The charismatic movement in Christianity is a movement within established or mainstream Christian denominations to adopt beliefs and practices of Charismatic Christianity  with an emphasis on baptism with the Holy Spirit, and the use of spiritual gifts (charismata). It has affected most denominations in the US, and has spread widely across the world.

The movement is deemed to have begun in 1960 in Anglicanism, and spread to other mainstream protestant denominations, including Lutherans and Presbyterians by 1962 and to Roman Catholicism by 1967. Methodists became involved in the charismatic movement in the 1970s.

The movement was not initially influential in evangelical churches, and although this changed in the 1980s in the so called Third Wave, this was often expressed in the formation of separate evangelical churches such as the Vineyard Movement - neo-charismatic organisations that mirrored the establishment of Pentecostal churches. Many traditional evangelical churches remain opposed to the movement and teach a cessationist theology.

History

The classic Pentecostalism movement usually traces its origin to the early twentieth century, with the ministry of Charles F. Parham and the subsequent ministry of William Joseph Seymour and the Azusa Street Revival. Its unique doctrine involved a dramatic encounter with God, termed baptism with the Holy Spirit. The evidence for having received this experience was interpreted by some as speaking in tongues.

Before 1955 the religious mainstream did not embrace Pentecostal doctrines. If a church member or clergyman openly expressed such views, they would (either voluntarily or involuntarily) separate from their existing denomination. However, by the 1960s many of the characteristic teachings were gaining acceptance among Christians within mainline Protestant denominations. The charismatic movement represented a reversal of this previous pattern as those influenced by Pentecostal spirituality chose to remain in their original denominations. The popularization and broader acceptance of charismatic teachings as well as ideas are linked to the Healing Revival that occurred from 1946 to 1958. The revivalists of the time, including William Branham, Oral Roberts, and A. A. Allen, held large interdenominational meetings which emphasized the gifts of the spirit. This global revival led to greater awareness and acceptance of Pentecostal teachings and practices.

The high church wing of the American Episcopal Church became the first traditional ecclesiastical organization to feel the impact of the new movement internally. The beginning of the charismatic movement is usually dated to Sunday, April 3, 1960, when Dennis J. Bennett, rector of St Mark's Episcopal Church in Van Nuys, California recounted his Pentecostal experience to his parish, doing it again on the next two Sundays, including Easter (April 17), during which many of his congregation shared his experience, causing him to be forced to resign. The resulting controversy and press coverage spread an awareness of the emerging charismatic movement. The movement grew to embrace other mainline churches, where clergy began receiving and publicly announcing their Pentecostal experiences. These clergy began holding meetings for seekers and healing services which included praying over and anointing of the sick. The charismatic movement reached Lutherans and Presbyterians in 1962. The Catholic Charismatic Renewal began in 1967 at Duquesne University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Methodists became involved in the charismatic movement in the 1970s.

The charismatic movement led to the founding of many covenant communities, such as Sword of the Spirit and Word of God, that are a force of ecumenism in that they have members from many major Christian denominations, such as Catholics, Lutherans, Anglicans, Reformed and Methodists, who live and pray together.

Despite the fact that Pentecostals currently tend to share more in common with evangelicals than with either Roman Catholics or non-evangelical wings of the church, the charismatic movement was not initially influential among evangelical churches. C. Peter Wagner traces the spread of the charismatic movement within evangelicalism to around 1985. He termed this movement the Third Wave of the Holy Spirit. The Third Wave has expressed itself through the formation of churches and denomination-like organizations. These groups are referred to as "neo-charismatic" and are distinct from the charismatic movement of the historic Christian Churches. The Vineyard Movement and the British New Church Movement exemplify Third Wave or neo-charismatic organizations.

Beliefs
Charismatic Christians believe in an experience of baptism with the Holy Spirit and spiritual gifts (Greek  , from  , grace) of the Holy Spirit as described in the New Testament are available to contemporary Christians through the infilling or baptism of the Holy Spirit, with or without the laying on of hands.

The charismatic movement holds that Baptism in the Holy Spirit is the "sovereign action of God, which usually occurs when someone with a disposition of surrender and docility, prays for a fresh outpouring of the Holy Spirit in his or her life." Additionally, "baptism in the Holy Spirit unleashes the Holy Spirit that is already present within us, by revitalizing the graces we received in the sacrament of Baptism." Baptism with the Holy Spirit "equips and inspires the individual for service, for mission, for discipleship and for life." Rev. Brenton Cordeiro teaches that those who have received Baptism with the Holy Spirit "testify that the experience brought them to a new awareness of the reality and presence of Jesus Christ in their lives [as well as] a new hunger for the Word of God, the Sacraments and were filled with a renewed desire for holiness."

Although the Bible lists many gifts from God through his Holy Spirit, there are nine specific gifts listed in 1 Corinthians 12:8–10 that are supernatural in nature and are the focus of and distinguishing feature of the charismatic movement: word of wisdom, word of knowledge, faith, gifts of healing, miraculous powers, prophecy, distinguishing between spirits, speaking in different tongues (languages), and interpretation of tongues.

While Pentecostals and charismatics share these beliefs, there are differences. Many in the charismatic movement deliberately distanced themselves from Pentecostalism for cultural and theological reasons. Foremost among theological reasons is the tendency of many Pentecostals to insist that speaking in tongues is always the initial physical sign of receiving Spirit baptism. Although specific teachings will vary by denomination, charismatics generally believe that the Holy Spirit has already been present in a person from the time of regeneration and prefer to call subsequent encounters with the Holy Spirit by other names, such as "being filled". In contrast to Pentecostals, charismatics tend to accept a range of supernatural experiences (such as prophecy, miracles, healing, or "physical manifestations of an altered state of consciousness") as evidence of having been baptized or filled with the Holy Spirit.

Pentecostals are also distinguished from the charismatic movement on the basis of style. Also, Pentecostals have traditionally placed a high value on evangelization and missionary work. Charismatics, on the other hand, have tended to see their movement as a force for revitalization and renewal within their own church traditions.

Cessationists argue these sign and revelatory gifts were manifested in the New Testament for a specific purpose, upon which once accomplished these signs were withdrawn and no longer function. Cessationists evidence this claim with an appeal for the rapid decline in reports of such gifts from the time of the Church Fathers onwards. Non-cessationists argue that testimonial claims of God doing signs, wonders and miracles can especially be found in the first three centuries of the church. Sacramental charismatics also point out that the means of distribution of charismatic gifts in the early church, was not limited to the laying on of hands of the canonical apostles, but was tethered to the receptivity of prayer connected to the sacrament of baptism. The Charismatic movement is based on a belief that these gifts are still available today.

Denominations influenced

Anglicanism
In America, the Episcopalian Dennis Bennett is sometimes cited as one of the charismatic movement's seminal influences. Bennett was the rector at St Mark's Episcopal Church in Van Nuys, California when he announced to the congregation in 1960 that he had received the outpouring of the Holy Spirit. Soon after this he ministered in Seattle, where he ran many workshops and seminars about the work of the Holy Spirit.

In the United Kingdom, Colin Urquhart, Michael Harper, David Watson and others were in the vanguard of similar developments.

The Massey conference in New Zealand, 1964 was attended by several Anglicans, including the Rev. Ray Muller, who went on to invite Bennett to New Zealand in 1966, and played a leading role in developing and promoting the Life in the Spirit seminars. Other Charismatic movement leaders in New Zealand include Bill Subritzky.

As of the early 21st century a "charismatic evangelical" wing or school of thought is commonly identified in the Church of England, contrasted with the conservative evangelical, Anglo-Catholic and other tendencies. An influential local church in this movement has been London's Holy Trinity Brompton, and Justin Welby, Archbishop of Canterbury since 2013, has a background in charismatic evangelicalism.

Lutheranism
Larry Christenson, a Lutheran theologian based in San Pedro, California, did much in the 1960s and 1970s to interpret the charismatic movement for Lutherans. A very large annual conference was held in Minneapolis during those years.  Some Lutheran charismatics in the US formed the Alliance of Renewal Churches. Richard A. Jensen's Touched by the Spirit published in 1974, played a major role of the Lutheran understanding to the charismatic movement. Another Lutheran charismatic leader is Morris Vaagenes. In Finland the emergence of charismatic congregations has reversed, in some places, a decline in attendance of Lutheran congregations.

Reformed
In Congregational and Presbyterian churches which profess a traditionally Calvinist or Reformed theology, there are differing views regarding present-day continuation or cessation of the gifts (charismata) of the Spirit. Generally, however, Reformed charismatics distance themselves from renewal movements with tendencies which could be perceived as overemotional, such as Word of Faith, Toronto Blessing, Brownsville Revival and Lakeland Revival.

Prominent Reformed charismatic denominations are the Sovereign Grace Churches and the Every Nation Churches in the United States, in Great Britain there is the Newfrontiers churches and movement, founded by Terry Virgo.

Roman Catholicism

In the United States the Catholic charismatic renewal was focused in individuals like Kevin Ranaghan and others at the University of Notre Dame in Notre Dame, Indiana. Duquesne University in Pittsburgh, which was founded by the Congregation of the Holy Spirit, a Catholic religious community, began hosting charismatic revivals in 1977.

In a foreword to a 1983 book by Léon Joseph Cardinal Suenens, at that time the Pope's delegate to the Catholic charismatic renewal, the then Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (later Pope Benedict XVI), comments on the Post Second Vatican Council period stating,

and

In the Roman Catholic church, the movement became particularly popular in the Filipino, Korean, and Hispanic communities of the United States, in the Philippines, and in Latin America, mainly Brazil.  Travelling priests and lay people associated with the movement often visit parishes and sing what are known as charismatic masses. It is thought to be the second largest distinct sub-movement (some 120 million members) within global Catholicism, along with Traditional Catholicism.

A further difficulty is the tendency for many charismatic Catholics to take on what others in their church might consider sacramental language and assertions of the necessity of "Baptism in the Holy Spirit," as a universal act.  This causes difficulty as there is little to distinguish the "Baptism" from the sacrament of confirmation. In this regard, a Study seminar organized jointly in São Paulo by the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity and the Bishops Conference of Brazil raised these issues. Technically, among Catholics, the "Baptism of the Holy Spirit" is neither the highest nor fullest manifestation of the Holy Spirit.

Thus "Baptism of the Spirit" is one experience among many within Christianity (as are the extraordinary manifestations of the Spirit in the lives of the saints, notably St. Francis of Assisi and St. Teresa of Avila, who levitated), and thus less dogmatically held by Catholic charismatics (than by Pentecostals). Possibly, Padre Pio (now St. Pio) provides a modern-day Catholic example of this experience.  Describing his confirmation, when he was 12 years old, Padre Pio said that he "wept with consolation" whenever he thought of that day because "I remember what the Most Holy Spirit caused me to feel that day, a day unique and unforgettable in all my life! What sweet raptures the Comforter made me feel that day! At the thought of that day, I feel aflame from head to toe with a brilliant flame that burns, consumes, but gives no pain." In this experience, Padre Pio said he was made to feel God's "fullness and perfection." Thus a case can be made that he was "baptized by the Spirit" on his confirmation day in 1899. It was one spiritual experience among many that he would have.

The Compendium to the Catechism of the Catholic Church states:
Recent Popes (John XXIII, Paul VI, John Paul II and Francis) have all emphasised the importance of a deeper relationship with the Holy Spirit for all Catholics, and have spoken encouragingly to the Catholic charismatic renewal organisation on many occasions. On June 8, 2019, Pope Francis encouraged everyone in Charismatic Renewal "to share baptism in the Holy Spirit with everyone in the Church." On June 6, 2019, the CHARIS (Catholic Charismatic Renewal International Service) service was officially inaugurated by Pope Francis. CHARIS has a "public juridic personality" within the Roman Catholic Church and has come into being as a direct initiative of the highest ecclesiastical authority, Pope Francis. The primary objectives of CHARIS are "To help deepen and promote the grace of baptism in the Holy Spirit throughout the Church and to promote the exercise of charisms not only in Catholic Charismatic Renewal but also in the whole Church."

Methodism
In the Methodist tradition (inclusive of the holiness movement), baptism with the Holy Spirit traditionally refers to the second work of grace subsequent to the New Birth and is called entire sanctification, in which original sin is removed and the person is made perfect in love (Christian perfection). Entire sanctification, which may be received instantaneously or gradually, "cleanses the heart of the recipient from all sin (I John 1:7, 9; Acts 15:8, 9), sets him apart and endows him with power for the accomplishment of all to which he is called (Luke 24:49; Acts 1:8)."

