Young Americans for Freedom (YAF) is a conservative youth activism organization that was founded in 1960 as a coalition between traditional conservatives and libertarians on American college campuses. It is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization and the chapter affiliate of Young America's Foundation. The purposes of YAF are to advocate public policies consistent with the Sharon Statement, which was adopted by young conservatives at a meeting at the home of William F. Buckley in Sharon, Connecticut, on September 11, 1960.

While the 1960s were its most successful years in terms of numbers and influence, YAF has experienced a resurgence in recent years, becoming active as a national organization with chapters on college and high school campuses throughout the United States. YAF's official publication is The New Guard.

History

Volatile early years
Historians have documented the volatility inside YAF during its early years as a coalition of conservatives and libertarians. Kenneth Heineman writes, "YAF itself suffered internal strife. In 1969 the organization split into competing, irreconcilable factions."  Gregory L. Schneider states, "In the mid-1970s YAF suffered from weak leadership based on factions and personalities rather than ability". Jerome Tuccile writes, "The second faction of rebels consisted of radical libertarians or anarchists, most of them belonging to Karl Hess IV's Anarcho-libertarian Alliance. This contingent was more interested in splitting off from YAF entirely."  Rebecca E. Klatch writes, "When one young libertarian burned his draft card on the convention floor, the crowd turned into an angry mob and, ultimately, purged all libertarians from YAF. One libertarian faction stormed out of the meeting."

National conservative activism, 1960–65
In September 1960, about 90 young people met at the childhood home of William F. Buckley Jr. in Sharon, Connecticut. They gathered to lay the groundwork for a new national conservative youth organization. It is here that Young Americans for Freedom was born and their statement of principles, the Sharon Statement, was drafted. The New Guard magazine made its debut as the official magazine of YAF in 1961. In the first four years of its existence, YAF grew rapidly on college campuses.

Ronald Reagan joined the YAF National Advisory Board in 1962 and for 42 years served as the Honorary Chairman.

In the 1960s, the Republican Party was divided between its conservative wing, led by Barry Goldwater, and its more liberal wing, led by Nelson Rockefeller. YAF members fell squarely on Goldwater's side and spearheaded the campaign of Barry Goldwater for president. However, some members had sympathy with the conservative Southern Democrats known as Dixiecrats, and thus from its inception YAF was deliberately non-partisan.

On March 7, 1962, a YAF-sponsored conservative rally filled Madison Square Garden in New York City, drawing 18,000 people. In attendance was Barry Goldwater. The event has been described as "the birthday of the conservative movement."

The second national YAF convention was held in 1963 at the Gault Hotel in Florida. With over 450 voting delegates in attendance. Hotel management at the Gault Hotel refused accommodations to Don Parker, an African-American delegate from Brooklyn. As word of this spread around the YAFers in attendance, a number of delegates and numerous others began gathering in the lobby of the hotel demanding that either the Gault Hotel allow all the black YAFers to stay and the hotel change its segregation policy or YAF would move the convention to another site. From that day on any person was allowed into the Gault Hotel.

By 1964, YAF was a major force in the campaign to nominate Goldwater, and then after his nomination, to elect him president. Goldwater's run for the White House catalyzed YAF more than any other event in its history. Lee Edwards, former New Guard editor, said "Barry Goldwater made YAF, but YAF also made Barry Goldwater." Goldwater's massive defeat in the presidential election of 1964 demoralized many YAF members.

In YAF's campaign to "STOP RED TRADE", IBM, Mack Truck, and Firestone Tire and Rubber were targeted for engaging in high visibility trade with the Soviet Bloc. YAF stopped Firestone's attempt to build a synthetic rubber plant in communist Romania through letter-writing campaigns, boycotts, and demonstrations. YAF's plan to distribute 500,000 flyers at the Indianapolis 500 was seen as a key to the decision by Firestone executives to cancel their Romanian plans in April 1965.

YAF faced opposition from groups like the American Nazi Party because of the presence of Jews in the organization and its close relationship with Marvin Liebman. However, YAF did honor Senator from South Carolina Strom Thurmond, a segregationist, with its Freedom Award in 1962. An unsubstantiated claim has been made that a YAF member was involved with the 'Welcome Mr. Kennedy to Dallas' ad placed in the Dallas Morning News (coincidentally on the morning of JFK's assassination), which accused him of ignoring the Constitution.

Reaction to radical activism, 1965–71
Liberalism and radicalism dominated campuses from the mid-1960s until the early 1970s, primarily as a result of the civil rights movement and the Vietnam War. Though outnumbered, YAF went on the offensive against radical left-wing organizations by challenging and rebutting groups like Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) and New MOBE in support of a U.S. victory in Vietnam.

YAF members tended to hold similar opinions to their older compatriots within the conservative movement. YAF began and continued a number of projects to support Vietnam veterans and their causes. "Project Appreciation" gave YAFers the opportunity to write, visit, and provide needed supplies to hospitalized veterans. YAF worked on various POW/MIA issues. In a protest in Santa Monica in 1979, the YAF focused protests and a personal attack on Jane Fonda by hanging an effigy of her outside her house due to her opposition to the Vietnam War.

A faction of YAF philosophically extended the group's traditional support of limited government in economic issues to social issues and a foreign policy of non-interventionism. This group came to be known as libertarians. A more serious and lasting challenge for YAF came from this group, those who believed in limited or even no government – radical libertarians and anarchists.  YAF's Libertarian and Anarchist Caucuses were purged at the YAF's 1969 national convention in St. Louis, and members of this faction were among the founding members of the Libertarian Party in 1971.

Advocacy politics, 1971–85
In the 1970s, YAF became much older, demographically speaking. Rather than merely staging campus demonstrations, they focused on influencing national politics by lobbying and occasionally staging and publicizing small demonstrations.

YAF went on the offensive when President Nixon enacted wage controls, price controls, abandoned the gold standard, and opened relations with the communist People's Republic of China, ceasing relations with Taiwan. YAF felt he was abandoning conservative principles so YAF publicly denounced the administration for these moves, becoming the first conservative organization to do so.

A number of YAF projects were started as ad hoc committees and affiliated groups to address specific issues. These groups include Youth for the Voluntary Prayer Amendment, Student's Committee for the Right to Keep and Bear Arms, Young America's Foundation, Free Campus News Service, STOP-NSA Committee, and the National Student Committee for Victory in Vietnam.

In 1974, YAF, along with the American Conservative Union, sponsored a modest and ambitious gathering called the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC). CPAC has become the largest annual gathering of conservatives and is still held annually in the DC area.

On college campuses, YAF was more conservative and less partisan than the College Republicans. Members were willing to oppose liberal candidates and support conservative candidates regardless of party affiliation. During many local and national races throughout this era, YAF members were divided about whether to support a moderately conservative electable candidate or to support a staunchly conservative long-shot candidate.

YAF supported Reagan's almost-successful bid to win the Republican presidential nomination in 1976 and his victorious race for the presidency in 1980.

The YAF targeted the Carter Administration, and YAF was active in opposing the Panama Canal and SALT treaties. The Iran Hostage Crisis focused public criticism on the Carter Administration and provided YAF a rallying point in 1979. YAF held a campaign to generate thousands of letters of encouragement to the hostages and pressed the Administration to take action.

In 1980, Young Conservatives of Texas was formed by a group of YAF members in Texas that broke off to found their own organization. Since that time, YAF itself has never had a major presence in the state. That same year, YAF's long-time friend and advisor Ronald Reagan became the 40th President of the United States. The election of Reagan ushered in the conservative decade. YAFers around the nation mobilized in support of Reagan's agenda.

Many YAFers received appointments to the Reagan Administration. Reagan Administration officials and prospective appointees who were targeted by the radical left were strongly defended by YAF. YAFers rallied to the support of Labor Secretary Raymond Donovan, Interior Secretary James Watt, Circuit Court Judge Dan Manion, Supreme Court nominee Robert Bork, and NSC staff member Lt. Colonel Oliver North.

By the mid-1980s, many of YAF's leaders were in their thirties and long out of college. Some of them held positions in government while continuing to run the organization as a lobbying and fund-raising group for conservative causes. At the same time, internal problems paralyzed the YAF hierarchy. The national board was controlled by lawyers and lobbyists who focused on fundraising.  This era ended with financial problems which led to YAF losing most of its assets.

Campus activism, 1985–90
After a financial collapse, most of the older members went on to other things, while younger members dominated YAF. During this era, a new generation of liberal and radical activism was growing on college campuses, and members began focusing on opposing these movements. This growth was strongest in California, where members staged protests in favor of aid to the Nicaraguan Contras, in favor of Reagan's anti-communist policies and in opposition to the United Nations.

The emphasis on campus activism gradually spread to all the states where YAF was still active. In 1989, an alliance of Californian and New York activists took over a majority of the seats on the national board.

Rebuilding years, 1991–99
Though the presence of National YAF was lax during the 1990s as they were focusing on revitalizing and rebuilding the organization, there remained very active pockets of YAF activity throughout the country, campus charters and statewide units that organized and operated on their own. California YAF continued as a strong conservative force on campuses and in that state's political arena. Many states like Florida, Massachusetts, Michigan, Pennsylvania, New York, Virginia and others still had very active individual campus chapters.

By 1991, the national board of YAF contained a majority of Californians – the first time a single state had had a majority in the governing council. However, this new régime found itself unable to effectively run YAF as a financial and organizational entity. The strength of its activism was shattered by the Gulf War that began in January 1991. Most members considered President George H. W. Bush to be insufficiently conservative, and his rhetoric justifying the war – "a new world order" – to be dangerously utopian. While conservative-oriented students on campuses around the country were showing support for the American effort against Saddam Hussein's invasion of Kuwait, many YAF leaders of the time were expressing opposition to the war effort. Thus, an opportunity to expand the organization's membership was lost.

In August 1991, YAF held its 16th National Convention in Washington D.C. YAF members from around the country gathered to reaffirm its commitment to conservative principles and heard such speakers as William F. Buckley, Jr., Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney, and G. Gordon Liddy. The following year, YAF National Chairman Jeff Wright met with Vice President Dan Quayle and delivered over 40,000 petitions in support of his renomination as Vice President. YAF launched an Anita Hill Truth Squad and YAFers confronted Anita Hill on college campuses across America. YAF pushed the 1992 Republican National Convention to continue strong support for conservative issues.

At the 1995 Conservative Political Action Conference, YAF held a "Colloquium on Revolution." Young Americans for Freedom members rallied around speakers such as YAF founding elder Howard Phillips, Congressman Robert Dornan, Joseph Sobran, and other speakers motivating the young crowds to continue YAF's conservative charge to preserve freedom and individual liberty. In 1996, National chairman Jon Pastore led a delegation of YAFers to bring national attention to a group called the North American Man/Boy Love Association (NAMBLA). NAMBLA members got quite a surprise at one of their events in Washington DC in 1996 when YAFers held banners warning the effects of 'deviant and un-natural sexual practices.'

In 1997, Brian Park, National Director and state Chairman of California YAF, organized support for the rights of American Indians when their tribal sovereignty was being encroached upon by Governor Pete Wilson.
Full page newspaper ads centered on YAF's resolution to support tribal sovereignty were placed in every major newspaper across the state of California to pressure the Governor. The negotiations failed and the historic Proposition 5 was placed on the ballot in 1998. YAF made over 1 million voter contacts with direct-mail pieces to educate the public on American Indian Sovereignty issues and the measure passed overwhelmingly with bi-partisan support of 62.4% to 32.6%. Proposition 5 was eventually challenged in the courts and YAF filed a "Friends of the Court" brief (case number S074850) with the State Supreme court in 1999. Though YAF lost, its leg work assisted in a passage of Proposition 1A in year 2000 with no real opposition to fix the legal problems with Proposition 5.

In 1998 Cigar-Man was launched against President Bill Clinton. A YAFer dressed in a Cigar-Costume followed President Clinton to various fundraising functions to highlight Clinton's presidential achievements.

At the 1999 Academy Awards in Los Angeles, YAFers rallied in support of the Academy of Motion Pictures decision to award famous director Elia Kazan with the lifetime achievement award. Confronted by over 600 union activists and other leftists YAFers continued with their peaceful pro-Kazan rally. When the rally turned ugly YAFers defended themselves and assisted the police to apprehend the violent leftist perpetrators.

Later in the 1990s, YAF returned to national advocacy politics. The national office organized petition drives and staged a variety of events to promote the conservative viewpoint on a variety of public issues. Some of these events would have an attention-grabbing theme such as "Pardon Oliver North" and "Impeach Janet Reno".

Resurgence, 2000–10

In 2007, the YAF chapter at Michigan State University organized protests against legislation enacting anti-discrimination protection for transgender individuals. Ten years later, Grant Strobl, YAF's national chairman, said the Michigan State chapter was not chartered and had associated itself with YAF without authorization.

Beginning in 2009, Young Americans for Freedom has organized a number of new college chapters to supplement the long-standing units on campuses such as Penn State. On college campuses, YAF chapters have been involved in activities including sponsoring conservative speakers, rallies supporting the armed forces, advocacy of strict control of illegal immigration, demonstrations against affirmative action and protesting liberal campus speakers.

