Parthenope ( ; ) may refer to:

 Parthenope (Siren), one of the Sirens in Greek mythology

People
 Parthenope, in Greek mythology, the daughter of Ancaeus
 Frances Parthenope Verney, Parthenope Nightingale, the elder sister of Florence Nightingale and wife of Sir Harry Verney, named after her place of birth in Naples
 Parthenope Wald-Harding, musician

Geography
 Parthenope (Naples), an ancient Greek settlement now part of Naples, Italy
 Parthenopaean Republic, a short-lived republic established in Naples during the French Revolution, named for the ancient Greek settlement

Music

 Parthenope, band from New York featuring Jennifer Charles and Doveman

Other uses

 Parthenope (crab), a genus of crabs in the family  Parthenopidae
 Parthenope (fungus), a genus of fungi in the order Helotiales
 11 Parthenope, an asteroid
 Partenopei, nickname of Italian football club S.S.C. Napoli

See also

 Partenope (disambiguation)

Parthenope


Christiane Dupuy, née à Marseille en 1949, est une romancière française. Elle fait son entrée en littérature en 1989 avec La Petite fille qui tuait les mouches, roman qu'elle présente sur la plateau de l'émission télévisée Apostrophes.

Œuvres
 La Petite fille qui tuait les mouches, éditions François Bourin, 1989.
 Miserere Seigneur, éditions François Bourin, 1990.
 La Chambre aux chats, éditions François Bourin, 1993.
 Le Petit fils de Lafcadio, Le Cherche midi, 1997.
 Chiennes d'éternité, La Découverte, coll. « Les empêcheurs de tourner en rond », 1998.
 L'Employée de maison, Le Cherche midi, 2002.

Notes et références

Romancière française du XXe siècle
Romancière française du XXIe siècle
Naissance en 1949
Naissance à Marseille

Christiane Dupuy


Nicolae  Țuhaș (n. 18 octombrie 1869 - d. ?) a fost unul dintre ofițerii Armatei României, care a exercitat comanda unei unități militare, pe timp de război, în perioada celui de Al Doilea Război Balcanic și a  Primului Război Mondial

A îndeplinit funcții de șef de stat major al Divizii a 10 în timpul celui de Al Doilea Război Balcanic și a Primului Război Mondial(1916-1919).

Cariera militară
După absolvirea școlii militare de ofițeri cu gradul de sublocotenent în iulie 1896, Nicolae Țuhaș a ocupat diferite poziții în cadrul unităților de infanterie sau în eșaloanele superioare ale armatei, cea mai importantă fiind cea de comandant al Diviziei a 10 Infanterie .

În perioada Primului Război Mondial a îndeplinit funcțiile de comandant al Diviziei 10 (1916-1918) .

În cadrul acțiunilor militare postbelice, nu este consemnată prezența sa pe teatrul de operațiuni sau ca ofițer de rezervă.

Decorații
  Ordinul "Coroana României", în grad de ofițer (1913)
Medalia Bărbăție și Credință, cu distincția "Campania din Bulgaria 1913" (1913)

Note

Bibliografie
 Drăgănescu Constantin, Campaniile din 1848/1849 și 1919 în Transilvania și Ungaria, Tipografia "Isvorul", București, 1930
 Kirițescu, Constantin, Istoria războiului pentru întregirea României, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, București, 1989
 Mărdărescu Gheorghe, Campania pentru desrobirea Ardealului și ocuparea Budapestei (1918-1920), Editura Cartea Românească, București, 1921
 Preda Dumitru; Alexandrescu Vasile; Prodan Costică, În apărarea României Mari. Campania armatei române din 1918-1919, Editura Enciclopedică, București, 1994

Vezi și
Ordinea de bătaie a Armatei României în Transilvania, iulie 1919

Nașteri în 1869
Comandanți români din operațiile militare postbelice (1918-1920)
Decorați cu Ordinul Coroana României

Nicolae Țuhaș


Aciphylleae, tribus štitarki iz Australije, Tasmanije i Novog Zelanda, dio potporodice Apioideae. Sastoji se od nekoliko rodova od kojih je najvžniji Acifila s četrdesetak vrsta trajnica i grmova iz Australije.

Tribus je opisan 2000.

Rodovi
 Aciphylla J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. (44 spp.)
 Lignocarpa J. W. Dawson (2 spp.)
 Scandia J. W. Dawson (2 spp.)
 Gingidia J. W. Dawson (12 spp.)
 Anisotome Hook. fil. (17 spp.)

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Apioideae

Aciphylleae


Sara Ahmed (født 30. august 1969). er en britisk-australsk forfatter og akademiker indenfor bl.a. feminisme, queer-teori, kritisk raceteori og postkolonialisme. Hun er tidligere professor ved Goldsmiths, University of London indenfor race og kulturelle studier.

Liv og karriere
Sara Ahmed blev født i Salford, England. Hendes far er fra Pakistan, og hendes moder er fra England, men familien emigrerede til Adelaide, Australien i starten af 1970'erne.  I dag bor Sara Ahmed i Cambridgeshire, England med sin partner Sarah Franklin.

Ahmed studerede på Adelaide Universitet, hvorefter hun færdiggjorde sin ph.d. ved Center for kritisk og kulturel teori, Cardiff Universitet.
Ahmed var tilknyttet Institut for kvinde studier ved Lancaster universitet fra 1994 til 2004. Fra 2004 var hun tilknyttet Goldsmiths, London universitet, hvor hun fra 2005 var professor i race- og kulturstudier. I 2016 forlod Ahmed sin stilling i protest mod universitets behandling af sager om seksuelle krænkelser. Ahmed skriver fortsat på bloggen feminist killjoys, som hun startede samtidigt med at hun skrev bogen Living a Feminist Life (2017).

Bibliografi

 Living a Feminist Life. (2017) Duke University Press
 Willful Subjects. (2014) Duke University Press
 The Cultural Politics of Emotion. (2014) Edinburgh University Press
 On Being Included: Racism and Diversity in Institutional Life. (2012)
 Vithetens hegemoni. (2011) Tankekraft Förlag
 The Promise of Happiness. (2010) Duke University Press
 Queer Phenomenology: Orientations, Objects, Others. (2006) Duke University Press
 Strange Encounters: Embodied Others in Post-coloniality. (2000) Psychology Press.
 Differences that Matter: Feminist Theory and Postmodernism. (1998) Cambridge University Press.

Referencer

Forfattere fra Australien
Feminister fra Australien

Sara Ahmed


Țările Coroanei (în ) este un termen al cărui sens a variat în timp. În a doua jumătate a secolului al XVIII-lea se numeau Țări ale Coroanei toate posesiunile (țările) Monarhiei Habsburgice. Începând cu 1804 termenul s-a referit la țările care formau Imperiul Austriac ca stat unitar, iar din 1867 a desemnat țările din jumătatea vestică a Dublei Monarhii austro-ungare.

Aceste țări erau regiuni istorice pe care Habsburgii le-au cucerit în Europa Centrală de-a lungul secolelor și peste care au domnit în uniune personală. De-a lungul timpului, termenul de țară a Coroanei a evoluat de la sensul de "loc de onoare" în cadrul posesiunilor Monarhiei Habsburgice (sec. al XVI-lea) la acela de "diviziune administrativă" astfel încât, în a doua jumătate a secolului al XIX-lea, Țările Coroanei prefigurau statele federate – încă puțin suverane – ale unui stat federal.

Până în 1861
Spre deosebire de statele federate ale unui stat federal contemporan (Canada, Austria, SUA, Elveția, Germania), țările Coroanei Monarhiei Habsburgice nu aveau înainte de 1861 nici un drept constituțional de participare la politica imperiului (fie a Sfântului Imperiu, fie a Imperiului Austriac) ca întreg; posibilitatea de participare a țării la politica imperiului era acordată sau nu fiecărei țări de către împărat. Dietele și autoritățile proprii fiecărei țări, cu particularități politice și juridice dezvoltate de-a lungul timpului, își aveau originea în sistemul feudal dominat de aristocrație. Locuitorii erau subiecți supuși ai stăpânului feudei, nu cetățeni.

Această stare de fapt a fost schimbată gradual printr-o serie de reforme legislative inițiată de Diploma din octombrie (1860) și continuată de Patenta din februarie (1861) și de Constituția din decembrie (1867).

Administrație (1867–1918)

Fiecare țară a Coroanei avea un parlament propriu, care iniția legile locale, și un comitet executiv propriu. Contraponderea acestor înstituții era Landeschef-ul, reprezentantul puterii centrale în teritoriu.

Țările Coroanei austriece din 1867 până în 1918

Vezi și
 Țările Coroanei boeme
 Țările Coroanei maghiare

Regate și țări ale Austro-Ungariei

en:Cisleithania#Crown lands

Țară a Coroanei (Austria)


Glenea peria é uma espécie de escaravelho da família Cerambycidae. Foi descrita por James Thomson em 1865.

Referências

Borneo catalog 2005

peria
Coleópteros descritos em 1865

Glenea peria


Süleyman Seba Spor Salonu, Beşiktaş, Dikilitaş semtinde bulunan çok amaçlı olan spor salonu. Salon Beşiktaş (erkek hentbol takımı), Beşiktaş (tekerlekli sandalye basketbol takımı) ve Beşiktaş (kadın voleybol takımı) iç saha maçlarını bu salonda yapmaktadırlar.

Yapım süreci
Spor Salonu 21 Eylül 1984 tarihinde Gençlik ve Spor Genel Müdürlüğü ile BJK arasında imzalanan protokol ile 49 yıllık intifa hakkı BJK'ye ait olan 2.669 m² alanda bulunmaktadır. İnşaat ihalesi 1993 yılında Gençlik ve Spor Genel Müdürlüğü'nce yapılmıştır. 3 Haziran 1999 tarihinde de Spor Salonu BJK'ya devredilmiştir.

Kullanım şekli
Antrenman amaçlı olan salonda gerekli tadilatlar yapılarak erkek ve bayan basketbol ile hentbol takımlarımızın antrenman yaptıkları, ulusal ve uluslararası turnuva müsabakalarını oynadıkları, 1500 seyirci kapasiteli, NBA standardında parke zeminli, modern bir spor salonu haline getirilmiştir. 17 Eylül 1999 tarihinde resmi açılışı yapılarak hizmete girmiştir. Aynı parsel üzerinde 120 m² alanlı prefabrik bir bina yaptırılmış olup, basketbol idari kadrosu çalışmalarını bu binada sürdürmektedir.

2005 yılında kadar Ahmet Fetgeri Spor Salonu ile birlikte tüm branşların müsabakları bu salonda yapıldı. 2005-06 sezonu başında Akatlar Spor Salonu'nun tamamlanması ile basketbol ve voleybol şubeleri bu yeni salona taşınmıştır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Süleyman Seba
 Beşiktaş JK

Dış bağlantılar

İstanbul'daki spor salonları
Türkiye'deki hentbol tesisleri
1999'da tamamlanan spor mekânları
Beşiktaş'taki yapılar
Beşiktaş'ta spor
Türkiye'deki basketbol salonları
Beşiktaş JK tesisleri
Dikilitaş, Beşiktaş

Süleyman Seba Spor Salonu


Hellboy Mike Mignola tarafından yaratılan bir Dark Horse Comics çizgi roman karakteridir. İlk kez 1993'te San Diego Comic-Con Comics'in 2. sayısında okurlarla buluşmuştur.

Hellboy Anung Un Rama adındaki; henüz bir çocukken [Nazi] okültistler tarafından dünyaya getirilen bir iblistir. Müttefik güçler tarafından kurtarılmış ve Birleşik Devletler Paranormal Araştırma ve Savunma Bürosu (PASB) tarafından büyütülmüştür. Büyüdükçe kuyruğu, boynuzları ve taştan büyük bir sağ eli olan kırmızı, iri yapılı bir iblis görünümüne kavuşmuştur. Hellboy biraz aksi bir karakter olmasına rağmen, iblislerin doğuştan sahip olduğu düşünülen kötü niyete sahip değildir ve PASB'deki diğer garip yaratıklarla birlikte çalışır. "Dünyanın En İyi Paranormal Dedektifi" olarak anılır.

Hellboy Dark Horse Comics tarafından yayımlanan, macera ve korku kurgularının etkisi altında kalmış bir çizgi roman mini dizisinde yer almıştır. Bu dizi, Marvel Comics, DC Comics ya da Dosya Comics tarafından yayımlanmayan en başarılı çizgi roman dizisi olmuştur.

Ron Perlman'ın Hellboy karakterini canlandırdığı 2004 yapımı Hellboy filmi bu çizgi roman dizisinden uyarlanmıştır. Ve devam fikmi olan Hellboy 2: The Golden Army 2008 yılında çıkmıştır. Doğrudan DVD biçiminde piyasaya sürülecek olan iki Hellboy anime dizisinden biri, Hellboy: Sword of Storms 6 Şubat 2007 tarihinde piyasaya çıkmıştır.

