U.S. Route 377 (US 377) is a  north–south United States highway. Originally formed as a short spur to connect Denton, Texas with Fort Worth, Texas, it has since been extended to Oklahoma and Mexico.

Route description

Texas

The southern terminus is in Del Rio, Texas at an intersection with U.S. Route 90. It goes north of town co-signed with U.S. Route 277 for 20 miles (32 km). After splitting off, it enters Edwards County and Carta Valley. It meets SH 55 at the county seat, Rocksprings, before serving as the western terminus of SH 41. About 20 miles north of Rocksprings, the route meets with the headwaters of the South Llano River, which follows the route into Junction, Texas. It heads northeast into Kimble County, crossing the county line near Telegraph. At Junction, it meets both Interstate 10 and US 83. It then continues northeast through London, extreme southeastern Menard County, and Mason County. In Mason County, US 377 passes through Streeter before forming a concurrency with SH 29 near Grit. In Mason, SH 29 splits off to its own alignment while US 377 turns north to join U.S. Route 87.

US 87/377 head north together into Brady, where they meet US 190, the southern terminus of US 283, and SH 71. US 377 splits off to the north and heads to Mercury and crosses the Colorado River near Winchell. In Brownwood, US 377 joins with U.S. Route 67, following its routing all the way to Stephenville, where US 377 splits off on its own again. US 377 then enters Hood County, where it passes through the county seat, Granbury. It cuts the corners of both Johnson County and Parker County before entering Tarrant County and the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex.

US 377 crosses Interstate 20 at exit 429A in Benbrook. It then enters Fort Worth proper, meeting SH 183 and Spur 580. It runs northeast on Camp Bowie Blvd. to Interstate 30, which it begins a concurrency with. At the Interstate 35W junction, it heads north along that highway before splitting off at Exit 52A (Belknap St.). It heads due north at the Denton Highway and continues to run parallel to I-35W through many Fort Worth suburbs, including Haltom City, Watauga, Keller, Westlake, Roanoke, and Argyle. In Denton, it crosses Interstate 35E and has a brief concurrency with US 380 through the eastern portion of Denton into Crossroads.

After splitting from US 380, US 377 runs through Crossroads and north into Krugerville.  It continues through Aubrey, through Pilot Point, Tioga, and Collinsville, before having an interchange with US 82 at Whitesboro. It the heads north to cross Lake Texoma (the Red River) into Oklahoma.

Oklahoma

US 377 is co-signed with State Highway 99 for its entire Oklahoma length. US 377's first junction within Oklahoma is with SH-32 west of Kingston. The first town that US 377/SH-99 pass through is Madill, where the two highways meet US 70 and State Highway 199. The next town after that is Tishomingo, where there is a brief concurrency with SH-22. US 377/SH-99 run north from Tishomingo, having a one-mile (1.6 km) three-route concurrency with SH-7 before meeting State Highway 3 southeast of Ada. US 377/SH-99 run around the east and north sides of town. On the north side of Ada, SH-3E joins the concurrency.

After leaving Ada, US 377/SH-3E/99 pass through Byng. The three highways cross the Canadian River just south of a junction that serves as the eastern terminus of SH-39 and the western terminus of SH-56. North of Bowlegs, SH-59 joins with the other routes briefly. The next major town is Seminole, where the highways meet SH-9, and SH-3E splits off. US 377/SH-99 cross I-40 at Exit 200. The highways have a junction with US 62 in Prague.

As of 2007, the highway's northern terminus is in Stroud, Oklahoma at an indeterminate point somewhere between old Route 66 (now Oklahoma State Highway 66) and modern Interstate 44. SH-99 continues north into Kansas.

History

U.S. 377 in Texas
When US 377 was commissioned in 1930, US 77 connected Dallas, Texas with the north and south, but nearby Fort Worth lacked a direct northern connection. US 377 connected US 77 in Denton, Texas with US 81 in Fort Worth, forming a parallel route between Denton and Hillsboro, where US 81 met US 77. When the Interstate highway system was built, I-35 paralleled the Dallas–Fort Worth split with routes I-35E through Dallas (along US 77) and I-35W through Fort Worth (along US 377 and US 81). The section of US 377 in Texas north of Denton was signed as SH 99 until 1968.

The "Willis Bridge" crossing the Red River was constructed in 1968. It has guardrail damage causing the remaining bridge to be very narrow and has since been considered structurally deficient. Parts of the bridge have collapsed. An original ETA of replacement was February 2018, costing $80 million. In November 2018, the Oklahoma Transportation Commission awarded a $43 million contract to replace the bridge with a new two-lane bridge scheduled to start construction in late December 2018 or early January 2019.

U.S. 377 remained a two-lane highway between Denton and Fort Worth. It has since been widened with more construction scheduled. North of Denton, U.S. 377 is currently two lanes.

Oklahoma State Highway 99

Major intersections

Texas State Highway Loop 118
Texas State Highway Loop 118 (Loop 118) is a short and unsigned loop highway. The highway connects Highway 377 to Business State Highway 114 (Bus. SH 114) without the need for an intersection between those highways. The loop is just  long, and is located entirely within the downtown portion of the town of Roanoke, Texas. The highway was first designated on February 4, 1941. The original route traveled from US 377 just south of Roanoke, along Oak Street, past Bus. SH 114 northward to SH 114, with State Highway Spur 118 (Spur 118) going from Loop 118 to US 377 via Denton Drive. On September 26, 1996, the stretch of Oak St. traveling from US 377 to Denton Dr. was given back to the city of Roanoke.

Related routes
 U.S. Route 77
 U.S. Route 177
 U.S. Route 277

References

External links

 Endpoints of US highway 377
 Oklahoma Terminus: US 377

Transportation in Val Verde County, Texas
Transportation in Edwards County, Texas
Transportation in Kimble County, Texas
Transportation in Menard County, Texas
Transportation in McCulloch County, Texas
Transportation in Brown County, Texas
Transportation in Comanche County, Texas
Transportation in Erath County, Texas
Transportation in Hood County, Texas
Transportation in Johnson County, Texas
Transportation in Parker County, Texas
Transportation in Tarrant County, Texas
Transportation in Denton County, Texas
Transportation in Grayson County, Texas
Transportation in Marshall County, Oklahoma
Transportation in Johnston County, Oklahoma
Transportation in Pontotoc County, Oklahoma
Transportation in Seminole County, Oklahoma
Transportation in Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma
Transportation in Lincoln County, Oklahoma
77-3
77-3
3
77-3

U.S. Route 377


Gilstrap est un patronyme porté notamment par :

 Jim Gilstrap (1946-), chanteur et musicien américain ;
 John Gilstrap (1957-), écrivain américain.

Gilstrap


İki At Savunması
1. e4 e5
2. Af3 Ac6
3. Fc4 Af6

hamle dizisiyle başlayan bir satranç açılışıdır.

İlk olarak Polerio
(1550 – 1610) tarafından 16. yüzyılın sonlarında bulunan bu açılış 19. yüzyılda geliştirilmiştir.

Siyahın üçüncü hamlesi 3...Fc5 hamlesinin ardından oluşan Giuoco Piano'dan daha tehlikeli bir savunmadır.

Bronstein bu taktik için kullanılan "savunma" teriminin yersiz olduğunu, bunun yerine "Chigorin karşıakını" teriminin kullanılmasının daha uygun olacağını belirtmiştir.
İki At Savunması siyah taşlarla oynayan birçok oyuncu tarafından sıkça kullanılmaktadır. Chigorin, Keres, Dünya Şampiyonu Tal ve Boris Spassky bu açılışı benimseyen ünlü oyunculardan birkaçıdır.

Bu açılışın teorisi Berliner ve Estrin'in de aralarında bulunduğu birçok oyuncu tarafından ayrıntılı bir biçimde incelenmiştir.

Ana varyantlar

Beyaz, e sütunundaki piyonuna yönelen akına karşılık vermek zorundadır.
1.e4 e5 2.Af3 Ac6 3.Fc4 Af6

4.Ag5
Siegbert Tarrasch bu hamleyi "aptal bir hamle" (ein richtiger Stümperzug), Panov ise "ilkel" olarak değerlendirmişlerdir. Ancak, f7 karesine yönelen bu akın bir piyon kazancıyla sona erer.

Tarrasch'in eleştirilerine karşın 4.Ag5 hamlesi beyazı avantaja götürecek en iyi hamle olarak görülmektedir. Bu hamle dünya şampiyonları Steinitz, Fischer, Karpov, Kasparov ve Anand tarafından da kullanılmıştır.

Çek satranç çözümleyicisi Karel Traxler, 1896 yılında Prag'da Reinisch'e karşı 4...Fc5?! hamlesini oynamıştır. Birkaç yıl sonra K. Williams'ın başını çektiği Pennsylvanialı bir grup satranççı bu varyantı çözümlemiş ve ona kendi kasabalarının adını (Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania) vermişlerdir. Böylece, 4...Fc5 hamlesi bugün dünyada Traxler Varyantı, ABD'de Wilkes-Barre Varyantı olarak anılmaktadır.

Bu kaba hamle beyazın f7 karesine yönelen akınını görmezden gelmekte ve sürekli şah çekimi sonucunda beraberlikle sonuçlanan oyunlara yol açmaktadır.

Beyaz 5.d4, 5.Axf7 ya da 5.Fxf7+ oynayabilir.

5.d4 d5! hamlesinin ardından beyaz 6.dxc5?! dxc4 7.Vxd8+ oynayarak beraberliğe gidebilir 6. Filxd5! (tehdit 7.Atxf7) 6...Axd5 7.dxc5 7...Atdb4 8.a3 8...Vxd1 9.Şxd1 9...Aa6 10.b4 ile üstün bir konum elde eder fakat bu konumda 6...Axd4! ile siyahlar gambit yapar burada 7.Fxf7 7..Şe7 (7...Şf8?! h8 kalesi oyunu giremez ) 8.Fc4 8...b5 ile oyun karışır

Çoğunlukla yeğlenen hamle 5.Axf7'dir ancak 5...Fxf2+ hamlesi oyunu çok karmaşıklaştırmaktadır. Bugün uygulanan tüm ana hat akınları 6.Şxf2 Axe4+ 7.Şg1 ya da 7.Şe3 hamle dizisi sonucunda oyunu beraberliğe götürür. Buradaki son hamle (aslen Karel Traxler tarafından ortaya atılmıştır) 2000 yılında yayımlanan bir makalede 'çürütülmektedir'. Ne var ki, bilgisayarlı çözümleme siyahın bu hamlenin ardından berabere elde eder (Beyazın en iyi hamleleri bulmasıyla).

Anand tarafından oynanan 5.Fxf7!+ Şe7 6.Fd5'tir.
Wilkes-Barre'ü siyah taşlarla oynayan büyükusta yoktur ancak Beliavsky ve Shirov bu varyantı büyük turnuvalarda denemişlerdir.Makine analizleri bu konuma üstünlük verse bile siyahlar bazı varyantlarda beyazları en iyi hamleye bulmaya zorlar.

4...d5 5.exd5 daha sık kullanılmaktadır. Siyahın 5...Axd5?! hamlesi çok risklidir.
Pinkus 1943 ve 1944 yıllarındaki makalelerinde bu hamleyi destekleyici çözümlemeler yapmıştır ancak beyaz, bu hamlenin ardından Lolli Varyantı (6.d4?!) ya da Kızarmış Karaciğer (ya da Fegatello) Akını (6.Axf7!! Şxf7 7.Vf3+ Şe6 8.Ac3)'yla kazanç konuma ulaşabilir..

Bu varyantlar siyah için tahta üzerinde savunulması güç pozisyonlar yaratır. Bunun yerine siyah, açılışı bir gambite dönüştürmek amacıyla 5...Aa5 (ana hat), 5...Ad4 ya da 5...b5 oynar.

5...Aa5 hamlesinden sonra Morphy 6.d3 hamlesini yeğlerdi.

Morphy Varyantı yeteri kadar popülerlik kazanmamıştır. Bunun nedeni siyahın 6...h6 7.Af3 e4 8.Ve2 Axc4 9.dxc4 Fc5 hamle dizisiyle iyi bir konum yakalama olanağının bulunmasıdır. (Bu pozisyonda Bronstein 8.dxe4?! ile taş fedasında bulunmuştur ancak bu hamle günümüzde çözülmüş siyaha üstünlük verdiği ortaya çıkmıştır.)
Beyaz bunun yerine genellikle 6.Fb5+ oynar ve oyun 6...c6 7.dxc6 bxc6 8.Fe2 h6 hamleleriyle sürer günümüzde bu konum eşit olduğu kanıtlanmış.

(8.Vf3 hamlesi 19. yüzyılda birçok oyuncu tarafından kullanılmıştır ancak siyahın bu hamleye karşılık 8..cxb5!! Blackburne hamlesi ile beyazlar konumu eşitlemeye çalışır günümüzde bu varyant yine popülerleşirken 8...h6 8...Kb8,8...Fe7 alternatifi  mevcut .)

