Santa Anita Park is a Thoroughbred racetrack in Arcadia, California, United States. It offers some of the prominent horse racing events in the United States during early fall, winter and in spring. The track is home to numerous prestigious races including both the Santa Anita Derby and the Santa Anita Handicap as well as hosting the Breeders' Cup in 1986, 1993, 2003, 2008, 2009, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2019, and 2023. In 1984, Santa Anita was the site of equestrian events at the 1984 Olympics. Since 2011, the Stronach Group are the current owners.

History

The original Santa Anita Park
Santa Anita Park was originally part of "Rancho Santa Anita", which was owned originally by former San Gabriel Mission Mayor-Domo, Claudio Lopez, and named after a family member, "Anita Cota". The ranch was later acquired by rancher Hugo Reid, a Scotsman. The property's most widely known owner would be multimillionaire Lucky Baldwin, a successful businessman in San Francisco who greatly enhanced his wealth through an investment in the famous Comstock Lode. Baldwin became a successful breeder and owner of Thoroughbred racehorses and in 1904 would build a racetrack adjacent to the present site in what is today the city of Arcadia, outside of the city of Los Angeles. On February 4, 1909 the California State Legislature passed an anti-racetrack gambling bill known as the Walker–Otis Law. Similar in its goal to New York State's 1908 Hart–Agnew Law, the California law resulted in the permanent closing of the Baldwin racetrack. In 1912 the racing facility burned to the ground.

The new Santa Anita Park
In 1933, California legalized parimutuel wagering and several investor groups worked to open racetracks. In the San Francisco area, a group headed by Dr. Charles H "Doc" Strub was having trouble locating a site. In the Los Angeles area, a group headed by movie producer Hal Roach was in need of further funds. These two groups combined and the newly formed Los Angeles Turf Club opened the present day track on Christmas Day in 1934, making it the first formally-established racetrack in California. Architect Gordon Kaufmann designed its various buildings in a combination of Colonial Revival and a type of Art Deco known as Streamline Moderne, painted primarily in Santa Anita's signature colors of Persian Green and Chiffon Yellow.

In February 1935, the first Santa Anita Handicap was run. The race's $100,000 purse, largest of any race ever in the United States until that time, produced its nickname the Big 'Cap.

In its heyday, the track's races attracted such stars Betty Grable, Lana Turner, Edgar Bergen, Jane Russell, Cary Grant, Clark Gable, Esther Williams, and other stars. Bing Crosby, Joe E. Brown, Al Jolson, and Harry Warner were all stockholders.

In 1940, Seabiscuit won the Santa Anita Handicap in his last start.

In 1942, racing at Santa Anita was suspended due to the Second World War. Santa Anita was used as an "assembly center" for Japanese Americans excluded from the West Coast. (See below.) For several months in 1942, over 18,000 people lived in horse stables and military-style barracks constructed on the site, including actor George Takei, then a young boy. After the track reopened in 1945, it went through the postwar years with prosperity. A downhill turf course, which added a distinctly European flair to racing at Santa Anita, was added in 1953.

Due to its proximity to Los Angeles, Santa Anita has traditionally been associated with the film and television industries. The racetrack sequences in the Marx Brothers 1937 classic A Day at the Races were filmed there, and The Story of Seabiscuit with Shirley Temple was filmed on location in 1949. It was also featured in A Star Is Born (1937). Several stars, including Bing Crosby, Spencer Tracy, Errol Flynn, Alex Trebek, and MGM mogul, Louis B. Mayer, have owned horses that raced at the park.

The 1958 Santa Anita Derby was attended by 61,123 people, making the attendance that day a record crowd. They had come to watch Silky Sullivan come from 28 lengths off the pace and win—going away.

The 1960s brought about a major renovation of Santa Anita Park, including a much-expanded grandstand as well as major seating additions. In 1968, Del Mar Racetrack relinquished its dates for a fall meeting. A group of horsemen including Clement Hirsch intervened and established the not-for-profit Oak Tree Racing Association. Oak Tree had no facilities of its own and rented Santa Anita Park for its first autumn meeting in 1969. The Oak Tree Association became the operator of the autumn meet at Santa Anita Park. This meet usually ran from the end of September until early November. Many key stakes races were held during the Oak Tree Meeting, including many preps to the Breeders' Cup races. The Oak Tree meet relocated to Hollywood Park for 2010 but the California Horse Racing Board awarded the fall dates to Santa Anita in its own right in 2011. This prompted a renaming of many stakes races held at the fall meeting that were formerly associated with Oak Tree. For example, the Norfolk, Goodwood, Yellow Ribbon, Lady's Secret, and Oak Leaf, were renamed at the FrontRunner, Awesome Again, Rodeo Drive, Zenyatta and Chandelier respectively.

Prosperity continued at Santa Anita throughout the 1970s and the 1980s. In 1984, Santa Anita hosted the equestrian events at the 1984 Olympics, and in 1985, the track set an attendance record of 85,527 people on Santa Anita Handicap Day. However, recognizing the potential revenue boon to the State of California, the California Legislature expanded off track betting, bring operating betting parlors within closer driving distance of the race-day tracks. While the Santa Anita meeting could still draw large crowds, attendance had decreased by a third.  Only 56,810 people were at the park for Santa Anita Derby Day 2007 to witness a Grade I event.

In 1997, Santa Anita Park was acquired by Meditrust when it purchased the Santa Anita Companies for its unique real estate investment trust paired share corporate structure. Following the elimination of the special tax treatment accorded Pair Share REITs, Meditrust sold the track to Magna Entertainment Corp. In 2006, Gulfstream Park and Santa Anita cohosted the Sunshine Millions, a day of competition with $3.6 million in stakes races between horses bred in the State of Florida and those bred in the State of California.

At Santa Anita standardbred racing was also conducted.

At Santa Anita Park's European-style paddock there are statues of jockeys George Woolf, Johnny Longden, Bill Shoemaker and Laffit Pincay Jr. plus a memorial bust of announcer Joe Hernandez and one of trainer Charlie Whittingham with his dog, Toby. There is also a lifesize bronze of Seabiscuit in the walking ring at Seabiscuit Court; a similar bronze of John Henry was unveiled near the Seabiscuit statue in December 2009.  Buried near the paddock is Emperor of Norfolk, the best horse Lucky Baldwin ever owned, along with three other great Baldwin horses: Volante, Silver Cloud, and Rey El Santa Anita, all four of them winners of the prestigious American Derby. In 2012, a lifesize bronze of Zenyatta was unveiled prior to the running of the race renamed in her honor.

Since 1950, Santa Anita Park has annually presented the George Woolf Memorial Jockey Award to a rider who demonstrates high standards of personal and professional conduct, on and off the racetrack.

South African native Trevor Denman served as Santa Anita's full-time announcer from the 1983 Oak Tree meet until his retirement from the position in 2015. Denman is noted for his calls beginning with "And awaaay they go..." and his distinctive gravelly voice. Queensland, Australia native Michael Wrona was chosen to succeed Denman in March 2016, and continued through fall 2018. Frank Mirahmadi took over after that.

Starting in 2014, Santa Anita began adding more racing cards due to the closure of Hollywood Park Racetrack, hosting Hollywood Park's old spring dates from late April until June.

In mid-March 2020, due to the COVID-19 outbreak, racing resumed without fans; two weeks later, racing was suspended until it returned on Friday, May 15, 2020.

Horse fatalities of 2019
In early March 2019, all races were cancelled following the 21st fatality of the winter season; racing resumed late in the month. Races were postponed so that the dirt surface could be studied. Seven of the 21 deaths occurred during races on the dirt oval with nine happening during training on dirt and the others occurring on the turf track.

Thirty-seven horses died at the facility in 2019, causing the above noted suspension of races, and resulting in the California Racing Commission considering rule changes. Following the death of the 30th horse in late June, trainer Jerry Hollendorfer, who had trained four of the horses that died, was banned forever by the Stronach Group from all of its facilities.

Santa Anita Assembly Center

In February 1942, after President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, which authorized military commanders to exclude "any or all persons" from certain areas in the name of national defense, the Western Defense Command began ordering Japanese Americans living on the West Coast to present themselves for "evacuation" from the newly created military zones. Seventeen temporary "assembly centers" were designated to house the evicted population until construction on the more permanent and isolated internment camps was finished. Most, like the Santa Anita Assembly Center, were converted from former uses like racing tracks or fairgrounds.

Santa Anita was turned over to the Wartime Civilian Control Administration, the government body responsible for oversight of the temporary detention facilities, in March 1942, and army engineers soon after built 500 barracks on the parking lot and converted the horse stables and the area underneath the grandstand into residential "apartments". Japanese-Americans began arriving in April, most coming from the surrounding Los Angeles County, and the center's population soon topped 18,000, peaking at 18,719 by August of that year. Six mess halls, each seating approximately 850 at a time, fed some 3,000 people daily at a cost of 33 cents per person. The sanitary facilities faced similar overcrowding, with a ratio of 30 people to each shower after the number of showers was increased from 150 to 225 in early July. Consequently, those in the center spent a significant portion of their time in Santa Anita waiting in line for meals or to use the sanitary facilities.

The Assembly Center remained open for seven months, and in the meantime, Japanese-Americans took up jobs in camp at the camouflage net factory, the hospital or various administrative departments, and set up schools to ensure their children's education would not be interrupted. Transfer to War Relocation Authority camps began on August 26, 1942, when 901 Japanese-Americans left for Poston, Arizona, and over the next month the remaining Japanese-Americans were sent to Poston and several other camps. The Santa Anita Assembly Center closed on October 27, 1942.

Course attributes
Santa Anita has a one-mile (1,609 m) natural dirt main track which rings a turf course measuring 0.9 mile, or . In addition, it has an unusual hillside turf course which crosses the dirt and had been used mainly to run turf races at a distance of "about" 6½ furlongs (exact distance is ), as well as longer races at 1.25 miles, 1.5 miles and 1 mile 1,232 yards. This type of track is one of the few of its kind in America.

In August 2020, Santa Anita broke ground on a new backstretch turf chute. The new turf chute is expected to be finished in time for the 2020/2021 winter meet, and will be used primarily for turf sprints at distances up to 6½ furlongs. Santa Anita effectively ended downhill turf sprints following an incident in the 2019 San Simeon Stakes; under their plans, the hillside turf course will continue to be used for distance races.

To comply with a State of California mandate, Santa Anita replaced its dirt racing surface with a new synthetic surface called Cushion Track, a mixture of silica sand, synthetic fibers, elastic fiber, granulated rubber and a wax coating. The new Cushion Track opened for training on Sept 4, 2007 and hosted its first live race on Sept 26, 2007. The track lost 11 racing dates in 2008 due to a drainage problem with the new material, but intensive maintenance and the addition of a liquid binder greatly improved the artificial surface. Santa Anita restored the all natural dirt surface in December 2010.

Santa Anita occupies . It has a -long grandstand, which is a historic landmark that seats 26,000 guests. The grandstand facade is rendered in an Art Deco style and is largely the original from the 1930s. The track infield area, which resembles a park with picnic tables and large trees, can accommodate 50,000 or more guests. The Park also contains 61 barns, which house more than 2,000 horses, and an equine hospital.

Endangerment and reprieve
In 2000, the racetrack was named to America's "Most Endangered Historic Places" list. The Santa Anita Racetrack was determined eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places in 2006, but continued to be threatened by developer's plans. A themed entertainment complex proposal was aborted, but there were new plans are in the works for the parking and support areas adjacent to the historic race track and grandstands.

In 2006, there was a proposal to close Santa Anita Park and use its location as the site of a new retail/entertainment complex. The Arcadia City Council approved a plan In April 2007 to develop an 830,000 square foot commercial, retail, and office complex in the south parking area, where the barracks that housed interned Japanese Americans during World War II are located. The proposal planned to tear down the South Ticket Gate and the 1938 Saddling Barn, and to install a simulcast facility in the center of the historic grandstand. In April 2008, a plan was approved to use large parts of the existing track parking lot to construct a mall, the "Shops at Santa Anita".

, the plans to build another mall next to Santa Anita Park were abandoned. Protests against the project by the Westfield Group, owner of the adjacent Westfield Santa Anita mall (built in 1974 on the site of the old barns and training track), and the bankruptcy of Magna International, owner of Santa Anita Park, were a factor in the decision.

