The Florida-class battleships of the United States Navy comprised two ships:  and . Launched in 1910 and 1909 respectively and commissioned in 1911, they were slightly larger than the preceding  design but were otherwise very similar. This was the first US battleship class in which all ships received steam turbine engines. In the previous Delaware-class,  received steam turbine propulsion as an experiment while  retained triple-expansion engines.

Both ships were involved in the 1914 Second Battle of Vera Cruz, deploying their Marine contingents as part of the operation. Following the entrance of the United States into World War I in 1917, both ships were deployed to Europe. Florida was assigned to the British Grand Fleet and based in Scapa Flow; in December 1918 she escorted President Woodrow Wilson to France for the peace negotiations. Utah was assigned to convoy escort duty; she was based in Ireland and was tasked with protecting convoys as they approached the European continent.

Retained under the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922, both ships were modernized significantly, with torpedo bulges and oil-fired boilers installed and other improvements made, but were demilitarized under terms of the 1930 London Naval Treaty. Florida was scrapped, Utah converted into first a radio-controlled target ship, then an anti-aircraft gunnery trainer. She served in the latter role until sunk by the Japanese during the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. Her hull, never raised, remains on the bottom of the harbor as a war memorial.

Design

The Floridas were the third of 10 separate classes built between 1906 and 1919, a total of 22 battleships being commissioned. The new dreadnoughts of the American battle line were being designed from pre-dreadnought experience and observation of foreign designs, as no US dreadnought had yet been commissioned at the time that the Floridas were designed; all were either at some stage of building or in design. American capital ship design was also heavily influenced by war games conducted at the US Navy's Naval War College. Captain William Sims led a reform movement that assigned warship design to the General Board.

These ships were an improvement over the preceding . Their engine rooms were larger to hold four Curtis or Parsons steam turbines. Their larger beam gave them greater metacentric height, in which the Delawares were notably deficient, which improved buoyancy and reduced hull stress. The ships mounted new /51 caliber guns as secondary batteries in casemates that boasted increased armor protection. The class retained the large and fully enclosed conning towers that were adopted for the preceding Delawares, as a result of American studies of the Battle of Tsushima in 1905. The design reduced the vulnerability of the command staff. Overall, these ships were much better protected than their British counterparts, although they were modified extensively during the interwar period.

General characteristics

The Florida-class ships were  long at the waterline and  overall. They had a beam of  and a draft of . They displaced  at standard displacement and  at full load. This was an increase of approximately  over the previous Delaware class. The ships also had some of their superstructure rearranged, including the lattice masts and the funnels. The Florida-class ships had a crew of 1,001 officers and men. The wider beam increased the vessels' metacentric height, which allowed the Floridas to accommodate their larger medium-caliber guns without any real penalty in topweight.

Florida was fitted experimentally with a larger bridge than was then standard, to house both ship and fire control personnel under armor, while Utah received a heavily armored fire-control tower atop a standard-sized bridge. The former proved especially successful, to the point that when a larger armored fire-control tower and standard bridge was proposed for the Nevada class, it was rejected in favor of a roomier bridge like that of Florida.

The two ships were modernized in 1925–27; among the improvements were the addition of torpedo bulges, which were designed to increase resistance to underwater damage—this widened the ships to . The ships also had their rear lattice masts removed and replaced with a pole mast. A catapult for launching aircraft was mounted on the number 3 gun turret.

Propulsion

The ships were propelled by four-shaft Parsons steam turbines; steam was provided by 12 Babcock & Wilcox coal-fired boilers. The engines were rated at  to give a top speed of . On trials, Florida made  on ; Utahs turbines produced only  but still propelled the ship at . However, the engine and boiler room arrangements remained the same as in the Delawares, with the engine room situated between the rear main turrets and steam lines running beneath the superfiring rear turret. The ships had a range of  at a cruising speed of .

The engine rooms on these ships were lengthened to accommodate the larger Parsons steam turbines, which meant the after boiler room had to be eliminated. Funnel spacing was therefore closer than in the Delawares. The remaining boiler rooms were widened by ; to do this and maintain adequate underwater and coal bunker protection, the ships were made  beamier than the Delawares. During Florida and Utahs reconstruction in 1925–1927, their coal-fired boilers were replaced with four White-Forster oil-fired boilers. The reduction in the number of boilers allowed their twin funnels to be trunked into one single larger funnel.

Armament

Main guns
It was intended originally to arm these ships with eight /45 caliber guns then in development in superfiring fore-and-aft mountings. As this gun did not go into service until 1914, the arrangement of ten /45 caliber Mark 5 guns in five twin gun turrets was retained from the Delaware class. The gun housings were the Mark 8 type, and they allowed for depression to −5 degrees and elevation to 15 degrees. The guns had a rate of fire of 2 to 3 rounds per minute. They fired  shells, of either armor-piercing (AP) or Common types, though the Common type was obsolete by 1915 and put out of production. The propellant charge was  in silk bags, and provided a muzzle velocity of . The guns were expected to fire 175 rounds before the barrels would require replacement. The two ships carried 100 shells per gun, or 1,000 rounds in total. At 15 degrees elevation, the guns could hit targets out to approximately

Unfortunately, the turret layout of the Delawares was also retained, with its respective challenges. Two turrets, Numbers 1 and 2, were mounted fore in a superfiring pair, while the other three were mounted aft of the main superstructure, all on the centerline. The rearmost turret, number 5, was placed on the main deck, facing rearward, the next turret, Number 4, was placed on the main deck facing forward, but could only have fired on either broadside, it could not have fired straight forward or aft. The center turret, Number 3, placed in a superfiring position facing rearward, could not fire astern when the turret directly under it had its guns trained forward. This left only the rearmost turret, with its pair of 12-inch guns, to cover the rear quarter of the ship. Also, since the engine room was situated between the superfiring rear turret and the ones behind it, steam lines ran from the boiler rooms amidships around the ammunition magazine for Number 3 turret to the engine room. These lines, it was later found, had the potential to heat the powder in the magazine and degrade its ballistics. This design flaw was also prevalent in several British dreadnoughts but was considered inescapable by naval designers on structural grounds.

Other weapons

C&R proposed  secondary guns for these ships, protected by  casemate armor. This would have been the only change from the protective scheme carried over from the Delaware class. However, a new 5-inch/51 caliber gun was adopted instead after concerns about inadequate splinter protection for secondary gun casemates and smoke uptakes led to an increase in armor. Sixteen of these weapons were fitted in individual casemates. These guns fired a  armor-piercing (AP) shell at a muzzle velocity of  and a rate of 8 to 9 rounds per minute. The guns could depress to −10 degrees and elevate to 15 degrees. The guns were manually operated, and had a range of train of about 150 degrees in either direction.

Florida and Utah received two /23 caliber guns in 1917 for anti-aircraft (AA) defense. This was increased to eight guns between 1926 and 1928. These guns fired a  shell at a muzzle velocity of  to a maximum range of  and ceiling of  at an elevation of 75 degrees and a rate of between eight and nine rounds per minute.

The ships were also armed with two  submerged torpedo tubes. The tubes were mounted one on each broadside. The torpedoes were  long and carried a  warhead. They had a range of  and traveled at a speed of .

Armor

The armor layout was largely the same as in the preceding Delaware-class battleships. The armored belt ranged in thickness from  in the more important areas of the ship. Casemated guns mounted in the hull had between  of armor plate. After modernization, some of the casemated guns were moved to the superstructure; these guns were protected with only  of armor. The barbettes that housed the main gun turrets were armored with between  of armor; the side portions more vulnerable to shell fire were thicker, while the front and rear sections of the barbette, which were less likely to be hit, received thinner armor to save weight. The gun turrets themselves were armored with  of armor. The conning tower was  thick. The armored deck was slightly reduced in thickness, from .

Construction

Florida, ordered under hull number "Battleship #30", was laid down at the Brooklyn Navy Yard in New York on 9 March 1909. She was launched on 12 May 1910, after which fitting out work commenced. She was completed on 15 September 1911, and commissioned into the United States Navy. Utah was ordered under hull number "Battleship #31". She was laid down in Camden, New Jersey, at the New York Shipbuilding Corporation, 6 days later on 15 March. Work proceeded faster on Utah than on her sister ship, and she was launched about four and a half months earlier, on 23 December 1909. Her fitting out lasted until 31 August 1911, when she was commissioned into the Navy.

Service history

USS Florida

Florida took part in the Second battle of Vera Cruz in 1914. She and her sister Utah were the first two ships on the scene; the two ships landed some 1,000 sailors and Marines under the command of Floridas captain on 21 April. Fighting lasted for 3 days; the contingent from Florida and Utah suffered a total of 94 casualties.

After the United States entered World War I in April 1917, Florida was dispatched to Europe; she departed the United States in December 1917. After arriving in the North Sea, she was assigned to the British Grand Fleet. The ship, part of the US Navy's Battleship Division Nine, under the command of Rear Admiral Hugh Rodman, arrived on 7 December and was assigned to the 6th Battle Squadron of the Grand Fleet. Following training exercises with the British fleet, 6th Battle Squadron was tasked with convoy protection duty on the route to Scandinavia. Following the end of the war, in December 1918, the ship escorted President Woodrow Wilson on his trip to Europe to participate in the peace negotiations at Versailles. Later in December, Florida returned to the United States to participate in the Victory Fleet Review in New York harbor.

Post-war, Florida returned to the US Navy's Atlantic Fleet; she operated along the east coast of the United States and into Central America. In July 1920, she was assigned the hull number "BB-30". In December 1920, she carried the US Secretary of State, Bainbridge Colby, on a diplomatic trip around the Caribbean and South America. Florida was the oldest American battleship that was retained under the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922. She underwent extensive reconstruction and modernization during the mid-1920s. After emerging from the shipyard, she was assigned as the flagship of the Control Force, US Fleet. The ship conducted a series of training cruises for the remainder of the decade. Under the London Naval Treaty of 1930, the ship was to be discarded. She was decommissioned in February 1931 and towed to the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard, where she was broken up for scrap.

USS Utah

Utahs first assignment was with the US Navy's Atlantic Fleet. During 1913, she took a goodwill voyage to the Mediterranean. Utah was also involved in the Second Battle of Vera Cruz, alongside her sister Florida. The ship also saw front-line duty in the First World War, although she was not attached to the British Grand Fleet. Starting in September 1918, Utah was based in Bantry Bay, Ireland. Here she conducted convoy escort duties on the approach to Europe.

Post-war service saw Utah again in the Atlantic Fleet; during 1921–22, she was stationed in Europe. Utah was also retained under the Washington Naval Treaty. In 1924–1925, the ship sailed on a goodwill cruise to South America. Following her return to the United States, she was taken into dry dock for significant reconstruction. After she rejoined the active fleet, she was assigned to the US Scouting Fleet. Late in 1928, she steamed to the South Atlantic, where she picked up President-Elect Herbert Hoover, who was returning from an ambassadorial visit to several South American countries.

According to the London Naval Treaty, the ship was to be removed from front-line service. In 1931 she had her main battery guns removed and was converted into a radio-controlled target ship. She was redesignated AG-16, and served in this capacity through 1941. In 1935 she was rebuilt again, gaining a single /75 caliber anti-aircraft gun in a quadruple mount for experimental testing and development of the new type of weapon. She continued her role as a target ship, and in 1941 had several additional anti-aircraft guns installed to increase her capacity to train gunners. Later that year she was transferred to the US Pacific Fleet and based in Pearl Harbor. She was present in Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, was hit by two torpedoes, capsized, and sank. A few years later, the hull was partially righted and towed closer to Ford Island in a failed salvage effort, where the wreck remains today.