Siyahın 9...e4 10.Ae5 (bu, İki At Savunması'nın ana hattı sayılır) hamleleriyle üstünlüğü ele geçirmesi durumunda beyaz 9.Af3 oynayabilir.

Steinitz 9.Ah3 hamlesini yeğlemiştir ancak bu, ona Chigorin'le 1891 yılında yaptığı karşılaşmada bir yarar sağlamamıştır.

Steinitz Varyantı 1960'lı yıllarda Fischer tarafından oynanana dek unutulup gitmiştir.
Short da bu hamleyi 1990'lı yıllarda sık sık kullanmıştır.

Siyahın 5...Aa5 hamlesine karşılık Fritz Varyantı (5...Ad4) ve Ulvestad Varyantı (5...b5) ortak bir ana hatta sahip olmaları nedeniyle ilişkilendirilirler.

Amerikan usta Olav Ulvestad 5...b5 hamlesini 1941'de yazdığı bir makalede ilk kez kullanmıştır. Beyaz bu hamleye tek şekilde karşılık verebilir. 6.Fxb5 Vxd5 7.Fxc6 Vxc6 ve 6.dxc6 bxc4 7.Ac3 hamleleri beyaz için pek iyi sonuçlar doğurmaz. Beyaz, filini hareket ettirmek zorundadır. En iyi karşılık 6.Ff1! hamlesidir. Bu, siyahın g2 karesini 6...Vxd5? ile tehdit etmesi durumunda beyazın 7.Ac3 oynamasına olanak tanır.

Siyahın buna verebileceği en iyi karşılık 6...Ad4 ile Fritz Varyantı'na geri dönmektir.
Alman usta Alexander Fritz (1857–1932) 1904 yılında konu üzerinde çalışan Schlechter'a 5...Ad4 hamlesini önermiştir.

Fritz bir İsveç dergisinde yayımlanan makalesinde de bu hamleye değinmiştir.
Beyazın en iyi hamlesi 6.c3'tür ve oyun genellikle 6...b5 7.Ff1 Axd5 8.Ae4 ya da 8.h4 hamleleriyle sürer.

4.Ac3
Piyonu 4.Ac3 hamlesiyle korumak pek işe yaramaz çünkü siyah, 4.Ac3?! Axe4! 5.Axe4 d5 hamle dizisiyle taşı geri kazanabilir.

5.Fxf7+? hamlesi de pek iyi değildir. Siyah, 5...Şxf7 6.Axe4 d5 hamleleriyle tahtadaki konumunu güçlendirir.

4.Ac3 genellikle e sütunundaki piyonu gambite sokmak üzere kullanılır. Böylece oyun 4.Ac3 Axe4 5.O-O?! hamleleriyle Boden-Kieseritzky Gambiti'ne dönüşür.

Bu gambite, açılış teorisine pek uygun olmaması nedeniyle turnuvalarda pek sık rastlanmaz ancak hızlı satrançta beyaza kısa süreli konum üstünlüğü getirebilir.

hem de 5...Axc3 6.dxc3 6...f6! ile üstün konuma gidebilir

5.Fd3 5...dxe4 6.Fxe4 6...Fd6 7.O-O 7...O-O ile oyun devam eder

4.d3
4.d3 siyahın 4...Fc5'le karşılık vermesi durumunda Giuoco Pianissimo'ya dönüşür. 4...Fe7 ve 4...h6 hamlelerinin ardından bağımsız varyantlar da mevcuttur.

Beyaz, tahtanın diğer bölgelerinde sıkça gözlenen taktik savaşlarından kaçınmak ister ve pozisyon sayısı bakımından varsıl bir oyun amaçlar.

Elde edilen nihai konum beyazın c3 oynaması durumunda Ruy Lopez'e benzer.

Bu hamle 1980'li yıllarda popüler hale gelmiş ve John Nunn başta olmak üzere birçok oyuncu tarafından kullanılmıştır.

Siyah, beyazın taktik savaşından kaçınma arayışına  4...d5!? ile son verebilir.

Bu hamle, açılış teorisine uygun olmaması nedeniyle pek sık kullanılmaz ancak Jan Piński bu hamlenin düşünüldüğü kadar kötü bir hamle olmadığını düşünmektedir.

4.d4
Beyaz 4.d4 exd4 5.O-O hamle dizisiyle hızlı bir gelişim amaçlayabilir.

Siyah, beyazın merkezdeki piyonunu alarak durumu eşitleyebilir. Beyaz bundan sonra 6.Ke1 d5 7.Fxd5 Vxd5 8.Ac3 oynayarak taşını geri kazanır ancak siyah, 8...Va5 ya da 8...Vh5 hamleleriyle rahat bir konuma ulaşmayı ya da 5...Fc5 6.e5 d5 hamle dizisinin ardından oluşan Max Lange Akını'ndan yararlanmayı düşünebilir.

Birçok açıdan çözümlenmiş Max Lange Akını, Giuoco Piano ve İskoç Oyunu sonucunda da oluşabilir.
Beyaz 5.e5 oynayarak bu hat üzerindeki pozisyonlardan kaçınabilir. Bu hamleye karşılık olarak 5...Ae4 ya da 5...Ag4 oynanabilir ancak daha sık kullanılan hamle dizisi 5...d5 6.Fb5 Ae4 7.Axd4 Fc5 şeklindedir.

4.Ve2
Beyaz 4. Ve2  ile e piyonunu destekleyebilir 4...Fc5 5.c3 5...O-O ile eşit bir konum oluşur Hector,Jonny bu varyantı çok denemiş iyi sonuçlar aldığı olmuştur

Kaynakça

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Harding, Tim (Mart 2001). Gözetleyici: İki At Savunması, 1. Bölüm  (PDF). Chesscafe.com.
 Harding, Tim (Nisan 2001). Gözetleyici: İki At Savunması, 2. Bölüm  (PDF). Chesscafe.com.
 Harding, Tim (Mayıs 2001). Gözetleyici: İki At Savunması, 3. Bölüm  (PDF). Chesscafe.com.
https://database.chessbase.com/

Satranç açılışları
Satrançta 16. yüzyıl

İki At Savunması


Olaylar
 1299 - Marco Polo, Venedik'e döndü.
 1402 - Osmanlı Padişahı Yıldırım Bayezid, Ankara Savaşı'nda Timur'a yenilerek esir düştü; Osmanlı Devletinde "Fetret Devri" başladı.
 1794 - Fransız devrimci lider Maximilien Robespierre, giyotinle başı kesilerek idam edildi.
 1808 - Osmanlı Padişahı III. Selim, İstanbul'da IV. Mustafa'nın emriyle boğularak öldürüldü.
 1821 - Arjantinli general Jose de San Martin, Lima'ya girerek Peru'nun İspanya'dan bağımsızlığını ilan etti.
 1914 - I. Dünya Savaşı başladı.
 1920 - Meksikalı isyancı Panço Villa teslim oldu.
 1921 - Kütahya'da toplanan Yunan Savaş Meclisi, Ankara'ya yürüme kararı aldı.
 1929 - Savaş esirlerine ilişkin Cenevre Konvansiyonu, 48 ülke tarafından imzalandı.
 1939 - Demiryolu Aşkale'ye ulaştı.
 1943 - II. Dünya Savaşı: İngiliz Kraliyet Hava Kuvvetleri'nin Hamburg'u bombalaması sonucu çıkan yangınlarda 42.000 Alman sivil öldü.
 1945 - New York'ta Empire State Binası'nın 78. katına, bir B-25 Mitchell bombardıman uçağı çarptı ve 24 kişi öldü.
 1946 - İzmir Gazeteciler Cemiyeti kuruldu.
 1957 - Meksika'da, Acapulco merkezli bir deprem gerçekleşti.
 1962 - Yönetmen Elia Kazan, America America filminin çekimlerine İstanbul'da başladı.
 1965 - Vietnam Savaşı: ABD Başkanı Lyndon B. Johnson, Güney Vietnam'daki Amerikan güçlerinin sayısının 75.000'den 125.000'e çıkarılmasını istedi.
 1976 - Çin'in Tangshan şehrinde meydana gelen 8,2 şiddetindeki depremde; 242.769 kişi öldü, 164.851 kişi de yaralandı.
 1984 - XXIII. Olimpiyat Oyunları, Los Angeles'ta başladı.
 1992 - Barselona'da yapılan 25. Olimpiyat Oyunları'nda, halterci Naim Süleymanoğlu, 60 kiloda şampiyon oldu.
 1996 - Emperyal gazinolarının sahibi Ömer Lütfü Topal, aracıyla evine giderken açılan çapraz ateş sonucunda öldürüldü.
 1997 - Metin Göktepe davası sanığı 6 polis teslim oldu.
 2000 - Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi, kapatılan RP Genel Başkanı Necmettin Erbakan'ın, hakkındaki hapis cezasının durdurulması için yaptığı başvuruyu reddetti.
 2002 - TÜPRAŞ yakınındaki Akçagaz Dolum Tesisleri'nde yangın çıktı. 2,5 saatte kontrol altına alınabilen yangın, 3 trilyon lira zarara yol açtı.
 2008 - Türkiye'de iktidarda olan AK Parti'ye, kapatma istemi ile açılan dava görüşülmeye başlandı.

Doğumlar
 1635 - Robert Hooke, İngiliz bilim insanı (ö. 1703)
 1691 - Edward Cave, İngiliz matbaacı, editör ve yayıncı (ö. 1754)
 1746 - Thomas Heyward Jr., Amerikan Bağımsızlık Bildirgesi'ni Güney Carolina delegesi olarak imzalamasıyla tanınan politikacı (ö. 1809)
 1750 - Fabre d'Églantine, Fransız şair, oyuncu, dramaturg ve devrimci (ö. 1794)
 1804 - Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach, Alman filozof ve ahlakçı (ö. 1872)
 1866 - Beatrix Potter, İngiliz yazar, İllüstratör, doğa bilimci ve çevreci (ö. 1943)
 1872 - Albert Sarraut, Fransız politikacı (ö. 1962)
 1874 - Ernst Cassirer, Alman filozof (ö. 1945)
 1887 - Marcel Duchamp, Fransız sürrealist ressam (ö. 1968)
 1902 - Albert Namatjira, Aborjin sanatçı (ö. 1959)
 1902 - Karl Popper, Avusturya kökenli İngiliz filozof (ö. 1994)
 1904 - Elyesa Bazna (Çiçero), Arnavut asıllı Türk casus (ö. 1970)
 1904 - Pavel Alekseyeviç Çerenkov, Rus fizikçi ve Nobel Fizik Ödülü sahibi (ö. 1990)
 1909 - Aenne Burda, Alman girişimci (moda ve dikiş dergisi Burdanın yaratıcısı) (ö. 2005)
 1915 - Charles Hard Townes, Amerikalı fizikçi ve Nobel Fizik Ödülü sahibi (ö. 2015)
 1922 - Jacques Piccard, İsviçreli mühendis (ö. 2008)
 1925 - Baruch Samuel Blumberg, Amerikalı doktor ve 1976 yılı Nobel Fizyoloji veya Tıp Ödülü sahibi (Daniel Carleton Gajdusek ile birlikte) (ö. 2011)
 1925 - Ali Bozer, Türk hukukçu ve siyasetçi (ö. 2020)
 1927 - John Ashbery, Pulitzer Ödülü sahibi Amerikalı şair ve eleştirmen (ö. 2017)
 1929 - Shirley Ann Grau, Amerikalı yazar (ö. 2020)
 1929 - Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, ABD başkanlarından John F. Kennedy'nin eşi (ö. 1994)
 1932 - Natalie Babbitt, Amerikalı çocuk kitapları yazarı (ö. 2016)
 1936 - Russ Jackson, Kanada futbolu oyuncusu
 1938 - Luis Aragonés, İspanyol eski millî futbolcu ve teknik direktör (ö. 2014)
 1938 - Alberto Fujimori, Peru Devlet Başkanı
 1938 - Chuan Leekpai, Taylandlı politikacı
 1938 - Luis Aragonés, İspanyol futbolcu ve teknik direktör
 1942 - Neilia Hunter Biden, Amerikalı öğretmen ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri başkanı Joe Biden'ın ilk eşi (ö. 1972)
 1943 - Judy Martz, Amerikalı kadın bürokrat, iş insanı ve eski artistik buz patencisi (ö. 2017)
 1943 - Rick Wright, İngiliz müzisyen, söz yazarı ve Pink Floyd grubunun klavyecisi (ö. 2008)
 1944 - Atilla Olgaç, Türk sinema ve tiyatro oyuncusu
 1945 - Faruk Süren, Türk iş insanı ve Galatasaray eski Başkanı
 1947 - Elena Novikova-Belova, Rus eskrimci
 1947 - Peter Cosgrove, Avustralya'nın 2014-2019 yılları arası görev yapan 26. Genel Valisi
 1947 - Sally Struthers, Amerikalı aktris ve aktivist
 1948 - Ivan Mašek, Çek siyasetçi (ö. 2019)
 1950 - Samuel Weymouth Tapley Seaton, Saint Kitts ve Nevis'in dördüncü ve şimdiki Genel Valisi
 1951 - Santiago Calatrava, İspanyol mimar
 1951 - Ray Kennedy, İngiliz eski millî futbolcu
 1952 - Vajiralongkorn, Tayland Kralı
 1954 - Gabi Aşkenazi, İsrailli siyasetçi
 1954 - Hugo Chávez, Venezuela Devlet Başkanı (ö. 2013)
 1954 - Steve Morse, ABD doğumlu caz ve rock gitaristi
 1958 - Terry Fox, Kanadalı atlet ve kanser tedavisi konusundaki aktivist (ö. 1981)
 1960 - Alexandre Czerniatynski, Belçikalı futbolcu
 1962 - Torsten Gütschow, Alman eski futbolcu ve teknik direktör
 1964 - Lori Loughlin, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1965 - Priscilla Chan, Hong Konglu Cantopop şarkıcısı
 1965 - Delfeayo Marsalis, Amerikalı caz trombonisti ve albüm yapımcısı
 1965 - Pedro Troglio, Arjantinli eski millî futbolcu
 1966 - Marina Klimova, Rus buz patenci
 1966 - Miguel Ángel Nadal, Eski İspanyol millî futbolcu
 1969 - Alexis Arquette, Amerikalı oyuncu (ö. 2016)
 1971 - Ebu Bekir el-Bağdadi, silahlı örgüt IŞİD'ın kurucusu (ö. 2019)
 1972 - Elizabeth Berkley, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1974 - Aleksis Çipras, Yunan inşaat mühendisi ve siyasetçi
 1977 - Manu Ginóbili, Arjantinli basketbolcu
 1978 - Mine Tugay, Türk sinema ve tiyatro oyuncusu
 1979 - Birgitta Haukdal, İzlandalı şarkıcı
 1980 - Heiko Butscher, Alman futbolcu
 1981 - Michael Carrick, İngiliz eski millî futbolcu
 1983 - Vladimir Stojković, Sırp futbolcu
 1985 - Mathieu Debuchy, Fransız millî futbolcudur
 1985 - Dustin Milligan, Kanadalı aktör
 1986 - Semih Erden, Türk basketbolcu
 1987 - Yevhen Haçeridi,' Ukraynalı millî futbolcudur
 1987 - Pedro, İspanyol futbolcu
 1988 - Emanuel Biancucchi, Arjantinli futbolcu
 1989 - Albin Ekdal, İsveçli millî futbolcu
 1990 - Soulja Boy, Amerikalı hip hop şarkıcısı ve yapımcısı
 1993 - Cher Lloyd, İngiliz pop şarkıcısı ve rapçi
 1993 - Ferhat Arıcan, Türk jimnastikçi
 1993 - Harry Kane, İngiliz millî futbolcu
 1994 - Daichi Akiyama, Japon futbolcu
 2000 - Mero, Türk-Alman rapçi ve söz yazarı
 2000 - Emile Smith Rowe, İngiliz futbolcu

