Marmara Denizi ya da Klasik Antik Çağ'ında Propontis, Karadeniz'i, Ege Denizi ve Akdeniz'e bağlayan bir iç denizdir. Karadeniz'e İstanbul Boğazı, Ege Denizi'ne Çanakkale Boğazı ile bağlanır. Türkiye'nin Asya ve Avrupa kısımlarını da birbirinden ayırır. Marmara Adasında bol miktarda mermer bulunması yüzünden adaya ve denize, Yunanca mermer anlamına gelen "Marmaros" denmiştir. Denizin bir diğer eski adı da '"Propontis"'tir. Türkiye'nin en büyük şehirlerinden İstanbul  ve Kocaeli bu denizin kıyısında, diğer bir büyük şehri Bursa ise hızla deniz kıyısına doğru genişlemektedir.

Coğrafya

Yaklaşık olarak 240 km uzunluğa ve 70 km genişliğe, 11,500 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip ve en derin yeri -1.270 metre olan Marmara Denizi'nde, görülen akıntı tipi, normal deniz ve okyanuslardaki dairesel tip yerine, doğu batı yönünde bir akıntıdır. Denizin yüzeyi Karadeniz kökenli, dibi ise Ege-Akdeniz kökenli tuz, sıcaklık ve oksijen oranı bakımından farklı su kütlelerinden oluşur.

Marmara'daki körfezler
 İzmit Körfezi
 Gemlik Körfezi
 Bandırma Körfezi
 Erdek Körfezi

Marmara'daki adalar

Marmara Denizi'ndeki adalar; İmralı Adası, Marmara Adaları ve Prens Adaları olarak gruplandırılır. Yüzölçümlerine göre en büyük üç ada şu sıradadır;
 Marmara Adası
 Paşalimanı Adası
 Avşa Adası

Marmara'ya dökülen akarsular

Marmara Denizine dökülen başlıca akarsular şunlardır.

Anadolu
 Susurluk Çayı, dökülen en önemli akarsu
 Biga Çayı
 Gönen Çayı

Trakya
 Bayrampaşa Deresi, tarihî İstanbul'un en önemli akarsuyu

Çukurlar
Marmara Denizi'nin kuzeyinde yer alan bu derin noktalar doğudan batıya şunlardır:

 Çınarcık Çukuru
 Marmara Ereğlisi Çukuru
 Tekirdağ Çukuru

Jeoloji

Denizin Oluşumu

Marmara Denizi, jeolojik dönemler içinde özellikle Buzul Çağ dönemlerinde göle, kimi zaman da denize dönüşerek sürekli bir değişim yaşamıştır. Örneğin Miyosen döneminde (20 milyon yıl kadar önce) Marmara Denizi; Karadeniz, Hazar denizi ve Macaristan'a kadar uzanan bir iç denizle birlikte daha büyük bir denizin parçasıdır. Denizin yakın jeolojik dönemi incelendiğinde 12 bin yıl öncesinde deniz seviyesinin -85 m olduğu ve Marmara'nın bir göl olduğu anlaşılır. Marmaranın son kez denize dönüştüğü dönem 6500-7000 yıl öncesine tarihlenir. Bu dönemde İstanbul Boğazı'nın suyla dolması sonucu oluşan Karadeniz Tufanı ile Marmara Denizi, göl olan Karadeniz'de su seviyesinin yükselmesine ve denize dönüşmesine aracılık etmiştir.

Jeolojik Değişimler
Marmara Denizi'nde jeolojik olarak çok yakın döneme denk gelen başlıca değişimler şunlardır;

Kapıdağ Yarımadası: Tarihsel olarak adayken ve yüzölçümü düşünüldüğünde Marmara Denizi'nin en büyük adasıyken karayla birleşerek (Tombolo) yarımadaya dönüşmüştür.

Büyükçekmece ve Küçükçekmece Gölleri: Her iki göl, akarsuların aşındırdığı birer vadi iken deniz seviyesinin yükselmesi sonucunda koya dönüşmüştür. Zamanla koyun ağzında biriken alüvyonlar, deniz kulağı adı verilen alüvyon setleri oluşturarak koyun ağzını daraltıp ya da kapatıp koyun göle dönüşmesine neden olmuştur.

Vordonisi Adası: Battığı düşünülen Prens Adalarından biri. Günümüzde Manastır kayalıkları olarak adlandıran bölgenin, MS 1000 yılı Nizam döneminde gerçekleşen bir deprem neticesinde battığı düşünülmektedir. Yapılan dalışlarda bulunan MS 500 yılına ait manastır kalıntısı bölgenin geçmişte bir ada olduğunu kanıtlamaktadır.

Faylar ve Depremler
Marmara Denizi altında Marmara fayı ya da fayları olarak da bilinen, Kuzey Anadolu Fay hatının batısında yer alan sismik olarak harketli bir fay bölgesi vardır. Tarih boyunca ürettiği depremlerle büyük yıkıma yol açan bu faylar 1509 Büyük İstanbul Depremi ve 1999 Gölcük Depremi gibi depremlerin sorumlusudur. Ayrıca günümüzde bu denizde tsunami olma riski vardır. Bunun için denize bir tsunami uyarı sistemi kurulmuştur.

Tarih

Boğazlar dışarıda bırakılırsa Marmara Denizi ile ilgili tarihsel olarak bahsedilecek ilk şey Argonotlar Seferidir. İason önderliğinde Altın Post'u aramak için Karadeniz'e doğru yol alan bu denizcilerin mitolojik öyküsünde, denizciler Marmara kıyılarınada uğrar. Helenistik dönemde boğazlar ve Marmara Denizi, balık göç yolları üzerinde olduğu için kıyı kentlerinde balıkçılık ön plana çıkar. Byzantion gibi kentlere ait sikkelerde balık motifinin kullanımı buna örnektir.

Moby Dick romanın yazarı Melville, İstanbul'da yaşamış Bizanslı tarihçi Prokopius'un MS 10. yüzyılda Marmara Denizi'nde gemilere saldıran bir balinadan söz ettiğini anlatır. Bir başka tarihî yazar Ahmet Mithat Efendi "Sayyadane Bir Cevelan" adlı kitabında, İstanbul Surları'na asılmış balina kemiklerinden bahseder. Kaldırılan kemikler nedeniyle denizin bereketi kaçınca Padişahın, kemiklerin bulunup yerine asılmasının emreden bir fetva yayınladığından bahseder.

Marmara Denizi, tarihsel batıklar açısında zengin bir denizdir. Marmaray kazıları sırasında keşfedilen Bizans'ın en büyük limanı olan Theodosius Limanı ve liman batıklarının dışında, denizin farklı bölgelerinde 6. yüzyıldan 13. yüzyıla kadar dayanan birçok başka batıkta bulunmaktadır. Bunlar dışında I. Dünya Savaşına tarihlenen Osmanlı ve yabancı ülkelere ait batıklar ise Marmara denizinde yaşanan çarpışmalarını göstermesi sebebiyle deniz tarihi açısından önemlidir.

Osmanlı döneminde Marmara'da batan bazı askerî  ve sivil deniz araçları şunlardır:
 AE2, Marmaraya girmeyi başaran ilk düşman denizaltısı. Avustralya kökenli bu denizaltı Türk Kruvazörü Sultan Hisarı tarafından Çanakkale Karaburun açıklarında batırılmıştır.
 Barbaros Hayreddin zırhlısı, Bolayır, Gelibolu önlerinde İngiliz denizaltısı E-11 tarafından batırıldı.
 Samsun Destroyer'i, 14 Ağustos 1915'te İngiliz denizaltısı E-11 tarafından batırılmıştır.
 Bahrisefit Vapuru, Erdek limanında 19 Ağustos 1915'te İngiliz denizaltısı E-2 tarafından batırıldı.
 Bitinye Vapuru, 2 Haziran 1915'te Akbaş önlerinde İngiliz denizaltısı E-11 tarafından batırıldı.
 Nur ül Bahir (Nur-ek Bahir, Nurel Bahir) Gambotu, 1 Mayıs 1915'te İngiliz denizaltısı E-14 tarafından batırıldı.

 Seyhun Vapuru, 5 Ağustos 1915'te Akbaş önlerinde İngiliz denizaltısı E-11 tarafından batırıldı.
 Peleng-i Derya, 23 Mayıs 1915'te Bakırköy önlerinde İngiliz denizaltısı E-11 tarafından batırıldı.
 Rehber Vapuru
 Hünkar İskelesi Vapuru, 23 Ağustos 1915'te Şarköy önlerinde İngiliz denizaltısı E-11 tarafından batırıldı.

Egemenlik
Marmara Denizi'nin ilginç bir özelliği de orta kesimlerinin kıyıdan uzaklığının 12 deniz milinden daha fazla olmasıdır. Böylece uluslararası deniz hukukuna göre bu orta kesimler Türk karasularının dışında kalmaktadır. Fakat başka herhangi bir kıyıdaş devlet bulunmadığından ve her yönde Türkiye karasuları ile kuşatılmış olduğundan dolayı Marmara Denizi'nin tamamı Türk karasuları durumundadır. Bunun esas sebebi Türkiye'nin uluslararası hukukça tanınan "kadim hak" olarak Marmara Denizi'ne iç deniz olarak sahip olmasıdır. Açık denizler için öngörülen münhasır ekonomik bölge, devletin karasularındaki tam egemenliği düşünüldüğünde Marmara Denizi için mümkün değildir.

Yerleşim

Marmara kıyısındaki idari birimler;

İstanbul
İstanbul (İl merkezi) (Fatih)
Adalar
Bakırköy
Bostancı
Maltepe
Kadıköy
Kartal
Kumkapı
Pendik
Üsküdar
Yeşilköy
Zeytinburnu
Büyükçekmece
Kumburgaz
Silivri
Tuzla

Balıkesir
Bandırma
Erdek
Gönen
Marmara

Bursa
Gemlik
Karacabey
Mudanya

Çanakkale (il)
Biga
Gelibolu
Lapseki

Kocaeli
Derince
Eskihisar
Darıca
Dilovası
Bayramoğlu
Gebze
Gölcük
Hereke

İzmit (İl merkezi)
Karamürsel
Körfez

Tekirdağ
Marmaraereğlisi
Şarköy
Tekirdağ (İl merkezi)

Yalova (il)
Altınova
Armutlu
Çiftlikköy
Çınarcık
Termal
Yalova (İl merkezi)

Direy
 1950'lerde İstanbul kıyılarında bile görülebilen Akdeniz fokları, denizde yaşayan durumu en kritik canlı türüdür. Tüm dünyada 600 bireyin kaldığı düşünülen bu memelilerin Marmara popülasyonu, denizinin güneyinde Kapıdağ Yarımadası ve civar adalarda yaşarlar
 Caretta caretta isimli deniz kaplumbağalarının günümüzde Marmara'da, Kazanağzı mevkiinde yaşayan popülasyonunun ile ilgili yapılan çalışmalar, türü ait bireylerin tespit edilememesi ile sonuçlanmıştır. Bu da türün Marmara Denizi'nde yok olduğunu düşündürmektedir. Buna rağmen zaman zaman başka deniz kaplumbağaları denizde görülmektedir. Örneğin 1997 yılında Marmara'da ağlara takılan Deri sırtlı deniz kaplumbağası.

Bunların dışında zaman zaman yakalanan köpekbalıkları ve İstanbul kıyılarında da gözlenebilen çeşitli yunus türleri Marmara direyinin diğer parçalarıdır.

Ekonomi

Marmara denizinde antik çağlardan beri balıkçılık önemli bir uğraştır. 2010 yılında denizde avlanan balıklık, Türkiye balıkçılığın %8,36'sini oluşturur. Fakat günümüzde aşırı avlanma, kirlilik gibi kimi faktörler Marmara'daki balık stoklarını tehdit etmektedir. Ticari değere sahip olan tür sayısı ve avlanan balık miktarı düşüş eğilimindedir. TÜİK verilerine göre 2004'te Marmara'da avlanan 68 bin ton balığa karşı, 2009'da 31 bin ton balık avlanmıştır.

Madencilik konusunda Türkiye denizlerindeki ilk doğal gaz yatağı, TPAO tarafında Kuzey Marmara sahasında 1,200 m derinlikte Kuzey Marmara-1 kuyusunun 1988 yılındaki sondajı ile bulunmuştur. Saha, Silivri'nin 5 km batısında sahilden 2.5 km uzaklıkta bulunmaktadır. Kuzey Marmara sahasında doğal gaz üretimine 1997 yılında geçilmiştir.

Deniz turizm açısında Silivri, Marmaraereğlisi, Yalova kıyıları ve Avşa adası bölge içinde ön plana çıkmıştır.

Tehditler
Kirlilik, Marmara denizin başlıca sorunlarındandır. Özellikle denizin kuzeydoğusundaki İstanbul ve İzmit gibi yoğun nüfuslu şehirlerin atıkları ile İzmit Körfezi etrefındaki ağır sanayi tesisleri, denizi kirliliğin nedenleridir. Günde yaklaşık olarak 0,3 milyon metreküp sanayi, 2,1 milyon metreküp evsel atık bırakılmaktadır. Denizdeki yoğun denizanası popülasyonu  bu kirliliğin işareti olarak kabul edilir.

Küresel Isınma ile değişen deniz yapısı ve istilacı türler Marmara Denizine yönelik yeni tehditlerdir. Zehirli denizanaları ve balon balığı Marmara'daki örnek istilacı türlerdendir.