Footnotes

References

Further reading

Battleship classes

World War I battleships of the United States

Florida-class battleship


Kurt (Canis lupus),  veya bozkurt Avrasya ve Kuzey Amerika'ya özgü ve Canis cinsinden iri bir memelidir. Otuzdan fazla Canis lupus alt türü tanınmakta ve bozkurt denildiğinde günlük konuşma dilinde evcilleştirilmemiş ve yabani alt türler anlaşılmaktadır. Ortalama ağırlığı erkeklerde 40 kg, dişilerde de 37 kg olan kurtlar, köpekgiller (Canidae) familyasının yaşayan en iri üyeleridir. Boyları 105 ila 160 cm arasında değişirken omuz yükseklikleri de 80 ila 85 cm arasındadır. Kurtlar diğer Canis türlerinden daha az sivri kulakları ve ağız ile burunlarıyla olduğu kadar daha uzun kuyrukları ve daha kısa gövdeleri ile de ayırt edilir. Yine de kır kurdu ile altın çakal gibi daha küçük Canis türleri ile yakın akraba oldukları için birlikte üreyerek doğurgan melezler ortaya çıkarabilir. Kurdun çizgili kürkleri genellikle beyaz, kahverengi, gri ve siyah alacalıdır ancak Arktik bölgelerde yaşayan alt türleri hemen hemen tamamen beyaz kürklü olabilmektedir.

Canis türleri arasında kurtlar, büyük avlarla başa çıkabilmek için gösterdikleri fiziksel uyarlanmalar, daha sosyal doğası ve oldukça gelişmiş kendilerini ifade etme davranışlarıyla sürü ile avlanma için en çok özelleşmiş türdür. Yanlarında yavruları ile birlikte bir çift erkek ve dişi kurttan oluşan çekirdek aile olarak dolaşırlar. Yavrular cinsel olgunluğa eriştiklerinde ve sürü içinde besin için olan rekabete karşılık olarak ayrılıp kendi sürülerini oluşturabilirler. Aynı zamanda bölgeci olan kurtlar arasında ölümlerin en önemli nedenleri arasında bölgelerini korumak için yapılan dövüşler bulunur. Esasen etobur olan kurt doğal ortamında yaşayan iri toynaklıların yanı sıra daha küçük hayvanlar, çiftlik hayvanları, leş ve çöple de beslenir. Yalnız ya da çift olarak avlanan kurtların başarı oranı büyük sürüler hâlinde avlanan kurtlardan genel olarak daha yüksektir. Patojenler, parazitler, özellikle de kuduz; kurtları hasta edebilir.

Küresel kurt popülasyonunun 2018 yılında 200.000 ila 250.000 arasında olduğu tahmin edilmektedir ve Dünya Doğa ve Doğal Kaynakları Koruma Birliği (IUCN) tarafından asgari endişe altındaki türler arasında kabul edilmektedir. Çiftlik hayvanlarına saldırmaları nedeniyle hayvancılıkla uğraşan çoğu topluluk tarafından nefret edilen ve avlanan ama bazı tarımla geçinen ya da avcı-toplayıcı topluluklar tarafından da aksine saygı duyulan kurtların insanlarla olan etkileşimleri oldukça eskiye dayanır. İnsan topluluklarında kurtlardan korkma yaygın olsa da, kaydedilmiş olan, kurtların insanlara saldırdığı olayların çoğu kuduza yakalanmış kurtlar tarafından gerçekleştirilmiştir. Görece sayılarının azalmış olması, insanlardan uzakta yaşaması ve avcılar ve çobanlar ile yaşadıkları deneyimler sonucunda insandan korkma duyusu geliştirmiş olmaları nedeniyle kurtların insanlara saldırmasına oldukça ender rastlanır.

Taksonomi
İsveçli botanist ve zoolog Carl Linnaeus 1758 yılında Systema Naturae adlı eserinde taksonomik ikili adlandırmayı yayımladı. Canis Latince "köpek" demektir ve Linnaeus bu cins altında aralarında evcil köpekler, kurtlar, ve çakallar da bulunan köpeğe benzeyen etçilleri listelemiştir. Evcil köpeği Canis familiaris, kurdu da Canis lupus olarak adlandırarak sınıflandıran Linnaeus, evcil köpeklerin yukarı doğru kıvrılabilen kuyrukları olduğunu ve bunnun evcil köpekler dışındaki diğer köpek benzeri türlerde görülmediği için kurttan ayrı bir tür olduğunu düşünerek bu sınıflandırmayı yapmıştır.

Alt türler
Kurtların alt türleri hakkında farklı görüşler vardır. Son yıllarda bilim insanları arasında, 13 yaşayan, 2 de soyu tükenmiş alt türü olduğu kabul edilen aşağıdaki sınıflandırma yayılmaya başlamıştır.

Bunların dışında, "Kurt" adını taşıyan başka türler de vardır. Örneğin yeleli kurt, köpekgiller familyasına aittir ama gerçek "Canis lupus" türüyle ilişkisi yoktur.

Özellikleri
Daha yakından incelendiğinde kurdun vücudunun köpeğinkinden daha uzun, göğsünün de daha yüksek ve daha ince olduğu görülür. Kurtların kafası büyük, kulakları kısa, püsküllü kuyrukları vücutlarının üçte biri uzunluğundadır. Renkleri alt türlerine göre yöresel olarak değişir, beyaz, krem rengi, sarımsı, kızıl, gri ve siyah olabilir.

Avrupa'nın ve Asya'nın fazla sıcak olmayan bölgelerinde boz kurtlar çoğunluktadır. Daha kuzeye gidildiğinde siyah ve beyaz renkli kurtlara rastlanır.

Kurtların boyutları da yöresel olarak değişir:
 En büyük kurtlar Doğu Avrupa, Alaska, Orta Rusya, İskandinavya ve Kuzeybatı Kanada'da görülür, 160 cm vücut uzunluğuna (+ 52 cm kuyruk) ve ayakta dururken 80 cm boya erişirler. Bu kurtlar 65–85 kg ağırlığa kadar ulaşabilir.
 En küçük kurtlar Orta Doğu, Akdeniz çevresi, Meksika ve Arap Yarımadası'nda bulunur ve bunları ancak 80 cm vücut uzunluğuna (+ 29 cm kuyruk) ve 20–30 kg ağırlığa ulaşırlar.

Köpek ile kurt arasındaki farklar
Genelde kurtları köpeklerden ayırt etmek mümkündür, ama bazen bir türün kurt olduğunu tespit etmek çok zor olabilir.

 Kurtlar kuyruklarını çoğu zaman yatay ya da hafif dik tutarlar ama köpeklerin kuyrukları çoğu zaman dik ya da kıvrık durur.
 Özellikle kafatasları çok farklıdır: Göz yüksekliği, kulak içi, Praesphenoid, Basis vomerus, Fissura petrobasialis, çene ve kesici dişler kurtlarda ve köpeklerde birbirinden farklıdır.
 Kurtlar senede bir kez yavrularlar, köpekler ise çoğunlukla iki kez yavrular.
 Bir ayak izinin kurda mı yoksa köpeğe mi ait olduğu, izlerin sayısı ile tespit edilebilir. Kurtlar arka ayakları ile ön ayaklarının bastığı noktaya basarlar.

Dağılımı
İnsanlar tarım ve sürü hayvancılığını geliştirmeden evvel, kurt, dünyanın en yaygın yırtıcı hayvanıydı. Tüm Avrasya'da, Kuzey Afrika ve Kuzey Amerika'da yaygındı. Ancak özellikle Batı Avrupa gibi yoğun yerleşim olan gelişmiş ülkelerde insanlarca soyu tüketildi. Günümüzde Doğu Avrupa, Balkan yarımadası, Kanada, Sibirya, Moğolistan ve İran'da kurtların bulunduğu büyük bölgelere rastlanır. Bunların dışında sadece, yalıtılmış (bazen 100'den az hayvan bulunan) ufak bölgeler bulunur.

Çok iyi uyum sağlayabilen bir hayvan olan kurt, Kuzey Kutbu'nun buz çöllerinden, Orta Asya'nın ve Kuzey Amerika'nın kum çöllerine kadar farklı habitatlarda yaşayabilir. Çoğu kurt, bozkırlarda ve ormanlarda yaşar. Erken çağlardan beri insanların sahip çıktığı açık alanlardan ormanlara kaçması yüzünden bir orman hayvanı olarak tanınmıştır.

Davranışlar, sosyal yaşam

Ara sıra yalnız gezen kurtlara rastlanırsa da, genellikle bir sürüye bağlı olarak yaşarlar. Bir kurt sürüsü, anne, baba ve yavrularından oluşan bir ailedir. Kurtlar, ev köpeklerinden daha geç, ancak iki yaşında üreyebilir, bu nedenle iki yaşını dolduruncaya kadar ailelerinin yanında kalırlar. Bir önceki senenin yavruları kendilerinden küçük kardeşlerine bakarak ebeveynlere yardımcı olur. Anne ve baba, çocuklarına karşı daima serttir, bu yüzden sürünün içindeki hiyerarşi bellidir ve kimse otoriteyi sarsmaya cesaret etmez. Akraba olan iki kurdun çiftleşmesi (ensest) hiç görülmemiştir. Kurtlar çiftleşmek için yabancı bir kurt bulamazlarsa ömür boyu çiftleşmezler. (Neredeyse) hiç görülmese de, köpekler ve kurtlar hala günümüze kadar aralarında çiftleşebilir ve yine yavrulayabilen (kısır olmayan) yavrular dünyaya getirebilirler.

Bazı eski kitaplarda bir kurt sürüsünün yapısı şöyle tarif edilir:
".. Sürünün başı alfa çiftidir ve onların dışında hiçbir üye çiftleşip yavru yapamaz. Sürünün içinde her üyenin farklı statüsü vardır. Sürünün içinde en son sırada, herkesin sataştığı bir "Kara koyun" vardır. Ara sıra kurtlardan birisi alfa üyelerine baş kaldırır ve kendi statüsünü yükseltmek için onunla dövüşür."

Akraba olmayan kurtların bilimsel araştırmalar için bir araya kapatılarak izlenmesi sonucu ortaya konulan bu  bilgiler doğadaki gerçekleri yansıtmaz. Bu şekilde bir araya getirilen yabancı kurtlar neredeyse her gün dövüşür.

Kurtlarda gebelik yaklaşık 60 gün sürer. Genellikle 3 ila 6 (en az 1, en fazla 14) yavru doğururlar.

Kurtlar kargalarla sıkı dost olabilirler. Kargalar kurt sürüleriyle birlikte yaşamayı sever, kurt yavruları da kargalarla oyun oynayabilir. Boz ayı gibi iri bir düşman göründüğünde, kargalar kurtları uyarırlar, kurtlar da ganimetlerini kargalarla paylaşabilirler.

