Elvetham Hall est un hôtel dans le Hampshire, en Angleterre, dans la paroisse de Hartley Wintney à environ 3 km au nord-ouest de Fleet. Le bâtiment est une maison de campagne anglaise de style néo-gothique de l'époque victorienne et un bâtiment classé Grade II* dans un parc paysager classé Grade II.

Architecture
La maison est construite en 1859-1862 pour Frederick Gough (4e baron Calthorpe)  par Samuel Sanders Teulon, connu pour sa maçonnerie polychrome. Elle est construite en briques rouges et pierre de taille, avec bandeaux et décoration en briques noires. Il s'agit d'une conception ornée avec des toits en croupe et en mansarde avec des pignons et des lucarnes, de hautes cheminées en briques et une façade d'entrée dominée par une haute tour. L'intérieur est remarquable pour ses cheminées.

La maison a une porte cochère qui est ajoutée en 1901 et une salle à manger ajoutée en 1911. Les deux sont conçus "trompeusement" pour correspondre à la maison d'origine .

Les historiens de l'architecture Nikolaus Pevsner et David Lloyd appellent Elvetham Hall "Une grande maison de [Teulon], mais personne ne ferait l'éloge de sa beauté".  Un autre historien de l'architecture, Mark Girouard, l'appelle "le plus sacré ou le plus impie des zèbres, étant non seulement rayé, mais aussi en zigzag et recouvert de briques et d'ardoises de différentes couleurs... comme une énorme gelée multicolore " .

Domaine
Le domaine d'Elvetham est créé par Sir William Sturmy en 1403 après avoir hérité des possessions de son oncle Sir Henry Sturmy en 1381. Il y meurt en 1427 et le domaine, ainsi que son siège principal à Wulfhall dans le Wiltshire, passe à son gendre John Seymour. Il est transmis à la famille Seymour, qui reçoit la visite d'Élisabeth , qui plante un chêne qui se dresse toujours dans le parc.

Le domaine passe à la famille Calthorpe au milieu du . Le manoir d'origine brûle en 1840 .

Une église paroissiale de l'Église d'Angleterre est construite sur le domaine en 1840-1841. Il est de style néo-normand et paré de silex. Elle a une flèche en broche qui a peut-être été ajoutée par Teulon. L'église est à l'est de la maison actuelle. Il n'est plus utilisé pour le culte.

Frederick Gough,  baron Calthorpe hérite du domaine en 1851 et fait construire la maison actuelle en 1859-1862. Il y meurt en 1868, après quoi le domaine et la maison passent à leur tour à ses fils Frederick Gough-Calthorpe (5e baron Calthorpe) et Augustus Gough-Calthorpe (6e baron Calthorpe). Ce dernier établit en 1900 ce qui est devenu un troupeau réputé de bovins à cornes courtes. Ses moutons Southdown et ses cochons Berkshire sont également célèbres.

En 1953, le manoir et les jardins sont vendus à ICI, puis à Lansing Bagnall de Basingstoke. Les jardins sont restaurés en 1962 avec l'aménagement d'un terrain de croquet et de courts de tennis. La maison est gérée comme centre de conférence dans les années 1960, mais est maintenant un hôtel .

Références

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Monument classé de Grade II* dans le Hampshire

Elvetham Hall


Abaixo está o sistema de qualificação e os comitês olímpicos nacionais qualificados ao Voleibol de praia nos Jogos Pan-Americanos de 2023, programado para ser realizado em Santiago, no Chile, de 21 a 27 de outubro de 2023.

Sistema de classificação
Um total de 64 jogadores de voleibol de praia poderiam qualificar-se para competirem. Cada CON poderia inscrever até 4 atletas (uma dupla por gênero). Como país-anfritião, o Chile qualificou automaticamente uma equipe completa. A melhor dupla por gênero da NORCECA (América do Norte, América Central e Caribe) e da CSV (América do Sul) nos Jogos Pan-Americanos Júnior de 2021 em Cáli também asseguraram vagas. Todas as outras vagas serão distribuídas por rankings (as três melhores equipes por gênero pelo Ranking Mundial da FIVB, seguido pelas cinco melhoras duplas por gênero da NORCECA e da CSV.

Linha do tempo

Sumário de classificação

Referências

P
P
Qualificação para os Jogos Pan-Americanos de 2023
Voleibol de praia nos Jogos Pan-Americanos de 2023

Voleibol de praia nos Jogos Pan-Americanos de 2023 - Qualificação


Bernhard Reichel ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Bernhard Reichel, ein Pseudonym von Hermann Erler (Komponist) (1844–1918), deutscher Verleger, Komponist und Schriftsteller
 Bernhard Reichel (Maler) (1960–2004), deutscher Maler

Bernhard Reichel


Giovanni Nincevich, hrvatski boksač i boksački trener iz Pule. Jedan je od članova poznate pulske nogometne obitelji Nincevich. Prije drugoga svjetskog rata bio je aktivni boksač. Pripada nizu prvih poznatih puljskih boksača koji su postizali sjajne rezultate na domaćoj i inozemnoj sceni: Bruno Braida, Gianni Poldrugovaz, Karlo Kulijat (Carlo Culiat), Aldo Banovac, Josip Crnobori, Otto Gović, Tulio Rocco i Aldo Banovac. Prosinca 1946., u okviru društva Unione sportiva operaia osnovana boksačka sekcija koju je trenirao Nincevich. Iz te sekcije izrastao je Boksački klub Pula.

Izvori

Životopisi, Pula
Hrvatski boksači

Giovanni Nincevich


Cette page concerne les évènements survenus en 1960 en Finlande  :

Évènement
  : Meurtres du lac Bodom
  :
 Entre le  et le  :

Sport
 Championnat de Finlande de football 1960
 18- : Participation de la Finlande aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de Squaw Valley
 - : Participation de la FFinlande aux Jeux olympiques d'été de Rome

Création
  (magazine)
  (club de football)
 Rautaruukki (entreprise)
  (association)
 Trio Laiho

Naissance
 , artiste.
 , diplomate.
 , sculpteur.
 , acteur.
 , chef cuisinier.

Décès
 , chanteuse lyrique.
 , missionnaire.
 , militaire.
 , militaire.
 , mathématicien.

Notes et références

1960 en Finlande

1960 en Finlande


John Henry Holland (2 Şubat 1929, Indiana - 9 Ağustos 2015, Michigan) Birleşik Amerikalı bilim insanıdır.

Çalışmaları
Genetik algoritmalar 1960'larda John Holland tarafından bulundu. Bu algoritmalar daha sonra Holland ve Michigan Üniversitesi'ndeki öğrencileri tarafından 1960-1970 yılları arasında geliştirildi. Bununla beraber aynı yıllarda John Holland'ın öğrencisi olan David Goldberg'in Gaz Borularının Genetik Algoritma İle Optimizasyonu isimli doktora tezi, genetik algoritmaların yalnızca teorik olmadığını ayrıca piyasalarda uygulanabilirliği olduğunu ispatladı. Holland'ın asıl amacı özel problemlerin çözümü için algoritma üretmek değildi. Doğal adaptasyon mekanizmasını bilgisayar sistemlerine uyarlamaya çalışıyordu. 1975'te yayınladığı Doğal ve Yapay Sistemlerde Adaptasyon (Adaptation in Natural and Artifical Systems) isimli kitabında genetik algoritmayı biyolojik evrimin girişi olarak tanımladı.

Holland'ın genetik algoritması; kromozomlardan (0 ve 1'lerden oluşan dizi) oluşan popülasyonları genetikteki doğal seleksiyon, çaprazlama, mutasyon ve inversion operatörlerini kullanarak yeni popülasyonlara dönüştürme metoduydu. Her kromozom genlerden oluşuyordu. Seleksiyon ile en uygun kromozomları tekrar üretim için seçiyor, çaprazlama ile bu kromozomları belli noktalarından parça değiş tokuşuna tabi tutuyor, mutasyon ile çeşitliliği sağlıyor ve inversion metodu ile de kromozomların sırasını düzenliyordu. Yıllar geçtikçe Holland'ın genetik algoritması değişikliklere uğradı. Bilim adamlarının şu an kullandığı genetik algoritmalar, Holland'ın algoritmasından farklıdır.

Kitapları
 Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems, MIT Press, 1992, ISBN 0-262-58111-6
 Hidden Order: How Adaptation Builds Complexity, Helix Books, 1996, ISBN 0-201-44230-2
 Emergenz From Chaos to Order, Oxford University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-19-286211-1

1929 doğumlular
Indiana doğumlu bilim insanları
20. yüzyıl Amerikalı bilim insanları
21. yüzyıl Amerikalı bilim insanları
20. yüzyıl Amerikalı yazarları
21. yüzyıl Amerikalı yazarları
Optimizasyon algoritmaları
Resim aranan yazarlar
2015 yılında ölenler
Amerikalı psikologlar
Yapay zekâ araştırmacıları
MacArthur Fellows
Massachusetts Teknoloji Enstitüsünde öğrenim görenler
Michigan Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
Michigan Üniversitesi öğretim üyeleri
Bilişsel bilim araştırmacıları
Santa Fe Institute kişileri

John Henry Holland


El magacín o magazín  es un formato de televisión que aborda muchos temas inconexos y mezclados. Es un formato de la neotelevisión en el que su definición y delimitación son confusas. En Chile, estos programas reciben el nombre de matinales o franjeados, dependiendo si se emiten durante la mañana o tarde, respectivamente.

Mónica Gómez Martín en su artículo Magazine: Los nuevos géneros de la neotelevisión, define al magacín como «el género híbrido por excelencia, por ser el mayor contenedor de géneros y en el que se juntan una gran variedad de temas. Es un género que muestra, como ningún otro, el fenómeno de la hibridación de los géneros (informativos, musicales, de opinión, de entretenimiento, etc.) Es un mosaico amplio (puede durar varias horas), caracterizado por la diversidad de contenidos, de tratamientos y de enfoques».

Denominación del género
El semiólogo Umberto Eco señala a la ficción e información como los dos grandes géneros dentro de una nueva etapa de la televisión denominada neotelevisión. Umberto Eco  ordena históricamente la evolución de la televisión en dos conceptos: la paleotelevisión y la neotelevisión. En la neotelevisión aparecen y se desarrollan cada vez más nuevos géneros, llamados híbridos. «Estamos hoy ante unos programas en lo que se mezclan de modo indisoluble información y ficción y donde no importa que el público pueda distinguir entre noticias "verdaderas" e invenciones ficticias» agrega Eco.

Algunos géneros híbridos son:
 Docudrama (documental + drama).
 Docutainment (documental + entretenimiento).
 Docusoap (documental de la vida real).
 Infotainment (información+entretenimiento).
 Dramedia (drama + comedia).
 Magacín (informativos, entretenimiento, musicales, de opinión, periodístico).

Estos géneros se definen híbridos por ser contenedores de varios géneros y en donde se juntan una gran variedad de temas.

Por su parte, el teórico Gianfranco Bettetini sostiene que «el tradicional macrogénero de la información está invadiendo los territorios de otros géneros, sobre todo del espectáculo, produciendo reasentamientos y evasiones hacia otras modalidades del decir».  Según Landi "«en la cultura actual, la distinción entre los géneros es inestable y fluida, sin embargo, agrega que «los canales televisivos, presentan sus programas bajo rótulos de géneros porque de este modo envían un dato o una señal a los segmentos del público más interesados en verlos. A pesar de la mezcla de imágenes del palimpsesto televisivo, el vínculo con el público no puede dejar de hacerse a través de ciertas señales de reconocimiento, de cierta expectativa en lo que se va a ver en la pantalla».

Hoy en día el género que muestra, como ningún otro, el fenómeno de hibridación de los géneros, entre ellos informativos, entretenimiento, musicales, de opinión, periodístico, entre otros, es el magacín.

