A solar thermal rocket is a theoretical spacecraft propulsion system that would make use of solar power to directly heat reaction mass, and therefore would not require an electrical generator, like most other forms of solar-powered propulsion do.  The rocket would only have to carry the means of capturing solar energy, such as concentrators and mirrors. The heated propellant would be fed through a conventional rocket nozzle to produce thrust. Its engine thrust would be directly related to the surface area of the solar collector and to the local intensity of the solar radiation.

In the shorter term, solar thermal propulsion has been proposed both for longer-life, lower-cost, more efficient use of the sun and more-flexible cryogenic upper stage launch vehicles and for on-orbit propellant depots.  Solar thermal propulsion is also a good candidate for use in reusable inter-orbital tugs, as it is a high-efficiency low-thrust system that can be refuelled with relative ease.

Solar-thermal design concepts

There are two solar thermal propulsion concepts, differing primarily in the method by which they use solar power to heat up the propellant:
Indirect solar heating involves pumping the propellant through passages in a heat exchanger that is heated by solar radiation. The windowless heat exchanger cavity concept is a design taking this radiation absorption approach.
Direct solar heating involves exposing the propellant directly to solar radiation. The rotating bed concept is one of the preferred concepts for direct solar radiation absorption; it offers higher specific impulse than other direct heating designs by using a retained seed (tantalum carbide or hafnium carbide) approach. The propellant flows through the porous walls of a rotating cylinder, picking up heat from the seeds, which are retained on the walls by the rotation. The carbides are stable at high temperatures and have excellent heat transfer properties.

Due to limitations in the temperature that heat exchanger materials can withstand (approximately 2800 K), the indirect absorption designs cannot achieve specific impulses beyond 900 seconds (9 kN·s/kg = 9 km/s) (or up to 1000 seconds, see below). The direct absorption designs allow higher propellant temperatures and therefore higher specific impulses, approaching 1200 seconds. Even the lower specific impulse represents a significant increase over that of conventional chemical rockets, however, an increase that can provide substantial payload gains (45 percent for a LEO-to-GEO mission) at the expense of increased trip time (14 days compared to 10 hours).

Small-scale hardware has been designed and fabricated for the Air Force Rocket Propulsion Laboratory (AFRPL) for ground test evaluation.  Systems with 10 to 100 N of thrust have been investigated by SART.

Reusable Orbital Transfer Vehicles (OTV), sometimes called (inter-orbital) space tugs, propelled by solar thermal rockets have been proposed. The concentrators on solar thermal tugs are less susceptible to radiation in the Van Allen belts than the solar arrays of solar electric OTV.

An initial proof of concept was demonstrated in 2020 with helium at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory solar simulator.

Propellants

Most proposed designs for solar thermal rockets use hydrogen as their propellant due to its low molecular weight which gives excellent specific impulse of up to 1000 seconds (10 kN·s/kg) using heat exchangers made of rhenium.

Conventional thought has been that hydrogen—although it gives excellent specific impulse—is not space storable.  Design work in the early 2010s has developed an approach to substantially reduce hydrogen boiloff, and to economically utilize the small remaining boiloff product for requisite in-space tasks, essentially achieving zero boil off (ZBO) from a practical point of view.

Other substances could also be used. Water gives quite poor performance of 190 seconds (1.9 kN·s/kg), but requires only simple equipment to purify and handle, and is space storable and this has very seriously been proposed for interplanetary use, using in-situ resources.

Ammonia has been proposed as a propellant. It offers higher specific impulse than water, but is easily storable, with a freezing point of −77 degrees Celsius and a boiling point of −33.34 °C.

A solar-thermal propulsion architecture outperforms architectures involving electrolysis and liquification of hydrogen from water by more than an order of magnitude, since electrolysis requires heavy power generators, whereas distillation only requires a simple and compact heat source (either nuclear or solar); so the propellant production rate is correspondingly far higher for any given initial mass of equipment. However its use does rely on having clear ideas of the location of water ice in the solar system, particularly on lunar and asteroidal bodies, and such information is not known, other than that the bodies within the asteroid belt and further from the Sun are expected to be rich in water ice.

Solar-thermal for ground launch

Solar thermal rockets have been proposed  as a system for launching a small personal spacecraft into orbit. The design is based on a high altitude airship which uses its envelope to focus sunlight onto a tube. The propellant, which would likely be ammonia, is then fed through to produce thrust. Possible design flaws include whether the engine could produce enough thrust to overcome drag, and whether the skin of the airship wouldn't fail at hypersonic velocities. This has many similarities to the orbital airship proposed by JP Aerospace.

Proposed solar-thermal space systems
, two proposals for utilizing solar-thermal propulsion on in-space post-launch spacecraft systems had been made.

A concept to provide low Earth orbit (LEO) propellant depots that could be used as way-stations for other spacecraft to stop and refuel on the way to beyond-LEO missions has proposed that waste gaseous hydrogen—an inevitable byproduct of long-term liquid hydrogen storage in the radiative heat environment of space—would be usable as a monopropellant in a solar-thermal propulsion system.  The waste hydrogen would be productively utilized for both orbital stationkeeping and attitude control, as well as providing limited propellant and thrust to use for orbital maneuvers to better rendezvous with other spacecraft that would be inbound to receive fuel from the depot.

Solar-thermal monoprop hydrogen thrusters are also integral to the design of the next-generation cryogenic upper stage rocket proposed by U.S. company United Launch Alliance (ULA).  The Advanced Common Evolved Stage (ACES) was intended as a lower-cost, more-capable and more-flexible upper stage that would supplement, and perhaps replace, the existing ULA Centaur and ULA Delta Cryogenic Second Stage (DCSS) upper stage vehicles.  The ACES Integrated Vehicle Fluids option eliminates all hydrazine monopropellant and all helium pressurant from the space vehicle—normally used for attitude control and station keeping—and depends instead on solar-thermal monoprop thrusters using waste hydrogen.

The viability of various trips using Solar Thermal propulsion was investigated by Gordon Woodcock and Dave Byers in 2003.

A subsequent proposal in the 2010s was the Solar Moth spacecraft that would use lightweight mirrors to focus solar radiation on a solar thermal engine.

See also
Solar electric propulsion
Nuclear thermal rocket

References

External links
Solar Thermal Propulsion for Small Spacecraft - Engineering System Development and Evaluation (2005)
Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne Wins $2.2 Million Contract Option for Solar Thermal Propulsion Rocket Engine (Webpage quoting press release,  June 25, 2008, Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne)

Rocket propulsion
Thermal rocket

Solar thermal rocket


Bactridinae, podtribus palmi smješten u tribus Cocoseae, dio potporodice Arecoideae. Sastoji se od pet rodova u Južnoj i Srednjoj Americi, te na Antilima

Rodovi
 Acrocomia Mart.
 Aiphanes Willd.
 Astrocaryum G.Mey.
 Bactris Jacq. ex Scop.
 Desmoncus Mart.

Izvori

Cocoseae

Bactridinae


Vale Tudo or vale-tudo (; ), also known as No Holds Barred (NHB) in the United States, is an unarmed, full-contact combat sport with relatively few rules. It became popular in Brazil during the 20th century and would eventually evolve into modern Mixed martial arts (MMA). For years "Vale Tudo" was used as a synonym for MMA in Brazil, but the term fell into disuse due to the emergence of stricter rules and the influence of the media to have a more "civilized" name. It is now used to refer to an early, more rules-free stage of the modern sport.

Vale Tudo initially started as an informal ruleset for fighters from different martial arts to fight each other. The Gracie family was known to organize their famous "Gracie Challenge", where they would fight other martial artists in Vale Tudo bouts to prove the efficiency and superiority of their own Gracie Jiu-Jitsu. Many fighters eventually started to train specifically for Vale Tudo events, mixing striking and grappling, eventually advertising "Vale Tudo" as its own standalone style. For example, Marco Ruas referred to his hybrid style of Luta Livre submission grappling and Muay Thai striking simply as "Vale Tudo".

History

1920s–1980s
Fighting sideshows called vale tudo became popular in Brazilian circuses during the 1920s. Examples of such bouts were described in the Japanese-American Courier on October 4, 1928:

However, this circus term did not enter popular use until 1959–1960, when it was used to describe the style-versus-style bouts featured in a Rio television show called Heróis do Ringue ("Heroes of the Ring"). The matchmakers and hosts of the show included members of the Gracie family, including Carlson Gracie and Carley Gracie. The participants were all legitimate practitioners of their styles. The Gracie family, which had origins in the circus business, devised the "Gracie Challenge", where they would invite or be challenged by opponents from other martial arts to a Vale Tudo match to prove the effectiveness of their Gracie Jiu-Jitsu. The Gracies would hold their challenges behind closed doors at their gyms, but in some cases they realised public events too.

One night during the show, João Alberto Barreto (later a referee for UFC 1) was competing against a man trained in Luta Livre. Barreto caught his opponent in an armbar and the man refused to submit. Barreto broke the man's arm. Consequently, the show was canceled and soon replaced by a professional wrestling show called Telecatch.

From 1960 onwards, Vale Tudo remained mostly an underground subculture, with most fights taking place in martial arts dojos or small gymnasiums. The Vale Tudo subculture was based in Rio de Janeiro, but many fights took place in the northern region, the southern region and the Bahia state, where Capoeira is prevalent. The scene in Rio de Janeiro focused mainly on the intense rivalry between Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and Luta Livre. Fights in the other regions featured more diverse martial arts competing in the events.

In 1980 and 1984 Rickson Gracie fought two events against Casimiro de Nascimento Martins ("Rei Zulu"), father of Zuluzinho. Both events were proceeded with public interest and they filled the Maracanãzinho stadium in Rio de Janeiro. They brought public mediatic attention back to Vale Tudo, which had been dormant since the 1960s. This was made possible by Robson Gracie's ascension into the Presidency of the Sports Superintendence of the State of Rio de Janeiro in 1980, appointed by Leonel Brizola, whom Robson had a friendship as a bodyguard.

In 1984 at the Maracanãzinho it was held the Noite das Artes Marciais ("Night of the Martial Arts") also known as  ("Jiu-Jitsu vs Martial Arts"), fought by representatives of BJJ against representatives of Muay Thai, Kung Fu, Kickboxing and Luta Livre. Future UFC 7 champion Marco Ruas participated, with a draw against BJJ representative Fernando Pinduka. There was also a match between Rei Zulu versus Kickboxing world champion, and future promoter of the International Vale Tudo Championship and manager of multiple Brazilians in MMA and K-1, Sérgio Batarelli. And in 1991 the most famous event happened:  between representatives of both martial arts. The event was organized after BJJ practitioners almost got into a brawl with Luta Livre fighters, after they invaded a BJJ tournament in order to fight Wallid Ismail, as he had issued an insult and a challenge at a local newspaper against Luta Livre. The Luta Livre fighters were convinced to stand down and instead fight in a public challenge. Robson Gracie, organizer of the event, convinced TV Globo, Brazil's largest network, to broadcast the event live under the assumption it was a pure grappling event, the rules were later changed to Vale Tudo but Globo kept the program. The actual event would see 3 matches, all with victories by Jiu-Jitsu representatives. August 29, 1993—a few months before the first UFC event—also saw the event  in Curitiba, fought between capoeiristas against Thai boxers from the Chute Boxe Academy. It was the introduction of several future MMA fighters such as Rafael Cordeiro, Jose 'Pelé' Landi-Jons and Nilson de Castro, and was the first Vale Tudo/MMA event in Curitiba, a future MMA center.

1993–2000s

In the 1970s, Rorion Gracie of the famous Gracie family emigrated to the United States and introduced Vale Tudo to a new market when he, together with American entrepreneur Art Davie, helped found the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) in 1993. The event was advertised as a competition where fighters would each represent different martial arts in a single-elimination tournament without weight classes and no rules—although there were three rules: no biting, eye-gouging or fish-hooking. To pitch the event for TV executives, Gracie and Davie used the footage of the Gracie Challenges and Vale Tudo events in Brazil where the family had participated. The first event was named The Ultimate Fighting Championship (later retroactively renamed to UFC 1). Rorion's younger brother, Royce Gracie represented Gracie Jiu-Jitsu and won the event after submitting three opponents in succession. The event was a success and attracted some attention from the public and the media, and more editions were realized. The UFC also pioneered the "promotion" model for Vale Tudo/Mixed Martial arts, instead of promoters arranging one-off events like before.