TV personalities
TVG, which acquired Horse Racing TV (HRTV) in 2015, is a 24-hour television based multimedia network dedicated to horse racing which features racing action from many of the sport's greatest racetracks around the world. TVG broadcasts live from Santa Anita Park.

Talents from HRTV are now employed by TVG Network or XBTV (Xpressbet TV). Santa Anita talent now host the simulcast feed.

Expert American television personality commentators employed by HRTV:
 Kurt Hoover (1988–2012)
 Jon White (1993–2015) White writes a weekly column that is accessible at xpressbet.com and hrtv.com as well as an oddsmaker for Santa Anita Park.
 Becky Witzman (2004–2006)
 Carolyn Conley (1996–2002)
 John DeSantis  (1996–2002)
 Jay Privman (1996–2002)
 Laffit Pincay III (2002–2015)
 Bill Seward (1988–2002) Seward was voted "Top Sports Update Anchor" by the Los Angeles Daily News and can be seen on the TVG network, hosting thoroughbred horse racing coverage.
 Michelle Yu (2012–2016)

Santa Anita Simulcast Hosts
 Megan Devine (2016-2018)
Megan has appeared as an on-air analyst at TVG, Turfway Park, Ellis Park, Horse Racing Radio Network (HRRN) and was fired from Santa Anita Park in November 2018.

Racing

Graded events

The following Graded events were held at Santa Anita Park in 2022 with inaugural runnings in parentheses.

Grade I

Grade II

Grade III

Other events

The Breeders' Cup at Santa Anita

In 2023, Santa Anita will host the Breeders' Cup for a record 11th time. Highlights of the previous events include:
 1986 - Lady's Secret wins the Distaff on her way to becoming Horse of the Year
 1993 - Arcangues wins the Classic in the biggest upset in the race's history
 2003 - Trainer Richard Mandella wins a record four races including the Classic
 2008 - Overseas based runners win five races including the Classic
 2009 - Zenyatta becomes the first (and to date only) mare to win the Classic
 2012 - Wise Dan wins the Mile on his way to a Horse of the Year title
 2013 - Wise Dan goes back-to-back
 2014 - Bayern upsets California Chrome and Shared Belief in the Classic
 2016 - Beholder wins the Distaff in a thrilling stretch battle over the previously undefeated Songbird.
 2016 - Arrogate wins the Classic in a thriller over the heavy favorite California Chrome.
 2019 - Storm the Court upsets the field to win the Juvenile by a neck at 45-1.

Event venue
Santa Anita Park is also an event venue, most notably for popular food festival 626 Night Market. Since 2013, the event draws up to 100,000 attendees per 3-day weekend, four times a year during the summer. More than 250 vendors sell food, merchandise, crafts and art. There is also a stage with live music, an Art Walk, cosplay contest and b-boy dance competitions.

Arcadia High School holds its annual graduation ceremony at Santa Anita Park during the month of June and holds alumni reunions during September and October.

See also
 Luck (TV series)
Santa Anita Ordnance Training Center
Arcadia County Park (formerly Santa Anita Recreational Park)

References

Bibliography

External links

 Santa Anita Park Official Website
 Oak Tree Racing Association Official Website
 Early history of Santa Anita Park, 1907-1909
Horses finishing the California Breeders' Stakes Race at Santa Anita Park, 1938 at the Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles.

Horse racing venues in California
Stronach Group
Internment camps for Japanese Americans
Sports venues in Greater Los Angeles
Venues of the 1984 Summer Olympics
Olympic equestrian venues
San Gabriel Valley
Art Deco architecture in California
Sports venues on the National Register of Historic Places in California
National Register of Historic Places in Los Angeles County, California
1934 establishments in California
Sports venues completed in 1934

Santa Anita Park


Cet article fait référence à divers styles gastronomiques de la cuisine marocaine.

Classement alphabétique

A
 Aɣrum
 Amlu

B
 Baghrir

 Blighattes ou babouches au sésame

 Bouchiar

 Bissara
 Briouate

C
 Chaâria
 Chakchouka
 Chebakia
 Corne de gazelle
 Couscous

D

E

F
 Feqqas

G
 Gâteau Richbond
 Ghribia

H
 Harcha
 Harira

J
 Jben

K
 Kâab mfendine

L
 Leben

M
 Maâkouda
 Méchoui
 Mhamsa
 Mhancha
 Mrouzia
 Msemmen

N
 Njimates
 Nougatine

O

P
 Pastilla
 Pastilla au lait
 Pastilla de Rabat
 Poulet à la marocaine

Q

R
 Rfissa
 Rziza

S
 Seffa
 Sellou
 Sfenj

T

 Tafarnut
 Tagoulla
 Taguella
 Tahrict
 Tajine
 Taklilt
 Taktouka
 Tanjia
 Tfaya
 Thé à la menthe
 Tiɣrfin

V

W

Y

Z
 Zaalouk
 Zellige

Notes et références

Bibliographie
 Fatéma Hal, Le Grand Livre de la cuisine marocaine, Hachette pratique, 2005, 542 p. .
 Patricia Massó, Couleurs et saveurs du Maroc, vol. 3 : Cuisine marocaine, Paris, YB éd., 2007, 28 p.

 Mohamed Oubahli, « Le banquet d'Ibn 'Ali Masfiwi, lexique, notes et commentaires. Approche historique et anthropologique », Horizons Maghrébins - Le droit à la mémoire, N°59 : Manger au Maghreb - Partie II. pp. 114-145.

Articles connexes
 Cuisine marocaine
 Pâtisserie marocaine

Maroc
Cuisine
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Liste des spécialités de la cuisine marocaine


The Apostolic Fathers, also known as the Ante-Nicene Fathers, were core Christian theologians among the Church Fathers who lived in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD who are believed to have personally known some of the Twelve Apostles or to have been significantly influenced by them. Their writings, though widely circulated in early Christianity, were not included in the canon of the New Testament. Many of the writings derive from the same time period and geographical location as other works of early Christian literature which came to be part of the New Testament.

Background
The label Apostolic Fathers has been applied to these writers only since the 17th century, to indicate that they were thought of as representing the generation that had personal contact with the Twelve Apostles. The earliest known use of the term "Apostolic(al) Fathers" was by William Wake in 1693, when he was chaplain in ordinary to King William and Queen Mary of England. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, the use of the term Apostolic Fathers can be traced to the title of a 1672 work by Jean-Baptiste Cotelier, SS. Patrum qui temporibus apostolicis floruerunt opera ("Works of the holy fathers who flourished in the apostolic times"), which was abbreviated to Bibliotheca Patrum Apostolicorum (Library of the Apostolic Fathers) by L. J. Ittig in his 1699 edition of the same. The term "apostolic father" first occurs in the Hogedos of Anastasius of the seventh-century, however states that it was never used to refer to a body of writings until later.

The history of the title for these writers was explained by Joseph Lightfoot, in his 1890 translation of the Apostolic Fathers' works:

...[T]he expression ['Apostolic Fathers'] itself does not occur, so far as I have observed, until comparatively recent times.  Its origin, or at least its general currency, should probably be traced to the idea of gathering together the literary remains of those who flourished in the age immediately succeeding the Apostles, and who presumably therefore were their direct personal disciples. This idea first took shape in the edition of Cotelier during the last half of the seventeenth century (A.D. 1672).  Indeed such a collection would have been an impossibility a few years earlier. The first half of that century saw in print for the first time the Epistles of Clement (A.D. 1633), and of Barnabas (A.D. 1645), to say nothing of the original Greek of Polycarp's Epistle (A.D. 1633) and the Ignatian Letters in their genuine form (A.D. 1644, 1646).  The materials therefore would have been too scanty for such a project at any previous epoch.  In his title page however Cotelier does not use the actual expression, though he approximates to it, SS. Patrum qui temporibus Apostolicis floruerunt opera; but the next editor [Thomas] Ittig (1699), adopts as his title Patres Apostolici, and thenceforward it becomes common.

List of works

The following writings are generally grouped together as having been written by the Apostolic Fathers (in italics are writings whose authors are unknown):

Letters attributed to Clement of Rome
The First Epistle of Clement
The Second Epistle of Clement (contested authorship; see § Clement of Rome)
Seven epistles of Ignatius of Antioch (the longer forms of these Epistles, and those beyond the seven, are widely considered later emendations and forgeries)
The Martyrium Ignatii
The Epistle of Polycarp
The Martyrdom of Polycarp
Fragments of the writings of Papias of Hierapolis, which have survived as quotations in later writers
One short fragment of the Apology of Quadratus of Athens
The Didache
The Epistle of Barnabas
The Epistle to Diognetus
The Shepherd of Hermas

Additionally some have argued that the Odes of Solomon was written by a student of the Apostle John around the middle of the first century.

All or most of these works were originally written in Greek. Older English translations of these works can be found online in the Ante-Nicene Fathers series on the Christian Classics Ethereal Library website. Published English translations have also been made by various scholars of early Christianity, such as Joseph Lightfoot, Kirsopp Lake, Bart D. Ehrman and Michael W. Holmes. The first English translation of the Apostolic Fathers' works was published in 1693, by William Wake, then rector of Westminster St James, later Archbishop of Canterbury. It was virtually the only English translation available until the mid-19th century. Since its publication many better manuscripts of the Apostolic Fathers' works have been discovered.

There are several Greek text editions:
 The Apostolic Fathers. Vol. 1. I Clement. II Clement. Ignatius. Polycarp. Didache. Barnabas. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1912 Kirsopp Lake
 The Apostolic Fathers. Vol. 2. Shepherd of Hermas. Martyrdom of Polycarp. Epistle to Diognetus. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1913 Kirsopp Lake
 The Apostolic Fathers. Vol. 1. I Clement. II Clement. Ignatius. Polycarp. Didache. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003 Bart Ehrman (replaced Lake)
 The Apostolic Fathers. Vol. 2. Epistle of Barnabas. Papias and Quadratus. Epistle to Diognetus. The Shepherd of Hermas. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005 Bart Ehrman (replaced Lake)
The Apostolic Fathers: Greek Texts and English Translations. 3rd Edition. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2007 Michael Holmes
Die Apostolischen Väter. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1992 Andreas Lindemann and Henning Paulsen (German)

Fathers

Clement of Rome
Clement of Rome (-99) was bishop of Rome from 88 to 99. Irenaeus and Tertullian list him as the fourth bishop after Peter, Linus and Anacletus. He was said to have been consecrated by Peter the Apostle, and he is known to have been a leading member of the Church in Rome in the late 1st century.

The First Epistle of Clement () was copied and widely read and is generally considered to be the oldest Christian epistle in existence outside of the New Testament. The letter is extremely lengthy, twice as long as the Epistle to the Hebrews, and it demonstrates the author's familiarity with many books of both the Old Testament and New Testament. The epistle repeatedly refers to the Old Testament as scripture and includes numerous references to the Book of Judith, thereby establishing usage or at least familiarity with Judith in his time. Within the letter, Clement calls on the Christians of Corinth to maintain harmony and order. Tradition identifies the author as Clement, bishop of Rome, and scholarly consensus is overwhelmingly in favor of the letter's authenticity.

The Second Epistle of Clement was traditionally ascribed by some ancient authors to Clement, but it is now generally considered to have been written later, , and therefore could not be the work of Clement, who died in 99. Doubts about the authorship of the letter had already been expressed in antiquity by Eusebius and Jerome. Whereas 1 Clement was an epistle, 2 Clement appears to be a transcript of an oral homily or sermon, making it the oldest surviving Christian sermon outside of the New Testament.

Ignatius of Antioch
Ignatius of Antioch (also known as Theophorus, from the Greek for God-bearer) () was bishop of Antioch. He may have known the apostle John directly, and his thought is certainly influenced by the tradition associated with this apostle. En route to his martyrdom in Rome, Ignatius wrote a series of letters which have been preserved as an example of the theology of the earliest Christians. Important topics addressed in these letters include ecclesiology, the sacraments, the role of bishops, and the nature of biblical Sabbath. He clearly identifies the local-church hierarchy composed of bishop, presbyters, and deacons and claims to have spoken in some of the churches through the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. He is the second after Clement to mention the Pauline epistles.

