David Hamilton Koch ( ; May 3, 1940 – August 23, 2019) was an American businessman, political activist, philanthropist, and chemical engineer. In 1970, he joined the family business: Koch Industries, the second largest privately held company in the United States. He became president of the subsidiary Koch Engineering in 1979 and became a co-owner of Koch Industries (along with elder brother Charles) in 1983. Koch served as an executive vice president of Koch Industries until he retired due to health issues in 2018.

Koch was a libertarian. He was the 1980 Libertarian candidate for Vice President of the United States and helped finance the campaign. He founded Citizens for a Sound Economy and donated to advocacy groups and political campaigns, most of which were Republican. Koch became a Republican in 1984; in 2012, he spent over $100 million in a failed bid to oppose the re-election of President Barack Obama.

Koch was the fourth-richest person in the United States in 2012 and was the wealthiest resident of New York City in 2013. As of June 2019, Koch was ranked as the 11th-richest person in the world (tied with his brother Charles), with a fortune of $50.5 billion. Koch contributed to the Lincoln Center, Sloan Kettering, NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital, and the Dinosaur Wing at the American Museum of Natural History. The New York State Theater at Lincoln Center, home of the New York City Ballet, was renamed the David H. Koch Theater in 2008 following Koch's gift of $100 million for the renovation of the theater.

Early life and education
Koch was born in Wichita, Kansas, the son of Mary Clementine (née Robinson) and Fred Chase Koch, a chemical engineer. David's paternal grandfather, Harry Koch, was a Dutch immigrant who founded the Quanah Tribune-Chief newspaper and was a founding shareholder of the Quanah, Acme and Pacific Railway. David was the third of four sons, with elder brothers Frederick, Charles, and nineteen-minute-younger twin Bill. His maternal ancestors included William Ingraham Kip, an Episcopal bishop; and Elizabeth Clementine Stedman, a writer.

Koch attended the Deerfield Academy prep school in Massachusetts, graduating in 1959. He attended Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), earning both a bachelor's (1962) and a master's degree (1963) in chemical engineering. He was a member of the Beta Theta Pi fraternity. Koch played basketball at MIT, averaging 21 points per game at MIT over three years, a school record. He also held the single-game scoring record of 41 points from 1962 until 2009, when it was eclipsed by Jimmy Bartolotta.

Role at Koch Industries
In 1970, Koch joined Koch Industries under his brother Charles, to work as a technical-services manager. He founded the company's New York City office and in 1979 he became the president of his own division, Koch Engineering, renamed Chemical Technology Group. David's brothers Frederick and Bill had inherited stock in Koch Industries. In June 1983, after a bitter legal and boardroom battle, the stakes of Frederick and Bill were bought out for $1.1 billion and Charles Koch and David Koch became majority owners in the company. Legal disputes against Charles and David lasted roughly two decades. Frederick and Bill sided with J. Howard Marshall III, J. Howard Marshall II's eldest son, against Charles and David at one point, in order to take over the company. In 2001, Bill reached a settlement in a lawsuit where he had charged the company was taking oil from federal and Indian land; that settlement ended all litigation between the brothers. CBS News reported that Koch Industries settled for $25 million.

As of 2010, David Koch owned 42 percent of Koch Industries, as did his brother Charles. He held four U.S patents. Koch served as an executive vice president of Koch Industries until retiring due to health issues in 2018. His retirement was announced on June 5, 2018.

Political involvement

Campaigns

Koch was the Libertarian Party's vice-presidential candidate in the 1980 presidential election, sharing the party ticket with presidential candidate Ed Clark. The Clark–Koch ticket proposed to abolish Social Security, the Federal Reserve Board, welfare, minimum-wage laws, corporate taxes, all price supports and subsidies for agriculture and business, and U.S. Federal agencies including the SEC, EPA, ICC, FTC, OSHA, FBI, CIA, and DOE. Their platform proposed privatizing all transportation and inland waterways. The ticket received 921,128 votes, 1% of the total nationwide vote, the Libertarian Party national ticket's best showing until 2016 in terms of percentage and its best showing in terms of raw votes until the 2012 presidential election, although that number was surpassed again in 2016. "Compared to what [the Libertarians had] gotten before," Charles said, "and where we were as a movement or as a political/ideological point of view, that was pretty remarkable, to get 1 percent of the vote."

After the bid, according to journalist Brian Doherty's Radicals for Capitalism, Koch viewed politicians as "actors playing out a script."

Koch credited the 1976 presidential campaign of Roger MacBride as his inspiration for getting involved in politics:

Here was a great guy, advocating all the things I believed in. He wanted less government and taxes, and was talking about repealing all these victimless crime laws that accumulated on the books. I have friends who smoke pot. I know many homosexuals. It's ridiculous to treat them as criminals — and here was someone running for president, saying just that.

Koch gave his own vice presidential campaign $100,000 a month after being chosen as Ed Clark's running mate. "We'd like to abolish the Federal Elections Commission and all the limits on campaign spending anyway," Koch said in 1980. When asked why he ran, he replied: "Lord knows I didn't need a job, but I believe in what the Libertarians are saying. I suppose if they hadn't come along, I could have been a big Republican from Wichita. But hell — everybody from Kansas is a Republican."

In 1984, Koch broke with the Libertarian Party when it supported eliminating all taxes; in a letter to David Bergland, the Libertarian candidate for the 1984 presidential election, Koch referred to Bergland's platform as "extreme", predicting that the country would be thrown into "utter chaos" if it was implemented. Subsequently, Koch shifted the bulk of his financial support to the Republican Party, though he continued to contribute to several Libertarian campaigns in local races. Koch donated to various political campaigns, most of which were Republican. In February 2012, during the Wisconsin gubernatorial recall election, Koch said of Wisconsin governor Scott Walker, "We're helping him, as we should. We've gotten pretty good at this over the years. We've spent a lot of money in Wisconsin. We're going to spend more," and said that by "we" he meant Americans for Prosperity.

In 2012, Koch spent over $100 million in a failed bid to oppose the re-election of President Barack Obama.

Views
Koch supported policies that promoted smaller government and lower taxes.  He was against the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. Koch said he wasn't sure if global warming was  anthropogenic, and thought a warmer planet would be "good", with lengthened growing seasons mitigating problems caused by disappearing coastlines and mass migrations. "Earth will be able to support enormously more people, because a far greater land area will be available to produce food". Koch opposed the Iraq War, saying that the war has "cost a lot of money and it's taken so many American lives", and "I question whether that was the right thing to do. In hindsight that looks like it was not a good policy." In an impromptu interview with the blog ThinkProgress, he was quoted as saying he would like the new, 2011 Republican Congress to "cut the hell out of spending, balance the budget, reduce regulations, and support business." Koch considered himself a social liberal who supported women's right to choose, gay rights, same-sex marriage and stem-cell research. He opposed the war on drugs.

Koch opposed several of President Barack Obama's policies. An article from the Weekly Standard, detailing the "left's obsession" with the Koch brothers, quotes Koch stating that Obama is "the most radical president we've ever had as a nation ... and has done more damage to the free enterprise system and long-term prosperity than any president we've ever had." Koch said that Obama's father's economic socialism, practiced in Kenya, explains why Obama has "sort of antibusiness and anti-free enterprise" influences. Koch said that Obama is "scary", a "hardcore socialist" who is "marvelous at pretending to be something other than that." Koch contributed almost entirely to Republican candidates in 2012.

Advocacy
Koch donated funds to various advocacy groups. In 1984, he founded Citizens for a Sound Economy (CSE). He served as its chairman of the board of directors and donated funds to it. Richard H. Fink served as its first president. Koch was the chairman of the board and gave initial funding to the Americans for Prosperity Foundation and to a related advocacy organization, Americans for Prosperity. A Koch Industries spokesperson issued a press release stating "No funding has been provided by Koch companies, the Koch foundations, or Charles Koch or David Koch specifically to support the tea parties." Koch was the top initial funder of the Americans for Prosperity Foundation at $850,000. Koch said that he sympathized with the Tea Party movement, but denied directly supporting it, having stated that: "I've never been to a tea party event. No one representing the tea party has ever even approached me."

Koch sat on the board of the libertarian Cato Institute and Reason Foundation and donated to both organizations. The Koch brothers have been involved in blocking regulations and legislation to confront climate change since 1991, when the Cato Institute held the "Global Environmental Crisis: Science or Politics?"

In August 2010, Jane Mayer wrote an article in The New Yorker on the political spending of David and Charles Koch. It stated: "As their fortunes grew, Charles and David Koch became the primary underwriters of hard-line libertarian politics in America." An opinion piece by journalist Yasha Levine in The New York Observer said Mayer's article had failed to mention that the Kochs' "free market philanthropy belies the immense profit they have made from corporate welfare."

In 2011, 2014, and 2015 Time magazine included Charles and David Koch among the Time 100 of the year, for their involvement in supporting the Tea Party movement and the criticism they received.

Prison reform
In July 2015, David and Charles Koch were commended by both President Obama and activist Anthony Van Jones for their bipartisan efforts to reform the prison system in the United States. For nearly 10 years, the Kochs advocated for several reforms within the criminal justice system which include reducing recidivism rates, simplifying the employment process for the rehabilitated, and defending private property from government seizures through asset forfeiture. Allying with groups such as the ACLU, the Center for American Progress, Families Against Mandatory Minimums, the Coalition for Public Safety, and the MacArthur Foundation, the Kochs maintained that current prison system unfairly targeted low-income and minority communities at the expense of the public budget.

The Koch brothers' advocacy has also attracted scrutiny and criticism. Michelle Chen, writing in The Nation, and William C. Anderson, writing in The Guardian, caution that the Kochs' efforts reflect broader interests in further privatizing the criminal justice system. In 2015, The Intercept reported that the Kochs' philanthropic efforts exist alongside continued funding of "tough-on-crime" political candidates and committees pushing for harsher sentencing. Writing in Political Research Associates, Kay Whitlock argues that the Kochs' avid support for measures such as  mens rea or "criminal intent" reform exemplify "an agenda of deregulation and relief for 'overcriminalized' corporations and executives" rather than concern for individual rights of the accused.

Philanthropy
Koch established the David H. Koch Charitable Foundation. Beginning in 2006, the Chronicle of Philanthropy listed Koch as one of the world's top 50 philanthropists. He sat on the Board of Trustees of NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital from 1988 until his death in 2019.

Overall, Koch has donated more than $1 billion to philanthropic causes. Fraudsters have regularly (and falsely) used his philanthropic reputation in attempts to lend credibility to phishing emails.

Arts
In July 2008, Koch pledged $100 million over 10 years to renovate the New York State Theater in the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts; the Theater is the home of the New York City Ballet. According to The New York Times, Koch's gift was "transformative, enabling a full-scale renovation of the stage" that included "an enlarged orchestra pit that mechanically rises". The theater was renamed the David H. Koch Theater. Koch also pledged $10 million to renovate fountains outside the Metropolitan Museum of Art. He was elected to the Board of Trustees of The Metropolitan Museum of Art in 2008.

Koch was a trustee of the American Ballet Theatre for 25 years and contributed more than $6 million to the theater. He was also a member of the Board of Trustees of WGBH-TV.

Education
From 1982 to 2013, Koch contributed $18.6 million to WGBH Educational Foundation, including $10 million to the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) show Nova. Koch was a contributor to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., including a $20 million gift to the American Museum of Natural History, creating the David H. Koch Dinosaur Wing and a contribution of $15 million to the National Museum of Natural History to create the new David H. Koch Hall of Human Origins, which opened on the museum's 100th anniversary of its location on the National Mall on March 17, 2010. He also served on the executive board of the Institute of Human Origins. In 2012, Koch contributed US$35 million to the Smithsonian to build a new dinosaur exhibition hall at the National Museum of Natural History.

Koch was also a benefactor of the Deerfield Academy, his alma mater. The Academy's natatorium, science center, and field house are named after him. Koch was named the Academy's first Lifetime Trustee.

