In software development, a README file contains information about the other files in a directory or archive of computer software. A form of documentation, it is usually a simple plain text file called README, Read Me, READ.ME, README.TXT, README.md (to indicate the use of Markdown), or README.1ST.

The file's name is generally written in uppercase. On Unix-like systems in particular, this causes it to stand outboth because lowercase filenames are more common, and because the ls command commonly sorts and displays files in ASCII-code order, in which uppercase filenames will appear first.

Contents
A README file typically encompasses:

 Configuration instructions
 Installation instructions
 Operating instructions
 A file manifest (a list of files in the directory or archive)
 Copyright and licensing information
 Contact information for the distributor or author
 A list of known bugs
 Troubleshooting instructions
 Credits and acknowledgments
 A changelog (usually aimed at fellow programmers)
 A news section (usually aimed at end users)

History
It is unclear when the convention of including a README file began, but examples dating to the mid-1970s have been found. Early Macintosh system software installed a Read Me on the Startup Disk, and README files commonly accompanied third-party software.

In particular, there is a long history of free software and open-source software including a README file; the GNU Coding Standards encourage including one to provide "a general overview of the package".

Since the advent of the web as a de facto standard platform for software distribution, many software packages have moved (or occasionally, copied) some of the above ancillary files and pieces of information to a website or wiki, sometimes including the README itself, or sometimes leaving behind only a brief README file without all of the information required by a new user of the software.

The popular source code hosting website GitHub strongly encourages the creation of a README fileif one exists in the main (top-level) directory of a repository, it is automatically presented on the repository's front page. In addition to plain text, various other formats and file extensions are also supported, and HTML conversion takes extensions into accountin particular a README.md is treated as GitHub Flavored Markdown.

As a generic term
The expression "readme file" is also sometimes used generically, for other files with a similar purpose. For example, the source-code distributions of many free software packages (especially those following the Gnits Standards or those produced with GNU Autotools) include a standard set of readme files:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|README
|General information
|-
|AUTHORS
|Credits
|-
|THANKS
|Acknowledgments
|-
|CHANGELOG
|A detailed changelog, intended for programmers
|-
|NEWS
|A basic changelog, intended for users
|-
|INSTALL
|Installation instructions
|-
|COPYING / LICENSE
|Copyright and licensing information
|-
|BUGS
|Known bugs and instructions on reporting new ones
|-
|CONTRIBUTING / HACKING
|Guide for prospective contributors to the project
|-
|}

Also commonly distributed with software packages are an FAQ file and a TODO file, which lists planned improvements.

See also
 FILE_ID.DIZ
 DESCRIPT.ION
 .nfo
 man page

Notes

References

Further reading

Software documentation
Filenames
Community health files

README


Tuber macrosporum (Carlo Vittadini, 1831) din încrengătura Ascomycota în familia Tuberaceae și de genul Tuber,  denumit în popor trufă cu spori mari  sau trufă usturoiată, este o ciupercă comestibilă care coabitează cu rădăcinile de arbori, formând micorize. Acest soi destul de rar este o specie foarte pretențioasă la condițiile climatice și de sol. Se dezvoltă în România subteran în regiuni mai calde din sudul țării și Ardeal, preferind terenuri calcaroase și argiloase, dar de asemenea cele aluvionare și inundabile, din apropierea apelor, fiind foarte sensibilă la îngheț. Arborii simbionți preferați sunt stejarul și fagul prin pădurile rare de foioase pe pante expuse la soare. Timpul apariției este din septembrie până în decembrie.

Taxonomie
Specia a fost descoperită, descrisă și ilustrată de micologul italian Carlo Vittadini, de verificat în lucrarea sa Monographia Tuberacearum din 1831. Acest taxon este valabil până în prezent (2019). Mai există sinonimul Tuber rhenanum a renumitului micolog Leopold Fuckel din 1870.
Probabil însă prim-descrierea i se cuvine savantului francez Pierre Bulliard care a menționat și pictat specia ca Tuber cibarium subcinereum alliaceum în volumul 1 al operei sale Histoire des champignons de la France din 1791.

Descriere

 Corpul fructifer: se dezvoltă subteran, de obicei la o adâncime de 5-15 cm, având în mod general un diametru de maximal 5 cm, fiind sferic până turtit neregulat. Peridia (înveliș al corpului de fructificație la unele ciuperci) destul de groasă (150-300 µm) care nu poate fi decojită, este acoperită cu mici poligoane iregulare și aplatizate de numai 0,5-2 mm, cuticula fiind câteodată aproape netedă, de exemplu la exemplarele recoltate în habitatele din Transilvania. Coloritul pe exterior variază de la brun roșcat la negricios, fiind gălbuie pe partea inferioară. Gleba este fermă, solidă, maro-purpurie, dar neagră la maturitate, fiind străbătută de numeroase vinișoare meandre mai largi sau mai subțiri de culoare albă.
 Piciorul:  nu există.
 Carnea: este fermă și compactă, mirosul fiind aromatic, amintind de usturoi sau brânză fermentată, asemănător trufei albe de Piemont, iar gustul și el foarte savuros.
 Caracteristici microscopice: are spori pentru ciupercile acestui gen foarte mari, măsurând  fără ornamente 42-85 x 30-60 microni, sunt elipsoidali, hialini (translucizi), reticulați țepos până verucos. Mărimea depinde și de numărul sporilor în asce. Pulberea lor este brun-roșcată. Ascele cu o tulpină scurtă sunt sub-globuloase până elipsoidale, cu o mărime de 90-130 x 65-80 microni, conținând 1-4 spori, în regulă trei.
 Reacții chimice: nu sunt cunoscute.

Specificitate
În regulă specia se descoperă cu ajutorul de câini sau porci (aceștia cu botniță, de altfel ar mânca bureții) dresați. În lunile septembrie și octombrie pot fi depistate și după prezența a lui Leiodes cinnamomea (gândac de trufă) sau a muștelor de trufă de genul Heleomyza (Heleomyza serrata, Helomyza tuberivora) sau de genul Suillia (Suillia affinis, Suillia fuscicornis).

Confuzii
Această specie poate doar fi confundată cu specii asemănătoare ale acestui gen, cu toate comestibile, cum sunt: Tuber aestivum, Tuber brumale, Tuber indicum, Tuber melanosporum, Tuber mesentericum sau Tuber uncinatum.

Specii asemănătoare în imagini

Valorificare
Trufa usturoiată are o valoare gastronomică deosebită, fiind o trufă la mare căutare. Datorită faptului că producția este mică și inconstantă se valorifică destul de greu. După ce are un miros și gust aproape similar cu cel al prețuitului Tuber magnatum, poate fi folosită în bucătărie și consumată asemănător. Se spune că gurmanzi adevărați ar prefera acest soi ras sau tăiat peste paste făinoase, bruschetă, rizoto sau mămăligă cu unt.

Note

Bibiliografie
 Bruno Cetto, volumele 1-7
 J. E. și M. Lange: "BLV Bestimmungsbuch - Pilze", Editura BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, Berna Viena 1977, p. 116, ISBN 3-405-11568-2
 Hans E. Laux: "Der große Pilzführer, Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2001, ISBN 978-3-440-14530-2
 Gustav Lindau, Eberhard Ulbrich: "Die höheren Pilze, Basidiomycetes, mit Ausschluss der Brand- und Rostpilze", Editura  J. Springer, Berlin 1928
 Meinhard Michael Moser: "Kleine Kryptogamenflora der Pilze – vol. II a.: "Höhere Phycomyceten und Ascomyceten", Editura Gustav Fischer, Jena 1963

Legături externe

 Un câine la vânătoarea după Tuber macrosporum

Tuber
Ciuperci comestibile
Micoriză
1831 în știință

Tuber macrosporum


George V () is a station on Line 1 of the Paris Métro, under the Champs-Élysées.

The station was opened on 13 August 1900, almost a month after trains began running on the original section of Line 1 between Porte de Vincennes and Porte Maillot on 19 July 1900. It was originally called Alma, after the nearby street named in honour of the Battle of Alma in the Crimean War.

On 27 May 1920 the street and station were renamed after George V of the United Kingdom in appreciation of the United Kingdom's support for France during World War I. The station entrance is located between Rue de Bassano and Avenue George V on the Champs-Élysées.

Station layout

See also
Similarly named places:
 Hotel George V, Paris
 King George V DLR station, London
Nearby stations:
Charles de Gaulle–Étoile
Franklin D. Roosevelt

References
 Roland, Gérard (2003). Stations de métro. D'Abbesses à Wagram. Éditions Bonneton.

Paris Métro stations in the 8th arrondissement of Paris
Railway stations in France opened in 1900

George V station


تيزي المهدي بلدية بدائرة وزرة ولاية المدية الجزائرية. بلغ عدد سكان البلدة في 2008 حوالي 2655 نسمى ة.

المصادر

أماكن مأهولة في ولاية المدية
تيزي المهدي

تيزي المهدي


Ilirsko sjemenište nalazi se u Omišu, na adresi Četvrt Žarka Dražojevića 11.

Opis
Nastalo u 18. i 19. stoljeću. Ilirsko sjemenište smješteno je na Priku sučelice predromaničkoj crkvi sv. Petra. Utemeljio ga je splitski nadbiskup Pacifik Bizza za obrazovanje svećenika glagoljaša. Sačuvani su dijelovi glavne zgrade i dio trijema.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-5040 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "javne građevine".

Izvori

Zaštićene javne građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Građevine u Omišu
Sjemeništa u Hrvatskoj

Ilirsko sjemenište u Omišu


Robert William Andrew Feller (November 3, 1918 – December 15, 2010), nicknamed "the Heater from Van Meter", "Bullet Bob", and "Rapid Robert", was an American baseball pitcher who played 18 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Cleveland Indians between 1936 and 1956. In a career spanning 570 games, Feller pitched 3,827 innings and posted a win–loss record of 266–162, with 279 complete games, 44 shutouts, and a 3.25 earned run average (ERA).  His career 2,581 strikeouts were third all-time upon his retirement.

A prodigy who bypassed baseball's minor leagues, Feller made his debut with the Indians at the age of 17. His career was interrupted by four years of military service (1942–1945) as a United States Navy Chief Petty Officer aboard  during World War II. Feller became the first pitcher to win 24 games in a season before the age of 21. He threw no-hitters in 1940, 1946, and 1951, and 12 one-hitters, both records at his retirement. He helped the Indians win a World Series title in 1948 and an American League-record 111 wins and the pennant in 1954. Feller led the American League in wins six times and in strikeouts seven times. In 1946 he recorded 348 strikeouts, the most since 1904 and then believed to be a record.

An eight-time All-Star, Feller was ranked 36th on Sporting Newss 1999 list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players and was named the publication's "greatest pitcher of his time". He was a finalist for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team in 1999. Baseball Hall of Fame member Ted Williams called Feller "the fastest and best pitcher I ever saw during my career." Hall of Famer Stan Musial believed he was "probably the greatest pitcher of our era." He was elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962 on his first ballot with the then fourth highest percentage of votes. He was elected the inaugural President of the Major League Baseball Players' Association and both organized and participated in barnstorm exhibition games which featured players from both the Major and Negro leagues. Feller died at the age of 92 in 2010.

Early life
Feller played primarily as a shortstop or outfielder, emulating Rogers Hornsby's batting stance. From the age of 15, he began to pitch for the Oakviews after a starting pitcher was injured; while doing so, Feller continued to play American Legion baseball. His catcher during this period was Nile Kinnick, who later won the Heisman Trophy in 1939 and became a member of the College Football Hall of Fame.

A student at Van Meter High School, Feller was a starting pitcher for the school's baseball team. During this time, he continued to play on the Farmers Union team in the American Amateur Baseball Congress, and had 19 wins and four losses for Farmers Union one season. He also was the starting center for the high school basketball team. By the age of 16, Feller possessed what critics judged a high quality fastball; major league scouts traveled to Dayton, Ohio to watch him in the annual national baseball tournament. After the game, several big league clubs offered signing bonuses with their contract offers, but he had already been signed to a professional contract with the Cleveland Indians.

