Harold Norbert Kalas (March 26, 1936 – April 13, 2009) was an American sportscaster, best known for his Ford C. Frick Award-winning role as lead play-by-play announcer for Major League Baseball (MLB)'s Philadelphia Phillies, a position he held from 1971 until his death in 2009.

Kalas was also closely identified with the National Football League (NFL), serving as a voice-over narrator for NFL Films productions (a regular feature on Inside the NFL) and calling football games nationally for Westwood One radio.

Early life and family
Born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of a Methodist minister of Greek descent, Kalas graduated from Naperville High School in 1954 and from the University of Iowa in 1959 where he was a member of Phi Delta Theta Fraternity.  Upon graduation, he was immediately drafted into the United States Army and stationed in Hawaii.  After his discharge in 1961, Kalas began calling minor-league baseball games for the Hawaii Islanders.

Kalas had three sons: Todd, Brad, and Kane.  Todd is a former Phillies broadcaster who worked as a pregame/postgame–show host and is currently a play-by-play announcer for the Houston Astros.  Kane is a professional poker player.

Professional career
Kalas made his major-league debut in 1965 with the Houston Astros, replacing Al Helfer and working alongside Gene Elston and Loel Passe. He called the first game at Houston's Astrodome, on April 12, 1965.

He was hired by the Phillies in 1971 to succeed Bill Campbell, and was the master of ceremonies at the 1971 opening of Veterans Stadium. After the retirement of By Saam, Kalas was paired with Andy Musser and Hall of Fame player Richie Ashburn.

Philadelphia Phillies
While initially meeting with a lukewarm reception due to his replacement of the popular Campbell, Kalas soon won the hearts of Phillies fans with his easy-going style, his mellow, baritone, leathery voice (which rose to great excitement upon great plays on the field or Phillies' home runs, especially in key situations), his love of the game and also his accessibility to Phillies fans, for whom he professed a strong love.

During his Phillies career, he called six no-hit games, six National League Championship Series, and three World Series (1983, 1993, and 2008).  However, due to MLB rules at the time, he could not call the 1980 World Series, as local broadcasters were not allowed to call games due to contract conflicts with MLB, NBC and CBS Radio.  Public outcry caused MLB to change its policies the following year.

Kalas also called the first game at Veterans Stadium (April 10, 1971), the last game at Veterans Stadium (September 28, 2003), and the first game at Citizens Bank Park (April 12, 2004).

Kalas was sidelined for a few days in late July 2008 to treat a detached retina.

On April 8, 2009, the Phillies honored Kalas by having him throw out the first pitch before a game against the Atlanta Braves. Kalas's pitch was part of the pre-game ceremony in which the Phillies received their 2008 World Series championship rings. The ceremony would be part of Kalas's last home game.

On May 15, 2009, during a series in Washington, the Phillies visited the White House and were congratulated by President Barack Obama for their 2008 World Series championship. The visit had been postponed from April 14, due to Kalas's death the preceding day. The President mentioned Kalas, his voice, his love for the Phillies, and his legacy. This was the second of two tributes to Kalas in Washington. On April 21, eight days after Kalas's death, then–U.S. Congressman Joe Sestak paid tribute to Kalas in the House of Representatives. At the time, Sestak represented Pennsylvania's 7th congressional district, where Kalas resided.

Richie Ashburn

Kalas and Ashburn became beloved figures in Philadelphia, and also became best friends. They worked together for 27 seasons until Ashburn's death on September 9, 1997, of a heart attack in his sleep in a New York City hotel room after broadcasting a Phillies/Mets game at Shea Stadium. It is believed by many that Kalas never got over the death of his partner and friend, openly stating more than 11 years afterward that he still grieved over Ashburn's death.

Memorable calls

Kalas' familiar home run call was "Swing ... and a long drive, this ball is ... outta here! Home run Ryan Howard!
If it was a gigantic home run, he sometimes inserted "deep (left center)" after "and a long drive" and described it as "that ball's way outta here!"

As a guest on ESPN's Sunday Night Baseball on July 15, 2007, Kalas recounted that his famous "outta here" call originated in the mid-1970s. While standing around the batting cage during batting practice, he saw Phillies slugger Greg Luzinski hit a ball into the upper deck, to which Philly shortstop Larry Bowa reacted with the words, "Wow! That's way outta here." Kalas said that it had a nice "unique ring to it and has been using it ever since".

Other broadcasters have used Kalas' "outta here" call, including Gary Cohen of the New York Mets, Jerry Coleman of the San Diego Padres, Duane Kuiper of the San Francisco Giants and Terry Smith of the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim.

Kalas made, arguably, his most memorable call on April 18, 1987, when Mike Schmidt hit his 500th career home run.

In 1980, after the Phillies won the World Series, Kalas and the rest of the Phillies' radio crew re-created the call that Kalas probably would have made when Tug McGraw struck out Willie Wilson to win Game 6 and the World Series between the Phillies and the Kansas City Royals.

This call was not made live by Kalas, as MLB radio-broadcasting regulations at the time forbade local stations from producing live coverage of World Series games, instead forcing them to air the national CBS Radio feed of the games. Philadelphia fans were so outraged about this afterward that they started a letter-writing campaign to the Commissioner's Office, demanding a change to the rule. Due at least in part to this outcry from Philadelphia fans, MLB amended its broadcasting contracts the following year to allow World Series teams' flagship radio stations to air the games with local announcers. Nevertheless, Kalas was part of the Phillies' World Series celebration in 1980, and rode in the team's victory parade down Broad Street.

Kalas did call the 1980 NLCS, but his call of the final out was drowned out by Tim McCarver's laughter.

Kalas called a grand slam home run by Mariano Duncan off Lee Smith in 1993:

Another memorable call by Kalas was his description of Mitch Williams's strikeout of Bill Pecota for the final out of Game 6 of the 1993 National League Championship Series between the Phillies and Atlanta Braves:

Another of Kalas' famous calls came less than two weeks later with Joe Carter's famous walk-off home run to end the World Series, though the Phillies lost the series:

On April 4, 2003, Kalas called a grand slam by Chase Utley in Utley's major-league debut:

On June 14, 2004, Kalas called the 400th home run hit by Jim Thome, using the call he used in later years when it was uncertain whether the ball would clear the fence:

On September 8, 2005, Kalas calls an eventual game-winning 3-run home run by Craig Biggio in top of the 9th off Billy Wagner.