Inspired by the format of the UFC, many new promotions of Vale Tudo were created. Some of the noteworthy promotions of this time in Brazil include Universal Vale Tudo Fighting, Brazilian Vale Tudo Fighting, Brazil Open, Super Challenge and Mo Team League. Besides the UFC, the United States also saw the introduction of Vale Tudo promotions similar to the UFC, such as the Battlecade Extreme Fighting and World Combat Championship in 1995. Vale Tudo would receive the name No Holds Barred (NHB) in the United States.

In Japan, former professional wrestler Satoru Sayama had created in 1985 a hybrid martial arts organization named Shooto, which featured striking with all limbs, takedowns, groundfighting and submissions. Impressed by the UFC, in 1994 he introduced Vale Tudo to Japan by organizing the Vale Tudo Japan tournament, which was more rules-free compared to previous Shooto rules. Rickson Gracie won the 1994 and 1995 editions of the tournament, making him famous in Japan. In 1997 PRIDE Fighting Championships was founded in order to match Rickson Gracie with popular Japanese shoot-style professional wrestler Nobuhiko Takada. The rules of PRIDE were modelled after the ones from Vale Tudo Japan with some modifications. The first event of the organization had an attendance of 47,000 fans and attracted the attention of Japanese mass media and soon PRIDE became one of the largest and most popular combat sports organization in the world, and it helped to popularize MMA.

However, in the United States there was a backlash against the violent nature of the nascent sport. In 1996, Senator John McCain saw a tape of the first UFC events and immediately found it abhorrent. McCain himself led a campaign to ban the UFC, calling it "human cockfighting", thirty-six states followed his campaign, and the event was blacklisted from television. In response, the UFC started to implement more restrictive rules, weight categories and judges, eventually evolving into the Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts. The name "Mixed Martial Arts" was also devised at this time as they felt the term NHB was detrimental to the public image of the sport and better represented the new evolution of the sport after the introduction of the new rules.

In Brazil, Vale Tudo eventually met similar obstacles to those faced in the US. In 1997 there was the creation of a major event named "Pentagon Combat", with a pentagonal cage similar to the UFC's Octagon, counted with veterans Oleg Taktarov and Murilo Bustamante, and sponsored by Prince Tahnoun bin Zayed Al Nahyan, later known for his creation of the ADCC and investment in BJJ. The main event continued the Luta Livre-Jiu-Jitsu rivalry by matching LL representative Eugenio Tadeu and BJJ representative Renzo Gracie, both who also had a very personal rivalry. The fight went a back-and-forth between both contestants until members of the audience approached the cage and started to shout insults and interfere in the bout by attacking the contestants, Gracie fought back one of his attackers and soon the confusion soon escalated into a full riot, as people threw chairs into the ring, supporters of both fighters brawled, warning shots were allegedly fired by security and the lights were turned off by the promoters to control the fight. The event was broadcast live on national television by Rede Globo's SporTV. The confusion resulted in the state of Rio de Janeiro banning Vale Tudo events for almost 10 years. Footage of the brawl was used by CNN in a special report order to condemn the sport in the United States.

As the UFC and similar promotions started to receive more rules. The premier organizations of the late 1990s became the World Vale Tudo Championship (WVC) and the International Vale Tudo Championship (IVC). The WVC was organized in 1996 by Frederico Lapenda and Sérgio Batarelli, the due promoted together four events, including Brazil's first Vale Tudo/MMA pay-per-view, but soon a dispute between the two led to Batarelli to leave and create the IVC. The two promotions featured prominently throughout the 1990s as they were also televised on Brazilian TV and pay-per-view. The WVC and IVC were based in the Brazilian financial capital of São Paulo and launched the careers of many of today's MMA stars. While based in Brazil, they also did international events: WVC did events in Japan, Aruba and Jamaica, while the IVC had events in Venezuela, Portugal and F.R of Yugoslavia. However, after the state of São Paulo prohibited Vale Tudo from being a sanctioned sport, both promotions went into decline and have not staged an event since 2002.

2000s-present
Beginning in the early 2000s, newer promotions such as Jungle Fight and Bitetti Combat abandoned traditional Vale Tudo rules in favor of the safer mixed martial arts "Unified" rules. However, some promotions continued the use of traditional rules for a time, most notably Meca World Vale Tudo and Rio Heroes.

"Vale Tudo" was still used as a synonym for MMA in Brazil throughout the 2000s, the term started to be dropped as the sport grew and Brazilian media started to cover MMA events, first with RedeTV! covering UFC events in 2009, and in 2011 it was picked by Brazil's largest network Rede Globo.

Today, all major events use MMA rules, according to former IVC and WVC promoter Sérgio Batarelli in an interview to Brazilian online news G1 he affirmed: "But fighting with the rules from before is impossible. It's over. [...] It's the beginnings. There's no way back. Even because there are very few fighters who would venture into something like this."

Vale Tudo events are still taking place in small numbers around Brazil. Due to the violent and bloody nature of the sport, these underground events sometimes cause controversy in the media.  Critics of the sport argue that Vale Tudo shows should all adopt the MMA "Unified" ruleset created in the United States by Athletic Commissions, and used by various other countries such as Canada and England. On the other hand, supporters of Vale Tudo criticize the Unified Rules, pointing out that there is no medical proof that the Unified Rules are safer, no contestant has ever been killed or permanently disabled while fighting under traditional rules, the Unified Rules were created not for safety, but to ban techniques that commissioners saw as "uncivilised" (such as the soccer kick and headbutt), that the Unified Rules set is not used in Japanese, Russian, Singaporean and Thai promotions, and so on. Proponents also counter that the style of mixed martial arts fighting created by the Unified Rules is now so different from traditional Vale Tudo that it should be treated as an entirely different sport, just as kickboxing is considered different from Muay Thai.

As a fighting style
As Vale Tudo became more popular and common, some fighters started training specifically for Vale Tudo contests rather than fighting with purely one style, taking the most effective techniques from both striking and grappling martial arts and synthesized them for the ruleset of Vale Tudo, eventually billing "Vale Tudo" as its own standalone fighting style.

Marco Ruas is recognized to be one of the first to do so. He was a Muay Thai striker and equally skilled in Luta Livre submission grappling; even before the first UFC event, he was a public proponent of cross-training in multiple martial arts and training specifically for Vale Tudo. Eventually he developed "Ruas Vale Tudo", which he advertised as a martial art. He and other fighters he coached—such as Pedro Rizzo and Renato Sobral—were billed as "Ruas Vale Tudo" fighters.

The Chute Boxe Academy in Curitiba started as a Muay Thai gym expanded their program with BJJ and grappling training in 1991, and eventually branded themselves as a "Vale Tudo" gym.

See also
 International Vale Tudo Championship
 Mixed martial arts
 Luta Livre
 Brazilian jiu-jitsu

References

External links
 The influence of Jiu Jitsu in Vale Tudo
 Vale Tudo Statistics (archived 4 March 2000)

Brazilian martial arts
Hybrid martial arts
Sports originating in Brazil
Mixed martial arts in Brazil

Vale Tudo


Udbetaling Danmark er en offentlig myndighed, der står for udbetaling af en række offentlige ydelser, og hører under ATP Koncernen.

Myndigheden har ansvar for en række offentlige ydelser – fx boligstøtte, folkepension, førtidspension, barselsdagpenge, familieydelser, international pension, international social sikring, begravelseshjælp, delpension, efterlevelseshjælp og fleksydelse.

Betjeningen af borgerne foregår pr. telefon, digital post, samt via selvbetjening på borger.dk. Borgere, der har brug for betjening ved fysisk fremmøde, skal henvende sig i kommunen - også når det drejer sig om Udbetaling Danmarks områder.

Sigtet med at samle opgaverne i Udbetaling Danmark er at gøre sagsbehandlingen mere ensartet og effektiv. Gevinsten er en mere ensartet service, der følger best practice, og i sidste ende er med til at styrke borgernes retssikkerhed.

Kort fortalt om Udbetaling Danmark
Udbetaling Danmark overtog myndighedsansvaret for fem kommunale områder – folkepension og boligstøtte – i perioden 1. oktober 2012 til 1. marts 2013. Ansvaret for de internationale pensions- og sikringsopgaver overgik fra det daværende Pensionsstyrelsen til Udbetaling Danmark den 1. juni 2013.

Den 1. maj 2015 overgik endnu fem områder fra kommunerne – blandt dem var fleksydelse og internationale sygesikringsopgaver (fx EU-sygesikringskortet).

ATP udfører arbejdet som kostdækket virksomhed, hvor Udbetaling Danmark afregner med kommunerne efter et administrationsbidrag.

Eksterne links
 Udbetaling Danmarks side på atp.dk
 Bekendtgørelse om Udbetaling Danmark

Offentlig forvaltning

Udbetaling Danmark


Tysons Corner Center is a shopping mall in the unincorporated area of Tysons in Fairfax County, Virginia, United States (between McLean and Vienna, Virginia). It opened to the public in 1968, becoming one of the first fully enclosed, climate-controlled shopping malls in the Washington metropolitan area. The mall's features the traditional retailers Macy's, Nordstrom, and Bloomingdale's. The mall also features prominent specialty retailers including Everlane, Fabletics, Untuckit, Oak + Fort, Intimissimi, Aesop, and Warby Parker.

Tysons Corner Center is the largest mall in the Baltimore-Washington area, and the 22nd largest in the United States. The mall is located  from the central business district of Washington D.C., and neighbors a second mall, Tysons Galleria, across Chain Bridge Road. To distinguish the two, some people refer to Tysons Corner Center as "Tysons I," and Tysons Galleria as "Tysons II."

History

Tysons Corner Center was one of the first super-regional malls in the country, drawing customers from a multi-state area. The mall was built as a follow-on partnership by Isadore Gudelsky and Theodore Lerner's Wheaton Plaza which opened in 1960. On May 31, 1962, the $20 million project was awarded to Lerner-Gudelsky by a 4–2 vote against James Rouse's Rouse Company with a controversial vote by William H Moss, a County supervisor who also worked for Gudelsky's District Title Insurance Company. A lawsuit involving an exchange of a lease for Lansburgh's in exchange for favorable zoning for the location delayed the opening until 1969. Originally, the mall consisted of 1.2 million square feet (110,000 m2) on one level, three department stores (Hecht's, Lansburgh's, and Woodward & Lothrop [a.k.a. Woodies]), and 100 specialty stores, including Jelleff's. Discount chain Woolworth's operated a store where the current day L.L. Bean resided in the mall until the entire chain went under in 1997.

The Mall originally had 5 courts which were the Umbrella Court in front of Lansburgh's, Fashion Court, Fountain Court in front of Hechts, Aviary Court and Clock Court located near the Woodies entrance. The fashion court stage and flight cage in the aviary court were replaced with fountains when the lower level was added, causing these areas to be mistakenly called "fountain courts" while the original fountains were removed from the Hecht's entrance. Some of the few remaining pieces of the original infrastructure of the 1968 mall are the escalators that serve the second and third floor of Bloomingdale's, which are the original Lansburgh's escalators, and the original passenger and freight elevators from Woodies/JCPenney. Both are still in operation, however they are located in the back hallways and used as service elevators.

Soon after Tysons Corner Center was constructed, the land surrounding the area — previously consisting of farms and rural residences — became prime real estate, prompting the construction of hotels, office buildings, and apartment complexes.  Major retailers near Tysons Corner Center include Crate & Barrel, Tiffany & Co., Hermes Paris, Louis Vuitton, and Gucci, some of which are located in Fairfax Square.