Karakterin yaşam öyküsü
Hellboy, bir Nazi Komando Timinin II. Dünya Savaşını kazanabilmek için yaptıkları bir ayin ile (Ragnarok Projesi) Grigori Rasputin'in cehenneme açtığı bir boyut kapısından yıldırım ile dünyaya getirilir (İngiltere, Doğu Bromwich 24 Aralık 1944). Hellboy dünyaya gelince, Nazi komando timinin neyin peşinde olduğunu öğrenmekle görevli olan Amerikalı bir keşif birliği tarafından bulunur ve ekipte yer alan Trevor Bruttenholm tarafından kendisine "Hellboy" adı verilir.

Hellboy bulunduktan sonra Amerika'ya götürülür ve Paranormal Araştırma ve Savunma Bürosu 'nda büyür ve bir paranormal dedektif olur. Burada takım arkadaşları olan Liz Sherman, Johann Kraus ve Abraham Sapien ile tanışır.

Genellikle maceralarında vampirler, kurtadamlar, Naziler, hayaletler ve de en büyük düşmanı ve dünyaya getiriliş nedeni olan Ogdru Jahad ve uşağı büyücü Gregor Rasputin ile mücadele eder.

Hellboy'un babası Hellboy: Zincirli Tabut hikâyesinde okuyucunun karşısına çıkmıştır. Görünüş olarak Hellboy'a çok benzeyen bir iblistir; dev bir iblis atı ve üzerinde asılı bir sürü kancası vardır. Kendine inananları ve gücünü isteyenleri ölünce alır ve kancalarına geçirerek yanında taşır. Hellboy'dan en az 30 kat daha büyüktür ve boynuzları vardır. Annesi ise bir insandır (cadıdır), 16 yaşındayken bu iblisin gücünü istemiş ve bu güç onun içinde yaşayan bir varlığa dönüşmüştür. Kadın öldüğünde Hellboy cehennemde doğmuştur.

Hikayedeki diğer karakterler

Abraham Abe Sapien: Bir deniz adamı ve Hellboy'un ortağı. Washington DC'de bir hastanenin bodrumunda bulunmuştur. Nasıl geldiğine dair hiçbir bilgisi bulunmayan Abe'e adı, içinde bulunduğu kapsülün üstünde yazan nottan esinlenerek verilmiştir; Icthyo Sapien 14 Nisan 1865 (Abraham "Abe" Lincoln'ün ölüm tarihi)

Liz Sherman: Kansas'ta 15 Nisan 1962'de doğmuştur. Ateşi kontrol ve yaratma gücü vardır. On bir yaşındayken ailesi de dahil 32 kişiyi kazara yakarak öldürmüştür. Kendisi Abe ve Hellboy ile ortaktır. En azından bazı görevlerinde onlara yardımcı olmuştur. Aynı zamanda Roger'ı canlandıran da kendisidir.

Roger:Bir homunculustur. (yapay insan, simyayla canlandırılmaya çalışılan insanlar)Liz Sherman tarafından yanlışlık sonucu dirilmiştir. Bu diriliş sonucu Liz'in gücünü de almıştır. Ancak Liz ölmek üzereyken ona güçlerini tekrar vermiş ve hayata kazandırmıştır. Hellboy sadece bir göreve çıksa bile onunla iyi anlaşır. B.P.R.D adlı özel sayıda ölmüştür.

Johann Krauss:Psişik güçlere sahip olan büro ajanı.

Kate Corrigan:Paranormal Vaka Araştırma ve Savunma Bürosunda çalışmaktadır. Hellboy'un dostlarındandır.

Trevor Bruttenholm:Hellboy'u sahiplenen ve büroda çalışan profesör. Hellboy için bir baba figürüdür. Yıkım Dölü bölümünde kurbağa şeklindeki bir canavar tarafından öldürülmüştür.

Grigori Rasputin: Ölümden Ogdru Jahad sayesinde dönen ve onun kölesi olan çılgın keşiş. Hellboy'u Naziler'le işbirliği yaparak bu dünyaya getiren odur ve bu yüzden onun kendisinin efendisi olduğunu kabul etmesini ister. Kendisi Hellboy'un yazgısını takip etmesinden yanadır. Onunla ilk karşılaştığında yok edilmiştir ama ruhu geri dönmüştür. Hellboy'a iki kere daha yenilir ve sonunda Tanrıça Hecate tarafından ruhu da yok edilir. Ondan geriye kalan tek parça da Baba Yaga adlı kişi tarafından bir fındığın içine konmuştur.

Hecate:Norveç'te Hellboy'un karşılaştığı kötü tanrıça. O da Rasputin gibi Hellboy'un kaderini takip etmesiin istemektedir. Hellboy ile ilk karşılaşmalarında yenilmiş ancak sonra dev bir demir bakire vücuduyla geri dönmüştür. Rasputin'i yok eden kişidir. Şu an için hala beklemekte.

Ilsa Haupstein:Hellboy'u dünyaya getiren Rasputin'in takipçisi Nazi kadın. "Şeytanı Uyandır" sayısında demir bir bakire içinde ölmüştür. Bu bakire bedeni sonradan Hecate tarafından kullanılmıştır.

Karl Ruprecht Kroenen:Rasputin'in takipçisi Nazi. Tüm vücudu demir bir zırhla kaplıdır. Bir doktordur. "Şeytanı Uyandır" sayısında Nazi kalesinin patlamasıyla ölmüştür.

Leopold Kurtz:Rasputin'in takipçisi Nazi. "Şeytanı Uyandır" sayısında Von Klempt'i öldürmeye çalışırken Kroenen tarafından bıçaklanmıştır.

Herman Von Klempt:Bir Nazi profesörü. Bir fanus içindeki bir kafadan ibarettir. Kriegaffe adlı metal donanımlı, konuşan gorilleri vardır. Bu gorillerden dokuzuncusu ve onuncusu Hellboy tarafından öldürülmüştür. Kendisi "Şeytanı Uyandır" sayısında Kroenen tarafından diriltilmiştir. Nazi kalesinin patladığı sırada kurtulmuş, daha sonra "Fatih Kurtçuk" sayısında Roger tarafından uçurumdan atılmıştır.

Baba Yaga:Rasputin'in hayatta kalmasını sağlayan cadı. Hellboy tarafından bir gözü vurulmuştur, daha sonraları Rasputin'in geriye kalan son parçasını bir fındığın içine koyup saklamıştır. Ancak aslen Baba Yaga Rus Efsanelerinde yaşayan bir karakterdir.

Güçleri ve Yetenekleri
Hellboy'un sahip olduğu süper insan gücü iblis doğasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Normal bir insandan daha güçlü ve fiziksel olarak daha dayanıklıdır. Ateş Hellboy'a zarar veremez, Hellboy'un yaraları hızlı biçimde iyileşir. Farklı diller konuşabilir. Sağ eli Kıyametin Sağ Eli (Right Hand of Doom) olarak bilinir ve yok edilemez. Hellboy'un sağ eli dünyanın sonunun anahtarıdır (Ogdru Jahad'ı hapsedildiği boyuttan çıkarabilecek anahtardır). Daha önceden cehennemde kıyametin ateşten tacını giyerdi.

Cilt Halindeki grafik romanları
(Türkiye'de İthaki Yayınevi tarafından yayımlanan ciltler parantez içinde Türkçe adlarıyla verilmiştir.)
 Hellboy: Seed of Destruction (Yıkım Dölü, İthaki Yayınevi)
 Hellboy: Wake the Devil (Şeytanı Uyandır, İthaki Yayınevi)
 Hellboy: The Chained Coffin and Others (Zincirli Tabut ve Diğer Öyküler, İthaki Yayınevi)
 Hellboy: The Right Hand of Doom (Kıyametin Sağ Eli, İthaki Yayınevi)
 Hellboy: Conqueror Worm (Fatih Kurtçuk, İthaki Yayınevi) 2002 Eisner Ödülleri'nde en iyi mini-seri ödülünü almıştır.
 Hellboy: Strange Places First Edition (Tuhaf Hikâyeler Paranormal Vakalar Dedektifi, İthaki Yayınevi)
 Hellboy: The Troll Witch and Others''
 Hellboy: Darkness Calls
 Hellboy: The Wild Hunt
 Hellboy: The Crooked Man and Others
 Hellboy: The Bride of Hell and Others
 Hellboy: The Storm and the Fury

 B.P.R.D.: Hollow Earth and Other Stories
 B.P.R.D.: The Soul of Venice and Other Stories
 B.P.R.D.: Plague of Frogs
 B.P.R.D.: The Dead
 B.P.R.D.: The Black Flame

Özel sayılar
 Hellboy: Weird Tales Vol. 1 (Kapak Mike Mignola)
 Hellboy: Weird Tales Vol. 2 (Kapak Mike Mignola)
 Ghost/Hellboy Special
 Savage Dragon/Hellboy
 Hellboy: Makoma
 Hellboy: Darkness Calls #1-6
 Batman/Hellboy/Starman #1-2
 Painkiller Jane/Hellboy

Hellboy karakterleri
Kurgusal demonlar
Kurgusal dedektifler
Kurgusal evlatlıklar
Kurgusal ajanlar
Kurgusal Britanyalılar
Cthulhu Mitosu
Hızlı iyileşen kurgusal karakterler
Korku çizgi romanları
Fantastik çizgi romanlar
1993'te tanıtılan kurgusal karakterler
Film karakterleri
Sinemaya uyarlanmış çizgi romanlar
Dark Horse Comics
Süper kahramanlar
1994'te tanıtılan çizgi romanlar
Popüler kültürde Slav mitolojisi

Hellboy (çizgi roman)


මුරුසියට පිටුවල් කරවූවෝ
 ඇහැලේපොල මහ නිලමේ
 පිළිමතලාවේ මහ නිලමේ
 ගොඩේගෙදර අදිකාරම
 මත්තෙමගොඩ දිසාව
 ඊරියගම දිසාවේ
 ඊරියගම රටේ මහත්තයා
 මීවතුරේ හිටපු ලේකම්
 කෙම්පිටියේ කෝරාළ
 වල්පලාගොල්ලේ මුහන්දිරම්
 පිටවල, ලේකම්
 හාපත්ගමුව ලොකු මොහොට්‌ටාල
 හාපත්ගමුව කුඩා මොහොට්‌ටාල
 දේදුනුපිටිය මොහොට්‌ටාල
 වෑත්තෑවේ හිටපු රටේ රාළ
 කැටකුඹුරේ හිටපු රටේ රාළ
 කුරුකොහෝගම කිරිබණ්‌ඩා
 ඉහගම උන්නාන්සේ
 කොහුකුඹුරේ රටේ රාළ
 දන්ගමුවේ මොහොට්‌ටාල
 වත්තේකැලේ රටේ මහත්තයා
 රහුපොල පිහන රාළ
 මීගස්‌පිටියේ රටේ රාළ

ගොඩේගෙදර ඌවේ අදිකාරම- බදුල්ල දිස්‌ත්‍රික්‌කය, ඌව පරණගම ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්‌ඨාසය, කොටවෙර උඩගම ග්‍රාමය. තලගුණේ හිටපු වන්නකු නිලමේ- මහනුවර දිස්‌ත්‍රික්‌කය, උඩුදුම්බර ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්‌ඨාසය, තලගුණේ ග්‍රාමය, අඹගස්‌පිටියේ නිලමේ- මහනුවර දිස්‌ත්‍රික්‌කය, මැද දුම්බර ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්‌ඨාසය, වේඬරුව ග්‍රාමය, දෙමෝදර මොහොට්‌ටාල- රත්නපුර දිස්‌ත්‍රික්‌කය, ඉඹුල්පෙ ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්‌ඨාසය, දෙමෝදර ග්‍රාමය, වෑගොඩපොල රටේ රාළ- මාතලේ දිස්‌ත්‍රික්‌කය, ගලේවෙල ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්‌ඨාසය, වෑගොඩපොල ග්‍රාමය, වෑගොඩපොල සළුවඩන නිලමේ- මාතලේ දිස්‌ත්‍රික්‌කය, ගලේවෙල ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්‌ඨාසය, වෑගොඩපොල ග්‍රාමය.