Ölümler
 450 - II. Theodosius, Doğu Roma İmparatoru (Konstantinopolis'in surlarını yaptıran) (d. 401)
 1458 - II. John, 1432'den 1458'e kadar Kıbrıs, Kudüs ve Ermeni Kilikya'nın kralı olarak göre yapan devlet adamı (d. 1418)
 1527 - Rodrigo de Bastidas, İspanyol kâşif ve fatih (d. 1468)
 1540 - Thomas Cromwell, Kral VIII. Henry döneminde İngiltere Parlamento Şansölyesi (d. 1485)
 1655 - Cyrano de Bergerac, Fransız şair (d. 1619)
 1741 - Antonio Vivaldi, İtalyan besteci (d. 1678)
 1750 - Johann Sebastian Bach, Alman besteci (d. 1685)
 1794 - Louis de Saint-Just, Fransız siyasetçi ve Fransız İhtilali'nin liderlerinden (d. 1767)
 1794 - Maximilien Robespierre, Fransız devrimci lider (d. 1758)
 1808 - III. Selim, Osmanlı'nın 28. Padişahı (d. 1761)
 1818 - Gaspard Monge, Fransız matematikçi ve Tasarı Geometri'nin kurucusu (d. 1746)
 1835 - Édouard Mortier, Fransız general ve mareşal (d. 1768)
 1836 - Nathan Mayer Rothschild, Alman bankacı, iş insanı ve finansör (d. 1777)
 1842 - Clemens Brentano, Alman yazar (d. 1778)
 1844 - Joseph Bonaparte, Napoli ve İspanya Kralı (Napolyon Bonapart'ın kardeşi) (d. 1768)
 1930 - Allvar Gullstrand, İsveçli göz doktoru (d. 1862)
 1934 - Marie Dressler, Akademi Ödülü sahibi Kanadalı sinema ve tiyatro oyuncusu (d. 1868)
 1935 - IV. Meletios, 25/11/1921 ile 10/07/1923 yılları arası Konstantinopolis Ekümenik Patrikhanesinin, 260. Ekümenik Patriği olarak görev yapmıştır (d. 1871)
 1944 - Ralph H. Fowler, İngiliz fizikçi ve astronom (d. 1889)
 1968 - Otto Hahn, Alman kimyacı ve Nobel Kimya Ödülü sahibi (d. 1879)
 1969 - Ramón Grau, Küba Devlet Başkanı (d. 1882)
 1989 - Nimet Arzık, Türk gazeteci ve yazar (d. 1923)
 1990 - Jill Esmond, İngiliz sinema ve tiyatro oyuncusu (d. 1908)
 1993 - Cemal Madanoğlu, Türk asker ve 27 Mayıs Darbesi'nin liderinden (d. 1907)
 1996 - Ömer Lütfü Topal, Türk iş insanı (d. 1942)
 1999 - Trygve Haavelmo, Norveçli istatistikçi, iktisatçı ve ekonometrici (d. 1911)
 2000 - Abraham Pais, Hollandalı-Amerikalı fizikçi ve bilim tarihçisi (d. 1918)
 2002 - Archer John Porter Martin, İngiliz kimyager ve Nobel Kimya Ödülü sahibi (d. 1910)
 2004 - Francis Crick, İngiliz moleküler biyolog ve fizikçi ve Nobel Tıp veya Fizyoloji Ödülü sahibi (d. 1916)
 2004 - Tiziano Terzani, İtalyan gazeteci ve yazar (d. 1938)
 2006 - Ayşen Tekin, Türk oyuncu ve seslendirme sanatçısı (d. 1953)
 2006 - Baykal Saran, Türk oyuncu ve yönetmen (d. 1937)
 2011 - Abdül Fettah Yunus, Libya'da üst düzey askeri subay (d. 1944)
 2013 - Eileen Brennan, Amerikalı sinema ve tiyatro oyuncusu (d. 1932)
 2014 - Margot Adler, Amerikalı yazar, gazeteci, radyocu ve yayıncı (d. 1946)
 2014 - Alakbar Mammadov, Sovyet futbolcu (d. 1930)
 2015 - Jan Kulczyk, Polonyalı iş insanı (d. 1950)
 2016 - Bualim Bessayih, Cezayirli diplomat ve siyasetçi (d. 1930)
 2016 - Vladica Kovačević, Sırp asıllı Yugoslav millî futbolcu ve teknik direktör (d. 1940)
 2016 - Émile Derlin Henri Zinsou, Dahomeyli (günümüzde Beninli) siyasetçi (d. 1918)
 2017 - Enzo Bettiza, Hırvatistan doğumlu İtalyan romancı, gazeteci ve siyasetçi (d. 1927)
 2017 - Inder Kumar, Hint aktör ve model (d. 1973)
 2018 - Guillermo Bredeston, Arjantinli tiyatro, sinema ve dizi oyuncusu (d. 1933)
 2018 - Kora Jackowska, Polonyalı şarkıcı, müzisyen, besteci, seslendirme sanatçısı ve TV sunucusu (d. 1951)
 2019 - Ferruh Bozbeyli, Türk siyasetçi (d. 1927)
 2019 - George Hilton, Uruguaylı oyuncu (d. 1934)
 2019 - Cesare Rizzi, İtalyan siyasetçi (d. 1940)
 2019 - Ruth de Souza, Brezilyalı oyuncu (d. 1921)
 2020 - Aleksandr Aksinin, Sovyet Olimpiyat atleti (d. 1954)
 2020 - Badr al-Zamān Qarīb, İranlı dilbilimci (d. 1929)
 2020 - Junrey Balawing, Dünya'nın en kısa erkeği unvanını taşıyan Filipinli rekortmen (d. 1993)
 2020 - Bent Fabric, Danimarkalı piyanist ve besteci (d. 1924)
 2020 - Gisèle Halimi, Tunuslu-Fransız hukukçu, feminist, siyasetçi ve deneme yazarı (d. 1927)
 2021 - Porfirio Armando Betancourt Carrana, Honduraslı eski profesyonel futbolcu (d. 1957)
 2021 - Roberto Calasso, İtalyan yazar ve yayımcı (d. 1941)
 2021 - István Csom, Macar satranç Büyükustası ve Uluslararası satranç hakemi (d. 1940)
 2021 - Şehram Kaşani, İranlı pop, dans müziği şarkıcısıdır (d. 1974)
 2021 - Barbara Połomska, Polonyalı oyuncudur (d. 1934)
 2022 - Pauline Bewick, İngiltere doğumlu İrlandalı sanatçı (d. 1935)
 2022 - Yaakov Heruti, İsrailli hukukçu, aktivist ve kamu görevlisi (d. 1927)
 2022 - İlhan İrem, Türk şarkıcı ve söz yazarı (d. 1955)
 2022 - József Kardos, Macar eski millî futbolcudur (d. 1960)

Tatiller ve özel günler
 Dünya Hepatit Günü

0728
28

28 Temmuz


El Marquesado de Matonte es un título nobiliario español creado el 15 de noviembre de 1639 por el rey Felipe IV, en Nápoles, a favor de Diego Quintano de Rosales, Maestre de Campo, del Consejo de Flandes.

Marqueses de Matonte

Historia de los Marqueses de Matonte

Diego Quintano de Rosales, I marqués de Matonte. Caballero de Santiago en 1629, Maestre de Campo al Servicio de S.M.  y de su Consejo de Guerra en Flandes, Alcalde del Castillo de Baia, en Nápoles donde falleció y fue enterrado. Parece ser  que realizó a sus expensas  la vieja casa Torre del mayorazgo en Medina de Pomar, según el testamento de Diego de Quintano, de la línea de Extremadura. Soltero y sin sucesión .

Rehabilitado en 1931 por:

Jesús Adolfo de Palacio y Velasco (1896-1932), II marqués de Matonte.

Le sucedió su hermano:

José María de Palacio y de Velasco (1882-1945), III marqués de Matonte, II  marqués de Villarreal de Álava, VII marqués de Casa Palacio.
Casó con María Asunción de Orellana y Ulloa XII marquesa de la Conquista. Sin descendientes legítimos, hizo cesión en 1940, de los títulos de marqués de Casa Palacio y de marqués de Matonte a su inmediato sucesor, su hermano:

Luis María de Palacio y de Velasco (1885-1943), IV marqués de Matonte, VIII marqués de Casa Palacio.
Casó con María Isabel de Palacio y de Epalza.

Le sucedió su hijo::

Luis María de Palacio y de Palacio (1918-1992), V marqués de Matonte.
Casó con Luisa María del Valle Lersundi. Le sucedió de su hijo Luis María de Palacio y del Valle Lersundi que casó con la Sta. Somoza, el hijo de ambos, por tanto su nieto:

Luis María de Palacio y Somoza, VI marqués de Matonte.

Referencias

Matonte

Marquesado de Matonte


Le 17 décembre 2021, un incendie se déclare dans une clinique psychiatrique située au quatrième étage du bâtiment Dojima Kita dans l'arrondissement Kita-ku, à Osaka, au Japon. Il s'agit d'un incendie volontaire. Vingt-cinq personnes périssent le jour même, et trois autres sont blessées, dont le suspect. Le 30 décembre, celui-ci meurt des suites de ses blessures. Une victime succombe également plus tard de ses blessures, portant le nombre total de décès à 27.