Professional career

Teenage phenomenon (1936–1941)

In 1936, Feller was signed by Cy Slapnicka, a scout for the Indians, for one dollar and an autographed baseball. While scouting Feller, Slapnicka said, "This was a kid pitcher I had to get. I knew he was something special. His fastball was fast and fuzzy; it didn't go in a straight line; it would wiggle and shoot around. I didn't know then that he was smart and had the heart of a lion, but I knew that I was looking at an arm the likes of which you see only once in a lifetime." Feller was assigned to the Fargo-Moorhead Twins and was to report there after finishing the high school semester.

Slapnicka was later named general manager of the Indians and transferred Feller's contract from Fargo-Moorhead to the New Orleans Pelicans. He was planning to add Feller, along with outfielder Tommy Henrich, to the major league roster after a few exhibition and semi-pro games, without either playing for a farm club. By doing so, the Indians would be in violation of Major League Baseball's rule stating that, at the time, only minor league teams could sign amateur baseball players to contracts.

After a three-month investigation, concluding in December 1936, about whether the Indians broke any Major League Baseball rules by signing Feller, Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis disagreed with the argument presented by Slapnicka and Indians president Alva Bradley, but awarded both Feller and Henrich free agency and required the club to pay a $7,500 fine, . Landis made the decision partly due to the testimony of Feller and his father, who wanted his son to play for Cleveland and who had also told Landis he would take the issue to court. Feller elected to remain with the Indians but Henrich joined the New York Yankees. Sports columnist Joe Williams wrote, "For $7500 the Cleveland Indians received $500,000 [] worth of publicity. ... I feel pretty sure Mr. Alva Bradley, president of the Indians, will admit this is the cheapest investment he ever made in publicity."

Feller joined the Indians and made his Major League debut on July 19, 1936, in a relief appearance against the Washington Senators. A month later on August 23, Feller made his first career start against the St. Louis Browns. Indians manager Steve O'Neill had Denny Galehouse warmed up in the bullpen in case the 17-year-old Feller had early troubles, but he struck out all three batters he faced in the first inning, and recorded 15 strikeouts in earning his first career win. His strikeout total was the highest for a (starting) pitching debut. Three weeks later, he struck out 17 batters, tying a single-game strikeout record previously set by Dizzy Dean, in a win over the Philadelphia Athletics. He finished the season with a 5–3 record, having appeared in 14 games; he had 47 walks and 76 strikeouts in 62 innings. Feller's fame reached such a level that when he returned to Van Meter for his senior year of high school, the governor of Iowa greeted him. His record-setting rookie year made him, according to baseball writer Richard Goldstein, "the best-known young person in America, with the possible exception of Shirley Temple." Feller's entrance to the big leagues was later described:

As the 1937 season began, Feller appeared on the cover of the April 19, 1937 issue of Time magazine. In his first appearance of the season on April 24, Feller suffered an injury to his elbow while throwing a curveball. He spent April and May healing the arm, and in May graduated from high school; the ceremony aired nationally on NBC Radio. In mid-May, the Indians considered ending Feller's season early. "We're not taking any chances on that arm and we're not going to allow him to pitch again until the last trace of soreness has disappeared", said Slapnicka. On May 18, Feller appeared in his first game since April 24 but did not record an out. He did not pitch again until June 22, when he recorded two innings, then returned to normal pitching duties on July 4.

On October 2, 1938, Feller was the starting pitcher of a season-ending double-header against the Detroit Tigers. Detroit's Hank Greenberg was two home runs short of Babe Ruth's then-single-season record of 60 home runs. By the ninth inning, Feller had recorded 16 strikeouts, one fewer than the MLB record in a nine-inning game. He tied the record when he struck out Detroit's Pete Fox and, when he struck out Chet Laabs for the fifth time that day, broke the record, to set the modern major league record of 18. Greenberg went 1–4 with a double, then 3–3 in the nightcap, all singles.  He later said of the game, "Feller's curve was jumping wickedly and with that and his fast ball, he was murder." Feller did not earn a win, however, as the Indians lost, 4–1. "It was one of those days when everything feels perfect, your arm, your coordination, your concentration, everything. There was drama in the air because of Greenberg's attempt to break Ruth's record, and the excitement grew even greater when my strikeouts started to add up", Feller said. For the 1938 season, Feller led all pitchers with 208 walks and 240 strikeouts.

In 1939, Feller received his first career Opening Day start, against the Tigers, after a match against the Browns was rained out. He won the game 5–1, allowing three hits. On Mother's Day, Feller pitched against the Chicago White Sox with his family in attendance. One pitch was fouled off by Marv Owen into the seats and into the face of Feller's mother; he went on to win the game. Feller finished the 1939 season leading the AL in wins (24), complete games (24) and innings pitched (296.2), and led the majors for a second consecutive year in both walks (142) and strikeouts (246).

Opening Day of the 1940 season featured a no-hitter from Feller against the Chicago White Sox. Feller was assisted by Indians second baseman Ray Mack when he made a diving play to record the final out. This is the only no-hitter to be thrown on Opening Day in major league history. However, he followed his no-hitter with a six-run, three-inning performance in his next start, in a game against the Detroit Tigers. By the end of the season, he had a 27–11 record, with his win total the best in the majors that season, and a career-high for Feller. He accomplished the pitching triple crown for the 1940 season, as he led the AL in ERA (2.61), wins (27) and strikeouts (261) (the latter two led the entire majors). Feller also led the majors with 31 complete games and 320.1 innings pitched, and won the Sporting News Player of the Year Award. Feller later assessed his first few years in the majors: "I relied on the catcher too much. It's swell to have a good catcher calling 'em for you, but the pitcher should take responsibility on his own shoulders."

To publicize Feller's extraordinary pitching speed, the Office of the Commissioner of Baseball commissioned sports film analysis pioneer and former major leaguer Lew Fonseca to pit Feller's fastball against a motorcycle in a "100 mph" speed trial. The test was conducted in Chicago's Lincoln Park, with Feller in street shoes, suit pants, dress shirt, and tie, pitching without a mound on an asphalt roadway.  He was required to hit a target  in diameter from  away, "as control is as important as speed". The still accelerating Harley-Davidson passed Feller going , yet even with a generous head start the ball beat the bike to the target by several feet. Feller's throw was calculated at the time to have reached 98.6 mph (158.7 km/h), later raised  to 104 mph (167 km/h) using updated measuring methods.

Feller again led the majors in wins (25), strikeouts (260), innings pitched (343), and walks (194) for the 1941 season. His six shutouts were an AL-best on the season. That year, Joe DiMaggio talked about Feller's pitching ability, stating "I don't think anyone is ever going to throw a ball faster than he does. And his curveball isn't human." Feller appeared in the May 12, 1941, edition of Life, which said: "... he is unquestionably the idol of several generations of Americans, ranging in age from 7 to 70. They represent every city, town and village in the land, speak of him familiarly as 'Bob', and talk about him by the hour, with enthusiasm."

Military service (1941–1945)
The United States entered World War II with the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Feller heard about the bombing while returning from a visit to his terminally ill father at Des Moines to Chicago where he was to sign a new Indians contract. Two days later, he volunteered for the United States Navy, becoming the first American professional athlete to enlist. Originally he tried to enlist as a fighter pilot but failed hearing tests. Feller attended basic training at Norfolk Naval Base and served as a physical fitness instructor there. He also pitched in baseball games hosted by the military. Although he had received a military exemption owing to his father's failing health, he wanted to serve in combat missions. Feller said, "I told them I wanted to ... get into combat; wanted to do something besides standing around handing out balls and bats and making ball fields out of coral reefs." Feller was assigned to ; he had hoped to serve on , but it would not be commissioned for another six months after Alabama, joining the fleet February 22, 1943.

Shortly before Feller left for combat, his father died of brain cancer in early January 1943. Five days later, he married Virginia Winther, whom he had met while in Florida for spring training; she was a student at Rollins College. After the marriage, Feller returned to service as Gun Captain aboard Alabama and kept his pitching arm in shape by throwing near a gun turret. Feller and the Alabama crew spent most of 1943 in the British Isles along with , but in August were reassigned to the Pacific Theater of Operations. Feller's first taste of direct combat was at Operation Galvanic in November 1943. Alabama also served during Operation Flintlock while primarily being used as an escort battleship in 1944. Feller participated in the Battle of the Philippine Sea before his combat duty ended in January 1945; he spent the rest of the war at the Great Lakes Naval Training Station as an instructor.

When the war ended, Feller was discharged as a Chief Petty Officer on August 22, 1945. He was decorated with six campaign ribbons and eight battle stars while serving on missions in both the Pacific and North Atlantic, and was made an honorary member of the Green Berets later in life.

Baseball during Naval service (1942, 1945)
Feller pitched for the Norfolk Naval Station's Bluejackets baseball team, which went 92–8 in 1942, and later for the Naval Station Great Lakes team.

In 1945, from early spring to late summer, Feller's naval duties were again at Great Lakes Naval station, where he replaced Mickey Cochrane as manager of the baseball program, as well as performed as an active pitcher for the team.

Return to Cleveland (1945–1948)
Upon arrival in Cleveland after his discharge, Feller was honored with a civic luncheon on August 24, 1945, at the Carter Hotel. Feller said to the thousand-plus crowd: "The real heroes didn't come home." Later that day, the city held a parade and Feller was the starting pitcher in the Indians' game against the Detroit Tigers. Feller allowed four hits in the game and earned a win in the Indians' 4–2 victory. "I was so tired from all the receptions I didn't know if I could finish the game", Feller said. For the 1945 season, he appeared in nine games and notched a 5–3 record with 59 strikeouts and 2.50 ERA.

Before the 1946 season, Feller signed a $37,500 () contract for that year, including a bonus for attendance, as the Indians felt many were attending baseball games primarily to see him; he was offered $100,000 by Jorge Pasquel to play in the Mexican League, but declined to leave the States again. Feller recorded his second career no-hitter on April 30, 1946, against the New York Yankees. He allowed five walks and struck out 11 Yankees. Feller said of the game, "The no-hitter on opening day in Chicago is the one that gets all the attention. But my no-hitter at Yankee Stadium was against a much better team than the White Sox. There was no comparison. I had to pitch to Tommy Henrich, Charlie Keller and Joe DiMaggio in the ninth inning to get the Yankees out." At one point during the season (as he thought he might be nearing Rube Waddell's AL record for strikeouts of 344), Feller claims he confirmed Waddell's total with the AL office. In his last appearance of the season he fanned five Detroit Tigers on September 29 to set what was then believed to be the then-AL single-season strikeout record of 348. Later research into box scores for Waddell's 1904 pitching appearances credited him with five additional strikeouts, moving the mark to 349 and bumping Feller from the top spot.  Feller's tally proved the highest for 62 years, until passed by Sandy Koufax's then record 382 in 1966.

During the 1946 season Feller registered career-highs in strikeouts (348), games started (42), games pitched (48), shutouts (10), complete games (36), and innings pitched (377.1)–– all major league bests that season. Feller finished 26–15 with an ERA of 2.18, the latter a career-low. Nearly 20 years later, Feller recalled, "For the 1946 season, though, the Indians were so thin in pitching that [player-manager] Boudreau decided I was to pitch every fourth day, regardless of rainouts, open dates, or anything else."

Feller began 1947 by setting up a barnstorming tour, pitting his own selected team against a Negro league baseball team led by Satchel Paige. Feller's team included Stan Musial and Phil Rizzuto, while Paige's included Buck O'Neil and Hilton Smith. They played in 22 games across the United States, and at the conclusion of the tour, each player had made nearly as much money as the St. Louis Cardinals made as a team for their 1946 World Series win. Against the St. Louis Browns, in Feller's second start of the season, he extended his major league record for one-hitters when he recorded his ninth one-hit game in a shutout win on April 22. In a June 13 game against the Philadelphia Athletics, having already amassed 10 strikeouts through four innings, Feller fell from the mound, which rain had made slippery, and injured his back. "My fastball was never the same after that", Feller said. He ended the season as the AL leader in wins (20) and shutouts (5), and led the majors in strikeouts (196) and innings pitched (299).

