Paul Watson – Bekenntnisse eines Öko-Terroristen (Originaltitel: Confessions of an Eco-Terrorist) ist ein Dokumentarfilm des Filmemachers Peter Jay Brown über den Umweltaktivisten Paul Watson und die von diesem gegründete Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (SSCS) aus dem Jahr 2011.

Inhalt
Peter Jay Brown begann im Jahr 1982 als Kameramann für den Fernsehsender NBC Paul Watson und die SSCS bei ihren Aktionen zu filmen, schloss sich später selbst der Organisation an und wurde schließlich deren Erster Offizier an Bord. Aus seiner Sicht und mit Filmaufnahmen aus drei Jahrzehnten zeigt die Dokumentation einen Rückblick auf die Entwicklung von Watson und seiner Organisation.

Bereits im Alter von zehn Jahren sabotierte Paul Watson in seiner Heimat Biberfallen. Große Berühmtheit erlangte Watson im Jahr 1976, als er zusammen mit Bob Hunter gegen die Jagd auf Sattelrobben demonstrierte und sich beide auf einer Eisscholle vor die Fahrtrinne eines kanadischen Eisbrechers stellten, den sie damit zum Halten zwangen. Dieses Ereignis wird von vielen als der Beginn der modernen Umweltbewegung angesehen. Beide wurden im Laufe der Jahre immer bekannter und inzwischen vergleicht man die beiden bereits mit Henry David Thoreau und John Muir. Hunter wurde Buchautor und in Toronto Nachrichtensprecher für den Fernsehsender Citytv und Moderator der Sendung Hunter's Gatherings für CP24. Watson wurde mit der Zeit immer unzufriedener mit der seiner Meinung nach zu passiven Vorgehensweise der Umweltorganisation Greenpeace, für die er seit 1971 Aktivist war, und gründete 1977 seine eigene Organisation, die später zur Sea Shepherd Conservation Society wurde. Ihre Vorgehensweise bezeichnen sie selbst als "aggressive Gewaltfreiheit" (aggressive nonviolence) und berufen sich dabei auf Martin Luther King.

1986 gelang es zwei Maschinisten der SSCS im Hafen von Reykjavík zwei Schiffe der isländischen Walfangflotte zu versenken, indem sie deren Seeventile an Bord öffneten. Ein Walfänger sandte der SSCS später ein Video, auf dem die beiden versenkten Schiffe wieder komplett saniert und einsatzbereit zu sehen waren, daneben zwei weitere Walfangschiffe. Daraufhin entschloss man sich, Kurs auf Island zu nehmen und dort alle vier Walfangschiffe im Hafen auf einen Schlag zu rammen. Aber bereits auf Höhe der Neufundlandbank explodierte der Backbordmotor auf dem Schiff und machte ihr Ziel unerreichbar. Durch Zufall stießen sie nun auf eine Flotte illegaler Fangschiffe, welche das kanadische Fangverbot für Kabeljau umgingen. Watson begann mit seinem Schiff deren Fangnetze zu zerstören und Schiffe zu rammen. Obwohl alles tagelang von den kanadischen Behörden beobachtet wurde, wollte kein Politiker die Festnahme von Watson erwirken, da er im Grunde nur die Beachtung kanadischer Gesetze durchsetzte. Erst als alle Fangschiffe von Watson verjagt wurden, kam die kanadische Küstenwache an Bord, schleppte das Schiff ab und nahm Watson in Gewahrsam, um ihn in St. John's (Neufundland) wegen Rammen eines Schiffes anzuklagen. Nach zwei Wochen wurde Watson freigesprochen und seitdem sendet das Fischereiministerium Patrouillen-Schiffe aus, um illegale Fischer zu vertreiben. Die in den Medien "Kabeljaukrieg" genannte Kampagne machte Watson zum kanadischen Nationalhelden.

Jedes Jahr im März werden die Eisflächen im ostkanadischen Sankt-Lorenz-Golf von Sattelrobben besucht, wo sie ihren Nachwuchs zur Welt bringen, da das Eis ihnen Schutz vor Haien und Orcas bietet. Nur vor menschlichen Jägern haben sie dort keinen Schutz, also besprühten die Mitglieder der SSCS die Robben mit ungefährlicher Farbe, um ihr Fell nicht mehr kommerziell verwertbar zu machen. Die Organisation war damit so erfolgreich, dass das kanadische Parlament ein Gesetz zum "Schutz" der Robben erließ (seal protection act), das niemandem erlaubte, sich Robben auf weniger als 800 Meter zu nähern – mit Ausnahme der Jäger, welche die Robben töten.

In Neah Bay erklärte Brown, wie der Atlantik-Grauwal durch die Jagd komplett ausgerottet wurde und die Wale im Pazifik heute ebenso ausgerottet wären, wenn die Internationale Walfangkommission nicht im Jahr 1949 das Töten verboten hätte. Allerdings wurden die Wale 1994 wieder von der Liste gefährdeter Arten genommen.

Im Nordpazifik wird auf die Treibnetzfischerei aufmerksam gemacht. Treibnetze können bis zu 280 km lang sein und werden auch "Vorhänge des Todes" genannt, da sie alles töten, was sich in ihnen verfängt, und rund die Hälfte der getöteten Tiere (darunter auch Seevögel, Delfine, Tintenfische und Meeresschildkröten) sogenannter Beifang ist, der als "Abfall" wieder ins Meer geworfen wird. Damit stellt die Treibnetzfischerei das größte ökologische Problem der Meere dar. Treibnetze werden mit einem sogenannten Powerblock wieder eingeholt, der an der Seite eines Schiffes hängt. Die SSCS zerstörte in einer Kampagne die ausgelegten Treibnetze und den Powerblock durch seitliches Vorbeischrammen an den Schiffen. Die davon gemachten Filmaufnahmen fanden ein großes Medieninteresse, in der Folge wurde 1991 ein weltweites Verbot der Treibfangfischerei beschlossen, illegal findet sie allerdings heute noch statt.

Als sich Watson 1994 gerade in Deutschland aufhielt, bekam er eine Einladung zu einer Fernsehdebatte in Norwegen und machte sich mit dem Schiff Whales Forever zusammen mit Journalisten an Bord auf den Weg nach Oslo. Die norwegische Regierung hatte Watson 1992 in Abwesenheit verurteilt, weil sie davon ausging, er hätte zwei im Hafen liegende norwegische Schiffe, die illegal als Walfänger tätig waren, versenkt. Brown stellt klar, dass Watson dafür nicht verantwortlich war. In internationalen Gewässern versuchte das norwegische Kriegsschiff Andenes Watson abzufangen. Die norwegische Marine feuerte zweimal mit ihrer Bordkanone auf das Schiff mit 42 Personen an Bord und ließ vier Wasserbomben vor ihrem Rumpf detonieren. Außerdem versuchten Soldaten der Andenes mit einem großen Tau die Schiffsschrauben der Whales Forever zu blockieren. Dabei wurde aber nur die Ruderanlage so schwer beschädigt, dass sich das Schiff nicht mehr steuern ließ. Als die Andenes schließlich versuchte, der Whales Forever den Weg abzuschneiden, indem sie ihren Bug kreuzte, konnte die Whales Forever wegen ihrer defekten Ruderanlage nicht abdrehen und nicht mehr rechtzeitig zum Stehen kommen. Dadurch rammte die Whales Forever die Andenes an einer kritischen Stelle, was zu Beschädigungen an beiden Schiffen führte. Nach diesem Vorfall gab das Kriegsschiff schließlich auf und kehrte in den Hafen zurück. Laut dem Sprecher der Dokumentation waren beim norwegischen Kriegsschiff Andenes beim Zusammenstoß mehrere tragende Träger durchtrennt wurden.

Als das Meeres-Schutzgebiet der Galápagos-Inseln von illegalen Fischfangflotten geplündert wurde, wurde die SSCS von lokalen Parkrangern um Hilfe gebeten, die Wilderer zu vertreiben. Bei ihrer Anreise trafen sie bereits in der Nähe der Kokos-Insel auf 15 illegale Fangschiffe. Es stellte sich heraus, dass mehrere Boote der illegalen Flotte einem korrupten General der Marine von Ecuador gehörten, und als sie vier Tage später auf den Galápagos ankamen, erwartete sie bereits ein Kriegsschiff des Generals. Der General wollte Watson verhaften lassen, doch als die Marine die Medienvertreter und Kameras an Bord bemerkte, flüchtete sie überstürzt.

Auf den Färöer-Inseln wurde gezeigt, wie ganze Herden von Grindwalen an Land getrieben und von der Bevölkerung getötet wurden. Da es keine Notwendigkeit zur Waljagd gab, die Menschen in Wohlstand leben und das Walfleisch zudem mit Quecksilber belastet ist, wurden sie gefragt, warum sie damit nicht aufhörten. Sie antworteten, es wäre für sie einfach Tradition, Wale zu töten.

Brown stellt abschließend fest, dass in drei Jahrzehnten der Sea Shepherd Conservation Society noch nie ein Mensch bei einer Aktion getötet oder verletzt wurde.

Hintergrund
 Da der Film aus der Sicht von Peter Jay Brown entstanden ist, stimmt er nicht mit allen Ansichten von Paul Watson überein. So weist Brown im Audiokommentar darauf hin, dass Watson beispielsweise bei Browns Interpretation bezüglich der Proteste gegen die Robbenjagd völlig anderer Meinung war. Brown wiederum konnte mit Watsons Einstellung zum Thema Vegetarismus bzw. Veganismus nichts anfangen.
 Die Erstaufführung des Films war am 2. Februar 2011 auf dem Santa Barbara International Film Festival, am 17. Mai 2011 erfolgte eine Aufführung während der Filmfestspiele von Cannes und in Deutschland wurde er erstmals am 1. Oktober 2011 auf dem Filmfest Hamburg gezeigt, wo Brown und Watson auch anwesend waren. In Deutschland kam die Dokumentation am 10. November 2011 in die Kinos, in den USA hatte der Film keine Kinoveröffentlichung. Am 27. Januar 2012 wurde der Film mit einem zusätzlichen Audiokommentar von Peter Jay Brown auf DVD und Blu-Ray veröffentlicht.

Kritiken

Deutsche Produktion
Die deutsche Fassung wurde von TV+Synchron Berlin produziert.

Weblinks

 Internetauftritt zum Film (englisch)
 Sea Shepherd Deutschland e.V.

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 2011
US-amerikanischer Film
Dokumentarfilm
Sea Shepherd


- kalder Katrine! er en børnefilm fra 1994 instrueret af Per Fly efter manuskript af Per Fly, Michael W. Horsten.

Handling
Søren holder øje med Katrine. Gennem en kikkert. Hun er den nye nabopige. Meget sød. Hvordan får man kontakt, når man nu ikke rigtigt er stor nok til at kende spillereglerne? Jo, man tager en rød tøjelefant med en walkie-talkie i ryggen. Den placerer man, så Katrine finder den. Hun tror så henrykt, at hun har et talende tøjdyr. Men det er selvfølgelig Søren, der via sin nyttige tøjelefant snakker fra sin walkie-talkie på sikker afstand. De ufølsomme voksne afslører sagens rette sammenhæng, og magien er pist borte. Og dog. Sød walkie-talkie-musik opstår.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Børnefilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1994
Film instrueret af Per Fly
Dansksprogede film

- kalder Katrine!


ستيفن سترايت  ممثل ومغني أمريكي من مواليد 23 مارس 1986.

مواقع خارجية

مراجع

مغنون ذكور أمريكيون في القرن 21
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من قرية غرينويتش
أشخاص من مانهاتن
أمريكيون من أصل إنجليزي
أمريكيون من أصل إيطالي
أمريكيون من أصل هولندي
عارضو أزياء أمريكيون
عارضو أزياء من ولاية نيويورك
مغنون أمريكيون
مغنون أمريكيون في القرن 21
مغنون ذكور في القرن 21
مغنون من مدينة نيويورك
ممثلو أفلام أمريكيون
ممثلو تلفزيون أمريكيون
ممثلون أمريكيون في القرن 21
ممثلون من أصل إيطالي
ممثلون من مدينة نيويورك
مواليد 1986
مواليد في نيويورك

ستيفن سترايت


Terje Hauge (Bergen, 5. listopada 1965.) bivši je norveški nogometni sudac. Dijelio je pravdu u 232 utakmice Norveške prve lige (Eliteserien) te u raznim finalima brojnih natjecanja, a ono najvažnije je finale UEFA Lige prvaka 2006. u kojem je Barcelona svladala Arsenal rezultatom 2:1. Ranije je sudio utakmicu UEFA Lige prvaka u kojoj je Barcelona igrala s Chelseajem. Na toj utakmici izravan crveni karton dobio je Chelseajev igrač Asier del Horno zbog prekršaja nad Lionelom Messijem, igračem Barcelone. Nakon utakmice dobio je smrtne prijetnje od navijača Chelseaja, no ipak je ostao pri svojoj odluci.