Incendie
Le 17 décembre 2021, à 10:20h heure locale, un incendie se déclare dans un immeuble de huit étages à Kita, un arrondissement d'Osaka, au Japon. L'incendie commence dans une clinique psychiatrique située au troisième étage, appelée Nishi Umeda Kokoro à Karada no Kurinikku (西梅田こころとからだのクリニック, Clinique Nishi Umeda pour l'esprit et le corps). La clinique traite principalement des patients souffrant de dépression et de trouble panique, mais aussi de maux physiques, dont l'anémie et l'apnée du sommeil. La clinique a ce jour-la une séance de conseils à 10h00 pour les patients ayant l'intention de réintégrer le marché du travail. Cette session est la raison pour laquelle tant de victimes sont présentes à la clinique lors de l'incendie.

Selon deux survivants qui se trouvaient à la réception, un homme est entré dans la clinique portant un sac en papier qu'il a placé à côté d'un radiateur à la réception. Il a donné un coup de pied dans le sac, renversant et enflammant un liquide à l'intérieur du sac, et tout le sol a commence à brûler.

Des dizaines de pompiers se précipitent vers le bâtiment et l'incendie est maîtrisé en une trentaine de minutes Les pompiers ont déclaré que soixante-dix camions de pompiers et ambulances se sont rendus sur les lieux. La majeure partie de l'extérieur du bâtiment est restée intacte, car l'incendie s'est limité à une zone de 20 mètres carrés. Le département a reçu un rapport sur l'incendie à 10h18 et le feu était presque éteint à 10h46.

Les victimes ne pouvaient pas respirer et n'ont pas pu s'échapper, car il n'y avait qu'une seule voie d'évacuation, les escaliers et les ascenseurs de secours étant situés à l'extérieur de la clinique.

Victimes
Vingt-quatre personnes sont confirmées mortes sur les lieux de l'incendie, tandis que quatre autres sont emportées blessées, dont le suspect. Quatorze des personnes décédées sont des hommes et dix sont des femmes. L'âge des victimes varie de vingt à soixante ans. Toutes les victimes sont des patients ou des membres du personnel de la clinique, notamment son président Kotaro Nishizawa.

Parmi les quatre blessés, on compte le suspect, qui est hospitalisé dans un état critique avec de graves brûlures, deux femmes inconscientes et dans un état critique, et une troisième femme qui a subi des blessures mineures. Le 21 décembre, une femme dans la vingtaine qui était dans un état critique avec un arrêt cardiaque décéde à 2h50, portant le nombre de morts à 25. Deux personnes restent dans un état critique.

Un médecin qui a soigné certaines des victimes déclare aux journalistes que de nombreuses victimes, comme le suggèrent leurs blessures externes limitées, sont mortes d'un empoisonnement au monoxyde de carbone. La police d'Osaka affirme également que la cause des décès était une intoxication au monoxyde de carbone.

Enquête
La police déclare qu'elle soupçonne que l'incendie est un incendie criminel et qu'elle entame une enquête. Des traces d'un liquide hautement inflammable, très probablement de l'essence (pétrole), sont trouvées sur le site. Des traces sur le plafond de la clinique et la vitesse du feu étayent les soupçons d'incendie criminel.

Le 18 décembre, la police fouille la maison du suspect dans l'arrondissement Nishiyodogawa-ku à Osaka. Le suspect avait emménagé dans la maison quelques mois avant l'incendie. Une demi-heure avant l'incendie du bâtiment d'Umeda, un petit incendie s'est déclaré au domicile du suspect. Le suspect est âgé de 61 ans et est un ancien patient de la clinique; il est identifié plus tard comme étant Morio Tanimoto, un métallurgiste à la retraite et  un patient de la clinique pendant deux ou trois ans.

La police estime que l'attaque était peut-être une copie de l'incendie criminel de Kyoto Animation en 2019, car on a trouvé un ancien article de journal sur l'attaque de Kyoto au domicile du suspect. En novembre, le suspect a acheté 10 litres d'essence dans ce qui semble être un acte de préméditation. À la suite de l'attentat de Kyoto, l'achat d'essence en bidon nécessite une pièce d'identité et une explication au vendeur. Tanimoto a produit sa carte d'identité et a déclaré que l'essence achetée était destinée à sa moto.

En 2008, Tanimoto a divorcé de son épouse infirmière, mère de ses deux fils. En 2011, il a poignardé son propre fils à la tête dans un suicide forcé. Il a purgé une peine de prison pour cet acte.

Les experts ont été surpris par le nombre élevé de victimes de l'incendie. Les autorités enquêtent sur la façon dont les victimes se sont retrouvées piégées et le sol s'est rempli de fumée si rapidement. Selon les responsables, le bâtiment n'avait jamais enfreint le code de prévention des incendies.

Les images d'une caméra de sécurité dans le bâtiment ont montré que Tanimoto avait jeté un sac, contenant probablement de l'essence, à la sortie de secours. On pense également que du ruban adhésif a été utilisé pour empêcher l'utilisation de la porte. On pense que cela a été fait pour que les occupants de la clinique aient du mal à évacuer. Les enquêteurs ont également trouvé des indices de pièges supplémentaires dans le bâtiment. Le suspect a été trouvé en possession d'un couteau et a bloqué une personne qui tentait de revenir en courant vers l'ascenseur. Les victimes, dont le chemin vers les sorties était bloqué par le feu, sont entrées dans des pièces intérieures sans fenêtre à l'arrière de la clinique où elles sont décédées.

Tanimoto était dans un état critique en raison d'une intoxication au monoxyde de carbone et souffrait d'hypoxie cérébrale, de lésions cérébrales graves et n'a pas repris connaissance après l'incendie. Cependant, la police accumule des preuves contre lui. Le 30 décembre, il meurt à l'hôpital des suites de ses blessures subies. La cause du décès a été enregistrée comme une intoxication au monoxyde de carbone.

L'enquête prend officiellement fin le 17 mars 2022.

Réactions
Le Premier ministre Fumio Kishida déclare : « Un incident tragique s'est produit. Tout d'abord, nous devons faire des efforts pour prévenir une récurrence en comprenant ce qui s'est passé et en clarifiant la cause et les circonstances [du drame]."

Le gouverneur d'Osaka, Hirofumi Yoshimura, a écrit : . Le ministre des Affaires intérieures et des Communications Yasushi Kaneko ordonné l'inspection de quelque  au Japon qui ont trois étages ou plus, mais une seule cage d'escalier.

Notes et références

Incendie au Japon
Assassinat au Japon
Massacre au Japon
Osaka
2021 au Japon

Incendie de la clinique psychiatrique Nishi Umeda


La Résolution 817 est une résolution du Conseil de sécurité des Nations unies adoptée le , dans sa 3196 séance, concernant la Macédoine et qui recommande à l'Assemblée générale des Nations unies d'admettre ce pays comme nouveau membre.

Vote
La résolution a été approuvée à l'unanimité.

Contexte historique

À la suite de cette résolution ce pays est admis à l'ONU le 8 avril 1993

Texte
 Résolution 817 Sur fr.wikisource.org
 Résolution 817 Sur en.wikisource.org

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Organisation des Nations unies.
 Conseil de sécurité des Nations unies.
 Résolution du Conseil de sécurité des Nations unies.
 Résolutions de l'Assemblée générale des Nations unies.
 Liste des résolutions du Conseil de sécurité des Nations unies.
 Liste des résolutions du Conseil de sécurité des Nations unies par pays.

Liens externes

 Charte des Nations unies sur le site des Nations unies.

0817
1993 en droit
1993 en Macédoine du Nord
Avril 1993

Résolution 817 du Conseil de sécurité des Nations unies


Alfonso Díez (Palencia, 15 de noviembre de 1950) es el viudo de la aristócrata Cayetana Fitz-James Stuart (1926-2014, XVIII duquesa de Alba). Desde el fallecimiento de su esposa ostenta el título de duque viudo de Alba de Tormes.

Biografía

Alfonso es uno de los doce hijos de José Díez, militar de Infantería, y de su esposa, Pilar Carabantes, perteneciente a una familia de médicos y militares de carrera.

Su abuelo paterno, Julián Díez, tiene una calle con su nombre en Palencia, ya que fue el dueño de la Fábrica de Chocolates San Antolín, establecimiento abierto en 1884 en la calle Mayor de Palencia, y que hoy es la sede del Banco de Santander.

Cursó sus estudios en el colegio Hermanos de La Salle, institución perteneciente a la Congregación de los Hermanos de las Escuelas Cristianas.

A temprana edad se mudó de Palencia a Madrid, donde comenzó a trabajar como funcionario en el Instituto Nacional de la Seguridad Social.

Una sobrina carnal de Alfonso y ahijada suya, Rocío Martín Díez, se casó con Felipe, un hijo del XIV Duque de Abrantes, José Manuel de Zuleta-Reales y Carvajal.

Tras una relación sentimental de tres años con Cayetana Fitz-James Stuart, duquesa de Alba, el 23 de agosto de 2011 se hace público su enlace matrimonial. La pareja se conocía desde hacía tiempo, ya que él había sido amigo del anterior marido de Cayetana, Jesús Aguirre, fallecido en 2001.

La boda se celebró el 5 de octubre de 2011 en Sevilla, en el Palacio de las Dueñas, en una ceremonia a la que solo acudieron las personas más allegadas de la pareja, pero que contó con gran repercusión mediática.

Al cumplirse un año de su enlace con la duquesa, Alfonso comienza su andadura como colaborador de ABC, en concreto como crítico cinematográfico.

Referencias

Casa de Alba
Duques de España
Nacidos en Palencia

Alfonso Díez Carabantes


Ferma Regală Băneasa a fost o fermă situată în "comuna suburbană Băneasa" (azi cartierul Băneasa din București).

Ferma a aparținut Regelui Carol al II-lea al României.

Amplasare
Clădirea centrală a Fermei Regale Băneasa se găsește, în prezent, pe b-dul Ion Ionescu de la Brad nr. 8 din sectorul 1 (ea adăpostește azi Institutul de Cercetare și Dezvoltare pentru Protecția Plantelor (ICDPP)).

Ferma avea o suprafață de 28,43 ha (conform deciziei Consiliului de Miniștri din 18 iunie 1948, prin care se confiscau proprietățile membrilor Familiei Regale a României).

În perioada interbelică, ferma cuprindea atât suprafețe aflate la vestul șoselei București-Ploiești (între actualele străzi Jandarmeriei, Gheorghe Ionescu-Sisești, Ion Ionescu de la Brad, DN1), cât și la est (în nordul Aeroportului Băneasa, până la Aleea Privighetorilor, pe locul unde se află acum complexul comercial (mall-ul) Băneasa).

În apropierea sediului central al fermei, dar fără a se confunda cu ea, se găsește fosta locuință a profesorului Nae Ionescu (devenită, după 1940, locuința mareșalului Ion Antonescu).

Istoric
În 1948, Ferma Regală Băneasa a fost naționalizată de către regimul comunist, clădirile, terenul și inventarul ei trecând la Ministerul Agriculturii (prin decretul 983/26.05.1948 și decizia Consiliului de Miniștri din 18.06.1948).

În anii 2000, ea a revenit în atenția publică prin scandalurile de presă (devenite ulterior dosare penale) legate de cererile de retrocedare formulate de Paul Lambrino, (nepot al Regelui Carol al II-lea, cunoscut ca "Prințul Paul Philippe de România").

Vezi și
 Cartierul Băneasa

Referințe

Legături externe
 Situl oficial al Institutului de Cercetare și dezvoltare pentru protecția Plantelor - (ICDPP)

Ferme din România
Monarhia în România

Ferma Regală Băneasa


Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings (August 8, 1896 – December 14, 1953) was an American writer who lived in rural Florida and wrote novels with rural themes and settings. Her best known work, The Yearling, about a boy who adopts an orphaned fawn, won a Pulitzer Prize for fiction in 1939 and was later made into a movie of the same name. The book was written before the concept of young adult fiction arose, but is now commonly included in teen-reading lists.

Early life and education
Kinnan was born in 1896 in Washington, D.C., the daughter of Ida May (née Traphagen) and Arthur Frank Kinnan, an attorney for the U.S. Patent Office. She grew up in the Brookland neighborhood and was interested in writing as early as age six, and submitted stories to the children's sections of newspapers until she was 16. At age 15, she entered into a contest a story titled "The Reincarnation of Miss Hetty", for which she won a prize.

She attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where she joined Kappa Alpha Theta sorority and received a degree in English in 1918. She was selected as a member of the local senior women's honor society on campus, which in 1920 became a chapter of the national senior women's society, Mortar Board. She met Charles Rawlings while working for the school literary magazine, and married him in 1919. Kinnan briefly worked for the YWCA editorial board in New York City. The couple moved to Louisville, Kentucky, where they both wrote for the Courier Journal, and then to Rochester, New York, where they wrote for the Rochester Journal-American, and where Marjorie wrote a syndicated column called "Songs of the Housewife".