මලක්‌කාවට පිටුවහල් කරවූවෝ
 ගොංගාලේගොඩ බණ්‌ඩා

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
 ඌව වෙල්ලස්ස කැරැල්ල

බාහිර යොමු
 රටින් පිටුවහල් කළ ජාතික වීරයන් 28 දෙනකුට උපහාර

ඌව වෙල්ලස්ස කැරැල්ල

ගෞරව සම්මාන ලැබූ ඌව වෙල්ලස්ස කැරැලිකරුවෝ ලැයිස්තුව


اللاعب عبد الله القرني مدافع سعودي كان يلعب في نادي النصر السعودي انتقل إليه من نادي أبها موسم 2009 - 2010، وترواح انتقاله بين مد وجزر انتهى بقيده في نادي النصر، انتقل لنادي القادسية إلى نهاية موسم 2011/2012، انتقل بعدها إلى نادي الفتح وحقق لقب الدوري وكأس السوبر موسم 2013/2014 ، إنتقل بعدها إلى نادي الخليج وحقق معه الصعود لدوري جميل موسم 2014/2015 أنهى بهذا الصعود مسيرته الكرويه بسبب ضروفه الصحية

وكان يلعب سابقاً في نادي الزيتون بسبت العلايا مسقط رأسه، وكان يتوقع له النقاد مستقبل باهر. واعتبر من أفضل المدافعين .

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية سعوديون
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من بلقرن
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى السعودي
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الرابعة السعودي
لاعبو دوري المحترفين السعودي
لاعبو كرة قدم سعوديون
لاعبو نادي أبها
لاعبو نادي الخليج (السعودية)
لاعبو نادي الزيتون (السعودية)
لاعبو نادي الفتح (السعودية)
لاعبو نادي القادسية (السعودية)
لاعبو نادي النصر (السعودية)
مواليد 1407 هـ
مواليد 1408 هـ
مواليد 1987

عبد الله القرني (لاعب كرة قدم مواليد 1987)


Nielsen Audio (anciennement Arbitron) est une société d'études de consommation aux États-Unis qui collecte des données sur les auditeurs des émissions de radio. Elle a été fondée sous le nom d' American Research Bureau par Jim Seiler en 1949 et est devenue nationale en fusionnant avec Coffin, Cooper et Clay, basée à Los Angeles, au début des années 1950. L'activité initiale de la société était la collecte de données d'audience pour la télévision.

La société a changé son nom pour Arbitron au milieu des années 1960.

Notes et références

Audience

Nielsen Audio


Maíllo puede referirse a:

 El nombre común de la planta Malus domestica.
 El nombre común de la planta Malus sylvestris.

Maíllo


Carlos Alberto Gomes Parreira (d. 27 Şubat 1943 - Rio de Janeiro, Brezilya), Brezilyalı emekli teknik direktör.

Teknik direktörlük kariyeri
1994 FIFA Dünya Kupası'nda teknik direktör olarak Brezilya millî futbol takımını zafere taşıdı. 1995-96 sezonunda Ali Şen tarafından Fenerbahçe'ye getirilmiştir. Fenerbahçe'de Lig şampiyonluğu ve TSYD Kupası'nı kazanmıştır. En son Güney Afrika'yı çalıştırmış, 25 Haziran 2010 tarihinde, futbol antrenörü olarak emekli olduğunu duyurmuştur.

Dış bağlantılar

 mackolik.com İnternet Sitesi - Teknik Direktör Carlos Alberto Parreira Profili
 Kicker Dergisi Resmî İnternet Sitesi - Teknik Direktör Carlos Alberto Parreira Profili

1943 doğumlular
Yaşayan insanlar
Brezilyalı teknik direktörler
Portekiz asıllı Brezilyalılar
Série A (Brezilya) teknik direktörleri
FIFA Dünya Kupası kazanan teknik direktörler
Fluminense FC teknik direktörleri
La Liga teknik direktörleri
SC Internacional teknik direktörleri
São Paulo FC teknik direktörleri
Süper Lig teknik direktörleri
Fenerbahçe teknik direktörleri
Brezilya millî futbol takımı teknik direktörleri
Suudi Arabistan millî futbol takımı teknik direktörleri
Santos FC teknik direktörleri
SC Corinthians Paulista teknik direktörleri
Güney Afrika Cumhuriyeti millî futbol takımı teknik direktörleri
Kuveyt millî futbol takımı teknik direktörleri
Süper Lig şampiyonluğu kazanan teknik direktörler
1982 FIFA Dünya Kupası teknik direktörleri
1990 FIFA Dünya Kupası teknik direktörleri
1994 FIFA Dünya Kupası teknik direktörleri
1998 FIFA Dünya Kupası teknik direktörleri
2006 FIFA Dünya Kupası teknik direktörleri
2010 FIFA Dünya Kupası teknik direktörleri
2003 FIFA Konfederasyonlar Kupası teknik direktörleri
2005 FIFA Konfederasyonlar Kupası teknik direktörleri
1983 Copa América teknik direktörleri
1993 Copa América teknik direktörleri
2004 Copa América teknik direktörleri
2008 Afrika Uluslar Kupası teknik direktörleri
Brezilyalı gurbetçi teknik direktörler
Gana'daki gurbetçi teknik direktörler
Kuveyt'teki gurbetçi teknik direktörler
Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri'ndeki gurbetçi teknik direktörler
Suudi Arabistan'daki gurbetçi teknik direktörler
İspanya'daki gurbetçi teknik direktörler
Türkiye'deki gurbetçi teknik direktörler
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki gurbetçi teknik direktörler
Gana'daki Brezilyalı gurbetçiler
Kuveyt'teki Brezilyalı gurbetçiler
Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri'ndeki Brezilyalı gurbetçiler
Suudi Arabistan'daki Brezilyalı gurbetçiler
İspanya'daki Brezilyalı gurbetçiler
Türkiye'deki Brezilyalı gurbetçiler
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki Brezilyalı gurbetçiler
Gana millî futbol takımı teknik direktörleri
Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri millî futbol takımı teknik direktörleri
Copa América kazanan teknik direktörler
FIFA Konfederasyonlar Kupası kazanan teknik direktörler
AFC Asya Kupası kazanan teknik direktörler
Rio de Janeiro doğumlu sporcular
1988 AFC Asya Kupası teknik direktörleri
1984 AFC Asya Kupası teknik direktörleri
1980 AFC Asya Kupası teknik direktörleri
1968 Afrika Uluslar Kupası teknik direktörleri

Carlos Alberto Parreira


Ignacio Nazareno Trejos Picado (Guadalupe de Cartago, 31 de julho de 1928) é bispo de San Isidro de El General.

Ignacio Nazareno Trejos Picado foi ordenado sacerdote em 8 de março de 1952 para a Arquidiocese de San José da Costa Rica.

Papa Paulo VI nomeou-o em 5 de janeiro de 1968 bispo auxiliar em San José da Costa Rica e bispo titular de Aquae Albae na Mauritânia. O Núncio Apostólico na Costa Rica Paolino Limongi o ordenou bispo em 8 de março do mesmo ano; Os co-consagrantes foram Enrique Bolaños Quesada, Bispo Auxiliar de Alajuela, e Delfín Quesada Castro, Bispo de San Isidro de El General.

Em 19 de dezembro de 1974 foi nomeado Bispo de San Isidro de El General. Em 31 de julho de 2003, o Papa João Paulo II aceitou sua renúncia por motivos de idade.

Ver também

Bispos católicos da Costa Rica

Ignacio Nazareno Trejos Picado


Asociația Tinerilor Musulmani (ATM) (în ) (Jam'iyyat al-Shubban al-Muslimin) a fost fondată în Egipt, în 1926, cu doi ani înainte de înființarea Frăției Musulmane. Până la sfârșitul acelui deceniu, organizația avea deja 15.000 de membri. Conducătorul Asociației Tinerilor Musulmani din Palestina a fost Ezzedin Al-Qassam.

Note

Referințe
 Dawisha, Adeed (2002). Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century: From Triumph to Despair. Princeton University Press.

Fondări în 1926
Organizații naționaliste arabe
Organizații desființate
Cioturi Egipt

Asociația Tinerilor Musulmani


Za ratove između Armenije i Azerbajdžana krajem 20. i početkom 21. stoljeća, v. Sukob u Gorskom Karabahu.

Armensko-azerbajdžanski rat bio je oružani sukob oko pograničnih teritorija između mlade Republike Armenije i mlade Azerbajdžanske Demokratske Republike države od 30. ožujka 1918. do 28. studenoga 1920.

Rat se odvijao povezano s Armensko-turskim ratom, te se nadovezao na ratne sukobe I. svjetskoga rata u kojemu su na Kavkazu vođene teške borbe između Osmanskog i Ruskog Carstva: raspad ta dva carstva omogućio je osamostaljenje Armenije i Azerbajdžana (također i susjedne Gruzije) na dijelu teritorija Ruskog Carstva - uz pretenzije Armenije na zahvaćanje dijela Osmanskoga Carstva nastanjenoga do toga doba Armencima, kojega je Rusko Carstvo nastojalo osvojiti u II. svjetskom ratu. Dvije mlade države od samoga su početka nastavile ratni sukob započet na Kavkazu 1914. god. između Ruskog Carstva na strani Antante i Turskog carsva na strani Cetralnih sila, koji je odah poprimio i stanovite etničke i vjerske komponente. Tako je Osmansko Carstvo nastojalo iskoristiti okolnost jezične i vjerske bliskost s Azerbajdžanom radi ostvarivanja svojih ratnih ciljeva u I. svjetskom ratu, a Rusko Carstvo je nastojalo iskoristiti težnje kršćanskih Armenca da oslobode Armeniju od turske vlasti.

Uspostava granica izmeđ Azerbejdžana i Armenije je bila komplicirana, jer su postojala široka područja s miješanim stanovništvom, često bez jasne azerske ili armenske većine; pretežno azerski Nahičevan je bio odvojen od drugih većinski azerskih područja, kao što je i predominatno armenski Gorski Karabah bio odvojen od drugih područja s armenskom većinom.

Rat je završio nakon što je pod udarima turskih i arezerskih snaga već slomljenu Armeniju napala još i sovjetska Crvena Armija: Armenija je prihvatila postati dijelom SSSR-a, sa statusom federalne jedinice. Sličnu sudbinu morao je uskoro prihvatiti i Azerbajdžan. Makar su sile Antante imale nakon I. svjetsko rata stanovite simpatije za armence koji su unutar granica Otomanskog Carstva i potom Turske doživjeli teške progone zbog povezivanja sa silama Antante (v. članak Genocid nad Armencima), nisu se bile spremne upustiti u ratovanje kako bi obranile suverenitet Armenije i ostvarile njene želje da pripoji dijelove Turske uz Crno more nastanjeno (do tada) Armencima. Naposljetku je Turska trajno zavladala zapadnim dijelom dotadašnjeg aremnskog etničkog prostora, a SSSR je na onom dijelu kojim je na dijelu ranijeg armenskog područja kojim je ranije vladalo Rusko Castvo uspostavilo Armensku Sovjetsku Socijalističku Republiku.

Nakon što su tijekom I. svjetskog rata snage Otomanskog carstva bile zauzele naftom bogato područje oko azerbajdžanskog Bakua, Britanske snage su iz Mezopotamije preko područja Irana nastojale krajem 1917. i početkom 1918. god. izbiti u Baku kako bi spriječile isporuku nafte s tamošnjih izvora Centralnim silama. Po okončanju rata zatražile su Sile Antante od turskih snaga da to područje predaju britanskim snagama - te su Britanci u određenoj podržalei nastojanja Azera da uspostave svoju vladavinu, umjesto vladavine boljševika iz Rusije; na početku suradnja s Azerima je bila prožeta međusobnim nepovjerenjem, jer je glavne azerske snage, "Vojsku Islama" s oko 12.000 vojnika bilo utemeljilo Otomansko carstvo, koje je vodilo težak rat protiv Britanaca, i pod vodstvom turskih časnika. U ratnom sukob između Armenije i Azerbejdžana - oko područja Gorskog Karabaha i susjednih krajeva - Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo je politički podržalo azerbajdžansku stranu. Naposljetku se britanske snage međutim nisu upustile u ratni sukob koji bi eventualno odbio Crvenu armiju i spasilo neovisnost Azerbejdžana.

Izvori

Povijest Armenije
Azerbajdžanska vojna povijest
Ruski građanski rat

Armensko-azerbajdžanski rat


es el nombre de dos barrios de Japón.

Se puede referir a:
Asahi-ku (Osaka)
Asahi-ku (Yokohama)

Asahi-ku


In English-language punctuation, a serial comma (also called a series comma, Oxford comma, or Harvard comma) is a comma placed immediately after the penultimate term (i.e., before the coordinating conjunction, such as and or or) in a series of three or more terms. For example, a list of three countries might be punctuated as either "France, Italy and Spain" (without the serial comma) or "France,  Spain" (with the serial comma).