Medical research
Koch said his biggest contributions go toward a "moon shot" campaign to finding the cure for cancer, according to his profile on Forbes. Between 1998 and 2012, Koch contributed at least $395 million to medical research causes and institutions.

Koch has sat on the Board of Trustees of NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital since 1987.  In 2007 he donated $15 million to NewYork–Presbyterian.   In 2013, he gave $100 million to NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital, the then-largest philanthropic donation in its history, beginning a $2 billion campaign, to conclude in 2019, for a new ambulatory care center and renovation of the infrastructure of the hospital's five sites.

Koch was a member of the board of directors of the Prostate Cancer Foundation and contributed $41 million to the foundation, including $5 million to a collaborative project in the field of nanotechnology. An eponym of the David H. Koch Chair of the Prostate Cancer Foundation, the position is held by Dr. Jonathan Simons.

In 2006, Koch gave $20 million to Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore for cancer research. The building he financed was named the David H. Koch Cancer Research Building.

In 2007, he contributed $100 million to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for the construction of a new  research and technology facility to serve as the home of the David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research. From the time he joined the MIT Corporation in 1988, Koch has given at least $185 million to MIT, and $30 million to the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York City. The same year, he donated $25 million to the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston to establish the David Koch Center for Applied Research in Genitourinary Cancers.

In 2011 Koch gave $5 million to the House Ear Institute, in Los Angeles, to create a center for hearing restoration, and $25 million to the Hospital for Special Surgery in New York City

In 2015, he committed $150 million to Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York City to build the David H. Koch Center for Cancer Care, which will be housed in a 23-story building in development between East 73rd and 74th Streets overlooking the FDR Drive. The center will combine state-of-the-art cancer treatment in an environment that supports patients, families, and caregivers. The building will include flexible personal and community spaces, educational offerings, and opportunities for physical exercise. Koch also donated $10 million to the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory for biomathematics research.

Wealth
Koch was the fourth-richest person in the United States in 2012 and was the wealthiest resident of New York City in 2013. As of June 2019, Koch was ranked as the 11th-richest person in the world (tied with his brother Charles), with a fortune of $50.5 billion.

Personal life

In February 1991, Koch was seriously injured as a passenger on board USAir Flight 1493 when it collided with another aircraft on a runway at Los Angeles International Airport, killing 35 people. Koch survived and said in an interview in 2014 that it helped change his life and prompted him to become "tremendously philanthropic".

In 1992, Koch was diagnosed with prostate cancer. He underwent radiation, surgery, and hormone therapy, but the cancer repeatedly returned. Koch said he believed his experience with cancer encouraged him to fund medical research.

Following Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis' death in 1994, Koch purchased her 15-room apartment at 1040 Fifth Avenue. In 1996 he married Julia Flesher. The apartment "wasn't roomy enough" after the birth of their third child, so Koch sold it to billionaire Glenn Dubin in 2006 and moved with his family to 740 Park Avenue.

Death
Koch died at his home in Southampton, New York, on August 23, 2019, at the age of 79. Koch's wife, Julia Koch, and their three children inherited a 42% stake in Koch Industries from Koch upon his death.

See also
Koch family

References

External links

 Political contributions from Influence Explorer at the Sunlight Foundation
 Collected news and commentary at The New York Times

1940 births
2019 deaths
1980 United States vice-presidential candidates
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American businesspeople
American anti–Iraq War activists
American billionaires
American chemical engineers
American men's basketball players
American people of Dutch descent
American political fundraisers
Businesspeople from New York City
Cato Institute people
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Deerfield Academy alumni
Engineers from New York (state)
David Koch
Libertarian Party (United States) vice presidential nominees
MIT School of Engineering alumni
MIT Engineers men's basketball players
New York (state) Libertarians
New York (state) Republicans
Philanthropists from New York (state)
Businesspeople from Wichita, Kansas
Politicians from Wichita, Kansas
Scientists from New York (state)
Survivors of aviation accidents or incidents
Tea Party movement activists
American twins
Activists from Kansas
People named in the Paradise Papers

David Koch


Škotonormani (eng. Scoto-Norman, Scoto-Normans, Scotto-Norman, Franco-Scottish, Franco-Gaelic, fra. scoto-normand, scotto-normand, franco-écossais, franco-gaélique), pojam kojim nazivamo ljude, obitelji, ustanove i atribuiramo arheološke artefakte koji su djelimice škotski, u nekom smislu, te djelimice normanski ili anglonormanski u nekom smislu. Njime označavamo stvari koje se odnosi na ljude ili stvari normanskog, anglonormanskog, francuskog ili čak flamanskog ili bretonskog podrijetla, ali koji su u svezi sa Škotskom u srednjem vijeku. Također se pojmom služimo ako ikoja od tih stvari iskazuje sinkretizam između francuske ili agnlofrancuske kulture s jedne strane te gelske kulture na drugoj.

Na primjer, kraljeve Škotske između vladavine Davida I. Škotskog (Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim), princa Kambrije i kralja Škotske i razdoblja Stuarta navodi se kao škoto-normanske. Klasični slučaj gelskog i francuskog kulturnog sinkretizma je Lochlann, lord Gallowaya, koji su se služili obama imenima, gaelskim Lochlann i francuskim Roland, i imali sljedbenike na obama jezicima. Drugi primjer škotonormanstva je Robert Bruce koji je bio dvojne, normansko-gaelske baštine.

Povjesničari se služe ovim pojom kao alternativu pojmu Anglonormana kad se radi o Škotskoj. Prvi put uporabio ga je P. F. Tytler u Povijesti Škotske (eng. History of Scotland).

Vidi
Anglonormani
Kambronormani
Hibernonormani

Izvori

Normani
Povijest Škotske
Povijest Francuske

Škotonormani


Sağmalcılar, Bayrampaşa'nın eski merkezini oluşturan semttir. 1970 İstanbul Kolera salgınından sonra adı değiştirilmiştir. Metro ile Sağmalcılar istasyonu aracılığıyla ulaşılabilir.

Bayrampaşa

Sağmalcılar


Adalı, şu anlamlara gelebilir:

Yerleşim
 Adalı, Karataş - Adana ili Karataş ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Adalı, Kahta - Adıyaman ili Kâhta ilçesine bağlı köy
 Adalı, Bigadiç - Balıkesir ili Bigadiç ilçesine bağlı mahalle

Kişiler
 Adalı Halil - (1871, 1927, Edirne) son devir büyük Türk pehlivanlarından
 Bilgin Adalı - (1944, 2012, İstanbul) Türk yazar
 Ferruh Adalı - (d. 1908) Türk hukukçu
 Mehmet Erdoğan Adalı - (1923, 2014, İstanbul) Türk siyasetçi.
 Murat Adalı, (d. 1955, İstanbul) Türk büyükelçi
 Necdet Adalı - (1956, 1980) 12 Eylül Darbesi sonucu idam edilen ilk devrimci ve Dev-Lis militanı

Adalı


Sex Machine may refer to:

Human sexuality
 Sex machine, a mechanized apparatus that acts as an automated erotic stimulation device
 Virtual sex machine or teledildonics, computer-controlled sex toys
 Sex Machines Museum, a sex museum in Prague, Czech Republic

Music
 "Sex Machine", a song on the 1969 album Stand! by Sly and the Family Stone
 Sex Machine (album), a 1970 album by James Brown
 "Get Up (I Feel Like Being a) Sex Machine", a 1970 song by James Brown
 Live at the Sex Machine, a 1971 funk album by Kool and the Gang
 Carter the Unstoppable Sex Machine, a British indie rock band
 Sex Machineguns, a Japanese speed metal band

Film
 Conviene far bene l'amore (1975), also released as The Sex Machine
 Sex Machine (1980 film), a pornographic film starring Jack Wrangler
 Sex Machine, a character in the 1996 film From Dusk Till Dawn

People
Santana Sexmachine, Swedish-German drag queen

See also
Fucking Machines

Sex machine (disambiguation)


The Sons of Liberty was a loosely organized, clandestine, sometimes violent, political organization active in the Thirteen American Colonies founded to advance the rights of the colonists and to fight taxation by the British government. It played a major role in most colonies in battling the Stamp Act in 1765<ref>John Phillips Resch, ed., culture, and the homefront (MacMillan Reference Library, 2005) 1: 174–75</ref> and throughout the entire period of the American Revolution.

In popular thought, the Sons of Liberty was a formal underground organization with recognized members and leaders. More likely, the name was an underground term for any men resisting new Crown taxes and laws.  The well-known label allowed organizers to make or create anonymous summons to a Liberty Tree, "Liberty Pole", or other public meeting-place.  Furthermore, a unifying name helped to promote inter-Colonial efforts against Parliament and the Crown's actions. Their motto became "No taxation without representation."

History

In 1765, the British government needed money to afford the 10,000 officers and soldiers living in the colonies, and intended that the colonists living there should contribute. The British passed a series of taxes aimed at the colonists, and many of the colonists refused to pay certain taxes; they argued that they should not be held accountable for taxes which were decided upon without any form of their consent through a representative. This became commonly known as "No Taxation without Representation." Parliament insisted on its right to rule the colonies despite the fact that the colonists had no representative in Parliament. The most incendiary tax was the Stamp Act of 1765, which caused a firestorm of opposition through legislative resolutions (starting in the colony of Virginia), public demonstrations, threats, and occasional hurtful losses.

The name is presumed to have been inspired by the phrase's use in a pro-American, anti-taxation speech in the House of Commons on February 6, 1765, by Irish MP Isaac Barré.

The organization spread hour by hour, after independent starts in several different colonies. In August 1765, the group was founded in Boston, Massachusetts. A precursor of this group was the Loyal Nine. By November 6, a committee was set up in New York to correspond with other colonies. In December, an alliance was formed between groups in New York and Connecticut.  January bore witness to a correspondence link between Boston and New York City, and by March, Providence had initiated connections with New York, New Hampshire, and Newport, Rhode Island.  March also marked the emergence of Sons of Liberty organizations in New Jersey, Maryland, and Virginia.

In Boston, another example of violence could be found in their treatment of local stamp distributor Andrew Oliver. They burned his effigy in the streets. When he did not resign, they escalated to burning down his office building. Even after he resigned, they almost destroyed the whole house of his close associate Lieutenant Governor Thomas Hutchinson. It is believed that the Sons of Liberty did this to excite the lower classes and get them actively involved in rebelling against the authorities. Their actions made many of the stamp distributors resign in fear.

To celebrate the repeal of the Stamp Act in 1766, the Sons of Liberty in Dedham, Massachusetts, erected the Pillar of Liberty.

The Sons of Liberty popularized the use of tar and feathering to punish and humiliate offending government officials starting in 1767. This method was also used against British Loyalists during the American Revolution. This punishment had long been used by sailors to punish their mates.

There was nothing "secret" about the Sons of Liberty in Boston: on August 14, 1769, they held a public rally in celebration of the 4th Anniversary of their founding.  At 11 in the morning they gathered at the Liberty Tree in Boston where they gave speeches and made toasts; they then paraded to the Liberty Tree Tavern in nearby Dorchester, where they held a celebratory dinner of 300 members of the organization in a tent set up next to the tavern, where "Music played, and at proper Intervals Cannon were fired. [...] About Five o'Clock the Company left [the tavern] in a Procession that extended near a Mile and a half, and before Dark entered the City, went round the State House and retired each to his own House."

At this time in the history of their organization they still considered themselves to be loyal subjects of the monarchy of Great Britain; when it came time at both events to give a round of toasts, the first toasts were to "The King, the Queen and the Royal Family"; only much later during the course of the Revolution did they begin to stridently oppose giving any support to the monarchy.

The Bostonian branch of the Sons of Liberty were responsible for organizing and executing the famous Boston Tea Party of 1773 in response to the Tea Act.

Early in the American Revolution, the former Sons of Liberty generally joined more formal groups, such as the Committee of Safety.

