{{صندوق معلومات راوي حديث
| اسم_الميلاد         = سهل بن حنيف
| تاريخ_الميلاد       =
| مكان_الميلاد        = يثرب
| تاريخ_الوفاة      = 38 هـ
| مكان_الوفاة       = الكوفة
| الطبقة            = صحابة
| الكنية            = أبو ثابت
| اللقب             =
| النسب             = الأوسي الأنصاري
| إشتهر_بأنه        =
| مرتبتة_عند_ابن_حجر=
| مرتبتة_عند_الذهبي  =
| تاريخ_الإسلام       =
| عدد_الأحاديث       =
| الغزوات           = غزوات النبي محمد
| أبوه              =
| أمه               =
| زوجاته            =
| أبنائه            = أبو أمامة بن سهل بن حنيف
| أقاربه            = أخوه'':عثمان بن حنيف
| روى_له            =
| لم_يروى_عنه        =
}}سهل بن حنيف (المتوفي سنة 38 هـ) صحابي من الأنصار من بني حنش بن عوف من الأوس. شهد مع النبي محمد المشاهد كلها، وثبت معه يوم أحد. وصاحب علي بن أبي طالب بعد استخلافه، فولاه المدينة المنورة والبصرة وبلاد فارس، كما شهد معه وقعة صفين.

سيرته
أسلم سهل بن حنيف بن واهب بن العكيم الأنصاري، وهو من بني حنش بن عوف من الأوس، وأمه هند بنت رافع بن عميس من الجعادرة من الأوس، وأخوه لأبيه وأمه عثمان بن حنيف، وأخويه لأمه عبد الله والنعمان ابنا أبي حبيبة بن الأزعر من بني ضبيعة بن زيد من الأوس.

آخى النبي محمد بينه وبين علي بن أبي طالب، وشهد مع النبي محمد المشاهد كلها، وكان ممن ثبتوا معه يوم أحد، وجعل يرمي بالنبل، فقال النبي محمد لأصحابه: . وقال ابن شهاب الزهري:

صحب سهل بن حنيف علي بن أبي طالب لما استُخلف، فولاّه علي على المدينة المنورة لما خرج إلى البصرة، ثم استخلفه على البصرة بعد موقعة الجمل، ثم على بلاد فارس، فأخرجه أهلها، فاستعمل علي زياد بن أبيه، فرضوه، وأدوا الخراج. فعاد سهل، وشهد وقعة صفين مع علي.

توفي سهل بن حنيف سنة 38 هـ بالكوفة، وصلى عليه علي بن أبي طالب صلاة الجنازة، فكبّر خمسًا وقيل ستًا، ثم التفت فقال: . وكان لسهل بن حنيف من الولد أبو أمامة أسعد وعثمان أمهما حبيبة بنت أبي أمامة أسعد بن زرارة، وسعد أمه أم كلثوم بنت عتبة بن أبي وقاص، وعبد الله.

روايته للحديث النبويروى عن: النبي محمد وزيد بن ثابت.روى عنه: ابناه أبو أمامة وعبد الله، وعبيد بن السباق وأبو وائل وعبد الرحمن بن أبي ليلى ويسير بن عمرو وعبيد الله بن عبد الله بن عتبة وعمر بن عبد الرحمن بن عوف والرباب جدة عثمان بن حكيم بن عباد بن حنيف.الجرح والتعديل''': روى له الجماعة.

انظر أيضا
أمراء وحكام المدينة المنورة

المراجع

أنصار
محدثو الصحابة
صحابة شهدوا غزوة أحد
صحابة شهدوا غزوة الخندق
صحابة شهدوا غزوة بدر
وفيات 38 هـ
وفيات 658
ولاة المدينة في عهد الخلفاء الراشدين
أصحاب علي
وفيات في الكوفة

سهل بن حنيف


La Quina es un vino de Jerez.

Producción

Se produce a partir de los restos que quedan en las botas (principalmente de vinos "fuertes" como moscatel, pedro ximénez y oloroso) y añadiendo azúcar.

Uso

Al no ser un vino "noble", su principal uso históricamente ha sido reconstituyente.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Etiqueta

Jerez

Quina (vino)


Olaylar
 1581 - Francis Drake, dünya turunu tamamladı ve I. Elizabeth tarafından şövalyelikle ödüllendirildi.
 1814 - Napolyon, tahtından ilk defa çekildi.
 1905 - Hindistan'daki depremde, yaklaşık 20.000 kişi öldü.
 1913 - Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda Kadınlar Dünyası adlı dergi kuruldu.
 1929 - İstanbul'da düzenlenen Yerli Malı Kullanma ve Koruma Toplantısı'nda gençlik, yerli malı kullanmaya yemin etti.
 1941 - Irak'ta eski Başbakan Reşid Ali Geylani, bir darbeyle iktidarı ele geçirdi.
 1949 - NATO kuruldu. Washington'da ABD, Belçika, Danimarka, Fransa, Lüksemburg, Norveç ve Portekiz, Kuzey Atlantik Paktı Örgütünün (NATO) kuruluşunu onaylayan antlaşmayı imzaladı.
 1951 - Necip Fazıl Kısakürek, kumar oynadığı gerekçesiyle 30 lira para cezasına çarptırıldı.
 1953 - Deniz Kuvvetleri'ne bağlı Dumlupınar denizaltısı, NATO tatbikatından dönerken Çanakkale Boğazı'nda İsveç gemisi Naboland'la çarpışarak battı; 81 Türk denizcisinin öldüğü bugün, "Deniz Şehitlerini Anma Günü" ilan edildi.
 1960 - Senegal, Fransa'dan bağımsızlığını kazandı.
 1966 - Fransa'da NATO üslerine karşı çıkılınca, Türkiye'deki üslerin durumu gündeme getirildi. Başbakan Süleyman Demirel, "Türkiye'de ABD üssü yoktur, tesisi vardır" dedi.
 1968 - Martin Luther King Jr., Memphis'te öldürüldü.
 1973 - 11 Eylül 2001'deki saldırılar sonucu yıkılan Dünya Ticaret Merkezi açıldı. Temelleri 1966'da atılan, inşaatına 1968'de başlanılan ve 37 milyon dolara mal olan binanın mimarı, Minuori Yamasaki idi.
 1974 - Türk Hükûmeti, Yunan karasularının 12 mile çıkarılmasını kabul etmeyeceğini, Ege'nin bir Yunan gölü haline getirilmesinin söz konusu olamayacağını, diplomatik kanallarla Yunanistan'a bildirdi.
 1975 - Microsoft şirketi, Bill Gates ve Paul Allen ortaklığında kuruldu.
 1979 - Pakistan Başbakanı Zülfikar Ali Butto, asılarak idam edildi.
 1985 - Balıkesir'de eğitim uçuşu yapan bir uçak, Marangozlar Sitesi'ne düştü. Uçağın iki pilotu ile 14 kişi öldü, 21 kişi de yaralandı.
 2002 - PKK, birçok Avrupa ülkesinde yasaklanmasının ardından, adını KADEK (Kürdistan Demokrasi ve Özgürlük Kongresi) olarak değiştirdi.
 2002 - Dicle Haber Ajansı kuruldu.
 2010 - TRT'nin Arapça kanalı TRT El Arabia yayına başladı.
 2023 - Finlandiya, NATO üyesi oldu.

Doğumlar
 186 - Caracalla, Roma İmparatoru (ö. 217)
 1646 - Antoine Galland, Fransız şarkiyatçı ve arkeolog (ö. 1715)
 1780 - Edward Hicks, Amerikalı ressam ve din adamı (ö. 1849)
 1802 - Dorothea Dix, Amerikalı toplumsal reformcu ve hümanist (ö. 1887)
 1835 - John Hughlings Jackson, İngiliz nörolog (ö. 1911)
 1846 - Comte de Lautréamont, Fransız yazar (ö. 1870)
 1858 - Remy de Gourmont, Fransız şair (ö. 1915)
 1884 - Isoroku Yamamoto, Japon İmparatorluk Deniz Kuvvetleri Birleşik Filosu'nun Başkomutanı (ö. 1943)
 1913 - Muddy Waters, Amerikalı müzisyen (ö. 1983)
 1914 - Marguerite Duras, Fransız yazar (ö. 1996)
 1915 - Lars Ahlin, İsveçli yazar (ö. 1997)
 1920 - Éric Rohmer, Fransız yönetmen (ö. 2010)
 1922 - Hayrettin Karaca, Türk bilim insanı ve TEMA Vakfı'nın kurucularından (ö. 2020)
 1926 - Zdenka Procházková, Çek aktris (ö. 2021)
 1928 - İlhami Soysal, Türk gazeteci ve yazar (ö. 1992)
 1928 - Maya Angelou, Afroamerikan yazar, şair ve şarkıcı (ö. 2014)
 1928 - Alfredo Armenteros, Kübalı müzisyen (ö. 2016)
 1932 - Andrey Tarkovski, Sovyet yönetmen (ö. 1986)
 1932 - Anthony Perkins, Amerikalı aktör (ö. 1992)
 1941 - Angelica Domröse, Alman aktris
 1944 - Toktamış Ateş, Türk siyaset bilimi profesörü ve yazar (ö. 2013)
 1945 - Walter Charles, Amerikalı aktör ve şarkıcı (ö. 2023)
 1945 - Daniel Cohn-Bendit, Fransız politikacı ve aktivist
 1946 - Ercan Yazgan, Türk tiyatro, sinema ve dizi oyuncusu (ö. 2018)
 1947 - Işılay Saygın, Türk mimar, siyasetçi ve Türkiye'nin ilk kadın Turizm Bakanı (ö. 2019)
 1948 - Şahin Mengü, Türk hukukçu ve siyasetçi
 1948 - Abdullah Öcalan, PKK'nın kurucularından biri ve ilk lideri
 1952 - Gary Moore, İrlandalı gitarist ve Thin Lizzy grubunun üyesi (ö. 2011)
 1957 - Aki Kaurismäki, Fin yönetmen
 1957 - Annie Grégorio, Fransız oyuncu
 1960 - Hugo Weaving, Nijerya doğumlu İngiliz asıllı Avustralyalı aktör
 1963 - Nuri Adıyeke, Girit asıllı Türk Osmanlı Dönemi tarihçisi
 1963 - Dale Hawerchuk, Kanadalı profesyonel buz hokeyi oyuncusu ve antrenör (ö. 2020)
 1963 - Graham Norton, İrlandalı aktör, komedyen, televizyon sunucusu ve köşe yazarı
 1963 - Semih Kaplanoğlu, Türk senarist ve yönetmen
 1964 - Branco, Brezilyalı futbolcu ve teknik direktör
 1964 - David Cross, Amerikalı komedyen, oyuncu, komedi yazarı, prodüktör ve yönetmen
 1965 - Robert Downey, Jr., Amerikalı aktör
 1966 - Mike Starr, Amerikalı müzisyen (ö. 2011)
 1966 - Nancy McKeon, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1967 - Ali Babacan, Türk politikacı ve DEVA Partisi Genel Başkanı
 1967 - Hakan Bilgin, Türk oyuncu
 1970 - Barry Pepper, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1970 - Çağan Irmak, Türk yönetmen
 1970 - Josh Todd, Amerikalı müzisyen ve aktör
 1970 - Yelena Yelesina, Rus yüksek atlamacı
 1972 - Jill Scott, Amerikalı şarkıcı, oyuncu ve şair
 1973 - David Blaine, Amerikalı sihirbaz ve sahne sanatçısı
 1975 - Delphine Arnault, Fransız iş insanı
 1976 - Emerson Ferreira da Rosa, Brezilyalı futbolcu
 1979 - Heath Ledger, Avustralyalı aktör ve En İyi Yardımcı Erkek Oyuncu Akademi Ödülü sahibi (ö. 2008)
 1979 - Natasha Lyonne, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1980 - Trevor Moore, Amerikalı komedyen, aktör, senarist, yapımcı, yönetmen ve müzisyen (ö. 2021)
 1981 - Currensy, Amerikalı rapçi
 1981 - Ned Vizzini, Amerikalı yazar (ö. 2013)
 1983 - Amanda Righetti, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1983 - Ben Gordon, Amerikalı basketbolcu
 1984 - Arkadi Vyatçanin, Rus yüzücü
 1984 - Sean May, Amerikalı basketbolcu
 1985 - Rudy Fernández, İspanyol basketbolcu
 1986 - Aiden McGeady, İrlandalı futbolcu
 1986 - Eunhyuk, Güney Koreli rapçi, şarkıcı, söz yazarı, oyuncu, dansçı, koreograf ve konser yönetmeni
 1987 - Sami Khedira, Alman futbolcu
 1987 - McDonald Mariga, Kenyalı millî futbolcu
 1987 - Sarah Gadon, Kanadalı dizi ve sinema oyuncusu
 1989 - Chris Herd, Avustralyalı millî futbolcu
 1989 - Vurnon Anita, Hollandalı millî futbolcu
 1991 - Jamie Lynn Spears, Amerikalı aktris ve şarkıcı
 1992 - Alexa Nikolas, Amerikalı aktris
 1992 - Christina Metaxa, Kıbrıslı Rum şarkıcı
 1993 - Frank Kaminsky, Amerikalı profesyonel basketbolcu
 1994 - Isaac Sackey, Ganalı futbolcu
 1996 - Austin Mahone, Amerikalı pop şarkıcısı
 1999 - Mert Müldür, Türk  futbolcu