When the Methodist movement was initiated, "many individuals in London, Oxford and Bristol reported supernatural healings, visions, dreams, spiritual impressions, power in evangelizing, [and] extraordinary bestowments of wisdom". John Wesley, the founder of Methodism, "firmly maintained that the Spiritual gifts are a natural consequence of genuine holiness and dwelling of God's Spirit in a man." As such, Methodist Churches hold to the theological position of continuationism. With its history of promoting holiness and experiential faith, many Methodist congregations now engage in charismatic worship since the arrival of the charismatic movement to Methodism, though other Methodist connexions and their congregations eschew it. In the latter case, the Pentecostal doctrine of a third work of grace accompanied by glossolalia is condemned by some connexions in the Methodist tradition, such as the Pilgrim Holiness Church, which teaches that the state of Christian perfection in which a person is perfect in love is the goal for humans:

Charismatic Methodists in the United States allied with the Good News caucus and those in Great Britain have been supported by the Lay Witness Movement, which works with Methodist Evangelicals Together. In the United Methodist Church, the charismatic apostolate Aldersgate Renewal Ministries was formed "to pray and work together for the renewal of the church by the power of the Holy Spirit". It runs events at local United Methodist churches, as well as the Methodist School for Supernatural Ministry.

Moravianism
Some members of the Moravian Church accepted certain elements from the charismatic movement as it spread.

Adventism

A minority of Seventh-day Adventists today are charismatic. They are strongly associated with those holding more "progressive" Adventist beliefs. In the early decades of the church charismatic or ecstatic phenomena were commonplace.

Eastern Orthodoxy

Although most Laestadians are Lutheran and they are often termed Apostolic Lutherans, it is an interdenominational movement, so some are Eastern Orthodox. Eastern Orthodox Laestadians are known as Ushkovayzet (article is in Russian). Laestadian charismaticism has been attributed to influences from the shamanistic ecstatic religious practices of the Sami, many who are Laestadians today.

The charismatic movement has not exerted the same influence on the Eastern Orthodox Church that it has on other mainstream Christian denominations. Although some Eastern Orthodox priests have advanced Charismatic practice in their congregations, the movement is seen as incompatible with Orthodoxy by writers within the church. For instance, an article published in the Journal "Orthodox Tradition" says "There is nothing Orthodox about the charismatic movement. It is incompatible with Orthodoxy, in that it justifies itself only by perverting the message of the Fathers, suggesting that the Church of Christ needs renewal, and indulging in the theological imagery of, Pentecostal cultism."

Despite this some priests forward Charismatic renewal in the Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese, the Brotherhood of St. Symeon, and other orthodox churches.

Nondenominational

The movement led to the creation of independent evangelical charismatic churches more in tune with the revival of the Holy Spirit. These churches are often nondenominational. Calvary Chapel Costa Mesa, California was one of the first evangelical charismatic churches, founded in 1965. also victory outreach international founded in east Los Angeles in 1967 .also the United Kingdom, Jesus Army, founded in 1969, is an example of the impact outside of the United States. Many other congregations were established in the rest of the world.

Theologians and scholars

 Jack Deere (Presbyterian)
 Paul Fiddes (Baptist)
 Hobart Freeman (Non-denominational)
 Wayne Grudem (Reformed / Vineyard)
 Derek Prince (Non-denominational)
 Kevin Ranaghan (Roman Catholic)
 James Robison (Baptist)
 J. Rodman Williams (Presbyterian)

See also
 Cessationism versus Continuationism
 Charismatic Christianity
 Direct revelation
 Glossolalia
 Neo-charismatic movement
 Pentecostalism

References

Bibliography
 .

Further reading
 Clement, Arthur J. Pentecost or Pretense?: an Examination of the Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements. Milwaukee, Wis.: Northwestern Publishing House, 1981. 255, [1] p.
 .
 .
 Parry, David (1979). "Not Mad, Most Noble Festus": Essays on the Renewal Movement. London: Dartman, Longman & Todd. 103 p. N.B.: Approaches the Charismatic Movement from a Roman Catholic perspective.
 Sherrill, John and Elizabeth (2011). They Speak With Other Tongues. Chosen Books.

External links

 : Charismatic Pentecostal Theology.
 .
  (Confessional Lutheran perspective)
 : Perspective of Institute for the Study of American Evangelicals.
 Catholic Charismatic Renewal International Service (CHARIS)

1960 introductions
Charismatic Christianity
Christian new religious movements
Christian theological movements
Christian terminology
Continuationism
Evangelical movement

Charismatic movement


Call Me by Your Name er en romantisk dramafilm fra 2017, instrueret af Luca Guadagnino.

James Ivorys manuskript er baseret på André Acimans roman Call Me by Your Name fra 2007. Det er den tredje og sidste filmen i Guadagninos Desire-trilogi efter I Am Love (2009) og A Bigger Splash (2015). Filmen udspiller sig i det nordlige Italien i 1983 og handler om forholdet mellem Elio Perlman (Timothée Chalamet), en 17-åring som bor i Italien, og farens amerikanske assistent, Oliver (Armie Hammer). Michael Stuhlbarg, Amira Casar, Esther Garrel og Victoire Du Bois har andre roller.

Medvirkende
 Armie Hammer som Oliver
 Timothée Chalamet som Elio Perlman
 Michael Stuhlbarg som herr Perlman
 Amira Casar som Annella Perlman
 Esther Garrel som Marzia
 Victoire Du Bois som Chiara
 Vanda Capriolo som Mafalda
 Antonio Rimoldi som Anchise
 Elena Bucci som Art Historian
 Marco Sgrosso som Nico
 André Aciman som Mounir
 Peter Spears som Isaac

Eksterne henvisninger

Engelsksprogede film
Italiensksprogede film
Film baseret på bøger
Franske film fra 2017
Amerikanske film fra 2017
Fransksprogede film
Film fra Brasilien
Dramafilm fra Italien
Dramafilm fra USA
Dramafilm fra Frankrig
LGBT-relaterede film fra USA

Call Me by Your Name


Captain Star is a 1997 animated television series created by Steven Appleby and is based on Appleby's comic Rockets Passing Overhead. It stars Richard E. Grant as the voice of Captain Jim Star. The show was produced by Cosgrove Hall Films and HTV.

13 half-hour episodes were produced and aired from 1997 to 1998.

Plot
The story of Captain Star centers on the crew of a rocket ship called The Boiling Hell, who have been ordered to a dry planet known as "The Nameless Planet", at the Ragged Edge of the Universe, in order to wait for their next assignment. The ship's crew consists of the deeply egocentric and often paranoid Captain Star, the Science Officer Scarlett, the nine-headed, six-armed mutant Engineer/Stoker "Limbs" Jones, and the fish-keeping milquetoast Navigator Black. They are later joined by a robot, Jim-Bob-Bob, who does laundry duty and several other acts of menial servitude.

Captain Star is introduced in the opening theme song as "the greatest hero any world has ever known". A legendary explorer who has hundreds of planets named after him, Captain Star's birthday is a holiday throughout the entire universe. Throughout the program, the characters await further orders from Mission Control which never come, and they seem to have been waiting on The Nameless Planet for so long that Navigator Black has had time to construct a fish restaurant on the Nameless Planet. It is unclear whether Mission Control has simply forgotten about Star and his crew, but it is implied they have spared Captain Star the indignity of forced retirement, instead letting him stay a hero to the public. Events occurring on and off the planet frequently require Star's intervention.

Main characters

Captain Jim Star (voiced by Richard E. Grant) — Groomed from birth to be a starship captain, Captain Star is regarded as the greatest captain in the fleet. He left the Captains' Academy at age 12 to spend a year as a trainee under Captain Ned Nova of the Merry Cheeser, who had named 115 planets after himself, the record before Star surpassed him. Captain Star is roughly 127 "space years" old, which appears to make him a man in his 50s in his society. Not humble, though never excessively arrogant, Captain Star believes himself to be a hero and feels deserving of his pervading acclaim. He is often oblivious to danger and to the advice and concerns of his crew. Unquestioningly loyal, Star firmly believes that his orders will eventually come.

First Officer Scarlett (voiced by Denica Fairman) — A strong, brave, redheaded woman, and an accomplished scientist, Scarlett often saves the day through her scientific endeavours. Scarlett's logic and investigative mood are a stark contrast to Captain Star's tendency to improvise in an emergency. On The Nameless Planet, where Captain Star has no ship to command or adventures to lead, Scarlett handles most of his command duties.

Atomic Engine Stoker "Limbs" Jones (voiced by Adrian Edmondson) — Mutated in an atomic accident, "Limbs" Jones has nine heads and six arms. Each of Jones' heads accommodates a different part of his brain, causing each head to have a slightly different personality. Jones is a cat lover, having sequentially named pet cats Sputnik 1 through 374. Conversations between Jones' many heads and other members of the crew often lead them to become impatient and annoyed with him.

Navigator Black (voiced by Kerry Shale/Gary Martin) — Once the navigator of the Boiling Hell, Navigator Black sets up a small fish-shaped restaurant on The Nameless Planet and becomes the cook. Obsessed with fish, the restaurant is filled with aquariums. Black often swims with his fish, and even creates a brain-computer interface device that depicts their thoughts. Black has a nervous temperament and often panics under pressure. A running gag in the show is Navigator Black's inability to tell his left from his right.

Minor characters
Captain Bloater (Gary Martin)

Jasper Quilt (Gary Martin)

Captain Spratt (Denica Fairman)

Story format and themes
Many episodes of Captain Star begin with a flashback to the Boiling Hell's sublime missions, which is then immediately contrasted with their abandonment on The Nameless Planet as a bygone and over-the-hill crew. These flashbacks set the tone for the episode and foreshadow the story's theme. At the end of each episode, while sitting in his wheelbarrow, Captain Star recites an entry into his Captain's Diary which begins, "Uneventful day", followed by a short witticism which adds up the moral of the story.

A small moon in very close orbit of The Nameless Planet, called The Low-Flying Moon, often flies overhead, lifting objects off of the ground for a few seconds.

For a children's television program, Captain Star deals with unusually advanced themes. The primary theme throughout the series is of society's treatment of the aged. While Captain Star appears to be strong and healthy and continues to save the universe, after several years of distinguished service, Mission Control sweeps him under the rug by sending him to the edge of the universe to an unnamed planet and has him remain there without any orders to carry out. Despite continuing to prove his usefulness, there is an ageist undertone that Mission Control assumes that he is no longer a valuable asset because of his age and extensive service.

Many episodes feature a popular TV show titled "Star of Space" in which actors portray the crew of the Boiling Hell in many of Captain Star's most heroic missions. Captain Star is presented as a James Bond-like hero, handsome and virile, who saves the day almost effortlessly. The episodes exaggerate his role in events while minimizing the contributions of his crew — most conspicuously presenting strong and scientifically accomplished first officer Scarlett as a bimbo and damsel in distress. Even when watching events that had just occurred earlier in the episode, the entire crew, except for Scarlett, regard the re-enactments as mostly historically accurate, emphasizing the role of television as a means to control public perception of people and events.

While Captain Star is removed from the public eye, he continues to be promoted as a hero in public propaganda. Keeping him on active duty, while separated from the public by assigning him to the Ragged Edge of the Universe, the public can keep regarding him as a hero who is in his prime forever. His birthday is a public holiday throughout the universe, an occasion which allows him to be presented as a larger-than-life hero figure and promoted as a role model. While not presenting as dystopian, it is implied that the government is exploiting Captain Star's fame, presumably as a recruitment tool and to encourage patriotism, unity, and support for the government.

115 space years prior to the events of the program, Captain Star's former captain, Ned Nova, was ordered into retirement. Ignoring orders, Nova fled in his ship, the Merry Cheeser. Captain Star was ordered to arrest his former captain and chased the Merry Cheeser to a black hole. Refusing to retire, Nova piloted his ship into the black hole. He was discovered in the present day in suspended animation in the stomach of a space slug on The Nameless Planet. Star decided to let him leave in his rocket ship and declared that he could never have been Ned Nova because he was only half Ned Nova's age (thanks to his preservation inside the space slug). While an act of loyalty to his former captain and role model, his willingness to preserve an idealized image of Nova by refusing to arrest him and turn him over to Mission Control in disgrace ironically mirrors Mission Control's decision to preserve an idealized image of Star himself by exiling him on The Nameless Planet.

The program frequently presents commercialism in an absurd light. The opening theme reveals that the voyages that made Captain Star the greatest hero any world has ever known were missions in which he travelled to inhabited planets and renamed them after himself (much as explorers during the colonial era would rename and claim inhabited lands for Europe), and sell them things that they do not need, such as a group of aliens who purchase umbrellas before returning to their underwater homes. In the second episode, a "hard sell droid" attempts to sell the crew a carpet and not taking "no" for an answer. The crew are eventually forced to dismantle the droid, revealing that it had a brain the size of a pea. Many episodes feature unlikely Captain Star-themed products and memorabilia, such as a croquet set using a tee and hoops shaped like Captain Star's head, demonstrating the rampant consumerism surrounding Star's identity and likeness.