Izvori

Norveški športaši
Nogometni suci
Nogomet u Norveškoj

Terje Hauge


Toby Edward Heslewood Jones () este un actor englez.

Biografie

Filmografie

Film

Televziune

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
Listă de actori englezi

Nașteri în 1966
Actori englezi

Toby Jones


Jacques Henry Kallis OIS (born 16 October 1975) is a South African cricket coach and former cricketer. Widely regarded as one of the greatest cricketers of all time and as one of the greatest all-rounders ever to play the game, he is a right-handed batsman and right-arm fast-medium swing bowler. , Kallis is the only cricketer in the history of the game to score more than 10,000 runs and take over 250 wickets in both ODI and Test match cricket. He also took 131 ODI catches. He scored 13,289 runs in his Test match career, took 292 wickets, and 200 catches. Kallis won 23 Man-of-the-Match awards, the most by any player in Test history.

He was declared the Player of the Tournament in South Africa's victorious 1998 ICC KnockOut Trophy (now referred to as ICC Champions Trophy) campaign, which until date is South Africa's only ICC tournament win in their history. He finished as the 2nd highest run-scorer and was the leading wicket taker with 'Man of the Match' awards in both the semi-final and the final.
In the 1998 ICC KnockOut Trophy Final, Kallis picked up a spell of 5 wickets for 30 runs.

Kallis played 166 Test matches and had a batting average of over 55 runs. From October to December 2007, he scored five centuries in four Test matches. With his century in the second innings of the third Test against India in January 2011, his 40th in all, he moved past Ricky Ponting to become the second-highest scorer of Test centuries, behind only Sachin Tendulkar's 51.

Kallis was named Leading Cricketer in the World in 2008 Wisden for his performances in 2007 in addition to being the "ICC Test Player of the Year" and ICC Player of the Year in 2005. He has been described by Kevin Pietersen and Daryll Cullinan as the greatest cricketer to play the game, and along with Wally Hammond and Sir Garry Sobers is one of the few Test all-rounders whose Test batting average is over 50 and exceeds his Test bowling average by 20 or more.

Kallis became the fourth player and first South African to score 13,000 Test runs on the opening day of the first Test against New Zealand on 2 January 2013. He was named one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year in 2013. He retired from Test and first-class cricket after playing in the second test against India at Durban in December 2013; Kallis scored his 45th Test hundred in this match, making him one of the few batsmen to score a century in his final Test. He retired from all forms of international cricket on 30 July 2014.

In December 2019, it was announced that Jacques Kallis would rejoin the South African national cricket team, The Proteas, as the team's batting consultant for the duration of the summer. In August 2020, he was inducted to the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame.

Early career and 1996 Cricket World Cup
Kallis attended and played cricket for Wynberg Boys' High School. In 2009 Wynberg honoured Kallis by naming their main cricket oval after him. As a teenager, Kallis had a brief spell with Netherfield CC in England where he established himself in Northern England – Kallis was only 19 when he spent a summer at Parkside Road back in 1995, returning 791 runs at an average of 98.87 from 14 matches before making his Test debut against England later that year. Kallis also played for Old Edwardians for a spell as a teenager, where coaching staff saw the potential for him to become a first-class all-rounder; in July 1993 he was picked for South Africa U-17's against Scotland's U-19 team. He made his first-class debut in 1993/94 as an 18-year-old, playing for Western Province B. His first Test appearance was on 14–18 December 1995 against England in Durban, but he struggled with the bat in his first few matches. Kallis made his World Cup debut in 1996 in Pakistan but did not have much opportunity to excel. His breakthrough came in 1997, with 61 against Pakistan, and then two matches later, he salvaged a draw for South Africa with a fighting century against Australia at the Melbourne Cricket Ground.

1998–2002
Between 1998 and 2002, Jacques Kallis was one of the world's leading all-rounders, as seen in the ICC's cricket ratings. In 1998, he led South Africa to the ICC Champions Trophy title with two "Man of the Match" and the "Player of the Series" performances. The youngster was solid, without being spectacular, in the 1999 ICC Cricket World Cup, before a "Player of the Series" performance led South Africa to a stunning Test series victory against India in India in 2000. By late 2001 he was the world's number one ranked Test all-rounder, having held the same ranking in ODIs for the best part of 3 years. During this time, "Kallis blossomed into arguably the world's leading batsman, with a defensive technique second to none, and the adhesive qualities of a Cape Point limpet. Generally a placid and undemonstrative man, he nailed down the crucial No. 3 positions in the South African batting order after several players had been tried and discarded, and his stock rose exponentially from that moment."

2003–2014

Kallis is one of only four players in Test history (after Sir Donald Bradman and before Mohammad Yousuf and Gautam Gambhir) to make a century in five consecutive matches, which he achieved in the 2003/04 season. For his performances in 2004, 2005, and 2008, he was named in the World Test XI by ICC. He was also named in the World ODI XI by the ICC for the year 2004 and 12th man for XI in 2005. He was also selected for the ODI XI in 2007 as well. In 2005, he set the record for the fastest half-century in Test cricket history, scoring 50 against Zimbabwe off only 24 balls. In 2007, Kallis scored five centuries in four Tests, making him just the fourth man after Bradman, Ken Barrington and Matthew Hayden to score four centuries in four Tests on two different occasions. Kallis has a remarkable batting average in the mid-50s, and was consistently rated as one of the best batsmen in the world. Although a very capable bowler with 292 Test wickets, he impressed mostly with the bat between 2005 and 2007. As a result, he evolved into more of a batting all-rounder, a role in which he continued because of the emergence of Dale Steyn, Morné Morkel, and Vernon Philander. Kallis is the only man to score over 10,000 runs and to take over 200 wickets in Test cricket. Sir Garfield Sobers managed over 8,000 runs and 200 wickets by comparison, at very similar averages.

In 2005, Kallis was selected for the World XI team to play an Asian XI in a benefit match for those affected by the tsunami of 2004, along with countryman Shaun Pollock. In the same year, he was awarded the Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy for the ICC player of the year. The award was shared with Andrew Flintoff of England, his only serious competitor as the world's leading all-rounder, after the votes of the academy were tied. Kallis also won the "ICC Test Player of the Year" award that year.

In 2006, Kallis was awarded the captaincy of South Africa for the third and final Test match against Australia when Graeme Smith withdrew with an injury.

In the 2007 World Cup, Kallis was South Africa's leading run-scorer with 485 runs at 80.83. He was, however, criticized in the press for scoring slowly, which cost South Africa momentum at key stages in the tournament. In August 2007, he was omitted from the 15-man South Africa squad for 2007 ICC World Twenty20, and consequently resigned as vice-captain. He was restored to the team for the Test series against Pakistan, where he scored three centuries in four innings and was awarded "Man of the Match" twice and "Player of the Series".

Following his successful tour of Pakistan, Kallis scored two aggressive centuries in matches against New Zealand at Johannesburg's Wanderer's Stadium and Centurion Park in Pretoria, taking his total century count to five in four matches. Following this purple patch of form, Kallis endured three tours without success in the form of hundreds, although the Proteas secured historic series victories in England and Australia, and won a two-match series against Bangladesh at home.

Kallis returned to form after an indifferent 2008 and averaged over 50 in his next six series. During this time, the Proteas won one series (against West Indies), drew four (two against India, one against England, and one against Pakistan in the United Arab Emirates), and lost one series to a resilient Australia. Kallis scored 173 in Nagpur in 2010. In the Centurion Test against India later in the year, he scored his maiden double-century in Test match cricket. His 201 not out came in a landslide victory for South Africa, as two of the team's future batting stars contributed significant hundreds of their own (AB de Villiers and future captain Hashim Amla). For the second time in his career, Kallis scored twin centuries in a match, during the third Test of the series at his home ground, Newlands in Cape Town.

In January 2012, Kallis scored his highest score in Tests – 224 against Sri Lanka at Newlands. The last eight series that Kallis played in for South Africa were all victories for the Proteas, except for one series draw against Pakistan in the UAE. Kallis became one of the few players in world cricket to have won two series each in England and Australia. The Proteas also won two series against New Zealand and one against each of India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, England, and Australia.

Throughout this period of his career, Kallis was still valued for his bowling. He contributed valuable economical overs and had a knack for taking important wickets.

In September 2014, Kallis signed a one-year contract with the Sydney Thunder in the Big Bash League. In his first appearance for the Thunder he scored an important innings of 97* and picked up a wicket.

The senior all-rounder (2008–2013)
In 2008 more responsibility was placed on Kallis as an all-rounder due to the retirement of Shaun Pollock. Despite the pressure, an all-rounder began to emerge in Wayne Parnell who did some good lower-order batting.
Kallis endured an uncharacteristically poor 2008 with the bat, averaging well under thirty for much of it. Against the ninth-ranked Bangladesh, he averaged just 25.75 in four Test outings. He also played for Royal Challengers Bangalore in the Indian Premier League, where he averaged 16.85 runs per innings with the bat and 55.5 runs per wicket with the ball at an economy rate of 9.65 in the 7 matches he played before he was dropped.

Home and away series against Australia (2008–09)

South Africa toured Australia for a three-match Test series and five-match ODI series starting in December 2008. The tourists had a successful 9–2 Test win–loss ratio in 2008; however, Australia had just come off a 2–0 away series defeat against India and had a 5–3 ratio for the calendar year. Before the series, Kallis had a batting average of 38.32 in 18 Tests against the number one ranked team, substantially lower than his overall average of 55.06. Despite an average of 124.50 in 12 Tests against lowly ranked Zimbabwe and Bangladesh, former Australia fast-bowler Rodney Hogg labeled the all-rounder "a flat-track bully, who dishes it out to the minnows like Bangladesh and Zimbabwe but goes missing against the Australians." In the first Test starting on 17 December, Kallis scored 63 in South Africa's first innings, before he was dismissed by Mitchell Johnson, in the midst of a bowling spell consisting of 5/2 in 20 balls. After failing to make a breakthrough in Australia's first innings, Kallis took 3/24 in their second, while completing four catches in the match. He then scored 57, while being involved in a 124-run partnership with AB de Villiers, as South Africa chased down 414, the second-highest fourth-innings run-chase in Test history. In the second Test in Melbourne starting on Boxing Day, Kallis struggled to be potent in Australia's first innings, taking 1/55. While making a start in his team's first dig, he managed only 26, before taking 2/57 when the home-side batted again. Chasing just 183, Kallis was not required to bat, as South Africa completed their first Test series victory in Australia. In Australia's 103 run Third Test victory in Sydney, Kallis struggled, taking 1/54 and 0/13 with the ball, while scoring 37 and four with the bat.

The win was South Africa's 11th in a year in which they drew with India in India, defeated England in England, Australia in Australia, and also recorded series wins over West Indies and Bangladesh. Kallis was featured in all of those matches and remains an integral part of the champion side's set-up.

For his performances in 2010, 2011 and 2012, he was named in the World Test XI by the ICC.

On 10 April 2013 he was named one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year for 2013.

Injuries, continued achievement and records
Kallis participated in the tour of the West Indies, in which he scored his 35th test cricket century. Kallis injured his neck during the 2010 Champions League Twenty20 playing for the Royal Challengers Bangalore and missed the Twenty20 and ODI series against Zimbabwe. He returned for the ODI series against Pakistan, scoring 66 before having to retire hurt with a cramp. He did, however, manage to lay the foundations for an eight-wicket victory.

For his performances in 2010 and 2012, he was named in the Cricinfo IPL XI..

In the same ODI Jacques Kallis scored his 129th ODI six, a record for a South African in the format. However, he picked up an injury and was a doubtful starter for the second ODI. In December 2010, on the 3rd day of the first test against India, Kallis scored his maiden double century, scoring 201* (not out). Kallis was selected by South Africa for the 2011 ICC Cricket World Cup.

In the 2011–12 season, Kallis scored his second double century in Test cricket, reaching 224 in South Africa's first innings of the third Test of the home series against Sri Lanka. The Test was Kallis's 150th; he became the sixth player in history and the first South African to reach this milestone. After the series, former Indian captain Sourav Ganguly said that he considered Kallis to be the "most-effective player" in Test cricket. Brett Lee named Kallis as the best player in the world in an interview after their victory for Kolkata Knight Riders for his performance in IPL 2012 final against Chennai Super Kings.