Ölümler
 397 - Milano'lu Ambrosius, Milano episkoposu, teolog - Kilise Babası - Kilise Doktoru (d. 340)
 636 - Sevilla'lı İsidor, İlk orta çağ ansiklopedisti olarak adlandırılır - Kilise Babası - Kilise Doktoru (d. 560)
 814 - Sakkudionlu Plato, Bizanslı memur, keşiş ve aziz (d. 735)
 896 - Formosus, 6 Ekim 891 yılından 896 yılındaki ölümüne kadar papalık yapmıştır (d. 816)
 1284 - Kastilyalı X. Alfonso, 1252-1284 yılları arasında Kastilya kralı (d. 1221)
 1292 - Papa IV. Nicolaus ya da doğum adı ile Girolamo Masci, 22 Şubat 1288'den 1292'de ölümüne kadar papalık yapmıştır. Seçimle gelen ilk Fransiskan Papa'ydı (d. 1227)
 1588 - II. Friedrich, 1559'dan ölümüne kadar Danimarka ve Norveç kralı ve Schleswig Dükü (d. 1534)
 1609 - Charles de l'Écluse, L'Éscluse veya Carolus Clusius, Flaman hekim, botanikçi ve bahçeci (d. 1526)
 1617 - John Napier, İskoç matematikçi ve logaritmanın mucidi (d. 1550)
 1774 - Oliver Goldsmith, İrlandalı yazar ve şair (d. 1728)
 1817 - André Masséna, Rivoli Dükü, Essling Prensi, Fransız Devrimi ve Napoléon Savaşları'nın önde gelen Fransız generallerinden biri (d. 1758)
 1878 - Richard Brewer, Amerikalı kovboy ve kanun kaçağı (d. 1850)
 1841 - William Henry Harrison, Amerikalı asker, siyasetçi ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin 9. Başkanı (d. 1773)
 1848 - Marc-Antoine Jullien de Paris, Fransız eğitmen (d. 1775)
 1870 - Heinrich Gustav Magnus, Alman kimyacı ve fizikçi (d. 1802)
 1878 - Richard Brewer, Amerikalı kovboy ve kanun kaçağı (d. 1850)
 1919 - William Crookes, İngiliz kimyacı ve fizikçi (d. 1832)
 1923 - John Venn, İngiliz matematikçi (d. 1834)
 1923 - Julius Martov, Yahudi asıllı Rus Menşevik lider (d. 1873)
 1929 - Karl Benz, Alman makine mühendisi ve motor tasarımcısı (d. 1844)
 1931 - André Michelin, Fransız mühendis ve sanayici (d. 1853)
 1932 - Wilhelm Ostwald, Alman kimyacı ve Nobel Kimya Ödülü sahibi (d. 1853)
 1941 - Emine Nazikeda, Sultan Vahdettin'in eşi ve Baş Kadınefendi (d. 1866)
 1943 - Jimmy Barry, Amerikalı boksör (d. 1870)
 1951 - George Albert Smith, İsa Mesih'in Son Zaman Azizler Kilisesi'nin 8. başkanıdır (d. 1870)
 1953 - II. Carol, Romanya Kralı (1930-1940 yılları arasında) (d. 1893)
 1967 - Héctor Scarone, Uruguaylı eski millî futbolcu ve teknik direktör (d. 1898)
 1968 - Martin Luther King, Jr., Afrikalı-Amerikalı Baptist papaz ve Nobel Barış Ödülü sahibi (d. 1929)
 1979 - Zülfikar Ali Butto, Pakistan Başbakanı (d. 1928)
 1983 - Gloria Swanson, Amerikalı aktris (d. 1899)
 1984 - Maximilian Fretter-Pico, Nazi Almanyası generali (d. 1892)
 1987 - Chögyam Trungpa, Budist rahip ve meditasyon öğretmenidir (d. 1939)
 1991 - Max Frisch, İsviçreli yazar (d. 1911)
 1992 - Muammer Hacıoğlu, Türk şair (d. 1945)
 1997 - Alparslan Türkeş, Türk asker ve siyaset adamı (d. 1917)
 2004 - Tevfik Lav, Türk teknik direktör (d. 1959)
 2007 - Bob Clark, Amerikalı film yönetmeni (d. 1941)
 2011 - Walter Scott Columbus, Amerikalı baterist (d. 1956)
 2013 - Roger Joseph Ebert, Amerikalı film eleştirmeni ve senaryo yazarı (d. 1942)
 2014 - İsmet Atlı, Türk güreşçi ve halk ozanı (d. 1931)
 2014 - Muhammed Kutub, Mısırlı İslamcı yazar, akademisyen ve öğretmen (d. 1919)
 2014 - Kumba Ialá ya da Kumba Yalá, Gine-Bissaulu öğretim görevlisi ve siyasetçi (d. 1953)
 2015 - Jamaluddin Jarjis, Malezyalı politikacı, sivil aktivist ve makine mühendisi (d. 1951)
 2015 - Ramón Ivanoes Barreto Ruiz, Uruguaylı futbol hakemi (d. 1939)
 2016 - Chus Lampreave, İspanyol oyuncu (d. 1930)
 2017 - Samir Ferid, Mısırlı yazar, film eleştirmeni, gazeteci ve film tarihçisi (d. 1943)
 2017 - Giovanni Sartori, İtalyan siyaset bilimci (d. 1924)
 2018 - Andres Ammas, Estonyalı siyasetçi (d. 1962)
 2018 - Soon-Tek Oh, Güney Koreli-Amerikalı oyuncu, seslendirme sanatçısı ve oyun yazarı (d. 1932)
 2018 - John L. Sullivan, Johnny Valiant ring adıyla bilinen eski Amerikalı profesyonel güreşçi ve menajer (d. 1946)
 2018 - Ray Wilkins, İngiliz millî futbolcu ve teknik direktör (d. 1956)
 2019 - Alberto Cortez, Arjantinli şarkıcı ve söz yazarı (d. 1940)
 2019 - Giorgi Danelia, Gürcü sinema yönetmeni (d. 1930)
 2019 - Roberta Arline Haynes, Amerikalı oyuncu (d. 1927)
 2019 - Marilyn Mason, Amerikalı konser organizatörü, müzisyen ve akademisyen (d. 1925)
 2019 - Đồng Sĩ Nguyên, Vietnamlı eski asker ve siyasetçi (d. 1923)
 2019 - Myer Skoog, Eski Amerikalı NBA basketbolcusu (d. 1926)
 2020 - Thomas John Dempsey, Amerikan Futbolu oyuncusu (d. 1947)
 2020 - Xavier Dor, Fransız embriyolog ve aktivist (d. 1929)
 2020 - Philippe André Eugène, Baron Bodson, Belçikalı politikacı ve iş insanı (d. 1944)
 2020 - Luis Eduardo Aute Gutiérrez, İspanyol şarkıcı, söz yazarı, film yönetmeni, aktör, heykeltıraş, yazar ve ressam (d. 1943)
 2020 - Leïla Menchari, Tunuslu tasarımcı ve dekoratör (d. 1927)
 2020 - Marcel Moreau, Belçikalı yazar (d. 1933)
 2021 - Cheryl Gillan, Britanyalı siyasetçi (d. 1952)
 2021 - Sugako Hashida, Japon senarist (d. 1925)
 2021 - Robert Alexander Mundell, Kanadalı ekonomist (d. 1932)
 2021 - Keosaychay Sayasone, eski Laos first laydsi (d. 1958)
 2022 - Madeline Cain, Amerikalı siyasetçi (d. 1949)
 2022 - Kathy Lamkin, Amerikalı aktris (d. 1947)
 2022 - Django Sissoko, Malili bir subay ve politikacıdır (d. 1948)

Tatiller ve özel günler
 NATO Günü

0404
04

4 Nisan


Richard Robert Ernst (født 14. august 1933, død den 5. juni 2021) var en schweizisk fysisk kemiker og nobelprismodtager.

Ernst blev født i Winterthur i Schweiz, og modtog nobelprisen i kemi i 1991 for sine bidrag til bekæmpelse af udviklingen af fouriertransformeret NMR-spektroskopi mens han arbejdede hos Varian Associates i Palo Alto og dne efterfølgende udvikling af multidimensionelle NMR-teknikker. Metoderne kan både bruges i NMR og MR-scanning.

Referencer

Nobelprismodtagere fra Schweiz
Nobelprismodtagere i kemi
Personer fra Winterthur

Richard R. Ernst


Nipponoharpalus discrepans es una  especie de coleóptero adéfago de la familia Carabidae y el único miembro del género monotípico Nipponoharpalus. Habita en Japón.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Nipponoharpalus en ION
 Nomenclator Zoologicus

Harpalina

Nipponoharpalus


අතිපූජ්‍ය මාපලගම විපුලසාර හිමියන් (1925 මාර්තු 3 – 2000 ඔක්තෝබර් 28) බෞද්ධ භික්‍ෂුවකි, කලාකරුවකු වශයෙන් ලද සුවිශේෂ ගෞරවය වූයේ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ජන රජ ලාංඡනය නිර්මාණය කිරීමට අවස්ථාව ලැබීම යි. මෙය රටක කලාකරුවකුට ලැබෙන පරම භාග්‍යයකි. ඉතා අර්ථපූර්ණ ව නිමවන ලද එය ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ අනන්‍යතාව, ප්‍රෞඩත්වය මැනැවින් විදහා දක්වයි.

පූර්ව අවධිය හා අධ්‍යාපනය
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ නිදහස් අරගලයේ හා භාෂා ශාස්ත්‍ර අධ්‍යාපනයේ මූලස්ථානයක් ලෙස සැලකෙන රත්මලානේ පරමධම්ම චේතිය පිරිවෙනින් පැවිදි උපසම්පදාව ලබා පසු කාලීනව එහි අධිපතිත්වය ඉසිලීමට තරම් වාසනාවත් වූ මාපලගම විපුලසාර හිමියෝ, අගලවත්ත ප්‍රතිරාජ පිරිවෙනින් හා මාලිගාකන්ද විද්‍යොදය පිරිවෙනින් ශාසනික වත් පිළිවෙත් හා ධර්‍ම විනය ශබ්ද ශාස්ත්‍ර පිළිබඳ ප්‍රවීණත්වය ලබා ගත්හ. උපතින්ම උරුම කරගෙන ආ හැකියාවන් රැසක් විපුලසාර හිමියන් සතුව පැවතියේය. මෙම හැකියාවන් මැනවින් නිරීක්‍ෂණය කළ මහාචාර්ය ගුණපාල මලලසේකර මහතා ඒ කුසලතා වර්ධනය කර ගැනීමට හා ඒ කුසලතාවන්ගෙන් රටට සේවාවක් ලබාදීමේ අරමුණ ඇතිව රජයේ කලායතනයේ අධිපති ජේ.ඩී.ඒ. පෙරේරා මහතාට විපුලසාර හිමියන් හඳුන්වා දුන්නේය. එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් වශයෙන් වසර තුනක් මුළුල්ලේ රජයේ කලායතනයේ අධ්‍යාපනය ලැබූ විපුලසාර හිමියෝ කලාකරුවකු ලෙස සමාජයේ ඉහළ පිළිගැනීමට ලක්වූහ.

රාජ්‍ය ලාංඡනය නිර්මාණය
එවක රාජ්‍ය ලාංඡනය හා ශ්‍රී ලංකා ජාතික ධජය නිර්මාණ කමිටුවේ සභාපතිවරයා වූ ආචාර්ය නිශ්ශංක විජයරත්න මහතාගේ මගපෙන්වීම මත 1972 වර්ෂයේදී මාපලගම විපුලසාර හිමි විසින් ශ්‍රී ලංකා ප්‍රජාතාන්ත්‍රික සමාජවාදී ජනරජයේ රාජ්‍ය ලාංඡනය නිර්මාණය කරන ලදී.

ශ්‍රී ලංකා ප්‍රජාතාන්ත්‍රික සමාජවාදී ජනරජයේ රාජ්‍ය ලාංඡනයේ නිර්මාණකරු
කලාකරුවකු වශයෙන් ලද සුවිශේෂ ගෞරවය වූයේ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ජන රජ ලාංඡනය නිර්මාණය කිරීමට අවස්ථාව ලැබීම යි. මෙය රටක කලාකරුවකුට ලැබෙන පරම භාග්‍යයකි. ඉතා අර්ථපූර්ණ ව නිමවන ලද එය ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ අනන්‍යතාව, ප්‍රෞඩත්වය මැනැවින් විදහා දක්වයි.

ශ්‍රී  ලංකා රාජ්‍ය ලාංඡනයේ නිර්මාණකරු පූජ්‍ය මාපලගම විපුලසාර මහා නාහිමියන්ය

කලාශූරී ගෞරව නාමය
1984 වසරේදී රජය මගින් කලාශූරී ගෞරව නාමය විපුලසාර හිමියන් වෙත පිරිනැමීය.

අපවත්වීම
2000 ඔක්තෝබර් මස 28 දින අපවත් වන විට උන්වහන්සේ 75 හැවිරිදි වියේ පසු විය.

මේවාද බලන්න
  ශ්‍රී ලංකා රාජ්‍ය ලාංඡනය ගැන ඉංග්‍රීසි විකිපීඩියා පිටුව
  අතිපූජ්‍ය මාපලගම විපුලසාර  හිමියන් ගේ ඉංග්‍රීසි විකිපීඩියා පිටුව
  ආචාර්ය නිශ්ශංක විජයරත්න යන් ගේ ඉංග්‍රීසි විකිපීඩියා පිටුව

ආශ්‍රිත

චරිත කතා
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික භික්ෂූහූ
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික බෞද්ධයෝ
ලාංකික සිංහලයෝ
1952 උපත්

මාපලගම විපුලසාර හිමි


Schafau ist ein Ortsteil der Stadt Rastenberg im Landkreis Sömmerda in Thüringen.

Lage
Schafau liegt nordwestlich von Rastenberg an der Bundesstraße 176 von Sömmerda nach Freyburg an der Unstrut. Das Dorf grenzt auch wie Bachra an die Hohe Schrecke. Nördlich reicht die Gemarkung an den Fuß des Höhenzuges Finne. Der Bach Schafau entspringt unweit des Ortes und wird im Rückhaltebecken Bachra angestaut. In der Flur wurde 1994 ein Kalksteinbruch eröffnet.