Episodes

Pilot (1992)

Season 1 (1997)

Season 2 (1998)

Broadcast
The series was broadcast on ITV in the UK and Teletoon in Canada. Cartoon Network and Locomotion in Latin America, Nickelodeon in the United Kingdom, and Space in Canada. The series was never broadcast in the United States.

Home video
At least one VHS release of Captain Star is known to exist, containing the first three episodes of the series.

References

External links
Co-production diary
Captain Star comic strip collection

1997 British television series debuts
1998 British television series endings
1990s British animated television series
1990s British children's television series
1990s British science fiction television series
1997 Canadian television series debuts
1998 Canadian television series endings
1990s Canadian animated television series
1990s Canadian science fiction television series
British children's animated science fiction television series
Canadian children's animated science fiction television series
British comic strips
ITV children's television shows
Television shows produced by Harlech Television
Teletoon original programming
Television shows based on comic strips
Television series by DHX Media
Television series by Cosgrove Hall Films
Fox Family Channel original programming

Captain Star


Espoonlahti (en  et en ) est une station de métro, passage du prolongement ouest de l'unique ligne d'infrastructure du métro d'Helsinki. Elle est située au sud-ouest du quartier de Espoonlahti dans le district de Suur-Espoonlahti de la municipalité d'Espoo, à l'ouest d'Helsinki, en Finlande.

Sa mise en service a lieu le , à l'ouverture de la deuxième phase du projet Länsimetro.

Situation sur le réseau

Établie en souterrain, Espoonlahti est une station de passage de la ligne du métro d'Helsinki, entre les stations Kivenlahti, terminus ouest, et Soukka.

Histoire
Le chantier de construction débute en 2015. Sa construction est réalisée en parallèle avec celle d'un centre commercial, lors de l'ouverture à l'exploitation de l'ensemble du prolongement depuis le terminus Matinkylä, en fonction depuis 2017.

Services aux voyageurs

Accès et accueil

Desserte

Intermodalité

À proximité

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Métro d'Helsinki
 Liste des stations du métro d'Helsinki
 Ligne M1 du métro d'Helsinki
 Ligne M2 du métro d'Helsinki

Liens externes

 .
 .
 .

Station de la ligne M1 du métro d'Helsinki
Station de métro mise en service en 2022
Station de métro à Espoo
Espoonlahti

Espoonlahti (métro d'Helsinki)


Joel King, né le , est un footballeur international australien. Il joue au poste d'arrière gauche à l'Odense BK.

Biographie

En club

En sélection
Avec la sélection olympique, il participe au Jeux olympiques d'été de 2020, organisés lors de l'été 2021 à Tokyo. Lors du tournoi olympique, il joue trois matchs. Avec un bilan d'une victoire et deux défaites, l'Australie est éliminée dès le premier tour.

Il honora sa première sélection le 27 janvier 2022 lors d'une rencontre contre le Viêt Nam comptant pour les éliminatoires de la Coupe du monde 2022.

Le , il est sélectionné par Graham Arnold pour participer à la Coupe du monde 2022.

Palmarès
 Champion d'Australie en 2020 avec le Sydney FC

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en octobre 2000
Naissance en Australie
Footballeur australien
Joueur du Sydney FC
Footballeur aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2020

Joel King


Spice Girls
Spice (pjevačica)
Private Spice
Old Spice
Afera Spice
Spice (droga)
Začin (fikcijska droga) iz filmske franšize Dine

Spice


Die Sloss-Inseln sind eine unbewohnte Inselgruppe im Louisiade-Archipel. Politisch sind sie Teil der Provinz Milne Bay im südöstlichen Papua-Neuguinea.

Die Sloss-Inseln gehören zur Kette der Calvados-Inseln. Die mit dichter Vegetation bedeckten Koralleninseln befinden sich 6 km westlich von Utian (Brooker-Island) und 12 km nordöstlich von Pana Vara Vara.

Die Inselgruppe besteht aus zwei Inseln, Rara (19 ha) und Pana Roba (17 ha). Die höchste Erhebung auf Rara beträgt 35 m. Die Insel liegt an der nordöstlichen Seite des Tawal-Riffes. Pana Roba an der nordwestlichen Seite des Riffs ist bis zu 33 m hoch.

Einzelnachweise

Inselgruppe (Papua-Neuguinea)
Inselgruppe (Australien und Ozeanien)
Inselgruppe (Salomonensee)
Inselgruppe (Louisiade-Archipel)
Unbewohnte Inselgruppe

Sloss-Inseln


Publius Septimius Geta (7 Mart  189– Aralık 211) 209 - 211 arasında Septimius Severus ve Caracalla ile birlikte 3'lü yönetimde Roma İmparatoru.

Hayatı

Geta, Septimius Severus'un 2. karısı Julia Domna'dan olan küçük oğludur. Geta Roma'da babası henüz İmparator Commodus'un emrinde bölge valisi iken doğmuştur.

Geta her zaman kardeşi Caracalla olarak bilinen Lucius'un gölgesinde kalmıştır. Belki de bu yüzden, ikisi arasındaki ilişkiler erken yaşlarından itibaren hep zorlu olmuştur. Biteviye çatışmaları çok sık annelerinin arabuluculuğuna ihtiyaç duyardı. Septimius Severus  küçük oğlunu yatıştırmak için 209'da Geta'ya Augustus unvanı verdi. 3. yüzyılın başlarında Briton'lara karşı sürdürülen mücadele sırasında İmparatorluk propogandacıları tahtın sorumluluklarını paylaşan mutlu bir aile portresi çiziyordu. Caracalla, babasının 2. kumandanı, Julia Domna güvenilen bir danışman ve Geta yönetimsel ve bürokratik görevlerdeydi. Gerçekte ise iki kardeş arasında rekabet ve antipati gün geçtikçe büyüyordu.

211 yılı başlarında  Septimius Severus York'ta ölünce, Caracalla ve Geta ortak hükümranlıklarını ilan ettiler ve Roma'ya döndüler. Caracalla yakında kardeşini öldürecekti.

Geta'nın suikastının ardından Caracalla, damnatio memoriae ve Geta isminin tüm yazıtlardan silinmesini emretti. Yeni, yalnız imparator aynı zamanda kendisine komplo kurduklarına inandığı politik düşmanlarından kurtulmakla meşgul olmaktan da geri kalmadı. Dönemin tarihi kaynakları bu süre boyunca yaklaşık 20,000 kişinin öldürüldüğünü ya da vatandaşlık haklarının ellerinden alındığını söyler.

Britanya'nın Efsanevi Kralı
Monmouth'Lu Geoffrey  (Roma-Britanya tarihi üzerine pek de güvenilmeyen bir kaynak olarak) Geta'nın o zamanlar henüz Roma işgali altında olan York'taki Krallığından bahseder. Britonlar, her nasılsa, Caracalla'yı annesinin bir Briton olmasından  dolayı kral olarak kabul ederler. Ancak her ikisinin de annesinin aynı olması bir çelişkidir. Ne olursa olsun, paylaşılan hükümranlık bir başarı değildi: kardeşler politikadan kanunlara kadar hemen her kararda münakaşa ettiler. Geç kaynaklar ikisinin arzularının imparatorluğu ikiye böldüğünü söyler. Yıl sonu itibarıyla durum dayanılmazdı. Caracalla Geta'yı Saturnalia festivali sırasında öldürmeye çalıştı ancak başaramadı. Daha sonra aralık ayında annesinin evinde Geta ile birlikte bir toplantı ayarladı ve annesinin kollarında kendisine bağlı Centurion'larca öldürüldü.

Kaynakça
 Dio Cassius lxxvii; Herodian iv. I.

Dış bağlantılar
 Geta'nın Hayatı (Historia Augusta  LacusCurtius: Latince metin ve İngilizce Çevirisi)

189 doğumlular
211 yılında ölenler
Septimii
3. yüzyıl Roma imparatorları
Emesa Kraliyet Ailesi
Suikast sonucu ölen Roma imparatorları

Publius Septimius Geta


مجسم الألوان : هو تمثيل ثلاثي الأبعاد لذلك الجزء من الفضاء اللوني الذي يمكن صنعه وتكوينه بواسطة أجسام ملونة. ومجسم الألوان يماثل دولاب الألوان ثنائي البعد. يعطي البعد الفراغي المضاف تصورا لتفاوت اللون وفق هذا البعد. فبينما يصف دولاب الألوان ثنائي البعد التغيرات في صبغة اللون (أحمر، وأخضر، وأزرق، إلخ.) و إضاءة اللون (التفاوت بي الضوء والظلام)، يضيف مجسم الألوان متغيرا جديدا هو الإشباع الذي يسمح للكرة بتصوير أي لون يمكن تخيله في بنية منظمة ثلاثية الأبعاد.

تفصيل

قام علماء اللون كل على حدى بتصميم مجسم الألوان الخاص بهم. وأغلب هذه المجسمات أخذت الشكل الكروي، في حين أخذ البعض الآخر مجسما ناقصا ثلاثي الأبعاد، وقد نتج بعض الاختلاف في التصميم من أجل التعبير عن بعض سمات علاقة الألوان ببعضها. إن كرة الألوان التي تخيلها كل من فيليب أوتو رونغ و يوهانز إيتن هي أمثلة نموذجية ونموذج بدئي للعديد من مجسمات الألوان الأخرى. ونماذج رونغ وإيتن متطابقة جوهريا وتشكل أساس ما سيشرح لاحقا.

الصِبغات النقية والمشبعة متساوية الإضاءة تتوضع على خط الاستواء للسطح الخارجي للكرة اللونية. كما في دولاب الألوان، تتوضع الصِبغات المكملة على وجه متقابل. وإذا تحركنا باتجاه مركز الكرة على خط الاستواء، تصبح عندها الألوان أقل فأقل إشباعا، حتى تتلاقى الألوان جميعها عند محور الكرة معطية لونا رماديا حياديا. فإذا تحركنا شاقوليا في الكرة اللونية، تصبح الألوان أكثر (نحو الأعلى) أو أقل (نحو الأسفل) إضاءة. وعند القطب العلوي، تتلاقى جميع الألوان لتعطي اللون الأبيض، في حين أنها تعطي اللون الأسود عند تلاقيها في القطب السفلي.

المحور الشاقولي للكرة اللونية رمادي على طوله، متفاوتا من الأسود في الأسفل إلى الأبيض في الأعلى. تتوضع جميع الألوان النقية (المشبعة) على السطح الخارجي للكرة، وتتباين من الأبيض في الأعلى إلى الأسود في الأسفل. جميع الألوان غير النقية (الصبغات غير المشبعة التي تنتج بمزج الألوان المتضادة) تتوضع داخل الكرة، و تتفاوت إضاءتها بطريقة مماثلة من الأعلى (أبيض) إلى الأسفل (أسود).

انظر أيضا

 دولاب الألوان
 نموذج لوني

مراجع

لون
فضاء لوني

مجسم الألوان


Modesto Blanch Ferrer (n. Barcelona; 1 de noviembre de 1909 - f. Madrid, 7 de abril de 1990) fue un actor español.

Biografía
Hermano de los también actores José y Montserrat Blanch y tío de Jaime Blanch. Sus primeros pasos en el mundo de la interpretación los da en el teatro. Tras la Guerra civil española interviene, entre otras en Cuento de cuentos (1947), con Mari Carmen Díaz de Mendoza, la opereta La princesa de fuego (1948), con Maruja Tomás La mujer de Pilato (1956), con Mariano Asquerino, Proceso al escándalo (1964), con Carlos Mendy y Mala semilla (1966), con Irene Gutiérrez Caba.

Debutó en el cine a la tardía edad de 40 años, con un pequeño papel en la película El Santuario no se rinde (1949). A lo largo de más de treinta años llegó a rodar una veintena de títulos, siempre en papeles de reparto. Pueden mencionarse Esa voz es una mina (1956), La violetera (1958), Una señorita de Valladolid (1958), Más bonita que ninguna (1965) y El bosque del lobo (1970).

Pionero de la televisión en España, fue un rostro habitual en TVE durante más de 30 años desde los inicios del medio en el país en la década de 1950.