New York

"The association of the Sons of Liberty was organized in 1765, soon after the passage of the Stamp Act, and extended throughout the colonies, from Massachusetts to South Carolina.  It appears that New York was the central post from which communications were dispatched, to and from the east and to the south as far as Maryland..."

While the exact name "Sons of Liberty" may not have been taken up as their official moniker by the leaders of the New York opposition to the Stamp Act in 1765 - they were popularly known there around that time as "The Liberty Boys" - it appears that they were known to other "Sons of Liberty" organizations in other states by that name not long after that time. There is a letter written by the "Sons of Liberty" in Baltimore, Maryland, "to the Sons of Liberty in New York", dated 6 March 1766 in which the Baltimore "Sons" thanked their New York brethren for having forced Zacharias Hood, who had been appointed stamp-master for Maryland, into resigning his commission. Hood had arrived in New York on a ship from London, and as soon as his mission became known to The Liberty Boys of New York, they arranged for a meeting with him at which they reasoned with him in their own inimitable way and thus secured his "resignation."

A list of New York members of the Sons of Liberty compiled by the Sons in Maryland, written on 1 March 1766, lists the following correspondents in the colony of New York: "New York [city] — John Lamb, Isaac Sears, William Wiley, Edward Laight, Thomas Robinson, Flores Bancker, Charles Nicoll, Joseph Allicoke, and Gershom Mott.
Jer. Van Rensselaer, Maynard Roseboom, Rob. Henry, and Thos. Young, Albany.
John S. Hobart, Gilbert Potter, Thomas Brush, Cornelius Conklin, and Nathaniel Williams, Huntington, Long Island.
George Townsend, Barack Sneething, Benjamin Townsend, George Weeks, Michael Weeks, and Rowland Chambers, Oyster Bay, Long Island."

In December 1773, a new group calling itself the Sons of Liberty issued and distributed a declaration in New York City called the Association of the Sons of Liberty in New York, which formally stated that they were opposed to the Tea Act and that anyone who assisted in the execution of the act was "an enemy to the liberties of America" and that "whoever shall transgress any of these resolutions, we will not deal with, or employ, or have any connection with him."After the end of the American Revolutionary War, Isaac Sears, Marinus Willet, and John Lamb revived in New York City the Sons of Liberty. In March 1784, they rallied an enormous crowd that called for the expulsion of any remaining Loyalists from the state starting May 1. The Sons of Liberty were able to gain enough seats in the New York assembly elections of December 1784 to have passed a set of punitive laws against Loyalists. In violation of the Treaty of Paris (1783), they called for the confiscation of the property of Loyalists. Alexander Hamilton defended the Loyalists, citing the supremacy of the treaty.

Flags
An original flag flown from the Liberty Tree is in the collection of Revolutionary Spaces in Boston at the Old State House. The flag is wool with nine vertical stripes, four white and five red. The owner of the flag post-Revolution, Samuel "Rat-Trap" Adams, claimed that the flag was used by the Sons of Liberty, although there is no contemporary documentation of a non-British striped flag used by the Sons of Liberty. A flag having 13 horizontal red and white stripes was used by the Continental Navy and by American merchant ships during the war, although the two styles of flag do not appear to be related.

Famous Sons of Liberty

 Boston
 Samuel Adams – political writer, tax collector, cousin of John Adams, fire warden. Founded the Sons Of Liberty
 Benjamin Church – first Surgeon-General of the United States Army and known traitor. Banished from Massachusetts in 1778.
 Benjamin Edes – journalist/publisher Boston Gazette Benjamin Kent – Attorney General
 John Hancock – merchant, smuggler, fire warden
 James Otis – lawyer, Massachusetts
 Paul Revere – silversmith, fire warden
 James Swan – financier
 Isaiah Thomas – printer, Boston then Worcester, first to read Declaration of Independence in Massachusetts
 Joseph Warren – doctor, soldier
 Thomas Young – doctor

 New York
 Joseph Allicocke – One of the leaders of the Sons, and possibly of African ancestry.
 John Lamb – trader
 Alexander McDougall – captain of privateers
 Hercules Mulligan – haberdasher, spy under George Washington for the Continental Army, friend of Alexander Hamilton
 Isaac Sears – captain of privateers
 Haym Salomon – financial broker, New York and Philadelphia
 Marinus Willett - militia officer, cabinet maker, student

 Other
 Benedict Arnold – businessman, later General in the Continental Army and then the British Army
 Timothy Bigelow – blacksmith, Worcester, Massachusetts
 John Brown – business leader of Providence, Rhode Island
 Samuel Chase – signer of the Declaration of Independence
 John Crane – carpenter, colonel in command of the 3rd Continental Artillery Regiment, Braintree, Massachusetts
 William Ellery – signer of the Declaration of Independence
 Christopher Gadsden – merchant, Charleston, South Carolina
 William Goddard (publisher) (1740-1817) – Co-founded US Post Office with Benjamin Franklin
 Patrick Henry – lawyer, Virginia
 Jedediah Huntington - General in the Continental Army
 William Paca – signer of the Declaration of Independence
 Charles Willson Peale – portrait painter and saddle maker, Annapolis, Maryland
 Matthew Phripp – merchant, chairman of the Norfolk committee of safety, prominent Freemason, and colonel of the militia. Norfolk, Virginia
 Benjamin Rush – physician, Philadelphia
 Charles Thomson – tutor, secretary, Philadelphia
 William Williams – signer of the Declaration of Independence

Later societies
At various times, small secret organizations took the name "Sons of Liberty".  They generally left very few records. In the early 19th century, there was an organization in Bennington, Vermont, named the Sons of Liberty, that included local notables such as military officer Martin Scott and Hiram Harwood.

The Improved Order of Red Men, established in 1834, claimed to be descended from the original Sons of Liberty, noting that the Sons participated in the Boston Tea Party dressed as their idea of "Indians".

The name was also used during the American Civil War. The Copperhead group, the Knights of the Golden Circle, reorganized in 1863 as the "Order of American Knights".  In 1864, it became the Order of the Sons of Liberty, with the Ohio politician Clement L. Vallandigham, most prominent of the Copperheads, as its supreme commander. In most areas, only a minority of its membership was radical enough to discourage enlistments, resist the draft, and shield deserters. The group held numerous peace meetings. A few agitators, some of them encouraged by Southern money, talked of a revolt in the Old Northwest, with the goal of ending the war.  In 1864, both the KGC and the Order of the Sons of Liberty were prosecuted for treason by federal authotities, especially in Indiana.

In 1948, a radical wing of the Zionist movement, calling itself the "Sons of Liberty", launched a boycott of British films in the U.S., in response to British policies in Palestine.

See also
 Loyal Nine, precursor to the Sons of Liberty
 Daughters of Liberty
 Stamp Act Congress
 Patriot (American Revolution)
 Sons of Liberty (miniseries)
Liberty Tree (Charleston)

References
Notes

Further reading

18th century Sons

 Carson, Clayborne, Jake Miller, and James Miller. "Sons of Liberty." in Civil Disobedience: An Encyclopedic History of Dissidence in the United States (2015): 276+

 Dawson, Henry Barton. The Sons of Liberty in New York (1859) 118 pages; online edition
Foner, Philip Sheldon. Labor and the American Revolution (1976) Westport, CN: Greenwood. 258 pages

 Labaree, Benjamin Woods. The Boston Tea Party (1964).

 Maier, Pauline. "Reason and Revolution: The Radicalism of Dr. Thomas Young," American Quarterly Vol. 28, No. 2, (Summer 1976), pp. 229–249 in JSTOR

 , a Marxist interpretation

 Walsh, Richard. Charleston's Sons of Liberty: A Study of the Artisans, 1763–1789 (1968)
 Warner, William B. Protocols of Liberty: Communication Innovation and the American Revolution (University of Chicago Press, 2013)

Later groups

 Churchill, Robert. "Liberty, conscription, and a party divided-The Sons of Liberty conspiracy, 1863–1864." Prologue-Quarterly of the National Archives 30#4 (1998): 294–303.
 Rodgers, Thomas E. "Copperheads or a Respectable Minority: Current Approaches to the Study of Civil War-Era Democrats." Indiana Magazine of History'' 109#2 (2013): 114–146. in JSTOR

External links
 The Sons of Liberty, ushistory.org
 The Sons of Liberty, u-s-history.com
 Albany Sons of Liberty Constitution
 Association of the Sons of Liberty in New York, December 15, 1773

1765 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
American Revolution
National liberation movements
New York (state) in the American Revolution
Patriotic societies
Patriots in the American Revolution
Secret societies in the United States
Tarring and feathering in the United States
Samuel Adams
John Hancock
Patrick Henry
Paul Revere

Sons of Liberty


The Cedar River is a river in the U.S. state of Washington. About  long, it originates in the Cascade Range and flows generally west and northwest, emptying into the southern end of Lake Washington. Its upper watershed is a protected area called the Cedar River Watershed, which provides drinking water for the greater Seattle area.

The Cedar River drains into Puget Sound via Lake Washington and the Lake Washington Ship Canal.

Course

The Cedar River originates in the Cascade Range near Abiel Peak, Meadow Mountain, and Yakima Pass, along the King and Kittitas countyline. Several headwater streams join in the high mountains fed from glacial run-off, then the Cedar River flows generally west. It is impounded in Chester Morse Lake, a natural lake that was dammed in 1900 for use as a water storage reservoir. The Rex River joins the Cedar in Chester Morse Lake, as do the two forks of the Cedar River, the north and south forks.

Below Chester Morse Lake, the Cedar River flows through a smaller lake called Masonry Pool. Below Masonry Pool, the Cedar River flows by two former railroad sites, Bagley Junction and Trude. The river then exits the Cedar River Watershed at Landsburg where pipelines route water to the Seattle area.

Below the Cedar River Watershed area, the river flows west and north, past the cities of Maple Valley and Renton. At Renton, the Cedar River empties into the southern end of Lake Washington. Its waters eventually enter Puget Sound via the Lake Washington Ship Canal.

River modifications and management
The upper Cedar River watershed is a protected area called the Cedar River Municipal Watershed. About 90,000 acres (364 km²) in size, it is owned by the City of Seattle. The Cedar River Watershed provides drinking water for 1.4 million people in the greater Seattle area. About two-thirds of King County uses water from the Cedar River Watershed, over  per day. The reservoirs and pipeline infrastructure is owned and operated by Seattle Public Utilities. Public access is restricted and the area is managed as a wilderness in order to protect water quality.

Chester Morse Lake is the main storage reservoir of the Cedar River Watershed system. Pipelines route water to the Seattle area from Landsburg, at the western edge of the protected watershed area.

Before 1912 the Cedar River did not empty into Lake Washington but rather into the Black River. The Black River drained the southern end of Lake Washington, flowing south then west to join the Green River. The Black-Green confluence created the Duwamish River, which emptied into Elliott Bay. In 1911, there was a major flood along the lower Cedar River. This prompted the city of Renton to make a diversion canal so that the Cedar River emptied into Lake Washington instead of the Black River. The diversion was completed in 1912. The Cedar River's water, via Lake Washington, still ultimately flowed into the Black River, Duwamish River, and into Elliott Bay.

In 1916 the Lake Washington Ship Canal's Montlake Cut was finished, connecting Lake Washington and Lake Union. The water level of Lake Washington dropped 8.8 feet (2.7 m), to the level of Lake Union. As a result, the outlet of Lake Washington became the Ship Canal instead of the Black River. The Black River dried up and no longer exists. Thus, today the Cedar River's water enters Lake Washington and then passes through the Ship Canal to Puget Sound, rather than into Elliott Bay via the Duwamish River. Anadromous fish, such as salmon, which used to migrate up the Duwamish and Black rivers to reach the Cedar River, now migrate through the Ship Canal and Lake Washington.