World Series champion (1948)

In 1948, the Indians had one of their finest seasons, though Feller experienced a season that had a considerable number of downs as well as ups. Feller was selected to represent the AL All-Stars for the seventh time in his career in the 1948 All-Star Game, but declined to play, feeling that his performance did not warrant selection as an All-Star. At one point he was winless for a month, and by July 22, his record was 9–12. Lou Boudreau, the Indians' player-manager, declared "we sink or swim with Feller", and continued to pick him. Feller proceeded to go 10–3 for the remainder of his appearances to finish the season with a record of 19–15, a league-leading 164 strikeouts, and a 3.56 ERA. The Indians won a one-game playoff against the Boston Red Sox to determine the team to represent the AL in the World Series; it was the first time the team had won the pennant since the 1920 season.

Feller started Game One of the 1948 World Series against the NL-champion Boston Braves. In the eighth inning, Feller and Boudreau appeared to have picked off the Braves' Phil Masi as he attempted to steal a base, but umpire Bill Stewart ruled he was safe. Masi scored the only run of the game on a Braves single. Despite surrendering just two hits on 85 pitches for the game, Feller and the Indians lost 1–0. Later, photographs showed that Boudreau had tagged Masi out by two feet. Feller said, "Stewart was the only guy in the park who thought he was safe." Feller was again named the starter in Game Five, which set an attendance record; the 86,288 fans at Municipal Stadium in Cleveland was the then-largest attendance at a baseball game. The Braves put up three runs in the top of the first inning. The Indians came back to tie the game, but by the seventh inning, the Braves regained the lead for good and Feller was removed from the game. He finished having allowed eight hits and seven earned runs. Lemon won Game Six and gave the Indians their second World Series championship. After the Indians returned to Cleveland and were given a victory parade, Feller said, "This is as good as being President."

Later years (1949–1956)

After taking a pay cut to start the 1949 season, Feller pitched on Opening Day against the St. Louis Browns. During the game, he injured his shoulder and missed the rest of April. His performances were mixed during the rest of the season, and he finished the year with a 15–14 record and a 3.75 ERA. Before the 1950 season, Feller suggested to Indians management he take a pay cut, and did so. Indians general manager Hank Greenberg said, "He himself made the suggestion. In fact, he offered to take more than the 25 per cent maximum pay cut allowed. There was absolutely nothing to it. We all agreed quickly on the figure after Bob showed up yesterday." In a win over the Detroit Tigers in the second game of a doubleheader, Feller became the 53rd pitcher to win 200 games. Throughout the year, players noted that his velocity had returned, and, winning games with finesse rather than power, he was again effective. He finished the year with 16 wins and a 3.43 ERA.

On July 1, 1951, Feller recorded his third career no-hitter against the Detroit Tigers. "I was depending on my slider and I didn't begin to think of a no-hitter until about the seventh inning. I tried to keep it in the back of my mind, bearing down and concentrating on one hitter at a time", Feller said. Feller was the third pitcher, after Larry Corcoran and Cy Young, to record three career no-hitters. He became the first pitcher of the 1951 season to reach 20 wins after he pitched a shutout against the Washington Senators on August 21. Along with Early Wynn and Mike Garcia, Feller reached the 20-win mark during the season; they were the first trio of pitchers on the same staff to earn 20 wins since 1931.  The Cleveland starting rotation was so strong that future Hall of Famer Bob Lemon's 17 wins was the only time in an eight-year stretch he didn't win 20.

Feller went 22–8 in 1951, leading the AL both in wins and with a .733 win percentage.  He was named the Sporting News Pitcher of the Year.

Feller started the 1952 season with three wins in his first five starts; one of the losses was an April 23 one-hitter against Bob Cain, who also allowed only one hit. Feller struggled for the rest of the season, and after an argument with an umpire over a strike call in late August, manager Al López shut Feller down for the season, finishing 9–13 and a 4.74 ERA. He improved the following year, winning 10 games and losing 7 in 25 starts after Lopez gave him extra days of rest between appearances. The Indians won 111 regular-season games during 1954, breaking an AL record previously held by the 1927 New York Yankees. The 35-year-old Feller finished 13–3 on the year, earning his 250th pitching victory in a May 23 win and his 2,500th career strikeout in a win on June 12.

The Indians played against the New York Giants in the 1954 World Series, getting swept in four games.  Unlike the 1948 Series, Feller did not make an appearance. Indians manager Al López said of not starting Feller, "I know Feller wanted to start one of the games in the 1954 World Series (when the Indians were swept by the New York Giants), though we never really talked about it ... If we had won the first or second game in New York, I was going to start Feller in Cleveland in the fourth game. But when we didn't (win either game in New York), why in the hell was I going to pitch Feller? He was the fifth starter on the club at that time, and wasn't the Feller he'd been (earlier in his career)." In 1955, Feller spent part of the season as a starter, then was moved to the bullpen later in the season. He went 4–4 in 25 appearances. During the off-season, he became chairman of the Ohio March of Dimes and served as player representative for the American League. He worked with National League representative Robin Roberts throughout the off-season, discussing the possibility of player arbitration and pensions with baseball owners; he then became president of the Major League Baseball Players' Association.

In the 1956 season, Feller started four games and appeared in 15 others, and finished with an 0–4 record and career-worst 4.97 ERA. The Indians held "Bob Feller Night" on September 9, and he appeared in his last major league game on September 30. After the season, speculation mounted regarding whether Feller would retire as a player. In December 1956, Feller told The Plain Dealer: "I will return to Cleveland later this week and plan to confer with Hank Greenberg before Christmas. I hope to reach a decision at that time." Greenberg had also offered Feller his release or a job with the Indians in their front office. Greenberg said, "We sincerely want Feller to remain with us. As far as I'm concerned, there will always be a job waiting for Bob in the Cleveland organization." On December 28, Feller officially retired from the Indians as a player to continue his work selling insurance. Announcing his retirement, Feller said, "I could have gone with a couple other ball clubs, but anything I might have done with them would have taken the edge off the success I have had with the Cleveland club the last 20 years." He continued, "What if I did pitch another year, so what? I would have to come to the decision I am making now, some time."

He spent his entire career of 18 seasons with the Indians, being one of "The Big Four" in the Indians' pitching rotation in the 1950s, along with Bob Lemon, Early Wynn and Mike Garcia. Feller shares the Major League record of 12 one-hitters with Nolan Ryan, and was the first pitcher to win 20 or more games before the age of 21. He ended his career with 266 wins, 2,581 strikeouts and 279 complete games. Over the course of his career, he led the AL in strikeouts seven times and walks four times. Upon his retirement, Feller was number three all-time in strikeouts, behind only Walter Johnson and Cy Young, and held the major league record for most walks in a career (1,764), and holds the 20th-century record for most walks in a season (208 in 1938). The Indians retired his jersey number, 19, on December 27, 1956.

As a hitter, Feller posted a .151 batting average (193-for-1282) with 99 runs, 28 doubles, 13 triples, 8 home runs, 99 RBI and 100 bases on balls. Defensively, he recorded a .963 fielding percentage.

In 1962, Feller was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum, along with Jackie Robinson. Both were the first to be elected on their first ballot appearance since the original induction class of 1936. At the time of his induction, only Ty Cobb (98.2%), Babe Ruth (95.1%), and Honus Wagner (95.1%) had a higher percentage of ballot votes. In 2010, after Feller had been admitted to hospice, a reporter released a story recalling a 2007 interview with an aged Feller where he brought up Feller's candid assessment of Robinson as a ballplayer. "They overhyped Jackie Robinson. He was a good baserunner. He was a fair hitter. He was an average second baseman. He was not as good a ballplayer as Larry Doby. There were a lot of better black ballplayers than Jackie Robinson," said Feller.

Dispute with Commissioner Chandler
Throughout his career, Feller played exhibition games during the off-season, playing in towns unaccustomed to seeing major league ballplayers. His exhibition tours often featured other big leaguers and Negro league players, like Satchel Paige, who was also a teammate of Feller's with the Indians. Other players included Stan Musial, Mickey Vernon, and Jeff Heath. During a barnstorming tour in 1945, Feller pitched against Jackie Robinson after he had been signed by the Brooklyn Dodgers. He told a reporter in Los Angeles that he believed Robinson was too muscle-bound to succeed against pitching in the major leagues, although Robinson recorded two hits off Feller. Players had to notify the Commissioner of Baseball, A.B. "Happy" Chandler, before participating in exhibition games and were not allowed to begin games before the conclusion of the major-league season. Feller wrote to Chandler, challenging the league's limit on the number of games that were allowed to be played and proposing an increase; the Commissioner agreed to Feller's proposal. To minimize travel time, Feller employed airplanes, such as two Douglas DC-3s in 1947, to transport players from town to town. Feller's involvement, as well as that of other major league players, was the subject of meetings between the Commissioner and AL and NL presidents.

In 1947, Feller announced that he would pitch in the Cuban winter league during the off-season, but Commissioner Chandler ruled no major-leaguer could play in Cuba. Feller said he would donate his profits from playing in the Cuban winter league to the American Major League players' pension fund: "I want to prove I'm not going to Cuba for any selfish interest but because there is a principle involved and that is the right of any ball player to work at his chosen profession". Feller also believed it was "grossly unfair" that major leaguers who were U.S. citizens could not play in winter leagues but Latin Americans were permitted. Indians owner and president Bill Veeck said, "I have no comment on Bob's outside activities. I don't know whether they've hurt him or not. But I do know this. The great majority of the people of Cleveland think they've hurt him."

Feller's barnstorming business savvy and endorsement details made him one of the wealthiest players of his time but he claimed his off-season exhibitions and barnstorming were necessary to pay for increased medical expenses for his family. His first wife developed anemia after giving birth to their second child when she was given the wrong type of blood during transfusions; she subsequently became addicted to the prescribed medication for her condition. Feller was trying to make up lost earnings as a result, since he missed out on $125,000 or more in salary when he served in the Navy; he missed more than three major league seasons. Feller's biographer John Sickels suggested: "They were trying to make money, but part of it was also, he felt that the black players weren't necessarily getting a fair chance and that he wanted to sort of showcase it. And seeing those, I think, those exhibition games helped people realize that the Negro league players were just as good as the Major League players."

Records

Feller, who averaged over 25 wins for the three seasons preceding his military service and won 26 his first year out, estimated that the nearly four years he missed while in the U.S. Navy cost him at least 100 career wins. Given his proven performance on both sides of his hitch it is likely that Feller would have finished his career with more than 350 wins and perhaps 3,800 strikeouts. The always plain-speaking Feller said, "I know in my heart I would have ended up a lot closer to 400 than 300 if I hadn't spent four seasons in the Navy. But don't take that as a complaint. I'm happy I got home in one piece."

There are numerous claims of how fast Feller could actually throw a ball.  All are inherently dubious (due to the extremely inaccurate means of measuring used), and none can be proven valid.  Best estimates are at least 98 mph and quite possibly several miles an hour over 100 mph.  Among them is footage of a Feller fastball being clocked by Army ordnance equipment (used to measure artillery shell velocity) and registering at . However, this took place in the later years of his career and the speed of the ball was measured as it crossed the plate (whereas later methods measure the speed as it leaves the pitcher's hand). With primitive equipment, Feller was at one point measured at . Feller once mentioned that he was clocked at  at Lincoln Park in Chicago. He also is credited with throwing the second fastest pitch ever officially recorded, at , in a game in 1946 at Griffith Stadium. Feller said a 1974 test involving Nolan Ryan would be evaluated when he threw the ball rather than when it reached home plate, and as columnist Milton Richman wrote, Feller said "Sandy Koufax had the best live fast ball he ever saw."

