Alhurra (  , "the Free One") is a U.S. government-owned Arabic-language satellite TV channel that broadcasts news and current affairs programming to audiences in the Middle East and North Africa. Alhurra is funded by the U.S. government and is barred from broadcasting within the United States itself under the 1948 Smith-Mundt Act.

Its stated mission is to provide "objective, accurate and relevant news and information" to its audience while seeking to "support democratic values" and "expand the spectrum of ideas, opinions, and perspectives" available in the region's media. The network has also tried to distinguish itself from its numerous regional competitors by providing access to more in-depth coverage of U.S. issues and policies and coverage of a broader range of opinions and perspectives than normally heard on other Arab television networks.

Alhurra began broadcasting on 14 February 2004 to 22 countries across the Middle East and North Africa. It has established itself as the third highest-rated pan-Arab news channel, surpassing viewership ratings for the BBC (English and Arabic), France 24 Arabic, RT Arabic, CCTV, CNNi, and Sky Arabia.

In April 2004, an additional channel called Alhurra-Iraq was launched, featuring most of the Alhurra content, with additional programming specifically directed at the Iraqi audience. It is also broadcast on satellite and is available on terrestrial antennas throughout Iraq, including in Basra, and Baghdad. Alhurra-Iraq consistently achieves higher ratings in Iraq than both Al Jazeera and Al Arabiya.

History

The decision to launch Alhurra was prompted by frustration among U.S. government officials over perceived anti-American bias among the leading Arab television networks and the effect these channels were having on Arab public opinion regarding the U.S. Alhurra was intended to serve as an alternative to these channels by presenting the news in a more "balanced and objective" manner in an effort to improve the image of the United States in the Arab world.

The driving force behind the launch of Alhurra was Norman Pattiz, a media executive and founder and chairman of broadcast industry giant Westwood One. While serving as a member of the Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG), currently the U.S. Agency for Global Media (USAGM), the U.S. federal agency that controls all foreign non-military radio and TV broadcasts, Pattiz advocated strongly for the creation of a U.S.-funded television network specifically directed at Arab audiences. Pattiz had also previously been responsible for the creation of Radio Sawa, a USAGM-administered Arabic-language radio network which broadcast a mix of music, entertainment, and news. The idea to launch Alhurra stemmed from the success that Radio Sawa had exhibited in reaching young audiences in the Middle East.

Pattiz believed that Arab audiences' views of the United States were being negatively influenced by existing Arab news networks' focus on coverage of the wars in Iraq, Afghanistan, and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. He argued that by presenting a wider range of perspectives on these conflicts and other U.S. policies, as well as a coverage of a broader variety of regional and global issues of interest to Arab audiences, a U.S.-funded satellite TV channel could help improve America's image in the region.

In an appearance on CBS's 60 Minutes in May 2004, Pattiz described a powerful promotional video he helped produce which led to the successful launch of Alhurra:

"We showed the negative images that people get of the United States on Middle Eastern television," says Pattiz. "There was lots of anti-U.S. demonstrations—burning the president in effigy, stomping on the American flag. We then said, 'And this is what you see from America.' And we had about 4 seconds of black screen."

As a result of Pattiz's efforts, the Bush administration requested funding for the channel from Congress, and obtained $62 million in funding for its first year of operation (including start-up costs). In the fall of 2003, construction began to renovate an old TV channel building in Springfield, VA into a modern broadcast facility for the new channel. Construction was completed less than six months later, and Alhurra's first broadcast aired 14 February 2004.

Organization and funding

The MBN is a non-profit organization financed through a grant from the U.S. Agency for Global Media (USAGM), formerly the Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG), an independent federal agency funded by the U.S. Congress.  The U.S. Agency for Global Media oversees all U.S. public broadcasting outlets and is intended to act as a firewall to protect the editorial independence and professional integrity of the broadcasters.

Alhurra's headquarters are in Springfield, Virginia.  The network also maintains bureaus in Baghdad and Dubai, production centers in Beirut, Jerusalem, Cairo, Rabat, Erbil and Washington, D.C., as well as correspondents throughout the Middle East, North Africa, the United States and Europe.

Awards
In 2019, Alhurra's report Power of Forgiveness won the People's Voice Award in the category of Best Documentary.

In 2016, Alhurra Television's documentary series "Delusional Paradise" won the Silver Award at the Cannes Corporate Media & TV Awards. And the promotional video for the "Delusional Paradise" won a bronze medal at the New York Festivals International Television & Film Awards.

In 2014, three Alhurra shows won the Special Jury Award at the CINE Golden Eagle Awards. Street Pulse (), Where are We Going () and a promotional clip for the project Syrian Stories, have won prizes in 2014.

Street Pulse won the prize of the best documentary in the Middle East for the year 2013, especially for the episode the Tragedy of Quarry Workers in Minya ().

Programming

Alhurra broadcasts 24 hours a day and, like other USAGM-run broadcasters, is commercial-free. In addition to reporting regional and international news, the channel provides information on a variety of subjects, including the rights of women, human rights, religious freedom, freedom of expression, health, entertainment news, sports, and science and technology. The network supplements its original programming with broadcasts of Arabic-subtitled versions of English-language programs familiar to U.S. (and global) audiences, such as PBS's Frontline and NOVA, A&E's Biography and Modern Marvels. In addition, the network reversions and repackages prominent American news and news magazine series, such as the PBS Newshour and CBS' 60 Minutes into its own Arabic-language feature news programs.

Alhurra has over the years hosted a number of prominent politicians, journalists and intellectuals in one-on-one long format interviews. Guests have included many heads of state, Supreme Court justices, foreign ministers, national security advisers, secretaries of state, education, commerce and many White House Officials from both parties.  Many journalists have appeared on Alhurra including Tom Friedman, David Brooks, and other prominent politicos such as Mary Matalin, Jalal Talabani, Paul Volcker, John Bolton, Terry McAuliffe, Joe Lieberman, Susan Turnbull, Robert Zimmerman, Steve Murphy, David Corn, Peter Fenn, Michael Steele, Tony Coehlo, Alon Ben-Meir, and Eleanor Clift.

Notable programs
 Al Youm ("Today") – The two-hour program provides viewers a window to the world through its coverage of the latest news from the Middle East, the U.S. and the world; as well as topics such as health, entertainment news, sports, technology, social and cultural issues. Al Youm tackles current affairs in a relaxed, engaging environment. The program also includes interviews with everyone from politicians to athletes; leaders in business and the arts. The show is presented by Egyptian Anchor Bassel Sabri, along with Leen AlBudeiri from Palestine and Raghda Ibrahim from Libya.
 The Talk Is Syrian – A weekly show that analyzes, through discussion and visual elements, the developments, human crises, and overall political situation in Syria.
 Decision's Capital – A weekly show that displays American foreign policy with insiders who shape and influence the policies.
 Islam Hurr ("Free Islam") – A weekly show hosted by respected Islamic scholar Islam Bheiry, focuses on the interpretation of Islam and looking at the positives that can come from religion.
 Forbidden – A weekly show hosted by Lebanese writer and activist Joumana Haddad, highlights the artistic and literary works of controversial voices that have been suppressed in the Middle East. Over the years, many views have been censored for delving into topics that are considered taboo in the region such as government corruption, political and social oppression, religion and social issues. This weekly show provides a platform for silenced intellectual moderate voices and ideas whose work is banned or marginalized in Arab countries.
 Investigative Reports – A weekly no-holds barred show that highlights and encapsulates the best of original, Alhurra investigative reports produced by Alhurra's new investigative news unit.
 Defecting Back Home – A limited run series that explores life after ISIS from the point of view of ex-ISIS fighters who address how they joined ISIS, what they saw and did, why they left, and how they are coming back to life.
 Sam and Ammar – A weekly show where two intellectuals share their unfiltered and cutting edge views of current affairs and spotlight Washington's political and economic decisions that impact the target region.
 Debatable – A weekly show wherein the renowned Ibrahim Essa promotes critical thinking while analyzing radical Islamic ideas and raises questions on how these ideas are dictating lives and risk essential freedom.
 Gulf Talk – A weekly talk show that examines the most important political, social and educational issues facing the Gulf. The program tackles controversial topics and goes beyond the headlines to discuss the impact that different issues have on the region..
 Inside Washington – A weekly American current affairs program that addresses political and social issues.
 Extremism – Stories of people who defected from ISIS, and how they're trying to cope with their past actions while being back to their homes and families.

Viewership
Alhurra competes with more than 550 Arabic-language satellite TV channels for its audience in the Middle East, and as a result Alhurra initially struggled after its launch in 2004 to attract viewers in the already-crowded Arab media market. Annual surveys commissioned by the USAGM showed that Alhurra's weekly audience grew by 28% between 2004 and 2008, surpassing 25 million. Recent surveys by international research organizations including ACNielsen show that Alhurra has consistently averaged approximately 26 million weekly viewers in its broadcast region from 2009 to 2011. While this number is dwarfed by the overall viewership of Qatar-funded channel Al Jazeera and Saudi Arabia-funded Al Arabiya, it is nevertheless greater than the viewership of all other non-indigenous Arabic-language news networks (including CNN Arabic, BBC Arabic and France24's Arabic-language channel) combined. A USAGM-commissioned poll in February 2011 found that 25% of Egyptians living in Cairo and Alexandria tuned into Alhurra during the protests in that country in January 2011, surpassing Al Jazeera's 22% viewership during the same period.

Although not a traditional viewership survey, University of Maryland/Zogby polls of several Arab nations (Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE) asked which channels viewers tuned into most often. Just 2% overall stated that Alhurra was the channel they turned to most often in 2008, and that number dropped to 1% in 2009 (this poll added Egyptian respondents).

However, the channel's popularity has shown some signs of improvement in recent years, particularly in Iraq, which has proven to be Alhurra's most successful market in the Arab world. A 2005 Ipsos poll found that just 14% of Iraqi respondents tuned into Alhurra (ranking 11th place). However, a 2008 Ipsos poll of Iraqi viewers found the network's popularity had increased to 18%, overtaking Al Jazeera (15%). This improvement could be due to Alhurra's launch of Alhurra-Iraq, an Iraq-focused channel with programming tailored especially to the Iraqi audience. In its FY2010 budget submission, the U.S. Agency for Global Media (USAGM), formerly the Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG), noted that the channel's viewership had improved to 5th place in the Iraqi market.

Threats to journalists
Alhurra journalists and correspondents have frequently faced threats, intimidation, and violence from both government and non-state actors opposed to their coverage.

Some notable incidents include:
 In August 2012, Syrian authorities reportedly injured and detained Alhurra reporter, Bashar Fahmy.
 In June 2011, Yemeni authorities attacked an Alhurra reporter and photographer who were covering a sit-in taking place in front of the Vice President's house in Sana'a.
 In March 2011, Alhurra reporter Abdel Karim Al-Shaibani was assaulted and beaten by unknown assailants on a street in Sana'a, Yemen.
 In February 2011, Alhurra's Cairo bureau was targeted during the unrest in Egypt. Unknown armed men stormed its offices and "threatened to kill Al-Hurra's two on-air journalists—Akram Khuzam and Tarek El Shamy—if they didn't leave the building."
 Beginning 2 February 2011, Alhurra's satellite signal was jammed for nearly a month by Libyan authorities in response to coverage of anti-government protests in the country.
 In October 2010, Tahrir Kadhim Jawad, a freelance journalist and contributor to Alhurra, was killed when a bomb attached to his car exploded in Garma, Iraq, west of Baghdad in Al Anbar Governorate.
 In May 2010, Mauritanian police beat several journalists and briefly detained Hachem Sidi Salem, a local correspondent for the satellite television channel Alhurra, for covering a strike by members of the National Bar Association.
 In October 2008, Alhurra TV correspondent Saad Qusay was forced to request around-the-clock police protection at his home in Basra after being threatened by a militant group. The authorities subsequently advised Qusay to leave the country temporarily as an additional safety measure.
 In April 2008, Iraqi cameraman Mazin al-Tayar was shot in the leg as he filmed a military operation in Hayaniyah for Alhurra.
 In December 2006, Unidentified gunmen shot and wounded Omar Mohammad, an Alhurra correspondent, in Baghdad's central Bab al-Sharqi area.
 In February 2005, Iraqi Alhurra correspondent Abdul-Hussein Khazal and his three-year-old son were shot dead by unknown gunmen in Basra.

Historical controversies

Allegations of pro-American bias
The fact that Alhurra is funded by the U.S. Congress through the U.S. Agency for Global Media (USAGM), formerly the Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG), has led some critics to claim that the channel is "state propaganda" and presents its news with a pro-American bias. Alhurra has openly tried to distinguish itself from the perceived anti-American tone of its competition. Executives in the channel's early days instructed broadcasters to avoid the use of "loaded" terms (such as "martyr," "resistance fighters," or "occupation forces") used frequently on networks such as al-Jazeera in reporting about the U.S. military operation in Iraq, opting for terms like "armed groups" and "U.S. and coalition forces."