In 2009, YAF, a coalition of Tea Party groups, retired police and firefighter association, and Keep America Safe hosted the "9/11 Never Forget" Rally in New York City. The Coalition united to fight the decision of U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder to try the 9/11 co-conspirators in New York City's federal court. The coalition claimed Holder's decision gave alleged war criminals the same rights as American citizens; it also said trying the defendants in New York City would endanger the citizenry. The rally brought nationwide attention to Holder's decision and eventually led the Department of Justice and the Obama administration to move the trial from New York City.

Modern history, 2010-present

On March 16, 2011, Young Americans for Freedom passed National Board Resolution #001, unifying the Young America's Foundation with Young Americans for Freedom on April 1, 2011. Young America's Foundation provides students with speakers, activism programs, conferences and opportunities to learn about Ronald Reagan's accomplishments by visiting his beloved ranch, Rancho del Cielo, in Santa Barbara, California. Young America's Foundation has brought speakers like Ben Shapiro and David Horowitz to College Republican groups across the United States, as well as to broader university venues.

As of May 16, 2011 Young Americans for Freedom officially became a project of Young America's Foundation. The existing board members of Young Americans for Freedom, at the time of the unification, became part of a newly formed [board of governors]. Existing YAF chapters were brought under the auspices of the Foundation.

Today, the unification has concluded. Current chapters receive a wide variety of materials, training, support, and encouragement based on YAF's decades of activism experience.

Influence
From its beginning as an outgrowth of the efforts to obtain the Republican vice-presidential nomination for a conservative in 1960 to its determined campaign to ensure that a conservative vice-president (Dan Quayle) was renominated in 1992, YAF was a major player in late 20th century American politics.

Karl Zinsmeister wrote the following about YAF:

Although YAF members and chapters were engaged in many projects to influence public policy and elect conservative candidates to office, the leadership of the organization was well aware that their goals and objectives were more long-term. YAF was recruiting, training and preparing young people to assume even more important roles later in life. YAF spawned many of the organizational elements of the 21st-century conservative movement and provided the leadership and manpower to build those publications, organizations, and foundations into the significant elements of American society that they are today.

Creating a conservative movement
YAF played a critical role in the development of many of the new conservative organizations that were established in the 1960s, 1970s, and beyond. Many college students and young adults active in YAF went on to form new groups or serve as important personnel in conservative organizations founded by others.

Conservative or libertarian organizations

Conservative or libertarian organizations YAF members founded or in which they played an important contributing role include:
 American Conservative Union – founded in 1964 – William F. Buckley, David R. Jones & others.
 The Fund for American Studies – founded in 1966 – David R. Jones, Charles Edison, Dr. Walter Judd, Marvin Liebman and William F. Buckley Jr.
  The American Spectator – founded in 1967 – Publisher Alfred S. Regnery; Editor-in-Chief R. Emmett Tyrrell, Jr. (both YAF alumni)
 Reason Foundation – founded in 1968 – Robert W. Poole Jr.
 Conservative Victory Fund – founded in 1969 – Congressman John Ashbrook & Tom Winter.
 Young America's Foundation – founded in 1969 – Students at Vanderbilt University, Ron Robinson (YAF) & others
 The Libertarian Party of America – founded in 1971 – David Nolan
 American Legislative Exchange Council – founded in 1973 – Kathy King Rothschild, assisted by Connie Campanella.
 Conservative Political Action Conference – started in 1974 – Young Americans for Freedom, American Conservative Union, Human Events & National Review
 The Conservative Caucus – founded in 1974 – Howard Phillips
 The Second Amendment Foundation – founded in 1974 – Alan Gotlieb; Treasurer Sam Slom, Hawaii State Senator and YAF alumnus
 The National Journalism Center – founded in 1977 – M. Stanton Evans
 Cato Institute – founded in 1977 – David Boaz
 The Lincoln Institute for Research and Education – founded in 1978 – Jay A. Parker
 The Leadership Institute – founded in 1979 – Morton Blackwell
 Young Conservatives of Texas – founded in 1980 – Steve Munisteri
 The Ludwig von Mises Institute – founded in 1982 – Lewellyn Rockwell
 The National Center for Public Policy Research – founded in 1982 – Amy Moritz Ridenour.
 The Institute for Policy Innovation – founded in 1987 – Peter Ferrara
 The Media Research Center – founded in 1987 – L. Brent Bozell III & Brent Baker
 Citizens United – founded in 1988 – Floyd Brown
 The American Policy Center – founded in 1988 – Tom DeWeese
 The Goldwater Institute – founded in 1988 – Dr. Michael Sanera
 The National Legal and Policy Center – founded in 1991 – Kenneth Boehm
 Clare Boothe Luce Policy Institute – founded in 1993 – Michelle Easton
 The Thomas Jefferson Institute – founded in *** – Michael Thompson, Chris Braulich, Randal C. Teague & Robert Turner.
 Grasstops USA – founded in 2004 – Christoper Carmouche

Notable alumni

In public office

 U.S. President Ronald Reagan, former YAF Honorary National Chairman
 U.S. Vice President Dan Quayle
 U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions
 Former U.S. Senator and U.S. Court of Appeals Judge James Buckley
 U.S. Representative Dana Rohrabacher
 U.S. Representative Ed Royce
 U.S. Representative James Sensenbrenner
 U.S. Representative Ted Poe
 U.S. Representative Peter King
 U.S. Representative Chuck Fleischmann
 U.S. Representative Jeb Hensarling
 U.S. Representative Donald Manzullo
 U.S. Representative Jimmy Duncan
 U.S. Representative Robert E. Bauman, YAF Chairman, ACU founder and national chairman
 Securities and Exchange Commission Chairman and U.S. Representative  Christopher Cox
 U.S. Circuit Court Judges Daniel A. Manion, Alice M. Batchelder, Jerry Edwin Smith, David B. Sentelle, Danny Boggs, Randall Rader, Diarmuid O'Scannlain, and Paul V. Niemeyer
 California legislator Pat Nolan, former California chairman
 Former Louisiana State Representative Woody Jenkins
 Former Louisiana State Representative and State Senator Dan Richey

In the conservative movement

 David Keene, Opinion Editor of The Washington Times, Former President of National Rifle Association and former Chairman of American Conservative Union
 David J. Porter of Giddings, Texas, Railroad Commission of Texas
 James Bopp Jr., Attorney and Republican National Committeeman from Indiana
 Dr. Lee Edwards, Historian, founding YAF member and founding editor of YAF's New Guard Magazine
 M. Stanton Evans, YAF founder and writer
 Richard Viguerie, Fundraiser, founder of direct mail marketing, and YAF's first executive director
 Deroy Murdock, Syndicated columnist
 Mark Levin, Syndicated talk-show host
 Katie Pavlich, Journalist

Philosophy

Since its founding, YAF continuously identified itself as "conservative". However, the term "conservative" has changed in meaning over several generations. Before World War II, most American conservatives were non-interventionist. But as the Cold War began to dominate American foreign policy, the old conservatism disintegrated. After Robert A. Taft was defeated for the Republican nomination in 1952, non-interventionist conservatism mostly vanished. In the 1950s, a new kind of conservatism arose. This new ideology was formulated in large part by the newspaper Human Events, the magazine National Review, and its editor William F. Buckley Jr. This new conservatism combined free-market economics, respect for traditional values, orderly society and anti-communism.

In the late 1960s, the term libertarianism began to be used for a political philosophy. Many of those who popularized this term were initially part of the conservative movement, but came to separate themselves from the conservatives on certain issues. Libertarians within YAF believed, for example, the military draft was a violation of the individual freedom the organization claimed to embrace. To oppose it they were willing to reject existing laws against burning draft cards and supported those who fled to Canada or went underground when drafted for military service. The conservatives (or traditionalists as they were sometimes called) also opposed the draft directed their efforts towards changing the law. In the end, the goals of both groups were achieved, and YAF was "in the forefront of the drive to end the draft and create a volunteer military."

After 1969, the relationship between conservatives and libertarians in YAF was often rocky. A majority of members identified themselves simply as conservative, but some identified as both conservative and libertarian, and still others identified themselves simply as libertarian. From time to time, power struggles broke out; when this happened, the libertarians almost always ended up losing. In later years, new viewpoints would be amalgamated by the conservative movement, including neoconservatism in the early 1970s, the New Right in the late 1970s and the Religious Right in the 1980s. Some YAF members identified with some of these philosophies, others opposed them and still others were content to simply identify themselves as conservative without further specificity.

Publications

Periodicals
 Libertas
 The New Guard

Reports
 Annual Report 2019.

References

Further reading
 Andrew, John A., III.  The Other Side of the Sixties: Young Americans for Freedom and the Rise of Conservative Politics. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press (1997), 286 pages.  (paper). Covers the history of YAF from 1960 to 1964.
 Andrew, John. "Pro-War and Anti-Draft: Young Americans for Freedom and the War in Vietnam." in  Marc J. Gilbert ed. The Vietnam War on Campus: Other Voices, More Distant Drums pp: 1-19.

 Crawford, Alan. Thunder on the Right: The "New Right" and the Politics of Resentment.  New York: Pantheon Books (1980), 381 pages.  (paper). A negative portrayal of 1970s and 1980s conservatism, including much material on YAF.
 Klatch, Rebecca E. A Generation Divided. Berkeley: University of California Press (1999), 334 pages. . A scholarly and academic work with many references to Young Americans for Freedom, SDS, and campus activism of the 1960s and early 1970s.
 Nash, George H. The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945.  Wilmington, Delaware: Intercollegiate Studies Institute (1996), 467 pages. . A history of the different strains of conservative ideology from 1945 until 1976, updated to 1996 in the second edition.
 Rusher, William A. The Rise of the Right. New York: National Review Books (1993), 261 pages. . A history of American political conservatism from 1953 until 1981, updated to 1993 in the second edition. Includes much material on YAF.

 Schneider, Gregory L. Cadres for Conservatism: Young Americans for Freedom and the Rise of the Contemporary Right. New York University Press (1999), 263 pages. . Covers the history of YAF from 1960 to 1985.
 Thorburn, Wayne.  A Generation Awakes: Young Americans for Freedom and the Creation of the Conservative Movement.  Ottawa, Ill: Jameson Books (2010), 564 pages. . Covers the history of YAF from 1960 to the mid-1990s.

External links

 Official website
 "Break On Through (to the Other Side)": An Overview of The Historiography of U.S. Conservatism in the Sixties

Youth organizations established in 1960
Political organizations based in the United States
Student political organizations in the United States
Conservative organizations in the United States
Libertarian organizations based in the United States
501(c)(3) organizations
1960 establishments in the United States
Political youth organizations in the United States

Young Americans for Freedom


Paraklit veya Faraklit (Latince Paracletus ← Yunanca: παράκλητος Parakletos), Kitab-ı Mukaddes'in Yunanca metinlerinde  (Yuhanna 14, 16)  Kutsal Ruh için beraberinde gelen anlamında da kullanılan bir sıfattır.

Paraklit kelimesi Yuhanna İncili'nin 14:16, 14:26, 15:26 ve 16:7'nci ayetleri ile Yuhanna'nın Birinci Mektubu'nun 4:6 numaralı ayetinde ve Elçilerin İşleri'ndeki ve Yeni Ahit'in diğer bölümlerindeki daha pek çok ayette Kutsal Ruh'u anlatmak üzere kullanılmıştır. Kelime Yeni Ahit'in bazı İngilizce tercümelerinde Tesellici () ya da Yardımcı/Tavsiyeci () olarak tercüme edilmiştir. Kelime, Antik Yunancada mahkemede yardım eden kişi anlamında da kullanılmıştır. Kumran Yazıtları ya da Ölü Deniz Tomarları olarak bilinen metinlerde kelime Gerçeğin Ruhu olarak geçer. Hristiyan inancında Kutsal Ruh, Tanrı'nın üç unsurundan birini tanımlamak için kullanılır. Türkçeye savunucu, yardımcı anlamında çevrilebilir.

Etimoloji
Paraklit, "konsolları veya konforları teşvik eden veya yükselen, dolayısıyla yenilenen veya bizlerin mahkemede savunucusu olan" anlamına gelen Koine Yunanca "παράκλητος" kelimesinden gelir (paráklētos). Paraklit kelimesinin aktif biçimi Eski Ahit'te bulunmaz ancak Septuagint'te Eyüp 16:2'de çoğul olarak geçer.

Yahudilikte Paraklit
Ünlü filozof Filon, birkaç kez "paraklitten" ara bulucu, savunucu anlamında bahsetmektedir. Sözcük daha sonra Helenistik Yahudilik yazıtlarından Hahambun İbranice yazısında geçti. İbranice sözcüğü מְנַחֵם mənaḥḥēm "Avutan kimse" olarak geçer. Modern İbranicede, "praklit," avukat ya da hukuk müşaviri, "praklit ha-mechoz" bölge savcısı, "praklitut ha-medina" avukatının eşdeğeri anlamına gelir.

Hristiyanlıkta Paraklit
Öncelikle İbraniceden, Yunancaya daha sonra da İngilizceye çevrilen yeni ahitte Paraklit danışman, yardımcı, cesaretlendirici, savunucu olarak tercüme edilmiştir. Kilise; Paraklit'i Kutsal Ruh olarak tanımladı. Birinci asrın Yahudi ve Hristiyan anlayışında, "Paraklit"in Kutsal Ruh'un varlığını ve peygamberliğin yeniden doğuşunu da iddia ettiği savunulmaktadır.