Geschichte
Der erste urkundliche Nachweis wurde 1450 archiviert. In diesem Ort wohnten 2007 insgesamt 72 Bürger.
Die Geschichte des Dorfes weist die Grundsteinlegung für die jetzige Kirche von 1731 nach. Vorfahren von Carl Zeiss, der 1816 in Weimar geboren wurde, gründeten 1741 die Familie Zeiss in Schafau. Der Ort gehörte bis 1815 zum kursächsischen Amt Eckartsberga. Durch die Beschlüsse des Wiener Kongresses kam er zu Preußen und wurde 1816 dem Landkreis Eckartsberga im Regierungsbezirk Merseburg der Provinz Sachsen zugeteilt, zu dem er bis 1944 gehörte.

Am 1. Juli 1950 wurde Schafau nach Bachra eingemeindet.

1984 erhielt Schafau eine Umgehungsstraße.
Am 1. Januar 1994 wurde Bachra in die Stadt Rastenberg eingegliedert.

Persönlichkeiten
 Otto Hermann Laue (* 26. April 1879 in Schafau; † 16. April 1954 in Hamburg-Rotherbaum), Prokurist, Unternehmensführer und Namensgeber der Hela Gewürzwerk Hermann Laue GmbH

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Rastenberg
Ort im Landkreis Sömmerda
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Sömmerda)
Ersterwähnung 1450
Gemeindeauflösung 1950

Schafau


قرية المعرفة هي منطقة حرة للتعليم تقع في مدينة دبي التي انشأت للمؤسسات التعليمية والتدريبية العالمية للقيام بأعمالها وخدماتها بملكية أجنبية محضة. تستضيف قرية المعرفة حالياً حوالي 200 شركة تتضمن جامعات عالمية ومؤسسات أكاديمية للتعليم على الإنترنت وموردين للتعليم الإلكتروني إضافة إلى مراكز بحوث وتطوير ومراكز اختبار وابتكار وتدريب مهني. أصبح الحرم الجامعي للقرية الذي يقدم أحدث التسهيلات والخدمات العالمية مشغولاً بالكامل حالياً.

تمثل قرية المعرفة جزءاً من المنطقة الحرة للتكنولوجيا والتجارة الإلكترونية والإعلام التي انطلقت عام 2000 في دبي بتوجيهات من الشيخ محمد بن راشد آل مكتوم بهدف بناء مجتمع معرفي متكامل عن طريق بناء قاعدة تعليمية حديثة وتطوير طاقات البحث والإبداع.
وتولى محمد عبدالله القرقاوي مدير عام سلطة منطقة دبي للتكنولوجيا والتجارة الإلكترونية والإعلام إنشاء المشروع بتكلفة تقدر بنحو 250 مليون درهم.
وتقدم المنطقة الحرة حوافز اقتصادية كبيرة للمؤسسات العاملة في قرية المعرفة مثل حقوق الملكية الكاملة والإعفاء من الضرائب التجارية والشخصية والجمارك إضافة إلى إمكانية تحويل رأس المال والأرباح بالكامل إلى الخارج.

المؤسسات الأعضاء وشركاء قرية المعرفة

 الكلية الأمريكية في دبي.
 جامعة ولنجنونج في دبي.
 معهد بيرلا للعلوم والتكنلوجيا في دبي.
 معهد وجامعة بيرسل في دبي.
 جامعة هير واتن في بي.
 جامعة ازاد الإسلامية في دبي.
 جامعة مهتما جاندي في دبي.
 جامعة مدل سكس في دبي.
 جامعة نيو برانسويك في دبي.
 جامعة ولاية سانتي بيتربرج للاقتصاد والهندسة.
 الجامعة البريطانية في دبي.
 الأكاديمية العالمية للإدارة المالية.
 معهد إيتون التعليمي.

مناطق حرة أخرى في دبي
إضافة لذلك توفر المنطقة الحرة أحدث أنظمة الاتصالات وتقنية المعلومات إلى جانب خدمات الأمن واستضافة المواقع والاتصالات
 المنطقة الحرة في جبل علي
 مدينة دبي للإنترنت
 مدينة دبي للإعلام

انظر أيضًا
مدينة دبي

الفضائية.

المراجع

التعليم في دبي
شركات تمتلكها حكومة الإمارات العربية المتحدة
مبان ومنشآت في دبي
مناطق تجارة حرة في الإمارات العربية المتحدة

قرية المعرفة (دبي)


Kronološki popis svjetske baštine u Iranu po godini upisa na UNESCO-ovu listu:

 1979. - Perzepolis
 1979. - Ruševine Čoga Zanbila
 1979. - Trg Nakš-e Džahan u Isfahanu
 2003. - Arheološka nalazišta Taht-e Sulejman
 2004. - Pasargad
 2004. - Kulturni krajolik Bama
 2005. - Sultanija
 2006. - Epigrafski reljefi Behistuna
 2008. - Armenski samostani u Iranu: Samostan sv. Tadeja, Samostan sv. Stjepana i kapela Dzordzor
 2009. - Šuštarski hidraulički sustav
 2010. - Grobnica šejha Safija
 2010. - Tabriški bazar
 2011. - Perzijski vrtovi
 2012. - Saborna džamija u Isfahanu
 2012. - Gonbad-e Kabus
 2013. - Golestanska palača
 2014. - Šahri Suhte
 2015. - Kulturni krajolik Majmanda
 2015. - Suza
 2016. - Perzijski kanati
 2016. - Dašt-e Lut
 2017. - Povijesni grad Jazd
 2018. - Sasanidski arheološki krajolik regije Fars
 2019. - Hirkanijske šume
 2021. - Transiranska željeznica
 2021. - Kulturni krajolik Uramanata

Popis predložene svjetske baštine Irana
 1997. - Saborna džamija u Isfahanu, proširenje baštine
 1997. - Povijesni sklop grada Kasre Širina
 1997. - Povijesni sklop grada Firuzabada
 1997. - Suza, proširenje baštine
 1997. - Nakš-e Rustam i Nakš-e Radžab
 1997. - Tepe-Sialk
 2007. - Tak-e Bostan
 2007. - Kuh-e Kvadža
 2007. - Perzepolis i drugi pripadajući objekti
 2007. - Povijesno-kulturna os vrta Fin, Tepe-Sialka i Kašana
 2007. - Povijesni sklop KasrE Širina
 2007. - Povijesni spomenici Kangavara
 2007. - Povijesni grad Majbod
 2007. - Povijesni grad Siraf
 2007. - Bazar Kaisarij u Laru
 2007. - Povijesno selo Abjane
 2007. - Bastam i Kargan
 2007. - Povijesna površina Damgana
 2007. - Kulturno-prirodni krajolik Ramsara
 2007. - Plava džamija u Tabrizu
 2007. - Kulturni krajolik Tusa
 2007. - Povijesni grad Masule
 2007. - Sklop Izadhasta
 2007. - Kulturni krajolik Alamuta
 2007. - Zozan
 2007. - Dolina Horamabada
 2007. - Džiroft
 2007. - Gaznavidsko-Sasanidska os Horasana
 2007. - Otok Kešm
 2007. - Zaštićeno područje Arasbaran
 2007. - Sabalan
 2007. - Nacionalni park Kabar i rezervat divljine Ručun
 2007. - Špilja Ali-Sadr
 2008. - Iranski dio puta svile
 2008. - Prirodno-povijesni krajolik Izeha
 2008. - Zandijski spomenici Farsa
 2008. - Prirodno-povijesni krajolik Kermana
 2008. - Ekbatana (Hangmatana)
 2008. - Povijesni mostovi Irana
 2008. - Nacionalni park Turan
 2008. - Jezero Hamun
 2008. - Zaštićeno područje Hara
 2008. - Damavand
 2017. - Asbads vjetrenjače Irana
 2017. - Prirodno-povijesni kompleks špilja Karaftu
 2017. - Sveti kompleks Imam Reza
 2017. - Industrijska baština tekstila na središnjem platou Irana
 2017. - Perzijski karavansaraji
 2017. - Kupole soli Irana
 2017. - Veliki zid Gorgana
 2017. - Perzijska kuća središnjeg platoa Irana
 2017. - Sveučilište u Teheranu
 2019. - Samostan sv. Amenaprkiča (Nova Julfa Vank)
 2019. - Ulica Vali-e Asr
 2020. - Hirkanijske šume, proširenje
 2021. - Teheranska moderna arhitektonska baština
 2021. - Chega Sofla, ritualni krajolik
 2021. - Arhitektura povijesnih naselja svjerne obale Perzijskog zaljeva (Siraf, Kong, Laft, Kiš i Mokran)
 2021. - Kulturni krajolik povijesne luke Kong
 2021. - Dugovječna drveća irana
 2021. - Mauzolejski kompleks šeika Ahmad-e Džamija

Poveznice
 Popis mjesta svjetske baštine u Aziji

I

Svjetska baština u Iranu


Dust Off and Dance es el sexto álbum de estudio de Tiffany, publicado en mayo de 2005. Su estilo es electrónica o dance music, lo que representa una variación de los estilos de los anteriores álbumes de la cantante, y de particular interés para los clubes de baile, donde sus canciones han logrado cierto éxito. Tiffany ha declarado que este álbum está dedicado a la comunidad gay, que representa una parte importante de sus fanes, al respecto Tiffany dijo "he hecho el disco gay por completo."

La artista no tenía contrato de grabación en ese momento, por lo que el álbum fue lanzado de manera independiente y vendido en línea en el sitio CDBaby, donde durante un tiempo fue el CD más vendido. También hubo una versión para descargar en iTunes.

Tiffany ha estado realizando presentaciones en varios lugares de Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido, incluyendo canciones de este álbum, así como sus canciones y versiones anteriores.

En diciembre de 2005, la canción "Be With U Tonite" se escuchaba mucho en algunas estaciones de radio dedicadas a la música dance.

Varias canciones del disco ("It Ride", "Na Na Na" y "Fly") se utilizaron en episodios de la serie de televisión Ugly Betty.

"Ride It" fue incluida en una temporada, en dos episodios de la serie Brothers & Sisters.

A finales de abril de 2008, una canción con el mismo nombre que este álbum (pero que no se encuentra en el álbum), "Dust Off and Dance", estuvo disponible para su descarga en la web. En la canción Tiffany hace las voces para un equipo de baile llamado  Hydra Productions y la canción se encuentra en su álbum Liquid.

Lista de canciones
 "Be with U Tonite" (Tiffany, Tim Feehan, Joe Brooks) – 5:09
 "Ride It" (Tiffany, Tim Feehan) – 4:54
 "Kama Sutra" (Tim Feehan, Dre Wilson) (featuring Dre Wilson) – 4:39
 "Na Na Na" (Tiffany, Tim Feehan, Joe Brooks) – 3:46
 "Everyone Get Down" (Tiffany, Tim Feehan, Joe Brooks) – 3:30
 "Fly" (Tiffany, Tim Feehan) – 3:30
 "Artificial Girlfriend" (Tiffany, Tim Feehan, Joe Brooks) – 3:53
 "Sacrifice" (Tiffany, Tim Feehan, Joe Brooks) – 6:19
 "I Luv How You Feel" (Tiffany, Tim Feehan, Joe Brooks) – 4:12
 "I Think We're Alone Now" (Ritchie Cordell) – 4:54
 "Artificial Girlfriend" (Second Sun Remix) – 4:23

Sencillos
 "Be with U Tonite" - April 2005
 "Na Na Na" - Summer 2005

Participantes
 Joe Brooks – gutarra, piano, coros
 Ron Davis – fotografía
 Tim Feehan – guitarra, programación, coros
 Janine Gobeil – coros
 Jawa – rap
 Second Sun – remix
 Tiffany – vocales, coros

Notas y referencias

Enlaces externos

 Portada del Álbum en la Wikipedia en inglés
 Letras de las canciones del álbum en www.leoslyrics.com
 Sitio oficial
 Sitio de Fanes
 Sitio de Fanes
 Tiffany Lyrics
 Tiffany en Myspace
 Interview on BBC Radio 1 in 2004

Álbumes de Tiffany
Álbumes de 2005

Dust Off and Dance (álbum de Tiffany)


Mette Lykke (født 1981 i Ringkøbing) er en dansk erhvervsleder, iværksætter og investor. Mette Lykke er CEO for Too Good To Go.

Baggrund og uddannelse
Mette Lykke er ud af en familie af selvstændige. Hendes farfar startede i 1947 kæden 10-4, som både består af byggemarkeder og tømmerhandler. Mette Lykke er gift med Mads Lykke, og de har døtrene Maya og Ellen.

Mette Lykke har kandidateksamen i statskundskab fra Aarhus Universitet.

Karriere
I 2007 var hun medstifter af virksomheden Endomondo, som i 2015 blev solgt,for en halv milliard kroner, til Under Armour, hvor hun var senior vice president indtil 2017.

Mette Lykke blev i 2018 valgt ind i Gyldendals bestyrelse.

Referencer

Erhvervskvinder
Iværksættere fra Danmark
Alumni fra Aarhus Universitet
Personer fra Ringkøbing

Mette Lykke


Don Messick (7. september 1926 - 24. oktober 1997) var en amerikansk tegnefilmsdubber bag mange af Hanna-Barbera´s tegnefilm. Han var nok bedst kendt som stemmen bag Scooby-Doo.

Eksterne henvisninger

Tegnefilmsdubbere fra USA

Don Messick


Alexander Schleicher GmbH & Co is a major manufacturer of sailplanes located in Poppenhausen, near Fulda in Germany.

It is also the oldest sailplane manufacturer in the world.

History
The company was founded in 1927 by Alexander Schleicher using money that he had won as a pilot in a gliding competition. It grew quickly in size and fame, producing many notable designs including the Anfänger ("Beginner"), Zögling ("Student"), Professor, Mannheim, and the Stadt Frankfurt (City of Frankfurt).

