Animal Man (Bernhard "Buddy" Baker) is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. As a result of being in proximity to an exploding extraterrestrial spaceship, Buddy Baker acquires the ability to temporarily "borrow" the abilities of animals (such as a bird's flight or the proportionate strength of an ant). Using these powers, Baker fights crime as the costumed superhero Animal Man.

Created by writer Dave Wood and artist Carmine Infantino, Buddy Baker first appeared in Strange Adventures #180 (September 1965) and adopted the name Animal Man in issue #190. Animal Man was a minor character for his first twenty years, never gaining the popularity of other DC heroes such as Batman or Superman. He made only five, non-consecutive appearances in Strange Adventures (four of which were reprinted in Adventure Comics), followed by two appearances in Wonder Woman, two in Action Comics, and two in DC Comics Presents, appearing in consecutive issues of each. These eleven stories constitute the entirety of his pre-Crisis appearances. He later became one of several DC properties, such as Shade, the Changing Man and Sandman, to be revived and revamped in the late 1980s for a more mature comics audience. As seen in Strange Adventures #195, he was billed as a "full-time hero", an aspect that would be the most changed by the revamp.

Publication history

Beginnings

Film stunt man Buddy Baker, to whom aliens gave animal-themed powers, debuted in Strange Adventures #180 (cover-dated September 1965), in the story "I Was the Man with Animal Powers" by writer Dave Wood and penciler Carmine Infantino. Baker gained a costume and a name, initially A-Man, in Strange Adventures #190 (July 1966). He continued as a semi-regular feature in the book, making occasional cover appearances, through #201 (June 1967).

His subsequent appearances were sporadic. In 1980, he had a guest appearance in Wonder Woman #267–268. His main appearances in the remainder of the decade were as a member of the "Forgotten Heroes", a team of minor DC heroes. It was in that capacity that he appeared in the company-wide crossover storyline Crisis on Infinite Earths.

Grant Morrison revival
In the late 1980s, following the slate-cleaning Crisis on Infinite Earths event, DC began employing innovative writers, many of them young and from the U.K., to revamp some of their old characters. In the period that saw Alan Moore reinvent the Swamp Thing, Animal Man was reimagined by Scottish writer Grant Morrison. Morrison wrote the first 26 issues of the Animal Man comic book, published between 1988 and 1990, with art by Chas Truog and Doug Hazlewood; Brian Bolland provided the covers.

Although the series was initially conceived as a four-issue limited series, it was upgraded into an ongoing series following strong sales. Consequently, Morrison developed several long-running plots, introducing mysteries, some of which were not explained until a year or two later. The title featured the protagonist both in and—increasingly—out of costume. Morrison made the title character an everyman figure living in a universe populated by superheroes, aliens, and fantastic technology. Buddy's wife Ellen, his son Cliff (9 years old at the beginning of the series), and his daughter Maxine (5 years old) featured prominently in most storylines, and his relationship with them, as husband, father, and provider, was an ongoing theme.

The series championed vegetarianism and animal rights, causes Morrison supported. In one issue, Buddy helps a band of self-described eco-terrorists save a pod of dolphins. Enraged at a fisherman's brutality, Buddy drops him into the ocean, intending for him to drown. Ironically, the man is saved by a dolphin.

Buddy fought several menaces, such as an ancient, murderous spirit that was hunting him; brutal, murderous Thanagarian warriors; and even the easily defeated red robots of an elderly villain who was tired of life. The series made deep, sometimes esoteric references to the entire DC canon, including B'wana Beast, the Mirror Master, and Arkham Asylum.

Soon after the launch of his series, Animal Man briefly became a member of Justice League Europe, appearing in several early issues of their series.

Following Morrison's run, Peter Milligan wrote a six-issue story featuring several surreal villains and heroes, exploring questions about identity and quantum physics and utilizing the textual cut-up technique popularized by William Burroughs. Tom Veitch and Steve Dillon then took over for 18 issues, in which Buddy returned to his work as a movie stuntman and explored mystical totemic aspects of his powers. Jamie Delano wrote 29 issues with Steve Pugh as artist (with occasional issues by other artists, like Will Simpson), giving the series a more horror-influenced feel with a "suggested for mature readers" label on the cover, beginning with issue #51.

Vertigo
After Jamie Delano's first six issues, wherein, among other things, he killed off the central character of Buddy Baker, created the "Red" (analogous to the "Green" of Swamp Thing) and resurrected Buddy as an "animal avatar", the series became one of the charter titles of DC's new mature readers Vertigo imprint with #57, and its ties to the DC Universe became more tenuous. Vertigo was establishing itself as a distinct "mini-universe" with its own continuity, only occasionally interacting with the continuity of the regular DC Universe. The title evolved into a more horror-themed book, with Buddy eventually becoming a non-human animal god. The superhero elements of the book were largely removed—since Buddy was reborn as a kind of animal elemental, and legally deceased, he discarded his costume, stopped associating with other heroes, and generally abandoned his crimefighting role. He co-founded the Life Power Church of Maxine to further an environmentalist message, drifting along U.S. Route 66 to settle in Montana. Delano's final issue was #79, culminating in Buddy dying several more times.

Between issues #66 and #67, Delano also penned Animal Man Annual #1, focusing on Buddy's daughter Maxine. It was the third part of Vertigo's crossover event "The Children's Crusade". This event ran across the Annuals of the five then-Vertigo titles --- Animal Man, Swamp Thing, Black Orchid, The Books of Magic, and Doom Patrol—book-ended by two Children's Crusade issues co-written by Neil Gaiman, and starring his Dead Boy Detectives.

A brief run by Jerry Prosser and Fred Harper featured a re-reborn Buddy as a white-haired shamanistic figure before the series was canceled after the 89th issue due to declining sales.

Back in the DCU
After the cancellation of his own series, Animal Man made cameos in several other titles, returning to his standard costumed form.

He has been utilized in most of the recent DC company-wide crossovers fighting alongside other less-mainstream heroes, including Infinite Crisis and 52, the latter of which was co-written by Grant Morrison, as well as Justice League of America #25.

The Last Days of Animal Man miniseries
In 2009 Gerry Conway and artist Chris Batista produced The Last Days of Animal Man, a six-issue limited series telling the tale of Animal Man in the future. The series portrays a middle-aged Animal Man in the year 2024 on his final adventure.

Relaunch
As part of The New 52, DC Comics relaunched Animal Man with issue #1 in September 2011 with writer Jeff Lemire and artist Travel Foreman.

The relaunched Animal Man has been met with a great deal of critical acclaim. MTV Geek said: "I don't want to oversell this, but if there is a better book put out by DC during the month of September, I will eat the other 51 comics. It's just that good". The A.V. Club writer Oliver Sava wrote that the "first issue of Animal Man combines family drama, superhero action, and macabre horror into a cohesive story that is unique, yet still true to the history of Buddy Baker". Read/RANT said: "Along with Action Comics, Animal Man is among the best the line has to offer", and gave the book an A+ overall, calling it the Must Read Book of the Week. Greg McElhatton at Comic Book Resources was less complimentary, giving the book 3.5 stars (out of 5): "The art might be uneven in Animal Man #1, but the script is dynamite".