Kutsal Ruh vaadi (Yuhanna 14:15-27)

15 «Beni seviyorsanız, buyruklarımı yerine getirirsiniz.

16-17 Ben de Baba'dan dileyeceğim ve O, sonsuza dek sizinle birlikte olsun diye size başka bir Yardımcı, Gerçeğin Ruhunu verecek. Dünya O'nu kabul edemez. Çünkü O'nu ne görür, ne de tanır. Siz O'nu tanıyorsunuz. Çünkü O aranızda yaşıyor ve içinizde olacaktır.

18 Sizi öksüz bırakmayacağım, size geri döneceğim.

19 Az sonra dünya artık beni görmeyecek, ama siz beni göreceksiniz. Ben yaşadığım için siz de yaşayacaksınız.

20 O gün anlayacaksınız ki, ben Babamdayım, siz bendesiniz, ben de sizdeyim.

21 Kim buyruklarımı bilir ve yerine getirirse, işte beni seven odur. Beni seveni Babam da sevecektir. Ben de onu seveceğim ve kendimi ona göstereceğim.»

22 Yahuda - İskariyot değil - O'na, «Rab, nasıl olur da kendini dünyaya göstermeyip bize göstereceksin?» diye sordu.

23 İsa ona şu karşılığı verdi: «Beni seven sözüme uyar, Babam da onu sever. Biz de ona gelir, onunla birlikte yaşarız.

24 Beni sevmeyen, sözlerime uymaz. İşittiğiniz söz benim değil, benigönderen Baba'nındır.

25 «Ben daha aranızdayken size bunları söyledim.

26 Ama Baba'nın benim adımla göndereceği Yardımcı, Kutsal Ruh, size her şeyi öğretecek, bütün söylediklerimi size hatırlatacak.

27 Size esenlik bırakıyorum, size kendi esenliğimi veriyorum. Ben size dünyanın verdiği gibi vermiyorum. Yüreğiniz sıkılmasın ve korkmasın.

28 Size, 'Gidiyorum, ama yanınıza döneceğim' dediğimi işittiniz. Beni sevseydiniz, Baba'ya gideceğim için sevinirdiniz. Çünkü Baba benden üstündür.

29 Bunları size şimdiden, her şey olup bitmeden önce söyledim. Öyle ki, bunlar olunca inanasınız.

30 Artık sizinle uzun uzun konuşmayacağım. Çünkü bu dünyanın egemeni geliyor. Onun benim üzerimde hiçbir yetkisi yoktur.

31 Ama dünyanın, Baba'yı sevdiğimi ve Baba'nın bana buyurduğu her şeyi yerine getirdiğimi anlamasını istiyorum. Haydi kalkın, buradan gidelim.

Maniheizm'de Paraklit
Birûni'ye göre Mani, Yeni Ahit'te bahsi geçen Paraklitin kendisi olduğunu ve "son peygamber" olduğunu ileri sürdü.

İslam'da Paraklit
Bazı Müslüman âlimler, Paraklit'in İsa'nın müjdelediği Muhammed olduğunu, yani Yeni Ahit'teki Paraklit kavramı ile aslında Muhammedin kastedildiğini iddia ederler.  Yeni Ahit'in Yunanca metninde kullanılan Parakletos, Arapçaya tercümesinde iki farklı şekilde tercüme edilir. Arapça Ahmed kelimesi "övülmüş" anlamına gelir. Müslüman yazarlar Yeni Ahit'teki Paraklit'in "övülmüş" anlamındaki Perikletos olabileceğini iddia ederler. Buradan yola çıkarak Muhammed'in Yeni Ahit'te müjdelendiği sonucuna ulaşırlar. Arapçada sesli harflerin olmaması Ahmed, Mahmud isimlerinin de Muhammedin diğer adları olduğu anlamına gelir. "Övülmüş" anlamına gelen Ahmed, Muhammed'in diğer adlarından biridir.

İslam'a göre İsa, kendisine gelen vahiyler ile Muhammed'i müjdelemiştir. İslam'da «orijinal "İncil"»in tahrif edildiğine ve bu ayetlerin çıkarıldığına inanılır. Kur'an'da İsa'nın Muhammed'i haber verdiği şu ayette belirtilir: "Bir vakit de Meryem'in oğlu İsâ şöyle dedi: 'Ey İsrailoğulları! Ben size Allah'ın Resulüyüm, önümdeki Tevrat'ın musaddıkı ve benden sonra gelecek bir Resulün müjdecisi olarak geldim ki onun ismi Ahmed'dir.' Sonra o onlara beyyinelerle gelince 'bu apaçık bir sihir' dediler." (Saff: 6)

Bu âyet ile ilgili Vahhabi İslâm'ı kabul etmiş olan Muhammed Esed şu yorumda bulunur: "Bu deyim, Ârâmî Mawhamana isminin veya teriminin tam Yunanca karşılığı olan Períklytos'un ("Çok Övülen") bozulmuş şeklidir. (Ârâmî dilinin, İsa zamanında ve ondan yüzyıllar sonra Filistin'de kullanılan ve Yeni Ahit'in şimdi ortada bulunmayan orijinal metinlerinin dili olduğu hatırlanmalıdır.) Períklytos ile Paráklêtos'un fonetik olarak birbirlerine yakınlığı karşısında, tercümanların yahut, daha büyük bir ihtimalle sonraki tarihlerdeki yazıcıların bu iki ifadeyi nasıl karıştırdıklarını anlamak kolaylaşır. Hem Ârâmî Mawhamana, hem de Yunanca Períklytos'un ikisinin de hamide ("övdü/hamdetti") fiilinden ve hamd ("övgü") isminden türetilmiş olan Son Peygamber'in iki ismi Muhammed ve Ahmed ile aynı anlamı taşımış olmasının önemi büyüktür. Peygamber Muhammed'in zuhuru ile ilgili daha açık bir öngörü (ki bizzat ismiyle ve Arapça aslındaki şekliyle zikredilmiştir), şimdi uydurulmuş olarak görülse de, doğruluğu o zaman kabul edilen ve Papa Gelasius tarafından "zındıkça" görülüp yasaklanan ve M.S. 496 yılına kadar kiliselerde okunan Barnabas İncili'nde yer almıştır. Ancak bu İncil'in orijinal metni şimdi ortada olmadığından (sadece 16. yüzyılın sonlarındaki bir İtalyanca tercümesi elimizde olduğundan) bu hususun doğruluğu konusunda emin olmak mümkün değildir."

Modern Hristiyan kaynakları İsa'nın Grekçeyi de çok iyi konuştuğunu belirtir. İncillerin İsa'ya indirilen "orijinal İncil" olmadığını ve büyük ölçüde sonradan ekleme ve çıkartmalar yapılarak yazılmak suretiyle tahrif edildiğini iddia eden İslâm inancı, Paraklit'in kimliğini de günümüz Hristiyanlığının açıkladığı şekliyle kabul etmemektedir.

David Benjamin Keldani (1928) gibi birkaç yorumcu, kullanılan orijinal Yunanca kelimenin, Arapça Ahmed (Muhammed'in başka bir adı) olarak gösterilen, ünlü, şahane veya övgüye değer olan periklitos olduğu teorisini savunanlardandı.

Ahmed Deedat'a göre, Paraklit'e incillerle ilgili yapılan tüm referanslar Muhammed'e uyar. Örneğin, Deedat Yuhanna İncili'nin 16:7 sayılı ayetinden hareketle, Paraklit'e yalnızca İsa ayrıldıktan sonra ulaşılacağını belirtir.

Ayrıca bakınız
Mübahele

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Kitab-ı Mukaddes
 İngilizce Vikipedi - Paraclete
 İslam'a cevaplar

Yeni Ahit ilahiyatı
İsa'nın doktrin ve öğretileri
İsa ve tarih
İslam ve Hristiyanlık

Paraklit


16984 Veillet este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
16984 Veillet este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Caussols, în cadrul proiectului ODAS. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,20 ua, o excentricitate de 0,07 și o înclinație de 5,7° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 16001-17000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1999
Centura de asteroizi

16984 Veillet


Anselm van der Linde OCist (nascido Hendrik van der Linde, Roodepoort, ) é um monge cisterciense sul-africano-austríaco, abade emérito da abadia territorial de Wettingen-Meerau, Vorarlberg, e ex-abade presidente do Mehrerau Congregação.

vida
Anselm van der Linde primeiro estudou ciência política na Universidade de Pretória e durante esse tempo trabalhou como funcionário do Ministério das Relações Exteriores da República da África do Sul. Depois de se converter do calvinismo ao catolicismo, entrou na Wettingen em agosto de 1994. Depois de um ano estudando filosofia no mosteiro suíço de Einsiedeln, van der Linde começou a estudar teologia no Angelicum em Roma. Em 1999 foi ordenado sacerdote pelo Bispo Klaus Küng. Em 2005 obteve a licenciatura em Direito Canónico pelo Angelicum e foi nomeado procurador eclesiástico da diocese de Feldkirch. Em 2006 foi nomeado Secretário da Congregação Cisterciense Mehrerau. Ele ensinou religião no colégio Collegium Bernardi em Bregenz, fundado pelos cistercienses .

Van der Linde foi eleito em 30 de janeiro de 2009 como o sucessor de Kassian Lauterer ao 53º Abade de Wettingen e 10º Prior de Mehrerau e em 18 de fevereiro pelo Papa Bento XVI. nomeado. O beneditino aconteceu em 21 de março de 2009 na igreja da abadia de Wettingen-Mehrerau. Seu lema é: Caritate invicem diligentes ("dedicar-se uns aos outros com amor") ( Rm 12.10  UE ). Como abade de uma abadia territorial , van der Linde também foi membro da Conferência Episcopal Austríaca. Ele também liderou como um chamado presidente abade natoa congregação cisterciense internacional de Mehrerau. Em julho de 2018, após dez anos, anunciou sua renúncia, que o Papa Francisco aceitou em 1º de agosto do mesmo ano.

Anselm van der Linde é Grande Oficial da Ordem do Santo Sepulcro de Jerusalém . De 2009 a 2018 foi Prior da Comenda de Bregenz.

Além do alemão, Van der Linde fala  vários idiomas, incluindo francês, inglês , italiano , africâner e holandês . Ele tem cidadania sul-africana e austríaca.

Desde 2012 é membro honorário da associação estudantil católica AV Austria Innsbruck no ÖCV .

elenco
Durante seu mandato, Van der Linde também foi responsável por lidar com o caso de abuso no mosteiro de Mehrerau. O abade pediu desculpas às vítimas em uma transmissão do mosteiro em março de 2010, mas na disputa legal com os afetados, ele se baseou na prescrição para pedidos de indenização.  Após a derrota na Suprema Corte, um acordo extrajudicial foi finalmente alcançado com duas vítimas do ex-diretor do internato.

Abades cistercienses

Anselm van der Linde


Die Langenstraße (auch Lange Straße, Langestraße) ist eine als Stadtstraße angelegte Straße in Stralsund. Sie führt vom Neuen Markt in östlicher Richtung, parallel zur Frankenstraße, zum Hafen. Sie gehört zum Kerngebiet des UNESCO-Welterbes mit dem Titel Historische Altstädte Stralsund und Wismar.

Die Langenstraße ist eine der längsten Straßen der Altstadt; von dieser Länge erhielt sie auch ihren Namen. Sie wurde 1275 erstmals urkundlich erwähnt.

Von der ursprünglichen Bebauung ist wenig erhalten; bei der Belagerung Stralsunds 1678 durch den Großen Kurfürsten wurden viele Giebelhäuser zerstört. Ein Stadtbrand am 12. Juni 1680 vernichtete weitere Häuser und erste Neubauten. Die freien Flächen wurden als Gartenland genutzt und erst ab 1720 wieder bebaut. 31 der Gebäude stehen auf der Liste der Baudenkmale in Stralsund.

Die Langenstraße ist als Einbahnstraße in Fahrtrichtung Hafen ausgelegt.

Die heutigen Hausnummern wurden im 19. Jahrhundert vergeben. Die Häuser mit den Nummern 3 bis 34 stehen, vom Neuen Markt aus betrachtet, an der rechten Straßenseite, das Haus mit der Nummer 3 nahe dem Neuen Markt und das Haus mit der Nummer 39 am Kanal am Hafen. Vom Hafen aus ist die Nr. 40 das erste Haus, die Zählung läuft von dort aus bis zur Nr. 71 am Neuen Markt; diese Häuser stehen auf der linken Straßenseite, vom Neuen Markt aus betrachtet.

Literatur
 Friederike Thomas, Dietmar Volksdorf: Die Altstadtinsel Stralsund – Illustrierte Denkmalliste. Die Baudenkmale der Altstadt in Text und Bild. Hrsg. vom Bauamt der Hansestadt Stralsund. Selbstverlag, Stralsund 1999, , S. 43–45.
 Andreas Neumerkel, Jörg Matuschat: Von der Arschkerbe bis Zipollenhagen. Stralsunder Straßen und ihre Geschichte. 3. Auflage. Druck- und Verlagshaus Kruse, Stralsund 2007, ISBN 978-3-941444-01-0, S. 106.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Innerortsstraße in Stralsund

Langenstraße (Stralsund)


كريغ براون ، من مواليد 1 يوليو 1940 في هاميلتون في اسكتلندا، لاعب كرة قدم اسكتلندي سابق، ومدرب كرة قدم اسكتلندي سابق.