Opinions among writers and editors differ on whether to use the serial comma, and usage also differs somewhat between regional varieties of English. British English allows constructions with or without this comma, whereas in American English the comma is common and sometimes even considered mandatory by some style guides. The APA style, The Chicago Manual of Style, Garner's Modern American Usage, The MLA Style Manual, Strunk and White's The Elements of Style, and the U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual recommend or mandate it. By contrast, the Associated Press Stylebook and The New York Times Style Book advise against it. In Canada, the stylebook published by The Canadian Press advises against it. Most British style guides do not mandate its use. The Economist Style Guide notes that most British writers use it only where necessary to avoid ambiguity. A few British style guides mandate it, most notably The Oxford Style Manual (hence the name, "Oxford comma"). However, the University of Oxford Style Guide (2014) advises against its use.

The Oxford Companion to the English Language notes: "Usage varies as to the inclusion of a comma before and in the last item. ... This practice is controversial and is known as the serial comma or Oxford comma, because it is part of the house style of Oxford University Press."

There are cases in which the use of the serial comma can avoid ambiguity and also instances in which its use can introduce ambiguity.

History
The comma itself is widely attributed to Aldus Manutius, a 15th-century Italian printer who used a mark now recognized as a comma to separate words. Etymologically, the word comma, which became widely used to describe Manutius's mark, comes from the Greek koptein (literally "to cut off"). The Oxford comma (defined above) has been used for centuries in a variety of languages, though not necessarily in a standardized or prescribed manner. The Oxford comma as we know it is most often attributed to Horace Hart. The printer and controller of the Oxford University Press from 1893 to 1915, Hart authored the eponymous Hart's Rules for Compositors and Readers in 1905 as a style guide for the employees working at the press.  The guide called for the use of the serial comma (hence the name "Oxford Comma"), but the punctuation mark had no distinct name until 1978, when Peter Sutcliffe referred to the Oxford comma as such in his book about the history of the Oxford University Press.

Sutcliffe, however, attributed the Oxford comma not to Horace Hart but to F. Howard Collins, who mentioned it in his 1905 book, Author & Printer: A Guide for Authors, Editors, Printers, Correctors of the Press, Compositors, and Typists.

Arguments for and against
Common arguments for consistent use of the serial comma:
 Use of the comma is consistent with the conventional practice of the region.
 It can resolve ambiguity (see examples below).
 Its use is consistent with other means of separating items in a list (for example, when semicolons are used to separate items, one is always included before the last item).

Common arguments against consistent use of the serial comma:
 Omission of the comma is consistent with the conventional practice of the region.
 It can introduce ambiguity (see examples below).
 When space is at a premium, the comma adds unnecessary bulk to the text.

Many sources are against both systematic use and systematic avoidance of the serial comma, making recommendations in a more nuanced way (see Recommendations by style guides and subsequent sections).

Ambiguity
Omitting the serial comma may create ambiguity. Writers who normally avoid the serial comma often use one when it avoids ambiguity. Consider this apocryphal book dedication:
To my parents, Ayn Rand and God.
There is ambiguity about the writer's parentage because "Ayn Rand and God" can be read as a renaming of my parents, leading the reader to believe that the writer claims that Ayn Rand and God are the parents. A comma before and removes the ambiguity:
To my parents, Ayn Rand, and God.
But lists can also be written in other ways that eliminate the ambiguity without introducing the serial comma, such as by changing the word order or by using other punctuation, or none, to introduce or delimit them (though the emphasis may thereby be changed):
To God, Ayn Rand and my parents.

An example collected by Nielsen Hayden was found in a newspaper account of a documentary about Merle Haggard:
Among those interviewed were his two ex-wives, Kris Kristofferson and Robert Duvall.
A serial comma following "Kris Kristofferson" would help prevent this being understood as Kris Kristofferson and Robert Duvall being the ex-wives in question.

Another example:
My usual breakfast is coffee, bacon and eggs and toast.
It is unclear whether the eggs are being grouped with the bacon or the toast. Adding a serial comma removes this ambiguity:
My usual breakfast is coffee, bacon and eggs, and toast.
In some circumstances using the serial comma can create ambiguity. If the book dedication above is changed to
To my mother, Ayn Rand, and God.
the serial comma after Ayn Rand creates ambiguity about the writer's mother because it uses punctuation identical to that used for an appositive phrase, leaving it unclear whether this is a list of three entities (1, my mother; 2, Ayn Rand; and 3, God) or of only two entities (1, my mother, who is Ayn Rand; and 2, God).

Or consider
They went to Oregon with Betty, a maid, and a cook.
This is ambiguous because it is unclear whether "a maid" is an appositive renaming of Betty or the second in a list of three people. On the other hand, removing the final comma:
They went to Oregon with Betty, a maid and a cook.
leaves the possibility that Betty is both a maid and a cook (with "a maid and a cook" read as an appositive phrase). So in this case neither the serial-comma style nor the no-serial-comma style resolves the ambiguity. A writer who intends a list of three distinct people (Betty, maid, cook) may create an ambiguous sentence, regardless of whether the serial comma is adopted. Furthermore, if the reader is unaware of which convention is being used, both versions are always ambiguous.

These forms (among others) would remove the ambiguity:
 One person
 They went to Oregon with Betty, who was a maid and a cook.
 They went to Oregon with Betty, both a maid and a cook.
 They went to Oregon with Betty (a maid and cook).
 They went to Oregon with Betty, their maid and cook.
 Two people
 They went to Oregon with Betty (a maid) and a cook.
 They went to Oregon with Bettya maidand a cook.
 They went to Oregon with Betty, a maid, and with a cook.
 They went to Oregon with the maid Betty and a cook.
 They went to Oregon with a cook and Betty, a maid.
 Three people
 They went to Oregon with Betty, as well as a maid and a cook.
 They went to Oregon with Betty and a maid and a cook.
 They went to Oregon with Betty, one maid and a cook.
 They went to Oregon with a maid, a cook, and Betty.
 They went to Oregon with a maid, a cook and Betty.
 They went with Betty to Oregon with a maid and a cook.

In general
 The list x, y and z is unambiguous if y and z cannot be read as a renaming of x.
 Equally, x, y, and z is unambiguous if y cannot be read as a renaming of x.
 If neither y nor y, and z can be read as a renaming of x, then both forms of the list are unambiguous; but if both y and y and z can be read as a renaming of x, then both forms of the list are ambiguous.
 x and y and z is unambiguous if x and y and y and z cannot both be grouped.

Ambiguities can often be resolved by the selective use of semicolons instead of commas when more separation is required. General practice across style guides involves using semicolons when individual items have their own punctuation or coordinating conjunctions, but typically a "serial semicolon" is required.

Recommendations by style guides
Wikipedia's Manual of Style (MOS:SERIAL) leaves use of the serial comma up to the editor so long as individual articles are consistent.

Lynne Truss writes: "There are people who embrace the Oxford comma, and people who don't, and I'll just say this: never get between these people when drink has been taken."

Omitting a serial comma is often characterized as a journalistic style of writing, as contrasted with a more academic or formal style. Journalists typically do not use the serial comma, possibly for economy of space. In Australia and Canada, the serial comma is typically avoided in non-academic publications unless its absence produces ambiguity.

It is important that usage within a document be consistent; inconsistent usage can seem unprofessional.

Mainly American style guides supporting mandatory or typical use
The United States Government Printing Office's Style Manual
"After each member within a series of three or more words, phrases, letters, or figures used with and, or, or nor." It notes that an age ("70 years 11 months 6 days") is not a series and should not take commas.
Wilson Follett's Modern American Usage: A Guide (Random House, 1981), pp. 397–401
"What, then, are the arguments for omitting the last comma? Only one is cogent – the saving of space. In the narrow width of a newspaper column this saving counts for more than elsewhere, which is why the omission is so nearly universal in journalism. But here or anywhere one must question whether the advantage outweighs the confusion caused by the omission. … The recommendation here is that [writers] use the comma between all members of a series, including the last two, on the common-sense ground that to do so will preclude ambiguities and annoyances at a negligible cost."
The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th edition (University of Chicago Press, 2010), paragraph 6.18
"When a conjunction joins the last two elements in a series of three or more, a comma … should appear before the conjunction. Chicago strongly recommends this widely practiced usage." In answer to a reader's query, The Chicago Manual of Style Online notes that their style guide has been recommending use of the serial comma ever since the first edition in 1906, but also qualifies this, saying "the serial comma is optional; some mainstream style guides (such as the Associated Press) don't use it. … there are times when using the comma (or omitting it) results in ambiguity, which is why it's best to stay flexible."
The Elements of Style (Strunk and White, 4th edition 1999), Rule 2
"In a series of three or more terms with a single conjunction, use a comma after each term except the last." This has been recommended in The Elements of Style since the first edition by Strunk in 1918.
The American Medical Association Manual of Style, 9th edition (1998) Chapter 6.2.1
"Use a comma before the conjunction that precedes the last term in a series."
The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition (2010) Chapter 4.03
"Use a comma between elements (including before and and or) in a series of three or more items."
The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers (Council of Science Editors, 7th edition, 2006), Section 184.108.40.206
"To separate the elements (words, phrases, clauses) of a simple series of more than 2 elements, including a comma before the closing 'and' or 'or' (the so-called serial comma). Routine use of the serial comma helps to prevent ambiguity."
Garner's Modern English Usage, 4th edition (Oxford University Press, 2016), "Punctuation," § D, "Comma", p. 748
"Whether to include the serial comma has sparked many arguments. But it's easily answered in favor of inclusion because omitting the final comma may cause ambiguities, whereas including it never will e.g.: 'A and B, C and D, E and F[,] and G and H'."
MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (Modern Language Association 2008), paragraph 3.4.2.b
"Use commas to separate words, phrases, and clauses in a series."
AAMT Book of Style for Medical Transcription
"Medical transcriptionists use the serial comma when two medications or diagnoses must be seen as separate; i.e., for 'The patient was on Aspirin, Coversyl, and Dilaudid', the comma is used before 'and' to avoid the reader erroneously thinking that Coversyl and Dilaudid must be taken together."
AIP Style Manual, American Institute of Physics, fourth edition, 1990
"A comma goes before 'and' or 'or' in a series of three or more: Sn, K, Na, and Li lines are invisible."
Plain English Handbook, Revised Edition (McCormick-Mathers Publishing Co., 1959), § 483, p. 78
"Use commas to separate the items in a series of words, phrases, or short clauses:
The farmer sold corn, hay, oats, potatoes, and wheat."

Mainly American style guides opposing typical use
The New York Times stylebook
"In general, do not use a comma before and or or in a series."
The AP Stylebook
"Use commas to separate elements in a series, but do not put a comma before the conjunction in a simple series. […] Put a comma before the concluding conjunction in a series, however, if an integral element of the series requires a conjunction: I had orange juice, toast, and ham and eggs for breakfast. Use a comma also before the concluding conjunction in a complex series of phrases: The main points to consider are whether the athletes are skillful enough to compete, whether they have the stamina to endure the training, and whether they have the proper mental attitude. In the United States, the choice is between journalistic style (no serial comma) and "literary" style (with serial comma); consistent use of the serial comma is usually recommended for college writing."

Mainly British style guides supporting mandatory or typical use
The Oxford Style Manual, 2002
"For a century it has been part of OUP style to retain or impose this last serial (or series) comma consistently, … but it is commonly used by many other publishers both here and abroad, and forms a routine part of style in US and Canadian English. … Given that the final comma is sometimes necessary to prevent ambiguity, it is logical to impose it uniformly, so as to obviate the need to pause and gauge each enumeration on the likelihood of its being misunderstood – especially since that likelihood is often more obvious to the reader than the writer."
MHRA Style Guide (Modern Humanities Research Association), 3rd edition (2013)
"In an enumeration of three or more items, the practice in MHRA journals is to insert commas after all but the last item, to give equal weight to each enumerated element.  … The conjunctions and and or without a preceding comma are understood as linking the parts of a single enumerated element"
But paragraph 5.1 says "The comma after the penultimate item may be omitted in books published by the MHRA, as long as the sense is clear."

Mainly British style guides opposing typical use
The Times style manual
"Avoid the so-called Oxford comma; say 'he ate bread, butter and jam' rather than 'he ate bread, butter, and jam'."
The Economist Style Guide
"Do not put a comma before and at the end of a sequence of items unless one of the items includes another and. Thus 'The doctor suggested an aspirin, half a grapefruit and a cup of broth. But he ordered scrambled eggs, whisky and soda, and a selection from the trolley.
"Sometimes it is essential: compare 'I dedicate this book to my parents, Martin Amis, and JK Rowling' with 'I dedicate this book to my parents, Martin Amis and JK Rowling'."
University of Oxford Public Affairs Directorate Writing and Style Guide
"Note that there is generally no comma between the penultimate item and 'and'/'or' – this is sometimes referred to as the 'Oxford comma'. However, it is essential to use an Oxford comma if required to prevent ambiguity."