Although subjective, an extremely telling assessment of just how hard Feller was to hit – even for a left-handed hitter, who had an advantage compared to right-handers – was the tribute from Ted Williams, regarded by many as the greatest hitter in baseball history.  He confessed, "Three days before he pitched I would start thinking about Robert Feller, Bob Feller. I'd sit in my room thinking about him all the time. God I loved it ... Allie Reynolds of the Yankees was tough, and I might think about him for 24 hours before a game, but Robert Feller: I'd think about him for three days." Feller was ranked 36th on The Sporting News'''s list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players and also the publication's "greatest pitcher of his time" as well as a finalist for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team in 1999. Each year, American Legion Baseball presents the "Bob Feller Pitching Award" to the pitcher "with the most strikeouts in regional and national competition."

Later life
Feller was elected the inaugural president of the Major League Baseball Players' Association in 1956. As president, he appeared before Congress to speak about baseball's reserve clause. Feller was the first player to get a franchise to agree to a share of game receipts when he was the starting pitcher for Indians' games. He was also the earliest player to incorporate himself (as Ro-Fel, Inc.). He was also one of the first players to work for the right of a player to enter free agency.

Feller and his wife, Virginia Winther, had three sons, Steve, Martin, and Bruce. The couple divorced in 1971; from the divorce settlement, Virginia received the house she and Feller had built. Virginia died on May 6, 1981, in her home in Shaker Heights, Ohio. In retirement, Feller lived with his second wife, Anne (née Thorpe), in Gates Mills, a suburb of Cleveland.

Feller is credited with being the first baseball star to sign autographs at baseball memorabilia conventions, and was such a frequent guest at such events that one ESPN writer speculated that he had signed more autographs than any other person.

In 1990, Feller received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. In June 2009, at the age of 90, Feller was one of the starting pitchers at the inaugural Baseball Hall of Fame Classic, which replaced the Hall of Fame Game at Cooperstown, New York. Feller was treated for leukemia in August 2010. By October, Feller was fitted with a pacemaker and was diagnosed with pneumonia and thrush, an infection of the mucous membrane lining the mouth and throat. He was transferred on December 8 from the Cleveland Clinic to hospice care. On December 15, Feller died of complications from leukemia at 92.

Legacy

Of Feller's death, Mike Hegan, Indians broadcaster and son of former Feller teammate and battery mate Jim Hegan, stated, "The Indians of the 40s and 50s were the face of the city of Cleveland and Bob was the face of the Indians. But, Bob transcended more than that era. In this day of free agency and switching teams, Bob Feller remained loyal to the city and the team for over 70 years. You will likely not see that kind of mutual loyalty and admiration ever again." In 2010, the "Cleveland Indians Man of the Year Award" was renamed the "Bob Feller Man of the Year Award".

On Opening Day of the 2011 season, the Indians invited Feller's widow, Anne, to present a silent first pitch. During pregame introductions, Cleveland players wore a No. 19 jersey in honor of Feller. For the entire 2011 season the players' uniforms were outfitted with an outline of Feller's pitching motion. The organization also made a permanent memorial of the press-box seat that Feller used in later life.

The Bob Feller Museum opened in Feller's birthplace, Van Meter, Iowa, on June 10, 1995. Designed by Feller's son Stephen, on land donated by Brenton Banks, the museum had two rooms that contained Feller memorabilia and items from his own collection. The Feller bat used by Babe Ruth when he made his last public appearance at Yankee Stadium is at the museum. Feller said a teammate had stolen the bat and eventually it was purchased by the Upper Deck sports card company for $107,000. Feller later offered the company $95,000 in return for the bat. Following Feller's death in 2010, the museum faced serious funding issues. In 2015, with family approval, the Bob Feller Museum was donated to the city of Van Meter for use as the city hall. Some artifacts remain on permanent exhibit and can be viewed free of charge.

In 2013, the Bob Feller Act of Valor Award was created to honor the life of Feller. The award recognizes "individuals that possess the values, integrity, and dedication to serving our country that Bob Feller himself displayed."

See also

DHL Hometown Heroes
Major League Baseball titles leaders
TSN Pitcher of the Year (1951)
List of Major League Baseball annual ERA leaders
List of Major League Baseball annual strikeout leaders
List of Major League Baseball annual wins leaders
List of Major League Baseball career wins leaders
List of Major League Baseball no-hitters
List of Major League Baseball players who spent their entire career with one franchise
List of Major League Baseball single-game strikeout leaders

References

Further reading

 Honig, Donald (1975) Baseball When the Grass Was Real: Baseball from the Twenties to the Forties Told by the Men Who Played It. New York: Coward, McGann & Geoghegan. pp. 258–281. .

 "For Feller, Navy was easy decision", interviewed by Mary Buckheit on ESPN Page 2''

External links

The Bob Feller Museum

Bob Feller Oral History Interview (1 of 2) – National Baseball Hall of Fame Digital Collection
Bob Feller Oral History Interview (2 of 2) – National Baseball Hall of Fame Digital Collection
The Bob Feller Act of Valor Award

1918 births
2010 deaths
American League All-Stars
American League ERA champions
American League Pitching Triple Crown winners
American League strikeout champions
American League wins champions
Baseball players from Cuyahoga County, Ohio
Baseball players from Iowa
Deaths from cancer in Ohio
Cleveland Indians announcers
Cleveland Indians players
Deaths from leukemia
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball players with retired numbers
National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
People from Gates Mills, Ohio
People from Van Meter, Iowa
United States Navy chiefs
United States Navy personnel of World War II

Bob Feller


An Tillandsia andreana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Charles Jacques Édouard Morren ngan Éduard-François André. An Tillandsia andreana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Tillandsia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Colombia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Tillandsia

Tillandsia andreana


Nekomi, Tokyo yakınlarında yer alan, hayali bir Japon şehridir. Manga sanatçısı Kosuke Fujishima tarafından, Ah! Tanrıçam serisi için yaratılmıştır.

Nekomi


Atymnios oder Atymnos ( oder ) ist in der griechischen Mythologie:

 Atymnios (Sohn des Amisodaros), Bruder des Maris
 Atymnios (Vater des Mydon)
 Atymnios (Sohn des Zeus) und der Kassiopeia
 Atymnios (Bruder der Europa), wurde auf Kreta verehrt
 Atymnios (Sohn des Emathion) und der Nymphe Pedasis

Atymnios


El Nuevo Testamento en el Griego original (The New Testament in the Original Greek) es el nombre de una versión en griego del Nuevo Testamento, publicada en 1881. También es conocido como el texto de Westcott y Hort, por sus editores Brooke Foss Westcott (1825–1901) y Fenton John Anthony Hort (1828–1892). Es un texto crítico, compilado a partir de algunos de los fragmentos más antiguos del Nuevo Testamento y los textos que habían sido descubiertos en el momento. Los dos editores trabajaron juntos por 28 años.

Westcott y Hort concluyeron: " [Es] nuestra creencia que incluso entre las numerosas lecturas incuestionablemente falsas del Nuevo Testamento no hay signos de falsificación deliberada de los textos con fines dogmáticos".

Según Hort, "El conocimiento de los documentos debe preceder a juicios finales en las lecturas". Dos manuscritos fueron favorecidos por Westcott y Hort: el Vaticano y el Sinaítico. También creía que la combinación del Códice de Beza con el latín antiguo y el siríaco antiguo representan la forma original del texto del Nuevo Testamento, especialmente cuando es más corta que otras formas tradicionales.

Edición WH

Westcott y Hort distinguieron cuatro tipos de texto en sus estudios. El más reciente es sirio, o tipo textual bizantino, de los cuales el ejemplo más reciente (y por lo tanto desde el punto de vista textual crítico el menos fiable) es el Textus Receptus.  El tipo textual occidental es mucho más antiguo, pero tiende a parafrasear, por lo que según ellos también carece de fiabilidad. El tipo textual alejandrino, ejemplificado en el Códice Ephraemi, exhibe un estilo griego, pulido. Los dos eruditos identificaron su tipo de texto favorito como "texto neutral", ejemplificada por los dos manuscritos del siglo cuarto Códice Vaticano (conocido por los estudiosos desde el ) y el Códice Sinaítico (descubierto tan solo en 1859), de los cuales se basaron en gran medida, pero no de manera exclusiva para esta edición. Este texto tiene sólo unos pocos cambios del original. Esta edición se basa en las obras críticas especialmente de Tischendorf y Tregelles.

Westcott y Hort trabajaron en su testamento desde 1853 hasta su finalización en 1881. Fue seguido de una introducción y apéndice por Hort, que aparecen en un segundo volumen en 1882. En 1892 fue publicada por F. C. Burkitt una edición revisada.

Aceptación
La edición de Westcott y Hort comenzó una nueva época en la historia de la crítica textual.

Todas las ediciones críticas publicadas después de Westcott y Hort se aproximaron a su texto con una única excepción (von Soden). Las
ediciones de Hermann von Soden se encuentran mucho más cercanas a Tischendorf que al texto de Westcott y Hort. Todas las ediciones de Nestle-Aland están cerca en carácter textual al texto de WH. Aland informa que, mientras que el texto NA25 muestra, por ejemplo, 2047 diferencias de von Soden, 1996 de Vogel, 1268 de Tischendorf, 1161 de Bover, y 770 de Merk, sólo contiene 558 diferencias del texto de WH.

Según Bruce M. Metzger, "la validez general de sus principios críticos y procedimientos es ampliamente reconocida por los eruditos de hoy."

En 1981 Metzger dijo:
"El Comité Internacional que produjo el Nuevo Testamento griego de la Sociedades Bíblicas Unidas, no adoptó solamente la edición Westcott y Hort como su texto básico, sino que siguieron su metodología al darle atención a las consideraciones internas y externas.

Philip Comfort dio esta opinión:
El texto elaborado por Westcott y Hort es, hasta este día, incluso entre varios manuscritos descubiertos, una reproducción muy cercana a los textos primitivos del Nuevo Testamento. Por supuesto, pienso que le dieron demasiada importancia únicamente al Códice Vaticano, y esto tiene que ser moderado. Haciendo a un lado esta crítica, el texto Wescott y Hort es muy fiable. (...) En muchos casos donde diferiera con el trabajo en el Nestle / UBS en favor de una variante en una lectura en particular, consultaría con el texto de Westcott y Hort y me doy cuenta que habían llegado a menudo a la misma decisión. (...) Por supuesto, los descubrimientos de manuscritos en los últimos cien años han cambiado las cosas, pero es asombroso ver con qué frecuencia han confirmado las decisiones de Westcott y Hort.

Otras ediciones del Nuevo Testamento en Griego
El texto de Nestle-Aland, y los textos de Bover y Merk, difieren muy poco del texto de Westcott-Hort.

Véase también

 Novum Instrumentum omne
 Novum Testamentum Graece

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Ediciones
 The New Testament In The Original Greek (Nueva York 1882)
 The New Testament in the original Greek: el texto revisado por Brooke Foss Westcott y Fenton John Anthony Hort, Publicado por Macmillan, 1907.
 The New Testament In The Original Greek (1925)

Nuevo Testamento
Libros de 1881
Literatura en griego antiguo

El Nuevo Testamento en el griego original


Această pagină conține o listă alfabetică de persoane născute în Cernăuți și o listă alfabetică de persoane al căror nume este legat de marele oraș.

Personalități născute în Cernăuți

A - E
 Antonie Putneanul (? - 1748), episcop al Bisericii Ortodoxe Ruse;

 Rose Ausländer (1901 - 1988), poetă evreică;
 Isidor Bodea (1866 - 1938) primul medic șef al Spitalului de Copii din Cernăuți;
 Ion Bostan (1914 - 1992), regizor român de filme documentare;
 Leon Birnbaum (1918 - 2010), matematician român evreu;
 Charles K. Bliss, (1897–1985), inginer chimist și semiotician, inventator al unui limbaj simbolistic;
 Octav Botnar (1913–1998), om de afaceri român;
 Paul Celan (1920–1970, Paris), scriitor evreu de limba germană;
 Erwin Chargaff (1905–2002), biochimist evreu-american;
 Ambrosiu Dimitrovici (1838–1866), publicist român, membru fondator al Academiei Române;
 Yuli-Yoel Edelstein (n. 1958), politician israelian, președintele Knessetului;
 Eugen Ehrlich (1862–1922), romanist, jurist și sociolog al dreptului;
 Alfred Eisenbeisser (1908–1991), fotbalist român.