لعب مع نادي رينجرز منذ عام 1958 وحتى عام 1962.

درب منتخب اسكتلندا لكرة القدم في عام 1993 وحتى عام 2001.

مراجع

روابط خارجية

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إسكتلنديون
لاعبو كرة قدم من جنوب لاناركشاير
أعضاء قاعة مشاهير كرة القدم الإسكتلندية
لاعبو كرة قدم مركز جناح وسط
حائزون على وسام الإمبراطورية البريطانية من رتبة قائد
خريجو جامعة أوبن
خريجو جامعة ستراثكلايد
رياضيون من هميلتون
طاقم ديربي كاونتي غير اللاعبين
طاقم نادي ماذرويل غير اللاعبين
لاعبو اتحاد إسكتلندا لكرة القدم للناشئين
لاعبو الدوري الإسكتلندي لكرة القدم
لاعبو رينجرز
لاعبو كرة قدم إسكتلنديون
لاعبو نادي دندي
لاعبو نادي فالكيرك
مدراء أندية كرة قدم في إسكتلندا
مدربو الدوري الإسكتلندي الممتاز
مدربو بريستون نورث إند
مدربو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1996
مدربو دوري كرة القدم الإسكتلندي
مدربو كأس العالم 1998
مدربو كرة قدم إسكتلنديون
مدربو منتخب إسكتلندا تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
مدربو منتخب إسكتلندا لكرة القدم
مدربو نادي أبردين
مدربو نادي ماذرويل
معلمو مدارس إسكتلنديون
مواليد 1940

كريغ براون


Gregorio Esteban Sánchez Fernández alias Chiquito de la Calzada (født 28. maj 1932 i Málaga, død 11. november 2017 i Málaga), var en spansk flamencosanger og komiker.
Hans karriere som sanger begyndte som barn, og han arbejdede i forskellige teatre og auditorier i Spanien og Japan.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 IMDB

Humorister
Skuespillere fra Spanien
Sangere fra Spanien
Flamenco
Spaniere i 1900-tallet
Spaniere i 2000-tallet

Chiquito de la Calzada


ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ඌව පළාතේ බදුල්ල දිස්ත්‍රික්කය තුල මහියංගනය පිහිටි සමන් දේවාලය මෙරට පැරණි දේවාල අතුරින් එකක් වේ. එය මහියංගනය රජ මහා විහාර භූමි පරිශ්‍රය තුල ඉදිකොට තිබේ.

මහියංගනයට අධිපති සුමන සමන් දෙවියෝ වෙනුවෙන් මෙම දේවාලය නිර්මිත වන අතර, සමන් දෙවියන්ගේ සහෝදරිය (අක්කා) ලෙස සැළකෙන මහ ලොකු දේවතාවියද මෙහිදී වන්දනයට ලක්වේ.

මූලාශ්‍ර

දේවාල
බදුල්ල දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පුරාවිද්‍යා ආරක්‍ෂිත ස්මාරක

මහියංගනය සමන් දේවාලය


Discoteca Básica, ocasionalmente creditado como Discoteca Básica Podcast, foi um podcast brasileiro lançado em agosto de 2020 do gênero música e apresentado pelo jornalista Ricardo Alexandre, ativo até julho de 2023.

História
Em 2020, Ricardo produziu o Discoteca Básica durante a pandemia de COVID-19 no Brasil. Em entrevista a Época, ele disse: "Eu precisava de algo naquele momento que eu pudesse fazer sozinho. Até então, o que imperava era o formato mesa-redonda, tudo bem-humorado e sem edição - e bons podcasts podem ser assim. Mas eu pensava em oferecer algo diferente em termos de conteúdo".

O programa foi criado com o objetivo de contar histórias sobre álbuns brasileiros e internacionais considerados clássicos. Segundo apresentação do próprio programa, o podcast tem duas missões: o deep-listening e a valorização do jornalismo cultural. O programa é produzido por temporadas de 16 episódios semanais.

Em 2022, a equipe do podcast, capitaneada por Ricardo, produziu um livro que reúne uma votação dos 500 maiores discos da música brasileira. O projeto foi financiado por fãs do programa.

Em julho de 2023, Ricardo Alexandre anunciou o fim do podcast, com o lançamento do episódio de despedida sobre o álbum Elis & Tom. O episódio foi gravado ao vivo em São Paulo no Teatro Maria Della Costa.

Desempenho
Discoteca Básica esteve frequentemente entre os podcasts de maior audiência no Brasil. O podcast estreou na parada de Top Podcasts da Apple Podcasts em outubro de 2020, tendo como pico a posição #6 em 29 de agosto de 2021.

Em 2020, Discoteca Básica entrou na lista de melhores podcasts do ano na Apple Podcasts. Foi eleito o melhor podcast de 2020 pela Scream & Yell.

Ver também
Lista dos 500 maiores discos da música brasileira
Podcasts do Brasil

Podcasts do Brasil
Podcasts lançados em 2020
Podcasts de música
Podcasts extintos em 2023

Discoteca Básica


Afrika altın kedisi (Caracal aurata), kedigiller (Felidae) familyasından tropik ormanlarda yaşayan bir kedi türü.

Özellikleri
Tropik ormanlarda tek başına yaşayan bir gece hayvanıdır. 20–25 cm'lik kuyruğuyla birlikte uzunluğu 90–100 cm, omuz yüksekliği 40 cm'dir. Kürkünün üst bölümleri kızılımsı kahverengi, alt bölümleri ise beyaz üstüne koyu renk beneklidir.

Beslenme

Afrika altın kedisi tırmanabilir ama öncelikle yerde avlanır. Avlarını kemirgenler, kuşlar ve küçük maymunlar kapsar. Bu kedi hakkında çok fazla bilgi bulunmamaktadır.

Alt türler

 Profelis aurata aurata, Afrika; alt taraftaki noktaların dışında açık renklidir.
 Profelis aurata celidogaster, Batı Afrika; başında noktalar bulunur; bu noktalar (bir leoparın noktaları gibi) siyah değildir ama kürkünden biraz daha koyudur.

Afrika altın kedisi Asya altın kedisine çok benzerliği ile dikkat çeker.

Kaynakça

Profelis
Felis

Afrika altın kedisi


El Nevado El Plomo es un cerro de los Andes centrales. Se encuentra ubicado en la frontera de la Región Metropolitana de Santiago, Chile con Argentina. Su altitud es de 6070  (19 914 ft).

Ubicación

El nevado del Plomo es una de las numerosas cumbres limítrofes argentino-chilenas. El sector de la Argentina de esta montaña se sitúa en la frontera centro-oeste del país, en el extremo occidental del Departamento Luján de Cuyo, al noroeste de la Provincia de Mendoza. La ladera de Chile se ubica en la zona central del país, al noreste de la Provincia de Cordillera, al nororiente de la Región Metropolitana de Santiago.

Se ubica inmediatamente al sur del nevado Juncal de 5953/5965 , ambos integran el cordón denominado cordillera Ferrosa, la cual nace en el Juncal y termina en el portezuelo del Morado de 4950

Es difícil poder divisarlo desde otros lugares que no sean desde el occidente: la cuenca del río Olivares, y desde el oriente: la cuenca del río Plomo, pues en el nevado se encuentran las cabeceras de ambos cursos fluviales. El río Olivares posee un torrentoso y encajonado recorrido al cruzar la reserva Cañón del Río Olivares para finalmente terminar como afluente del río Colorado.

Toponimia

Este nevado toma el nombre de «Plomo» en relación con el río Plomo el cual, alimentado por los deshielos de sus glaciares, se une al río Tupungato.

Su nombre genera confusión con el del cerro El Plomo, 600 metros más bajo, y a más de 20 km de distancia, el cual es fácilmente visible desde Santiago. No habría relación entre ambos nombres.

Fue llamado erróneamente «cerro Juncal» tanto en los mapas chilenos como en la carta 1/100000 argentina.

Ascensos

Fue ascendido por primera vez desde su arista norte, por una cordada liderada por el andinista y explorador Federico Reichert en el año 1910, atacándolo desde el lado argentino lo que le demandó todo un verano. La segunda ascensión, que ocurrió recién 40 años después, fue la del Club Alemán Andino o DAV liderada por Eberhard Meier, quien junto a Wolfgang Förster y a Walter Niehaus, esta vez desde el lado chileno,  llegaron a la cumbre por su cara noroeste.

En 1964 una expedición española abrió una ruta sobre el glaciar argentino Alfa. Posteriormente se haría lo propio sobre el también argentino glaciar Beta. En el año 2003 se lo escaló por la muy difícil ruta de «El Sendero del León», es decir, subiendo por su pared sureste, lográndolo el alemán Jurgen Straub.

Es un cerro difícil de ascender, pues implica marchar durante tres días para llegar a su base, son 22 km por morrenas, y luego un desnivel de 3500 m. Hasta el año 2019 contabilizaba solo 16 ascensos. Desde Santiago se puede llegar por el camino que lleva hasta la central hidroeléctrica Alfalfal.

Véase también
 Anexo:Montañas de la Argentina
 Anexo:Montañas de Chile
 Anexo:Seismiles de Salta

Referencias

 Neate, J., Mountaineering in the Andes
 The American Alpine Journal 2004, pag. 304. American Alpine Club (AAC)

Enlaces externos
 Descripción del Nevado del Plomo y sus rutas de ascenso

Nevado del Plomo
Nevado del Plomo
Nevado del Plomo
Departamento Luján de Cuyo
Picos ultraprominentes de la divisoria Argentina-Chile

Nevado El Plomo


Mertensia davurica er fjölær jurt sem er ættuð frá Rússlandi og Mongólíu.

Tilvísanir

Munablómaætt

Mertensia davurica


Humberto Santillán Arista (Chachapoyas, 21 de febrero de 1906 - Lima, 1 de noviembre de 2001) fue un profesor y autor de libros de texto peruano, de larga e influyente presencia  en el área  de la docencia básica de la Lengua y Literatura castellanas en el Perú, durante décadas.

Biografía
Fue hijo de Miguel Santillán Chávez y Brígida Arista Tuesta. Nació en la ciudad de Chachapoyas, departamento de Amazonas, en el nororiente del Perú, donde transcurrió toda su infancia. Cursó su educación primaria en el colegio Seminario Jesús María y la secundaria en el Colegio San Juan de la Libertad, llegando a ocupar el primer puesto de su promoción.

Siendo muy joven viajó a Lima donde descubrió su vocación como docente. En 1928 se graduó como maestro primario en el Instituto Pedagógico Nacional. En 1937 ingresó en la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos donde cursó estudios de Historia y Geografía, egresando en 1941. Tuvo por catedráticos a Julio C. Tello, Luis E. Valcárcel, Raúl Porras Barrenechea y Jorge Basadre (a quienes denominó como los cuatro ases de la historia del Perú).

Ejerció la labor docente como profesor de Lenguaje y Literatura, a lo largo de cinco décadas, en varios colegios públicos de Lima y de provincias, así como en diversos centros de formación académica. Entre ellos mencionamos a los siguientes:
 La Escuela Naval del Perú.
 El Colegio Militar Leoncio Prado.
 La Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.
 La Escuela Militar de Chorrillos.
 La Gran Unidad Escolar Ricardo Bentín (sección nocturna).

Particularmente, se recuerda su paso por el Colegio Militar Leoncio Prado, donde enseñó Gramática y Literatura Castellana durante 32 años (1944-1975), siendo uno de sus alumnos el posteriormente laureado escritor Mario Vargas Llosa (1950), quien lo recuerda como «el típico profesor machacón, que te hacía memorizar las clases». Colegas suyos fueron otros destacados docentes como Flavio Vega Villanueva (matemáticas), Aníbal Ísmodes (historia universal) y Hermann Buse de la Guerra.

Con el apoyo de la imprenta del C. M. Leoncio Prado, publicó sus célebres libros escolares de Castellano y Literatura, que a lo largo de las décadas de 1950 a 1970 sirvieron de texto de consulta de varias generaciones de escolares peruanos.

El Ministerio de Educación le concedió las Palmas Magisteriales en el grado de Amauta, máximo galardón que se otorga a un educador en el Perú.

Obras

Aparte de sus textos de Castellano para el primer, segundo y tercer año de educación secundaria (reeditados y reestructurados, durante muchos años, según los programas vigentes del Ministerio de Educación), publicó un libro de Ortografía y vocabulario (Editorial Colegio Militar Leoncio Prado, 196?) y el tan conocido libro: Mi Maestro ( tesauro escolar en coautoría). Cabe resaltar, que sus enseñanzas también estuvieron incorporadas en los libros que preparaba el Ministerio de Educación.

Véase también
 Colegio Militar Leoncio Prado

Referencias

Bibliografía
 El Imaginaria: Alfredo Deza - Don Humberto Santillan Arista
 Vilela Galván, Sergio: El cadete Vargas Llosa. La historia oculta tras La ciudad y los perros, p. 151. Impreso en Santiago de Chile. Editorial Planeta, 2003. ISBN 956-247-310-4

Alumnado de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos
Amazonenses (Perú)
Sanmarquinos (siglo XX)
Profesores de Perú
Gramáticos de Perú
Grandes cruces de la Orden al Mérito por Servicios Distinguidos
Orden de las Palmas Magisteriales
Profesores del Colegio Nacional Ricardo Bentín
Profesores del Colegio Militar Leoncio Prado

Humberto Santillán Arista


العجمان قبيلة عربية من قبائل شبه الجزيرة العربية وتعتبر إحدى أهم القبائل البدوية على ساحل الخليج العربي. تنتسب إلى قبائل يام من همدان. نزحت القبيلة من نجران إلى جنوب نجد في زمن الإمام تركي الذي أنزلهم الأحساء أرض بني خالد. يتوزع أفراد القبيلة اليوم في السعودية والكويت وقطر وبر فارس ويسمى المنتسب إليهم عجمي بإسكان الجيم، والجمع عجمان. تعدّ قبيلة العجمان من أهم قبائل المملكة اليوم وخاصة في شرق المملكة السعودية.