Meanwhile, the aircraft produced under contract by the company continued to grow in size and complexity, reaching their pinnacle with the DFS Rhönadler (Rhön eagle) and DFS Rhönbussard (Rhön buzzard) designed by Hans Jacobs, and a huge, three-seat experimental glider built from a design by Alexander Lippisch for the Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Segelflug (DFS - German Research Institute for Sailplane Flight).

Production during WW2

By the time war broke out in Europe in 1939, Schleicher was already employing hundreds of workers in what was a major enterprise.

During World War II, the factory was used to maintain and repair training gliders for the Hitler Youth, who received flight training at the Wasserkuppe.

At the end of the war in 1945, aviation activities were suspended in allied-occupied Germany, and Alexander Schleicher returned to his roots, using his factory to build furniture until the restrictions were lifted in 1951, and the company could build sailplanes once more.

In the 21st century
The company is managed by Alexander's grandsons, Peter Kremer, and Ulrich Kremer.

Gliders

The first notable post-war designs were made by Rudolf Kaiser and include:
 Ka 1 (Single-seat trainer)
 Ka 2 (Two-seat trainer)
 Ka 3 (Single-seat trainer)
 Ka 4 (Two-seat trainer)
 Ka 6 (Standard Class)
 K 7 (Two-seat trainer)
 K 8 (Standard Class)
 K 10 (Standard Class)
 ASK 13 (Two-seat trainer)
 ASK 14 (Single-seat touring motor glider)
 ASK 16 (Two-seat touring motor glider)
 ASK 18 (Club Class)
 ASK 21 (Glass fibre two-seat trainer)
 ASK 23 (Glass fibre Club Class)

The modern era of using composite materials such as fiberglass and carbon fiber began with single-seat gliders designed by Gerhard Waibel. His designs are:
 ASW 12 (Open Class)
 ASW 15 (Standard Class)
 ASW 17 (Open Class)
 ASW 19 (Standard Class)
 ASW 20 (15 metre Class, some with tip extensions)
 ASW 22 (Open Class)
 ASW 24 (Standard Class)
 ASW 27 (15 metre Class)
 ASW 28 (Standard Class, but some also with tips for 18 metres)

Designers Martin Heide and Michael Greiner have produced:
 ASH 25 (Two-seat Open Class)
 ASH 26 (18 metre Class, often motorised)
 ASG 29 (15 metre Class and 18 metre Class)
 ASH 30 Mi (Two-seat Open Class, motorised, replacing ASH 25)
 ASH 31 (Open class and 18 metre class, replacing ASH 26)
 ASG 32 (Two-Seater Class)

Following the retirement of Martin Heide, successive aircraft were designed by a team that includes Joschka Schmeisl, Paul Anklam, Andreas Storch, Ulrich Simon, Tobias Mörsel and Manfred Munch:

 AS 33 (15/18 metre Class, ASG 29 successor)
 AS 34 Me (15/18 metre Class, self launching electric)
 AS 35 Mi (18/Open Class, self launching, replacing ASH31)

References

External links

 Schleicher company website (in English)

Aircraft manufacturers of Germany
Fulda
Glider manufacturers
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1927
German companies established in 1927

Alexander Schleicher GmbH & Co


es el nombre de varios barrios de Japón.

Se puede referir a:
Naka-ku (Hamamatsu)
Naka-ku (Hiroshima)
Naka-ku (Nagoya)
Naka-ku (Okayama)
Naka-ku (Sakai)
Naka-ku (Yokohama)

Naka-ku


قصر أبوستوليك (بالإيطاليّة: Palazzo Apostolico؛ باللاتينيّة: Palatium Apostolicum) يسمى أيضاً بـالقصر المقدّس أو القصر البابوي أو قصر الفاتيكان هو المقر الرسمي لبابا الفاتيكان في الفاتيكان وسط روما. يُستعمل القصر ككنيسة كاثوليكية للمكاتب الحكومية، وشقق بابويّة للسكن. يضم القصر ألف غرفة، من أشهرها هي غرف رفائيل، التي تضم لوحات الفنان رفائيلو سانزيو مثل لوحة مدرسة أثينا، ومصلى سيستاين والتصاميم الجصية لمايكل أنجلو التي جعلته شهيراً (تم تجديدها سنة 1980 و1990).

على جانبي ساحة القديس بطرس يتوضع القصر الرسولي المكون من كتل منفصلة من البناء إلى جانب المتاحف والمكتبة والأرشيف السري كذلك كنيسة سيستين. أبرز القاعات الحديثة البناء هي قاعة الاجتماعات والاستقبالات الرسمية والتي افتتحها البابا بولس السادس في 30 يوليو 1971 وتتسع لاثني عشر ألف شخصو هي من تصميم بيير نيرفي. سائر الأبنية التي تشكل القصر الرسولي هي عبارة عن مزيج معماري بني بمراحل مختلفة بين القرنين الثالث عشر والتاسع عشر، وكان البابا نيكولا الثالث (1277 - 1280)، أول من اهتم ببنائه. يحوي الطابق العلوي من القصر الرسولي على الشقق السكنية الخاصة بالبابا والمقربين منه، وتشرف غرفة البابا الشخصية على ساحة القديس بطرس مباشرة، ومنها يلقي خطابًا أسبوعيًا للمحتشدين كل يوم أربعاء. أما الطابق الأوسط فيحوي شقق رافائيل الثلاثة لكون رافائيل من أشرف على رسمها، إلى جانب قاعة الاستقبال الثانية المعروفة باسم «قاعة كلمنتين» والمكتبة البابوية الخاصة. يوجد في الطابق الأوسط أيضًا المصلى البولسي الذي بناه مايكل آنجلو للبابا بولس الثالث وشقة بورجيا حيث أقام البابا ألكسندر السادس، ثم مصلى نيكولا الخامس، ليتصل البناء مباشرة بعدها بمتاحف الفاتيكان. يحوي القصر الرسولي أيضًا على مقرات عدد من المجامع البابوية، بشكل منفصل أو متصل مباشرة بالبناء.

أعلام
 يوحنا بولس الثاني
 ليون الثالث عشر
 بيوس التاسع
 بندكت الخامس عشر
 بيوس العاشر

معرض صور

مراجع

انظر أيضًا
 الفاتيكان
 بابوية كاثوليكية
 قصر البابوات

جغرافيا الفاتيكان
قصور أسقفية
قصور في الفاتيكان
قصور في روما
كنيسة سيستينا
مقرات رسمية

القصر الرسولي


Maryam Shadid (Casablanca, ) es una astrónoma marroquí e investigadora en el Domo C, Base de investigaciones Concordia, en el continente antártico. Es considerada como la primera astrónoma del mundo comprometida a instalar un gran observatorio astronómico en la Antártida.

Realizó extensas recorridas por el Polo Sur y ha trabajado extensamente en Chile.

Educación
Chadid nació el 11 de octubre de 1969 en Casablanca, en el seno de una familia marroquí. A los 12 años descubrió su amor por la astronomía gracias a un libro de Johannes Kepler que le regaló uno de sus seis hermanos. En 1992, Chadid se licenció en Física y Matemáticas por la Universidad Hassan II de Casablanca. En 1993, se graduó en la Universidad de Niza Sophia Antipolis con un Máster de Estudios Avanzados, y tres años más tarde se doctoró en Astronomía y Espacio por la Universidad Paul Sabatier, gracias a sus investigaciones sobre la detección de ondas de choque hipersónicas en estrellas pulsantes junto a la explicación de su origen. Además, obtuvo el más alto grado de cualificación universitaria Habilitation HDR, un segundo doctorado, en la Universidad de Niza Sophia-Antipolis. Chadid completó también varios programas de formación ejecutiva en la Escuela Harvard Kennedy de la Universidad de Harvard.

Trayectoria
Merieme Chadid se incorporó al Centro Nacional para la Investigación Científica y al Observatorio Europeo Austral poco después de hacer el doctorado. Trabajó en el Observatorio Europeo Austral para la instalación del Very Large Telescope, el mayor telescopio del mundo en aquel momento, en el desierto de Atacama, al norte de Chile. Trabaja como astrónoma en el sistema universitario público francés, y desde 2021, es Vicepresidenta de la Unión Astronómica Internacional, División G, Estrellas y Física Estelar.

Chadid se convirtió en la primera astrónoma marroquí y francesa en llegar al corazón de la Antártida, y la primera en plantar allí una bandera árabe y otra africana (la marroquí)en 2005, cuando logró su primera expedición polar para establecer un nuevo observatorio. De sus muchos logros, el más preciado ha sido su trabajo en condiciones extremas en el corazón de la Antártida, uno de los lugares más altos, fríos, desérticos e inaccesibles del mundo. Se le considera la primera astrónoma del mundo que se comprometió a instalar un gran observatorio astronómico en la Antártida, donde ha llevado a cabo un trabajo pionero. En diversas entrevistas, ha comparado la instalación del observatorio con una misión espacial, una zona caracterizada sólo por una fina capa de turbulencia, lo que facilita la observación de objetos lejanos más que los observatorios de otras partes del mundo. Como la noche se prolonga durante varios meses al año, los investigadores de las estaciones antárticas tienen la ventaja de poder estudiar las estrellas las 24 horas del día.

Chadid promueve la educación dando charlas, asistiendo a conferencias, supervisando a estudiantes, y su documental sobre astronomía, Tarik Annujah, se ha emitido en el canal infantil de Al Yazira. Sus investigaciones más publicadas tienen como objetivo comprender y descifrar la formación estelar temprana y la evolución y pulsación estelar hacia la comprensión del Universo.

La revista Forbes la incluyó en la lista de los treinta trabajadores más interesantes y fascinantes del mundo.

Reconocimientos
En 2008, fue reconocida como Young Global Leader en el Foro Económico Mundial, una comunidad de jóvenes capacitados para impulsar cambios de impacto positivo a nivel mundial.

En 2013, fue nombrada Oficial de la Orden de Ouissam Alaouite, una condecoración militar que el Rey de Marruecos concede a los civiles y militares marroquíes que han dado muestras de heroísmo en combate o prestado servicios meritorios al Estado marroquí.

En 2015, recibió el premio Arab Woman of the Year, organizado por la London Arabia Organisation y otorgado por la Regent's University de Londres, por sus logros en el campo de la ciencia. Fue el primer grupo en ser reconocido.

Véase también

 Cronología de las mujeres en la ciencia

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Astrónomas
Científicas de Marruecos
Astrónomos de Marruecos
Escritores en francés del siglo XX
Escritores en francés del siglo XXI
Mujeres científicas antárticas
Francia en la Antártida
Profesores de la Universidad de Niza
Mujeres de Marruecos del siglo XX
Mujeres de Marruecos del siglo XXI
Nacidos en Casablanca
Exploradores de Marruecos
Exploradoras

Maryam Shadid


NK Mladi radnik je bivši bosanskohercegovački nogometni klub iz Vareša.

Povijest

Najstariji nogometni klub u Varešu osnovan je 1927. godine. Poslije Drugoga svjetskog rata dva kluba NK Mladi radnik i NK Metalac ujedinili su se u jedinstveni klub koji je ponio ime grada, NK Vareš.

Izvori

Mladi radnik
Vareš

NK Mladi radnik Vareš


Black ice, sometimes called clear ice, is a thin coating of glaze ice on a surface, especially on streets. The ice itself is not black, but visually transparent, allowing the often black road below to be seen through it. The typically low levels of noticeable ice pellets, snow, or sleet surrounding black ice means that areas of the ice are often next to invisible to drivers or people walking on it. Thus, there is a risk of slippage and subsequent accident due to the unexpected loss of traction.

Definitions
The term "black ice" in the United States is defined by the National Weather Service  as "patchy ice on roadways or other transportation surfaces that cannot easily be seen.  It is often clear (not white) with the black road surface visible underneath. It is most prevalent during the early morning hours, especially after snowmelt on the roadways has a chance to refreeze overnight when the temperature drops below freezing. Black ice can also form when roadways are slick from rain and temperatures drop below freezing overnight."

The World Meteorological Organization definitions of black ice are:

A popular alternative for the term "glaze". A thin sheet of ice, relatively dark in appearance, may form when light rain or drizzle falls on a road surface that is at a temperature below freezing point or, alternatively, when water already on the road surface subsequently freezes when its temperature falls below freezing point. It may also be formed when supercooled fog droplets are intercepted by buildings, fences, and vegetation.
Thin, new ice on freshwater or saltwater, appearing dark in color because of its transparency, a result of its columnar grain structure. On lakes, black ice is also commonly overlain by white ice formed from refrozen snow or slush.

Formation

On roads and pavements
The American Meteorological Society Glossary of Meteorology includes the definition of black ice as "a thin sheet of ice, relatively dark in appearance, [that] may form when light rain or drizzle falls on a road surface that is at a temperature below ." Because it represents only a thin accumulation, black ice is highly transparent and thus difficult to see compared with snow, frozen slush, or thicker ice layers. In addition, it is often interleaved with wet pavement, which is nearly identical in appearance.

This condition makes driving, cycling or walking on affected surfaces extremely dangerous. Deicing with salt (sodium chloride) is effective down to temperatures of about .  Other compounds such as magnesium chloride or calcium chloride have been used for extremely cold temperatures since the freezing-point depression of their solutions is lower.

At lower temperatures (below ), black ice can form on roadways when the moisture from automobile exhaust, such as motorcycles and cars, condenses on the road surface.
Such conditions caused multiple accidents in Minnesota when the temperatures dipped below that point for a prolonged period of time in mid-December 2008.  Salt's ineffectiveness at melting ice at these temperatures compounds the problem. Black ice may form even when the ambient temperature is several degrees above the freezing point of water , if the air warms suddenly after a prolonged cold spell that has left the surface of the roadway well below the freezing point of water.

On December 1, 2013, heavy post-Thanksgiving weekend traffic encountered black ice on the westbound I-290 expressway in Worcester, Massachusetts. A chain reaction series of crashes resulted, involving three tractor-trailers and over 60 other vehicles. The ice formed suddenly on a long downward slope, surprising drivers coming over the crest of a hill, who could not see crashed vehicles ahead until it was too late to stop on the slick pavement.