Kazalar
Boğazlar dışında sadece Marmara Denizi'nde gerçekleşen ölümle ya da büyük çapta kirlilikle sonuçlanan kazalar şunlardır;

 1975, 30 Ocak günü THY ait F-28-1000 Fokker Fellowship tipi Bursa isimli yolcu uçağı denize düştü. Kazada 41 kişi yaşamını yitirdi.
 1979, 15 Kasım günü yaşanan Independenta tanker kazası sonrasında, 714.760 varil ham petrol 27 gün süren yangında yanmış ya da denize karışmıştır. Kazada 43 kişi öldü.
 1997, 1997 TPAO tanker yangını: 13 Şubat günü TPAO isimli tanker Pendik Tersanesi'nde bakım onarım sırasında yanmıştır. Yangın sonucunda 1.500 ton fuel-oil denize yayılmıştır.
 1999, 7 Kasım günü Semele ve Şipka adlı gemiler Yenikapı açıklarında çarpışmış, kaza sonucunda 10 ton fuel-oil denize yayılmıştır. Semele isimli gemi batmıştır.
 1999, 29 Aralık günü Volganeft 248 isimli tanker hava muhalefeti sebebi ile Florya açıklarında ikiye ayrılmış, bu parçalardan biri de batmıştır. Kaza nedeniyle tahminen 1.500 ton fuel-oil denize yayılmıştır.

Ulaşım

İDO tarafında İstanbul, Yenikapı İskelesi en büyük merkez olmak üzere, İstanbul kıyılarına ve adalarına, Yalova, Mudanya, Bandırma ve Marmara Adalarına seferler vardır. İzmit Körfezi'nde yapılan Eskihisar-Topçular feribot seferleri ise diğer bir ulaşım türüdür. Yük taşımacılığı amaçlı Bandırma, İstanbul arası roro seferleri ise Marmara denizindeki son önemli ulaşım türüdür.
Ayrıca BUDO Bursa Büyükşehir Belediyesi Deniz Otobüsü Bursa-İstanbul arasında seferlerine başlamıştır.

Projeler
İzmit Körfez Köprüsü: İzmit Körfez Köprüsü, İzmit Körfezi üzerine yapılan asma köprü projesidir.
İzmit Kanalı: Karadeniz'i, Sakarya Nehri ve Sapanca Gölü vasıtasıyla, İzmit Körfezi'ne bağlamayı amaçlayan kanal projesidir. İlk kez Osmanlı döneminde gündeme gelen proje, İstanbul Boğazına alternatif olması için düşünülmektedir.
Kanal İstanbul: İstanbul'un batısında, Çatalca Yarımadasına açılacak bir kanal projesi olan Kanal İstanbul, öncelikle İstanbul Boğazı'ndaki gemi trafiğini rahatlatmayı amaçlar.

Ayrıca bakınız
 1509 Büyük İstanbul Depremi
 Ayrık deniz
 Deniz
 Göl
 İç deniz
 Körfez
 Marmara Denizi deniz salyası felaketi
 Nehir
 Okyanus
 Türk Boğazları

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Marmara Info  (İngilizce)

Marmara Bölgesi

Marmara Denizi


Sveučilište u Slavonskom Brodu (lat. Universitas Studiorum Marsoniensis) je visokoobrazovna ustanova sa sjedištem u Slavonskom Brodu. Ono je deveto javno sveučilište u Republici Hrvatskoj i najmlađe sveučilište.

Povijest

Sveučilište u Slavonskom Brodu osnovano je Zakonom o osnivanju Sveučilišta u Slavonskom Brodu (NN 110/15) kojeg je Hrvatski sabor donio na sjednici 25. rujna 2015. godine, no s radom započinje tek 3. kolovoza 2020. godine kada je i službeno upisano i registrirano u sudskom registru.

Senat Sveučilišta u Osijeku trebao je donijeti odluku o pripajanju svojih sastavnica Slavonskom Brodu, međutim, Rektorski zbor (tada na čelu s rektorom Damirom Borasom) te je 2015. podnio prijedlog za pokretanje postupka za ocjenu suglasnosti s Ustavom Zakona o osnivanju Sveučilišta u Slavonskom Brodu. Ustavni sud na kraju ne prihvaća prijedlog za pokretanje postupka, a osječki senat nakon pet godina donosi jednoglasnu odluku o izdvajanju te se tako ispunjaju svi uvjeti za osnivanje brodskog sveučilišta.

Brodsko sveučilište nastaje spajanjem Veleučilišta u Slavonskom Brodu i Strojarskog fakulteta koji je bio u sastavu osječkog sveučilišta. U sastav ulazi i Studentski centar Slavonski Brod koji ima pravnu osobnost.

Na svečanoj sjednici, dana 22. listopada 2020., u Vijećnici Sveučilišta na kojoj su sudjelovali predstavnici Senata, gradonačelnik, župan Brodsko-posavske županije te nekoliko saborskih zastupnika, službeno je konstituiran Senat Sveučilišta. Također, 9. veljače 2021. godine osniva se Gospodarsko vijeće Sveučilišta u Slavonskom Brodu čija je glavna uloga biti poveznica između gospodarstva i Sveučilišta.

Na šestoj sjednici Senata, 12. ožujka 2021. godine, proveden je izbor rektora te je za to mjesto izabran nekadašnji dekan Strojarskog fakulteta, prof. dr. sc. Ivan Samardžić.

Rast i razvoj Sveučilišta dovodi do uvođenja novih studijskih programa pa tako su 2022. godine predstavljeni novi studijski programi: preddiplomski sveučilišni studij ekoinženjerstvo i zaštita prirode, preddiplomski sveučilišni studij ekonomija i preddiplomski stručni studij informatika i informacijske tehnologije.

Simbolika grba

Grb se sastoji od:
 Siluete portreta Ivane Brlić-Mažuranić, brodske spisateljice koja je svijetu ostavila neprocjenjivu kulturnu baštinu u vidu svojih djela; pogled u budućnost kaže da je bitno ono što dajemo/ostavljamo svijetu, a upravo je Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić svoja djela stvarala u Slavonskom Brodu
 Kružnice – pečati Sveučilišta su najčešće tog oblika; tim oblikom želi se sugerirati važnost institucije Sveučilišta
 Latinskog naziva sintagme "Sveučilište u Slavonskom Brodu": Universitas studiorum Marsoniensis – grb ima i inačicu na hrvatskom jeziku s arapskim brojevima, no ovakav grb simbolizira tradiciju i povijesno naslijeđe budući da je grad Slavonski Brod postojao kao Marsonia još u rimsko doba
 Godine osnutka Sveučilišta rimskim brojevima (MMXX), zbog povezanosti s latinskim jezikom
 Pletera oko grba koji simbolizira domoljublje i hrvatski identitet, a u zlatnoj verziji i Slavoniju jer predstavlja zlatovez
 Davanje značaja ženskoj osobi predstavlja modernu, inkluzivnu, rodno pravednu instituciju i pogled je unaprijed
 Simpatičnog zlatnog dukata (slavonsko sveučilište) koji se u vidu promotivnih materijala može darivati osobama od posebnog značaja za zajednicu.

Značaj

Sveučilište u Slavonskom Brodu ima izniman značaj za budući socioekonomski razvoj, ostanak i privlačenje mladih iz drugih krajeva Hrvatske, ali i susjedne Bosne i Hercegovine. Šesti grad po veličini s bogatom metalurskom poviješću, poljoprivrednom i drvnom industrijom te dobrim prometnim položajem predstavljaju priliku za kontinuiran rast i razvoj. Sveučilište će razvijati i nove studijske programe sukladno potrebama tržišta rada.

Međunarodna suradnja

Brodsko sveučilište provodi suradnju s mnogim međunarodnim znanstvenim i visokoškolskim ustanovama u područjima tehničke, biotehničke, prirodne i društvene znanosti te na interdisciplinarnom području. Neka od tih ustanova su Technical University of Košice (Slovačka), Faculty of Industrial Engineering, Robotics and Production Management (Rumunjska), Europski univerzitet Brčko distrikt (Bosna i Hercegovina), University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest (Mađarska) i dr.

Također dostupna je i međunarodna mobilnost studenata putem Erasmus+ i CEEPUS projekata.

Studiji i sastavnice

Strojarski fakultet
Preddiplomski sveučilišni studij Strojarstvo
Diplomski sveučilišni studij Strojarstvo
Poslijediplomski sveučilišni doktorski studij strojarstva
Poslijediplomski specijalistički studij Razvoj proizvoda i tehnologija

Odjel društvenih i humanističkih znanosti
Integrirani prediplomski i diplomski sveučilišni Učiteljski studij
Preddiplomski sveučilišni studij Ranog i predškolskog odgoja i obrazovanja
Diplomski sveučilišni studij Ranog i predškolskog odgoja i obrazovanja
Preddiplomski sveučilišni studij Ekonomija
Preddiplomski stručni studij Menadžment
Specijalistički diplomski stručni studij Menadžment

Biotehnički odjel
Preddiplomski sveučilišni studij Ekoinženjerstvo i zaštita prirode
Preddiplomski stručni studij Bilinogojstvo
Specijalistički diplomski stručni studij Ekološka poljoprivreda i ruralni razvoj

Tehnički odjel
Preddiplomski stručni studij Proizvodno strojarstvo
Preddiplomski stručni studij Informatika i informacijske tehnologije
Specijalistički diplomski stručni studij Energetika

Ostale sastavnice
Studentski centar
Studentski dom u Slavonskom Brodu

Vanjske poveznice
 Web stranica sveučilišta
 Web stranica studentskog centra Slavonski Brod
 Facebook stranica studentskog centra Slavonski Brod
 Facebook stranica Sveučilišta
 Instagram stranica Sveučilišta

Izvori

<div class="Boxmerge">

Hrvatska sveučilišta

Sveučilište u Slavonskom Brodu


Maria, Baroness Rosseels conocida también por su apodo E. M. Vervliet (Borgerhout, 23 de octubre de 1916-Kalmthout, 18 de marzo de 2005) escritora flamenca católica.

Nacida en Borgerhout, se mudó a Oostmalle a los siete años y asistió a las escurela de niñas "Heilig Graf" en Turnhout. En 1933 la familia se mudó a Essen y finalmente a Kalmthout.

Tras tres años de educación técnica, fue a la universidad en Amberes y comenzó su carrera profesional como maestra en Gierle y más tarde trabajó en el Ministerio de Trabajo en Bruselas.

En 1945 se hizo secretaria de las publicación católica flamenca De Pijl, y comenzó sus trabajos como periodista. Se doctoró en la  Katholieke Universiteit Leuven en 1981, y fue laureada baronesa en 1988.

Bibliografía
 Sterren in de poolnacht (1947)
 Meer suers dan soets moet ic ghestadig dragen (1947)
 Spieghelken (1952)
 Elisabeth (I. De kloosterhoeve) (novel, 1953)
 Elisabeth (II. Ick segh adieu) (novel, 1954)
 Elisabeth (III. Het derde land) (novel, 1954)
 Kunst van schaduwen en dromen (essay, 1954)
 Het woord te voeren past den man (essay) Tielt: Lannoo, 1957.
 Ik was een kristen. I. Het verraad (novel) Leuven: Boekengilde de Clauwaert, 1957.
 Ik was een kristen. II. Achter de horizon (novel) Leuven: Boekengilde de Clauwaert, 1957.
 Oosterse cocktail (novela, 1960)
 Dood van een non. (novel) Leuven: Boekengilde de Clauwaert, 1961.
 Nieuw dagboek van Spieghelken (Spieghelken II) (1963)
 Spieghelken: dagboek van een jong meisje (novela) Tielt: Lannoo, 1964.
 Liefde is een zeldzaam kruid (1966)
 Gesprekken met gelovigen en ongelovigen (novela) Antwerpen: Standaard Uitgeverij, 1967.
 Wacht niet op de morgen (1969)
 Het oordeel, of : Vrijdag zingt de nachtegaal (novela) Lueven: Boekengilde de Clauwaert, 1975.
 Verzameld scheppend proza (3 delen, 1981)
 O Marolleke ( ? )
 Vrouwen in licht en schaduw ( 1964 )
 Van de liefde die doodt ( ? )

Enlaces externos
 Maria Rosseels

Escritoras de Bélgica
Escritores de Flandes
Escritores de Bélgica del siglo XX
Escritores en neerlandés
Mujeres de Bélgica del siglo XX
Alumnado de la Universidad KU Leuven

Maria Rosseels


The Betty Ford Center (BFC) is a non-profit, residential treatment center for persons with substance dependence in Rancho Mirage, California. It offers inpatient, outpatient, and residential day treatment for alcohol and other drug addictions, as well as prevention and education programs for family and children. The Betty Ford Center, which is adjacent to Eisenhower Medical Center but is under a separate license to practice, has 100 inpatient beds available on their campus and additional lodging for 84 clients in the Residential Day Treatment program. The Betty Ford Center opened on October 4, 1982.

History
The center was co-founded by former U.S. First Lady Betty Ford, Leonard Firestone and Dr. James West in 1982. West also served as the Betty Ford Center's first medical director from 1982 until 1989. He left that position to become the Betty Ford Center's director of outpatient services.

Betty Ford's decision to undertake such a project followed on the heels of her own battle with alcohol dependence and diazepam addiction after the Fords left the White House, and her release from the Long Beach Naval Hospital.

The Betty Ford Center merged with Hazelden Foundation on February 10, 2014, to create the Hazelden Betty Ford Foundation.

In 2015, the Betty Ford Center opened an outpatient addiction treatment clinic in West Los Angeles.

References

External links
 Hazelden Betty Ford Foundation official website

1982 establishments in California
Organizations established in 1982
Hospitals established in 1982
Addiction organizations in the United States
Residential treatment centers
Drug and alcohol rehabilitation centers
Hospitals in Riverside County, California
Mental health organizations in California
Organizations based in Riverside County, California
Rancho Mirage, California
Center

Betty Ford Center


The , officially known as the  for sponsorship reasons, is the top level of the Japanese football league system. Founded in 1992, it is one of the most successful leagues in Asian club football. Contested by 18 clubs (before increased to 20 teams starts 2024 season), it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the J2 League (previously known as J.League Division 2). It was known as the J.League from 1993 to 1998 before becoming a two-division league and as J.League Division 1 from 1999 to 2014.