Polycarp of Smyrna

Polycarp ( – ) was bishop of Smyrna (now İzmir in Turkey). His student Irenaeus wrote that he "was not only instructed by the apostles, and conversed with many who had seen the Lord, but was also appointed bishop by apostles in Asia and in the church in Smyrna",<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103303.htm Adversus haereses, 3:3:4]</ref> and that he had, as a boy, listened to "the accounts which (Polycarp) gave of his intercourse with John and with the others who had seen the Lord". The options for this John are John the son of Zebedee, traditionally viewed as the author of the Fourth Gospel, or John the Presbyter. Traditional advocates follow Eusebius in insisting that the apostolic connection of Papius was with John the Evangelist, and that this John, the author of the Gospel of John, was the same as the apostle John.

Polycarp tried and failed to persuade Anicetus, bishop of Rome, to have the West celebrate Easter on 14 Nisan, as in the East. He rejected the bishop's suggestion that the East use the Western date. In 155, the Smyrnans demanded Polycarp's execution as a Christian, and he died a martyr. His story has it that the flames built to kill him refused to burn him, and that when he was stabbed to death, so much blood issued from his body that it quenched the flames around him. Polycarp is recognized as a saint in both the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches.

 Papias of Hierapolis
Papias of Hierapolis () was bishop of Hierapolis (now Pamukkale in Turkey). Irenaeus describes him as "an ancient man who was a hearer of John and a companion of Polycarp". Eusebius adds that Papias was Bishop of Hierapolis around the time of Ignatius of Antioch. The name Papias (Παπίας) was very common in the region, suggesting that he was probably a native of the area.

Papias's major work was the Exposition of the Sayings of the Lord (Greek: Λογίων Κυριακῶν Ἐξήγησις) in five books; it has been lost and only survives in excerpts from Iraeneus and Eusebius. Other fragments come from the works of Philip of Side and George Hamartolos, but the authenticity of those are dubious.

 Quadratus of Athens
Quadratus of Athens (died ) was bishop of Athens. Eusebius reports that he was a disciple of the apostles (auditor apostolorum) and that he was appointed as bishop after the martyrdom of his predecessor Publius.Eusebius, Church History, Book 4, Chapter 23 Quadratus's major work is the Apology, which was apparently read to Emperor Hadrian to convince him to improve imperial policy toward Christians. It has been lost and only survives in an excerpt from Eusebius.
 Other sub-apostolic literature

Didache
The Didache () is a brief early Christian treatise, dated anywhere from as early as AD 50 to the end of the 1st century. It contains instructions for Christian communities. The text, parts of which may have constituted the first written catechism, has three main sections dealing with Christian lessons, rituals such as baptism and the Eucharist, and church organization. It was considered by some of the Church Fathers as part of the New Testament but rejected as spurious (non-canonical) by others. Scholars knew of the Didache through references in other texts, but the text had been lost; it was rediscovered in 1873 by Philotheos Bryennios, Metropolitan of Nicomedia, in the Codex Hierosolymitanus.

Shepherd of Hermas
The 2nd-century The Shepherd of Hermas was popular in the early church and was even considered scriptural by some of the Church Fathers such as Irenaeus and Tertullian. It was written in Rome in Koine Greek. The Shepherd had great authority in the 2nd and 3rd centuries. The work comprises five visions, 12 mandates, and 10 parables. It relies on allegory and pays special attention to the Church, calling the faithful to repent of the sins that have harmed it.

Epistle to Diognetus
The Epistle to Diognetus, sometimes called Mathetes or Epistle of Mathetes to Diogentus, is the first extant christian apology. In the apology, the anonymous author explain to a pagan friend who wants to know more about the new religion. The epistle talks mainly about the encarnation of Logos (Jesus Christ), the errors of paganism and judaism and explain about the christian lifestyle. This work is thought to have been written around 130 AD.

See also

 Christian apologetics
 Doctor of the Church
 Ante-Nicene Fathers (book) Ecumenical Councils
 Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers''

References

Notes

Citations

External links

Catholic Encyclopedia: Apostolic Fathers
 This contains a more detailed exegesis of the writings.
Apostolic Fathers in the Christian Cyclopedia
SBL Apostolic Fathers Section

Christian terminology

Apostolic Fathers


El distrito de Batken (en kirguís: Баткен району) es uno de los rayones (distrito) de la provincia de Batken en Kirguistán. Su capital es la ciudad Batken, que está subordinada directamente a la provincia y no pertenece al distrito.

En 2009 tenía 69 591 habitantes en una superficie de 5948 km².

Subdivisiones
El distrito se divide en nueve aiyl okmotus:

 Dara A/O (pueblos: Jangyryk, Tynyk-Suu, Kan, Tabylgy, Kayyngdy, Sary-Talaa, Korgon-Tash, Dzhany-Dzher, Chek)
 Tert-Gyul A/O (pueblos: Ak-Ötök, Ak-Turpak, Zar-Tash, Chong-Kara, Chong-Talaa)
 Kara-Bak A/O (pueblos: Kara-Bak, Dostuk, Kyzyl-Bel, Chet-Kyzyl)
 Kara-Bulak A/O (pueblos: Buzhum, Kara-Bulak)
 Kyshtut A/O (pueblos: Tayan, Gaz, Kyshtut, Say, Sogment, Charbak)
 Samarkandek A/O (pueblos: Samarkandyk, Jangy-Bak, Pasky-Aryk)
 Ak-Say A/O (pueblos: Ak-Say, Kök-Tash, Üch-Döbö, Kapchygay, Tashtumshuk)
 Ak-Tatyr A/O (pueblos: Ak-Tatyr, Ravat, Govsuvar)
 Suu-Bashin A/O (pueblos: Boz-Adyr, Apkan, Bejey, Kara-Tokoy, Aygül-Tash)

Referencias

B

Distrito de Batken


Sitting in the Park (Again!) er det tredje studiealbum af den danske gruppe Gangway, udgivet i juli 1988. Albummet består af nye indspilninger af ni gamle Gangway sange - samt et enkelt nyt - og var oprindeligt beregnet til det engelske marked.

Baggrund
I 1987 skrev Gangway kontrakt med PolyGram Internationals engelske afdeling, efter at deres tidligere pladeselskab Irmgardz var gået konkurs. Målsætningen var et gennembrud i England, hvor man tidligere havde udvist interesse for gruppen - ikke mindst  på grund af albummet Sitting in the Park. Sanger Allan Jensen fortalte til musikmagasinet MM i 1988: "Den umiddelbart mest nærliggende løsning var da at genudsende pladen [Sitting in the Park]. Men vores tidligere pladeselskab stillede sig på bagbenene og nægtede at sælge originalbåndene. Så vi tænkte "Fuck it - vi indspiller påny!" [...] Pladen her er ikke beregnet på Danmark. Den vil naturligvis være tilgængelig i forretningerne herhjemme, men den skal ikke opfattes som Gangways nye LP."

Med den engelske producer David Motion genindspillede Gangway seks af sangene fra Sitting in the Park, to fra debuten The Twist, deres første single "Out on the Rebound From Love" samt en ny sang, "Here's My House". Albummet blev indspillet i løbet af to måneder i Werner Studio i København og mixet i Quad Studios i New York af amerikaneren Michael Brauer, der tidligere havde mixet kunstnere som Grace Jones, Aretha Franklin og Madness. PolyGrams underafdeling London Records udsendte i 1988 den genindspillede "My Girl and Me" som første single. På trods af flittig airplay på BBC Radio 1 blev singlen nedprioriteret af pladeselskabet, der koncentrerede sig om deres mere succesfulde kunstnere. PolyGram opgav England og forsøgte i stedet at lancere gruppen i Tyskland. Selvom singlerne "My Girl and Me" og "Here's My House" fik radio-airplay flere steder i Europa, udeblev det håbede gennembrud. Sitting in the Park (Again!) udkom aldrig i England. Det har solgt 20.000 eksemplarer.

Spor
Alt tekst og musik er skrevet af Henrik Balling, undtagen "Out on the Rebound From Love" tekst af Allan Jensen.
 "My Girl and Me" – 3:43
 "Sitting in the Park" – 3:28
 "The Loneliest Being" – 3:47
 "Here's My House" – 3:19
 "Out on the Rebound From Love" – 3:34
 "Violence, Easter and Christmas" – 3:50
 "The Party's Over" – 3:32
 "Do You Remember" – 4:03
 "This Can't Be Love" – 4:36
 "Yesterday, When I Was Drunk" – 5:03

Personel
Gangway
 Allan Jensen – vokal, bas
 Henrik Balling – guitar
 Torben Johansen – keyboards
 Gorm Ravn-Jonsen – trommer
Yderligere musikere
 Ib Hermann – cello
 Mette Bugge Madsen – klarinet
 Poul-Erik Vilsbæk – valdhorn
 Per Walther – violin
 Søren Wolff – oprindeligt strygerarrangement på "My Girl and Me"
Produktion
 David Motion – producer
 Nick Rogers – lydtekniker
 Michael Brauer – mixer
 David Band – cover
 David Storey – cover
 Simon Fowler – foto

Referencer

Kilder
 Iskov, Brian (2002): "That's Gangway - Danmarks uofficielle Gangway-fanside". Web.archive.org. 1998-2002. Hentet 24-10-2017.
 Genild, Peter (1988): "Hej verden!". Artikel, MM nr. 6-7, juni-august 1988.
 Bille, Torben (1997): Dansk Rock Leksikon. København: Politikens Forlag.
 "Michael Brauer hjemmeside" . Mbrauer.com. Hentet 24-10-2017.
 Straka, Rasmus (2017): "Dansk indiepops uheldige helte: »Det var lidt som et godstog, hvor bremserne ikke virkede«". Artikel, Politiken, 6. oktober 2017. Hentet 24-10-2017.

Album fra 1988
Gangway-album

Sitting in the Park (Again!)


Andrew Hulshult é um compositor e designer de som americano. Ele é mais conhecido pelo seu trabalho com a 3D Realms, bem como por suas contribuições em vários jogos de tiro em primeira pessoa, como Dusk, Quake Champions e Doom Eternal.

Carreira
Hulshult mora em Dallas, Texas, onde vive desde a infância. Ele começou na indústria compondo para um remake de Duke Nukem 3D que acabou sendo cancelado. O CEO da Interceptor Entertainment, Frederik Schreiber, queria uma trilha sonora de heavy metal para o jogo e descreveu as demos de Hulshult como "de longe as melhores que receberam". Esse relacionamento acabou levando Hulshult a trabalhar no remake de 2013 de Rise of the Triad. Depois que a Interceptor se fundiu com a 3D Realms, ele continuou com a empresa em vários lançamentos da 3D Realms, incluindo Bombshell e Rad Rodgers .

Hulshult criou independentemente remakes para faixas clássicas de videogames de jogos como Quake II e Doom, a última das quais foi anexada ao mod Brutal Doom criado por Marcos "Sergeant_Mark_IV" Abenante. O mod ganhou o prêmio IGN SXSW de 2017 para "Fan Creation of the Year", e Hulshult recebeu o prêmio por Sergeant_Mark_IV, que não pôde comparecer.

Hulshult também continuou sua associação com o colaborador de Rise of the Triad, Dave Oshry, que se tornou CEO da New Blood Interactive. A empresa publicou Dusk e depois Amid Evil, ambos com faixas compostas por Hulshult.

Em julho de 2018, a Bethesda anunciou que uma nova trilha sonora do jogo para Quake Champions havia sido feita pelo "amável viking do metal, Andrew Hulshult". A atualização foi lançada algumas semanas depois.

Em novembro de 2018, o jogo indie Prodeus foi anunciado e, na campanha Kickstarter de março de 2019, Hulshult foi trazido para compor a trilha sonora.

Em uma entrevista de agosto de 2020 com a Bethesda Germany, os diretores de Doom Eternal, Marty Stratton e Hugo Martin, revelaram que selecionaram os artistas locais do Texas, Andrew Hulshult e David Levy como compositores do DLC The Ancient Gods, com Hulshult sendo frequentemente solicitado pelos fãs. Hulshult confirmou o anúncio.