F - L
 Moisei Fișbein (n. 1947), scriitor, traducător evreu-ucrainean;
 Maria Forescu (Maria Füllermann) (1875–1943), cântăreață, actriță evreică-austriacă-germană;
 Murray Gell-Mann (1929- 2019)-  fizician ilustru american, Laureat Nobel, fondatorul cromodinamicii cuantice, părinții căruia provin din Cernăuți
 Alfred Gong (născut Alfred Liquornik) (1920–1981), poet evreu-austriac-american de limba germană;
 Joseph Gregor (1888–1960), dramaturg, istoric al teatrului, libretist austriac;

 Radu Grigorovici (1911–2008), fizician român, membru al Academiei Române;
 Norberto Höfling (1924–2005), fotbalist evreu român;
 Maria Iaremciuk (n. 1993), cântăreață ucraineană de muzică pop;
 Arseni Iațeniuk (n. 1974), om politic ucrainean, a fost ministrul de externe și președintele Radei Supreme a Ucrainei;
 Ilasievici Ilie, (1918–1991) , profesor de matematică;
 Vladimir Iliescu (1926 - 1997), filolog;
 Constantin Isopescu-Grecul (1871–1938), jurist, politician, om de afaceri român din Austro-Ungaria;
 Raimund Friedrich Kaindl (1866–1930) istoric, folclorist austriac, profesor la Universitatea locală;
 Frederick John Kiesler (1890–1965), desenator de teatru, artist, teoretician și arhitect evreu-austriac-american;
 Alfred Kittner (1906–1991), poet evreu-român de limbă germană; în ultimii ani ai vieții a emigrat în Germania;
 Aurel Kostrakiewicz (n. 1930), editor de imagine și operator de film român;
 Olena Kravațka (n. 1992), scrimeră ucraineană;
 Mila Kunis (n. 1983), actriță evreică; a emigrat în Statele Unite;
 Zvi Laron (n. 1927), medic și cercetător evreu-israelian, specialist în endocrinologie infantilă;
 Grigore N. Lazu (1845 - 1898), scriitor român;
 Evhenia Lopata (n. 1994), traducătoare.

M - P
 Itzik Manger (1901–1969), scriitor limbă idiș, a trăit în România, Polonia, Franța, Israel;
 Georg Marco (1863–1923), jucător de șah și autor austriac;
 Selma Meerbaum-Eisinger (1924–1942), poetă și traducătoare evreică-română de limbă germană;
 Vladimir Melnikov (1951), scriitor, compozitor, artist emerit al Ucrainei.

 Carol Miculi (1821–1892), pianist și compozitor român, având și origini poloneze, ucrainene și armene;
 Jan Mikulicz-Radecki (1850–1905), chirurg polonez cu rădăcini germane;
 Valentin Bartholomaeus Ritter von Mikulicz-Radecki (1855–1910), militar austriac de origine polonă, feldmareșal-locotenent;
 Modest Morariu (1929–1988), scriitor și traducător român;
 Hermann Poras (1835–1899), medic și politician evreu;
 Anton Pawlowski (1830–1901), ofițer, comandant al ordinului regal al coroanei românești; Maestru onorific al corpului militar de elevi Alemannia etc;
 Emil Pavelescu (1944 – 2015), pictor român;
 Michail Prodan (1912–2002), silvicultor german, de origine român din Cernăuți, fondatorul biometriei silvice în spațiul vorbitor de germană, profesor la Freiburg.

R - Z
 Zamfir Ralli-Arbore (1848 - 1933), scriitor, jurnalist român;
 Gregor von Rezzori (născut d'Arezzo; 1914–1998), scriitor de limbă germană de origine siciliano-austriacă;
 Walther Rode (1876–1934), scriitor, avocat;
 Ludovic Rodewald-Rudescu (1908–1922), biolog român de etnie germană;
 Ludwig Rottenberg (1864–1932), dirijor și compozitor evreu-german;
 Maximilien Rubel (1905–1996), sociolog și istoric al marxismului evreu-francez, apropiat de anarhism, veteran al războiului civil din Spania;
 Mircea Șerbănescu (1919–2012), scriitor, publicist;
 Sidy Thal (1912–1983), actriță și cântăreață evreică în limba idiș din România și Ucraina;
 Constantin Tomaszczuk (1840–1889), jurist, om politic român, inițiatorul și primul rector al Universității din Cernăuți cu limba de predare germană;
 Stefanie von Turetzki (1868–1929), fondatoare a primului liceu de fete din Austro-Ungaria, la Cernăuți;
 Tudor Țopa (1928–2008), scriitor și traducător român;
 Viorica Ursuleac (1894–1985), cântăreață de operă din Austria și Germania, de origine română;
 Roman Vlad (1919–2013), compozitor, pianist român, emigrat în Italia;
 Isidor Vorobchievici (1836–1903), compozitor, muzicolog, preot;
 James Immanuel Weissglas (1920–1979), traducător, poet evreu-român de limbă germană, ziarist;
 Rosa Welt-Straus (1856–1938), medic, activistă feministă evreică;
 Tzvi Yavetz (1925–2013), istoric evreu, emigrat în Israel;
 Friedrich Zelnik, (1885–1950), regizor și producător evreu-german de filme mute.

Persoane ale căror nume este legat de Cernăuți

A - F
 Aharon Appelfeld (n. 1932), scriitor de limbă ebraică;
 Avigdor Arikha (n. 1929), pictor, desenator evreu-israelian-francez;
 Hermann Bahr (1863-1934) - scriitor austriac; a studiat o perioadă la Universitatea din Cernăuți;
 Edward Bibring (1895–1959), medic și psihanalist austriac, colaborator al lui Freud;
 Grigore Vasiliu Birlic (1905–1970), actor român; a studiat dreptul și artele dramatice la Cernăuți, unde a și debutat la Teatrul Național din localitate;
 Nathan Birnbaum (1864–1937), scriitor, filozof evreu; a patronat în anul 1908, la Cernăuți, conferința pentru promovarea limbii idiș;
 Antonin Borovec (1870–1925), diplomat cehoslovac în Cernăuți, fondator al Conceptului social-inovativ pentru văduve și orfani;
 Josef Burg, (1912–2009), poet evreu, locuitor al Cernăuțiului;

 Mihai Eminescu (1850–1889), poetul național al României, a învățat la școala elementară, precum și la liceul german din Cernăuți;
 Osip Iuri Adalbertovici Fedkovici (1834–1888), scriitor ucrainean; a activat și la Cernăuți, unde Universitatea îi poartă numele;
 Robert Flinker (1906–1945), scriitor român de limbă germană și medic; a trăit la Cernăuți;
 Iancu Flondor (cavaler de Flondor) (1865–1924), om politic român, conducătorul mișcării naționale a românilor din Bucovina; a studiat la liceul german din Cernăuți, a activat în acest oraș ca parlamentar în Dieta Bucovinei și, în 1918, a prezidat Consiliul Național Român al Bucovinei;
 Tudor de Flondor (1862–1908), compozitor român;
 Jacob Frank (1726–1791), predicator mesianic evreu din Galiția; a trăit în tinerețe la Cernăuți;
 Ivan Franko (1856–1916), scriitor ucrainean; a studiat un semestru la Universitatea din Cernăuți;
 Karl Emil Franzos (1848–1904), scriitor și publicist austriac, evreu crescut în Cernăuți;

G - K
 Gala Galaction (1879–1961), scriitor și preot ortodox român; a terminat doctoratul în teologie la Universitatea din Cernăuți, în 1909;
 Vasile Găină (1868–1909), teolog, publicist român, profesor la Cernăuți;
 Avram Goldfaden (1840–1908), dramaturg, actor, regizor, compozitor și producător de teatru în limba idiș, evreu din Ucraina, și-a desfășurat o parte din activitatea artistică la Cernăuți și în Regatul României;
 Zygmunt Gorgolewski (1845–1903), arhitect polonez, a proiectat edificiul Băncii din Cernăuți;
 Gheorghe Grigorovici (1871–1950), lider social democrat și om politic român;
 Eugenie Hacman (1793–1873), prelat creștin ortodox român; a inițiat întemeierea mitropoliei Cernăuțiului și Bucovinei (1873);
 Josef Hlávka (1831–1908), arhitect ceh, a proiectat complexul mitropoliei din Cernăuți, azi sediu al Universității, și biserica catolică armeană din oraș;
 Eudoxiu Hurmuzachi (1812–1874), jurist, istoric; a activat și a murit la Cernăuți;
 Nazari Iaremciuk (n. 1951–1995), cântăreț ucrainean; a trăit în marele oraș;
 Viorel Iliescu (n. 1940), actor;
 Volodymyr Ivasiuk (1949–1979), compozitor ucrainean de muzică ușoară, născut în regiunea Cernăuți;
 Joseph Kalmer (1898–1959), scriitor și ziarist austriac; a învățat la liceul din Cernăuți;
 Friedrich Kleinwächter (1877–1959), economist, a studiat la Cernăuți;
 Ruth Klieger Aliav (1914–1979), activistă în domeniul umanitar, româno-israeliană, de origine evreică din Ucraina;
 Olga Kobyleanska (1863–1942), scriitoare ucraineană; a trăit la Cernăuți;
 Anton Kochanowski von Stawczan, baron de Stawczan (1817–1906), politician și moșier polonez, fost primar al Cernăuțiului.

L - R
 George Löwendal (1897–1964), pictor, poet, scenograf, actor, maestru de balet;
 Eusebie Mandicevschi (1857 - 1929), compozitor, muzicolog român.
 Dan Pagis (1930–1986), poet evreu, emigrat în Israel;
 Traian Popovici (1892–1946), avocat român, decorat de Statul Israel cu titlul și medalia "Drept între popoare";
 Leibu Levin (1914–1988), declamator în limbile română, idiș și ebraică, poet și compozitor;
 Alfred Margul-Sperber (1898–1967), poet evreu-român de limbă germană și traducător;
 Anastasia Markovici (n. 1979), pictoriță ucraineană care locuiește în Cernăuți.
 Andreas Mikulicz (1804–1881), arhitect austriac cu origini polone din Galiția, a proiectat clădirea primăriei orașului Cernăuți, unde s-a stabilit;
 Ion Nistor (1876–1962), istoric și om politic român, unul din conducătorii luptei românilor din Bucovina pentru autodeterminare și unire la România; a fost profesor la Universitatea din Cernăuți și ministru, a dat profil românesc acestei universități.
 Aurel Onciul (1864–1921), (cavaler de Onciul), om politic român, liderul partidului democrat al românilor din Bucovina, inițiator al "Tovărășiei țărănești" cu rutenii;
 Florin Piersic (n. 1936) este un actor român de teatru și film; și-a petrecut o parte din copilărie la Cernăuți;
 Dumitru Plesca (1904–1939), luptător pentru unificarea Basarabiei cu România, a efectuat stagiul militar la Cernăuți;
 Israel Polak (1909–1993), industriaș chilian - israelian, originar din Maramureș, a învățat la o școală textilă din Cernăuți, unde a înființat, ulterior, o înteprindere textilă;.
 Ciprian Porumbescu (1853–1883), compozitor român, a făcut studii muzicale la Cernăuți, unde a compus unele din creațiile sale muzicale, inclusiv muzica la Imnul Albaniei (sau în versiunea inițială românească "Pe-al nostru steag e scris Unire");
 Sextil Pușcariu (1877–1948), lingvist și filolog român, născut la Brașov, profesor extraordinar începând cu anul 1906, a fost titularul catedrei de limbă și literatură română timp de zece ani (începând cu anul 1908) și decanul Facultății de Filozofie de la Universitatea din Cernăuți în 1918;

 Aron Pumnul (1818–1866), filolog și pedagog român, profesor al lui Mihai Eminescu, la gimnaziul german din Cernăuți; a murit la Cernăuți;
 Wilhelm Reich (1897–1957), psihanalist, psihiatru și sexolog austriac și american; a învățat la școala din Cernăuți;
 Vladimir de Repta (1842–1926) teolog ortodox român, mitropolit al Bucovinei între anii 1902-1924, profesor și rector al Universității din Cernăuți;
 Eric Roll (1907–2005), economist, administrator, diplomat și bancher britanic, fiul bancherului evreu Mathias Roll din Cernăuți, oraș în care a învățat, în 1918-1925, la o școală privată românească, a fost guvernator al Băncii Angliei și director al societății Times Newspapers.Ltd, președinte al Băncii Warburg SA;
 Moses Rosenkranz (1904–2003), poet de limbă germană, evreu; a trăit în România, URSS și Germania;
 Sofia Rotaru (n. 1947), cântăreață ruso-ucraineană de muzică ușoară, cu rădăcini românești, născută în zona Cernăuți.