From its opening until the 1990s, the mall contained a wide and diverse retail mix. Hot Shoppes cafeteria also occupied space in the mall until 1998. These types of stores shared space with higher-end tenants such as Liz Claiborne and A/X Armani Exchange. In the 2000s, under the ownership of Wilmorite Properties, the mall re-tenanted and has served as the primary launchpad location for a number of successful retail chains. LL Bean opened its first full line department store outside of its Freeport, Maine headquarters in 2000. Apple opened the first of its retail stores at Tysons in 2001. Martin + Osa and Cusp by Neiman Marcus opened in 2006. MNG By Mango made their U.S. debut at Tysons in 2006 as well, but that store has since closed. In 2007, Canadian-based clothing retailer Garage opened its first U.S. store at Tysons. Many retailers have flagship stores at the mall, including Pottery Barn and Victoria's Secret.

In 1995, Woodies closed and became a JCPenney. This JCPenney location would close only 10 years later in 2005, with the building subsequently converted into two additional levels of mall space anchored by a 16-screen AMC multiplex movie theater, Barnes & Noble Booksellers, and Old Navy. A food court and AMC occupies the third floor.

In 1988, the mall was expanded to add a second floor, at which time Lord & Taylor and Nordstrom opened; this was the first Nordstrom east of the Mississippi River. Today, the mall has 2.1 million square feet (195,000 m2) of retail space on three levels, 16 movie screens, and nearly 300 stores. As part of the upcoming "Tysons Future" renovation and expansion plans, a glass elevator has been added to the Fashion Court (where the Nordstrom wing meets the main mall hallway), which opened on November 28, 2008.

In 2004 The Macerich Company acquired Wilmorite Properties adding another premier super-regional mall in Tysons Corner Center to its portfolio.  Tyson's Corner Center was a particularly significant expansion as the plans were well under way for a massive mixed-use development creating a more urban environment.

In 2013, Tysons Corner Center was assessed for $1 billion, making it by far the most valuable property in the metropolitan area.

In September 2019, it was announced that as part of a strategy implemented to optimize their traditional brick-and-mortar format that Lord & Taylor, which had also maintained several additional outposts nearby, had selected this outpost to shutter. On December 28, 2021, Macerich, the mall development firm, revealed it was in the early stages of approval to develop the previous outpost into either a 330-foot tower with 540,000 square feet of office or a 400-foot tower with a mix of office and residential space. Both options include 50,000 square feet of retail centered around the plaza. On December 28, 2021, it was reported that L.L. Bean had not been able to reach a favorable agreement with Macerich that "met our desired store format and needs" and announced the closure of its Tysons Corner Center location by early 2022, while they are actively searching for a new location in the area. Macerich reconstructed the outpost into smaller in-line stores featuring multiple tenants.

On May 19, 2023, Apple relocated to the new location on the same story of the mall, the date marks the 22nd anniversary of the first Apple Store.

By 2023, since the government lockdown, Tyson's Corner Center had announced several new additions. Among them are UpWest, Kendra Scott, Everlane, Primark, Purple, Oak + Fort, CAMP, ThirdLove, The Lexus Experience, Lovisa, Cotton On, Dr. Martens, in addition to entirely new store formats for the Apple Store and Lululemon Athletica.

Notable openings

First Nordstrom outside of the West Coast (1988)
First L.L. Bean outside of original Freeport, Maine store (2000)
First Apple Store in the world (2001)
First Microsoft Store in the Northeast (2011)
First Spanx store in the world (2012)

Plans

The Washington Metro subway (Silver Line) has expanded westward to Tysons Corner, and has since been extended to Dulles Airport and beyond. The Tysons station on the Silver Line is on the north side of the shopping center where Tysons Boulevard crosses State Route 123 (Chain Bridge Road). There are four stations in the Tysons Corner area. Utility relocation for the project began in 2008. The Silver Line opened July 26, 2014.

The Macerich Company, who acquired owner Wilmorite Properties in 2005, is developing Tysons Corner Center into a community location.  There will be expansions for residential and commercial buildings, along with a hotel.  There will also be slight expansions to the mall.  The project will be completed in four stages and it is expected to be finished in 10 to 15 years, adding  of office, residential, and retail space.

Anchors
AMC Theatres
Bloomingdale's
Macy's
Nordstrom
Barnes & Noble Booksellers

See also
 Tysons Galleria — a shopping mall located directly north of Tysons Corner Center
 Fairfax Square — a mixed-use development located directly south of Tysons Corner Center
 List of the world's largest shopping malls
 List of largest shopping malls in the United States

References

External links

 Official site
 Tysons Corner expansion site

Shopping malls in Virginia
Shopping malls established in 1968
Macerich
Economy of Fairfax County, Virginia
1968 establishments in Virginia
Shopping malls in the Washington metropolitan area
Buildings and structures in Fairfax County, Virginia
Tourist attractions in Fairfax County, Virginia
Tysons, Virginia

Tysons Corner Center


ස්කන්ධ සංස්ථිති නියමය එසේත් නැත්නම් පදාර්ථ සංස්ථිති නියමය (හෝ ලොමොනොව් ලැවෝෂියර් නීතිය) කියා සිටින්නේ සංවෘත පද්ධතියක ස්කන්ධය පද්ධතිය තුළ කුමක් සිදුවුවත් නියතයක්ව පවතින බවයි. එනම් පදාර්ථය නැවත සකස් කළ හැකි වුවත් මැවීමට හෝ විනාශ කිරීමට නොහැකි බවයි. එමගින් කියවෙන්නේ සංවෘත පද්ධතියක් තුළ සිදුවන ඕනෑම රසායනික ක්‍රියාවලියක දී ප්‍රතික්‍රියකවල ස්කන්ධය, ඵලවල ස්කන්ධයට සමාන විය යුතු බවයි.

පදාර්ථ සංස්ථිති නියමය (අංශුවල සංස්ථිතික බව හැගවෙන) විශේෂ සාපේක්ෂතාවාදය හා ක්වොන්ටම් යාන්ත්‍රණය පැමිණීමට පෙර තිබු දළ භෞතික විද්‍යාත්මක නීතියක් ලෙස සැලකිය හැක. විවිධ ශක්ති ස්වරූප පද්ධති තුළට හා පද්ධතියෙන් ඉවතට යන පරිදි ඇති විවෘත පද්ධතිවල දී ස්කන්ධය ද සංස්ථිතික නොවේ. කෙසේ වුවත් සංවෘත පද්ධති සදහා ස්කන්ධ සංස්ථිති නියමය ඒවායේ ගම්‍යතා කේන්ද්‍ර අවස්ථිතික රාමුවල අනුසාරයෙන් බැලූ විට නුතන භෞතික විද්‍යාවට අයත් වෙයි.

මෙම ඓතිහාසික සිද්ධාන්තය, රසායන විද්‍යාව, යාන්ත්‍ර විද්‍යාව හා තරල ගතිකය වැනි ක්ෂේත්‍රවල බහුලව යෙදේ.

ඉතිහාසය

ඓතිහාසික වැදගත්කම හා දියුණුව

මුල් කාලීන නමුත් අසම්පූර්ණ ස්කන්ධ සංස්ථිතිය පිළිබඳ නියමයන් 13 වන සියවසේ දී Nasīr al - Dīn al - Tūsī (1201 – 1274) විසින් ආරම්භ කරන ලදී. වස්තුවක් වෙනස් කළ හැකි මුත් අතුරුදහන් කළ නොහැකි බව ඔහු විසින් ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලදී.

1789 දී ස්කන්ධ සංස්ථිති නියමය මුල්වරට පැහැදිලිව ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළේ (ඒ හේතුව නිසාම රසායන විද්‍යාවේ පියා ලෙස හඳුන්වන)ලැවොෂියර් (1734 – 1794) විසිනි. කෙසේ වුවත් 1748 දී මික්ලේයිල් ලොමොනොසොව් (1711 – 1765) විසින් මීට සමාන අදහසක් ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කර පර්යේෂණ මගින් සනාථ කර තිබිණි. ලැවොෂියර්ගේ කාර්යට දායක වූ අනෙක් අය අතරට ජෝසප් බ්ලැක් (1728 – 1799) හෙන්රි කැවෙන්ඩිෂ් (1731 – 1810) හා ජීන් රේ (1583 -1645) ඇතුළත් වේ.

ඓතිහාසිකව , වායුවල බර තරාදි මගින් මැනනු ලැබූ බවට ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළ රික්තක පොම්පය සොයාගැනීමට පෙර තේරුම් ගැනීමට නොහැකිව තිබූ වායුවල බර කෙරෙහි පෘථිවි වායු ගෝලය මගින් ඇති කරන උත්ප්ලාවකතා බලපෑම නිසා ස්කන්ධ සංස්ථිතිය අපැහැලිව පැවතුණි. හඳුනාගත් පසු ඇල්කෙමි රසායන විද්‍යාව නූතන රසායන විද්‍යාව බවට පරිවර්තනය වීම සඳහා මෙම ස්කන්ධය හා සම්බන්ධ සංසිද්ධිය ඉවහල් වුනි. රසායනික ද්‍රව්‍ය කිසිලෙසක අතුරුදහන් නොවන බව විද්‍යාඥයන් තේරුම් ගත් විට තුලා පාඨාංක අනුව උත්පාලකතාව ද සැලකිල්ලට ගත් පසු ඔවුන්ට මුල්වරට රසායනික ද්‍රව්‍ය පරිවර්තනය වීම පිළිබදව ප්‍රමාණාත්මකව හැදෑරිය හැකි විය. මෙය මුලද්‍රව්‍ය පිළිබද මෙන්ම සියළුම රසායනික ක්‍රියා හා පරිවර්තන (දහනය හා පරිවෘත්තීය ඇතුළුව) , මූලද්‍රව්‍යවල විවිධ ද්‍රාවණ / බර අතර සරළ ප්‍රතික්‍රියාවක් යන අදහස ද ඇති වීමට මග පාදන ලදී. මෙම නියමය ලොව පුරා විද්‍යාඥයන් විසින් භාවිතයට ගනී.

ව්‍යාපනය

ස්කන්ධ සංස්ථිතිය විශේෂ සාපේක්ෂතාව‍ෙ‍ය්දී නොගැ‍ළපේ

අංශු පද්ධතියක ස්කන්ධය එම අංශුවල ස්කන්ධවල එකතුවට සමාන වේ යන නියමය ආදී භෞතික විද්‍යාවේදී සත්‍ය වුවත් විශේෂ සාපේක්ෂතාවයේදී එසේ නොවේ. ස්කන්ධ ශක්ති සමතුල්‍යතා සමීකරණය බන්ධිත පද්ධතියක් ඒවායේ කොටස්වල එකතුවට වඩා අඩු ස්කන්ධයක් දක්වන බව හගවයි. එම වෙනස ස්කන්ධ දෝශය ලෙස හදුන්වන අතර එය බන්ධන ශක්තිය - කොටස් එකට තබා ගන්නා බන්ධනයේ ශක්තියයි. (වෙනත් ආකාරයකට ප්‍රකාශ කරනවා නම් ඒවා වෙන් කිරීමට ශක්තිය අවශ්‍යය.) ස්කන්ධ දෝශය ඉහළ යන තරමටම බන්ධන ශක්තිය ද වැඩිවේ. බන්ධිත පද්ධතියක් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට කොටස් එකතුවන විට බන්ධන ශක්තිය නිදහස් වේ. පද්ධතියෙන් ශක්තිය පිටවන විට ස්කන්ධය අඩුවේ.

ස්කන්ධ සංස්ථිතිය, ශක්තිය හා ගම්‍යතාව සංයුක්තකරණය වූ පද්ධතියක සංස්ථිතිය ලෙසද ප්‍රකාශ කළ හැක. එමගින් ද ඕනෑම පද්ධතියක් (ද්වි ෆෝටෝන පද්ධතිය මැන) ඕනෑම නිරීක්ෂකයෙක් සදහා සමාන නොවෙනස් ස්කන්ධයම ලබාදේ.