النسب

ينسب العجمان إلى (قبيلة يام) من (همدان)، وهمدان ينتهي نسبه إلى سبأ. وهم أولاد علي ( الملقب بعجيم) بن هشام بن الغز بن مذكر «مذكور» بن يام بن اصبا بن دافع بن مالك بن جشم بن حاشد بن جشم بن جنوان بن نوف بن همدان بن مالك بن زيد بن أوثلة بن ربيعة بن الخيار بن مالك بن زيد بن كهلان بن سبأ.

أصل التسمية
تنحدر قبيلة العجمان من علي بن هشام وهو الملقب بعجيم وقيل عن سبب ذلك كان يعجم في لهجته بسبب عقدة لسانه. أما المؤرخ الأردني راشد بن حمدان الاحيوي، فيفض هذا القول بقوله: هذا قول مردود وتخريج ساذج للقب العجمان إذا لو صح ذلك لكانت النسبة إلى جد العجمان عجمي ـ بفتح العين والجيم ـ أو أعجمي والجمع عجم أو أعجام وعندي أن لذلك تفسيراً آخر أن العجمان إنما لقبوا بهذا اللقب لعزتهم ومراسهم الطويل في القتال والحروب. قال ابن منظور: العجمي من الرجال المميز العاقل، وعجمته الأمور دربته. ورجل صلب المعجم. وللعجمان بطون كثيرة هي:
آل وبير بن عجيم، آل ناجعة من آل راشد بن معيظ ومنهم بيت أمارة العجمان آل حثلين سلالة الأمير مانع بن حثلين. آل سفران من آل راشد بن معيظ وأمراءهم آل منيخر. آل هادي بن معيظ وأمراؤهم المتلقم. آل صالح بن معيظ وأميرهم ابن طفلان. آل ريمة بن معيظ. آل لزيز بن معيظ. آل سلبـة بن معيظ. آل محفوظ بن حدجه بن مرزوق بن علي وأمراءهم آل مكراد. آل حبيش بن على بن كدادة بن مساوا بن نشوان بن حدجة بن مرزوق بن عجيم. آل سليمان بن مساوا بن نشوان بن حدجه بن مرزوق بن عجيم، وأمراؤهم آل عصيدان وآل حجرف آل ضاعن بن مسعود بن مرزوق بن عجيم، وأمراؤهم آل جمعة والدامر. آل مصرا بن مسعود بن مرزوق بن عجيم وأمراءهم آل وذين. آل شامر بن مسعود بن مرزوق بن عجيم، ومنهم آل خرصان شيوخ آل شايقه، وابن زنيفر شيخ آل مخلص وابن حشوة من شيوخ ال خضير آل خويطر بن حدجه بن مرزوق بن عجيم. آل هتلان بن نشوان بن حدجه بن مرزوق، وأميرهم ابن سعدى. آل مفلح وأمرائهم (آل دبلان) وهم آل ناشره، آل غدير، آل حمير، آل شحيمان، الشواوله (وأميرهم لمعان بن براك بن مفلح) آل العرجاء وهم أبناء محمد بن سليمان بن وعيل بن هشام.

منازل قبيلة العجمان
سكنهم في نجران ثم انتقالهم إلى نجد فالأحساء جاء في ذكر المناطق التي كانت تسكنها قبيلة العجمان أنهم كانوا في أول الأمر يسكنون مع أصل قبيلتهم يام في الجنوب في نجران. ثم نزحوا إلى نجد في شرق الجزيرة العربية مثلهم كمثل قبائل كثيرة ترحل من مكان إلى آخر لأمور كانت تفرضها البيئة من حولهم. وأن نزوح قبيلة العجمان على أرجح الأقوال في نهاية القرن الثاني عشر الهجري في عام 1130 هـ.

ولا يمنع ذلك أن بعضاً من القبيلة قد نزح قبل القرن الثاني عشر، كما أشار إلى ذلك ابن بسام عن نزوح جماعة من العجمان، وتخلف مطية محمد بن على بن حدجة في عنيزة، وأقام عند بني خالد وصار راعيًا عندهم... ورزق بأربعة أبناء، وصار في غير وقت العمل دائم الجلوس عند باب بيته فلقبوه أبا الحصين ـ فأقام عندهم حتى خرج منهم بأولاده واشترى بلدة الرس من آل صقية من الوهبة من بني غنيم ـ وكان ذلك في عام 970 هـ

ويذكر (سادلير) بأن العجمان رحلوا إلى جهات الأحساء في آخر القرن الثاني عشر الهجري وقد كانت مساكنهم قبل ذلك مع أبناء عمومتهم يام في نجران ثم زحفوا إلى نجد في حدود عام 1130هـ، ثم قامت الحرب بينهم وبين الأميرين محمد وماجد آل عريعر في معركة ـ مناخ الرضيمة ـ عام 1238هـ، والتي انتهت بنصر العجمان وحلفائهم فبسطوا نفوذهم على الأحساء منذ ذلك التاريخ. وأزاحوا سكانها من البادية إلا من رضخ لسيطرتهم، وانتشروا فيها، واستقرت قبيلة العجمان في وسطها لسيطرتهم، ونزلت قبيلة آل مرة في ناحيتها الجنوبية في أطراف الرمال وفيما بين الأحساء وشبه جزيرة قطر.

وحلّت بطون من بني هاجر بجوار قبيلة العجمان من الجنوب وأطراف وادي المياه ـ الستار قديماً ـ وعين دار وامتدت بطون منها إلى شبه جزيرة قطر.

استقرار العجمان في مناطق مختلفة: وأما عن الأماكن التي نزلوا فيها فقد ذكر ـ لوريمر ـ في كتابه الذي انتهى من تأليفه في حوالي عام 1907 ـ 1908>> دليل الخليج <<أن المقر الرئيسي للقبيلة في سنجق الأحساء حيث تعدّ مناطق ألطف والجوف والبياض حتى جنوب ميناء العقير كأجزاء من أراضي العجمان كما يسكن العجمان أيضا الأجزاء الشمالية من الجافورة ويجدون عادة في الخرمة وبخاصة عند الزرنوفة مقرهم الشتوي، وفي بعض أجزاء الصمان... تلك هي الحدود الطبيعية للقبيلة، كما أنهم كانوا يتجولون في أنحاء المنطقة حتى مدينة الكويت في الشمال وقد استقر بعض العجمان منذ أواسط القرن التاسع عشر الميلادي في مدينة الكويت.

ويستقر نصف قبيلة العجمان اليوم في المملكة العربية السعودية في الوادي الذي يحمل اسمهم غرب الاحساء وكان قديماً يسمى ـ الستار ـ ولهم فيه قرى مأهولة عديدة منها: الصرار، وحنيذ، وجودة، وعريعرة، ومتالع، وأم ربيعة، ونطاع، وغنوا، والزعين، والصحاف، ومليجة، والكهفة، وأم سديرة، والقليب، والونان.

وهذه القرى تمتد من جودة جنوبًا إلى النعيرية شمالاً وفيها عيون جارية وكثيرة من أشجار النخيل. أما النصف الثاني لهذه القبيلة فيقيم في الكويت وبصفة خاصة في الجهراء، والأحمدي، والفحيحيل، والصباحية، والرقة، وخيطان.

ويبلغ عدد أفراد قبيلة العجمان في وقتنا الحاضر حوالي 80.000 إلى 85.000 منهم حوالي 30.000 من سكان الكويت والباقون حوالي 50.000 إلى 55.000 من سكان المملكة العربية السعودية.

بر فارس
نزحت جماعة من العجمان من فخذ «آل سليمان» من الاحساء إلى بر فارس يقال لهم «المرازيق» أو «آل مرزوق» واستوطنوا قرية «كافرخون» أو كافرغان.

وبعدها انتقلوا إلى قرية «مقوه» في عام 1169م.

ولهم إماراتٌ كانوا يحكمونها آنذاك:
 إمارة مغوه وهي مسقط رأس العجمان في بر فارس أو جنوب إيران الحالية
 إمارة المسيلة كانت مشتركة بين المرازيق والعبادلة
 إمارة بندر بستانة مشتركة بين المرازيق والقواسم.

وأول زعيم أو رئيس تزعم جماعة آل مرزوق آنذاك هو الشيخ راشد بن مطر المرزوقي. وكان عددهم حسب آخر إحصائية 6000 نسمة. ومذهبهم سني «حنابل».

ومن أشهر زعماء قبيلة العجمان في بر فارس:
 الشيخ سلطان بن أحمد المرزوقي
 الشيخ راشد بن مطر المرزوقي

المصادر

 وهبة، صلاح، أحمد، (فرسان الصحراء)  ، الطبعة الثانية، البحار للنشر والتوزیع، لندن _ المملكة المتحدة 2004 للميلاد.

انظر أيضًا
 المرازيق
 حصن المرازيق
 مغوه
 هولة
 همدان (قبيلة)
 قائمة قبائل العرب
 راكان بن فلاح بن حثلين

قبائل الإمارات العربية المتحدة
قبائل السعودية
قبائل الكويت
قبائل عربية
قبائل قحطانية
قبائل قطرية
قحطان
مجموعات بدوية
مجموعات عربية
يام

العجمان


El pegatimón (Lepadogaster lepadogaster) es una especie de pez perciforme de la familia Gobiesocidae. No se reconocen subespecies. Se encuentra en el Atlántico oriental y el mar Mediterráneo, sin embargo su presencia en el mar Negro es dudosa.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Gobiesocidae
Peces del mar Mediterráneo
Peces del océano Atlántico oriental
Taxones descritos por Pierre-Joseph Bonnaterre
Animales descritos en 1788

Lepadogaster lepadogaster


There have been three ships of the United States Navy named USS Saint Paul for Saint Paul, Minnesota:

 , a former passenger liner which was refitted into a Saint Louis-class auxiliary cruiser and was in commission in 1898, and again from 1917 to 1919.
 , a  heavy cruiser, was the original name of .
 , another Baltimore-class heavy cruiser in commission from 1945 to 1971.

Additionally, two ships of the U.S. Navy have been named for both of the "Twin Cities" (Minneapolis and Saint Paul, Minnesota) together:

 , the 21st , in commission from 1984 to 2008.
  is a planned .

See also

United States Navy ship names

USS Saint Paul


هيني أوتو ، من مواليد 24 أغسطس 1954، لاعب كرة قدم هولندي سابق، ومدرب كرة قدم هولندي. لعب مع منتخب هولندا لكرة القدم.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية هولنديون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية هولنديون
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون هولنديون مغتربون في إنجلترا
طاقم نادي أياكس أمستردام غير اللاعبين
لاعبو أدو دين هاغ
لاعبو الدوري الهولندي الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1980
لاعبو تفينتي
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الإنجليزي
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو كرة قدم من أمستردام
لاعبو كرة قدم هولنديون
لاعبو كرة قدم هولنديون مغتربون
لاعبو منتخب هولندا لكرة القدم
لاعبو ميدلزبره
مدربو كرة قدم هولنديون
مدربو نادي هارلم
مواليد 1954
مواليد في أمستردام

هيني أوتو


Katić je hrvatsko prezime, a jedan veliki hrvatski rod Katića se naselio današnjem području splitske aglomeracije, poglavice područje Solina dodali su si obiteljski nadimak Mornar.

Prezime i rod počinje doseljavanjem novih stanovnika u Vranjic i Solin za vrijeme Kandijskog rata, kada su Mlečani nakon osvajanja Klisa doveli nove stanovnike da bi branili novostečeno, ali demografski opustošeno zaleđe Splita.

Prvi spomen prezimena Katić u Solinu je na krštenju 28. svibnja 1656., gdje su zapisani podaci o kumu i kumi:

Rod je brojan i dugotrajan, pa su unutar njega nastali veoma brojni nadimci, a brojna su i mjesta
razvijanja roda izvan Solina. Rod je najbrojniji u Solinu, Kaštel Sućurcu, Splitu i Zadru. U ovomu je rodu istaknuti hrvatski povjesničar don Lovre (1887. – 1961.).

Poznate osobe
 don Lovre Katić  (1887. – 1961.), hrvatski povjesničar

Izvori

 Hrvatska prezimena

Katić-Mornar


Dezvoltarea web este un termen larg, care cuprinde orice activitate legată de dezvoltarea unui site web pentru World Wide Web sau internet. Aceasta poate include dezvoltarea afacerilor prin comerț electronic (e-commerce), web design, dezvoltarea de conținut web, programare specifică, configurarea serverelor web, etc. Dezvoltarea web include atât realizarea unor simple pagini web statice cu text, până la cele mai complexe aplicații Internet, afaceri electronice (ebusiness), sau servicii de rețele sociale.