On August 9, 2006, Kalas called a close play at the plate as Chase Utley scored from second base on a routine groundout against the Atlanta Braves:

Here is Kalas's call of Brett Myers' strikeout of Washington's Wily Mo Pena to clinch the 2007 National League East division title for the Phillies on the last day of the season, completing a comeback as they erased a seven-game deficit behind the New York Mets in early September:

Kalas' call on the Phillies' victory in Game 5 of the 2008 NLCS:

On October 29, 2008, Kalas was finally able to call a Phillies' championship-winning moment in the World Series when Brad Lidge struck out Eric Hinske to win the 104th Fall Classic:

Kalas made his final call on April 12, 2009, during the Phillies game against the Colorado Rockies:

Miscellany
Kalas was known for his love of the Frank Sinatra song, "High Hopes", a melody he sang at numerous events, including the Phillies' championship celebrations in his later years. His most famous singing of "High Hopes" came in 1993 when he sang to the team after they clinched the NL East division title. On April 17, 2009, at the first home game after Kalas's death, fans sang along with a video of Harry singing "High Hopes" during the seventh-inning stretch, instead of the traditional "Take Me Out to the Ball Game".

Kalas had sung "Take Me Out To The Ball Game" on several occasions during the seventh-inning stretch at Wrigley Field in Chicago on several occasions in tribute to Harry Caray, the late voice of the Chicago Cubs, who had led fans in that song at most home games.  However, by that time, Kalas, a native of the Chicago area, had become an openly avid Phillies fan, and held the microphone out to the audience to hear them sing "the Cubbies" as they replaced their team's name for "the home team" in the song's lyrics.

Kalas, due to his stay in Hawaii, was very proficient at pronouncing Polynesian names.  He also liked to slowly enunciate certain players' names, especially those with ethnic names.  His personal favorite, Mickey Morandini, was pronounced as "Mi-ckey Mor-an-DI-ni".

Kalas attributed his leathery voice to his habit of smoking Parliament cigarettes, and some of the Phillies players lit up Parliaments after Kalas' death as a tribute.

NFL Films
Kalas joined NFL Films as a narrator in 1975. He became its primary voice, following the passing of John Facenda in 1984. He provided the narration to the highlights on Inside the NFL from its inception in 1976 through the 2008 season. Following Kalas' death, fellow Philadelphia Phillies announcer Scott Graham took over his Inside the NFL duties.

Other ventures
In addition to his work with the Phillies and NFL Films, Kalas called various sports over the years for the Mutual Broadcasting System, CBS Radio, and Westwood One Radio (including the NFL, MLB, college basketball, and Notre Dame football). Kalas joined Dennis Green to call the 1985 Aloha Bowl between Alabama and USC. For many years, he narrated the "Alcoa Fantastic Finishes" in-game highlights spots, for use during NFL telecasts. His voice was used for narration of WLVT-TV's documentary on the Lehigh-Lafayette Rivalry, produced in 2004. Kalas also lent his voice to NFL Network's game telecasts, reading sponsor plugs during commercial breaks. He was replaced by Pat Summerall after his death.

Along with Joe Kapp, Kalas called the 1982 Liberty Bowl...the last game of Paul "Bear" Bryant's career and his 323rd victory.

Kalas also lent his voice to the commercials for the movie Leatherheads, as well as commercials for the Campbell Soup Company (including Campbell's Chunky Soup), GMC Truck, Sega Genesis Sports Games, Coors Light, and others.

Kalas provided the recorded voice-over for much of the self-guided tours at the United States Mint in Philadelphia and the Gateway Arch in St. Louis.

He also narrated/commentated Animal Planet's Puppy Bowls I-V from 2005 to 2009.  Puppy Bowl VI was dedicated in his memory.

He also made an appearance on the song "Rain Delay" by the Philadelphia-based rock group Marah.

Death

Kalas died of heart disease on Monday, April 13, 2009, in Washington, D.C. He collapsed in the Nationals Park press box at approximately 12:30 pm, several hours before the Washington Nationals' home opener against the Phillies. Kalas was rushed to George Washington University Hospital, where he was pronounced dead at 1:20 pm EDT. "We lost Harry [today]," David Montgomery, the team president, said. "We lost our voice." Before the game began, Kalas's death was announced to the crowd, his picture was displayed on the scoreboard, and the stadium observed a minute of silence. The Phillies went on to win the game, 9–8. The Phillies saluted Kalas by placing a picture of him in their dugout during the game. Center fielder Shane Victorino also saluted Kalas after hitting a solo home run by pointing up to the press box where Kalas would have called the game. Phillies fans created a makeshift memorial at the Mike Schmidt statue outside Citizens Bank Park (at the Third Base Gate) shortly after Kalas's death was announced.

Kalas suffered from atherosclerosis and hypertension in his later years, but those illnesses did not seem to affect his announcing abilities; he had called the Phillies/Rockies game in Denver on April 12, the day before his death. Kalas was in his 39th season with the Phillies.

Though the Phillies were scheduled to visit the White House on April 14 to celebrate their 2008 World Series championship, the visit was postponed so that the day could be set aside to remember Kalas. Their White House visit was pushed back to May 15, coinciding with the Phillies' next scheduled visit to town to play the Nationals.

On Friday, April 17, 2009, Kalas's three children—Todd (himself a former Phillies broadcaster), Brad, and Kane—threw out the ceremonial first pitches before the Phillies first home game after Kalas' death at Citizens Bank Park to Mike Schmidt, John Kruk, and Jimmy Rollins, representatives of the three decades of Phillies baseball with Kalas. Following a moment of silence, Kane sang the national anthem.

The next day, Kalas became the fourth person to be given the honor of having their body lie in repose inside a major-league baseball stadium — after Babe Ruth, Jack Buck, and Miller Huggins — when his casket was displayed behind home plate and fans were encouraged to pay their respects at Citizens Bank Park. Kalas's casket was passed along by friends, broadcast partners, and every player on the Phillies team roster, before it was placed in a hearse which carried him out of Citizens Bank Park one final time.