S - Z
 Ion G. Sbiera (1836–1916), folclorist, istoric literar român, profesor de limba și literatura română la Cernăuți;
 Joseph Schmidt (1904–1942), tenor evreu-austriac-german;
 Isaac Schreyer (1890–1948), poet, traducător austriac.
 Joseph Schumpeter (1883–1950), economist austriac-american; între 1909–1911 a fost profesor la Universitatea din Cernăuți;
 Eliezer Steinbarg (1880–1932), scriitor evreu; a devenit mentorul vieții literare idiș la Cernăuți, unde a și murit;
 Wilhelm Stekel (1868–1940), medic, psihanalist și sexolog austriac; a crescut la Cernăuți, unde a frecventat liceul;
 Leo Stern (1901–1982), istoric, sociolog și militant comunist austriac; a urmat liceul la Cernăuți;
 Manfred Stern (1896–1954), militant comunist austriac, evreu din Bucovina, fratele lui Leo Stern, comandant al Armatei Roșii chineze și al Brigăzii a 11 -a republicane în Războiul civil din Spania;
 Wolf Stern (1897–1960), militant comunist, ziarist și istoric militar, evreu, fratele lui Leo și Manfred Stern, a activat în România, Austria, URSS și, apoi, s-a stabilit în Germania de Est;
 Alexander Supan (1847–1920), geograf și geopolitician austro-german, originar din Tirol, a fost profesor de gimnaziu și apoi universitar la Cernăuți;
 Nikolai Vavilov (1887–1943) genetician și botanist rus; a fost arestat în 1940, în perioada terorii staliniste, în timpul unei misiuni științifice, la Cernăuți;
 Salo Weisselberger (1867–1931), om politic, jurist, judecător evreu, primar al orașului;
 Sofia Vicoveanca (n. 1941), interpretă română de muzică populară.

Vezi și
 Listă de personalități din Chișinău

Legături externe
  "Orașul Cernăuți și marile personalități ale lumii născute aici"

Lista
Cernăuți
Liste Ucraina

Listă de personalități din Cernăuți


"The Pineapple Incident" es el décimo episodio de la primera temporada de How I Met Your Mother. Se estrenó el 28 de noviembre de 2005. Es el episodio más visto en la primera temporada y de hecho es el episodio más visto de toda la serie, exceptuando el doble capítulo Last Forever, que supone el fin de la serie.

Trama
En este episodio, Barney, Marshall, y Lily convencen a Ted de que tome cinco tragos del "Dragón Rojo" (una bebida especial realizada por Carl, el mesero de Maclaren's) para que Ted no piense, sino que haga. Ted se desmaya y a la mañana siguiente despierta con una chica que no recuerda a su lado en la cama, una piña en su mesilla de noche, y un tobillo torcido. También descubre que su abrigo ha sido quemado. Ted le pregunta a Marshall y Lily sobre que pasó en la noche, y los dos le cuentan que cantó con la máquina de discos en el bar mientras estaba de pie en una mesa. También estuvo hablando por teléfono con Robin mientras estaba cantando. Posteriormente se cayó de la mesa (lo que explica el tobillo torcido) y Marshall y Lily lo llevaron a su cama. Sin embargo, no saben el por qué hay una chica en su cama y por qué hay una piña en la mesa de luz de Ted, y la razón del por qué su abrigo está quemado. Ted llama a Barney, pensando que quizás sepa lo que pasó.

Después de encontrar a Barney en la bañera, Ted le pregunta sobre qué pasó en la noche, y Barney le dice que Ted huyó de la cama después de que Marshall y Lily lo pusieran ahí. Iba a volver a llamar a Robin, así que prendió fuego al abrigo de Ted. Barney le dice a Ted que después de divertirse, volvió a poner a Ted en su cama. Ted descubre que alguien escribió en su brazo, diciendo que llame a ese número si Ted es encontrado inconsciente en alguna parte. Ted llama al número, y descubre que pertenece al camarero, Carl. Carl le cuenta a Ted que él quería vomitar y fue al baño (terminando así con la racha de no vomitar desde 1993) y le dijo el significado de la palabra karaoke, y que quería ir a ver pingüinos al zoológico, pero antes de eso el hizo una llamada, y le dijo a Robin que se gustaban para que vaya y hagan algo "loco". Basado en esta información, Marshall, Lily y Barney creen que la chica misteriosa en la cama de Ted es Robin, pero mientras Ted intenta despertar a la chica, llama Robin.

La chica en la cama, Trudy (interpretada por Danica McKellar), se despierta, y explica su parte de la historia, diciéndole a Ted que él no vomitó después de todo y que se intercambiaron el número de teléfono con él en el baño de las mujeres en el bar. Ted le dice a Trudy que se esconda cuando llega Robin, y Trudy se va por la escalera de incendios antes que Ted le pueda mostrar a Robin que ha seguido adelante. El Ted del futuro explica que Trudy nunca respondió a sus mensajes posteriores, y que nunca supo de donde vino la piña, pero la comieron de todas formas.

Sin embargo, el 23 de septiembre de 2015 salió a la venta la novena temporada de la serie con su respectivo material extra, en el que se revela la procedencia de esta fruta: en su noche de borrachera, Ted visita la casa de "El Capitán", quien como muestra de hospitalidad deja una piña en la puerta de su hogar. A causa de su ebriedad Ted la roba, mucho antes de conocer al dueño de la casa.

El protagonista logra resolver este misterio luego de que Lily fuera hasta la casa del Capitán para hacerse un test de embarazo después de una gran pelea con su esposo. Es allí donde Ted ve una piña en la puerta del hogar, y al preguntarle al Capitán para qué estaba allí, este contesta que siempre las ponía como muestra de hospitalidad. Al escuchar esto, Ted recuerda haber robado la fruta de la puerta de la casa del Capitán en Nueva York.

Música
 La canción que canta Ted es "Voices" de Cheap Trick.

Referencias culturales
 Ted se refiera al multimillonario que Robin está saliendo como "Thurston Howell", también conocido como el millonario de Gilligan's Island.

Producción
 Carter Bays luego admitió que aprendió una lección de este episodio: no forzar elementos de la trama. La línea, "nunca descubrimos donde vino la piña" fue algo que nunca deberían haber dicho.
 Este episodio es el segundo más visto en la historia de How I Met Your Mother.

Referencias

Episodios de How I Met Your Mother

The Pineapple Incident


La Fuente Pública (Font Pública en valenciano) conocida popularmente con el nombre de Pantera Rosa, por su forma y color, es un monumento situado en la intersección de la avenida de Ausiàs March y la avenida de Peris i Valero, al sur de la ciudad de Valencia. Fue diseñada por el arquitecto valenciano Miquel Navarro y erigido en 1984. Conmemora el canal Túria-Júcar.

Véase también
El Parotet
Cap de la lluna minvant
El Fanalet

Referencias

Enlaces externos

.

Fuentes de la Comunidad Valenciana
Fuentes de España del siglo XX
Esculturas urbanas de España de los años 1980
Edificios y estructuras de Valencia
Arquitectura de España de 1984

Fuente Pública (Valencia)


The Speak & Math (or Speak & Maths in some countries) was a popular electronic toy created by Texas Instruments in . Speak & Math was one of a three-part talking educational toy series that also included Speak & Spell and Speak & Read. The Speak & Math was sold worldwide. It was advertised as a tool for helping young children to become better at mathematics. The Speak & Math had a distinct gray with blue and orange color scheme.

The unit could utilize either 4 "C" batteries or 6 volt DC power adapter. The display was a 9-character, 14-segment vacuum fluorescent display. The Speak & Math used a TI TMS5110 chip for voice synthesis. The Speak & Math, like the earlier Speak & Spell, also had the ability to expand its memory using expansion modules that plugged into a slot inside the battery compartment. No expansion modules are known to have been produced for the Speak & Math however. Like some models of the Speak & Spell, the Speak & Math had a mono headphone port.

Speak & Math had five distinct learning games: Solve It, Word Problems, Greater Than/Less Than, Write It, and Number Stumper, all playable at three levels of difficulty. Solve It is the classic math problem-solving game where the participant must solve five math problems to the best of their ability. Number Stumper is a game of Bulls and Cows, whereby one is told the "number [of digits] right" and the "number in wrong place." Write It involves the participant typing the number they hear. Greater Than/Less Than involves identifying whether the number on the left is greater than or less than the number on the right.

External links
 The Texas Instruments Speak & Math page at 99er.net
 The Chip Collection at the Smithsonian – TI Speak & Math

Educational toys
Texas Instruments hardware
Electronic toys

Speak & Math


"Off the Wall", pop müzik sanatçısı Michael Jackson'ın beşinci stüdyo albümüdür. 10 Ağustos 1979 tarihinde Epic Records etiketiyle yayımlanan albüm, eleştirmenlece olumlu yorumlar elde etmiş olup, Jackson'ın yine The Wiz filmindeki başarısının ardından yayımlanmıştır. Bu film projesinde yapımcı Quincy Jones ile tanışan Jackson, onunla anlaşarak bir sonraki albümde beraber çalışmaya onu ikna etti. Kayıt dönemi Aralık 1978 ile Haziran 1979 arasında, Los Angeles'taki Allen Zentz Kayıt, Westlake Kayıt Stüdyoları ve Cherokee Stüdyoları'nda tamamlandı. Albüm için üç şarkı yazan sanatçı, diğer şarkılarda Paul McCartney, Stevie Wonder ve Rod Temperton gibi önemli isimlerle de işbirliği yaptı.

Eleştirmenler, albümün funk, disco-pop, soul, soft rock, caz ve pop balladları barındırdığını dile getirdi. Yine Jackson'ın, kayıtlardaki başarılı vokalleri olumlu karşılandı. Öyle ki, albüm sanatçıya ilk Grammy Ödülü'nü kazandırdı. Amerikan albüm listesinde üç numaraya kadar yükselip  dünya çapında yayımlandığı tarihten itibaren günümüze dek yirmi milyondan fazla satan albüm, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde yedi kez platin plak kazandı.

16 Ekim 2001 tarihinde yayımlanan albümün yeni bir sürümü Sony Records tarafından yayımlandı. 2003 yılında albüm, Rolling Stone dergisi tarafından düzenlenen ve tüm zamanların en iyi 500 albümünü içeren listesinde albüm 68. sırada yer aldı. Yine 2008'de albüm, Grammy Hall of Fame'e girdi.

Genel
1972'den itibaren Michael Jackson, dört tane solo albüme imza attı. Bunlardan Got to Be There ve Ben, The Jackson 5 grubunun bir ayağı olarak yayımlanmıştı. Bu albümler arasında birçok nispeten başarılı şarkılar yayımlandı. Ancak Jackson'ın grubunun satışları azalmaya başladı. Bu nedenle Motown ile anlaşmazlıklar başladı. Her ne kadar grup ülkede çeşitli ilk kırka yükselen şarkılara imza atmış olsa da, The Jackson 5, 1975 yılında Motown'ı terk etti. Grup daha sonra CBS Records ile anlaştı. Birtakım yasal işlemin ardından grup, adını The Jacksons olarak değiştirdi. Bu değişiklikten sonra grup turnelerini sürdürdüğü gibi, 1976 ve 1984 yılları arasında altı albüm yayımladı. Bu süreçte Michael Jackson da, grubun ana söz yazarıydı.