Trabalhos

Ligações externas

Compositores de trilhas sonoras de jogos eletrônicos

Andrew Hulshult


La Congregación de Solesmes (en latín Congregatio Solesmensis) es una de las veintiuna congregaciones de la Confederación benedictina de la Orden de San Benito.

Después de la repoblación de la abadía de San Pedro de Solesmes por Dom Prosper Guéranger, la Congregación fue fundada en 1837 por el Papa Gregorio XVI, con el nombre de "Congrégation de France" (Congregación de Francia). El Papa decidió que la Congregación sustituyese y recogiese la herencia benedictina de las antiguas congregaciones de Cluny (Congrégation de Cluny), de los Santos Vitón e Hidulfo (Congrégation de Saints-Vanne-et-Hydulphe) y San Mauro (Congrégation de Saint-Maur).

Desarrollo

La nueva congregación se extendió rápidamente mediante las fundaciones sucesivas de Solesmes y otros monasterios de la Congregación: Ligugé en 1853, Marsella (que pasa a Ganagobie) en 1856, Silos (España) en 1880, Wisques en 1889, Clervaux (Luxemburgo) en 1890, Sainte-Marie (París) en 1893, Saint-Wandrille en 1894 o Kergonan en 1897.

La Ley de Asociaciones francesa de 1901 prohibió la vida monástica en Francia, por lo que la Congregación se ve forzada a hacer fundaciones en sus lugares de exilio: Saint-Benoît-du-Lac (Quebec) en 1912 o Quarr (Isla de Wight, Inglaterra) en 1922.

Después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, la Abadía de Solesmes, como cabeza y madre de la Congregación, puede volver a hacer fundaciones en Francia: Fontgombault en 1947 y posteriormente en países de misión: Keur Moussa (Senegal) en 1961, Palendriai (Lituania) en 1998. Fontgombault, a su vez fundará Randol en 1968, Triors en 1984, Gaussan en 1994 y Clear Creek (EE.UU.) en 1999.

Organización
En 2009, la Congregación está compuesta por 31 casas, de las que 14 se encuentran en Francia, 4 en España, 1 en Luxemburgo, 2 en Gran Bretaña, 2 en Canadá, 1 en los Países Bajos, 2 en Senegal, 1 en Lituania, 2 en Estados Unidos, y 2 prioratos en Martinica.

Cada monasterio es autónomo, pero comparten el culto a la liturgia y el canto gregoriano y se busca conservar una verdadera unidad en torno a la herencia de Dom Guéranger, bajo la presidencia del abad de Solesmes.

Véase también
 Eugène Cardine
 Beatos Mártires Benedictinos de Barbastro

Referencias

Lugares externos
 Abadía de Solesmes (Página oficial). Consultado el 30 de diciembre de 2011.

Orden de San Benito
Organizaciones religiosas fundadas en 1837

Congregación de Solesmes


Bulbine lagopus, es una especie de planta herbácea perteneciente a la familia Xanthorrhoeaceae, subfamilia Asphodeloideae, que se encuentra en el sur de África.

Descripción
Es una planta herbácea perennifolia, suculenta y geófita que alcanza un tamaño de  0.15 - 0.45 m de altura a una altitud de  15 - 1080 metros en el sur de África.

Taxonomía
Bulbine lagopus fue descrita por (Thunb.) N.E.Br. y publicado en Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1931: 195, en el año 1931.
Sinonimia
Anthericum lagopus Thunb.
Bulbine caespitosa Baker
Bulbine graminea Haw.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

lagopus

Bulbine lagopus


L'église de Santa Maria al Pignone est un édifice culte catholique situé à Florence sur la place du même nom, entre la via Felice Cavallotti et celle de la Fonderia.
Elle constitue l'un des espaces agrégatifs du quartier florentin du , situé à l'ouest de San Frediano dans la zone de l'Oltrarno.
Le nom de l'endroit dérive d'une ancienne maçonnerie servant à l'amarrage des bateaux qui traversaient l'Arno, appelée  (pomme de pin).

Histoire
La localité est connue depuis le , mais l'ancienne église paroissiale se nommait Santa Maria in Verzaia, située juste à l'extérieur de la porte San Frediano.

Comme presque toutes les structures hors les murs, elle fut détruite en 1529 par les troupes impériales qui assiègent Florence.

Le titre paroissial passa ainsi à une autre petite église, San Lorenzino de Borgo San Frediano, puis à l' église de San Giovanni Battista Decollato, près de la porte San Frediano.

L'église actuelle date des années 1786-1787 et a été construite, selon un projet de l'architecte Bernardo Fallani, sur un terrain appartenant aux moines de  Monte Oliveto choisi par le grand-duc Pietro Leopoldo .

Le , Antonio Martini, archevêque de Florence, consacre la nouvelle église. Devenue prévôté en 1824, elle fut restaurée en 1931 puis connut une rénovation totale et une nouvelle décoration en 1972, avec l'aménagement du presbytère.

Description

La façade simple de l'église est à pignon et recouverte d'enduit léger. Au centre, il y a le portail et, dans le prolongement de celui-ci, il y a la rosace évasée. La façade se termine par un fronton triangulaire .

L'intérieur n'a conservé du  que la fresque du plafond, à savoir lAssomption.

L'autel est décoré d'une structure en blocs de verre polychrome ( 1972 ) conçue par le professeur Crivelli et fabriqué par la société Polloni ; sur ses côtés, dans les murs de l'abside, il y a deux grandes niches, où se trouvent les tuyaux d'orgue.

Récemment, la Surintendance a accordé trois grandes toiles du  qui sont allées flanquer dans les corniches des murs un tableau de Ludovico Mazzanti déjà en les lieux en 1873. En partant du mur de droite et en tournant dans le sens inverse des aiguilles d'une montre, vous trouvez :
 Le Christ change le cœur de Sainte Catherine de Sienne par Jacopo Vignali, 1631
 Immaculée Conception et Quatre Saints de Ludovico Mazzanti, 1746
 San Bartolomeo guérit le fils démoniaque du roi des Indes par Fabrizio Boschi, 1635
 Vocation de saint Matthieu par Jacopo da Empoli, 1620.

Sur les côtés de l' entrée se trouvent deux panneaux en bois avec six petites toiles représentant la Passion du Christ, œuvre de Piero Comparini de 1984.

Oratoire de la Madonna del Rosario

Adjacent à l'église se trouve l'oratoire de la Madone du Rosaire (Madonna del Rosario), datant de 1793, comme le rapporte une inscription sur la façade qui porte également le nom du client, Vincenzo Boccini, dont on peut également voir le blason familial. L'oratoire, contrairement à l'église, n'a subi aucune transformation et conserve l'aspect du , avec des décorations en stuc, des peintures et des bustes. À côté de l'autel se trouvent les deux monuments funéraires de Vincenzo Boccini et de sa femme Margherita (morte en 1802), avec des inscriptions en latin .
Cependant, les peintures ne sont pas celles d'origine : les deux tondi sur les murs sont à gauche du peintre Emilio Crotti (Santa Rita da Cascia, 1958) et à droite du peintre Alberto Zardo (San Giuseppe, 1934).

Notes et références

Église dédiée à Marie
Église à Florence
Page utilisant P708

Église Santa Maria al Pignone (Florence)


Kuglački klub "Dalmatinac" (KK "Dalmatinac"; K.K. "Dalmatinac" Split; Dalmatinac Split; Dalmatinac) je muški kuglački klub iz Splita, Splitsko-dalmatinska županija. Republika Hrvatska.

O klubu
K.K. "Dalmatinac" je osnivačku skupštinu imao 26. lipnja 1975. godine. Po osamostaljenju Hrvatske klub je pretežno igrao u "3. HKL - Jug". osljednjih godina "Dalmatinac" se ligaški ne natječe.

Uspjesi

Ekipno
 3. HKL - Jug
 doprvak: 2003./04.

Pojedinačno

Pregled plasmana po sezonama

Poznati igrači

Unutrašnje poveznice

Vanjske poveznice
 kkdalmatinac.50g.com, wayback arhiva
 sportilus.com, KUGLAČKI KLUB DALMATINAC SPLIT

Izvori
<small>
 kkdalmatinac.50g.com, Novosti, wayback arhiva
 kkdalmatinac.50g.com, Kontakt, wayback arhiva
 poslovna.hr, Kuglački klub DALMATINAC Split
 fininfo.hr, K.K. "DALMATINAC" SPLIT
 bisnode.hr, Kuglački klub "DALMATINAC" Split
 mojatvrtka.net, Kuglački klub DALMATINAC Split
 infobiz.fina.hr, Kuglački klub "DALMATINAC" Split
 ompanywall.hr, K.K. "DALMATINAC" Split

Dalmatinac
Kuglanje u Splitu

Kuglački klub Dalmatinac Split


La statue-menhir de Pomarède est une statue-menhir appartenant au groupe rouergat découverte à la Fraisse-sur-Agout, dans le département de l'Hérault en France.

Description
Elle a été découverte en 1989 par Clément Mas lors de travaux agricoles. La statue a été gravée sur une dalle de granite d'origine locale. Elle mesure  de hauteur sur  de largeur et  d'épaisseur. Elle est complète mais très usée. Les seules gravures visibles sont une partie du baudrier et de la ceinture. C'est une statue masculine.

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie

Articles connexes
 Sites mégalithiques de l'Hérault
 Liste des statues-menhirs de France

Liens externes

 Statue-menhir de Pomarède (construit par photogrammétrie)

Pomarède
Site mégalithique dans l'Hérault

Statue-menhir de Pomarède


Proba de sanie este un sport de iarnă care se desfășoară prin alunecare liberă pe o pârtie descendentă.

Istorie
 Sania a apărut ca sport în secolul XVIII, când, lângă Sankt Petersburg au fost organizate câteva competiții.
 Prima competiție oficială are loc la Davos, în Elveția.
 În 1955 s-au organizat primele Campionate Mondiale, la Oslo.
 În 1957 s-a înființat Federația Internațională de Sanie.
 În 1964 acest sport a fost inclus în rândul sporturilor olimpice de iarnă.

Regulament
 La start, sportivul stă în poziția așezat și se împinge câțiva metri pentru a obține viteza necesară coborârii cu ajutorul unor mănuși speciale pentru contactul cu gheața. Mânușile au atașate în vârf niște gheare, care îl ajută pe sportiv la împingerea în gheață.
 În timpul cursei, sportivul stă culcat pe spate, cu picioarele înainte.
 În urma desfășurării a două sau patru manșe, prin cumularea timpilor, se stabilește clasamentului final.
 Sosirea la final fără mănuși sau fără orice altă componentă a echipamentului, în afară de vizor, duce la descalificarea concurentului.

Vezi și

Sanie la Jocurile Olimpice

Legături externe

 Transporturi de iarnă, 20 decembrie 2007, Jurnalul Național

Sporturi olimpice
Sporturi de iarnă

Sanie (probă sportivă)


An Limnobium laevigatum in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Alexander von Humboldt, Aimé Bonpland ngan Carl Ludwig von Willdenow, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Hermann Heino Heine. An Limnobium laevigatum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Limnobium, ngan familia nga Hydrocharitaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Limnobium

Limnobium laevigatum


Dornhausen ist ein Gemeindeteil der Gemeinde Theilenhofen im Landkreis Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen (Mittelfranken, Bayern).

Lage
Das Pfarrdorf liegt an der Bundesstraße 13 zwischen Theilenhofen im Südosten und Unterasbach im Nordwesten. In Dornhausen kreuzt die Kreisstraße WUG 1 die Bundesstraße; im Norden führt die WUG 1 nach Pfofeld, im Süden nach Gundelsheim a. d. Altmühl. Das Dorf ist von Feldern und einigen Waldinseln umgeben und von der Altstadt von Gunzenhausen rund fünf Kilometer entfernt. Der Dornhauser Mühlbach (die noch Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts genannte Einödmühle ist abgegangen) nördlich am Ort vorbei zur Altmühl.
Nachbarorte sind Unterasbach, Windsfeld, Theilenhofen, Pfofeld und Wachstein.

Ortsname
Der Ortsname bedeutet wohl "Zu den Häusern am Dorngebüsch." Er könnte Ausdruck dafür sein, was die ersten Siedler vorfanden, oder eine Schutzanlage aus lebenden Dornhecken bezeichnen.