History

Phases of J1

Before the professional league (1992 and earlier)
Before the inception of the J.League, the highest level of club football was the Japan Soccer League (JSL), which was formed in 1965 and consisted of amateur clubs. Despite being well-attended during the boom of the late 1960s and early 1970s (when Japan's national team won the bronze Olympic medal at the 1968 games in Mexico), the JSL went into decline in the 1980s, in general line with the deteriorating situation worldwide. Fans were few, the grounds were not of the highest quality, and the Japanese national team was not on a par with the Asian powerhouses. To raise the level of play domestically, to attempt to garner more fans, and to strengthen the national team, the Japan Football Association (JFA) decided to form a professional league.

The professional association football league, J.League was formed in 1992, with eight clubs drawn from the JSL First Division, one from the Second Division, and the newly formed Shimizu S-Pulse. At the same time, JSL changed its name and became the former Japan Football League, a semi-professional league. Although the J.League did not officially launch until 1993, the Yamazaki Nabisco Cup competition was held between the ten clubs in 1992 to prepare for the inaugural season in the next years.

Inaugural season and J.League boom (1993–1995)
J.League officially kicked off its first ever season with ten clubs in early 1993 (15 May 1993).

The first ever J.League match brought together Verdy Kawasaki and Yokohama Marinos at Tokyo National Stadium with a total of 59,626 attendance.

Ten clubs participated in J.League during 1993 season:

 Kashima Antlers
 Urawa Red Diamonds
 JEF United Ichihara
 Verdy Kawasaki
 Yokohama Marinos
 Yokohama Flügels
 Shimizu S-Pulse
 Nagoya Grampus Eight
 Gamba Osaka
 Sanfrecce Hiroshima

After the boom (1996–1999)
Despite the success in the first three years, in early 1996 the league attendance declined rapidly. In 1997 the average attendance was 10,131, compared to more than 19,000 in 1994. Notably, Arsène Wenger managed Nagoya Grampus Eight during this period.

Change of infrastructure and game formats (1999–2004)

The league's management finally realized that they were heading in the wrong direction. In order to solve the problem, the management came out with two solutions.

First, they announced the J.League Hundred Year Vision, in which they aim to make 100 professional association football clubs in the nation of Japan by 2092, the hundredth season. The league also encouraged the clubs to promote football or non-football related sports and health activities, to acquire local sponsorships, and to build good relationship with their hometowns at the grass-root level. The league believed that this will allow the clubs to bond with their respective cities and towns and get support from local government, companies, and citizens. In other words, clubs will be able to rely on the locals, rather than major national sponsors.

Second, the infrastructure of the league was heavily changed in 1999. The league acquired nine clubs from the semi-professional JFL and one club from J.League to create a two division system. The top flight became the J.League Division 1 (J1) with 16 clubs while J.League Division 2 (J2) was launched with ten clubs in 1999. The former second-tier Japan Football League now became the third-tier Japan Football League.

Also, until 2004 (with the exception of 1996 season), the J1 season was divided into two. At the end of each full season, the champions from each half played a two-legged series to determine the overall season winners and runners-up. Júbilo Iwata in 2002, and Yokohama F. Marinos in 2003, won both "halves" of the respective seasons, thus eliminating the need for the playoff series. This was the part of the reason the league abolished the split-season system starting from 2005.

European League Format & AFC Champions League (2005–2008)
Since the 2005 season, J.League Division 1 consisted of 18 clubs (from 16 in 2004) and the season format became more similar to European club football. The number of relegated clubs also increased from 2 to 2.5, with the 3rd-to-last club going into a promotion/relegation playoff with the third-placed J2 club. Since then, other than minor adjustments, the top flight has stayed consistent.

Japanese teams did not treat the AFC Champions League seriously in the early years, in part due to the distances travelled and teams involved. However, in the 2008 Champions League, three Japanese sides made the quarter-finals.

However, in recent years, with the inclusion of the A-League in Eastern Asia, introduction to the Club World Cup, and increased marketability in the Asian continent, both the league and the clubs paid more attention to Asian competition. For example, Kawasaki Frontale built up a notable fan base in Hong Kong, owing to their participation in the Asian Champions League during the 2007 season. Continuous effort led to the success of Urawa Red Diamonds in 2007 and Gamba Osaka in 2008. Thanks to excellent league management and competitiveness in Asian competition, the AFC awarded J.League the highest league ranking and a total of four slots starting from the 2009 season. The league took this as an opportunity to sell TV broadcasting rights to foreign countries, especially in Asia.

Also starting from the 2008 season, the Emperor's Cup Winner was allowed to participate in the upcoming Champions League season, rather than waiting a whole year (i.e. 2005 Emperor's Cup winner, Tokyo Verdy, participated in the 2007 ACL season, instead of the 2006 season). In order to fix this one-year lag issue, the 2007 Emperor's Cup winner, Kashima Antlers' turn was waived. Nonetheless, Kashima Antlers ended up participating in the 2009 ACL season by winning the J.League title in the 2008 season.

Modern phase (2009–2016)
Three major changes were seen starting in the 2009 season. First, starting that season, four clubs entered the AFC Champions League. Secondly, the number of relegation slots increased to three. Finally, the AFC Player slot was implemented starting this season. Each club will be allowed to have a total of four foreign players; however, one slot is reserved for a player that derives from an AFC country other than Japan. Also, as a requirement of being a member of the Asian Football Confederation, in 2012 the J.League Club Licence became one criterion of whether a club was permitted to be promoted to a higher tier in professional level leagues. No major changes happened to J.League Division 1 as the number of clubs stayed at 18.

In 2015 the J.League Division 1 was renamed J1 League. Also, the tournament format was changed to a three-stage system. The season was split into first and second stages, followed by a third and final championship stage. The third stage was composed of three to five teams.  The top point accumulator in each stage and the top three point accumulators for the overall season qualified.  If both of the stage winners finished in the top three teams for the season, then only three teams qualified for the championship stage.  These teams then took part in a championship playoff stage to decide the winner of the league trophy.

Current (2017–)
Despite the new multi-stage format being initially reported as locked in for five seasons, due to negative reaction from hardcore fans and failure to appeal to casual fans, after 2016 it was abandoned in favour of a return to a single-stage system. From 2017, the team which accumulates the most points will be named champion, with no championship stage taking place at the season's end, and from 2018, the bottom two clubs are relegated and the 16th-placed club enters a playoff with the J2 club that wins a promotion playoff series. If the J2 playoff winner prevails, the club is promoted, with the J1 club being relegated, otherwise the J1 club can retain its position in J1 League with the promotion failure of the J2 club.

In November 2017, Urawa Red Diamonds played the AFC Champions League final against Al Hilal. After a draw in the first leg, Urawa Red Diamonds won the second leg 1-0 and were crowned Asian Champions. In the past 10–15 years, Japanese clubs have risen not only continentally, but also internationally. Clubs Gamba Osaka and Urawa Red Diamonds have been crowned Asian champions and participated in the Club World Cup, always targeting at least the semi-finals. Kashima Antlers were finalists of the 2016 edition and eventually lost to Real Madrid.

Timeline

Crest

2023 season

League format

Eighteen clubs play in double round-robin (home and away) format, a total of 34 games each. A club receives 3 points for a win, 1 point for a tie, and 0 points for a loss. The clubs are ranked by points, and tiebreakers are, in the following order:
 Goal differential
 Goals scored
 Head-to-head results
 Disciplinary points
A draw would be conducted, if necessary. However, if two clubs are tied for first place, both clubs will be declared as co-champions. The top two clubs will qualify to the following season's AFC Champions League Elite, the third-placers qualify to the following season's AFC Champions League 2, while the bottom two clubs will be relegated to J2. The third-bottom club will play a playoff against the J2 playoffs winning team.

Prize money (2020 figures)
 Champions: 300,000,000 yen
 Second place: 120,000,000 yen
 Third place: 60,000,000 yen

In addition to the prize, the top 4 clubs are awarded with the following funds.

J league funds distributed to top 4 clubs (from 2017)
 Champions: 1,550,000,000 yen
 Second place: 700,000,000 yen
 Third place: 350,000,000 yen
 Fourth place: 180,000,000 yen

Participating clubs

Source for teams participating:
Pink background denotes club was most recently promoted from J2 League.
"Year joined" is the year the club joined the J.League (Division 1 unless otherwise indicated).
"First season in top flight", "Seasons in top flight", "Current spell in top flight", and "Last title" include seasons in the old Japan Soccer League First Division.

Stadiums (2023)

Primary venues used in the J1 League:

Former clubs

Grey background denotes club was most recently relegated to J2 League.
"Year joined" is the year the club joined the J.League (Division 1 unless otherwise indicated).
"First season in top flight", "Seasons in top flight", "Last spell in top flight", and "Last title" includes seasons in the old Japan Soccer League First Division.

Statistics

All-time J1 League table
The all-time J1 League table is a cumulative record of all match results, points, and goals of every team that has played in the J1 League. The table that follows is accurate as of the end of the 2022 season. Teams in bold are part of the 2023 J1 League.

Note: For statistical purposes, the traditional 3–1–0 points system is used for all matches. As in the season, 1993–1994 did not use the point system. In seasons 1995–1996 were using 3 pts for any win, 1 pt for PK loss, and 0 pts for regulation or extra time loss. In seasons 1997-1998 were using 3 pts for a regulation win, 2 pts for extra-time win, 1 pt for PK win, and 0 pts for any loss. And from seasons 1999–2002 were using 3 pts for a regulation win, 2 pts for an extra time win, and 1 pt for a tie.

League or status at 2022:

Championship history

Most successful clubs
Clubs in bold compete in top flight for the 2023 season.

Relegation history
Only four clubs have never been relegated from J1. Among those, only two clubs – Kashima Antlers and Yokohama F. Marinos – have participated in every league season since its establishment in 1993. Sagan Tosu were promoted to the first division in 2012 and remain there ever since. The former J.League club Yokohama Flügels never experienced relegation before their merger with Yokohama Marinos in 1999.

JEF United Chiba holds the record for the longest top flight participation streak of 44 consecutive seasons in the first divisions of JSL and J.League that lasted from the establishment of JFL in 1965 and ended with their relegation in 2009. The longest ongoing top flight streak belongs to Yokohama F. Marinos who have played in the top flight since 1982 (42 seasons as of 2022).

The 1998 season
When the league introduced the two-division system in 1999, they also reduced number of Division 1 clubs from 18 to 16. At the end of 1998 season, they ran the J.League Promotion Tournament to determine the two relegated clubs.

Split-season era (1999–2004, 2015–2016)
Throughout 1999 to 2003 seasons, the two bottom clubs were relegated to Division 2. To accommodate the split-season format, combined overall standings were used to determine the relegated clubs. This created a confusing situation, where for the championship race stage standings were used, while overall standing was used for relegation survival.

At end of the 2004 season, Division 1 again expanded from 16 to 18 clubs. No clubs were relegated; however, the last-placed (16th) club had to play the Promotion/Relegation Series against the 3rd placed club from J2. Again, to determine the 16th placed club, the overall standing was used instead of stage standings.

For two seasons starting in 2015, the three bottom clubs were relegated based on overall standings.

Single season era (2005–2014, 2017–2019, 2022–present)
For the next four seasons, 2005 to 2008, the number of relegating clubs was increased to 2.5, with two clubs from each division being promoted and relegated directly, and two more (15th in J1 and 3rd in J2) competing in the Promotion/Relegation Series.

In 2009, the promotion/relegation series was abandoned and three teams were directly exchanged between divisions. In 2012, promotion playoffs were introduced in J2, allowing teams that finished from 3rd to 6th to compete for the last J1 promotion place. For the 2018, 2019 and 2022 seasons, the bottom two teams are relegated and the entry playoff has the 16th team play the J2 playoff winner. From 2023 onwards, the entry J1-J2 playoff was abandoned again since 2009 and three teams were directly exchanged between divisions.

Single season era only COVID-19 (2021)
No teams descended to J2 after the 2020 season due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan and its effects. Instead, four relegations were in place for the 2021 season to bring back the number of teams from 20 to 18.

Summary
* Bold designates relegated clubs;† Won the Pro/rele Series or entry playoff;‡ Lost the Pro/rele Series or entry playoff and relegated

Other tournaments
Domestic tournaments
Fujifilm Super Cup (1994–present)
Emperor's Cup (1921–present)
J.League YBC Levain Cup (1992–present, excluding 1995)
J1/J2 play-offs (2018–2022, excluding 2020/21)

International tournaments
FIFA Club World Cup (2007–2008, 2011–2012, 2015–2016)
AFC Champions League (1969, 1986/87–2002/03, 2004–present)
J-League Cup/Copa Sudamericana Championship (2008–present)

Defunct tournament
Suntory Championship (1993–2004, excluding 1996)
Sanwa Bank Cup (1994–1997)
JOMO All-Stars Soccer (1993–2007)
A3 Champions Cup (2003–2007)
Promotion/Relegation Series (2004–2008)
Pan-Pacific Championship (2008, 2009)

Players and managers

Players
List of J1 League players
List of foreign J1 League players

Managers
List of J.League managers

Media coverage

Japan
All J1 matches are streamed live through DAZN until 2033 season, with selected matches also televised live plus highlights of other matches also available on public broadcaster NHK and Tokyo MX.

Outside Japan

The league is currently covered internationally (excluding China) by NHK World Premium (Japanese audio only) and Dentsu. Four matches per week available on J.League official Youtube channel (for countries without broadcasting rights agreement only) and several broadcasters around the world.

 – as main distributor, including J2 matches.