After leaving the ballpark, Kalas' body was laid to rest in a private service at Philadelphia's historic Laurel Hill Cemetery overlooking the city he so loved. In August 2009, two pairs of seats from Veterans Stadium were installed at his graveside, one pair on each side, facing each other at a 45° angle. In the summer of 2010, a headstone was added to the grave, and the fan-made plywood "P" was removed as was the bronze plaque with his likeness.  The headstone consists of a granite microphone with the letters "HK" in the middle and a likeness of Kalas' autograph (which includes the "HOF 2002" that Kalas added to his autographs after his receipt of the Ford C. Frick Award) at the microphone's base, and that sits on top of a raised base shaped like a home plate.  Engraved in the base are the following words:

On September 29, 2010, Kalas's grave was resurfaced with sod that originally came from Citizens Bank Park, which was previously removed for the 2009 season when that stadium was re-sodded.  The sod had been preserved in live condition for sale to fans at a southern New Jersey sod farm that deals in sod for sports arenas.  That farm donated a portion of the former Citizens Bank Park sod when a fan, who volunteers at Laurel Hill Cemetery, contacted that farm regarding using that sod on Kalas's grave in Kalas's memory, as Kalas himself had walked on that sod, and had called the 2008 World Series victory which had come on that very grass.

During the winter of 2011–2012, a baseball quote by A. Bartlett Giamatti was added to the top of the home plate-shaped plinth of the tombstone.  It reads,

Honors

Nicknamed "Harry the K" by Phillies pitcher Larry Christenson in the mid-1970s, a nickname quickly adopted by Phillies fans, Kalas received the Ford C. Frick Award from the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2002. In 2004, he was named Person of the Year by the Broadcast Pioneers of Philadelphia. That year, he was also inducted into the Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame, as a member of the charter class (21 members). He was named Pennsylvania Sportscaster of the Year 18 times.

Kalas also helped announce the ceremonial closing of Veterans Stadium on September 28, 2003, and was the master of ceremonies at the ceremonial opening of Citizens Bank Park in 2004.

At Citizens Bank Park, the restaurant built into the base of the main scoreboard is named "Harry the K's" in Kalas's honor. After Kalas's death, the Phillies' TV-broadcast booth was renamed "The Harry Kalas Broadcast Booth".  It is directly next to the radio-broadcast booth, which is named "The Richie 'Whitey' Ashburn Broadcast Booth".

When Kalas died on April 13, 2009, fans created an impromptu memorial tribute to him at the base of the statue of Mike Schmidt at the Third Base Gate of Citizens Bank Park.

The Phillies honored Kalas for the remainder of the 2009 season with a round, black "HK" patch over the heart on all player, coach, and manager jerseys. Additionally, a billboard featuring a microphone, his initials and lifespan ("HK 1936–2009") was displayed on the wall in left-center field during the 2009 season.

Immediately after the Phillies clinched the National League Eastern Division, the players all went to the billboard, lit cigars and poured beer and champagne on the billboard as a symbolic way of including Kalas in the celebration, as Kalas had participated in all of the Phillies' victory celebrations during his tenure in Philadelphia, including both World Series wins, having ridden in both of the Phillies World Series parades.

The Phillies players, led by Shane Victorino, hung Kalas' signature baby-blue blazer and white loafers in the dugout for every game.

Following Kalas' death, the Phillies began playing a video of Kalas singing the first verse of "High Hopes" at Citizens Bank Park after every Phillies win, as well as playing Kalas's famous "This ball is outta here!" call at Citizens Bank Park after every Phillies home run.

The Broadcast Pioneers of Philadelphia inducted Kalas into their Hall of fame in 2000 and named him their Person of the Year in 2004.

In 2009, Kalas was that year's inductee into the Philadelphia Baseball Wall of Fame.

In June 2009, the National Radio Hall of Fame announced that Kalas would be posthumously inducted into its Hall of Fame. Thirteen other sportscasters were previously inducted into the Hall of Fame.

Phillies fan Antonio Jose initiated an online petition seeking support for a statue of Kalas to be erected outside the Phillies' ballpark. As of May 2010, there were 24,000 signatories. Sculptor Lawrence Nowlan designed a model for the statue.  In September 2010, a story that aired on the 10 Show on WCAU-TV stated that the full-size clay model for the statue was nearly complete, and was ready to have a mold of it cast so the actual bronze statue can be cast.

On Tuesday, August 16, 2011, the Nowlan sculpture, a  bronze statue (which depicts Kalas standing cross-legged on a home plate, holding a microphone in his right hand, which also holds a baseball bat that he was leaning upon) was unveiled in the Ashburn Alley outfield concourse at Citizens Bank Park between Harry the K's Restaurant and the statue of Richie Ashburn prior to that evening's game versus the Arizona Diamondbacks.  This unveiling was postponed from the previous Sunday, when the statue was scheduled to be unveiled prior to the game versus the Washington Nationals, which had been rained out.

The 2010 Mummers Parade on New Year's Day featured the Happy Tappers Comics dressed as Phillies players with the "HK" patch on the Phillies jerseys to pay tribute to Kalas and their theme was "Harry K's Field of Dreams."