Pentru afacerile și organizațiile mai mari, echipele de dezvoltatori web pot avea sute de specialiști. Organizațiile mai mici pot necesita chiar și o singură persoană, permanent sau cu contract temporar, sau încă o persoană designer specializat în editare grafică și/sau un tehnician pentru sisteme informaționale. Dezvoltarea web poate fi un efort colaborativ între mai multe departamente sau o activitate specifică unui singur departament specializat.

Industria dezvoltării web

Începând cu mijlocul anilor 1990, dezvoltarea web a fost una din industriile cu rata de dezvoltare cea mai mare. În 1995 erau mai puțin de 1.000 companii de dezvoltatori web doar în Statele Unite ale Americii, iar în 2005 erau peste 30.000 astfel de companii. Industria dezvoltării web se așteaptă să crească cu peste 20% în următorii ani. Creșterea acestei industrii este ajutată de marile afaceri care doresc să își vândă produsele și serviciile clienților într-un mod automat.

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Următoarea generație de instrumente pentru dezvoltarea web folosesc creșterea puternică a tehnologiilor LAMP și .net de la Microsoft pentru a rula pe web aplicații online. Dezvoltatorii web livrează acum aplicații ca servicii web care erau în mod tradițional disponibile ca aplicații pe calculatorul de birou.

În loc să se ruleze cod executabil pe un calculator local, utilizatorii interacționează cu aplicațiile online pentru a crea conținut nou. Aceasta a creat metode noi de comunicare și a permis descentralizarea informației și distribuirea media. Utilizatorii pot acum să interacționeze cu aplicații din multe locații, în loc să se limiteze doar la o stație de lucru pentru mediul lor de aplicație.

Exemple de transformare dramatică în comunicații și comerț determinate de dezvoltarea webului includ și comerțul electronic. Siturile de licitații online precum eBay au schimbat modul de consum și cumpărare a bunurilor și serviciilor de către clienți. Intermediarii online precum Amazon.com și Buy.com (printre mulți, mulți alții) au schimbat modul tradițional de a face cumpărături. Un alt exemplu ilustrativ de schimbare în modul de comunicare determinată de dezvoltarea web este blogul. Aplicații web precum MovableType și WordPress au realizat medii de blog ușor de implementat pentru situri web individuale. Conținuturi în sursă deschisă precum Typo3, Xoops, Joomla! și Drupal au extins dezvoltarea web spre noi modalități de interacție și comunicare

Codare pe partea de client
 AJAX – Oferă noi metode de folosire a Javascript, PHP, și ale limbaje pentru a îmbunătăți  experiența utilizatorului.
 Adobe Flash – Playerul Flash este o platformă omniprezentă pentru RIA. Flex 2 a fost de aemenea inclus în Playerul Flash (versiunea 9+).
 Javascript – Denumită înainte EMCAScript, Javascript un instrument de programare client omniprezent.
 Microsoft Silverlight – Plugin de browser al lui Microsoft care permite animația, grafica vectorială și payback video de înaltă definiție, programat folosind limbajele de programare XAML și .NET.

Codare pe partea de server
World Wide Web a devenit o importantă platformă pentru dezvoltarea web a multor aplicații de întreprindere complexe și sofisticate, în mai multe domenii. În plus față de funcționalitatea lor multi-fațetă inerentă , aceste aplicatii web implică un comportament complex și unele cerințe unice pentru gusabilitate, performanță, securitate și capacitatea de a crește și evolua. Cu toate acestea, marea majoritate a acestor aplicații continuă să fie dezvoltate într-un mod ad-hoc, contribuind la problemele de usabilitate, mentenabilitate, calitate și fiabilitate. În timp ce dezvoltarea web poate beneficia de practici stabilite de alte discipline conexe, are anumite caracteristici distinctive care necesită considerații speciale. În ultimii ani de dezvoltare web au existat unele evoluții în direcția soluționării acestor probleme și cerințe. Ca o disciplină în curs de dezvoltare, ingineria web promoveaza în mod activ abordări sistematice, disciplinate și cuantificabile pentru dezvoltarea cu succes a sistemelor și aplicațiilor web de calitate, cu usabilitate omniprezentă. În special, ingineria web se concentrează asupra metodologiilor, tehnicilor și instrumentelor care stau la baza dezvoltării de aplicații web și care susțin proiectarea, dezvoltarea, evoluția, și evaluarea lor. Dezvoltarea de aplicații web are anumite caracteristici care o fac diferită de software-ul tradițional, sistemul informațional, sau dezvoltarea de aplicații de calculator.

Ingineria web este multidisciplinară și cuprinde contribuțiile din diverse domenii: analiza si proiectarea sistemelor, inginerie, ingineria hipermedia / hipertext, ingineria cerințelor, interacțiunea om-calculator, interfața cu utilizatorul, ingineria informațiilor, indexarea și regăsirea informațiilor, testarea, modelarea și simularea, managementul proiectelor, și proiectarea și prezentarea grafică. Ingineria web nu este nici o clona, nici un subdomeniu al ingineriei software, deși ambele implică programarea și dezvoltarea de software. În timp ce ingineria web utilizează principii ale ingineriei software, dezvoltarea web cuprinde noi abordări, metodologii, instrumente, tehnici, și linii directoare pentru a îndeplini cerințele unice pentru aplicatii web.

Elemente ale codificării pe partea de server:
 ASP (proprietate Microsoft)
 ActiveVFP (sursă deschisă)
 CSP, ANSI C partea de server
 ColdFusion (proprietate Adobe, fostă Macromedia, anterior Allaire)
 CGI
 Erlang, cu setul de soluții Linux, Yaws, Mnesia, Erlang (LYME)
 Groovy (limbaj de programare) Grails (cadru)
 Java, de exemplu Java EE sau WebObjects
 Lotus Domino
 Node.js
 Perl, de exemplu Catalizator, Dancer sau Mojolicious (toate sursă deschisă)
 PHP (sursă deschisă)
 Python, de exemplu Django (cadru web) (sursă deschisă)
 Real Studio Web Edition
 Ruby, de exemplu Ruby on Rails (sursă deschisă)
 Smalltalk de exemplu Litoral, AIDA / Web
 SSJS Server-Side JavaScript, de exemplu Aptana Jaxer, Mozilla Rhino
 WebDNA (proprietate WSC)
 Websphere (proprietate IBM)
 .net și. .NET MVC Frameworks (proprietate Microsoft)

Codare partea de server și client
 Google Web Toolkit oferă instrumente pentru a crea și menține aplicații complexe JavaScript front-end în Java.
 Dart oferă instrumente pentru a crea și menține aplicații complexe JavaScript front-end, și ajută codare pe partea de server în limbajul de programare Dart.
 Opa este un limbaj de nivel înalt, în care sunt implementate atât partea de client cât și cea de server. Compilatorul apoi decide ce componente va rula pe client (și sunt traduse automat pentru JavaScript) și care vor rula pe server. Dezvoltatorul poate regla aceste decizii cu instrucțiuni simple. (sursă deschisă)
 Pyjamas este un instrument și un cadru pentru dezvoltarea de aplicatii Ajax și RIA în Python.
 Tersus este o platformă pentru dezvoltarea de aplicatii RIA, prin definirea vizuală a interfeței cu utilizatorul, a comportamentului pe partea de client, și prelucrare pe partea de server. (sursă deschisă)
Cu toate acestea, limbaje precum Ruby și Python sunt de multe ori asociate cu serverele de baze de date, altele decât MySQL (M în LAMP). Alte baze de date sunt de asemenea utilizate în prezent pe scară latgă pe web. De exemplu, unii dezvoltatori preferă configurarea unui LAPR (Linux / Apache / PostgreSQL / Ruby on Rails) pentru dezvoltare.

Considerente de securitate
Dezvoltarea web are în vedere mai multe considerente de securitate, cum ar fi verificarea erorilor la introducerea de date prin formulare, filtrarea ieșirilor, și criptarea. Practicile rău intenționate, cum ar fi injecția SQL, pot fi executate de către utilizatori cu intenții răuvoitoare, chiar dacă pot avea cunoștințe doar primitive de dezvoltare web per ansamblu. Scripturile pot fi folosite pentru a exploata siturile web prin obținerea accesului neautorizat al utilizatorilor de malware care încearcă să colecteze informații, cum ar fi adrese de email, parole și conținut protejat, precum numere de carduri de credit.

O parte din acestea depind de mediul serverului (cel mai frecvent Apache sau Microsoft IIS) pe care limbajul de scripting, cum ar fi PHP, Ruby, Python, Perl sau ASP, se execută, și, prin urmare, nu este ține de dezvoltatorul web problema securității. Cu toate acestea, testarea strictă de aplicații web, înainte de lansarea publică, este încurajată, pentru a preveni astfel de exploatări. În cazul în care un anumit formular de contact este prevăzut într-un sit web, ar trebui să se includă un câmp captcha în acesta, care împiedică programe automate de calculator să completeze formularul și trimiterea automată de spam.

Păstrarea un server web în condiții de siguranță împotriva intruziunii este adesea numită Server Port Hardening. Multe tehnologii sunt folosite pentru a păstra informațiile de pe internet în condiții de siguranță atunci când se fac transmisii de la o locație la alta. De exemplu, certificatele Secure Socket Layer (criptare SSL) sunt emise de autoritățile de certificare pentru a ajuta la prevenirea fraudelor pe internet. Mulți dezvoltatori folosesc adesea diferite forme de criptare la transmiterea și stocarea informațiilor sensibile. O înțelegere de bază a preocupărilor legate de securitate în domeniul tehnologiei informației este de multe ori o parte a cunoștințelor unui dezvoltator web.

Note

Legături externe
 Ghid privind realizarea paginilor web pentru administrația publică centrală și locală din România, Ministerul Comunicațiilor și Societății Informaționale
 eGhid pentru Securitate Cibernetică, Ministerul Comunicațiilor și Societății Informaționale
 Proiectarea, dezvoltarea și întreținerea siturilor web, 2014, Charleston, South Carolina, SUA, ISBN 1-511-69609-5

Dezvoltare web


1949 වසර (MCMXLIX)  යනු, ග්‍රෙගෝරියානු දින දසුන ප්‍රකාර සෙනසුරාදා දිනයකින් ඇරඹෙන සාමාන්‍ය අවුරුද්දක් (බැඳිය විසින් මුළු දින දසුන දක්වනු ලැබේ) විය.

1949


Germán Lorente, né le  à Vinaròs et mort le  à Madrid, est un réalisateur, scénariste, producteur de cinéma et romancier espagnol.

Biographie
Diplômé en droit, Germán Lorente Guarch débute comme scénariste en 1957 et écrit, entre autres, le film A sangre fría (1959) de Juan Bosch.

Il fait ses débuts de réalisateur en 1964 avec Le Désir avec Maurice Ronet et Claudia Mori. Il fait sa percée en 1966 avec le drame populaire Su nombre es Daphne avec Geneviève Grad et Michel Subor. L'acteur vedette d'Hollywood George Chakiris obtient le rôle principal dans Tu mourras dans ton cercueil (1969).

Il a remporté un prix international en 1973 pour son giallo Meurtres à Rome avec Frederick Stafford, Claude Jade et Alberto de Mendoza. Il tourne la même année Hold-up avec Nathalie Delon. Après quelques gialli, il revient avec Strip-tease (1976, avec Terence Stamp et Corinne Cléry). Après Tres mujeres de hoy (1980) avec Ana Obregón, Lorente réalise son dernier film avec La vendedora de ropa interior.

Filmographie

Réalisateur
 1963 : Étrange Maria (Antes de anochecer)
 1964 : Le Désir (Donde tú estés)
 1964 : Le Voyou (Playa de Formentor)
 1965 : Vivir al sol
 1966 : Su nombre es Daphne
 1968 : Un día después de agosto
 1968 : Une fille nommée désir (Amor en un espejo)
 1969 : Tu mourras dans ton cercueil (Sharon vestida de rojo)
 1969 : Las nenas del mini-mini
 1971 :
 1971 : Coqueluche
 1972 : ¡Qué cosas tiene el amor!
 1974 : Meurtres à Rome (La chica de Via Condotti)
 1974 : Hold-up (Hold Up, instantánea de una rapina)
 1975 : Sensualidad
 1975 : Strip-tease
 1977 : La violación
 1978 : Venus de fuego
 1980 : Tres mujeres de hoy
 1982 : Adolescencia
 1982 :

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance à Vinaròs
Réalisateur espagnol
Scénariste espagnol de cinéma
Producteur espagnol de cinéma
Romancier espagnol
Naissance en novembre 1932
Décès à Madrid
Décès en août 2019
Décès à 86 ans

Germán Lorente


الاستدلال الإحصائي أو استقراء إحصائي أو البحث الإحصائي  يشمل استخدام الإحصاءات وأخذ العينات العشوائية للحصول على استنتاجات بشأن بعض الجوانب المجهولة للمجتمع. وهو يختلف عن الإحصاءات الوصفية.

و هناك مدرستان للاستدلال الإحصائي هما الاحتمالية التكرارية ، والاستدلال البايزي .