යුගල නිෂ්පාදනයෙන් නිර්මාණය කරන ලද අංශු සඳහා ද ස්කන්ධ සංස්ථිතිය අදාල වේ. සංවෘත පද්ධතියක නිත්‍ය ස්කන්ධය නව අංශු නිර්මාණය වූ විට වෙනස් නොවේ. සංවෘත පද්ධතියක පද්ධතිය තුළ කුමක් සිදු වුවත් සම්බන්ධවන ඒවායේ ස්කන්ධ නොවෙනස්ව පවතී.

ආශ්‍රිත
 Charge conservation
 Conservation law
 Fick's laws of diffusion
 Law of definite proportions
 Law of multiple proportions

මූලාශ්‍ර

ස්කන්ධය
සංස්ථිති නියම
භෞතික විද්‍යාව

ස්කන්ධ සංස්ථිති නියමය


Olaylar

Doğumlar
 IV. Honorius, papa (ö. 1287)
 X. Gregorius, papa (ö. 1276)
 İbn Nefis, Arap İslam bilgini, bilim insanı (ö. 1288)
 Sadi, Fars şâir ve İslam âlimi (ö. 1292)
 Sadreddin Konevî, Fars sufi (ö. 1274)

Ölümler
 29 Mart - Fahreddin er-Râzî, İslâm âlimi, fizikçi ve müfessir (d. 1149)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 II. Muhammed, Haşhaşî lider (d. 1155)
 Kutbiddin Aybek, Delhi Türk Sultanlığı'nın kurucusu ve ilk hükümdarı
 Lu You, Song hanedanlığı dönemi Çinli şair (d. 1125)

1210


Die Bürgerschaftswahl in Bremen 1983 war die elfte Wahl zur Bürgerschaft in der Freien Hansestadt Bremen. Sie fand am 25. September 1983 statt.

Für die SPD trat Bürgermeister und Senatspräsident Hans Koschnick bereits zum vierten Mal als Spitzenkandidat an, sein Gegenkandidat war zum dritten Mal der CDU-Landesvorsitzende Bernd Neumann.

Ergebnis
Die Wahlbeteiligung lag bei 79,7 Prozent. Die regierende SPD konnte ihre absolute Mehrheit verteidigen und ausbauen. Erstmals konnte die FDP nicht in die Bürgerschaft einziehen.

Hans Koschnick wurde damit abermals zum Regierungschef gewählt, Bernd Neumann verzichtete nach seiner dritten Niederlage auf eine erneute Spitzenkandidatur.

Siehe auch
 Liste der Mitglieder der Bremischen Bürgerschaft (11. Wahlperiode)

Quellen
 Wahlen in Deutschland
 Wahlarchiv der Tagesschau

1983
Bremen Burgerschaft

Bürgerschaftswahl in Bremen 1983


Gordon Alexander Morison (Indiana, 27 avril 1930 - 20 juillet 2000) est un illustrateur et graphiste américain. Il était l'un des artistes les plus en vue de l'entreprise de jeu d'arcade D. Gottlieb & Co..

Morison a repris la suite des autres grands artistes qui l'avaient précédé, tels que Roy Parker (de 1947 à 1965 ) et Art Stenholm (de 1965 à 1970 ), créant à la fois les graphismes des frontons (afficheurs de scores) et des plateaux.

Biographie
Au retour de la guerre de Corée, Morison a commencé à travailler pour Advertising Posters, une agence publicitaire qui fournissait à l'usine de flippers Gottlieb des sérigraphies pour les plateaux de flippers. Au début des années 1970, après la mort de Roy Parker et le départ de son successeur Art Stenholm, Morison a commencé à travailler pour Gottlieb (toute en restant employé par Advertising Posters), créant ainsi son premier flipper : Galaxie (connu en Europe sous le nom de 2001 ), en janvier 1971. Tout au long de cette décennie, Gordon Morison a été le plus gros contributeur artistique de l'usine de Chicago, travaillant avec le grand game designer Ed Krynski, avec qui il a formé une formidable équipe qui crée 137 flippers, dont le dernier était Asteroid Annie et les extraterrestres, de décembre 1980.

Immédiatement reconnaissable, le trait de Gordon Morison s'inspire clairement du graphisme des comics américains, mais il doit aussi beaucoup à l'Art déco européen, une influence probablement liée à ses prétendues origines canadiennes. Un exemple notable de cette fusion originale des styles se trouve sur le fronton du flipper Drop-a-Card de novembre 1971, où le thème des cartes à jouer est traité de manière comique et ironique ; les cartes les plus importantes (Roi, Dame, Valet) se transforment en "vrais" personnages aux visages expressifs, qui jouent au poker entre eux : alors que le Valet surprend la Dame en lui montrant un carré d'as, le roi en profite pour tirer une carte de sa manche.

Les thèmes récurrents de Morison sont les loisirs et les sports ; cartes à jouer, billard, bowling, surf, mais aussi des mondes légendaires, comme le vieil Ouest, l'Orient mystérieux, l'espace extra-atmosphérique. Morison se démarque avant tout par la manière de représenter de belles "pin-ups", aux cheveux flottants et aux courbes généreuses, mais toujours sans vulgarité : la reine blonde (au décolleté généreux) de Drop-a-Card, la joueuse de bowling de Ten-Up, les odalisques joyeuses et improbables de Flying Carpet, ...

Gordon Morison et Ed Krynski ont créé de nombreux flippers qui sont restés des classiques de leur genre au cours des années 70, inspirés des thèmes les plus divers, parmi lesquels on peut retenir : Aquarius, Atlantis, Buccaneer, Drop-a-card, El Dorado, Tapis volant, Galaxie, High Hand, Jungle King, Lawman, Royal Flush, Sinbad, Sky Jump, Sure Shot, Ten-Up, Top Card . Dans les années 1980, Gordon Morison n'a créé que 5 flippers : The Amazing Spiderman, Circus, Counterforce, Star Race et le susmentionné Asteroid Annie & the Aliens de décembre 1980, le dernier flipper fabriqué pour Gottlieb.

Quittant Gottlieb au début des années 1980, Morison a travaillé pour Stern un concurrent, bien qu'il n'ait pas été crédité. Morison est resté très prolifique dans domaines de l'illustration, de la publicité et de la bande dessinée (il a entre autres réalisé plusieurs numéros de Slimer, un personnage pour enfants inspiré du film à succès SOS Fantômes), il a travailler comme designer indépendant jusqu'à l'âge de 70, travaillant à un rythme acharné et restant sur sa planche à dessin 60 à 80 heures par semaine.

Gordon Morison est décédé d'une grave maladie pulmonaire en juillet 2000, quelques semaines seulement après son deuxième mariage. Quelques mois plus tard, lors de la Pinball Expo de Chicago en 2000, un ami cher, le Dr. Keith Egging lui a rendu un vibrant hommage : il le décrit comme un esprit libre, au caractère timide mais d'une grande sensibilité, un éternel adolescent qui aimait les bandes dessinées, les jeux, les dessins animés, l'Égypte ancienne, les monstres., extraterrestres et fantastiques (qui remplissaient sa maison), mais qui s'intéressait également par les nouvelles possibilités offertes par l'informatique, qu'il utilisait déjà pour son travail, mais qu'il aurait aimé connaître plus en profondeur.

Le grand art de Gordon Morison vit encore aujourd'hui dans ses belles "machines", devenues d'authentiques objets "cultes" pour les collectionneurs du monde entier.

Articles connexes
 Flipper
 Gottlieb (entreprise)

Liens externes

 The Internet Pinball Database (en anglais) (Grande base de données de tous les flippers produits, où vous pouvez rechercher des images des machines conçues par Morison).
 Voix sur Gordon Morison du site français de retro-flip dédié aux fans de flippers

Références

Notes et références

 Biographie sur multibille.fr

Gordon Morison


Freshwater es una localidad y parroquia civil situada en el extremo occidental de la Isla de Wight, Inglaterra. Freshwater Bay es una pequeña ensenada en la costa sur de la isla, que también da nombre a la parte cercana de Freshwater. Freshwater se encuentra en el extremo occidental de la región conocida como Back of the Wight, que es una zona turística popular.

Freshwater está cerca de los acantilados de yeso. Fue el lugar de nacimiento del físico Robert Hooke y fue el hogar del poeta laureado Alfred Tennyson, primer barón de Tennyson.

Monumentos

El "Arco de Roca" (Arch Rock) fue un hito local muy conocido pero se derrumbó el 25 de octubre de 1992. La vecina "Roca del ciervo" (Stag Rock) se llama así porque supuestamente un ciervo saltó a la roca desde el acantilado para escapar durante una cacería. Otro enorme desprendimiento de la pared del acantilado, ocurrido en 1968, se conoce como la "Roca sirena" (Mermaid Rock).

Las colinas de Freshwater llevan el nombre de Tennyson. En Tennyson Down hay una cruz de granito de Cornualles erigida en 1897 en homenaje a Tennyson "por el pueblo de Freshwater, y otros amigos de Inglaterra y Estados Unidos". Hay también una colina en la zona denominada Hooke Hill, en honor de Robert Hooke.

La Iglesia Anglicana de Todos los Santos (All Saints' Church) es una de las iglesias más antiguas de la Isla de Wight, y ya figuraba listada en  el Libro Domesday de 1086. Hay un monumento de mármol que conmemora a Tennyson en la Iglesia de Todos los Santos. Su esposa, Emily Tennyson, y otros familiares están enterrados en el cementerio de la iglesia. También contiene un monumento al hijo de Tennyson, Lionel Tennyson, que murió de malaria en 1886.

Hay otra iglesia, dedicada a St. Agnes, que fue construida en un terreno donado por Hallam, hijo de Alfred Tennyson. Es la única iglesia de la Isla de Wight que posee un techo de paja.

Historia
Hay evidencia de un puerto romano en la desembocadura del río Yar Occidental (Western Yar). En 530 dC, la isla fue conquistada por una fuerza combinada de sajones y jutos. Después de la conquista normanda de Inglaterra, el señor de la isla William Fitz Osbern, primer conde de Hereford, entregó la sajona Iglesia de Todos los Santos y sus diezmos a la abadía normanda de Lyre en algún momento entre 1066 y su muerte en 1071. En 1414 todos los prioratos extranjeros fueron confiscados por la Corona. En 1623, el rey Jaime I dio a la parroquia de Freshwater a John Williams, obispo de Lincoln. Williams luego concedió Freshwater al St John's College de Cambridge el 24 de marzo de 1623.

La Parroquia de Freshwater estaba originalmente compuesta por cinco fincas, conocida como "tunes"; Norton, Sutton, Easton, Weston y Middleton. Todos estos nombres de lugares todavía existen, a excepción de Sutton, que ahora se llama Freshwater Bay (antes Freshwater Gate). La primera reunión del Consejo Parroquial de Freshwater fue el 31 de diciembre de 1894.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Asociación de Residentes en Freshwater Bay (en inglés)
Asociación de la localidad de Freshwater (en inglés)
Ciudades de la Isla de Wight (en inglés)
Pronóstico del tiempo en directo de Freshwater Bay, de la Estación Meteorológica de la Isla de Wight (en inglés)
Antiguas imágenes de Freshwater (en inglés)

Isla de Wight

Freshwater


Daniel Gómez () este un scrimer mexican specializat pe floretă.

A participat la probă de floretă masculin la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2012, unde s-a clasat pe locul 29 după ce a fost învins de chinezul Ma Jianfei în tabloul de 32.

