sund rusmiddelkultur i Danmark.

Grundidé
To finske forskere, Tuukka Tammi og Toivo Hurme, betragter skadesreduktion som byggende på fire grundidéer:
 Stofbrug bør betragtes i neutrale i stedet for moralistiske termer.
 Stofbrugeren er en borger og medlem af samfundet, ikke et afvigende individ eller blot en genstand for handlinger.
 Narkopolitik bør bygges på videnskab og afprøvede erfaringer, ikke ideologi og dogmatisne.
 Narkopolitik bør respektere menneskerettigheder og retfærdighed, og ikke træde på disse med henvisning til krigen mod narkotika eller målet om et narkotikafrit samfund.

Kritik mod principperne bag skadesreduktion
Robert Dupont, afhængighedslæge, som i forskellige funktioner har arbejdet for den amerikanske stat, og Sven-Olov Carlsson, formand i den Stockholmsbaserede World Federation Against Drugs, mener at ikke-medicinsk anvendelse af narkotika accepteres som et legitimt livsvalg, hvis man benytter principperne omkring skadesreduktion. Men for dem er det "ikke [et] udtryk hverken for medfølelse eller empati at acceptere at mennesker – de unge og de svage i første omgang – etablerer og siden hænger fast i kemisk slaveri." De peger også på Nils Bejerots konklusioner omkring forsøget med receptudskrivning af narkotika til narkomaner i Stockholm i 1960'erne og mener at udskrivning af Metadon og Subutex og lignende kan legitimere illegal anvendelse af sådanne stoffer. De peger også på risiciene med lækage. Producenten af Subutex besluttede i november 2012 at ophøre med salget i Sverige på grund af at præparatet havde bidraget til at unge begyndte med misbrug.

Litteratur
 Straffa syndare eller hjälpa människor: skadereducering det okända alternativet av Waldemar Ingdahl och Louise Persson, 2009. (; Eudoxa förlag)
 Samhället i narkotikan av Ted Goldberg, 2005. (; Academic Publishing of Sweden)
 Narkotikamissbruk av Dolf Tops (Studentlitteratur 2009)
 Metadon på liv och död: en bok om narkomanvård och narkotikapolitik i Sverige av Björn Johnson (Studentlitteratur 2005; ISBN AB9144045573)

Eksterne links
 Handböcker och utbildningsmaterial från Svenska Brukarföreningen
 Bli hög på rätt sätt: En säkerhetsmanual för sprutnarkomaner
 Drug Decriminalization in Portugal: Lessons for Creating Fair and Successful Drug Policies
 Portugals avkriminalisering en dundrande succé
 What is harm reduction?  A position statement from the International Harm Reduction Association

Kilder og referencer

Sundhed

Skadesreduktion


دبي سات-1 ، أول قمر صناعي للاستشعار عن بعد بتمويل حكومي من دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة، ويقوم بتشغيله مؤسسة الإمارات للعلوم والتقنية المتقدمة. أطلق في 29 يوليو 2009، من قاعدة بايكنور في كازاخستان بإشراف مجموعة من المهندسين والعلماء الإماراتيين الذين شاركوا في بناء وإعداد 30 بالمائة من هذا المشروع النوعي.

ويحمل دبي سات-1 كاميرات تصوير جوي فائقة الدقة والوضوح هي ثمرة تعاون بين علماء إماراتيين وآخرين من كوريا الجنوبية. وسوف تستغل هذه الكاميرات في التخطيط العمراني والتنبؤ بالأخطار الطبيعية المحتملة كالزلازل وانخفاض مناسيب المياه الأرضية في مواقع المشاريع العمرانية الضخمة.

وسيتم استخدام البيانات النهائية الصادرة عن «دبي سات 1» في العديد من التطبيقات المدنية، مثل تخطيط المدن والتطوير العمراني والبحوث العلمية والاتصالات الهاتفية والنقل والمواصلات والهندسة المدنية والإنشاءات ورسم الخرائط والبحوث الجيولوجية إلى جانب تأثير انعكاسات الأشعة الشمسية على الأرض والمسطحات المائية، بالإضافة إلى المراقبة والتنبؤ بالضباب، وكيفية استخدام صور الأقمار الصناعية للتنبؤ بالعواصف الرملية.

ومن المقرر أن تصنع دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة أول قمر صناعي من صنع خبراء إماراتيين مئة بالمئة في العام 2018، وسوف يطلق عليه اسم خليفة سات وسيتم اطلاقه إلى مداره من على متن السفينة الفضائية الروسية دنيبر.

مراجع

 مؤسسة الإمارات للعلوم والتقنية المتقدمة
 وكالة أنباء الإمارات

وصلات خارجية
 دبي سات –1 يلتقط صورة دقيقة لمدينة «كيب تاون» أريبيان بزنس، 21 يونيو 2011

دبي سات-1
أقمار اصطناعية عربية
أقمار اصطناعية لمراقبة الأرض

دبي سات-1