On February 11, 2021, icing in Dallas and Fort Worth, Texas, contributed to a crash on I-35W which authorities called a "mass casualty event".  Over 100 cars were involved in the pileup and multiple fatalities were reported.

On bridges

Bridges and overpasses can be especially dangerous. Black ice forms first on bridges and overpasses because air can circulate both above and below the surface of the elevated roadway when the ambient temperature drops, causing the pavement temperature on the bridge to fall rapidly. In the United States, road warning signs with the advisory "Bridge Ices Before Road" indicate potentially dangerous roadways above bridge structures.

Similar road signs exists throughout Canada, but warnings sometimes appear without words to comply to bilingual requirements. The Canadian sign features a vehicle with skid marks and snow flakes. The same sign's official and undisclosed description is defined as "Pavement is slippery when wet".

Case study in Minnesota

The I-35W Mississippi River bridge in Minneapolis, Minnesota, was well known for its black ice before it collapsed in 2007 into the Mississippi River. It had caused several pileups during its 40-year life. On December 19, 1985, the temperature reached . Cars crossing the bridge experienced black ice and there was a massive pile up of crashed vehicles on the bridge on the northbound side. In February and in December 1996, the bridge was identified as the single most treacherous cold-weather spot in the local freeway system, because of the almost frictionless thin layer of black ice that regularly formed when temperatures dropped below freezing. The bridge's proximity to Saint Anthony Falls contributed significantly to the icing problem and the site was noted for frequent spinouts and collisions.

By January 1999, Mn/DOT began testing magnesium chloride solutions and a mixture of magnesium chloride and a corn-processing byproduct to see whether either would reduce the black ice that appeared on the bridge during the winter months. In October 1999, the state embedded temperature-activated nozzles in the bridge deck to spray the bridge with potassium acetate solution to keep the area free of winter black ice. The system came into operation in 2000.

On water

When the temperature is below freezing and the wind is calm, such as under a high atmospheric pressure at night in the fall, a thin layer of ice will form over open water of a lake. If the depth of the body of water is large enough, its color is black and can be seen through the ice, thus the name black ice.

Ice can also be formed by seawater spray and water vapour freezing upon contact with a vessel's superstructure when temperature is low enough. Ice formed in this manner is known as rime. As the formation progress, the aboveboard weight of the vessel increases and may ultimately cause capsizing. Furthermore, rime ice may impede the correct functioning of important navigational instruments on board, such as radar or radio installations. Different strategies for the removal of such ice are employed: chipping away the ice or even using fire hoses in an attempt to remove the ice.

In mountains

Black ice is a significant hazard for climbers and scramblers. Cold weather is common at high altitudes, and black ice quickly forms on rock surfaces. Loss of traction is as sudden and unexpected as on a pavement or road, but can be dangerous if the rock is in an exposed position with a drop below. An ice-axe and crampons are essential use in such circumstances as they will help to prevent a fall, and a belay rope will help to arrest a fall.

See also

Clear ice
Congelation ice
Freezing rain
Jumble ice
Road traffic accident
Sand

References

External links

 Is there really such a thing as black ice?, from the Straight Dope staff

Snow or ice weather phenomena
Water ice
Precipitation
Weather hazards
Road hazards

eu:Euri izoztua

Black ice


Hrvatsko pjevačko društvo Odjek, hrvatsko kulturno društvo iz Zemuna.

Povijest
Nakon više privatnih hrvatskih klubova u Zemunu, nakon uspjele zabavne večeri 30. ožujka 1895. u Centralu hrvatski klubovi iz Zemuna su se ujedinili te na konstitutivnoj skupštini 26. siječnja 1896. godine osnovano je hrvatsko pjevačko društvo Odjek. Ime su predložili učitelj Vjekoslav Kirin i profesor Janko Planinc. Izabrana je prva uprava društva u sastavu: profesor Edmund Ulrih predsjednik, kotarski pristav Ivan Benčević dopredsjednik, profesor Janko Planinc tajnik, knjižar Adam Šokčević, učitelj Vjekoslav Kirin, sudac Franjo Latković, liječnik Petar Pavliček, kateheta Franjo Posavec, profesor Ivan Šali i duhovnik bolnice Krešimir Tomljenović. 9. veljače 1896. bogosluženjem župnoj crkvi Blažene Djevice Marije u Zemunu svečano je proslavljeno osnivanje Odjeka, pri čemu je pjevana Hrvatska misa F.S. Vilhara. Nešto poslije Vlada Kraljevine Hrvatske, Slavonije i Dalmacije u Zagrebu odobrila je pravila društva. Djelovanje je počelo s 35 pjevača i 16 pjevačica, te 15 članova utemeljivača i 96 članova prinosnika. Zbor je već imao uhodano članstvo jer su se u rad uključili brojni bivši članovi njemačkog pjevačkog društva i kvaliteta zbora bila je visoka. Vježbe su održavali u stanu zborovođe Tropša, cijelo vrijeme prvi i jedini zborovođa. Školu pjevanja vodio je plaćeni zborovođa. Svibnja 1896. godine je na skupštini u Sušaku HKPD Odjek primljen u članstvo Hrvatskog pjevačkog saveza. 15. kolovoza 1896. delegacija društva sudjelovala je na sastanku svih slavenskih pjevačkih društava u Briješćima u Štajerskoj. Unatoč ograničenim uvjetima zborski repertoar već 1897. godine imao je 98 pjesama,a 1901. godine broj pjevača bio je 90 članova. Rastao je neprekidno broj pomažućih i dosegao je dvjesta što ukazuje ma privrženost zemunskih Hrvata društvu. Tome je prinos dalo i to što je Odjek osim njegovanja pjesme, provodio i važnu kulturnu misiju među zemunskim Hrvatima. Time se djelokrug proširio izvan pjevanja i pod okriljem pjevačkog društva izrasli su i Hrvatska čitaonica (osnovana posebnim ukazom 1904., rad obnovljen 2003.) i Hrvatski sokol. Osim tog Odjek je imao i tamburašku i kazališnu sekciju te malu knjižnicu. Predsjednici društva bili su Edmund Ulrih, poslije prvi počasni član društva, od 1899. Aleksandar Badaj, pa Milan Crlenjak do 1914.

Tradiciju starog Odjeka danas je nastavila istoimena obnovljena sekcija u Zemunu. Članovi njeguju kulturu i tradiciju i čuvaju svoj identitet kroz izvođenje hrvatskih narodnih, domoljubivih i tradicionalnih pjesama.

Statut
Po Statutu, društvu je svrha "gajiti hrvatske, slavenske i neumjetne na hrvaštinu prevedene pjesme i glazbu". Zbog toga su svi izvršujući članovi bili obvezni pohađati školu pjevanja i sudjelovati na svim društvenim zabavama. Izvršujući članovi morali su biti stariji od 18 godina, zaposleni i neporočnog vladanja. Osim tih članova, postojali su i članovi – prinosnici koji su plaćali mjesečnu članarinu i članovi utemeljitelji koji su plaćali najmanje 30 forinti godišnje. Prema statutu, društvo je moralo godišnje prirediti tri pjevačke zabave "bez ulaznica" i uz to, onoliko zabava, posela, izleta i sličnih priredbi, koliko mogućnosti dopuštaju. Obustava rada prema statutu nastupila bi da je članstvo spalo na tri člana, i tad bi prema statutu svu imovinu preuzela Matica hrvatska, uz obvezu ustupi ju novom sličnom hrvatskom društvu, ako se ono ponovno osnuje u Zemunu u narednih 50 godina.

Izvori

Zemun
Hrvatska kulturno-umjetnička društva
Srijemski Hrvati
Pjevački zborovi

Hrvatsko pjevačko društvo Odjek (Zemun)


An Agrostis myriantha in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Joseph Dalton Hooker. An Agrostis myriantha in nahilalakip ha genus nga Agrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Agrostis

Agrostis myriantha


Kesmeşeker, 1990'ların başında Kadıköy'de Cenk Taner (vokal, gitar), Belen Ünal (gitar), Tayfun Çağlar (vokal bas), Melih Rona (davul) ve Metin Karaşahin (perküsyon) tarafından kurulmuş Rock müzik grubu.

Grup günümüze dek 8 albüm çıkarmıştır. Şarkı sözlerinde kent insanının sosyal, ekonomik ve siyasal tartışmalar arasındaki yalnızlığı ve sıkışmışlığı kadar dünya çapında gelişen sorunlara yönelik dolaylı tepkiler, futbol muhabbeti, edebi göndermeler ve sufi geleneğe saygı duruşu da bulunur. Müzikal açıdan temiz bir rock soundu tutturmaya özen gösteren Kesmeşeker, piyano ve yaylılar gibi enstrümanlara da zaman zaman bestelerinde yer verir.

Grubun birçok üyesi zaman içinde değişse de kurucu üyelerden Cenk Taner, "Kesmeşeker" adıyla çalışmalarına devam etmektedir. Grup en son 2017 yılının sonunda Kadıköy isimli bir albüm çıkarmıştır. 2021 itibarıyla 30. yılını kutlayan Kesmeşeker, yeni albüm hazırlığı içerisindedir.

Ayrıca Kesmeşeker, 90'lı yılların Türkçe rock müziğinde yer tutan grupların yer aldığı 2016 yapımı "Sar Doksana" adlı belgesele de konu olmuştur.

Kadıköy albümünde Canay Cengen (bas gitar) ve Gökhan Özcan (davul) ile çalan Cenk Taner, yeni albüm çalışmalarına Demirhan Baylan ile devam etmektedir.

Albümler

Dipten ve Derinden (1991)
Şarkı Listesi:

 İstanbul İstanbul
 Tek Sorumlu
 Hamdık, Piştik, Olduk
 S.O.S
 Malum Zaman Teknoloji
 Olağan Durumlar
 Güney Afrika'da
 Senin İçin
 Ben Bir Yolcuyum
 Dipten ve Derinden

Grubun ilk albümü Kalan Müzik etiketiyle çıkmıştır. Cenk Taner o süreci şöyle aktarıyor: "Çok az paramız vardı, çok kısa sürede her şeyi bitirdik, hiç tanımadığımız İMÇ'ye gittik. İki tane plak şirketine, Kalan ve Güneş'e gittik, ikisi de kabul etti. Kalan'a verdik hasbelkader. O albümle grubu tutanlar, bir daha grubu hiç bırakmadılar (...) Her şey vardı o albümde, reggae de vardı, rock da. Rock gruplarının alışık olmadığı konuşur gibi bir vokalim vardı, sözlere abanıyordum."

Albüme adını veren Dipten ve Derinden şarkısı, Mevlana'nın "ya olduğun gibi görün ya da göründüğün gibi ol" sözlerine yapılmış bir bestedir. Grubun diğer albümlerinde de devam edecek sufi göndermelerin temeli bu şarkıyla atılmıştır. Güney Afrika'da şarkısı, o dönem bu ülkede yaşanan apartheid uygulamalarına karşı bir eleştiri taşır. Grubun sloganik olmasa da politik tavrının varlığıın ve dünyaya sorunlarına karşı duyarlılığını gösterir. Albümün açılışı şarkısı (İstanbul İstanbul) grubun sonraki dönemlerde en bilindik şarkılarından biri olmuştur. Tek Sorumlu ve S.O.S şarkıları da konserlerde halen sıkça çalınmaktadır.

Aşk ve Para (1993)
Şarkı Listesi:
Tüm Tercihim Senden Yana
Şampiyon
Vahşi
Aşk ve Para
Gerçekten Özleyince
El Mecbur
Gitme Kal
Tek Farkımız
Son Tango
Karanlıktan Korkan Bebekler
Ekmeğin Emrindeyim

Grubun kurucu kadrosu büyük oranda değişmiş ve Cenk Taner bu albümde Serdar Öztop (gitar), Demirhan Baylan (bas) ve Cem Güvener (perküsyon) ile çalışmıştır. Kayıt öncesinde, bir Alman radyosunun İstanbul'daki rock gruplarıyla ilgili yaptığı haber ve kayıt için gruba ödediği bin marklık telif ücreti, albümü çıkmasında yardımcı olmuştur. Uzelli Müzik etiketiyle çıkan albümde Gerçekten Özleyince şarkısına klip çekilmiştir.

Tut Beni Düşmeden (1995)
Şarkı Listesi:
Mister Brown
Tut Beni Düşmeden
Her Şey Yolunda Derken
Yağmur
Değiştim Ben Sevgilim
Ya aşkım ol, ya dostum ol
Yolculuk Bitti
Yanıyor Tüm Gençliğim
Tarzan İnce Dallarda
Gene Gel

Albüm Ada Müzik'ten çıkmıştır. Sonraki albümler de bu şirketten çıkmaya devam etmiştir. Mister Brown, Ankara Havası ritmlerini kullanarak ABD'nin Körfez Savaşı ile yaptığı müdahaleleri eleştiren güçlü bir girişe sahip şarkısı olarak o dönem ses getirmiştir.

İnsülin (1998)
Şarkı Listesi:
Yoksulluk
Acıların Kralı
İşte güneş!
Feridun Bey
Failün meçhûlün
Para, pul, vs.
Henüz onlar bunları bilmiyor
Kusursuz cinayetler çağında
En çok seni
Sakin sular

Albüm kapağında grup üyelerinin göründüğü ve ayrıca bir şarkı ile adı eşleşmeyen ilk albümdür. Albümün o dönem artan faili meçhul cinayetler ve şiddet olayları etkisiyle en çok siyasi göndermeye sahip albümü olduğu söylenebilir. İşte Güneş şarkısına klip çekilmiştir. Albüme Cenk Taner'in sözleri kadar diğer grup üyelerinin de katkı verdiği görülür.