 Características propias del magacín
 Hibridación de otros géneros
Dentro del objetivo "Informar", en el Macrogénero Periodístico Interpretativo, se puede distinguir el magacín, en distintos formatos, por ejemplo:
 Entrevistas: buscando profundidad en un tema y análisis periodístico, como también entretener en claves de morbositos o frivolidad.
 Debates / mesas redondas
 Informes / Reportajes
 Columna / crítica / editorial
 Paneles
Y dentro del objetivo "entretener", en el Macrogénero "Entretenimiento", también se distingue el Magazine con formatos como:
 Entrevistas (encuesta)
 Paneles / debate
 Juegos, etc.
Dentro de este último Macrogénero, también se pueden incluir programas como: Juegos y concursos, Ómnibus, Reality Shows, Revista TV, etc. Que entrarían en la nueva clasificación de Géneros Híbridos. (Ver cuadro anexo)

 Larga duración de emisión
Por lo general, este tipo de programas son de extensa duración, normalmente superior a una hora.

 Diversidad de contenidos y variedad de enfoques
El espectáculo combinado con actuaciones musicales, humor y  baile, forman parte también de estos programas híbridos. La televisión a lo largo del tiempo ha ido adaptando sus contenidos para poder aproximarse a una audiencia popular. También ha insertado una banda sonora en sus programas.
Estos tipos de programas trabajan frecuentemente con las emociones de sus espectadores/audiencia, utilizando para ello risas grabadas o efectuadas en vivo, sonidos especiales, que completan la "presencia de un auditorio en el estudio", con el fin de resaltar los chistes más conseguidos, las frases o situaciones que se generan en los diálogos, los momentos más relevantes del programa. Otra de las funciones de este recurso es acercarse al público, intentando recrearlo de esta manera, y marcándole todo el tiempo los momentos en que debe reírse, prestar  atención, etc.
Todos estos elementos colaboran para reforzar la relación emocional entre el televidente y la televisión. La información televisiva es recibida más emocional que analíticamente. Ante una información sesgada, la rabia es la reacción primaria; los personajes provocan curiosidad, identificación, reconocimiento, explotación de otras situaciones y otras soluciones a problemas compartidos, pero también la emoción de la aventura, del presupuesto, odio y amor.
Este tipo de programas, está caracterizado por un lenguaje cotidiano, presentando y produciendo acontecimientos sociales de forma espectacular (La cultura de la tv).

 Temas tratados. Contenidos
En general los temas refieren a situaciones de algún acontecimiento social poco relevante, y de diversa índole, por ejemplo de algún personaje famoso, temas controversiales de momento actual (para los medios), sucesos recientes, decisiones políticas y sociales, es decir, eventos que por su grado de "rareza", actualidad o no, pueden llegar a interesar al público "como imagen del presente social" .

Se utiliza como recurso la elaboración de informes, en donde se recolectan fragmentos de distintas emisiones (de distintos canales), creando con una especie de collage informativo, generando un nuevo sentido a los temas tratados (dependiendo de la ideología y conveniencia del canal), muchas veces con un sentido totalmente contrario al que se había pensado para la primera emisión. De esta forma, se espectaculariza la información, las noticias, las personas, la realidad. Para luego analizarla, criticarla y apreciarla de una forma amena, cómica, sensacionalista o morbosa.
Este recurso y uno de los más utilizados en la Neotelevisión, según Umberto Eco, es la Autoreferencialidad, es decir, programas que hablan de sí mismos (de la T.V).
Otro recurso en estos programas , es la competición en los más diversos quehaceres con el fin de obtener un premio, siendo la base de este género, cuya proliferación estriba precisamente en su espectacularidad. Cabe plantear concursos de bajo presupuesto, basados en el juego clásico de preguntas y respuestas, o bien grandes producciones, que necesitan una importante infraestructura para llevarse a cabo.

 Presentador
"Un buen comunicador ha de ser capaz de establecer objetivos concretos y dirigir bien a su equipo para conseguirlos; ha de ser creativo, con capacidad de improvisación para actuar en situaciones inesperadas; ha de ser simpático, con don de gentes y con dominio del lenguaje coloquial; además de tener una gran dosis de sentido común. Un presentador "estrella" con su facilidad de palabra, da identidad al programa, crea un ambiente cálido para el diálogo y fideliza a la audiencia, manteniéndola a lo largo de toda la emisión"  sostiene Jesús García Jiménez .
En general, este tipo de programas incluyen uno o más conductores/presentadores con estas características, apoyados con dos o más panelistas en los momentos que se detienen a cuestionar o criticar algo o alguien. El presentador, debe tener esa cuota de humor incorporada, sutileza, perspicacia, creatividad y naturalidad para que no resulten monótonos los diálogos y para que el público pueda aparte de identificarse con él, seguir el programa de una manera entretenida y divertida.

 Target
Otra característica que diferencia a estos magazines es el público, el tipo de Target. Mónica Gómez Martín aprecia que "según los audímetros, y en lo que se refiere a targets según el sexo, en los horarios matinales y de tarde, es el público femenino el que más ve la televisión. Por el contrario, en los horarios de noche, después del prime time, es el público masculino el mayoritario". Hay que tener en cuenta que esta autora, se refiere a estadísticas específicamente en España.

 Magacines
 Perú
En Perú se elaboró el primer programa definido como tal en América Televisión en los años 1970. Se llamó Ventana al hogar con Linda Guzmán. Posteriormente se amplió su programación y surgieron evoluciones matutinas como Buenos días señora y Triki Trak. En 1981 Panamericana realizó su competencia llamada Buenos días, Perú para reemplazar su programación informativa y transmitirse varias horas al día.

Desde los años 2000 existieron magacines matizados de los noticieros. América Televisión realizó en 1999 Utilísimas, que separó a Primera edición y posteriormente América hoy (relanzado posteriormente en 2018). TvPerú lanzó el lóngevo Buenos días a todos, posteriormente renombrado Hola Perú (2003-2011) con Lorena Caravedo y Nicolasa. ATV probó lo suyo con Que tal mañana, con la conducción de Laura Borlini y el apoyo del reparto de Los chistosos, y Hola a todos. Frecuencia Latina apostó por Hombres trabajando para ellas con Ricky Tosso y Giovanna Valcárcel, quien apareció en su sucesora Mujeres al mando.

Más adelante Panamericana contó la presencia de Adriana Quevedo, para sus propios matutinos que condujo Ola k ase, Combinado y D' mañana''.

Argentina
La televisión en Argentina comienza en 1951 con Yankelevich y la primera transmisión de Eva Perón. El estado mantenía la titularidad del servicio, pero en su seno comenzaban a desarrollarse importantes movimientos privados autónomos.
Durante el gobierno de Pedro Aramburu, nació la TV privada.
La masificación del cable produce grandes cambios en la cultura visual.

La TV abierta comienza a mutar descentralizándose aceleradamente la programación dejando de ser un valor estable. La programación se mueve constantemente, terminan las largas temporadas con programas inamovibles. Los ciclos cambian de un canal a otro sin complejos y los presupuestos son cada vez más ajustados.
La televisión argentina nació con una extraña mezcla de propiedad estatal y privada.

A partir de 1974, poco tiempo había para pensar sobre la necesidad de televisión en color. Se iba desarrollando un lento pero inexorable desplazamiento de la producción nacional. Aparecen Las Obras Maestras del Terror, de Narciso Ibáñez Menta, los programas de humor de Pepe Biondi, los ciclos musicales juveniles como "El Club del Clan", las telenovelas de Alberto Migré, "Telenoche", los almuerzos de Mirtha Legrand y los "Sábados Circulares" de Nicolás Mancera y las series estadounidenses como "Bonanza", el "Súper Agente 86", "Lassie", que dan inicio a los programas ómnibus (de 5 o 6 horas de duración).

Los géneros televisivos sufren una evolución a lo largo del tiempo, ya sea por el desarrollo de sus recursos estéticos y tecnológicos o por la captación de las nuevas temáticas y formas culturales del país.

Bibliografía
 Gianfranco Bettetini (1996): La conversación audiovisual. Cátedra, España.
 Jesús García Jiménez (2000): Información Audiovisual. Los géneros. Paraninfo, Madrid.
 Mónica Gómez Martín (2005): Magazine: Los nuevos géneros de la neotelevisión. Ver artículo.
 Umberto Eco (1983): La estrategia de la ilusión, Lumen/de la flor, España.
 Umberto Eco (1990): Apocalípticos e integrados, Lumen, España.

Referencias

Géneros y formatos televisivos

Magacín (género televisivo)


Frank Capra (d. 18 Mayıs 1897 – ö. 3 Eylül 1991), İtalyan asıllı Amerikan sinema yönetmeni.

Sicilya'da yoksul bir ailenin çocuğu olarak dünyaya gelen, altı yaşında ailesiyle birlikte ABD'ye göç eden Frank Capra stüdyo dönemi yıllarının iyimserliğinin, Amerikan Rüyası'nın ve Amerikan ideallerine bağlılığın en çarpıcı örneğidir. Üç kez En İyi Yönetmen Oscarı'nı (Bir Gecede Oldu / Mr. Deeds Şehre Gidiyor / Para Beraber Gitmez) kazanan Capra'nın siyasal çizgisinin oldukça "saf" olduğunu vurgulamak gerekir. Yönetmene göre politikayı da duygular yönlendirir. İnsanlar birbirini sever, birbirine saygılı davranırsa yeryüzünde ne haksızlık ne açlık ne de zorbalık kalacaktır.

Yaşamı

Gerçek adı ile Francesco Rosario Capra, 18 Mayıs 1897 tarihinde İtalya'da Sicilya - Palermo'nun Bisacquino kasabasında doğdu. 1903 yılında ailesi ile birlikte Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ne göçerek Los Angeles, Kaliforniya'ya yerleşti.

Capra, kalp krizi sonucu 1991 yılında Kaliforniya'da öldü. 91 yaşında ölen Capra, Kaliforniya - Coachella Valley Mezarlığı'nda toprağa verilmiştir.

Kariyeri

The Strong Man (Güçlü Adam, 1926) Belçikalı bir göçmenin Amerika'da kör bir kadına aşık olmasını, Long Pants (Uzun Külot, 1927) hayatı boyunca annesi tarafından kısa külot giydirilmiş bir adamın sonunda uzun bir külota kavuşmasını, Dirigible (Balon, 1931) bir balonun Atlas Okyanusu'na düşmesini, American Madness (Amerikan Çılgınlığı, 1932) iflas eden bir bankayı, sinema tarihinin en iyi filmlerinden biri olarak görülen It Happened One Night (Bir Gecede Oldu, 1934) sosyetik bir kadının babasının baskısından kurtulmaya çalışırken bir gazeteciye aşık olmasını, Platinium Blonde (Platin Sarışın, 1932) bir gazetecinin bir dava hakkında röportaj yaparken davalı olan kadına aşık olması, Lady for a Day (Bir Günlük Kadın, 1933) evinden kaçan bir milyarder kızıyla yakışıklı bir gazeteci arasındaki ilişkiyi, Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (Mr. Deeds Şehre Gidiyor, 1936) beklemediği bir mirasa konunca yaşamı altüst olan bir taşralıyı, You Can't Take it With You (Para Beraber Gitmez, 1938) katı yürekli bir milyarderin giderek değişmesini ve yalnız oğlunun değil, başka insanların da mutluluğuna katkıda bulunmaya başlamasını, Mr. Smith Washington'a Gidiyor (1939) beklemediği bir biçimde senatör seçilip Washington'a giden, taşralı ve aşırı saf Mr. Smith'in Senato'nun kirli işlere bulaşmış bir üyesine karşı savaş açmasını, James Hilton'dan uyarlanan Lost Horizon (Kayıp Ufuklar, 1937) mutluluğu Tibet'te bir manastıra kapanmakta bulan beş kişinin öyküsünü, Meet John Doe (Cihan Hakimi, 1941) faşist eğilimli bir kuruluşun desteğiyle cumhurbaşkanlığı adaylığına soyunan eski bir beyzbolcunun oyuna geldiğini anlayıp, kendisini kullananlara başkaldırmasını, Why We Fight (Niçin Savaşıyoruz?, 1941-44) tarihin eski çağlarından bu yana insanlığın özgürlük arayışını, Arsenik Kurbanları (Arsenic and Old Lace, 1944) evliliğe karşı fikirleriyle bilinen oyun yazarının kapı komşusuyla gizlice evlenmesini, It's a Wonderful Life (Yaşamak Güzeldir, 1946) toplumsal zorluklarla baş edemeyerek intiharın eşiğine gelen bir taşralının gökyüzünden gönderilen bir meleğin yardımıyla yaşam boyunca yaptığı işlerin önemini ve yaşamın ne denli değerli olduğunu kavrayıp intihardan vazgeçmesini, State of the Union (Aday, 1948) bir cumhurbaşkanlığı adayının karşılaştığı çirkin oyunları ve karısının desteğiyle dürüstlüğünü korumasını, A Hole in The Head (Miami Macerası, 1959) Florida'da Disneyland kurmayı amaçlayan bir adamı, A Pocketful of Miracles (Elmacı Kadın, 1962) New York sokaklarında elma satan bir kadının kızını soylu bir İspanyol'la evlendirebilmek için iyi yürekli bir gangsterin yardımıyla kendini çok varlıklı bir kadın gibi göstermeye çalışmasını konu edindi.