Mainly British style guides that consider it generally unnecessary but discretionary
The Guardian Style Guide
"A comma before the final 'and' in lists: straightforward ones (he ate ham, eggs and chips) do not need one, but sometimes it can help the reader (he ate cereal, kippers, bacon, eggs, toast and marmalade, and tea)."
The Cambridge Guide to English Usage
"In British practice there's an Oxford/Cambridge divide … In Canada and Australia the serial comma is recommended only to prevent ambiguity or misreading."
Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage, 4th edition, 2015
"The so-called 'Oxford comma' is an optional comma that follows the penultimate item in a list of three or more items and precedes the word 'and' … The general rule is that it should be used consistently or not at all … However, the Oxford comma can help to avoid ambiguity, ... and it is sometimes helpful to the reader to use an isolated serial comma for clarification, even when the convention has not been adopted in the rest of the text."
New Hart's Rules, 2014
"The general rule is that one style or the other should be used consistently. However, the last comma can serve to resolve ambiguity, particularly when any of the items are compound terms joined by a conjunction, and it is sometimes helpful to the reader to use an isolated serial comma for clarification even when the convention has not been adopted in the rest of the text."

Australian style guides opposing typical use
The Australian Government Publishing Service's Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers
"A comma is used before and, or, or etc. in a list when its omission might either give rise to ambiguity or cause the last word or phrase to be construed with a preposition in the preceding phrase. … Generally, however, a comma is not used before and, or or etc. in a list."

Canadian style guides opposing typical use
Public Works and Government Services Canada Translation Bureau's The Canadian Style: A Guide to Writing and Editing
"Items in a series may be separated by commas:
Complacency, urbanity, sentimentality, whimsicality
They may also be linked by coordinating conjunctions such as and or or:
economists, sociologists or political scientists
the good, the bad and the ugly
Opinions differ on whether and when a comma should be inserted before the final and or or in a sequence. In keeping with the general trend toward less punctuation, the final comma is best omitted where clarity permits, unless there is a need to emphasize the last element in a series."

Individual disputes

Maine labor dispute
In the U.S. state of Maine, the lack of a serial comma became the deciding factor in a $13 million lawsuit filed in 2014 that was eventually settled for $5 million in 2017. The U.S. appeals judge David J. Barron wrote, "For want of a comma, we have this case."

In O'Connor v. Oakhurst Dairy, a federal court of appeals was required to interpret a statute under which the "canning, processing, preserving, freezing, drying, marketing, storing, packing for shipment or distribution" of certain goods were activities exempted from the general requirement of overtime pay. The question was whether this list included the distribution of the goods, or only the packing of the goods for distribution. The lack of a comma suggested one meaning, while the omission of the conjunction or before "packing" and the fact that the Maine Legislative Drafting Manual advised against use of the serial comma suggested another. It said "Although authorities on punctuation may differ, when drafting Maine law or rules, don't use a comma between the penultimate and the last item of a series." In addition to the absence of a comma, the fact that the word chosen was "distribution" rather than "distributing" was also a consideration, as was the question of whether it would be reasonable to consider the list to be an asyndetic list. Truck drivers demanded overtime pay; the defense conceded that the expression was ambiguous but said it should be interpreted as exempting distribution activity from overtime pay. The district court agreed with the defense and held that "distribution" was an exempt activity. On appeal, however, the First Circuit decided that the sentence was ambiguous and "because, under Maine law, ambiguities in the state's wage and hour laws must be construed liberally in order to accomplish their remedial purpose", adopted the drivers' narrower reading of the exemption and ruled that those who distributed the goods were entitled to overtime pay. Oakhurst Dairy settled the case by paying $5 million to the drivers, and the phrase in the law in question was later changed to use serial semicolons and "distributing" resulting in "canning; processing; preserving; freezing; drying; marketing; storing; packing for shipment; or distributing".

The opinion in the case said that 43 of the 50 U.S. states had mandated the use of a serial comma and that both chambers of the federal congress had warned against omitting it, in the words of the U.S. House Legislative Counsel's Manual on Drafting Style, "to prevent any misreading that the last item is part of the preceding one"; only seven states "either do not require or expressly prohibited the use of the serial comma".

British 50p Brexit coin
In 2020 a commemorative 50p coin was brought into circulation in the United Kingdom to mark "Brexit day", January 31, 2020, minted with the phrase "Peace, prosperity and friendship with all nations". English novelist Philip Pullman and others criticized the omission of the Oxford comma, while others said it was an Americanism and not required in this instance.

See also
 Roger Casement, "hanged on a comma" due to contested non-punctuation in a law
 "Oxford Comma", a 2008 song by Vampire Weekend which begins "Who gives a fuck about an Oxford comma?"
 Syndeton, the conjunctive phrasing that may or may not contain a serial comma

References

American and British English differences
Punctuation
Punctuation of English
English usage controversies

Serial comma


Superfruit (adesea stilizat ca SUP3RFRUIT) este un duo american de muzică și comedie format din Mitch Grassi și Scott Hoying, ambii cunoscuți ca membri ai grupului a cappella Pentatonix; este, de asemenea, numele spectacolului lor de comedie, care este prezentat pe canalul lor de YouTube eponim.

Canalul Superfruit a fost creat pe 4 august 2013, Grassi și Hoying concentrându-se inițial în principal pe vlog-uri orientate spre umor, în timp ce interpretau în mod regulat muzică, în mare parte o copertă capella sau potpuriuri în stilul Pentatonix.

Cei doi s-au implicat mai mult în activități muzicale în 2016, cu lansările primelor lor piese originale, "Bad 4 Us" pe 18 octombrie și "Sweet Life", pe 15 noiembrie. Pe 30 iunie 2017, Mitch și Scott au lansat primul lor EP, Future Friends: Partea întâi, urmată pe 15 septembrie atât de EP-urile Future Friends: Partea a doua, cât și Future Friends, care au acționat ca o compilație care conține ambele EP-uri și ca primul album de studio al Superfruit. Sunetul Superfruit diferă de lucrarea lor capella cu Pentatonix, deoarece folosesc instrumente, cu o prezență puternică a instrumentelor electrice și electronice, cum ar fi sintetizatoarele, păstrând în același timp stilul pop obișnuit, orientat spre melodie.

Din februarie 2019, canalul are peste 2,5 milioane de abonați și a acumulat peste 392 milioane de vizualizări.

Formare
Conform lui Grassi, el și Hoying au fost într-o zi la IHOP și amândoi au discutat despre modul în care doreau să-și pornească individual canale de YouTube. Au decis să lanseze unul împreună. Scott a precizat că numele de Superfruit "ia trecut întâmplător prin mintea lui Mitch". Primul videoclip Superfruit a fost lansat pe 13 august 2013.

Conținut video
Superfruit constă în principal din vlog-uri despre viața de zi cu zi a duo-ului și diverse jocuri și competiții casual, dar canalul oferă și o serie de proiecte muzicale. Atât Grassi, cât și Hoying se identifică ca fiind gay. Deși nu se întâlnesc, perechea și-a dat numele de Scömìche pentru a-și reprezenta legătura. Împreună, au avut o pisică pe nume Wyatt Blue Grassi-Hoying, care obișnuia să apară într-o serie de videoclipuri și logo-uri, până când a fost dată spre adopție (datorită programului ocupat al lui Mitch și Scott). Majoritatea videoclipurilor sunt doar despre Hoying și Grassi, cu toate că mai multe includ alți artiști sau invitați.

Discografie
Albume de studio
 Future Friends (2017)

EPs
 Future Friends – Prima parte (2017)
 Future Friends – A doua parte (2017)

Tururi
 Turul Future Friends (2018)

Alte lucrări notabile
În afara canalului lor de YouTube, Grassi și Hoying au promovat filmul SpongeBob: Sponge Out of Water ca Superfruit cu o reclamă MTV în care Grassi își face un tatuaj cu SpongeBob pe braț.

În calitate de Superfruit, Grassi și Hoying au apărut în The Grace Helbig Show.

Începând cu 2017, Mitch și Scott au început să colaboreze cu alți artiști; au apărut în Betty Who "Frumoasa" din cel de-al doilea album de studio The Valley, creditat ca "Superfruit". În plus, cei doi au cântat alături de colega lor din Pentatonix, Kirstin Maldonado, în "Black and White" al lui Todrick Hall, din ediția de lux a lui Straight Outta Oz, toți cei trei artiști cu rol colectiv fiind acreditați drept "Superfruit".

Aceștia au fost invitați speciali pe celebrul canal de YouTube Good Mythical Morning, în ianuarie 2018, unde au jucat "Duo sau Don't-O Challenge".

Premii și nominalizări

Legături externe
 SUP3RFRUIT

Superfruit


An Sporobolus subglobosus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Auguste Jean Baptiste Chevalier. An Sporobolus subglobosus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Sporobolus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Sporobolus

Sporobolus subglobosus


Kleine Mühle steht für
 Kleine Mühle (Calau), ehemaliger Wohnplatz und Wassermühle im Ortsteil Groß Mehßow der Stadt Calau, Landkreis Oberspreewald-Lausitz, Brandenburg
 Kleine Mühle (Danzig), historisches Speichergebäude
 Kleine Mühle (Drahnsdorf), Wohnplatz in der Gemeinde Drahnsdorf, Landkreis Dahme-Spreewald, Brandenburg
 Kleine Mühle (Halbe), ehemalige Wassermühle und Wohnplatz in der Gemeinde Halbe, Landkreis Dahme-Spreewald, Brandenburg
 Kleine Mühle (Teupitz), Wohnplatz in Teupitz, Landkreis Dahme-Spreewald, Brandenburg
 Kleine Mühle (Wriezen), Wohnplatz und ehemalige Wassermühle in Wriezen, Landkreis Märkisch-Oderland, Brandenburg

Siehe auch
 Kleinmühle
 Kleine Mühl
 Klein Mühlen
 Kleinmühlen
 Kleinmühlingen
 Littlemill

Kleine Mühle


Le cimetière militaire de Sfax est un cimetière militaire britannique situé près de Sfax en Tunisie, et actuellement entretenu par la Commonwealth War Graves Commission.

Il contient  sépultures de soldats décédés lors de la Seconde Guerre mondiale (dont 52 n'ont pas encore été identifiés) ainsi que la tombe d'un soldat grecs mort lors du même conflit.

Par ailleurs, le cimetière contient une unique sépulture liée à la Première Guerre mondiale. Jusqu'en 1953, celle-ci se trouvait au sein du cimetière musulman de Sidi Saleru.

Sépultures notables
 Soldat
 Colonel Edward Kellett
 Sous-lieutenant
 Havildar-major
 Lieutenant-colonel

Références

Voir aussi
 Commonwealth War Graves Commission
 Cimetière militaire d'Enfida
 Mémorial de Medjez-El-Bab
 Cimetière militaire
 Campagne de Tunisie

Liens externes

Cimetière militaire britannique
Cimetière militaire de la Seconde Guerre mondiale
Cimetière en Tunisie
Sfax

Cimetière militaire de Sfax


في سنة 2006، مقاطعة ألبة الواقعة في منطقة الباسك في إسبانيا كانت تحتوي على 51 بلدية.

المراجع

بلديات ألافا
قوائم بلدية في إسبانيا

قائمة البلديات في ألافا


Ramadan Yusef (en ), né le  à Asosa, est un footballeur international éthiopien. Il joue au poste d'arrière gauche à Saint-George SC.

Carrière

En club

En sélection
Il fait ses débuts en sélection le 4 septembre 2019 contre le Lesotho lors d'un match des éliminatoires de la coupe du monde 2022.

Il dispute ensuite la Coupe d'Afrique des nations 2021 qui se déroule au Cameroun.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Footballeur international éthiopien
Naissance en février 2001
Naissance en Éthiopie

Ramadan Yusef


An Gymnadenia lithopolitanica in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Ravnik, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Herwig Teppner och Erich Klein. An Gymnadenia lithopolitanica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Gymnadenia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo nangangarat-an. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Gymnadenia

Gymnadenia lithopolitanica


Sigurd (Eski Norsça: Sigurðr) veya Siegfried (Orta Yüksek Almanca: Sîvrit), Cermen mitolojisinde bir ejderhayı öldüren, daha sonra ise öldürülen efsanevi bir kahraman. Karakter İzlanda'da yazıya geçirilen antik Cermen sagası Volsung Sigurd Sagası ve onun Alman versiyonu olan, Ren Nehri kıyısında, eski Worms şehri civarında geçen Nibelungen Destanı'nda (Siegfried adı altında) bahsedilir. Sigurd'un hikâyesini içeren en eski kayıtlar İsveç'de bulunmuş runik taşlar ile Britanya Adaları'ndaki taş haçlar üzerinde kazınmış olarak keşfedilmiştir. Bu kayıtlar 11. yüzyıla tarihlenmektedir.