Vorgeschichtliche Zeugnisse
Unmittelbar bei Dornhausen wurde ein Rechteckbeil aus der Jungsteinzeit gefunden. 1799 wird berichtet, dass drei Jahrzehnte zuvor "römische Begräbnisplätze mit Aschenkrügen" gefunden wurden. Zwei vorgeschichtliche Grabhügel bei Dornhausen wurden noch nicht untersucht.

Geschichte

8. bis 14. Jahrhundert
Dornhausen ist wohl im Zuge des fränkischen Landesausbaus in der 2. Hälfte des 8. Jahrhunderts oder nur wenig später entstanden und lag zunächst im Sualafeldgau, dann in der Grafschaft Graisbach. Der erste schriftliche Nachweis des Ortes findet sich in der Gründungsurkunde des Benediktinerklosters Plankstetten aus den Jahren 1145 bis 1149, in der ein Ortsadeliger namens Vldaricus de Tornnhusun genannt ist. 1208 gehört ein Vlricus de Dornhusen als Kanoniker dem Stift Herrieden an. 1222 präsentierte Gräfin Agnes von Dollnstein, die das Patronatsrecht über die Kirche von Aha innehatte, dem Bischof von Eichstätt einen Priester namens Ulrich von Dornhausen, vielleicht identisch mit dem 1208 Genannten. Im 13. Jahrhundert werden außerdem ein Ulrich und ein Konrad von "Dornhusen" genannt.

15. Jahrhundert
Eine Turmburg, auf der bis circa 1400 der Ortsadel von Dornhausen saß, übernahmen vor 1488 die Markgrafen von Ansbach; zu dieser Zeit wurde der Besitz allerdings schon als "purckstall" bezeichnet. Den Burgstall und seine Zugehörungen erhielten 1488 die Herren von Absberg als Lehen. Sie sind bis zum Aussterben des Geschlechts im Jahr 1647 Grundherren in Dornhausen; danach fällt der Besitz an die Markgrafen zurück.

1407 (und 1456) zinsten zwei Höfe von Dornhausen an das eichstättische Amt Gundelsheim an der Altmühl; der eichstättische Besitz blieb das ganze Heilige Römische Reich über bestehen. Auch die Grafen von Oettingen hatten im Dorf Besitz.

Im Bayerischen Krieg von 1420 bis 1422 wurde Dornhausen, das bis dahin wesentlich größer war als heute, wohl zu großen Teilen zerstört. Als Lehensinhaber von oettingschen bzw. bayerisch-herzöglichen Gütern in Dornhausen werden nun mehrmals die Punnigkem/Punikeim zu Gunzenhausen genannt. Diese kamen 1442 auch in den Besitz der Taferne des Dorfes. Um diese Zeit sind auch die Herren von Pfalzpaint im Dorf begütert. 2 Zinser zu Dornhausen hatte gemäß einer Urkunde von 1475 Abgaben an die Pfarrpflege zu Weißenburg zu leisten, 4 Zinser 1497 an das dortige Reichalmosen. Die Hohe Gerichtsbarkeit wurde vom brandenburgischen Amt Gunzenhausen wahrgenommen.

16. und 17. Jahrhundert
1504 ist davon die Rede, dass das Dorf "gemengt" ist, das heißt, dass hier viele Grundherren Besitz hatten. Zehn Anwesen und damit etwa ein Drittel des Dorfes gehörte der Schwabacher Ratsherrenfamilie Linck. Im Laufe des 16. Jahrhunderts werden mehrmals Mitglieder der Gunzenhäuser Familie Wurm als bayerisch-herzögliche Leheninhaber zu Dornhausen genannt; sie saßen seit 1484 in Dornhausen und standen in enger Beziehung zur Familie Linck. Nun ist auch der Deutsche Orden zu Ellingen hier Grundherr. 1514 wird die Mühle zu Dornhausen erstmals genannt; sie geht 1542 an den markgräflichen Rat Augustin Megershaimer über, der bereits 15 Anwesen in Dornhausen sein Eigen nennt. Später gehen die Megersheimer Besitzungen auf dem Erbwege an die Stiftsverwalterfamilie Willing zu Ansbach über. Von Dornhauser Feldlehen erhält das Stift St. Emmeram in Spalt Abgaben. 1589 wurden Güter zu und um Dornhausen durch Verkauf der Willingischen und Dettelbachischen Erben markgräflicher Besitz; die Willing waren Stiftsverwalter zu Ansbach und hatten seit 1580 in Dornhausen Besitz. Mit insgesamt 18 Anwesen waren die Markgrafen nunmehr zum größten Grundbesitzer Dornhausens geworden. 1596 wird dann mit den Marschällen von Pappenheim und Treuchtlingen ein weiterer Grundherr genannt.

Zu Beginn des 17. Jahrhunderts (1608) bestand das Dorf aus 30 Untertanen, von denen 18 an das markgräfliche Kastenamt Gunzenhausen, 6 an die Stadt Weißenburg, je 2 an das eichstättische Amt Sandsee und an den Deutschen Orden Ellingen und je 1 Untertan an die Herren von Absberg und an die Treuchtlinger Linie der Pappenheimer zinsten; letzteren trat man 1629 an den Deutschen Orden ab. Im Dreißigjährigen Krieg litt das Dorf unter Besetzungen, Brandschatzungen und der Pest; es dauerte lange, bis es sich von dem Bevölkerungsschwund wieder erholte, wozu insbesondere der in mehreren Wellen erfolgte Zuzug von Exulanten aus der oberösterreichischen Enns-Gegend beitrug. 1695 kaufte Markgraf Georg Friedrich d. J. den Herren von Holtz ihr Dornhäuser Lehen ab, darunter den Burgstall mit Zugehörungen.

Vom 18. Jahrhundert bis in die Gegenwart
1732 besteht Dornhausen aus 32 Untertanen. Grundherrliche Abgaben sind nunmehr zu leisten an das Kastenamt Gunzenhausen (20 Untertanen einschließlich der Mühle), an die Stadt Weißenburg (6 Untertanen), an das eichstättische Amt Sandsee (2 Untertanen) und an die Deutschordenskommende Ellingen (wovon 3 Untertanen des Oberamtes Ellingen, 1 Untertan des Amtes Absberg). Daran änderte sich im Heiligen Römischen Reich fast nichts mehr. Mit der Markgrafschaft Brandenburg-Ansbach wurde Dornhausen 1792 preußisch. 1796 eignete sich Preußen die Hintersassen des Deutschen Ordens an. Als 1802 Bayern das Hochstift Eichstätt in Besitz nahm, tauschte es die zwei ehemaligen eichstättischen Untertanen in Dornhausen mit Preußen; damit waren alle Untertanen Dornhausens preußisch geworden. 1806 endete die Preußenherrschaft, Dornhausen wurde bayerisch. 1808 erfolgte der Anschluss Dornhausens an das Landgericht und Rentamt Gunzenhausen im Rezatkreis, wobei Dornhausen dem Steuerdistrikt Theilenhofen zugeteilt war. 1811 wurde Dornhausen zusammen mit dem südöstlich gelegenen Nachbarort Wachstein eine Ruralgemeinde, die 1818 wieder in selbständige Gemeinden getrennt wurde. 1848 endete die Grundherrschaft des bayerischen Königs, die Bauern konnten durch Zahlung einer Ablösesumme Eigentümer des von ihnen bebauten Bodens werden; statt Naturalien waren nunmehr Steuern an das Rentamt Gunzenhausen zu entrichten. 1862 kam Dornhausen an das Bezirksamt (den späteren Landkreis) Gunzenhausen.

Die Zahl der Häuser im Dorf stieg von 41 mit 210 Einwohnern im Jahr 1824 auf 47 mit 326 Einwohnern einschließlich der Heimatvertriebenen im Jahr 1950. 1961 wurden 46 Wohngebäude gezählt, die von 226 Personen bewohnt wurden, 1966 wohnten 213 Personen im Ort.

In den 1960er Jahren wurden umfangreiche Ortsverschönerungsmaßnahmen durchgeführt, eine Kanalisation gebaut, das Dorf an die Pfofelder Wasserversorgungsgruppe angeschlossen und eine Flurbereinigung durchgeführt. Im Zuge der Gemeindegebietsreform in Bayern wurde das bis dahin selbständige Dorf am 1. Mai 1978 nach Theilenhofen eingegliedert.

1982 wurde der Schlachtflieger und Gründer des "Kameradenwerks", ein Netzwerk zur Flucht von NS-Kriegsverbrechern, Hans-Ulrich Rudel in Dornhausen beigesetzt.

Kirchliche Verhältnisse

Die erste Kirche Dornhausens dürfte eine vor dem Dorf gelegene St. Michaelskapelle gewesen sein; das Dorf gehörte wohl ursprünglich zur Pfarrei Gunzenhausen. 1296 schenkte Graf Gebhard VII. von Hirschberg dem Kloster Rebdorf das Patronatsrecht über die Kirche zu Dornhausen; so erhielt das Augustiner-Chorherrenstift bis zur Reformation den Großen Zehnent, während der Kleine Zehent dem jeweiligen Pfarrer zustand. 1451 wurde eine St. Georgskirche eingeweiht; von ihr zeugt noch das Untergeschoss des Kirchturmes. Sie wurde 1741 von dem markgräflichen Hofbaumeister Johann David Steingruber völlig umgebaut. 1795 erfolgte eine einjochige Verlängerung nach Westen. Die Reformation fasste wahrscheinlich 1541 beim Amtsantritt des aus Nürnberg stammenden Pfarrers Lorenz Schmaußer in Dornhausen Fuß. Aufgrund der Wirren des Dreißigjährigen Krieges wurde bis 1654 von Dornhausen aus die Pfarrei Gräfensteinberg versehen. Im 19. Jahrhundert wirkte hier als Pfarrer der Volksschriftsteller Wilhelm Redenbacher. Heute gehört Dornhausen mit dem Pfarramt in Theilenhofen zu dem 2003 gebildeten Evangelisch-lutherischen Pfarrverbund Dornhausen/Gundelsheim/Theilenhofen/Wachenhofen/Wachstein.

Literatur
 Siglinde Buchner: Die ehemalige Turmburg in Dornhausen. In: Alt-Gunzenhausen 65 (2010), S. 7–27
 Siglinde Buchner: "Dornhausen, ein Dorf, ein Kirch, ist gemengt", eine kurzgefasste Ortsgeschichte. In: Alt-Gunzenhausen 65 (2010), S. 28–61

 W[ilhelm] Lux: Dornhausen. In: Landkreis Gunzenhausen, München/Assling 1966, insbes. S. 202

Weblinks

 Dornhausen auf der Website von Theilenhofen

Einzelnachweise

Geographie (Theilenhofen)
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen)
Ort im Landkreis Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen
Gemeindeauflösung 1978
Kirchdorf (Siedlungstyp)

Dornhausen (Theilenhofen)


Drømmepigen kan henvise til:

 Drømmepigen (The Sure Thing) - film fra 1985 med den engelske titel The Sure Thing
 Drømmepigen (film fra 1998) – dansk film instrueret af Frode Højer Pedersen
 Drømmepigen (film fra 2010) – dansk kortfilm fra 2010 instrueret af Tammes Bernstein

Drømmepigen


Žabnjak ljutić (livadni žabnjak,  livadna zlatica, lat. Ranunculus acris), ljekovita trajnica iz roda žabnjaka, porodica žabnjakovke. Raširena je po velikim dijelovima Euroazije, uključujući i Hrvatsku.