In 1928, with a small inheritance from her mother, the Rawlingses purchased a 72-acre (290,000 m2) orange grove near Hawthorne, Florida, in a settlement named Cross Creek for its location between Orange Lake and Lochloosa Lake. She brought the place to international fame through her writing. She was fascinated with the remote wilderness and the lives of Cross Creek residents, her Florida cracker neighbors, and felt a profound and transforming connection to the region and the land. Wary at first, the local residents soon warmed to her and opened up their lives and experiences to her. Marjorie actually made many visits to meet with Calvin and Mary Long to observe their family relationships. This relationship ended up being used as a model for the family in her most successful novel, The Yearling. The Longs lived in a clearing named Pat's Island, but Marjorie renamed the clearing "Baxter's Island." Marjorie filled several notebooks with descriptions of the animals, plants, Southern dialect, and recipes and used these descriptions in her writings.

Career

Author and writer
Encouraged by her editor at Scribner's, Maxwell Perkins, who was impressed by the letters she wrote him about her life in Cross Creek, Rawlings began writing stories set in the Florida scrub country.  In 1930, Scribner's accepted two of her stories, "Cracker Chidlings" and "Jacob's Ladder", both about the poor, backcountry Florida residents who were quite similar to her neighbors at Cross Creek. Local reception to her stories was mixed between puzzlement concerning whom she was writing about, and rage, since one mother apparently recognized her son as a subject in a story and threatened to whip Rawlings until she was dead.

Her first novel, South Moon Under, was published in 1933. The book captured the richness of Cross Creek and its environs in telling the story of a young man, Lant, who must support himself and his mother by making and selling moonshine, and what he must do when a traitorous cousin threatens to turn him in. Moonshiners were the subject of several of her stories, and Rawlings lived with a moonshiner for several weeks near Ocala, Florida to prepare for writing the book. South Moon Under was included in the Book of the Month Club and was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize.

That same year, she and her husband Charles were divorced; living in rural Florida did not appeal to him.

One of her least well-received books, Golden Apples, came out in 1935. It tells the stories of several people who suffer from unrequited love from people unsuited for them. Rawlings herself was disappointed in it, and in a 1935 letter to her publisher Max Perkins, she called it "interesting trash instead of literature."

But she found immense success in 1938 with The Yearling, a story about a Florida boy and his pet deer and his relationship with his father, which she originally intended as a story for young readers. It was selected for the Book of the Month Club, and it won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1939. MGM purchased the rights to the film version, which was released in 1946, and it made her famous. In 1942, Rawlings published Cross Creek, an autobiographical account of her relationships with her neighbors and her beloved Florida hammocks. Cross Creek also was chosen by the Book of the Month Club and was released in an armed services edition, which was sent to servicemen during World War II. In addition to Cross Creek (D-112), The Yearling (B-55 and S-33) and South Moon Under (724) were also published in the Armed Services Editions series.

Rawlings's final novel, The Sojourner, published in 1953 and set in a northern setting, was about the life of a man and his relationship to his family: a difficult mother who favors her other, first-born son and his relationship to this absent older brother. To absorb the natural setting so vital to her writing, she bought an old farmhouse in Van Hornesville, New York and spent part of each year there until her death. The novel was less well-received critically than her Florida writings and did little to enhance her literary reputation. She published 33 short stories from 1912 to 1949. As many of Rawlings's works were centered in the North and Central Florida area, she was often considered a regional writer. Rawlings herself rejected this label saying, "I don't hold any brief for regionalism, and I don't hold with the regional novel as such … don't make a novel about them unless they have a larger meaning than just quaintness."

Invasion of privacy case
In 1943, Rawlings faced a libel suit for Cross Creek, filed by her neighbor Zelma Cason, whom Rawlings had met the first day she moved to Florida. Cason had helped to soothe the mother made upset by her son's depiction in "Jacob's Ladder". Cason claimed Rawlings made her out to be a "hussy". Rawlings had assumed their friendship was intact and spoke with her immediately. Cason went ahead with the lawsuit seeking $100,000 US for invasion of privacy (as the courts found libel too ambiguous). It was a cause of action that had never been argued in a Florida court.

Rawlings used Cason's forename in the book, but described her in this passage:Zelma is an ageless spinster resembling an angry and efficient canary. She manages her orange grove and as much of the village and county as needs management or will submit to it. I cannot decide whether she should have been a man or a mother. She combines the more violent characteristics of both and those who ask for or accept her ministrations think nothing at being cursed loudly at the very instant of being tenderly fed, clothed, nursed, or guided through their troubles.

Cason was represented by one of the first female lawyers in Florida, Kate Walton. Cason was reportedly profane indeed (one of her neighbors reported her swearing could be heard for a quarter of a mile), wore pants, had a fascination with guns, and was just as extraordinarily independent as Rawlings herself.

Rawlings won the case and enjoyed a brief vindication, but the verdict was overturned in appellate court and Rawlings was ordered to pay damages in the amount of one dollar. The toll the case took on Rawlings was great, in both time and emotion. Reportedly, Rawlings had been shocked to learn of Cason's reaction to the book, and felt betrayed. After the case was over, she spent less time in Cross Creek and never wrote another book about Florida, though she had been considering doing a sequel to Cross Creek.

GeeChee
In her memoir Cross Creek, first published in 1942, Rawlings described how she owned 72 acres of land and also hired a number of people over the years to help her with day-to-day chores and activities. An entire chapter of the book is dedicated to one woman she hired, whose name was Beatrice, but who was affectionately known as "GeeChee", because the woman was ethnically part of the Geechee people. In the book, Rawlings said GeeChee's mother lived in nearby Hawthorne, Florida, and that GeeChee was blind in one eye from a fight in which she had been involved. GeeChee was employed by Rawlings on and off for nearly two years in which GeeChee dutifully made life easier for Rawlings. GeeChee revealed to Rawlings that her boyfriend named Leroy was serving time in prison for manslaughter, and asked Rawlings for help in gaining his release. She arranged for Leroy to be paroled to her and come work for her farm, and had a wedding on the grounds for Beatrice and Leroy. After a few weeks, Leroy aggressively demanded more earnings from Rawlings and threatened her. She decided he had to leave, which caused her distress because she did not want GeeChee to go with him, which she was sure she would. GeeChee eventually decided to stay with Rawlings, but then began to drink heavily and abandoned her. Weeks later, Rawlings searched for GeeChee, found her, and drove her back to the farm, describing GeeChee as a "Black Florence Nightingale". GeeChee was unable to stop herself from drinking, which led a heartbroken Rawlings to dismiss her. Rawlings stated in her autobiography "No maid of perfection—and now I have one—can fill the strange emptiness she left in a remote corner of my heart. I think of her often, and I know she does of me, for she comes once a year to see me".

When Cross Creek was turned into a 1983 film, actress Alfre Woodard was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance as GeeChee.

Personal life

With the money she made from The Yearling, Rawlings bought a beach cottage at Crescent Beach, ten miles south of St. Augustine. In 1941, Rawlings married Ocala hotelier Norton Baskin (1901–1997), and he remodeled an old mansion into the Castle Warden Hotel in St. Augustine, which currently houses the Ripley's Believe it or Not Museum. After World War II, he sold the hotel and managed the Dolphin Restaurant at Marineland, which was then Florida's number one tourist attraction. Rawlings and Baskin made their primary home at Crescent Beach, and Rawlings and Baskin both continued their respective occupations independently. When a visitor to the Castle Warden Hotel suggested she saw the influence of Rawlings in the decor, Baskin protested, saying, "You do not see Mrs. Rawlings' fine hand in this place. Nor will you see my big foot in her next book. That's our agreement. She writes. I run a hotel." After purchasing her land in New York, Rawlings spent half the year there and half the year with Baskin in St. Augustine.

Her singular admitted vanity was cooking. She said, "I get as much satisfaction from preparing a perfect dinner for a few good friends as from turning out a perfect paragraph in my writing." Rawlings befriended and corresponded with Mary McLeod Bethune and Zora Neale Hurston. Hurston visited her at Cross Creek. Rawlings resisted social norms of the time in allowing Hurston, an African-American, to sleep in her home instead of relegating her to the tenant house.

Rawlings's views on race relations were very different from her neighbors', castigating white Southerners for infantilizing African Americans and labeling their economic differences with whites "a scandal", but simultaneously considering whites superior. She described her African-American employee Idella as "the perfect maid". Their relationship is described in the book Idella: Marjorie Rawlings' "Perfect Maid", by Idella Parker and Mary Keating.

Biographers have noted her longing for a male child through her writings, as far back as her first story as a teenage girl in "The Reincarnation of Miss Hetty", and repeated throughout several works, letters, and characters, most notably in The Yearling. In fact, she stated that as a child she had a gift for telling stories, but that she demanded all her audiences be boys.

Her hatred of cities was intense: she wrote a sonnet titled, "Having Left Cities Behind Me" published in Scribner's in 1938 to illustrate it (excerpt):Now, having left cities behind me, turnedAway forever from the strange, gregariousHuddling of men by stones, I find those variousGreat towns I knew fused into one, burned
Together in the fire of my despising ...

She was criticized throughout her career for being uneven with her talent in writing, something she recognized in herself, and that reflected periods of depression and artistic frustration. She has been described as having unique sensibilities; she wrote of feeling "vibrations" from the land, and often preferred long periods of solitude at Cross Creek. She was known for being remarkably strong-willed, but after her death, Norton Baskin wrote of her: "Marjorie was the shyest person I have ever known. This was always strange to me as she could stand up to anybody in any department of endeavor but time after time when she was asked to go some place or to do something she would accept—'if I would go with her.

Death and legacy
Rawlings died on December 14, 1953 in St. Augustine, Florida, of a cerebral hemorrhage. She bequeathed most of her property to the University of Florida in Gainesville, where she taught creative writing in Anderson Hall. In return, her name was given to a new dormitory dedicated in 1958 as Rawlings Hall which occupies prime real estate in the heart of the campus.

Her land at Cross Creek is now the Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings Historic State Park. Norton Baskin survived her by 44 years, passing away in 1997. They are buried side by side at Antioch Cemetery near Island Grove, Florida. Her tombstone, with Baskin's inscription, reads: "Through her writing she endeared herself to the people of the world."

Rawlings' reputation has managed to outlive those of many of her contemporaries. A posthumously published children's book, The Secret River, won a Newbery Honor in 1956, and movies were made, long after her death, of her story Gal Young Un, and her semi-fictionalized memoir Cross Creek (Norton Baskin, then in his eighties, made a cameo appearance in the latter movie as a man sitting in a rocking chair). In 1986, Rawlings was inducted into the Florida Women's Hall of Fame. Three years later, in 1989, she won the Florida Folk Heritage Award. In 2008, the United States Postal Service unveiled a stamp bearing Rawlings's image, in her honor.
She was named a Great Floridian in 2009 by the state of Florida. The program honors persons who made "major contributions to the progress and welfare" of Florida.

Several public schools in Florida have been named in her honor, including Rawlings Elementary School in Gainesville, PVPV/Rawlings Elementary School in Ponte Vedra Beach and Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings Elementary in Pinellas Park.

Works
Short stories
 1912 "The Reincarnation of Miss Hetty"
 1931 "Cracker Chidlins"
 1931 "Jacob's Ladder" (contained in When the Whippoorwill [1940])
 1931 "A Plumb Care Conscience" (contained in When the Whippoorwill [1940])
 1932 "A Crop of Beans" (contained in When the Whippoorwill [1940])
 1932 "Gal Young Un" (O. Henry Award First Prize for 1932) (contained in When the Whippoorwill [1940])
 1933 "Hyacinth Drift"
 1933 "Alligators" (contained in When the Whippoorwill [1940])
 1933 "Benny and the Bird Dogs" (contained in When the Whippoorwill [1940])
 1934 "The Pardon" (contained in When the Whippoorwill [1940])
 1936 "A Mother in Mannville" (contained in When the Whippoorwill [1940])
 1936 "Varmints" (contained in When the Whippoorwill [1940])
 1938 "Mountain Rain"
 1939 "I Sing While I Cook" (nonfiction)
 1939 "Cocks Must Crow" (contained in When the Whippoorwill [1940])
 1940 "The Pelican's Shadow"
 1940 "The Enemy" (contained in When the Whippoorwill [1940])
 1941 "Jessamine Springs"
 1941 "The Provider"
 1942 "Fanny, You Fool!"
 1944 "Shell"
 1945 "Black Secret"
 1945 "Miriam's Houses" (6-part series based on "A Mother in Mannville")
 1940 "In The Heart"

Novels and story collections
 1928  Blood of My Blood
 1933  South Moon Under
 1935  Golden Apples
 1938  The Yearling (adapted to film in 1946)  (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1939)
 1940  When the Whippoorwill
 1942  Cross Creek (adapted to film in 1983)
 1942  Cross Creek Cookery
 1947 "Mountain Prelude" (adapted to film as The Sun Comes Up in 1950)
 1950  Jacob's Ladder
 1953  The Sojourner
 1955  The Secret River (Newbery Honor in 1956)

See also
 Florida literature

References

External links
 A Guide to the Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings Papers
 University of Florida's Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings Digital Collections, created from the Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings Manuscript Collection in the Libraries' Special Collections
 Robert Middendorf and Rodger Tarr collections of Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings at the University of South Carolina Irvin Department of Rare Books and Special Collections.
 Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings: Cross Creek
 A Guide to the Cross Creek Trial (Cason vs. Baskin) Papers
 Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings Historic State Park
 The Friends of the Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings Farm, Inc.
 Photos of the first edition of The Yearling

 Works by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings at Project Gutenberg Australia
 United States Stamp of Marjorie Rawling. (archived)

1896 births
1953 deaths
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American short story writers
20th-century American women writers
American short story writers
American women novelists
American women short story writers
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
Newbery Honor winners
Novelists from Florida
O. Henry Award winners
People from Alachua County, Florida
Pulitzer Prize for the Novel winners
University of Florida faculty
University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Letters and Science alumni
Writers from Washington, D.C.

Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings


Sara María Aldrete Villarreal (Matamoros, Tamaulipas, México; 6 de septiembre de 1964) es una antropóloga y asesina en serie conocida como La madrina o La narcosatánica. Era parte del grupo sectario de narcotraficantes conocidos como Los Narcosatanicos, que realizaron asesinatos rituales en Matamoros.

Purga condena en el penal de Tepepan en la Ciudad de México y en el año 2020 buscó sin éxito su libertad.

Biografía
Aldrete asistió a la preparatoria en Brownsville, Texas, Estados Unidos, mientras todavía vivía al sur de la frontera, y obtuvo el estatuto de residente extranjera para poder asistir a la Universidad de Texas Southmost. Era conocida entre sus compañeros como una buena estudiante. Estudió educación física, preparándose para transferirse a la universidad para obtener una certificación de docente.

Adolfo de Jesús Constanzo, ciudadano americano de origen cubano, conoció a Sara en Matamoros y la introdujo a la santería y palo mayombe, cultos que practicaba. Constanzo se dedicaba al tráfico de droga y cobraba también por trabajos de brujería Él era conocido como "El Padrino" y a Sara le dio el sobrenombre de "La Madrina".

Crímenes
Para realizar trabajos de brujería, Constanzo utilizaba una nganga; una olla usada en la religión palo en donde se cocinan restos humanos y animales sacrificados. Constanzo violó, torturó y asesinó a varios hombres para sus rituales. Según los testimonios de los miembros de la banda, Constanzo hacía rituales con las partes mutiladas de las personas que asesinaban, como sicarios del cártel del Golfo.

Dentro del culto también se encontraban Elio Hernández, Sergio Martínez Salinas,   David Serna Valdés "La Coqueta",  Serafín Hernández, Omar Francisco Orea Ochoa, y Álvaro de León Valdez, "El Duby", quien pronto se hizo un gran seguidor del culto y pasó de presenciar sacrificios de gallinas a sacrificios humanos.

En 1989, los asesinatos se hicieron más frecuentes y llamó la atención cuando el turista estadounidense, Mark J. Kilroy, estudiante de la Universidad de Texas en vacaciones de primavera, fue reportado como desaparecido, y el gobierno mexicano comenzó a tener presión de Estados Unidos para encontrarlo.

El 9 de abril de 1989, Sergio Martínez Salinas y David Serna Valdés, pasan  a exceso de velocidad por un puesto policíaco, al revisarlos se les encuentra marihuana en el vehículo y son detenidos. Después guían a los policías al Rancho Santa Elena, en donde se efectuaban los rituales, ahí encontraron la nganga y 14 cuerpos, entre ellos, Mark Kilroy. En el lugar había una bodega donde escondían los paquetes de droga, pero los cadáveres estaban enterrados en el corral ubicado a unos pasos de la casa de madera donde hacían los rituales.

La policía encontró su escondite en la Ciudad de México el 6 de mayo de 1989. Después de un tiroteo, Constanzo y uno de sus cómplices fueron asesinados supuestamente por otro de sus miembros aparentemente por órdenes de Constanzo. Sara Aldrete sobrevivió y fue detenida.

De acuerdo con Aldrete, ella está en prisión sin ninguna culpa porque mandó el recado para que la policía los encontrara cuando la tenían secuestrada. También afirma que nunca tuvo una relación amorosa con Constanzo, que fue torturada por las autoridades para obtener una confesión y que se destruyeron muchas evidencias durante las pesquisas.

Condena
Aldrete fue condenada por asociación delictuosa en 1990 y encarcelada durante seis años. En un segundo juicio, fue condenada por varios de los asesinatos en la sede de la secta, y sentenciada a 62 años de prisión.

En octubre de 1995 fue modificada su condena a 50 años por el Magistrado del tercer tribunal unitario.

Sara ha pasado la mayor parte de su vida recluida y ha defendido su inocencia a lo largo de su recorrido por diversos centros penitenciarios del país, y actualmente purga condena en el penal femenil de Tepepan, donde solicitó su excarcelación para pasar las casi dos décadas que le restan bajo vigilancia.

En prisión escribió el libro "Me dicen la narcosatánica", donde cuenta su historia.

En medios
La periodista Laura Sánchez Ley creó un podcast donde explica  la manera en que Los Narcosatánicos  operaban para cometer crímenes y la manera en que fueron detenidos por el gobierno mexicano

HBO lanzó en 2023 una miniserie documental sobre Sara Aldrete, dirigida por Pat Martínez.

En 2023, Olallo Rubio lanzó la mini serie "Narcosatánica: el caso de Sara Aldrete" en donde se explora la historia y las inconsistencias del caso.

Referencias

Nacidos en Heroica Matamoros
Asesinas en serie de México
Asesinos en serie condenados a cadena perpetua
Delitos relacionados con el satanismo u ocultismo

Sara Aldrete


La física de las caricaturas o física de los dibujos animados sugiere la modalidad en que la animación puede doblar o contradecir las leyes normales de la física para hacer que las situaciones se vuelvan más divertidas o dramáticas. Por ejemplo, cuando un personaje se pasa del borde de un precipicio, puede seguir caminando libremente en línea recta horizontal hasta que se da cuenta de la situación. Estas leyes fueron más o menos conscientemente codificadas en los años 30 y 40, cuando se empezaron a comercializar con regularidad las producciones animadas de Warner Bros., MGM y Fleischer Studios.

Desde un recurso cómico a un estilo

Inicialmente, ignorar y modificar las leyes de la física era una manera fácil para hacer reír a la gente. Con los años, sin embargo, se convirtió en una verdadera característica de la animación occidental. En otras tradiciones (en el animé japonés, por ejemplo), la alteración de las leyes físicas no tiene por qué hacerse con efectos cómicos.

Ejemplos

La referencia específica a la «física de las historietas» se remonta al menos a junio de 1980, cuando se publicó el artículo «Las leyes del movimiento de la historieta de O'Donnell» en la revista Esquire.
En octubre de 1994, el IEEE (Instituto de Ingenieros Eléctricos y Electrónicos) de Estados Unidos publicó el artículo en su revista para ingenieros IEEE Institute (vol. 18, n.º 7, pág. 12), lo que ayudó a correr la voz entre los técnicos, que gradualmente ampliaron y perfeccionaron la idea.

Estas leyes se resumen en docenas de sitios web.
Ejemplos de O'Donnell incluyen:

 Cualquier cuerpo suspendido en el espacio permanecerá en el espacio hasta que se dé cuenta de su situación. Entonces se aplicarán las leyes normales de la gravedad. (El personaje camina más allá del borde de un acantilado, se mantiene suspendido en el aire, y no se cae hasta que mira hacia abajo).
 Cualquier cuerpo que atraviesa materia sólida dejará una perforación con su perímetro (la «silueta de paso»).
 Algunos cuerpos pueden pasar a través de paredes sólidas si pintan un túnel, mientras que otros no pueden.
 Todos los principios de gravedad son anulados por el miedo (es decir, asustar a alguien hace que ejecute saltos imposibles en el aire).
 Cualquier redistribución violenta de materia felina es impermanente. En otras palabras, los gatos sanan rápido o tienen un infinito número de vidas. Corolario: Los gatos se pueden adaptar a espacios inusualmente pequeños.
 Cualquier objeto cae más rápido que un yunque. Un yunque cae siempre directamente sobre la cabeza del personaje, aplanándolo (plegándolo como un acordeón) o introduciéndolo en la tierra.
 Un cuerpo se contrae y adapta la forma de cualquier agujero o contenedor menor que él. Si un gato entra en el agujero de un ratón, saldrá como una salchicha (cuya sección será igual a la forma de la entrada del agujero) o la persona que es introducida en un estuche de guitarra saldrá con forma de guitarra.
 Cualquier vehículo en una carretera se encuentra en un estado de indeterminación hasta que entra el personaje. (Por ejemplo, el lobo pisa una carretera y es atropellado instantáneamente por un autobús).
 Cuando un personaje cae desde alguna altura puede dejar de caer sujetándose la ropa o incluso realizando la pantomima de frenar.
 Si un personaje cae desde gran altura a bordo de un vehículo (o dentro de una casa), le bastará saltar en el último momento para posarse suavemente en tierra, mientras el objeto en el que caía se hará añicos.
 Se puede caminar en el fondo del mar o de un lago sin sufrir el freno del agua.
 Un globo inflado con la boca se comportará como uno inflado con helio.
 Cuando a un personaje se le insufla helio o se le aplica una bomba de aire, se inflará como un globo y podrá flotar.

Historia de la idea

La idea de que los dibujos animados se comportan de manera diferente en el mundo real, pero no al azar, es casi tan antigua como la animación. Walt Disney, por ejemplo, habló de «lo imposible verosímil» (en el episodio «The Plausible Impossible», de 1956, en la serie de televisión Disneyworld).

Más recientemente, algunos personajes de dibujos animados ―incluyendo a Roger Rabbit, Bobcat Bonkers D., y Yakko, Wakko y Dot― han descrito explícitamente que los toons (caricaturas) pueden doblar o romper las leyes naturales para generar efectos cómicos. Hacer esto es muy complicado, dado que los toons tienen un sentido natural de timing cómico lo que les confiere propiedades intrínsecamente divertidas.

En la película ¿Quién engañó a Roger Rabbit?, por ejemplo, Roger no es capaz de escapar de las esposas en la mayor parte de una secuencia, pero a último momento puede hacerlo. Cuando Eddie Valiant le pregunta, exasperado: «¿Quiere decir que podrías haber sacado la mano de esas esposas en cualquier momento?», Roger responde: «¡No, en cualquier momento no, sino cuando fuera gracioso!».
En los diálogos de la película se discuten algunos aspectos de la física de los dibujos animados, y el concepto es un tema menor de la trama.

En 1993, Stephen R. Gould (que en esa época era consultor de formación financiera), escribió en New Scientist:

Este tema es descrito por el Dr. Alan Cholodenko en su artículo «The Nutty Universe of Animation» ("El desvariado universo de la animación").

En un cortometraje de animación de Garfield, titulado Secrets of the Animated Cartoon ("Secretos de los dibujos animados"), los personajes Orson y Wade dan demostraciones humorísticas de diferentes leyes de los dibujos animados.

En la película Space Jam, Bugs Bunny le explica a Michael Jordan que puede correr en el aire o prolongar su brazo para encestar.

No exclusividad
La física de dibujos animados no queda limitada a los dibujos animados o a la física. Por ejemplo, una persona que se recupera muy rápidamente de una lesión grave se clasifica dentro de la biología en lugar de la física. El "síndrome de envejecimiento rápido" de las telenovelas es otro ejemplo que no pertenece a los dibujos animados. Además, los programas de televisión en vivo también pueden estar sujetos a las leyes de la física de los dibujos animados. Eso explica por qué, por ejemplo, Los Tres Chiflados no quedan ciegos después de sus piquetes de ojo.

Además, las caricaturas impresas tienen su propia familia de leyes de la física de dibujos animados.

Referencias

Animación
Física
Historieta cómica

Física de los dibujos animados


Les élections cantonales se sont déroulées les  et .

Tableau récapitulatif des résultats pour les Conseils Généraux

Notes et références

Sources

 L'Ouest-Éclair
 Le Temps
 Le Radical

Voir aussi

France, cantonales
1913
1913 en France

Élections cantonales françaises de 1913


شيرا هي قرية لبنانية من قرى قضاء الكورة في محافظة الشمال.

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في محافظة لبنان الشمالي
تجمعات مارونية في لبنان
قضاء الكورة
مدن لبنان

شيرا


مقاطعة طركونة (بالكاتالانية: Província de Tarragona، بروبينسيا دي طاراغونا؛ بالإسبانية: Provincia de Tarragona، بروبينثيا دي طاراغونا) هي مقاطعة إسبانية تقع في شمال شرق الدولة، تقع ضمن حدود منطقة كتالونيا.