Alhurra is observed by Arab journalists as complying too scrupulously with embargoes on military information when Western media outlets frequently disregard these same requests. Steve Tatham, a British Royal Navy officer, recorded an instance in which a British officer briefed Arab and Western media that a humanitarian aid ship was being held back pending operations against Iraqi insurgents in the area. According to Tatham's account, when the officer asked the media to delay reporting this information for security reasons, Fox News disregarded the request whereas Alhurra complied.

Mouafac Harb, Alhurra's first news director who resigned from the organization in 2006, claimed that he left in part because he "sensed the U.S. Agency for Global Media (USAGM), formally the Broadcasting Board of Governors wanted Alhurra to promote U.S. foreign policy instead of just reporting the news." Harb claimed that at Alhurra there had been a "tendency to please Washington and not the [Arab] audience."

Allegations of anti-American bias
Alhurra has also faced criticism from American conservative pundits who claimed that the organization had been broadcasting "anti-American" content. In 2007, conservative columnist Joel Mowbray wrote a series of harshly critical op-eds in The Wall Street Journal, claiming that Alhurra had become a "platform for terrorists." Mowbray noted that Alhurra had broadcast live, unedited speeches by Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah and Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh, an interview with an alleged al-Qaeda operative who expressed joy at the 9/11 attacks, and a panel whose members offered conspiracy theories about alleged Israeli plans to destroy the al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem.

Mowbray also cited unnamed Alhurra staffers who accused news director Larry Register of "trying to pander to Arab sympathies" to make the channel more like Al Jazeera. Register – a veteran CNN producer who had been appointed as Mouafac Harb's successor with a charge to overhaul the channel's operations and increase viewership – was forced to resign as a result of the public uproar created by Mowbray's articles.

A 2008 U.S. Inspector General's office report noted that Alhurra has taken significant steps to tighten its procedures and policies in order to protect the credibility that is critical to fulfilling its mission.

Criticism of administration and oversight
A critical 60 Minutes and ProPublica report in 2008 stated that "there appeared to be little oversight of the daily operations" of Alhurra. The report criticized Alhurra's top executives and directors for either lacking Arabic-language proficiency or possessing a media background to ensure that the broadcasts met basic journalistic standards.

A 2010 report from the U.S. Inspector General's office noted that inspectors "heard consistent reports of poor communication in the news operation." The inspector's main criticism was of the channel's news director Daniel Nassif, who was highlighted in reports of "newsroom management issues that were reported to the inspectors to have arisen during his tenure or remain unsettled from an earlier time." The hiring of several employee's relatives also led to accusations of nepotism. However, the same report also determined that MBN exercised tighter editorial controls over its programming and maintained the editorial principles for balance and comprehensiveness found in the International Broadcasting Act of 1994.

See also
 Radio Sawa
 Voice of America
 U.S. Agency for Global Media
 Al-hurra (title)

Notes

References

Further reading
 Tatham, Steve (2006), Losing Arab Hearts & Minds: The Coalition, Al-Jazeera & Muslim Public Opinion, Hurst & Co (London), 1 January 2006,
 Alhurra, the Free One: Assessing U.S. Satellite Television in the Middle East, Center for Contemporary Conflict, Naval Postgraduate School, November 2005

External links

 About Alhurra (English)
 BBG Profile

2004 establishments in the United States
Television channels and stations established in 2004
Television networks in the United States
United States government propaganda organizations
Arab mass media
Arabic-language television stations
24-hour television news channels in the United States
International broadcasters
United States propaganda in Iraq
Organizations based in Fairfax County, Virginia

Alhurra


An Koeleria ventanicola in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni A.Molina. An Koeleria ventanicola in nahilalakip ha genus nga Koeleria, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Koeleria

Koeleria ventanicola


Campynemanthe, biljni rod iz porodice Campynemataceae. Cijeli rod endemičan je za Novu Kaledoniju. Postoje tri taksonomski priznate vrsta (hemikriptofiti)

Vrste
 Campynemanthe neocaledonica (Rendle) Goldblatt
 Campynemanthe parva Goldblatt
 Campynemanthe viridiflora Baill.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Notes on the Floral Biology, Cytology, and Embryology of Campynemanthe (Liliales: Campynemataceae)

Campynemataceae

Campynemanthe


Osvald Frederik Vilhelm Johansen (28. oktober 1892 i Thisted – ?) var en dansk atlet, løber og assistent. Han løb for Østerbro-klubben Københavns FF og var 1913 med til at sætte dansk rekord i 20 km kolonneløb med holdet; Viggo Pedersen, Lauritz Christiansen, Emanuel Hultmann, Johannes Granholm Christensen tiden var 1:15,01.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger
 KIF 100 Aar – Københavns Idrætsforening 24. oktober 1992. Udgivet i anledning af Københavns Idræts Forenings 100 års jubilæum 24. oktober 1992.

Langdistanceløbere fra Danmark
Atleter fra Københavns IF
Personer fra Thisted

Osvald Johansen


Agrilus centunculus é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Curletti, 2005.

Referências

centunculus

Agrilus centunculus


Brandon Arturo Delgadillo Ortiz (Ciudad de México; 3 de agosto de 1986) es un actor y conductor de televisión conocido como Brandon Peniche. Es hijo del actor mexicano Arturo Peniche y de Gaby Ortiz.

Vida personal

En 2017 se casa con Kristal Cid hija de la actriz Sharis Cid

Carrera
Inició en 1997 con un papel cameo en el Zep de Disney, poco después ingreso a Mujer, casos de la vida real de Televisa y Qué nos pasa, programas que lo catapultaron a la fama juvenil.

En 2007 tuvo una participación especial en la telenovela El Zorro: la espada y la rosa de la Cadena Telemundo

En 2009 actúa la telenovela Verano de amor con Dulce María, Gonzalo García Vivanco y Ana Layevska.

En 2010 se integra al elenco de Niña de mi corazón de Pedro Damián interpretando a «Conrado Gallardo», junto a los actores Lisette Morelos, Paulina Goto, Erick Elías y Lorena Herrera.

En 2011 se incorpora al elenco de Ni contigo ni sin ti de Mapat, donde comparte escenas con Alessandra Rosaldo, Laura Carmine, Sabine Moussier y Erick Elías.

En 2012, trabajó en la telenovela Un refugio para el amor junto a Zuria Vega, Gabriel Soto y Laura Flores.

En cine tuvo su debut en el filme Amor maldito; tiempo después aparecería en la película Crimen, castigo y secuestro.

En 2013 participa en Corazón indomable junto a Ana Brenda Contreras y Elizabeth Álvarez.

En 2014 participa en La malquerida de José Alberto Castro, junto a Ariadne Díaz, Victoria Ruffo, Christian Meier y África Zavala.

En 2015 participa en A que no me dejas, junto a su padre Arturo Peniche, Camila Sodi y Juan Pablo Gil.

En 2016 participa en Un camino hacia el destino junto a Paulina Goto y Horacio Pancheri.

En 2021 protagoniza en Contigo sí, junto a Danilo Carrera y Alejandra Robles Gil.

Filmografía

Televisión
 Nadie como tú (2023) - Salvador Figueroa Toledano
 Pienso en ti (2023) - Manolo Pérez
 Contigo sí (2021-2022) - Leonardo Santillana
La reina soy yo (2019) - Alberto Cantú
 Tres milagros (2018) - Aquiles Suárez
 Un camino hacia el destino (2016) - Javier Farías
 A que no me dejas (2015-2016) - René Murat Greepe/ Eugenio Sandoval
 Que te perdone Dios (2015) - Pablo Ramos
 La malquerida (2014) - Manuel Palacios Salmerón
 Corazón indomable (2013) - Alfonso del Olmo Antunes
 Un refugio para el amor (2012) - Patricio "Pato" Torreslanda Fuentes-Gil
 Ni contigo ni sin ti (2011) - Diego Torreslanda
 Niña de mi corazón (2010-2011) - Conrado Gallardo
 Verano de amor (2009) - Dylan Carrasco Moret

Programas
 Mujer, casos de la vida real'''' (1998) - Julio
 ¿Qué nos pasa? (1998) - Invitado
 Gossip Girl Acapulco (2013) - Poncho Díaz-Navarro
 Mexicana Universal (2018, 2019) - Conductor
 Venga la alegría (2019-2021) - Conductor

Cine
 El fantasma de mi novia (2018) - Fernando Hurtado
 Tus feromonas me matan (2016)
 Mantis  (2014) - Detective
 Maldito amor (1999)

Teatro
 El fantasma en el espejo (2017)
 La dalia negra (2016)
 Cama para dos (2013) - Dario

Premios y nominaciones

Premios TVyNovelas

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Nacidos en Ciudad de México
Actores de México
Actores de televisión de México

Brandon Peniche


12057 Alfredsturm este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
12057 Alfredsturm este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul Starkenburg din Heppenheim. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,16 ua, o excentricitate de 0,05 și o înclinație de 2,4° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 12001-13000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1998
Centura de asteroizi

12057 Alfredsturm


Charles Brady King (* 2. Februar 1868 auf Angel Island, Marin County, Kalifornien, USA; † 22. Juni 1957 in Rye, Westchester County, New York) war ein US-amerikanischer Ingenieur, Kriegsfreiwilliger im Amerikanisch-Spanischen Krieg und im Ersten Weltkrieg, Unternehmer, Industrieller, Musiker, Dichter, Architekt, Mystiker und Erfinder mit 64 Patenten, darunter 40 im Automobilbereich. King, der zu den frühesten Promotoren eines Automobilclubs gehörte und den ersten in den USA mitbegründete, gilt als Erfinder des Niethammers, von Eisenbahntechnik und als einer der bedeutendsten US-amerikanischen Automobilpioniere. Als erste Person, die in Detroit ein Auto lenkte, ging er überdies in die amerikanische Folklore ein.

Herkunft und Jugend
King war das mittlere von drei Kindern des Nordstaaten-Generals John Haskell King (1820–1888) und Matilda Davenport King (1837–1912). Seine Geschwister verstarben im Kindesalter, die ältere Schwester Sarah Louise King (1866–1872) mit sechs Jahren, sein jüngerer Bruder John Haskell King (1872–1875) mit drei.

King begann ein Ingenieursstudium an der Cornell University, die er 1889 ohne Abschluss verließ, um in Detroit zu arbeiten.

Karriere

Niethammer

Nur zwei Jahre später war King als Repräsentant seines Arbeitgebers, dem Rollmaterialhersteller und Holzindustriezulieferer Russel Wheel and Foundry Company, verantwortlich für den Ausstellungsstand an der World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. Gleich zwei seiner Erfindungen wurden vorgestellt: Ein Niethammer, der an der Messe mit einer Bronzemedaille ausgezeichnet wurde, sowie ein Bremssystem für Eisenbahnwaggons.

An dieser Ausstellung kam King erstmals in Kontakt mit Automobilen. zu sehen waren Gottlieb Daimlers pferdelose Kutsche und drei von Émile Roger, dem Pariser Benz-Vertreter, in die USA importierte Benz Victoria. 1893 war auch das Jahr, in dem die Brüder Charles und J. Frank Duryea (1861–1938 resp. 1869–1967) ihr erstes Motorfahrzeug zum Verkauf anboten. Dies gilt als Geburtsstunde der amerikanischen Automobilindustrie.

Interessenvertreter der Automobilisten

Auch die Gründung des ersten Automobilclubs in den USA ging auf eine Initiative von King zurück. In einem Brief an den Chicago Times Herald vom 8. Oktober 1895 hatte er einen solchen Verein als Interessenvertretung der Automobilisten vorgeschlagen. Bereits am 1. November – wenige Monate nach dem ersten solchen Club überhaupt, dem Automobile Club de France, wurde die American Motor League gegründet, die sich vor allem für bessere Straßen einsetzte. Zu den Gründungsmitgliedern gehörten neben King auch die Duryeas und Elwood Haynes (1857–1925).

Im November 1895 war King einer der mitfahrenden Schiedsrichter am Chicago Times-Herald Race Contest, einer Zuverlässigkeitsprüfung, die offiziell als erstes Automobilrennen in den USA gilt. Ursprünglich meldeten sich um 100 Teilnehmer, nur fünf nahmen jedoch unter widrigsten Wetterbedingungen das Rennen auf und nur zwei kamen ans Ziel. Gewinner waren die Duryeas, der zweite Wagen war ein von Oscar B. Mueller gelenkter Mueller-Benz, dem King als Schiedsrichter zugelost worden war. Oscar Mueller und sein Vater Hieronymus Mueller (1832–1900) hatten das Fahrzeug vorbereitet. Über die denkwürdige Wettfahrt, die als The Great American Horseless Race in die amerikanische Folklore eingegangen ist, verfasste King einen Bericht, der im Dezember 1895 vom Fachmagazin The Motocycle [sic] veröffentlicht wurde. Darin kam er zu folgendem Schluss:

Der Mueller-Benz, den er in der letzten Stunde der Fahrt für den vor Erschöpfung und Kälte ohnmächtigen Oscar B. Mueller ins Ziel lenkte, war einer der drei Benz Victoria, die er 1893 an der Weltausstellung in Chicago gesehen hatte.