التعريف
الاستدلال الإحصائي هو استدلال عن السكان من خلال أخذ عينة عشوائية منه، وبشكل أعم، هو عملية عشوائية من سلوك ملاحظ خلال فترة محدودة من الزمن.و يمكن تعريف الاستدلال الإحصائي بأنه الاجراء (أو العملية) التي يتم من خلالها الحصول على معلومات والوصول (إطلاق) احكام عن المجتمع من خلال العينة. وهو يشمل:
 تقدير القيمة الواحدة
 تقديرالفاصل الزمني
 اختبار الفرضية (أو اختبار المعنوية الاحصائية)
 التنبؤ

مراجع

اختراعات عربية
استنباط
فلسفة العلوم
قياس نفسي
منطق استقرائي
منطق وإحصاء
المنهج العلمي

استدلال إحصائي


Fantasio puede referirse a:
 Fantasio, seudónimo del caricaturista chileno Juan Gálvez (1909-1971)
Uno de los dos personajes epónimos de la serie de historietas Spirou y Fantasio;
 Fantasio, ópera de Jacques Offenbach;
 Fantasio (Ricardo Roucau).
 Editorial Fantasio.

Fantasio


USS Solomons (CVE-67) was the thirteenth of fifty s built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was the first Navy vessel named after the Solomon Islands campaign, a lengthy operation that most famously included the Guadalcanal campaign, albeit she was not the first named Solomons. The ship was launched in October 1943, commissioned in November, and served in anti-submarine operations during the Battle of the Atlantic, as well as in other miscellaneous training and transport missions. Her frontline duty consisted of four anti-submarine patrols, with her third tour being the most notable, when her aircraft contingent sank the  during her third combat patrol. She was decommissioned in August 1946, being mothballed in the Atlantic Reserve Fleet. Ultimately, she was broken up in 1947.

Design and description

Solomons was a Casablanca-class escort carrier, the most numerous type of aircraft carrier ever built, and was designed specifically to be rapidly mass-produced using prefabricated sections, in order to replace heavy early war losses. By the end of their production run, the time taken between laying down the hull and launching the ship had been cut down to nearly one month. Standardized with her sister ships, she was  long overall, had a beam of , and a draft of . She displaced  standard and  with a full load. She had a  long hangar deck and a  long flight deck. She was powered with two Skinner Unaflow reciprocating steam engines, which drove two shafts, providing , thus enabling her to make . The ship had a cruising range of  at a speed of . Her compact size limited the length of the flight deck and necessitated the installment of an aircraft catapult at her bow, and there were two aircraft elevators to facilitate movement of aircraft between the flight and hangar deck: one each fore and aft.

One /38 caliber dual-purpose gun was mounted on the stern. Anti-aircraft defense was provided by eight Bofors  anti-aircraft guns in single mounts, as well as twelve Oerlikon  cannons, which were mounted around the perimeter of the deck. By the end of the war, Casablanca-class carriers had been modified to carry thirty  cannons, and the number of Bofors  guns had been doubled to 16, by putting them into twin mounts. These modifications were in response to increasing casualties due to kamikaze attacks. Although Casablanca-class escort carriers were designed to function with a crew of 860 and an embarked squadron of 50 to 56, the exigencies of wartime often necessitated the inflation of the crew count. Casablanca-class escort carriers were designed to carry 27 aircraft, but the hangar deck could accommodate more, which was often necessary during transport or especially training missions, due to the constant turnover of pilots and aircraft.

Construction
Her construction was awarded to Kaiser Shipbuilding Company, Vancouver, Washington, under a Maritime Commission contract, on 18 June 1942. The escort carrier was laid down on 19 March 1943 under the name Emperor, with the intention of transferring her to the Royal Navy under Lend-Lease. She was laid down as MC hull 1104, the thirteenth of a series of fifty Casablanca-class escort carriers. On 28 June 1943, with the   having been designated to be transferred in her place, Emperor was redesignated as an auxiliary aircraft carrier and therefore received the hull symbol ACV-67, indicating that she was the sixty-seventh escort carrier to be commissioned into the United States Navy. As a part of this change, she was also renamed to Nassuk Bay, as part of a tradition which named escort carriers after bays or sounds in Alaska. On 15 July, with the handover of Pybus having been completed, she was redesignated as an escort carrier and received her final hull symbol of CVE-67. She was launched on 6 October 1943; sponsored by Mrs. F. J. McKenna; transferred to the Navy, renamed to Solomons as part of a new naval policy which named subsequent Casablanca-class carriers after naval or land engagements, and commissioned on 21 November 1943, with Captain Marion Edward Crist in command.

Service history

Upon being commissioned, Solomons underwent a shakedown cruise in the area between Puget Sound and Astoria, Oregon, conducting tests, evaluations, and training exercises for four weeks. She left Astoria on 20 December, making a stop at Alameda, California on 23 December, and arriving at San Diego on 25 December. There, after conducting some more exercises, she departed for Pearl Harbor on 30 December. On 6 January 1944, she took on a load of passengers, supplies, as well as dysfunctional aircraft to be taken to the West Coast for repairs or salvage. She left on 9 January, arriving back at San Diego on 14 January. For the rest of January, she conducted battle practices off of southern California. She left San Diego with a load of aircraft on 30 January for the East Coast. As she approached the Panama Canal, her aircraft participated in a simulated aerial attack on the canal in order to test its defenses. She stopped at Balboa, Panama on 9 February, where she embarked passengers, and departed on 11 February, arriving at the naval station in Norfolk, Virginia, on 16 February.

At Norfolk, Solomons took on her aircraft contingent of Composite Squadron (VC) 9, supplies, and aviation stores, before putting out to sea on 21 March for Brazil. She arrived at Recife on 13 April, and upon arriving, joined the United States Fourth Fleet for anti-submarine duties in the South Atlantic, under the command of Vice admiral Jonas H. Ingram. She joined Task Group 46.1, which centered around Solomons, screened by the destroyer escorts , , , and . On 14 April, she began her first anti-submarine patrol. Her first patrol, which lasted until 30 April, proved to be uneventful. The only indications of possible contact were some green flares spotted on the morning of 22 April, as well as some unsuccessful Hedgehog attacks on a signature that might have been  Her second patrol, from 4 May to 20 May, had even less activity.

Solomons departed Recife for her third patrol on 30 May. A submarine had been spotted off of Salvador proceeding to the northeast, and the task group was dispatched after it, without any results. The task group spent the front half of its patrol chasing several signature reports, including one about a Japanese flying boat, but with no results. However, high-frequency direction finding had picked up a lead of a U-boat off of southwestern Africa heading on a northwesterly course on 9 June. Thus, the task group went to the northeast, in a direction to possibly intercept.

In the midst of her patrol, on 15 June, one of VC-9's Avenger torpedo bombers, piloted by Ens. G.E. Edwards, reported a contact at a bearing of 70 degrees and some  from the carrier at 10:21. The Avenger proceeded towards the contact, and there was no further word relayed back. In fact, it had spotted the Type IXD2  at 12:21 as it proceeded approximately  south of St. Helena. The Avenger immediately made four attack runs against U-860, and was shot down by antiaircraft fire on the fourth run, killing all three of the Avenger's crew. However, the Avenger had managed to inflict enough damage on the submarine such that it could not safely dive, something that would later prove fatal for U-860. It was not until 14:00 that a group was cobbled together on Solomons to investigate Chamberlain's report. At 17:22, VC-9's commanding officer, Lieutenant commander H.M. Avery, spotted a wake about  away. Proceeding closer, he could observe that it was U-860 on a southeasterly course, proceeding at about , whereupon he immediately issued a contact report back to Solomons. Two of Solomonss screening vessels, the destroyer escorts Straub and Herzog, were immediately dispatched to Avery's contact. As the Avenger moved closer, the gunners on U-860 threw up a screen of flak, convincing Avery to wait for reinforcements. As Avery was transmitting his contact report back, two Wildcat fighters and one Avenger were preparing to land on Solomons, having been unsuccessful in spotting any targets. Upon receiving the news, the three aircraft turned around and headed to join Avery.

The three aircraft rendezvoused with Avery, and a series of three organized attacks were planned, which were launched at 19:46, under the waning evening sun. In the first attack, U-860 was first strafed by the two Wildcats piloted by Ens. T.J. Wadsworth and Ens. R.E. McMahon, whilst the submarine moved in evasive circles, unable to dive. Hits were observed on the submarine's deck, conning tower, and bandstand. As the two Wildcats pulled up from their dive, only about  above U-860, Wadsworth's Wildcat was damaged by flak in a wing tank, forcing him to return to Solomons. The two Avengers, piloted by Avery and Ens. M.J. Spear, followed up with rockets as the Wildcats were being harried by flak. The pilots of VC-9 had been trained to aim their rockets to hit to the fore of the conning tower, where the most vulnerable systems laid. Spear's Avenger, flying from the aft of the submarine, fired eight rockets from , six of which were observed connecting with the U-boat just to the starboard fore of the conning tower. Avery's Avenger, flying from the fore, fired six rockets from , all of which connected with the front of the U-boat, some  in front of the conning tower.

Following this attack, U-860 started to slow down, and turned southwards. At 17:51, two more aircraft arrived on the scene, two Avengers, one piloted by Lieutenant, junior grade W.F. Chamberlain, and one piloted by Lieutenant, junior grade D.E. Weigle. The two aircraft immediately engaged U-860, with McMahon's Wildcat making another strafing run to try to suppress antiaircraft fire. In the second attack, Weigle, running in from the fore, fired eight rockets, six of which connected in the area to the fore of the conning tower. Following this run, U-860 slowed down to just a crawl, at only . In the third, and final attack, Chamberlain, charging from the port, dropped two depth charges directly forward of the conning tower whilst Lt. Cdr. Avery strafed U-860 to suppress antiaircraft fire. However, Chamberlain proceeded much too low, dropping the depth charges only  over the submarine. The explosions rocked his aircraft, starting a fire in the bomb bay and in the central cockpit. Chamberlain maintained a semblance of control, and came to a relatively soft landing  to the starboard of the sinking U-boat. U-860 sank after this last attack, at 19:53, with 42 of her crew going down with the ship.

Straub and Herzog arrived during the night. Under the darkness, the two destroyers were forced to rely heavily upon Solomons aircraft, which fired starshells and dropped flares. First, they attempted to recover Chamberlain and his crew, but were unable to find any trace of them. They then proceeded to the submarine's wreck, where Straub began rescuing survivors, whilst Herzog provided a screen. Straub eventually recovered 21 crewmen, including U-860s commander, Fregattenkapitän Paul Büchel. One of the survivors was resuscitated only after twenty minutes of artificial respiration. Solomons continued her third patrol until 23 June, when she returned to Recife to refuel and to disembark the captured German sailors.

Following a fourth anti-submarine patrol, as well as a stop at Rio de Janeiro, Solomons sailed back north to Naval Station Norfolk, arriving on 24 August. She moored at Norfolk for a month before heading for Staten Island, New York, docking there on 25 September. She took on a load of 150 army airmen along with their P-47 Thunderbolt fighters, and departed on 6 October, on a mission to ferry them to Casablanca, French Morocco. She was back at the East Coast on 7 November, anchored within Narrangansett Bay, Rhode Island.

For the rest of 1944, Solomons served as a training carrier, qualifying Navy and Marine pilots in carrier landings, initially off of Quonset Point. In January 1945, she steamed southwards to Port Everglades, Florida, where she continued to qualify pilots throughout the rest of 1945. At Port Everglades, Captain Richard Stanley Moss raised his flag over the vessel. For a week in December 1945, she was diverted from her mission to participate in a search for the 14 missing airmen of Flight 19, as well as the 13 airmen from a Martin PBM Mariner flying boat that went missing after being dispatched to look for Flight 19. On 15 February 1946, Captain Allen Smith Jr. took over command of the vessel.

Having finished her qualification duties, Solomons proceeded northwards to the naval shipyard at Boston, Massachusetts, where she was decommissioned, on 15 May, joining the Boston group of the Atlantic Reserve Fleet. She was struck from the Navy list on 5 June 1946, and she was sold for scrapping in December 1946 to the Patapsco Scrap Corp., headquartered at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. She was delivered to its agent at Newport on 22 December. She was ultimately broken up in 1947.

Notes

References

Sources

Online sources

Bibliography

External links

Casablanca-class escort carriers
World War II escort aircraft carriers of the United States
Cold War amphibious assault ships of the United States
Ships built in Vancouver, Washington
1943 ships
S4-S2-BB3 ships

USS Solomons


Prins Gabriel af Sverige (Gabriel Carl Walther, født 31. august 2017) er en svensk prins og hertug af Dalarna. Han er andet barn og søn af prins Carl Philip og prinsesse Sofia. Han er det sjette barnebarn og fjerde mandelige barnebarn af Carl 16. Gustav af Sverige og dronning Silvia af Sverige. Han er yngre bror til Prins Alexander af Sverige og ældre bror til Prins Julian af Sverige.

Fødsel
Prins Gabriel blev født den 31. august 2017 kl 11.24 på Danderyd Hospital i Danderyd, Sverige. Prins Carl Phillip var til stede ved sin søns fødsel. Prinsens fulde navn er Gabriel Carl Walther og han er hertug af Dalarna, som blev annonceret af Gabriels bedstefar, kong Carl XVI Gustaf, den 4. september 2017. Te Deum-gudstjenesten fandt sted den 4. september 2017 for at ære og fejre prins Gabriels fødsel.

Dåb
Den 25. september 2017 blev det annonceret, at dåben af prins Gabriel vil finde sted den 1. december 2017 i det kongelige kapel på Drottningholm Slot.