According to ICv2.com, the relaunched Animal Man #1 sold over 55,000 copies, while Animal Man #2 was one of the 50 best-selling comics in October 2011.

The storyline of the relaunched version essentially builds on previous Animal Man continuity with Buddy as a happily married family man and superhero. Buddy is forced to take his family on the run after he discovers that his daughter Maxine is the avatar of The Red (the force which sustains all animal life) and that agents of The Rot (the elemental force of decay that are also called The Black) are seeking to kill her.

Fictional character biography

Buddy Baker gained animal powers when he encountered a spaceship that blew up, infusing him with radiation. He used his powers to fight crime and ward off alien attackers.

He then joined the Forgotten Heroes group prior to the Crisis on Infinite Earths. He was seen with this group during the Crisis.

Baker's Post-Crisis origin was slightly altered, but it retained the essence of the original. While hunting as a teenager, he encountered a crashed spaceship that apparently endowed him with his abilities (the slight discrepancies between the two stories were addressed as Pre-Crisis and Post-Crisis origins, and were acknowledged in-story, with the "original" Buddy Baker appearing, and not wishing to be written out of existence). After an apparently unsuccessful stint as a superhero, followed by a hiatus where he utilized his powers to work as a film stuntman, Baker decided to restart and make a career out of it after being inspired by the headline-making Justice League International; this is where his self-titled series begins.

He is married to his high school sweetheart, Ellen, a storyboard artist and, later, an illustrator for children's books. They have two children, Cliff and Maxine, who are a pre-teen and toddler, respectively, when the series starts. They live in a suburban area outside of San Diego.

Through the series, Animal Man becomes a man of great compassion toward all creatures, an ardent animal rights activist, an environmentalist, and a vegetarian. Later, he finds his link to the M-field has been passed on to his daughter, Maxine, who is also connected to the animal kingdom. Although he wears a mask, he goes to no great lengths to conceal his true identity. A jacket was added to Animal Man's costume (so he could have pockets and a place to put his keys as well as notes from his wife). However, this jacket was denim and not a leather jacket: Buddy specifically discusses that he will not wear leather, out of moral considerations.

An early aspect of the character was his desire for fame, and is manifested by his wish to be in the Justice League. He is initially driven by a desire for the publicity from interviews and public appearances more than any altruistic impulse. Buddy joins the newly formed Justice League Europe and bonds with Dmitri of the Rocket Reds over the shared experiences of being fathers. He soon resigns due to tragic events taking place later in his series.

After a brief period of reconditioning and exploration of his limits, Baker's first work is a job from S.T.A.R. Labs investigating a break-in at an animal testing facility. He traces it to the hero B'wana Beast, whom he is able to befriend and aid. The conditions he witnesses at the testing facilities compel him to become vegetarian, a sudden decision that briefly puts him at odds with his family. Baker also becomes a staunch animal rights activist and goes on several missions with environmental themes.

During his further adventures, he experiences glitches with his powers. He also begins experiencing evidences of his existence within a comic book, although he does not immediately understand them for what they are. He is targeted for murder by a mysterious organization upset with his environmental work, and must face the new Mirror Master. Baker is also pursued by Dr. James Highwater, a physicist with no memory of any prior existence, and seemingly no purpose other than to contact Baker. A parallel story involves a pair of yellow aliens (described as "agents of some unspecified 'higher power'" that engineered the spaceship wreck that granted his powers) who are aware of the events of the Crisis and monitor Baker's actions. They are aware of "a second Crisis" coming, which they believe that only Animal Man can avert. They reconcile the two variations of Animal Man's origin through an unexplained "surgery" that also extends his abilities. Elsewhere, in Arkham Asylum, the Psycho-Pirate, aware of "continuity" and his fictional environment, opens a gateway into the real world and other comic book realities and begins bringing several characters no longer in continuity into existence.

Baker is demoralized, however, when firefighters are injured in a laboratory blaze started by activists that he was working with. He is approached by Highwater just as he decides to give up his costumed identity. While away on a vision quest with Highwater, in which he learns the true nature of his powers and briefly sees the comic's reader, Baker's family is brutally murdered by an assassin sent by the corporate heads seeking to stop his environmental work. With the help of the Mirror Master (who had turned down the hit), Baker tracks down the businessmen and assassin and kills them. While trying to undo his family's deaths with a time machine, Baker accidentally becomes warped through time and meets the Phantom Stranger, Jason Blood, and the Immortal Man in the 1960s, who help him learn to accept his grief. Baker is then contacted by the aliens and taken to Arkham, where he stops the Psycho-Pirate and prevents damage to the continuity. Baker is transported to Limbo and encounters several comic book characters who are not being used in stories. Ultimately, Baker encounters his own writer (Grant Morrison themself), and the two share a conversation on the relationship between the creator and the fictional characters whose lives they write. After this encounter, Baker is sent back home and his family are restored back to life; it is left ambiguous as to whether or not Baker remembers the full nature of these events.

Next, after falling into a coma, Buddy finds himself in a strange alternative reality, which he correctly deduces is a divergent phase of existence and is then able to return home.

Having since left the Justice League, Baker resumes his stunt work career. He also finds himself frequently displaying uncontrolled animalistic behavior. He is assaulted by a neighbor, Travis Cody, a burnout with a PhD in electronic engineering from MIT. Cody has deduced that Baker's powers have become skewed, and that unfocused usage of his abilities kills animals. After reaching an understanding, the two work together to measure and enhance Animal Man's powers. They are themselves targeted by a group of shamans, one of whom was present at Animal Man's origin, and who are aware of the yellow aliens and the writer. During this time, Baker's daughter Maxine begins demonstrating powers similar to his own and is able to communicate with the head shaman, who is attempting to bring Baker to him.

S.T.A.R. Labs again contacts Baker, offering a position as their spokesman on environmentalism, but he declines. After an accident in which Baker kills the entire population of the San Diego Zoo, his wife takes their daughter to live with her mother in Vermont to avoid the media attention. Baker descends into depression and his son runs away, eventually ending up with an uncle, a lecherous predator. Baker goes to Vermont as well, where he finally meets the shaman. Meanwhile, Cody has been hired by S.T.A.R. Labs for his expertise, and while there he uncovers a conspiracy involving one of the shamans, but is mentally trapped in cyberspace.

Baker continued to split his time between his family, his career as Animal Man, and regular stunt work for films. He occasionally lent his talents to various superhero groups, including the JLA and the Forgotten Heroes, and played a prominent role in the Swamp Thing's task force, the Totems.