Filmleri

 The Strong Man (1926)
 For the Love of Mike (1927)
 Long Pants (1927)
 The Power of the Press (1928)
 Say It with Sables (1928)
 So This Is Love? (1928)
 Submarine (1928)
 The Way of the Strong (1928)
 That Certain Thing (1928)
 The Matinee Idol (1928)
 Flight (1929)
 The Donovan Affair (1929)
 The Younger Generation (1929)
 Rain or Shine (1930)
 Ladies of Leisure (1930)
 Dirigible (1931)
 The Miracle Woman (1931)
 Platinum Blonde (1931)
 Forbidden (1932)

 American Madness (1932)
 The Bitter Tea of General Yen (1932)
 Lady for a Day (1933)
 It Happened One Night (1934)
 Broadway Bill (1934)
 Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936)
 Lost Horizon (1937)
 You Can't Take It with You (1938)
 Mr. Smith Washington'a Gidiyor (1939)
 Meet John Doe (1941)
 Why We Fight (1942-45)
 Arsenic and Old Lace (1944)
 The Battle of China (1944)
 Şahane Hayat (1946)
 State of the Union (1948)
 Riding High (1950)
 Here Comes the Groom (1951)
 A Hole in the Head (1959)
 Elmacı Kadın (1961)

Akademi Ödülü ve Adaylıkları

Kaynakça

II. Dünya Savaşı'nda Amerikalı askerler
En İyi Yönetmen Akademi Ödülü sahipleri
Kaliforniya Teknoloji Enstitüsünde öğrenim görenler
Kalp krizinden ölenler
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri vatandaşlığına kabul edilenler
Amerikalı senaristler
Amerikalı film yapımcıları
Amerikalı karacı subaylar
1897 doğumlular
1991 yılında ölenler
İtalyan yönetmenler
Amerikalı film yönetmenleri
Amerikalı antikomünistler

Kaliforniya'da defnedilenler
I. Dünya Savaşı'nda Amerikalı askerler
En İyi Yönetmen Altın Küre Ödülü sahipleri
Altın Küre Ödülü sahipleri
Kaliforniya doğumlu yazarlar
20. yüzyıl Amerikalı senaristleri
Kaliforniya doğumlu film yönetmenleri
Yaşam Boyu Başarı Altın Aslan Ödülü sahipleri

Frank Capra


En Belgique, une commission d'enquête parlementaire désigne une commission parlementaire constituée de politiciens ayant pour but d'examiner ou d'enquêter à propos d'un évènement particulier en respectant un délai déterminé.

Déroulement
Les parlementaires, de la Chambre ou du Sénat, peuvent décider de créer des commissions d'enquête en vertu de l'article 56 de la Constitution belge ainsi que de la loi du  sur le droit d'enquête.

Elles sont mandatées sur la base d'une proposition émanant d'un membre du parlement et disposent des pouvoirs attribués aux juges d'instruction. Les commissaires peuvent alors entendre et confronter des témoins, faire appel à des experts, ordonner des perquisitions etc. Cependant, ils n'ont pas le droit de juger les suspects, ceci étant du ressort du SPF Justice si des poursuites devaient être intentées. Les travaux des commissions peuvent alors servir aux enquêtes judiciaires et au procès.

Composition
La commission d'enquête parlementaire belge est composée d'un nombre défini de députés dirigée par un président qu'ils choisissent.

Commissions parlementaires belges notoires

Voici une liste non exhaustive reprenant certaines commissions d'enquêtes parlementaires belges notables :
 1988: à la suite des tueries du Brabant.
 1996 : à la suite de l'affaire Dutroux.
 1996 : concernant les sectes en Belgique.
 2002 : à la suite de la faillite de la Sabena.
 2016 : à la suite des Attentats de Bruxelles.
 2016 : à la suite du Kazakhgate.
 2020 : commission d'enquête sur le passé colonial belge.

Voir aussi
 Parlement fédéral (Belgique)
 Sénat (Belgique)
 Chambre des représentants (Belgique)
 Liste de catastrophes en Belgique

Notes et références

Commission parlementaire

Commission d'enquête parlementaire en Belgique


Hammer v. Dagenhart, 247 U.S. 251 (1918), was a United States Supreme Court decision in which the Court struck down a federal law regulating child labor. The decision was overruled by United States v. Darby Lumber Co. (1941).

During the Progressive Era, public sentiment in the United States turned against what was perceived as increasingly intolerable child labor conditions. In response, Congress passed the Keating–Owen Act, prohibiting the sale in interstate commerce of any merchandise that had been made either by children under the age of fourteen, or by children under sixteen who worked more than sixty hours per week. In his majority opinion, Justice William R. Day struck down the Keating–Owen Act, holding that the Commerce Clause did not give Congress the power to regulate working conditions. In his dissenting opinion, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. argued that goods manufactured in one state and sold in other states were by definition interstate commerce, and thus Congress should have power to regulate the manufacturing of those goods.

Background
During the Progressive Era, public sentiment in the United States turned against what was perceived as increasingly intolerable child labor conditions. Activities of such groups as the National Child Labor Committee, investigative journalists, and labor groups called attention to unhealthy and unsafe working conditions. Historical material presented by the Smithsonian Institution provides a sense of the motivation behind these concerns in an electronic exhibit on the work of the photographer Lewis Hine:
Over and over, Hine saw children working sixty and seventy-hour weeks, by day and by night, often under hazardous conditions. He saw children caught in a cycle of poverty, with parents often so ill-paid that they could not support a family on their earnings alone, and had to rely on their children's earnings as a supplement for the family's survival. He saw children growing up stunted mentally (illiterate or barely able to read because their jobs kept them out of school) and physically (from lack of fresh air, exercise, and time to relax and play). He saw countless children who had been injured and permanently disabled on the job; he knew that, in the cotton mills for example, children had accident rates three times those of adults.

Responding to the growing public concern, many states sought to impose local restrictions on child labor.   In many states, however, the attempt to regulate was ineffective. In addition, manufacturers argued that where restrictions were imposed only in selected states, it placed them at a competitive disadvantage with competitors from states which still placed no restrictions.

Unable to regulate hours and working conditions for child labor within individual states, Congress sought to regulate child labor by banning the product of that labor from interstate commerce. The Keating-Owen Act of 1916 prohibited interstate commerce of any merchandise that had been made by children under the age of fourteen, or merchandise that had been made in factories where children between the ages of 14 and 16 worked for more than eight hours a day, worked overnight or worked more than sixty hours a week.

Roland Dagenhart, who worked in a cotton mill in Charlotte, North Carolina with his two sons, sued, arguing that this law was unconstitutional. A district court ruled the statute unconstitutional, which caused United States Attorney William C. Hammer to appeal to the Supreme Court. At issue was the question: Does Congress have the authority to regulate commerce of goods that are manufactured by children under the age 14, as specified in the Keating–Owen Act of 1916, and is it within the authority of Congress in regulating commerce among the states to prohibit the transportation in interstate commerce of manufactured goods by the child labor description above?

Majority opinion
Justice Day, for the majority, said that Congress does not have the power to regulate commerce of goods that are manufactured by children and that the Keating-Owen Act of 1916 was therefore unconstitutional. Drawing a distinction between the manufacture of goods and the regulation of certain goods themselves "inherently evil", the Court maintained that the issue did not concern the power to keep certain immoral products out of the stream of interstate commerce, distinguishing previous cases upholding Congress's power to control lottery schemes, prostitution, and liquor. The Court reasoned that in those cases, the goods themselves were inherently immoral and thus open to congressional scrutiny. In this case, however, the issue at hand was the manufacture of cotton, a good whose use is not immoral. The Court further held that the manufacture of cotton did not in itself constitute interstate commerce. The Court recognized that disparate labor regulations placed the various states on unequal ground in terms of economic competitiveness, but it specifically stated that Congress could not address such inequality, as it was within the right of states to enact differing laws within the scope of their police powers:

The court reasoned that "The commerce clause was not intended to give to Congress a general authority to equalize such conditions". The Court added that the federal government was "one of enumerated powers" and could not go beyond the boundary drawn by the 10th Amendment, which the Court misquotes by inserting the word "expressly":

Dissenting opinion
Justice Holmes dissented strongly from the logic and ruling of the majority. He maintained that Congress was completely within its right to regulate interstate commerce and that goods manufactured in one state and sold in other states were, by definition, interstate commerce. That placed the entire manufacturing process under the purview of Congress, and the constitutional power "could not be cut down or qualified by the fact that it might interfere with the carrying out of the domestic policy of any State".

Holmes also took issue with the majority's logic in allowing Congress to regulate goods themselves regarded as immoral, while at the same time disallowing regulation of goods whose use may be considered just as immoral in a more indirect sense: "The notion that prohibition is any less prohibition when applied to things now thought evil I do not understand ... to say that it is permissible as against strong drink but not as against the product of ruined lives." At the time, the Eighteenth Amendment, banning the sale, manufacture and transport of alcoholic drink, had been approved by Congress and was being ratified by the states.

Holmes also commented on the court's rejection of federal restrictions on child labor: "But if there is any matter upon which civilized countries have agreed—it is the evil of premature and excessive child labor."

Subsequent developments

In 1922, another ruling, Bailey v. Drexel Furniture, banned Congress from levying a tax on goods produced through child labor entered into interstate trade; both rulings caused the introduction of the Child Labor Amendment.

The ruling of the Court was later overturned and repudiated in a series of decisions handed down in the late 1930s and early 1940s. Specifically, Hammer v. Dagenhart was overruled in 1941 in the case of United States v. Darby Lumber Co., . The Court in the Darby case sided strongly with Holmes' dissent, which they called "classic". They also recast the reading of the Tenth Amendment, regarding it as a "truism" that merely restates what the Constitution had already provided for, rather than offering a substantive protection to the States, as the Hammer ruling had contended.

References

Further reading
.
 Sawyer, Logan E., III, "Creating Hammer v. Dagenhart," William and Mary Bill of Rights Journal, 21 (Oct. 2012), 67–124.

External links

United States Constitution Article One case law
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the White Court
1918 in United States case law
United States labor case law
United States Commerce Clause case law
Overruled United States Supreme Court decisions
History of Charlotte, North Carolina
History of the textile industry in the United States

Hammer v. Dagenhart


Lockerbie railway station is a railway station serving the town of Lockerbie, on the West Coast Main Line, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland. It is located  south of Glasgow Central and  north of London Euston. The station is owned by Network Rail.

History
The station was opened along with the first section of the Caledonian Railway's main line from  in September 1847.  The line initially terminated at , but was completed through to Glasgow & Edinburgh early the following year.  A branch line from here to  via Lochmaben was completed in September 1863 – this was constructed by the independent Dumfries, Lochmaben & Lockerbie Railway, but was absorbed by the Caledonian company two years later. Though this route allowed the Caledonian company to reach Dumfries and thus compete with the rival Glasgow and South Western Railway, it never developed beyond country branch status.