He played a crucial role in the qualification of the Royal Challengers Bangalore for the Champions League T20 during IPL-3 and later on played a crucial role in the triumph of Kolkata Knight Riders in IPL-5, scoring a total of 407 runs and taking 15 wickets.

In August 2023, at the age of 47, Kallis played in the California Knights' opening match in the US Masters T10. He scored an unbeaten 64  off 31 balls.

Coaching career

Kallis was appointed head coach of Kolkata Knight Riders in October 2015 when head coach Trevor Bayliss resigned to take over as head coach of England cricket team in June 2015. Kallis was also batting consultant of KKR for 2015 Indian Premier League season.

In December 2019, Kallis was appointed as batting consultant for South Africa national cricket team. As of late 2020 he is a batting consultant for the England national cricket team.

Playing style and comparisons
Kallis has earned high praise for his orthodox batting technique. In an article for the Telegraph in July 2012, former England batsman and captain Michael Vaughan wrote that Kallis, "as a batsman, is the best player in the world.". He described Kallis' batting in more detail:
Whether on the front or back foot, he plays well on the on- and off-side. He's not Brian Lara or Ricky Ponting in terms of aggression or flair but he is rock solid and, added to that, has every shot in the book.
Also, his cover drive and flick off the hip are right up there in terms of execution and attractiveness. ... He can score quickly at times but it is his way of being able to read situations that sets him apart. ... He knows when to grind it out or move up through the gears. Some people think he could move through the gears quicker when batting, and that is probably a fair argument on occasions, but the majority of the time he knows what he can do at the crease and believes South Africa has a better chance of winning if he stays there.

Given his impressive all-around record, Kallis has also been compared with Sir Garfield Sobers. In November 2012, noted journalist Gideon Haigh wrote in The Australian that statistically, they were almost inseparable; Sobers scored 8032 at an average of 58 and took 235 wickets at an average of 34, while Kallis at the time of writing averaged 57 with the bat and 33 with the ball. Haigh also analysed how Kallis and Sobers were also polar opposites in certain ways:
Sobers [was] all prowling grace and feline elasticity, with his 360-degree batswing and three-in-one bowling; [whereas] Kallis [is] all looming bulk and latent power, constructed like a work of neo-brutalist architecture. ... Yet what they are just as many opposites of are their respective eras. Sobers was the most explosive cricketer of a more staid age, the more mercurial because of the orthodoxy and rigidity around him; Kallis is the most stoic and remorseless cricketer of an era more ostentatious and histrionic. ... Sobers was a cavalier among roundheads; Kallis has steadily become a roundhead among cavaliers.

Personal life
Kallis shared a close relationship with his father, Henry, whom Kallis cited as his primary influence. His sister Janine Kallis, five years his junior, was a cheerleader in Indian Premier League 2009 and is also a physiotherapist based in East London. When it was discovered that his father had terminal cancer, Kallis took time out of cricket to be with his father:

We heard something was wrong with my dad during the [2003] World Cup. He started feeling unwell and then, out of the blue, we were told he only had a few months to live. It was a huge shock because we've always been a very close family. I missed the first couple of Tests in England that year so I could be at home with him. It was obviously the saddest time of my life but those last weeks were maybe some of the most beautiful. It gave me a chance to say thank you and goodbye. After a while, I realized how lucky I was to do that. It's far harder if a parent is taken away before you have that time together. So his death put cricket in perspective for me. It's just a game – and a very simple game if you keep your mind straight.

In January 2019, Kallis married Charlene Engels. The couple has a son, Joshua Henry Kallis, born on 11 March 2020.

Jacques Kallis Scholarship Foundation
The Jacques Kallis Scholarship Foundation was established in Kallis' benefit year to combine the academic and life skills programs of existing school structures with funding and mentoring support from Jacques Kallis. The Foundation with its partners hopes to provide talented youngsters the opportunity to reach their full sporting and academic potential.

Currently, the Foundation sponsors 2 boys from Wynberg Boys', 2 boys from Pretoria Boys High School, 2 from Maritzburg College, and 2 from Selborne College. Jacques Kallis participates in annual fundraising events for his Foundation, to which he invites fellow South African celebrities and cricketers like Mark Boucher and André Nel.

Achievements and records

Jacques Kallis has achieved the following career-best rankings in the cricket ratings as determined by the International Cricket Council 3:

Test Batting: career-best 1st; career-high points 935
Test Bowling: career-best 6th; career-high points 742
Test All-rounders: career-best 1st; career-high points 616
ODI Batting: career-best 1st; career-high points 817
ODI Bowling: career-best 15th; career-high points 641
ODI All-rounders: career-best 1st; career-high points 506
 1st & only player in cricket history to achieve the mark of 10,000 runs in Tests & ODI each and more than 200 wickets in the Tests and ODIs each
 He was also the first bowler to take a fifer in ICC Champions Trophy history.
 He was also the only bowler to take a 5 wicket haul in the finals of the ICC Champions Trophy (in the 1998 ICC KnockOut Trophy tournament)
 Kallis was also the first player to bag the Player of the final, as well as the Player of the Tournament awards in ICC Champions Trophy.
 He along with Graeme Smith set the record for the highest ever partnership for any wicket as debutants in T20 Internationals (84 for the 1st wicket)
 He holds the record for a most man of the matches in Test Cricket – 23.

References

External links

 Jacques Kallis at Cricket South Africa

1975 births
ACA African XI One Day International cricketers
Cape Cobras cricketers
Cricketers at the 1996 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 1999 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 2003 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 2007 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 2011 Cricket World Cup
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for South Africa
Cricketers at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
ICC World XI One Day International cricketers
International Cricket Council Cricketer of the Year
Glamorgan cricketers
Living people
Middlesex cricketers
Kolkata Knight Riders cricketers
Royal Challengers Bangalore cricketers
South Africa One Day International cricketers
South Africa Test cricketers
South Africa Twenty20 International cricketers
South African cricketers
South Africa Test cricket captains
Cricketers from Cape Town
Western Province cricketers
White South African people
Wisden Cricketers of the Year
Wisden Leading Cricketers in the World
World XI Test cricketers
Sydney Thunder cricketers
Alumni of Wynberg Boys' High School
South African cricket coaches
Trinbago Knight Riders cricketers
Commonwealth Games medallists in cricket
Medallists at the 1998 Commonwealth Games

Jacques Kallis


Gabriele von Schlippenbach (Pseudonyme: Herbert Rivulet, Herbert Rivutat, *  in Fischröden bei Durben, Gouvernement Kurland als Eleonore Elise Adelheid Emma Gabriele von der Ropp; † 20. Juli 1937 in Stolberg (Rheinland)) war eine deutsche Schriftstellerin.

Leben

Gabriele von Schlippenbach stammte aus der adligen Familie von der Ropp und war eine Tochter des Gutsbesitzers Theophil Freiherr von der Ropp. Sie wuchs mit neun Geschwistern auf dem väterlichen Gut auf. Nach dem Verkauf des Gutes zog die Familie 1870 nach Libau. 1872 heiratete Gabriele den Assessor Gustav Freiherr von Schlippenbach. Sie lebte mit ihm bis 1874 in Polangen bei Memel, wo ihr Ehemann Gutsverwalter war. Ab 1877 waren die Eheleute ansässig in Grobin, wo Gustav von Schlippenbach als Gerichtsassessor wirkte, und ab 1881 in Libau. 1891 verstarb Gustav von Schlippenbach, nachdem er seines Amtes als Polizeimeister enthoben worden und daraufhin schwer erkrankt war.

Gabriele von Schlippenbach trug in den folgenden Jahren mit literarischen Arbeiten zum Unterhalt ihrer dreiköpfigen Familie bei. Ihre Werke erschienen zuerst in deutschsprachigen Zeitschriften des Baltikums, später auch in Buchform. Gabriele von Schlippenbach lebte später in Differdingen (Luxemburg) und zuletzt in Stolberg (Rheinland). Gabriele von Schlippenbachs literarisches Werk umfasst Romane – darunter den in mehreren Auflagen erschienenen Kriminalroman "Subotins Erbe" – und Erzählungen.

Werke
 Ums Brot. Berlin 1899.
 Benita – die Gesegnete. Aarburg 1901.
 Ich will es sühnen. Dresden [u. a.] 1901.
 Ein Mutterherz. Ehre Vater und Mutter. Unser erster Weihnachtsbaum. Berlin 1903 (unter dem Namen Herbert Rivulet).
 Erkämpft. Berlin 1904.
 Jugendschuld. Regensburg 1904.
 Lebenskrisen. Berlin 1905.
 Subotins Erbe. Dresden [u. a.] 1905.
 Verblutet. Regensburg 1905.
 Höhenmenschen. Regensburg 1910.
 In Dur und Moll. Regensburg [u. a.] 1910.
 Wirrsale. Regensburg [u. a.] 1910.
 Sonnensehnsucht. Berlin 1911.
 Aus der Bahn geschleudert. Berlin 1913.
 Aus Mangel an Beweisen. Dresden 1917.
 Die Schuld des Vaters. Dresden 1918.
 Wenn er wiederkehrt. Dresden 1918.

Literatur

Weblinks

 Volltext des Romans "Subotins Erbe"

Gabriele
⚭Gabriele
Literatur (Deutsch)
Freiherr
Deutsch-Balte
Russe
Geboren 1846
Gestorben 1937
Frau

Gabriele von Schlippenbach


أناشيد الثورة الفلسطينية هي الأناشيد والأغاني التي ظهرت في السنوات التي تلت انطلاقة الثورة الفلسطينية وعلى الأخص حركة التحرير الوطني الفلسطيني فتح في عام 1965 وشكلت لونا جديدا من الفن الذي أصبح يعرف بالفن المقاوم.

تأثرت الأناشيد الأولى بالأغاني والأناشيد القومية المصرية وركزت في البداية على الطابع العسكري، قبل أن تشمل مختلف اوجه الحياة الاجتماعية والثقافية لفلسطيني الشتات. فبعكس الأناشيد الحديثة، كان العنصر الطاغي على الأناشيد القديمة هو توثيق الواقع الفلسطيني في مخيمات اللجوء إضافة إلى التحفيز على المشاركة في العمل العسكري الفدائي والتغني بالصمود والمقاومة بكافة اشكالها.

بدأ بث الأناشيد الأولى مع انطلاق إذاعة صوت العاصفة في القاهرة بشارع الشريفين رقم 4، وهو مقر الإذاعة المصرية القديم. لاحقا تم تغيير اسم الإذاعة من صوت العاصفة إلى صوت فلسطين بعد دمج الوسائل الإعلامية التابعة لمختلف الفصائل الفلسطينية في إطار جامع أطلق عليه اسم الإعلام الموحد.

من الشعراء الذين ساهموا بكتابة الأناشيد سعيد المزين، صلاح الدين الحسيني، أحمد دحبور ومحمد حسيب القاضي. ومن الملحنين حسين نازك، صبري محمود، طه العجيل، وجيه بدرخان، علي إسماعيل، مهدي سردانة، كنعان وصفي، رياض البندك وعبد الحميد توفيق زكي. كما اقتبس لحن نشيد بلادي من النشيد الوطني المصري الذي كان قد لحنه سيد درويش.

أطلق على تلك الأناشيد مع بداية الألفية الجديدة مصطلح «الأناشيد القديمة» تمييزا لها عن الأناشيد والأغاني التي ألفت خارج نطاق الحركة الفنية التابعة لمنظمة التحرير الفلسطينية وبصورة أشمل، بعد توقيع اتفاقية أوسلو وبدء مسيرة التفاوض بين الفلسطينيين والإسرائيليين حين شهدت الأناشيد تراجعا في شعبيتها مع بدء مسيرة السلام في أوسلو، لكنها عادت لتبث في وسائل الأعلام الفلسطينية وتتداول بين الناس مع انطلاقة انتفاضة الأقصى. وعادت بقوة مع بدء الهجوم على قطاع غزة (ديسمبر 2008).

فهرس الأناشيد

وصلات خارجية
 نصوص أناشيد الثورة الفلسطينية

مراجع

أغان عربية
أناشيد وطنية
ثورة فلسطينية
موسيقى فلسطينية

أناشيد الثورة الفلسطينية


Giancarlo Primo (nacido el  en Roma, Italia y muerto el   en Civita Castellana) es un exjugador  y entrenador italiano de baloncesto. Como seleccionador italiano consiguió dos medallas de bronces en Eurobaskets.