 Trayectoria en TV

 Un mito llamado
 Dulcinea (11 de enero de 1979)
 Numancia (22 de marzo de 1979)
 Paisaje con figuras
 Francisco de Pizarro (4 de febrero de 1976)
 Cuentos y leyendas
 Caballo de pica (10 de diciembre de 1974)
 El teatro
 Hay una luz sobre la cama (28 de octubre de 1974)
 Compañera te doy
 Nunca mataron a César (9 de abril de 1973)
 Teatro de siempre
 Timón de Atenas (22 de enero de 1971)
 Páginas sueltas
 Un futuro imposible (17 de noviembre de 1970)
 Hora once
 Cómo se casó Álvar Fáñez (5 de septiembre de 1970)
 El sueño de Makar (15 de abril de 1971)
 El primer loco (10 de junio de 1971)
 La esposa del pionero (2 de septiembre de 1972)
 La escuela de los maridos (26 de febrero de 1973)
 La risa española
 Solo fui a comprar tabaco (9 de mayo de 1969)
 El premio
 El cazador de mosquitos (23 de diciembre de 1968)
 Pequeño estudio
 En una noche así (1 de noviembre de 1968)
 Noche cerrada (8 de noviembre de 1968)
 Los zapatos (25 de junio de 1969)
 El misterio de la estafeta (17 de julio de 1970)
 La abuela Raimunda (24 de julio de 1970)
 La otra música
 Un caso de suerte (5 de noviembre de 1967)
 Las doce caras de Juan
 Estreno (7 de octubre de 1967)
 Historias de hoy
 El encuentro (14 de marzo de 1967)
 Habitación 508
 Presentación (4 de octubre de 1966)
 Hermenegildo Pérez, para servirle
 La timidez vencida (5 de agosto de 1966)
 Los encuentros
 Trece cartas (2 de julio de 1966)
 Estudio 1
 Arsénico para dos (10 de noviembre de 1965)
 Oriente 66 (5 de enero de 1966)
 La loca de Chaillot (23 de junio de 1972)
 La plaza de Berkeley (24 de octubre de 1972)
 Los delfines (8 de marzo de 1974)
 Alta fidelidad (1 de septiembre de 1975)
 El caso de la mujer asesinadita (17 de enero de 1979)

 Teatro para todos
 La muerte le sienta bien a Villalobos (8 de agosto de 1965)
 Historias para no dormir
 NN23 (1 de enero de 1965)
 Confidencias
 La exposición (24 de julio de 1964)
 Fernández, punto y coma
  15 de marzo de 1964
 Tengo un libro en las manos
 Pena de muerte (3 de marzo de 1964)
 Francisco de Quevedo (23 de junio de 1964)
 Hueste y campaña (1 de septiembre de 1964)
 Justicia que manda el rey (7 de julio de 1966)
 La mujer y el puente (14 de julio de 1966)
 El abencerraje y la bella Jarifa (1 de septiembre de 1966)
 Don Juan (8 de septiembre de 1966)
 Santes Creus (15 de septiembre de 1966)
 El akelarre (29 de septiembre de 1966)
 Novela
 El doctor y el polizón (8 de julio de 1963)
 La novia vacía (23 de noviembre de 1965)
 Los hermanos Karamazov (29 de noviembre de 1965)
 Altar mayor (14 de diciembre de 1965)
 Las personas extrañas (3 de abril de 1967)
 La dama vestida de blanco (25 de septiembre de 1967)
 Los ojos perdidos (10 de junio de 1968)
 Marieta y su familia (28 de abril de 1969)
 El hombre de la oreja rota (19 de mayo de 1969)
 Siempre (1 de marzo de 1971)
 Juanita la larga (22 de marzo de 1971)
 El casamiento (9 de agosto de 1971)
 La caída (24 de junio de 1974)
 Caza menor (12 de enero de 1976)
 Pequeñeces (8 de marzo de 1976)
 Los Dombey (30 de agosto de 1976)
 El crimen de Lord Arthur Saville (8 de mayo de 1978)
 Primera fila
 Malvaloca (21 de junio de 1963)
 Sublime decisión (9 de octubre de 1963)
 El triunfo de la medicina (18 de agosto de 1965)
 El caso de la mujer asesinadita (21 de septiembre de 1965)
 Gran teatro
 El Bosque encantado (13 de octubre de 1961)
 Vive Como Quieras (28 de diciembre de 1961)
 Diego Valor'' (1958)

Enlaces externos
 Ficha en IMDb

Notas

Actores de teatro de España
Actores de televisión de España
Nacidos en Barcelona
Fallecidos en Madrid

Modesto Blanch


Der Hafen Rummelsburg ist ein in den Jahren 2010 bis 2012 neu angelegtes Hafenbecken im Berliner Bezirk Treptow-Köpenick, Ortsteil Oberschöneweide. Er entstand auf dem Freigelände neben dem 1966 stillgelegten Kraftwerk Rummelsburg, von dem sich auch der Name des Hafens ableitet. Der Hafen hat eine Wasserfläche von 11.000 m² und verfügt über eine Zufahrt von der Spree aus mit einer Breite von 12 Metern. Der Hafen wurde ausschließlich für die Nutzung durch Fahrgastschiffe gebaut.

Lage

Das Hafenbecken befindet sich wasserrechtlich an der Spree-Oder-Wasserstraße bei km 25,2 – rechtes Ufer – in Berlin. Es liegt spreeseitig in direkter Nachbarschaft zu der Insel Bullenbruch. An der zirka 200 Meter langen Uferkante befindet sich neben der Zufahrt zum Hafenbecken eine 65 Meter lange Notliegestelle für Fahrgastschiffe. Der übrige Uferstreifen auf Höhe der Insel Bullenbruch wurde als originales Flussufer renaturiert. Die Landfläche um den Hafen wird begrenzt zur nördlichen Seite durch das Areal des ehemaligen Kraftwerkes Rummelsburg, zur südlichen Seite durch das Areal des ehemaligen Rundfunks der DDR (Funkhaus Nalepastraße) und an der östlichen Seite befindet sich die Zufahrt über die Nalepastraße, zwischen den Hausnummern 10 und 16.

Standorthistorie

Das Grundstück Nalepastraße 10–16 wurde seit Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts durch Mineralöl lagernde und verarbeitende Firmen genutzt. Dazu gehörten zur Jahrhundertwende die Deutsch-Russische-Naphta-Importgesellschaft, die OLEX Deutsche Petroleum-Verkaufs-Gesellschaft bzw. nach 1940 die Deutsche Benzin Petroleum GmbH. Nach 1945 ging die Fläche in das Eigentum des VEB Minol über, der an der Spree eine Tankstelle für Schiffe betrieb.

1967, nach der Stilllegung des Kraftwerks Rummelsburg, erfolgte ein teilweiser Abriss der alten Hochtanks der OLEX. In diesem Bereich wurde 1970/71 ein Rechenzentrum errichtet. 1981 wurde das Gelände durch das Staatliche Komitee für Rundfunk der DDR übernommen. In diesem Zusammenhang erfolgten 1983 Abrissmaßnahmen, verbunden mit einigen Neubauten. Dabei wurden die restlichen Hochtanks und Kesselanlagen rückgebaut. Bis zur Wende 1990 nutzte der Staatliche Rundfunk der DDR die Anlagen.

Die jahrzehntelange Nutzung des Standortes als Umschlagplatz für Mineralöle und Kraftstoffe führte zu Einträgen nutzungstypischer wassergefährdender Schadstoffe in den Boden und in das Grundwasser. Seit 1991 dementsprechend durchgeführte Untersuchungen belegten eine erhebliche Schadstoffkontamination, die durch Regen und durchströmendes Grundwasser zu einer Ausbreitung der Schadstoffe in Richtung der Trinkwassererfassungsanlagen des Wasserwerks Wuhlheide führten.

Nach mehreren Eigentümerwechseln und unterschiedlichsten Zwischennutzungen kaufte die Reederei Riedel Ende 2009 das Gelände, nachdem sie bereits Mitte 2007 mit der Erkundung des Bodenschadens und der Sanierungs- und Entwicklungsplanung des Geländes begonnen hatte. Anfang 2010 begannen die Abrissarbeiten weiterer alter Gebäudekomplexe und die umfangreiche Bodensanierung, die schließlich Ende 2011 erfolgreich beendet werden konnte. Die Senatsverwaltung für Gesundheit, Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz (Senat von Berlin) hat die Arbeiten auf Grund der Sanierung für den Deutschen Umweltpreis empfohlen. Aus Teilen der Sanierungsflächen entstand das heutige Hafenbecken.

Nutzung

Der Hafen Rummelsburg dient seit 2012 als Heimathafen für die Fahrgastschiffsflotte der Reederei Riedel GmbH. Das insgesamt 41.500 m² große Grundstück, in welches das Hafenbecken eingegraben wurde, ist mit mehreren Nutzgebäuden bebaut. Das 1988 zur Stromversorgung geplante Bauwerk wurde zu einem Verwaltungsgebäude für die Reederei umgebaut. Eine weitere Werkhalle, ursprünglich als Fernwärmeübergabestation für das Rundfunkareal genutzt, dient heute der Reederei als Tischlerei und Metallbauwerkstatt. In zwei alten, bereits 1905 errichteten Mietshäusern, sollen Wohnungen für Mitarbeiter des Schifffahrtsunternehmens entstehen. Die übrigen Freiflächen werden für Freizeit- und Veranstaltungen entwickelt. Der über 200 Meter lange Uferstreifen soll in den nächsten Jahren Teil des Uferwanderweges von der Rummelsburger Bucht bis nach Berlin-Köpenick werden.

Literatur

 Hannes Wanderer: Die rote Burg – Das Rundfunkgelände an der Nalepastraße, Verlag Peperoni Books (2007), ISBN 3-9809677-3-5

Quellen und Weblinks

 Webseite der Reederei Riedel GmbH
 Funkhaus Berlin
 Hannes Wanderer: DIE ROTE BURG - Das Rundfunkgelände an der Nalepastraße

Einzelnachweise

Spree
Berlin-Oberschöneweide
Rummelsburg
Erbaut in den 2010er Jahren
Rummelsburg

Hafen Rummelsburg


Moneragala (en tamil: மொனராகலை மாவட்டம்) es un distrito de Sri Lanka en la provincia de Uva. Código ISO: LK.MJ.

Comprende una superficie de 7 133 km².

El centro administrativo es la ciudad de Moneragala.

Demografía
Según estimación 2010 contaba con una población total de 440 000 habitantes, de los cuales 215 000 eran mujeres y 225 000 varones.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web oficial.

Moneragala

Distrito de Moneragala


The Lost Honor of Christopher Jefferies (bra: A Honra Perdida de Christopher Jefferies) é uma minissérie britânica de 2014, dirigido por Roger Michell, escrito por Peter Morgan, e estrelado por Jason Watkins no papel principal. Conta a história da vida real do professor aposentado Christopher Jefferies, que foi interrogado pela polícia como suspeito do assassinato de Joanna Yeates. Ele foi difamado pela imprensa, em parte por causa de sua aparência excêntrica, mesmo depois de ter sido libertado sob fiança pela polícia.

O título é uma referência ao livro A Honra Perdida de Katharina Blum de Heinrich Böll, um relato fictício de difamação da mídia.

Elenco
 Jason Watkins como Christopher Jefferies
 Shaun Parkes como Paul Okebu
 Ben Caplan como Charles Chapman
 Nathalie Armin como Melissa Chapman
 Joe Sims como Vincent Tabak
 Jennifer Higham como Tanja
 Matthew Barker como Greg Reardon
 Carla Turner como Joanna Yeates
 Peter Polycarpou como Louis Charalambous
 Anna Maxwell Martin como Janine
 Colin Mace como Peter Stanley
 Steve Coogan como ele mesmo (sem créditos)

Produção
O roteiro foi escrito por Peter Morgan. O Bristol Post informou que Jefferies leu e aprovou o roteiro e apoiou o projeto. O filme foi produzido pela Carnival Films and Television e exibido em 10 e 11 de dezembro de 2014 na ITV.

Recepção crítica
Em maio de 2015, ganhou dois prêmios no British Academy Television Awards - melhor minissérie e melhor ator pela interpretação de Jefferies por Watkins.

Em 2016, ganhou dois prêmios no RTS Awards: Melhor Edição e Ficção Sonora.

Ligações externas

Minisséries do Reino Unido
Telefilmes do Reino Unido de 2014
Programas da ITV
Programas de televisão do Reino Unido que estrearam em 2014
Programas de televisão do Reino Unido encerrados em 2014
Programas de televisão em língua inglesa
BAFTA de melhor minissérie

The Lost Honour of Christopher Jefferies


Charles Edward Magoon (5 de diciembre de 1861 – 14 de enero 1920) fue un abogado, juez, diplomático, y administrator estadounidense reconocido como gobernador de la Zona del Canal de Panamá y gobernador durante la ocupación estadounidense de Cuba. Fue objeto de diversos pequeños escándalos durante su carrera.