Note

Legături externe

Scrimeri mexicani
Sportivi mexicani
Scrimeri la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2012
Floretiști
Scrimeri la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016

Daniel Gómez


Gryphoceratops morrisoni es la única especie conocida del género extinto Gryphoceratops es un género de dinosaurio ceratopsiano leptoceratópsido, que vivió a finales del período Cretácico, hace aproximadamente 83,5 millones de años, en el Santoniense, en lo que hoy es Norteamérica. El holotipo, ROM 56635 y único espécimen conocido, un dentario derecho, se encontró en la Formación Milk River, Alberta, Canadá. Se trata del leptoceratópsido más antiguo conocido y probablemente el ceratopsiano más pequeño de los encontrados en Norteamérica, sin embargo, un análisis cladístico encontró que era uno de los leptoceratópsidos más avanzados. También es probable que represente el ceratopsiano de tamaño adulto más pequeño de América del Norte.. Gryphoceratops fue nombrado por Michael J. Ryan, David C. Evans, Philip J. Currie, Caleb M. Brown y Don Brinkman en 2012 y la especie tipo es G. morrisoni. Gryphognathus viene del griego γρυπός, "curva" y γνάθος "cara con cuerno".

Referencias

Ceratopsia
Dinosaurios del Cretácico
Dinosaurios de América del Norte

Gryphoceratops morrisoni


Gerhard Charles Rump (* 24. Februar 1947 in Bochum; † 26. Juli 2020 in Berlin) war ein Kunsthistoriker und Kunsttheoretiker mit dem Schwerpunkt auf Zeitgenössischer Kunst, Privatdozent an der Technischen Universität Berlin, Kurator, Galerist und Fotokünstler.

Biografie
Er wurde am 24. Februar 1947 in Bochum geboren. Nach dem Abitur an der Graf-Engelbert-Schule 1967 studierte er von 1968 bis 1972 Kunstgeschichte, Anglistik, Philosophie, Pädagogik und Psychologie an der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, später noch Anthropologie an der Rheinischen-Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Bonn. 1972 promovierte er über den britischen Porträtisten des 18. Jahrhunderts George Romney.

Er wurde Fachreferent an der Universitätsbibliothek Bochum, bevor er 1974 eine Assistenz für Kunstgeschichte an der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn antrat. Von 1983 an arbeitete er als freischaffender Journalist für "Die Welt" und den "Rheinischen Merkur" sowie für regionale Blätter, wie die "Kölnische Rundschau" und die "Bonner Rundschau". Zudem arbeitete er als Vermögensberater für die "Deutsche Vermögensberatung". 1986/7 war er Denkmalpfleger der Stadt Wesel, bevor er beim Druckerhersteller Mannesmann Tally (heute Tally Genicom) 1987 zunächst als Manager für Unternehmenskommunikation, später als Marketing-Direktor arbeitete. 1987 habilitierte er sich an der Universität Duisburg.

1994 kehrte er als Redakteur für den Kunstmarkt der Zeitung "Die Welt" zum Journalismus zurück, während er seine Forschungen zu Kunstgeschichte und Kunsttheorie fortsetzte. Dabei stellte die Medientheorie ein Hauptgebiet dar; vor allem die Kunst-Kommunikation und die Semiotik.
Auch führte er seine Karriere als Fotokünstler fort. 2009 gehörte er zu den Mitautoren von Konstantin Akinshas Beitrag zur Russischen Avantgarde, welcher mit dem "Clarion Award" der Association for Women in Communications ausgezeichnet wurde.

2010 verließ er schließlich "Die Welt", um sich auf die Hochschullehre, das Schreiben und Kuratieren von Ausstellungen zu konzentrieren.
2011 gründete er gemeinsam mit Catrin Rothe und Bernhard Ailinger die Kunstprojekt und Produzentengalerie "RAR Gallery" — Berlin, New York (NY) und Palo Alto (CA).

Publikationen (Auswahl)
 Rekonstruktionen. Positionen zeitgenössischer Kunst. B&S Siebenhaar Verlag, Berlin 2010
 Mit Jürgen Raap: Stephan Kaluza: Abfolgen. Edition Vits, Düsseldorf 2005
 runningMARS. Kunstforum Niederrhein, Emmerich 2004 (Ausstellungskatalog)
 Mit Natascha Plankermann: Kate Waters. Twentyfourseven. Galerie Voss, Düsseldorf 2003 (Ausstellungskatalog)
 Mythos und Moderne. Edvard Frank, Leben und Werk. Eine Biographie mit Briefen. Rathaus Galerie, Euskirchen 1999. (Ausstellungskatalog)
 London Yesterda. Gingko Press, Berkeley Ca, Kunstverlag Weingarten, Weingarten 1998
 Mit Peter Weiermair: Günter Blum. Venus. Ed. Braus, Heidelberg 1997
 Kunstwissenschaft und Verhaltensforschung. Studien zu verhaltensbiologischen Motivationen in künstlerischen Darstellungen. Deparade Verlag, Soest 1993
 Jochims, Gotthard Graubner. Inter Nationes (Fine Arts), Bonn 1986
  Vergangenheitsrechnen. (Folia Pataphysica, 4) CMZ-Verlag, Rheinbach-Merzbach 1986
 How to Look at an Abstract Painting. Inter Nationes (Fine Arts), Bonn 1985
 Pferde und Jagdbilder in der englischen Kunst. Studien zu George Stubbs und dem Genre der "Sporting Art" von 1650 bis 1830. Olms, Hildesheim, New York 1983
 Gerhard Charles Rump (Hrsg.): Gefängnis und Paradies: Momente in der Geschichte eines Motivs. Habelt, Bonn 1982
 Geschichte als Paradigma: Zur Reflexion des Historischen in der Kunst. Habelt, Bonn 1982
 Gerhard Charles Rump, Wilfried Heindrich (Hrsg.): Interaktionsanalysen. Aspekte dialogischer Kommunikation. Gerstenberg, Hildesheim 1982
 Kunstpsychologie. Kunst und Psychoanalyse. Kunstwissenschaft. Psychologische, Anthropologische, Semiotische Versuche zur Kunstwissenschaft. Olms, Hildesheim, New York 1981
 Gerhard Charles Rump (Hrsg.): Carl Buchheister (1890–1964). Ausgewählte Schriften und Briefe. Gerstenberg, Hildesheim 1980
 Gerhard Charles Rump, Wilfried Heindrichs (Hrsg.): Dialoge. Beiträge zur Interaktions- und Diskursanalyse. Gerstenberg, Hildesheim 1979
 Gerhard Charles Rump (Hrsg.): Kunst und Kunsttheorie des XVIII. Jahrhunderts in England. Studien zum Wandel ästhetischer Anschauungen 1650–1830. Gerstenberg, Hildesheim 1979
 Medium und Kunst. Olms, Hildesheim, New York, 1978
Bildstruktur - Erkenntnisstruktur: Gegenseitige Bedingungen von Kunst und Verhalten. Kastellaun: Henn 1978.
 Friedrich Gräsel. In: Bildhauer heute, Bd. 2. Gerstenberg, Hildesheim 1978
 George Romney (1734–1802). Zur Bildform der Bürgerlichen Mitte in der Englischen Neoklassik. 2 Bde. Olms, Hildesheim, New York 1974
 Gerhard Charles Rump (Hrsg.): Sprachnetze. Studien zur literarischen Sprachverwendung. Mit Beiträgen zu Rainer Werner Fassbinder, Agatha Christie, André Breton und James Joyce. Olms, Hildesheim, New York 1976.

Weblinks
 Publikationsliste im WorldCat.

 Kunsthistorisches Institut der TU Berlin
 Homepage von Gerhard Charles Rump
 RAR Gallery — Berlin, New York, Palo Alto

Einzelnachweise

Fotograf (20. Jahrhundert)
Fotograf (21. Jahrhundert)
Fotograf (Bonn)
Fotograf (Berlin)
Journalist (Deutschland)
Kunsthändler
Kunsthistoriker
Medientheoretiker
Zeitgenössischer Künstler
Deutscher
Geboren 1947
Gestorben 2020
Mann

Gerhard Charles Rump


Cinci configurații muzicale reprezentative
Imnologia iudaică

Cântarea bizantină

Monodia gregoriană

Coralul protestant

Cântecul congregațional neoprotestant

Cinci configurații muzicale reprezentative

Imnologia iudaică
Muzica din cele mai vechi timpuri a fost folosită atât în cadrul ceremonialelor religioase  cât și în contexte laice. Apariția muzicii profesioniste religioase apare în anul 1011 i.Hr. odată cu formarea statului Israel. Aceasta a fost susținută  și de doi regi, David si Solomon, care au compus și psalmi, creații muzicale care sunt sunt printre cele mai vechi prezentări de cântări lirice. Acești psalmi erau cântari acompaniate de instrumente(psalterion). Imnurile au pătruns în muzica de cult așa cum mai târziu melodiile populare au pătruns în muzica creștină.
Se cânta  la unison în trei moduri: solo susținut de cantor,  cor la unison dublat de instrumente ce răspundea la frazele cântate de cantor și cântatul coral al comunității. Modul de cântare era cel monodic iar ritmul era –parlando rubato-. De asemeni la începuturile creștinismului acesta a fost modul de a cânta. Astfel melodiile ebraice, odată cu răspândirea creștinismului au ajuns în multe alte comunități, unde s-a realizat adaptarea cântecelor ebraice la limba greacă, asimilându-se intonații populare specifice fiecărei regiuni. Așa asistăm la procesul de cristalizare a noii muzici bizantine, nume dat Bizantis, cel mai mare centru cultural est-european.
Prin folosirea  imnurilor s-a ușurat pătrunderea elementului popular în biserică, adăugând  formule și formele muzicale noi.
Tot pentru potențarea exprimării muzicale a psalmodiei s-au adăugat formule vocalizate la finalurile versetelor psalmilor, obicei existent în sinagogi. În biserică au fost adoptate aceste jubilații, dar și cântările melismatice.
Modelul de psalmodie ebraica veche anticipă prin caracterul sau  coralul gregorian.

Cântarea bizantină
Factorii care au contribuit la definitivarea  cântării bizantine au fost: melodiile ebraice, cultura muzicală greacă  având o teorie muzicală și notație stabilită de secole și cultura populară romană. Din Orient, diferiți călugări duc spre Occident muzica creștina bizantină împreună cu sistemele modale grecești. Cel care avea sa devina papa,  Grigore cel Mare, studiază muzica bizantină și importă acel –okto-ehos- cele opt glasuri pe care biserica romano-catolică le va numi moduri. Existau pe lângî cele patru glasuri autentice încă patru glasuri derivate din acestea  fiind cu o cvintă inferioară. Astfel pentru buna perioadă de timp, până teoreticienii pun bazele teoriei tonalității temperate, pe vremea lui Bach, acest sistem va reprezenta baza muzicii cultice și culte.