Notes

See also

 Sport in Japan
 Football in Japan
 Women's football in Japan
 Japan Football Association (JFA)

 Association football
 League system
 Japanese association football league system
 J.League records and statistics
 J.League
 J1 League (Tier 1)
 J2 League (Tier 2)
 J3 League (Tier 3)
 Japan Football League (JFL) (Tier 4)
 Regional Champions League (Promotion playoffs to JFL)
 Regional Leagues (Tier 5/6)

 Domestic cup
 Fujifilm Super Cup (Super Cup)
 Emperor's Cup (National Cup)
 J.League YBC Levain Cup (League Cup)

 Futsal
 F.League
 F1 League (Tier 1)
 F2 League (Tier 2)
 JFA Futsal Championship (National Cup)
 F.League Ocean Cup (League Cup)

 Beach soccer
 Beach Soccer Championship (National Cup)

References

External links
 Official website, JLeague.jp
 Official YouTube Channel
 RSSSF.com - Japan - List of Champions

1
1
Top level football leagues in Asia
Summer association football leagues
Sports leagues established in 1992
1992 establishments in Japan
Professional sports leagues in Japan

J1 League


Saint Georges é uma região censo-designada localizada no estado americano do Delaware, no Condado de New Castle. Possui quase 2 mil habitantes, de acordo com o censo nacional de 2020.

Geografia
De acordo com o Departamento do Censo dos Estados Unidos, a região tem uma área de , dos quais  estão cobertos por terra e  (4,9%) por água.

Demografia

Censo 2020
Segundo o censo nacional de 2020, a sua população é de  e sua densidade populacional de .

Possui  que resulta em uma densidade de . Deste total, 4,0% das unidades habitacionais estão desocupadas. A média de ocupação é de 3,0 pessoas por residência.

A renda familiar média é de  e a taxa de emprego é de 70,1%.

Marcos históricos
O Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos lista 11 marcos históricos em St. Georges. O primeiro marco foi designado em 16 de abril de 1971 e o mais recente em 22 de agosto de 1995, o Distrito Histórico North Saint Georges.

Ligações externas

Regiões censitárias do Delaware
Localidades do condado de New Castle

Saint Georges (Delaware)


بوريفيستنيك  هي مدينة في مقاطعة نيجني نوفغورود أوبلاست في روسيا.

مدن مقاطعة نيجني نوفغورود

بوريفيستنيك (نيزنيج نوفغورود)


Esta é uma lista dos Católicos-Patriarcas da Igreja Assíria do Oriente. O Patriarca é o líder da Igreja Assíria do Oriente, que representa a continuação tradicionalista da antiga Igreja do Oriente.

Durante o período entre meados do séc. XVI e o início do séc. XIX, marcado por várias divisões internas, o ramo tradicionalista da Igreja do Oriente foi representado inicialmente pela linhagem sênior de patriarcas Elias que residia no Mosteiro Rabban Hormizd perto de Alqosh, e mais tarde também pela linhagem mais jovem do patriarca Simão que residia em Qochanis. Patriarcas da linha Simão eram tradicionalistas desde o séc. XVII. Em 1804, o último patriarca da linha Elias morreu sem sucessor, permitindo assim que o patriarca Simão XVI (1780-1820) da linha de Qochanis para se tornar o único primaz de todo o ramo tradicionalista da Igreja do Oriente.

Patriarcas tradicionalistas de ambas as linhagens

Patriarcas desde 1804

Residência em Qochanis.

 Simão XVI João (1780–1820)  – Desde 1804, o único patriarca tradicionalista;
 Simão XVII Abraão (1820–1861);
 Simão XVIII Rubi (1861–1903);
 Simão XIX Benjamin (1903–1918) – Devido ao Sayfo (genocídio assírio), a residência em Qochanis terminou em 1915, com o Patriarca residindo a partir de 1915 entre Urmia e Salmas, Pérsia, até seu assassinato em 1918 quebrando a natureza multinacional da Igreja do Oriente, deixando muitos bispos não-assírios isolados em diferentes partes do mundo para continuarem suas Igrejas independentes do Oriente de forma autônoma;
 Simão XX Paulos (1918–1920) – Transferiu o Patriarcado para Mosul, no Iraque;
 Lugar-tenente:
 José Khnanisho (coadjutor) (1918–1920);
 São Mar Abimaleque Timotéo (coadjutor) (1920).
 Simão XXI Eshai (1920–1975) - Forçado ao exílio em 1933 e, portanto, o patriarcado foi temporariamente localizado em Chipre antes de se mudar para Chicago, Illinois em 1940 e, finalmente, para San Francisco, Califórnia. Ele acabou com o patriarcado hereditário. Renomeou a Igreja como Igreja Assíria do Oriente, que junto com outras reformas levou a Antiga Igreja do Oriente a se separar. Ele renunciou em 1973, embora oficialmente ainda permanecesse Patriarca. Ele foi assassinado em San Jose, Califórnia, encerrando a Linha Simão de 658 anos;
 Dinkha IV (1976 – 2015) – Primeiro Patriarca canonicamente eleito desde 1600. Consagrado e entronizado em 17 de outubro de 1976 na Igreja de São Barnabé, Londres, Reino Unido. Transferiu o Patriarcado para Chicago, Illinois, em 1980, depois de morar temporariamente em Teerã, Irã. Sucessão hereditária abolida após sua eleição;
 Lugar-tenente: Aprem Mooken (2015).
 Gewargis III (2015 - 2021) - Em 18 de setembro de 2015, foi eleito Católico-Patriarca pelo Santo Sínodo da Igreja Assíria do Oriente. Consagrado e entronizado em 27 de setembro de 2015, na Igreja Catedral de São João Batista, Erbil, Iraque. Deixou a Sé Patriarcal em 6 de setembro de 2021;
 Awa III (2021 – ) – Em 8 de setembro de 2021, foi eleito Católico-Patriarca pelo Santo Sínodo da Igreja Assíria do Oriente. Consagrado e Entronizado em 13 de setembro de 2021, na Festa da Santa Cruz, na Igreja Catedral de São João Batista, Erbil, Iraque.

Ver também

 Antiga Igreja do Oriente
 Patriarca da Igreja do Oriente
 Lista de patriarcas da Igreja do Oriente

Referências

Listas de cristianismo
Igreja Assíria do Oriente
Patriarcas da Igreja Assíria do Oriente

Lista de patriarcas da Igreja Assíria do Oriente


Sir Alfred Cecil Walker (17 December 1924 – 3 January 2007) was an Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) politician, who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for North Belfast from 1983 to 2001.

Walker was born in Belfast. His father was a police constable. He was educated at Everton Elementary School, Model Boys' School, and Belfast Methodist College. He worked for the Belfast timber trader James P. Corry after leaving school in 1941 until he was elected to Parliament in 1983. He married Ann Verrant in 1953. They had two sons.

He became actively involved in Unionist politics in the 1970s, was an unsuccessful pro-White Paper Unionist candidate at the election to the 1973 Northern Ireland Assembly and was elected to Belfast City Council in 1977.  He contested the Belfast North constituency in the 1979 general election, narrowly losing to John McQuade of the Democratic Unionist Party.  He won the seat 4 years later, in the 1983 general election, after McQuade retired. He was one of the MPs with the lowest attendance rate at Westminster.

Along with all other Unionist MPs, he resigned his seat in December 1985 in protest at the Anglo-Irish Agreement.  He was re-elected at a by-election in January 1986. In 1988, he advocated internment of Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) suspects to stem a series of murders, but also argued for the internment of suspects connected with the Ulster Defence Association and the Ulster Volunteer Force. In 1998, he was one of only two UUP MPs to support the Good Friday Agreement without reservation, and he backed UUP leader David Trimble until the end of Trimble's own political career in 2005.

However, he lost his own seat to Nigel Dodds of the DUP in the 2001 general election, following a disastrous televised debate at Crumlin Road Courthouse in his constituency, in which he stumbled over some of the most rudimentary questions.  His vote declined from 21,000 to 4,000, his 13,000 majority was transformed into a 6,000 majority for the DUP and he was beaten into fourth place behind Sinn Féin and the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) - although this was also partly because there had been no DUP candidate in the previous general election.

He was noted for the moderation of his Unionist views, which contrasted with the deep sectarian divisions in his constituency.  He said he would have no objection to amending the Act of Settlement 1701 to allow the heir to the throne to marry a Roman Catholic, and caused controversy in 2001 by saying that a united Ireland in 30 years time may not be a bad thing, though he later said that was a "throwaway line that has been taken out of context".  He was created a Knight Bachelor in the Queen's Birthday Honours in June 2002.

Death
He lived in Glengormley, in County Antrim, and died of a heart attack in Newtownabbey. He was survived by his wife and their two sons.

References

Former MP Cecil Walker dies at 81, BBC News, 3 January 2007
 Obituary, The Independent, 5 January 2007
Obituary, The Daily Telegraph, 5 January 2007
Obituary, The Times, 9 January 2007
Obituary, The Guardian, 15 January 2007

Times Guide to the House of Commons, 1992 edition

External links

1924 births
2007 deaths
Politicians from Belfast
Members of Belfast City Council
Knights Bachelor
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Belfast constituencies (since 1922)
Ulster Unionist Party members of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
People educated at Methodist College Belfast

Cecil Walker


Prinsesse Adelheid til Schaumburg-Lippe (; 9. marts 1821 – 30. juli 1899) var en tysk prinsesse af Schaumburg-Lippe, der var hertuginde af Slesvig-Holsten-Sønderborg-Glücksborg fra 1878 til 1885.

Hun var datter af Fyrst Georg Vilhelm af Schaumburg-Lippe og blev gift i 1841 med den senere Hertug Frederik af Slesvig-Holsten-Sønderborg-Glücksborg, der var bror til Kong Christian 9. af Danmark.

Biografi

Prinsesse Adelheid blev født den  i Schaumburg-Lippes hovedstad Bückeburg. Hun var det tredje barn og anden datter af Fyrst Georg Vilhelm af Schaumburg-Lippe i hans ægteskab med Prinsesse Ida af Waldeck og Pyrmont. Hendes far var fyrste af det lille fyrstendømme Schaumburg-Lippe i det centrale Tyskland. Prinsesse Adelheid havde otte søskende, heriblandt den senere Fyrst Adolf 1. Georg af Schaumburg-Lippe.

Hun blev gift den 16. oktober 1841 i Bückeburg med Prins Frederik af Slesvig-Holsten-Sønderborg-Glücksborg (1814-1885), der var en yngre søn af Hertug Vilhelm af Slesvig-Holsten-Sønderborg-Glücksborg og Prinsesse Louise Karoline af Hessen-Kassel. Han var desuden storebror til den senere Kong Christian 9. af Danmark. I ægteskabet blev der født fem børn, heriblandt den senere Hertug Frederik Ferdinand af Slesvig-Holsten-Sønderborg-Glücksborg.

Prins Frederik og Prinsesse Adelheid blev skilt i 1848. De giftede sig dog igen den 7. maj 1854.

Ved sin barnløse storebroder Hertug Carls død den 24. oktober 1878 succederede Prins Frederik som hertug af Glücksborg, og Adelheid blev hertuginde.

Hertug Frederik døde den 27. november 1885. Hertuginde Adelheid overlevede sin mand med 13 år og døde 78 år gammel den 30. juli 1899 i Itzehoe i Slesvig-Holsten.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Huset Schaumburg-Lippe
Hertuginder af Glücksborg
Kongelige fra Tyskland
Prinsesser
Personer fra Bückeburg

Adelheid af Schaumburg-Lippe


Uma fotografia instantânea é uma fotografia "tirada" de forma espontânea e rápida, na maioria das vezes sem intenção artística ou jornalística e geralmente feita com uma câmera relativamente barata e compacta.

Assuntos instantâneos comuns incluem os eventos da vida cotidiana, geralmente retratando membros da família, amigos, animais de estimação, crianças brincando, festas de aniversário e outras comemorações, pôr do sol, atrações turísticas e afins.

Os instantâneos podem ser tecnicamente "imperfeitos" ou amadores: mal enquadrados ou compostos, fora de foco e/ou iluminados de forma inadequada pelo flash. Configurações automatizadas em câmeras de consumo ajudaram a obter uma qualidade tecnologicamente equilibrada em instantâneos. O uso de tais configurações pode revelar a falta de opções de especialistas que implicariam em mais controle do ponto de foco e menor profundidade de campo para obter imagens mais agradáveis, destacando o assunto contra um fundo desfocado.

A fotografia instantânea pode ser considerada a forma mais pura de fotografia ao fornecer imagens com as características que distinguem a fotografia de outras mídias visuais – sua ubiquidade, instantaneidade, multiplicidade e verossimilhança.

Fotografia

Fotografia instantânea


Foyer S.A. ist ein luxemburgisches Versicherungsunternehmen mit Sitz in Leudelingen.

Das Unternehmen wurde am 28. Oktober 1922 mit einem Kapital von 5 Millionen Francs durch Léon Laval als Le Foyer, Compagnie Luxembourgeoise d'Assurances S.A. gegründet. Es bietet Versicherungsleistungen im Privatsektor und im Geschäftssektor an. 2005 wurde der Name in Foyer geändert.

Die Aktien des Unternehmens werden an der Luxemburger Börse gehandelt und waren Bestandteil des LuxX Index.

Weblinks
 Website des Unternehmens

Versicherungsunternehmen
Finanzdienstleister (Luxemburg)
Leudelingen

Foyer Assurances


The spring peeper (Pseudacris crucifer) is a small chorus frog widespread throughout the eastern United States and Canada. They prefer permanent ponds due to their advantage in avoiding predation; however, they are very adaptable with respect to the habitat they can live in. In northern regions, the frog is able to endure below freezing temperatures due to the capacity of their livers to exude and flush the bloodstream with a glucose  cryoprotectant which acts both as an anti-freeze in their blood, and allows organs like the heart to enter into a state of protected dormancy. They are so called because of their chirping call that marks the beginning of spring. Crucifer is derived from the Latin root meaning "cross-bearing." This could be a reference to the cross-like pattern on the spring peeper's dorsal side.

These chirping calls are significant for communication in mating as females choose their mates based on the frequency and volume associated with them. Satellite males who do not make any calls also strategically place themselves near those that make louder calls in an attempt to intercept females.