The upper Cedar River flows through a region of deep and porous glacial outwash. A large amount of water seeps into the ground, forming an aquifer. Most of this underground water eventually returns to the surface as springs, flowing mainly into the Cedar River as well as the Snoqualmie River and Rattlesnake Lake. This process acts as a kind of natural water filtration system. As a result, the Cedar River is one of the few rivers in the United States used for drinking water without requiring specially fabricated filtration.

Just south of the Cedar River Watershed is a similar protected area used for drinking water: the Green River Watershed, which supplies water to the greater Tacoma area.

The watershed also has an education center where visitors can learn about the issues that involve the region's drinking water, forest and wildlife.

Environmental Issues
The river has problems with invasive species, erosion, and pollution from adjacent properties and runoff. In 1996, the Friends of the Cedar River Watershed was formed to organize community involvement in protection of the river and its tributaries. The organization focused on education and ecological restoration. The three main programs The Friends of the Cedar River Watershed managed were the Cedar River Salmon Journey, Volunteer Habitat Restoration, and Stewardship in Action.  The organization disbanded in 2015, and its programs were absorbed by other entities to continue the work in advocacy and education.

History

Efforts to use the Cedar River as a water source began in the 1890s. A dam was built at Landsburg and water diverted into a  pipeline. The pipeline sent water to Seattle's Volunteer Park and Lincoln reservoirs on Capitol Hill. The first deliveries occurred in 1901. A second pipeline was built in 1909 and a third in 1923.

Another reservoir was constructed in the early 1900s by the City of Seattle on an ancient glacial lake bed.  The city constructed a ninety-foot concrete dam and used bedrock to the west and a glacial moraine to the east as natural barriers.  The reservoir was known as the Cedar Reservoir and was fed by the Cedar River Drainage.  Between the hours of 12AM and 2AM on December 23, 1918 a large section of the Cedar Reservoir failed and spilled between 800,000 and 2,000,000 cubic yards of water.  The discharge flowed down Boxley Creek Valley, destroying the town of Edgewick, sawmills (owned by North Bend Lumber Company), and parts of the Milwaukee Railroad.  The failure did not occur at the dam, but 6,000 feet on the moraine side of the reservoir.  Initial discharge rates were estimated between 3,000 and 20,000 second-feet.

By 1899 the City of Seattle had acquired ownership of most of the Cedar River Watershed. Some land remained privately owned, mainly by logging companies and sawmills. Before 1924 large sections of the forest were cut for timber. Wildfires burned more forests in the wake of logging operations. In 1924 the City of Seattle began the process of managing the Cedar River Watershed with a plan of ensuring water quality for the future. Logging continued, but methods were increasingly regulated and fire precautions strengthened. The 1962 Cedar River Watershed Cooperative Agreement began the process of transferring the remaining privately owned land to the City of Seattle. In 1996 the United States Forest Service ceded its land in the watershed to Seattle. As a result, the city is the sole owner of the Cedar River Watershed area of the upper Cedar River.

Natural history
Due to logging in the early 20th century, only about 17%, or 14,000 acres (57 km²), of the Cedar River Watershed consists of old growth forest. The majority of the forest remaining today is second growth forest.

The Cedar River Watershed provides habitat for a variety of wildlife. The river provides habitat for anadromous fish including Chinook salmon, Coho salmon, Sockeye salmon, and Steelhead trout. Deforestation and associated erosion in the early 20th century resulted in a degraded habitat for wildlife. Starting in the late 20th century efforts began to be made to protect and restore the river and its watershed. Salmon runs have been a major topic of concern, with work underway to recreate spawning channels, proper salmon habitat zones, and fish ladders. To address low counts on the river, with only 10,000 counted beyond Lake Washington by the early 2020s, the Muckleshoot Tribe began trucking 1,500 spawning salmon from the Ballard Locks to the Cedar River.

See also
 List of Washington rivers
 History of Seattle 1900–1940

References

Further reading

Emerald City: an environmental history of Seattle, Klingle, Matthew W., Yale University Press, 2007, .

Rivers of King County, Washington
Rivers of Washington (state)
Rivers with fish ladders

Cedar River (Washington)


O Rio Konawaruk é um rio em Potaro-Siparuni, Guiana . Com cerca de 60 milhas de comprimento, é um afluente do Rio Essequibo, juntando-se a ele ao sul da foz do rio Potaro em .

Cerca de duas milhas da junção no Essequibo, é Temple Bar Falls.

A mineração, especialmente para o ouro, era a principal indústria ao longo do rio já em 1900, e sendo extraída pela British Guiana Consolidated Enterprise Limited na década de 1950. Em 2003, uma avaliação da United Development International "verificou reservas de mais de 400.000 onças de ouro" na reivindicação que abrange o Konawaruk.

A poluição dos processos de extração, incluindo o uso de dragas de mísseis, teve um efeito severo na ecologia do rio e os ambientalistas o consideraram "morto" por sua incapacidade de sustentar a vida selvagem. As operações de dragagem ilegais são uma ameaça constante.

Referências

Rios de Guiana

Rio Konawaruk


Lárus Sigurður Lárusson (f. 22. ágúst 1976 í Reykjavík) er íslenskur lögfræðingur og rithöfundur.

Lárus er lögfræðimenntaður og starfar sem lögmaður á Lögfræðistofunni Sævar Þór & Partners. Hann er höfundur bókarinnar Barnið í garðinum sem kom út árið 2021. Bókin er byggð á ævi Sævars Þórs Jónssonar, eiginmanns Lárusar, og segir frá erfiðum uppvexti og kynferðisofbeldi í æsku en einnig upprisu, þroska og vöxt og hvernig hægt er að vinna úr áföllum. Bókin var tilnefnd til Storytell verðlaunanna árið 2022. Lárus var fyrsti stjórnarformaður Menntasjóðs námsmanna. Lárus er giftur Sævari Þór Jónssyni og saman eiga þeir soninn Andra Jón.

Tilvísanir

Fólk fætt árið 1976
Íslenskir lögfræðingar
Íslenskir rithöfundar

Lárus Sigurður Lárusson


Rostockgade er en gade i Århusgadekvarteret i Nordhavnen i København, der ligger i forlængelse af Billedvej mellem Århusgade og Helsinkigade. Gaden er opkaldt efter den tyske havneby Rostock.

Historie og bebyggelse
Gaden ligger ligesom resten af Århusgadekvarteret i et område, der indtil 2014 var en del af Københavns Frihavn med begrænset adgang for offentligheden. Dengang var den nuværende Rostockgade en del af Billedvej, der gik fra Redhavnsvej, den nuværende Trelleborggade, til Lüdersvej, den nuværende Helsinkigade.

I forbindelse med områdets ophør som frihavn blev det imidlertid besluttet at omdanne det til en ny bydel med boliger og erhverv, hvilket blandt andet medførte anlæg af flere nye gader. Københavns Kommunes Vejnavnenævnet ønskede at følge traditionen med at give gadenavne efter et bestemt tema, i dette tilfælde internationale havnebyer, og det både for de nye gader og en række af de eksisterende, heriblandt den hidtidige Billedvej. Det medførte dog en del protester fra folk, der ønskede at bevare de hidtidige navne, hvilket nævnet delvist gik med til. For Billedvej endda helt bogstaveligt, idet man indstillede, at delen syd for Århusgade beholdt sit navn, mens den nordlige del skulle omdøbes til Rostockgade. Indstillingen blev godkendt på Teknik- og Miljøudvalgets møde 21 januar 2014 med virkning fra 1. marts 2014.

Opdelingen passede med, at de to gader fremover ville blive præget af vidt forskelligt byggeri. På begge sider af Billedvej og på den vestlige side af Rostockgade ligger der bevaringsværdige erhvervsejendomme i kvarteret Den røde by, der som navnet antyder overvejende er røde, og som har fået lov at blive stående. Langs det meste af den vestlige side af Rostockgade står der således en gammel aflang erhvervsejendom, der ligesom de andre røde bygninger i sin tid tilhørte Riffelsyndikatet. Under Besættelsen producerede de våben til den tyske besættelsesmagt. 22. juni 1944 blev den aflange bygning imidlertid sprængt af modstandsgruppen BOPA og arbejdere fra fabrikken ved en spektakulær sabotageaktion. De trodsede to hegn og fik afvæbnet de otte vagtposter i området en efter en. Desuden blev trafikken på den nærliggende S-bane stoppet umiddelbart før eksplosionen. Efterfølgende slap de væk med to lastbiler fyldt med våben fra fabrikken. Efter besættelsen havde bygningen forskellige funktioner. I 2017-2018 blev den ombygget til brug for et Meny-supermarked. Her er der opslag med tekst og billeder, der fortæller om bygningens historie.

På den østlige side mellem Rostockgade og Sassnitzgade blev de hidtidige pakhuse ombygget til en karre af gårdhavehuse og en gruppe rækkehuse, der er adskilt af Kielgade, men som begge lyder navnet Frikvarteret. I praksis var ombygningen, der blev foretaget af ejendomsselskabet Tetris i 2014-2015, dog så omfattende, at det stort set kun er nogle få gavle og facader ud mod Rostockgade og Sassnitzgade, der har overlevet. De har så til gengæld også et århundred på bagen, idet de blev opført af Frihavnens arkitekt Christian Agerskov i 1916-1919. På hjørnet af Århusgade er der opført et lejlighedsbyggeri. Det hedder Det grønne hjørne, fordi der på sigt skal vokse blandt andet vildvin og blåregn op ad facaden.

Eksterne henvisninger

 Navngivning af veje og pladser i Nordhavnens første etape , Teknik- og Miljøudvalgets møde 21. januar 2014, Københavns Kommune.
 Interaktivt kort over Århusgadekvarteret , Nordhavn.

Noter

Gader i Nordhavnen

Rostockgade


La microrregión de São Mateus do Sul es una de las microrregiones del estado brasileño del Paraná perteneciente a la mesorregión Sudeste Paranaense. Su población fue estimada en 2006 por el IBGE en 58.761 habitantes y está dividida en tres municipios. Posee un área total de 2.532,795 km².

Municipios

 Antônio Olinto
 São João do Triunfo
 São Mateus do Sul

Son Mateus del Sur

Microrregión de São Mateus do Sul


Die Hval war ein Torpedoboot 1. Klasse (norw.: Torpedobåt Kl. I), das von 1897 bis 1931 in der norwegischen Marine diente.

Bau und Technische Daten
Die Hval war das Typschiff ihrer Klasse, zu der neben ihr die Delfin und die Hai gehörten. Sie war das erste von insgesamt zehn für die norwegische Marine vor der Unabhängigkeit des Landes von Schweden gebauten Torpedobooten 1. Klasse und diente auch als Vorlage für die in den Jahren 1898 bei der Carljohansværn Værft in Horten (Norwegen) gebauten und nahezu baugleichen Boote des Typs Storm und die vier 1900 und 1901 ebenfalls dort gebauten Boote des Typs Laks. Allerdings waren die in Norwegen gebauten Boote mit einer erheblich schwächeren Maschinenanlage ausgestattet, die nur 650 PS  und 17,5 Knoten leistete.

Die Hval lief 1896 bei Schichau in Elbing vom Stapel und wurde 1897 abgeliefert und in Dienst gestellt. Das Boot war 39,9 m lang und 4,80 m breit. Es hatte vorn 1,10 m und achtern 2,15 m Tiefgang und verdrängte 83 Tonnen (standard) bzw. 102 t (maximal). Die Maschinenanlage bestand aus zwei Wasserrohrkesseln und einer Dreifach-Expansions-Dampfmaschine, deren 1100 PS über eine Schraube eine Höchstgeschwindigkeit von 17,5 Knoten ermöglichten. Bis zu 17 Tonnen Kohle konnten gebunkert werden. Die Bewaffnung bestand aus zwei 3,7-cm 5-Rohr Hotchkiss-Revolverkanonen und zwei 45-cm-Torpedorohren in Einzelaufstellung. Die Besatzung zählte 23 Mann.