See also
List of Philadelphia Phillies broadcasters
List of sports announcers
Broadcasting of sports events
Philadelphia Phillies award winners and league leaders
Philadelphia Baseball Wall of Fame

Citations

Sources

External links
Harry Kalas at the Baseball Hall of Fame
Harry Kalas at The Deadball Era
Kalas' Astros Daily Audio Clip: Jimmy Wynn homerun call (July 23, 1967), Forbes Field, Pittsburgh
Famed call by Kalas of Mike Schmidt's 500th homerun at Three Rivers Stadium, April 18, 1987, MLB
Harry Kalas Phillies Nation Audio Clip: The Philadelphia Phillies are 2008 World Champions of Baseball (Wednesday, October 29, 2008, Citizens Bank Park, Philadelphia, PA)
Harry Kalas at Broadcast Pioneers of Philadelphia Hall of Fame
Harry Kalas at Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame

1936 births
2009 deaths
American radio sports announcers
American television sports announcers
Burials at Laurel Hill Cemetery (Philadelphia)
College basketball announcers in the United States
College football announcers
Deaths from coronary artery disease
Deaths from hypertension
Ford C. Frick Award recipients
Houston Astros announcers
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Major Indoor Soccer League (1978–1992) commentators
Minor League Baseball broadcasters
National Football League announcers
New York Jets announcers
NFL Films people
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football announcers
People from Delaware County, Pennsylvania
People from Naperville, Illinois
Philadelphia Phillies announcers
Radio personalities from Philadelphia
United States Army soldiers
University of Iowa alumni
Mass media people from Chicago
American people of Greek descent

Harry Kalas


هنا قائمة بالبطولات الأسترالية لكرة المضرب, المعروفة الآن باسم أستراليا المفتوحة لسنة 1935:

الكبار

فردي رجال

 جاك كروافورد هزم  فريد بيري 2-6 6-4 6-4 6-4

فردي سيدات

 دوروثي راوند ليتل هزم  نانسي لايل غلوفر 1-6, 6-1, 6-3

مراجع

أحداث يناير 1935 الرياضية
البطولات الأسترالية حسب السنة
بطولة أستراليا لكرة المضرب حسب السنة
كرة المضرب في 1935
كرة مضرب أسترالية في 1935
بطولات أسترالية 1935

البطولات الأسترالية 1935 (كرة مضرب)


The "5" Royales waren eine US-amerikanische R&B-Band, die in den 1950ern eine Reihe von Hits hatten. Einige ihrer Stücke wurden jedoch vor allem in den Versionen anderer Musiker bekannt, etwa Dedicated to the One I Love (The Shirelles, The Mamas and the Papas), Tell the Truth (Ray Charles) und Think  (James Brown).

Die Royales kombinierten Gospel, Jump Blues und Doo Wop, womit sie zu Wegbereitern des Soul wurden. James Brown formte seine erste Band nach dem Vorbild der Royales, und Eric Clapton ebenso wie Steve Cropper zählen Lowman Pauling, den Gitarristen und Songschreiber der Royales, zu ihren Vorbildern.

Bandgeschichte
1942 wurde in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, das Gospel-Quintett The Royal Sons gegründet. 1951 erhielten sie einen Plattenvertrag bei Apollo Records, jedoch als R&B-Band im Stile der Dominoes oder der Orioles. Für die Plattenaufnahmen änderten sie ihren Namen in The Royals. Zu dieser Zeit bestand die Gruppe aus Lowman Pauling (Gesang, Gitarre, Songwriting), Johnny Tanner (Leadsänger), Jimmy Moore, Johnny Holmes, Obadiah "Scoop" Carter und Otto "Jeff" Jeffries.

Da es bereits andere Gruppen mit dem gleichen Namen gab, nannten sie sich schließlich The "5" Royales. Die Anführungszeichen deuten an, dass es sich in Wirklichkeit um ein Sextett handelte, auch wenn Johnny Holmes aus religiöser Überzeugung nicht an den R&B-Aufnahmen beteiligt war. Die Gruppe machte zunächst auch noch Gospel-Aufnahmen unter dem ursprünglichen Namen The Royal Sons. Als sich jedoch die R&B-Aufnahmen zu Hits entwickelten, gab es nur noch The "5" Royales.

Bis Februar 1954 hatten die Royales mehrere Top-Ten-Hits in den R&B-Charts, davon zwei auf Platz 1: Baby Don't Do It und Help Me Somebody.  Mitte 1954 wechselte die Gruppe zu King Records. Mittlerweile gehörte auch Johnny Tanners Bruder Eugene dazu. Doch der Erfolg ließ nach. Erst 1957 gelang den Royales mit Thirty Second Lover wieder ein R&B-Top-Ten-Erfolg, und im gleichen Jahr schaffte es Think sogar in die Pop-Charts (Platz 66).

1960 endete die Zusammenarbeit mit King Records. Trotz weiterer Aufnahmen bei anderen Labels blieben die Royales ohne weitere Erfolge und lösten sich Mitte der 1960er auf.

2011 veröffentlichte Steve Cropper mit vielen bekannten Musikern – darunter Steve Winwood, B. B. King, Lucinda Williams, Bettye LaVette, Shemekia Copeland u. a. – das Tributealbum Dedicated ausschließlich mit Titeln der Royales.

Diskografie (Singles)

Apollo Records (1952–1954)
 You Know I Know / Courage to Love (Apollo 441) (9/52)
 I Want to Thank You / All Righty! (Apollo 450) (10/53)
 Cry Some More / I Like It Like That (Apollo 454) (4/54)
 What's That / Let Me Come Back Home (Apollo 458) (7/54)
 Six O'Clock in the Morning / With All Your Heart (Apollo 467) (1/55)

King Records (1954–1960)
 I'm Gonna Run It Down / Behave Yourself (King 4740) (8/54)
 Monkey Hips and Rice / Devil With the Rest (King 4744) (10/54)
 One Mistake / School Girl (King 4762) (12/54)
 Every Dog Has His Day / You Didn't Learn It at Home (King 4770) (1/55)
 I Need Your Lovin' Baby / When I Get Like This (King 4806) (6/55)
 Women About to Make Me Go Crazy / Do Unto You (King 4819) (8/55)
 Someone Made You for Me / I Ain't Getting Caught (King 4830) (10/55)
 Right Around the Corner / When You Walked In Thru the Door (King 4869) (1/56)
 My Wants for Love / I Could Love You (King 4901) (2/56)
 Come On and Save Me / Get Something Out of It (King 4952) (7/56)
 Just as I Am / Mine Forever More (King 4973) (10/56)
 Say It / Messin' Up (King 5082) (10/57)
 Dedicated to the One I Love / Don't Be Ashamed (King 5098) (12/57)
 Do The Cha Cha Cherry / The Feeling Is Real (King 5131) (4/58)
 Tell the Truth / Double or Nothing (King 5141) (6/58)
 Don't Let It Be Vain / The Slummer the Slum (King 5153) (10/58)
 The Real Thing / Your Only Love (King 5162) (11/58)
 Miracle of Love / I Know It's Hard But It's Fair (King 5191) (3/59)
 Tell Me You Care / Wonder Where Your Love Has Gone (King 5237) (7/59)
 It Hurts Inside / My Sugar Sugar
 I'm With You / Don't Give Me No More Than You Can Take (King 5329) (3/60)
 Why / (Something Moves Me) Within My Heart (King 5327) (6/60)