Post-series
This marked the reappearance of Buddy in costume, and heralded his return to the mainstream DC Universe (although his Vertigo appearances were clearly meant to take place inside the DCU as well). He subsequently appeared alongside Aquaman, Hawkman, and the Resurrection Man. In JLA #27 (March 1999), Buddy officially joins the League to battle a rampaging Amazo in the Florida Everglades; however, since Amazo was able to mimic the powers of any and all members of the League, they were only able to defeat Amazo by disbanding the League. Buddy does not stay for the reorganization. During a JLA crossover event, Animal Man's expertise in the morphogenetic field assists the League.

Animal Man also makes an appearance in the Identity Crisis limited series, helping to search for the murderer of Sue Dibny.

Animal Man kept out of the spotlight during the OMAC Project that was happening, and was very devastated when he heard the news that his good friend Rocket Red VII was killed by the OMACS in Moscow. The two of them had been good friends since the JLE back in the 80'S, they both had families, and got along quite well in the JLE.

After encountering danger signs from the animal world, Animal Man is recruited by Donna Troy as part of a team journeying to New Cronos to stop the Infinite Crisis, mirroring his role in Crisis on Infinite Earths, in which he journeyed into space with the Forgotten Heroes on Brainiac's ship. During this adventure, he formed a mentoring friendship with the new Firestorm, Jason Rusch.

Due to a malfunction of the Zeta Beam, which Adam Strange deploys to return the team to Earth, Animal Man, along with most of the heroes, go missing after Infinite Crisis. Eventually, some of the heroes are recovered, but Animal Man, Adam Strange, and Starfire are still missing. They become core East Coast members of DC's weekly series 52.

52

In 52, Animal Man, Starfire, and Adam Strange are stranded on an alien planet. The trio escape, but are pursued by bounty hunters. They are joined by Lobo. In issue #36, during a battle with Lady Styx and her horde, Animal Man is killed by a necrotoxin, which causes its victims to rise again in the service of Lady Styx. Animal Man makes Starfire promise not to let him come back as a zombie. He gestures to the reader, saying, "Look, they're cheering us on. I told you the universe likes me". At the moment of his death, Ellen, still on Earth, senses his death and begins to cry.

In issue #37, moments after Starfire and Adam Strange leave Animal Man in space, Buddy comes back to life. The aliens who originally granted him his powers stand next to him, saying: "And so it begins". After plucking him out of the timestream and repairing his body, they leave him in outer space. Animal Man must reach out to another life form to survive, and claims the abilities of a group of Sun-Eaters, including their homing sense. He observes his wife from a wormhole in space provided by the aliens, only to discover that Ellen is seeing another man (though it is later revealed she only reluctantly went out with one of Buddy's friends).

Buddy returns to Earth, describing the marvels of space to his delighted family. Ellen throws a party to celebrate his return, but some followers of Lady Styx appear, bent upon killing the family. They are eliminated by Starfire, who has only partially recovered from wounds suffered in space. She delivers Buddy's jacket and faints from weakness and surprise when she sees him alive, leaving the family to care for her.

Countdown to Adventure
Animal Man joined Adam Strange and Starfire in the series titled Countdown to Adventure written by Adam Beechen. The first issue reveals that his family has been caring for Starfire, who still has not regained her powers. Buddy convinces Ellen to let Starfire stay and act as a nanny to his two children. When a strange form of madness infects the people of San Diego, he and Starfire team up to stop it. Buddy's closeness to Starfire has made Ellen disgruntled, thinking that Buddy is in love with her. Buddy's powers have been in a state of flux, not working at all at some times and manifesting strange abilities at others, such as creating a whirlwind or firing energy beams. Once their extraterrestrial trip is done, Starfire leaves the Baker home, telling them that they will always be in her heart.

Anansi
In Justice League of America vol. 2 #25, Buddy is drawn into Vixen's animal totem and captured by the trickster god Anansi, who claims to be the one who gave Buddy his powers, having disguised himself as the aliens (whilst reminding Vixen and Buddy that he constantly lies). Anansi also mentions that Buddy's new powers were a side effect of his manipulation of Earth's morphogenic field. After escaping the totem and defeating Anansi, Animal Man went back to the JLA Headquarters to thank the JLA for their aid. The Black Canary and Wonder Woman told Buddy that there is a seat for him in the JLA. Buddy declined, choosing to focus on his family and remain a part-timer. Buddy used the JLA teleporter to return home to his wife and kids in San Diego.

Cry for Justice
Buddy appears in the second half of writer James Robinson's miniseries event Justice League: Cry for Justice. While he and his family are entertaining Starfire and Donna Troy, Buddy is approached by Mikaal Tomas and Congorilla, who ask him for help in tracking down the supervillain Prometheus. He accompanies them to the JLA Watchtower to seek help from the Justice League, and is present when the Red Arrow is mauled by an unknown attacker. While searching for the Red Arrow's assailant, Buddy is assaulted and brutally injured by Freddy Freeman, who ultimately turns out to be Prometheus in disguise.

During the finale, Buddy is seen helping Starfire and Firestorm rescue survivors after Star City is destroyed by Prometheus.

Blackest Night
During the Blackest Night event, Nekron, the Lord of the Dead, reveals that all those who have returned from the dead, such as Buddy, were allowed to do so, to become his "inside agents". A black power ring attaches itself to Buddy, canceling out his resurrection and transforming him into a Black Lantern. In the final battle, Animal Man is freed by the power of white light.

Starman/Congorilla
Following the events of Blackest Night, Buddy helps Starman and Congorilla during their search for the Fountain of Youth, using his abilities to help translate for Rex the Wonder Dog. Buddy is later revealed to be a member of the JLA's reserve team, and joins the League during their battle against Eclipso. Shortly after joining the battle, Buddy and his teammates are possessed by Eclipso. The reserve JLA members are all freed after Eclipso is defeated.

The New 52
In The New 52, Buddy Baker has returned to his role as an environmental activist and actor. After his daughter Maxine manifests powers of her own, they journey into The Red, where they learn that Maxine must fight a battle between The Red and The Rot. The Baker Family travels cross country to unite with Swamp Thing. Buddy's son Cliff sacrifices himself in battle with The Rot.

Animal Man appears as a member of the Justice League of America. After the events in Justice League United, Animal Man takes a break to care for his family.

DC Rebirth
In 2017, after the events depicted in the series DC Rebirth, Animal Man became a reserve member of the new Justice League. He helped the Justice League alongside other new reserve members like Adam Strange and the Swamp Thing. In the aftermath of the Justice League: No Justice series Animal Man's name was mentioned in the new Justice League series by Wonder Woman. Animal Man was seen helping Vixen fix the Earth alongside the rest of the Justice League. He was later seen helping the Justice League fight the Legion of Doom and protecting a doorknob key from getting into the hands of the Legion. Animal Man was latterly seen with the rest of the Justice League, Justice League Dark, and the Teen Titans at a get-together party in the Hall of Justice.