Como asesor legal del Departamento de Guerra de los Estados Unidos, redactó recomendaciones e informes que utilizó el Congreso estadounidense y el poder ejecutivo con respecto a los nuevos territorios obtenidos mediante la Guerra Hispano-estadounidense. Aquellos informes fueron recolectados y publicados en un libro editado en 1902, considerado como un trabajo seminal en la materia. Bajo sus gestiones como gobernador de territorios estadounidenses buscó aplicar aquellas recomendaciones.

Biografía

Primeros años
Magoon nació en Owatonna, en el Condado de Steele, en el estado de Minnesota. Siendo niño, él y su familia se mudó a Nebraska. En 1876, se alistó en el programa "preparatorio" de la Universidad de Nebraska–Lincoln y estudió dos años en aquella hasta su inscripción oficial en ésta en 1878. Tras finalizar la escuela, en 1879 estudió leyes de forma independiente con un bufete de prominentes abogados. En 1882, fue admitido en la barra en su país y ejerció sus prácticas en Lincoln, Nebraska. Finalmente, fue nombrado socio de aquel bufete. Más tarde, se convirtió en juez auditor de la Guardia Nacional de Nebraska y utilizó el título de "juez" en el resto de su carrera.

Referencias

Abogados de Estados Unidos

Charles Edward Magoon


Ismael Blas Rolón Silvero S.D.B. (Caazapá, 24 de enero de 1914 - 8 de junio de 2010) fue un obispo salesiano paraguayo. A su muerte, era uno de los obispos católicos más ancianos y el obispo más anciano del Paraguay.

Biografía
Nació en Caazapá (Paraguay) en 1914. Estudió teología en el Instituto Internacional Salesiano, en Córdoba (Argentina). Cursó la licenciatura en Filosofía, en la Pontificia Universidad Gregoriana de Roma, y Fue ordenado sacerdote en 1941. Fue elegido prelado de la Diócesis de Caacupé el 2 de agosto de 1960 y consagrado como primer obispo de Caacupé en 1966. El 16 de junio de 1970 fue promovido a la sede arquidiocesana de Asunción; allí estuvo hasta 1989.

El arzobispo mons, Ismael Rolón fue un inclaudicable defensor de los derechos y fiel exponente de una Iglesia "no arrinconada en sus templos". Sus marcadas posturas en contra del régimen represor del general Alfredo Stroessner (1954-1989) comenzaron cuando lo nombraron en 1966 primer obispo de la diócesis de Caacupé. Entre sus primeras resoluciones en Caacupé, Rolón pasó a presidir la tradicional procesión del 8 de diciembre, algo que hasta entonces lo hacía Stroessner. También dispuso que la misa de la festividad de la Virgen, de masiva concurrencia, no dependiera de la llegada del presidente, como venía ocurriendo.

En 1970 fue promovido a arzobispo de Asunción. Ya entonces había sobresalido ampliamente por su desafiante coraje para afrontar a las autoridades del régimen dictatorial. En su afán de defensa de los derechos humanos, también solicitó autorización al temible ministro del Interior Sabino Augusto Montanaro para visitar las comisarías, atestadas de presos políticos. En febrero de 1971 generó una gran crispación política al renunciar a integrar el Consejo de Estado, instancia política de la cual, por Constitución Nacional, el arzobispo era miembro nato. Tomó tal determinación invocando razón de conciencia. El gesto le valió la acusación de perjurio por parte del Gobierno. Ese año también impuso la excomunión al ministro Montanaro, por el apresamiento y tortura en Asunción del sacerdote uruguayo Uberfil Monzón. En 1978 se constituyó en el primer obispo que ingresó a la cárcel de Emboscada. Visitó a los presos políticos hacinados y sin proceso. También fue él quien, con la Junta Arquidiocesana de Laicos, convocó el 30 de octubre de 1987 a una Procesión del Silencio, "en protesta por tanta violencia e injusticias". Participaron 40 mil personas.

En agosto de 1988 se realizó la segunda Procesión del Silencio. Pero esta vez, al terminar la misa de cierre de la Procesión, la Policía arremetió contra todo civil que salía de la Catedral Metropolitana. En medio de las corridas y gritos, mons. Rolón, aún vestido con los ornamentos episcopales, dejó el altar y cruzó la calle para encarar al jefe de Orden Público. "Fui a enrrostrarle la estúpida violencia", se lee en su libro de memorias.
La tensión entre Gobierno e Iglesia crecía. Stroessner expulsó al cura jesuita José Antonio de la Vega. En protesta de esto y en rechazo a las violaciones a los derechos humanos, el arzobispo suspendió el tradicional Tedeum, la bendición de agradecimiento impartida cada 15 de agosto en la Catedral Metropolitana, con la presencia del jefe de Estado.

Nueve meses después de la histórica visita en 1988 del papa Juan Pablo II al Paraguay, se produjo el golpe de Estado que derrocó a Stroessner y mons. Rolón reclamó hombres nuevos para el país. En julio de 1989 dejó el cargo de arzobispo de Asunción y desde su hogar de retiro en Ypacaraí, escribía semanalmente sus cartas pastorales tituladas "Desde mi oasis".

El 8 de diciembre de 1969, el entonces obispo de Caacupé, monseñor Ismael Rolón, decidió suspender la tradicional procesión del Tupasy ára, en protesta contra los abusos de la dictadura stronista. Una historia poco conocida, que vale la pena rescatar, en coincidencia con el Día de los Derechos Humanos.
Ese día del Tupasy ára había perplejidad y confusión en los rostros de los miles de peregrinos congregados en la plaza. ¿Qué era lo que estaba pasando en el país, como para que se suspenda la procesión de la Virgen?
"Es mejor que no se vaya, señor presidente...".

El general Alfredo Stroessner, quien entonces llevaba quince años al frente del Gobierno, al cual había accedido tras un golpe de Estado, en mayo de 1954, y un posterior simulacro de elecciones, había ordenado a sus ministros y colaboradores que pusieran "todo a punto" para su presencia en la festividad religiosa de la Virgen de Caacupé, al cual acostumbraba asistir todos los años, cuando el entonces ministro de Educación, Raúl Peña, se acercó a aconsejarle: "Es mejor que no se vaya, señor presidente...".

El dictador quiso saber por qué no debía acudir, ante lo cual Peña le mostró la carta que acababa de recibir en su despacho.

La nota, con sello de la Diócesis de Caacupé, decía textualmente:

Esta fue la nota que hizo que la Virgen de Caacupé, aquel año, no solo se quede sin su tradicional procesión, sino también que la capital espiritual del Paraguay se quede sin la presencia del dictador Stroessner y de su habitual comitiva.

Aunque la procesión se suspendió, sí hubo una misa central en la antigua Iglesia. El obispo no la celebró, pero pidió a uno de sus principales colaboradores, monseñor Secundino Núñez, que dirija una fuerte homilía en guaraní.
El cese del "uso arbitrario de la fuerza".

Para conocer cuáles eran los "hechos que son de público conocimiento" que motivaron la drástica decisión del obispo de Caacupé, hay que leer otra nota dirigida también el ministro Raúl Peña, unos días antes, esta vez firmada no solo por monseñor Ismael Rolón, sino también por los obispos Aníbal Maricevich, Felipe Santiago Benítez, Aníbal Mena Porta, Jerónimo Pechillo y Alejo Ovelar, en nombre de todo el episcopado paraguayo.

En dicha nota, los pastores de la Iglesia Católica enumeran "las medidas de fuerza tomadas en estos últimos días por el Gobierno".

En primer lugar, cuestionan "la expulsión del país del sacerdote Francisco de Paula Oliva (ocurrida en octubre de 1969), sin guardarse las más elementales normas de procedimiento; el atraco de la clausura de los Padres Jesuitas; el ultraje y bárbaro apaleamiento de estudiantes, sacerdotes y religiosos configuran una situación de tanta gravedad, que no podemos ocultar nuestro más indignado y enérgico rechazo".

Los prelados se refieren además a "la incautación, por personal policial, sin orden escrita alguna, del semanario Comunidad, órgano oficio de la Conferencia Episcopal Paraguaya".

"Al repudiar y condenar estos sucesos, sin precedentes en nuestra historia, expresamos nuestra formal protesta ante el Gobierno de la Nación por esta sistemática violación de los derechos fundamentales de los ciudadanos", indicaba la nota de los obispos, resaltando que la acción represiva gubernamental "ha generado un clima de ansiedad y peligrosa indignación", especialmente entre el pueblo campesino.

Al final del mensaje, los pastores exigen que se permita la vuelta del padre Oliva al país y "el cese definitivo en el uso arbitrario de la fuerza".
Un largo conflicto entre la religión y la política.

El episodio de la suspensión de los actos programados por el Día de la Virgen de Caacupé en 1969 fue reivindicado posteriormente por el propio monseñor Ismael Rolón, durante una entrevista periodística con el autor de este artículo, como "una acción que causó dolor a los fieles en ese momento, pero que resultó necesaria, porque había mucha violación de los derechos humanos por parte del Gobierno de la dictadura, y necesitábamos crear conciencia".

Aunque muchos recuerdan a monseñor Rolón como el valiente arzobispo de Asunción que se enfrentó en varios momentos a la dictadura stronista, a través de sus célebres "procesiones del silencio", pocos saben que primero fue obispo de Caacupé, y que sus decididas "acciones proféticas" ya se habían iniciado en la Villa Serrana, durante la mayor festividad religiosa del Paraguay.

Nacido en Caazapá en 1914, Ismael Rolón Silvero se ordenó como sacerdote por la Congregación de Don Bosco en 1941. El Papa Juan XXIII lo nombró prelado de Caacupé en 1960 y el Papa Paulo VI lo designó obispo de la Villa Serrana en 1965, donde estuvo por cuatro años, hasta que en 1970 fue promovido como arzobispo de Asunción.

"Hay momentos en que no basta con pronunciar fuertes homilías. Hay momentos en que hay que tomar acciones que impacten en el pueblo cristiano, que le haga reflexionar sobre lo que está pasando en ese país. Eso fue lo que decidimos hacer aquel día, cuando decidimos suspender la tradicional procesión de la Virgen de Caacupé. Muchos fieles se sintieron incomodados, pero eso es lo que buscábamos, romper la apatía acerca de las graves violaciones de derechos", explicaría luego monseñor Rolón en la entrevista periodística.

Ismael Rolón Silvero falleció en junio de 2010, a la edad de 96 años. Es considerado no solo una de las figuras más dignas y representativas de la Iglesia Católica paraguaya, sino también un héroe cívico y un incansable defensor de los derechos humanos. Su figura fue evocada y homenajeada en diversos momentos, durante las celebraciones de Caacupé 2014.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Ficha personal en Catholic hierarchy.

 Susana Oviedo, "Muere monseñor Ismael Rolón, el gran defensor de los DDHH", diario Última Hora, 9 de junio de 2010.

Arzobispos de Paraguay
Salesianos de Paraguay
Padres Conciliares en el Concilio Vaticano II
Activistas por los derechos humanos de Paraguay
Caazapeños
Obispos salesianos
Obispos católicos del siglo XX
Obispos de Paraguay

Ismael Rolón


Leiopelma is a genus of New Zealand primitive frogs, belonging to the suborder Archaeobatrachia. It is the only genus in the monotypic family Leiopelmatidae. The leiopelmatids' relatively basal form indicates they have an ancient lineage. While some taxonomists have suggested combining the North American frogs of the genus Ascaphus in the family Ascaphidae with the New Zealand frogs of the genus Leiopelma in the family Leiopelmatidae, the current consensus is that these two groups constitute two separate families. The four extant species of Leiopelmatidae are only found in New Zealand.

Overview
The New Zealand primitive frogs' defining characteristics are their extra vertebrae (for a total of nine) and the remains of the tail muscles (the tail itself is absent in adults, although it is present in the younger frogs, which need the extra skin surface until their lungs are fully developed). The family Ascaphidae (found only in North America), of the same suborder, shares these primitive characteristics, hence the two have often been described as related, or even part of the same family.

Late jump recovery is unique in Leiopelmatidae. When leiopelmatid species jump, they land in a "belly flop" fashion, repositioning their limbs for takeoff for the next jump only after hitting the ground with the ventral surface of their torsos. The appearance of early jump recovery in more advanced taxa is a key innovation in anuran evolution.

They are unusually small frogs, only  in length. Most species lay their eggs in moist ground, typically under rocks or vegetation. After hatching, the tadpoles nest in the male's back, all without the need for standing or flowing water. However, Hochstetter's frog lays its eggs in shallow ponds and has free-living tadpoles, although they do not swim far from the place of hatching, or even feed, before metamorphosing into adult frogs. Lifespans may be long (more than 30 years) for such small organisms.