On 4 May 1882, an accident occurred when the branch service from Stranraer via the Dumfries, Lochmaben and Lockerbie Railway passed a signal and entered the station at 23:25. It collided at low speed, with a goods train already on the northbound line. This collision, though minor, forced carriages from the goods train onto the southbound line and into the path of the speeding Glasgow Express which smashed into the wreckage and derailed onto the station platform. Seven people were killed, including the driver and fireman of the express. The guard from the express ran down the line to warn another approaching train of the accident and prevented a further collision. There were 300 injuries. The driver of the first train, the Lockerbie station master and the local inspection regime were all criticised for their actions in the subsequent report on the crash.

The branch to Dumfries was closed to passenger services by the British Transport Commission in May 1952.  Goods traffic continued until 1966, when the line fell victim to the Beeching Axe.  Except Lockerbie all other local stations on the main line between Carlisle and Carstairs closed during the 1960s. The first electrically operated passenger services operated by British Rail in May 1974 when the West Coast Main Line electrification project between Weaver Junction & Glasgow was completed.

Services northwards to Glasgow and Edinburgh were suspended in January 2016 and replaced by buses, whilst major repairs were carried out the River Clyde viaduct at Lamington that was damaged by Storm Frank.  Trains resumed on 22 February 2016.

Open access operator Grand Union Trains plans to use the station on a Stirling to London Euston service to begin in 2025.

Stationmasters

James Chesney from 1863 (formerly station master at Beattock)
John Wallace 1875 - 1881
John Stothart 1881 - 1883 (formerly station master at West Calder)
David Wightman 1883 - 1901 (formerly station master at Busby)
Kenneth Wilson 1901 - 1905 (formerly station master at Kelvinbridge)
Samuel Kerr 1905 - 1914 (formerly station master at Uddingston, afterwards station master at Lanark)
William Steele 1914 - 1924 (formerly station master at Peebles)
John Dickson 1924 - 1925 (formerly station master at Peebles)
William Scougall 1925 - 1931 (formerly station master at Peebles)
William Tinning from 1931  (formerly station master at Newmains)
James W. Collins 1938 - 1939 (formerly station master at Dumbarton, afterwards station master at Stirling)
William Copland 1948 - 1949 (formerly station master at Gleneagles)
David M.Tyndall 1949 - 1958 (formerly station master at Brechin)

Services and operations

Lockerbie station is managed by ScotRail, although the company does not provide any services to or from the station. Lockerbie is one of only two railway stations in Scotland  not served by ScotRail (the other being Reston). All services are provided by Avanti West Coast and TransPennine Express.

TransPennine Express
TransPennine Express provide most services, As of 2022 there is an hourly service to Manchester Airport, a two-hourly service to Edinburgh Waverley (with one larger gap leaving a four-hour gap between services), and a two-hourly service to Glasgow Central, with hourly departures from 7AM to 12PM.

Most services are run using Class 397 Civity trains, however a few services between Manchester and Edinburgh used Hitachi Class 802 A-Trains as of 16 May 2022.

Avanti West Coast
Avanti West Coast operate six services on weekdays. There are three trains per day to , two to London Euston and one to . On Saturdays 4 services call at Lockerbie, 2 southbound to London and 2 northbound to Glasgow. On Sundays, three Avanti trains call at Lockerbie, providing services to Glasgow Central, London Euston and Crewe.

Avanti West Coast services are provided using British Rail Class 390 Pendolinos.

References

Notes

Sources

 RAILSCOT on Caledonian Railway
 Lockerbie railway station on navigable OS map

External links

Railway stations in Dumfries and Galloway
Former Caledonian Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1847
Railway stations served by TransPennine Express
Railway stations served by Avanti West Coast
1847 establishments in Scotland
William Tite railway stations
Lockerbie
Railway stations in Great Britain not served by their managing company
Stations on the West Coast Main Line

Lockerbie railway station


Dainhat (en bengalí: দৈনহাট ) es una ciudad de la India, en el distrito de Bardhaman, estado de Bengala Occidental.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 19  a 306 km de la capital estatal, Calcuta, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2010 contaba con una población de 24 262 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Bengala Occidental

Dainhat


Markovac  ist Ortsname von
 Markovac (Vršac), Dorf im sünddlichen Banat, Serbien
 Markovac (Velika Plana), Dorf im nördlichen Zentralserbien
 Markovac (Mladenovac), Serbien
 Markovac (Biskupija), Weiler in der Općina Biskupija, Kroatien, mit rund 70 Einwohnern
 Markovac Križevački, Kroatien
 Markovac Našički, Kroatien
 Markovac (Daruvar), Kroatien
 Trojstveni Markovac, Kroatien

Markovac


Memorijalni turnir Andrija Anković je nogometni turnir za klubove u seniorskoj konkurenciji.
Održava se od 1986. godine u mjestu Gabela pored Čapljine. Turnir se uglavnom igra u siječnju ili veljači kao dio priprema klubova za proljetni dio sezone. Organizator turnira je klub GOŠK, a nosi naziv po Andriji Ankoviću (1937. – 1980.), nogometašu iz Gabele, koji je najveći dio karijere proveo u splitskom Hajduku, u kojem je postao jedan od legendarnih igrača kluba. Također je bio i reprezentativac Jugoslavije.
Turnir nije održavan od 1992. do 1996. godine zbog ratnih događanja u BiH. Ovo je najstariji aktivni nogometni turnir u Bosni i Hercegovini.
Najviše osvojenih turnira ima Hajduk.

Dosdašnji pobjednici i sudionici

 Napomena: zastavice prema osamostaljenim državama

Poveznice
 Andrija Anković
 Gabela
 NK GOŠK Gabela
 Memorijalni turnir Gojko Šušak
 nkgoskgabela.weebly.com - stranica turnira

Izvori

 bljesak.info, Zrinjski traži četvrti naslov; Hajduku najviše titula, Sarajevo prvi pobjednik, objavlljeno 12. veljače 2016., pristupljeno 13. veljače 2017.
 , objavljeno 19. prosinca 2016., pristupljeno 13. veljače 2017.
 dnevni-list.ba, Gabeljani žele jak turnir: Pozivi upućeni Dinamu, Zrinjskom i Širokom, pristupljeno 13. veljače 2017.

Hrvatska nogometna natjecanja u Bosni i Hercegovini
Bosanskohercegovačka nogometna natjecanja

Memorijalni turnir Andrija Anković


Danielle Le Feuvre (* 9. November 1978) ist eine für England startende Badmintonspielerin aus Jersey.

Karriere
Danielle Le Feuvre startete für Jersey mehrfach erfolgreich bei den Island Games. 1995, 1997 und 1999 war sie dort im Damendoppel erfolgreich, 1999 auch im Dameneinzel. 1996 und 1998 siegte sie bei den Jersey Open.

Sportliche Erfolge

Weblinks

Badmintonspieler (England)
Teilnehmer an den Commonwealth Games (Jersey)
Sieger bei den Island Games (Badminton)
Teilnehmer an den Island Games (Jersey)
Brite
Geboren 1978
Frau

Danielle Le Feuvre


est une station du métro de Sapporo au Japon. Elle est située dans l'arrondissement de Kita à Sapporo.

Situation sur le réseau
Établie en souterrain, la station est située au point kilométrique (PK) 3,9 de la ligne Namboku entre la station Kita juhachi jo, en direction du terminus nord Asabu, et la station Sapporo, en direction du terminus sud Makomanai.

Histoire
La station a été inaugurée le .

Services aux voyageurs

Accès et accueil
La station est ouverte tous les jours.

Desserte
 Ligne Namboku :
 voie 1 : direction Makomanai
 voie 2 : direction Asabu

Intermodalité

À proximité

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Métro de Sapporo

Lien externe
  La station Kita juni jo sur le site du métro de Sapporo

Station du métro de Sapporo
Station de métro mise en service en 1971

Kita-Jūni-Jō (métro de Sapporo)


Mahaney ist der Familienname der folgenden Personen:

 Kevin Mahaney (* 1962), US-amerikanischer Segler
 William Mahaney (* 1941), US-amerikanischer Geograph und Geologe

Mahaney


أوبريت بعد العسل، هو الجزء الأخير من سلسلة أوبريت مداعبات قبل الزواج وشهر العسل . وفي هذا الجزء حدث تطور كبير في القصة حيث أنه قدم بعد الجزء الثاني ب12 عاماً في العام 1989. وبالإضافة إلى الثنائي بطل هذا الاوبريت من البداية عبد الحسين عبد الرضا وسعاد عبد الله اشتركت الفنانة انتصار الشراح.

قصة الاوبريت

تمر السنوات ولم تحمل أمينه فيصر راشد على ان يصبح له ولد يحمل اسمه خصوصاً انه تقدم في السن فيبحث عن زوجه أخرى فيتزوج شيخه وقامت بدورها انتصار الشراح فتبدأ المشاكل الكثيره بين الضرتين والضحية هو الزوج. إلى ان تحدث المفاجأة فتحمل الزوجة الأولى والحب الأول امينه ويترك راشد الزوجة الثانية ويعود للحب الأول.

الممثلين المشاركين
 عبد الحسين عبد الرضا (راشد).
 سعاد عبد الله (أمينة).
 انتصار الشراح (شيخة).
 أمل عباس (أم شيخة).
 عبد المحسن الخلفان (أبو شيخة).
كذلك ظهرت الممثلة منى شداد بدور كومبارس صامت.

أوبريتات كويتية

أوبريت بعد العسل


The Pilbara () is a large, dry, thinly populated region in the north of Western Australia. It is known for its Aboriginal peoples; its ancient landscapes; the red earth; and its vast mineral deposits, in particular iron ore. It is also a global biodiversity hotspot for subterranean fauna.

Definitions of the Pilbara region

At least two important but differing definitions of "the Pilbara" region exist. Administratively it is one of the nine regions of Western Australia defined by the Regional Development Commissions Act 1993; the term also refers to the Pilbara shrublands bioregion (which differs in extent) under the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA).

General

The Pilbara region, as defined by the Regional Development Commissions Act 1993 and administered for economic development purposes by the Pilbara Development Commission, has an estimated population of 61,688 , and covers an area of . It contains some of Earth's oldest rock formations, and includes landscapes of coastal plains and mountain ranges with cliffs and gorges. The major settlements of the region are Port Hedland, Karratha and Newman. The three main ports in this region are Port Hedland, Dampier and Port Walcott.

The area is known for its petroleum, natural gas and iron ore deposits, which contribute significantly to Australia's economy. Other than mining, pastoral activities as well as fishing and tourism are the main industries.

Urban centres and localities

Local government
The Pilbara region, under the Pilbara Development Commission, contains four local government areas:

Ashburton – Shire of Ashburton
East Pilbara – Shire of East Pilbara
Karratha – City of Karratha
Port Hedland – Town of Port Hedland

Etymology
The Pilbara Aboriginal Language Centre Wangka Maya says that the name for the Pilbara region derives from the Aboriginal word bilybara, meaning "dry" in the Nyamal and Banyjima languages.

Alternatively, the Western Australia Gas Industry claims that the region takes its name from pilbarra, an Aboriginal word for the mullet that is available in local waters. The Pilbara Creek (originally spelt "Pilbarra") is a tributary of the Yule River, a significant river in the region. Sea mullet and barramundi can still be caught in the Yule River today. Pilbara Goldfield, discovered in 1885, was named after the creek, and the name later became associated with the region.

History

Radiocarbon dating estimates in evidence show that rock art and standing stones at Murujuga in Dampier Archipelago, Australia's earliest known stone structures, believably dating from 6046 to 5338 BC, are of contextualization by thousands of years of unique cultural traditions and folklore. These sites have lived up as part of survival in present times.

The first European to explore the area was Francis Thomas Gregory in 1861. Within two years, European settlers had begun arriving. The region was regarded as part of the North West at first – a larger area that included the modern Kimberley and Gascoyne regions.