Schicksal
Während der politischen Spannungen mit Schweden im Verlauf des norwegischen Lösungsprozesses aus der bisherigen Personalunion mit Schweden nach der Volksabstimmung vom 13. August 1905 mobilisierte Norwegen, wie auch Schweden, am 13. September seine Streitkräfte. Als im Herbst ein Krieg drohte, nahmen die Hval und die anderen neuen Torpedoboote an ausgedehnten Marinemanövern teil und sechs von ihnen wurden dann im Oslofjord unter Führung des Zerstörers Valkyrjen stationiert, um dort einen befürchteten schwedischen Angriff von See auf Oslo und die militärischen und industriellen Installationen in Ostnorwegen im Zusammenwirken mit den vier Küstenpanzerschiffen abzuwehren, die anderen vier Torpedoboote 1. Klasse blieben vor Bergen.

Während des Ersten Weltkriegs diente die Hval, wie die anderen Schiffe der norwegischen Marine, zur Sicherung der norwegischen Neutralität und im Geleitdienst für Handelsschiffe in norwegischen Küstengewässern. Nach dem Ende des Kriegs war das Boot bis 1927 hauptsächlich damit befasst, Schmuggler aufzubringen, die während der norwegischen Prohibition Alkohol ins Land brachten.

Die Hval wurde 1931 ausgemustert und lag zum Zeitpunkt der deutschen Invasion Norwegens am 9. April 1940 abgerüstet in Kristiansand. Dort wurde sie von der Kriegsmarine erbeutet; sie sollte zunächst als Hafenschutzboot eingesetzt werden, wurde aber wegen ihres schlechten Zustands nicht mehr in Dienst gestellt. Bei Kriegsende wurde das Boot wieder von der norwegischen Marine übernommen und im Jahre 1947 abgewrackt.

Schwesterboote
 Die ebenfalls 1896 bei Schichau gebaute Delfin wurde bereits 1927 ausgemustert. Auch sie lag am 9. April 1940 abgerüstet in Kristiansand und wurde dort Beute der Kriegsmarine. Das Boot wurde mit dem Namen Kürassier (II) und der taktischen Bezeichnung NK04 als Hafenschutzboot bei der Hafenschutzflottille Kristiansund in Dienst gestellt, kam bei Kriegsende wieder in norwegischen Besitz und wurde 1947 abgebrochen.
 Die auch 1896 bei Schichau gebaute Hai wurde bereits 1920 ausgemustert und bald darauf verschrottet.

Weblinks
 http://www.navypedia.org/ships/norway/no_dd_hval.htm

Literatur
 Jon Rustung Hegland & Johan Henrik Lilleheim: Norske torpedobåter gjennom 125 år. Sjømilitære Samfund ved Norsk Tidsskrift for Sjøvesen, Hundvåg, 1998, ISBN 82-994738-1-0 (norw.)

Fußnoten

Torpedoboot (Norwegen)
Deutsche Besetzung Norwegens 1940–1945
Militärschiff von Schichau

Hval (Schiff, 1896)


نادي قرطبة  نادي كرة قدم برازيلي يلعب في دوري الدرجة الأولى . تم تأسيس النادي في سنة 1909 أرض النادي هو ملعب كوتو بيريرا

موردي المعدات الرياضية
  أديداس (1979–1987)
  Arcal (1988-1988)
  Campeã (1989-1991)
  أمبرو (شركة) (1992–1996)
  جزاء (1997-2005)
  ديادورا (2006–2008)
  لوتو (2008-2011)
  نايكي (2012-2013)

مراجع

أندية كرة قدم أسست في 1909
أندية كرة قدم في البرازيل
أندية كرة قدم في ولاية بارانا
الرياضة في كوريتيبا
تأسيسات سنة 1909 في البرازيل
نادي كوريتيبا لكرة القدم

نادي كوريتيبا


Danehof er et middelaldermarked, som afholdes på borgterrænet ved Nyborg Slot den første weekend i juli måned i Nyborg på Østfyn. Markedet er inspireret af det historiske danehof, der blev afholdt i byen i middelalderen. Markedet har fået karakter af en byfest, idet flere af de centrale gader har været afspærret til boder og optrin. Eksempelvis bruges pladsen for Nyborg Rådhus til ridderturneringer. I 2014 satte markedet rekord med knap 45.000 gæster. I 2017 vurderede museet, at der kom et sted mellem 30.000 og 35.000 gæster, men da der ikke betales entre og der ikke er en indgang, hvor folk kan blive talt, er dette udelukkende et estimat.

Markedet indeholder boder med salg af historiske varer, opvisninger af våbenbrug, musik og gøgl. Blandt de optrædende har været den danske middelaldermusikgruppe Almune, og en gruppe der opfører autentiske ridderturneringer med faste lanser, som også har optrådt i bl.a. Sankt Wendel i Saarland, Moskva og Middelaldercentret ved Nykøbing Falster.

Se også
 Liste over middelaldermarkeder

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Hjemmeside

Kultur i Nyborg
Middelaldermarkeder
Festivaler i Danmark

Danehof (Nyborg)


Zannone es una isla en el mar Tirreno, frente a la costa oeste de Italia, que es parte de las Islas Pontine. Pertenece administrativamente a la comuna de Ponza. Toda la isla es de aproximadamente 1 kilómetro cuadrado y se localiza a unos 10 kilómetros de la isla de Ponza.

Es parte del parque nacional del Circeo debido a su belleza natural y biodiversidad. Está cubierta de bosques de robles y encinas, y ha conservado su cubierta vegetal original (Maquia). En 1922, ha sido "introducido" el muflón.
La isla está deshabitada, pero esta supervisada por el Servicio Forestal, que mantiene una estación pequeña de exhibición en la cima del Monte Pellegrino, el punto más alto de la isla. También hay ruinas de un convento benedictino que data del siglo XIII.

Véase también
 Geografía de Italia
 Geografía de Europa

Referencias

Islas del archipiélago de las islas Pontinas

Zannone


Kronike gladnih gradova (Mortal Engines Quartet) je serija knjiga koju je napisao Philip Reeve.

Knjige u Hrvatskoj
 Smrtonosni strojevi
 Predator's Gold
 Infernal Devices
 A Darkling Plain

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Philip Reeve
 Predator Cities

Kronike gladnih gradova
Britanska književnost
Knjige

Kronike gladnih gradova


Oľga Textorisová () a fost o scriitoare, dramaturg, traducător și profesoară slovacă. A folosit mai multe pseudonime: Fata Morgana, Janko Jedľa, K. Olšanská, S.F. Šidlo și Žofia Rovenská.

Biografie
Oľga Textorisová s-a născut la 23 noiembrie 1880 în Revúca, Slovacia. Tatăl ei a fost Andrej Textoris și mama ei Antonia Kuorková. Sora ei a fost botanista Izabela Textorisová. Textorisová a studiat la Institutul de formare pentru profesori din Banská Bystrica. A avut grijă de cinci fete, inclusiv de poeta Maša Haľamová (1908-1995).

Textorisová a scris în principal romane și poezii pentru copii. Primul ei roman, Na trati (Pe cărare), a fost publicat în revista Dennica în 1899. Această revistă a dorit să-i publice mai multe de romane. Și-a început cariera ca profesoară în 1904 la Blatnica. A lucrat între anii 1907 și 1919 într-o școală slovaco-croată din Stara Pazova. S-a întors la Blatnica, unde a lucrat până la moartea ei în 1938. O selecție a lucrărilor sale jurnalistice a fost publicată postum ca Prednášky Oľgy Textorisovej (Prelegerile Oľgăi Textorisová).

În 1937 a scris patru piese de teatru: Boží šafari, Čistota pol života, Krajčírkin sen și Matka a deti pri lampe pred Vianocami.

Opera sa literară s-a axat pe subiecte legate de cunoașterea locală a Slovaciei, istoria regiunii, istoria religioasă, precum și etica și responsabilitatea socială. Textorisová a lucrat, de asemenea, cu asociații și organizații de tineret pentru îngrijirea bolnavilor și a celor afectați de război.

Lucrări scrise

Proză
 Na trati (1899)
 Hárem
 Hľadanie šťastia
 Meniny
 Odrazené šípy
 Púť nocou
 Ráno a poludnie
 Starým chodníčkom
 Zvyknutou cestou

Poezie
 Nedostižná
 Nehnevaj sa!
 Nemôž zabudnúť

Eseuri
 Prednášky Oľgy Textorisovej (1947, editor J. V. Ormis)

Piese de teatru
 Boží šafari (1937)
 Čistota pol života  (1937)
 Krajčírkin sen (1937)
 Matka a deti pri lampe pred Vianocami (1937)

Cărți pentru copii și tineri
 Tri rozprávky (Trei basme, 1926)
 Snehuľka a trpaslici (1934)
 Matka a deti pri lampe pred Vianocami (1937)
 Návšteva z rozprávkovej ríše (1937)
 Stratené peniaze (1937)
 Zima a jej poslovia (1937)

Traduceri
 Sobáš  (Căsătoria, 1912, autor Henrik Steffens)

Referințe

 Slovenský biografický slovník VI T – Ž. Martin : Matica slovenská, 1994. 692 pag. ISBN 80-7090-111-X.

Vezi și
Listă de scriitori slovaci
Listă de dramaturgi slovaci

Decese în 1938
Nașteri în 1880
Scriitori slovaci
Scriitoare din secolul al XX-lea
Dramaturgi slovaci
Traducători slovaci
Scriitori de literatură pentru copii

Oľga Textorisová


La lista de árboles singulares de La Rioja es una selección de árboles que destacan de entre los demás por su tamaño, forma, edad o por ser protagonistas de mitos o tradiciones. El Inventario de Árboles y Arboledas Singulares de La Rioja incluye 59 ejemplares o conjuntos arbóreos especiales en la región.

En la actualidad, los árboles singulares están protegidos por la legislación riojana. La primera normativa autonómica que hizo referencia específica a estos ejemplares fue la Ley 2/1995, de 10 de febrero, de Protección y Desarrollo del Patrimonio Forestal de La Rioja, que contempla la figura legal de árbol singular y, unos años más tarde, el Decreto 114/2003, de 30 de octubre, que la desarrolla.

Especies
Las especies más representadas son: álamo blanco (5), roble quejigo (4), haya (4), tejo (3), ciprés (3), moral (3), castaño de Indias (2), fresno común (2), enebro de la miera (2), chopo (2), cerezo silvestre (2), encina (2), roble albar (2).

Listado

Véase también
 Árboles singulares de España

Referencias

Arbol
Arbol
 La Rioja
Árboles de Europa del sudoeste
Árboles de Europa continental

Árboles singulares de La Rioja (España)


Büyülü fener (Latince: Lanterne magica), günümüzdeki slayt projektörlerin atası olan tarihteki ilk projeksiyon cihazı.

Tarihçe
Sinoloji (Çin bilimi) alanında uzman olan İngiliz biyokimyacı Joseph Needham'ın aktardığına göre II. yüzyılda Çin'de keşfedilmiştir. Batılı devletlere 1671 yılında Cizvit Athanasius Kircher tarafından "Ars magna lucis et umbrae" (ışık ve gölge büyütme sanatı) isimli eserde tanıtılmıştır. Kircher'in yeni bir buluşu tanıtmaktan ziyade zaten var olan bir aygıtı tasvir ettiği kabul görülür. Henry R. Heyl tarafından 1870 yılında patent altına alınmıştır.

Çalışma prensibi

Bir gaz lambası ve mercek vasıtasıyla, cam üzerine boyanmış resimler perdeye veya duvara yansıtılıyordu.

Teknik 19. yüzyılda önce İngiltere'ye oradan Avrupa'ya yayıldı. Zamanla geliştirilen alete birbiri üzerinde kayan resimler yerleştirilerek basit hareketli görüntüler elde edilmeye başlandı. Bunlardan en meşhuru, çocukların çok sevdiği "ağzına fare kaçan uyuyan adam" gösterisiydi. Napolyon Savaşları esnasında İngiltere'de çok meşhur olan bir gösteride İngiliz donanması tarafından alevler içerisinde batırılan bir Fransız gemisi resmediliyordu. Bu gösteri izleyenleri çoşturuyordu.