Das erste Auto in Detroit

King war die erste Person, die in Detroit ein Automobil konstruierte, baute und vorführte. Das Fahrzeug war ein Motor-Buggy mit einem Vierzylinder-Viertaktmotor, wie er sich später allgemein durchsetzen sollte. Seine erste Fahrt über die Straßen von Detroit am 6. März 1896 schrieb Automobilgeschichte. Gefolgt von Henry Ford auf einem Fahrrad, fuhr King vor hunderten Zuschauern über St. Antoine Street und Jefferson Avenue über die Woodward Avenue und den Grand Boulevard und zurück nach Hause, wo er eine Busse erhielt wegen Störung der öffentlichen Ordnung. Nur drei Monate später hatte Ford sein Quadricycle soweit, dass auch er eine Probefahrt auf öffentlichen Straßen durchführen konnte.

Nach diesem Erfolg verkaufte King die Produktionsrechte am Motor dieses Fahrzeugs an die Buffalo Gasoline Motor Company. Dieses Unternehmen produzierte später Automobilmotoren; sein 7 HP-Vierzylinder konnte auch mit einem Fahrgestell erworben werden. Um Benzin- und Wassertank und Karosserie musste sich der Kunde selber kümmern. 1902 erschienen komplette Automobile. Die Produktion endete 1903 nach einer Klage der Electric Vehicle Company wegen Verletzung ihres Selden-Patents. Das Fahrzeug selber verkaufte er an Byron J. Carter, der später Cartercar gründete.

Der ältere King förderte viele andere Pioniere wie Ransom Eli Olds, Jonathan D. Maxwell und den Organisator der Packard Motor Car Company Henry B. Joy. Er beriet Henry Ford beim Bau des 1896 erprobten Versuchsfahrzeugs Quadricycle und half mit Bestandteilen aus.

Charles B. King Company und erste Militärzeit

1897 gründete King mit Henry Bourne Joy und dessen Schwager Truman Handy Newberry ein Unternehmen zur Herstellung von pneumatischen Hämmern, Komponenten für Eisenbahnbremsen und Bootsmotoren. Die drei leisteten Militärdienst während des Amerikanisch-Spanischen Kriegs von 1898. King diente bis 1899 als Chefmaschinist auf dem Hilfskreuzer USS Yosemite.

1900 lösten Joy, Newberry und King ihre Partnerschaft auf. Die Abteilung für Bootsmotorenbau wurde von den Olds Motor Works übernommen und von Charles King als Geschäftsführer geleitet. Joy und Newberry gehörten danach zu einer Investorengruppe, welche 1903 die Ohio Automobile Company als Packard Motor Car Company organisierte. Joy wurde deren Geschäftsführer und in der Folge ein einflussreiches Mitglied der Association of Licensed Automobile Manufacturers (A.L.A.M.).

Am 9. März 1901 brannten die Olds-Werkanlagen nieder. Das Unternehmen konnte nur einen von mehreren technisch unterschiedlichen Automobil-Prototypen vor dem Feuer retten. Aus diesem kleinen Runabout mit Einzylindermotor wurde das Modell R entwickelt und noch im gleichen Jahr auf den Markt gebracht. Als Curved Dash wurde es sehr schnell populär. King verließ das Unternehmen kurz nach dem Brand. Mit einem Partner, O. J. Mulford, übernahm er die Abteilung erneut auf eigene Rechnung und formte daraus die Michigan Yacht and Power Company.

Northern Manufacturing Company

Inzwischen hatte ein Konsortium aus Geschäftsleuten um den Industriellen William A. Barbour und William E. Metzger die Northern Manufacturing Company in Detroit eingerichtet. Als Chefingenieur holten sie Jonathan Dixon Maxwell (1864–1928), der bei Oldsmobile den Motor des Curved Dash konstruiert hatte. Wie King hatte auch er das Unternehmen nach dem Brand verlassen. Er holte King als Werkleiter zu Northern. Das erste Fahrzeug war ein Automobil, das in vielerlei Hinsicht als "besserer Oldsmobile Curved Dash" gelten kann. Maxwell verließ 1904 das Unternehmen, um mit Benjamin Briscoe die Maxwell Motor Company zu gründen. King wurde sein Nachfolger als Chefingenieur. Unter seiner Verantwortung entstanden größere und moderne Zwei- und Vierzylindermodelle, die parallel zum Runabout gebaut wurden. Die Zweizylinder blieben bis zur Auflösung des Unternehmens im Programm. Zu ihren Besonderheiten gehören die bemerkenswert frühe Einführung von Lenkrädern und Kardanantrieb. sowie die möglicherweise erstmalige Anwendung einer Dreipunktaufhängung des Motors im Fahrgestell. Die nach hinten geneigte Position des Motors senkte die Belastung der Kardanwelle, was diese schonte und das Fahrzeug leiser machte. Weiter gehören diese Zweizylindermodelle zu den ersten Automobilen, bei denen Motor und Getriebe eine Einheit bilden. Üblich war bisher, beide Komponenten getrennt im Fahrgestell anzubringen und mit einer Welle miteinander zu verbinden. Alternativ gab es auch mit dem Getriebe verblockte Hinterachsen; diese Lösung verwendete auch King bei den Northern-Vierzylindermodellen.

Zumindest für frühe Zweizylindermodelle wie den 15 HP ist eine kuriose Vorrichtung belegt, die den Straßenstaub unter dem Fahrzeug nach hinten blasen und damit von den Passagieren fernhalten sollte. Dazu erhielt der Motor ein besonders großes Schwungrad, dessen Rückseite so geformt war, dass sie wie ein Ventilator wirkte.

King legte auch sehr großen Wert auf eine Vereinfachung der Fahrzeugbedienung. Sowohl die Zwei- wie die Vierzylinderwagen kamen ohne die üblichen Schalt- und Handbremshebel außen am Fahrzeug aus. Beschleunigt und gebremst wurden sie mit einem kombinierten Handhebel an der Lenksäule. Für die Hilfsbremse und den Rückwärtsgang gab es zumindest bei Model K und L ein Fußpedal. Die Kupplungsbetätigung beim Zweizylinder ist unklar. Diese Fahrzeuge hatten Planetengetriebe, sodass eine ähnliche Lösung wie beim Ford Modell T naheliegt. Es scheint, dass King in der Model C Limousine von 1908 sämtliche Bedienelemente an die Lenksäule legen konnte.

Die Vierzylinder waren Oberklasse-Fahrzeuge, mit denen die Produktpalette nach oben erweitert wurde. Sie erhielten konventionelle Dreigang-Schaltgetriebe. Verwendet wurde eine mit Luftdruck betätigte Kupplung, die nach eigenen Angaben nicht nachgestellt werden musste. Zudem gab es bereits pneumatische Bremsen, die "interaktiv" mit dem Gashebel (von Hand) betätigt wurden, sowie einen Kompressor zum Aufpumpen der Reifen. Die Pneumatik beruhte auf Patenten von King. Der Motor wurde mit einer mechanischen Ratsche statt mit der üblichen Anlasskurbel gestartet.

1908 wurde Northern von der Wayne Automobile Company in Detroit übernommen, die vom Karosseriebauunternehmer Byron F. Everitt (1872–?) kontrolliert wurde. Beide Unternehmen wurden danach in eine gemeinsame Gesellschaft überführt, die nach den neuen Eigentümern Everitt, William E. Metzger (1868–1933) und Walter E. Flanders (1871–1923) Everitt-Metzger-Flanders Company (E-M-F) genannt wurde. Das Unternehmen ist einer der Vorläufer der Studebaker-Automobilproduktion.

King Motor Car Company

Nach seinem Weggang bei Northern ging King für zwei Jahre nach Europa, wo er den Automobilbau studierte. Zurück in den Vereinigten Staaten, gründete er die King Motor Car Company.

De Dion-Bouton brachte 1909 mit dem Type CJ der Baureihe De-Dion-Bouton-V8-Modelle den ersten Serien-Personenwagen mit V8-Motor heraus. Der erste amerikanische Wagen mit einem solchen Motor war der Cadillac Type 51, dessen Motor von der Northway Motor and Manufacturing Company zugekauft war. Der King Model D war der erste amerikanische PKW mit einem im Hause entwickelten V8, er erschien nur zwei Monate nach dem Cadillac. Sein seitengesteuerter Motor hatte einen Block aus Aluminiumguss, er leistete 60 bhp (44 kW).

1916 gab King seine Position als Chefingenieur auf und stellte seine Dienste erneut der Regierung zur Verfügung.

Flugzeugmotoren und zweite Militärzeit

King leistete seinen Dienst zunächst auf dem McCook Field bei Dayton (Ohio) als Leiter der Abteilung für Motorenentwicklung. Es scheint, dass er an der Entwicklung des Liberty-Motors beteiligt war. Vor allem aber wurde ihm die Aufgabe übertragen, den Flugzeugmotor Bugatti U-16, dessen Produktionsrechte die Regierung erworben hatte, zum Funktionieren zu bringen und für die Serienfertigung vorzubereiten. Den Zuschlag für die Produktion erhielt die Duesenberg Motors Corporation in Elizabeth (New Jersey), wo Anlagen und ein Prüfzentrum eingerichtet wurden. Auch King arbeitete ab 1918 hier. Der Bugatti-Motor, dem unter anderem strukturelle Schwächen nachgesagt werden, war bei Kriegsende endlich produktionsreif. Kings weitgehend überarbeitete Version, die als King-Bugatti bekannt ist, wurde aber nicht mehr benötigt und der Auftrag wurde storniert, was zur Auflösung der Duesenberg Motors Corporation führte. Der Motor war ein 16-Zylinder in U-Bauweise mit 24 Liter Hubraum und in Kings Version mit einem Gewicht von 550 kg und 420 bhp (313,2 kW) Leistung. Letztlich wurden nur 40 bis 60 dieser Motoren gebaut.

Weitere Erfindungen
King patentierte zahlreiche Erfindungen. Einige Arbeiten betreffen Dampfmaschinen und dampfgetriebene Geräte wie Dampfschaufel. Seine wohl bedeutendste Erfindung ist der Presslufthammer. Patente erhielt er auch in Zusammenhang mit Motorfahrzeugen, so für eine verbesserte Zündung, Getriebe und Aufhängungen.

Familie
Charles Brady King war mit Grace Fletcher (1860–1941) verheiratet. Er verstarb am 23. Juni 1957 im Alter von 89 Jahren in Rye und wurde auf dem Elmwood Cemetery in Detroit beigesetzt.

Er war einer der letzten aus dem Club der "Old Timers" und damit einer der letzten Zeitzeugen aus der Pionierzeit des Automobils.

Ehrungen
 Am 26. Januar 1925 wurde Charles B. King mit einer Medaille der National Chamber of Commerce geehrt als "einer der bedeutendsten Beitragenden an die mechanische Entwicklung des Automobils".
 Charles B. King erhielt 1940 einen Distinguished Service Citation Award der Automotive Hall of Fame.
 2007 wurde er in die Automotive Hall of Fame aufgenommen.

Anmerkungen

Werke
 Charles B. King in The Motocycle Magazine. Chicago, Dezember 1895: AN UMPIRE'S EXPERIENCE IN THE TIMES-HERALD RACE ON NOV. 28th. (Nachdruck; scrollen)
 Charles B. King: A Golden Anniversary 1895–1945 / Personal Side Lights of America's First Automobile Race. Privatdruck, 1945.

Literatur
 Hans Christoph von Seherr-Thoss: Dictionary of famous personalities in the automobile World. Ivy House Publishing, Raleigh NC, USA, 1. Auflage; 2005, ISBN 1-57197-333-8.
 James J. Flink: America Adopts the Automobile – 1895–1910. MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), 1970, ISBN 0-262-06036-1.
 Beverly Rae Kimes: Pioneers, Engineers, and Scoundrels: The Dawn of the Automobile in America. Hrsg. SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) Permissions, Warrendale PA, 2005, ISBN 0-7680-1431-X.
 William Pearce: Duesenberg Aircraft Engines: A Technical Description. Old Machine Press, 2012, ISBN 0-9850353-0-7.
 Griffith Borgeson: The Golden Age of the American Racing Car. 2. Auflage, 1998, Hrsg. SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers), Warrendale PA, ISBN 0-7680-0023-8.
 Griffith Borgeson: Bugatti by Borgeson – The dynamics of mythology. Osprey Publishing Ltd, London, 1981, ISBN 0-85045-414-X.
 Don Butler: Auburn Cord Duesenberg. Crestline Publishing Co., Crestline Series. 1992, ISBN 0-87938-701-7.
 Hugh G. Conway: Les Grandes Marques: Bugatti. Gründ, Paris 1984.
 The Automobile of 1904; Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly (Januar 1904), Americana Review, 725 Dongan Ave., Scotia NY (USA); erschienen 1904.