Introduced fauna are thought to have had a negative impact on these native frogs, with 93% of all reported predation events on native frogs being attributed to introduced fauna, primarily ship rats.

Taxonomy & Systematics

Species
Family Leiopelmatidae
 Genus Leiopelma
 Archey's frog, Leiopelma archeyi Turbott, 1942
 Hamilton's frog, Leiopelma hamiltoni McCulloch, 1919
 Hochstetter's frog, Leiopelma hochstetteri Fitzinger, 1861

Extinct species
Three extinct species are known by subfossil remains, also from New Zealand. They became extinct during the past 1,000 years.
 †Aurora frog, Leiopelma auroraensis
 †Markham's frog, Leiopelma markhami
 †Waitomo frog, Leiopelma waitomoensis
One species from the late Pliocene period has recently been described.

 †Leiopelma bishopi Easton, Tennyson and Rawlence, 2021

Two species are known from Miocene deposits of the Saint Bathans fauna, with indeterminate remains possibly representing additional species

 †Leiopelma miocaenale
 †Leiopelma acricarina

Evolutionary history
DNA analysis indicates that Leiopelmatidae share a distant common ancestry with Ascaphidae to the exclusion of all other frogs, and Leiopelmatidae and Ascaphidae diverged from all other frogs around 200 million years ago. L. archeyi and L. hochstetteri are thought to have diverged from each other between 40 and 50 million years ago, based on genomic divergence estimates. Fossils of the genus are known from the early Miocene (19-16 million years ago) aged St Bathans Fauna of New Zealand.

See also
Frogs of New Zealand

References

Further reading

External links

New Zealand Frog Conservation Biology - research on New Zealand frog biology

Leiopelmatidae
Amphibians of New Zealand
Taxa named by Leopold Fitzinger
Monogeneric amphibian families
Extant Burdigalian first appearances
Endemic fauna of New Zealand
Endemic amphibians of New Zealand

Leiopelma


An Duthiea oligostachya in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni William Munro ngan James Edward Tierney Aitchison, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Otto Stapf. An Duthiea oligostachya in nahilalakip ha genus nga Duthiea, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Afghanistan. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Duthiea

Duthiea oligostachya


فيراكوتشا  هو الإله الخالق العظيم في أساطير الإنكا وما قبل الإنكا في منطقة الأنديز في أمريكا الجنوبية. تهجئة الاسم في لغة كيتشوا هي Wiracocha واسمه الكامل Apu Qun Tiqsi Wiraqutra، ومن أسمائه الأخرى كون تيسي أو كون تيكي Con-Tici (أو Kon-Tiki، وهي مصدر اسم طوف ثور هايردال). كان فيراكوتشا من أهم الآلهة في مجمع آلهة الإنكا، وينظر إليه على أنه خالق كل الأشياء، أو المادة التي تنشأ منها كل الأشياء ويرتبط ارتباطًا وثيقًا بالبحر.

خلق فيراكوتشا الكون والشمس والقمر والنجوم والحضارة والوقت (وذلك بأن يقود الشمس لتتحرك فوق السماء). كان فيراكوتشا يُعبد كإله الشمس والعواصف. وتم تمثيله على أنه يرتدي أشعة الشمس كتاج ويحمل صواعق في يديه، وتنحدر الدموع من عينيه كالمطر.

نشأة الكون وفقًا للسجلات الإسبانية

وفقا لأسطورة سجلها خوان دي بيتانثوس، صعد فيراكوتشا من بحيرة تيتيكاكا خلال زمن الظلام ليُخرج النور. وخلق الشمس والقمر والنجوم، ثم خلق البشر بأن نفخ في الحجارة، ولكن خليقته الأولى كانت عملاقة بلا عقل ولم يرض بها. فدمرها بالفيضان وخلقهم من جديد من الحجارة الصغيرة. اختفى فيراكوتشا في النهاية عبر المحيط الهادئ بأن مشي فوق الماء ولم يعد أبدًا. تجول في الأرض متنكرا في زي شحاذ وعلم خليقته الجديدة أساسات الحضارة وصنع العديد من المعجزات. بكى عندما رأى محنة المخلوقات التي خلقها. اعتقد الإنكا أن فيراكوتشا سيعود في أوقات الشدة. كتب بيدرو سارمينتو دي غامبوا أن فيراكوتشا يوصف بأنه «رجل متوسط الطول، أبيض ويرتدي رداء أبيض، وأنه يحمل عصا وكتابًا بين يديه».

تروى إحدى الأساطير أن لديه ابنا واحدا هو إنتي، وابنتان هما ماما كيلا وباتشاماما. وفي هذه الأسطورة، قام بتدمير الناس حول بحيرة تيتيكاكا بفيضان عظيم يدعى أونو باشاكوتي استمر ستين يومًا وستين ليلة، وأنقذ اثنين ليبدآ الحضارة في العالم، وهما مانكو كاباك، ابن إنتي (وتعتبره بعض الأساطير ابن فيراكوتشا)، وماما أوكلو. أسس الاثنان حضارة الإنكا، وكانا يحملان عصا ذهبية تدعى «تاباك يوري». في أسطورة أخرى، أنجب فيراكوتشا أول ثمان كائنات بشرية متحضرة. وفي بعض القصص، كانت له زوجة تسمى ماما كوتشا.

تروي أسطورة أخرى أن فيراكوتشا أنجب ولدين هما إيمامانا وتوباكو. وبعد أن أرسل فيراكوتشا الفيضان العظيم وخلق البشر، أرسل أبنائه لزيارة القبائل إلى الشمال الشرقي والشمال الغربي ليعرف ما إذا كانوا لا يزالون يطيعونه. رحل فيراكوتشا نفسه شمالا، وخلال رحلتهم، علم أبناءه أسماء جميع الأشجار والزهور والفواكه والأعشاب، كما علّم القبائل ما كان منها صالحا للأكل، وما يحمل خصائص طبية، وما كان ساما. وصل فيراكوتشا ابناه إلى كوسكو ثم إلى ساحل المحيط الهادي حيث ساروا على الماء حتى اختفوا. كلمة «فيراكوتشا» تعني حرفيا «زبد البحر».

أصل التسمية

قد تعني عبارة تيكسي ويراكوتشا Tiqsi Huiracocha عدة معانٍ. تعني كلمة «تيكسي» في لغات الكيتشوا الأساس أو القاعدة، ويرا تعني الدهون، كوتشا تعني البحيرة أو البحر. يقول بعض المؤرخين أن اسم Wiraqucha قد يعني «دهن (أو زبد) البحر». ولكن الأدلة اللغوية والتاريخية والأثرية تشير إلى أن الاسم قد يكون مأخوذا من كلمة ويلا كوتا Wila Quta في لغة الأيمارا، حيث تعني «ويلا» الدم؛ و«كوتا» البحيرة، بسبب الأضحيات الحيوانية التي تم ذبحها في بحيرة تيتيكاكا من قبل قبائل الأيمارا في الأنديز في فترة ما قبل الإنكا.

جدلية الرب الأبيض

زعم المؤرخون الإسبان من القرن السادس عشر أنه عندما قدم الغزاة بقيادة فرانثيسكو بيثارو أول مرة أمام الإنكا تم استقبالهم كآلهة لأن بشرتهم الفاتحة تشبه إلههم فيراكوتشا. وأول من ذكر هذه القصة كان بيدرو ثييثا دي ليون (1553) ثم ذكرها لاحقا بيدرو سارمينتو دي غامبوا، بينما يصف مؤرخون آخرون (مثل خوان دي بيتانثوس) الإله فيراكوتشا على أنه «إله أبيض» وله لحية. غير أن بياض فيراكوتشا غير مذكور في الأساطير الأصلية للإنكا، ولذلك اعتبر معظم الباحثين الحديثين أن قصة «الإله الأبيض» هي اختراع إسباني.

على نحو مشابه، فإن الإله كيتزالكواتل الآزتيكي وعدة آلهة أخرى من ثقافات أمريكا الوسطى والجنوبية، تم وصفهم في الأساطير بأنهم ملتحين. اعتقد في السابق أن اللحية علامة على وجود تأثير أوروبي في أمريكا يعود إلى عصور ما قبل التاريخ، وكانت ذات أهمية في ثقافة أمريكا الوسطى المعزولة. ورد ذكر ملابس كتزال كواتل في تولا ضمن حوليات كواوتيتلان، وهو مصدر قديم ومهم ذو قيمة خاصة لكونه كتب في الأصل بلغة الناواتل، وجاء فيه أنه «صُنع بقناع أخصر، ووضع لون أحمر للشفتين، ولون أصفر للوجه، وصنعت له أنياب، ثم وضعت له لحية من الريش». وتذكر مصادر أخرى أن كيتزالكواتل كان يغطي وجهه لأن «أتباعه سيهربون إن رأوه حقيقة».

كما تجدر الإشارة أيضا إلى أنه تم تصوير رجال ملتحين على فخار حضارة موتشي في البيرو قبل وقت طويل من وصول الإسبان. بينما يرى المدافعون عن نظريات وصول الأوروبيين قبل كولومبوس أن تلك الأواني ولحية فيراكوتشا دليل على وجود أقوام غير الأمريكيين الأصليين في بيرو منذ القدم. ورغم أن معظم الهنود لا تنبت لهم لحى كثيفة، إلا أن هناك مجموعات يذكر أنها بها رجالا ملتحين، مثل شعب آتشي في باراغواي، حيث أن لهم جلد فاتح ولكن لم يعرف أنهم اختلطوا مع الأوروبيين والأفارقة. وعندما اتصل الأوروبيون أول مرة بشعب البايوتي الجنوبيين في عام 1776، أشار تقرير الأب سيلفستر فيليس دي إيسكالانتي والأب فرانسيسكو أتاناسيو دومينغيز إلى أن «بعض الرجال لديهم لحى كثيفة وكانوا يشبه مظهرهم الرجال الإسبان أكثر من الأمريكيين الأصليين».

تمثال أويانتايتامبو

يظهر تمثيل لرسول فيراكوتشا المسمى ويراكوتشان أو تونوبا في قرية أويانتايتامبو الصغيرة جنوب بيرو. تقع هذه القرية ضمن سلسلة من القرى الصغيرة على طول وادي أوروبامبا، والذي كان يعرف باسم الوادي المقدس وكان من أهم معاقل إمبراطورية الإنكا. يبلغ طول التمثال 140 متر. يتكون شكل الوجه من حفر تشكل العينين والفم، في حين تشكل الصخرة البارزة شكل الأنف، وتعتبر الأنقاض المبنية فوق الوجه أيضًا كالتاج، كما تشمل المنحوتة لحية كثيفة وكيس كبير على كتفيه.

التحول إلى المسيحية =

قدم العلماء والمؤرخون الإسبان العديد من الأفكار حول هوية فيراكوتشا، وأغلبها حاول التوفيق بينه وبين الرب في المسيحية. ذكر بارتولومي دي لاس كاساس أن اسم فيراكوتشا يعني «خالق كل الأشياء»  كما أكد خوان دي بيتانثوس ما أورده لاس كاساس في قوله «يمكننا القول أن فيراكوتشا هو الرب»  كما يعتبر المؤرخ الهندي غوامان بوما أن مصطلح «فيراكوتشا» يعادل «الخالق»

يرى مؤرخون آخرون مثل إنكا غارثيلاسو دي لا فيغا وبيدرو دي كيروغا أن فيراكوتشا لم يكن الاسم الأصلي لرب الإنكا. حيث رأى غارثيلاسو اسم الرب في لغة الإنكا هو «باتشاماما» وليس فيراكوتشا.

جعل أغلب المترجمين الأسبان بشكل عام فيراكوتشا هو الخالق الأعلى. وترى المؤرخة أنطوانيت فيورافانتي أن رجال الدين الإسبان هم من بدأوا هذه المقاربة في محاولة لمكافحة تعدد الآلهة بين الإنكا، وهو ما اعتبروه شركا، وليثبتوا أن الإيمان بإله واحد أعلى هو أمر طبيعي بين البشر.

قال علماء مسيحيون مثل أوغسطينوس وتوما الأكويني إن الفلاسفة من جميع الأمم أدركوا وجود الله الأعلى. ومع ذلك، اعتقد الفلاسفة الأوروبيون في العصور الوسطى أنه بدون مساعدة الوحي، لا يمكن لأحد أن يدرك الحقائق العظيمة مثل طبيعة الثالوث.