Animal Man was summoned - along with the JLA, the Teen Titans and the JSA - by Batman to fix the Source Wall in anticipation of a forthcoming war across the multiverse. Animal Man then assisted these teams in a cross universe battle to defeat Perpetua and Lex Luthor's Legion of Doom.

During the "Dark Nights: Death Metal" storyline, Animal Man was among the prisoners in New Apokolips after The Batman Who Laughs and his Dark Knights took over Prime-Earth. They were freed when Wonder Woman, Batman, and Harley Quinn rescued Superman from the control of Darkfather. During the hero's fight with Robin King, Animal Man accompanied Red Tornado and Blue Beetle into battle against Robin King. After he sprayed Red Tornado with the Mortal Coil chemical that caused him to spin out of control, Robin King summoned the Anti-Living versions of Animal Man's family who start to devour him. When the final effect of the Mortal Coil turned a still-spinning Red Tornado into a human who ripped apart, shrapnel from his explosive death struck Animal Man, wounding him fatally. Batman later revived him using a Black Lantern ring.

During the events of "Infinite Future" storylines in issue #2 of Batman & Superman, Batman called for Animal Man to help out animals that were in pain due to Professor Pye's malicious experiments on them.

Animal Man then featured in a small cameo in Wonder Woman #780. Animal Man and other Justice League members were in the cafeteria having lunch. They were surprised to see Wonder Woman walk past them. She had returned to the Justice League following the events of the Dark Nights: Death Metal storyline series.

In the Swamp Thing series called Green Hell issue # 2. It was revealed that Animal Man had died, also his widow [Ellen now in her 80s] and daughter Maxine now called Animal Woman are living in Nanda Parbat [former Pakistan] with the animals. Dr. Fate moved them there because of the safety of the Baker Family following Buddy Baker's death. Old John Constantine with Deadman was looking for Maxine because there was another war of the rot coming, and they need Maxine's help to fill in her late father's shoes. Maxine did not want to see them at all after what happened to her father's tragic death. Maxine told John and Boston Brand that the animals can feel the pain of what is happening in the Red while the Green needs its help to stop the war from Anton Arcane from happening all over again. In Swamp Thing Green Hell issue # 2. Maxine teamed up with old John Constantine, Deadman, Swamp Thing the Justice League Dark to defeat the Rot for the second time filling in her late father shoes. Maxine had flashbacks of her Father in a 80's Animal Man costume giving Maxine a ride in the sky. Maxine Baker defeated the army of the Rot with Swamp Thing, and she killed the keepers of the Red, because of the death's of her dad and brother. Maxine Baker with her animals and Swamp Thing thanked each other for helping fight this war of Anton Arcane Rot army and they both went there separate ways.

Powers and abilities
Buddy can mimic the abilities of any animal as a result of his encounter with a crashed alien spacecraft. He does this by either focusing on a specific animal near him, or, as he learns later, by drawing power from the animal kingdom in general (this enables him to even mimic animals that are extinct). The nature of these powers has been described in various ways, including the superficial "alien radiation" explanation of his early appearances, the reconstruction of his body by aliens with "morphogenetic grafts" at the cellular level, and, currently, mystical access to a "morphogenetic field" created by all living creatures, also known as "The Red". He does not grow wings to fly as a bird (instead he flies in classic "Superman style"), nor does he form gills to breathe underwater when mimicking a fish, but he has occasionally been known to mimic the actual appearances of animals, such as adopting the claws of a wolverine temporarily, or his metamorphosis toward the end of Delano's run on his series.

Among the "animal powers" Buddy has been known to use are:
 The strength of a Tyrannosaurus rex.
 The flight of a bird.
 The swimming ability of a fish.
 The speed of an ant.
 The reflexes of a fly.
 The eloquence of a parrot.
 The wall-crawling of a spider.
 The sonic blast of a pistol shrimp.
 The sense of smell of a moth.
 The stench of a skunk.
 The color changing of a chameleon.
 The agility of a snake.
 The playfulness of a kitten.
 The electricity of an electric eel and electric ray.
 The ability of a worm to re-grow lost body parts.
 The righteous anger of a mother bear.
 The bark of a large dog.
 The reproduction abilities of protozoa.
 The durability of a cockroach.
 The ability to "fire lightning from his face" from an unidentified alien creature.
 The beauty of a monarch butterfly.
 The smell of a hippopotamus.
 The napping ability of a cat.

The level of Buddy's abilities is proportional to the size of the animal they are drawn from. Hence, drawing the jumping ability from a flea would allow him to cover great distances. However, taking the abilities of a larger animal does not result in diminished power for him. In some appearances, he can also talk to animals and enter their minds.

Tapping into the Red, Animal Man can also fire blasts of force or unidentified energy. In cooperation with Vixen and the woman known as "Tristess", he helped to create an entire universe.

In 52, Buddy experiences an upgrade that allows him to connect to the Universe's morphogenetic field, providing him unlimited access to all animals in the universe regardless of origin. At first, Animal Man knew nothing about the alien creatures whose abilities he took, but later has ample knowledge.

Other versions

JLA: The Nail
In the Elseworlds story JLA: The Nail, a captured Animal Man makes an appearance in Professor Hamilton's Cadmus Labs.

The Last Days of Animal Man
In the May 2009 series The Last Days of Animal Man, set in 2024, a middle-aged Buddy Baker finds he is losing his super powers and is forced to explore what it means to not have them and how much being a superhero affected his relationship with his family. He uses the last of his powers to stop two murderers then retires from the hero business. The series was written by veteran Bronze Age of Comic Books writer Gerry Conway.

"Flashpoint"
In the alternative timeline of the "Flashpoint" event, Animal Man is an inmate at the Doom's prison after he was framed for the murder of his wife and kids. During the prison break, Animal Man is ordered to kill Heat Wave by the Atomic Skull, but, despite his powers, he is defeated when Heat Wave bites his nose off and then shatters his skull against a stone staircase.

In other media

Television
 Animal Man appears in the Mad segment "That's What Super Friends Are For".
 Animal Man appears in a self-titled segment of DC Nation Shorts, voiced by "Weird Al" Yankovic. This version focuses on rescuing animals instead of people.
 Animal Man appears in the Teen Titans Go! episode "Forest Pirates".

Film
 Animal Man appears in DC Super Hero Girls: Super Hero High.
 Animal Man appears in Teen Titans Go! To the Movies.

Video games
 Animal Man appears in DC Universe Online.
 Animal Man appears as a character summon in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure.

Miscellaneous
 Animal Man appears in Justice League Unlimited #29.
 Animal Man makes a cameo appearance in DC Super Hero Girls as a graduate of Super Hero High.
 Animal Man appears in Injustice 2. This version can shapeshift into animals. He initially supports Ra's al Ghul and the League of Assassins until Damian Wayne convinces him otherwise via Ra's use of Amazo to wreak havoc on humanity. Animal Man tries to escape the League's custody, but is killed by Ra's daughter Athanasia al Ghul.