Settlements along the coast at Tien Tsin Harbour (later Cossack), Roebourne and Condon (officially Shellborough; later abandoned) were established over ensuing decades, mainly as centres of the rangeland livestock (grazing/pastoral) industry or pearling ports. However, as natural mother of pearl beds around Cossack were fished out, the pearling fleet began to move northward, and by 1883 it was based at Broome, in the Kimberley region. From , pastoralism went into decline with the growth of other, more productive agricultural areas of the state.

Mining in the region started on 1 October 1888, when the Pilbara Goldfield was officially declared – named after a local creek, the goldfield would later give its name to the region as a whole. It was later divided into the Nullagine Goldfield and Marble Bar Goldfield. However, gold mining began to decline in the Pilbara in the mid-1890s, after alluvial ore had been exhausted. In 1937, mining of asbestos commenced at Wittenoom Gorge. While the presence of abundant iron ore had been known for about a century, it was not until the 1960s and the discovery of high-grade ore in the Hamersley Ranges that the area became pivotal to the state's economy, and towns built to accommodate mining and allied services boomed.

In the 1950s, three British nuclear weapons tests were carried out in the Montebello Islands, 130 km (81 mi) off the Pilbara coast.

Aboriginal peoples

Prehistory
The Aboriginal population of the Pilbara considerably predates, by 30–40,000 years, the European colonisation of the region. Archaeological evidence indicates that people were living in the Pilbara even during the harsh climatic conditions of the Last Glacial Maximum. The early history of the first peoples is held within an oral tradition, archeological evidence and petroglyphs. Near the town of Dampier is a peninsula known as Murujuga, which contains a large collection of World Heritage-listed petroglyphs, dating back thousands of years. Rock art in the Pilbara appears to have been primarily etched into the hard rock surfaces, compared to predominantly paintings on the softer sandstone in the Kimberley. This does not preclude that painting was and is not performed in the Pilbara.

20th century
Working conditions in the pearling and pastoral industries for Aboriginal people in the Pilbara region around 1900 have been described as slavery, with no wages paid, kidnapping as well as severe and cruel punishments for misbehaviour and absconding all common practices. Some incidents, such as the Bendu Atrocity of 1897, attracted international condemnation. The first strike by Indigenous people in Australia took place in 1946 in the Pilbara, known as the Pilbara strike or Pilbara Aboriginal strike, when Aboriginal pastoral workers walked off the stations in protest at low pay and bad working conditions, a strike that lasted for over three years.

Family clans in the Pilbara who were supported by mining prospector, Don McLeod, developed skills for mining and the concentration of rare metals. For a short period money accumulated, which according to Aboriginal law was to be used for traditional ways. Eventually the funds were used to establish an independent Aboriginal-controlled school. The concept has expanded into a movement with around 20 similar schools established in northern Western Australia by the mid 1990s. Jan Richardson, wife of Victorian Aboriginal activist Stan Davey, wrote a biography of McLeod as a doctoral thesis.

21st century
In 2006, it was estimated that 15% of the population of the Pilbara identify as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people, approximately 6,000 people.

Many Pilbara communities face the many complex effects of colonisation, and lack adequate access to housing, health and education. A 1971 survey of 1,000 Aboriginal people conducted by Pat McPherson found that most had one or more serious diseases. At the McClelland Royal Commission into British nuclear testing, Aboriginals from the Pilbara provided evidence regarding the explosion on the Montebello Islands.

Aboriginal communities are sited over a number of different places. Many have poor infrastructure, and relations between police and Aboriginal people are often tense.

Location and description

Under the Regional Development Commissions Act Pilbara is situated south of the Kimberley, and is made up of the local government areas of Shire of Ashburton, Shire of East Pilbara, City of Karratha and Town of Port Hedland.

The Pilbara region covers an area of 507,896 km2 (193,826 mi2) (including offshore islands), roughly the combined land area of the US States of California and Indiana.  It has a population of more than 45,000, most of whom live in the western third of the region, in towns such as Port Hedland, Karratha, Wickham, Newman and Marble Bar.  A substantial number of people also work in the region on a fly-in/fly-out basis.
There are approximately 10 major/medium population centres and more than 25 smaller ones

The Pilbara consists of three distinct geographic areas.  The western third is the Roebourne coastal sandplain, which supports most of the region's population in towns and much of its industry and commerce.  The eastern third is almost entirely desert, and is sparsely populated by a small number of Aboriginal peoples. These are separated by the inland uplands of the Pilbara Craton, including the predominant Hamersley Range which has a considerable number of mining towns, the Chichester Range and others. These uplands have a number of gorges and other natural attractions.

The Pilbara contains some of the world's oldest surface rocks, including the ancient fossilised remains known as stromatolites and rocks such as granites that are more than three billion years old. In 2007, some of the oldest evidence of life on Earth was found in 3.4 billion-year-old sandstones at Strelley Pool, which preserve fossils of sulfur-processing bacteria. The mineralized spheres, which were found on an ancient beach and have a cell-like morphology, were chemically analysed, revealing that they used sulfur for fuel.

Climate

The climate of the Pilbara is arid and tropical. It experiences high temperatures and low irregular rainfall that follows the summer cyclones. During the summer months, maximum temperatures exceed  almost every day, and temperatures in excess of  are not uncommon. Winter temperatures rarely drop below  on the coast; however, inland temperatures as low as  are occasionally recorded.

The Pilbara town of Marble Bar set a world record of most consecutive days of maximum temperatures of 100 degrees Fahrenheit (37.8 degrees Celsius) or more, during a period of 160 such days from 31 October 1923 to 7 April 1924.

The average annual rainfall in the region is between . Almost all of the Pilbara's rainfall occurs between December and May, usually with occasional heavy downpours in thunderstorms or tropical cyclones. The period from June to November is usually completely rainless, with warm to very hot and sunny conditions. Like most of the north coast of Australia, the coastal areas of the Pilbara experience occasional tropical cyclones.  The frequency of cyclones crossing the Pilbara coast is about 7 every 10 years. Due to the low population density in the Pilbara region, cyclones rarely cause large scale destruction or loss of life.

Economy
The Pilbara's economy is dominated by mining exports and petroleum export industries.

During the 1970s the area was known for union militancy with many strikes and some mines operating as fully unionised 'closed shops.' This was challenged by employers from the mid-1980s onwards and the region now has a very low level of union membership compared to other parts of Australia.

Iron ore

Most of Australia's iron ore is mined in the Pilbara, with mines mostly centred around Tom Price and Newman. The iron ore industry employs 9,000 people from the Pilbara area. The Pilbara also has one of the world's major manganese mines, Woodie Woodie, situated  southeast of Port Hedland.

Iron ore deposits were first discovered by prospector Stan Hilditch, who in 1957 found a large iron ore deposit in the southern Ophthalmia Range, at what was to become the Mount Whaleback mine.

In the 1960s, it was reportedly called "one of the most massive ore bodies in the world" by Thomas Price, then vice president of US-based steel company Kaiser Steel. Geoscience Australia calculated that the country's "economic demonstrated resources" of iron amounted to 24 gigatonnes, or 24 billion tonnes. According to the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics, , that resource is being used up at a rate of 324 million tonnes a year, with rates expected to increase over coming years. Experts Gavin Mudd (Monash University) and Jonathon Law (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) expect it to be gone within 30 to 50 years (Mudd) and 56 years (Law).

, active iron ore mines in the Pilbara are:
 BC Iron
 Iron Valley mine
 BHP
 Area C mine
 Jimblebar mine
 Mount Whaleback mine
 Orebodies 18, 23 and 25 mine
 Yandi mine
 Yarrie mine
 Fortescue Metals Group
 Christmas Creek mine
 Cloud Break mine
 Rio Tinto
 Brockman mine
 Brockman 4 mine
 Channar mine
 Eastern Range mine
 Hope Downs mine
 Marandoo mine
 Mesa A mine
 Mesa J mine
 Mount Tom Price mine
 Nammuldi mine
 Paraburdoo mine
 West Angelas mine
 Yandicoogina mine
 Atlas Iron
 Pardoo mine
 Moly Mines
 Spinifex Ridge (molybdenum, copper, iron ore)

Liquified natural gas
A significant part of Pilbara's economy is based on liquified natural gas (LNG) through the North West Shelf Venture and Pluto LNG plant, both operated by Woodside.

Agriculture

The region also has a number of cattle-grazing stations, and a substantial tourist sector, with popular natural attractions including the Karijini and Millstream-Chichester national parks and the Dampier Archipelago.

Transport

The first railway in the Pilbara region was the narrow-gauge Marble Bar Railway between Port Hedland and Marble Bar. The Marble Bar Railway opened in July 1911 and closed in October 1951. The Roebourne-Cossack Tramway opened in 1897 and many industrial railways have been built to serve the mines.

Five heavy-duty railways are associated with the various iron-ore mines. They are all standard gauge and built to the heaviest North American standards. Rio Tinto runs driverless trains on its railways.

Ports
The ports of the Pilbara are:

 Port Hedland
 Nelson Point and Finucane Island (operated by BHP)
 Herb Elliott Port (operated by the Fortescue Metals Group)
 Dampier (operated by Rio Tinto)
 Cape Lambert (operated by Rio Tinto)
 Anketell Port (under development)

Ecology

Terrestrial

The dominant flora of the Pilbara is acacia trees and shrubs and drought-resistant Triodia spinifex grasses. Several species of acacia (wattle) trees are endemic to the Pilbara and are the focus of conservation programs, along with wildflowers and other local specialities.

"Fairy circles" (known as "linyji" in the Manyjilyjarra language and "mingkirri" in the Warlpiri language) which are circular patches of land barren of plants, varying between  in diameter and often encircled by a ring of stimulated growth of grass, are found in are found in the western part of the Great Sandy Desert in the Pilbara. It has not yet been proven what causes these formations, but one theory suggests that they have been built and inhabited by Australian harvester termites since the Pleistocene.

The Pilbara is home to a wide variety of endemic species adapted to this tough environment. There is a high diversity of invertebrates, including hundreds of species of subterranean fauna (both stygofauna and troglofauna), which are microscopic invertebrates that live in caves, vugs or groundwater aquifers of the region, and terrestrial fauna (see short-range endemic invertebrates). The Pilbara olive python, the western pebble-mound mouse, and the Pilbara ningaui of the Hamersley Range are among the many species of animals within the fragile ecosystems of this desert ecoregion. Birds include the Australian hobby, nankeen kestrel, spotted harrier, mulga parrot and budgerigars.

Wildlife has been damaged by the extraction of iron, natural gas and asbestos, but the protection of culturally and environmentally sensitive areas of the Pilbara is now enhanced by the delineation of several protected areas, including the Millstream-Chichester and the Karijini National Parks.

Freshwater

The western Pilbara is part of the Pilbara freshwater ecoregion, also known as the Pilbara-Gascoyne or Indian Ocean drainage basin. The freshwater region is characterized by intermittent rivers which form deep gorges, and brackish-water caves that host endemic species. The region includes the drainages of the Murchison, Gascoyne, Ashburton, Fortescue, and De Grey rivers. The Great Sandy Desert, which covers the eastern Pilbara, has little freshwater habitat.

See also

 Banded iron formation (BIF)
 North West Australia
 Pilbara Coast
 Pilbara historical timeline
 Pilbara newspapers
 Pilbara Railways
 Stromatolite

References

Further reading

Sharp, Janet, and Nicholas Thieberger. (1992). Aboriginal languages of the Pilbara Region: Bilybara. Wangka Maya Pilbara Aboriginal Language Centre, Port Hedland, WA.

External links

 Pilbara Development Commission
 NASA-Macquarie University Pilbara Education Project
 Olive Python captive breeding program
 Wattles of the Pilbara
 Yamatji Marlpa Barna Baba Maaja Aboriginal Corporation , the Native Title Representative Body incorporating the Pilbara Native Title Service

Drainage basins of Australia
IBRA regions

Pilbara


este un oraș în Japonia, în districtul Kani al prefecturii Gifu.