Hikaye
Bir prens olan ve erken yaşta bir demircinin yanında kendine yaptığı Balmung adlı kılıcı ve Grani adlı atı ile yola koyulan Sigurd, bir ejderha ile yaptığı savaşta ejderhayı yenerek yaratığın vücudundan akan yağ ile vücudunu silah işlemez hale getirir. Fakat ejderhanın kanında yıkanırken, ağaçtan sırtına düşen ıhlamur yaprağını fark edemez ve sırtında, iki kürek kemiği arasında kalan bölgede kanın değmediği zayıf bir bölge oluşur.

Nibelungen Destanı'nda, Kriemhild adında bir kraliçeyle evlenir. Fakat Kriemhild'in kardeşleri, Burgonyalı krallar, zamanla Siegfried'i bir tehdit olarak görür ve onu öldürmek için fırsat kollamaya başlarlar. Kriemhild'in kral kardeşleri, Tronjeli Hagen'in planları üzerine olaylar gelişir. Hagen, Siegfried'i korumak bahanesiyle, Kriemhild'den, Siegfried'in zayıf noktasını öğrenir. Beraber çıktıkları bir av partisinde, Hagen, Siegfried'i sırtından bıçaklayarak öldürür.

Destan içinde  Hristiyan inançları ve törenleri de bulunmakta ve kral-senyör-vasal ilişkisi de destanın Orta Çağ'a ait izler taşıdığını göstermektedir.

Modern etkileri
Destan, 19. asırda Alman milliyetçiliğinin yükselmesinde, Alman prensliklerinin bir ulus olarak Alman İmparatorluğu altında birleşmesinde tarihsel bir öneme sahiptir. Dönemde Otto von Bismarck'ın Alman İmparatorluğu'nu birleştirmesi, Siegfried'in babasının kılıcını yeniden dövmesi ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Siegfried adı, cesaret, yiğitlik ve şövalyeliği temsil eden bir ad olarak Almanya'da çok değişik alanlarda kullanılmıştır. I. Dünya Savaşı'nda Maginot Hattı'nın karşısına Almanlar Siegfried'i dikmişlerdir.

Kaynakça

Cermen paganizmi
İskandinav mitolojisi kahramanları
Alman mitolojisi
Kurgusal Vikingler
Cermen mitolojisi
İskandinav mitolojisi
Edebiyat karakterleri
Masal karakterleri
Antik Cermen liderleri

Sigurd


Salamunov pečat  (pokosnica, stojka; lat. Polygonatum),  rod zeljastih trajnica s podankom iz porodice šparogovki. Postoji blizu 8o vrsta rasprostranjenih oi gotovo cijeloj Euroaziji i velikim dijelovima Sjeverne Amerike. U Hrvatskoj rastu mnogocvjetni Salamunov pečat (P. multiflorum), širokolisni Salamunov pečat (P. latifolium), pršljenasti Salamunov pečat (P. verticillatum) i ljekoviti Salamunov pečat (P. odoratum)

Salamunov pečat je i otrovan i ljekovit. ime mu dolazi po okruglastim ožiljcima na podanku nalik na salamunove pečate, dok latinski naziv Polygonatum dolazi od poly, mnogo i gony, koljeno, zbog mnogobrojnih koljenaca u korijenu.

Vrste

 Polygonatum acuminatifolium Kom.
 Polygonatum adnatum S.Yun Liang
 Polygonatum amabile Yatabe
 Polygonatum angelicum Floden
 Polygonatum annamense Floden
 Polygonatum arisanense Hayata
 Polygonatum autumnale Floden
 Polygonatum × azegamii (Ohwi) M.N.Tamura
 Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliott
 Polygonatum brevistylum Baker
 Polygonatum × buschianum Tzvelev
 Polygonatum campanulatum G.W.Hu
 Polygonatum cathcartii Baker
 Polygonatum chingshuishanianum S.S.Ying
 Polygonatum cirrhifolium (Wall.) Royle
 Polygonatum costatum Floden
 Polygonatum cryptanthum H.Lév. & Vaniot
 Polygonatum curvistylum Hua
 Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua
 Polygonatum × desoulavyi Kom.
 Polygonatum × domonense Satake
 Polygonatum falcatum A.Gray
 Polygonatum filipes Merr. ex C.Jeffrey & McEwan
 Polygonatum franchetii Hua
 Polygonatum geminiflorum Decne.
 Polygonatum glaberrimum K.Koch
 Polygonatum gongshanense L.H.Zhao & X.J.He
 Polygonatum govanianum Royle
 Polygonatum graminifolium Hook.
 Polygonatum grandicaule Y.S.Kim, B.U.Oh & C.G.Jang
 Polygonatum griffithii Baker
 Polygonatum hirtellum Hand.-Mazz.
 Polygonatum hookeri Baker
 Polygonatum humile Fisch. ex Maxim.
 Polygonatum × hybridum Brügger
 Polygonatum inflatum Kom.
 Polygonatum infundiflorum Y.S.Kim, B.U.Oh & C.G.Jang
 Polygonatum involucratum (Franch. & Sav.) Maxim.
 Polygonatum jinzhaiense D.C.Zhang & J.Z.Shao
 Polygonatum kingianum Collett & Hemsl.
 Polygonatum × krylovii (Ameljcz. & Malachova) A.L.Ebel
 Polygonatum lasianthum Maxim.
 Polygonatum latifolium (Jacq.) Desf., širokolisni Salamunov pečat
 Polygonatum leiboense S.C.Chen & D.Q.Liu
 Polygonatum longistylum Y.Wan ex C.Z.Gao
 Polygonatum luteoverrucosum Floden
 Polygonatum macranthum (Maxim.) Koidz.
 Polygonatum macropodum Turcz.
 Polygonatum megaphyllum P.Y.Li
 Polygonatum mengtzense F.T.Wang & Tang
 Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All., mnogocvjetni Salamunov pečat
 Polygonatum nervulosum Baker
 Polygonatum nodosum Hua
 Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce, ljekoviti Salamunov pečat
 Polygonatum omeiense Z.Y.Zhu
 Polygonatum oppositifolium (Wall.) Royle
 Polygonatum orientale Desf.
 Polygonatum prattii Baker
 Polygonatum × pseudopolyanthemum Miscz. ex Grossh.
 Polygonatum pubescens (Willd.) Pursh
 Polygonatum punctatum Royle ex Kunth
 Polygonatum qinghaiense Z.L.Wu & Y.C.Yang
 Polygonatum robustum (Korsh.) Nakai
 Polygonatum roseum (Ledeb.) Kunth
 Polygonatum sewerzowii Regel
 Polygonatum sibiricum Redouté
 Polygonatum singalilense H.Hara
 Polygonatum sparsifolium F.T.Wang & Tang
 Polygonatum stenophyllum Maxim.
 Polygonatum stewartianum Diels
 Polygonatum × tamaense H.Hara
 Polygonatum tessellatum F.T.Wang & Tang
 Polygonatum tsinlingense Tsui
 Polygonatum undulatifolium Floden
 Polygonatum urceolatum (J.M.H.Shaw) Floden
 Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All., pršljenasti Salamunov pečat
 Polygonatum wardii F.T.Wang & Tang
 Polygonatum yunnanense H.Lév.
 Polygonatum zanlanscianense Pamp.
 Polygonatum zhejiangensis X.J.Xue & H.Yao

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Nolinoideae

Salamunov pečat


عانين هي إحدى بلدات محافظة جنين، تقع إلى الغرب من مدينة جنين. يحدها من الشمال مدينة أم الفحم وقرية الطيبة ومن الجنوب قرى يعبد والعرقة والهاشمية أما من الشرق فيحدها قرى السيلة الحارثية وتعنك ومن الغرب فيحدها قرى أم الريحان ويعبد. تبعد عن مدينة جنين17 كم ويبلغ ارتفاعها عن سطح البحر حوالي 490 متر. تشتهر القرية بهوائها العليل في فصل الصيف والبارد جدا في فصل الشتاء.
تعود تسمية البلدة إلى كلمة «عانيم» السريانية والتي تعني ينابيع الماء.

السكان

يبلغ عدد سكان عانين حسب آخر إحصائية حوالي 4216 نسمة،  وفيها عدة حمولات منها ياسين وعيسى ومحاميد و مرعي وعيد وصبح وزعرور ومنصور وتعود هذه الحمولات لأصل واحد وجد واحد (وهو ظرف فديع يمني الأصل قدم من مدينة تعز اليمنية بعد انهيار سد مأرب. وسكن قرية فارة إحدى قرى إربد قبل أن يسكن قرية عانين ويجلي عنها سكانها الأصليين عرب المساعيد)؛ ومن الحمولات الموجودة أيضاً ملحم وخضور وغزيل وعودة؛ . كما يسكن القرية بعض من أهل قرى جنين الأخرى بقصد العمل أو بحكم المصاهرة. وكل سكانها مسلمون سنة.

الزراعة

تشتهر بلدة عانين بكثرة أشجار الزيتون المزروعة في أراضيها، كما تشتهر بكثرة ينابيع الماء الدائمة إذ يوجد 8 ينابيع عذبة ودائمة وهي عين الزيتونة وعين الخروبة وعين فديع وعين أم الديوك وعين قمر وعين زريق وعين النبعة وعين الصفرة. وفي القرية معصرتا زيتون حديثتان. وبعد اقتطاع جزء كبير من أراضيها الزراعية، بات الاعتماد الأساسي حالياً على الوظائف كمصدر أساسي للرزق.

فقدت عانين القسم الأكبر من أراضيها الزراعية بعد قرار الهدنة عام 1949؛ فخربة الشرايع المشهورة بوفرة مياهها العذبة وتربتها الخصيبة كانت تمثل سلة الغذاء الرئيسية للقرية، بينما كانت المساحة الحالية المتبقية من البلدة عبارة عن مراعٍ طبيعية وحقول زيتون والقليل من اللوزيات في حينه، أما المساحة الممتدة بين عانين وخربة الطيبة فكانت أرضاً صالحة لزراعة الحبوب.

مؤسسات
يوجد في البلدة مسجدان أحدهما يعود إلى ما قبل عام 1930، والثاني بني عام 1997. كما يوجد فيها مدارس أساسية وثانوية للذكور والإناث. وفيها نادٍ رياضي للشباب ومجلس نسوي للاهتمام بشؤون المرأة ومجلس قروي يقوم على خدمة البلدة كما يوجد أيضاً عيادة صحية.

في الستينات من القرن الماضي شهدت البلدة إقبالاً على التعليم، وكانت على وشك جني ثمار جهدها المبذول في هذا الحقل لولا حدوث حرب 1967 وهجرة الشباب المتعلمين إلى الضفة الشرقية؛ وأصبح مصدر الدخل الرئيسي يعتمد على العمل داخل إسرائيل.

وقد أدى بناء الجدار الفاصل الذي أقامته إسرائيل عام 2003 إلى فصل البلدة عن مدينة أم الفحم، ما أثر سلباً على اقتصاد البلدة، التي كانت تمثل المعبر الرئيسي لسكان القرى المجاورة إلى ام الفحم، حيث يؤدي ذلك إلى انتعاش الحالة الاقتصادية للبلدة. كما تسبب هذا الجدار في مصادرة الكثير من الأراضي الزراعية الخصبة وحقول الزيتون الأكثر إنتاجاً، ولم يتبقَ لمربي الماشية أية مساحة من المراعي الطبيعية، ما أدى إلى تناقص قطعان الماشية والأبقار إلى درجة غير مسبوقة، وتسبب منع المزارعين بعد ذلك من الوصول إلى أراضيهم إلا بتصاريح خاصة لا يمنحها الاحتلال عادة إلا لغير القادرين على العمل بالأرض، وعدم تمكنهم من العناية بها إلى تراجع الإنتاج إلى درجة الصفر تقريباً، ومن المعلوم أن الزيتون يحتاج إلى الحراثة الدائمة قبل موسم الأمطار وفي فصل الربيع، والشجرة بحاجة إلى التقليم المستمر، لأن الثمار لا تنبت إلا على الاغصان الجديدة كما هو معلوم.

من الجدير بالذكر أن الأوضاع الاقتصادية الصعبة، وخاصة بعد بناء جدار الفصل، دفعت معظم شباب القرية إلى الإتجاه إلى التعليم الأكاديمي، ويُذكر أن ما يقارب 80% من شباب القرية يلتحقون بمؤسسات أكاديمية بعد إنهاء الصف الثاني عشر مباشرة.