عاصمتها هي مدينة طركونة، تنقسم المقاطعة إلى 183 بلدية.

الجغرافيا
تقع مقاطعة طركونة في شمال شرق إسبانيا تحدها من الشمال مقاطعة لاردة، ومن الشمال الشرقي مقاطعة برشلونة، ومن الجنوب الشرقي البحر الأبيض المتوسط، ومن الجنوب الغربي مقاطعة قسطلونة، ومن الغرب مقاطعة طرويل ومقاطعة سرقسطة.

تبلغ مساحة مقاطعة طركونة 6.303 كم².

الديموغرافيا
يبلغ عدد سكان مقاطعة طركونة 811.401 نسمة عام 2011 (وفقاً للمعهد الوطني للإحصاء الإسباني).

فيما يلي قائمة أكبر البلديات من حيث عدد السكان (بتاريخ 1 يناير 2011):
 طركونة 134.085 نسمة
 ريوس 106.709 نسمة
 فيندري 36.453 نسمة
 تورتوسا 34.432 نسمة
 كامبريلس 33.008 نسمة
 سالو 26.193 نسمة
 فايس 25.016 نسمة
 كالافي 24.984 نسمة
 فياسيكا 21.839 نسمة
 أمبوستا 21.445 نسمة

أعلام
 بابلو كاسالس

مراجع

مصادر
  الموقع الرسمي لمقاطعة طركونة
  الموقع الرسمي لإدارة السياحة في مقاطعة طركونة

طركونة (مقاطعة)

طركونة (مقاطعة)


Henri Julien Félix Rousseau (; 21 May 1844 – 2 September 1910) was a French post-impressionist painter in the Naïve or Primitive manner.  He was also known as Le Douanier (the customs officer), a humorous description of his occupation as a toll and tax collector. He started painting seriously in his early forties; by age 49, he retired from his job to work on his art full-time.

Ridiculed during his lifetime by critics, he came to be recognized as a self-taught genius whose works are of high artistic quality. Rousseau's work exerted an extensive influence on several generations of avant-garde artists.

Biography

Early life
Rousseau was born in Laval, Mayenne, France, in 1844 into the family of a tinsmith; he was forced to work there as a small boy. He attended Laval High School as a day student, and then as a boarder after his father became a debtor and his parents had to leave the town upon the seizure of their house. Though mediocre in some of his high school subjects, Rousseau won prizes for drawing and music.

After high school, he worked for a lawyer and studied law, but "attempted a small perjury and sought refuge in the army." He served four years, starting in 1863. With his father's death, Rousseau moved to Paris in 1868 to support his widowed mother as a government employee.

In 1868, he married Clémence Boitard, his landlord's 15-year-old daughter, with whom he had six children (only one survived). In 1871, he was appointed as a collector of the octroi of Paris, collecting taxes on goods entering Paris. His wife died in 1888 and he married Josephine Noury in 1898.

Career

From 1886, he exhibited regularly in the Salon des Indépendants, and, although his work was not placed prominently, it drew an increasing following over the years. Tiger in a Tropical Storm (Surprised!) was exhibited in 1891, and Rousseau received his first serious review when the young artist Félix Vallotton wrote: "His tiger surprising its prey ought not to be missed; it's the alpha and omega of painting."  Yet it was more than a decade before Rousseau returned to depicting his vision of jungles.

In 1893, Rousseau moved to a studio in Montparnasse where he lived and worked until his death in 1910. In 1897, he produced one of his most famous paintings, La Bohémienne endormie (The Sleeping Gypsy).

In 1905, Rousseau's large jungle scene The Hungry Lion Throws Itself on the Antelope was exhibited at the Salon des Indépendants near works by younger leading avant-garde artists such as Henri Matisse, in what is now seen as the first showing of The Fauves. Rousseau's painting may even have influenced the naming of the Fauves.

In 1907, he was commissioned by artist Robert Delaunay's mother, Berthe, Comtesse de Delaunay, to paint The Snake Charmer.

Le Banquet Rousseau
When Pablo Picasso happened upon a painting by Rousseau being sold on the street as a canvas to be painted over, the younger artist instantly recognised Rousseau's genius and went to meet him. In 1908, Picasso held a half serious, half burlesque banquet in his studio at Le Bateau-Lavoir in Rousseau's honour. Le Banquet Rousseau, "one of the most notable social events of the twentieth century," wrote American poet and literary critic John Malcolm Brinnin, "was neither an orgiastic occasion nor even an opulent one. Its subsequent fame grew from the fact that it was a colorful happening within a revolutionary art movement at a point of that movement's earliest success, and from the fact that it was attended by individuals whose separate influences radiated like spokes of creative light across the art world for generations."

Guests at the banquet Rousseau included: Guillaume Apollinaire, Jean Metzinger, Juan Gris, Max Jacob, Marie Laurencin, André Salmon, Maurice Raynal, Daniel-Henri Kahnweiler, Leo Stein, and Gertrude Stein.

Maurice Raynal, in Les Soirées de Paris, 15 January 1914, p. 69, wrote about "Le Banquet Rousseau". Years later the French writer André Salmon recalled the setting of the illustrious banquet:

Retirement and death
After Rousseau's retirement in 1893, he supplemented his small pension with part-time jobs and work such as playing a violin in the streets. He also worked briefly at Le petit Journal, where he produced a number of its covers. Rousseau exhibited his final painting, The Dream, in March 1910, at the Salon des Independants.

In the same month Rousseau suffered a phlegmon in his leg, one which he ignored. In August, when he was admitted to the Necker Hospital in Paris where his son had died, he was found to have gangrene in his leg. After an operation, he died from a blood clot on 2 September 1910.

At his funeral, seven friends stood at his grave: the painters Paul Signac and Manuel Ortiz de Zárate; the artist couple Robert Delaunay and Sonia Terk; the sculptor Constantin Brâncuși; Rousseau's landlord Armand Queval, and Guillaume Apollinaire, who wrote the epitaph Brâncuși put on the tombstone:

We salute you Gentle Rousseau you can hear us.
Delaunay, his wife, Monsieur Queval and myself.
Let our luggage pass duty free through the gates of heaven.
We will bring you brushes paints and canvas.
That you may spend your sacred leisure in the
light and Truth of Painting.
As you once did my portrait facing the stars, lion and the gypsy.

Artistry

Paintings

Rousseau claimed he had "no teacher other than nature", although he admitted he had received "some advice" from two established Academic painters, Félix Auguste Clément and Jean-Léon Gérôme. Essentially, he was self-taught and is considered to be a naïve or primitive painter.

His best-known paintings depict jungle scenes, even though he never left France or saw a jungle. Stories spread by admirers that his army service included the French expeditionary force to Mexico are unfounded. His inspiration came from illustrations in children's books and the botanical gardens in Paris, as well as tableaux of taxidermy wild animals. During his term of service, he had also met soldiers who had survived the French expedition to Mexico, and he listened to their stories of the subtropical country they had encountered. To the critic Arsène Alexandre, he described his frequent visits to the Jardin des Plantes: "When I go into the glass houses and I see the strange plants of exotic lands, it seems to me that I enter into a dream."

Along with his exotic scenes there was a concurrent output of smaller topographical images of the city and its suburbs.

He claimed to have invented a new genre of portrait landscape, which he achieved by starting a painting with a specific view, such as a favourite part of the city, and then depicting a person in the foreground.

Criticism and recognition
Rousseau's flat, seemingly childish style was disparaged by many critics; people often were shocked by his work or ridiculed it. His ingenuousness was extreme, and he always aspired, in vain, to conventional acceptance. Many observers commented that he painted like a child, but the work shows sophistication with his particular technique.

Legacy

Rousseau's work exerted an extensive influence on several generations of avant-garde artists, including Pablo Picasso, Jean Hugo, Fernand Léger Jean Metzinger, Max Beckmann, and the Surrealists. According to Roberta Smith, an art critic writing in The New York Times, "Beckmann's amazing self-portraits, for example, descend from the brusque, concentrated forms of Rousseau's portrait of the writer Pierre Loti."

In 1911, a retrospective exhibition of Rousseau's works was shown at the Salon des Indépendants. His paintings were also shown at the first Blaue Reiter exhibition.

Critics have noted the influence of Rousseau on Wallace Stevens's poetry. See, for instance, Stevens's "Floral Decorations for Bananas" in the collection Harmonium.

The American poet Sylvia Plath was a great admirer of Rousseau, referencing his art, as well as drawing inspiration from his works in her poetry. The poem, "Yadwigha, on a Red Couch, Among Lilies" (1958), is based upon his painting, The Dream, whilst the poem "Snakecharmer" (1957) is based upon his painting The Snake Charmer.

The song "The Jungle Line", by Joni Mitchell, is based upon a Rousseau painting.

Underground comic artist Bill Griffith drew a four-page biographical sketch of Rousseau, A Couch in the Sun, which was included in issue #2 of the Arcade anthology.

The visual style of Michel Ocelot's 1998 animation film, Kirikou and the Sorceress, is partly inspired by Rousseau, particularly the depiction of the jungle vegetation.

A Rousseau painting was used as an inspiration for the 2005 animated film Madagascar.

Rousseau's 1908 painting Fight Between a Tiger and a Buffalo was used as the inspiration for a series of 2021 advertisements concerning the rebrand of Facebook into the metaverse company Meta.

Exhibitions

Two major museum exhibitions of his work were held in 1984–85 (in Paris, at the Grand Palais; and in New York, at the Museum of Modern Art) and in 2001 (Tübingen, Germany). "These efforts countered the persona of the humble, oblivious naïf by detailing his assured single-mindedness and tracked the extensive influence his work exerted on several generations of vanguard artists," critic Roberta Smith wrote in a review of a later exhibition.

A major exhibition of his work, "Henri Rousseau: Jungles in Paris", was shown at the Tate Modern from November 2005 for four months, organised by the Tate and the Musée d'Orsay, where the show also appeared. The exhibition, encompassing 49 of his paintings, was on display at the National Gallery of Art in Washington from 16 July to 15 October 2006.

A major collection of Rousseau's work was shown at the Grand Palais from 15 March to 19 June 2006.

Gallery

References

Further reading
 Much of the information in this article was taken from Henri Rousseau Jungles in Paris, The Tate Gallery, pamphlet accompanying the 2005 exhibition.*The Banquet Years, by Roger Shattuck (includes an extensive Rousseau essay)
Henri Rousseau, 1979, Dora Vallier (general illustrated essay)
Henri Rousseau, 1984, The Museum of Modern Art New York (essays by Roger Shattuck, Henri Béhar, Michel Hoog, Carolyn Lanchner, and William Rubin; includes excellent color plates and analysis)

External links

Henrirousseau.org, 118 works by Henri Rousseau
Henri Rousseau: Jungles in Paris, at the National Gallery of Art
Rousseau text written for young readers Brief introduction to the artist's life and art. Entry contains links to two large reproductions of Rousseau paintings in the National Gallery of Art, a 4th grade lesson relating Rousseau's paintings to ecology, and hands-on activities suitable for classroom or home study.
Ten Dreams Galleries
  The Sleeping Gypsy in the MoMA Online Collection

1844 births
1910 deaths
People from Laval, Mayenne
19th-century French painters
French male painters
20th-century French painters
20th-century French male artists
Post-impressionist painters
Naïve painters
Self-taught artists
Burials at the Cimetière parisien de Bagneux
19th-century French male artists
Deaths from blood clot
Deaths from surgical complications

Henri Rousseau


A  is a Japanese person of foreign descent or heritage, who was born outside Japan and later acquired Japanese citizenship. This category encompasses persons of both Japanese and non-Japanese descent. The former subcategory is considered because of intricacies of national and international laws regarding the citizenship of newborn persons.

Legal issues

By Japanese law, adults generally cannot hold both foreign citizenship and Japanese citizenship (i.e. dual nationality is not recognized):
those who have acquired dual nationality before age 20 must choose a single nationality before reaching age 22.
those who have acquired dual nationality after age 20 must choose a single nationality in 2 years.

Many who naturalize as Japanese also adopt a Japanese name, since names must be chosen from a list of approved kanji.  Chinese or Koreans with kanji-character names may or may not have problems in this regard.

No law forbids a foreign-born Japanese to be elected as a member of Diet; Marutei Tsurunen (born Martti Turunen in Finland) is Japan's first European foreign-born member of the Diet. Theoretically, therefore, a foreign-born Japanese can become the Prime Minister of Japan.

Possibly due to the difficulty in gaining citizenship and because of cultural difference, foreign-born Japanese people account for a very small percentage of the population in Japan.  Many who were born and live in Japan permanently, particularly Korean and Chinese, do not naturalize.  There has been a constant discussion among the government and lawmakers whether to expand their rights of permanent residence to include provisions such as the right to vote in elections, etc.  Few statistics are kept on how many Chinese and Koreans have naturalized, as such statistics are not maintained by the Japanese government.  Once such a person naturalizes, they are, for all intents and purposes under the law, Japanese.