Vezi și
 Lista orașelor din Japonia

Legături externe

  Site-ul oficial al orașului Mitake

Orașe din Japonia
Prefectura Gifu

Mitake (oraș)


Yong Ling (o Ling-Yong, Ling-Young, Ling, Yuang  ( 1903 -1981) fue un botánico y orquideólogo chino. Desarrolló actividades académicas en el "Instituto de Botánica, de la Academia Sinica.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Botánicos de China del siglo XX
Escritores en chino
Escritores en latín
Orquideólogos de China

Yong Ling


An Zootrophion vulturiceps in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carlyle August Luer, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Carlyle August Luer. An Zootrophion vulturiceps in nahilalakip ha genus nga Zootrophion, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Costa Rica. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Zootrophion

Zootrophion vulturiceps


With Vilest of Worms to Dwell drugi je studijski album austrijskog simfonijskog death metal-sastava Hollenthon. Album je 11. lipnja 2001. godine objavila diskografska kuća Napalm Records.

O albumu
With Vilest of Worms to Dwell bio je sniman tijekom ožujka 2001. godine u studiju Vato Loco u Beču. Kao što je bio slučaj na prethodnom albumu Domus Mundi, pjevač sastava Martin Schirenc svirao je sve instrumente osim bubnjeva.

Pjesma "Lords of Bedlam" uključuje elemente iz baleta Romeo i Julija ruskog skladatelja Sergeja Prokofjeva te pjesma "To Kingdom Come" uključuje dijelove kantate Carmina Burana njemačkog skladatelja Carla Orffa.

Popis pjesama

Recenzije
Album je zadobio uglavnom pozitivne kritike. William York, glazbeni kritičar sa stranice AllMusic, dodijelio je albumu četiri i pol od pet zvjezdica te je komentirao: "Hollenthonov drugi album, ambiciozni With Vilest of Worms to Dwell, zvuči kao udruženi rad death metal sastava, čitavog simfonijskog orkestra i velikog zbora, [...] stoga je činjenica da je ovo zapravo rad uglavnom dvije osobe -- multi-instrumentalista i upravljača sastava Martina Shirenca te bubnjara Mikea Grögera -- u sebi vrlo impresivna. Ono što je još i više impresivno jest kako su uspjeli kombinirati tako široku i neobičnu lepezu stilova i instrumenata u svojim pjesmama i učiniti da to funkcionira. [...] Epski i zabavan (iako je za neke ljude to jednostavno previše), With Vilest of Worms to Dwell album je koji stvarno trebate čuti da biste vjerovali [u njegovo postojanje]".

Osoblje

Hollenthon
 Martin Schirenc – vokali, gitara, bas-gitara, klavijature, produkcija, miksanje, raspored ilustracija
 Elena Schirenc – vokali
 Mike Gröger – bubnjevi, perkusija

Dodatni glazbenici
 Rob Barrett – gitara
Ostalo osoblje
 Achim "Akeem" Köhler – mastering
 Klaus Pichler – fotografija

Izvori

Albumi iz 2001.
Austrijski glazbeni albumi

With Vilest of Worms to Dwell


An Epidendrum fruticulum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Schltr.. An Epidendrum fruticulum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Epidendrum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Peru. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Epidendrum

Epidendrum fruticulum


An Aechmea lugoi in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Amy Jean Gilmartin ngan Hans Edmund Luther, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Lyman Bradford Smith och Michael A. Spencer. An Aechmea lugoi in nahilalakip ha genus nga Aechmea, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo nadudultan. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Aechmea

Aechmea lugoi


Raymond Bernard Milton (* 27. August 1912 in Port Arthur, Ontario; † 17. September 2003 in Stouffville, Ontario) war ein kanadischer Eishockeyspieler.

Karriere
Raymond Milton begann seine Karriere als Eishockeyspieler in seiner Heimatstadt bei den Port Arthur Bearcats, mit denen er Kanada bei den Olympischen Winterspielen 1936 repräsentierte. Anschließend spielte er für die Lake Shore Blue Devils. Nach seiner Eishockeykarriere war er im Bergbau tätig.

International
Für Kanada nahm Milton an den Olympischen Winterspielen 1936 in Garmisch-Partenkirchen teil, bei denen er mit seiner Mannschaft die Silbermedaille gewann.

Erfolge und Auszeichnungen
 1936 Silbermedaille bei den Olympischen Winterspielen

Weblinks

Eishockeynationalspieler (Kanada)
Olympiateilnehmer (Kanada)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 1936
Kanadier
Geboren 1912
Gestorben 2003
Mann

Raymond Milton


الطفل المتوحش هو اصطلاح يطلق على طفل الذي يعيش معزولاً عن الاتصال البشري من سن مبكرة جدا، وبعيداً عن مفهوم الأسرة ودلالاتها، وما توفره من الرعاية، والمحبة, والسلوك الاجتماعي. والأهم من ذلك من لغة التخاطب.

مراجع

انظر أيضًا
 رومولوس ورموس
 ماوكلي

سير بطولية وأسطوريات شعبية
أطفال متوحشون
اكتساب اللغة
الأبوة والأمومة
إساءة للأطفال
تجارب طفولة مؤذية
تفاعل بشري حيواني
جرائم ضد الأطفال
حماية الطفولة
شخصيات أصيلة
علم النفس
مصطلحات علمية

طفل متوحش


Benzon je talijansko i hrvatsko prezime. Hrvatski Benzoni potječu iz Vranjica, a žive u Vranjicu i okolnim gradovima (najviše Solin i Split).

Rodonačelnik vranjičkih Benzona je Ivan Krstitelj Benzon (oko 1639. - Split, 5. listopada 1679.), Turčin koji je u vrijeme Kandijskog rata prešao na kršćanstvo i preuzeo ime svojeg mentora Giovannija Battiste Benzona. Za pokazano junaštvo u Kandijskom ratu (bitka kod Marine 1657.) je nagrađen posjedima u Vranjicu.

Poznati Benzoni
 Ivan Krstitelj Benzon (vidi gore)
 Stjepan Benzon (Vranjic, 3. studenoga 1921.  Split, 14. prosinca 1990.), hrvatski pjesnik
 Branko Benzon (Postira, Brač, 29. kolovoza 1903.  Caracas, Venezuela, rujna 1970.), hrvatski liječnik kardiolog, političar i diplomat
 Marsel Benzon (Split, 3. kolovoza 1968.), glazbenik

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Prezime Benzon @ Acta Croatica

Hrvatska prezimena

Benzon


Branko Čelustka (Novi Sad, 21. svibnja 1929. - Zagreb, 19. lipnja 2019.), hrvatski fizičar

Životopis
Rođen u Novom Sadu 1929. godine. U Banjoj Luci pohađao od 1940. do 1948. godine. Diplomirao na zagrebačkome Prirodoslovno-matematičkom fakultetu. Doktorirao 1969. disertaciom "Promjena nekih fizikalnih parametara na temperaturama faznog prijelaza u bakar i srebro selenidu i njihova interpretacija". Nakon studija radio kao profesor u gimnaziji do 1956.,  nakon čega je radio na Medicinskom fakultetu u Zagrebu kao asistent pa docent, potom izvanredni te redoviti profesor fizike. Na tom fakultetu je predstojnik je Zavoda za fiziku i biofiziku od 1976. do 1993. godine. Višegodišnji suradnik Instituta »Ruđer Bošković«. Branko Čelustka, Ankica Kirin i Jasminka Brnjas-Kraljević zajedno s ostalim članovima Zavoda za fiziku i biofiziku uz izniman trud osigurali su održavanje nastave na Stomatološkom fakultetu od njegova osnutka te na studiju medicine u Splitu, Osijeku i Mostaru do konačnog osamostaljenja tih medicinskih fakulteta.

Bavio se nastavnim radom, znanstvenim istraživanjima s područja fizike čvrstog stanja, posebno optičkim i električnim svojstvima višekomponentnih poluvodičkih materijala. Radove objavio u časopisima Glasnik matematičko-fizički i astronomski, Acta metallurgica, Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, Physica Status Solidi, Croatica chemica acta, Fizika, Thin Solids Films i Acta stomatologica Croatica.

Arhivar knjižnice Češke besede, knjižnice češke zajednice u Hrvatskoj.

Djela
 Fizika za medicinare. Zagreb 1966.
 Fizika za višu medicinsku školu. Zagreb 1989.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
CROSBI Pregled po znanstveniku Branko Čelustka (MB 7946)
WorldCat Branko Čelustka
Researchgate Branko Čelustka

Životopisi, Zagreb
Hrvatski fizičari
Česi u Hrvatskoj

Branko Čelustka


26214 Kalinga este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
26214 Kalinga este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul din Ondřejov de Petr Pravec. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,85 ua, o excentricitate de 0,06 și o înclinație de 10,7° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 26001-27000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1997
Centura de asteroizi

26214 Kalinga


Hofkanzlei steht für
 das Sekretäriatsbüro eines Monarchen, siehe Kanzlei

historische Behörden:
 Böhmische Hofkanzlei mit Sitz in Prag und nach 1620 in Wien
 Österreichische Hofkanzlei mit Sitz in Wien
 Reichshofkanzlei des Heiligen Römischen Reiches mit Sitz in Wien
 Ungarische Hofkanzlei (mit angeschlossener Siebenbürgischer Hofkanzlei) mit Sitz ursprünglich in Preßburg, zwischen 1576 und 1612 in Prag, danach wieder in Preßburg und von 1690 bis 1867 in Wien

Hofkanzlei


Zikrism (also Zikriyya or the Zikri faith) is a Mahdist minority Muslim group or sect found primarily in the Balochistan region of western Pakistan. Like Shia and Sunni Muslims, Zikri revere the Quran, unlike them they follow different prayer practices and believe the Mahdi (the messiah figure and Final Leader in Islamic eschatology who is believed to appear at the end of times to rid the world of evil and injustice) has already come. The name Zikri comes from the Arabic word dhikr.

They have been victim of sectarian attacks since before the founding of Pakistan and recent attacks and insecurity have led to migration by some from Balochistan to Pakistan's cities.

Their population is estimated to be between 500,000 to 800,000 individuals.

Origins and beliefs
The Zikri faith developed in Makran in the late 16th-century.

Zikris believe in a Mahdi figure known as Nur Pak, or "pure light". Zikris believe Nur Pak walked the earth before Adam and will return at the end of days to restore true Islam which has been perverted by the Sunnis. According to Stephen Blake, an Afghan named Mulla Muhammad declared himself Mahdi and formed the Zikri movement which faced persecution from the Mughal authorities.  By the 18th-century, Zikrism virtually achieved the status of state religion in Southern Balochistan.

A number of sources talk about how Sayyid Muhammad Jaunpuri "is believed to be" or thought to be by some, the founder of Zikrism.
According to at least two scholars (Robert Benkin and Sabir Badalkhan), this cannot be true.  Benkin writes that outside observers have claimed the Mahdi figure of the Balochi Zikris was Muhammad Juanpuri, but Balochi Zikris deny that Muhammad Jaunpuri visited Balochistan and insist their Mahdi is a different figure from a later period. Zikris believe Nur Pak was born in 977 AH, or between 1569 and 1570 AD.

According to Sabir Badalkhan, the vast majority of Zikris, including their most influential leaders, reject the notion their Mahdi was Muhammad Jaunpuri, pointing to the different birth dates and deaths of Juanpuri and their Mahdi, and that "all Zikri sources" record the Zikri Mahdi having died in Kech. They state their ancestors have never head of Juanpuri, and that there are not relations between Zikri and Mahdavi communities, and that their beliefs and practices are distinct.

Practices
Zikris make a pilgrimage (ziyarat) to Koh-e-Murad, "Mountain of Desire" in Balochi, on the 27th of Ramadan in commemoration of their Mahdi. They observe this day as a sacred holiday. The descendants of the original believers of the Mahdi continue to lead the Zikri community and are known as murshids. Zikris refer to them as waja as a form of respect. Early that morning, Zikris observe Shab-e-Qadr, the commemoration of Muhammad receiving his first revelation from the Angel Gabriel.