References

External links

 The Continuity Pages: Animal Man
 Animal Man profile page

DC Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds
DC Comics characters who have mental powers
DC Comics characters with accelerated healing
DC Comics characters with superhuman senses
DC Comics characters with superhuman strength
DC Comics male superheroes
DC Comics metahumans
Fictional activists
Fictional characters with animal abilities
Fictional empaths
Comics characters introduced in 1965
Characters created by Carmine Infantino
Comics about animals
Fictional actors
Fictional characters from San Diego
Fictional vegan and vegetarian characters
Fictional characters who break the fourth wall
Fictional stunt performers

Animal Man


Erwin Gohlke (* 10. April 1954) ist ein ehemaliger deutscher Mittelstreckenläufer, der sich auf die 800-Meter-Distanz spezialisiert hatte und für die DDR startete.

Erwin Gohlke begann in Waren (Müritz) bei der damaligen BSG Lokomotive Waren/Rethwisch mit der Leichtathletik und wurde 1967 zum SC Neubrandenburg delegiert.

1973 wurde er Junioreneuropameister mit der Staffel über 4-mal 400 Meter. Bei den Leichtathletik-Halleneuropameisterschaften 1977 in San Sebastián gewann er Silber.

Von 1975 bis 1977 wurde er dreimal in Folge DDR-Vizemeister in der Halle. 1975 und 1976 wurde er außerdem im Freien Dritter bei den DDR-Meisterschaften.

Erwin Gohlke startete für den SC Neubrandenburg.

Persönliche Bestzeiten
 800 m: 1:46,81 min, 8. Juni 1977, Ostrava
 Halle: 1:47,2 min, 13. März 1977, San Sebastián

800-Meter-Läufer (Deutschland)
Leichtathlet (DDR)
Deutscher
DDR-Bürger
Mann
Geboren 1954

Erwin Gohlke


Palenque, patrimonio inmaterial de la Humanidad es una película del año 2005.

Sinopsis
Esta película muestra los aspectos culturales y mágicos de San Basilio de Palenque, comunidad afro-colombiana que la UNESCO declaró Patrimonio Inmaterial de la Humanidad en noviembre de 2005. Un vistazo a los elementos más predominantes de la cultura palenquera, como son: lengua propia, organización social en Kuagros, ritos fúnebres, música y medicina tradicional.

Referencias

San Basilio de Palenque


خطاب النوايا أو Lol، ، هو مستند يحدد اتفاق بين طرفين أو أكثر، قبل صياغته بصورة نهائية. وهو مفهوم مماثل لما يسمى  الاتفاق. وهذه الاتفاقات قد تكون اتفاقات شراء الأصول، واتفاقيات شراء الاسهم، واتفاقات المشاريع المشتركة وإجمالا جميع الاتفاقات التي تهدف إلى إبرام صفقة مالية كبيرة.
وقد يشار أيضا إلى خطاب النوايا بمذكرة تفاهم، ورقة شروط أو ورقة مناقشة. على الرغم من أن الشروط تشير إلى وثائق مختلفة، وغالبا ما تأخذ الاختلافات طابع رسمي، وتعكس مختلف أنماط الصياغة أو الأعراف التجارية، وليست اختلافات جوهرية في ما تنجزه هذه الوثائق المتعددة.

ومع ذلك هناك اختلافا بين خطاب النوايا، وومذكرة التفاهم التي بموجبها يكون خطاب النوايا هو نية أحد الطرفين تجاه الآخر، وفي هذه الحالة لا يلزم التوقيع من كلا الطرفين، في حين أن مذكرة التفاهم هي اتفاق بين طرفين أو أكثر، والتي يجب توقيعها من قبل جميع الأطراف لتكون صحيحة.

و خطابات النوايا تشبه العقود المكتوبة، ولكنها عادة لا تكون ملزمة للطرفين في مجملها. ومع ذلك فإن العديد منها يتضمن أحكام ملزمة.. مثل: اتفاق بعدم افشاء المعلومات، والتعهد بالتفاوض بحسن نية، أو التعهد بعدم التسويق، وتكون الحقوق مقصورة على المفاوض. وقد يفسر خطاب النوايا أيضا بأنه ملزم لجميع الأطراف، إذا كان يشبه العقد الرسمي بصورة كبيرة.

أهداف خطاب النوايا قد تكون

 توضيح النقاط الرئيسية في صفقة معقدة من أجل راحة الطرفين.
 الإعلان الرسمى أن الأطراف تتفاوض الآن، كما هو الحال عند عرض مشروع مشترك أومدمج.
 تقديم ضمانات في حال انهيار الاتفاق خلال المفاوضات

أمثلة محددة

 التعليم. في الولايات المتحدة، خطابات النوايا غالبا ما يتم توصيلها بين كبار الرياضيين في المدارس الثانوية وبين الكليات والجامعات، التي تقدم بدورها منح رياضية للرياضيين عند التخرج.
 الأوساط الأكاديمية. تكون خطابات النوايا قي المحيطات الأكاديمية جزء من طلبات التقديم. وتعرف أيضا باسم بيان الغرض أو مقال التقديم.
 الالتماس. خطاب النوايا يوصى به بشكل كبير لكنه ليس مطلوبا أو ملزما، ولا يدخل قي مراجعة الطلب التالى. والمعلومات التي يتضمنها تسمح لموظفي الحكومة بتقدير حجم العمل المحتمل وتخطيط المراجعة.

 متحدى الإعاقة. خطاب النوايا للطفل هو وثيقة مكتوبة من قبل الوالدين أو الأوصياء، والتي تصف تاريخ الطقل أو الطفل البالغ، ووضعه الراهن، ومركز جميع الوثائق الأخرى. في حال وفاة أبوى الطفل المعاق أو أوصيائه، تعتمد المحاكم على خطاب النوايا الخاص بعائلته لمعرفة رغبات الأسرة.
 المدارس. يحتاج مدراء المدارس، وخاصة في المدارس الثانوية، إلى خطاب نوايا للموافقة على تشكيل نادي.
 العقاراتفي الحالات التي لا تكون الممتلكات العقارية المقصودة ليست مدرجة في النظام متعدد الأطراف أو مدرجة مع سمسار، قد لا تكون هناك طريقة سهلة لإخطار المالك بهذه الممتلكات والأطراف الأخرى المهتمة ولديها نية الشراء. وغالبا ما يكون ضروريا أن تبدأ رسميا في عملية الشراء والسماح لجميع الأطراف المحيطة المهتمة ببدء أي عمليات أخرى (كقرض مثلا بملايين الدولارات لمشروع عقاري تجاري قد يتطلب خطاب نوايا قبل أن تسمح إحدى المؤسسات المالية للموظفين بقضاء الوقت في العمل على هذا القرض) لازمة لإتمام عملية البيع.
 ومن اجل الاستمرار قي توظيف الاسهم الكبرى لطلائع الرياضيين بالكلية خلال فرص متكافئة ونزيهة، فمختلف الألعاب الرياضية لها يوم للتوقيع عندما يصبح اللاعبين مؤهلين لتوقيع خطابات النوايا مع مدارس متعددة.