Temperature plays a large role in when the spring peeper begins breeding as well as the duration of mating. Warm spells result in a massive increased calling rate.

Description
Spring peepers are tan or brown frogs with a dark cross on their dorsa (thus the Latin name crucifer, meaning cross-bearer), though sometimes the marking may be indistinct. Dark lines can also be found between the eyes and in a crossband on the hindlimbs of P. crucifer. They have a body length between less than  to  and a mass between .

Unlike some other Pseudacris species, P. crucifer does not have white lines on its lips, but its lips may be lighter than its head.

Anatomy and physiology
The species has large toe pads for climbing, although it is more at home amid the loose debris of the forest floor. Because of its toepads, the spring peeper was once thought to be more closely related to treefrogs than chorus frogs and was placed in the genus Hyla, but it is now in the genus Pseudacris.

The color variations of P. crucifer are mostly tan, brown, olive green, and gray. All have a slightly pale yellow coloration on the inside of the thighs. Females are lighter-colored, while males are slightly smaller and usually have dark throats. Females have a bulkier abdomen. Skin color of Spring Peepers is also affected by temperature and light. Coloration is dynamic and adaptable in this species. It can be altered quickly, in 15 to 45 minutes, in order to better camouflage from predators.

This frog has a vocal sac that expands and deflates like a balloon to create a short and distinct peeping sound. Only males can make this loud high-pitched noise, and they use it to attract mates.
In the female spring peeper, protruding beyond the lower jaw of the frog sits its snout. Through the use of adhesive pads located on the tips of their non-webbed fingers, spring peepers can stick to particular materials. Males and females are differentiated from one another through the darkening of the skin beneath the jaw in males. Males have a body length ranging from , and females have a body length ranging from .

Glands and toxins
In Hyla crucifer males, the blackened pigmentation of the testis affects the seminiferous tubules, the underside of the peritoneum, and the organ itself. The tubules of the testis are surrounded by a pigment layer and a layer of flattened epithelial cells which are located within the surrounding connective tissue. The thickness of an average testis is about 1.10 mm and 2.5 mm in length. The spermatogonia are a cluster of masses jutting out from the tubule lumen. In the late fall, the spermatozoa, located in the seminiferous tubules of the spring peeper, mature and remain there until the spring for breeding. After the seminiferous tubules are emptied, during mating season, the pigmentation of the testis changes from black to a dull grey.

In the spring peeper, most of its energy is used during courtship. Higher energetic costs in female spring peepers are associated with gametogenesis, which occurs before breeding. Stored reserves of fat and glycogen contents can be measured early in the reproductive process to determine the amount used in spring peepers and their correlation to body size. Nonpolar lipid and glycogen content in male spring peepers increased with body mass, whereas in females, it decreased or had minimal variation. The fiber triglyceride and glycogen contents of the female spring peeper's liver increased significantly slower than in males as body mass increased. At the beginning of the breeding season, male spring peepers have more significant amounts of bodily lipid content. Therefore, those that are larger are experiencing lower efficiencies in calling. More reserves of glycogen and lipids are required to maintain calling during the season and require additional rationing of reserves to prepare themselves for courtship. In females, there is a positive correlation between their snout length and wet ovary mass, which also correlates to an increase in body size.

Respiratory and circulatory system
The bigger, older, and more fit male spring peepers are typically superior callers. These types of males utilize citrate synthase and β-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase in their muscles at greater levels. Males with higher calling rates also tend to inhibit larger ventricles and greater concentrations of blood hemoglobin; both the large ventricle size and blood hemoglobin concentrations play a significant role in the speed of oxygen consumption, which is intensely linked to the calling rate. When a male spring peeper calls, the sound is made by the contraction of external and internal oblique muscles which subsequently force air out of the lungs, then move through the larynx to the vocal sac. Of the total body weight of male spring peepers, 15% is made up of the trunk muscles – which contain 2% of lipids in the body by volume – and showcase enzymes with mitochondrial markers. Calls that occur at rapid rates result in prominent energetic costs, which is why stored lipids are the source of 90% of energy applied to calling.

Thermoregulation
Climate plays a major role in the timing of spring peeper breeding: studies have shown a correlation between temperature and the date of first call (when spring peepers start to breed). Though the precise factors affecting breeding timing are complex, there has been a trend towards earlier breeding as average temperatures have increased since the early 20th century.

Another impact of temperature is the duration of mating calls. There is a negative relationship between the length of mating calls and throat temperature. However, male spring peepers with superior calling frequencies are positively related to throat temperature. The temperature of the surrounding environment of spring peepers also plays a role in the rate of calls, which is positively associated with the success of males during the mating and breeding period, showing that increasing site and throat temperatures result in increasing dominant frequency.

Spring peepers are known to tolerate freezing temperatures by producing a glucose-based cryoprotectant to limit cell shrinkage and prevent cell freezing.

Geographic range and habitat
The southern spring peeper's habitat includes the Gulf Coast from southeastern Texas to southeastern Georgia and northern Florida, United States. Its northern conspecific occurs in the entire east of the Mississippi and spreads to eastern and central Canada.

During the breeding season, the spring peeper will be found near ponds and usually located in bodies of water that are free of fish and pollutants. During actual breeding, their choruses form near where trees hang by bushy plants or secondary forests. Their choruses can also be located within ponds, marshes, or swamps. They will usually resume call activity during warm rain, and are not commonly seen outside of their breeding choruses. During the non-breeding season, they will inhabit dead plant material from trees, shrubs, and other plants in the woods.

Spring peepers are often found in temporary ponds (which eventually dry during the summer months), intermediate ponds that have interchanging periods of being dry and wet every year, or in customarily filled ponds year-round. Although they are able to inhabit multiple types of ponds, spring peepers have been seen to be superior competitors in permanent ponds due to their higher caliber of predation resistance within the environment. Spring peepers live primarily in forests and regenerating woodlands near ephemeral or semipermanent wetlands. This amphibious species requires marshes, ponds, or swamp regions to support the aquatic environment the eggs and tadpoles need.

In the northern reaches of their range, spring peepers must endure occasional periods of subfreezing temperatures during the breeding season. The species can tolerate the freezing of some of its body fluids, and undergoes hibernation under logs or behind loose bark on trees. It is capable of surviving the freezing of its internal body fluids to temperatures as low as −8 °C (17.6 °F). This species frequently occurs in breeding aggregations of several hundred individuals, and commonly breeds in many small wetlands, including swamps and temporary pools and disturbed habitats, such as farm ponds and borrow pits.

Home range and territoriality
The mating displays of male spring peepers vary with different environmental factors: humidity and vegetation density. These factors play a significant role in the arboreal behavior and nature of spring peepers during mating. At sites with higher humidity and air temperature, there is increased dominance of arboreal behavior, which showcases that latitude may play a role. Spring peepers who reside in areas of warmer temperatures tend to exhibit arboreal behavior to greater extents compared to those in environments of lower temperatures. When comparing the improvement of mating calls in males, calls from above ground compared to those near the ground showcased better results. Local vegetation may also play a role in the betterment of arboreal calling compared to calling from lower levels due to the spatial aspects interrupting the call.

Spring peepers almost always migrate at night. This is most likely to prevent drying out.

Diet

Larva (tadpole)
Tadpoles are suspension feeders, therefore they graze on inorganic and organic matter. They also feed on algae and other organisms in the water. Their predators include great diving beetle larvae (when in tadpole form), snakes, skunks, and larger frogs.

Adult
Spring peepers are nocturnal insectivores, emerging at night to feed primarily on small invertebrates, such as beetles, ants, flies, and spiders. They do not climb high into trees, but hunt in low vegetation. Spring peepers living in deep, damp forests are active hunters both day and night, whereas those found in woodland edges restrict most hunting and other activity to night. The spring peeper's diet involves the filtering of particles from water columns and scouring periphyton and detritus (dead, organic matter) from environmental surfaces in their habitat.

Reproduction and lifecycle

Brood size
Spring peepers breed in southern areas from October to March, depending on the local temperature. In northern areas, they breed between March and June, when the warm rains start. P. crucifer typically lays around 900 eggs per clutch, but up to 1000 are possible. Females will lay eggs singularly or in groups of two or three. Egg clusters are hidden under vegetation or debris at the water base.

Lifespan

After they hatch, they remain tadpoles for two to three months before transforming into frogs and are ready to leave the water. Following breeding in the spring, the spring peepers' larval stage lasts two to three months. The spring peeper can live an estimated three years in the wild.

By looking at the different shading/coloring of concentric rings in the skeletons of spring peepers, age can be determined regarding the way of bone growth. Darker lines coincide with periods of higher survival rates during winter months. Lighter lines and areas represent periods of bone deposition and rapid growth. These lines allow it to be determined that spring peepers begin to breed, going into their third spring when they are two years old. Male spring peepers have reached sexual maturity at this time yet are smaller in size than females. Between spring peepers' second and third years, their body size increases significantly, then subsequently plateaus. During the first season of breeding, the two-year-old males produce higher frequency calls than males in their third and fourth seasons do

Mating

Mate searching behavior

As their common name implies, the spring peeper has a high-pitched call similar to that of a young chicken, only much louder and rising slightly in tone. They are among the first frogs in the regions to call in the spring. Unlike A. americanus and P. feriarum whose call activity is dependent on seasonality, 63% of variance in P. crucifer call is explained by temperature. Calling rate can be modified by interactions among neighboring males, which tend to alternate calls with one another. The mating calls of the spring peeper consist of a sound very similar to a "peep" and are repeated by males up to 13,500 times per night. As a chorus, they resemble the sounds of sleigh bells. They are heard early in spring not long after the ice melts on the wetlands. The males usually call from the edges of the bodies of water in which they breed, hidden near the bases of shrubs or grasses. Even when calling, they may be difficult to locate and are most easily seen when in amplexus in the shallows. As in other frogs, an aggressive call is made when densities are high. This call is a rising trill closely resembling the breeding call of the southern chorus frog (Pseudacris nigrita nigrita).

Female/male interactions

Courting

Females choose mates based on the speed and volume of these male calls. Interestingly, females also discriminate between distinct genetic lineages, with females preferring males of their own lineage, possibly due to the detrimental effects of hybridization. Older, larger males tend to have faster and louder calls that are preferred by the females. A segment of the male population, known as 'satellite males' do not make these calls, but instead position themselves near loud males and attempt to intercept females drawn in by these calls. Males can switch between satellite-ing and calling. The satellite tactic is not associated with size or inferiority. Males normally call between 15 and 25 times per minute to attract mates starting in the evening and continuing through the night. Male spring peepers have also been found to increase the duration and frequency of aggressive calls in response to increased calling intensity from others. These satellite males are also known to circumvent female choice and increase rates of hybridization between spring peeper lineages. Males produce both advertisement calls, long-range calls that signal a male's position to other males and to attract females, and courtship calls, short-range calls that are directed toward nearby females to inform them that the male is ready to mate.

Mate choice
It has been established that the mating call of male spring peepers acts as an etiological isolating mechanism. As a potential agent of sexual selection, the mating call has many variations that may come into play as a major factor in mate choice by females. During mating, females monitor body size in correlation to the frequency of calls in an inverse matter. The basilar papilla of the inner ear is responsible for decoding and detecting mating calls. The basilar papilla units within the female ear are tuned between 2100 and 3700 Hz and are dependent on intensity. Females tend to select low-frequency calls over high-frequency ones because the calls at the lower end of the spectrum are easier to detect. The calls of spring peepers are often repeated, which has been deemed essential concerning the evolution of the mate choice of females reacting to particular mating and courtship behavior.

Enemies
Spring peepers encounter enemies in their natural environments early in their development. Compared to intermediate or temporary ponds, permanent ponds host a large abundance of tadpoles and larger predators. Drying periods of ponds typically align before or during the metamorphic larval stage of spring peepers due to their slower growth rates. This suggests that higher mortality rates may be an effect. Salamanders and particular kinds of fish are seen to have profound impacts on the survivorship of spring peeper tadpoles. Each type of pond typically hosts different predators: temporary ponds host beetle larvae and dragonflies, intermediate ponds host salamanders and beetle larvae, and permanent ponds host fishes and dragonfly larvae. Each predator plays a role as a potential predator to the spring peeper, depending on which type of pond they inhabit.

Spring peeper larvae are thought to be poor competitors in environments where other anurans are present. This is typically due to the larval spring peepers' small size and lower levels of activity. The small size of the larval allows them to be able to deal with their depressed resource density. Larval spring peepers harvest smaller amounts of resources, resulting in them having lower metabolic costs and a maintained growth rate. Spring peepers are said to occupy locations where predators have previously gotten ridden of bigger competitors.

Conservation status
The spring peeper has no special status in most areas. They are common and widespread in the eastern regions. However, their habitats change quickly due to loss of wetlands. In some areas, their populations have decreased significantly.

The species is listed as threatened in both Iowa and Kansas.

Taxonomy
There are currently two subspecies recognized, although detailed genetic and behavioral analysis demonstrates they likely are not taxonomically accurate:
 The northern, P. c. crucifer, found all over the eastern United States and eastern Canada.
 The southern, P. c. bartramiana. The southern is distinguished by a strong dark marking on its belly. P. c. bartramiana is found along the southern Gulf Coast from southeastern Texas to northern Florida and southern Georgia.

References

External links

 Spring peeper, audio recording
 Spring Peeper on Reptiles and Amphibians of Iowa

Chorus frogs
Cryozoa
Amphibians of the United States
Amphibians of Canada
Fauna of the Great Lakes region (North America)
Fauna of the Northeastern United States
Fauna of the Southeastern United States
Ecology of the Appalachian Mountains
Amphibians described in 1838

Spring peeper


الهادي الأرناؤوط من أوائل الرسامين التونسيين، عاش في بداية القرن العشرين. وكان من باعثي المسرح التونسي، حتى أن التمرينات الأولى لأول جمعية مسرحية تأسست كانت تتم بالقنصلية الإيطالية حيث كان يعمل موظفا.