1978 yılında Jackson, The Wiz adlı müzikalde Scarecrow rolünü üstlendi. Müziklerin Quincy Jones tarafından yapıldığı projede Jackson, daha sonra Jones ile bir yakınlık kurdu ve onu bir sonraki albümünde beraber çalışmaya ikna etti. Jackson, proje kapsamında oldukça özenli davrandı. Özellikle ceylanların, çitaların ve panterlerin videolarını izleyerek uygulamaya çalıştı. 1978 yılının ekim ayında gösterime giren müzikal birçok eleştiri topladı. Ancak Jackson'ın rolü, özellikle olumlu eleştiriler arasında yer aldı. Eleştirmenler Jackson'ın oyunculuk yeteneğine sahip olduğunu belirtti. Filmin ardından Jackson "Daha iyi olabileceğini kesinlikle düşünmüyorum." şeklinde beyanatta bulundu. 1980 yılında Jackson yine bu film deneyiminin hayatındaki en güzel deneyimlerinden biri olduğunu söyleyerek bunu bir daha unutamayacağını dile getirdi.

1979 yılında Jackson her zamanki dans rutini sırasında burnunu kırdı. Bu olay Jackson için rinoplasti müdahalesiyle son buldu. Jackson, kariyerini etkileyecek sorunlarla karşılaşmaya başladığını beyan etti. Tüm bu operasyonlar Dr. Steven Hoefflin tarafından yapıldı.

Yapım
Jackson Off the Wall projesine başladığında, sonuçta elde etmek istedikleri konusunda emin değildi. Ancak sanatçı daha önceki albümlerinde yakalayamadığı daha fazla özgürlüğü elde etmek istemekteydi. Jones ve Jackson beraber Off the Wall albümünün yapımını üstlendi. Söz yazarları arasında ise Jackson, Rod Temperton, Stevie Wonder ve Paul McCartney yer almaktaydı. Tüm kayıtlar Los Angeles'ta yapıldı. Ritimler ve vokaller Allen Zentz Kayıt'ta, üflemellierin sesleri Westlake Audio'da ve yaylı sesleri Cherokee Stüdyoları'nda kaydedildi. Baştaki bölümlerden sonra, miksaj bölümü de, Grammy ödüllü ses mühendisi Bruce Swedien tarafından üstlenildi ve Westlake Audio'da tamamlandı. Swedien ayrıca 1982 yılında yayımlanan başarılı Thriller için de miksaj yapacaktır. Quincy Jones da, Jackson'ın bu dönemde fazlaca içe kapanık, utangaç ve hakkını savunamayan biri olduğunu vurgulayacaktır.

"She's out of My Life" adlı şarkı, Jones tarafından albümden üç yıl önce yazılan bir şarkıdır. Jackson şarkıyı dinleyip beğenince Jones ona şarkıyı kullanması için izin verdi. Jones, Rod Temperton'ı da üç şarkının yazımı için davet etti. Amaç Jackson'ın bu üç şarkıdan birini seçmesi olduysa da, Jackson üçünü de beğendi. Böylece üç şarkı da albüme alındı. Sanatçı, şarkı sözlerini kayıt sırasında kâğıttan okumaktansa, şarkının vokal kayıtlarından önce şarkı sözlerini baştan sona ezberlemeyi tercih etti. Temperton, şarkılara yardımcı olurken başta Jackson'ın müzik tarzını sorguladı. Özellikle bu nedenle Temperton, şarkılara kendi geleneksel sisteminden farklı olarak daha kısa notalar ekleyerek, bunu Jackson'ın müziklerindeki sinirli tarzıyla uyuşturmak için uyguladığını belirtti. Jackson, ilk tekli "Don't Stop 'til You Get Enough"ı mutfakta mırıldandığı melodilerden geliştirdi. Yüzlerce şarkıyı dinledikten sonra Jackson ve Jones albümü düzenledi. Jones, sonradan albümün bu son elemelerinin albümün başarısındaki en önemli unsur olduğunu beyan etti.

Bunun yanında albüm kapağı için de özen gösterildi. Kapakta Jackson smokin içinde ve çoraplarla gülümsemektedir. Bu fikrin Jackson'ın menajerinden çıktığı bilinmektedir.

Müzik ve vokaller
Eleştirmenler, albümün funk, disco-pop, soul, soft rock, caz ve pop balladları barındırdığını dile getirdi. En göze çarpan örnekler, ballad "She's out of My Life" ve iki disko şarkısı "Workin' Day and Night" ve "Get on the Floor"dır. Yine caz eseri olan "I Can't Help It" önemli bir yere sahiptir. Ayrıca  "She's out of My Life" ve "It's the Falling in Love" birer melodik pop balladlarıdır. "She's out of My Life" adlı şarkının bitiminde Jackson'ın ağlayan sesleri gelmektedir. Son olarak, "Rock with You" ise romantik ve orta tempolu bir eserdir. Nelson George, albümü ve barındırdığı kayıt tekniklerini olumlu olarak övdü.

Albümün yayımlanmasıyla Jackson'ın müzikal yeteneği geniş çevrelerce keşfedildi. Allmusic yazarı Stephen Thomas Erlewine, sanatçıyı  üstün yeteneklerle ödüllendirilmiş bir vokalist olarak tanıttı. Aynı dönemde Rolling Stone, Jackson'ın vokal yeteneğini Stevie Wonder ile karşılaştırarak, sesinin, Wonder'ın "soluk soluğa kalmış, mükemmel bir sürümü" olarak tanıttı. Yine Jackson'ın sesinin yumuşak biçimli tenör olduğunu belirerek oldukça güzel olduğu yorumunu yaptı. Yine sanatçının sahip olduğu falsetto ses de övüldü. John Randall Taraborrelli, sanatçının "Don't Stop 'til You Get Enough" şarkısındaki sesini seksi falsetto olarak tanımladı.

Eleştiriler
Off the Wall, Jackson için parlak bir kariyerin başlangıcı olarak kabul edilmektedir. Albüm, geniş çapta olumlu eleştiriler topladığı gibi, Jackson'a geniş tanınırlık kazandırdı. 1979'da Rolling Stone dergisinden Stephen Holden, sanatçının olgunluğunu ve eski Motown döneminden geçişini dile getirdi ve aynı şekilde albümün R&B-pop albümleri arasında oldukça seçkin bir eser olduğunu söyledi. Ayrıca Holden, sanatçıyı yine çocuk yaşta şarkıcılığa başlayan Stevie Wonder ile kıyasladı.

Eleştirmen Robert Christgau, albüme (A−) vererek, albümün o yılın dans albümü olduğunu ekledi ve Jackson'ın artık bir yetişkin olduğunu söyledi. Melody Maker ile yapılan bir söyleşide Phil McNeill, sanatçının albümdeki vokallerde oldukça rahat olduğunu belirtti. Yine McNeill, albümdeki en iyi şarkının "Don't Stop 'til You Get Enough" olduğuna inandığını belirtti ve "Rock with You" adlı eseri bir şaheser olarak tanımladı. McNeill ayrıca sanatçının teknik olarak bu albümle beraber dünyadaki en iyi şarkıcı olduğunu belirtti.

1980'de sanatçı üç Amerikan Müzik Ödülü kazandı. Bunlar "Favori Soul/R&B Albümü", "Favori Erkek Soul/R&B Sanatçısı" ve "Favori Soul/R&B Şarkısı" başlıkları altındaydı. O sene, sanatçı ayrıca "En İyi Siyahi Sanatçı" ve "En İyi Siyahi Albüm" dalında Billboard Müzik Ödülü de elde etti. Ayrıca "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough" eseri için de "En İyi Erkek R&B Vokal Performansı" dalında Grammy Ödülü elde etti. Geniş çaplı başarılarına rağmen Jackson, albümün daha yüksek başarılar elde edebileceğini düşünmekteydi. Bu nedenle Jackson, o yıl sadece bir Grammy Ödülü almasını sinir edici olarak gördü. Sanatçı bunun için "Off the Wall albümü benim için tam bir haksızlıktı. Bu albümle Yılın Kaydı Ödülü'nü alamadım. Bu bir daha yaşanamazdı." şeklinde yorum yaptı.

Yayımlanma
Yazar, gazeteci ve biyografi yazarı John Randall Taraborrelli, hayranlarının ve müzik otoritelerinin o güne kadar Jackson'ın bu kadar neşeli vokal barındıran bir albümünü dinlemediğini söyledi.

28 Temmuz 1979'da, albümün ilk teklisi "Don't Stop 'til You Get Enough" yayımlandı. Şarkı kısa sürede Amerikan müzik listesinin zirvesine oturdu ve bir hafta ortada kaldı. Şarkı ayrıca İngiltere'de üç numaraya kadar yükseldi. 3 Kasım 1979'da albümün ikinci teklisi "Rock with You" yayımlandı. Bu şarkı da önceki tekli gibi Amerika'da zirveye oturdu. Şubat ayında albümle aynı adı taşıyan şarkı satışa sunuldu. Şarkı ABD'de beş numaraya yükseldi ve dört ülkede ilk ona girdi. "She's out of My Life" adlı ballad da Nisan 1980'de ABD'de on numaraya yükseldi. Böylece albüm, tarihte ABD'de dört adet ilk ona giren şarkı yayımlayan ilk albüm oldu.

Günümüze kadar albüm, Amerika'da yedi milyondan fazla sattığından dolayı yedi kez platin plak elde etti. Ayrıca albüm, dünya çapında yirmi milyondan fazla sattı. Albümün başarısı ile Jackson, Quincy Jones ile dokuz yıl sürecek çalışmalarına başladı. Bir sonraki albüm Thriller, dünyanın en çok satan albümü olacaktı.

Çağdaş görünüm

16 Ekim 2001 tarihinde albümün yeni bir sürümü Sony Records tarafından yayımlandı. Albüm, yirmi yıldan fazla bir süre geçmesine rağmen eleştirmenlerden olumlu yorumlar almaya devam etti. Allmusic, albüme beş yıldız vererek, albümün Jackson'ın ve Jones'un yeteneklerini konuşturduğu bir müzik sentezi olarak tanımladı. Aynı şekilde Blender dergisi, albüme yine beş yıldız vererek, albümü birçok müzik türünün ötesinde olarak tanımladı.

2003 yılında albüm Rolling Stone tarafından düzenlenen ve tüm zamanların en iyi 500 albümünü gösteren listede 68. sırada yer aldı. 2004'te Nelson George, Jackson'ın tüm usta kariyerinin "Don't Stop 'til You Get Enough" ile başladığını söyledi ve şarkıların hâlen dinlenebilecek kadar evrensel olduğunu öne sürdü. 2008'de albüm, Grammy Hall of Fame'e girdi.

Satış

Albüm içeriği
 "Don't Stop 'til You Get Enough" (Michael Jackson) – 3:59
 "Rock with You" (Rod Temperton) – 3:40
 "Workin' Day and Night" (Jackson) – 5:14
 "Get on the Floor" (Jackson, Louis Johnson) – 4:39
 "Off the Wall" (Temperton) – 4:06
 "Girlfriend" (Paul McCartney) – 3:05
 "She's out of My Life" (Tom Bahler) – 3:38
 "I Can't Help It" (Susaye Greene, Stevie Wonder) – 4:28
 "It's the Falling in Love" (David Foster, Carole Bayer Sager) – 3:48
 "Burn This Disco Out" (Temperton) – 3:40

2001 Özel sürümü
 Quincy Jones Demeç 1 - 0:37
 "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough" demo girişi - 0:13
 "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough" (Asıl demo - 1978) - 4:48
 Quincy Jones Demeç 2 - 0:30
 "Workin' Day and Night" demo girişi- 0:10
 "Workin' Day and Night" (Asıl demo - 1978) - 4:19
 Quincy Jones Demeç 3 - 0:48
 Rod Temperton Demeç - 4:57
 Quincy Jones Demeç - 1:32

Görevliler
 Michael Boddicker – klavye, synthesizer, programlama
 Larry Carlton – guitar
 George Duke – klavye, synthesizer, programlama
 David Foster – klavye, synthesizer, programlama
 Gary Grant – trompet, flügelhorn
 Marlo Henderson – gitar
 Jerry Hey – trompet, flügelhorn
 Kim Hutchcroft – saksofon, flüt, trompet, flügelhorn
 Michael Jackson – ana vokal, arka vokal, yapım
 Louis Johnson – bas gitar
 Quincy Jones – yapım
 Greg Phillinganes – klavye, synthesizer, programlama
 Steve Porcaro – klavye, synthesizer, programlama
 William Reichenbach – trombon
 John Robinson – vurmalılar
 Bruce Swedien – kayıt
 Phil Upchurch – gitar
 Bobby Watson – bas gitar
 Wah Wah Watson – gitar
 David Williams – gitar
 Larry Williams – saksofon, flüt

Kaynakça

 George, Nelson (2004). Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection booklet. Sony BMG.