Equipos

Jugador
 Ginnastica Roma

Entrenador
1956-1957  Ginnastica Roma
1969-1979  Italia
1980-1982  Pallacanestro Livorno
1982-1983  Pallacanestro Cantú
1983-1984  Ginn. Goriziana
1984-1985  Libertas Livorno
1987-1989  Virtus Roma

Palmarés
 Euroliga: 1
 Pallacanestro Cantú 1983.
 Copa Intercontinental: 1
 Pallacanestro Cantú 1982.

Enlaces externos
 Ficha en LEGA BASKET SERIE A

Baloncestistas de Italia
Baloncestistas italianos de la Lega Basket Serie A
Entrenadores de baloncesto de Italia
Nacidos en Roma
Fallecidos en Civita Castellana
Entrenadores del Virtus Roma

Giancarlo Primo


Larrieden ist ein Gemeindeteil der Stadt Feuchtwangen im Landkreis Ansbach (Mittelfranken, Bayern).

Geografie
Das Pfarrdorf liegt am rechten Ufer der Wörnitz. Der Bachgraben mündet im Ort als rechter Zufluss in die Wörnitz, der Mühlgründleinsgraben als linker Zufluss. Nordwestlich des Ortes grenzt das Starkfeld an, 0,5 km südwestlich liegt das Waldgebiet Hardhölzlein, 0,5 km nördlich liegt das Erlfeld. Die Kreisstraße AN 5 führt nach Tribur (1,7 km nördlich) bzw. zur AN 42 (2 km südlich) bei Schopfloch. Gemeindeverbindungsstraßen führen nach Heiligenkreuz (1,4 km nordöstlich) und nach Oberhinterhof (1,4 km südwestlich).

Es gibt fünf Eichen und eine Linde, die als Naturdenkmäler klassifiziert wurden.

Geschichte
Ursprünglich waren die Grafen von Oettingen die Lehnsherren des Ortes. Im Jahr 1252 wurde ein "Otto de Lavrieden" urkundlich erwähnt. Dieser war oettingischer Ministeriale und hatte seinen Stammsitz in Larrieden. Um 1352 saß Friedrich von Lerpaur darauf. Über den weiteren Verbleib des Herrensitzes ist nichts bekannt. Die Landeshoheit ging später an das ansbachische Oberamt Feuchtwangen über. Im Jahr 1732 bestand der Ort aus 31 Anwesen mit 33 Mannschaften. Grundherren waren
 Feuchtwangische Ämter:
 das Stiftsverwalteramt Feuchtwangen: 1 Halbhof mit Taberngerechtigkeit, 1 Gütlein mit Backrecht, 6 Gütlein;
 das Stadtvogteiamt Feuchtwangen: 1 Mahlmühle, 1 Gütlein mit Backrecht, 2 Gütlein mit Schmiederecht;
 das Kastenamt Feuchtwangen: 1 Halbhof mit Taberngerechtigkeit (die Abgaben gingen an die Pfarrei Larrieden);
 das Kastenamt Crailsheim: 1 Gütlein; 1 Gütlein, dessen Abgaben an die Pfarrei Mariäkappel gingen;
 das oettingen-spielbergische Oberamt Dürrwangen: 1 Wirtschaft mit oettingischer Zollstätte, 1 Anwesen mit Bäckerei, 2 Gütlein;
 die Reichsstadt Dinkelsbühl: 1 Hof, 2 Höfe mit doppelter Mannschaft, 2 Halbhöfe, 7 Gütlein.
Außerdem gab es noch 1 Kirche, 1 Pfarrhaus, 1 Schulhaus und 2 Hirtenhäuser. Gegen Ende des Alten Reiches gab es nur noch 29 Haushalte, von denen 10 feuchtwangisch waren. Von 1797 bis 1808 unterstand der Ort dem Justiz- und Kammeramt Feuchtwangen.

1806 kam Larrieden an das Königreich Bayern. Mit dem Gemeindeedikt (frühes 19. Jahrhundert) wurde der Steuerdistrikt Larrieden gebildet, zu dem Oberhinterhof und Unterhinterhof gehörten. Wenig später entstand die Ruralgemeinde Larrieden, zu der Heiligenkreuz, Oberhinterhof und Unterhinterhof gehörten. Sie war in Verwaltung und Gerichtsbarkeit dem Landgericht Feuchtwangen zugeordnet. Die Gemeinde hatte eine Gebietsfläche von 8,642 km². Im Zuge der Gebietsreform in Bayern wurde diese am 1. Januar 1972 nach Feuchtwangen eingemeindet.

Insbesondere im Feuchtwanger Raum, in den Tälern von Wörnitz und Sulzach war der Glaube an Druden und Hexen stark verwurzelt. Dieses wird durch die Tatsache belegt, dass noch 1679 die aus Larrieden stammende 70-jährige Bäuerin Marie Krauß nebst deren Stieftochter und Stiefsohn gefangen nach Feuchtwangen abgeführt wurden. Drei Buben von 5, 7 und 9 Jahren hatten im Nachschwätzen von den Alten gehörtes abergläubisches Zeugs gesagt: die Kraußin und ihre Stiefkinder hätten sie auf einer Gabel zu Hexentänzen mitgenommen, in Wölfe, dann wieder in Menschen verwandelt usw. Es wurden viele Verhöre angestellt, bei denen sich der ehrlose Stiefsohn lügnerischer Weise zu all dem abergläubischen Blödsinn bekannte, dessen man ihn beschuldigte und zugleich Stiefmutter und Schwester schwer belastete. Er gedachte, auf diese Weise besser davonzukommen. Da beide Frauen bei der Leugnung dessen, wes man sie anklagte, blieben, wendete man sich an die Rechtsgelehrten der Universität Tübingen, wohin ein eigener Bote geschickt wurde. Und diese Herren, die selbst den ganzen abergläubischen Wahn für bare Münze nahmen, begutachteten, dass die Kraußin und ihre Stieftochter Margarete der Folter zu unterziehen seien. Die Folterqualen erpressten auch von beiden das erwünschte Schuldgeständnis und so wurden beide auf dem Feuchtwanger Kühwasen als Hexen lebendig verbrannt. Es war der letzte Hexenprozess im Fürstentum Ansbach.Unter einem Drud verstand man ein Wesen, welches sich nachts auf die Brust von Schlafenden setzt und dadurch Alpträume sowie Beklemmung und Atemnot verursacht. Druden sollen meist alt und hässlich sein, es wären überwiegend Frauen, die dazu verdammt sind, sich jede Nacht ein Opfer zum Drücken suchen zu müssen. Dazu könnte sich ihre Seele vom Körper lösen und als Geist durch kleinste Spalten und Schlüssellöcher in ein Zimmer dringen und dann in verschiedener Gestalt erscheinen.Der Ort wurde/wird deshalb auch als Druden-Larreden bezeichnet.

Baudenkmäler
 Evangelisch-lutherische Pfarrkirche St. Michael, Chorturmkirche, Turm 1760-70, Langhausneubau und Einrichtung 1910; mit Ausstattung; Friedhof, Anlage wohl des 18./19. Jahrhundert, mit Grabsteinen; Friedhofsmauer, Quadermauer, 18./19. Jahrhundert, 1910 wohl verändert.
 Steinkreuz, mittelalterlich; am Ortseingang Richtung Tribur.
 Haus Nr. 20: Pfarrhaus, zweigeschossiger giebelständiger Satteldachbau, 1849.
 Haus Nr. 25: Lehrerhaus, zweigeschossiger traufständiger Satteldachbau, mit Ecklisenen und Geschossgliederung, 1849.
 Steinweiherfeld: Steinkreuz, mittelalterlich; ca. 1200 m außerhalb des Ortes Richtung Tribur.

Einwohnerentwicklung
Gemeinde Larrieden

Ort Larrieden

Religion
Der Ort ist Sitz der Pfarrei St. Michael und seit der Reformation evangelisch-lutherisch geprägt. Die Einwohner römisch-katholischer Konfession sind nach St. Ulrich und Afra (Feuchtwangen) gepfarrt.

Vereine
Evangelische Landjugend (ELJ)
Freiwillige Feuerwehr
Musikzug der Freiwilligen Feuerwehr
Posaunenchor
Kriegerverein
Schützenverein
Lange Rute (Fischereiverein)

Söhne und Töchter des Ortes

 Gustav Aufhammer (1899–1988), Pflanzenbauwissenschaftler und Pflanzenzüchter
 Konrad Porzner (1935–2021), Politiker (SPD), Staatssekretär und Präsident des Bundesnachrichtendienstes
 Erwin Porzner (* 1936), Handballspieler und Handballtrainer

Literatur

Weblinks

Fußnoten

Geographie (Feuchtwangen)
Ort im Landkreis Ansbach
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Ansbach)
Ersterwähnung 1252
Gemeindeauflösung 1971
Ort an der Wörnitz

Larrieden


Stephen Tvrtko I (;  1338 – 10 March 1391) was the first king of Bosnia. A member of the House of Kotromanić, he succeeded his uncle Stephen II as the ban of Bosnia in 1353. As he was a minor at the time, Tvrtko's father, Vladislav, briefly ruled as regent, followed by Tvrtko's mother, Jelena. Early in his personal rule, Tvrtko quarrelled with his country's Roman Catholic clergy but later enjoyed cordial relations with all the religious communities in his realm. After initial difficulties – the loss of large parts of Bosnia to his overlord, King Louis I of Hungary, and being briefly deposed by his magnates – Tvrtko's power grew considerably. He conquered some remnants of the neighbouring Serbian Empire in 1373, after the death of its last ruler and his distant relative, Uroš the Weak. In 1377, he had himself crowned king of Bosnia and Serbia, claiming to be the heir of Serbia's extinct Nemanjić dynasty.

As the Kingdom of Bosnia continued to expand, Tvrtko's attention shifted to the Adriatic coast. He gained control of the entire Pomorje and the major maritime cities of the area, established new settlements and started building a navy, but never succeeded in subjugating the lords of the independent Serbian territories. The death of King Louis and the accession of Queen Mary in 1382 allowed Tvrtko to take advantage of the ensuing succession crisis in Hungary and Croatia. After bitter fighting, from 1385 to 1390, Tvrtko succeeded in conquering large parts of Slavonia, Dalmatia, and Croatia proper. Following the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, his tenuous claim to Serbia became a mere fiction, as the Serbian rulers he sought to subdue became vassals of the victorious Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Turks also launched their first attacks on Bosnia during Tvrtko's reign, but his army was able to repel them. Tvrtko's sudden death in 1391 prevented him from solidifying the Kotromanić hold on Croatian lands.

Tvrtko is widely considered one of Bosnia's greatest medieval rulers, having enlarged the country's borders to their greatest extent, left a strong economy, and improved the living standards of his subjects. He was survived by at least one son, Tvrtko II, but was succeeded by Dabiša, under whom Tvrtko's burgeoning realm began to decay.

Minority

Tvrtko was the elder son of Vladislav Kotromanić and Jelena Šubić and was likely born within a year of their marriage, which was celebrated in 1337. His father was the brother of the Bosnian ban, Stephen II, and his mother the daughter of the Croatian lord George II Šubić of Bribir. Although Vladislav was still alive, Stephen's title passed directly to Tvrtko; the reason for Vladislav's exclusion from the Kotromanić succession is unclear. Tvrtko, however, was only about fifteen years old at the time, so his father governed as regent. Soon after his accession, Tvrtko travelled with his father throughout the realm to settle relations with his vassals. Jelena replaced Vladislav as regent upon his death in 1354. She immediately travelled to Hungary to obtain consent to Tvrtko's accession from King Louis I, his overlord. Following her return, Jelena held an assembly (stanak) in Mile, with mother and son confirming the possessions and privileges of the noblemen of "all of Bosnia, Donji Kraji, Zagorje, and the Hum land".

The death of Tvrtko's maternal uncle Mladen III Šubić in 1348 led to a decline of the Šubić noble family and a long conflict over their lands. In May 1355, Jelena and Tvrtko marched with an army to Duvno in order to claim Tvrtko's share of her brother's patrimony. An agreement was reached with the vice-ban of Dalmatia by which Tvrtko was to inherit all the cities held by his maternal grandfather and a city which belonged to his aunt Katarina. Still, it is unknown whether he actually took possession of them.