Weblinks

 Steve Walker:  The "5" Royales (englisch). Auf BlackCat Rockabilly
 "5" Royales (englisch). Auf History-of-rock.com

Einzelnachweise

Rhythm-and-Blues-Band
Doo-Wop-Gruppe
US-amerikanische Band
Mitglied der Rock and Roll Hall of Fame

The “5” Royales


Jason Daniel Pearce (Hillingdon, Londres, 6 de diciembre de 1987) es un exfutbolista inglés. Jugaba de defensa y desde junio de 2022 es entrenador asistente del equipo sub-18 del Charlton Athletic F. C.

Trayectoria
Empezó su carrera en el Portsmouth F. C., sin embargo no llegó a debutar ya que fue cedido al Bognor Regis Town y al Woking (dos equipos ingleses amateurs).

En 2007 lo fichó el AFC Bournemouth, donde se convirtió en titular indiscutible y en la temporada 2009-10 fue una de las figuras destacadas para que el equipo terminara segundo y consiguiera el ascenso a la Football League One. En esa categoría seguiría siendo una pieza clave en la zona defensiva para que su equipo acabase en sexto lugar. Antes de iniciar el siguiente campeonato, fue fichado de nuevo por el Portsmouth.

Clubes

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Perfil de Jason Pearce en afcb.co.uk (en inglés)

Futbolistas de Inglaterra
Futbolistas del Portsmouth Football Club
Futbolistas del Woking Football Club
Futbolistas del AFC Bournemouth
Futbolistas del Leeds United Football Club
Futbolistas del Wigan Athletic Football Club
Futbolistas del Charlton Athletic Football Club

Jason Pearce


Endonezya'nın Bandung kentinde 18-24 Nisan 1955'te toplanan ve o dönem yeni bağımsızlığını kazanan Asya-Afrika devletlerini bir araya getiren konferanstır. Bağlantısızlar Hareketinin bir parçasıdır.

Öncesi
1955 yılına gelindiğinde yeni bağımsızlığını kazanan Asya-Afrika devletleri kendilerini yeryüzünde bağımsız bir güç olarak ilan edecek kadar çoğaldılar ve güven kazandılar. Bunun üzerine Endonezya'nın Java adasındaki Bandung kentinde bir araya geldiler. Konferansa yön verecek olan ilke, 1954 yılında Tibet üzerindeki Çin-Hint çatışmasının sonucunda iki devlet arasında ilan edilmiş bulunan "barış için bir arada yaşama"ydı.

Konferansın hazırlık toplantısında kimlerin davet edilip kimlerin edilmeyeceği konusunda tartışma çıktı ve sonunda İsrail, iki Kore devleti (Kuzey ve Güney Kore) ile Formoza'nın (bugünkü Tayvan) davet edilmemesi kararlaştırıldı.

Konferans Aşaması
Bandung'da gerek izledikleri dış politika, gerekse çıkarları açısından aralarında büyük farklar bulunan devletler bir araya geldiler. Bu durum, konferansın genel havasını etkiledi ve birçok konuda anlaşmazlıklar çıktı. Çin ve tarafsız dış politika izleyenler genel sorunlar üzerinde durup Konferans'tan bir birlik-bütünlük çıkartmayı amaçlarken diğer katılımcılar tartışmalı güncel sorunlar üzerinde durulmasında ısrarcı oldular. "Sömürgecilik" terimi üzerinde dahi tartışma çıktı. Konferansa katılan bazı devletler, Batı emperyalizminin yanında yeni Sovyet tipi sızma, bölücü faaliyetlerde bulunma ve güç kullanmayı da bu kavram içine almaya çalıştılar. Sonunda, "barış için bir arada yaşama"yı da içeren on temel nokta üzerinde anlaşmaya varıldı.

Sonuçlar
Bandung Konferansı, Asya-Afrika tipi bağlantısızlık ile Doğu Bloku tipi "barış içinde bir arada yaşama" arasında bir uzlaşmaya dayandığından, dünya politikasında barıştan yana etkili bir güç oluşturma anlamındaki "olumlu" tarafsızlığın tam bir örneği olarak kabul edilmemektedir. Konferans sonunda yayınlanan bildiri, olumlu ilkeleri ilan etmiş olmasına rağmen, uygulamada vurgu daha çok "olumsuz" yön üzerine yapılmıştır. Örneğin, içişlerine karışmama büyük devlet savunma düzenlerinin içine girmeme gibi.

Tüm tartışmalara ve olumsuz yönlerine rağmen Bandung Konferansı'nın ilkeleri tarihsel bir dönemin (bağlantısızların dünya politikasına ağırlıklarını koymaya başlamaları dönemi) açılmasına katkıda bulunduğu kabul edilir.

Dış bağlantılar
 Modern History Sourcebook: Prime Minister Nehru: Speech to Asian-African Conference Political Committee, 1955 (İngilizce)
 Modern History Sourcebook: President Sukarno of Indonesia: Speech at the Opening of the Asian-African Conference, 18 April 1955 (İngilizce)

Soğuk Savaş
Sukarno
1955'te Endonezya
1955 konferansları
1955'te uluslararası ilişkiler
Endonezya'daki diplomatik konferanslar

Bandung Konferansı


John Mitchel (; født 3. november 1815 i Camnish, County Londonderry, død 20. marts 1875) var en irsk nationalistisk aktivist, forfatter og politisk journalist.