Zikris observe daily prayers called zikr in place of salah, the daily prayers of other Muslims. There are five daily zikrs. Three prayers are obligatory and performed in group orally. Two are silent and generally performed only by older and more devout Zikris. Women perform only the spoken zikrs. The five prayer are known as Gwarbamay, Nemrochay, Rochzarday, Sarshapay, and Nemhangamay. Rochzarday and Nemhangamay may be performed individually, with all others being said in a group.

Zikri places of worship are called Zikr-khanas or zigrāna (lit. "house of zikr"). Zikris gather at three times a day at Zikr-khanas and perform a special prayer in a square formation with the leader in the middle. This prayer consists of formulae in Persian and Balochi, Quranic verses, and the repetition of God's name while standing, sitting, and prostrating. Zikri worshippers wear white or light-colored clothing, wash before participating, and cover their head with a scarf or handkerchief called a rumal.  Non-Zikris are forbidden to attend Zikri worship services at the Zikr-khana. Zikr-khanas were often built on astanas, places deemed holy by the Zikri community. This could be a place a murshid meditated or the former home of a community leader. Unlike Mosques, Zikr-khanas have no mihrab (there is no need to mark the direction of prayer because God is everywhere), nor minarets.

Contrary to some popular beliefs, Zikri do not have a different holy book than the Quran or in addition to the Quran. According to Sabir Badalkhan, they keep copies of the Quran ("printed by Sunni Muslim printing presses in major Pakistan cities") in Zikr-khanas  on shelves or in niches, "usually wrapped in clean costly cloth" and are treated with customary reverence, being kissed by Zikris after recitation of a verse.

On special occasions, Zikris observe chaugan, songs of praise for Muhammad, the Mahdi, Turbat and Koh-i-Murad, accompanied by ritual dance-like movements. Members stay up all night performing devotions.  A female reciter known as the shehr stands in the middle of the formation reciting devotions to which the male group calls back.

Chaugans are sung in celebration of religious events such as the 27th of Ramadan, Shab-i-barat (the 15th day of Sha'ban), and Eid al-Adha. Zikris believe the fourteenth day of the lunar month, if it falls on a Friday, to be auspicious, and may perform the chaugan then.

Persecution
Zikris have faced persecution from other Muslims for their beliefs.

Zikris faced persecution in the eighteenth century under the rule of Mir Nasir Khan the Great, the Sunni Muslim ruler of the Khanate of Kalat. Their religious and historical records were destroyed and surviving information was carried on by oral tradition and non-Zikri wtritings. Nasir Khan waged a war to convert Zikris to Sunni Islam, killing 35,000 Zikris, in a period known as the Zikri-Namazi war. Sunni Islam became the dominant religion in Balochistan with modern Zikris living in more remote areas.

In the 1930s, in Iranian Makran, an extremist called Qazi Abdullah Sarbazi declared jihad against Zikris,  "which resulted in a major massacre" and the driving out of Zikri from that area. Also in that era, "hundreds of other Zikris were killed" in periodic pogroms by "fanatic Sunnis at the instigation" of their religious leaders "in the areas of Farod, Baftan and Kishkaur (in Balochistan), according to Abdul Ghani Baloch.

After the establishment of Pakistan, Sunni Muslims attacked Zikris and subjected them to forced conversions. With the general rise of Islamic extremism and jihadism in the region since the 1980s, Zikris have been discriminated against, targeted, and killed by Sunni militants in Pakistan.  Under the military government of Zia-al-Haqq, Sunnis sought to have Zikris declared as non-Muslims. In the 1990s, Zikris were harassed, and protestors called for the destruction of their shrines.

The persecution of Zikris by Sunni militants as of 2014 has been part of the larger backlash against religious minorities in Pakistani Balochistan, targeting Hindus, Hazaras, Shias, and Zikris, resulting in the migration of over 300,000 Shias, Zikris, and Hindus from Pakistani Balochistan. The militant groups Lashkar-i-Jhangvi and the Pakistani Taliban were responsible.

During the 1990s, there was a movement among Sunnis to declare Zikris non-Muslim, and a campaign was mounted against their annual congregation at Koh-i-Murad in Malakand. This was accompanied by demonstrations calling for the destruction of the Zikri Baitullah (House of God), and members of the sect were subjected to violence and harassment.

An attack occurred August 29, 2014, on a shrine in the Awaran district of Pakistan. Gunmen killed at least six Zikris and wounded seven others. On October 7, 2016, a gunman shot a Zikri religious leader dead in the Kech district of Balochistan. In August 2017, two Zikri pilgrims were killed and two were wounded when a bomb detonated in the Kamp Tal area of Pangjur, Balochistan.

Population

The United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations in 2004 stated that there were approximately 200,000 Zikris. Victoria Williams estimates the number of Zikris at 800,000 Zikris, and Sabir Badalkhan at around 600,000 to 700,000.

Zikris live primarily in Pakistani Balochistan, concentrated in the southern coast of Makran, the Lasbela District, and Quetta. They are a majority in the Gwadar District of Makran in Balochistan. There are sizable communities of Zikris in Pakistan's Sindh province and Karachi, especially in the economically disadvantaged Lyari Town. While Zikris also historically lived in the province of Iranian Balochistan, almost all of them left for Pakistani Balochistan in the last decades of the 20th-century.   Some Zikris have migrated from Pakistan to the peninsula  of the Arabian Gulf where most live in the Sultanate of Oman.

Persecution has driven hundreds of Zikri and other minorities from Balochistan to safer cities in Pakistan like Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi and Islamabad.

Pakistani Balochistan has a population of people of African descent from slavery. In the Makran region, many of these Afro Balochi's follow the Zikri sect.

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

  At Anna's Archive.

Further reading
 Azhar Munīr, I. A. Rehman. 'Zikris in the light of history & their religious beliefs', Izharsons, 1998.

Islamic branches
Balochistan
Mahdism
Islam in Pakistan

Zikrism


Metilni derivat JWH-a -073 (alternativni naziv: - ) je psihotropna tvar. Dio skupine novih psihoaktivnih tvari. U Hrvatskoj su uvrštene izmjenama i dopunama uvrštene na Popis droga, psihotropnih tvari i biljaka iz kojih se može dobiti droga te tvari koje se mogu uporabiti za izradu droga donesenim od strane Ministarstva zdravstva i socijalne skrbi Republike Hrvatske ( Narodne novine br.: 19, 11. veljače 2011.).
Kemijsko ime je (1-butil-1H-indol-3-il)(4-metilnaftalen-1-il)metanon. Metilni je derivat JWH-073, o kojem nije izvijestila grupa Johna W. Huffmanna. Kao i JWH-073 i JWH-018, i on je 1-alkil-3-(1-naphthoyl)indol, zbog čega se može očekivati da proizvede efekte poput kanabisa.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
https://www.uredzadroge.hr
https://www.nijd.uredzadroge.hr

Psihoaktivne droge

JWH-073 (metilni derivat)


Liptovská Anna este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Liptovský Mikuláš din regiunea Žilina, pe malul râului . Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 86 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Liptovská Anna este atestată documentar din 1396.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Liptovská Anna


George Washington Crile III (5 de março de 1945 - 15 de maio de 2006) foi um jornalista americano mais conhecido por suas três décadas de trabalho na CBS News.

Vida Pessoal
Depois de estudar na Escola de Relações Internacionais na Universidade de Georgetown e no Colégio Trinity, em Hartford, Crile trabalhou como repórter para os colunistas de Washingtonm Drew Pearson e Jack Anderson, e como correspondente do Pentágono para o Jornal Ridder. Crile veio de uma linhagem de cirurgiões pioneiros. Seu avô, Dr. George Washington Crile, foi um dos fundadores da Cleveland Clinic. Seu pai, Dr. George Crile Jr., foi uma figura de destaque nos Estados Unidos na área de cirurgias, no combate às chamadas cirurgias desnecessárias, mais conhecido por sua participação na eliminação da cirurgia radical de mama. Sua esposa era Susan Lyne, ex-presidente da ABC Entertainment e ex-CEO da Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia (empresa de mídia). Crile morreu aos 61 anos de câncer no pâncreas.

Carreira no Canal CBS
Crile era produtor e repórter da CBS. Sua carreira na empresa durou três décadas até sua morte em 2006. Antes de ingressar na CBS aos 31 anos, Crile foi editor da revista Harper's em Washington. Além da Revista Harper's, seus artigos foram publicados no The Washington Monthly, New Times, The Washington Post Outlook Section e The New York Times.

Produtor
Crile juntou-se à CBS News em 1976 para produzir "O Exército Secreto da CIA", seu documentário inovador que narra a história nunca contada das guerras secretas da CIA contra Castro após a invasão da Baía dos Porcos. O historiador Henry Steele Commager escreveu que seria uma das reportagens jornalísticas mais importantes da história dos EUA.

Foi a primeira de uma coleção de transmissões baseadas nas reportagens de Crile, nas quais ele levou os espectadores a mundos antes fechados e inacessíveis. Entre seus notáveis relatórios documentais estavam "The Battle for South Africa" (A Batalha pela África do Sul), que ganhou um prêmio Peabody e "The Uncounted Enemy: A Vietnam Deception" (O Inimigo Incontável: Uma Decepção do Vietnã). Este último, que foi ao ar em 23 de janeiro de 1982, foi objeto de uma ação de difamação movida pelo general William Westmoreland. A CBS News e Crile foram defendidos pelo advogado David Boies. .

Antes da controvérsia do documentário "Vietnam Deception" (A decepção no Vietnam), Crile se envolveu em uma controvérsia semelhante após o programa de 1980 da CBS Reports "Gay Power, Gay Politics" (Poder Gay, Poder Político), que ele relatou, escreveu e co-produziu. O programa concentrou-se na política gay em São Francisco após o assassinato do supervisor abertamente gay Harvey Milk em 1978. vontade de criticar as redes.

Em 1985, Crile ingressou no 60 Minutes, onde produziu dezenas de reportagens com Mike Wallace, Ed Bradley e Harry Reasoner e estabeleceu suas credenciais como especialista em cobertura de assuntos internacionais. Ele estava na vanguarda da cobertura da desintegração da União Soviética e, em colaboração com um colega russo Artyom Borovik, ele se tornou o único repórter americano a ter acesso ao império nuclear da União Soviética.

Atuação como Repórter
Seu relatório inicial de 60 Minutos, revelando a disposição do comando nuclear soviético de considerar interromper o ataque aos EUA, desempenhou um papel significativo ao ajudar a estabelecer uma cúpula entre os comandantes nucleares dos EUA e da União Soviética. Seus inúmeros relatórios de dentro dos mundos secretos mortais da Rússia e dos Estados Unidos apareceram em 60 Minutes e no 60 Minutes II, bem como um documentário de uma hora para a CNN. O "Overseas Press Club" concedeu-lhe duas vezes o Prêmio Edward R. Murrow por essas transmissões. Os relatórios de Crile incluíam assuntos como Three Mile Island, a mudança dos limites de mortalidade, corrupção judicial no Texas. Mas ao longo dos anos ele se concentrou principalmente na cobertura de crises nas relações exteriores dos EUA.       Os assuntos da transmissão incluíram relatórios sobre:

 A revolução no Haiti

 A batalha pelo Canal do Panamá

 A política para Cuba dos EUA

 A Guerra Afegã

 A Guerra dos Contras (Irã)

 Os sandinistas

 General Singlaub e a Liga Anticomunista Mundial

 Príncipe Bandar e a conexão especial com a Arábia Saudita

 O Congresso Nacional Africano

 A guerra perdida da América contra as drogas

 A busca pelos assassinos do Arcebispo Romero.

 Jonas Savimbi e o apoio dos EUA à UNITA

 A Guerra do Golfo

 O incidente do Condado de USS Harlan

 O homem da CIA em Havana

 Os assassinos de Ruanda

 Os heróis desconhecidos da campanha militar dos EUA em El Salvador

 A KGB e o mundo da inteligência soviética

 Arsenais nucleares da Rússia e dos Estados Unidos.