Postoje 3 podvrste

Podvrste
 Ranunculus acris subsp. acris
 Ranunculus acris subsp. friesianus (Jordan) Syme
 Ranunculus acris subsp. hultenii V.N. Voroschilov

Izvori

Žabnjak
Flora Europe
Flora Azije
Flora Hrvatske
Flora Slovenije
Flora Bosne i Hercegovine
Flora Srbije

Žabnjak ljutić


An Cynorkis betsileensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Friedrich Fritz Wilhelm Ludwig Kraenzlin. An Cynorkis betsileensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cynorkis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cynorkis

Cynorkis betsileensis


Los ramunangi son un clan del grupo lingüístico venda  que vive a unos diez kilómetros de Thohoyandou, cerca de las cascadas Phiphidi, en la provincia de Limpopo, a los pies de la cordillera Soutpansberg, situada en la parte más septentrional de Sudáfrica. Los clanes venda se encuentran entre los más tradicionales de África, y han conservado sus rituales y creencias desde tiempos ancestrales. Entre estos clanes, los ramunangi son conocidos como los guardianes tradicionales de las cascadas Phiphidi. Estos  saltos de agua son clave para las relaciones del clan con sus espíritus ancestrales.

Los ramunangi son un pueblo disperso, la mayoría de cuyos miembros han marchado a trabajar a las ciudades. Solo un millar permanecen en las cercanías, trabajando en la agricultura, en ranchos o en la minería. A pesar de su escaso número y presencia –son solo el 12 por ciento de los habitantes de la región–, conservan con mucha fuerza sus tradiciones.

Una compleja red de leyes y rituales, algunos de los cuales conocen únicamente los ancianos, determinan el comportamiento de los ramunangi de Phiphidi. La tradición dice que las cascadas y las balsas que se forman en ese lugar están habitadas por espíritus ancestrales del agua que requieren ofrendas de grano y cerveza. Se les pide ayuda para la lluvia, la salud, la producción agraria y la comunidad.

En Phiphidi, el río, las cascadas y el bosque circundante son sagrados, y dos lugares en especial, son mucho más importantes, la cascada LanwaDzongolo y la balsa que hay debajo, Guvhukuvhu. Las ofrendas se hacen a lo largo del año, con una más larga y complicada una vez al año.

En el año 2000, el custodio de más edad del lugar sagrado se llamaba Tshavhungwe Nemarudei, octogenario que conoce todos los detalles de esta práctica desde su juventud. En 2001, Phanuel Ramunangi era la máxima autoridad del clan y quien defiende los derechos de la tribu de acceder a sus lugares sagrados, muy perjudicados desde los tiempos del apartheid.

Referencias
 Tshililo Phanuel Ramunangi (ramuinangi chairperson): The ramunangi Chaim of Rights of the sacred sites of Phiphidi waterfall, 2008
 http://www.sacredland.org/phiphidi-waterfall/
 http://www.ezakwantu.com/Tribes%20-%20Ba%20Venda%20-%20VhaVenda%20-%20Vhavgona%20-%20Vhavhenda%20-%20Vhenda.htm

Etnias de África

Ramunangi


Sygeplejeskolen er en dansk drama-serie fra 2018, som er skrevet af Claudia Boderke og Lars Mering og produceret af SF Studios for TV 2 Charlie. Serien havde premiere på TV 2 Charlie den 21. oktober 2018 og består indtil videre af fire sæsoner med 24 afsnit á 40 minutters varighed, med en femte sæson bekræftet med premiere i 2022.

Serien er inspireret af tiden efter 2. verdenskrig, hvor Danmarks sygehuse led under en stor mangel på sygeplejersker, og Rigshospitalet derfor indledte et forsøg, hvor man tillod mandlige studerende ind på sygeplejerskeuddannelsen. Serien følger det fiktive Fredenslund Sygehus, der modtager sin første årgang bestående af både kvindelige- og mandlige studerende, og serien følger hverdagen mellem de studerende og underviserne på sygehuset. Medvirkende i serien er bl.a. Molly Egelind, Jens Jørn Spottag, Benedikte Hansen, Anette Støvelbæk, Jesper Groth, Thue Ersted Rasmussen og Ulla Vejby.

Serien er optaget på lokationer på Psykiatrisk Center Sct. Hans Hospital ved Roskilde.

Handling

Serien foregår i 1950'ernes København. I en periode med stor mangel på sygeplejersker lader man på forsøgsbasis mænd blive optaget på uddannelsen. De mandlige sygeplejeskeelever er fanget mellem den ældre generetions fordomme om mandlige sygeplejeskeelever og deres egne ønsker om at yde det bedste for patienterne.

Medvirkende

Seertal
Med ca. 500.000 seere tyder Sygeplejeskolens første sæson  på at være én af TV2 Charlies mest sete serier.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske tv-serier fra 2010'erne
Danske tv-serier fra 2020'erne
TV 2-serier
Dramaserier fra Danmark

Sygeplejeskolen


Kåfjorden (nordsamisk: Gávkevuotna) er en fjord nordligst på Porsangerhalvøen i Nordkap kommune i Troms og Finnmark fylke i Norge. Fjorden går 4,5 kilometer mod syd til Indre Kåfjord i enden af fjorden. Fjorden ligger på sydsiden af Magerøysundet og kan regnes som en fjordarm af Porsangerfjorden som ligger lidt længere mod øst.

Fjorden har indløb mellem Kåfjordnova i vest og Svabergneset i øst. Bygden Kåfjord ligger på østsiden af fjorden. Nord for Kåfjord ligger bebyggelsen Ytre Kåfjord. På vestsiden af fjorden går den lille fjordarm Vesterpollen mod vest. Inderst i Vesterpollen starter Nordkaptunnelen som går under Magerøysundet til Magerøya. Fjorden er 55 meter på det dybeste som er ved mundingen.

Europavej E69 går langs de indre dele af fjorden.

Kilder og henvisninger

Fjorde i Troms og Finnmark
Nordkap

Kåfjorden (Nordkap)


Zond may refer to

 Zond program, Soviet uncrewed space program undertaken from 1964 to 1970
Zond 1, spacecraft
Zond 2, spacecraft
Zond 3, spacecraft
Zond 4, spacecraft
Zond 5, spacecraft
Zond 3MV-1 No.2, spacecraft
Zond 7, spacecraft
Zond 8, spacecraft
Zond 1964A, spacecraft
Zond 1967A, spacecraft
Zond 1967B, spacecraft
Zond Corporation, wind turbine developer

Zond


El dudeísmo es una religión, filosofía o estilo de vida cuyo objetivo principal es promover un estilo de vida coherente con el taoísmo, con influencias de la filosofía de Epicuro y personificada en el personaje de The Dude (El Nota o El Fino, en español) interpretado por Jeff Bridges en la película del año 1998 de los hermanos Coen El gran Lebowski. El periodista establecido en Chiang Mai (Tailandia) Oliver Benjamin la fundó en el año 2005. Benjamin se hace llamar el «Dudely Lama» y su vestimenta es similar a la que usaba Bridges en la película. Su nombre oficial es The Church of the Latter-Day Dude. En el año 2010, más de 70 000 fieles habían formalizado oficialmente su adhesión  al dudeísmo.

El 6 de marzo es el día sagrado del Dudeísmo: The Day of the Dude.

Fundación
Fundada en 2005 por Oliver Benjamin, un periodista con sede en Chiang Mai , Tailandia, El nombre oficial de la organización del Dudeísmo es The Church of the Latter-Day Dude. Se estima que 450.000 sacerdotes Dudeístas han sido ordenados en todo el mundo desde mayo de 2017 y los matrimonios han sido oficiados legalmente por el clero Dudeísta en algunos estados de EE. UU.

Aunque el dudeísmo hace uso principalmente de la iconografía y la narrativa de The Big Lebowski , los seguidores creen que la cosmovisión Dudeísta ha existido desde los inicios de la civilización, principalmente para corregir las tendencias sociales hacia la agresión y el exceso. Enumeran a personas como Lao-Tse, Epicuro, Heráclito, Buda y el Jesucristo pre-eclesiástico como ejemplos de "Grandes tipos de la historia". Los antecedentes más recientes incluyen pilares del trascendentalismo estadounidense como Ralph Waldo Emerson y Walt Whitman y humanistas como Kurt Vonnegut y Mark Twain.

Filosofía
El sistema de creencias Dudeísta es esencialmente una forma modernizada de Taoísmo despojado de todas sus doctrinas metafísicas y médicas. El Dudeísmo aboga y fomenta la práctica de "ir con la corriente", "tener la cabeza fría" y "tomárselo con calma" frente a las dificultades de la vida, creyendo que esta es la única forma de vivir en armonía con nuestra naturaleza interior y los desafíos de interactuar con otras personas. También tiene como objetivo mitigar los sentimientos de insuficiencia que surgen en la sociedad que pone un gran énfasis en los logros y la fortuna personal. En consecuencia, los placeres cotidianos simples como bañarse, jugar a los bolos y pasar el rato con amigos se consideran preferibles a la acumulación de riqueza y el gasto de dinero como un medio para lograr la felicidad y la realización espiritual. Como dice el propio Dude en la película: "the dude abides", que esencialmente solo significa seguir existiendo.

Publicaciones
The Church of the Latter-Day Dude lanzó su publicación oficial, The Dudespaper, en el otoño de 2008. Un libro sagrado dudeísta, The Tao Dude Ching, se puso en línea en julio de 2009. Fue rebautizado como The Dude De Ching en diciembre de 2009 para evitar confundirse con un próximo libro de Oliver Benjamin llamado The Tao of the Dude. The Dude De Ching es una reinterpretación de la traducción de Peter Merel del Tao Te Ching utilizando elementos de diálogo e historia de The Big Lebowski. En 2016, The Dude De Ching fue completamente reescrito por Benjamin, presentando un nuevo Tao Te Ching.traducción y ensayos interpretando cada verso.

En agosto de 2011, Ulysses Press publicó The Abide Guide, un "libro de autoayuda dudeísta" que emplea lecciones de vida de The Big Lebowski y otras fuentes. Escrito por Benjamin y Arch Dudeship Dwayne Eutsey, también contiene material de otros miembros de The Church of the Latter-Day Dude. En noviembre de 2013 se publicó una traducción al italiano con el título Il vangelo secondo Lebowski.

En noviembre de 2013, la Iglesia publicó Lebowski 101, una compilación de ensayos en su mayoría académicos editados por Benjamin que diseccionaban y celebraban El gran Lebowski. Más de 80 escritores e ilustradores contribuyeron al libro.

En abril de 2015 se publicó The Tao of the Dude , con ensayos e ilustraciones de Benjamin, así como citas de varios filósofos y escritores a lo largo de la historia. El objetivo del libro es mostrar que el Dudeísmo es una filosofía que existe desde los albores de la civilización.

The Dude and the Zen Master , un libro de 2013 de Jeff Bridges y el maestro budista Bernie Glassman, utiliza al personaje como punto de partida para una discusión filosófica. Cuando se le preguntó en un evento promocional qué pensaría The Dude del Dudeísmo, Bridges respondió: "Se quedaría atónito. Y le encantaría".

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Web oficial del dudeísmo (en inglés).

Religiones paródicas
Introducciones de 2005

Dudeísmo


Diogo Mesquita (Lisboa, 24 de março de 1983) é um ator e dobrador português.

Biografia
O seu percurso artístico teve início, quando ingressou na Escola Profissional de Teatro de Cascais, no ano 2000, depois de ter saído de um curso de Desporto. Em 2004, formou-se, sendo premiado com o prémio Zita Duarte. Foi aluno de Carlos Avilez, João Vasco e José Costa Reis.

Desde 2005, tem integrado o elenco de inúmeras peças de Teatro, apresentadas pelo Teatro Experimental de Cascais, Auditório Municipal Eunice Muñoz, Teatro Nacional D. Maria II, Teatro Villaret, Auditório Municipal Amélia Rey Colaço, Grande Auditório da Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, Teatro Aberto, Teatro da Trindade.

Em 2009, participou na Mostra Internacional de Teatro de Oeiras 2009, no Auditório Municipal Ruy de Carvalho.

Carlos Avilez, Pedro Pinheiro, Paulo Ferreira, Cláudio Hochman, António Terra, Paulo Matos, Amauri Tangará e João Lourenço são encenadores com os quais já trabalhou.

Em televisão, participou na série infantil Ilha das Cores, tem integrado os elencos de várias telenovelas e realizou dobragens para títulos como Carros, Ratatui, Zootrópolis, Hannah Montana e Violetta.

Em publicidade, possui destaque na campanha da Worten O Clube dos Preços Baixos, realizada entre 2011 e 2013.

Integra a PALCO13, desde a sua génese, onde tem colaborado como ator.