Quellen
 Detroit Public Library, Automotive History Collection – King Papers
 Detroit Public Library, Burton Historical Collection – King Papers
 Cornell University Library, Archives Division – Charles King Papers
 Henry Ford Museum, The Ford Archives – Charles Brady King items
 Charles B. King: A Golden Anniversary 1895–1945 / Personal Side Lights of America's First Automobile Race. Privatdruck, 1945

Weblinks

 American Automobiles: The King Automobile & The King Motor Car Co. (englisch, abgerufen am 2. Februar 2019)
 Early American Automobiles: American Automobiles; Chapter 21. (englisch, abgerufen am 2. Februar 2019)
 EyeWitnesstoHistory.com: America's First Automobile Race, 1895. (englisch, abgerufen am 2. Februar 2019)
 Automotive Hall of Fame: Inductee Charles B. King. (englisch, abgerufen am 2. Februar 2019)
 US-Patent Nr. 513,941: Charles B. King, Pneumatischer Niethammer. Patent von 1894. (englisch, abgerufen am 2. Februar 2019)
 US-Patent Nr. 513,942; Charles B. King, Bremse für Eisenbahnwaggon. Patent von 1894. (englisch, abgerufen am 2. Februar 2019)
 US-Patent Nr. 739,882; Charles B. King, Mechanismus für elektrische Zündanlagen, speziell in Verbindung mit Explosionsmotoren. Patent von 1903. (englisch, abgerufen am 2. Februar 2019)
 US-Patent Nr. 869,494: Charles B. King, Kraftübertragung. Patent von 1904. (englisch, abgerufen am 2. Februar 2019)
 US-Patent Nr. 786, 790: Charles B. King, Pulley mit Schmierung. Patent von 1905. (englisch, abgerufen am 2. Februar 2019)
 US-Patent Nr. 786,448: Charles B. King, Dampfschaufel. Patent von 1905. (englisch, abgerufen am 2. Februar 2019)
 US-Patent Nr. 760,456: Charles B. King, Dampfbagger. Patent von 1905. (englisch, abgerufen am 2. Februar 2019)
 US-Patent Nr. 799,169: Charles B. King, Ventilantrieb. Patent von 1905. (englisch, abgerufen am 2. Februar 2019)
 US-Patent Nr. 830,721: Charles B. King, Lenkmechanismus für selbstfahrende Maschinen. Patent von 1906. (englisch, abgerufen am 2. Februar 2019)
 US-Patent Nr. 842,465: Charles B. King, In beiden Drehrichtungen arbeitende Dampfmaschine. Patent von 1907. (englisch, abgerufen am 2. Februar 2019)
 US-Patent Nr. 857,002: Charles B. King, Gerät zur Kraftübertragung. Patent von 1908. (englisch, abgerufen am 2. Februar 2019)
 US-Patent Nr. 890,565: Charles B. King, Mechanismus für Gangwechsel und Rückwärtsgang. Patent von 1908. (englisch, abgerufen am 2. Februar 2019)
 US-Patent Nr. 1,012,087: Charles B. King, Ausleger für Aushubmaschine (Dampfbagger). Patent von 1911. (englisch, abgerufen am 2. Februar 2019)
 US-Patent Nr. 1,012,562: Charles B. King, Lenkgetriebe für Automobile. Patent von 1911. (englisch, abgerufen am 2. Februar 2019)
 US-Patent Nr. 1,043,844: Charles B. King, Hydraulische Entladevorrichtung. Patent von 1912. (englisch, abgerufen am 2. Februar 2019)
 US-Patent Nr. 1,209,716: Charles B. King, Aufhängung mit Federn für Fahrzeuge. Patent von 1916. (englisch, abgerufen am 2. Februar 2019)

Einzelnachweise

Ingenieur, Erfinder, Konstrukteur
Industrieller
Luftfahrtpionier
Automobilpionier
Militärperson (Vereinigte Staaten)
Erfinder
US-Amerikaner
Korporierter (Union Triad)
Geboren 1868
Gestorben 1957
Mann

Charles Brady King


Karim Rekik (født 2. december 1994 i Haag, Holland) er en hollandsk fodboldspiller, der spiller som forsvarsspiller hos den tyske Bundesliga-klub Hertha Berlin.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Holland
Fodboldspillere fra Manchester City F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Portsmouth F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Blackburn Rovers F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra PSV Eindhoven
Fodboldspillere fra Olympique Marseille
Fodboldspillere fra Hertha BSC Berlin

Karim Rekik


صحراء الرمل الكبرى هي صحراء في أستراليا وهي ثاني أكبر الصحاري فيها بعد صحراء فكتوريا الكبرى حيث تبلغ مساحتها ما يقارب ربع مليون كيلومتر مربع، تقع الصحراء في شمال مقاطعة غرب أستراليا وتشكل مع الصحاري المجاورة مجتمعة ما يعرف بـ الصحراء الغربية، ويبلغ معدل الإمطار في أغلب مناطقها 250 مللتر في السنة وتتراوح حرارتها صيفا من 38 إلى 52 وشتاء من 25 إلى 30.

المناخ
يظهر الجدول التالي التغييرات المناخية على مدار السنة لصحراء الرمل الكبرى:

مراجع

بيلبرا (أستراليا)
جغرافيا حيوية في أستراليا الغربية
جغرافيا حيوية في الإقليم الشمالي
صحاري أستراليا الغربية
صحاري الإقليم الشمالي
عروق (جغرافيا)
كيمبرلي (أستراليا الغربية)

صحراء الرمل الكبرى


معاهدة بريدا تم اٍمضائها في مدينة بريدا 31 يوليو 1667 م بين إنجلترا، هولندا، فرنسا والدنمارك فوضعت نهاية حاسمة للحرب الاٍنجليزية الهولندية الثانية (1665-1667). بدأت المفاوضات منذ أواخر عام 1666 لكنها كانت بطيئةً، إذ حاول الجانبان تحسين موقفيهما. تغير هذا بعد الغزو الفرنسي الأراضي المنخفضة الإسبانية (حرب الأيلولة) في أواخر مايو من ذلك العام، والذي اعتبره الهولنديون تهديدًا أكثر خطورةً. ازداد التعب من الحرب في إنجلترا بسبب غارة يونيو على ميدواي؛ وأدى كلا العاملين إلى موافقة سريعة على شروط المفاوضات.

سيطر الصراع التجاري على العلاقة الإنجليزية الهولندية قبل عام 1667، كما لم تنهيه المعاهدة تمامًا. ومع ذلك، انخفضت التوترات بشكل ملحوظ ومهدت الطريق لتحالف 1668 الثلاثي بين جمهورية هولندا وإنجلترا والسويد. وكانت المعاهدة بمثابة بداية لتحالف بين الإنجليز والهولنديين استمر لمدة قرن من الزمن، بعد التغير المفاجئ لمجرى الحرب الإنجليزية الهولندية الثالثة بين عامي 1672 و1674.

خلفية
نشأت الحرب الإنجليزية الهولندية الثانية بسبب التوترات التجارية، التي زادها تشارلز الثاني، الذي رأى في التجارة وسيلةً لتقليل اعتماده المالي على البرلمان. وأسس تشارلز الثاني وشقيقه جيمس الثاني شركة الشركة الأفريقية الملكية لتحدي الهولنديين في غرب أفريقيا في عام 1660. تضمن المستثمرون في الشركة كبار السياسيين مثل جورج كارتريت وأنتوني أشلي كوبر، إيرل شافتسبري الأول، وهينري بينيت، إيرل أرلينغتون الأول، ما خلق رابطًا قويًا بين الشركة وسياسة الحكومة.

خلقت الأرباح الضخمة من تجارة البهارات الآسيوية صراعات حتى في أوقات السلم، إذ أن شركة الهند الشرقية الهولندية، أوجدت أولًا، ثم فرضت، احتكارها للإنتاج والتجارة. وقُضي على المنافسين الأصليين والأوروبيين، مثل البرتغاليين، بحلول عام ؛663، ولم يتبق في العمل سوى مزارع جوزة الطيب التي أنشأتها شركة الهند الشرقية البريطانية في عام 1616، قبل أن تطردها شركة الهند الشرقية الهولندية في عام 1620. وعندما أعاد الإنجليز احتلالهم في أواخر عام 1664، طردهم الهولنديون مرةً أخرى مع تدمير المزارع هذه المرة.

مراجع

الدنمارك في 1667
إنجلترا في 1667
جمهورية هولندا في 1667
فرنسا في 1667
اتفاقيات ومعاهدات دولية
استعمار الأمريكتين
الحروب الإنجليزية الهولندية
العصر الذهبي الهولندي
بريدا
تاريخ الدنمارك
تاريخ إنجلترا
تاريخ بريدا
تاريخ شمال برابنت
تاريخ فرنسا
تاريخ هولندا
تشارلز الثاني ملك إنجلترا
لويس الرابع عشر ملك فرنسا
معاهدات في 1667
معاهدات الجمهورية الهولندية
معاهدات الدنمارك–النرويج
معاهدات سلام الدنمارك
معاهدات سلام إنجلترا
معاهدات سلام حكم أترافي
معاهدات سلام هولندا

معاهدة بريدا


Kare er en gammel landsby i Holbæk Sogn, Rougsø Herred (tidligere Randers Amt).

Landsbyen ligger nær grænsen mellem morænen (mod øst) og store engområder ud mod Randers Fjord (mod vest).

Kare landsby bestod i 1682 af 13 gårde og 4 huse uden jord. Det samlede dyrkede areal udgjorde 359,7 tønder land skyldsat til 47,19 tønder hartkorn. Dyrkningsformen var trevangsbrug.

Omkring år 1900 have Kare en skole og en købmandshandel.

Noter

Litteratur
 Karl-Erik Frandsen: Vang og tægt. Studier over dyrkningssystemer og agrarstrukturer i Danmarks landsbyer 1682-83 (Bygd 1983),
 Henrik Pedersen: De danske Landbrug fremstillet paa Grundlag af Forarbejderne til Christian V.s Matrikel 1688. Udgivet efter hans Død paa Bekostning af Carlsbergfondet (København MCMXXVIII; Reprotryk for Landbohistorisk Selskab, København 1975),

Lokaliteter i Norddjurs Kommune

Kare


Jean-Claude Kebabdjian (né le  à Boulogne-Billancourt) est un éditeur, auteur et journaliste français.

Activités
Il est le président-fondateur du Centre de Recherches sur la Diaspora Arménienne (CRDA), créé en 1976 à Paris, qui ouvre à la consultation quotidienne le premier centre de documentation arménien en 1983.

En 1977, il fonde les Editions Astrid, qui publient en 1980 le livre d'illustrations arméniennes Arménie 1900 (réédité en 2009 puis en 2015 sous le titre L'Arménie d'Antan chez HC Editions), avec un texte de l'historien français Yves Ternon.

Il est le directeur de la revue Ani, cahiers arméniens (6 numéros publiés de 1986 à 1994) consacrée à l'arménologie.

En 1981, il co-fonde le Groupement Interprofessionnel Arménien devenu plus tard Groupement Interprofessionnel International Arménien (G2IA).

Il est l'auteur de l'article Turquie-Europe : le dialogue des intellectuels est-il possible? dans lequel il demande, dès 1986, si un dialogue arméno-turc est nécessaire. En juin 2000, il organise au Sénat un colloque public consacré au dialogue entre intellectuels arméniens et turcs.

Il organise en 1992 pour la Mairie de Paris la première soirée en hommage aux Arméniens : Arménie - Il y a mille ans, Ani.

En 2004, il propose à une commission de l'Assemblée nationale de choisir Ani, site d'Arménie Occidentale, comme symbole du dialogue entre l'Arménie et la Turquie.

Jean-Claude Kebabdjian crée en 2002 l'Institut de la Mémoire Arménienne, héritier du CRDA et dépositaire de ses archives, et lance le site de photographies Ovenk consacré à la mémoire et aux familles arméniennes. L'Institut de la Mémoire Arménienne est rebaptisé en 2021 Armenian Diaspora Memory and Innovation (ADMIN).

Publications
 avec Yves Ternon, Arménie 1900, Éditions Astrid
 avec Yves Ternon, L'Arménie d'antan, HC Éditions

Films
 Jacques Kebadian, Jean-Claude Kebabdjian, Mémoire Arménienne, 1983

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en juin 1942
Éditeur français

Jean-Claude Kebabdjian


Arnold Kappler (* 4. November 1889 in Gossau; † 23. Juli 1970 in Mels, heimatberechtigt in Wattwil) war ein Schweizer Gewerkschafter und Politiker (KVP).

Biografie
Arnold Kappler, Sohn des Heimstickers Arnold Kappler senior und der Maria Josepha geborene Hensch, besuchte die Primarschulen in Gossau und Straubenzell, anschliessend die katholische Realschule in St. Gallen, bevor er eine Ausbildung zum Schifflisticker in Teufen AR absolvierte. Arnold Kappler war in der Folge als Schifflisticker beschäftigt, bis er 1919 die Stellen des Zentralkassiers sowie Sekretärs des Schweizerischen Verbandes christlicher Textil- und Bekleidungsarbeiter übernahm, die er bis 1957 innehatte. Des Weiteren hielt er in den Jahren 1928 bis 1957 das Amt des Kassiers des Christlichnationalen Gewerkschaftsbundes inne. Arnold Kappler, der mit Emmy, der Tochter des Landwirts Edwin Steiger, verheiratet war, verstarb 1970 80-jährig in Mels.