مراجع

رسائل مكتوبة
نية
وثائق قانونية

خطاب نوايا


Oldendorf Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Steinburg iline bağlı yerleşim yeri. 10,35 km² yüzölçüme sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Haziran 2005 itibarıyla 1164 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Hans Nonnenbroich tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amtitzehoe-land.de

Steinburg iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Oldendorf, Holstein


دخل الإسلام في أوروبا إلى أجزاء من الجزر والسواحل الأوروبية الواقعة على البحر الأبيض المتوسط خلال القرن السابع عن طريق التوسعات الإسلامية. خلال التوسع العثماني إنتشر الإسلام في دول البلقان ودول جنوب شرق أوروبا فأخذ الإسلام في هذه المناطق طابع أوروبي ذو صبغة تركيّة خصوصًا بين المسلمين الألبان والبوشناق والترك والغوراني. في السنوات الأخيرة، هاجر مسلمون بشكل خاص من دول المغرب العربي وتركيا ومن غرب أفريقيا إلى أوروبا الغربية وهم من بالأساس من المهاجرين والسكان والعمال المؤقتين.

وفقًا لمركزي الأرشيف الألماني للإسلام معهد (دي)، يبلغ عدد المسلمين في أوروبا حوالي 53 مليون 5.2%، يشمل الرقم كل من روسيا والقسم الأوروبي لتركيا. ويبلغ عدد المسلمين في دول الاتحاد الأوروبي حوالي 16 مليون 3.2%. وفقًا لآخر إحصائية من عام 2010، قام بها معهد بيو وصل عدد المسلمين في كل أوروبا، عدا تركيا، إلى 44 مليون نسمة، أي ما يُشكل حوالي 6% من إجمالي سكان أوروبا.

التاريخ
دخل الإسلام إلى أوروبا منذ سنة 670 بعد الميلاد. لكن لم يكن هناك انتشار واسعا جدا له، تأسست في شبه الجزيرة الإيبيرية دول إسلامية في الأندلس وهي تسمية عادةً ما يُقصد بها فقط الإشارة إلى الأراضي الأيبيريَّة التي دخلها المُسلمون وبقيت تحت ظل الخِلافة الإسلاميَّة والدُويلات والإمارات الكثيرة التي قامت في رُبوعها وانفصلت عن السُلطة المركزيَّة في دمشق ومن ثُمَّ بغداد، مُنذ سنة 711م حتَّى سنة 1492م حينما سقطت الأندلس خلال حروب الإسترداد بيد اللاتين الإفرنج وأُخرج منها المُسلمون، علمًا أنَّه طيلة هذه الفترة كانت حُدودها تتغيَّر، فتتقلَّص ثُمَّ تتوسَّع، ثُمَّ تعود فتتقلَّص، وهكذا، استنادًا إلى نتائج الحرب بين المُسلمين والإفرنج.

أوروبا الشرقية
خلال التوسع العثماني إنتشر الإسلام في دول البلقان ودول جنوب شرق أوروبا فأخذ الإسلام في هذه المناطق طابع أوروبي ذاو صبغة تركيّة خصوصًا بين المسلمين الألبان والبوشناق والأتراك والغوراني. وتواجدت جاليات تاريخية مسلمة من التتار ومن الشيشان في كل من روسيا وشبه جزيرة القرم.

أوروبا الغربية
دخل الإسلام إلى أوروبا الغربية عبر الأندلس بعد سيطرة المسلمين عليها، ثم انتشر إلى بلاد الغال كذلك. ولكن بعد انهيار حكم المسلمين، قامت محاكم التفتيش الإسبانية والتي بدورها أجبرت السكان على ترك الإسلام واليهودية، ثم قامت بطرد المسلمين الذين أخفوا دينهم بعدما سعى هؤلاء المسلمين لطلب العون من الدولة العثمانية في استعادة الأندلس مرةً أخرى.

التركيبة السكانية الحالية
العدد الدقيق للمسلمين في أوروبا غير معروف. وفقًا لآخر إحصائية من عام 2010، قام بها معهد بيو وصل عدد المسلمين في كل أوروبا، عدا تركيا، إلى 44 مليون نسمة، أي ما يُشكل حوالي 6% من إجمالي سكان أوروبا، بما في ذلك 19 مليون (3.8% من السكان) من سكان الاتحاد الأوروبي. توجد بيانات عن معدلات نمو الإسلام في أوروبا تكشف عن أن عدداً متزايداً من المسلمين يقطنون في أوروبا يرجع أساساً إلى الهجرة وارتفاع معدلات الولادة. في دراسة أجراها معهد بيو حول المسلمين، وجدت أن من المتوقع أن تصل نسبة المسلمين في أوروبا إلى حوالي 8% من سكان أوروبا عام ،2030 وذلك بسبب زيادة نسبة المسلمين في أوروبا حاليا والمتوقعة مستقبلاً والتي سببها الرئيسي هو انخفاض معدل المواليد الأوروبيين مقابل ارتفاع معدلات الإنجاب أوساط المسلمين بالإضافة إلى تدفق المهاجرين المسلمين من المغرب العربي وتركيا وأفريقيا. وفي دراسة أخرى وجدت أن ارتفاع معدلات الولادة كان السبب الرئيسي في نمو عدد المسلمين. وقال جيمس بيل المساهم الرئيسي في وضع دراسة التي أجراها معهد بيو حول المسلمين، متحدثا لوكالة فرانس برس إن إن «اعتناق الإسلام لا يلعب دورا كبيرا في تزايد عدد المسلمين في العالم» مشيرا بصورة خاصة في هذا الصدد إلى معدلات الإنجاب.

اعتبارا من عام 2011، كان ما يقرب من 9 ملايين تركي يعيشون في أوروبا خارج تركيا. جعل هذا من الأتراك يشكلون أكبر عدد من المهاجرين المسلمين في أوروبا. تتراوح تقديرات نسبة المسلمين في روسيا (أكبر مجموعة من المسلمين في أوروبا) من 5% إلى 11.7%، بحسب المصادر المختلفة. ويعتمد أيضاً على ما إذا كان يتم احتساب المسلمين الملتزمين فقط أو جميع الأشخاص المنحدرين من أصول مُسلمة.