İçinde İçindekiler Vardır (1999)
Şarkı Listesi:
Aşklar bizi terk etti
Ol dedin, bak oldum
Maria
23.20
Konya'dan, Hindistan'dan
Kaptan
Düşün, sabaha kadar düşün
Olmaz, olmaz
Sıradışı makinalar
Eyersiz atlar
Uyandır o ateşi
Sanaloğlan
Şekerbond

Albüm, hücum kayıt yönetimiyle kaydedilmiştir. Son şarkı, Şekerbond, grubun albümlerinde yer verdiği ilk enstrümantal kaydıdır. Özellikle Tansu Kızılırmak ve Tayfun Çağlar geri vokalleri öne çıkar. Kimi şarkılarda sample ve ses efektleri kullanarak daha önce yapmadıkları tarzda düzenlemeler yapılmıştır. Aşklar bizi terk etti'ye klip çekilmiştir.

Kum (2004)
Şarkı Listesi:
Ders bitti
Ne Zaman Gitti Tren?
Eyalet Çocukları
Şeyler Arasında
Deve
Bir Avuç Kum
Kalbi Kırıklar Bankasında
Yaşıyorum, ölüyorum
Tek Kişiyim Ben Hala
Duymuştum, şehirdeydim
Japonca
Zaten

Grubun, önceki albüm aralıklarına göre uzun bir süre sonra çıkardığı 2000'lerdeki ilk albümüdür. Kapakta, önceki iki albümden farklı olarak bu kez sadece Cenk Taner fotoğrafı dikkat çeker. Bu albümde yine önceki iki albüme göre daha az kişiyle, bass'larda Demirhan Baylan ve davulda Cengiz Baysal ile çalışmıştır. Albüm kaydını da Demirhan Baylan üstlenmiştir. Gelişen teknoloji kadar, Demirhan Baylan'ın da etkisiyle, kayıt kalitesi önceki albümlerden daha öndedir. Ne Zaman Gitti Tren şarkısına klip çekilirken, bu şarkıda piyanoyu Pelin Batu çalmıştır. Eyalet Çocukları, yine ABD'nin müdahalelerine tepkiyi içerir.

Doğdum Ben Memlekette (2011)

Şarkı Listesi:
Atlar Dönmedi
Sıcak ve Kurak
Doğdum Ben Memlekette
Her Şey Sermaye İçin Sevgilim
Benim Adım Ne
Eğ Başını Eğeceksen
İsmail
Metin Kurt Yalnızlığı
Kim Sessizse O Ağlasın
Gittiğin Gün
Tezatlar Kitabı

Albüm, yine uzun bir aranın sonrasında çıkmıştır. Kayıtlarda eski üyelerden bazıları (Cenk Alper, Tansu Kızılırmak, Emre Sarıtunalılar) gruba katılmıştır. Kapakta Galatasaray'da 1970'lerde sol kanat oyuncu olarak oynayan ve bir şarkıya da konu olan Metin Kurt, millî formasıyla yer alır. Atlar Dönmedi ve Her Şey Sermaye İçin Sevgilim şarkılarına klipler çekilirken, Metin Kurt Yalnızlığı da en popüler  şarkılardan biri olmuştur. Doğdum Ben Memlekette şarkısı, Bruce Springsteen'in Born In the USA şarkısından; İsmail şarkısı Moby Dick kitabından ilhamlar içerir.

Kadıköy (2017)

Şarkı Listesi:
Değişti Zaman
Keçi
Önce Nar Sonra Pancar
Kadıköy'de Çok Güzel Solduk Biz
O
Sonbahar
Litra
-Dahi Çocukları Düşlerinden Vururlar
Kadıköy'de Zen
Az Ya Da Çok

Cenk Taner'in, Mehmet Şenol Şişli ve Veysi Çolak ile kaydettiği solo albümden (Yoldan Çıkmış Şarkılar) sonra çıkan bu albümde yine yeni isimlerle çalışılmıştır. Kadıköy'de Çok Güzel Solduk şarkısına klip çekilirken, Keçi şarkısında ilk kez bağlama kullanılmıştır. Gezi Parkı olaylarının etkisi altında yazılmış -Dahi Çocukları Düşlerinden Vururlar, Cenk Taner'in önceki yazılarından birine dayanır.

30 (EP, 2021)
Şarkı Listesi:
Ada
Ya Aşkım Ol Ya Dostum Ol
Ağla Ağla
Tut Beni Düşmeden

Grubun kuruluşunun 30. yıldönümü anısına 19 Şubat 2021'de çıkmıştır. Cenk Taner'in yanı sıra piyano'da Özgür Ulusoy, basgitar'da Demirhan Baylan ve davulda Gökhan Özcan kayıtta yer almıştır. Bu albümde sadece Ada şarkısı yeni bir bestedir; diğer üç şarkı, önceki albümlerdeki (Ağla Ağla, Cenk Taner'in solo albümü İzin Vermedi Yalnızlık'tadır) çalışmaların yeniden düzenlenmesini içerir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Resmi Spotify Sayfası
 Resmi Site: Kesmeşeker.org
 Milyonların Sevgilisi Röportajı

Türk rock müzik grupları
Türk alternatif rock grupları
1990'da kurulan müzik grupları
Ada Müzik sanatçıları
Uzelli Müzik sanatçıları
İstanbul kökenli müzik grupları

Kesmeşeker


بلدية كاسترو ديل ريو ، هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة قرطبة إحدى مقاطعات إسبانيا، و التي تقع في منطقة الأندلس جنوب إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 8.058 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2007).

أعلام
 حزقيال أنطونيو خيمينيز

مراجع

بلديات قرطبة

كاسترو ديل ريو (قرطبة)


Olaylar
 21 Eylül - Osmanlı-Venedik Savaşı'nın bir parçası olan Semadirek Deniz Muharebesi gerçekleşti.
 Thomas Savery'nin yaptığı ilk buhar makinesi, su altında kalan madenlerdeki suyu dışarı pompalamada kullanıldı.
 Paramour Pink isimli gemi sadece bilimsel gözlem amaçlı bir okyanus yolculuğu için İngiliz astronom Edmond Halley (1656-1742) yönetiminde denize açıldı.

Doğumlar
 Naili Abdullah Paşa, Osmanlı Devleti Sadrazam ve şair (ö.1758)

Ölümler
 Kinoshita Jun'an (), Neokonfüçyüsçü filozof (d. 1621)
 Hafız Osman, Türk hattat (d. 1642)

1698


In mathematics and its applications, a Sturm–Liouville problem is a second-order linear ordinary differential equation of the form:

for given functions  ,  and , together with some boundary conditions at extreme values of .  The goals of a given Sturm–Liouville problem are:
 To find the  for which there exists a non-trivial solution to the problem. Such values  are called the eigenvalues of the problem.
 For each eigenvalue , to find the corresponding solution  of the problem. Such functions  are called the eigenfunctions associated to each .

Sturm–Liouville theory is the general study of Sturm–Liouville problems. In particular, for a "regular" Sturm–Liouville problem, it can be shown that there are an infinite number of eigenvalues each with a unique eigenfunction, and that these eigenfunctions form an orthonormal basis of a certain Hilbert space of functions.

This theory is important in applied mathematics, where Sturm–Liouville problems occur very frequently, particularly when dealing with separable linear partial differential equations. For example, in quantum mechanics, the one-dimensional time-independent Schrödinger equation is a Sturm–Liouville problem.

Sturm–Liouville theory is named after Jacques Charles François Sturm (1803–1855) and Joseph Liouville (1809–1882) who developed the theory.

Main results

The main results in Sturm–Liouville theory apply to a Sturm–Liouville problem

on a finite interval  that is "regular". The problem is said to be regular if:
 the coefficient functions  and the derivative  are all continuous on ;
  and  for all ;
 the problem has separated boundary conditions of the form:

The function , sometimes denoted , is called the weight or density function.

The goals of a Sturm–Liouville problem are:
 to find the eigenvalues: those  for which there exists a non-trivial solution;
 for each eigenvalue , to find the corresponding eigenfunction .

For a regular Sturm–Liouville problem, a function  is called a solution if it is continuously differentiable and satisfies the equation () at every . In the case of more general , the solutions must be understood in a weak sense.

The terms eigenvalue and eigenvector are used because the solutions correspond to the eigenvalues and  eigenfunctions of a Hermitian differential operator in an appropriate Hilbert space of functions with inner product defined using the weight function. Sturm–Liouville theory studies the existence and asymptotic behavior of the eigenvalues, the corresponding qualitative theory of the eigenfunctions and their completeness in the function space.

The main result of Sturm–Liouville theory states that, for any regular Sturm–Liouville problem:
 The eigenvalues  are real and can be numbered so that
 Corresponding to each eigenvalue  is a unique (up to constant multiple) eigenfunction  with exactly  zeros in , called the th fundamental solution.
 The normalized eigenfunctions  form an orthonormal basis under the w-weighted inner product in the Hilbert space ; that is,  where  is the Kronecker delta.

Reduction to Sturm–Liouville form
The differential equation () is said to be in Sturm–Liouville form or self-adjoint form. All second-order linear homogenous ordinary differential equations can be recast in the form on the left-hand side of () by multiplying both sides of the equation by an appropriate integrating factor (although the same is not true of second-order partial differential equations, or if  is a vector). Some examples are below.

Bessel equation

which can be written in Sturm–Liouville form (first by dividing through by , then by collapsing the first two terms on the left into one term) as

Legendre equation

which can easily be put into Sturm–Liouville form, since , so the Legendre equation is equivalent to

Example using an integrating factor

Divide throughout by :

Multiplying throughout by an integrating factor of

gives

which can be easily put into Sturm–Liouville form since

so the differential equation is equivalent to

Integrating factor for general second-order homogenous equation

Multiplying through by the integrating factor

and then collecting gives the Sturm–Liouville form:

or, explicitly:

Sturm–Liouville equations as self-adjoint differential operators
The mapping defined by:

can be viewed as a linear operator  mapping a function  to another function , and it can be studied in the context of functional analysis. In fact, equation () can be written as

This is precisely the eigenvalue problem; that is, one seeks eigenvalues  and the corresponding eigenvectors  of the  operator. The proper setting for this problem is the Hilbert space  with scalar product

In this space  is defined on sufficiently smooth functions which satisfy the above regular boundary conditions. Moreover,  is a self-adjoint operator:

This can be seen formally by using integration by parts twice, where the boundary terms vanish by virtue of the boundary conditions. It then follows that the eigenvalues of a Sturm–Liouville operator are real and that eigenfunctions of  corresponding to different eigenvalues are orthogonal. However, this operator is unbounded and hence existence of an orthonormal basis of eigenfunctions is not evident. To overcome this problem, one looks at the resolvent

where  is not an eigenvalue. Then, computing the resolvent amounts to solving a nonhomogeneous equation, which can be done using the variation of parameters formula. This shows that the resolvent is an integral operator with a continuous symmetric kernel (the Green's function of the problem). As a consequence of the Arzelà–Ascoli theorem, this integral operator is compact and existence of a sequence of eigenvalues  which converge to 0 and eigenfunctions which form an orthonormal basis follows from the spectral theorem for compact operators. Finally, note that

are equivalent, so we may take  with the same eigenfunctions.

If the interval is unbounded, or if the coefficients have singularities at the boundary points, one calls  singular. In this case, the spectrum no longer consists of eigenvalues alone and can contain a continuous component. There is still an associated eigenfunction expansion (similar to Fourier series versus Fourier transform). This is important in quantum mechanics, since the one-dimensional time-independent Schrödinger equation is a special case of a Sturm–Liouville equation.

Application to inhomogeneous second-order boundary value problems
Consider a general inhomogeneous second-order linear differential equation  for given functions . As before, this can be reduced to the Sturm–Liouville form : writing a general Sturm–Liouville operator as:

one solves the system:

It suffices to solve the first two equations, which amounts to solving , or

A solution is:

Given this transformation, one is left to solve:

In general, if initial conditions at some point are specified, for example  and , a second order differential equation can be solved using ordinary methods and the Picard–Lindelöf theorem ensures that the differential equation has a unique solution in a neighbourhood of the point where the initial conditions have been specified.

But if in place of specifying initial values at a single point, it is desired to specify values at two different points (so-called boundary values), e.g.   and , the problem turns out to be much more difficult. Notice that by adding a suitable known differentiable function to , whose values at  and  satisfy the desired boundary conditions, and injecting inside the proposed differential equation, it can be assumed without loss of generality that the boundary conditions are of the form  and .

Here, the Sturm–Liouville theory comes in play: indeed, a large class of functions  can be expanded in terms of a series of orthonormal eigenfunctions  of the associated Liouville operator with corresponding eigenvalues :

Then a solution to the proposed equation is evidently:

This solution will be valid only over the open interval , and may fail at the boundaries.

Example: Fourier series
Consider the Sturm–Liouville problem:

for the unknowns are  and . For boundary conditions, we take for example:

Observe that if  is any integer, then the function

is a solution with eigenvalue . We know that the solutions of a Sturm–Liouville problem form an orthogonal basis, and we know from Fourier series that this set of sinusoidal functions is an orthogonal basis. Since orthogonal bases are always maximal (by definition) we conclude that the Sturm–Liouville problem in this case has no other eigenvectors.

Given the preceding, let us now solve the inhomogeneous problem

with the same boundary conditions . In this case, we must expand  as a Fourier series. The reader may check, either by integrating  or by consulting a table of Fourier transforms, that we thus obtain

This particular Fourier series is troublesome because of its poor convergence properties. It is not clear a priori whether the series converges pointwise. Because of Fourier analysis, since the Fourier coefficients are "square-summable", the Fourier series converges in  which is all we need for this particular theory to function. We mention for the interested reader that in this case we may rely on a result which says that Fourier series converge at every point of differentiability, and at jump points (the function x, considered as a periodic function, has a jump at ) converges to the average of the left and right limits (see convergence of Fourier series).

Therefore, by using formula (), we obtain the solution:

In this case, we could have found the answer using antidifferentiation, but this is no longer useful in most cases when the differential equation is in many variables.