Arnold Kappler, der der Schweizerischen Konservativen Volkspartei beitrat, vertrat seine Partei von 1925 bis 1942 im Gemeinderat der Stadt St. Gallen, von 1936 bis 1957 im St. Galler Grossrat sowie von 1939 bis 1947 im Nationalrat. Zusätzlich arbeitete er in verschiedenen Organisationen der christlichen Sozialbewegung mit. Kapplers Engagement galt insbesondere der materiellen und sozialen Besserstellung der Sticker, dem Ausbau der Arbeitslosenversicherung sowie der christlichen Gewerkschaftsbewegung.

Literatur
 Der Funke, 1970, Nummer 3.
 Die Ostschweiz vom 25. Juli 1970

Weblinks

Nationalrat (St. Gallen)
Kantonsrat (St. Gallen, Person)
Kommunalpolitiker (Kanton St. Gallen)
CVP-Mitglied (Schweiz)
Schweizer
Geboren 1889
Gestorben 1970
Mann

Arnold Kappler


كلمة بوليفار قد تشير إلى الآتي:

جغرافيا

 ولاية بوليفار، فنزويلا

أخرى
 نادي بوليفار،  نادي كرة قدم بوليفي
 بوليفار فنزويلي  عملة فنزويلا
 بوليفار الطريق إلى الحرية مسلسل كولومبي

أشخاص
سيمون بوليفار (1783-1830) زعيم فنزويلي لحركات الاستقلال في العديد من بلدان أمريكا الجنوبية.
سيمون بوليفار باكنر (1823-1914)، جنرال أميركي وحاكم ولاية كنتاكي
بوليفار (لاعب كرة قدم) لاعب كرة قدم برازيلي

صفحات توضيح أسماء أماكن

ألقاب باللغة الباسكية

بوليفار (توضيح)


Gertingers war ein erstmals im Jahre 1267 urkundlich bezeugtes Dorf am östlichen Rand der heutigen Gemarkung von Lüdersdorf, einem Ortsteil von Bebra im osthessischen Landkreis Hersfeld-Rotenburg.

Lage
Die Wüstung Gertigers liegt 1,7 km westlichen oberhalb der Ortsmitte von Lüdersdorf im Lüdersdorfer Forst. Die ehemalige Kirche liegt auf dem Kirchrain einem westlichen leicht erhöhtem Rücken.

Weblinks

 Geschichte auf der Ortswebseite Lüdersdorfs

Einzelnachweise

Geographie (Bebra)
Wüstung im Landkreis Hersfeld-Rotenburg

Gertingers


Plastik film kondansatör, kâğıt yerine plastik bir maddenin kullanıldığı, üretim şekli kâğıtlı kondansatörlerle aynı olan elektriksel devre elemanıdır. Plastik madde olarak polistiren, poliester, polipropilen, polikarbonat, polipropilin ve yüksek kalite için polisülfon kullanılabilir.

Polikarbonat yalıtkanlı kondansatörler filtreleme işlemlerinde kullanılır, sıcaklık katsayıları düşüktür, uzun ömürlü olup pahalıdırlar. Poliester yalıtkanlı kondansatörler, 1 nF - 1 µF aralıklarında kapasite değerleri alıp sinyal kondansatörleri olarak ve integral alıcı RC devrelerinde kullanım alanı bulurlar. Polipropilin kondansatörler ise düşük kayıplılık, yüksek gerilime dayanabilme ve delinmeye direnç özellikleri ile bilinir ve sinyal kondansatörü olarak kullanılırlar. Hassas kapasiteli olarak üretimi yapılabilmektedir.

Kondansatörler

Plastik film kondansatör


Rebecca Ferguson se poate referi la:

 Rebecca Ferguson (cântăreață) (n. 1986 ca Rebecca Caroline Ferguson)
 Rebecca Ferguson (actriță) (n. 1983 ca Rebecca Louisa Ferguson Sundström)

Rebecca Ferguson


බොජ්ජන්නකොණ්ඩා සහ ලිංගලකොණ්ඩා යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ ඉන්දියාවේ ආන්ධ්‍ර ප්‍රදේශ් ප්‍රාන්තයේ විසාඛපට්නම් හි   ආනකපල්ලේ සිට කිලෝමීටර කිහිපයක දුරින් පිහිටි සංකාරාම් නම් ගම්මානයේ යාබද කඳුගැටයක පිහිටි බෞද්ධ ලෙන් ද්විත්වයකි. මෙම ස්ථාන ක්‍රි.ව. 4වන සහ 9වන සියවස අතර කාලයේ සංකාරාම් (එකල සංඝාරාම්) හි බුද්ධාගම ප්‍රධාන ආගමක් ලෙස පැවති කාලයක ඉදිවන්නට ඇත. බොජ්ජන්නකොණ්ඩා හි මුල් නාමය වන්නේ බුද්දින කොණ්ඩා ය.

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

ආන්ධ්‍ර ප්‍රදේශ් හි පුරාවිද්‍යා අඩවි
ඉන්දියාවේ ස්තූප
ආන්ධ්‍ර ප්‍රදේශ් හි ලෙන්
බෞද්ධ සිද්ධස්ථාන
ඉන්දියාවේ බෞද්ධ ලෙන්

බොජ්ජන්නකොණ්ඩා


Viennese Actionism was a short-lived art movement in the late 20th-century that spanned the 1960s into the 1970s. It is regarded as part of the independent efforts made during the 1960s to develop the issues of performance art, Fluxus, happening, action painting, and body art. Its main participants were Günter Brus, Otto Mühl, Hermann Nitsch, and Rudolf Schwarzkogler. Others involved in the movement include Anni Brus, Heinz Cibulka and Valie Export. Many of the Actionists have continued their artistic work independently of Viennese Actionism movement.

Art and the politics of transgression
The work of the Actionists developed concurrently with—but largely independently from—other avant garde movements of the era that shared an interest in rejecting object-based or otherwise commodifiable art practices. The practice of staging precisely scored "Actions" in controlled environments or before audiences bears similarities to the Fluxus concept of enacting an "event score" and is a forerunner to performance art.

The work of the Viennese Actionists is probably best remembered for the wilful transgressiveness of its naked bodies, destructiveness and violence. Often, brief jail terms were served by participants for violations of decency laws, and their works were targets of moral outrage. In June 1968 Günter Brus began serving a six-month prison sentence for the crime of "degrading symbols of the state" after an action in Vienna at which he simultaneously masturbated, covered his body with his own faeces and sang the Austrian national anthem, and later fled the country to avoid a second arrest. Otto Mühl served a one-month prison term after his participation in a public event, "Art and Revolution" in 1968. After his Piss Action before a Munich audience, Mühl became a fugitive from the West German police. Hermann Nitsch served a two-week prison term in 1965 after his participation with Rudolf Schwarzkogler in the Festival of Psycho-Physical Naturalism. The Destruction in Art Symposium, held in London in 1966, marked the first encounter between members of Fluxus and the Actionists. It proved to be a landmark international recognition for the work of Brus, Mühl and Nitsch.

Malcolm Green has quoted Hermann Nitsch's comment, "Vienna Actionism never was a group. A number of artists reacted to particular situations that they all encountered, within a particular time period, and with similar means and results." While the nature and content of each artist's work differed, there are distinct aesthetic and thematic threads connecting the Actions of Brus, Mühl, Nitsch, and Schwarzkogler. Use of the body as both surface and site of art-making seems to have been a common point of origin for the Actionists in their earliest departures from conventional painting practices in the late '50s and early '60s. Brus' Hand Painting Head Painting action of 1964, Mühl and Nitsch's Degradation of a Female Body, Degradation of A Venus of 1963 are characterized by their efforts to re-conceive human bodies as surfaces for the production of art. The trajectories of the Actionists' work suggests more than just a precedent to later performance art and body art, rather, a drive toward a totalizing art-practice is inherent in their refusing to be confined within conventional ideas of  painting, theatre and sculpture. Mühl's 1964 Material Action Manifesto offers some theoretical framework for understanding this:  ...material action is painting that has spread beyond the picture surface. The human body, a laid table or a room becomes the picture surface.  Time is added to the dimension of the body and space.
A 1967 revision of the same manifesto Mühl wrote:  ... material action promises the direct pleasures of the table. Material action satiates. Far more important than baking bread is the urge to take dough-beating to the extreme.
Brus and Mühl participated in the Kunst und Revolution (Art and Revolution) event in Vienna, June 1968, issuing the following proclamation:  ... our assimilatory democracy maintains art as a safety valve for enemies of the state ... the consumer state  drives a wave of "art" before itself; it attempts to bribe the "artist" and thus to rehabilitate his revolutionising "art" as an art that supports the state. But "art" is not art. "Art" is politics that has created new styles of communication.

Actionists and experimental film in Vienna
Much of the existing moving-image documentation of Viennese Actionist work survives because of strong ties between the Actionists and art/experimental filmmaking of the 1960s. The Austrian filmmaker Kurt Kren participated in the documentation of Actions as early as 1964, producing a body of Actionist related  works that stand as historic avant-garde films in their own right for their use of rapid editing. As well, Otto Muehl produced a significant body of Actionist related film work that has been celebrated in Amos Vogel's Film as a Subversive Art.
Films of and related to Actionist performance remain available through the Vienna-based Sixpack film distributor and the U.S. distribution cooperatives Canyon Cinema and The Film-Makers' Cooperative. In 2005 the Actionist films of Kurt Kren were issued on video by the Austrian publisher INDEX DVD.

Notes

Further reading
 Mechtild Widrich: "The Informative Public of Performance. A Case Study in Viennese Actionism" TDR. The Drama Review 57:1, no. 217, Spring 2013.
 Out of Actions. Actionism, Body Art & Performance 1949-1979 (Exhibition catalogue), Vienna-Stuttgart, MAK/Cantz, 1998.
 Brus Muehl Nitsch Schwarzkogler. Writings of the Vienna Actionists edited and translated by Malcolm Green in collaboration with the artists.  London, Atlas Press, 1999
 Film as a Subversive Art Amos Vogel.  New York, Random House, 1974.
 Margarete Lamb-Faffelberger. Out From The Shadows. (Riverside: Ariadne Press, 1997

External links
Ubuweb: The Vienna Actionists Contains video files of Action films by Kurt Kren, Otto Mühl and others.  Also contains the complete text of a 2002 interview with Otto Mühl.
Hermann Nitsch' 'Orgien Mysterien Theater' – The artist as a high priest? About the relation between art, religion, ritual and reality.
Bright Lights Film Journal Andrew Grossman, 2002 interview with Otto Mühl as it was originally published.
Writings of the Vienna Actionists Atlas Press publication edited by Malcolm Green, still available.

Austrian contemporary art
Contemporary art movements
Performance artist collectives
Obscenity controversies in art

Viennese Actionism


Tarzán el indómito (en inglés: Tarzan the Untamed) es la séptima de una serie de novelas escritas por Edgar Rice Burroughs acerca del personaje ficticio Tarzán. Esta historia fue publicada por primera vez en la revista pulp All-Story Weekly del 20 de marzo al 17 de abril de 1920 y editada como libro por primera vez en 1920.

Personajes

 Capitán Hauptmann Fritz Schneider
 Subteniente Von Goss

Adaptación en cómics

Enlaces externos

 Tarzán el indómito — Edición en castellano. En: Biblioteca Virtual Universal

Tarzán
Novelas de 1920
Novelas de aventuras
Novelas de Edgar Rice Burroughs
Novelas de la Primera Guerra Mundial

Tarzán el indómito


Alika Milova (Narva, 5 de Setembro de 2002), conhecida artisticamente como Alika, é uma cantora estónia. Em 2023, foi seleccionada para representar a Estónia no Festival Eurovisão da Canção de 2023, em Liverpool, com a canção «Bridges».

Carreira
Milova tornou-se conhecida ao participar em vários concursos de canto e programas de televisão na Estónia e no estrangeiro desde a infância, incluindo «The Baltic Voice», «New Wave Junior», «Kaunas Talent», «Bravo Song Contest» e «Berlin Perle». Em 2021, alcançou a fama com a sua vitória na oitava edição do concurso de talentos estónio «Eesti otsib superstaari», que lhe valeu um contrato discográfico com a Universal Music Group.

A 1 de Novembro de 2022, foi anunciado que participaria no «Eesti Laul 2023» com a canção "Bridges», a pré-selecção da Estónia para nomear uma música para o Festival Eurovisão da Canção. A sua primeira participação foi na segunda semi-final e qualificou-se para a final. Mais tarde, a 11 de Fevereiro de 2023, Milova actuou na final, onde ganhou os votos do júri e foi subsequentemente escolhida por votação televisiva como a vencedora entre os 12 participantes, tornando-se a representante nacional no Festival Eurovisão da Canção 2023, em Liverpool.

Vida pessoal
Milova nasceu no seio de uma família russa e a sua língua materna é o russo. No entanto, ela também tem raízes estónias. A irmã de Milova, Valeria Milova, é uma bailarina profissional e participou nas versões turca e irlandesa de Dança com as Estrelas.