مصادر

بلديات فلسطين
قرى الضفة الغربية
قرى وبلدات محافظة جنين
محافظة جنين
بلديات دولة فلسطين

عانين


The Livonian Chronicle of Henry () is a Latin narrative of events in Livonia (roughly corresponding to today's inland Estonia and the northern part of Latvia) and surrounding areas from 1180 to 1227. It was written  by a priest named Henry (). Apart from the few references in the Primary Chronicle compiled in Kievan Rus' in the 12th century, it is the oldest known written document about the history of Estonia and Latvia.

Background
Papal calls for renewed holy war at the end of the twelfth century inspired not only the disastrous Fourth Crusade that sacked Constantinople in 1204, but also a series of simultaneous "Northern Crusades" that are less fully covered in English-language popular history, but which were more successful in the long run. Before the crusades, the region of medieval Livonia was a mixed outpost, a mostly "pagan" society where merchants from the Hanseatic League encountered merchants of Novgorod, and where Teutonic, Scandinavian, and Slavic trade, culture, and cults all mingled. The specific ethnic groups that intermingled and traded with the Saxons, Danes, Swedes, Wends, merchants from Lübeck, Novgorod and Pskov here were the Estonians, Karelians, Curonians, Latgalians, Semigallians (sometimes known as the Letts), Livonians and the Lithuanians. The Western merchants would trade silver, textiles, and other luxury goods for furs, beeswax, honey, leather, dried fish, and amber. Livonia had been an especially promising location in terms of resources, and Arnold of Lübeck, in his Chronicle of the Slavs wrote that the land was "abundant in many riches" and was "fertile in fields, plentiful in pastures, irrigated by rivers", and "also sufficiently rich in fish and forested with trees".

Eventually, the Scandinavian rulers and German military knightly orders led by German prince-bishops conquered and resettled the Baltic world, drawing it into Western orbit. The Livonian Chronicle of Henry was written during the first generation of conversion in Livonia when Albert of Buxhoeveden (later, Bishop of Riga) had authority over the land. The Teutonic Order continued to implement Christianity across Livonia after the Livonian Brothers of the Sword, the crusading army established by Albert of Riga, was absorbed by them in 1237.

This crusade and other Baltic crusades have been debated on their legitimacy to the claim of being labeled as crusades. This is because these crusades were not directed towards the Holy Land as the others before it, meaning that the religious motives were less clear-cut than those that had Jerusalem set as their final destination because Jerusalem has such a strong historical influence in the Christian faith and Livonia its surroundings had less obvious significance to Christianity.

Content
The Livonian Chronicle of Henry provides eyewitness accounts of the events, with an invaluable and deeply human history. It provides insight, not only into military operations in the East during this tumultuous period but also into the conflicted attitudes of an eyewitness; it reveals the complexities of religious motives enmeshed with political aims. The other famous early Livonian text, the Livonian Rhymed Chronicle, has less historical value, as it was essentially intended as a patriotic and Christian courtly entertainment.

The Livonian Chronicle of Henry utilizes two major points of justification for the conquest of Livonia: that it was the Land of the Virgin Mary, which began after Bishop Meinhard, the first Bishop who attempted to spread Christianity to Livonia, established a Cult of Mary convent in Livonia. Following this, Albert of Riga also helped perpetuate this association by naming the Episcopal Cathedral in Livonia as the church of the Virgin Mary in the early 1200s.

The second main justification was that Livonia was comparable to Jerusalem. Pope Innocent III granted the absolution of sins for those making a pilgrimage to Livonia after tensions arose between the German Christians and the pagans. Bishop Meinhard had attempted to convert the pagans without success and also appointed Theoderich von Treyden to help with the Christianization of Livonia. This concerned the people of Livonia, who then plotted to kill Theoderich, which proved unsuccessful but increased German mistrust after Theodoric the plot's discovery. When Pope Innocent III gave absolution of sin to those who went to aid in the Christianization of Livonia, Henry makes the association between the lands of Livonia and Jerusalem by stating, "In enjoining the Livonian pilgrimage for the plenary remission of sins, made it equal with that to Jerusalem" (Brundage, CHL, 36). Honorius III and Gregory IX continued to promote Livonia as comparable to Jerusalem by enforcing privileges (including the protection of property) to Livonian crusaders.

Other reasons include justification on the basis of the defense of Christianity, the conversion of pagans, and the return of apostates to Christianity. Many have questioned to what extent the Christianization of Livonia was in fact about commercial and political gains. Henry mentions in his chronicle that there was a notable number of German merchants in the crusading army, but does not describe their stake in the crusade. Conversely, in the Livonian Rhymed Chronicle, the writer states that these merchants would, "Sell [their wares] to greater advantage there than elsewhere". Politically, because Livonia was so rich in natural resources and was such an important trading hub for so many nations and people, gaining political control over this land would bring political advancement to Germany over the other nations that were vying for the resources that existed in Livonia during this time. The modern English translator of the Livonian Chronicle of Henry, James A. Brundage, also argues that the German popes, kings, bishops, and dukes would have been aware of the existing positive economic and political potential in Livonia.

The chronicles consist of four books.

 The first book,  "On Livonia" describes events between 1186 and 1196: the arrival of the first bishop of Ikšķile, Meinhard, and the baptizing of Livonians.
 The second book, "On bishop Berthold" describes events between 1196 and 1198: the arrival of the second bishop of Ikšķile Berthold of Hanover and his death in the battle with Livonians near what later became the town of Riga.
 The third book, "On bishop Albert" describes events between 1198 and 1208: the arrival of third bishop of Ikšķile, Albert of Buxhoeveden, the foundation of the Christian knightly order of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword, the conquest and dividing of Livonian territories between the Bishopric of Livonia and the Order, the wars with the Princes of Polotsk and Lithuanians, conquest of the Principality of Koknese and the country of Selonians.
The fourth book, "On Estonia" describes events between 1208 and 1226: the campaigns against Estonian counties, the conquest of the Principality of Jersika, the wars with Curonians, Semigallians, Lithuanians and the princes of Pskov and Novgorod.

The original manuscript of the chronicle has not been preserved. There are sixteen different copies, dating from 14th to 19th century, the oldest of which is the Codex Zamoscianus, written on parchment and dating from the end of the 13th century. The Codex Zamoscianus is incomplete, as the text of the Chronicle ends in the 23rd chapter. The Codex Zamoscianus is presently kept in the Polish National Library in Warsaw.

English online material on the chronicle is rather scarce, though there are some excerpts . The Latin copy in the Polish National Library is available online.

A modern translation of the chronicle was published in 1961 (2nd ed. 2004) by James A Brundage and is available through Columbia University Press.

Author
The author of the chronicle is Henry of Latvia (Henricus de Lettis). Henry was a Catholic priest who witnessed most of the events described in the chronicle. He was born between 1180 and 1188, most likely in Germany. He bears a German forename and consistently refers to Germans in the first person plural although it is also possible that he came from Livonia. Henry also had a thoroughly German and Catholic education and as a youth was attached to the household of the Prince-Bishop Albert of Buxhoeveden, later known as Albert of Riga, who was ordained a priest in 1208 and who founded a parish and lived out his life in peace. Henry most likely wrote the Chronicle of Livonia in dedication to Albert of Buxhoeveden, who died in 1229, likely around the same time that this chronicle was written. It is unknown whether or not the author contributed any additional written work before or after writing this chronicle.

Henry's Chronicle is written from the clerical point of view, that the history of the Church was the essential history of Livonia. The Chronicle may have originated as a report to the papal legate William of Modena, to whom he was assigned as an interpreter in 1225 through 1227. The legate, one of the papacy's most able diplomats, was in Livonia to mediate an internal church dispute between the Livonian Brothers of the Sword, and the territorial claims of the Catholic bishops of Livonia.

Assessment

For many episodes in the early stages of the Christianization of the peoples of the eastern Baltic, the Chronicle of Henry is the major surviving evidence aside from the Livonian Rhymed Chronicle and the Novgorod First Chronicle.

The Livonian Chronicle of Henry has been highlighted for the purpose of understanding the complexities of crusading ideology because it describes the religious motives used to justify the crusade as well as alluding to the potential economic and political benefits that were existent in the Christianization of Livonia by mentioning the fact that there were merchants who were present in the crusading army. This chronicle is also an example of a crusader document that implements opinionated and demeaning rhetoric towards the people they were conquering, especially when describing the nature of the pagans when Bishop Meinhard initially fails to convert them without the use of force by promising to build them forts if they would accept baptism. Many of the pagans accepted this offer but didn't have intentions to change their faith to Christianity. When it was discovered that these people were still practicing their pagan beliefs and rituals, many of those involved in implementing the crusade, including Henry himself, expressed their disapproval and judgments of these individuals.

References

Sources
Ruth Williamson, "Primary Source Analysis of the Chronicle of Henry of Livonia"
 Indriķa hronika - Full translation into Latvian with comments.
Full translation into Russian with comments
Bibliography of Henry of Livonia
Crusading and Chronicle Writing on the Medieval Baltic Frontier: A Companion to the Chronicle of Henry of Livonia
Enrico di Lettonia, "Chronicon Livoniae - La crociata del Nord (1184–1227)", Livorno, Books & Company, 2005 -  - a cura di Piero Bugiani - Italian translation of the Latin text in front
Marek Tamm, How to Justify a Crusade? The Conquest of Livonia and New Crusade Rhetoric in the Early Thirteenth Century
Shami Ghosh, "Conquest, Conversion, and Heathen Customs in Henry of Livonia's Chronicon Livoniae" and the Livländische Reimchronik

13th-century history books
Livonian Order
Livonian Crusade
13th-century Latin books
Chronicles about Sweden

Livonian Chronicle of Henry


STS-36 was a NASA Space Shuttle mission, during which Space Shuttle Atlantis carried a classified payload for the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) (believed to have been a Misty reconnaissance satellite) into orbit. STS-36 was the 34th shuttle mission overall, the sixth flight for Atlantis, and the fourth night launch of the shuttle program. It launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on February 28, 1990, and landed on March 4, 1990.

Crew

Crew seating arrangements

Mission summary

Atlantis launched on the STS-36 mission on February 28, 1990, at 2:50:22 EST. The launch was originally set for February 22, 1990, but was postponed repeatedly due to the illness of the crew commander and poor weather conditions. This was the first time since Apollo 13 in 1970 that a crewed space mission was affected by the illness of a crew member. The first rescheduled launch attempt, set for February 25, 1990, was scrubbed due to a range safety computer malfunction. Another attempt, set for February 26, 1990, was scrubbed due to weather conditions. The successful launch on February 28, 1990, was set for a classified launch window, lying within a launch period extending from 00:00 to 04:00 EST. The launch weight for this mission was classified.

The launch trajectory was unique to this flight, and allowed the mission to reach an orbital inclination of 62.00°, the deployment orbit of its payload — the normal maximum inclination for a shuttle flight was 57.00°. This so-called "dog-leg" trajectory saw Atlantis fly downrange on a normal launch azimuth, and then maneuver to a higher launch azimuth once out over the water. Although the maneuver resulted in a reduction of vehicle performance, it was the only way to reach the required deployment orbit from Kennedy Space Center (originally, the flight had been slated to launch from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California, until the shuttle launch facilities there were mothballed in 1989). Flight rules that prohibited overflight of land were suspended, with the trajectory taking the vehicle over or near Cape Hatteras, Cape Cod, and parts of Canada. The payload was considered to be of importance to national security, hence the suspension of normal flight rules.

As a Department of Defense operation, STS-36's payload remains officially classified. STS-36 launched a single satellite, also described as AFP-731. Other objects (1990-019C-G) reportedly appeared in orbit following its deployment.

It was reported that USA-53 was an Advanced KH-11 photo-reconnaissance satellite, using an all-digital imaging system to return pictures. KH-11 satellites are believed to resemble the Hubble Space Telescope in size and shape, as the satellites were shipped in similar containers, and had comparable primary mirror diameters. USA-53, nicknamed "Misty", was tracked briefly by amateur satellite observers in October and November 1990.

The mission marked another flight of an  human skull, which served as the primary element of "Detailed Secondary Objective 469", also known as the In-flight Radiation Dose Distribution (IDRD) experiment. This joint NASA/DoD experiment was designed to examine the penetration of radiation into the human cranium during spaceflight. The female skull was seated in a plastic matrix, representative of tissue, and sliced into ten layers. Hundreds of thermo-luminescent dosimeters were mounted in the skull's layers to record radiation levels at multiple depths. This experiment, which also flew on STS-28 and STS-31, was located in the shuttle's mid-deck lockers on all three flights, recording radiation levels at different orbital inclinations.

Atlantis landed at 10:08:04 PST on March 4, 1990, at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on runway 23 ending the STS-36. The orbiter's rollout distance was . Atlantis was towed to the
Mate-Demate Device by around 15:00 PST.