Beslenme

Kurtlar en çok otobur memeliler ile beslenir, ama daha iyi bir şey bulamayınca kemirgenler ve kuşlar gibi küçük hayvanları da avlarlar. Gıdanın kıt olduğu zamanlarda leş bile yiyebilirler. Diğer bazı yırtıcı etoburlar gibi vitamin ihtiyaçlarını sadece otobur hayvanların mide içeriği ile gidermezler, kendileri de ara sıra böğürtlen ve diğer yabani meyveleri yerler. Ayrıca yavru kurtlar böcek de yer.

İnsanlar ve kurtlar

Evcilleştirilmesi
Belgeler, 14.000 yıl önce, kurtların insan çöplerini yiyerek onlara yaklaşması ve insanların kurtların yeteneğinden yararlanma isteği ile ilk köpeklerin evrildiğini gösterir. Ama günümüzdeki moleküler genetik araştırmaların sonucunda evcil köpeklerinin çok daha erken, 100.000 yıl önce kurtlardan ayrıldığı belirlenmiştir. Neredeyse hiç görülmese de köpekler ve kurtlar şimdi bile aralarında çiftleşebilir ve yavrulayabilen yavrular dünyaya getirebilirler.

Mitoloji

Kurt, dünyanın çeşitli kültürlerinde farklı şekilde mitolojiye yansımış, bazen hayranlık duyulmuş, bazen de tehlike olarak görülüp nefret edilmiş bir türdür. Avrupa kültürlerindeki masallarda ve efsanelerde çoğunlukla tehlikeli ve nefret edilen bir kötülük sembolü olarak geçer. Bu kötü yansımanın bazı örnekleri, İskandinav mitolojisindeki dev kurt Fenrisulfr ile Skoll ve Hati karakterleri ve kurtadam efsanesidir. Orta Çağ Almanyası'ndan kalan Kırmızı Başlıklı Kız masalı ve bazı diğer masallarda da kötülüğün sembolü bir kurttur. Öte yandan, antik Roma kültüründe kurt, Roma şehrinin kurucuları Romulus ve Remus'u emziren kutsal bir yaratıktır.

Orta ve Kuzey Asya kültürlerinde ve bu kültürlerle eski bir bağı olan Kuzey Amerika yerli kültürlerinde kurt daima hayranlık duyulan ve kutsal sayılan bir hayvan olarak karşımıza çıkar. Türklerde, Kuzey Amerika'nın Erokez, Aleut ve Tlingit halklarında kutsal ata ve halkın totemi olarak görülür. Alaska'da yaşayan Aleut halkı, atalarının ruhlarının kurtların içinde yaşadığına inanır ve her sene göç eden bufalo sürüleri geldiğinde vahşi kurt sürüleri ile yan yana koşarak onlarla birlikte bufalo avlarlar.

Türk mitolojisinde kurt

Bu kurt kültürünün Türklerdeki en eski kanıtları, Türklerin ataları olarak görülen Hun halkında (MÖ 1700 - MS 300) ve bunlardan sonra gelen Türk halklarında, kültürlerinin önemli bir unsuru olarak görülür. Türkler, Tengri tarafından gönderilen Asena adında bir dişi kurdun ilk hükümdarlarının annesi olduğuna inanmış ve kurdu kutsal saymışlardır. Kurt resimleri bazı eski Türk bayraklarında yer almış ve Türk ordusunun başında bulunan kimseye "kök börü" (mavi kurt ya da gök kurdu) denilmiştir. Kurdun eski Türk kültüründeki yerini gösteren bir kanıt da, bir çocuğu emziren dişi kurdun, MS 6. yüzyılda kabartma olarak Bugut dikilitaşına kazınmış resmidir. Türklerin en eski düşmanlarından olan Çinlilerde ise kötülüğün, acımasızlığın ve oburluğun sembolüdür. Ayrıca Orhun Yazıtlarında da Türk ordusu kurda benzetilmiştir.

Türklerin eski inançlarında ve söylencelerinde kurtlar kutsal sayılır ve kurtların göğe doğru uluyarak Tengri'ye dua ettiğine inanılırdı.
Ayrıca günümüz kültüründe de milliyetçi bir kuruluş olan Ülkü Ocakları Eğitim Kültür Vakfı ile Türk Ocakları Derneğinin amblemi kurt şeklindedir. Türk Milliyetçileri arasında bozkurt işareti yaygındır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Türkiye direyi

Kaynakça

Notlar

Özel

Genel

Dış bağlantılar
 International Wolf Center  (İngilizce)

Kayalık Dağlar faunası
Kuzey Amerika megafaunası
Avrasya megafaunası
Kuzey Asya megafaunası
Leşçiller
Carl Linnaeus tarafından adlandırılmış taksonlar
Süper yırtıcılar
Holarktik biyocoğrafik bölgesi faunası
Kuzey Amerika memelileri

Kurt


Unter einem Effektor versteht man in der Physiologie eine Zelle oder einen Zellverband mit dem Vermögen, auf einen neuronalen Impuls hin einen Effekt hervorzubringen, so eine Muskelzelle durch Kontraktion oder eine Drüse(nzelle) durch Sekretion. Erfolgsorgan heißt das zugehörige Organ, beispielsweise der Muskel, dem eine Muskelfaser zugehört.

Bei einer einfachen Verschaltung wie im (zentral) monosynaptischen Reflex wird ein Reiz vom Rezeptor oder Sensor aufgenommen, in ein elektrisches Potential (Generatorpotential) überführt (transduziert), dieses in eine Serie von Aktionspotentialen (AP) umgeformt (transformiert) und die Erregung mit einer Synapse im ZNS auf ein Motoneuron übertragen (transmittiert), das daraufhin Impulse (AP) bildet, weiterleitet und an der motorischen Endplatte auf eine Muskelfaser als den Effektor überträgt. Dieser wird dadurch erregt (AP), wodurch in kontraktilen Elementen (Myofibrillen) eine Interaktion zustande kommt, die Kontraktion. Durch diesen Effekt kann sich der Muskel verkürzen, was als Antwort auf den Reiz verstanden wird.

Der zwischen dem Reiz am Sensor und der Reaktion im Effektor vermittelnde Zusammenhang wird auch als Reflexbogen bezeichnet.

Einzelnachweise

Humanphysiologie
Tierphysiologie
Neurologie

Effektor (Physiologie)


La Budweiser FA Cup 2011-12 fue la 131.ª edición del torneo de fútbol más antiguo del mundo, la Copa de Inglaterra.

El cierre de inscripción fue el 4 de abril de 2011 con un total de 909 clubes. El 8 de junio del mismo año se anunció que 763 clubes fueron aceptados.

Este torneo empezó el 20 de agosto de 2011 y terminó el 5 de mayo de 2012 en el Estadio de Wembley. Chelsea se coronó como el campeón de la FA Cup y clasificó automáticamente a la fase de grupos de la UEFA Europa League 2012-13.

Calendario

Rondas clasificatorias
Todos los equipos participantes no pertenecientes a la Premier League o a la Football League compitieron en las rondas clasificatorias.

Primera fase
Recién en esta etapa de la FA Cup se hicieron presentes los clubes pertenecientes a la Football League One y a la Football League Two, junto a los ganadores de los encuentros de la cuarta ronda clasificatoria. El sorteo se produjo el 30 de octubre de 2011 y los partidos fueron programados para el 12 y 13 de noviembre de 2011.

Redbridge, del octavo nivel del fútbol inglés, fue el equipo menos rankeado" que accedió a la primera fase.

Stefan Brown del AFC Totton ganó el reconocimiento como el jugador de la ronda con el 38% de los votos.

Segunda fase
El sorteo fue realizado el 13 de noviembre de 2011 y los encuentros fueron programados para el 3 y 4 de diciembre.

Redbridge, del octavo nivel del fútbol inglés, fue el equipo menos "rankeado" que accedió a la segunda fase. Stuart Nelson del Notts County fue votado como el jugador de la ronda con el 43% de los votos.

Trentaidosavos de final
Los vencedores en sus respectivos encuentros por la segunda fase se enfrentaron a los 20 equipos que conforman la Barclays Premier League y los 24 clubes de la Football League Championship en la tercera ronda o trentaidosavos de final. El sorteo se realizó el 4 de diciembre de 2011 y los partidos se jugaron entre el 6 y 9 de enero de 2012. Como en las rondas previas, si se producía un empate en el primer partido, se jugaba un "replay". Salisbury City, del sexto nivel del fútbol inglés, fue el equipo de más baja división que llegó hasta los trentaidosavos de final.

Hatem Ben Arfa del Newcastle United fue elegido como el mejor jugador de esta fase con el 43% de los votos.

Replays

Dieciseisavos de final
Los vencedores de los encuentros correspondientes a los trentaidosavos de final entraron a esta fase. El sorteo se produjo el 8 de enero de 2012 y los partidos fueron programados para el 27, 28 y 29 de enero de 2012. Crawley Town y Swindon Town, provenientes de la tercera división, fueron los equipos sorpresa en esta ronda.

Will Buckley del Brighton & Hove Albion fue elegido como el jugador de la ronda con el 44% de los votos del público en la sección oficial de la competición en Thefa.com.

Replays

Fase final (a partir de octavos)

* El encuentro fue suspendido debido al desmayo súbito en pleno partido de Fabrice Muamba, de Bolton.

Octavos de final
El sorteo para determinar las llaves se llevó a cabo el 29 de enero de 2012 y los encuentros se jugaron el 18 y 19 de febrero. Crawley Town del cuarto nivel del sistema de fútbol inglés, fue el equipo de menor división que llegó hasta los octavos de final o quinta ronda. Kieran Richardson, del Sunderland, se llevó el premio al mejor jugador de la ronda con el 60% de los votos.

Replays

Cuartos de final
El sorteo para determinar los enfrentamientos de cuartos de final se dio el 19 de febrero de 2012 (15:50 GMT), poco después del partido entre Tottenham y Stevenage. Los partidos fueron programados para el 17 y 18 de marzo. Leicester City de la Football League Championship (segundo nivel del fútbol inglés) fue el equipo de más baja división que llegó a estas instancias.

Nikica Jelavic del Everton, fue elegido como el jugador de la ronda con el 63% de los votos.

Replays

* El partido fue suspendido a los 41 minutos luego del súbito desmayo de Fabrice Muamba, del conjunto visitante. El congoleño fue llevado al hospital que lo declaró en estado crítico.

Semifinales
Los encuentros se disputaron el 14 y 15 de abril. Los cuatro conjuntos que llegaron a esta instancia formaban parte de la Premier League. Ambas semifinales se jugaron el Estadio de Wembley, como se ha ido haciendo desde su inauguración. Liverpool venció a Everton en el Derbi de Merseyside mientras que Chelsea se impuso sobre Tottenham en uno de los Derbis de Londres.

Con el 39% de los votos, el atacante del Chelsea Didier Drogba fue elegido el jugador de la ronda por su desempeño ante Tottenham.

Final
La final de la FA Cup 2011/12 se disputó el 5 de mayo de 2012 en el Estadio de Wembley. El español Juan Mata del conjunto campeón fue elegido como el jugador de la final.

Goleadores

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 La FA Cup en thefa.com

2011-12
Fútbol en 2011
Fútbol en 2012
Deporte en Reino Unido en 2011
Deporte en Reino Unido en 2012
Chelsea Football Club

FA Cup 2011-12


An Indocalamus suichuanensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Tong Pei Yi ngan Y.H.Guo. An Indocalamus suichuanensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Indocalamus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Indocalamus

Indocalamus suichuanensis


À Suzanne !, op. 60, est une mélodie de la compositrice Mel Bonis, composée en 1904.