وصلة خارجية
إحدى لوحات الرسام الهادي الأرناؤوط ضمن طابع بريدي صادر عام 1985

رسامون تونسيون

الهادي الأرناؤوط


සුක්රෝස්, යනු කාබෝහයිඩ්‍රේටයකි මොනොසැකරයිඩ අනු දෙකක් ග්ලයිකොසිඩික් බන්ධනයකින් බැදී සුක්රෝස් අනුවක් නිපදවයි

 ග්ලූකෝස් + ග්ලූකෝස් = මෝල්ටෝස්

 ග්ලූකෝස් + ගැලැක්ටෝස් = ලැක්ටෝස්

 ග්ලූකෝස් + ප්‍රක්ටෝස් = සුක්රෝස්

සුක්රෝස් නිර්ඔක්සිහාරක සීනී වේ. ස්ඵටික සාදන අතර ජලද්‍රාව්‍ය සංයෝගයකි. පැනි රසැති වේ. ශාක වල ප්ලෝයම පරිවහන ද්‍රව්‍යයකි.

සුක්රෝස් ජලවිච්ඡේදනය කිරීමේදී නැවතත් ග්ලූකෝස් හා ප්‍රක්ටෝස් ලැබේ. ඒ සදහා තනුක අම්ලයක් හෝ සුක්රේස් එන්සයිම ය භාවිත කල හැකිය.

ඩයිසැකරයිඩ

සුක්රෝස්


فوسكريسينسكويي  هي مدينة في مقاطعة ساراتوف أوبلاست في روسيا.

مراجع

مدن مقاطعة ساراتوف

فوسكريسينسكويي (مقاطعة ساراتوف)


12579 Ceva este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
12579 Ceva este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul San Vittore din Bologna. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,08 ua, o excentricitate de 0,19 și o înclinație de 1,6° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 12001-13000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1999
Centura de asteroizi

12579 Ceva


مكتب المفوضية السامية للأمم المتحدة لحقوق الإنسان   (يرمز لها اختصارا بـ OHCHR) هي وكالة دولية تابعة لمنظمة الأمم المتحدة تهدف للترويج وحماية حقوق الإنسان بحسب ما ورد في الاتفاقيات والمواثيق الدولية التي نص عليها الاعلان العالمي لحقوق الإنسان العام 1948.

وكتبعة لمؤتمر فيينا الدولي في 25 يونيو 1993 والذي توافقت فيه آراء المجتمعين حيث صدر عنه «إعلان فيينا وبرنامج التحرك» VDPA، قامت الجمعية العامة للأمم المتحدة في 20 ديسمبر 1993 بتبني القرار رقم (48/141)بإنشاء «المفوضية العليا للتنسيق بين نشاطات حقوق الإنسان» من خلال أنظمة الأمم المتحدة والإشراف على مجلس حقوق الإنسان في جنيف، سويسرا. المفوض السامي السابقة كانت الكندية لويز آربور وشغلت منصبها حتى 30 يونيو 2008. في حين أقرت الجمعية العامة للأمم المتحدة تولي الجنوب أفريقية نافانيثيم بيلاي في 28 يوليو 2008. وقد تولت منصبها بدء من ا سبتمبر 2008. لدى المفوضية حاليا 1000 موظف يعملون في مركزها بجنيف، وبميزانية تقدر ب120 مليون دولار أمريكي.

الوظائف والتنظيم

التفويض
تنبثق ولاية المفوضية السامية لحقوق الإنسان من المواد 1 و 13 و 55 من ميثاق الأمم المتحدة وإعلان وبرنامج عمل فيينا وقرار الجمعية العامة 48/141 المؤرخ 20 كانون الأول / ديسمبر 1993، الذي أنشأت الجمعية بموجبه منصب رئيس الأمم المتحدة. مفوض حقوق الإنسان. فيما يتعلق ببرنامج إصلاح الأمم المتحدة (A / 51/950، الفقرة 79)، تم دمج مفوضية حقوق الإنسان ومركز حقوق الإنسان في مكتب واحد للمفوضية في 15 أيلول / سبتمبر 1997.

الهدف
أهداف المفوضية السامية لحقوق الإنسان هي:

 تعزيز التمتع العالمي بجميع حقوق الإنسان من خلال الإنفاذ العملي لإرادة وتصميم المجتمع الدولي على النحو الذي أعربت عنه الأمم المتحدة
 لعب الدور الريادي في قضايا حقوق الإنسان والتأكيد على أهمية حقوق الإنسان على المستويين الدولي والوطني
 تعزيز التعاون الدولي في مجال حقوق الإنسان
 تحفيز وتنسيق العمل من أجل حقوق الإنسان في جميع أنحاء منظومة الأمم المتحدة
 تعزيز المصادقة العالمية على المعايير الدولية وتنفيذها
 المساعدة في تطوير معايير جديدة
 دعم أجهزة حقوق الإنسان وهيئات مراقبة المعاهدات
 الرد على الانتهاكات الجسيمة لحقوق الإنسان
 اتخاذ إجراءات وقائية في مجال حقوق الإنسان
 تعزيز إنشاء مؤسسات حقوق الإنسان الوطنية
 القيام بأنشطة وعمليات ميدانية في مجال حقوق الإنسان
 تقديم خدمات استشارية تعليمية ومعلوماتية ومساعدة فنية في مجال حقوق الإنسان

المنظمة
المفوضية السامية لحقوق الإنسان مقسمة إلى وحدات تنظيمية، على النحو المبين أدناه. ويرأس المفوضية السامية لحقوق الإنسان مفوض سام برتبة وكيل أمين عام.

المفوض السامي لحقوق الإنسان (وكيل الأمين العام)
إن مفوض الأمم المتحدة السامي لحقوق الإنسان، المسؤول أمام الأمين العام، مسؤول عن جميع أنشطة المفوضية السامية لحقوق الإنسان، فضلاً عن إدارتها، وتقوم بتنفيذ المهام الموكلة إليه على وجه التحديد من قبل الجمعية العامة للأمم المتحدة في قرارها 48/141 المؤرخ 20 كانون الأول / ديسمبر 1993 والقرارات اللاحقة لهيئات صنع السياسات. يقدم المشورة إلى الأمين العام بشأن سياسات الأمم المتحدة في مجال حقوق الإنسان، ويكفل تقديم الدعم الفني والإداري لمشاريع وأنشطة وأجهزة وهيئات برنامج حقوق الإنسان، ويمثل الأمين العام في الاجتماعات في هيئات حقوق الإنسان وفي مناسبات أخرى لحقوق الإنسان، ويضطلع بمهام خاصة على النحو الذي يقرره الأمين العام. بالإضافة إلى حقوق الإنسان المدرجة حاليًا في المعاهدات الملزمة قانونًا، تعمل المفوضة السامية أيضًا على تعزيز حقوق الإنسان التي لم يُعترف بها بعد في القانون الدولي (مثل اعتماد الحقوق الاقتصادية والاجتماعية والثقافية كأولوية إستراتيجية، التي ليست جميعها معترف بها حاليًا في الصكوك القانونية الدولية)

نائب المفوض السامي لحقوق الإنسان (الأمين العام المساعد)
يساعد مفوض الأمم المتحدة السامي لحقوق الإنسان في أداء أنشطته، نائب المفوض السامي الذي يعمل بصفة الموظف المسؤول أثناء غياب المفوض السامي. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، يضطلع نائب المفوض السامي بمهام فنية وإدارية محددة حسبما يقرره المفوض السامي. والنائب مسؤول أمام المفوض السامي.

مساعد الأمين العام لحقوق الإنسان (مقر الأمم المتحدة بنيويورك)
الأمين العام المساعد لحقوق الإنسان (يجب عدم الخلط بينه وبين نائب المفوض السامي، وهو أيضًا أمين عام مساعد) ومقره في مدينة نيويورك يرأس مكتب المفوض السامي في نيويورك. يمثل مكتب نيويورك المفوض السامي في مقر الأمم المتحدة في نيويورك ويعمل على تعزيز دمج حقوق الإنسان في عمليات السياسات والأنشطة التي تقوم بها الهيئات الحكومية الدولية والهيئات المشتركة بين الوكالات في الأمم المتحدة.

مكتب موظفي مفوضية الأمم المتحدة السامية لحقوق الإنسان
مكتب موظفي مفوضية الأمم المتحدة السامية لحقوق الإنسان يرأسه رئيس يكون مسؤولاً أمام المفوض السامي. المهام الأساسية لمكتب الموظفين هي:

 مساعدة المفوض السامي في التوجيه العام والإشراف على أنشطة برنامج حقوق الإنسان
 مساعدة المفوض السامي في صياغة السياسات والممارسات والأنشطة المتعلقة بتعزيز حقوق الإنسان وحمايتها والتواصل بشأنها وتنفيذها وتقييمها.
 مساعدة المفوض السامي في الحفاظ على العلاقات مع الحكومات ووكالات وكيانات الأمم المتحدة الأخرى والمنظمات الدولية والمؤسسات الإقليمية والوطنية والمنظمات غير الحكومية والقطاع الخاص والأوساط الأكاديمية
 مساعدة المفوض السامي في الحفاظ على الاتصال بشأن المسائل المتعلقة بالسياسات مع المكتب التنفيذي للأمين العام والمكاتب الأخرى ذات الصلة في المقر، وكذلك مع المتحدثين باسم الأمين العام في مدينة نيويورك وجنيف ووسائط الإعلام
 تنفيذ مهام جمع الأموال والمشاريع الخاصة التي يكلف بها المفوض السامي
 مساعدة المفوض السامي في تطوير والحفاظ على إطار لإدارة وتخطيط أنشطة برنامج حقوق الإنسان وتسهيل تطوير برنامج العمل العام، وإعداد تقارير الإدارة السنوية عن الأنشطة والإنجازات.
 تمثيل المفوض السامي في الاجتماعات والإدلاء ببيانات نيابة عنه

القسم الإداري
يرأس القسم الإداري رئيس، كايل ف. وارد، وهو مسؤول أمام نائب المفوض السامي. وتتمثل المهام الأساسية للقسم الإداري، بالإضافة إلى تلك المبينة في المادة 7 من نشرة الأمين العام ST / SGB / 1997/5، فيما يلي:

تقديم المشورة للمفوض السامي بشأن الميزانية والشؤون المالية وشؤون الموظفين المتعلقة ببرنامج حقوق الإنسان
 مساعدة المفوض السامي والموظفين المناسبين في الاضطلاع بمسؤولياتهم المالية والموظفين والمسؤوليات الإدارية العامة وإدارة الخبراء المعاونين وبرامج التدريب الداخلي

مكتب نيويورك
يرأس مكتب نيويورك أمين عام مساعد يكون مسؤولاً أمام المفوض السامي. المهام الأساسية لمكتب نيويورك هي:

 تمثيل المفوض السامي في المقر، وفي اجتماعات هيئات صنع السياسات، وفي البعثات الدائمة للدول الأعضاء، وفي الاجتماعات المشتركة بين الإدارات والوكالات، ومع المنظمات غير الحكومية والمجموعات المهنية، وفي المؤتمرات الأكاديمية ومع وسائل الإعلام
 تقديم المشورة السياسية والتوصيات بشأن المسائل الموضوعية إلى المفوض السامي
 تقديم المعلومات والمشورة بشأن حقوق الإنسان للمكتب التنفيذي للأمين العام
 تقديم الدعم الفني بشأن قضايا حقوق الإنسان إلى الجمعية العامة والمجلس الاقتصادي والاجتماعي وهيئات صنع السياسات الأخرى المنشأة في مدينة نيويورك
 توفير المواد والمعلومات للبعثات الدائمة وإدارات الأمم المتحدة ووكالاتها وبرامجها والمنظمات غير الحكومية ووسائل الإعلام وغيرها فيما يتعلق ببرنامج حقوق الإنسان
 تقديم الدعم إلى المفوض السامي والمسؤولين الآخرين، وإلى المقرر الخاص والممثلين الخاصين عند القيام بمهمة في مدينة نيويورك
 القيام بمهام محددة أخرى على النحو الذي يقرره المفوض السامي

قسم المشاركة المواضيعية والإجراءات الخاصة والحق في التنمية
يرأس قسم المشاركة المواضيعية والإجراءات الخاصة والحق في التنمية مدير يكون مسؤولاً أمام المفوض السامي. وتتمثل المهام الأساسية للشعبة فيما يلي:

 تعزيز وحماية الحق في التنمية، لا سيما عن طريق:
 دعم أفرقة الخبراء الحكومية الدولية بشأن إعداد إستراتيجية الحق في التنمية
 المساعدة في تحليل التقارير الطوعية التي تقدمها الدول إلى المفوض السامي بشأن التقدم والخطوات المتخذة لإعمال الحق في التنمية والعقبات التي ووجهت
 تنفيذ مشاريع بحثية بشأن الحق في التنمية وإعداد النواتج الموضوعية لتقديمها إلى الجمعية العامة ولجنة حقوق الإنسان والهيئات المنشأة بموجب معاهدات
 المساعدة في الإعداد الموضوعي لمشاريع الخدمات الاستشارية والمواد التعليمية بشأن الحق في التنمية
 تقديم التحليل والدعم الموضوعيين للمفوض السامي في ولايته أو ولايتها لتعزيز الدعم على نطاق المنظومة ل الحق في التنمية
 تنفيذ مشاريع بحثية موضوعية حول مجموعة كاملة من قضايا حقوق الإنسان التي تهم هيئات حقوق الإنسان التابعة للأمم المتحدة وفقًا للأولويات المحددة في إعلان وبرنامج عمل فيينا هيئات صنع القرار
 ادعم عمل المكلفين بولايات الإجراءات الخاصة لمجلس حقوق الإنسان
 تقديم خدمات جوهرية لأجهزة حقوق الإنسان المشاركة في أنشطة وضع المعايير
 إعداد الوثائق والتقارير أو مسودات التقارير والملخصات والتوليفات وأوراق الموقف استجابة لطلبات معينة، فضلاً عن المساهمات الموضوعية في المواد الإعلامية والمنشورات
 تقديم تحليل السياسات والمشورة والتوجيه بشأن الإجراءات الموضوعية
 إدارة خدمات المعلومات الخاصة ببرنامج حقوق الإنسان ومنها مركز التوثيق والمكتبة وخدمات الاستعلام وقواعد بيانات حقوق الإنسان
 إعداد دراسات حول المواد ذات الصلة من ميثاق الأمم المتحدة لمرجع ممارسات هيئات الأمم المتحدة