Fotoğraf makinasının keşfi ile birlikte büyülü fenerin önünde yeni bir çağ açılmış oldu. Artık meşhur insanların fotoğrafları ya da manzara fotoğrafları kullanılarak kısa filmler oluşturulabiliyordu. Yapılan slaytların kopyaları kolayca çıkarılabiliyordu. Film makinasının keşfedilmesi ile büyülü fener yavaş yavaş tarih sahnesinden süzülerek koleksiyoncuların raflarındaki yerini aldı.

Kaynakça

Sinema tarihi
Sinema ve video terminolojisi
İtalyan icatları

Büyülü fener


Danske Litteraturpriser er en hjemmeside oprettet af bibliotekar Niels Jensen (født 29. november 1952), der kalder siden "den uforbederlige bibliotekars skrabsammen".

Optagelseskrav for forfatternavne
Kilde: Redaktionelt koncept (arkiv)
 Personer, der har modtaget danske litteraturpriser
 Danske forfattere, der er omtalt i litteraturhåndbøger og udvalgte biografiske værker, herunder leksika, eller har modtaget udenlandske litteraturpriser
 Danske forfattere, der har web-hjemmeside eller er biograferet på internettet
 For ovenstående grupper tilstræbes fuldstændighed for danske personers vedkommende og udbygges med biografiske oplysninger om fødested, erhverv, uddannelse, debut, ægteskabelig status, erindringer (herunder rejseberetninger), vigtige begivenheder i øvrigt
 Personer, der har modtaget danske kulturpriser i almindelighed, eller inden for teater (men ikke film), musik, arkitektur og billedkunst, for disse publiceres pt. kun fødsels og evt. dødsår, samt erhverv
 Alle danske forfattere og oversættere af skønlitteratur, skrevet eller publiceret (herunder opført på teatre) til og med 1949
 Specielt for forfattere der har udgivet værker mellem 1850-1900 tilstræbes fuldstændighed, dog undtaget de (få) forfattere, der andre steder er fuldstændig beskrevet (f.eks. H.C. Andersen)
 Ved danske forfattere forstås personer, der er født i Danmark, eller skriver på dansk, eller har virket i nogen tid i Danmark, eller er født og/eller bosat i danske besiddelser eller på anden måde tilknyttede lande

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger
 Officielt website

Netdatabaser fra Danmark
Priser.dk

Litteraturpriser.dk


Le mont Hartigan est une montagne d'origine volcanique située au centre de la chaîne du Comité Exécutif dans la Terre Marie Byrd en Antarctique. Il s'élève à  d'altitude au pic Boudette et se trouve immédiatement au nord du mont Sidley, le plus haut volcan du continent.

Le mont Hartigan est composé de cinq cimes : le pic Mintz, le pic Tusing, le pic Lavris et les pics Boudette jumeaux, dont les altitudes respectives sont de , , ,  et .

Comme des études le suggèrent, le mont, ainsi que les autres volcans de la chaîne du Comité Exécutif, seraient le produit d'un point chaud toujours actif, situé actuellement près du mont Waesche et se déplaçant vers le sud.

Le volcan a été découvert par l'expédition du United States Antarctique Service (USAS) lors d'un vol le 15 décembre 1940 et nommé en l'honneur du contre-amiral , de la marine américaine (USN), ancien commandant de l' et membre du département de la marine du comité exécutif de l'USAS.

Notes et références

Articles connexes
 Liste des volcans d'Antarctique

Volcan sous-glaciaire
Volcan en Antarctique
Sommet en Antarctique
Mont Hartigan

Mont Hartigan


Île de la Visitation es una pequeña isla en el río conocido como Rivière des Prairies, parte del archipiélago de Hochelaga, vinculado a la isla de Montreal, en la provincia de Quebec, al este de Canadá.

Ubicada dentro de la subdivisión de Montreal de Ahuntsic-Cartierville, la isla es el lugar donde se encuentra un parque natural de 34 hectáreas, así como el resto de los edificios del histórico distrito Sault-au-Récollet.

Véase también
 Geografía de Quebec
 Geografía de Canadá

Enlaces externos
 Mapa de Localización

Referencias

Islas fluviales de Quebec

Île de la Visitation


Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel (født 13. januar 1690 i Grünstädtel i Erzgebirge, død 27. november 1749 i Gotha) var en tysk kapelmester, komponist og musikteoretiker, som i sin samtid havde et ry på linje med Johann Sebastian Bach. Den kendte arie Bist Du bei mir fra Anna Magdalena Bachs notesbog blev længe tilskrevet Bach (BWV 508), men har senere vist sig at være komponeret af Stölzel.

Stölzel var en meget produktiv komponist, som skrev tusindvis af værker, men intet af det, han skrev, blev trykt, og kun omkring 500 kompositioner er bevarede for eftertiden.

Liv og gerning
Gottfried Heinrich var det andet barn i en flok på ni. Faderen, Heinrich, var skolemester og organist i Schwarzenberg. Moderen, Katarina Lange, var datter af en jurist.

Den første musikuddannelse fik han af faderen. 13 år gammel gik Stölzel på skole i Schneeberg, hvor han fik musikundervisning af Christian Umblaufft, en elev af thomaskantoren Johann Schelle. I 1705 begyndte Stölzel på gymnasium i Gera og fik her musikundervisning af grevens kapeldirektør, Emanuel Kegel. To år senere begyndte Stölzel på et teologistudium i Leipzig, hvor læreren, Melchior Hoffmann, gav vejledning i komposition og hjalp ham med at få opført sine værker. På denne tid blev Stölzel kendt med Johann Friedrich Fasch og Johann Georg Pisendel. Efter et kort studieophold i Italien opholdt Stölzel sig i Praha. I 1710 gav han musikundervisning til adelsfamilier i Breslau og påbegyndte flere kompositioner. Den første opera, Narcissus, kom i Breslau-tiden. I 1713 rejste han igen til Italien og knyttede der kontakter med Francesco Gasparini, Antonio Vivaldi og Giovanni Battista Bononcini. Ved hjælp af disse kontakter fik han indpas i den internationale musikverden.

Til 200-årsmarkeringen for reformationen i 1717 blev Stölzel kaldt til Bayreuth for at skrive kirkemusik. Fra 1. januar 1718 til 30. september 1719 var han kapelmester ved hoffet i Gera, en stilling forbundet med store forpligtelser – blandt andet var han musiklærer ved gymnasiet. Han giftede sig med Christiane Dorothea (1694–1750), datter af Hofdiakonus Magister Johann Knauer i 1719. Sammen fik de ti børn. Året efter udnævnte Frederik 2. af Sachsen-Gotha-Altenburg ham til hofkapelmester, en stilling han havde resten af livet. I Gotha fungerede Stölzel endvidere som musiklærer, skrev flere musikteoretiske skrifter og var beskæftiget som forfatter. Han komponerede i alle de musikformer, som var almindelige på hans tid, og førte hofkapellet frem til en ny blomstring. Endvidere komponerede han værker for hofferne i Gera, Sondershausen og Zerbst. I 1739 blev han medlem af Correspondierende Societät der musikalischen Wissenschaften, som blandt andre også Telemann, Bach og Händel var medlemmer af.

Georg Benda var Stölzels efterfølger som hofkapelmester i Gotha.

Komponistvirksomhed
I 1725 tonesatte Stölzel Barthold Heinrich Brockes passion Der für die Sünde der Welt gemarterte und sterbende JESUS («Brockes-Passion»), som blev uropført langfredag i Schloss Friedensteins slotskirke. Omkring 1735 sendte Stölzel en afskrift av passionsoratoriet til Sondershausen, hvor den blev opført en række gange. Kopien i Sondershausen blev bevaret, og i 1997 kunne man for første gang i nyere tid høre den igen. Han skrev en Deutsche Messe – en luthersk messe (Kyrie og Gloria) på tysk for firstemmigt kor, strygere og basso continuo. Weihnachtsoratorium, en kantatecyklus i ti dele, som første gang blev opført en gang mellem juleaften 1736 og Helligtrekongersdag 1737, regnes som Stölzels mest betydningsfulde værk.

Fra omkring 1730 udførte Stölzel en mængde kompositionsopgaver for hoffet i Sondershausen. Ved siden af leilighedsværker for festlige anledninger, drejede det sig frem for alt om kirkelige vokalværker.

Stölzel skrev også flere orkesterværker, blandt andre fire concerti grossi, mange symfonier og en koncert for oboe d'amore. Endvidere kammermusikværker, oratorier, messer, motetter, passioner og verdslige kantater. Størstedelen er tabt, deriblandt alle hans fire operaer, Narcissus, Valeria, Artemisia og Orion.

Abhandlung vom Recitativ ("Afhandling om recitativet"), som Stölzel skrev omkring 1739, blev ikke udgivet før i 1962.

Stölzel var en dygtig digter og skrev megen poesi, som han brugte i sine egne vokalværker.

Institut for musikvidenskab ved Ruhr-Universität Bochum og forskningsinstituttet ved Kloster Michaelstein arbejder med at opbygge en internetbaseret værkfortegnelse over Stölzels oeuvre.

Eftermæle
Enkelte, for eksempel Lorenz Christoph Mizler, regnede Stölzel som en bedre komponist end Johann Sebastian Bach, og Mattheson regnede Stölzel som en af århundredets største musikere.

Nybegyndere ved pianoet kender måske Stölzel gennem nogle af stykkerne i Anna Magdalena Bachs notesbog hvor man også finder hans sandsynligvis mest kendte værk: arien Bist Du bei mir. Stykket blev længe tilskrevet Johann Sebastian Bach (BWV 508) fordi komponisten ikke var angivet i nodehæftet. Arien stammer imidlertid fra Stölzels opera Diomedes oder die triumphierende Unschuld, som blev uropført i Bayreuth den 16. november 1718. Partituret er forsvundet. En kopi af arien lå i Sing-Akademie zu Berlins arkiv og blev regnet som tabt efter et allieret luftangreb under 2. verdenskrig, men i år 2000 blev den genopdaget i konservatoriet i Kiev. Continuostemmen i BWV 508 er forandret i forhold til Stölzels arie, og eftersom håndskriften er Anna Magdalena Bachs, er det usikkert, hvem som skrev den.

Georg Benda, Stölzels efterfølger som kapelmester ved hoffet i Gotha, skrev i 1778: «... Bare de beste av min forgjengers arbeider, de som selv i dag kan brukes som kirkemusikk, er tatt vare på, siden jeg allerede for lenge siden skilte det ut fra det ubrukelige søppelet og oppbevarte det i huset mitt.» Dette kan tyde på, at leilighedsmusik (fødselsdagskantater, serenatas), operaer og lignende, og størstedelen af Stölzels instrumentalmusik gik tabt allerede i Bendas levetid. "Braset" blev formodentlig lagt på loftet i slottet, hvor det utætte tag udsatte manuskripterne for regnvand med mug- og rådskader som resultat. Gnavere som mus og rotter tog også for sig af papiret.

En anden grund til, at så megen musik forsvandt, kan være, at musikerne ved hoffet averterede instrumenter og manuskripter til salgs i Gothas aviser. Det ser ud til, at Stölzel selv gjorde dette, og med Bendas negative syn på Stölzels instrumentalstykker formodes det, at musikerne følte, at der var frit slag for at sælge manuskripterne. Tabene er enorme: Stölzel skal have komponeret over 18 orkestersuiter uden, at en eneste er bevaret, desuden 90 "serenatas" (vokalstykker fremført som taffelmusik). Af de flere tusinde kompositioner, som udelukkende blev opført i Gotha, er kun 12 bevarede.