Composition
Mel Bonis compose À Suzanne ! en 1904, sur un poème de Cécile Guinand. L'œuvre, dédiée à Léon Brémont, est écrite pour piano et récitant. Elle est publiée en 1904 aux éditions Demets.

Analyse

Réception

Références

Sources

Liens externes

Œuvre de Mel Bonis
Mélodie française
Œuvre réalisée en 1904

À Suzanne !


An Tainia ruybarrettoi in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Shiu Ying Hu ngan Gloria Barretto, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Leonid Vladimirovich Averyanov. An Tainia ruybarrettoi in nahilalakip ha genus nga Tainia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Tainia

Tainia ruybarrettoi


The mushroom bodies or corpora pedunculata are a pair of structures in the brain of arthropods, including insects and crustaceans, and some annelids (notably the ragworm Platynereis dumerilii). They are known to play a role in olfactory learning and memory. In most insects, the mushroom bodies and the lateral horn are the two higher brain regions that receive olfactory information from the antennal lobe via projection neurons. They were first identified and described by French biologist Félix Dujardin in 1850.

Structure
Mushroom bodies are usually described as neuropils, i.e., as dense networks of neuronal processes (dendrite and axon terminals) and glia. They get their name from their roughly hemispherical calyx, a protuberance that is joined to the rest of the brain by a central nerve tract or peduncle.

Most of our current knowledge of mushroom bodies comes from studies of a few species of insect, especially the cockroach Periplaneta americana, the honey bee Apis mellifera, the locust and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Studies of fruit fly mushroom bodies have been particularly important for understanding the genetic basis of mushroom body functioning, since their genome has been sequenced and a vast number of tools to manipulate their gene expression exist.

In the insect brain, the peduncles of the mushroom bodies extend through the midbrain. They are mainly composed of the long, densely packed nerve fibres of the Kenyon cells, the intrinsic neurons of the mushroom bodies. These cells have been found in the mushroom bodies of all species that have been investigated, though their number varies. Fruit flies, for example,  have around 2,500, whereas cockroaches have about 200,000.

A locust brain dissection to expose the central brain and carry out electro-physiology recordings can be seen here.

Evolutionary history
Historically, it was believed that only insects had mushroom bodies, because they were not present in crabs and lobsters. However, their discovery in the mantis shrimp in 2017 lead to the later conclusion that the mushroom body is the ancestral state of all arthropods, and that this feature was later lost in crabs and lobsters.

Function
Mushroom bodies are best known for their role in olfactory associative learning. These olfactory signals are received from dopaminergic, octopaminergic, cholinergic, serotonergic, and GABAergic neurons outside the MB. They are largest in the Hymenoptera, which are known to have particularly elaborate control over olfactory behaviours. However, since mushroom bodies are also found in anosmic primitive insects, their role is likely to extend beyond olfactory processing. Anatomical studies suggest a role in the processing of visual and mechanosensory input in some species.  In Hymenoptera in particular, subregions of the mushroom body neuropil are specialized to receive olfactory, visual, or both types of sensory input. In Hymenoptera, olfactory input is layered in the calyx. In ants, several layers can be discriminated, corresponding to different clusters of glomeruli in the antennal lobes, perhaps for processing different classes of odors. There are two main groups of projection neurons dividing the antennal lobe into two main regions, anterior and posterior. Projection neuron groups are segregated, innervating glomerular  groups separately and sending axons by separate routes, either through the medial-antenno protocerebral tract (m-APT) or through the lateral-antenno protocerebral tract (l-APT), and connecting with two layers in the calyx of the mushroom bodies. In these layers the organization of the two efferent regions of the antennal lobe is represented topographically, establishing a coarse odotopic map of the antennal lobe in the region of the lip of the mushroom bodies.

Mushroom bodies are known to be involved in learning and memory, particularly for smell, and thus are the subject of current intense research. In larger insects, studies suggest that mushroom bodies have other learning and memory functions, like associative memory, sensory filtering, motor control, and place memory. Research implies that mushroom bodies generally act as a sort of coincidence detector, integrating multi-modal inputs and creating novel associations, thus suggesting their role in learning and memory. Recent work also shows evidence for the involvement of the mushroom body in innate olfactory behaviors through interactions with the lateral horn, possibly making use of the partially stereotyped sensory responses of the mushroom body output neurons (MBONs) across individuals. Although the connections between the projection neurons and the Kenyon cells are random (i.e., not stereotyped across individuals), the stereotypy in MBON responses is made possible by the dense convergence of many Kenyon cells onto a few MBONs along with other network properties.

Information about odors may be encoded in the mushroom body by the identities of the responsive neurons as well as the timing of their spikes. Experiments in locusts have shown that Kenyon cells have their activity synchronized to 20-Hz neural oscillations and are particularly responsive to projection neuron spikes at specific phases of the oscillatory cycle.

Sleep
The neurons which receive signals from serotonergic and GABAergic neurons outside the MB produce wakefulness, and experimentally stimulating these serotonergic upstream neurons forces sleep. The target neurons in the MB are inhibited by serotonin, GABA, and the combination of both. On the other hand octopamine does not seem to affect the MB's sleep function.

Drosophila melanogaster

We know that mushroom body structures are important for olfactory learning and memory in Drosophila because their ablation destroys this function. The mushroom body is also able to combine information from the internal state of the body and the olfactory input to determine innate behavior. The exact roles of the specific neurons making up the mushroom bodies are still unclear. However, these structures are studied extensively because much is known about their genetic make-up. There are three specific classes of neurons that make up the mushroom body lobes: α/β, α'/β', and γ neurons, which all have distinct gene expression. A topic of current research is which of these substructures in the mushroom body are involved in each phase and process of learning and memory. Drosophila mushroom bodies are also often used to study learning and memory and are manipulated due to their relatively discrete nature. Typically, olfactory learning assays consist of exposing flies to two odors separately; one is paired with electric shock pulses (the conditioned stimulus, or CS+), and the second is not (unconditioned stimulus, or US). After this training period, flies are placed in a T-maze with the two odors placed individually on either end of the horizontal 'T' arms. The percent of flies that avoid the CS+ is calculated, with high avoidance considered evidence of learning and memory.

Cellular memory traces
Recent studies combining odor conditioning and cellular imaging have identified six memory traces that coincide with molecular changes in the Drosophila olfactory system. Three of these traces are associated with early forming behavioral memory. One such trace was visualized in the antennal lobe (AL) by synapto-pHluorin reporter molecules. Immediately after conditioning, an additional set of projection neurons in a set of eight glomeruli in the AL becomes synaptically activated by the conditioned odor, and lasts for only 7 minutes. A second trace is detectable by GCaMP expression, and thus an increase in Ca2+ influx, in the α'/β' axons of the mushroom body neurons. This is a longer-lasting trace, present for up to one hour following conditioning. The third memory trace is the reduction of activity of the anterior-paired lateral neuron, which acts as a memory formation suppressor through one of its inhibitory GABAergic receptors. Decrease in calcium response of APL neurons and subsequent decrease in GABA release onto the mushroom bodies persisted up to 5 minutes after odor conditioning.

The intermediate term memory trace is dependent on expression of the amn gene located in dorsal paired medial neurons. An increase in calcium influx and synaptic release that innervates the mushroom bodies becomes detectable approximately 30 minutes after pairing of electric shock with an odor, and persists for at least an hour. Both long-term memory traces that have been mapped depend on activity and protein synthesis of CREB and CaMKII, and only exist after spaced conditioning. The first trace is detected in α/β neurons between 9 and 24 hours after conditioning, and is characterized by an increase in calcium influx in response to the conditioned odor. The second long-term memory trace forms in the γ mushroom bodies and is detected by increase calcium influx between 18 and 24 hours after conditioning

cAMP dynamics
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP or cyclic AMP) is a second messenger that has been implicated in facilitating mushroom body calcium influx in Drosophila melanogaster mushroom body neurons. cAMP elevation induces presynaptic plasticity in Drosophila. cAMP levels are affected by both neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and octopamine, and odors themselves. Dopamine and octopamine are released by mushroom body interneurons, while odors directly activate neurons in the olfactory pathway, causing calcium influx through voltage-gated calcium channels.

In a classical conditioning paradigm, pairing neuronal depolarization (via acetylcholine application to represent the odor or CS) with subsequent dopamine application (to represent the shock or US), results in a synergistic increase in cAMP in the mushroom body lobes. These results suggest that the mushroom body lobes are a critical site of CS/US integration via the action of cAMP. This synergistic effect was originally observed in Aplysia, where pairing calcium influx with activation of G protein signaling by serotonin generates a similar synergistic increase in cAMP.

Additionally, this synergistic increase in cAMP is mediated by and dependent on rutabaga adenylyl cyclase (rut AC), which is sensitive to both calcium (which results from voltage-gated calcium channel opening by odors) and G protein stimulation (caused by dopamine). While a forward pairing of neuronal depolarization and dopamine, (acetylcholine followed by dopamine) results in a synergistic increase in cAMP, a forward pairing of neuronal depolarization and octopamine produces a sub-additive effect on cAMP. More specifically, this means that this pairing produces significantly less cAMP than the sum of each stimulus individually in the lobes. Therefore, rut AC in mushroom body neurons works as a coincidence detector with dopamine and octopamine functioning bidirectionally to affect cAMP levels.

PKA dynamics

Protein kinase A (PKA) has been found to play an important role in learning and memory in Drosophila.  When calcium enters a cell and binds with calmodulin, it stimulates adenylate cyclase (AC), which is encoded by the rutabaga gene (rut). This AC activation increases the concentration of cAMP, which activates PKA. When dopamine, an aversive olfactory stimulant, is applied it activates PKA specifically in the vertical mushroom body lobes. This spatial specificity is regulated by the dunce (dnc) PDE, a cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase. If the dunce gene is abolished, as found in the dnc mutant, the spatial specificity is not maintained. In contrast, an appetitive stimulation created by an octopamine application increases PKA in all lobes. In the rut mutant, a genotype in which the rutabaga is abolished, the responses to both dopamine and octopamine were greatly reduced and close to experimental noise.

Acetylcholine, which represents the conditioned stimulus, leads to a strong increase in PKA activation compared to stimulation with dopamine or octopamine alone. This reaction is abolished in rut mutants, which demonstrates that PKA is essential for sensory integration. The specificity of activation of the alpha lobe in the presence of dopamine is maintained when dopamine is in combination with acetylcholine. Essentially, during a conditioning paradigm when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus, PKA exhibits heightened activation. This shows that PKA is required for conditioned learning in Drosophila melanogaster.

Apis mellifera
Stimulus  output responses are the product of pairs of excitation and inhibition. This is the same pattern of organisation as with mammals' brains. These patterns may, as with mammals, precede action.  this is an area only recently elucidated by Zwaka et al 2018, Duer et al 2015, and Paffhausen et al 2020.

See also
 Cerebral cortex

References

Further reading

External links
Standard BeeBrain

Insect anatomy
Arthropod anatomy
Invertebrate nervous system

Mushroom bodies


Iacob Mureșianu () a fost un compozitor român, fiul profesorului și publicistului Iacob Mureșianu (1812-1887).