Discografia

Singles
 2021 – Õnnenumber
 2022 – Bon Appetit
 2022 – C'est La Vie
 2022 – Bridges

Ver também
Festival Eurovisão da Canção 2023

Ligações externas

Estónia no Festival Eurovisão da Canção
Participantes do Festival Eurovisão da Canção
Cantores da Estônia
Músicos da Estônia

Alika


ساموراي 7  هو اسم مسلسل أنمي مقتبس من فيلم الساموراي السبعة للمخرج الياباني الراحل أكيرا كوروساوا، تم إنتاجها من طرف استديوهات جونزو في العام 2004 م وقد قدرت تكلفة الإنتاج بأكثر من 32 مليون ين ياباني، عدد حلقاته هو 26. تمت دبلجة هذا الأنمي من طرف مركز الزهرة للدبلجة وكان يعرض على قناة سبيس باور إحدى قنوات مجموعة سبيستون قبل إيقاف بثها عام 2014.

القصة
جنود إمبراطور البلاد المعروفون باسم «النوبوسيري» وهم لصوص آلييون، يأتون كل عام لنهب الأرز الذي تنتجه إحدى القرى الفقيرة ويساعدهم في ذلك قوة عتادهم العسكري ولكنهم هذه المرة لم يكتفوا بأخذ الأرز وحسب بل قاموا باختطاف النساء والأطفال أيضا، أحس أهل القرية بأن الكيل قد طفح وقرر شيخ القرية أن يرسل ثلاثة من أهلهم إلى العاصمة لاستئجار 7 من أفراد الساموراي للدفاع عن القرية ضد «النوبوسيري» مقابل الأرز الذي لا يملكون غيره.

بعد أن يأتي أفراد الساموراي السبعة، يبدئون لتحضير حرب ضد جنود الحاكم ويقومون بصنع بعض المعدات وكذلك تدريب أهل القرية على القتال ورمي الأسهم وهذا استعدادا للمعركة الكبرى.

أهم الشخصيات

الساموراي
 شيمادا كانبيه (カンベエ) محارب قديم في منتصف العمر قائد فريق ساموراي 7 نجا من الموت في حرب الساموراي الكبرى وهي حرب نشبت قديما بين الساموراي المتمردين على الإمبراطور من جهة وبين الساموراي الحراس التابعين للإمبراطور والساموراي الآليين من جهة أخرى، وهو شخصية هادئة ومتوازنة
يتمتع بالذكاء والفطنة والخبرة الطويلة.
 الأداء الصوتي: ماساكي تيراسوما (الياباني)، آر بروس إليوت (الإنجليزي), يحيى الكفري (بالعربي)
 أوكاموتو كاتسوشيرو (カツシロウ) هو ساموراي مبتدئ قليل الخبرة وهو يعتبر كامبي معلمه الأول، ولكنه يصبح ذو أهمية فيما بعد.
 الأداء الصوتي: رومي باكو (الياباني)، شون مايكل تيغ (الإنجليزي)، سامر رضوان (بالعربي)
 كاتاياما غوروبيه (ゴロベエ) هو ساموراي محترف جدا كان مصدر عيشه هو قتل الناس الآمنين في المدن، وعلى ما يبدوا أنه كان يتسلى بذلك. مهاراته عالية في القتال بالسيف ورمي السهام وتجنبها كما أنه ذكي جدا وفطن.
 الأداء الصوتي: تتسو إينادا (الياباني)، بوب كارتر (الإنجليزي)، أيمن السالك (بالعربي)
 شيتشيروجي (シチロージ) كان محارب جنبا إلى جنب في الحرب العظمى مع كامبي، كان لديه صديقة جميلة اسمها يوكينو ولكنه اضطر لتركها ليحارب مع الساموراي.
 الأداء الصوتي: تورو كُسانو (الياباني)، دانكان برانان (الإنجليزي)، مروان فرحات (بالعربي)
 كيكوتشيو (キクチヨ) (بالدبلجة العربية: كامبل) هو ساموراي ميكانيكي. وهو في الأصل من الفلاحين ولكن كامبي قائد المجموعة قبله لأنه مقاتل ممتاز وشجاع. هو فوضوي ومثير للمشاكل ومزاحه ثقيل. كما أنه يغضب بسرعة ويستفز بسهولة.
 الأداء الصوتي: كونغ كواتا (الياباني)، كريستوفر سابات (الإنجليزي)، محمد خرماشو (بالعربي)
 هاياشيدا هيهاتشي (ヘイハチ)
 الأداء الصوتي: جونجي إينوكاي (الياباني), غريغ إيرس (الإنجليزي)، رأفت بازو (بالعربي)
 كيوزو (キュウゾウ) أحد حراس حاكم المدينة التي جاء القرويون إليها بحثا عن الساموراي قوي جدا محترف هادئ وقليل الكلام انضم أي الساموراي 7 بسبب إعجابه بكانبيه قائد الساموراي 7 وقرر أن يخوض معه معركة وأن يقتله بعد القضاء على النوبوسيري ولكنه قتل في النهاية خطأ على يد أكوماتو تلميذ كانبيه وذلك في نهاية المعركة الكبرى التي دمرت فيها العاصمة وقتل الإمبراطور.
 الأداء الصوتي: شينيتشيرو ميكي (الياباني), سوني سترايت (الإنجليزي)، محمد مصطفى (بالعربي)

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 الموقع الرسمي لأنمي ساموراى 7ي.

استديو جونزو
الساموراي السبعة
أعمال مركز الزهرة
أعمال مقتبسة عن أعمال أكيرا كوروساوا
أنمي ميكا
أنمي ومانغا خيال علمي
أنمي ومانغا درامية كوميدية
أنمي ومانغا مغامرات
أوديكس
برامج قناة سبيستون
عروض رسوم متحركة تلفزيونية مبنية على أفلام
برامج تلفزيونية مبنية على أفلام
تونامي
ساموراي في أنمي ومانغا
سامورايون خياليون
ستيم بونك أنمي ومانغا
شركة فنميشن للترفيه
مسلسلات أنمي متلفزة بدأ عرضها في 2004
مسلسلات أنمي مدبلجة للعربية
مسلسلات فنون قتالية

ساموراي 7


Commicarpus, pantropski biljni rod u porodici noćurkovki. Pripada mu tridesetak vrsta, poglavito na jugu Azije, Africi, jugu SAD–a, sjeverozapadu Južne Amerike, sjeveroistoku Australije, a od europskih država u Španjolskoj.

Vrste

 Commicarpus adenensis A.G.Mill.
 Commicarpus ambiguus Meikle
 Commicarpus boissieri (Heimerl) Cufod.
 Commicarpus brandegeei (Standl.) Standl.
 Commicarpus chinensis (L.) Heimerl
 Commicarpus coctoris N.A.Harriman
 Commicarpus decipiens Meikle
 Commicarpus fallacissimus (Heimerl) Heimerl
 Commicarpus grandiflorus (A.Rich.) Standl.
 Commicarpus greenwayi Meikle
 Commicarpus heimerlii (Vierh.) Meikle
 Commicarpus helenae (Roem. & Schult.) Meikle
 Commicarpus hiranensis Thulin
 Commicarpus insularum Meikle
 Commicarpus leleensis Friis & Sebsebe
 Commicarpus macrothamnus Friis & O.Weber
 Commicarpus mistus Thulin
 Commicarpus montanus Miré, H.Gillet & Quézel
 Commicarpus parviflorus Thulin
 Commicarpus pedunculosus (A.Rich.) Cufod.
 Commicarpus pentandrus (Burch.) Heimerl
 Commicarpus pilosus (Heimerl) Meikle
 Commicarpus plumbagineus (Cav.) Standl.
 Commicarpus praetermissus N.A.Harriman
 Commicarpus ramosissimus Thulin
 Commicarpus raynalii J.-P.Lebrun & Meikle
 Commicarpus reniformis (Chiov.) Cufod.
 Commicarpus scandens (L.) Standl.
 Commicarpus simonyi (Heimerl & Vierh.) Meikle
 Commicarpus sinuatus Meikle
 Commicarpus squarrosus (Heimerl) Standl.
 Commicarpus stenocarpus (Chiov.) Cufod.
 Commicarpus tuberosus (Lam.) Standl.

Catalogue of Life: 2019 Annual Checklist
 Commicarpus adenensis
 Commicarpus ambiguus
 Commicarpus arabicus
 Commicarpus australis
 Commicarpus boissieri
 Commicarpus brandegei
 Commicarpus chinensis
 Commicarpus coctoris
 Commicarpus decipiens
 Commicarpus fallacissimus
 Commicarpus grandiflorus
 Commicarpus greenwayi
 Commicarpus heimerlii
 Commicarpus helenae
 Commicarpus hiranensis
 Commicarpus insularum
 Commicarpus lantsangensis
 Commicarpus mistus
 Commicarpus montanus
 Commicarpus parviflorus
 Commicarpus pedunculosus
 Commicarpus pentandrus
 Commicarpus pilosus
 Commicarpus plumbagineus
 Commicarpus praetermissus
 Commicarpus ramosissimus
 Commicarpus raynalii
 Commicarpus reniformis
 Commicarpus scandens
 Commicarpus simonyi
 Commicarpus sinuatus
 Commicarpus squarrosus
 Commicarpus stenocarpus
 Commicarpus tuberosus

Izvori

Noćurkovke

Commicarpus


شركة المزيني للصيرفة هي شركة صرافة كويتية تأسست في عام 1942 لتكون أول شركة تقدم خدمات الصرافة في الكويت، وَتملك الشركة أكثر من 40 فرع في جميع مناطق الكويت.

تاريخ

تأسست الشركة عام 1942 تحت أسم شركة عبد العزيز وعلى اليوسف المزينى، و منذ ذلك الحين أخذت بالتوسع، وفي 26 يناير 1995 تحولت الشركة إلى شركة مساهمة كويتية مقفلة تحت اسم شركة المزيني للصيرفة، ويبلغ رأس المال المدفوع 10,000,000 دينار كويتي حيثُ تعتبر الشركة الأولى في الكويت من حيث رأس المال وحجم الأعمال المقدمة، وتستحوذ الشركة على ما يقارب من 40٪ من قيمة خدمات الصيرفة في الكويت.
تشمل 48 فرع على مستوى الكويت

المراجع

تأسيسات سنة 1942 في الكويت
شركات كويتية

شركة المزيني للصيرفة


"Fata babei și fata moșneagului" este un basm scris de Ion Creangă, și publicat în 1 septembrie 1877, în revista Convorbiri literare.

Poveste

În basm este vorba despre un moș și o babă care aveau două fete: una cuminte, a moșneagului, și alta obraznică și arțăgoasă, a babei.

Într-o zi, fata blândă a fost alungată de acasă de către moș la porunca babei și a plecat în lume să își încerce norocul. Pe drum s-a întâlnit cu o fântânâ pe care a reparat-o, o cățelușă pe care a bandajat-o la lăbuță, un păr care era plin de viermi și pe care l-a curățit și un cuptor pe care l-a lipit. A ajuns la Sfânta Duminică, pentru care a muncit și astfel a putut să își aleagă un cufăr drept recunoștință. Ea l-a ales pe cel mai mic și a plecat acasă. Pe drum, cuptorul a servit-o cu plăcinte calde, părul i-a oferit fructe proaspete, fântâna -  apă limpede și cățelușa niște mărgele.

Invidioasă pe succesul ei, fata obraznică a babei a plecat și ea pe același drum. S-a întâlnit cu fântâna, cu cățelușa, cu părul și cu cuptorul, dar nu le-a ajutat. Ajunsă și ea la Sfânta Duminică, a muncit foarte puțin, dar a luat și ea un cufăr - pe cel mai mare, pe care s-a chinuit să îl târască până acasă. Ajunsă și ea la casa părintească, și-a deschis cufărul și din el au sărit fel de fel de lighioane care au înghițit-o și pe ea, și pe babă. Fata moșului a deschis și ea micuțul cufăr, unde a găsit bani și bogății.

Adaptări
Benzi desenate
 Fata babei și fata moșului (1986), de Pompiliu Dumitrescu, în Șoimii Patriei
 Fata babei și fata moșneagului (2006) de Puiu Manu

Note

Legături externe

Povești de Ion Creangă
Basme românești
1877 în literatura română
Basme culte

Fata babei și fata moșneagului


Sayuri Shimizu (jap. , Shimizu Sayuri; * 14. Januar 1989 in der Präfektur Shizuoka) ist eine japanische Shorttrackerin.