Notlar

Dış bağlantılar

 AllMichaelJackson.com  - Albüm hakkında

1979 albümleri
Michael Jackson albümleri

Off the Wall (albüm)


An Tillandsia tenebra in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Lieselotte Hromadnik ngan Walter Till. An Tillandsia tenebra in nahilalakip ha genus nga Tillandsia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Tillandsia

Tillandsia tenebra


Flow My Firetear er det tredje studiealbum fra den danske punkrockgruppe Sort Sol. Det udkom i 1991 på Columbia Records. Som det første af gruppens albums modtog det Danish Music Award for Årets danske udgivelse ved prisoverrækkelsen i 1992.

Spor
 "Siggimund Blue" - 4:20
 "Daugther Of Sad" - 3:17
 "Girl Of 1000 Tears" - 2:51
 "Carry Me Into The Sun" - 3:13
 "Midnight Train To Summer" - 4:03
 "Desdemona" - 3:29
 "Two Tongue Tale" - 3:17
 "Dyanne Thorne" - 2:37
 "Tatlin Tower" - 3:39

Eksterne henvisninger

Album fra 1991
Sort Sol-album

Flow My Firetear


Vyrlytsia () est une station de la ligne Sirets'ko-Petchers'ka (M3) du métro de Kiev. Elle est située dans le raïon de Darnitsa de la ville de Kiev en Ukraine.

Mise en service en 2006, elle est desservie par les rames de la ligne M3. Le service est arrêté ou perturbé depuis l'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie en 2022.

Situation sur le réseau

Établie en souterrain, la station Vyrlytsia, est une station de passage de la Ligne Sirets'ko-Petchers'ka (M3) du métro de Kiev. Elle est située entre la station Kharkivska, en direction du terminus ouest Syrets, et la station Boryspilska, en direction du terminus est, Tchervonyï khoutir.

Elle dispose d'un quai central encadré par les deux voies de la ligne.

Histoire

Services aux voyageurs

Accès et accueil

Desserte

Intermodalité

À proximité

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Métro de Kiev
 Ligne Sirets'ko-Petchers'ka (M3)

Liens externes
 .
 .

Station de la ligne M3 du métro de Kiev
Station de métro mise en service en 2006

Vyrlytsia (métro de Kiev)


Phymatidium aquinoi é uma espécie de planta do gênero Phymatidium e da família Orchidaceae. Phymatidium aquinoi é facilmente reconhecida por suas sépalas e pétalas onduladas, pela coluna fortemente sigmoide, desprovida de tabula infrasestigmática e pela antera prolongada em bico longo e agudo.

Taxonomia
A espécie foi descrita em 1925 por Rudolf Schlechter.

Os seguintes sinônimos já foram catalogados:
 Phymatidium naviculare  A.Samp.
 Phymatidium seehaweri  I.Bock

Forma de vida
É uma espécie epífita e herbácea.

Conservação
A espécie faz parte da Lista Vermelha das espécies ameaçadas do estado do Espírito Santo, no sudeste do Brasil. A lista foi publicada em 13 de junho de 2005 por intermédio do decreto estadual nº 1.499-R.

Distribuição
A espécie é endêmica do Brasil e encontrada nos estados brasileiros de Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina e São Paulo. A espécie é encontrada no domínio fitogeográfico de Mata Atlântica, em regiões com vegetação de áreas antrópicas, floresta ombrófila pluvial e mata de araucária.

Notas
Contém texto em CC-BY-SA 4.0 de Royer, C.A.; Smidt, E.C.; Brito, A.L.V.T. Phymatidium in Flora e Funga do Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro.

Ligações externas
 Phymatidium aquinoi no projeto Flora e Funga do Brasil

Phymatidium
Plantas descritas em 1925
Flora do Espírito Santo (estado)
Espécies citadas na Lista Vermelha de Ameaça da Flora Brasileira
Espécies citadas na Lista de Espécies da Flora Ameaçadas do Espírito Santo

Phymatidium aquinoi


Belastningspsykologi er den del af psykologien, der beskæftiger sig med de situationer, der belaster mennesker, og de reaktioner, der opstår, når et menneske har været udsat for en belastning. Belastningerne kan optræde i privat som arbejdsmæssig sammenhæng og kan være af både hverdagsagtig karakter og katastrofekarakter. Reaktionerne spænder bredt fra belastningstilstande, som for eksempel stress og udbrændthed, til egentlig psykisk traumatisk betingede psykiske lidelser som for eksempel PTSD, angst, depression og misbrug. En vigtig gren af belastningspsykologien er psykotraumatologien, der er den psykologiske disciplin, som beskæftiger sig med forebyggelse, behandling og forskning i de situationer, der traumatiserer mennesker, og de reaktioner, der opstår, når et menneske har været udsat for en traumatisk hændelse.

Arbejdsmæssige mentale belastninger i form af direkte eller indirekte eksponering for traumatiske hændelser, eller andre former for høje følelsesmæssige krav, kan føre til arbejdsskader og er dækket af arbejdsskadeloven. Skaden kan skyldes et uhensigtsmæssigt arbejdsmiljø.

Psykolog og forfatter Rikke Høgsted udkom i 2018 med "Grundbog i Belastningspsykologi - forebyggelse af primær og sekundær traumatisering ved psykisk krævende arbejde" og udgav i 2020 "Digitalt Grundkursus i Belastningspsykologi". Den belastningspsykologiske metode er karakteriseret ved en helhedsorienteret tilgang, handlingsrettede modeller og konkrete strategier, der tager udgangspunkt i samspillet af de relationer, påvirkninger og vilkår, som mennesket arbejder under.

Høgsted, R.: "Grundbog i Belastningspsykologi - forebyggelse af primær og sekundær traumatisering ved psykisk krævende arbejde", Ictus, København 2018

Referencer

Høgsted, R.: "Grundbog i Belastningspsykologi - forebyggelse af primær og sekundær traumatisering ved psykisk krævende arbejde", Ictus, København 2018

Psykologi

Belastningspsykologi


Ted Nebbeling (1944 – October 28, 2009) was a British Columbia Legislative Assembly Member and Minister of State for the Community Charter from 2001 to 2004.

Marriage
He married Jan Holmberg, his partner of 32 years, on November 15, 2003, in one of the world's first same-sex weddings of a serving cabinet minister. The day after his marriage was announced in the media, Nebbeling was dropped from cabinet in a shuffle. The government stated that the timing was coincidental and that there was no prejudicial motive behind this, as Nebbeling was openly gay at the time of his election. Nebbeling and Holmberg were both immigrants to Canada, Nebbeling from the Netherlands and Holmberg from Sweden. Nebbeling came to Canada in 1977 and became a Canadian citizen in 1980.

Earlier years
Before becoming an MLA in 1996, Nebbeling was mayor and city councillor of Whistler, British Columbia. In January 2005, Nebbeling announced that he would not seek re-election to the Legislative Assembly.

Death
Ted Nebbeling died of colon cancer on October 28, 2009, aged 65.

References

External links
 Legislative Assembly Biography

1944 births
2009 deaths
BC United MLAs
Deaths from cancer in British Columbia
Date of birth missing
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Dutch emigrants to Canada
Gay politicians
LGBT mayors of places in Canada
Canadian LGBT people in provincial and territorial legislatures
Mayors of places in British Columbia
21st-century Canadian politicians
20th-century Canadian LGBT people
Canadian gay men
20th-century Canadian politicians
21st-century Canadian LGBT people

Ted Nebbeling


Livet er en fest er en film instrueret af Martin Enghoff.

Handling
Mødet med masaierne i Østafrika]. Tradition og udvikling. Samfund og individ. Naturfolk og naturbeskyttelse. Masaikrigeren Gaspar fortæller sin historie og vender op og ned på vores forestillinger om de fremmede. Showet bringer os rundt i landsbylivet, ud i naturen og ind i storbyen.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1989

Afrika
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Livet er en fest


Bonavista (2021 population: 3,190) is a town on the Bonavista Peninsula, Newfoundland in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. Unlike many Newfoundland coastal settlements, Bonavista was built on an open plain, not in a steep cove, and thus had room to expand to its current area of . Bonavista is located approximately 300 km by road from the provincial capital of St. John's.

History
John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto), a freelance Italian explorer, was contracted by England's Henry VII to find new lands, and a sea route to the Orient. Cabot set sail from Bristol, England in his ship the Matthew in 1497. When Cabot first saw land he reputedly said "O Buon Vista" ("Oh, Happy Sight!") giving rise to the name of the town and nearby Cape Bonavista. Cabot landed with "a crucifix and raised banners with the arms of the Holy Father and those of the King of England". The land was inhabited, as the expedition found a trail leading inland, a site where a fire had been, and "a stick half a yard long pierced at both ends, carved and painted with brazil".
The harbour was not ideal, eventually requiring the construction of several breakwaters. Despite this Bonavista became one of the most important towns in Newfoundland due to its proximity to the rich fishing and sealing grounds to the north of the peninsula. The Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, French and English fished off Cape Bonavista during the 16th century, but the Spanish and Portuguese presence soon declined, leaving the French and English as the dominant powers. Tension between the French and English sometimes resulted in military action, including an unsuccessful attempt in 1704 by the French to burn the town. The French Shore, which had Bonavista as its eastern terminus, was established by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. Fishing rights in the area continued to be a source of tension between the French and English.

Bonavista was a major commercial centre and the evidence for this is preserved at the Ryan Premises, a National Historic Site maintained by Parks Canada. It is a restored example of a large fish merchant's operation.

Bonavista's status was further enhanced by the development of the Fishermen's Protective Union in the early 20th century, and the creation of nearby Port Union. During the peak years of 1891–1901, the Bonavista Peninsula's population of about 20,000 was centred in Bonavista. The Bonavista Cold Storage Co. fish plant, now a Fishery Products International operation, became the centre of fishery production after the decline of salt fish markets.

In 1722 the first school in Newfoundland was built in Bonavista by Rev. Henry Jones.

In the twentieth century the town's economy switched to being tourism-focused.  In 2023, it was reported that up to 80,000 visited each summer, leading to many houses to be converted into vacation rentals (more than 120 in 2023).  These conversions flipped the housing market of the house, which twenty years earlier had seen many vacant houses, into one of shortage.  As of 2023 a freeze on new vacation rental conversions was declared.

Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Bonavista had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

Climate
Bonavista has a subarctic climate (Dfc) due to its cold water temperatures surrounding the location, keeping June temperatures below  in terms of mean temperatures. Although winters are relatively mild by Canadian standards, there is heavy snowfall and frequent cold days. Winter lasts from December through April.

Bonavista is one of the windiest places in Canada with an average wind speed of .

Attractions

The Ryan Premises
The Matthew Replica
The Mockbeggar Plantation
The Dungeon
White Rock Murals
Cape Bonavista Light
Bonavista Archives
Cabot Stadium
Puffins, whales, and icebergs

Notable people
 Adam Pardy, National Hockey League player
 Michael Ryder, National Hockey League player

See also
 Upper Amherst Cove
Heritage Foundation of Newfoundland and Labrador
List of municipalities in Newfoundland and Labrador

References

External links

Town of Bonvaista Website

Populated coastal places in Canada
Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador
Fishing communities in Canada

Bonavista, Newfoundland and Labrador