58.8% من سكان ألبانيا يعتنقون الإسلام ديناً، مما يجعلها أكبر ديانة في البلاد. غالبية المسلمين الألبان من السنَّة العلمانيين مع أقلية شيعية كبيرة من البكتاشيين. وتصل نسبة المُسلمين إلى حوالي 93.5% في كوسوفو، وحوالي 39.3% من سكان شمال مقدونيا (وفقاً لتعداد عام 200، كان حوالي 46.5% من الأطفال الذين تتراوح أعمارهم بين 0-4 كانوا مسلمين في مقدونيا)، وحوالي 50.7% من سكان البوسنة والهرسك. في البلدان العابرة للقارات مثل تركيا (99%)، وأذربيجان (93%) من السكان مُسلمون على التوالي. وفقا لتعداد عام 2011، حوالي 20% من مجموع السكان في الجبل الأسود هم من المسلمين.

وجد استطلاع أجراه مركز بيو للأبحاث في عام 2016 أن المسلمين يشكلون 4.9% من مجموع سكان أوروبا.

التوقعات
توقعت دراسة نشرتها مركز بيو للأبحاث، نشرت في يناير من عام 2011، بزيادة نسبة المسلمين من سكان أوروبا من 6% في عام 2010 إلى 8% في عام 2030. كما توقعت الدراسة أن معدل الخصوبة لدى المسلمين في أوروبا سينخفض من 2.2 في عام 2010 إلى 2.0 في عام 2030. ومن ناحية أخرى، فإن معدل الخصوبة لغير المسلمين في أوروبا سيرتفع من 1.5 في عام 2010 إلى 1.6 في عام 2030. توقعت دراسة أخرى لمركز بيو نشرت في عام 2017 أن المسلمين في عام 2050 سيشكلون بين نسبة 7.4% (في حالة توفقت الهجرة إلى أوروبا تتوقف على الفور وبشكل دائم - سيناريو «هجرة صفرية») وبين 14% (في حالة سيناريو «مرتفع جداً» للهجرة) إلى أوروبا. أظهرت بيانات من عقد 2000 عن معدلات نمو الإسلام في أوروبا أن العدد المتزايد من المسلمين يرجع في المقام الأول إلى الهجرة وارتفاع معدلات المواليد.

وفقا لمركز بيو، من المتوقع أن تؤثر الهجرة إيجابياً على نسبة المسلمين في أوروبا بين 2010 و2050 بنحو 1.8% من سكان المنطقة. بعض البلدان، من المتوقع أن يكون للهجرة التأثير أكبر. منها السويد حيث ستزداد نسبة المسلمين من السكان بسبب الهجرة بحلول عام 2050، بنحو 5.6%. وبالإضافة إلى السويد، فإن الدول الأوروبية التي يتوقع أن تحقق فيها الهجرة أكبر تأثير على السكان المسلمين - وهو فارق لا يقل عن ثلاث نقاط مئوية - هي النرويج وإسبانيا والمملكة المتحدة. في معظم دول أوروبا الغربية تفوق أعداد المواليد بين المسلمين أعداد الوفيات بين عام 2010 وعام 2015، وفي 21 دولة معظمها في أوروبا الشرقية لا يوجد فارق كبير بين أعداد المواليد وأعداد الوفيات، ولا توجد أي دولة أوروبية فيها أعداد الوفيات بين المسلمين تتجاوز فيها أعداد المواليد. وفقًا لتوقعات لمركز بيو للأبحاث للفترة بين 2010-2050 حول أعداد المسلمين، لن يكون التحول إلى الإسلام سبباً في نمو السكان المسلمين في أوروبا، حيث وفقًا لنفس الدراسة ستتخطى أعداد تاركي الإسلام أعداد المتحولين للإسلام في أوروبا بنسبة طفيفة، وسيبلغ صافي الخسارة (60,000) بسبب التحول الديني، ويتوقع المركز أن يتحول 1,580,000 إلى الإسلام في مقابل ترك 1,640,000 شخص لها خلال هذه الفترة.

يجادل إريك كوفمان من جامعة لندن بأن السبب الرئيسي وراء نمو الإسلام السكاني، ليس بسبب التحول إلى الإسلام، ولكن في المقام الأول إلى طبيعة الدين وكما يسميها «المؤيدة للإنجاب»، حيث يميل المسلمون إلى إنجاب المزيد من الأطفال. وفقاً لدراسة مركز بيو للأبحاث لم يلعب التحول الديني في التغير في عدد السكان المسلمين، بين عام 2010 وعام 2016 تخطت أعداد تاركي الإسلام أعداد المتحولين للإسلام في أوروبا وبلغ صافي الخسارة حوالي 160,000.

جادل تقرير لمركز الدراسات الاستراتيجية والدولية لعام 2007 بأن بعض توقعات السكان المسلمين قد تكون مبالغ فيها، لأنهم يفترضون أن جميع أبناء المسلمين سيصبحون مسلمين حتى في حالات الأبوة المختلطة. وبالمثل، شكك دارين شيركات في مجلة فورين أفيرز ما إذا كانت بعض توقعات نمو المسلمين دقيقة لأنها لا تأخذ في الاعتبار العدد المتزايد من المسلمين غير المتدينين. لا يوجد بحث كمي، لكنه يعتقد أن الاتجاه الأوروبي يعكس الأمريكي: حيث تشير بيانات من المسح الاجتماعي العام في الولايات المتحدة أن 32% ممن تربوا على الإسلام لم يعودوا يعتنقون الإسلام في مرحلة البلوغ، وحوالي 18% ليس لديهم هوية دينية.

وصلات خارجية
 المسلمون في لأوروبا – شبكة الحوار.نت الإعلامية
 مسلمو أوروبا في ظل الدستور الأوروبي الجديد، برنامج الشريعة والحياة، قناة الجزيرة، 16 مارس 2003

انظر أيضًا
 قائمة مدن الاتحاد الأوروبي حسب تعداد السكان المسلمين

مراجع

الإسلام في أوروبا
الإسلام حسب البلد
الدين في أوروبا

الإسلام في أوروبا


Martin van Meytens (født 24. juni 1695 i Stockholm, død 23. marts 1770 i Wien) var en svensk portrætmaler af nederlandsk herkomst aktiv ved kejserhoffet i Wien.

Han var søn og elev af Martin Mijtens den ældre og forlod allerede circa sytten år gammel Sverige. Som miniatur- og emailmaler gjorde han stor lykke i Holland, Paris, Dresden etc., malede talrige portrætter af fyrstelige personer, der kappedes om at drage ham til sig, og havnede efter et længere ophold i Italien (rigt på arbejde og hæder) 1721 i Wien, hvor han blev hofmaler og fra 1759 direktør for kunstakademiet.

Han kastede sig nu især over portrætmaleriet i olie og malede (hjulpet af mange elever) en mængde, stærkt skattede, store portrætter af tidens fremragende personligheder, med sikker tegning, kølig, virkningsfuld kolorit, jævngod (til tider dog ret tom) karakteristik og stor interesse for alle bitingene; han malede således kejserparret og dets tre døtre (Luxembourgmuseet). Under en orlov 1730-31 til sit fædreland malede han portrætter af den svenske kongelige familie (nu i Gripsholm Slot, Drottningholm Slot m. m.), Judith, C. Grills familiebillede (Österby) etc. Særlig mange portrætter af den østrigske kejserfamilie (Karl VI til hest på Nationalmuseum, fem familiegrupper på Schloss Schönbrunn, Maria Teresia, Frants I's og Maria Theresias bryllup på Gripsholm etc.). Der findes selvportrætter i Kunsthistorisches Museum i Wien og i Uffizierne i Firenze.