Monodia gregoriană
Dupa scindarea Imperiului Roman devenise o necesitate organizarea slujbei muzicale unice pe tot teritoriul controlat de Biserica, lucru vital pentru recunoașterea autorității centrare. Astfel că papa Grigore cel Mare(590-604) alcătuiește cunoscutul  Antifonar, colecția de corale pe textele psalmilor biblici în limba latină, care va fii impus cu forța în țările catolice europene.
Din ordinul său se înființează la Roma prima școală de cântăreți în care se predă teoria muzicii și se învață repertoriul de cult, cântăreți ce aveau să fie trimiși ca misionari, având manuscrise gregoriene,  în diferite țări  ale continentului pentru a organiza serviciul muzical religios unic.
Această muzică plină de seninătate și liniște se cânta exclusiv vocal, la unison de către întreaga congregație alături de profesioniști, fără acompaniament  instrumental și fără ornamentare armonică sau polifonică.
Muzica gregoriană a stat la baza Creării muzicii religioase europene occidentale, fiind punctul de plecare pentru orice construcție muzicală vocală polifonică. Punctul de pornire era invariabil acel -cantus planus- care era o melodie gregoriană cunoscută, peste care se suprapuneau melodii în cvarte și in cvinte paralele ori alături de melodii imitative.
¬

Coralul protestant
În cristalizarea muzicii creștine, bizantine și gregoriene, o contribuție semnificativă a avut și muzica laică populară, muzică ce nu se deosebea de cea religioasă. Așa se face că odată cu reformarea teologică, reformatorii doctrinei catolice vizează și muzica liturgică, în sensul de a o simplifica făcând-o mai accesibilă poporului. Se renunță atât la limba latina ca limbă de cult cât și la liturghia muzicală catolică. Muzica ajunge să fie mai aproape de trăirile oamenilor, ea este un mijloc de exprimare a trăirilor spirituale: se cântă în biserică, în ateliere, la munca câmpului, în școli, etc. Genurile muzicale folosite erau psalmii metrizați și coralul, ele diferențiindu-se doar după valorile de note. Aceste genuri utilizau versuri măsurate, cu opriri pe fermate la sfârșit de frază, cu stilul omofonic realizat prin nota contrar notă. Reformatorii recomandă muzica monodică cântată în limba poporului, iar Luther, un alt reformator, acceptă și piesele cu text latin sugerând ca la orașe unde sunt mai mari posibilități muzicale, să se execute, ca și mai înainte, capodopere polifonice cu text latin sau german, iar la sate și la orașe mai mici, simple corale monodice în limba germană. Odată cu reformatorii, enoriașii participă și ei la cântat alături de corul bisericii intonând melodii liturgice. Astfel coralul reprezintă melodiile simple cu ritm constant cântate de enoriași deseori acompaniate de orgă.
La începutul Reformei coralul reprezenta imnul congregațional protestant, cunoscut sub numele de Geistliche Lieder (cântece religioase), Psalmen (Psalmi), Christliche Lieder (cântece creștine) și Gesange sau Kirchengesange (cântece pentru biserică). Spre sfârșitul secolului al XVII-lea denumirea de coral care în mod tradițional era atribuit cântecului simplu latin (cantus planus) va fi aplicat imnului german protestant. Coralul luteran era cântat omofonic de către cor și congregație, spre deosebire de stilul de execuție polifonic  din Biserica romano-catolică. Coralul luteran era cântat omofonic de către cor li congregație(chorul coralis) spre deosebire de modul de interpretare polifonic din cadrul Bisericii romano-catolice(chorus musicus)

Cântecul congregațional neoprotestant
În Biserica Calvină, Jean Calvin (1509-1564) a adoptat cântatul congregațional conform practicii din biserica primară, stabilind la Geneva tradiția imnului reformat pentru bisericile reformate din Franța, Olanda, Germania, Scandinavia și Scoția. Calvin a susținut ideea că textele imnurilor religioase să fie inspirate din Biblie, în mod special din Psalmi. Pe lânga acestea a adoptat și imnurile luterane sau alte melodii din surse diferite.  Astfel că  multe melodii originale au fost compuse pentru psalmii metrici.

Terminologie muzicală

Configurații muzicale reprezentative


Mănăstirea călugărilor piariști din Bistrița este un ansamblu de monumente istorice și de arhitectură din secolul al XVIII-lea situat pe strada Gheorghe Șincai din municipiul Bistrița.

Școala
Prima școală piaristă din Transilvania a fost gimnaziul înființat în anul 1717 la Bistrița. În 1717 generalul Stephan Steinville a cumpărat proprietățile care aparținuseră anterior dominicanilor, aducându-i pe piariști în cetate. În anul următor piariștii au deschis prima școală, având atât ciclu elementar cât și clase de învațământ mediu. Gimnaziul a fost în pericol în anul 1788, când s-a propus desființarea uneia dintre reședințele piariste: de la Mediaș sau de la Bistrița. În cele din urmă s-a renuntat la liceul din Mediaș, clasele de acolo contopindu-se cu cele din Bistrita. Dupa această restructurare numărul piariștilor din Bistrița s-a ridicat la șapte: un paroh, un predicator, un profesor pentru clasele superioare de poetică și retorică, unul pentru clasele a doua și a treia de gramatică, unul pentru prima clasă de gramatică și doi pentru clasele a doua și a treia elementară. Alături de ei activa la prima clasă elementară un învățător mirean. În noua formă procesul didactic a fost reluat în 1789. Educația s-a perfecționat într-o asemenea măsură, încât episcopul romano-catolic de Alba Iulia a solicitat șefului ordinului trimiterea a încă unui profesor piarist în oraș. Gimnaziul a funcționat până în anul școlar 1849/1850, aici fiind înscriși la studii personalități ca Moise Dragoș, Károly Torma, Gheorghe Șincai, Andrei Mureșanu și Iacob Mureșianu etc.

Istoric
Biserica a fost construită de piariști începând cu anul 1781, pe locul unei construcții distruse de un incendiu la 1758 și demolată ulterior la 1779. Biserica a fost ridicată în stilul barocului vienez, după planurile arhitectului inginer Paul Schmidt din cadrul Biroului Imperial al Fortificațiilor și cu sprijinul bănesc al Curții Imperiale de la Viena, care urmărea întărirea catolicismului în Transilvania. Lucrările au fost supervizate de arhitectul Anton Türk, fiind finalizate în primăvara anului 1787, fapt atestat și de inscripția de pe fațada clădirii.

Din ansamblul de monumente face parte și impozanta clădire alăturată, în care a funcționat, în locul vechii școli, arsă și ea la 1758, Școala Piariștilor.

Note

Imagini

Edificii religioase din Bistrița
Monumente istorice din județul Bistrița-Năsăud
Biserici romano-catolice din România
Biserici cu hramul Sfânta Treime
Educația în județul Bistrița-Năsăud
Biserici din secolul al XVIII-lea din România
Ordinul Piarist

Ansamblul mănăstirii călugărilor piariști din Bistrița


A Copa das Confederações da CAF de 2021-22 foi a 19ª edição do torneio, que é a segunda competição de clubes mais importante do continente africano. O vencedor da Copa das Confederações da CAF em 2021-22 ganhará o direito de jogar contra o vencedor da Liga dos Campeões da CAF de 2021–22 na Supercopa da CAF de 2022.

 era o atual campeão e, portanto, o defensor do título. Entretanto, foi eliminado na fase de grupos da Liga dos Campeões da temporada. A final foi ganha pelo , do Marrocos, nos pênaltis por 5–4, após um empate de 1–1 contra o .

Alocação das vagas
Todos os 54 membros da CAF podem entrar na Liga dos Campeões da CAF, com os 12 melhores ranqueados de acordo com o Ranking de 5 anos da CAF podendo inscrever duas equipes na competição.

Para a edição de 2021–22, a CAF usou o ranking entre 2017 e 2021, que calcula pontos para cada associação participante com base na performance dos clubes através destes 5 anos na Liga dos Campeões da CAF e na Copa das Confederações da CAF. Os critérios para os pontos são os seguintes:

Os pontos são multiplicados por um coeficiente de acordo com o ano do seguinte modo:
2020–21 – 5
2019–20 – 4
2018–19 – 3
2018 – 2
2017 – 1

Equipes classificadas
As seguintes 49 equipes de 37 associações entraram na competição.
Equipes (em negrito) se classificaram diretamente a segunda fase.
As outras equipes entraram na primeira fase.
As associações abaixo são mostradas de acordo com o seu ranking entre 2017 e 2021.

Fases de qualificação
Nesta fase, cada vaga foi disputada em partidas de ida e volta. Caso o placar agregado esteja empatado no final da partida de volta a regra do gol fora de casa foi aplicada. Caso o empate ainda persista o vencedor foi definido pela disputa por pênaltis.

Primeira fase

|}

Segunda fase

|}

Play-offs

|}

Fase de Grupos
O sorteio para a fase de grupos foi realizado em 28 de dezembro de 2021 na sede da CAF no Cairo, Egito. Os 16 vencedores dos play-offs foram alocados em quatro grupos, Pote 1, Pote 2, Pote 3 e Pote 4, contendo 4 times cada.

As equipes foram divididas nos potes pelo ranking da CAF (em parênteses).

Grupo A

Grupo B

Grupo C

Grupo D

Fase final

Sorteio
O sorteio para a fase final ocorreu em 5 de abril de 2022, as 13:30 (UTC+2), em Cairo, Egito.
O mecanismo de sorteio de cada fase é o seguinte:
No sorteio das quartas de final, os quatro líderes dos grupos serão colocados em um pote, enquanto que os quatro vice-líderes serão colocados em outro. As equipes que finalizaram em primeiro lugar na fase de grupos (pote 1 no sorteio) enfrentarão as equipes que finalizaram em segundo lugar (pote 2). As equipes do mesmo grupo não podem ser sorteadas entre si, podendo ser sorteadas equipes de um mesmo país.
No sorteio das semifinais não existe cabeça de chave e equipes do mesmo grupo (fase de grupos) e do mesmo país podem ser sorteadas.

Equipes classificadas

Chaveamento

Quartas de final

|}

Semifinais

|}

Final

Premiação

Copa das Confederações da CAF

Copa das Confederações da CAF de 2021–22


An Oncidium sergii in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Pedro Ortiz Valdivieso, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Mark W. Chase och Norris Hagan Williams. An Oncidium sergii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Oncidium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Oncidium

Oncidium sergii


Benjamin Thomsen nació el 25 de agosto de 1987 en Invermere (Canadá), es un esquiador que tiene 1 pódium en la Copa del Mundo de Esquí Alpino.

Resultados

Juegos Olímpicos de Invierno
 2014 en Sochi, Rusia
 Descenso: 19.º

Campeonatos Mundiales
 2011 en Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Alemania
 Descenso: 18.º
 Super Gigante: 19.º
 2013 en Schladming, Austria
 Descenso: 17.º
 Super Gigante: 19.º
 2015 en Vail/Beaver Creek, Estados Unidos
 Descenso: 18.º
 Super Gigante: 27.º

Copa del Mundo

Clasificación General Copa del Mundo
 2010-2011: 109.º
 2011-2012: 42.º
 2012-2013: 77.º
 2013-2014: 97.º
 2014-2015: 73.º

Enlaces externos
 Perfil de Benjamin Thomsen en la página oficial de la FIS (en inglés)

Esquiadores alpinos de Canadá
Esquiadores alpinos de Canadá en los Juegos Olímpicos de Sochi 2014

Benjamin Thomsen


Xenodochus es un  género de coleópteros adéfagos de la familia Carabidae.

Especies
Comprende las siguientes especies:

 Xenodochus dabreui (Andrewes, 1924)
 Xenodochus exaratus (Dejean, 1829)
 Xenodochus mediocris (Andrewes, 1936)
 Xenodochus melanarius (Boheman, 1848)
 Xenodochus micans (Dejean, 1831)
 Xenodochus nigerianus Basilewsky, 1946
 Xenodochus penthicus (Jeannel, 1948)
 Xenodochus senegalensis (Dejean, 1829)
 Xenodochus usambaranus Basilewsky, 1948

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Xenodochus en ION
 Nomenclator Zoologicus

Harpalina

Xenodochus


Le château de Lacour est un château du  construit sur une base antérieure du  situé à Lacour-d'Arcenay en Côte-d'Or, en Bourgogne-Franche-Comté.

Localisation
Le château est situé à proximité immédiate du centre de la commune actuelle de Lacour-d'Arcenay.

Historique

Le château est construit vers 1373 par l'abbé Espiard. En 1599, cette maison forte est ruinée par les Ligueurs alors qu'elle appartient à la famille de La Baume. Le château actuel est rebâti au  sur ses ruines dont il subsiste quelques vestiges. Il s'est transmis de génération en génération jusqu'aux actuels propriétaires, la famille de Thy.

Le château est inscrit aux monuments historiques par arrêté du 29 juin 1993

Architecture

Depuis la place du village, on pénètre dans le domaine par une allée enjambant les douves. Le bâtiment de plan en U et d'apparence moderne est toujours entouré de douves en eau. Il se compose d'un corps central encadré de deux pavillons d'angle rectangulaires, terminés chacun par une tour ronde.

On pénètre dans le château par un grand vestibule très lumineux restauré au . qui traverse le bâtiment d'est en ouest. Un ensemble de moulures est présent, représentant quatre allégories (chasse, guerre, musique et travaux des champs) au-dessus des quatre portes. De ce vestibule, on accède, d'un coté au grand salon, de l'autre à l'escalier d'honneur en pierre.