قسم مجلس حقوق الإنسان وآليات المعاهدات
يرأس مجلس حقوق الإنسان وشعبة آليات المعاهدات مدير يكون مسؤولاً أمام المفوض السامي. وتتمثل المهام الأساسية للشعبة فيما يلي:

 التخطيط والإعداد والخدمة لجلسات / اجتماعات مجلس حقوق الإنسان واللجنة الاستشارية والفريق العامل ذات الصلة واللجان التي أنشأتها هيئات معاهدات حقوق الإنسان وعملها مجموعات
ضمان تقديم الدعم الفني في الوقت المناسب لهيئة معاهدات حقوق الإنسان المعنية، بالاعتماد على الموارد المناسبة لبرنامج حقوق الإنسان
 إعداد تقارير الدول الأطراف لمراجعتها من قبل هيئة المعاهدة المعنية ومتابعة القرارات والتوصيات
 إعداد أو تنسيق إعداد وتقديم جميع الوثائق الموضوعية والوثائق الأخرى والدعم من وحدات الإدارة الأخرى لأنشطة هيئات المعاهدات التي تقدم لها الخدمات، ومتابعة القرارات المتخذة في اجتماعات تلك الهيئات
 تخطيط وإعداد وخدمة جلسات مجلس أمناء صندوق الأمم المتحدة للتبرعات لضحايا التعذيب، وتنفيذ القرارات ذات الصلة.
 معالجة البلاغات المقدمة إلى هيئات المعاهدات بموجب الإجراءات الاختيارية والبلاغات بموجب الإجراءات التي وضعها المجلس الاقتصادي والاجتماعي في قراره 1503 (د -48) المؤرخ 27 أيار / مايو 1970 وضمان المتابعة

قسم العمليات الميدانية والتعاون الفني
يرأس قسم العمليات الميدانية والتعاون الفني مدير يكون مسؤولاً أمام المفوض السامي. وتتمثل المهام الأساسية للشعبة فيما يلي:

 تطوير وتنفيذ ورصد وتقييم الخدمات الاستشارية ومشاريع المساعدة التقنية بناء على طلب الحكومات
 إدارة صندوق التبرعات للتعاون الفني في مجال حقوق الإنسان
 تنفيذ خطة عمل عقد الأمم المتحدة للتثقيف في مجال حقوق الإنسان، بما في ذلك تطوير المعلومات والمواد التعليمية؛
تقديم الدعم الفني والإداري لآليات تقصي الحقائق والتحقيق في مجال حقوق الإنسان، مثل المقررين الخاصين والممثلين والخبراء والأفرقة العاملة المكلفة من قبل لجنة حقوق الإنسان و / أو المجلس الاقتصادي والاجتماعي للتعامل مع حالات أو ظواهر قطرية معينة انتهاكات حقوق الإنسان في جميع أنحاء العالم، وكذلك لجنة الجمعية العامة الخاصة المعنية بالتحقيق في الممارسات الإسرائيلية التي تمس حقوق الإنسان للشعب الفلسطيني وغيره من السكان العرب في الأراضي المحتلة
 تخطيط ودعم وتقييم الوجود الميداني لحقوق الإنسان والبعثات، بما في ذلك صياغة وتطوير أفضل الممارسات والمنهجية الإجرائية والنماذج لجميع أنشطة حقوق الإنسان في الميدان
 إدارة الصناديق الطوعية للتواجد الميداني لحقوق الإنسان
 إدارة صندوق الأمم المتحدة للتبرعات بشأن أشكال الرق المعاصرة وصندوق الأمم المتحدة للتبرعات لصالح السكان الأصليين وصندوق الأمم المتحدة للتبرعات للعقد الدولي للسكان الأصليين في العالم

وصلات خارجية

 الإعلان العالمي لحقوق الإنسان

مراجع

حائزون على جائزة نوبل للسلام
حقوق الإنسان
سجن واعتقال
مجموعة الأمم المتحدة الإنمائية
منظمات الأمم المتحدة مقرها في جنيف
منظمة العفو الدولية
هيئات الأمم المتحدة


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Dunajská Streda enthält die elf nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Dunajská Streda im Okres Dunajská Streda.

Denkmäler

Legende

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

!
Dunajska Streda


රණවන පුරාණ විහාරය ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ මහනුවර දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පිළිමතලාව ප්‍රදේශයේ පිහිටා ඇති පුරාණ බෞද්ධ විහාරයක් සේ සැළකේ. එය මහනුවර-කොළඹ මාර්ගයේ පිළිමතලාව නානුඔය පාලම අසල සිට ඇතුල් දෙසට කිලෝමීටරයක් පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා තිබේ. ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ උසම සක්මන් බුද්ධ ප්‍රථිමාව මෙම විහාරස්ථානයේදී දැකගත හැකිවේ.

ඉතිහාසය
රණවන විහාරයේ ඉතිහාසය ගම්පොල යුගයේ සිව්වන බුවනෙකබාහු රජ සමය දක්වා දිවයන බැව් විශ්වාස කෙරේ. 1982 වර්ෂයේ විහාරයේ දාගැබෙහි සිදුකරන ලද ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ කටයුතු වලදී ලෝහමය කරඩුවක් සොයා ගෙන තිබේ.

මූලාශ්‍ර

රණවන පුරාණ විහාරය


Un Ndiaga Ndiaye est un petit bus public utilisé au Sénégal, semblable au Tro Tro ghanéen, au Chicken Bus d'Amérique centrale, ou au Tap Tap haïtien. Son nom provient de celui d'un mécanicien pionnier au Sénégal, qui en a développé la conception la plus courante et possédait plus de 150 bus. Les Ndiaga Ndiaye sont couramment utilisés pour le transport interurbain de personnes et de marchandises dans tout le Sénégal.

Les bus Ndiaga Ndiaye sont le plus souvent des camions Mercedes-Benz 508d Diesel, convertis pour inclure des banquettes. Les extérieurs sont généralement peints en blanc et couverts de prières, de phrases ouolof, et de silhouettes d'hommes saints. Un grand porte-bagages sur le toit peut être utilisé pour transporter des effets personnels, des pièces de rechange et des produits agricoles. Chaque véhicule est capable de transporter au moins 42 passagers, répartis par rangs de 5.

Chaque bus est géré par un chauffeur et au moins un apprenti, bien que de nombreux bus en transportent 2 ou 3. L'apprenti est chargé de percevoir le prix de la course, de charger la cargaison, et d'identifier les arrêts. Les apprentis se tiennent généralement sur le pare-chocs arrière, s'agrippant à la porte ou au porte-bagages pendant que le bus est en mouvement, signalant les arrêts au conducteur en frappant sur le panneau de carrosserie. Les prix des sièges sont généralement fixes pour un trajet donné, mais les prix des bagages doit toujours être négociés avant l'embarquement.

À cause du vieillissement du parc de bus, de la pollution qu'ils émettent et des dangers associés aux véhicules, le gouvernement sénégalais tente en 2018 de les remplacer par des bus Tata plus récents.

Références

Taxi collectif
Transport au Sénégal
Transport à Dakar

Ndiaga Ndiaye


An Dendrobium pachyglossum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni E.C.Parish ngan Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach. An Dendrobium pachyglossum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dendrobium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dendrobium

Dendrobium pachyglossum


Armand Pierre Fernandez (født 17. november 1928, død 22. oktober 2005), bedre kendt under kunstnernavnet Arman, var en fransk-født, amerikansk kunstner. en Han associeres ofte med en nyrealisme bevægelse, nouveau réalisme, der opstod i 1960'erne som en fransk respondering til pop art.

Biografi

Barndom og opvækst
Armando var søn af Marie Jacquet og Antonio Fernandez og boede i sine første leve år hos moderen, som ikke giftede sig med Antonio Fernandez før armando var 5 år. I sin barndom måtte Armando ofte underholde sig selv med sin fantasifulde og innovative personlighed. Som 8-årig lærte han skak og opnåede på den måde en interesse for spil og strategi, som forblev under hele hans liv.

Karriere
Det siges at være Antonio Fernandez som lagde grundlag til Armandos karrierer, eftersom Antonio havde en forkærlighed for kunst og desuden lærte han også sin søn at male fra en tidlig alder.

Armando startede på kunstskolen Ecole Nationale d'Art Decoratif, beliggende i Nice, men droppede så også hurtigt ud af skolen igen.

1955
 Første solo-udstilling i Paris af Galerie du Haut-Pavé
1961
 Begyndte serien Colères, en destruktion af genstande, bl.a en violin, et klaver og en bas, som blev svejset sammen igen til en skulptur på en piedestal eller vægbeslag.

Bibliografi
1972
 Arman/ otto hahn, samlingen "Ateliers d'aujourd'hui" udgivet af Editions Hazan, Paris

Referenceliste

Kunstnere fra Frankrig

Armand Fernandez


කතා පුවත ඇරඹෙන්නේ ශයර ගම් පෙදෙසේ වෙසෙන ෆ්‍රෝඩෝ බැගින්ස් හට ඔහුගේ ඥාති සහෝදරයා සහ භාරකරු වන බිල්බෝ බැගින්ස් විසින් මුදුව උරුම වීමෙනි. දෙදෙනාගෙන් කිසිවෙකුත් මුදුවේ සැබෑ ස්වභාවය පිලිබඳ නොදන්නා අතර, බිල්බෝගේ පැරණි මිතුරෙක් වන අළු ලෝගුධාරී ගැන්ඩල්ෆ් නම් මායාකරුවා එය සව්රොන්ගේ මුදුව බවට සැක කරයි.  වසර දහහතකට පසුව එය සැක හැර දැනගන්නා ඔහු ෆ්‍රෝඩෝ හට මුදුවේ ඉතිහාසය කියා දී එය ශයරයෙන් පිටතට ගෙනියන ලෙස අවවාද කරයි. තම ගෙවතුපාලක සහ අත් උදව්කරු වන සැම්වයිස් "සෑම්" ගැම්ජී සහ ඥාති සහෝදරයන් වන මෙරියාඩොක් "මෙරී" බ්‍රැන්ඩිබක් සහ පෙරිග්‍රින් "පිපින්" ටුක් සමඟ ෆ්‍රෝඩෝ නිවෙස හැරදා පිටත් වෙයි.  මෝඩෝරයේ කළු අසරුවන්ට හසු වීමට ඔවුන් ඉතා ආසන්නයට පැමිණෙන අතර, ඔවුන් ගෙන් බේරීමට මිතුරන් සතර දෙනා ශයර සීමාවේ ඇති පැරණි වනාන්තරය හරහා යති. වනාන්තරයේ ජීවත් වන ටොම් බොම්බඩිල් යන සුවිශේෂී චරිතයක සහ ඔහුගේ  බිරිඳ වන ගෝල්ඩ්බෙරිගේ සහය එහිදී ඔවුන්ට ලැබෙයි.

හොබිට්ටන් සතර දෙනා බ්‍රී නම් ගම්මානයට ලඟා වෙන අතර, එහිදී  ගැන්ඩල්ෆ් විසින් ඔවුන්ට තබා යන ලද ලිපියක උපදෙසට අනුව දිගුචරක නම් වනභටයෙකු ඔවුන්ට හමු වෙයි. ඔවුන්ගේ ආරක්ෂකයා සහ මඟපෙන්වන්නා ලෙස තමුන්ව තෝරා ගන්නා ලෙස දිගුචරක ඔවුන්ගෙන් ඉල්ලා සිටියි. නැවතත් කළු අසරුවන්ගෙන් මිදීමට හැකි වන ඔවුන්, එකතුව බ්‍රී ගම්මානයෙන් පිටත් වෙති. සුළංගිර නම් ගිරි හිසෙහිදී ඔවුන් නැවතත් කළු අසරුවන්ගේ ප්‍රහාරයකට ලක් වන අතර, එහිදී ෆ්‍රෝඩෝ ඔවුන්ගේ ශාපලත් අසිපතකින් තුවාල ලබයි. ඔවුන්ව අනතුරෙන් බේරා ගන්නා දිගුචරක, ඔවුන්ව රිවන්ඩෙල් නම් සුර නිවහන කරා රැගෙන යයි. මරණීය තුවාලයෙන් වේදනා විඳින ෆ්‍රෝඩෝට රිවන්ඩෙල් වෙත ලඟා වීමට පෙර නැවතත් කළු අසරුවන්ගේ පහර දීමක් පැමිණෙන අතර, බෘයිනෙන් ගං තොටේදී රිවන්ඩෙල්හි අධිපතියා වන එල්රොන්ඩ් සුර උතුමන් විසින් නදී ජලය නඟා ඔවුන්ව මැඩ පවත්වයි.