The state assembled by Tvrtko's uncle Stephen broke apart on Tvrtko's accession, much to the satisfaction of his overlord King Louis. The Hungarians were keen to encourage Stephen's vassals to act independently from Tvrtko, forcing Tvrtko to compete with Louis for their loyalty in order to rebuild the Bosnian state. Louis posed a more direct threat as well; he was determined to enlarge his royal domain, and throughout his realm he ardently reclaimed all lands that once belonged to the monarch. Taking advantage of the precarious situation early in Tvrtko's reign, Louis moved to claim most of Donji Kraji and western Hum up to the river Neretva, including the prosperous customs town of Drijeva. In 1357, he succeeded in compelling Tvrtko to come to Hungary and surrender these territories as the dowry of Stephen's daughter Elizabeth, who had been married to Louis since 1353. In July, King Louis confirmed Tvrtko and his younger brother Vuk as rulers of Bosnia and Usora. Donji Kraji and Hum were purposely omitted from their title, with Usora likely having been granted as compensation. Two conditions were forced upon the Bosnians: one of the two Kotromanić brothers would be at Louis's court whenever the other was in Bosnia, and they would make an effort to suppress the "heretical" Bosnian Church.

Initial difficulties
Little is known about internal affairs in Bosnia between 1357 when Tvrtko started ruling on his own and 1363. His religious policy came into focus in this period, as the Avignon papacy became more insistent on curbing the Bosnian Church. This endangered Tvrtko, for although he was a Roman Catholic throughout his life, Louis now had a religious pretext for invading Bosnia. The death of the bishop of Bosnia—Peregrin Saxon, a supporter of both Stephen II and Tvrtko I and acknowledged by the latter as his "spiritual father"—led to the appointment of Peter Siklósi to the episcopal throne. Peter actively promoted the idea of launching a new crusade against Bosnia, earning him Tvrtko's hostility. Tvrtko even attempted to plot against Peter but failed when his letters to a lector in Peter's Đakovo residence were discovered. The Bosnian Church, meanwhile, survived throughout Tvrtko's reign but only became prominent in state affairs after his death. One hostile source even tried to link Tvrtko himself to the Church due to his tolerance of all local faiths, including Hum's Eastern Orthodoxy.

At the start of his personal rule, the young Ban somehow considerably increased his power. Although he constantly emphasized his subservience and loyalty to the King, Tvrtko started regarding the loyalty of the Donji Kraji noblemen to Louis as treachery against himself. In 1363, a conflict broke out between the two men. The cause is not clear, although Louis stated that his intention was to eradicate the Bosnian heretics. By April, the King had begun amassing an army; and in May, officials of the Republic of Ragusa ordered their merchants to leave Bosnia due to an imminent clash. An army led by Louis himself attacked Donji Kraji, where the nobility was divided in its loyalties between Tvrtko and Louis. A month later an army led by the palatine of Hungary, Nicholas Kont, and the archbishop of Esztergom, Nicholas Apáti, struck Usora. Vlatko Vukoslavić deserted to Louis and surrendered to him the important fortress of Ključ, but Vukac Hrvatinić succeeded in defending the Soko Grad fortress in the župa of Pliva, forcing the Hungarians to retreat. In Usora, the Srebrenik Fortress held out against a "massive attack" by the royal army, which suffered the embarrassment of losing the King's seal. The successful defense of Srebrenik marked Tvrtko's first victory against Hungary.

The unity of the Bosnian magnates waned as soon as the Hungarians were defeated, weakening Tvrtko's position and that of a united Bosnia. In 1364, Tvrtko, his mother, and his brother were granted citizenship of the Republic of Venice, an honour that guaranteed them sanctuary in Venice in case of necessity but also obligated Tvrtko to protect Venetian merchants. Various charters issued by the previous bans of Bosnia, and confirmed by Tvrtko on his accession, promised the same protection to Ragusan merchants. In late 1365, however, both republics complained to Tvrtko about the treatment of their merchants by his vassals. Evidently, the Ban had lost control over his feudatories. The anarchy escalated, and in February of the following year, the magnates revolted against Tvrtko and dethroned him. Little is known about the circumstances under which Tvrtko was deposed. Accusing the magnates of treachery against "foremostly God" and himself, Tvrtko fled Bosnia with his mother. He was replaced by his younger brother, who had hitherto functioned as "junior ban". Vuk's personal role in the rebellion is uncertain.

Tvrtko acted resolutely and efficiently. He and Jelena took refuge at the Hungarian royal court, where they were welcomed by Tvrtko's former enemy and overlord, King Louis. Apparently dissatisfied with the turn of events in Bosnia, Louis provided Tvrtko with aid (likely military) in reclaiming Bosnia. Tvrtko returned to Bosnia in March and reestablished control over a part of the country by the end of the month, including the areas of Donji Kraji, Rama (where he then resided), Hum, and Usora. In order to secure the loyalty of the noblemen he had subjugated, as well as to win over those still supporting Vuk, Tvrtko bestowed a number of grants; in August he invested Vukac Hrvatinić with the entire župa of Pliva for his part in the 1363 war with Hungary. After initially rapid success, Tvrtko's campaign slowed. Sanko Miltenović, ruler of eastern Hum, defected to Vuk in late 1366. Throughout the following year, Tvrtko forced Vuk southwards, eventually compelling him to flee to Ragusa. Sanko, Vuk's last supporter, submitted to Tvrtko in late summer and was allowed to retain his holdings. Ragusan officials made an effort to procure peace between the feuding brothers, and in 1368, Vuk asked Pope Urban V to intervene with King Louis I on his behalf. Those efforts were futile; but by 1374, Tvrtko had reconciled with Vuk on very generous terms.

Conquests in Serbia and marriage
The death of Dušan the Mighty and the accession of his son Uroš the Weak in December 1355 was soon followed by the breakup of the once-powerful and threatening Serbian Empire. It disintegrated into autonomous lordships that could not resist Bosnia by themselves. This paved the way for Tvrtko to expand towards the east, but internal problems prevented him from seizing the opportunity immediately. A lordship on Bosnia's eastern border was that of Vojislav Vojinović. When Vojislav attacked Ragusa in 1361, the republic appealed to Tvrtko for help, but to no avail. Vojislav's widow Gojislava, ruling on behalf of their minor sons, provided Tvrtko with passage through the family's land during his struggle with Vuk, and Tvrtko remained cordial with the family. He was, however, unable to defend her from her nephew Nicholas Altomanović, who, by November 1368, had seized her sons' lands. All Tvrtko could do was help the dispossessed widow safely reach her native Albania.

The ambitious Nicholas soon started inciting rebellions against Tvrtko; Sanko Miltenović rose against his lord again and was once more defeated and pardoned in 1369. Tvrtko and Nicholas made peace in August 1370, but the latter's belligerence soon earned him the enmity of all his neighbours. Entering into a coalition with Venice and the Lord of Zeta, Đurađ I, Nicholas intended to attack Ragusa and Kotor. Tvrtko and Lazar Hrebljanović, lord of Moravian Serbia, both backed by Louis of Hungary, acted to protect the cities. Lazar, too, swore fealty to Louis, after which he and Tvrtko were given 1,000 horsemen to counter Nicholas, who was completely defeated in the autumn of 1373, his lands being divided between the victorious allies. Tvrtko took the upper Podrinje, Gacko, and a part of Polimlje with the Mileševa Monastery. This was the first significant expansion of Bosnia during Tvrtko's reign and gave him substantial influence over Serbian affairs.

In 1374, Tvrtko married Dorothea, daughter of Tsar Ivan Stratsimir of Bulgaria.  The marriage was likely arranged by Louis, who had kept Dorothea and her sister as honored hostages at his court to ensure Ivan Stratsimir's loyalty. The bride was Orthodox, but the marriage was celebrated in the Catholic rite by Tvrtko's old enemy Peter, bishop of Bosnia, to whom Tvrtko then awarded large tracts of land. Tvrtko thereby solidified his relations with the Roman Catholic Church and earned recognition from Pope Gregory XI.

The division of Nicholas Altomanović's lands created friction between Tvrtko and Đurađ I Balšić  since the latter seized coastal župas, which Tvrtko had expected to annex. In early 1377, Tvrtko successfully plotted with the Travunians the takeover of Trebinje, Konavli, and Dračevica, making his final conquests of the Serbian lands. By that time, Serbia had been reduced to a patchwork of independent lordships.

Coronation

Uroš the Weak, the last of the Nemanjić dynasty, died in December 1371. His chosen co-ruler, Vukašin Mrnjavčević, left a son, Marko, who took up the royal title. Having been forced to accept Ottoman suzerainty, Marko was not recognized as king by any of the Serbian magnates, effectively leaving the throne vacant. Serbia was divided between Marko (whose small realm extended no further than western Macedonia), Lazar (the greatest lord), Vuk Branković (Lazar's son-in-law), George of Zeta, and Tvrtko of Bosnia.

The idea of restoring the Serbian Empire nevertheless persisted. George discussed it in one of his charters, but the Serbian regional lords were not considered suitable. They had only recently risen to prominence and lacked illustrious family backgrounds and formal titles to their lands; they were mere "lords". Tvrtko not only controlled a significant portion of Serbia but was a member of the dynasty which had ruled as bans of Bosnia from time immemorial and – most importantly – could boast descent from the Nemanjić dynasty. A genealogy published in Tvrtko's newly conquered Serbian lands emphasized his Nemanjić ancestry, derived from his paternal grandmother, Elizabeth, daughter of King Dragutin. A Serbian logothete named Blagoje, having found refuge at Tvrtko's court, attributed to Tvrtko the right to a "double crown": one for Bosnia, which his family had ruled since its foundation, and the other for the Serbian lands of his Nemanjić ancestors, who had "left the earthly realm for the heavenly kingdom". Arguing that Serbia had been "left without its pastor", Tvrtko set out to be crowned as its king.

Tvrtko's coronation as king of Bosnia and Serbia was held in the fall of 1377 (probably 26 October, the feast day of Saint Demetrius). However, there is still no full consensus as to where, and by whom it was performed. The opinion that the Ragusan chronicler Mavro Orbini, when he wrote in 1601 that the coronation was performed by metropolitan bishop in the monastery of "Mileševa in town with the same name", meant the monastery was Mileševa and the person who performed coronation was its Orthodox metropolitan bishop, was adopted among historians like Jiriček (in 1923), Ćorović (1925), Dinić (1932), Solovjev (1933). Such an opinion, still perpetuated only in Serbian historiography, contradict recent researches based on modern methodology elsewhere. Citing more recent archaeological and historical researches, Croatian and Bosnian historians agree that the coronation took place in the Franciscan Church of Saint Nicholas in the Bosnian town of Mile. This place is certainly the undisputed location of the coronations of Tvrtko I's successors, as well as the burial place of some of his predecessors.

Writing to Ragusa shortly after his coronation, Tvrtko successfully claimed Saint Demetrius' income, which had been paid to the kings of Serbia since the 13th century. Although he presented himself as the heir to the Nemanjić crown, Tvrtko decided to assume the royal title of his great-grandfather, rather than continue Dušan's unpopular claim to an imperial style, thus becoming "by the Grace of God king of the Serbs, Bosnia, Pomorje and the Western Areas". In addition to the royal title, Tvrtko also adopted the symbolic name Stephen in order to associate himself with the Nemanjić kings; his successors followed suit. Tvrtko, at times, completely omitted his birth name and used only the honorific. Tvrtko's right to kingship was derived from his right to the Serbian throne, and was likely recognized by Lazar Hrebljanović and Vuk Branković. Still, Tvrtko never established authority over the regional lords of Serbia. Tvrtko's new title was also approved by Louis and by his successor Mary. Venice and Ragusa consistently referred to Tvrtko as king of Rascia, Ragusa even complaining, in 1378, about Tvrtko's preoccupation with his new kingdom. Despite his cordial relations with its clergy, Tvrtko's claim to Serbia did not enjoy the support of the Orthodox Church, severely hindering Tvrtko's efforts.

Economy

Having taken as much Serbian land as he could, King Tvrtko turned his attention to the coast. The rapid economic growth of Bosnia, having begun during the reign of Tvrtko's uncle, continued unabated even during the political upheavals that followed Tvrtko's accession. The export of metal ores and metalwork (mainly silver, copper and lead) formed the backbone of the Bosnian economy. These goods were transported over the Dinaric Alps to the seashore, where they were bought chiefly by the Republics of Ragusa and Venice. The maritime cities of Ragusa and Kotor also depended on Tvrtko's realm for food, a dependency the King leveraged to increase the initially low and, for the Bosnians, disadvantageous prices. Yet, Bosnia could not make economical use of its share of the Adriatic coast, from the river Neretva to the Bay of Kotor, which lacked any major settlements. The three major cities in the area were all controlled by Hungary: Drijeva (which Tvrtko was forced to cede to Louis in 1357), Ragusa, and Kotor.