Sie debütierte in der Saison 2008/09 in Salt Lake City im Weltcup. Shimizu startete bei insgesamt zwei Weltcuprennen, schied jedoch bei allen Wettkämpfen im Vorlauf aus. Es dauerte jedoch bis zur Saison 2010/11, bis sie fester Bestandteil des japanischen Weltcupteams wurde. Sie nahm an allen sechs Weltcups teil und erreichte als bestes Resultat über 500 m und 1500 m insgesamt drei Halbfinals. Zudem startete Shimizu erstmals bei den Saisonhöhepunkten. Bei der Weltmeisterschaft in Sheffield schied sie mit der Staffel im Halbfinale aus, bei der Teamweltmeisterschaft in Warschau belegte sie Rang sechs. In der folgenden Saison 2011/12 war Shimizu vor allem mit der Staffel erfolgreich. Sie erreichte im Weltcup vier Podestplätze in den Staffelrennen. In Einzelrennen erreichte sie über 1000 m zweimal das Halbfinale. Bei der Weltmeisterschaft in Shanghai startete sie erneut mit der Staffel, diese wurde jedoch im Halbfinale disqualifiziert.

Weblinks

 Nihon Skate Renmei (Japanischer Eislaufverband): Shimizu Sayuri (japanisch)

Shorttracker (Japan)
Teilnehmer an den Asienspielen (Japan)
Geboren 1989
Frau
Japaner
Olympiateilnehmer (Japan)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 2014

Sayuri Shimizu


The Congressional Progressive Caucus (CPC) is a congressional caucus affiliated with the Democratic Party in the United States Congress. The CPC represents the furthest left-leaning faction of the Democratic Party. It was founded in 1991 and has grown since then, becoming the largest Democratic caucus in the House of Representatives.

As of June 2023, the CPC has 102 members (100 voting Representatives, 1 non-voting Delegate, and 1 Senator), making it the largest ideological caucus in the Democratic Party (larger than the New Democrat Coalition) and the second largest ideological caucus overall (after the Republican Study Committee). (One member retired from Congress in May 2023 during the 118th United States Congress.) The CPC is chaired by U.S. Representative Pramila Jayapal (D-WA).

History
The CPC was established in 1991 by U.S. Representatives Ron Dellums (D-CA), Lane Evans (D-IL), Thomas Andrews (D-ME), Peter DeFazio (D-OR), Maxine Waters (D-CA) and Bernie Sanders (I-VT). Additional Representatives joined soon thereafter, including Major Owens (D-NY), Nydia Velázquez (D-NY), David Bonior (D-MI), Bob Filner (D-CA), Barney Frank (D-MA), Maurice Hinchey (D-NY), Jim McDermott (D-WA), Jerry Nadler (D-NY), Patsy Mink (D-HI), George Miller (D-CA), Pete Stark (D-CA), John Olver (D-MA), and Lynn Woolsey (D-CA). Sanders was the first CPC Chairman.

The founding CPC members were concerned about the economic hardship imposed by the deepening recession and the growing inequality brought about by the timidity of the Democratic Party response in the early 1990s. On January 3, 1995, at a standing room only news conference on Capitol Hill, they were the first group inside Congress to chart a comprehensive legislative alternative to U.S. Speaker Newt Gingrich and the Republican Contract with America. The CPC's agenda was framed as "The Progressive Promise: Fairness".

List of chairs

Policy positions

The CPC advocates "a universal, high-quality, Medicare for All health care system for all", living wage laws, reductions in military expenditure, a crackdown on corporate greed, putting an end to mass incarceration, supporting and implementing swift measures to start reversing climate change, immigration policies that are humane, and reparations.

Economy
In April 2011, the CPC released a proposed "People's Budget" for fiscal year 2012. Two of its proponents stated: "By implementing a fair tax code, by building a resilient American economy, and by bringing our troops home, we achieve a budget surplus of over $30 billion by 2021 and we end up with a debt that is less than 65% of our GDP. This is what sustainability looks like".

In 2019, the Democratic-controlled House of Representatives passed H.R.582, The Raise the Wage Act, which would have gradually raised the minimum wage to $15 per hour. It was not taken up in the Republican-controlled Senate. In January 2021, Democrats in the Senate and House of Representatives reintroduced the bill. In February 2021, the Congressional Budget Office released a report on the Raise the Wage Act of 2021 which estimated that incrementally raising the federal minimum wage to $15 an hour by 2025 would benefit 17 million workers, but would  also reduce employment by 1.4 million people. On February 27, 2021, the Democratic-controlled House passed the American Rescue Plan pandemic relief package, which included a gradual minimum wage increase to $15 per hour. The measure was ultimately removed from the Senate version of the bill.

Health care
The Medicare for All Act is a bill first introduced in the United States House of Representatives by Representative John Conyers (D-MI) in 2003, with 38 co-sponsors. In 2019, the original 16-year-old proposal was renumbered, and Pramila Jayapal (D-WA) introduced a broadly similar, but more detailed, bill, HR 1384, in the 116th Congress. , it had 116 co-sponsors still in the House at the time, or 49.8% of House Democrats.

The act would establish a universal single-payer health care system in the United States, the rough equivalent of Canada's Medicare and Taiwan's Bureau of National Health Insurance, among other examples. Under a single-payer system, most medical care would be paid for by the federal government, ending the need for private health insurance and premiums, and re-casting private insurance companies as providing purely supplemental coverage, to be used when non-essential care is sought. The national system would be paid for in part through taxes replacing insurance premiums, but also by savings realized through the provision of preventive universal health care and the elimination of insurance company overhead and hospital billing costs. On September 13, 2017, Senator Bernie Sanders (I-VT) introduced a parallel bill in the United States Senate, with 16 co-sponsors. The act would establish a universal single-payer health care system in the United States.

In 2019, the CPC challenged House Speaker Nancy Pelosi regarding the details of a drug-pricing bill, the Elijah Cummings Lower Drug Costs Now Act. The final version was the result of extensive negotiations between House Democratic leadership and members of the CPC. The bill was introduced into the House of Representatives on September 19, 2019, during the 116th Congress by Rep. Frank Pallone (D-NJ). The bill received 106 co-sponsors. It passed the House on December 12, 2019, by a vote of (230-192). All Democrats voted for the measure, and all but 2 Republicans voted against it. The bill was then sent to the Senate. The Senate, having been controlled by Republicans, did not bring the bill up for a vote.

Abortion rights

During the 117th United States Congress congresswoman Judy Chu (CA-27) introduced the Women's Health Protection Act. The act would expand abortion rights and codify Roe v. Wade. It was introduced in response to the Texas Heartbeat Act. It passed House of Representatives (218–211), but was defeated in the Senate on a 46–48 vote in February 2022.

Climate change
A prominent 2019 attempt to get legislation passed for a Green New Deal was sponsored by Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (D-NY) and Sen. Ed Markey (D-MA) during the 116th United States Congress, though it failed to advance in the Senate. Green New Deal proposals call for public policy to address climate change along with achieving other social aims like job creation and reducing economic inequality. The name refers back to the New Deal, a set of social and economic reforms and public works projects undertaken by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in response to the Great Depression. The Green New Deal combines Roosevelt's economic approach with modern ideas such as renewable energy and resource efficiency.

LGBT rights
In July 2022, the House Judiciary Committee Chairman Jerrold Nadler (D-NY), Senator Dianne Feinstein (D-CA), Congressional LGBTQ+ Equality Caucus Chairman David Cicilline (D-RI), Senator Tammy Baldwin (D-WI) and Senator Susan Collins (R-ME) announced the re-introduction of the Respect for Marriage Act, which was revised to include protections for interracial marriages to codify Loving v. Virginia. The Act passed the House (267–157) on July 19, 2022, with 47 Republicans joining all Democrats in voting in the affirmative.

The Senate considered the bill, but it was initially unclear if it would receive enough votes to end debate. On November 14, 2022, a group of bipartisan senators, including Rob Portman (R-OH), Kyrsten Sinema (D-AZ), Thom Tillis (R-NC), Tammy Baldwin (D-WI), and Susan Collins (R-ME) announced they had reached an amendment compromise to include language for religious protections and clarify that the bill did not legalize polygamous marriage. The amendment specifies that nonprofit religious organizations will not be required to provide services for the solemnization or celebration of a marriage. Shortly after, Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer announced the Respect for Marriage Act would be put up for a full vote.

On November 16, 2022, the Senate invoked cloture on the motion to proceed (62–37) to the amended bill. All 50 Democratic senators and 12 Republicans (Roy Blunt, Richard Burr, Shelley Moore Capito, Susan Collins, Joni Ernst, Cynthia Lummis, Lisa Murkowski, Rob Portman, Mitt Romney, Dan Sullivan, Thom Tillis, and Todd Young) voted in favor of advancing the bill. On November 29, 2022, the Senate voted 61–36 to pass the bill. Voting in favor of the bill were 49 Democrats and the same 12 Republicans who had voted to advance it. Two Republicans (Ben Sasse and Patrick Toomey) and one Democrat (Raphael Warnock, who co-sponsored the bill) did not vote.

2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
In October 2022, 30 members of the caucus urged the Biden administration to seek a negotiated, diplomatic end to the Russian invasion of Ukraine while advocating for continued economic and military support to Ukraine.

The next day, after a wave of criticism, the letter was swiftly withdrawn on the basis that peaceful negotiations with Putin in current situation are "nearly impossible". Jayapal reasserted the Democrats' support for Ukraine and said the letter had been drafted several months ago and "released by staff without vetting."

Electoral results

Membership

All members are Democrats or caucus with the Democratic Party. In the 118th Congress, there are currently 102 declared Progressives, including 100 voting Representatives, one non-voting member and one Senator. One caucus member, Representative David Cicilline, resigned in May 2023.

Senate members

House members

Notes

See also
 Democratic Socialists of America
 Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)
 Progressive Democrats of America
 Progressivism in the United States

References

External links

Official website of Progressive Caucus PAC
CPC in C-SPAN video library

Progressive
Democratic Party (United States) organizations
Progressivism in the United States
Progressive organizations in the United States
Organizations established in 1991
Left-wing populism in the United States
Social democratic organizations
1991 establishments in Washington, D.C.
Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)

Congressional Progressive Caucus


Seaview é um estádio de futebol situado na cidade de Belfast, na Irlanda do Norte. Tem como seu time mandante o Crusaders, time que disputa a primeira divisão da Irlanda do Norte. Possui capacidade para 3.383 torcedores .

História
O estádio Seaview foi inaugurado oficialmente em 3 de setembro de 1921 em um jogo diante do Cliftonville Olympice, e desde então é a casa do Crusaders. Em 2010, passou por reformas e ganhou duas novas arquibancadas cobertas, sendo essa inaugurada em jogo contra o Fulham pela Europa League da temporada 2011/12.

Em 1966, vestiários, clube social e áreas administrativas do estádio foram atingidas por um incêndio, ficando completamente destruído. As instalações consumidas pelo fogo foram substituídas em 1970 por instalações maiores, permanecendo assim até os dias atuais. Entre 1971 e 1979 o estádio foi compartilhado ao Distillery, após seu estádio também ter sido atingido por um incêndio, ficando totalmente destruído.

O Seaview desde 1972 até os dias atuais é palco da final da Steel & Sons Cup, campeonato de caráter regional com a tradição da disputa de sua final no dia de Natal.

Em 2009, o estádio foi o pioneiro na instalação de gramado artificial 4G na Irlanda do Norte, melhorando assim a qualidade das partidas.

Além dos jogos do Crusaders, o estádio também recebe algumas partidas da Seleção Norte-Irlandesa Feminina.

Referências:

Estádios de futebol da Irlanda do Norte

Seaview (estádio)


Adolphe Ferdinand Joseph van Soust de Borckenfeldt (født 6. juli 1824 i Bruxelles, død 23. april 1877 sammesteds) var en belgisk kunsthistoriker og digter.

van Soust de Borckenfeldt har blandt andet skrevet Études sur l'état présent de l'art en Belgique (1858) og L'école d'Anvers. Som chef for indenrigsministeriets kontor for de skønne kunster fik han lejlighed til at virke for belgisk kunstliv. Også som digter vandt han navn.

Kilder

Kunsthistorikere
Faglitterære forfattere fra Belgien
Digtere fra Belgien
Fransksprogede forfattere
Personer fra Bruxelles

Adolphe van Soust de Borckenfeldt


Viggo Madsen kan henvise til flere personer:

 Viggo Madsen (1885-1954) – dansk maler
 Viggo Madsen f. 1943 - dansk forfatter og digter

Viggo Madsen (flertydig)


The American Dental Association (ADA) is an American professional association established in 1859 which has more than 161,000 members. Based in the American Dental Association Building in the Near North Side of Chicago, the ADA is the world's largest and oldest national dental association and promotes good oral health to the public while representing the dental profession.

The ADA publishes a monthly journal of dental related articles named the Journal of the American Dental Association.

Overview

The American Dental Association was founded August 3, 1859, at Niagara Falls, New York, by twenty-six dentists who represented various dental societies in the United States. Today, the ADA has more than 152,000 members, 55 constituent (state-territorial) and 545 component (local) dental societies. It is the largest and oldest national dental association in the world and is committed to both the public and the dental profession.

The association has more than 400 employees at its headquarters in Chicago and its office in Washington, D.C.
The Paffenbarger Research Center (PRC), located on the campus of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Gaithersburg, Maryland, an agency of the American Dental Association Foundation (ADAF) and a Department of the Division of Science.  PRC scientists conduct basic and applied studies in clinical research, dental chemistry, polymer chemistry and cariology, and are used by of the ADA.