Em 2022, integrou os elencos de O Beijo da Mulher Aranha e O Diário de Anne Frank, peças apresentadas no Teatro da Trindade, em Lisboa.

Televisão

Cinema

Ligações externas

 .
 .
Naturais de Lisboa
Atores do distrito de Lisboa
Dobradores de Portugal
Atores de Portugal
Vencedores de prémios de teatro

Diogo Mesquita


Le régiment d'infanterie portant plus tard le numéro 15 est un ancien régiment d'infanterie prussien formé en 1688 sous le nom de régiment à pied Wylich à partir de réfugiés huguenots. Initialement stationné à Wesel, il est transféré à Ruppin en tant que régiment du prince héritier. En tant que roi, Frédéric II en a fait le régiment de la Garde avec le  bataillon de la Garde à Potsdam.

Histoire générale
En 1688, à la suite de l'édit de Fontainebleau, le régiment est constitué de réfugiés religieux français. En 1732, le jeune prince héritier Frédéric reçoit le régiment de son père. En 1733, il est déplacé à Ruppin et Nauen. Le  juin 1740, le nouveau roi nomme ce dernier régiment de la Garde, qui remplace le régiment royal précédent. Potsdam devient la nouvelle garnison. Contrairement aux autres unités, le régiment compte trois bataillons. Le  bataillon est devenu «  bataillon du Corps de la Garde ".

Personnalités
Outre Frédéric II, le membre le plus éminent est le dramaturge Heinrich von Kleist. Il s'engage dans le  bataillon en 1792. Avec ce régiment, il participe à la campagne du Rhin contre la France et au siège de la première république bourgeoise sur le sol allemand à Mayence. En 1795, il est promu enseigne et en 1797 lieutenant. Il exprime à plusieurs reprises des doutes croissants quant à sa condition de soldat et quitte le régiment en avril 1799.

Chefs du régiment
 1688 : Carl von Lottum
 1719 :
 1720 :
 1732 : prince-héritier Frédéric de Prusse
 1740 : roi Frédéric II de Prusse
 1786 :
 1793 :
 1798 : Karl Friedrich von Hirschfeld

Commandants du régiment

Dissolution
Le régiment est dissous en tant que  régiment à pied Hirschfeld le 28 octobre 1806 par la capitulation à Prenzlau.

Uniforme et  équipement

Jusqu'au milieu du , l'uniforme du régiment consiste en une veste d'uniforme bleue avec des revers de manches rouges. Le  bataillon du Corps de la Garde porte d'opulents rubans argentés sur la poitrine. La casquette des grenadiers de l'aile est rouge et a une garniture en laiton argenté avec un pompon blanc et rouge. L'étendard du régiment est rayé d'argent et de blanc. Les  et  bataillons ont des uniformes moins décoratifs, avec des rabattes rouges et des rubans argentés plus petits. Tous les grades des hommes sont appelés grenadiers, bien que seuls les grenadiers d'aile et l'ensemble du  bataillon portent des casquettes de grenadier. Celles-ci sont jaunes.

Bibliographie
 Hans Bleckwenn: Die friderizianischen Uniformen: 1753–1786; Dortmund: Harenberg 1984 (= Die bibliophilen Taschenbücher Nr. 444); Lizenz d. Biblio-Verl. Osnabrück als: Das altpreussische Heer; Teil 3, Bd. 3, 4 u. 5; . Band I: Infanterie I; Band II: Infanterie II. S. 109ff.
 Carl von Reinhard: Geschichte des Königlich Preußischen Ersten Garde-Regiments zu Fuß zurückgeführt auf die historische Abstammung des Regiments vom 1. Bataillon Leibgarde, vom Regiment Garde und dem Grenadier-Garde-Bataillon 1740–1857, Potsdam 1858, (books.google.de).
 Stammliste aller Regimenter und Corps der Königlich-Preussischen Armee 1796, S. 35 ff. (books.google.de).

Liens externes

 Projet privé en anglais sur la guerre de Sept Ans : Hier No. 15/je
 Projet privé en anglais sur la guerre de Sept Ans : Hier No. 15/II & III

Unité d'infanterie prussienne
Unité militaire de la guerre de Sept Ans
Unité militaire des Guerres napoléoniennes
Neuruppin
Unité ou formation militaire dissoute en 1806
Unité ou formation militaire créée en 1688

15e régiment d'infanterie vieux-prussien


Tejn Mølle eller Melsted Stubmølle er en stubmølle i Melsted 1 km syd for Gudhjem på den danske ø Bornholm i Nordeuropa.

Historie
Møllen blev opført i 1830 i Årsballe og taget i brug samme år og omkring 1850 flyttet til Tejn på vestkysten af Bornholm. Selv om den stod på toppen af en klippe, fangede møllen for lidt vind. Den blev derfor i 1882 forhøjet og sat på en stub. Ejeren, Peter Mikkelsen, gav den under flytningen nye vinger, der kunne justeres . I modsætning til mange andre stubmøller drejer vingerne - set fra forsiden - med uret. Mikkelsen gjorde møllen større både i højde og dybde. Møllen gik i arv til hans søn og var i drift til 1941.

For at bevare den blev den erhvervet af Foreningen Bornholm. I 1959 blev den fredet. I år 2000 kunne den ikke længere fungere på grund af nærliggende høje træer og bygninger. I 2006 blev det derfor besluttet at flytte den til Bornholms Landbrugsmuseum i Melsted lige syd for Gudhjem. I 2009 blev den åbnet for offentligheden. Møllen står på et højt punkt og er synlig fra vejen og er nu helt fri for store objekter, der kan fange dens vind.

Nuværende brug
Møllen bruges til at male fodermajs til dyrene på Melstedgård landbrugsmuseum. Der er en udstilling om møller på Bornholm og en demonstration af brugen af en mølle.

Galleri

Trivia
 Der er to andre monumentale stubmøller på Bornholm: Bechs Mølle og Egeby Mølle.

Eksterne links
 Tejn Stubmølle Monumentnr.: 400-286702-1 på Kulturarv.dk
 Møller på Bornholm
 Møllesten af Tejn Mølle  på Bornholms Museum

Kilder

Se også
 Liste af vindmøller på Bornholm

Fredede bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Bornholms Regionskommune
Stubmøller i Danmark

Tejn Mølle


Iceland is divided into 6 constituencies for the purpose of selecting representatives to parliament.

History
The current division was established by a 1999 constitution amendment and was an attempt to balance the weight of different districts of the country whereby voters in the rural districts have greater representation per head than voters in Reykjavík city and its suburbs. The new division comprises three countryside constituencies (NW, NE and S) and three city constituencies (RN, RS and SW). The imbalance of votes between city and country still exists and a provision in the election law states that if the number of votes per seat in parliament in one constituency goes below half of what it is in any other constituency, one seat shall be transferred between them. This has occurred twice, in the elections in 2007 and 2013. On both occasions, a seat was transferred from the Northwest constituency to the Southwest constituency.

Composition
The constituencies are the following:

Data for the table below is current as of the 2017 election:

Notes

References
"Apportionment of Seats to Althingi, the Icelandic Parliament" (PDF). National Electoral Commission of Iceland. 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2015.

See also
Administrative divisions of Iceland
Geography of Iceland
Municipalities of Iceland
Regions of Iceland

External links

 Article on Alþingi website

Government of Iceland
Subdivisions of Iceland
Iceland politics-related lists
Iceland

Constituencies of Iceland


Back Bay is an officially recognized neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, built on reclaimed land in the Charles River basin. Construction began in 1859, as the demand for luxury housing exceeded the availability in the city at the time, and the area was fully built by around 1900. It is most famous for its rows of Victorian brownstone homes—considered one of the best preserved examples of 19th-century urban design in the United States—as well as numerous architecturally significant individual buildings, and cultural institutions such as the Boston Public Library, and Boston Architectural College. Initially conceived as a residential-only area, commercial buildings were permitted from around 1890, and Back Bay now features many office buildings, including the John Hancock Tower, Boston's tallest skyscraper. It is also considered a fashionable shopping destination (especially Newbury and Boylston Streets, and the adjacent Prudential Center and Copley Place malls) and home to several major hotels.

The Neighborhood Association of the Back Bay considers the neighborhood's bounds to be "Charles River on the North; Arlington Street to Park Square on the East; Columbus Avenue to the New York New Haven and Hartford right-of-way (South of Stuart Street and Copley Place), Huntington Avenue, Dalton Street, and the Massachusetts Turnpike on the South; Charlesgate East on the West."

History

Before its transformation into buildable land by a 19th-century filling project, the Back Bay was a bay, west of the Shawmut Peninsula (on the far side from Boston Harbor) between Boston and Cambridge, the Charles River entering from the west. This bay was tidal: the water rose and fell several feet over the course of each day, and at low tide much of the bay's bed was exposed as a marshy flat.
As early as 5,200 years before present, Native Americans built fish weirs here, evidence of which was discovered during subway construction in 1913 (see Ancient Fishweir Project and Boylston Street Fishweir).

In 1814, the Boston and Roxbury Mill Corporation was chartered to construct a milldam, which would also serve as a toll road connecting Boston to Watertown, bypassing Boston Neck. The dam prevented the natural tides from flushing sewage out to sea, creating severe sanitary and odor problems. With costs higher and power lower than expected, in the end, the project was an economic failure, and in 1857 a massive project was begun to "make land" by filling the area enclosed by the dam.

The firm of Goss and Munson extended railroad lines to quarries in Needham, Massachusetts,  away; a 35-car train carrying gravel and other fill arrived every 45 minutes, day and night. When the Needham gravel pits were exhausted, additional fill was found in Canton, Dedham, Hyde Park, and Westwood. William Dean Howells recalled "the beginnings of Commonwealth Avenue, and the other streets of the Back Bay, laid out with their basements left hollowed in the made land, which the gravel trains were yet making out of the westward hills."

Present-day Back Bay itself was filled by 1882; the project reached existing land at what is now Kenmore Square in 1890, and finished in the Fens in 1900. Much of the old mill dam remains buried under present-day Beacon Street. The project was the largest of a number of land reclamation projects which, beginning in 1820, more than doubled the size of the original Shawmut Peninsula.

Completion of the Charles River Dam in 1910 converted the former Charles estuary into a freshwater basin; the Charles River Esplanade was constructed to allow residents to enjoy the view of the new lagoon. The Esplanade has since undergone several changes, including the construction of Storrow Drive.

Roads

The Back Bay is traversed by five east–west corridors: Beacon Street, Marlborough Street, Commonwealth Avenue, Newbury Street and Boylston Street. These are interrupted at regular intervals by northsouth streets named alphabetically: Arlington (along the western border of the Boston Public Garden), Berkeley, Clarendon, Dartmouth, Exeter, Fairfield, Gloucester and Hereford Streets. All of the west–east streets, except Commonwealth Avenue, are one-way streets.

In the 1960s, the "High Spine" design plan, in conjunction with development plans, gave way to the construction of high-rise buildings along the Massachusetts Turnpike, which in turn allowed the development of major projects in the area.

Architecture

Building guidelines
The plan of Back Bay, by Arthur Gilman of the firm Gridley James Fox Bryant, was greatly influenced by Haussmann's renovation of Paris. It featured wide, parallel, tree-lined avenues unlike anything seen in other Boston neighborhoods. Five east–west corridors—Beacon Street (closest to the Charles), Marlborough Street, Commonwealth Avenue (actually two one-way thoroughfares flanking the tree-lined pedestrian Commonwealth Avenue Mall), Newbury Street and Boylston Street—are intersected at regular intervals by north–south cross streets: Arlington (along the western edge of the Public Garden), Berkeley, Clarendon, Dartmouth, Exeter, Fairfield, Gloucester, and Hereford. An 1874 guidebook noted the trisyllabic-disyllabic alternation of that alphabetic sequence; the series continues in the adjacent Fenway neighborhood with Ipswich, Jersey, and Kilmarnock Streets. West of Hereford are Massachusetts Avenue (a regional thoroughfare crossing the Harvard Bridge to Cambridge and far beyond) and Charlesgate, which forms the Back Bay's western boundary.