The War of Chioggia erupted between the old-time rival Republics of Venice and Genoa in 1378, and it soon involved Venice's neighbours. King Louis took Genoa's side, and Ragusa—subordinate to Hungary, and Venice's competitor in the Adriatic—did so as well. The Venetians, having taken Kotor in August 1378, made an effort to have Tvrtko join the war on their side, which caused panic in Ragusa. Tvrtko, however, offered the Ragusans help in fighting Venice, which they initially refused. The death of George I of Zeta warranted Tvrtko's involvement in Serbian affairs, which reduced his ability to take an active part in the conflict. The Ragusans started calling for the destruction of Kotor, whose officials promised to renounce fealty to Venice and return to Louis. Kotor failed to fulfil this promise but instead promised fealty to Tvrtko, who laid claim to the city as part of his Nemanjić ancestors' heritage. The political climate was ideal since he was to take Kotor from his overlord's enemy. The Ragusans were furious, and an embargo ensued. Tvrtko defended Kotor from Ragusa but was betrayed in June 1379, when the city overthrew its Venetian governor and submitted again directly to Louis.

The failure to seize Kotor, the damage to the Bosnian economy from the Ragusan embargo, and the need for easier access to maritime trade led Tvrtko to found the youngest medieval town on the eastern Adriatic coast. In early 1382, Tvrtko constructed a new fortress in the Bay of Kotor and decided that it should form the basis of a new salt trading center. Initially named after Saint Stephen, the city came to be known as Novi (meaning "new"). Commerce started in August, when the first ships carrying salt arrived, but so did trouble. Kotor and the merchants from Dalmatia and the Italian Peninsula looked favourably on the development, but the Ragusans were very displeased at the prospect of losing their salt trade monopoly. They argued that Tvrtko, as king of Serbia, should respect the exclusive rights to salt trade granted by his Nemanjić predecessors to Ragusa, Kotor, Drijeva, and Sveti Srđ. During the dispute, Ragusa hindered Novi's commerce and assembled an alliance of Dalmatian cities against Bosnia and Venice. Tvrtko relented by November, and his new city failed to achieve his purpose.

Hungarian succession crisis

Tvrtko's yielding in the legal dispute with Ragusa may have been brought about by another major change: the death of King Louis I on 11 September 1382. Without a male heir, the Hungarian crown passed to Louis's 13-year-old daughter Mary and the reins of government to his widow, Tvrtko's cousin Elizabeth. The great unpopularity of the queens led to rebellions and presented an opportunity for Tvrtko, not only to reclaim Drijeva and other lands lost to Louis in 1357 but also to seize Kotor. When exactly or how this took place is not known. Already in the spring of 1383, Tvrtko started building a navy: he bought a galley from Venice, ordered two more to be built, and employed a Venetian patrician as his admiral with the consent of the republic. Around the same time, he erected a new town, Brštanik, near present-day Opuzen.

In 1385, Tvrtko still formally recognized Hungarian supremacy, although it no longer had any practical meaning. He emphasized his loyalty to the queens, "his dearest sisters", and cited his oath of fealty to them. Mary and Elizabeth, however, had no power to enforce their suzerainty over him. In fact, they so respected his strength that they made concessions to win his favour: one of the concessions being their recognition of Tvrtko's possession of Kotor in the spring of 1385. The incorporation of the trade centres of Drijeva and Kotor did not result in a significant expansion on the coast, but it was of great importance to the Bosnian economy and the King's finances.

The capture of Kotor earned Tvrtko the enmity of George I of Zeta's brother and successor, Balša II, who also desired the city. Nothing is known about Balša's military conflict with Tvrtko except that the latter asked Venice, whose trading opportunities were threatened by the clashes, to mediate with the Lord of Zeta. The mediation was thwarted by Balša's death in a 1385 battle with the invading Ottoman Turks. Balša's nephew and successor, George II, maintained Zeta's hostility toward Bosnia.

The revolt against Elizabeth and Mary culminated in late 1385 when Mary was deposed in favour of her kinsman, King Charles III of Naples. Elizabeth had Charles assassinated the following February, and Mary was restored to the throne. On 25 July, however, both women ended up imprisoned by the supporters of the murdered monarch's son, King Ladislaus of Naples. Civil war engulfed Mary's realm. Her betrothed, Sigismund, invaded Bohemia with the intent to liberate her and ascend her throne. The neighbouring countries took sides: Venice opted for the queens and Sigismund, but Tvrtko chose to support their opponents and Ladislaus's claim to Hungary, thus tacitly renouncing vassalage that had in any case been only nominal since  1370. Elizabeth was strangled in prison, while Sigismund's coronation as King of Hungary in March 1387 and subsequent liberation of Mary prompted Tvrtko to act more resolutely. From Ragusa, still loyal to Queen Mary, exacted a promise of support against everyone but the Queen. From then on, he was free to attack Dalmatia, ostensibly in the name of the king of Naples.

Dalmatian cities remained loyal to Mary and Sigismund, not least thanks to the couple's alliance with Venice. A notable exception was Klis, which supported the rebellious nobleman John of Palisna. Tvrtko took control of the Klis Fortress in July 1387, which enabled him to launch attacks on Split. Although the Bosnian army laid waste to Split and Zadar areas, the cities refused to capitulate. Their officials were willing to honour King Tvrtko but insisted that Queen Mary and King Sigismund were their legitimate sovereigns.  Ostrovica Fortress submitted to Tvrtko in November, followed by Trogir.

By 1388, the devastation of Dalmatia by the Bosnian army had become so severe that the authorities of the cities pleaded with Sigismund to either help them or to allow them to save themselves by submitting without being labelled as traitors. Neither Sigismund's army nor an alliance of Dalmatian cities and noblemen was able to counter Tvrtko's advances. Split, Zadar, and Šibenik having lost all hope, Tvrtko called upon them to negotiate their surrender in March 1389. Each city asked to be the last one to submit and even to be allowed to request Sigismund's assistance. Tvrtko granted their wish and decided that Split should be the last to submit by 15 June 1389.

Ottoman attacks
During his campaign in Dalmatia and Croatia, Tvrtko was also engaged in skirmishes in the east of his realm, preventing him from focusing all of his manpower on expansion westwards. The Kingdom of Bosnia was believed to be far from the reach of the Ottomans during Tvrtko I's reign, shielded by a belt of independent Serbian statelets. George II of Zeta, however, purposely enabled the Turks to launch raids against Bosnia, first in 1386 (of which little is known) and again in 1388. In the second instance, the Ottoman and Zetan invaders, led by Lala Şahin Pasha, penetrated as far as Bileća. The Battle of Bileća, which took place in late August 1388, ended with the victory of the Bosnian army, led by Duke Vlatko Vuković.

15 June 1389, the date by which Tvrtko had intended to complete his conquest of Dalmatia, was also the day when the Ottoman army met the forces of a coalition of Serbian states at the Battle of Kosovo. Tvrtko, feeling it is his duty as king of Serbia, ordered his army to leave Dalmatia and assist the lord's Lazar Hrebljanović and Vuk Branković. He resented the Milanese ruler, Gian Galeazzo Visconti, for selling weaponry to the Ottomans in wake of the battle. The highest ranking among the casualties, which also included Bosnian noblemen, were Lazar and the Ottoman ruler Murad I. The outcome of the battle was difficult to ascertain, but Vlatko's letters from the battlefield convinced Tvrtko that the Christian alliance came out victorious. Tvrtko, in turn, informed various Christian states of his great triumph; the authorities of the Republic of Florence responded praising both the Kingdom of Bosnia and its king for achieving a "victory so glorious that the memory of it would never fade". The triumph, however, was hollow. Tvrtko's Serbian title lost what little actual significance it had when Lazar's successors accepted Ottoman suzerainty, while Vuk Branković turned to Tvrtko's enemy Sigismund. Since the Battle of Kosovo, the Bosnian claim to the Serbian throne was merely nominal.

Final achievements and aftermath

Tvrtko's engagement in the east allowed Sigismund's forces to reverse some of his gains in Dalmatia. Klis was briefly lost in July, the Dalmatian cities again refused to surrender, and Tvrtko was forced to relaunch raids. A series of battles and skirmishes from November to December resulted in a decisive Bosnian victory and the retreat of the Hungarian army. In May 1390, the cities and the Dalmatian islands finally surrendered to Tvrtko, who then started calling himself "by the grace of God king of Rascia, Bosnia, Dalmatia, Croatia, and Pomorje". His realm now encompassed much of Slavonia, Dalmatia, and Croatia south of Velebit. Acting as king of Dalmatia and Croatia, Tvrtko appointed his supporters John of Palisna and John Horvat as his bans and hosted the Archbishop of Split Andrea Gualdo in Sutjeska.

In the last months of his reign, Tvrtko devoted himself to solidifying his position in Dalmatia and to plans for taking Zadar, the only Dalmatian city that had evaded his rule. He offered an extensive alliance to Venice, but it did not suit the republic's interests. Meanwhile, Tvrtko was also fostering relations with Albert III, Duke of Austria. By the late summer of 1390, a marriage was expected to be contracted between the recently widowed Tvrtko and a member of the Austrian ruling family, the Habsburgs. Hungary remained the focus of Tvrtko's foreign policy, however. Although they did not recognize each other as kings, Tvrtko and Sigismund started negotiating peace in September. Sigismund was in a weaker position and likely ready to make concessions to Tvrtko when his ambassadors arrived at Tvrtko's court in January 1391. The negotiations were probably never concluded, as Tvrtko died on 10 March. He is buried in Mile alongside his uncle Stephen II.

Tvrtko I left at least one son, Tvrtko II, whose legitimacy is debated, and who was a minor and apparently not considered fit to succeed his father. Dabiša, a relative (possibly illegitimate half-brother) exiled by Tvrtko I for his part in the 1366 rebellion and reconciled with him in 1390, was elected king instead. Ostoja, the next king, may have been Tvrtko I's illegitimate son (or more likely another illegitimate half-brother).

Assessment

Tvrtko I is considered one of the greatest medieval rulers of Bosnia, having "left behind a country larger, stronger, politically more influential and militarily more capable than the one he inherited." His political achievements were aided by the feudal anarchy in Serbia and Croatia, while the Ottomans were still not close enough to threaten him seriously. The Bosnian economy flourished, new settlements and trade centres appeared, and his subjects' living standards improved.

Vladimir Ćorović noted that, compared with Dušan, who had also left a considerably extended state, Tvrtko was not an overly ambitious conqueror as much as he was an able statesman. Tvrtko, he wrote, used force when necessary but otherwise took care to appear to Serbians as the legitimate heir rather than as a foreign subjugator and to the Croatians as the preferable ruler. Emphasizing his patience and diplomacy, Ćorović calls Tvrtko a man capable of making the most out of his opportunities.

Family tree

References

Bibliography

External links

Emir O. Filipović: 'Creatio Regni' in the Great Seal of Bosnian King Tvrtko Kotromanić. In: A Companion to Seals in the Middle Ages, (ed. Laura Whatley), Brill, Leiden, 2019, 264–276.

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1338 births
1391 deaths
14th century in Serbia
14th-century Bosnian people
14th-century monarchs in Europe
Bans of Bosnia
Bosnia and Herzegovina Roman Catholics
Bosnian monarchs
Kotromanić dynasty
Pretenders to the Serbian throne in the Middle Ages
Roman Catholic monarchs
People of the Banate of Bosnia
Burials in St. Nicholas friary church in Mile
Kings of Bosnia

Tvrtko I of Bosnia


An Carex subspathacea in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Morten Wormskjold ngan Jens Wilken Hornemann. An Carex subspathacea in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Carex

Carex subspathacea


Göller, Doğubayazıt - Ağrı ili Doğubayazıt ilçesine bağlı köy
 Göller, Sungurlu - Çorum ili Sungurlu ilçesine bağlı köy
 Göller, Çayırlı - Erzincan ili Çayırlı ilçesine bağlı köy
 Göller, Üzümlü - Erzincan ili Üzümlü ilçesine bağlı köy
 Göller, Hınıs - Erzurum ili Hınıs ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Göller, Eflani - Karabük ili Eflani ilçesine bağlı köy
 Göller, Battalgazi - Malatya ili Battalgazi ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Göller, Çatalpınar - Ordu ili Çatalpınar ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Göller, Sinop - Sinop ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy

Göller


Conferência Internacional de Mulheres Engenheiras e Cientistas (do inglês: International Conference of Women Engineers and Scientists, abreviado ICWES) é uma conferência internacional para engenheiras e cientistas, criada em 1964, em Nova Iorque (Estados Unidos), que ocorre a cada 3 ou 4 anos em países ao redor do mundo.  Organizada desde 1999, pela Rede Internacional de Mulheres Engenheiras e Cientistas (INWES)

A Rede Internacional de Mulheres Engenheiras e Cientistas (INWES), foi fundada na Conferência Mundial da Ciência (na cidade húngara de Budapeste, Hungria) em 1999.