The Japanese jus sanguinis policy contrasts with other countries, such as in Americas where people born natively (under jus solis) acquire citizenship on birth.

Japanese by naturalization
 Akebono Taro (b. Chad Rowan), sumo wrestler
 Bobby Ologun, TV talent
 Chen Kenmin, TV chef
 Sergio Ariel Escudero, football player
 Ofer Feldman, scholar of Japanese political psychology
 Tomokazu Harimoto, table-tennis player
 Dido Havenaar, football player
 Mike Havenaar, football player
 Hoshitango Imachi, sumo wrestler
 Koizumi Yakumo (b. Lafcadio Hearn), Meiji-era author
 Konishiki Yasokichi (b. Saleva'a Fuauli Atisano'e), sumo wrestler
 Kotoōshū Katsunori (b. Kaloyan Mahlyanov), sumo wrestler
 Wagner Lopes (b. Wagner Augusto Lopes), football player
 Miura Anjin (b. William Adams), Edo-era mariner
 Erikson Noguchipinto, football player
 Debito Arudou (b. David Schofill ne Aldwinckle), blogger
 Ruy Ramos (b. Ruy Gonçalves Ramos Sobrinho), soccer player
 Rikidōzan (b. Kim Sin-Nak), wrestler
 Kenny Omega, professional wrestler
 J. R. Sakuragi (b. Milton "J.R." Henderson), basketball player
 Ademir Santos, football player
 Alessandro Santos (b. Alessandro dos Santos), football player
 Marcos Sugiyama, volleyball player
 Takamiyama Daigoro, (b. Jesse James Wailani Kuhaulua), sumo wrestler
 Marutei Tsurunen (b. Martti Turunen), politician
 Batara Eto, co-founder of mixi
 Donald Keene (also known as Donarudo Kiin), scholar and translator of Japanese literature and culture

Japanese born abroad
 Takeshi Kaneshiro, actor
 Hikaru Utada, singer
 Luiz Gushiken
 Mina, singer in South Korean group Twice
 Daisuke Ishiwatari, game designer
 Children of the Japanese abducted to North Korea during the 1970s–80s. Although the children had Korean names at birth, they were registered as Japanese and given Japanese names when they arrived in Japan along with their returning parents.

See also
 Ethnic issues in Japan
 Dekasegi

Lists of Japanese people
Society of Japan
Ethnic groups in Japan
+

Foreign-born Japanese


Der Rottebach ist ein Fließgewässer auf dem Gebiet der Stadt Bockenem im Landkreis Hildesheim in Südniedersachsen.

Der etwa 5 km lange Bach hat seine Quelle nordwestlich von Bültum an der / östlich der K 315. Er fließt in östlicher Richtung, unterquert südlich von Nette die B 243 und fließt durch Werder. Er mündet am nordöstlichen Ortsrand von Werder in die Nette, einen Nebenfluss der Innerste.

Weblinks
 Niedersachsenkarte – Landkreis Hildesheim
 SCHUTZGEBIET (1.) "ROTTEBACH"

Fluss in Niedersachsen
Gewässer im Landkreis Hildesheim
Geographie (Bockenem)
Fluss in Europa

Rottebach (Bockenem)


Islamski džihad (arap.: حركة الجهاد الإسلامي في فلسطين, Harakat al-Jihād al-Islāmi fi Filastīn)  je sunitska, islamistička i palestinska naoružana skupina koju podupire Sirija. Cilj ove skupine je uspostava muslimanske države u Palestini i uništenje izraelske države u svetom ratu. Politički vođa je Mohammad al-Hindi. Vođa skupine na Zapadnoj obali je Bassam al-Saadi. Skupinu su označili kao terorističku: Europska unija, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo, SAD, Kanada, Australija, Izrael i Japan.

Skupina definira džihad kao ratni čin protiv Izraela. Islamski džihad je također protivnik velikog broja arapskih vlada, koje su prema njima previše liberalne i zapadno orijentirane. Oružani ogranak skupine Al-Quds brigade, preuzeo je na sebe odgovornost za veliki broj napada u Izraelu, uključujući i samoubilačke. Njihova sposobnost napada na ciljeve u Izraelu smanjena je od kada je Izrael dao sagraditi sigurnosnu ogradu oko Zapadne obale i poslije izolacije Gaze, iako i dalje prijete valom "mučeničkih operacija". Skupina je odgovorna za granatiranja izraelskih gradova u kojima su poginuli i povrjeđeni civili. Napadi su prouzročili i velika pomjeranja u naseljima u južnom Izraelu. Rakete uglavnom ispaljulju iz područja u Gazi koje kontrolira Hamas.

Palestinski Islamski džihad je osnovan 1970–ih u oblasti Gaze kao ogranak egipatskog Islamskog džihada. Organizaciono je puno slabiji od Hamasa i nedostaje mu široka socijalna mreža kojoj Hamas ima pristup. Smatra se da skupinu financira i Hezbollah. Skupina je bila više puta u sukobu s Hamasom od kada je Hamas preuzeo vlast u pojasu Gaze 2007.

Izvori

Bliskoistočni sukob
Terorističke skupine
Palestinska samouprava

Islamski džihad


Olaylar
 Julianus ve üvey kardeşi Gallus Kapadokya'ya sürgüne gönderildi.

Doğumlar

Ölümler

342


El ermitaño gris, ermitaño limpiacasa o simplemente limpiacasa (Phaethornis augusti) es una especie de ave de la familia Trochilidae, que se encuentra en Brasil, Colombia, Guyana y Venezuela.

Hábitat
Vive en el nivel inferior, claros pequeños y bordes de los bosques, a menos de 500 m de altitud.

Descripción
Mide 13,2 cm de longitud y pesa 5,3 g. El pico es curvado, tiene la base de la mandíbula roja y alcanza 36 mm de largo.  El plumaje de las partes superiores es de color castaño grisáceo, con bordes rojizos rufos en la grupa y la parte alta de la cola. Las partes inferiores son gris blacuzco, a veces con pintas amarillas.

Reproducción
Construye uno de los nidos más notables, que pende de un solo hilo grueso de telaraña a partir de una rama o algún tipo de apoyo alto. Estos nidos curiosos se han encontrado bajo los puentes, en desagües de las carreteras o colgando del techo interior en edificios oscuros. El nido presenta una pared singular de barro seco y las telarañas.

Referencias

augusti
Aves de América del Sur
Animales descritos en 1847
Taxones descritos por Jules Bourcier

Phaethornis augusti


في دورة رولان غاروس الدولية عام 1908 فاز في بطولة فردي الرجال اللاعب ( الفرنسي) ماكس ديسوجايس (Max Decugis).

الأبطال

مراجع

دورات رولان غاروس
دورة رولان جاروس

البطولات الفرنسية 1908 (كرة مضرب)


Giovanni Battista Morandini (* 30. Juni 1937 in Bienno, Provinz Brescia, Italien) ist ein italienischer Geistlicher, emeritierter römisch-katholischer Erzbischof und Diplomat des Heiligen Stuhls.

Leben
Giovanni Battista Morandini studierte zunächst Philosophie und von 1960 bis 1962 als Alumne des Päpstlichen Lombardischen Priesterseminars Katholische Theologie an der Päpstlichen Universität Gregoriana in Rom. Am 22. Juli 1962 empfing er für das Bistum Brescia in Bienno die Priesterweihe. Anschließend wurde er für ein Aufbaustudium in Kanonischem Recht freigestellt und absolvierte von 1964 bis 1966 die Päpstliche Diplomatenakademie. Im Anschluss trat er in den Diplomatischen Dienst des Heiligen Stuhls ein und war zunächst in der Apostolischen Nuntiatur in Bolivien tätig. Papst Paul VI. verlieh ihm am 11. Juli 1967 den Ehrentitel Kaplan Seiner Heiligkeit (Monsignore). 1970 wechselte er an die Nuntiatur in Kenia. 1971 wurde er Nuntiatursekretär in Belgien und schließlich 1975 mit diplomatischen Aufgaben in Brasilien betraut. Ab 1979 war er schließlich als Nuntiaturrat in der Sektion für Allgemeine Angelegenheiten der Kirche des Staatssekretariat tätig.

Papst Johannes Paul II. ernannte ihn am 30. August 1983 zum Titularerzbischof von Numida und zum Apostolischen Nuntius in Ruanda. Die Bischofsweihe spendete ihm Kardinalstaatssekretär Agostino Casaroli am 8. Oktober desselben Jahres im Petersdom; Mitkonsekratoren waren Kurienkardinal Bernardin Gantin und Eugênio Kardinal de Araújo Sales, Erzbischof von São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro.

Am 12. September 1990 wurde er zum Apostolischen Nuntius in Guatemala ernannt. Am 23. April 1997 wurde er zum Apostolischen Nuntius in Korea und Mongolei ernannt. Am 6. März 2004 wurde er zum Apostolischen Nuntius in Syrien ernannt. Sein altersbedingtes Rücktrittsgesuch nahm Papst Benedikt XVI. am 21. September 2008 an.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Römisch-katholischer Bischof (20. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Bischof (21. Jahrhundert)
Apostolischer Nuntius in Guatemala
Apostolischer Nuntius in Südkorea
Apostolischer Nuntius in Ruanda
Apostolischer Nuntius in Syrien
Absolvent der Päpstlichen Universität Gregoriana
Italiener
Geboren 1937
Mann

Giovanni Battista Morandini


Teatret i de grønne bjerge er en film instrueret af Jørgen Leth.

Handling
Super 8-optagelser fra en rejse i Laos, som uredigeret blev vist i eksperimentalmiljøet i København (fra Anders Leifers bogOgså i dag oplevede jeg noget ... Samtaler med Jørgen Let, 1999).

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1970

Film instrueret af Jørgen Leth
Eksperimentalfilm fra Danmark

Teatret i de grønne bjerge


Roxana Condurache () este o actriță română. A fost premiată și nominalizată ca Cea Mai Bună Actriță la cea de-a 32-ediție a Premiilor Genie, pentru rolul din filmul canadian .

Carieră

În 2002 a câștigat Premiul Miss Freshmen al Liceului Emil Racoviță. Ca urmare a acestui eveniment, a fost observată de o agenție de modele și antrenată de aceasta în activitatea de model. În timpul liceului, a avut succes în piesele școlare. La vârsta de 18 ani, s-a mutat la București, pentru a studia actoria. În primul an de studiu, a lucrat pentru două spectacole: Actorii și o colaborare cu The Mask Theatre and Pulse, în regia lui Javier Opazo.

După această experiență, Roxana Condurache a acceptat un mic rol într-o comedie: musicalul The Gurtons Needle, Teatrul Mask. A avut nevoie să se pregătească timp de 3 luni pentru acest spectacol, luând lecții de canto cu Razvan Diaconu (compozitor) și lecții de dans cu Ioana Macarie (coregrafie).

În 2009, ea a jucat un rol de martor al tragediei din Hiroshima. Piesa a fost numită "Cries for Peace" și a fost regizată de Liana Ceterchi. Spectacolul a avut loc la București. În același an, a jucat un rol și în piesa "Frica și mizeria celui de-al Treilea Reich", scrisă de Bertold Brecht, în regia lui Razvan Marinescu. Piesa a câștigat premiul pentru regie la festivalul "Teatru pentru tineri", care a avut loc la Piatra Neamț, România. În același an, a jucat rolul principal în filmul Extra Charged, regizat de  Andrei Elvadeanu.

În 2009, Roxana Condurache a fost descoperită de Larysa Kondracki, care i-a oferit un rol în filmul .

Filmografie
 2010: Denunțătorul - Raya
 2016: Dincolo de calea ferată - Alice
 anunțat: Bogie and Bacall - Lauren Bacall

Note

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1987
Nașteri pe 28 august
Actori români în viață
Ieșeni
Actrițe de film române
Actrițe române din secolul al XXI-lea

Roxana Condurache


Le HMS Hajen (en suédois, « requin ») était un sous-marin de la marine royale suédoise, lancé en 1917 et mis en service en 1920. Il fut le deuxième sous-marin suédois à être nommé Hajen. Il était le navire de tête de la , qui comprenait également les  et .

Carrière
Le navire a été commandé à Kockums Mekaniska Verkstads AB à Malmö et lancé le . Le navire est intégré à la flotte le .

En 1927, le Hajen entreprend une expédition longue distance à Saint-Sébastien avec les sous-marins ,  et .

Le navire a été retiré du service le  et ferraillé à Karlskrona.

Notes et références

Bibliographie
 .
 .
 .

Liens externes
 .
 .
 .
 .

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des sous-marins de la Suède

Sous-marin de la Marine royale suédoise
Sous-marin d'attaque conventionnel
Bateau lancé en 1917
Nom de bateau
Navire construit en Suède

HMS Hajen (1917)