Após os ataques de 11 de setembro, Crile recorreu repetidamente à sua vasta experiência e contatos no Afeganistão, Paquistão e Oriente Próximo para fornecer uma visão dos bastidores dos mundos de Osama bin Laden e do islamismo militante.

Charlie Wilson's War

No final da década de 1980, Crile começou a pesquisar e relatar sobre a Guerra do Afeganistão que levou ao seu livro best-seller de 2003, Charlie Wilson's War, que conta a história de como os Estados Unidos financiaram a única jihad bem-sucedida na história moderna, o segredo da CIA guerra no Afeganistão que pretendia dar à União Soviética seu próprio Vietnã. O apoio a líderes da jihad (mujahideen) como Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, canalizado via Paquistão, provavelmente levou à criação de uma nova ameaça aos EUA e seus aliados, que Crile afirmou ter previsto. A Guerra de Charlie Wilson foi amplamente e favoravelmente revisada e está atualmente em sua 10ª edição. O livro tentou retratar como o governo americano realmente funciona, ao contrário do que aparece nos livros didáticos de ciência política. É a base do filme de Tom Hanks/Mike Nichols, Charlie Wilson's War, que foi lançado pela Universal Studios em dezembro de 2007.

References

Links Externos

 Interview sobre Charlie Wilson's War no Pritzker Livraria e Museu Militar

CBS
Nascidos em 1945
Mortos em 2006
CIA
Repórteres
Jornalismo investigativo

George Crile III


Rebračevke (lat. Blechnaceae),  porodica papratnica u redu osladolike; ponekad se tretira kao potporodica slezeničevki (Aspleniaceae) pod imenom Blechnoideae. Postoji 265 vrsta (i 10 hibrida) unutar 25 rodova. Ime je došlo po rodu rebrača (Blechnum)

Opis
Blechnaceae, porodica lančanih paprati (red Polypodiales), koja sadrži 7-9 rodova i više od 200 vrsta. Porodicas se javlja gotovo diljem svijeta, ali je najraznovrsnija u tropskim regijama južne hemisfere. Gotovo sve vrste su kopnene ili rastu na stijenama. Brojne vrste Blechnum ("jelenja paprat"), Doodia i Woodwardia uzgajaju se kao ukrasne biljke u vrtovima, staklenicima, zimskim vrtovima i domovima.

Morfologija lišća u cijeloj porodici je izuzetno varijabilna, u rasponu od perasto režnjevitog do nekoliko puta perasto složenog, a vegetativno i plodno lišće dimorfno je kod nekih rodova. Neke vrste Blechnum i Sadleria razvijaju kratke, čvrste stabljike poput debla i krute, kožaste listove, što im više daje izgled Cikasa nego tipične paprati. Sorusi variraju od oblika graha do linearnog. Povremeno se čini da pokrivaju cijelu površinu donje strane plodnog lišća. Često su prekriveni membranskim zaštitnim poklopcem tkiva (induzijem), koji je pričvršćen bočno uz unutarnju stranu sorusa. Spore su većinom graholike (obostrane).

Potporodice i rodovi

 Familia Blechnaceae Newman (265 spp.)
 Subfamilia Woodwardioideae Gasper, V. A. O. Dittrich & Salino
 Lorinseria C. Presl (1 sp.)
 Anchistea C. Presl (1 sp.)
 Woodwardia J. E. Sm. (13 spp.)
 Subfamilia Stenochlaenoideae (Ching) J. P. Roux
 Salpichlaena Hook. (4 spp.)
 Telmatoblechnum Perrie, D. J. Ohlsen & Brownsey (2 spp.)
 Stenochlaena J. Sm. (6 spp.)
 Subfamilia Blechnoideae Gasper, V. A. O. Dittrich & Salino
 Struthiopteris Scop. (3 spp.)
 Brainea J. Sm. (1 sp.)
 Spicantopsis Nakai (3 spp.)
 Sadleria Kaulf. (6 spp.)
 Cleistoblechnum Gasper & Salino (1 sp.)
 Blechnidium T. Moore (1 sp.)
 Blechnopsis C. Presl (2 spp.)
 Lomaridium C. Presl (16 spp.)
 Lomaria Willd. (7 spp.)
 Icarus Gasper & Salino (1 sp.)
 Cranfillia Gasper & V. A. O. Dittrich (23 spp.)
 Blechnum L. (24 spp.)
 Austroblechnum Gasper & V. A. O. Dittrich (34 spp.)
 Neoblechnum Gasper & V. A. O. Dittrich (1 sp.)
 Oceaniopteris Gasper & Salino (8 spp.)
 Doodia R. Br. (19 spp.)
 Diploblechnum Hayata (6 spp.)
 Lomariocycas J. Sm. (17 spp.)
 Parablechnum C. Presl (66 spp.)

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Osladolike

Rebračevke


An Typhonium peltandroides in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni A.Hay, M.D.Barrett ngan Russell Lindsay Barrett. An Typhonium peltandroides in nahilalakip ha genus nga Typhonium, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Typhonium

Typhonium peltandroides


GDDR2 SDRAM (de las siglas en inglés Graphics Double Data Rate 2 Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory) fue un tipo de memoria SDRAM diseñada para tarjetas gráficas, al igual que su predecesora GDDR funcionaba según el estándar DDR, enviando o recibiendo dos bits por ciclo de reloj a diferencia de las memorias DDR2 que duplican a las DDR, es decir, envían o reciben 4 bits por ciclo de reloj.
Las memorias GDDR2 fueron realmente una pequeña optimización de GDDR llegando a una capacidad máxima de 1 GB, obtuvieron más frecuencia real, y a pesar de funcionar con un intervalo de voltaje entre 1,8 a 2 voltios, las memorias GDDR2 llegaron a tener serios problemas de calentamiento. Este tipo de memorias carecía de la capacidad de "limpiar" por completo el contenido de los módulos, así que en presencia de un error de la GPU la manera de vaciar la información de los módulos era reiniciar el ordenador, la variante GDDR3 no necesita de un reinicio de todo el sistema para esto.

Diferencias entre GDDR
Las memorias GDDR2 siguen funcionando a 2,5 V. Dado que funcionan a velocidades de reloj más altas en comparación con las memorias DDR, generan más calor. Esta es la razón por la que solo unas pocas tarjetas de video usaban memorias GDDR2: solo GeForce FX 5700 Ultra y GeForce FX 5800 Ultra usaban este tipo de memoria. Poco después del lanzamiento de la GeForce FX 5700 Ultra, muchos fabricantes de tarjetas de video lanzaron una GeForce FX 5700 Ultra con memorias GDDR3, tal vez para reducir los efectos del calor y el consumo de energía.

Las memorias GDDR3 pueden funcionar a 2,0 V (chips de Samsung) o a 1,8 V (chips de otros fabricantes), resolviendo así el problema del calor. Esta es la razón por la cual este tipo de memoria es utilizada por tarjetas de video de gama alta.

Estandarización

Las normas de estandarización sobre estos tipos de memoria son dictadas por JEDEC. Debido a que las tarjetas gráficas tienen que procesar grandes cantidades de datos en los ordenadores de sobremesa y portátiles, ya que las aplicaciones 3D producen gigantescas cantidades de datos de las imágenes a computar. El ancho de banda iba de 8,5 a 16 GB/s, tenían una frecuencia efectiva entre 533 y 1000 MHz y latencias que iban desde 4 a 6 ns.

Productos que utilizan memoria GDDR2
Chipset Nvidia:

 Tarjeta de Video WinFast GeForce PX8600 GT TDH 512MB GDDR2. La frecuencia central de 540 MHz, memoria - 800 MHz.
 Tarjeta de Video WinFast PX8400 GS TDH Silent (refrigeración pasiva) con 256 MB de GDDR2. La frecuencia central es de 567 MHz, la memoria - 1000 MHz.
 Tarjeta gráfica WinFast PX8500 GT TDH con 512 MB de GDDR2. La frecuencia central es de 490 MHz, la memoria - 800 MHz.
 Se hará referencia a la versión de la GeForce 9500 GS, D9M-25. Su frecuencia: 550 (core) / 500 (Comm) MHz. Como estaba previsto en el caso de los chips de 65 nanómetros, para ella usaría memoria GDDR2 con clases de acceso de 128 bits.
 Elitegroup N8800GT-1GMU: GDDR2 con 1 GB de memoria, salida de video: 2DVI/HDTV/HDCP.
 Elitegroup N8400GS-512DU, N8400GS-256DZ: Capacidad de memoria GDDR2 de 256 o 512 MB de salidas de video: DVI/CRT/HDTV/HDCP.
 Elitegroup N7300GSA-512DZ, N7300GTA-256DZ: GDDR2 con una capacidad de almacenamiento de 256 o 512 MB de salidas de video:. DVI/CRT/HDTV
 Adaptador de gráficos NVIDIA GeForce 9200M GS

Chipset ATI:

 En el núcleo RV710, se presentará a la tarjeta gráfica Radeon HD 4450. Acelerador de memoria: 128 MB DDR2. La tasa fue de 700 (núcleo) / 1000 (Comm) MHz.
 Zafiro RADEON 2600 PRO 256 MB DDR2 PCI-E

Véase también
DDR2

Referencias

Memorias volátiles

it:GDDR#GDDR2
pt:GDDR#GDDR2
Memorias informáticas
SDRAM

GDDR2


An Tillandsia tectorum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Charles Jacques Édouard Morren. An Tillandsia tectorum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Tillandsia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Tillandsia

Tillandsia tectorum


Das Wasserkraftwerk Manic-1 () ist ein Speicherkraftwerk in der kanadischen Provinz Québec. Es befindet sich in der Region Côte-Nord, etwa drei Kilometer westlich von Baie-Comeau und kurz vor der Mündung des Rivière Manicouagan. Zusammen mit dem benachbarten Wasserkraftwerk McCormick nutzt es den Réservoir Manic 1 als Stausee. Das Kraftwerk besitzt drei Francis-Turbinen, die installierte Leistung beträgt 184 MW. Betreiber des Kraftwerks ist das staatliche Energieversorgungsunternehmen Hydro-Québec.

Geschichte
Zwischen 1949 und 1956 erstellte die Manicouagan Power Company (MPC) ein 126 MW-Kraftwerk an den Wasserfällen des Flusses Rivière Manicouagan nahe dessen Mündung. Der Energiebedarf stieg kontinuierlich, auch durch den Betrieb von Getreidehebern und einer Aluminiumhütte in der Umgebung. Das Wasserkraftwerk McCormick wurde durch den 1959 fertiggestellten Barrage McCormick, der den Wasserspiegel regulierte, gespeist. Während der Realisierung des Manic-Outardes-Projekts erkannte man, dass die Wasserkraft an der Flussmündung noch besser ausgenutzt werden könnte. Auf Bitten von Hydro-Québec erweiterte die MPC die Leistung des Kraftwerks McCormick. Zusätzlich baute Hydro-Québec ab 1964 das Wasserkraftwerk Manic-1 neben dem vorhandenen Kraftwerk und nahm es 1966/67 in Betrieb.

Der Staudamm Barrage Manic-1 besteht aus einem Beton-Mittelteil, der das Kraftwerkshaus beinhaltet, sowie einem Deich an jeder Seite. Der westliche Deich ist 85 Meter lang, während der östliche Deich, der an den Barrage McCormick anschließt, 110 Meter misst. Der Abflusskanal ist ein 610 Meter langer, 22 Meter breiter und 85 Meter tiefer Graben. Die Fallhöhe beträgt 36,6 Meter, kann aber wegen der Gezeiten zwischen 34 und 39 Metern schwanken. Das Kraftwerk Manic-1 war ursprünglich nur für die Deckung von Spitzenlasten vorgesehen, die geplante Jahresleistung betrug 40 GWh.

Einzelnachweise

Wasserspeicherkraftwerk in Nordamerika
Wasserspeicherkraftwerk in Kanada
Hydro-Québec-Kraftwerk
Bauwerk in Québec
Erbaut in den 1960er Jahren
Côte-Nord

Wasserkraftwerk Manic-1