Application to partial differential equations

Normal modes
Certain partial differential equations can be solved with the help of Sturm–Liouville theory. Suppose we are interested in the vibrational modes of a thin membrane, held in a rectangular frame, , . The equation of motion for the vertical membrane's displacement,  is given by the wave equation:

The method of  separation of variables  suggests looking first for solutions of the simple form .  For such a function  the partial differential equation becomes .  Since the three terms of this equation are functions of  separately, they must be constants. For example, the first term gives  for a constant . The boundary conditions ("held in a rectangular frame") are  when ,  or ,  and define the simplest possible Sturm–Liouville eigenvalue problems as in the example, yielding the "normal mode solutions" for  with harmonic time dependence,

where  and  are non-zero integers,  are arbitrary constants, and

The functions  form a basis for the Hilbert space of (generalized) solutions of the wave equation; that is, an arbitrary solution  can be decomposed into a sum of these modes, which vibrate at their individual frequencies . This representation may require a convergent infinite sum.

Second-order linear equation
Consider a linear second-order differential equation in one spatial dimension and first-order in time of the form:

Separating variables, we assume that  Then our above partial differential equation may be written as:

where

Since, by definition,  and  are independent of time  and  and  are independent of position , then both sides of the above equation must be equal to a constant:

The first of these equations must be solved as a Sturm–Liouville problem in terms of the eigenfunctions  and eigenvalues . The second of these equations can be analytically solved once the eigenvalues are known.

where

Representation of solutions and numerical calculation
The Sturm–Liouville differential equation () with boundary conditions may be solved analytically, which can be exact or provide an approximation, by the Rayleigh–Ritz method, or by the matrix-variational method of Gerck et al.

Numerically, a variety of methods are also available. In difficult cases, one may need to carry out the intermediate calculations to several hundred decimal places of accuracy in order to obtain the eigenvalues correctly to a few decimal places.

 Shooting methods
 Finite difference method
 Spectral parameter power series method

Shooting methods

Shooting methods proceed by guessing a value of , solving an initial value problem defined by the boundary conditions at one endpoint, say, , of the interval , comparing the value this solution takes at the other endpoint  with the other desired boundary condition, and finally increasing or decreasing  as necessary to correct the original value. This strategy is not applicable for locating complex eigenvalues.

Spectral parameter power series method

The spectral parameter power series (SPPS) method makes use of a generalization of the following fact about homogeneous second-order linear ordinary differential equations:  if  is a solution of equation () that does not vanish at any point of , then the function

is a solution of the same equation and is linearly independent from . Further, all solutions are linear combinations of these two solutions.  In the SPPS algorithm, one must begin with an arbitrary value  (often ; it does not need to be an eigenvalue) and any solution  of () with  which does not vanish on . (Discussion below of ways to find appropriate  and .) Two sequences of functions ,  on , referred to as iterated integrals, are defined recursively as follows. First when , they are taken to be identically equal to 1 on . To obtain the next functions they are multiplied alternately by  and  and integrated, specifically, for :

The resulting iterated integrals are now applied as coefficients in the following two power series in λ:

Then for any  (real or complex),  and   are linearly independent solutions of the corresponding equation (). (The functions  and  take part in this construction through their influence on the choice of .)

Next one chooses coefficients  and  so that the combination  satisfies the first boundary condition (). This is simple to do since  and , for .  The values of  and  provide the values of  and  and the derivatives  and , so the second boundary condition () becomes an equation in a power series in .  For numerical work one may truncate this series to a finite number of terms, producing a calculable polynomial in  whose roots are approximations of the sought-after eigenvalues.

When , this reduces to the original construction described above for a  solution linearly independent to a given one. The representations () and () also have theoretical applications in Sturm–Liouville theory.

Construction of a nonvanishing solution
The SPPS method can, itself, be used to find a starting solution . Consider the equation ; i.e., , , and  are replaced in () by 0, , and  respectively. Then the constant function 1 is a nonvanishing solution corresponding to the eigenvalue .  While there is no guarantee that  or  will not vanish, the complex function  will never vanish because two linearly-independent solutions of a regular Sturm–Liouville equation cannot vanish simultaneously as a consequence of the Sturm separation theorem. This trick gives a solution  of () for the value .  In practice if () has real coefficients, the solutions based on  will have very small imaginary parts which must be discarded.

See also
 Normal mode
 Oscillation theory
 Self-adjoint
 Variation of parameters
 Spectral theory of ordinary differential equations
 Atkinson–Mingarelli theorem

References

Further reading

  (Chapter 5)
  (see Chapter 9 for singular Sturm–Liouville operators and connections with quantum mechanics)

  (See Chapter 8, part B, for excerpts from the works of Sturm and Liouville and commentary on them.)

Ordinary differential equations
Operator theory
Spectral theory
Partial differential equations
Boundary value problems

Sturm–Liouville theory


De veghe în lanul de porumb 2: Sacrificiul final (titlu original: Children of the Corn II: The Final Sacrifice) este un film american de groază din 1992 regizat de David Price. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Terence Knox, Ryan Bollman, Ned Romero și Paul Scherrer. Este o continuare a filmului De veghe în lanul de porumb din 1984 și începe imediat după evenimentele din primul film, concentrându-se în schimb asupra unui reporter și asupra fiului său care investighează evenimentele primului film.

Prezentare

Distribuție

Producție
Filmările au avut loc în perioada începutul primăverii - iulie 1991.

Primire
A avut încasări de 6.980.986 $ în SUA.

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
Children of the Corn (serie de filme).

Filme din 1992
Filme americane
Filme în limba engleză
Filme regizate de David Price
Filme de groază din anii 1990
Filme Dimension Films
Filme despre religie
Filme slashersequeluri
Lucrări inspirate de Stephen King


متحف لندن هو متحف يغطي تاريخ مدينة لندن بدءاً من فترة ما قبل التاريخ إلى الوقت الحالي. ويقع بالقرب من كاتدرائية سان بول في منطقة باربيكان. ويهتم بصورة أكبر بالتاريخ الاجتماعي للندن وسكانها كتطور أساليب البناء والأزياء والثقافة والمعتقدات، إذ تمثل المعروضات هذه المظاهر، وتستخدم في هذا المتحف تقنيات مختلفة ومتقدمة للعرض والتفاعل الجماهيري؛ كالعروض المرئية والمحاكاة والتمثيل والفيديو، ويسمح بدخوله مجانا. وهو هيئة عامة غير حكومية.

طالع أيضاً
 المتحف البريطاني
 برنامج اكتشاف التيمز

مصادر

الحكومة المحلية في لندن
تأسيسات سنة 1976 في إنجلترا
تاريخ مدينة لندن
جمعيات خيرية مقرها في لندن
متاحف آثار في لندن
متاحف أسست سنة 1976
متاحف التاريخ في لندن
متاحف في مدينة لندن
متاحف محلية في لندن
معالم لندن
متاحف في روما القديمة المملكة المتحدة
متحف لندن
أفعال برلمان المملكة المتحدة بشأن متاحف

متحف لندن


Article 2 and Article 3 of the Constitution of Ireland () were adopted with the Constitution of Ireland as a whole on 29 December 1937, but revised completely by means of the Nineteenth Amendment which became effective 2 December 1999. As amended, they grant the right to be "part of the Irish Nation" to all those people born on the island of Ireland; the articles also express a desire for the peaceful political unification of the island subject to the consent of the people of Northern Ireland and Ireland. Before 1999, Articles 2 and 3 made the claim that the whole island formed one "national territory".

Current version
The Irish Government was bound by the terms of the 1998 Good Friday Agreement to submit Articles 2 and 3 to amendment by referendum. As a result, the Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution was adopted during June of the same year by 94% of those voting. The new wording describes the Irish nation as a community of individuals with a common identity rather than as a territory, and is intended to reassure unionists that a united Ireland will not happen without the consent of a majority of the Northern Ireland electorate.

Full text

Article 2

Article 3

Article 2

As amended, Article 2 provides that everyone born on the island of Ireland has the right to be a part of the 'Irish Nation'. The apparent intention is partly to allow the people of Northern Ireland, if they wish, to feel included in the 'nation' without making what might be perceived as a revanchist claim. However, it has been argued that "the new Article 2 of the Irish constitution gave northern nationalists nothing". After all, Article 9 of the Constitution of Ireland governs Irish citizenship. It provides that the "future loss and acquisition of Irish nationality and citizenship shall be determined in accordance with law". Since it was further amended during 2004, Article 9 now also provides that "[n]otwithstanding any other provision of this Constitution, a person born in the island of Ireland, which includes its islands and seas, who does not have, at the time of the birth of that person, at least one parent who is an Irish citizen or entitled to be an Irish citizen is not entitled to Irish citizenship or nationality, unless provided for by law".

The changes to Article 2 represent a strictly qualified provision of the Belfast Agreement recognizing:

The qualification to that provision of the Belfast Agreement is contained in Annex 2 to the Belfast Agreement. That Annex specifies that the above-mentioned reference to "the people of Northern Ireland" only means "all persons born in Northern Ireland and having, at the time of their birth, at least one parent who is a British citizen, an Irish citizen or is otherwise entitled to reside in Northern Ireland without any restriction on their period of residence." Accordingly, the Belfast Agreement did not bind either state to provide for any unqualified entitlement to birthright citizenship.

Article 2 further recognises the "special affinity" between the people of Ireland and the Irish diaspora.

A criticism of the new wording was that the logic of the constitution was disrupted by the new Articles 2 and 3, in particular as Article 9 already dealt with citizenship, and that the references to "Irish nation" in the new Articles do not have any practical meaning.

Article 3
As amended, Article 3, Section 1 expresses the "firm will" of the Irish nation to create a united Irish people, though not, explicitly, a united country. It stresses, however, that a united Ireland should respect the distinct cultural identity of Unionists and that it should only happen with the separate "democratically expressed" consent of the peoples of both parts of the island. This provision was intended to diminish the concerns of Unionists, that their rights would be ignored in a united Ireland, should that happen. By the Good Friday Agreement the people of Northern Ireland's "democratically expressed" consent must be secured by referendum. For a provision that states the "Irish Nation"'s desire for unity, it adds an additional legal requirement for a referendum to be held not only in Northern Ireland but also in the Republic of Ireland before a united Ireland could be brought about. This has the effect of creating an extra hurdle to Irish acceptance of a cession of Northern Ireland's territory from the UK which would not apply to a cession of any other territory.

Section 2 allows Ireland to participate in the cross-border 'implementation' bodies established by the Agreement.

Original version

Full text

Article 2

Article 3

Note that Saorstát Éireann is the Irish-language translation of "Irish Free State", the name of the independent Irish state before 1937.

Speaking at the 1916 Easter Rising commemoration at Arbour Hill in Dublin during 1998, Taoiseach Bertie Ahern said:

Speaking to the Northern Ireland Forum on 17 April 1998 Ulster Unionist Party politician David Trimble said:

History
The drafters of the Constitution of Ireland during 1937 considered the partition of Ireland by the Government of Ireland Act 1920, and Northern Ireland's Opt Out of the Free State by the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty, to be illegitimate. They desired the new constitution to proclaim the existence of a single 'Irish nation', and the theoretical right of the state to encompass the whole island, while for reasons of pragmatism recognising the  reality of partition, which resulted in delicate wording.

The Constitution refers to two separate entities: a nation, encompassing the whole island of Ireland, and a state, extending, for the time being, only to the twenty-six counties of the 'South'. In its 1937 form, Article 2 described the island of Ireland as the "national territory". Article 3, however, stated that the laws of the southern state would apply only to the South. The purpose of Article 3 was to clarify that Article 2 was intended largely as a kind of declaration, rather than as a provision that would have actual force of law.

Controversy
Until their amendment during 1999 Articles 2 and 3 were the subject of some controversy, particularly among Unionists in Northern Ireland. To Northern Ireland Unionists the articles were a hostile claim upon their territory, and a declaration that they might be coerced into a united Ireland without their consent, and in violation of the sovereignty of the United Kingdom. Furthermore, they claimed, the articles constituted an extraterritorial claim to a part of a foreign nation and were therefore in violation of international law.

For many decades the correct interpretation of the articles also caused some controversy among Irish nationalists. Some considered the constitution as placing an enforceable legal obligation on the government of the Republic to use its influence to actively seek the unification of the island. Invoking Article 2, some Northern Ireland nationalists elected to the UK parliament requested, but were denied, the right to be recognised in the southern parliament (the Oireachtas) as TDs (members of Dáil Éireann). Before 1999, however, the Irish Supreme Court affirmed in consistent rulings that Article 2 created no rights or obligations that were actually enforceable in a court of law.

After the signing of the Anglo-Irish Agreement of 1985, unionist politicians Christopher and Michael McGimpsey brought a suit against the Irish government in the High Court arguing that the Agreement was unconstitutional by Articles 2 and 3, because it recognised that Northern Ireland was part of the United Kingdom. This argument was unusual coming from unionists because of the traditional unionist opposition to these two articles, but was done to discredit an agreement they opposed, albeit not for the reasons they opposed it. Their case failed in the High Court, and again on appeal to the Supreme Court.

Of the two main Unionist parties in Northern Ireland, the amended versions of Articles 2 and 3 were accepted by the Ulster Unionist Party but rejected by the Democratic Unionist Party as not representing an improvement on their predecessors. The DUP has, in recent elections, become the largest political party in Northern Ireland.