وينظر إلى استخدام مصطلح «الرب» بدلا من «فيراكوتشا» كخطوة أولى في التبشير بالمسيحية بين الإنكا، إذ لم يكن من السهل تفسير فكرة الرب المسيحي لهم، فسهل هذا استبدال مفهوم الآلهة المحلي بالموجود في اللاهوت المسيحي.

مراجع

آلهة الخلق
آلهة السماء والجو
آلهة الشمس
أساطير الإنكا
أساطير عن الخلق
تاريخ بوليفيا
تراث شعبي بيروفي

فيراكوتشا


Adventicia hace referencia a varios artículos:

Adventicia, en anatomía
Raíz adventicia, en botánica

Adventicia


Richard Olney (September 15, 1835 – April 8, 1917) was an American attorney, statesman, and Democratic Party politician who served as a member of the second cabinet of President Grover Cleveland as the 40th United States Attorney General from 1893 to 1895 and 34th Secretary of State from 1895 to 1897.

As attorney general, Olney used injunctions against striking workers in the Pullman strike, setting a precedent, and advised the use of federal troops, when legal means failed to control the strikers.

As Secretary of State, he raised the status of America in the world by elevating U.S. diplomatic posts to the status of embassy.

Early life and education
Olney was born into a prosperous family in Oxford, Massachusetts. His father was Wilson Olney, a textiles manufacturer and banker. Shortly after his birth, the family moved to Louisville, Kentucky, and lived there until Olney was seven. The family then moved back to Oxford and Olney attended school at the Leicester Academy in Leicester, Massachusetts.

He graduated with high honors as class orator from Brown University in 1856. He received a Bachelor of Laws degree from Harvard Law School in 1858.

In 1859, he passed the bar and began practicing law in Boston, attaining a reputation as an authority on probate, trust and corporate law.

Early career

Olney was elected a selectman in West Roxbury, Massachusetts and served one term in the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1874, serving as a member of the Committee on the Judiciary. He declined to run again, preferring to return to his law practice.

In 1876, Olney inherited his father-in-law's Boston law practice and became involved in the business affairs of Boston's elite families.

During the 1880s, Olney became one of the Boston's leading railroad attorneys and the general counsel for Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway.

Olney was once asked by a former railroad employer if he could do something to get rid of the newly formed Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC). He suggested that the ICC would become a captive regulator, replying in an 1892 letter, "The Commission... is, or can be made, of great use to the railroads. It satisfies the popular clamor for a government supervision of the railroads, at the same time that that supervision is almost entirely nominal. Further, the older such a commission gets to be, the more inclined it will be found to take the business and railroad view of things... The part of wisdom is not to destroy the Commission, but to utilize it."

Attorney General
In March 1893, Olney became U.S. Attorney General and used the law to thwart strikes, which he considered an illegitimate tactic contrary to law. Olney argued that the government must prevent interference with its mails and with the general railway transportation between the states.

Pullman strike
During the 1894 Pullman strike, Olney instructed district attorneys to secure from the Federal Courts writs of injunction against striking railroad employees. He ordered the Chicago district attorney to convene a grand jury to find cause to indict Eugene Debs and other labor leaders and sent federal marshals to protect rail traffic, ordering 150 marshals deputized in Helena, Montana alone.

When the legal measures failed, he advised President Cleveland to send federal troops to Chicago to quell the strike, over the objections of the Governor of Illinois.

In comparison to his $8,000 compensation as Attorney General, Olney had been a railroad attorney and had a $10,000 retainer from the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad. Olney got an injunction from circuit court justices Peter S. Grosscup and William Allen Woods (both anti-union) prohibiting ARU officials from "compelling or encouraging" any impacted railroad employees "to refuse or fail to perform any of their duties." The injunction was disobeyed by Debs and other ARU leaders, and federal forces were dispatched to enforce it. Debs, who had been hesitant to start the strike, put all of his efforts into it. He called on ARU members to ignore the federal court injunctions and the U.S. Army.

Secretary of State
Upon the death of Secretary of State Walter Q. Gresham, Cleveland named Olney to the position on June 10, 1895.

Olney quickly elevated US foreign diplomatic posts to the title of embassy, officially raising the status of the United States to one of the world's greater nations. (Until then, the United States had had only Legations, which diplomatic protocol dictated be treated as inferior to embassies.)

Olney took a prominent role in the boundary dispute between the British and Venezuelan governments. In his correspondence with Lord Salisbury, he gave an extended interpretation of the Monroe Doctrine that went considerably beyond previous statements on the subject, now known as the Olney interpretation.

Later years

Olney returned to the practice of the law in 1897, at the expiration of Cleveland's term.

In March 1913, Olney turned down President Wilson's offer to be the US Ambassador to Great Britain, and later, in May 1914, when President Wilson offered Olney the Appointment as Governor of the Federal Reserve Board, he declined that appointment.  Olney was unwilling to take on new responsibilities at his advanced age.

Personal life
In 1861, Olney married Agnes Park Thomas of Boston, Massachusetts.

Olney was the uncle of Massachusetts Congressman Richard Olney II.

Author H.W. Brands recounts claims that Olney "responded to a daughter's indiscretion by banishing her from his home, never to see her again, although they lived in the same city for thirty years."

Honors
Olney received the honorary degree of LL.D from Harvard and Brown in 1893 and from Yale University in 1901.

References

Bibliography
 Grenville, John A. S. and George Berkeley Young. Politics, Strategy, and American Diplomacy: Studies in Foreign Policy, 1873-1917 (1966) pp 158–78 on "Grover Cleveland, Richard Olney, and the Venezuelan Crisis"
 Young, George B. "Intervention Under the Monroe Doctrine: The Olney Corollary," Political Science Quarterly, 57#2 (1942), pp. 247–280 in JSTOR

1835 births
1917 deaths
Brown University alumni
Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery
Harvard Law School alumni
Democratic Party members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
People from Oxford, Massachusetts
United States Attorneys General
Candidates in the 1904 United States presidential election
20th-century American politicians
United States Secretaries of State
Cleveland administration cabinet members
19th-century American politicians

Richard Olney


Dorothy Stuart Hamill (born July 26, 1956) is a retired American figure skater. She is the 1976 Olympic champion and 1976 World champion in ladies' singles.

Early life
Hamill was born in Chicago, Illinois, to Chalmers and Carol Hamill. Her father was a mechanical engineer. Shortly after her birth, her family moved to the Riverside neighborhood of Greenwich, Connecticut, where Hamill spent the rest of her childhood. She has two older siblings, a brother, Sandy, and a sister, Marcia.

Hamill started skating in early 1965 at the age of 8, taking weekly group lessons. She became more serious about the sport the next season, taking regular private lessons and passing her preliminary and first figure test before the seasonal rink closed in March. She would wake early in the morning to go to the rink for practice at 4:30 am. Hamill was first coached by Otto Gold and Gustave Lussi. Ice time was limited in her area, so she eventually began training at Sky Rink in New York City, staying overnight in the city with friends when possible. In the summers, Hamill trained in Lake Placid, New York and later in Toronto with her coach at the time, Sonya Dunfield. During her career, her father would spend up to $20,000 a year on her skating expenses, including skating lessons, travel, living expenses, and costumes.

Until the spring of 1970, Hamill attended public schools in Riverside, but at that point she switched to a small school with flexible tutoring to accommodate her skating schedule. She attended and graduated from Colorado Academy high school.

Career
Hamill's first national success came in 1969, when she won the novice ladies' title at the U.S. Championships at the age of 12. Later that spring, Hamill was invited to perform in Madison Square Garden with the exhibition tour (in later years known as Champions on Ice) that followed the 1969 World Figure Skating Championships. She placed second at the junior level at the 1970 Championships, and made her senior debut in 1971. The U.S. Figure Skating Association arranged for her to be coached by Carlo Fassi when she began to compete internationally.

Hamill was U.S. champion from 1974 to 1976. At the 1974 World Championships in Munich, Germany, she was in 3rd place after the compulsory figures and the short program. She was set to skate directly after the West German skater Gerti Schanderl, whose marks were booed while Hamill was already on the ice. Visibly upset, Hamill left the ice and burst into tears. After the crowd settled down, she returned to the ice and won the silver medal behind Christine Errath of East Germany.

Hamill competed with an injured right leg at the 1975 U.S. Championships. She said her leg was fine after receiving treatment for a pulled hamstring (earlier believed to be pulled ligaments) while training in Denver during the month before the 1975 World Championships. She won silver at Worlds in Colorado Springs, Colorado, behind Dianne de Leeuw of the Netherlands and ahead of Errath.

Hamill was disappointed by her performance at the 1976 U.S. Championships, admitting that she was outskated by Linda Fratianne because she had not trained properly. Immediately after the national championships, her coach Carlo Fassi left the U.S. to accompany his other star pupil, John Curry, to the European Championships, leaving Hamill coachless with the Olympics only a few weeks away. She began training with Peter Burrows instead. She was pleased with their work together and wanted to bring him to the Olympics as her coach of record. However, the USFSA refused her request, and she was reunited with Fassi for a brief period of training in Germany before the Olympics.

At the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria, Hamill came in second in the figures and then won the short and long programs, taking the gold medal. She was the last single skater to win the Olympics without a triple jump. Hamill also won the 1976 World Championships, and then turned professional.

Hamill is credited with developing a new skating move, a camel spin that turns into a sit spin, which became known as the "Hamill camel." The bobbed hairstyle that she wore during her Olympic performance was created by stylist Yusuke Suga  and started a fad, known as the "short and sassy" look. Her eyeglasses with oversized frames also started a trend in the 1970s. The media dubbed her "America's sweetheart." Her skating style was considered "athletic" and was compared to the more artistic skating style of fellow skaters Peggy Fleming and Janet Lynn, although she was also praised for her elegant lines and carriage. According to figure skating writing and historian Ellyn Kestnbaum, Hamill, along with Lynn, "evoked associations with natural, outdoorsy wholesomeness", due to their athleticism, speed, freedom of movement, and appearance, which Kestnbaum states were "images that resonated with both conservative and feminist ideologies during the 1970s".

Hamill became the face of Clairol's Short & Sassy shampoo and conditioner. After her mesmerizing performance in the 1976 Olympics, which was viewed by millions globally, her iconic wedge haircut became a trend among women and girls. Ads for Short & Sassy, both on TV and in print, highlighted Hamill's lustrous dark hair as she gracefully glided on the ice.

Hamill was an Ice Capades headliner from 1977 to 1984. She was asked to join Ice Capades by Donna Atwood, who had been its star for years and who had eventually acquired financial control of the Ice Capades. Hamill was asked to be Atwood's successor as its new star. After Ice Capades folded due to competition and changing tastes, Hamill and her husband bought the financially strapped company's assets in 1993 in an effort to revive its earlier success, but they declared bankruptcy in 1994. It was sold to Pat Robertson's International Family Entertainment, Inc. in 1995.

In 1993, the Associated Press released results of a national sports study showing that Hamill was statistically tied for first place with fellow Olympian Mary Lou Retton as the most popular athlete in America, ranking far ahead of other major sports stars such as Michael Jordan, Magic Johnson, Troy Aikman, Dan Marino, Wayne Gretzky, Joe Montana, Nolan Ryan, and 800 other athletes.

At 40, Hamill experienced debilitating chronic pain and was later diagnosed with osteoarthritis. Her condition responded well to medication and she was able to return to skating professionally.

Hamill has continued to skate in shows, including a regular principal role with Broadway on Ice. She was a special guest in the Brian Boitano–Barry Manilow skating extravaganza at AT&T Park in San Francisco in 2007.

In February 2013, it was revealed that Hamill would take part in the sixteenth season of Dancing with the Stars, partnering with Tristan MacManus. After only two dances, on March 26, 2013, she was forced to withdraw from the competition upon advice from her spine surgeon due to a severe strain on her lower back sustained during practice.

On March 3, 2017, Hamill was announced as one of 16 celebrities taking part in a cooking competition on the Food Network TV series Chopped. She was featured in the "Star Power: Culinary Muscle" episode, alongside former NFL player LaMarr Woodley, Olympic medalist fencer Mariel Zagunis, and UFC fighter Paige VanZant. Hamill was the third and last contestant to be eliminated, narrowly missing out on advancing to the final heat, losing to Paige VanZant in the final round.

Personal life
Hamill wrote an autobiography titled On and Off the Ice. She was married and divorced twice: to singer/actor Dean Paul Martin (1982–1984), and then to Kenneth Forsythe (1987–1995), with whom she had a daughter named Alexandra. Hamill married her third husband, John MacColl, in 2009.  Her second autobiography A Skating Life: My Story, was published in 2007.

For much of her adult life, Hamill has experienced chronic depression, which is controlled through medication and therapy. Her daughter also suffers from the condition. In 2008, Hamill announced that she was being treated for breast cancer.