Efter at han blev født i Camnish, nær Dungiven, Amt Londonderry og voksede op i Newry, blev Mitchel en vigtig del af både Young Ireland og The Irish Confederation. Efter at være flyttet til USA i 1850'erne, skrev han journalist for slaveriets bevarelse. Mitchel støttede de Konfødererede Stater under den amerikanske borgerkrig, og to af hans sønner døde i kampen for Sydstaternes sag. Han blev valgt til Underhuset i Storbritannien i 1875, men blev ikke godkendt, fordi han var Dømt for en forbrydelse. Hans Jamil Journal er en af den irske nationalismes mest berømte tekster.

Henvisninger

Journalister fra Irland
Personer i den amerikanske borgerkrig

John Mitchel


El barrio Urca es un barrio de la ciudad de Córdoba, en Argentina. Se ubica en la zona noroeste.

Es una de las zonas residenciales menos antiguas de la ciudad.

Sus límites oficiales son: por el norte, la calle Mariano Larra, por el sur calle Emilio Lamarca, por el este avenida Sagrada Familia y por el oeste la calle Julio Borda.

Transporte público

Las líneas de colectivos que unen el barrio y alrededores con otros sectores de la ciudad son:

Nombre

El nombre URCA es una sigla que significa "Unión Residencial Cerro Anexo".

Referencias
 Nomenclador Cartográfico. 27° edición 2010/2011. Comercio y Justicia Editores.

Urca

Barrio Urca


The Ashton Memorial is a folly in Williamson Park, Lancaster, Lancashire, England built between 1907 and 1909 by the millionaire industrialist Lord Ashton in memory of his second wife, Jessy, at a cost of £87,000 (equivalent to £ in ).

Description

At around 150 feet (50 m) tall, it dominates the Lancaster skyline and is visible for many miles around, and has views of the surrounding area including Morecambe Bay. The building is in the Edwardian Baroque style and was designed by John Belcher. It has been described as "England's grandest folly" and the "Taj Mahal of the North". The dome is externally of copper, the main stone used is Portland stone; however, the steps are of hard wearing granite from Cornwall.

The external stonework is hung on a steel frame as found in modern buildings and only forms a weatherproof covering without being loadbearing. In recent times this steelwork has caused problems for the conservation of the building. Externally around the dome are sculptures representing "Commerce", "Science", "Industry" and "Art" by Herbert Hampton, who was also responsible for the design of the Queen Victoria Memorial, Lancaster commissioned by James Williamson, 1st Baron Ashton the previous year. The interior of the dome has allegorical paintings of "Commerce", "Art" and "History" by George Murray. The floor is of white, black and red marble.

Today, the memorial serves as an exhibition space on the upper floor and a venue for concerts and weddings.

The Ashton Memorial stands coincidentally close to the mathematical centre point of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, excluding the Isle of Man. See Centre points of the United Kingdom.

Gallery

See also

Grade I listed buildings in Lancashire
Listed buildings in Lancaster, Lancashire

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links

The Ashton Memorial at Williamson Park
 Virtual tour at virtual-lancaster.
Ashton Memorial Lancaster City Council
Virtual tour at VRlancaster.

Edwardian architecture
Monuments and memorials in Lancashire
Buildings and structures in Lancaster, Lancashire
Tourist attractions in Lancaster, Lancashire
Folly buildings in England
Domes
Baroque Revival architecture
Grade I listed buildings in Lancashire
Cultural infrastructure completed in 1909

Ashton Memorial


أبلاند  هي إحدى مدن مقاطعة سان بيرناردينو، كاليفورنيا ويبلغ عدد سكانها 73,732 نسمة. تم إعطاءها لقب مدينة في 15 مايو، 1906.

المناخ
يظهر الجدول التالي التغييرات المناخية على مدار السنة لآبلاند:

أعلام

 إدي لوسون
 جايدن جيمس
 ستيف سكوت
 دانيلا شوشران
 كارلوس بوكانيغرا
 مايج بيلامي
 نيلسون غراي

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1906
تأسيسات سنة 1906 في كاليفورنيا
مدن كاليفورنيا
أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة سان بيرناردينو (كاليفورنيا)
مدن في مقاطعة سان بيرناردينو (كاليفورنيا)
آبلاند (كاليفورنيا)
وادي بومونا

آبلاند (كاليفورنيا)


آستريا  في الميثولوجيا الإغريقية، هي إلهة العدالة عند اليونانيين القدماء. وفضلًا عن تجسيدها للعدالة، فقد تم ربطها أيضًا بالبراءة والنقاء. قيل بأنها إحدى بنات زيوس.

وهي مرتبطة ارتباطًا وثيقًا بإلهة العدالة اليونانية،  (ابنة زيوس وثيميس). ولا ينبغي الخلط بينها وبين أستريا، إلهة النجوم وابنة كويوس وفويب. وقد سمي حزام الكويكب الرئيسي 5 آستريا باسمها، كما تم اقتراح اسمها لكوكب أورانوس.

وفقًا للأسطورة، فإنَّ آستريا ستعود يومًا ما إلى الأرض، جالبة معها عودة العصر الذهبي اليوتوبي الذي كانت سفيرة له.

مراجع
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أبناء زيوس
إلهات العدالة
إلهات إغريقيات
أطفال إييوس

آستريا


El Renault Kangoo Compact Concept es un prototipo de automóvil de furgoneta del segmento B diseñado por la fábrica francesa Renault. Fue presentada en el Salón del Automóvil de Fráncfort de 2007. La segunda generación de la renault kangoo está basada en este prototipo.

Características
Mide unos 3,87 metros de largo, unos 1,82 metros de alto y 1,83 metros de ancho. La distancia entre ejes es de 2,31 metros. Posee una caja de cambios manual de cinco y seis velocidades. Acelera de 0 a 100 km/h en 12,1 y 12, segundos, dependiendo del motor. Tiene un consumo medio de 7,7 y 5,4 litros cada 100 km. Las emisiones de CO2 son de entre 186 y 142 gramos por kilómetro. El maletero puede cargar entre 174 y 1.462 litros. El motor tiene dos versiones: de gasolina de 16 válvulas y turbodiésel common railes. Ambos  de cuatro cilindros y de 105 caballos de fuerza.