Kilder

Portrætmalere
Miniaturmalere
Personer fra Stockholm
Malere fra Sverige
Hofmalere fra Østrig

Martin van Meytens


Badem yağı, güzellik amacıyla veya ayakkabı koruma amacıyla kullanılan bir tür yağdır. Ayrıca çok tercih edilmemesine karşın ney sazının bakımında da kullanılır.
Badem ağacı tohumlarından soğuk sıkma ile elde edilen, soluk sarı renkli, hafif kokulu ve ceviz tadında bir sabit yağdır.
Kuru ve çatlak ciltleri çok olumlu etkiler ve pürüzlerini giderir. Ayrıca saç besleyici olup, saç dökülmesini önler. Kabızlık giderici özelliği sahiptir. Kaşları yanan/küsen ya da bir şekilde dökülmüş kişilerin periyodik olarak kaşlarına badem yağı sürmesi çok başarılı sonuçlar verir. Özellikle karın, bel, basen ve kalça kısmında oluşan cilt çatlaklarının giderilmesinde, besleyici, onarıcı, koruyucu, yumuşatıcı ve nemlendirici olarak cilt bakımında badem yağı kullanılmaktadır.

Faydaları

 Badem yağı dahilen müshil, haricen yumuşatıcı ve yara iyileştirici olarak kullanılır.
 Badem yağı ağız yoluyla alındığında yumuşatıcı, öksürük kesici ve solucan düşürücü etkisi vardır.
 Haricen, yumuşatıcı, yara tedavi edici, yanıkları iyileştirici ve saçları gürleştirici olarak faydalanılıyor.
Ayrıca badem yağı saçları güçlendirdiği için saça da uygulanabilen yağdır. Kırık oluşumunu engelleyici, besleyici, koruyucu ve nemlendirici olarak saç bakımında kullanılmaktadır.
 Özellikle karın, bel, basen ve kalça kısmında oluşan cilt çatlaklarının giderilmesinde, besleyici, onarıcı, koruyucu, yumuşatıcı ve nemlendirici olarak cilt bakımında badem yağı kullanılmaktadır.
 Kaşları yanan ya da bir şekilde dökülmüş kişilerin periyodik olarak kaşlarına badem yağı sürmesi çok başarılı sonuçlar verir.
 Badem yağı haricen uygulandığında, saç, sakal ve bıyıkların daha gür ve sağlıklı olmasını sağlar.
 Göz kapaklarındaki alerjik durumlarda, göz kapağını ve çevresini nemlendirip kurumasını engellemesiyle de başka bir güzelliği olan bitkisel yağdır.

Badem Yağının Yapısı
Badem yağı çeşitli yağ asitlerince zengin bir yağdır. Bu yağ asitleri şu şekildedir:

 Oleik Asit - %68
 Linoleik Asit - %25
 Palmitik Asit - %4
 Stearik Asit - %1
 Linolenik Asit - %1
 Palmitoleik Asit - %1

Kaynakça

Bitkisel yağlar

Badem yağı


El colibrí de Stolzmann, colibrí de cabeza verde, estrella de cabeza verde o estrella cabeciverde (Oreotrochilus stolzmanni), es una especie de ave apodiforme de la familia de los colibríes (Trochilidae), perteneciente al género Oreotrochilus. Es nativa de la región andina del oeste de América del Sur.

Distribución y hábitat
Se distribuye en los Andes del norte y centro de Perú (Cajamarca, Huánuco); registrado también en el extremo sur de Ecuador (sureste de Loja).

Esta especie habita en pastizales de altitud con escasos matorrales Puya en laderas rocosas, en altitudes entre 3600 y 4200 m.

Sistemática

Descripción original
La especie O. stolzmanni fue descrita por primera vez por el zoólogo británico Osbert Salvin en el año 1895 bajo el mismo nombre científico; su localidad tipo es: «Huamachuco y cerca de Cajamarca, Perú».

Etimología
El nombre genérico masculino «Oreotrochilus» deriva de la combinación de la palabra del griego «oreos»: montaña y del género Trochilus, denominación genérica inicial de los colibríes; significando «colibrí de las montañas»; y el nombre de la especie «stolzmanni», conmemora al zoólogo polaco Jean Stanislaus Stolzmann (1854-1928).

Taxonomía
Por mucho tiempo fue considerada una subespecie del colibrí puneño (Oreotrochilus estella). Las clasificaciones Aves del Mundo (HBW) y Birdlife International (BLI) la consideraron una especie separada, con base en diferencias morfológicas tales como: el macho tiene la corona y las partes superiores de color verde metálico (no brillante) y no beige opaco; tiene una banda ventral negruzca y no castaña y los lados del vientre más blancos y no más beige; ambos sexos tienen la cola de color azul metálico profundo; la hembra tiene la corona bronceada y la garganta punteada de verde y no de pardo.

Con base en estas diferencias apuntadas por Fjeldså y Boesman (2018) y con el refuerzo de los datos filogenéticos presentados por otros autores, que demostraron que la presente especie está cercanamente emparentada con Oreotrochilus melanogaster y con la recientemente descrita O. cyanolaemus, y más distante de O. estella, consistente con los patrones de distribución geográfica, el Comité de Clasificación de Sudamérica aprobó la Propuesta No 808 de separación de la especie. Es monotípica.

Referencias

 Hummingbird splits

Enlaces externos

 Videos, fotos y sonidos de Oreotrochilus stolzmanni en The Internet Bird Collection.
 Sonidos y mapa de distribución de Oreotrochilus stolzmanni en xeno-canto.

stolzmanni
Aves de América del Sur
Aves de los Andes
Taxones descritos por Osbert Salvin
Animales descritos en 1895

Oreotrochilus stolzmanni


ව්‍යාපාරික සම්පත් සැලසුම්කරණ පද්ධති (Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)) Systems

සංවිධානයක් තුල අභ්‍යන්තර සහ බාහිර කළමනාකරණ දත්ත අනුකලනය කරමින් ආයතනයේ නිෂ්පාදන, වෙළඳ , මුල්‍ය , මානව සම්පත් , ඉංජිනේරු සහ සේවාවන් යන සියලුම අංශයන්හි සංකලනයක් සහිතව ව්‍යාපාරික සම්පත් සැලසුම්කරණ පද්ධති  නිර්මාණය කර ඇත.

ඉතිහාසය

මුලික ලක්ෂණ

ප්‍රධාන අංගයන්

තවද බලන්න

මුලාශ්‍ර

ව්‍යාපාරික සම්පත් සැලසුම්කරණ පද්ධති