Setback requirements and other restrictions, written into the lot deeds of the newly filled Back Bay, produced harmonious rows of dignified three- to five-story residential brownstones (though most along Newbury Street are now in commercial or mixed use). The Back Bay is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and is considered one of the best-preserved examples of 19th-century urban architecture in the United States. In 1966, the Massachusetts Legislature, "to safeguard the heritage of the city of Boston by preventing the despoliation" of the Back Bay, created the Back Bay Architectural District to regulate exterior changes to Back Bay buildings.

Since the 1960s, the concept of a High Spine has influenced large-project development in Boston, reinforced by zoning rules permitting high-rise construction along the axis of the Massachusetts Turnpike, including air rights siting of buildings.

Buildings around Copley Square

Copley Square features Trinity Church, the Boston Public Library, the John Hancock Tower, and numerous other notable buildings.

 Trinity Church (1872–1877, H.H. Richardson), "deservedly regarded as one of the finest buildings in America."
 The first monumental structure in Copley Square was the original Museum of Fine Arts, begun 1870 and opened 1876. After the museum moved to the Fenway neighborhood in 1909 its red Gothic Revival building was demolished to make way for the Fairmont Copley Plaza Hotel (1912–present).
 The Boston Public Library (1888–1892), designed by McKim, Mead, and White, is a leading example of Beaux-Arts architecture in the US. Sited across Copley Square from Trinity Church, it was intended to be "a palace for the people." Baedeker's 1893 guide terms it "dignified and imposing, simple and scholarly," and "a worthy mate... to Trinity Church." At that time, its 600,000 volumes made it the largest free public library in the world.
 The Old South Church, also called the New Old South Church (645 Boylston Street on Copley Square), 1872–75, is located across the street from the Boston Public Library.  It was designed by the Boston architectural firm of Cummings and Sears in the Venetian Gothic style. The style follows the precepts of the British cultural theorist and architectural critic John Ruskin (1819–1900) as outlined in his treatise The Stones of Venice. Old South Church remains a significant example of Ruskin's influence on architecture in the US. Charles Amos Cummings and Willard T. Sears also designed the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum.
 There were at various time three different "Hancock buildings" in the Back Bay, culminating in a skyscraper flanking Trinity Church:
 The Stephen L. Brown Building (Parker, Thomas & Rice, 1922) was the first of the three Hancock buildings:
 The Old John Hancock Building (Cram and Ferguson, 1947) was the tallest building in Back Bay until construction of the Prudential Tower.  (Sometimes called the Berkeley Building, though not to be confused with the actual Berkeley Building, below.)
 The John Hancock Tower (I. M. Pei, 1972), New England's tallest building at 60 stories, is a dark-blue reflective glass tower with a footprint in the form of a narrow parallelogram.  Admirers assert that it does not diminish the impact of Trinity Church; a critic said it "may be nihilistic, overbearing, even elegantly rude, but it's not dull."

Other prominent Back Bay buildings
 The 52-story Prudential Tower, thought to be a marvel in 1964, is now considered ugly by some critics. Although the Prudential Tower has garnered scant architectural acclaim, the Prudential Center overall was awarded the Urban Land Institute's "Award for Best Mixed Use Property" in 2006.
 111 Huntington Avenue (2002), a 36-story tower south of the Prudential Center, is Boston's eighth-tallest building.  The building is crowned by an open dome frame and an enclosed "Wintergarden", and features a  fully landscaped South Garden. It was nominated for the 2002 Emporis Skyscraper Award, and received third place "bronze".
 Arlington Street Church (Arthur Gilman, 1861), inspired by London's St Martin-in-the-Fields, was the first church built in the newly filled Back Bay. (Architect Gilman also designed Back Bay's grid-style street plan.)
 Berkeley Building (Constant-Désiré Despradelle, 1905) features a white terra cotta Beaux-Arts architecture facade on a steel frame.
Boston Park Plaza (George B. Post, 1927), a prototype of the grand American hotel, it was the first hotel in the world to offer in-room radio in every room.
 Church of the Covenant (Richard M. Upjohn, 1865–1867) is a Presbyterian church of Roxbury puddingstone in Gothic Revival style, which its designer intended as "a high gothic edifice ... which no ordinary dwelling house would overtop."
 The Colonnade Hotel (1971), with its row of columns, delineates the "back side" of the Prudential Center complex.
 The First Church of Christ, Scientist (1894; extended 1904), the centerpiece of the Christian Science Plaza, which also features a reflecting pool.
 The Gibson House (1860), preserved very much as it was in the 19th century, is now a museum.
 The Mary Baker Eddy Library and Mapparium museum and Library
 The New England Life Building (now called the Newbry Building) occupies the site of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's first home, the Rogers Building (1866–1939) by William G. Preston.  On the same block (and also by Preston) is the original home of Boston Society of Natural History; the Society is now Boston's Museum of Science—located elsewhere—but the building remains, now in retail use.
 The Saint Clement Eucharistic Shrine (Arthur F. Gray, 1922), today a Roman Catholic church, was originally built for the Second Universalist Society.

Cultural and educational institutions

Prominent cultural and educational institutions in the Back Bay include:
Alliance française, on Marlborough Street
Berklee College of Music, which occupies a number of older and newly built Back Bay buildings
Boston Architectural College, the oldest independent architecture school in the US
Boston Conservatory, with buildings on Hemenway Street and The Fenway
Goethe Institute, on Newbury Street
New England College of Optometry, the oldest optometry school in the US, located on Beacon Street
New England Conservatory, on Huntington Avenue
New England Historic Genealogical Society, whose archive and research center is at 99 Newbury Street

Parkland

 The Back Bay Fens is a large picturesque park on Back Bay's south edge that forms part of Boston's Emerald Necklace.
 The Charles River Reservation runs between Storrow Drive and the Charles River at Back Bay's northern border.
 Commonwealth Avenue, which runs through the center of Back Bay, has a large center mall.
 Copley Square, named for painter John Singleton Copley, is a public square in southeast Back Bay.

Transportation
Back Bay is served by the Green Line's Arlington, Copley, Hynes Convention Center, and Prudential stations, and the Orange Line's Back Bay station (which is also an MBTA Commuter Rail and Amtrak station).

Demographics

Race

Ancestry
According to the 2012–2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, the largest ancestry groups in ZIP Codes 02115 and 02116 are:

See also
 Copley Square
 High Spine
 National Register of Historic Places listings in northern Boston, Massachusetts

Notes and references

Notes

References

 Bacon, Edwin M. (1903) Boston: A Guide Book. Ginn and Company, Boston, 1903.
 Bunting, Bainbridge (1967) "Houses of Boston's Back Bay", Harvard University Press,
 Fields, W.C.: "My Little Chickadee" (1940), in which the Fields character calls himself "one of the Back Bay Twillies."
 Jarzombek, Mark, Designing MIT: Bosworth's New Tech. Northeastern University Press, 2004. .
 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Back Bay Boston: The City as a Work of Art. With Essays by Lewis Mumford & Walter Muir Whitehill (Boston, 1969).
 Shand-Tucci, Douglass, Built in Boston: City and Suburb, 1800–2000.Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1999. .
 Train, Arthur (1921), "The Kid and the Camel," from By Advice of Counsel. ("William Montague Pepperill was a very intense young person...")
 Howells, William Dean, Literary Friends and Acquaintance: My First Visit to New England

Further reading

External links

 Concise Back Bay History by Back Bay Association Business Association championing the economic vitality of Back Bay.
 Neighborhood Association of Back Bay; Back Bay timeline
 History of the Boston landfill projects Course notes with illustrations by Professor Jeffrey Howe, Boston College
 MIT OpenCourseWare: "Building the Back Bay" (1926 account) Accessed 2009-10-08
 Interactive Back Bay map featuring architectural details and information

Neighborhoods in Boston
Historic districts in Suffolk County, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Boston
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts

Back Bay, Boston


Jay Donnelly, né le  à Belfast, est un footballeur nord-irlandais. Évoluant au poste d'avant-centre, il joue pour le Glentoran Football Club avec lequel il devient le meilleur buteur du championnat nord-irlandais en 2022.

Carrière

A Cliftonville
Jay Donnelly devient professionnel dans un des clubs historiques de Belfast, le Cliftonville Football Club. Dès sa première saison dans l'équipe première il est un buteur prolifique, marquant 17 buts lors de ses deux premières saisons professionnelles. Il s'installe comme titulaire indiscutable et participe à la victoire en Coupe de la Ligue d'Irlande du Nord de football deux fois consécutivement en 2014-2015 et 2015-2016. Il joue avec son frère ainé Rory Donnelly.

Condamné
En janvier 2019, Jay Donnelly est condamné à quatre mois de prison pour avoir partagé sur un réseau social une photo indécente d'une mineure. Initialement, il partage cette photo en 2016 sur le groupe WhatsApp des joueurs de Cliftonville. On le voit avoir une relation sexuelle consentie avec une jeune fille de 16 ans. Mais la photo commence à se diffuser sur le net. La jeune fille subit alors des railleries, sa vie et ses relations avec ses amis en est affectée. Elle porte alors plainte contre Donnelly. Lors de l'enquête Donnelly reconnait en novembre 2018 l'accusation de diffusion de la photo. Condamné début 2019 à 4 mois de prison, sa peine est réduite en avril 2019 à trois mois. Après avoir été suspendu par Cliftonville et écarté de toute activité sportive, il est ensuite licencié le 11 avril 2019.

A Glentoran
Après avoir purgé sa peine et après les différents confinements dus à la pandémie de Covid-19, Jay Donnelly reprend le football au Belfast Celtic qui évolue dans un championnat régional, la Ballymena Intermediate League. L'encadrement du club défend alors sa signature en déclarant . Il marque neuf buts en six matchs.

En septembre 2020, le Glentoran Football Club annonce vouloir recruter Jay Donnelly. L'annonce est très controversée, mais les dirigeants du club mettent en avant eux aussi la deuxième chance d'autant plus que la seule charge pour laquelle il a été condamné a été le partage d'une photo et non un viol puisque la relation était alors consentie par les deux personnes. La signature  est restée très contestée, y compris par des anciens internationaux comme Gareth McAuley. Donnelly marque 17 buts lors de sa première saison, il est alors le deuxième meilleur buteur de la compétition derrière Shayne Lavery. Sa deuxième saison le voit triompher en devenant le meilleur buteur du championnat avec 25 buts.

Palmarès

en club
Avec Cliftonville
Coupe de la Ligue d'Irlande du Nord de football
 Vainqueur en 2014-2015 et 2015-2016

Récompense individuelle
 Meilleur buteur du championnat d'Irlande du Nord lors de la saison 2021-2022.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Footballeur nord-irlandais
Naissance en avril 1995
Naissance à Belfast
Joueur du Cliftonville FC
Joueur du Glentoran FC
Meilleur buteur du championnat d'Irlande du Nord de football

Jay Donnelly


Jakov Blagaić (Split, 8. veljače 2000.) hrvatski je nogometaš koji igra na poziciji napadačkog veznog. Trenutačno je bez kluba.

Klupska karijera
Nogomet je proigrao u splitskome Adriaticu Split. Već u mlađim kadetima prešao je u splitski Hajduk, u čijim je mladim momčadima bio do 2019., kad je zaigrao je za drugu Hajdukovu momčad (Hajduk Split II). Prvi nastup za Hajdukovu prvu momčad imao je 16. prosinca 2019. godine u prvenstvenom susretu protiv Istre 1961. Malo je nedostajalo da debi okruni pogotkom. Do prekida sezone 2019./2020. skupio je u nastupima prve momčadi 12 službenih nastupa i jedan postignuti zgoditak, od toga četiri u prvenstvu i osam prijateljskih, na kojima je postigao jedini pogodak.

Reprezentativna karijera
Za mlade hrvatske reprezentacije upisao je 12 nastupa. Prvi nastup ubilježio je 10. svibnja 2016. u prijateljskoj utakmici reprezentacije do 16 godina protiv Italije, a prvi gol postigao je u kvalifikacijskoj utakmici za EP reprezentacije do 19 godina protiv Njemačke 20. ožujka 2019. godine.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Profil, Transfermarkt

Hrvatski nogometaši
Nogometaši Hajduka
Nogometaši NK Širokog Brijega
Aktivni nogometaši

Jakov Blagaić