Biografie

Galerie imagini

Note

Bibliografie
 documente.bcucluj.ro: Evocarea lui Iacob Mureșianu cu ocazia festivalului comemorativ de la Cluj din 14 decembrie 1933

Nașteri în 1857
Decese în 1917
Compozitori români

Iacob Mureșianu (compozitor)


30564 Olomouc este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
30564 Olomouc este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul din Ondřejov de Petr Pravec. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,60 ua, o excentricitate de 0,14 și o înclinație de 3,9° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 30001-31000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2001
Centura de asteroizi
Objet céleste nommé d'après un lieu de Tchéquie

30564 Olomouc


Saredon es una parroquia civil del distrito de South Staffordshire, en el condado de Staffordshire (Inglaterra).

Geografía
Según la Oficina Nacional de Estadística británica, Saredon tiene una superficie de 8,52 km².

Demografía
Según el censo de 2001, Saredon tenía 699 habitantes (49,5% varones, 50,5% mujeres) y una densidad de población de 82,04 hab/km². El 17,02% eran menores de 16 años, el 77,25% tenían entre 16 y 74, y el 5,72% eran mayores de 74. La media de edad era de 42,55 años. Del total de habitantes con 16 o más años, el 20,34% estaban solteros, el 66,55% casados, y el 13,1% divorciados o viudos.

Según su grupo étnico, el 99,14% de los habitantes eran blancos, el 0,43% mestizos, y el 0,43% asiáticos. La mayor parte (98,43%) eran originarios del Reino Unido. El resto de países europeos englobaban al 0,71% de la población, mientras que el 0,86% había nacido en cualquier otro lugar. El cristianismo era profesado por el 85,71% y el sijismo por el 0,43%, mientras que el 5,43% no eran religiosos y el 8,43% no marcaron ninguna opción en el censo.

Había 286 hogares con residentes y 8 vacíos.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Ficha de Saredon en el sitio web oficial del Ayuntamiento de South Staffordshire (en inglés).

Parroquias civiles de Staffordshire

Saredon


اصطناع كنور للبيرول أو (تخليق كنور) هو تفاعل كيميائي لاصطناع وتحضير مركبات البيرول المستبدلة المركب (3)  هذه الطريقة تتضمن تفاعل α-أمينو الكيتون (1) مع مركب يحوي مجموعة ميثيلين بالموقع α (أي مرتبطة بالكربون المجاور) بالنسبة لمجموعة الكربونيل (2) .
.

الطريقة
آلية التفاعل تتطلب وجود الزنك وحمض الخليك كحفازات. يجري التفاعل عند درجة حرارة الغرفة.
لأن مركبات α-أمينو الكيتونات تتكاثف بسهولة لذا يجب أن تحضر في وسط التفاعل. عادة ما يتم ذلك باستخدام الأكسيم.

طالع أيضاً
 تفاعل كونغز-كنور

المراجع

تفاعلات تحضير الحلقات غير المتجانسة
تفاعلات تشكيل الحلقة
تفاعلات تشكيل روابط كربون-كربون
كنور

اصطناع كنور


William Morgan Beckner (* 19. Juni 1841 in Moorefield, Nicholas County, Kentucky; † 14. März 1910 in Winchester, Kentucky) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. In den Jahren 1894 und 1895 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Kentucky im US-Repräsentantenhaus.

Werdegang
William Beckner besuchte die öffentlichen Schulen seiner Heimat und danach das Rand and Richeson Seminary in Maysville. Außerdem besuchte er noch das Centre College in Danville. Später arbeitete er auf einer Farm und dann als Angestellter in einem Laden in Bethel. Zwischenzeitlich war er auch zwei Jahre lang als Lehrer in Orangeburg und Maysville tätig. Nach einem Jurastudium und seiner 1864 erfolgten Zulassung als Rechtsanwalt begann er in Winchester in diesem Beruf zu arbeiten. Im Jahr 1865 fungierte er dort als städtischer Richter. Zwischen 1866 und 1867 war er als Staatsanwalt tätig. Im Jahr 1870 wurde er Bezirksrichter im Clark County.

Im Jahr 1867 gründete Beckner die Zeitung "Clark County Democrat", die er einige Jahre lang als Eigentümer herausgab. 1880 wurde er Beauftragter für das Staatsgefängnis. Danach war er von 1882 bis 1884 Eisenbahnbeauftragter seines Staates. In den Jahren 1883 und 1885 leitete er in Louisville eine Versammlung, auf der Vertreter aller Bundesstaaten Bildungsfragen diskutierten. Im Jahr 1890 war er auch Delegierter auf einer Versammlung zur Überarbeitung der Verfassung von Kentucky. Politisch war Beckner Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei. 1893 war er Vorsitzender des regionalen Parteitages der Demokraten in Kentucky. Im selben Jahr wurde er in das Repräsentantenhaus von Kentucky gewählt.

Nach dem Tod des Abgeordneten Marcus C. Lisle wurde er bei der fälligen Nachwahl für den zehnten Sitz von Kentucky als dessen Nachfolger in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington, D.C. gewählt, wo er am 3. Dezember 1894 sein neues Mandat antrat. Da er für die Wahlen des Jahres 1894 von seiner Partei nicht zur Wiederwahl nominiert wurde, konnte er bis zum 3. März 1895 nur die angebrochene Legislaturperiode seines Vorgängers im Kongress beenden. Nach seinem Ausscheiden aus dem US-Repräsentantenhaus zog sich William Beckner wieder aus der Politik zurück. In den folgenden Jahren praktizierte er wieder als Anwalt. Er starb am 14. März 1910 in Winchester.

Weblinks

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Kentucky
Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses von Kentucky
Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei (Vereinigte Staaten)
Richter (Kentucky)
Staatsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
Rechtsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1841
Gestorben 1910
Mann

William M. Beckner


Yin Menglu (en ), née le , est une joueuse de parabadminton chinoise concourant en WH1 pour les athlètes en fauteuil roulant ayant un mauvais équilibre du tronc. À 16 ans, elle est sacrée championne du monde en double avec de remporter le bronze paralympique deux ans plus tard.

Carrière
Elle est née avec une spina bifida.

Lors de ses premiers Jeux en 2021, elle remporte la médaille de bronze en simple WH1 en battant sa compatriote Zhang Jing en petite finale deux sets à zéro puis l'argent par équipes féminines avec Liu Yutong.

Résultats individuels

Jeux paralympiques

En individuel

Par équipes

Références

Joueuse chinoise de badminton
Médaillée de bronze paralympique chinoise
Joueuse de badminton aux Jeux paralympiques d'été de 2020
Naissance en janvier 2002

Yin Menglu


Personne ne sort d'ici vivant (No One Gets Out Alive) est un film britannique réalisé par Santiago Menghini, sorti en 2021.

Synopsis
Ambar, une immigrante sans-papier mexicaine, est contrainte de se loger dans une pension délabrée de Cleveland. Elle commence à entendre des cris et à avoir des visions.

Fiche technique
 Titre : Personne ne sort d'ici vivant
 Titre original : No One Gets Out Alive
 Réalisation : Santiago Menghini
 Scénario : Jon Croker et Fernanda Coppel
 Musique : Mark Korven
 Photographie : Stephen Murphy
 Montage : Mark Towns
 Production : Jonathan Cavendish et Will Tennant
 Société de production : Imaginarium Productions
 Pays :
 Genre : Drame, horreur, thriller
 Durée : 85 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
Netflix :

Distribution
 Cristina Rodlo : Ambar
 Marc Menchaca : Red
 David Figlioli : Becker
 David Barrera : Beto
 Moronkẹ Akinola : Kinsi
 Phil Robertson : Arthur Welles
 Joana Borja : Simona
 Victoria Alcock : Mary
 Mitchell Mullen : Rilles
 Vala Noren : Freja
 Alejandro Akara : Carlos

Accueil
Le film a reçu un accueil mitigé de la critique. Il obtient un score moyen de 43 % sur Metacritic.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film britannique sorti en 2021
Film dramatique britannique
Film d'horreur britannique
Thriller (film) britannique
Adaptation d'un roman britannique au cinéma
Film distribué par Netflix
Film sur l'immigration
Film se déroulant à Cleveland

Personne ne sort d'ici vivant


30064 Kaitlynshin este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
30064 Kaitlynshin este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Socorro, New Mexico, în cadrul proiectului LINEAR. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,60 ua, o excentricitate de 0,14 și o înclinație de 4,8° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 30001-31000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2000
Centura de asteroizi

30064 Kaitlynshin


Pawat Chittsawangdee (; também conhecido como Ohm (), nascido em 22 de março de 2000) é um ator tailandês. Ele é conhecido por atuar em Make It Right (2016-2017) como Frame, em He's Coming to Me (2019) como Thun, como o protagonista do filme Dew (2019). Ele também foi Khet, personagem da série em The Shipper (2020). Seu último papel de sucesso é como Pat em Bad Buddy (2021).

Vida
Pawat nasceu em Bangkok, Tailândia. Ele completou seus estudos no Colégio Assunção. Atualmente ele está fazendo seu bacharelado em cinema e mídia digital na Faculdade de Inovação em Comunicação Social da Srinakharinwirot University.

Carreira
Em 2016, Pawat estreou na indústria do entretenimento no papel de Frame na série televisiva Make It Right da MCOT HD, e depois reprisou seu papel em 2017, na segunda temporada do seriado. Ele passou a atuar em vários dramas como Siam 13 Hours, Bangkok Ghost Stories: Rescuer e Beauty Boy: The Series. Antes de assinar contrato com a empresa de entretenimento GMMTV, ele foi, a princípio, convidado pelo diretor administrativo Sataporn Panichraksapong para uma audição para uma série. Ao aceitar o convite, Ohm conseguiu com sucesso o papel de Thun em He's Coming to Me, onde contracenou com Prachaya Ruangroj (Singto), assim tendo seu primeiro papel de ator com sua atual agência.

Ele estrelou o filme romântico tailandês Dew, onde atuou como o protagonista que dá nome à obra.

Filmografia

Filmes

Televisão

Aparições em videoclipes

Prêmios e indicações

Ligações externas

Pessoas vivas
Nascidos em 2000
Atores da Tailândia
Atores de cinema da Tailândia
Atores de televisão da Tailândia
Artistas da GMMTV

Pawat Chittsawangdee


Acetonitril er en kemisk forbindelse med den kemiske formel . Denne farveløse væske er den simpleste organiske nitril (hydrogencyanid, HCN, er en simplere nitril, men klassificeres ikke som organisk). Acetonitril fremstilles primært som et biprodukt i produktionen af akrylonitril. Det anvendes som et polært aprotisk opløsningsmiddel i organisk syntese og i oprensningen af butadien.

I laboratoriet bruges acetonitril som et middelpolært opløsningsmiddel, som er blandbart med vand og en række organiske opløsningsmidler, dog ikke mættede kulbrinter (alkaner). Acetonitril er en væske inden for et stort temperaturinterval og har en høj dielektrisk konstant på 38,8. Med et dipolmoment på 3,92 D er acetonitril i stand til at opløse en lang række ioniske og apolære stoffer og er nyttigt som mobil fase i HPLC og LC-MS.

N-C-C-skelettet er lineært. Tripelbindingen mellem C og N har en kort bindingslængde på 1,16 Å.

Acetonitril blev første gang syntetiseret i 1847 af den franske kemiker Jean-Baptiste Dumas.