Edições
1964: ICWES I, Nova Iorque (Estados Unidos),

1967: Cambridge (Reino Unido) - a segunda conferência organizada pela Women's Engineering Society (WES) do Reino Unido. Os temas foram a aplicação da tecnologia para resolver os problemas alimentares mundiais e a representação das mulheres na engenharia/ciência mo mundo. Foram 309 participantes de 35 países diferentes;

1971: Turim (Itália) - a terceira foi realizada em setembro de 1971, organizada pela Dra. Emma Strada.   Os participantes incluíram Erna Hamburger, Letitia Obeng, Nicole Becarud, Ebun Oni, Olive Salembier, Azarmidokht Arjangi, May Maple, Hettie Bussell, Irene Ryan, Peggy Hodges, Elizabeth Laverick, Daphne Jackson, Grace Hopper e Elsie Eaves.

1975: Cracóvia (Polônia);

1978: Rouen (França) - a quinta Conferência foi realizada em setembro de 1978 sob os auspícios do Cercle Des Femmes Ingenieurs, liderado por sua presidente, Nicole Becarud. Estiveram presentes mais de 200 delegados de 35 países.

1981: Mumbai (Índia);

1984: Washington DC (EUA);

1988: Abidjan (Costa do Marfim);

1991: Warwick (Reino Unido);

1996: Budapeste (Hungria);

1999: Chiba (Japão);

2002: Ottawa (Canadá);

2005: Seul (Coréia);

2008: Lille (França);

2011: Adelaide (Austrália);

2014: Los Angeles, EUA);

2017: Nova Deli (Índia) - realizado em de outubro de 2017, organizado pelo WISE-India, com quase 300 participantes de 18 países e quatro continentes..

2018: o ICWES foi adiado devido à pandemia de Covid-19;

2021: Coventry (Reino Unido).

ICWES I

A primeira conferência do ICWES ocorreu na cidade de Nova York, Estados Unidos da América, em 1964 e foi organizada pela American Society of Women Engineers (SWE). Beatrice Hicks foi Diretora de Conferência e Ruth Shafer foi Presidente de Operações.  O Programa Técnico foi administrado por Margaret R. Fox e o PR por Elsie Eaves .  O tema da conferência foi o desenvolvimento de engenharia e talento científico para o futuro.

Havia 493 participantes listados de 35 países diferentes, incluindo Lillian Gilbreth, Beatrice Hicks, Grace Hopper, Ayyalasomayajula Lalitha e Isabel Hardwich .  A conferência recebeu financiamento da National Science Foundation, da Asia Foundation, do Engineers Joint Council, bem como de outras empresas e doações individuais.  Incluído no programa da conferência estava uma viagem à Feira Mundial de Nova York, que estava ocorrendo ao mesmo tempo.  Os anais da conferência publicaram uma mensagem enviada à conferência por Lyndon B. Johnson, que afirmou que 'ao se concentrar no potencial inexplorado e na capacidade de mulheres talentosas para participar dessas atividades profissionais, você e seus colegas estão prestando um serviço diferenciado em nossa sociedade '.

Palestras e depoimentos foram dados por uma variedade de mulheres de diferentes países, incluindo Lillian Gilbreth (EUA), Ira Rischowski (Reino Unido), Isabel Hardwich (Reino Unido), Cicely Thompson (Reino Unido), Jacqueline Juillard (Suíça), Dorothy Mizoguchi (Japão), Ilse Knott-ter Meer (Alemanha), Olwen Wooster (Austrália), Maria Telkes (EUA), Anna Amour (Itália) e Francisca Fernández-Hall, engenheira civil e embaixadora da Guatemala em Israel.

Referências

Organizações fundadas em 1964
Mulheres em ciência e tecnologia
Mulheres na engenharia
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Wikiconcurso de edição)
1964 na ciência
Conferências feministas
1964 nas relações internacionais
Conferências de 1964
Empoderamento

Conferência Internacional de Engenheiras e Cientistas


Patrice Luzi (født 8. juli 1980 i Ajaccio, Frankrig) er en fransk tidligere fodboldspiller (målmand).
Luzi startede sin karriere i hjemlandet, hvor han i år 2000 vandt det franske mesterskab med AS Monaco. Han var dog reservemålmand for førstevalget Fabien Barthez, og var kun på banen i en enkelt ligakamp i løbet af sæsonen.

Senere var Luzi også reservemålmand hos henholdsvis AC Ajaccio i sin fødeby samt for engelske Liverpool, inden han opnåede mere spilletid i belgisk fodbold, hvor han spillet ét år for både Mouscron og Charleroi. Med førstnævnte var han i 2006 med til at nå den belgiske pokalfinale, der dog blev tabt til Zulte Waregem.

Titler
Ligue 1
 2000 med AS Monaco

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Frankrig
Fodboldspillere fra AS Monaco FC
Fodboldspillere fra AC Ajaccio
Fodboldspillere fra Liverpool F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Stade Rennais FC
Fodboldspillere fra Royal Excel Mouscron
Fodboldspillere fra Royal Charleroi
Personer fra Ajaccio

Patrice Luzi


John Douglas Andrew "Doug" Lidster (* 18. Oktober 1960 in Kamloops, British Columbia) ist ein ehemaliger kanadischer Eishockeyspieler und derzeitiger -trainer, der im Verlauf seiner aktiven Karriere zwischen 1977 und 1999 unter anderem 977 Spiele für die Vancouver Canucks, New York Rangers, St. Louis Blues und Dallas Stars in der National Hockey League auf der Position des Verteidigers bestritten hat. Seinen größten Karriereerfolg feierte Lidster in Diensten der New York Rangers mit dem Gewinn des Stanley Cups im Jahr 1994.

Karriere
Doug Lidster begann seine Karriere als Eishockeyspieler in seiner Heimatstadt, in der er von 1977 bis 1979 für die Kamloops Chiefs bzw. Kamloops Rockets in der kanadischen Juniorenliga British Columbia Hockey League aktiv war. Anschließend besuchte er vier Jahre lang das Colorado College, für dessen Eishockeymannschaft er parallel in der National Collegiate Athletic Association spielte. In den Jahren 1982 und 1983 wurde er jeweils in das First All-Star Team der Western Collegiate Hockey Association gewählt, 1983 zudem in das First All-Star Team der Western Conference der NCAA. Während seiner Collegezeit wurde der Verteidiger im NHL Entry Draft 1980 in der siebten Runde als insgesamt 133. Spieler von den Vancouver Canucks ausgewählt. Für die Canucks spielte er von 1983 bis 1993 in der National Hockey League und entwickelte sich bei der Mannschaft zu einem der Führungsspieler.

Zur Saison 1993/94 wurde Lidster im Tausch gegen John Vanbiesbrouck an die New York Rangers abgegeben, mit denen er auf Anhieb den prestigeträchtigen Stanley Cup gewann. Im Anschluss an diesen Erfolg wurde er zusammen mit Esa Tikkanen im Tausch gegen Petr Nedvěd zu den St. Louis Blues transferiert. Auch dort blieb er nur ein Jahr, ehe er zu den Rangers zurückkehrte, für die er weitere drei Spielzeiten lang aktiv war. Nachdem er zuvor vereinslos war, unterschrieb der erfahrene Kanadier Ende Februar 1999 einen Vertrag als Free Agent bei den Dallas Stars, die in der Saison 1998/99 den Stanley Cup gewannen. Er selbst absolvierte jedoch zu wenig Spiele, um auf dem Pokal eingraviert zu werden. Anschließend beendete er seine Karriere im Alter von 38 Jahren.

In der Saison 2002/03 war Lidster als Assistenztrainer für die Medicine Hat Tigers aus der Juniorenliga Western Hockey League aktiv. Zur Saison 2004/05 wurde er Cheftrainer bei den Saginaw Spirit aus der Ontario Hockey League, wurde jedoch im Laufe der Spielzeit durch den US-Amerikaner Bob Mancini ersetzt. Nach einem Engagement als Assistenztrainer der kanadischen Frauen-Nationalmannschaft war er von 2012 bis 2014 als Assistenztrainer der Texas Stars tätig. Im Juli 2014 nahmen ihn dann die Vancouver Canucks in gleicher Funktion unter Vertrag, wo er Willie Desjardins assistierte. Gemeinsam mit ihm wurde Lidster nach der Saison 2016/17 entlassen.

International
Für Kanada nahm Lidster an den Olympischen Winterspielen 1984 in Sarajevo teil. Zudem stand er im Aufgebot seines Landes bei den Weltmeisterschaften 1985, 1990 und 1991.

Erfolge und Auszeichnungen

International

Karrierestatistik

International
Vertrat Kanada bei:
 Olympischen Winterspielen 1984
 Weltmeisterschaft 1985
 Weltmeisterschaft 1990
 Weltmeisterschaft 1991

Weblinks

Eishockeynationalspieler (Kanada)
Eishockeyspieler (Colorado College Tigers)
Eishockeyspieler (Seattle Breakers)
Eishockeyspieler (Vancouver Canucks)
Eishockeyspieler (New York Rangers)
Eishockeyspieler (St. Louis Blues)
Eishockeyspieler (Dallas Stars)
Eishockeytrainer (Kanada)
Eishockeytrainer (Vereinigte Staaten)
Person (Saginaw Spirit)
Person (Medicine Hat Tigers)
Person (Texas Stars)
Olympiateilnehmer (Kanada)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 1984
Stanley-Cup-Sieger
Kanadier
Geboren 1960
Mann

Doug Lidster


الحبر الإلكتروني هو نوع من أنواع الورق الإلكتروني المصنع من قبل شركة E Ink.

هذه التقنية الحديثة نسبياً تستخدم بشكل رئيسي في الأجهزة المتنقلة مثل قارئ الكتاب الإلكتروني (مثل أمازون كيندل) وأحياناً الهواتف المحمولة.
هذه التقنية تستخدم التدرج الرمادي (أي اللونين الأبيض والأسود)، وتتوفر الآن بالألوان. من أهم مزايا هذة التقنية:
• توفيرها الكبير في الطاقة (البطارية) مقارنة بتقنية LCD المستخدمة في الهواتف المتنقلة الحديثة.
• مريحة للعين (غير مؤذية)، ولايوجد أي اخطر صحية
• تعتمد على الضوء المنّعكس من المكان، لا تبعث الضوء المباشر إلى العين

الفكرة الرئيسية
الفكرة مبسطة هي عبارة عن كبسولات متناهية الصغر قطر الواحدة منها أصغر من قطر شعرة الإنسان. هذة الكبسولات تحتوي على جزيئات بيضاء وأخرى سوداء، إحداها سالبة والأخرى موجبة. عند تسليط تيار سالب (بما يتناسب مع الصفحة المراد عرضها) فإن الجزيئات السوداء تندفع للأعلى والبيضاء للأسفل، ولا تحتاج إلى تحديث مستمر إلا لتغيير الصفحة. مما يوفر الطاقة.

انظر أيضاً
 قارئ الكتاب الإلكتروني
 كتاب إلكتروني
 ورق إلكتروني
 أمازون كيندل
 نوك (قارئ إلكتروني)
 بوكس (بووكس).

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 الصفحة الرئيسية لشركة E Ink
 تعريف موقع ZDNet للحبر الإلكتروني (يحتوي على رسومات توضويحية وصور للمنتج)

تقنية الورق الإلكتروني
تقنية شاشات
شركات إلكترونيات في الولايات المتحدة
شركات تقنية العرض

حبر إلكتروني


Joost Winnink (* 30. Juni 1971 in Peize, Drenthe) ist ein ehemaliger niederländischer Tennisspieler.