Las dos puertas batientes del baúl, han sido sustituidas por un amplio portón que ocupa prácticamente todo el ancho del vehículo, salvo los laterales que se destinan a las luces. Este portón, además, dispone de una luneta, tan ancha como la propia puerta, que se puede subir y bajar con un botón en el salpicadero o con el mando a distancia de la llave. Esto permite cargar y descargar objetos sin abrir la puerta. Tiene dos posiciones de apertura a 32,5 y 85 grados.

Véase también
 Renault Kangoo

Galería

Referencias

Modelos de automóviles del segmento B
Be Bop
Prototipos de Renault

Renault Kangoo Compact Concept


An Vanda bidupensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Leonid Vladimirovich Averyanov ngan Eric Alston Christenson. An Vanda bidupensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Vanda, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Vietnam. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Vanda

Vanda bidupensis


අල්වා ගැනීමෙන් පසුව සදාම් හුසේන්

"රතු අරුණෝදය" මෙහෙයුමේදී ටික්රිට් නගරය ආසන්න ගොවිපලකදී 2003.12.13 දින සදාම් හුසේන් අල්වා ගන්නා ලදී. කැරැල්ලට සම්බන්ධ ඉතිරි බාත් පාක්ෂිකයන් වැටලීමේ දී පෝෂණය වුණු බුද්ධි තොරතුරුමත පදනම්ව එය සිදු කෙරිණි. මෙම මෙහෙයුම මෙහෙයවූයේ එක්සත් ජනපද හමුදාවේ 04 වන අනුකණ්ඩය හා 121 වන කාර්ය සාධක බලකායේ සාමාජිකයන් විසිනි.

කාමර දෙකක කුඩා කුටියක් යට කුරුබිලියකදී සදාම් හුසේන් අල්‍ලා ගන්නා ලදී. ඔහු අල්ලා ගන්නා විට එක්සත් ජනපද හමුදාව හා සදාම් අතර සුළු අරගලයක් පමණක් ඇති විය. මේජර් ජෙනරාල් රේමන් ඕල්ඩ්‍රිනෝ විසින් විචාරය කළ පරිදි "අපි ඔහු මීයෙක් මෙන් අල්ලා ගතිමු" ඔහුගේ පවුලේ සාමාජිකයන් හා හිටපු ආරක්ෂක නිලධාරීන් මගින් සදාම් අල්ලා ගැනීමට බුද්ධි තොරතුරු ලබා ගැණුනි.

සදාම් අල්ලා ගැනීම හා කැරලි ප්‍රහාරයන් අඩු වීම සමග ඇතැම් අය බහු ජාතික බලකායන් කැරලිවලට එරෙහි මෙහෙයුමේ යෙදී සිටින බව හුවා දැක්වීය. ප්‍රාදේශීය රජය රට ආරක්ෂා කිරීමට අරමුණු කොට ගත් නව ඉරාක ආරක්ෂක බලකායන් පුහුණු කිරීම ආරම්භ කළේය. එක්සත් ජනපදය ඩොලර් බිලියන 20 ට වඩා ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ප්‍රතිපාදන ඉරාකයේ අනාගත තෙල් ආදායම් මගින් අය කර ගැනීමේ පදනම මත ලබාදෙන ලදී. තෙල් ආදායම පාසල් යලිත් ගොඩනැංවීමට හා විද්‍යුත් හා කර්මාන්තශාලා යටිතල පහසුකම් සම්පාදනයට යොදා ගන්නා ලදී.

සදාම් අල්ලා ගැනීමෙන් කෙටි කලකට පසුව ප්‍රාදේශීය අධිකාරී සංගමය ඉරාක අන්තර්වාර රජයක් ගොඩනැංවීමට හා මැතිවරණ සූදානමක් ඇති කිරීමට කටයුතු කළේය. මේ අතුරින් ප්‍රධානතම වන්නේ ෂියා පූජක අයතුල්ලා අලි අල් - සිස්ථානි ය. මේ වකවානුවේ ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී මැතිවරණ පැවැත්වීමට එරෙහිව ප්‍රාදේශීය අධිකාරී සංගමය ක්‍රියාකළ අතර ඒ වෙනුවට ඔවුන් කැමැත්ත දැක්වූයේ අවසානයේ ඉරාක අන්තර්වාර රජයකට බලය පැවරීමටයි. නව ඉරාක අන්තර් වාර රජයේ බලය සඳහා අභ්‍යන්තර ගැටුම් හේතුවෙන් කැරලිකරුවන්ගේ ක්‍රියාකාරකම් කුළු ගැන්විණි. මේ අතරින් වඩාත් නොහික්මුණු ප්‍රදේශ වන්නේ ෆලූජා සහ බැග්ඩෑඩ් නගරයේ සිට බස්රා දක්වා දුප්පත් ෂියා නගර ප්‍රදේශවලිනි.

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_war#Post-invasion_phase

ඉරාක යුද්ධය-සදාම් හුසේන් අල්වා ගන්නා ලදී


Sir Howard Kingsley Wood (19 August 1881 – 21 September 1943) was a British Conservative politician. The son of a Wesleyan Methodist minister, he qualified as a solicitor, and successfully specialised in industrial insurance. He became a member of the London County Council and then a Member of Parliament.

Wood served as junior minister to Neville Chamberlain at the Ministry of Health, establishing a close personal and political alliance. His first cabinet post was Postmaster General, in which he transformed the British Post Office from a bureaucracy to a business. As Secretary of State for Air in the months before the Second World War he oversaw a huge increase in the production of warplanes to bring Britain up to parity with Germany. When Winston Churchill became Prime Minister in 1940, Wood was made Chancellor of the Exchequer, in which post he adopted policies propounded by John Maynard Keynes, changing the role of HM Treasury from custodian of government income and expenditure to steering the entire British economy.

One of Wood's last innovations was the creation of Pay As You Earn, under which income tax is deducted from employees' current pay, rather than being collected retrospectively. This system remains in force in Britain. Wood died suddenly on the day on which the new system was to be announced to Parliament.