Referencer

Nitriler
Opløsningsmidler

Acetonitril


La cueva de Karain () es una cueva natural  de Turquía y también una cueva prehistórica y sitio arqueológico del Paleolítico. Se encuentra en la localidad de Yağca, un pueblo localizado a 27 km al noroeste de la ciudad de Antalya, en la región del Mediterráneo.

Karain es una cueva prehistórica, situada a una altura de unos 370 m sobre el nivel del mar y a unos 80 m por encima de la ladera, donde la  zona calcárea occidental, bordea la llanura de travertino. Hay evidencias de ocupación humana que data de principios de los años Paleolítico (150.000-200.000 años atrás).

Véase también
Geografía de Turquía
Provincia de Antalya

Referencias

Karain
Geografía de la región del Mediterráneo
Provincia de Antalya
Bienes inscritos en la Lista Indicativa de Turquía
Yacimientos paleolíticos

Cueva de Karain


O Casa Pia AC (hóquei em campo) é um clube português de hóquei em campo. É uma das modalidades do clube multidesportivo Casa Pia AC, sendo uma das mais bem-sucedidas. O clube é o sexto mais bem-sucedido de Portugal no hóquei em campo, detentor de 3 títulos nacionais e duas conquistas da Supertaça Portuguesa, na divisão de seniores masculina.

O clube também conta com algumas participações em competições europeias, sendo seu maior triunfo um 2º lugar na Taça EuroHockey de Clubes II de 2021, sendo derrotado pelo anfitrião, Plzeň-Litice.

Palmarés
Seniores Masculino

 Eurohockey Club Trophy II
 Finalista vencido: 1 (2021)
 Campeonato Nacional de Hóquei em Campo: 3 (2017/18, 2018/19, 2021/22)
 Supertaça de Portugal: 2 (2017/18, 2018/19)

Jovens Masculino

 Campeonato Nacional de Hóquei em Campo S15: 1 (2018/19)
 Campeonato Nacional de Hóquei em Cambo S13: 2 (2014/15, 2018/19)

Ver também

 Casa Pia Atlético Clube

Referências

Casa Pia

Hóquei do Casa Pia Atlético Clube


Matthews ist ein von dem männlichen Vornamen Matthew abgeleiteter englischer Familienname.

Namensträger

A
 A. E. Matthews (Alfred Edward Matthews; 1869–1960), britischer Schauspieler
 Adam Matthews (* 1992), walisischer Fußballspieler
 Al Matthews (1942–2018), US-amerikanischer Schauspieler und Sänger
 Alex Matthews (* 1993), britische Rugbyspielerin

 Aron Matthews (* 1994), österreichischer Musikproduzent, DJ und Komponist
 Auston Matthews (* 1997), US-amerikanischer Eishockeyspieler

B

 Bernard Matthews (1930–2010), britischer Unternehmer
 Brenda Matthews (* 1949), neuseeländische Hürdenläuferin und Sprinterin
 Bruce Matthews (* 1961), US-amerikanischer American-Football-Spieler
 Burnita Shelton Matthews (1894–1988), US-amerikanische Richterin
 Burton Matthews (* 1985), südafrikanischer Eishockeyspieler

C
 Cecil Matthews (1914–1987), neuseeländischer Leichtathlet
 Cerys Matthews (* 1969), walisische Sängerin und Songwriterin
 Charles Matthews (1856–1932), US-amerikanischer Politiker
 Cheyna Matthews (* 1993), US-amerikanische Fußballspielerin
 Chris Matthews (* 1945), US-amerikanischer Journalist
 Chris Matthews (Footballspieler) (* 1989), US-amerikanischer American-Football-Spieler
 Claude Matthews (1845–1898), US-amerikanischer Politiker
 Clay Matthews (* 1986), US-amerikanischer American-Football-Spieler

D
 Dakin Matthews (* 1940), US-amerikanischer Schauspieler
 Darren Matthews (* 1968), britischer Wrestler, besser bekannt unter seinem Ringnamen William Regal
 Darren Matthews (Radsportler) (* 1991), barbadischer Radrennfahrer
 Dave Matthews (* 1967), US-amerikanischer Sänger und Gitarrist
 Dave Matthews (Jazzmusiker) (1911–1997), US-amerikanischer Saxophonist und Arrangeur
 David Matthews (* 1974), irischer Mittelstreckenläufer
 Denis Matthews (1919–1988), englischer Pianist, Musikpädagoge und -wissenschaftler
 Denise Matthews (1959–2016), kanadische Schauspielerin, Model, Sängerin, Songwriterin, siehe Vanity (Sängerin)
 Donald Ray Matthews (1907–1997), US-amerikanischer Politiker
 Drummond Hoyle Matthews (1931–1997), englischer Meeresgeologe und Geophysiker

E
 Elaine Matthews (1942–2011), britische Althistorikerin und Namensforscherin
 Emil Matthews (1895–??), deutscher Politiker (KPD)

F

 Fritz Matthews, US-amerikanischer Stuntman, Schauspieler und Filmproduzent

G
 Gareth Matthews (1929–2011), US-amerikanischer Philosoph
 George Matthews (1912–1982), US-amerikanischer Jazzmusiker
 Gilbert Matthews (1943–2020), südafrikanischer Jazzmusiker
 Gwenda Matthews (* 1944), britische Hoch- und Weitspringerin

H
 H. Freeman Matthews (1899–1986), US-amerikanischer Diplomat
 Hannah Matthews (* 1991), irische Hockeyspielerin
 Hayley Matthews (* 1998), Cricketspielerin der West Indies
 Henry Matthews, 1. Viscount Llandaff (1826–1913), britischer Politiker (Conservative Party)
 Herbert Matthews (1900–1977), US-amerikanischer Journalist
 Holger Matthews (* 1951), deutscher Politiker (GAL)

I
 Iain Matthews (eigentlich Iain Matthews MacDonald, auch Ian Matthews; * 1946), britischer Sänger und Gitarrist

J
 Jack Matthews (1920–2012), walisischer Rugbyspieler und -trainer
 Jake Matthews (* 1992), US-amerikanischer American-Football-Spieler

 Jason Matthews (* 1970), britischer Boxer
 Jason Matthews (Autor) (1951–2021), US-amerikanischer Autor
 Jessie Matthews (1907–1981), britische Schauspielerin
 Jim Matthews (* 1961), US-amerikanischer Autorennfahrer und Rennstallbesitzer
 Joe Matthews (1929–2010), südafrikanischer Jurist und Politiker

 Joseph W. Matthews (1812–1862), US-amerikanischer Politiker
 Julian Matthews (* 1988), neuseeländischer Mittelstreckenläufer

K
 Katrina Matthews (* 1991), britische Duathletin und Triathletin
 Kelly Matthews (* 1983), englische Badmintonspielerin
 Ken Matthews (1934–2019), britischer Leichtathlet
 Krissy Matthews (* 1992), britisch-norwegischer Bluesrock-Gitarrist und Singer-Songwriter

L
 Laura S. Matthews (* 1964), britische Schriftstellerin
 Lester Matthews (1900–1975), britischer Schauspieler
 Liesel Matthews (* 1984), US-amerikanische Schauspielerin

M
 Marcelle Matthews (* 1948), südafrikanische Eiskunstläuferin
 Margaret Matthews (* 1935), US-amerikanische Leichtathletin
 Marjorie Matthews (1916–1986), erste Bischöfin der evangelisch-methodistischen Kirche
 Matty Matthews (1873–1948), US-amerikanischer Boxer
 Maurice Matthews (1880–1957), britischer Sportschütze und Offizier
 Melanie Matthews (* 1986), kanadische Softballspielerin

 Mikaela Matthews (* 1991), US-amerikanische Freestyle-Skisportlerin
 Mike Matthews (* 1973), US-amerikanischer Baseballspieler
 Myfanwy Matthews (* 1975), australische Bogenschützin

N
 Nelson E. Matthews (1852–1917), US-amerikanischer Politiker
 Nick Remy Matthews, australischer Kameramann, Filmregisseur und Drehbuchautor
 Nicolas Matthews (* 1992), deutscher Schauspieler

P
 Pam Matthews (* 1958), australische Speerwerferin

 Philip Matthews (* 1960), irischer Rugby-Union-Spieler
 Pippa Matthews (* 1983), britische Event-Managerin, Schwester von Catherine Mountbatten-Windsor, Duchess of Cambridge

R
 Rachel Matthews (* 1993), US-amerikanische Schauspielerin
 Rishard Matthews (* 1989), US-amerikanischer American-Football-Spieler
 Robin Matthews (1927–2010), britischer Ökonom und Schachkomponist
 Rodney Matthews (* 1945), britischer Maler und Illustrator

 Roland Matthews, vincentischer Politiker
 Ron Matthews, Schlagzeuger von Iron Maiden, siehe Iron Maiden
 Rowena Green Matthews, US-amerikanische Biochemikerin und Biophysikerin
 Roy Matthews (1926–1992), britischer Bogenschütze
 Rudolph Matthews (* 1945), US-amerikanischer Handballspieler

S
 Sara Branham Matthews (1888–1962), US-amerikanische Mikrobiologin, Ärztin und Hochschullehrerin
 Sinead Matthews (* 1980), britische Schauspielerin
 Stanley Matthews (Jurist) (1824–1889), amerikanischer Jurist und Politiker
 Stanley Matthews (1915–2000), englischer Fußballspieler

T
 Teran Matthews (* 1980), vincentische Schwimmerin
 Terry Matthews (* 1939), britischer Eishockeyspieler

V
 Vic Matthews (* 1934), britischer Hürdenläufer
 Victor Matthews, Baron Matthews (1919–1995), britischer Unternehmer und Verleger
 Victoria Matthews (* 1954), kanadische Geistliche, Bischöfin von Christchurch
 Victoria Earle Matthews (1861–1907), US-amerikanische Schriftstellerin, Essayistin, Journalistin und Aktivistin
 Vince Matthews (* 1947), US-amerikanischer Sprinter
 Virgil Matthews (* 1983), US-amerikanischer Basketballspieler

W
 Wendy Matthews (* 1960), australische Musikerin
 Wes Matthews (* 1959), US-amerikanischer Basketballspieler
 Wesley Matthews (* 1986), US-amerikanischer Basketballspieler

 Willis S. Matthews (1904–1981) US-amerikanischer Generalmajor der US-Armee

Z
 Zachariah Keodirelang Matthews (1901–1968), südafrikanischer Anthropologe, Politiker (ANC) und botswanischer Diplomat

Einzelnachweise

Familienname
Englischer Personenname
Theophorer Personenname

Matthews (Familienname)


Horná Štubňa este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Turčianske Teplice din regiunea Žilina. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 1.615 locuitori. Se învecinează cu comuna Čremošné.

Istoric
Localitatea Horná Štubňa este atestată documentar din 1390.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Horná Štubňa


Väike-Pungerja ist ein Dorf (estnisch küla) in der Landgemeinde Alutaguse (bis 2017 Mäetaguse). Es liegt im Kreis Ida-Viru (Ost-Wierland) im Nordosten Estlands.

Beschreibung und Geschichte
Das Dorf hat 44 Einwohner (Stand 1. Januar 2011).

Der Ort wurde erstmals 1398 urkundlich erwähnt. Im 17. Jahrhundert wurde das Gut gegründet, das damals zum Gut von Purtse gehörte. Am Bach Väike-Pungerja (Väike-Pungerja oja) sind noch einige Gebäude des Guts erhalten wie das Verwalterhaus, ein Speicher und der Pferdestall.