Hoveddelen af det bevarede materiale efter Stölzel kommer fra Sondershausen, hvor man i 1870 fandt en kasse med manuskripter gemt bag orgelet. I Sondershausen blev 339 kirkekantater, to passioner, en Te Deum og ti verdslige kantater reddet for eftertiden.

Litteratur
 Fritz Hennenberg: Das Kantatenschaffen von Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel. Leipzig: Dt. Verl. für Musik, 1976 (Bidrag til musikvidenskabelig forskning i DDR 8) (Leipzig, Phil. F., Diss. v. 9. februar 1965)
 Manfred Bachmann (red.): Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel – Komponist des Barocks. I Kleine Chronik großer Meister – Erzgebirger, auf die wir stolz sind. Del 1, trykk og forlag Mike Rockstroh, Aue 2000, s. 69-71

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger
 Biografi, værker og forskning , på siderne for Ruhr-Universität Bochum

Barokkomponister
Komponister fra Tyskland
Musikteoretikere
Personer fra Gotha

Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel


Alessandro Vogliacco est un footballeur italien né le 14 septembre 1998 à Acquaviva delle Fonti. Il joue au poste de défenseur au Genoa CFC.

Biographie

En club
Il rejoint les catégories des jeunes de la Juventus FC lors de la saison 2015-2016.

Le 17 août 2018, il est prêté à Calcio Padoue qui évolue en Serie B. Il joue son premier et unique match le 24 novembre contre Carpi en entrant à la  minute à la place de Luca Ravanelli.

Le 21 janvier 2019, il est prêté à Pordenone Calcio qui joue en Serie C. Le 24 juillet 2019, il s'engage définitivement pour une durée de trois saisons avec ce club qui est promu en Serie B .

Le 13 août 2021, il signe en faveur de Genoa CFC, et il est prêté immédiatement au Benevento Calcio.

En sélection
Le 13 octobre 2020, il joue son premier match avec les espoirs contre la République d'Irlande lors d'un match qualificatif au championnat d'Europe espoirs à Pise. L'Italie gagne 2-0.

Il participe avec les espoirs au championnat d'Europe espoirs en 2021. Lors de cette coméptition organisée en Hongrie et en Slovénie, il officie comme remplaçant et ne joue pas la moindre minute. L'Italie s'incline en quart de finale face au Portugal, après prolongation.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en septembre 1998
Naissance à Acquaviva delle Fonti
Personnalité italienne du XXIe siècle
Footballeur italien
Joueur du Calcio Padoue
Joueur du Pordenone Calcio
Joueur du Benevento Calcio
Joueur du Genoa CFC

Alessandro Vogliacco


Biçme, Samsun ilinin Salıpazarı ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Samsun iline 60 km, Salıpazarı ilçesine 10 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar

Salıpazarı'nın mahalleleri

Biçme, Salıpazarı


Gom ist der Familienname folgender Personen:
 Leona Gom (* 1946), kanadische Schriftstellerin

GOM steht für:
 GOM Player, ein Freeware-Media-Player
 Flughafen Goma (IATA-Code)

gom steht für:
 Goa-Konkani (ISO-639-3-Code), Varietät von Konkani, Sprache in Goa

Abkürzung

Gom


Niels Pauli Danielsen (født 6. december 1938 på Tvøroyri) er en tidligere færøsk præst og politiker (KrF).

Han blev født på Tvøroyri på Suðuroy, og voksede op i en indremissionsk familie i Vágur. Han har præliminæreksamen fra Vágs skúli fra 1955, studentereksamen fra Rønde Gymnasium fra 1958 og teologisk embedseksamen fra Københavns Universitet fra 1968. Før han studerede, var han lærervikar og sømand. Danielsen var sognepræst på Viðareiði 1968–1973, residerende kapellan på Nes 1973–1974, sognepræst på Strendur og i Skála 1974–1980 samt sognepræst i Klaksvík 1979–2009.

Danielsen var medlem af kommunalbestyrelserne i Viðareiði 1970–1974 og Sjógv 1977–1980, herunder borgmester 1971–1974. Danielsen var social- og kommunalminister i Atli Dams fjerde regjering 1985–1988 og valgt til Lagtinget fra Norðoyar 1988–1994. Han var også formand for Kristiligi Fólkaflokkurin en periode før partiet blev nedlagt.

Referencer

Lagtingsmedlemmer fra Færøerne
Socialministre fra Færøerne
Kommunalministre fra Færøerne
Præster fra Færøerne
Personer fra Suderø
Søfolk fra Færøerne
Borgmestre fra Færøerne
Politikere fra Kristiligi Fólkaflokkurin

Niels Pauli Danielsen


Soap opera rapid aging syndrome (SORAS), littéralement le Syndrome de Vieillissement Acceléré du Feuilleton Télévisé, est une pratique narrative consistant à accélérer le vieillissement d'un personnage de télévision ou de film (généralement un enfant ou un adolescent), et ce malgré de possibles conflits avec la continuité de la série ou la progression du temps dans le monde réel. Cela permet notamment aux arcs narratifs autour d'une grossesse ou d'un accouchement d'être rapidement suivis par des péripéties autour de la jeunesse de l'enfant, de son adolescence, ou du début de sa vie de jeune adulte. De manière générale, on procède à un nouveau casting du rôle, bien que dans certains cas le personnage soit seulement mentionné avant d'être finalement montré à l'écran après avoir "rapidement vieilli".

Le processus est né et couramment utilisé dans les feuilletons télévisés. Dans les sitcoms, un  nouveau-né peut parfois rapidement être vieilli à l'âge d'un enfant de maternelle à des fins comiques, comme cela a été le cas du personnage Chrissy Seaver en 1990 dans la série Quoi de neuf docteur ? .

Le terme a été inventé en 1989 par Mimi Torchin, la fondatrice de Soap Opera Weekly. Désormais largement utilisé dans les feuilletons télévisés , voire parfois utilisé comme un verbe dans la langue anglaise ("the character was SORASed"). Torchin défini avec humour son invention comme « [sa] plus grande contribution au monde des feuilletons télévisés ».

Exemples notables
Le vieillissement rapide des personnages de fiction apparaît dès les premières années des feuilletons télévisés aux États-Unis. Dans As the World Turns, le personnage de Tom Hughes est né en 1961. Pourtant dès 1970, il était déjà allé à l'université et avait combattu pendant la guerre du Vietnam. Les interprètes ultérieurs ont provoqués un phénomène inverse, piégeant le personnage dans la trentaine pendant vingt ans, Tom atteignant la quarantaine dans les années 1990. Le personnage de Dan Stewart, né en 1958, est réapparu huit ans plus tard en tant que médecin de 26 ans en 1966.

La série La Force du destin a développé une histoire secrète selon laquelle Erica Kane, le personnage principal, a été violée juste avant le début de la série en 1970. Dans ce retcon, Kendall, l'enfant né de cette agression sexuelle, est mis à l'adoption par Erica. Cette dernière refoule ensuite tout souvenir des événements jusqu'en 1993, date à laquelle apparaît à l'écran Kendall, désormais âgée de 16 ans. Les téléspectateurs ne manqueront pas de relever l'incohérence qu'un enfant né d'un viol de 24 ans soit seulement âgé de 16 ans, ce qui poussera le show a rapidement rectifier l'âge du personnage a 23 ans.

Dans la sitcom Quoi de neuf docteur ?, le personnage de Chrissy Seaver est né en octobre 1988, pendant la quatrième saison (1988-1989). Dès la cinquième saison (1989-1990), elle deviendra un enfant en bas âge (joué par les sœurs jumelles Kelsey et Kirsten Dohring), avant de rapidement atteindre l'âge de cinq ans dans les saisons 6 et 7 (1990-1992) dans lesquelles le personnage est interprété par Ashley Johnson, alors âgée de sept ans.

Dans un registre similaire, le personnage de Lily Foster-Lambert dans Notre belle famille, née en 1995 au cours de la saison 4, sera âgée de 5 ans en 1997 à l'occasion de la saison 6.

Phénomène similaire
Si les personnages de fiction faits de chair peuvent connaître des changements d'âges ou un vieillissement aléatoire, les personnages de série d'animation ne semblent pas vieillir du tout. C'est par exemple le cas des protagonistes des Simpsons ou de South Park. Ce phénomène est appelé Floating timeline (litt. Chronologie flottante).

Références

Vieillissement

Soap opera rapid aging syndrome


'n crugu bradului (rumunjski: "Kroz dubine visina jelki") treći je studijski album rumunjskog black metal-sastava Negură Bunget. Album je 3. listopada 2002. godine objavila diskografska kuća Code666 Records.

O albumu
'n crugu bradului je konceptualan album te svaka pjesma na njemu predstavlja jedno godišnje doba.

Album je izvorno bio objavljen u digibook inačici koju su samostalno izradili članovi sastava te je ta verzija albuma bila ograničena na svega 3000 primjeraka. Album je kasnije bio reizdan u regularnoj CD inačici.

Popis pjesama

Recenzije
Eduardo Rivadavia, glazbeni kritičar sa stranice AllMusic, dodijelio je albumu četiri od pet zvjezdica te je komentirao: "Rumunjska black metal grupa Negură Bunget izvodi autentični vampirski black metal! Razmećući se samo četirima skladbama koje simbolično prikazuju četiri godišnja doba i od kojih svaka traje više od 12 minuta, četvrti album sastava 'n crugu bradului uvjerljivo spaja atmosferične [i] ambijentalne glazbene prijelaze sa sveopćom agresivnošću black metala. Jednako je fascinantan strmoglavi uron skupine u rumunjsku kulturu, folklor i legende, što rezultira složenom vizijom transilvanijske spritualnosti koju nazivaju 'Zsalamolkxisa'. Ovaj ambiciozni uradak, koji je veličanstveno izložen u [...] četiri višeslojna stavka, ponudit će sate otkrivenja i proučavanja diskriminirajućem slušatelju ekstremnog metala. Drugim riječima, ovo nije album za amatere, već za vrlo posvećene obožavatelje metala [...]. Za te obožavatelje potpuna posvećenost Negure Bunget svakom djeliću svojeg uratka čini ovaj album još zanimljivijim za istraživanje."

Osoblje

Negură Bunget
Hupogrammos – vokali, gitara, klavijature, tulnic
Sol Faur – gitara
Negru – bubnjevi, perkusija, ksilofon

Dodatni glazbenici
Ursu – bas-gitara
Ostalo osoblje
encoilMARK – dizajn, fotografija
Cristi Solomon – produkcija, miksanje

Izvori

Albumi iz 2002.
Albumi sastava Negură Bunget

'n crugu bradului


Hypogeal, hypogean, hypogeic and hypogeous (; ) are biological terms describing an organism's activity below the soil surface.

In botany, a seed is described as showing hypogeal germination when the cotyledons of the germinating seed remain non-photosynthetic, inside the seed shell, and below ground. The converse, where the cotyledons expand, throw off the seed shell and become photosynthetic above the ground, is epigeal germination.

In water purification works, the hypogeal (or Schmutzdecke) layer is a biological film just below the surface of slow sand filters. It contains microorganisms that remove bacteria and trap contaminant particles.

The terms hypogean and hypogeic are used for fossorial (burrowing) and troglobitic (or stygobitic) cave-living organisms. The opposite terms are epigean and epigeic.

The term hypogeous is used for fungi with underground fruiting bodies - for example, truffles. The opposite term is epigeous.

References

Plant morphology

Hypogeal


الجوادية مدينة ومركز ناحية الجوادية في منطقة المالكية في محافظة الحسكة الواقعة في شمال شرق سوريا. تبعد الجوادية مسافة 40 كم تقريباً عن المالكية و30 كم عن القحطانية و50 كم إلى الشرق من مدينة القامشلي.