Seal of Acceptance
The ADA established rigorous guidelines for testing and advertising of dental products, and the first ADA Seal of Acceptance was awarded in 1931. Today, about 350 manufacturers participate in the voluntary program and more than 1,300 products have received the Seal of Acceptance.

Product manufacturers are charged $14,500 for each product the ADA evaluates.  For products that are approved, manufacturers pay an annual fee of $3,500.  According to the ADA, it does not make a profit from the program.

Organizational structure
The Board of Trustees, the administrative body of the association, is composed of the president, the president-elect, two vice presidents and 17 trustees from each of the 17 trustee districts in the United States. The treasurer and executive director serve as ex officio members.
The House of Delegates, the legislative body of the association, is composed of 460 delegates representing 53 constituent societies, five federal dental services and the American Student Dental Association. The house meets once a year during the association's annual session.

The association's 11 councils serve as policy recommending agencies. Each council is assigned to study issues relating to its special area of interest and to make recommendations on those matters to the Board of Trustees and the House of Delegates.

The association's official publication is the Journal of the American Dental Association. Other publications include the ADA News and the ADA Guide to Dental Therapeutics.

The Commission on Dental Accreditation, which operates under the auspices of the ADA, is recognized by the U.S. Department of Education as the national accrediting body for dental, advanced dental and allied dental education programs in the United States. It is also recognized by 47 individual states.

The ADA formally recognizes nine specialty areas of dental practice: dental public health, endodontics, oral and maxillofacial pathology, oral and maxillofacial surgery, orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics, pediatric dentistry, periodontics, prosthodontics, and oral and maxillofacial radiology.

The ADA library has an extensive collection of dental literature with approximately 33,000 books and 17,500 bound journal volumes. The ADA library also subscribes to more than 600 journal titles.

The ADA Foundation is the charitable arm of the association. The Foundation provides grants for dental research, education, scholarships, access to care and charitable assistance programs such as relief grants to dentists and their dependents who are unable to support themselves due to injury, a medical condition or advanced age.

Advocacy

The ADA advocates several positions to legislators in the U.S. Congress. Its agenda includes funding dental research into the safety and effectiveness of amalgam and fluoride, supporting student loans and residency programs for future dentists, increased dental coverage from Medicaid and CHIP programs, reducing dental costs through reform of insurance and medical liability and through health information technology, and improving public health through water fluoridation, tobacco control, and disaster planning and response.

In 2021, the Build Back Better legislative package passed the U.S. House of Representatives without an expansion of dental benefits within Medicare. The ADA president, Dr. Cesar R. Sabates, credited this exclusion in part to the ADA's advocacy against this expansion of benefits.

Advertising
Dudley the Dinosaur is an advertising character from the ADA. He is an anthropomorphic T. rex. He lives with his mom, little sister Dee Dee, Grandpa, and baby brother Digby. His friends are other dinosaurs and prehistoric creatures like mammoths and saber tooth tigers. He, his friends, and family teaches children how to have healthy teeth and good oral hygiene in the form of a cartoon character.

The character Dudley the Dinosaur debuted in 1990 and became the nation's first bilingual (English and Spanish) public service campaign for kids. Dudley has appeared in numerous public service announcements on TV, a dozen National Children's Dental Health Month Campaigns, several coloring books and patient education booklets, four animated shorts produced by the ADA and on 2,500 outdoor billboards around the country. Dudley has won over 100 major awards, appeared on mugs and as a doll. He stars in comic books and DVDs available from the ADA.

Timeline
 1859: Twenty-six dentists meet in Niagara Falls, New York, and form a professional society, named the American Dental Association.
 1860: First ADA constitution and bylaws are adopted.
 1897: ADA merges with the Southern Dental Association to form the National Dental Association (NDA).
 1908: NDA publishes the first patient dental education pamphlet.
 1913: NDA adopts a new constitution and bylaws, establishing the House of Delegates and Board of Trustees.
 1913: The Journal of the NDA is first published, under the title, Bulletin of the National Dental Association.
 1920: Maude Tanner becomes the first recorded female delegate to the NDA.
 1921: During the annual meeting of the NDA, several female dentists meet in Milwaukee and form the Federation of American Women Dentists, now known as the American Association of Women Dentists (AAWD).
 1922: NDA is renamed the American Dental Association (ADA).
 1928: ADA affiliates with the National Bureau of Standards.
 1930: Council of Dental Therapeutics established to oversee the evaluation of dental products. The council establishes the ADA's Seal Program.
 1931: First ADA Seal of Approval awarded; ADA headquarters located on north side of Chicago.
 1936: ADA Council on Dental Education is formed.
 1950: ADA works with Congress to proclaim February 6 as National Children's Dental Health Day; ADA endorses fluoridation.
 1964: ADA produces the first color television Public Service Announcement by a non-profit health agency; ADA establishes the ADA Health Foundation, a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization for the purpose of engaging in dental health research and educational programs.
 1965: ADA changes its policies to urge the cessation of discrimination based on race, religion, ethnicity or creed among its member groups and affiliates.
 1970: ADA News is first published.
 1987: ADA Commission on the Young Professional is formed (later becomes the Committee on the New Dentist).
 1991: First female ADA president, Dr. Geraldine Morrow, is elected.
 1995: ADA Web site, ADA ONLINE, created (later becomes ADA.org)
 2002: First Asian-American ADA president, Dr. Eugene Sekiguchi, is elected; he is Japanese-American.
 2009: First female ADA executive director is chosen, Dr. Kathleen O'Loughlin.

See also

 Academy of General Dentistry (AGD)
 American Student Dental Association
 Amalgam (dentistry)
 American Society of Dental Surgeons (ASDS)
 Current Dental Terminology
 Dentistry

References

External links

 American Dental Association Department of Library Services records, 1885-2011 (inclusive), 1925-2011 (bulk). H MS c503. Harvard Medical Library, Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine, Boston, Mass.

Dental organizations based in the United States
Medical and health professional associations in Chicago
Organizations established in 1859
1859 establishments in New York (state)
501(c)(6) nonprofit organizations
Professional associations based in the United States
Professional associations based in Chicago
Professional associations

American Dental Association


Weißkogel ist der Name oder eine alternative Namensform folgender Berge:

 Längentaler Weißer Kogel in den Stubaier Alpen
 Weißkugel in den Ötztaler Alpen
 Winnebacher Weißkogel in den Stubaier Alpen

Weißkogel


La Coupe des Pays-Bas de football 1975-1976, nommée la KNVB beker, est la  édition de la Coupe des Pays-Bas. La finale se joue le 7 avril 1976 au stade Feijenoord à Rotterdam.

Le club vainqueur de la coupe est qualifié pour la Coupe d'Europe des vainqueurs de coupe de football 1976-1977.

Finale
Après le temps règlementaire le PSV Eindhoven et le Roda JC sont à égalité 0 à 0. Lors de la prolongation Ralf Edström marque à la  minute l'unique but du match et offre le troisième titre au PSV Eindhoven qui réalise ainsi le doublé coupe-championnat cette saison.

Roda JC se qualifie pour la Coupe d'Europe des vainqueurs de coupe de football 1976-1977 en tant que finaliste perdant.

Notes et références

Lien externe
 tous les résultats de la compétition sur rsssf.com

1975-1976
Pays-Bas
Football
Football


Naegleria fowleri (cunoscută colocvial și ca "amiba care mănâncă creierul") este o specie de amibă termofilă din genul Naegleria, încrengătura Percolozoa.  Este o specie liberă, care se hrănește cu bacterii, dar poate fi și patogenă, cauzând boala numită meningoencefalită primară amibiană. Acest microorganism este întâlnit în ape dulci: în lacuri, râuri și ape termale.  A fost descoperită în 1965 și a fost identificată pentru prima dată în Australia.

Legături externe
 Informații despre Infecția cu Naegleria de la Centrul pentru Prevenirea și Controlul Bolilor (SUA)
 Informații generale despre Naegleria de la Centrul pentru Prevenirea și Controlul Bolilor (SUA)
 Naegleria  de la The Tree of Life

Referințe

Regnul Protista
Paraziți

Naegleria fowleri


Károlyi steht für:
 Károlyi, ungarisches Adelsgeschlecht

Károlyi oder Karolyi ist der Familienname folgender Personen:
 Ákos Károlyi (1973–2013), ungarischer Badmintonspieler
 Alajos Károlyi (1825–1889), ungarisch-österreichischer Diplomat
 Anton Károlyi (1732–1791), ungarischer Adeliger und Feldzeugmeister

 Franz Károlyi (1705–1758), ungarischer Adeliger, Gutsbesitzer, Obergespan von Sathmar und General der Kavallerie
 Gáspár Károlyi (um 1529–1592), ungarischer Prediger und Bibelübersetzer
 George Andrew Karolyi (* 1962), kanadisch-US-amerikanischer Wirtschaftswissenschaftler und Hochschullehrer
 Gilles Karolyi, deutscher Synchronsprecher und Schauspieler
 Gyula Károlyi (1871–1947), ungarischer Politiker

 Julius Károlyi (1837–1890), ungarischer Rittergutsbesitzer und Parlamentarier
 Ladislaus Károlyi (1824–1852), ungarischer Marineoffizier
 Mihály Károlyi (1875–1955), ungarischer Politiker
 Victor Károlyi (1839–1888), ungarischer Rittergutsbesitzer und Parlamentarier

Siehe auch:
 Károly
 Karoli
 Caroli

Károlyi (Begriffsklärung)


The president of the United Republic of Tanzania () is the head of state and head of government of the United Republic of Tanzania. The president leads the executive branch of the Government of Tanzania and is the commander-in-chief of the Tanzania People's Defence Force.

Samia Suluhu Hassan, sworn in on 19 March 2021, is the first female president of the United Republic of Tanzania. She succeeded John Magufuli following his death on 17 March 2021.

Presidential term
The president serves a term of five years. As of 2021, there is a two-term limit for the president in the Constitution of Tanzania. The first president for whom the term limits applied was Mwinyi in 1995.

Executive powers
The president of Tanzania is the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces and is "accountable to a legislature composed of elected members and representative of the people."

List

After its independence in 1961 as Tanganyika, the country was first led by Richard Turnbull as governor-general until Julius Nyerere became the first and only president under the 1962 constitution. The 1964 constitution after the merger of Tanganyika and Zanzibar has had 6 presidents with each serving multiple terms except Samia Suluhu Hassan. Julius Nyerere served 5 terms total from 1962–1985, having served 4 terms under the 1964 constitution. All presidents of Tanzania have been from the Tanganyika African National Union party which later merged to become the Chama Cha Mapinduzi party.

Latest election

See also

Tanzania
Politics of Tanzania
List of governors of Tanganyika
List of heads of state of Tanzania
Prime Minister of Tanzania
List of prime ministers of Tanzania
List of Sultans of Zanzibar
President of Zanzibar
List of heads of government of Zanzibar
Lists of office-holders

References

1964 establishments in Tanzania

President of Tanzania


Pakhus 1 var et dansk jazz-rock fusionsband fra København, som var aktivt på musikscenen i Danmark i anden halvdel af 1970'erne. De spillede koncerter overalt i landet, bl.a. i Montmartre, Saltlageret, Stakladen og på Roskilde Festival i 1978, og deres øvelokale lå i et af pakhusene bag Amalienborg, tilhørende Københavns Havnevæsen. Af denne grund benyttede bandet havnevæsenets karakteristiske skilt som sit logo.

Pakhus 1 blev stiftet i 1976 af guitaristerne Fredrik Søegaard og Frank Jensen, aka "Wok-Wok Jensen". Orkesteret har eksisteret i flere perioder i forskellige skikkelser under navnet Pakhus 1 - se tidslinie . Den oprindelige version af Pakhus 1 eksisterede fra 1976 til 1978 med Henrik Schaltz, aka "Kongen" på trommer samt to senere medlemmer af poporkesteret Tøsedrengene: Aage Hagen på keyboards og Klaus Kjellerup på bas. Sidstnævnte udgik af bandet i 1978 for at starte Tøsedrengene og blev erstattet af Henrik Bjørn Rasmussen.

Pakhus 1 indspillede i 1977 albummet Paysano i Werner Studio, Frederikssundsvej under ledelse af producer Michael Bruun - albummet blev imidlertid aldrig udgivet som planlagt, angiveligt på grund af pladeselskabet PolyGram's reservation overfor bandets personsammenfald med Tøsedrengene. Først 42 år senere, i juni 2019, blev albummet udgivet på streamingtjenesterne.

Pakhus 1 blev opløst i 1979, men Søegaard og Jensen skabte et nyt band med samme navn i 1981, som eksisterende i forskellige konstellationer frem til 1986, hvor de udgav LP'en Guide  med musikerne Morten Løkken og Karsten Riber. Kort efter valgte Søegaard og Jensen at opløse orkesteret endeligt.

Diskografi
 Paysano (indspillet i 1977, udgivet i 2019)
 Guide (1986)

Referencer

Har spillet på Roskilde Festival
Musikgrupper fra Danmark
Musikgrupper fra 1976
Musikgrupper opløst i 1986

Pakhus 1