Drei Kilometer östlich von Väike-Pungerja liegt das größte Abbaugebiet von Ölschiefer in Estland. Es trägt den Namen "Estonia".

Poststation
Am alten Postkurs zwischen Riga über Tartu und Jõhvi nach Sankt Petersburg wurde im 17. Jahrhundert die Poststation von Väike-Pungerja gegründet. 1830/31 wurde das Gebäude aus Holz durch einen eingeschossigen Steinbau ersetzt. Das historische Gebäude steht heute unter Denkmalschutz. Zur Station gehörten ein Gästehaus, Ställe, eine Sauna und weitere Gebäude.

Weblinks
 Beschreibung und Geschichte (estnisch)
 Historische Poststation von Väike-Pungerja (Staatliches Verzeichnis der Kulturdenkmäler)

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Estland
Alutaguse
Ersterwähnung 1398

Väike-Pungerja


Rincon je popisom određeno mjesto u okrugu Doñi Ani u američkoj saveznoj državi Novom Meksiku. Dio je metropolitanskoga statističkog područja Las Crucesa.

Prema popisu stanovništva SAD 2010., imao je 271 stanovnika.

Ime
Ime na španjolskom znači "kut" ili "unutarnji kut". U prošlosti se javlja pod imenima El Rincon de Fray Diego i Thorne.

Zemljopis
Zemljopisni položaj je  (32.6728583, -107.0647390)(32.6728669; -107.0762912). Prema Uredu SAD za popis stanovništva, zauzima 2,7 km² površine, sve suhozemne.

Kroz seoce Rincon teče istoimeni arroyo, dok poplavna ravnica južno od Rio Grandea, južno od Hatcha i jugozapadno od Rincona se zove Rincon Valley.

Povijest
Mjesto se izvorno zvalo El Rincón de Fray Diego, prema franjevcu iz 17. stoljeća koji je ovdje umro. Uspostavom poštanskog ureda od 1881. do 1883. zvao se Thorne. Ne zna se je li to ime došlo od Fort Thornea (sjeverno od Hatcha) ili prema tvrđavinom eponimu, kapetanu Hermanu Thornu. Dolaskom pruge Santa Fe Rincon je glavno središte poslovanja i trgovine. Pruga se ovdje račvala. Jedan kraj granao se ka jugu i El Pasu, drugi zapadno ka Demingu. Rinco je postao utočištem za prekršitelje zakona. U njega se sklonila Kinneyeva banda, te je grad ponekad nazivan Kinneyville. Život u Rinconu cvao je mnogo godina. No vremenom ga je zasjenio Hatch te je danas mnogo mirnije nego prije.

Promet i infrastruktura
U Rinconu je poštanski ured ZIP koda 87940. Prijašnji poštanski ured datira iz 1883. godine.

Stanovništvo
Prema podatcima popisa 2000. ovdje je bilo 220 stanovnika, 60 kućanstava od čega 55 obiteljskih, a stanovništvo po rasi bili su 45,0% bijelci, 2,73% američki Indijanci, 51,82% ostalih rasa, 0,45% dviju ili više rasa. Hispanoamerikanaca i Latinoamerikanaca svih rasa bilo je 87,27%.

Gospodarstvo
Rincon je 33 milje sjeverno od Las Crucesa, na Međudržavnoj cesti br. 25 (US 85), i približno 20 milja od Svemirske luke Americe,
novu namjensku svemirsku luku koja je izgrađena iz fondova nevladina panela New Mexico Spaceport Authority i fondova savezne države i okruga. Izgradnja svemirske luke generirala je 800 privremenih radnih mjesta na lokaciji, ali neki rezidenti Rincona bili su sumnjičavi u pogledu dugoročnog stvaranja radnih mjesta, kao što su pristaše gradnje tvrdile u vrijeme prije javnog financiranja.
Tvrtka Virgin Galactic (siječnja 2012.) planira zaposliti 150 osoba na lokaciji svemirske luke.

Izvori

Popisom određena mjesta u Novom Meksiku

Rincon, Novi Meksiko


Les cartilages nasaux sont des structures qui fournissent forme et soutien au nez. Ils sont constitués de cartilage hyalin.

Ils sont composés de cinq types de cartilages :

 le cartilage septal du nez ;
 le cartilage latéral du nez ;
 le grand cartilage alaire ;
 les petits cartilages alaires ;
 le cartilage voméro-nasal.

Rôle
Les cartilages nasaux s'associent à d'autres structures cartilagineuses ou osseuses afin de créer les narines et à les maintenir ouvertes pour permettre le passage du flux d'air respiratoire.

Aspect clinique
Des anomalies ou des défauts dans les cartilages nasaux peuvent affecter les flux d'air dans la cavité nasale et entraîner des problèmes respiratoires.

Plusieurs techniques chirurgicales existent pour réparer les cartilages nasaux ou ajuster leur position pour permettre flux d'air normal.

En plus de cette chirurgie fonctionnelle, la rhinoplastie est une opération de chirurgie esthétique courante.

Septoplastie
La septoplastie est une intervention chirurgicale qui redresse le cartilage nasal septal au centre du nez. Cette intervention peut être d'ordre esthétique ou fonctionnelle.

Une forte déviation de la cloison nasale peut provoquer une gêne respiratoire ou favoriser les sinusites et dans ce cas l'intervention fonctionnelle peut être nécessaire.

Repositionnement du cartilage latéral supérieur
Un défaut de positionnement du cartilage latéral du nez peut bloquer la valve nasale. La valve nasale est la plus petite voie respiratoire dans le nez et est un site courant d'obstruction. Il existe des techniques chirurgicales permettant son repositionnement fonctionnel.

Cartilage alaire coulissant
Les grands cartilages alaires peuvent devenir très faibles ou présenter des déformations, créant des problèmes respiratoires.

La technique dite du cartilage alaire coulissant est une des solutions de renforcement et de soutien de la pointe nasale parmi d'autres techniques utilisant des greffes ou la résection du cartilage..

Anatomie comparée
Les autres mammifères possèdent également des cartilages nasaux afin de maintenir la structure et la fonction respiratoire de leur cavité nasale.

Leur organisation et leur nombre est variable en fonction de la forme et de la taille de leurs narines.

Par exemple, les ânes, les buffles et les chameaux ont une structure cartilagineuse analogue à celles des humains, mais il leur manque tous le cartilage septal du nez qui est compensé par la fusion d'autres cartilages.

Notes et références

Crâne
Nez

Cartilage du nez


Eine Bokemühle, Bockemühle oder Bottmühle ist eine Art Hammerwerk, mit der man den Bast der Flachsfaser bloßlegt.

Hintergrund
Wenn der Flachs geerntet war, unterzog man ihn zunächst der Flachsrotte. Gebräuchlicher war dafür die Bezeichnung Flachsröste oder einfach Röste. Das war ein Gärungsprozess, mit dem der innere holzige Kern und die Klebestoffe des Flachsstängels zerstört wurden. War er später getrocknet, kam das Boken oder auch Botten. Bei diesem Arbeitsgang wurden die Fasern von den Holz- und Rindenteilen befreit, indem man die Stängel mit einem Holzschlägel zerschlug. Das konnte auch im Stampfwerk einer Mühle geschehen.

Siehe auch
 Stampfmühle

Literatur
 Philipp Oppermann: Kleine Mühlenkunde: Deutsche Technikgeschichte vom Reibstein zur Industriemühle. 2010, ISBN 3981162676

Einzelnachweise

Mühlentyp

Bokemühle


Three ships of the British Royal Navy have been named HMS Ladybird, after the ladybird family of beetles (Coccinellidae).

 The first  was an  launched in 1916 and sunk off Tobruk in 1941.
 The second  was a base ship purchased in 1950 and returned to the original owner in 1953.
 The third  is a tender launched in 1970.

References

Royal Navy ship names

HMS Ladybird


ريتشارد بوكمينستر فولر Richard Buckminster Fuller (ميلتون، 12 يوليو 1895 -- لوس أنجلوس، 1 يوليو 1983) مخترع، كاتب، ومصمم معماري من الولايات المتحدة. وكان أيضا أستاذا في جامعة جنوب إلينوي، وكاتب غزير الإنتاج.
ألف فولر أكثر من 30 كتابا معززا بهم مصطلحات مثل سفينة الأرض. طور فولر العديد من الاكتشافات العلمية ربما أغلبها في مجال التصميم المعماري ومنها القبة الجويديسية حتي أن لاحقا تم إطلاق أسم فوليرين علي التكوين الكربوني الذي وجٍد مماثلا لتكوين عناصر القبة.

الحياة والعمل
وُلد فولر في 12 يوليو 1895، في مدينة ميلتون، ماساتشوستس لِوالديه «ريتشارد باكمنستر فولر» و«كارولين وولكوت آندروز» وابن ابن شقيق «مارغرت فولر» الصحفية الأمريكية والناقدة المنادية في حقوق المرأة المرتبطة بحركة الفلسفة المتعالية الأمريكية. ورِثَ اسمه الأوسط وغير المعتاد «باكمنستر» من أسلافه، جرّب ريتشارد تغييرات عدّة في اسمه، حيث اعتاد أن يُوقّع اسمه بشكل مختلف سنويًا في سجل الضيوف لمنزل عائلته الصيفي في جزيرة «كرانبيري، مين» ليعتمد أخيرًا اسم (ر. باكمنستر فولر).

قضى فولر معظم فترة شبابه في جزيرة «كرانبيري» في خليج بينوبسكوت قبالة ساحل «مين». التحق بروضة أطفال تستخدم أسلوب «فريدريك فروبل» في التعليم. كان فولر معارضًا لطريقة تدريس الهندسة في المدرسة، حيث لم يستطع التمييز هل تُمثل تلك النقطة المرسومة بالطبشور على اللوح نقطة رياضية فارغة أم أنها خط قد يمتد إلى ما لانهاية. أدت هذه اللامنطقية التي اختبرها إلى ولادة عمله «التآزُر». كان فولر غالبًا ما يصنع أشياء من عناصر وجدها في الغابة، وفي بعض الأحيان كان يصنع أدواته الخاصة. جرّب تصميمًا جديدًا لنظام دفع بشري للقوارب الصغيرة. اخترع وهو في عمر الثانية عشر نظام (الدفع والسحب) لدفع قارب تجديف باستخدام مظلة مقلوبة متصلة بالجزء المُسطّح من مؤخرة القارب عن طريق قفل مجداف بسيط، والتي تسمح للمُجدّف بالمُضي بتوجيه القارب للأمام نحو وجهته. أخذ فولر استثناءً في وقت لاحق لمصطلح (اختراع).

رأى فولر بعد عدة سنوات بأن هذه الخبرة لم تُوفر له الاهتمام بالتصميم فحسب، بل أيضًا عادة، أي أن يكون على دراية بالمواد التي سوف ستطلبها مشاريعه في وقت لاحق ومعرفته بها. حصل فولر على شهادة الميكانيكي، حيث عرِف كيفية استخدام مكابس الضغط، ومكابس التمدد وغيرها من الأدوات والمُعدات المستخدمة في تجارة الألواح المعدنية.