بلغ عدد سكانها 6.630 نسمة عام 2004. سكانها من الكرد و المحلمية والعرب وعدد قليل من المسيحيين الساكنين في المساكن التابعة لمديرية النفط. توجد فيها 6 مدارس واحدة فقط ثانوية واثنتان تعليم أساسي وثلاثة ابتدائية. يوجد في بلدة الجوادية سد تجميعي اسمه سد الجوادية، أنشئ عام 1974 يخزن أكثر من 1820 م2. في هذه البلدة يوجد أيضا مقسم وبلدية ومخفر شرطة ومستوصف صغير وسوق صغير يحوي بين 75 إلى 100 محل تجاري.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 موقع مدينة القامشلي
 شبكة مواقع الحسكة نت

بلدات سوريا
جوادية
مدن سوريا
جوادية
جوادية
أماكن مأهولة في منطقة المالكية

الجوادية (الحسكة)


La  du Tour de France 1935 s'est déroulée le mercredi .

Les coureurs relient Évian-les-Bains, en Haute-Savoie, à Aix-les-Bains, en Savoie, au terme d'un parcours de .

Le Français René Vietto gagne l'étape tandis que Romain Maes conserve la tête du classement général.

À l'issue de cette première étape de montagne, 75 coureurs restent qualifiés pour la  étape qui verra le franchissement du col du Galibier.

Parcours
Le départ est donné à Évian-les-Bains, puis les coureurs traversent les communes de Thonon-les-Bains, Perrignier, Lully, Machilly, Annemasse, Arthaz, Findrol, Bonneville où débutent l'ascension du col des Aravis en passant par Saint-Pierre-de-Rumilly, Petit-Bornand, Entremont, Saint-Jean-de-Sixt, et La Clusaz.

Après le franchissement du col (), la descente vers Albertville débute en passant par La Giettaz, Flumet, Saint-Nicolas-la-Chapelle, Le Moulin-Raviez et les Fontaines d'Ugine.

Après Albertville, l'ascension du second col de l'étape débute vers le col de Tamié. Après le franchissement du col (), les coureurs descendent vers Aix-les-Bains où est jugée l'arrivée de l'étape, en passant par Vercher, Faverges, Doussard, Doingt, Annecy, Seynod, Chaux-Balmont, Saint-Félix, Albens, La Biolle et Gresy-sur-Aix.

Déroulement de la course

Le peloton reste groupé jusqu'à La Clusaz ().

Le Français René Vietto s'échappe dès le début de l'ascension du col des Aravis. Il franchit le col en tête avec 4 secondes d'avance sur le Belge Sylvère Maes et 10 secondes sur l'Italien Remo Bertoni. Les deux premiers du classement général, Romain Maes et Antonin Magne sont pointé à 1 min 20 s.

René Vietto maintient son avance dans la descente des Aravis puis creuse l'écart dans l'ascension du col de Tamié, Sylvère Maes, deuxième, point à 2 min 10 s. À Annecy, Vietto compte encore 1 min. 55 s d'avance sur le peloton des favoris puis 2 min 40 à Saint-Félix.

Sylvère Maes, deuxième et intercalé entre Vietto et les favoris, coupe son effort pour se laisser glisser dans le groupe des favoris afin d'aider le maillot jaune Romain Maes.

Romain Maes crève mais ne perd pas de temps grâce à l'assistance immédiate de son coéquipier Sylvère Maes.

René Vietto l'emporte à Aix-les-Bains après une échappée de près de  avec 3 minutes 50 secondes d'avance sur le peloton des favoris réglé au sprint par Le Grevès.

L'étape permet à Vietto de passer de la 26 à la 16 place au classement général.

Trois coureurs sont éliminés :  l'Italien Eugenio Gestri, l'Espagnol Isidro Figueras et l'Allemand Kurt Stöpel.

Classements

Prix du meilleur grimpeur

Le classement à l'issue de l'étape est le suivant :

Classement de l'étape

Classement général à l'issue de l'étape

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Articles connexes

 06
Étape du Tour de France en Savoie
Étape du Tour de France en Haute-Savoie
Évian-les-Bains
Sport à Aix-les-Bains
Étape du Tour de France à Annecy
Sport à Albertville
Bonneville (Haute-Savoie)
Thonon-les-Bains
Annemasse
La Clusaz

6e étape du Tour de France 1935


Douglas John Booth (Greenwich, Londres, Reino Unido; 9 de julio de 1992) es un actor británico, conocido por haber interpretado a Boy George en la película Worried About the Boy, a Pip en la miniserie Great Expectations, a Harry Villiers en la película The Riot Club.

Primeros años
Booth nació en el municipio de Greenwich, Londres, segundo hijo de Vivien (apellido de soltera, De Cala), una pintora, y Simon Booth, un consultor financiero y exgerente de las divisiones de finanzas Citigroup y Deutsche Bank. Posee ascendencia inglesa por lado paterno, y ascendencia española y holandesa por lado materno. Su hermana mayor, Abigail "Abi" Booth, se graduó en la Escuela de Arte de Chelsea. Fue criado en Greenwich, pero su familia se mudó a Sevenoaks, Kent, cuando Booth tenía diez años.

Booth es disléxico, y encontró "muy difícil" el aprender a leer o escribir durante su infancia. De acuerdo con Booth, aún sigue siendo «un lector muy lento». Cuando era niño tocaba la trompeta, y desarrolló interés en el teatro desde los doce años, a raíz de protagonizar una adaptación escolar de la obra Agamenón. A los trece años, se vio involucrado en el National Youth Theatre y Guildhall School of Music and Drama. Booth se unió a la agencia de actuación Curtis Brown a la edad de quince años. Ganó su primer papel profesional a la edad de dieciséis años, y renunció a sus estudios de teatro, medios e Inglés.

Carrera
Douglas ha sido modelo en campañas de Burberry, junto a Emma Watson y Lily Donaldson. En 2006 interpretó a Sagar en la película independiente Hunters of the Kahri.

En 2010 interpretó a Boy George en la película Worried About The Boy, la cual se centra en la vida del cantante Boy George. También apareció de forma recurrente en la serie The Pillars of the Earth donde interpretó a Eustace a los quince años.

En 2011 se unió al elenco de la miniserie Great Expectations donde interpretó al encantador Pip, junto a Vanessa Kirby y Gillian Anderson. Ese mismo año apareció en la película Christopher and His Kind donde interpretó a Heinz Neddermayer el primer interés romántico del escritor Christopher Isherwood (Matt Smith). En 2012 apareció en la versión estadounidense de la película  LOL: Laughing Out Loud donde interpreta al mejor amigo de Lola "LOL", protagonizada por Miley Cyrus y Demi Moore.

En 2013 apareció en la película Romeo y Julieta donde dio vida a Romeo Montesco junto a Holly Hunter, Ed Westwick y Kodi Smit-McPhee. También apareció en la película Geography of the Hapless Heart donde interpretó a Sean. En 2014 apareció en la película Noah donde interpretó a Shem el hijo de Noah (Russell Crowe) y de Naameh (Jennifer Connelly) y hermano de Ham (Logan Lerman). Ese mismo año se unió al elenco principal de la película The Riot Club donde interpretó a Harry Villiers, un miembro del grupo.

Tras su participación en la película animada Loving Vincent (2017), Booth se encuentra actualmente trabajando en la adaptación cinematográfica de "The Dirt", el libro autobiográfico de la banda de hard rock Mötley Crüe, en el papel del bajista y fundador del grupo Nikki Sixx.

Vida personal

En 2021 anunció su compromiso con la actriz Bel Powley.

Filmografía

Cine

Televisión

Audiobooks

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Digital Spy > Celebrity News > Douglas Booth
 Douglas Booth on TV.com
 MailOnline News | Douglas Booth
 Douglas Booth - Zimbio

Actores de Londres
Actores de cine de Inglaterra
Actores de teatro de Inglaterra
Actores de televisión de Inglaterra
Modelos de Inglaterra
Modelos masculinos del Reino Unido
Nacidos en Londres

Douglas Booth


Jamaica a participat la Jocurile Olimpice pentru prima dată la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1948 de la Londra și de atunci a trimis o delegația la toate edițiile de vară, cu excepția ediției din 1960, unde a fost parte a Indiilor de Vest Britanice. A participat și Jocurile Olimpice de iarnă începând cu ediția din 1988, dar nu a câștigat nici o medalie. Totuși, echipa jamaicană de bob a câștigat notorietate internațională. Codul CIO este JAM.

Medalii după Olimpiadă

Medalii la Jocurile de vară

Medalii la Jocurile de iarnă

Sportivii cei mai medaliați

Referințe
  Jamaica la Comitetul Internațional Olimpic
  Rezultate olimpice ale Jamaicii  pe Sports Reference

Jamaica la Jocurile Olimpice


Asmaa James é uma jornalista de Serra Leoa e ativista dos direitos das mulheres. Uma de suas campanhas influenciou o presidente de seu país a declarar estado de emergência em relação ao estupro e reformar as políticas em torno da violência sexual. Ela foi indicada como uma das "100 Mulheres" mais inspiradoras de 2019 pela BBC.

Primeiros anos e educação
James nasceu em Freetown e foi criado como órfão em Pujehun . Em 2016, foi selecionada para o prêmio Mandela Washington Fellowship for Young African Leaders, o que lhe deu a oportunidade de aprimorar suas habilidades e se desenvolver profissionalmente em uma instituição de ensino superior nos Estados Unidos.

Carreira
Atualmente é apresentadora do "Bom Dia, Serra Leoa", programa de direitos humanos da Rádio Democracia 98.1. Antes disso, ela trabalhou como repórter de rádio. Ela atuou como gerente de estação da Radio Democracy (www.radiodemocracy.sl), uma estação de rádio independente pertencente à sociedade civil. Ela também atuou como vice-presidente do Sindicato de Repórteres de Serra Leoa e presidente da Women in the Media Sierra Leone (WIMSAL), uma organização que apoia o avanço das mulheres na mídia e fornece proteção e capacitação para seus membros.

Asmaa James fundou a Fundação Asmaa James, durante o rescaldo da epidemia de Ebola. Sua fundação oferece apoio a meninas de origens desfavorecidas, dando-lhes acesso à educação em saúde reprodutiva, bolsas de estudo, orientação e treinamento em habilidades para a vida. Em dezembro de 2018, ela iniciou a campanha da Terça-feira Negra para protestar contra o aumento do estupro e abuso de meninas menores de 12 anos. Esta campanha incentivou as mulheres a usar preto na última terça-feira de cada mês. A campanha influenciou o presidente em exercício a declarar estado de emergência em relação ao estupro e reformar as políticas em torno da violência sexual.

Prêmios e reconhecimentos
 2014 - Jornalista feminina de maior destaque em Serra Leoa pela Comissão de Mídia Independente.
 2016 - Companheira de Mandela Washington.
 2019 - Lista das 100 mulheres da BBC.

Veja também
 100 Mulheres (BBC)
 Mulheres na categoria BBC 100 Mulheres

Pessoas vivas
Ativistas de Serra Leoa
Ativistas pelos direitos da mulher
Pessoas na lista BBC 100 Mulheres de 2019

Asmaa James


Başmakçı - Afyonkarahisar ili ilçesi
 Başmakçı, Burdur - Burdur ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Başmakçı, İskilip - Çorum ili İskilip ilçesine bağlı köy
 Başmakçı, Ulukışla - Niğde ili Ulukışla ilçesine bağlı köy

Başmakçı (anlam ayrımı)


Elastikiyet (Ekonomi), Ekonomide farklı değişkenlerin birbirine etkileri için kullanılan bir terim.
 Elastikiyet (Fizik), Fizikte katı maddelerin uygulanan gerinim sonrası tekrar eski formuna dönmesini ifade eden terim.

Elastikiyet


MGP 2004 blev afholdt d. 25 September 2004 og var en sangkonkurrence for børn  10 sangere/bands dystede om at vinde. Værterne var Christine Milton og Mads Lindemann. Vinderen skulle senere repræsentere Danmark ved den anden udgave af Junior Eurovision Song Contest

Deltagere

Superfinale

2004
Begivenheder i 2004

MGP 2004