Adoption of new versions of the Articles
At midnight on 1 December 1999, the direct rule of the UK parliament ended in Northern Ireland when power was formally devolved to the new Northern Ireland Assembly. On 2 December 1999, power was devolved to the North/South Ministerial Council and the British–Irish Council when commencement orders for the British–Irish Agreement came into effect. However, Article 4(2) of the British–Irish Agreement (the Agreement between the British and Irish governments for the implementation of the Belfast Agreement) required the two governments to notify each other in writing of the completion of the requirements for the entry into force of the Belfast Agreement. Entry into force was to be upon the receipt of the later of the two notifications. The British government agreed to participate with a televised ceremony at Iveagh House in Dublin, the Irish department of foreign affairs. Peter Mandelson, the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, attended early on 2 December 1999. He exchanged notifications with David Andrews, the Irish foreign minister. Soon after the ceremony, at 10.30 am, Taoiseach Bertie Ahern signed the declaration formally amending Articles 2 and 3 of the Irish Constitution. He then announced to the Dáil that the British–Irish Agreement had become effective (including certain supplementary agreements concerning the Belfast Agreement).

Citizenship law

By granting an unqualified right to citizenship to all of those born on the island of Ireland, the new articles have also caused further controversy in the Republic. In January 2003, the Supreme Court ruled that it was constitutional for the Government to deport the parents of children who were Irish citizens. In October 2004 the European Court of Justice ruled (in the Chen case) that a mother who is neither a UK nor an Irish citizen, whose child was born in Northern Ireland and had subsequently (as was the child's entitlement) acquired Irish citizenship, had the right to live with her child in the UK, since denying this would in effect deny residence to the child, in violation of her rights as a citizen. The ECJ ruling acknowledged that, under certain circumstances, a person born in part of the UK (i.e. Northern Ireland) could not gain citizenship of that nation state, but could gain Irish citizenship, without having ever set foot in the Republic of Ireland, or having any connection with it.

The Twenty-seventh Amendment was approved by referendum on 11 June 2004, and was enacted on 24 June. It inserted a new section in Article 9 of the constitution stating that, "notwithstanding any other provision of [the] Constitution", no-one would be automatically entitled to Irish citizenship unless they had at least one parent who was (or was entitled to be) an Irish citizen. The Irish Nationality and Citizenship Act 2004 amended citizenship law to remove the entitlement to citizenship from those born on the island of Ireland who did not have an Irish-citizen parent, or whose parents had not lived in Ireland for three of the previous four years. This law was commenced on 1 January 2005.

Footnotes

External links
www.refcom.ie — Referendum Commission

Irish irredentism
Constitution of Ireland
Northern Ireland peace process
Territorial disputes of the Republic of Ireland
Irish nationality law

Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland


الأوجينول (يسمى أيضا 4-أليل 2-ميتوكسيفينول) هو مركب كيميائي عطري له رائحة مميزة، صيغته الكيميائية C10H12O2، وكتلته المولية 164,201462 غ/مول، درجة انصهاره تحت ضغط 1 بار هي -9°س ودرجة غليانه 253°س تبلغ كثافته 1,06 كغ/ل، وهو قابل للذوبان في الإيثانول وثنائي كلورو ميثان وقليل الذوبان في الماء والكلوروفورم.

الأوجينول هو عبارة عن زيت عطري يشكل نسبة 82% تقريبا من زيت بذور القرنفل (عود النوار) ويتم تجفيف هذا الزيت بمجففات كيميائية أنهيدريدات مثل كبريتات الصوديوم من أجل الحفاظ على جودته أطول فترة ممكنة لأن هذا الزيت يتفاعل تدريجيا مع الماء الممزوج معه، ويعتبر هذا الزيت مفيد لآلام الأسنان.

يوجد الأوجينول في العديد من النباتات ومنها: القرنفل والترنجان.

التحضير
يستخلص الأوجينول طبيعياً من زيت القرنفل وذلك بمزجه مع محلول من هيدروكسيد البوتاسيوم.

الخواص
تعطي أكسدة الأوجينول (1) بمؤكسدات قوية مثل فوق منغنات البوتاسيوم أو الأوزون إلى تشكل الفانيلين (3)، مروراً بتشكل إيزو أوجينول (2) كمرحلة وسطية.

مراجع

إيثرات الفينول
فينولات
فينيل بروبينات
مكونات العطور
منكهات

أوجينول


Le variant thêta, également connu sous le nom de lignée P.3, est l'un des variants du SARS-CoV-2, le virus qui cause la COVID-19. Le variant a été identifié pour la première fois aux Philippines le 18 février 2021, lorsque deux mutations préoccupantes ont été détectées dans les Visayas centrales. Il a été détecté au Japon le 12 mars 2021, lorsqu'un voyageur philippin est arrivé à l'aéroport international de Narita à Tokyo.

Dénomination
Dans le cadre du schéma de dénomination simplifié proposé par l'Organisation mondiale de la santé, P.3 a été étiqueté variant Thêta, et est considéré comme un variant d'intérêt (VOI), mais pas comme un variant préoccupant.

Depuis juillet 2021, Thêta n'est plus considéré comme un variant d'intérêt par l'OMS.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Variants du SARS-CoV-2 : Variant Alpha du SARS-CoV-2, Variant Bêta du SARS-CoV-2, Variant Gamma du SARS-CoV-2, Variant Delta du SARS-CoV-2, Variant Epsilon du SARS-CoV-2, Variant Zeta du SARS-CoV-2, Variant Eta du SARS-CoV-2, Variant Iota du SARS-CoV-2, Variant Kappa du SARS-CoV-2, Variant Lambda du SARS-CoV-2, Variant Mu du SARS-CoV-2, Variant Omicron du SARS-CoV-2.

Theta

Variant Thêta du SARS-CoV-2


Tour de France 2016 var den 103. udgave af cykelløbet Tour de France. Vinder af løbet blev briten Chris Froome.

Løbet startede i Frankrig, men gik også gennem Spanien, Andorra og Schweiz. Første etape var en almindelig fællesstart, og gik fra Mont-Saint-Michel til Utah Beach, lørdag den 2. juli 2016.

Hold og ryttere

198 ryttere fra 22 hold og 35 nationer stillede til start. Blandt dem var tre tidligere samlede vindere af løbet; Chris Froome (2015 og 2013), Vincenzo Nibali (2014), Alberto Contador (2007 og 2009). Adam Hansen stillede til start i sin femtende Grand Tour i træk.

Danske ryttere
Jakob Fuglsang kørte for
Lars Bak kørte for
Christopher Juul-Jensen kørte for
Matti Breschel kørte for
Michael Mørkøv kørte for
Michael Valgren kørte for
Chris Anker Sørensen kørte for

Etaperne

Trøjernes fordeling gennem løbet

Bjergspurter
Stigninger markeret med fed indikerer HC (udenfor kategori)

12. etape fra Montpellier til toppen af Mont Ventoux blev forkortet grundet kraftig vind og af hensyn til rytternes sikkerhed besluttede Tour-arrangøren ASO at flytte målstregen 6 km ned ad bjerget til Chalet Reynard. Etapen gik dermed fra de oprindelige 184 km til 178 km og den samlede længde på stigningen op ad Mont Ventoux gik fra 15,7 km og en gennemsnitnig stigningsprocent på 8,8 til en længde på 9,6 km og en stigningsprocent på 9,3 til Chalet Reynard.

Resultater

Samlede stilling

Pointkonkurrencen

Bjergkonkurrencen

Ungdomskonkurrencen

Holdkonkurrencen

Eksterne henvisninger
Tour de France 2016 - Officielle hjemmeside

UCI World Tour 2016

Tour de France 2016


Nuestra Señora de la Vulnerata, también conocida como Virgen Vulnerata o Virgo Vulnerata, es una advocación mariana venerada en el Real Colegio de San Albano (coloquialmente llamado Colegio de los Ingleses), en Valladolid, España.

Historia

Toma de Cádiz y profanación de la imagen
Las primeras referencias históricas de la imagen datan de 1596. Durante el verano de aquel año, Robert Devereux, II conde de Essex y favorito de la reina Isabel I, convenció al gobierno inglés de llevar a cabo un ataque armado contra España, disponiéndose en consecuencia una flota compuesta por 150 navíos con 10 000 soldados y 7000 marineros al mando de Charles Howard, I conde de Nottingham. También se organizó un ejército formado por 24 navíos holandeses mandados por John de Duyvenvoorde, señor de Warmond, con 5000 soldados bajo el comando de Guillermo Luis, conde de Nassau-Dillenburg. Tras la llegada de las tropas a Cádiz el 30 de junio, los ingleses y los holandeses saquearon la ciudad durante seis días. En el transcurso de la toma se produjo el robo e incendio de numerosos palacios e iglesias, motivo por el que varios gaditanos acudieron a la catedral, lugar en que recibía culto la imagen de Nuestra Señora de la Vulnerata, que en aquel entonces no recibía esta denominación, siendo venerada especialmente como titular de la cofradía de los morenos, ubicada en una ermita propiedad de descendientes de antiguos esclavos de raza negra. Varios invasores holandeses irrumpieron en la catedral y se llevaron la imagen, a la que despojaron de su cetro y corona, con el fin de destruirla por considerarla una manifestación iconoclasta de acuerdo con el dogma del protestantismo. La talla fue públicamente profanada; arrastrada desde el templo hasta la plaza del mercado, fue en principio sarcásticamente venerada para después recibir numerosas cuchilladas, cortes de espada y golpes de hacha los cuales deformaron su rostro, siéndole amputados ambos brazos así como la talla del Niño Jesús que cargaba en su regazo, imagen que quedó reducida a astillas:

La noticia del saqueo provocó gran ofensa en Felipe II y su corte. El militar Martín de Padilla, conde de Santa Gadea, abogó por preparar la flotilla española y atacar Inglaterra en respuesta; un primer intento se llevó a cabo en octubre de 1596, mientras que el segundo tuvo lugar en septiembre de 1597 con el envío de cien navíos los cuales partieron rumbo al Canal de la Mancha desde Lisboa y La Coruña, aunque las dificultades climatológicas y el riesgo de otro fracaso como el de la Armada Invencible en 1588 terminaron por disuadir a España de contraatacar.

Recuperación
La imagen de la Virgen, arrojada por los saqueadores en un lugar conocido como «El Boquete» y posteriormente enviada a las islas británicas, fue recuperada por la sobrina y esposa de Martín de Padilla, Luisa de Padilla, quien la emplazó en el oratorio de su palacio en Madrid. Los seminaristas ingleses de Valladolid, tras conocer este hecho, solicitaron la entrega de la talla con el fin de resarcir los daños causados por sus compatriotas y aliados. Las negociaciones se dilataron por un tiempo durante el cual se produjo el deceso de Felipe II y la subida al trono de su hijo Felipe III, siendo la imagen finalmente instalada en el seminario vallisoletano el 8 de septiembre de 1600, época en que se rumoreaba que la corte, situada en Madrid, se trasladaría a Valladolid, acontecimiento que ocurriría oficialmente en enero del año siguiente.

Traslado

La talla fue trasladada en secreto desde Madrid en una litera de la reina Margarita de Austria, esposa de Felipe III. Siguiendo el protocolo, la imagen fue conducida inicialmente al desaparecido convento del Carmen Calzado. El 7 de septiembre, una comitiva compuesta por veinticuatro seminaristas ingleses, cuatro padres jesuitas y varios nobles a caballo abandonó el convento y partió con la imagen rumbo a Valladolid, entrando a través de la Puerta del Campo. Tras llegar a la Catedral de Nuestra Señora de la Asunción, la talla fue recibida por el cabildo y pasó la noche en la antigua colegiata bajo la custodia de los seminaristas ingleses.

Al día siguiente se ofició una liturgia por la mañana en la catedral con la presencia de todos los miembros del Real Colegio de San Albano, celebrándose por la tarde una procesión en la que participaron cofradías, congregaciones locales, doscientos sacerdotes y el corregidor de Valladolid, además de la propia Luisa de Padilla, quien había engalanado a la Virgen para la ocasión con un lujoso manto y una corona de pedrería. El cortejo se dirigió a la iglesia del colegio, donde se encontraba la reina Margarita, quien por motivos de seguridad no participó en la procesión, aunque sí dispuso ricos tapices pertenecientes al patrimonio real para la ceremonia de entronización en el altar mayor.

En los días posteriores se celebró un novenario al que asistieron miembros de varias instituciones, como la Inquisición, la Chancillería, la Universidad y el cabildo catedralicio. El último día del novenario, Bartolomé de la Plaza, primer obispo de Valladolid, procedió a coronar la imagen, a la que en su sermón denominó «vulnerata» en referencia a la profanación cometida, nombre con el que se la conoce actualmente.

Descripción
La talla, inicialmente bajo la advocación de la Virgen del Rosario o de la Victoria y procedente de un taller sevillano, consiste en una imagen sedente de bulto redondo en madera policromada. La Virgen se encuentra inclinada hacia delante con los brazos levantados a la altura del pecho y las piernas flexionadas y a una altura diferente una respecto de la otra. Originalmente portaba una imagen del Niño Jesús en su regazo de la que únicamente se conserva parte de un pie. El rostro presenta importantes mutilaciones, destacando cortes en los labios, el mentón, ambas mejillas, el ojo derecho y la nariz, la cual está prácticamente ausente. Por su parte, los brazos están cortados por debajo del codo y muestran la madera a la vista, tal y como ocurre con el pie izquierdo. La imagen se apoya en una peana octogonal decorada con las cabezas aladas de ocho serafines en altorrelieve, mientras que sobre la cabeza porta una corona circundada por una aureola rematada con una cruz custodiada por estrellas, regalo de antiguos alumnos del colegio en 2000.

Legado
La Virgen Vulnerata, cuya fiesta se celebra el sábado posterior a la solemnidad de la Inmaculada Concepción, permanece con las marcas de la profanación en recuerdo del ataque sufrido, acontecimiento experimentado en otras imágenes religiosas, como la Virgen del Desagravio en la Catedral Nueva de Salamanca. Nuestra Señora de la Vulnerata, de la que se hizo una réplica en madera de nogal en 2018, participa en la Semana Santa de Valladolid portada por los seminaristas del Real Colegio de San Albano.

Referencias

Esculturas de la Virgen María
Escultura en madera
Obras de arte vandalizadas
Valladolid

Nuestra Señora de la Vulnerata