التعليم
التحق فولر بأكاديمية ميلتون في ماساتشوستس، ليبدأ بعدها الدراسة في كلية هارفارد، حيث انتسب إلى منزل آدمز. طُرد من جامعة هارفارد مرتين: أولاً لأنه أنفق كل أمواله في الحفلات مع فرقة «الفودفيل» للاستعراض المسرحي، والثانية بعد إعادة قبوله، بسبب «عدم مسؤوليته وعدم اهتمامه». وحسب تقييمه الخاص، كان غير كفؤ في بيئة الأخويّات.

تجربة الحرب
عمل فولر لأحد فصوله الدراسية في هارفرد كميكانيكي في مصنع للنسيج في كندا، وبعد ذلك كعامل في مصنع تعبئة لحوم. خاض أيضًا تجربة العمل في البحرية الأمريكية في الحرب العالمية الأولى، كمُشغّل راديو السفينة، محررًا للنشر وقائدًا لقارب الإنقاذ. بعد انتهائه من الخدمة، عمل مجددًا في تعبئة اللحوم، اكتسب خبرة كبيرة في الإدارة. تزوّج في عام 1917 من «آن هيوليت». طوّر فولر مع حماهُ في العشرينيات من القرن العشرين طريقة جديدة في صناعة الطوب من نِشارة الخشب المضغوطة والمصبوبة عبر الفتحات الرأسية، سُمّي نظام بناء هذا ب «ستوكد»، بهدف تشييد مساكن خفيفة الوزن، مقاومة للعوامل الجوية والحريق. مع ذلك ستفشل الشركة في وقت لاحق من 1927.

الاكتئاب وعيد الظهور الإلهي/الغطاس
استدعى باكمنستر عام 1927 باعتبارها سنة محوريّة في حياته. توفّيت ابنته ألكسندرا عام 1922، إثر مضاعفات من التهاب السحايا وشلل الأطفال وذلك قُبيل عيد ميلادها الرابع. وجد المؤرّخ من ستانفورد «باري كاتز» علامات تُشير بأن في هذا الوقت من حياة باكمنستر كان يعاني من الاكتئاب والقلق. عزا فولر أمر وفاة ابنته لسوء المسكن الذي يعيشون فيه حيث كان رطبًا ومفتوحًا أمام الريح. ومن هنا تولّد الدافع لدى فولر لإنشاء نظام البناء ستوكِد، والتي كان عملًا يهدف إلى توفير المسكن الذي يؤمّن كفاءة المعيشة وبأسعار مقبولة.

في عام 1927، وعندما كان في الثانية والثلاثين من عمره، فقد فولر وظيفته كرئيس ل «ستوكِد»، لم يكن لدى عائلته أي مدّخرات مالية، بل وزادت التحدّيات المالية مع ولادة ابنتهما أليجرا عام 1927. أدمن فولر الشراب مما انعكس على حلّ مُعضلات عائلته. فكّر فولر في الانتحار غرقًا في خريف 1927، كي تستفيد عائلته من مبلغ التأمين على الحياة.

التعافي
أصرّ فولر على التفكير بشكل مستقل، وشمل هذا البحث عن المبادئ التي تحكم الكون والمساعدة في التقدّم ودفع عجلة تطوّر البشرية وفقًا لذلك، وإيجاد طرق لفعل المزيد والقليل حتّى النهاية بحيث يتمكّن كل الناس في كل مكان من الحصول على المزيد والمزيد. ومع حلول عام 1928، كان يعيش في قرية غرينتش حيث قضى معظم وقته في مقهى «روماني ماري» الشهير هناك. حيث قضى فيه أمسية في محادثة «ماري» و«أوجين أونيل» قبل عدّة سنوات. قَبِل فولر وظيفة في تزيين الجزء الداخلي من المقهى بمقابل وجبات طعام، كان يُلقي محاضرات غير رسمية عدة مرات في الأسبوع، كما عرض نماذج من منزل «ديماكسيون» في المقهى. وصل المعماري «إيسامو نوغوتشي» خلال عام 1929 إلى قرية غرينتش، حيث قاده إلى هناك صديق قديم لماري يدعى «كوستانتين برانوشي»، وسرعان ما تعاون نوغوتشي وفولر في مشاريع عدّة، شملت هذه المشاريع تصميم سيارة «ديماكسيون» استنادًا لأحدث أعمال المهندس ومصمم السيارات الروماني «أوريل بيرسو». استمرّت صداقتهم مدى الحياة.

القِباب الجيوديزية
تلقّى فولر تعليمه في كلية «بلاك ماونتن» في ولاية كارولينا الشمالية في صيف 1948 وصيف 1949، وشغل حينها منصب مدير المعهد الصيفي عام 1949. كان فولر خجولًا ومنعزلًا، لكن مع ذلك أُقنع بالمشاركة في عرض مسرحي «حيلة ميدوسا» التي وضعها «جون كيغ» الأستاذ في كلية بلاك ماونتن. خلال التمرينات، وتحت إشراف «آرثر بن»، وبتأثير من الطلاب هناك، تجاوز فولر كل المثبطات المحيطة به، وأصبح واثقًا كمؤدٍّ ومتحدّث.

بدأ فولر -بدعمٍ من الطلاب والأستاذة في بلاك ماونتن- بإعادة اختراع مشروع القِبة الجيوديزية التي من شأنها أن تجعله مشهورًا، وبالرغم من أن الدكتور «فالتر باورسفيلد» كان قد أنشأها قبل 26عامًا، إلا أن فولر حصل على براءة الاختراع الأمريكية، ومع أنه أهمل ذكر الفن السابق للدكتور باورسفيلد في براءة اختراعه، إلا أن الفضل يعود له بنشر هذا النوع من الهياكل.

أُنشئ النموذج الأول في كلية «بنيجتون» في فيرمونت عام 1945، حيث كان يُحاضر فيها كثيرًا. وفي عام 1949، أنشأ أول بناء قبّة جيوديزية بإمكانها تحمّل وزنها ذاتيًا ومن دون أي حدود عمليّة. بلغ قطر القبة 4.3 مترًا حوالي (14 قدمًا)، حيث شُيّدت من أنابيب الطائرات المصنوعة من الألمنيوم وجلد الفينيل بمجسم عشريني الوجه ايكولوجي. ولإثبات فكرة تصميمه، علّق فولر عمل بعض الطلاب الذين ساعدوه في بنائها. أدركت الحكومة الأمريكية أهمية عمله ووظّفت شركته «جيوديزك» في رالي بولاية كاورلينا الشمالية لصنع قباب صغيرة للمارينز، وفي غضون بضع سنوات، كان هناك الآلاف من القِباب في جمع أنحاء العالم.

اقرأ أيضاً
 قبة جيوديسية
 بايوسفير (مونتريال)

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 The Estate of R. Buckminster Fuller
 Buckminster Fuller Institute
 Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medal of Freedom – February 23, 1983

 Buckminster Fuller, a portrait by Ansel Adams

أشخاص مرتبطون بالطاقة الشمسية
أشخاص من مقاطعة بينوبسكوت (مين)
أشخاص من ميلتون (ماساتشوستس)
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة واشنطن في سانت لويس
أفراد البحرية الأمريكية في الحرب العالمية الأولى
اقتصاديون أمريكيون
اقتصاديون أمريكيون في القرن 20
إنسانويون أمريكيون
إنسانويون علمانيون
باحثو الإدراك وطارحو النظريات
بيئيون أمريكيون
تاريخ الأفكار
تاريخ العلوم
تاريخ الفكر الاقتصادي
تاريخ الهندسة الرياضية
تربويون أمريكيون
توحيديون مسيحيون أمريكيون
حائزون على الوسام الرئاسي للحرية
حاصلون على الميدالية الذهبية الملكية
خريجو أكاديمية ميلتون
خريجو كلية بيتس
خريجو كلية هارفارد
دارسون في القرن 20
دعاة سلام أمريكيون
رفض العمل
زملاء الأكاديمية الأمريكية للفنون والعلوم
شعراء أمريكيون
شعراء أمريكيون في القرن 20
شعراء وشاعرات أمريكيون
عسكريون أمريكيون في الحرب العالمية الأولى
علماء أمريكيون في القرن 20
فلاسفة أخلاق
فلاسفة أمريكيون
فلاسفة أمريكيون في القرن 20
فلاسفة التاريخ
فلاسفة الثقافة
فلاسفة العقل
فلاسفة اللغات
فلاسفة تعليم
فلاسفة تقنية (تكنولوجيا)
فلاسفة سياسيون أمريكيون
فلاسفة علم الاجتماع
فلاسفة علوم
فلاسفة الاقتصاد
فلاسفة الحب
فلاسفة كتبوا حول النشاط والتغيير الاجتماعي
فلاسفة معاصرون
فلاسفة من الفن
فلاسفة نظرية المعرفة
فلسفة الجمال
فلسفة الحياة
كتب فلسفية
كتاب أمريكيون
كتاب أمريكيون في القرن 20
كتاب بيئة
كتاب بيئة غير روائيين أمريكيون
كتاب تقنية أمريكيون
كتاب سيرة ذاتية أمريكيون
كتاب عمارة أمريكيون
كتاب عن العولمة
كتاب غير روائيين أمريكيون في القرن 20
كتاب غير روائيين ذكور أمريكيون
كتاب مذكرات أمريكيون
كتاب مذكرات في القرن 20
كتاب مقالات أمريكيون
كتاب مقالات أمريكيون في القرن 20
كتاب يوميات أمريكيون
كتاب يوميات في القرن 20
لاعنفيون
مبتكرون
محاضرون
مخترعون أمريكيون
مخترعون أمريكيون في القرن 20
مختصون بالعلوم الاجتماعية في القرن 20
مدفونون في مقبرة ماونت أوبرن
مذيعون أمريكيون
مربون أمريكيون
مربون أمريكيون في القرن 20
مستقبليون
مصممون أمريكيون
مصممون صناعيون أمريكيون
معلمو عمارة
معماريون أمريكيون
معماريون أمريكيون في القرن 20
معماريون حداثيون
منظرون تربويون في القرن 20
منظرون على الحضارة الغربية
منظرون معماريون
منفعة
مواليد 1895
مواليد في ميلتون (ماساتشوستس)
مؤرخون أمريكيون
مؤرخون أمريكيون في القرن 20
ناشطون أمريكيون
ناشطون أمريكيون في القرن 20
ناشطون في مكافحة الفقر
نقاد اجتماعيون
نقاد ثقافيون
وفيات 1983
وفيات السرطان في كاليفورنيا
وفيات في لوس أنجلوس

ريتشارد بوكمينستر فولر


Ein Abkühlgitter ist ein Küchengerät, welches das Abkühlen von Lebensmitteln, meist Backwaren, vor dem Verzehr oder der Weiterverarbeitung verbessern soll.

Das Gitter verbessert die Umströmung des zu kühlenden Objekts mit Umgebungsluft und verhindert, dass sich auf der Unterseite Feuchtigkeit sammelt.
Die bekannteste Form des Abkühlgitters ist das Kuchengitter. Diese haben meist eine runde Form mit 32 cm Durchmesser und dienen dem Abkühlen von runden Kuchen und Torten. Im professionellen Bereich sind auch eckige oder sogar mehrstöckige Varianten im Einsatz.

Häufig bestehen die Gitter aus gebogenem und verschweißtem Draht, das anschließend als Oxidationsschutz verchromt oder kunststoffbeschichtet wird.

Küchengerät
Bäckereigerät

Abkühlgitter