Leben
Winnink spielte 1989 seine ersten Matches auf der ATP Challenger Tour, konnte aber erstmals 1991 beim Turnier in Bangalore ein Match im Hauptfeld gewinnen. Zwischenzeitlich spielte er auf der ATP Satellite Tour, um Weltranglistenpunkte zu sammeln. Einen ersten kleineren Erfolg hatte er 1991 mit der Halbfinalteilnahme im Doppelwettbewerb des Challenger-Turniers in Bossonnens an der Seite des Kroaten Saša Hiršzon. 1992 stand er neben Tomáš Anzari erstmals in einem Doppelfinale. Seinen ersten von insgesamt sieben Doppeltiteln auf der ATP Challenger Tour gewann er 1993. Auf der ATP World Tour war sein größter Erfolg die Finalteilnahme bei den South African Open 1995. An der Seite von Martin Sinner unterlag er der französischen Paarung Rodolphe Gilbert und Guillaume Raoux in drei Sätzen. Sein bestes Einzelresultat auf der ATP World Tour hatte er im selben Jahr in Ostrava, als er als Qualifikant durch Siege gegen Javier Frana und David Prinosil das Viertelfinale erreichte, wo er in drei Sätzen Patrik Kühnen unterlag. Seine höchste Notierung in der Tennis-Weltrangliste erreichte er 1995 mit Position 152 im Einzel sowie Position 101 im Doppel.

Sein bestes Einzelergebnis bei einem Grand-Slam-Turnier war das Erreichen der zweiten Runde bei den US Open 1995, als er als Qualifikant gegen Greg Rusedski gewann. In der Doppelkonkurrenz erreichte er jeweils einmal die zweite Runde bei den US Open und den Australian Open.

Turniersiege

Doppel

Weblinks

Tennisspieler (Niederlande)
Geboren 1971
Mann
Niederländer

Joost Winnink


Paladio de Galacia o Paladio de Helenópolis (Παλλάδιος Ελενουπόλεως: Galacia, ca. 367 - 421-430) fue un monje, obispo de Helenópolis en Bitinia y después de Aspuna (Galacia). Se lo recuerda sobre todo por su obra "Historia Lausiaca" (Λαυσαϊκή Ιστορία).

Vida y obra
Sobre el año 386, entró en la vida monástica en el Monte de los Olivos, partiendo tres años después hacia Egipto para estudiar la vida de los pioneros monjes cristianos egipcios (Padres del Desierto), relacionándose con Dídimo el Ciego. Durante su estancia en comunidades monásticas en el desierto de Nitria y después en un distrito del desierto conocido como Cellia, se relaciona con Macario de Alejandría y Evagrio del Ponto. También llega a conocer la vida de los monjes y monjas de la Tebaida y Scete.

Con su salud un tanto deteriorada y después de la muerte de Evagrio en el 399, Paladio regresó a su tierra, buscando un clima menos caluroso, pasando por Alejandría y Palestina. En Belén conoció a San Jerónimo y en Jerusalén se relacionó con Rufino de Aquilea y Melania la Joven.

En el año 400, en Bitinia fue ordenado obispo de Helenópolis, destacando por su apoyo a su amigo y discípulo Juan Crisóstomo, que le llevaría a prisión en 403 y a defenderlo en Roma en el 405 ante el papa Inocencio I y el emperador Honorio. Posteriormente sería desterrado a Syene en el Bajo Egipto.

En 412-413 fue restaurado, después de una estancia entre los monjes del Monte de los Olivos. En el 417 cambió su diócesis de Helenópolis por Aspuna en Galacia.

En el 420 escribió su "Historia Lausiaca" (Ad Lausum Praepositum Historia, quase Sanctorum Peatrum vitas complectitur) para Lauso, chambelán de la corte de Teodosio II, una historia sobre los monjes de Egipto y Palestina mediante anécdotas y biografías cortas. Además, es casi seguro que fue el autor del "Diálogo sobre la vida de Crisóstomo".

Se dejan de tener noticias suyas a partir de entonces, pero aparentemente debió morir poco antes del año 431, Concilio de Éfeso, cuando figuraba Eusebio como obispo de Aspuna.

Véase también
 Monasticismo

Enlaces externos

  en la Enciclopedia Católica. Consultado el 5 de enero del 2012.

 PALADIO: Historia lausiaca (Λαυσαϊκή Ιστορία).
 Traducción al inglés, con introducción en este idioma, en el sitio Tertullian: ed. de 1918. Consultado el 5 de enero del 2012.
 Introducción.
 Texto de la obra, con índice electrónico.
 Traducción al francés, con introducción en este idioma, en el sitio de Philippe Remacle: ed. de 1912, en París.
 Philippe Remacle (1944 - 2011): helenista y latinista belga de expresión francesa.
 Partes 1 y 3: texto griego, en Wikisource.

Fallecidos en los años 420
Gálatas
Obispos del Imperio bizantino
Historiadores del Imperio bizantino
Hagiografía
Obispos del siglo V
Bitinia
Bizantinos del siglo IV
Bizantinos del siglo V
Historiadores del siglo IV
Historiadores del siglo V
Religiosos del Imperio bizantino

Paladio de Galacia


TAMSK is a two-player board game designed by Kris Burm. It was originally published in 1998 as the second game in the GIPF Project series of abstract strategy games, although it was later dropped from the series in favor of TZAAR.  Players move sand hourglass timers and drop plastic rings around spaces on a hexagonal board in an attempt to limit their opponent's moves.  Each player starts the game with 32 rings, and the player with the fewest remaining rings at the end of the game is the winner. The game is unique among the GIPF Project games in having time as a central game component, and the manner in which time is used is possibly unique among board games in general.

Rules

Equipment
The game board is a regular hexagon with four spaces on a side and a triangular grid with 37 playable sockets; the GIPF project games all share the triangular grid and six-sided boards.

In addition to the board, the playing equipment includes:
 6 hourglass sand timers (3-minute), 3 in each color (black and red)
 1 neutral hourglass timer (15-second)
 64 identical rings, half distributed to each player
 2 ring holders (each holds 32 rings)

The board includes sockets at each playable point that will hold an hourglass upright. The 18 sockets on the outer edge of the board has a depth that is high enough to accommodate one surrounding ring. The next rank to the inside has 12 sockets two rings high; the next rank closer to the center has 6 sockets three rings high, and the single central socket is four rings high.

Objective
Each player starts with 32 rings, and the objective is to discard as many rings as possible, so the winner is the player with the fewest remaining rings when the game ends. The game ends when neither player can make any more moves.

Gameplay

To start the game, the six hourglasses must all have their upper chambers empty (e.g., sand is not running in any hourglass) and these are placed on the corners of the board in an alternating fashion by color.

Each player's turn consists of moving a timer of their color, then dropping a ring around the space to which it moved. Red takes the first turn.

Moving
A timer may be moved to an unoccupied, "unfilled" socket adjacent to its origin. The timer may not be moved to any sockets that have been "filled" with rings, which means the surrounding stack of rings are equal to the height of that socket. If the player moves to a "filled" socket, that player immediately loses the game.

When a player is unable to make a move, that player may pass on their turn until they can move again or until the game ends.

Dropping
After moving the timer, a ring may be dropped around the destination socket only (not the originating socket). If the player neglects to drop a ring around the destination, the opposing player may drop a ring around the destination socket, then proceed with their own turn. A socket is "full" when the height of the stack of rings surrounding that socket is equal to the height of the socket.

Example

Consider the illustrated example of a four-turn opening sequence:
  Red moves the hourglass at D1 to D2 and drops a ring
  Black moves an hourglass at G1 to F1 and drops a ring; the space at F1 is blocked because a single ring is sufficient to fill the perimeter sockets.
  Red continues to move the same hourglass and drops a ring at the destination E2. None of the
  From F1, Black could move to F2, G1, or E1. Black is blocked from moving to E2 because a Red hourglass occupies that socket; moving to E1 instead blocks that socket by filling it with a ring.

As this sequence continues, if Black visits D2, or Red backtracks to D2, the second ring dropped on that spot will fill that socket. The board will continue to shrink as sockets get filled.

Variations
Under the most elementary version of the game, which is known as "Level 1", the timer mechanic is not used and the hourglasses are never turned over.

As an intermediate version, "Level 2" requires both players to each move three different hourglasses for the first three turns. After the timers have been moved during each of these turns, the hourglass must be turned over, so that after both players have taken three turns, all six hourglasses are running. With each successive turn, the hourglass is turned over again, reversing the flow of sand. If an hourglass stops running, it remains on the board but cannot make any more moves. The objective in "Level 2" is the same (fewest remaining rings wins) but a tiebreaker mechanic is added: when there are an equal number of rings remaining, the player who is able to keep the last hourglass "alive" with running sand is the winner; to determine the winner, first remove the stopped hourglasses from the board, then remove and line up the remaining running hourglasses. The hourglass that stops last will determine the winner.

The advanced "Level 3" version introduces a 15-second move timer mechanic.
 Use of the 15-second timer is optional; it does not have to be used.
 Either player may use the 15-second timer during their opponent's move to force the opponent to complete their move or face a penalty.
 The 15-second timer can only be turned over when the upper chamber is completely empty; a player may have to wait before using it.
 Turns started before the 15-second timer runs out can be completed (including dropping a ring at the destination), but if the 15-second timer has expired before the turn is completed, the opponent is allowed to drop two rings on the next turn as a penalty. The first ring drops at the destination, and the second ring can be dropped on any space that is not "full" of rings, whether occupied by an hourglass or not.
 If the turn has not started before the 15-second timer has run out, the penalty does not apply, but the player who did not start their turn forfeits that turn.

Strategy
A timer must have sand running through it in order to be moved, and when it is moved, it is also turned over.  Thus, rather than giving a set amount of time in which to make a move, each player's set of 3 timers all have variable amounts of time remaining in which they can be moved, and that time changes whenever a move is made.  At any point during the game, it may be beneficial to delay moving or to move as quickly as possible, and an opponent can use another timer to force a move if it is in their interest.  Timers that have run out cannot be moved for the remainder of the game.

Each move increasingly restricts the usable playing area of the board (a mechanic it shares with its companion games, ZÈRTZ and DVONN), which means TAMSK games move toward an inevitable conclusion in a reasonable amount of time.

History
TAMSK has had fewer critical plaudits than other games in the GIPF project, and its elaborate production has meant a significantly higher retail cost, but it generated enough demand and kudos to justify a second print run.

With the 2006 release of the third set of GIPF potentials, Kris Burm announced that the GIPF project was complete, but he changed his plans in 2007 with the release of TZAAR, which replaced TAMSK as part of the GIPF series. Therefore, TAMSK is no longer on the market.

References

External links
 TAMSK official website

Board games introduced in 1998
Abstract strategy games
Kris Burm games

TAMSK


TCG Kuşadası (M-524), Mercure sınıfı sahil tipi bir mayın tarama gemisi olarak Fransa'nın Cherbourg kentinde kurulu Constructions Mécaniques de Normandie (CMN) tersanesi tarafından 20 Aralık 1957'de kızağa kondu. 21 Mayıs 1959 tarihinde denize indirilen tekne 10 Eylül 1959'da Vegesack ismi ve M-1250 borda numarası ile Bundesmarine'e (Batı Almanya Deniz Kuvvetleri) katıldı. Altı üniteden oluşan Tip 321 Vegesack sınıfı mayın tarama gemilerinin isim gemisidir.

Wilhelmshaven'deki 2. Mayın Grubu'na (2. Minensuchgeschwader) tahsis edilen gemi 12 Temmuz 1963 tarihinde yedek kadroya alındı. 1973 Aralık ayında Bundesmarine'de görevine son verilen tekne, 1975 yılı Aralık ayında Kuşadası adı ve M-524 borda numarası ile Türk Deniz Kuvvetlerine transfer edildi. 1998 yılında mayın tarama ekipmanı çıkarıldı ve devriye gemisi olarak kullanılmaya başladı. Borda numarası P-302 olarak değiştirildi.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Karamürsel sınıfı

Mercure sınıfı mayın tarama gemisi
Türk Deniz Kuvvetleri mayın tarama gemileri

TCG Kuşadası (M-524)


Maharajpur es una localidad de la India en el distrito de Chhatarpur, estado de Madhya Pradesh.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 263  a 414 km de la capital estatal, Bhopal, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2010 contaba con una población de 23 530 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Madhya Pradesh

Maharajpur


Deiningen er en kommune i Landkreis Donau-Ries i Regierungsbezirk Schwaben i den tyske delstat Bayern, med godt 800 indbyggere. Den er en del af Verwaltungsgemeinschaft Ries.

Geografi
Deiningen ligger i centrum af området Nördlinger Ries, omkring 6 km øst for Nördlingen. I kommunen ligger 2 km nord for hovedbyen godset Klosterzimmern, der indtil det 16. århundrede var et cistercienserkloster. Mod vest grænser byen til Nördlingen. Den lille flod Eger løber langs kommunens vestgrænse.

Kilder og henvisninger

 www.deiningen.de
 Statistik 2015  på statistik.bayern.de

Deiningen