About 62 impacts in the shuttle's Thermal Protection System (TPS) tiles were counted by the debris team after the mission. Tile engineers reported that only one tile required replacement. The brakes and tires performed nominally. Drops of hydraulic fluid were observed in the right main landing gear wheel well, the liquid hydrogen  disconnect cavity and possibly around two of the main engines.

Mission insignia
The thirty-six stars on the insignia symbolize the flight's numerical designation in the Space Transportation System's mission sequence; the stars also form part of a stylized American flag, forming the background to an image of a bald eagle, the American national bird.

See also

 List of human spaceflights
 List of Space Shuttle missions

References

External links
 STS-36 Video Highlights  – NSS.org
 STS-36 Mission Summary  – NASA.gov

Space Shuttle missions
Edwards Air Force Base
Spacecraft launched in 1990
Department of Defense Space Shuttle missions

STS-36


Çiroz şu anlamlara gelebilir:

 Çiroz, uskumru balığının tuzlanıp kurutularak saklanması
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 Çiroz Mehmed Ağa, Klasik Türk Musikisi bestekârı

Çiroz


Catalana veche sau catalana medievală (catalanesc, romanç, ) a fost o limbă romanică vorbită în Evul Mediu, precursoarea varietăților lingvistice autohtone moderne cunoscute precum catalana, valenciana, baleară, limba vorbită în Roussillon și limba vorbită în Alghero.

În perioada medievală, limba catalana se vorbea în Principatul Cataloniei, Regatul Valenciei, Insulele Baleare și orașul Alghero din Sardinia, teritorii care făceau parte din Coroana Aragonului.

Fonologia
Catalana medievala a prezentat schimbari fonetice de-a lungul istoriei sale documentate; cu toate că acest articol trateaza mai ales fonologia din secolele XIII și XIV, perioadă în care au fost scrise cele patru mari cronici care utilizau forma standard a catalanei medievale. Sistemul de scriere din acea perioadă răspundea mult mai mult principiului fonetic decât sistemul actual. Mai mult decât atât, consoanele finale scrise se pronunțau, nu cum se întampla acum în dialectul nord-occidental standard din catalana modernă, cum este dialectul vorbit în Barcelona, unde multe dintre aceste consoane nu se pronunță. Acest fapt se datorează procesului de "amuțire graduală" și până la dispariția totală, suferit de consoanele finale (proces asemanător cu procesul suferit de alte limbi romanice, printre care și româna, în care consoanele finale ale infinitivelor verbale din limba latină s-au pierdut astăzi).

Consoanele

Se crede că în catalana medievală au existat două foneme laterale palatale diferite. Primul dintre ele, /ʎ/, se scria doar folosind grafia <ll> și s-a menținut neschimbat în majoritatea dialectelor de astăzi. Cel de/al doilea, reconstruit ca /*jl/, provine din grupurile de litere din limba latină C'L, G'L, LI, LI, și se scria ca <yl> sau <il>. Ultimul dintre aceste două sunete nu apărea niciodată în poziție inițială și a fost transformat în rezultatul dat de fonemul /ʎ/ în cea mai mare parte a dialectelor, sau în /j/ în dialectele cu iodizare.

La începutul secolului XII, multe dintre /l/ inițiale se pronunțau ca /ʎ/, chiar dacă se scriau în continuare ca <l> până în secolul XV.

Consoanele labiodentale
Sunetele /b/ si /v/ au început să se confunde în anumite dialecte începând cu secolul XIV, în procesul numit betacism. Astăzi, diferența între sunetele /b/-/v/ este prezentă doar în Valencia, în Insulele Baleare și în zona de sud a Tarragonei.

Vocalele
Sistemul vocalic din catalana medievală este diferit de catalana modernă din Catalonia, chiar dacă există încă în anumite variante dialectale din insulele Baleare. Este format din următoarele unități.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:aut"
|+Vocalele din catalana medievală
!|
!  Anterioră
! Centrală
!Posterioară
|- align="center"
!Închisă
| style="font-size:larger;" |
|
| style="font-size:larger;" |
|- align=center
!Semi-închisă
| style="font-size:larger;" |
| rowspan=2 style="font-size:larger;" |
| style="font-size:larger;" |
|- align=center
!Semi-deschisă
|
| style="font-size:larger;" |
|- align=center
!Deschisă
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="3" style="font-size:larger;" | a
|}

Acest sistem este asemănător cu sistemul din latina vulgară cu excepția faptului că fonemul /e/ din latina vulgară s-a centralizat în /ǝ/, și posterior /ɛ/ s-a transformat în vocala deschisa /e/. În catalana centrală  modernă, fonemul /ǝ/ tonic s-a tranformat în /ɛ/, inversându-se astfel distribuția originală din latina vulgară: /e/ > /ǝ/ > /ɛ/ versus /ɛ/ > /e/ > /e/. Acesta este motivul datorită căruia vocalele e deschise și închise din catalană sunt distribuite total opus celor din portugheză și italiană. În variantele dialectale din insulele Baleare se păstrează încă vocalele /ǝ/ tonice în aceleași poziții pe care le aveau în catalana medievală.

Se crede că în perioada preliterară toate variantele catalanei se caracterizau printr-o pronunție neutră a vocalelor pretonice (asemănător cu fenomenul care se întâlnește și astăzi în occitana modernă). La începutul secolul XIII, vocalele /a/ și /e/ pretonice din dialectele orientale au început să se confunde în scris. În aceste dialecte, confuzia între cele două foneme s-a generalizat pentru toate fonemele /a/ și /e/ atonice, proces care se considera încheiat la începutul secolului XV.

Ortografia
Ortografia actuală a limbii catalane pastrează în mare parte grafia din catalana medievală, cu toate că, anumite pronunții au suferit modificări:
 Accentul ortografic si trema erau folosite foarte rar.
 Sunetul "c" înainte de /e/, /i/;  "ç" și "z" se articulau /ʦ/, în loc de modernele /s/ sau /z/.
 Grupul de litere "ch" la sfârșit de cuvânt se folosea pe post de /k/ în locul formei grafice moderne "c". Prin urmare, forma modernâ amic se scria amich. Această convenție s-a menținut până la începutul secolului XX, și este motivul pentru care multe nume de familie terminate în -ch se pronunță cu un /k/ final.
 Fonemul /jl/ se scria "yl" sau "il". În catalana modernă, acest sunet se pronunța /ʎ/ sau /j/ în funcție de dialect și se scrie folosind grafia "ll" în ambele cazuri. Astfel, foma modernă mirall se scria mirail sau mirayl, din latina miraculus.

Referințe

Bibliografie
 Philip D. Rasico: El català antic, Universitat de Girona, Girona, CCG Edicions, 2006.
 Joan Coromines: Onomasticon Cataloniae: Els Noms de Lloc i Noms de Persona de Totes les Terres de Llengua Catalana, 8 vols. (1989-1997).

Legături externe
 Característiques del català medieval presentades de faiçó sintètica
 Vocabulari Lluís Faraudo de Saint-Germain
 Usos gràfics del català medieval
 "català+antic"+lexic&source=bl&ots=io97WlxK5i&sig=_pt8T-tJGkX1AuhRHdO43R4S1JA&hl=fr&sa=X&ei=b1ZKVefgOcvWUfGZgNAK&ved=0CB4Q6AEwATgU#v=onepage&q&f=false Glossari de català medieval de la Bíblia del segle XIV -  Èxode, Levític, Pere Cassanelles
 Glossari del català antic de la col·lecció Els Nostres Clàssics

Limbi romanice de vest
Limbi dispărute

Catalana medievală


Khemmis je prvi EP istoimenog američkog doom metal sastava. Skupina je samostalno objavila EP 14. studenog 2013. godine.

Popis pjesama

Osoblje

Izvori

EP
Američki glazbeni albumi
Albumi iz 2013.

Khemmis (EP)


Amper (sembolü A), elektrikte akım şiddeti birimidir. Birim zamanda geçen elektrik yükü miktarına elektrik akımının şiddeti denir. Bir iletkenin belli bir kesitinden saniyede bir Coulomb elektrik yükü geçerse, akım şiddeti 1 A olur.

Amper, elektrik akımının ölçüsü birimidir ve uluslararası birim sistemi (SI) tarafından tanımlanmıştır. Bir amper, bir saniyede belirli bir noktadan geçen elektrik yükü miktarını ifade eder.

Tam olarak, bir amper, herhangi bir noktadan bir saniyede geçen elektrik yükünün miktarıdır ve birim sembolü "A" ile gösterilir. Bu, elektrik akımının şiddetini ölçmek için kullanılan temel birim birimidir.

Bir amperin değişiklikleri, bir devredeki elektrik akımının artması ya da azalması ile ilgilidir. Bir amperlik bir akım, bir saniyede bir Coulomb yükünü taşır. Burada, Coulomb, birim yükü ifade eder ve bir Coulomb, bir saniyede bir amperlik bir akımda taşınan yük miktarına eşittir.

Elektrik akımının ölçümü, özellikle elektriksel güç ve enerji tüketimi hesaplamalarında önemlidir ve birçok farklı uygulamada kullanılır. Elektrikli cihazların ve elektrik devrelerinin tasarımında, güç tüketiminin kontrolünde ve elektrikli motorların performansının ölçümünde kullanılır.

Akım şiddeti:

formülüne göre hesaplanır;

Q: Elektrik yükü miktarı (Coulomb),
t: Zaman (saniye)
I: Akım şiddeti (Amper).

Akım, iki nokta arasındaki potansiyel farkı nedeniyle oluşur ve şiddeti

şeklinde hesaplanır;

V: Potansiyel farkı (Volt),
R: Direnç (Ohm),
I: Akım şiddeti (Amper).

Elektrik yükü birimi olarak Coulomb kullanılmaktadır. Bir elektronun yükü 1,602*10−19 Coulomb'dur. Yani 6,242 *1018 elektronun yükü 1 coulomb'tur.

Bir şimşek veya yıldırımdaki akımın şiddeti 100.000 A seviyelerine ulaşabilirken, yüksek frekansla çalışan elektronik devrelerinde akım şiddeti μA düzeyindedir.

Ayrıca bakınız

 Andre Marie Ampere

Temel SI birimleri
Elektrik akımı birimleri

Amper


Lebor es una pedanía del municipio de Totana, en la Región de Murcia.

Localización

La pedanía de Lébor se encuentra al sur del término del municipio de Totana.Limita al norte con las pedanías de Las Viñas y Las Huertas, al sur con el Río Guadalentín, al oeste con Lorca y al este con la pedanía de La Ñorica y con el casco urbano.

Territorio
Popularmente Lébor está dividido en diversas zonas:La Barquilla,Las Quebradas y, principalmente, Lebor Alto y Lebor Bajo

Edificaciones Religiosas

 Ermita de San Pedro, situada en Lébor Alto.

Fiestas

La pedanía de Lébor celebra la festividad de San Pedro a finales de junio, el fin de semana más cercano al día 29.
Estas fiestas se realizan desde finales del  y fueron creadas por un grupo de vecinos convencidos de la necesidad de contar con unos festejos Patronales para la población.
Las celebraciones cuentan tanto con un componente religioso, dentro del que los actos más destacados son las procesión con San Pedro por las calles de la pedanía y la misa en la iglesia de Lébor, como de una serie de actos lúdicos de ocio y entretenimiento, entre los que resaltan por su participación popular las verbenas, concursos y exhibiciones.
Las Fiestas Patronales en honor a San Pedro son organizadas desde una Comisión formada cada año por un grupo de habitantes de la población. Aquella pone en marcha los actos gracias a las subvenciones del Ayuntamiento de Totana, a las donaciones de las empresas y al trabajo de los vecinos.

Economía

En Lébor Bajo,la economía se centra en el sector primario, en especial con la agricultura, siendo una de las zonas más productivas de la comarca.También hay explotaciones ganaderas, sobre todo ovinas y porcinas.
El sector secundario se centra también en el campo: encontramos numerosas cooperativas agrícolas,semilleros y otro tipo de empresas, como:
 Frutas y hortalizas San Marcos,SL.
 Agrorizao
 Horfrusa,SL., que pertenece al grupo Amaco,y destaca por la calidad de sus productos, y exportaciones al Extranjero.
 COATO (COoperativa Agrícola de TOtana),que ha recibido varios premios a nivel europeo, como el Premio de Medioambiente.Exporta todos sus productos al extranjero.

Totana
Pedanías de la Región de Murcia
Bajo Guadalentín
Localidades de la Región de Murcia

Lebor


was a town located in Kimotsuki District, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 3,480 and a density of 27.72 persons per km². The total area was 125.53 km².

On March 31, 2005, Sata, along with the town of Nejime (also from Kimotsuki District), were merged to create the town of Minamiōsumi.

External links
 Official website of Minamiōsumi

Dissolved municipalities of Kagoshima Prefecture

Sata, Kagoshima