රිවන්ඩෙල්හි එල්රොන්ඩ්ගේ සුව සත්කාර මධ්‍යයේ ෆ්‍රෝඩෝ සුවය ලබයි. එල්රොන්ඩ් විසින් කැඳවූ සභාවක් සව්රොන්ගේ ඉතිහාසය සහ මුදුව සාකච්ඡාවට බඳුන් කරයි. දිගුචරකගේ සැබෑ නම ඇරගෝන් බවත් ඔහු ඉසිල්දූර්ගේ කිරුලෙහි උරුමක්කරු වන බවත් හෙළිවෙයි.  මායාකරුවන්ගේ ප්‍රධානියා වන ධවල ලෝගුධාරී සරුමාන් නම් මායාකරුවා ඔවුන්ට ද්‍රෝහී වී තම ස්වකීය ආධිපත්‍යයක් නංවන බව ගැන්ඩල්ෆ් හෙළි කර සිටී. සභාව තීරණය කරනුයේ මුදුව විනාශ කල යුතු බවත්, එය කල හැක්කේ මුදුව නිමැවුණු මෝඩෝරයේ බිහිසුණු ගිනි කන්දේදී පමණක් වන බවත්ය. මෙම කර්තව්‍යය ෆ්‍රෝඩෝ භාර ගන්නා අතර, ගැන්ඩල්ෆ්ගේ අවවාද අනුව එල්රොන්ඩ් විසින් ඔහු හට සහචරයන් තෝරා පත් කරයි. මෙම මුදුවේ සන්ධානයට නව දෙනෙක් ඇතුලත් වන අතර ඔවුන්: ෆ්‍රෝඩෝ, සෑම්, මෙරී, පිපින්, ඇරගෝන්, ගැන්ඩල්ෆ්, ගිම්ලි නම් අඟුටුමිට්ටා, ලෙගොලාස් නම් සුරයා සහ ගොන්ඩෝරයේ අධිපති සහ භාරකරුගේ පුත්‍ර බොරොමීර් නම් මිනිසා වෙයි.

ඔවුන්ගේ ගමනේදී මීදුම් කඳු පන්තිය තරණය කිරීමේ වෑයම අසාර්ථක වූ පසුව, ඊට වඩා බියකරු මාර්ගයක් වන මෝරියා පතල් හරහා යාමට සන්ධානයට සිදු වෙයි. මෝරියාවේ ප්‍රාකාර ඉදිරියේ ඇති දියේ වෙසෙන මුරකරුවා නම් භයානක සත්ත්වයාගෙන් මිදී ඔවුන් පතල් වලට ඇතුළු වන අතර, එහිදී පෙර කලක පතල් අත්පත් කර ගැනීමට ගිය බාලින් නම් අඟුටුමිට්ටා සහ පිරිසට සිදුවූ දේ ගැන දැන ගනී.  ඔර්ක ප්‍රහාරයකට ලක් වන ඔවුන් ඉන් පසු පුරාණ ලෝකයේ යක්ෂයෙකු වන බැල්රොගයෙකු විසින් හඹා එනු ලැබෙයි. බැල්රොගයා හට මුහුණ පාන ගැන්ඩල්ෆ් ඔහු සමඟම ආගාධයට ඇද වැටෙයි. ඉතිරි පිරිස දිවි ගලවා ගන්නා අතර, ලොත්ලෝරියෙන් නම් සුර වනයේ පිහිට සොයති. එහිදී ඔවුන් හට එහි අධිපතියන් වන ගලාද්‍රියෙල් සහ කෙලෙබෝන් විසින් උපදෙස් සහ නවාතැන් ලැබෙයි.

ලොත්ලෝරියෙන්හිදී ගිමන් නිවාගන්නා සන්ධානය, ගලාද්‍රියෙල් ප්‍රදානය කරන බෝට්ටු මාර්ගයෙන් අන්දුයින් නදිය ඔස්සේ ගමන නැවතත් අරඹති.  අමොන් හෙන් නම් ගිර අසලදී සියල්ලෝ විවේක ගන්නා අතරතුර, ගිර මුදුනේ තනි වන ෆ්‍රෝඩෝගෙන් මුදුව උදුරා ගන්නට බොරොමීර් තැත් කරයි. ඔහු මුදුව පැළඳ බොරොමීර්ගෙන් ගැලවෙන අතර සන්ධානයේ වෙන කිසිවෙකු මුදුවේ බලයට යට නොවීම උදෙසා තනිවම මෝඩෝරයට යා යුතු බවට අධිෂ්ඨාන කර ගනී. ඔහුගේ අභිප්‍රාය අනුමාන කරන සෑම් ඔහුව සොයා ගන්නා අතර, ෆ්‍රෝඩෝ සමඟ මෝඩෝරයට යාමට පිටත් වෙයි.

මුදුවේ සන්ධානය


Martin Engell-Rossen (født 10. september 1975 i Glostrup) er en dansk erhvervsmand og tidligere særlig rådgiver for statsminister Mette Frederiksen. Han stiftede i 2023 konsulentfirmaet Engell-Rossen Strategy.

Rossen er uddannet cand.scient.pol. og har været stabschef for først Socialdemokratiet og senere Statsministeriet.

Karriere
Rossen har tidligere arbejdet som kommunikationsdirektør for Microsoft Danmark og været chef for Public Affairs og Samfundskommunikation hos TDC.

Inden Folketingsvalget 2019 arbejdede han i flere år som særlig rådgiver for Mette Frederiksen. Efter folketingsvalget 2019 blev han stabschef for det politiske sekretariat i Statsministeriet, og han blev også fast medlem af regeringens koordinationsudvalg og økonomiudvalg samt rådgiver for statsministeren.

2020-2023 var Rossen Senior Vice President med ansvar for global bæredygtighed, kommunikation, politik og marketing hos Danfoss. I foråret 2023 fratrådte han denne stilling for blive selvstændig i firmaet Engell-Rossen Strategy.

Kontroverser
Forfremmelsen af Martin Rossen til stabschef i Statsministeriet blev af kritiske røster kaldt et "demokratisk problem, hvis regeringen er for svag", og hans markante rolle i embedsværket blev kritiseret af oppositionen for at være for magtfuld. I et samråd i september 2019 blev han særligt kritiseret for sit medlemskab af to regeringsudvalg, koordinationsudvalget og økonomiudvalget. Den position gav ham en magt, som indtil da var uset for en særlig rådgiver.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Formandens skarpe hjælper, b.dk

Personer fra Glostrup
Spindoktorer
Socialdemokrater fra Danmark
Personer i Kraks Blå Bog
Alumni fra Copenhagen Business School

Martin Rossen


බැමිණිතියා සාය ලෙස හදුන්වනු ලබන මහා දුර්භික්ෂය ක්‍රි. පු. 103 සිට 89 අතර කාලයේ වළගම්බා රජුගේ පාලන කාලයේ ඇති විය. මෙයට ප්‍රධාන හේතු සාධකය වුයේ දශකයකට වැඩි කාලයක් පැවති ශ්‍රී ලංකාවට  බල පෑ ආක්‍රමණ හමුවේ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ වාරි කර්මාන්තවලට  සිදුවූ විනාසය හා ඒවා අලුත් වැඩියා කිරීමට ආක්‍රමණ හමුවේ නොහැකි වීමයි.

මේ සාගතය පසුබිමෙහි ටීය, තීය සහ තිස්ස යන නම්වලින් හැඳින්වුණු බ්‍රාහ්මණයාගේ මෙහෙයීමෙන් හටගත් කැරලිකාරී වාතාවරණය ද රටෙහි පැවැතීම මෙයට බ්‍රාහ්මණ ටීය නොහොත් බැමිණිටියා නොහොත් බැමිණිතියා සාය ('සාය' යනු සාගතය) යන නම ලැබීමට හේතු විය.

මෙම කාලය ශ්‍රී ලංකාවට  අඳුරුතම පිඩිත කාලයක් විය. තද නියගය මෙන්ම දකුණු ඉන්දීය ආක්‍රමණිකයන් ඔවුන් යටත් කරගත් ප්‍රදේශ වල වූ වැව් අමුණු අලුත් වැඩියා කිරීම හා නඩත්තු කිරීම පැහැර හැරිම මෙයට බලපෑවේ ය. මෙම තත්වය පහව යන්නේ ආක්‍රමණික රජවරුන් පස් දෙනාගෙන් පසු වළගම්බා රජතුමා නැවත බලය අල්ලා ගැනීමත් සමගය. නැවත බලය ක්‍රි. පු. 89 ලබාගැනීමෙන් පසු එතුමා ඉක්මනින් කැඩි බිදී විනාශ වි ගිය වැව් අමුණු සියල්ල යළි යථා තත්වයට පත් කිරීමට කටයුතු යෙදී ය. මෙමගින් ක්‍රි. පු. 89 පමණ වන විට බැමිණිතියා සාය නම් වූ මහා දුර්භික්ෂය පහ ව යාම ආරම්භ විය. මෙම මහඟු කර්තව්‍යය නිසා වළගම්බා රජතුමා ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨ වීරවරයකු ලෙස සලකනු ලබයි.

මෙම දුර්භික්ෂය ගැන පාලි අට්ඨකථාවන්හි කිහිප වතාවක්ම සදහන් වේ. මෑත කාලයේ දී මේ සම්බන්ධව සිදු කළ පර්යේෂණයක් කවුඩාගම්මන රතනසාර හිමි විසින් බැමිණිතියා මහා සාගතය ලෙස එළි දක්වා තිබේ.

මූලාශ්‍ර

ආශ්‍රිත
අභයගිරි දාගැබ

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ස්වභාවික විපත්

බැමිණිතියා සාය


Olivierus mikhailovi est une espèce de scorpions de la famille des Buthidae.

Distribution
Cette espèce se rencontre en Ouzbékistan et dans le Sud du Kazakhstan.

Description
Les mâles mesurent de  à  et les femelles de  à .

Étymologie
Cette espèce est nommée en l'honneur de Kirill G. Mikhailov.

Publication originale
 Fet, Kovařík, Gantenbein & Graham, 2021 : « Three new species of Olivierus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. » Zootaxa, , .

Liens externes
 The Scorpion Files : Jan Ove Rein, Trondheim, Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Notes et références

Buthidae
Espèce de scorpions (nom scientifique)

Olivierus mikhailovi


An Enneapogon decipiens in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Kakudidi. An Enneapogon decipiens in nahilalakip ha genus nga Enneapogon, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Enneapogon

Enneapogon decipiens


Agronutris est une entreprise française spécialisée dans l'élevage et la transformation d'insectes en protéines à destination de l'alimentation animale et humaine. L'entreprise est fondée en 2011 par Cédric Auriol (fondateur de Micronutris) et Mehdi Berrada (ancien PDG de chez Poult Biscuit International).

Le siège d'Agronutris et son centre de recherche sont basés à Saint-Orens, au sud-est de Toulouse. Une usine est en cours de construction dans le nord-est de la France, à Rethel. La société est composée de 59 personnes.

Histoire
En 2018, après 7 ans de recherche au sein de Micronutris, Cédric Auriol s'associe à Mehdi Berrada pour fonder Agronutris. L'entreprise produit alors des protéines à base d'insectes pour l'alimentation animale. A cette même période, l'entreprise met en place un système de management basé sur les théories de l'entreprise libérée.

En 2021, Agronutris reçoit le première autorisation européenne pour la commercialisation d'insectes à destination de l'alimentation humaine.

Le 30 septembre 2021, Agronutris obtient un financement de 100 millions d'euros, dont la moitié en fonds propres, pour construire deux usines de protéines pour les fabricants d'aliments des animaux de compagnie et pour la pisciculture. BPI France et Mirova rejoignent alors le tour de table.

Fin 2021, Agronutris démarre la construction de son premier site industriel à Rethel, dans le Nord-Est de la France.

Alimentation animale
Agronutris élève la mouche soldat noire et la transforme pour produire de la farine protéinée et de l'huile à destination des marchés de l'aquaculture et des animaux domestiques. Celles-ci sont abattues à l'état larvaire, avant l'âge adulte.

La mouche soldat noire est un insecte qui consomme tous types d'aliments, allant du coproduit industriel au déchet alimentaire. Elle convertit ces aliments à faible valeur en protéines animales de haute qualité. La farine issue du procédé de transformation possède un profil complet en acides aminés essentiels et un taux en vitamines et minéraux supérieur aux sources animales habituelles. L'huile issue du procédé est quant à elle riche en acide laurique et hypoallergénique. À l'issue de la phase de transformation des insectes, les résidus organiques et les déjections produites sont transformés en engrais organique.

Alimentation humaine
À la suite du dépôt par Agronutris d'un dossier Novel Food début 2018, l'entreprise reçoit, le 13 janvier 2021, le feu vert de l'autorité sanitaire européenne (Efsa) pour la commercialisation du ver de farine. Cet accord reconnaît comme sûr l'usage des insectes dans une multitude de produits alimentaires tels que les barres de céréales, les biscuits, les pâtes protéinées, ou les plats préparés. L'avis de l'EFSA a été confirmé le mardi 4 mai 2021 par les États membres, qui ont donné leur autorisation à la mise sur le marché des insectes d'Agronutris en tant qu'aliments. Aujourd'hui, quatre autorisations Novel Food ont été validées dans le secteur européen de l'insecte.

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie

Entreprise ayant son siège en région Occitanie
Entreprise d'élevage d'insectes

Agronutris


An Ophrys speculum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Heinrich Friedrich Link. An Ophrys speculum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Ophrys, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 O. s. lusitanica
 O. s. regis-ferdinandii
 O. s. speculum

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Image gallery

Ophrys

Ophrys speculum


لاعب كرة قدم أردني معتزل لعب في صفوف نادي الحسين اربد والمنتخب الأردني ولد في عام 1975، وقد بدأ مسيرته في فرق الناشئين لنادي الحسين عام 1987، والتحق بالفريق الأول للنادي عام 1991 عندما كان يبلغ من العمر 16 عام فقط.

لعب الشاب للمنتخبات الوطنية الأردنية فقد التحق بمنتخب الشباب عام 1991 والمنتخب الأولمبي عام 1993، أما الفريق الأول فقد التحق به عام 1995 حتى عام 2001.

وقد اعتزل اللعب في نهاية موسم 2007/2008، والتحق عبد الله الشياب بالجهاز الفني لفريق الحسين الأول مساعدا للمدرب ابتداء من موسم 2010-2011.

لاعبو كرة قدم أردنيون

عبد الله الشياب