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Liste des châteaux de la Côte-d'Or
 Liste des monuments historiques de la Côte-d'Or
 Château d'Arcenay situé dans le même village

Liens externes

Lacour d'Arcenay
Lacour d'Arcenay
Monument historique dans la Côte-d'Or
Monument historique inscrit en 1993

Château de Lacour


8 أميال هو دراما وهيب هوب أمريكي صدر في سنة 2002. من إخراج كوريتس هانسون وسيناريو سكوت سيلفر. بطولة إمينم وبريتاني ميرفي. تدور أحداث الفيلم حول مغنى راب أبيض يسعى لتحقيق الشهرة وتحسين حياته. حاز الفيلم على جائزة الأوسكار لأفضل أغنية أصلية عن أغنية "Lose Yourself".

القصة
جيمي سميث وشهرته «رابيت» شاب يعيش في ضواحي ولاية ديترويت الأمريكية، ويصادف أن الضاحية التي يسكن فيها هي نقطة الفصل بين البيض والوطنيين الأمريكيين السود. بعد أن يكتشف جيمي أن صديقته «جانين» حامل، ولضيق ذات اليد يقوم «جيمي» بهجرها ويسعى للبحث عن عمل في مكان آخر، ويقوم بالانتقال للعيش مع والدته -مدمنة الكحول- توفيرا لنفقاته الشخصية، ويضطر لترك عمله في المصنع الذي كان يعمل فيه صباحاً.

يحاول جيمي تحسين حياته فيلتحق بمسابقة في غناء الراب، فيعاني «رابيت» في البداية من الخوف، ويرتعش عندما يأتي وقت التنافس وتسلط عليه الأضواء، ويدور صراع داخل الفتى الذي يعي قدراته الفنية تماماً، والتي تفرض عليه التغلب على خوفه ووضع بصمته الفنية الخاصة ولمعان اسمه على قائمة الأفضل بين عمالقة الهيب هوب في ديترويت من أجل مستقبله. ثم تتطور الأمور للأفضل حين يقابل ألكس التي تعمل عارضة وانتقلت للتو من ولاية نيويورك. إلا أن الأمور سرعان ما تسوء مرة أخرى حين يكتشف جيمي خيانة ألكس له، وتقوم والدته بطرده من المنزل في الوقت الذي يتعين عليه فيه إنهاء المسابقة، ومحاولة الفوز باللقب والمال.

الإستقبال النقدي
تلقى الفيلم مراجعات إيجابية من قِبل النقاد وبالأخص أداء إمينم. حصل على نسبة 76% على موقع الطماطم الفاسدة بناءً 193 مراجعة. ونسبة 77% على موقع ميتاكريتيك وهو ما يشير إلى «مراجعات جيدة بشكل عام».

انظر أيضا
 8 أميال (موسيقى تصويرية)

المراجع

وصلات خارجية

أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية في عقد 2000
أفلام أمريكية
أفلام إنتاج 2001
أفلام إنتاج 2002
أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية
أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية 2002
أفلام بلوغ سن الرشد الأمريكية
أفلام تقع أحداثها في ديترويت (ميشيغان)
أفلام تقع أحداثها في سنة 1995
أفلام تقع أحداثها في عقد 1990
أفلام حائزة على جائزة الأوسكار لأفضل أغنية
أفلام دراما موسيقية أمريكية
أفلام درامية في 2002
أفلام درامية إفريقية أمريكية
أفلام عن الأسر المفككة
أفلام عن العرق والإثنية
أفلام عن الموسيقى والموسيقيين
أفلام مصورة في ديترويت
أفلام مصورة في ميشيغان
أفلام من إخراج كورتيس هانسون
أفلام من إنتاج براين جرازير
أفلام موسيقية
أفلام موسيقية درامية في عقد 2000
أفلام هود
أفلام يونيفرسال بيكتشرز
أفلام أمريكية في عقد 2000

8 أميال (فيلم)


An Cyperus myrmecias in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Henry Nicholas Ridley. An Cyperus myrmecias in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cyperus, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Angola. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cyperus

Cyperus myrmecias


La gare de Barcelone-La Sagrera-Meridiana, est une gare ferroviaire souterraine de trains de banlieue. Elle est située sous l'avenue Meridiana à Barcelone.

C'est également une gare d'échange avec des correspondances facilitées avec la station La Sagrera du métro de Barcelone, desservie par les lignes L1, L5, L9 et L10.

Situation ferroviaire

Histoire
En 2009, la Sociedad Estatal de Infraestructuras del Transporte Terrestre, a attribuée à la société COMSA la réalisation de la nouvelle gare Cercanías de Barcelone Sagrera-Meridiana qui sera desservie par les lignes R-3, R-4 et R-7. Ce projet d'un coût prévisionnel de  d'euros doit être réalisé en . Elle va être située dans le tunnel sous l'avenue Meridiana, entre les tunnels de la ligne 1 et de la ligne 5 du métro de Barcelone. Le chantier débuté en juin 2009, s'achève en 2011. Cette nouvelle gare dispose d'un quai central de  de long et  de large équipée d'une sortie de secours au centre, la surface aménagée est de . Elle est prévue pour faciliter les échanges entre les lignes Cercanias et celles du métro.

Après son inauguration, elle est officiellement mise en service le . Elle est desservie par les lignes R3, R4 et R7 Rodalies, ainsi que la ligne R12 régionale. Elle facilite les correspondances avec les lignes L1, L5, L9 et L10 du métro et il est prévu qu'elle puisse également se connecter avec ligne L4. Cet échangeur multimodal est prévu pour un transit quotidien d'environ .

Service des voyageurs

Accueil

Desserte

Intermodalité

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Rodalia de Barcelone
 Métro de Barcelone

Liens externes

Sagrera-Meridiana
Ligne R3 (Rodalia de Barcelone)
Ligne R4 (Rodalia de Barcelone)
Ligne R7 (Rodalia de Barcelone)

Gare de Barcelone-La Sagrera-Meridiana


هنا قائمة ببطولات أستراليا المفتوحة لسنة 1983:

الكبار

فردي رجال

ماتس ويلندر () هزم إيفان ليندل (), 6-3, 6-3, 6-2

فردي سيدات

مارتينا نافراتيلوفا () هزم كاثي جوردن (), 6-2, 7-6

مراجع

أحداث ديسمبر 1983 الرياضية في أوقيانوسيا
أحداث نوفمبر 1983 الرياضية في أوقيانوسيا
بطولات أستراليا المفتوحة حسب السنة
ملبورن في عقد 1980
كرة المضرب في 1983
كرة مضرب أسترالية في 1983
أحداث نوفمبر 1983 الرياضية في أستراليا
أحداث ديسمبر 1983 الرياضية في أستراليا

أستراليا المفتوحة 1983


උපක්‍රමික කළමණාකරණය (tactical planning) යනුවෙන් අදහස් වන්නේ සංවිධානයක පරමාර්ථ ලඟාකර ගැනීම සඳහා විධිමත්ව සකස් කිරීමේ (Formulationg) ක්‍රියාවට නැගීමේ (Implemonting) සහ ශ්‍රිතයන් අතර තීරණ ඇගයීමේ කලාවක් හෙවත් විද්‍යාවකි.  මෙය ආයතනයක පරමාර්ථ නිශ්චිත කිරීමේ, පරමාර්ථ ලඟාකර ගැනීම සඳහා ප්‍රතිපක්ති හා සැලසුම් දියුණු කිරීමේ, පරමාර්ථ ලඟාකර ගැනීම සඳහා සම්පත් ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමේ ක්‍රියාවලියකි.  ඉහත කරුණු අනුව පැහැදිලි වන්නේ උපක්‍රම කළමණාකරණය ව්‍යාපාරික පරමාර්ථ ලඟාකර ගැනීම සඳහා ශ්‍රිතමය කාර්යයන් සම්බන්ධීකරණය කරන බවයි.  මෙය කළමණාකරණ කාර්යයන්ගේ ඉහළට මට්ටම් වේ. සාමාන්‍යයෙන් මෙය ව්‍යාපාරයක අධ්‍යක්ෂක මණ්ඩලය විසින් විධිමත්ව සකස් කරන අතර ප්‍රධාන විධායක සංවිධායක ඇතුළු විධායක කණ්ඩායම විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලබයි.  උපක්‍රම කළමණාකරණය ව්‍යාපාරය ගමන් කල යුතු දිශාව නිරූපණය කරන අතර සංවිධාන අධ්‍යයනය සමඟ කිට්ටු සම්බන්ධයක් පවතී. (Organization Studies)

උපක්‍රම කළමණාකරණය ඉදිරියට යන ක්‍රියාවලියකි.  එමනිසා ව්‍යාපාරය හා සම්බන්ධ ව්‍යාපාර කටයුතු අනෙකුත් ව්‍යාපාර ආයතන හඳුනා ගැනේ.  මීට අමතරව ව්‍යාපාරයේ තරඟකරුවන් හඳුනාගෙන ඔවුන් අභිබවා යෑමට අවශ්‍ය ඉලක්ක හා උපක්‍රම නිර්මාණය කරයි.  මෙහි තවත් කාර්යයක් වන්නේ උපක්‍රම වාර්ශිකව හෝ කාර්තු වශයෙන් ඇගයීමට ලක් කිරීමයි.  ඒතුලින් උපක්‍රම ක්‍රියාත්මක වී ඇති ආකාරය ඒවා සාර්ථක වී ඇද්ද යන වග සහ නව උපක්‍රම අවශ්‍ය වේද යන වග සලකා බැලේ.  නව තාක්ෂණය, නව තරඟකරුවන්, නව ආර්ථික පරිසරයන්ගේ වෙනස්කම් නිසාද සාමාජීය, මූල්‍ය හා දේශපාලන පරිසරයේ වෙනස්කම් නිසාද නව උපක්‍රම පිළිබඳ සලකා බැලීම අත්‍යාවශ්‍ය වේ.

සංවේදන දත්ත වාර්තා කරන සකස් කරන මෘදුකාංග නිෂ්පාදිත වර්තමානයේ වෙළඳපොලේ සුලභව පවතින අතර ඒවා උපක්‍රම කළමණාකරණයට විශාල රුකුලක් ලබාදේ.

කළමනාකරණය

උපක්‍රම කළමණාකරණය


Formic is an adjective describing ants, from the Latin formica.

Formic may also refer to:

 Formic acid, a chemical compound secreted by ants for defense
 The Formics, or Buggers, an alien species in the Ender's Game novel series by Orson Scott Card

Formic


Lineer zamanda çalışan bir algoritma, bir Turing makinesinin girişin uzunluğunun en fazla n katı tane adımda çözebildiği bir problemdir. Lineer zaman, polinomsal zamanın bir alt kümesidir.

Örneğin, iki kelimenin birbirinin tersi olup olmadığını anlama problemi lineer zamanda çözülebilir:

 İlk adımda, Turing makinesi ilk kelimeyi okur ve o kelimeyi temsil eden bir duruma geçer
 İkinci bir geçişte, Turing makinesi diğer kelimeyi tersten okur
 İkinci okuma sonunda, geldiği durumun ilk durumla aynı olup olmadığına bakar

Dolayısıyla, eğer kelimenin uzunluğu  ise, bu problem o kelime için  adımda bitecek ve iki kelimenin birbirinin tersi olup olmadığını söyleyecektir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Logaritmik zaman
 Üstel zaman
 NP-complete

Karmaşıklık teorisi

Lineer zaman


William Leonard Pickard (born October 21, 1945) is one of two people convicted in the largest lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) manufacturing case in history. In 2000, while moving their LSD laboratory across Kansas, Pickard and Clyde Apperson were pulled over while driving a Ryder rental truck and a follow car. The laboratory had been stored near a renovated Atlas-E missile silo near Wamego, Kansas. Gordon Todd Skinner, one of the men intimately involved in the case but not charged due to his cooperation, owned the property where the laboratory equipment was stored.

On July 27, 2020, Pickard was granted compassionate release from federal prison 20 years into his sentence.