Hamill was a mentor to 2010 U.S. national champion Rachael Flatt. Flatt, like Hamill, trained in Colorado Springs, Colorado.

Results

Records and achievements

Amateur
Olympic Champion (1976)
World Champion (1976)
Three-time United States National Champion (1974–1976)
Invented the Hamill camel, a camel spin followed by a sit spin

Professional
World Professional Champion (1983–1987)

Awards
Awarded the National Young American Award by the Boy Scouts of America
Won Daytime Emmy Award – Outstanding Individual Achievement in the Performing Arts – Host/Hostess for Romeo and Juliet on Ice (1983)
Inducted into the United States Figure Skating Hall of Fame (1991)
 Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement (1996)
Inducted into the World Figure Skating Hall of Fame (2000)
The "Dorothy Hamill Skating Rink" in her hometown of Greenwich, Connecticut, is named after her.

References

External links

1956 births
Living people
American female single skaters
Daytime Emmy Award winners
Figure skaters at the 1976 Winter Olympics
Olympic figure skaters for the United States
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in figure skating
Figure skaters from Chicago
Sportspeople from Greenwich, Connecticut
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
Participants in American reality television series
Medalists at the 1976 Winter Olympics
Colorado Academy alumni
21st-century American women

Dorothy Hamill


Apollon ve Dafni, Antik Yunan mitolojisinde anlatılan bir destandır.

Destana göre, Yunan Deniz Tanrısı Peneus'un kızı Dafni'ye, Apollon âşık olmuştur. Dafni'ye umutsuzca aşık olmasının nedeni, aşk tanrısı Eros'un oklarından birine hedef olmasıdır.

Apollon aslında çok iyi bir okçudur ve kendiyle övünmeyi çok sever. Bir gün kendisi gibi iyi bir okçu olan Afrodit'in oğlu genç Eros ile karşılaşır ve onun okçuluk kabiliyeti ile ilgili alaycı sözler söyler. Buna karşılık, Eros öç almak ister ve iki ok hazırlar. Biri altın suyuna batırılmıştır ve saplandığı kişiye tutku ve sonsuz aşk verecektir. Diğer ok ise saplandığı kişiyi aşk ve tutkudan tamamen uzaklaştıracaktır. Altın ok Apollon'un kalbine saplanır ve Dafni'ye umutsuzca aşık olur. Fakat ne yazık ki diğer ok Dafni'nin kalbine saplanmıştır. Dafni, Apollon'dan sürekli kaçar ve aşkını reddeder.

Bir gün Dafni yine kaçarken Apollon'a yakalanır Yunan Yer Tanrısı Gaia'dan yardım ister. Gaia, Dafni'yi Defne ağacına dönüştürür ve Dafni sonsuza dek Defne ağacı olarak kalır.

Apollon ise, Defne ağacından aldığı yapraklarla kendine bir taç yapar ve bu tacı başından hiç çıkartmaz. Tüm Apollon heykellerinin başında gördüğümüz Defne yapraklarından yapılmış tacın sebebi budur.

Yine bir efsaneye göre bu olay Antakya'nın Harbiye Beldesinde geçmiştir.Bu efsanenin kanıtlarından en önemlilerinden biri Antakya Arkeoloji Müzesini'nde bulunan Apollon ve Dafni mozaiğidir. Ayrıca burada yaşayan halk,Harbiye'nin meşhur şelalelerine "Dafni'nin Gözyaşları" adını vermiştir. Üstelik bu şelaleler defne ağaçları arasından akmaktadır. Bu da öykünün Harbiyede geçtiğini destekleyen önemli özelliktir.

Apollo ve Dafni isimli heykeli ünlü heykeltıraş Gian Lorenzo Bernini'nin en tanınmış eserlerindendir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Apollon
 Mitoloji
 Dafni
 Eros (mitoloji)
 Yunan mitolojisi

Dış bağlantılar
 Apollo and Dafni  - Gian Lorenzo Bernini'nin Apollon ve Dafni heykeli
 Dafni Destanı
 Apollon ve Dafni Destanı
 Apollon ve Dafni Destanı

Yunan efsane ve destanları

Apollon ve Dafni


You Are My Hero (em chinês: 你是我的城池营垒) é uma telenovela chinesa escrita por Qin Wen e dirigida por Zhang Tong. É uma adaptação para a televisão do romance homônimo de Mu Qianyu e foi ao ar pela primeira vez nas plataformas de streaming chinesas Tencent Video, Youku e iQiyi em março de 2021.

Enredo
Mi Ka (Ma Si Chun) é residente em um hospital onde conhece o agente de operações especiais Xing Ke Lei (Bai Jing Ting) durante um treinamento de resgate de emergência organizado pela equipe da SWAT.

Elenco

Principal
Ma Si Chun como Mi Ka
Bai Jing Ting como Xing Ke Lei
Chen Hao como Shu Wenbo
Jiang Pei Yao como Ruan Qingxia
Wang Yang como Shao Yuhan
Zhang Yao como Xing Keyao

Recorrente
Liu Pi Zhong como Hao Yicheng
Jiang Peng como Lu Feng
Cao Su Su como Ye Xiaoman
Li Bei Bei como Zhang Qingqing
Leng Hai Ming como Yi Qian
Zheng Yi Dong como Diretor Zhang
Mao Zhuo Min como mãe de Shu Wenbo
Li Rui Hong como Xiao Song

Prêmios e indicações

Ligações externas
You Are My Hero no Apple TV+

Programas de televisão da China que estrearam em 2021
Séries de televisão de romance da China
Séries de televisão de ação da China
Webséries da Tencent Video
Programas do IQIYI
Telenovelas da China

You Are My Hero


Kit Kittredge, journaliste en herbe (Kit Kittredge: An American Girl) est un film américain réalisé par Patricia Rozema, sorti en 2008. Il s'agit du premier film basé sur la ligne de poupées American Girl.

Synopsis
En 1934 à Cincinnati, Kit Kittredge s'invente des histoires. Avec deux amis, elle décide d'enquêter sur une série de vols.

Fiche technique
 Titre : Kit Kittredge, journaliste en herbe
 Titre original : Kit Kittredge: An American Girl
 Autre titre : Kit Kittredge: An American Girl Mystery
 Réalisation : Patricia Rozema
 Scénario : Ann Peacock d'après les histoires de Valerie Tripp pour American Girl
 Musique : Joseph Vitarelli
 Photographie : David Boyd
 Montage : Julie Rogers
 Production : Ellen L. Brothers, Lisa Roberts Gillan, Elaine Goldsmith-Thomas et Julie Goldstein
 Production déléguée : Marisa Yeres Gill et Julia Roberts
 Société de production : Picturehouse, New Line Cinema, HBO Films, American Girl Brands, Front Street Films, Goldsmith-Thomas Productions et Red Om Films
 Société de distribution : New Line Cinema (États-Unis)
 Pays :  et
 Genre : Comédie dramatique et historique
 Durée : 101 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
 :

Distribution
 Abigail Breslin : Kit Kittredge
 Julia Ormond : Margaret Kittredge
 Chris O'Donnell : Jack Kittredge
 Jane Krakowski : Miss Dooley
 Wallace Shawn : M. Gibson
 Max Thieriot : Will Shepherd
 Willow Smith : Countee
 Glenne Headly : Mme. Howard
 Zach Mills : Stirling Howard
 Kenneth Welsh : oncle Hendrick
 Madison Davenport : Ruthie Smithens
 Joan Cusack : Mlle. Bond
 Stanley Tucci : Jefferson Berk
 Dylan Smith : Frederich
 Douglas Nyback : Billy
 Colin Mochrie : M. Pennington
 Austin MacDonald : Roger
 Brieanne Jansen : Frances Stone
 Erin Hilgartner : Florence Stone
 John Healy : M. Stone
 Colette Kendall : Mme. Stone

Accueil
Le film a reçu un accueil favorable de la critique. Il obtient un score moyen de 63 % sur Metacritic.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 2008
Film canadien sorti en 2008
Comédie dramatique américaine
Comédie dramatique canadienne
Film basé sur des jouets
Film sur le journalisme
Film de New Line Cinema
Film de HBO
Film se déroulant dans les années 1930

Kit Kittredge, journaliste en herbe


Gelobtes Land steht für:
 Gelobtes Land, das Land der Verheißung in der Bibel

Gelobtes Land ist der deutsche Titel folgender Filme und Serien:
 Gelobtes Land (1987) (Promised Land), US-amerikanischer Spielfilm von Michael Hoffman (1987)
 Gelobtes Land (2004) (Ha-Aretz Hamuvtachat), israelischer Spielfilm von Amos Gitai (2004)
 Gelobtes Land (2011) (The Promise), britische Miniserie von Peter Kosminsky (2011)
 Gelobtes Land (Fernsehserie) (Promised Land), US-amerikanische Drama-Serie (2022)
 Polizeiruf 110: Gelobtes Land, deutscher Fernsehfilm (2001)

Siehe auch:
 Das gelobte Land, Begriffsklärung
 Gelobtland, Gemeindeteil von Marienberg, Sachsen
 Post ins Gelobte Land, Erzählung von Anna Seghers (1947)
 Promised Land, Begriffsklärung
 Tatort: Im gelobten Land, deutscher Fernsehfilm von Züli Aladağ (2016)

Gelobtes Land (Begriffsklärung)


Et-Tayeb Boukhriss ou Ettayb Boukhriss (en ), né le , est un footballeur marocain évoluant au poste de arrière droit au Difaâ El Jadida.

Biographie

Statistiques

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance au Maroc
Naissance en septembre 1999
Footballeur marocain
Joueur du Difaâ d'El Jadida

Et-Tayeb Boukhriss


Pentostatina (Desoxicoformicina) o también conocida por su nombre comercial Nipent.
La pentostatina es un inhibidor de la enzima adenosina desaminasa, responsable de la degradación metabólica de la adenosina, uno de los nucleósidos constituyentes de los ácidos nucleicos o ADN. Es por lo tanto un antimetabolito de ADN.

Estructura
Es un análogo (modificado en la base nitrogenada) de nucleósido (purina), del estado de transición/intermedio de la adenosina desaminasa (ADA). Es por lo tanto un Inhibidor competitivo ya que compite con el sustrato natural (desoxiadenosina) por el centro activo.
Esta modificación supone no acabar la ruta de degradación de la purina, ya que no se puede desaminar al no haber -NH2 en su estructura, pero si encaja en el centro activo de la enzima, con la que se une por fuerzas intermoleculares y por lo tanto reversibles.
Es por lo tanto un inhibidor competitivo, análogo al estado de transición y reversible por fuerzas moleculares.

Mecanismo de Acción
Es un antimetabolito indirecto porque inhibe indirectamente la ruta de degradación de purinas.
Este fármaco tiene como diana la enzima adenosina desaminasa, la cual cataliza la desaminación de la desoxiadenosina (quita amina-NH2 y mete carbonilo =O). Esta enzima (adenosina desaminasa) se encarga de la degradación de purinas, ruta implicada en la síntesis de ADN. Por lo que cuando la pentostatina ocupa el centro activo de la enzima (Adenosina desaminasa) no se va a degradar. Como consecuencia, hay un aumento de la desoxiadenosina (Sustrato natural) y en consecuencia un aumento de la Adenosina 3-Fosfato, lo que va a inhibir la enzima ribonucleótido reductasa, la cual convierte ribosa en desoxirribosa, y por lo tanto inhibe la síntesis de ADN de las células tumorales y en menor medida de las células sanas.

La selectividad de estos fármacos por las células tumorales se basa en la velocidad de crecimiento de las mismas, que está acelerado con respecto a las células sanas. Se verán por lo tanto más afectadas, las células con mayor velocidad de replicación/crecimiento, como son las células del pelo o la medula ósea.

Aplicaciones farmacológicas
La pentostatina es usada como antileucémico (Tricoleucemia o Leucemia de células pilosas). Estos fármacos también son usados como coadyuvantes o inhibidores de la degradación de otros citostáticos o antivirales con estructura de purina y corta vida media, ya que son rápidamente metabolizados por la adenosina desaminasa e inactivados antes de llegar a ejercer su función.

Bibliografía
 Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry 6ªEdición
 Introducción a la química terapéutica 2ª Edición, Editorial Díaz de Santos, Antonio Delgado Cirilo y más.
 An Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry 4e - Oxford University Press

Referencias

Véase también
 Antineoplásico
 Quimioterapia
 Degradación de purinas
 Ingeniería genética
 Inmunodeficiencia combinada grave
 ADN-Z
 Proyecto Genoma Humano
 Terapia génica

Agentes antineoplásicos
Nucleósidos

Pentostatina