Prinsens faddere er prinsesse Madeleine, Sofias søster Sara Hellqvist, Carl Philips fætter Thomas de Toledo Summerlath, samt Carl Philip og Sofias venner Oscar Kylberg og Carolina Pihl.

Titler, ordner og udmærkelser

 31. august 2017 - 6. oktober 2019: Hans kongelige højhed Gabriel, Prins af Sverige, Hertug af Dalarna

 7. oktober 2019 - nu: Prins Gabriel, hertug af Dalarna.

Ordner og dekorationer
 : Ridder af Serafimerordenen - regnes fra fødselen, modtaget insignier ved dåben.
 : Ridder af Karl XIIIs orden - regnes fra fødselen.

Referencer

Huset Bernadotte
Prinser fra Sverige
Hertuger af Dalarna
Personer fra Stockholm
Riddere af Serafimerordenen

Prins Gabriel af Sverige


Joanna Drabik (født 28. Oktober 1993 i Włoszczowa, Polen) er en kvindelig polsk håndboldspiller, som spiller for MKS Selgors Lublin og det polske håndboldlandshold.

Referencer

Håndboldspillere fra Polen

Joanna Drabik


حيدر حيدر (1936 - 2023) هو كاتب وروائي سوري. حظرت روايته وليمة لأعشاب البحر في عدة دول عربية، وأدت إلى ردود فعل غاضبة متأخرة من العلماء المسلمين في الأزهر.

حياته المبكرة
ولد حيدر حيدر في العام 1936 في قرية حصين البحر من أعمال طرطوس، وفي قريته تلقى دراسته الابتدائية. بعد اتمام دراسته الإعدادية في مدينة طرطوس 1951 انتسب إلى معهد المعلمين التربوي في مدينة حلب حيث واصل دراسته وتخرج 1954.

في العام الثاني من الدراسة في المعهد ظهرت ميوله الأدبية، وبتشجيع من مدرّس اللغة العربية وبعض من الأصدقاء، كتب محاولته القصصية الأولى بعنوان مدارا، فنشرت على صفحات مجلة محلية تصدر في حلب.

في مطالع خمسينيات القرن العشرين كان المناخ السياسي في سوريا مضطرباً، باتجاهات وأفكار وتنظيمات وانقلابات ما بعد الاستقلال. كما بدت الحياة السياسية آنذاك غارقة في الفوضى والاضطراب بعد الهزيمة العسكرية في فلسطين، وبداية تأسيس المشروع الصهيوني، ونشوء الكيان الإسرائيلي. واختار حيدر حيدر التيّار العروبي-الوحدوي وانخرط فيه مع بقية رفاقه وزملائه من الطلاب، إلى جانب العمل الدراسي في المعهد.

بداية حياته الأدبية
بعد التخرّج من المعهد وممارسة التدريس لعقد من الزمن، انتقل حيدر حيدر إلى دمشق العاصمة، حيث المناخ الأدبي متوافر من خلال وجود الكتّاب والمثقفين والحركة الثقافية النشطة.

في دمشق بدأ ينشر قصصاً في الدوريات اليومية والشهرية، وكانت مجلة الآداب اللبنانية أبرز المنابر التي كتب فيها قصصه الأولى، التي صدرت في مجموعة حكايا النورس المهاجر في العام 1968.

تأسيس اتحاد كتاب العرب
بعد تأسيس اتّحاد الكتّاب العرب في دمشق في العام 1968، وكان أحد مؤسسيه وعضوا في مكتبه التنفيذي، نشر حيدر حيدر مجموعة الومض في العام 1970 بين مجموعة من الكتب كانت أولى إصدارات الاتّحاد.

سفر وكتابات
في العام 1970 غادر دمشق إلى الجزائر ليشارك في ثورة التعريب أو الثورة الثقافية كما يسمّيها الجزائريون، مدرّساًً في مدينة عنّابة، في الوقت الذي كان يواصل فيه الكتابة والنشر في الدوريّات العربية.

نشر روايته الأولى الزمن الموحش عن تجربته في دمشق خلال سبعة أعوام، وانخراطه في المناخ الثقافي والسياسي. صدرت عن دار العودة في لبنان في العام 1973.

في العام 1974 عاد من الجزائر إلى دمشق. ليستقيل من التعليم ويهاجر إلى لبنان. وعمل في إحدى دور النشر مراجعاً ومصحّحا لغويّاً .

صدرت له مجموعة الفيضان القصصيّة عن اتّحاد الكتّاب الفلسطينيين في العام 1975 من بغداد، وفي 1982 أعيد طبعها مع التموّجات في بيروت عن المؤسّسة العربية للدراسات والنشر.

مع بداية الحرب اللبنانية التحق حيدر حيدر بالمقاومة الفلسطينية في إطار الإعلام الفلسطيني الموحّد واتّحاد الكتّأب الفلسطينيين في بيروت.

في زمن الحرب صدرت له التموّجات والوعول، وأعيد نشر رواية الزمن الموحش ورواية الفهد بعد فصلها عن مجموعة حكايا النورس المهاجر، وأعيد طباعة حكايا النورس والومض ثانية عن دار الحقائق في بيروت.

في أوائل الثمانينات غادر بيروت إلى قبرص ليعمل في مجلة الموقف العربي الأسبوعيّة، مسؤولاً عن القسم الثقافي فيها. لكن رحلة قبرص كانت قصيرة لم تتجاوز العامين، وعاد بعدها ثانية إلى لبنان.

بعد رحيل المقاومة الفلسطينية عن بيروت في العام 1982، إثر الاجتياح الإسرائيلي، عاد إلى قبرص ثانية مسؤولاً عن القسم الثقافي في مجلة صوت البلاد الفلسطينية. وفي 1984 صدرت له رواية وليمة لأعشاب البحر بطبعتها الأولى في قبرص.

ثم عاد إلى سوريا وتفرغ للعمل الأدبي.

ترجمت له قصص إلى اللغات الأجنبية: الألمانية، الإنكليزية، الفرنسية، الإيطالية والنرويجية. كما يجري العمل في ترجمة روايته مرايا النار إلى اللغة الإسبانية.

أنجزت في كتبه رسائل جامعية عربية للدراسات العليا والماجستير في أكثر من بلد عربي: المغرب، تونس، الأردن، مصر وسوريا. حاز على درع غسان كنفاني للرواية العربية للعام 2022 من وزارة الثقافة الفلسطينية.

مؤلفات
 حكايا النورس المهاجر (قصص) الطبعة الأولى: 1968 وزارة الثقافة السورية-دمشق. الطبعة الثانية: 1977 دار الحقائق-بيروت. الطبعة الثالثة: 1999 دار ورد-دمشق. أخرجت كفيلم عام 1972 ونال عدّة جوائز منها جائزة مهرجان لوكارنو، مهرجان كارلوفي فاري، مهرجان دمشق للسينما الجديدة.
 الفهد الطبعة الأولى: 1968 وزارة الثقافة السورية-دمشق. الطبعة الثانية: 1977 دار ابن رشد-بيروت. الطبعة الثالثة: 1978 دار ابن رشد-بيروت. الطبعة الرابعة: 1991 دار الحصاد-دمشق.
 الومض الطبعة الأولى: 1970 اتحاد الكتاب العرب-دمشق. الطبعة الثانية: 1977 دار الحقائق-بيروت. الطبعة الثالثة: 1999 دار ورد-دمشق.
 الزمن الموحش (رواية) الطبعة الأولى: 1973 دار العودة-بيروت. الطبعة الثانية: 1979 المؤسّسة العربية للدراسات والنشر-بيروت. الطبعة الثالثة: 1991 دار أمواج-بيروت.
 الفيضان (قصص) الطبعة الأولى: 1975 اتحاد الكتاب الفلسطينيين-بغداد. الطبعة الثانية: 1982 المؤسّسة العربيّة للدراسات والنشر-بيروت. الطبعة الثالثة: 1986 دار الحوار-اللاذقية-سوريا.
 كبوتشي (سيرة حياة ونضال كبوتشي) الطبعة الأولى: 1978 دار ابن رشد-بيروت.
 الوعول (قصص) الطبعة الأولى: 1978 دار ابن رشد-بيروت. الطبعة الثانية: 1989 دار الحصاد-دمشق.
 التموّجات (قصتان) الطبعة الأولى: 1982 المؤسّسة العربيّة للدراسات والنشر-بيروت. الطبعة الثانية: 1986 دار الحوار-اللاذقية-سوريا.
 وليمة لأعشاب البحر: نشيد الموت (رواية) الطبعة الأولى: 1984 قبرص-الناشر: حيدر حيدر. الطبعة الثانية: 1988 دار أمواج-بيروت. الطبعة الثالثة والرابعة: 1992 دار أمواج-بيروت. الطبعة الخامسة والسادسة: 1997 دار ورد-دمشق.
 مرايا النار، فصل الختام (رواية) الطبعة الأولى: 1992 دار أمواج-بيروت. الطبعة الثانية: 1995 دار بترا-دمشق. الطبعة الثالثة: 1998 دار ورد-دمشق.
 أوراق المنفى شهادات عن أحوال زماننا (وثائق). الطبعة الأولى: 1993 دار أمواج-بيروت''. يضمّ العديد من المقالات التي نشرها في مجلات أدبيّة مختلفة (1987-1974).
 غسق الآلهة (قصص) الطبعة الأولى: 1995 دار أمواج-بيروت. الطبعة الثانية: 1995 دار بترا-دمشق. الطبعة الثالثة: 1996 دار ورد-دمشق.
 شموس الغجر (رواية) الطبعة الأولى: 1997 دار ورد-دمشق. الطبعة الثانية: 1998 دار ورد-دمشق.

المراجع

وصلات خارجية

أشخاص من طرطوس
أشخاص من محافظة طرطوس
روائيون
روائيون سوريون
سوريون علويون
كتاب سوريون في القرن 20
كتاب سوريون في القرن 21
كتاب في القرن 20
كتاب في القرن 21
كتاب قصة قصيرة ذكور سوريون
كتاب قصة قصيرة في القرن 20
مواليد 1357 هـ
مواليد 1936
وفيات 1444 هـ
قوميون عرب سوريون

حيدر حيدر


A Seleção Espanhola de Polo é a seleção nacional de polo da Espanha. É administrada pela Real Federação Espanhola de Polo (RFEP) e representa a Espanha nas competições internacionais de polo.

É uma das seleções nacionais mais bem-sucedidas da zona europeia na história do Campeonato Mundial de Polo, a qual participou de quatro campeonatos mundiais até 2022, tendo conquistado um título em 2022.

Títulos

Olimpíadas
O polo foi introduzido nos Jogos Olímpicos na edição de Paris 1900 e removido após os Jogos de Berlim 1936, com participações intercaladas em outras três Olimpíadas, tendo a Seleção Espanhola conquistado uma prata na edição de 1920, em Antuérpia.

Campeonato Mundial
Os Campeonatos do Mundo de Polo tiveram presença espanhola em quatro eventos finais: a edição inaugural em 1987 e as edições de 2008, 2017 e 2022.

Polo da Espanha
Polo
Espanha

Seleção Espanhola de Polo


بلدية بوياليس ديل أويو (بالإسبانية: Poyales del Hoyo) هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة آبلة التابعة لمنطقة قشتالة وليون وسط إسبانيا.

الديموغرافيا
بلغ عدد سكان بلدية بوياليس ديل أويو 598 نسمة عام 2011 (وفقاً للمعهد الوطني للإحصاء الإسباني).

مراجع

مصادر
  الموقع الرسمي لبلدية بوياليس ديل أويو

أماكن مأهولة في آبلة
بلديات آبلة

بوياليس ديل أويو


Aspidistra nikolaii es una especie de planta rizomatosa perteneciente a la familia de las asparagáceas. Esta es una de las 21 especies de plantas y animales que recientemente han sido descubiertasen la Cordillera Annamita en el centro de Vietnam.

Taxonomía
Aspidistra nikolaii fue descrita por Aver. & Tillich y publicado en Feddes Repert. 119: 4, en el año 2008.
Etimología
Aspidistra: nombre genérico

nikolaii: epíteto nombrado en honor del botánico ruso Nicolai Arnautov. Tiene las flores de color azul oscuro casi negro.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 National Geographic
 Times Online

nikolaii
Flora endémica de Vietnam
Flora de Asia continental
Plantas descritas en 2008
Plantas descritas por Averiánov
Plantas descritas por Tillich

Aspidistra nikolaii


100 m ryg for damer under Sommer-OL 2020 fandt sted den 25. juli - 27. juli 2021 i Tokyo Aquatics Centre.

Turneringsformat
Konkurrencen bliver afviklet med indledende heats, semifinaler og finale. Efter de indledende heats går de 16 bedste tider videre til semifinalerne, hvor det bliver afgjort hvilke otte tider, der er de bedste. Disse går til finalen, hvor medaljerne bliver fordelt.

Tidsplan
Nedenstående tabel viser tidsplanen for afvikling af konkurrencen:

Resultater

Heats
De svømmere med de 16 bedste tider, uanset heat, gik videre til semifinalerne.

Semifinaler
De svømmere med de otte bedste tider, uanset heat, gik videre til finalen.

Finale

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

100 m rygsvømning (damer)

Svømning under sommer-OL 2020 – 100 m rygsvømning (damer)