Background
Prior to his arrest, Pickard was deputy director of the Drug Policy Research Program at the University of California, Los Angeles. He came from a well-to-do family; his father was a lawyer and his stepmother was a fungal disease expert at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In high school, he was an honors student, played basketball, and was named "most intellectual". He earned a scholarship to Princeton University, but dropped out after one term, instead preferring to hang out at Greenwich Village jazz clubs. In 1971, he got a job as a research manager at the University of California, Berkeley, Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, a job he held until 1974. From then on, his academic resume begins a 20-year gap.

It is reported by LSD historian Mark McCloud that Pickard worked with a group of LSD traffickers, known as the Clear Light System, in the 1960s. Pickard is said to have contributed to LSD chemist Nicholas Sand's legal fund following Sand's arrest in 1972. Pickard also reportedly had a background manufacturing the drug MDA.

In December 1988, a neighbor reported a strange chemical odor coming from an architectural shop at a Mountain View, California, industrial park. Federal agents arrived to find 200,000 doses of LSD and Pickard inside. Pickard was charged with manufacturing LSD and served five years in prison.

By 1994, Pickard had enrolled at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. Here, he focused on drug abuse in the former Soviet Union, where he theorized that the booming black market and many unemployed chemists could lead to a flood of the drug market.

LSD manufacturing

It is not publicly known where Pickard initially produced LSD. His first arrest for manufacturing LSD came on December 28, 1988, in Mountain View, California. The laboratory was contained inside a trailer that had been moved into a warehouse. It contained state-of-the-art equipment, including a roto-evaporator, heating mantles and a pill press. He was producing kilogram quantities of LSD and putting them onto windowpane (gel), microdot (tablet), and blotter forms (blotter paper). He spent time in prison for this and became a Buddhist while inside.

Pickard had laboratories in a number of different locations. Pickard never liked to stay at one location more than two years so as not to draw attention to himself. In early 1996, the lab was located in Oregon; it was subsequently moved to Aspen, Colorado, in late 1996. From September 1997 to September 1999, the laboratory was located in Santa Fe, New Mexico. He liked the Santa Fe location for a number of reasons; his overhead costs were lower and the precursor source was closer. He also liked the fact that there was virtually no humidity, which can affect the production of LSD. All of the laboratories are alleged to have produced a kilogram of LSD approximately every five weeks. Gordon Todd Skinner became involved with Pickard and his partner Clyde Apperson in February 1998. It is rumored that Pickard and Skinner were introduced to each other in a somewhat formal gathering of various LSD dealers and chemists. The meeting is said to have taken place in the former home of Jerry and Carolyn Garcia (Mountain Girl), where Skinner was allegedly then living.

One of his main customers was a man named "Petaluma Al" from Petaluma, California. Pickard would always arrange for the produced LSD to be transported to the Denver, Colorado, or Boulder, Colorado, area to be mailed or picked up so that Petaluma Al would never know where the laboratory was located. Most of Petaluma Al's customers were overseas in Europe, which meant that in addition to millions of dollars in United States currency, Pickard also handled millions in Dutch guilders and Canadian bank notes. He preferred to deal in ƒ1,000 notes or Canadian $1,000 notes (discontinued since 2000 in Canada) because it meant less bulk cash to have on hand. He required his distributors to convert all lower currencies into $50 or $100 notes at the least so as not to cause problems.

Although Skinner and Pickard were arrested moving the laboratory from the Atlas-E silo location, they never actually produced LSD at this site. The laboratory had been moved there without Pickard's or Apperson's knowledge by the government's informant, Gordon Todd Skinner. When Pickard arrived back in town and learned that Skinner had moved the lab there, they immediately began preparations to move it. Unknown to them, Skinner had begun cooperating with the DEA and had already allowed them to go inside the property to look around. Based on what they saw during this visit, they applied for a search warrant, which was subsequently signed by a federal judge. Apperson drove the Ryder rental truck with the laboratory in it and Pickard followed in a Buick LeSabre; they had walkie-talkies to maintain communication. The DEA had a Kansas Highway Patrol car pull them over to not arouse suspicion; however, they immediately recognized something was wrong and Pickard, being a marathon runner, took off into the woods on foot and was not captured until the next day.

Authorities found less than  of ergotamine tartrate during the arrest. However, they claim they normally produced up to a kilogram of LSD every five weeks. This would produce approximately ten million 100-microgram doses. Although the DEA claims this would be worth $40 million on the street, Pickard did not sell anywhere near the "street" or retail level. Government informant Skinner testified that Petaluma Al and the largest wholesale customers of Pickard paid 29 cents per 100 µg dose, which would put the cost at around $2.97 million for a kilogram of LSD.

Apperson was Pickard's partner and was reportedly a skilled chemist, but his role was mainly in the setup and take-down of the laboratory. He was allegedly paid $100,000 for assembling and $50,000 for packing away the lab. Apperson reportedly manufactured synthetic mescaline. When authorities searched his Sunnyvale, California, home, they found five drums of precursor chemicals needed to manufacture synthetic mescaline.

Both Pickard and Apperson were eventually found guilty at trial of conspiring to manufacture, distribute, and dispense ten grams or more of a mixture or substance containing a detectable amount of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD); Pickard received two life sentences, while Apperson received 30 years' imprisonment.

Scale of production
According to court testimony, Pickard's lab produced up to a kilogram of LSD approximately every five weeks for short periods. Despite criticism for their methodology, the DEA contends that there was a 99.5% drop in the availability of LSD in the US in the two years following the arrest. Pickard himself has long denied these claims. In his 2007 paper "International LSD Prevalence – Factors Affecting Proliferation and Control", Pickard suggests that since the 1960s, LSD production has always been de-centralized. As to a turn-of-the-century decline in availability due to his own arrest, Pickard highlights the fact that LSD availability had been on the decline since 1996, a fact which he correlates in part with the exponential growth of availability and demand for MDMA and other hallucinogenic drugs. The actual quantity of LSD seized by the DEA remains unclear, with figures ranging from 198.9 grams to 41.3 kilograms (410 million 100 µg hits of LSD).

The turn-of-the-century "acid drought" was likely due to a number of factors, perhaps including but not limited to the arrest of Pickard. According to Heads: A Biography of Psychedelic America, additional factors included the 1996 arrest of longtime LSD chemist Nicholas Sand and the death of a man involved in the illicit sale of LSD precursor materials. Grateful Dead concerts provided a primary distribution network for LSD, and this network dissolved when the Grateful Dead stopped touring in 1995.

Imprisonment
While serving two life sentences at the U.S. Penitentiary at Tucson, Arizona, Pickard conducted research on civil liberties, justice and drug-related topics. He wrote of his concerns about the opioid epidemic in the United States, and responded to media and academic requests on the subject. The website "Free William Leonard Pickard" posted regular updates about his activities until September 2017. In 2015 he published a novel, The Rose of Paracelsus.

Pickard discussed his imprisonment with the writer and former LSD seller Seth Ferranti in 2016: "While doing research in unstable regions abroad, amid the chaos, I found my way by noticing the instances of humanity. Captive populations are similar; courtesy and service to others is the only path. ... long-term prisoners, especially the nonviolent who may be captive for decades, somehow retain a certain dignity. In all these years, lost among the thousands, I have seen only one man cry." He described teaching a fellow inmate to read: "it was a privilege each morning to teach reading to an illiterate black man in his forties. We laughed sometimes, but always yearned for our families ... He hid Jack and Jill from his cellmate, so others would not ridicule him. I asked why he wanted to learn. He replied, 'So I can read bedtime stories to my children.' How very brave he was." In addition, Pickard also met and befriended Silk Road website founder Ross Ulbricht while in prison, and maintains contact with his family.

On July 27, 2020, Pickard was released from prison on compassionate grounds with the court citing his advanced age and medical conditions in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. Apperson was also released.

Publications
Pickard's 2008 paper "International LSD Prevalence – Factors Affecting Proliferation and Control" questions the validity of law enforcement reports about LSD manufacturing, and discusses the civil liberties threats posed by the DEA's NADDIS database system.

In 2011 Pickard authored an overview of the NADDIS system entitled "DEA's NADDIS System: A Guide for Attorneys, the Courts, and Researchers".

The Rose of Paracelsus
In 2015 Pickard published The Rose of Paracelsus: On Secrets & Sacraments, a 656-page autobiography that blends fiction and nonfiction. The book centers around six chemists in an international drug organization. One of the Six tells Pickard, the book's narrator, that the making of psychedelics is not just following a recipe or formula but requires "the requisite spirit ... the purest intent, a flawless diamond morality". He says it's the same spirit described in Thomas De Quincey and Jorge Luis Borges's short stories about Paracelsus, the 16th-century physician and alchemist of Basel who resurrected a rose from its ashes: "there could be no creation for lack of faith and the trust of gold".

Writing while incarcerated, Pickard wrote the entire book with pencil and paper. In an interview with Seth Ferranti, Pickard recounted: "The Rose was handwritten in two years, without notes and based on recollection, but seemed too trivial to honor the reader. I destroyed the work in minutes, then began again. It took another three years to compose, then a year to edit the 656 pages."

Readings of The Rose of Paracelsus were presented at the University of Greenwich in London in June 2017. Readers included British artist and Resonance FM radio host Simon Tyszko, SEED Restaurant founder Greg Sams and post-doctoral fellow in literature Neşe Devenot. In November 2016, British actor Dudley Sutton did readings of The Rose of Paracelsus at Reading Gaol, in Oscar Wilde's former cell. The Rose also has been reviewed by author and Psychedelic Museum founder Julian Vayne.

In November 2017, readings from The Rose were presented at the Altered Conference Berlin, and in December 2017 The Rose was discussed on the major podcast The Joe Rogan Experience with Duncan Trussell.

References

External websites

Erowid: William Leonard Pickard Vault

1945 births
Living people
People from Mill Valley, California
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
University of California, Berkeley people
Harvard Medical School people
American people convicted of drug offenses
American drug traffickers
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by the United States federal government
Lysergic acid diethylamide
People from Sunnyvale, California
Writers on addiction

William Leonard Pickard


Hans Joachim Freiherr von Reitzenstein (* 2. Dezember 1881 in Glogau, Provinz Schlesien; † 8. Juni 1935 in Fürstenberg/Havel) war ein deutscher Schriftsteller.

Leben
Hans Joachim von Reitzenstein war Verfasser von Romanen und Erzählungen. Sein Roman Oberwachtmeister Schwenke wurde zweimal verfilmt: 1935 von Carl Froelich (Oberwachtmeister Schwenke) und 1955 von Gerhard Lamprecht unter dem Titel Oberwachtmeister Borck.

Werke
 Das Mysterium der Liebe, Berlin 1918
 Das himmlische Lächeln, Berlin 1919
 Vergitterte Jugend, Berlin 1920
 Lügnerinnen, Berlin 1921
 Der Wille zum Glück, Berlin 1922
 Oberwachtmeister Schwenke, Berlin 1933
 Die Werft zum grauen Hecht, Berlin 1935
 Magnet Bonanza, Potsdam 1937

Übersetzungen
 Rolf Boldrewood: Im australischen Busch, Stuttgart 1928

Weblinks

Autor
Literatur (Deutsch)
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Person (Fürstenberg/Havel)
Hans Joachim
Freiherr
Deutscher
Geboren 1881
Gestorben 1935
Mann

Hans Joachim von Reitzenstein


La Villa Skeppet est un bâtiment construit dans le quartier d'Ekenäs à Raseborg en Finlande.

Présentation
Construit en 1969-1970, le bâtiment a été conçu par l'architecte Alvar Aalto pour ses amis l'écrivain  Göran Schildt et son épouse Christine Schildt.

Le bâtiment n'est pas seulement le dernier mais aussi la plus petite des habitations priveés conçues par Alvar Aalto.

La Villa Skeppet appartient à la Fondation Christine et Göran Schildt.
La maison est ouverte au public depuis décembre 2020.

Références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Articles connexes

Ekenäs
Maison de personnalité en Finlande
Musée en Finlande

Bâtiment d'Alvar Aalto
Architecture civile du XXe siècle

Villa Skeppet