Early years
Wood was born in Hull, eldest of three children of the Rev. Arthur Wood, a Wesleyan Methodist minister, and his wife, Harriett Siddons, née Howard. His father was appointed to be minister of Wesley's Chapel in London, where Wood grew up, attending nearby Central Foundation Boys' School. He was articled to a solicitor, qualifying in 1903 with honours in his law examinations.

In 1905 Wood married Agnes Lilian Fawcett (d. 1955); there were no biological children of the marriage, but the couple adopted a daughter. Wood established his own law firm in the City of London, specialising in industrial insurance law. He represented the industrial insurance companies in their negotiations with the Liberal government before the introduction of Lloyd George's National Insurance Bill in 1911, gaining valuable concessions for his clients.

Wood was first elected to office as a member of the London County Council (LCC) at a by-election on 22 November 1911, representing the Borough of Woolwich for the Municipal Reform Party. His importance in the field of insurance grew over the next few years; his biographer Roy Jenkins has called him "the legal panjandrum of industrial insurance". He chaired the London Old Age Pension Authority in 1915 and the London Insurance Committee from 1917 to 1918, was a member of the National Insurance Advisory Committee from 1911 to 1919, chairman of the Faculty of Insurance from 1916 to 1919 and president of the faculty in 1920, 1922 and 1923. At the LCC he was a member of the council committees on insurance, pensions and housing. He was knighted in 1918 at the unusually early age of 36. It was not then, as it later became, the practice to state in honours lists the reason for the conferring of an honour, but Jenkins writes that Wood's knighthood was essentially for his work in the insurance field.

Member of Parliament
Wood was elected to Parliament as a Conservative in the "khaki election" of 1918. His constituency, Woolwich West, was marginal, but he represented it for the rest of his life. Before being elected, he had attracted notice by advocating the establishment of a Ministry of Health; after the election he was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary (an unpaid assistant to a minister, a traditional first rung on the political ladder) to the first Minister of Health, Christopher Addison.

After the collapse of the coalition government in 1922, Wood was offered no post in the Conservative government formed by Bonar Law. As a backbencher, Wood successfully introduced the Summer Time Bill of 1924. This measure, passed in the teeth of opposition from the agricultural lobby, provided for a permanent annual summer time period of six months from the first Sunday in April to the first Sunday in October.

When Baldwin succeeded Law in 1924, Wood was appointed Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Health, as junior minister to Neville Chamberlain. The two served at the Ministry of Health from 11 November 1924 to 4 June 1929, becoming friends and firm political allies. They worked closely together on local government reform, including a radical updating of local taxation, the "rates", based on property values. Wood's political standing was marked by his appointment as a civil commissioner during the general strike of 1926, and, unusually for a junior minister, as a privy councillor in 1928. In 1930 he was elected as the first chairman of the executive committee of the National Union of Conservative and Unionist Associations.

When the National Government was formed by Ramsay MacDonald in 1931, Wood was made Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Education. After the general election of November 1931 he was promoted to the office of Postmaster General. The position did not entail automatic membership of the cabinet, but Wood was made a cabinet member in 1933.

Ministerial service

As minister in charge of the General Post Office (GPO), Wood inherited an old-fashioned organisation, not equipped to meet the needs of the 1930s. In particular its management of the national telephone system, a GPO monopoly, was widely criticised. Wood considered reconstituting the whole of the GPO, changing it from a government department to what would later be called a quango, and he set up an independent committee to advise him on this. The committee recommended that the GPO should remain a department of state, but adopt a more commercial approach.

Under Wood the GPO introduced reply paid arrangements for businesses, and set up a national teleprinter service. For the telephone service, still mostly dependent on manual operators, the GPO introduced a programme of building new automated exchanges. For the postal service, the GPO built up a large fleet of motor vehicles to speed delivery, with 3,000 vans and 1,200 motor-cycles. Wood was a strong believer in publicity; he set up an advertising campaign for the telephone system which dramatically increased the number of subscribers, and he established the GPO Film Unit which gained a high aesthetic reputation as well as raising the GPO's profile. Most importantly, Wood transformed the senior management of the GPO and negotiated a practical financial deal with HM Treasury. The civil service post of Secretary to the Post Office was replaced by a director general with an expert board of management. The old financial rules, by which all the GPO's surplus revenue was surrendered to the Treasury had long prevented reinvestment in the business; Wood negotiated a new arrangement under which the GPO would pay an agreed annual sum to the Treasury and keep the remainder of its revenue for investment.

When MacDonald was succeeded as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom by Baldwin in 1935, Wood was appointed Minister of Health. Despite its title, the Ministry was at that time at least as concerned with housing as with health. Under Wood, his biographer G. C. Peden writes, "the slum clearance programme was pursued with energy, and overcrowding was greatly reduced. There was also a marked improvement in maternal mortality, mainly due to the discovery of antibiotics able to counteract septicaemia, but also because a full-time, salaried midwifery service was created under the Midwives Act of 1936." Jenkins comments that the housing boom of the 1930s was one of the two main contributors to such economic recovery as there was after the Great Depression.

When Anthony Eden resigned from Chamberlain's government in March 1938, Wood moved to be Secretary of State for Air in the ensuing reshuffle. The UK was then producing 80 new warplanes a month. Within two years under Wood the figure had risen to 546 a month. By the outbreak of the Second World War, Britain was producing as many new warplanes as Germany. Wood's tenure as Secretary of State for Air coincided with the Phoney War, and during this time he limited RAF activity to dropping propaganda leaflets rather than strategic bombing. When Leo Amery urged him to destroy the Black Forest with incendiary bombs in reaction to the invasion of Poland, he is said to have replied "Are you aware it is private property?... Why, you will be asking me bomb Essen next!" By early 1940, Wood was worn out by his efforts, and Chamberlain moved him to the non-departmental office of Lord Privy Seal, switching the incumbent, Sir Samuel Hoare, to the Air Ministry in Wood's place. Wood's job was to chair both the Home Policy Committee of the cabinet, which considered "all social service and other domestic questions and reviews proposals for legislation" and the Food Policy Committee, overseeing "the problems of food policy and home agriculture". He held this position for only a few weeks; the downfall of Chamberlain affected Wood in an unexpected way.

In May 1940, as a trusted friend, Wood told Chamberlain "affectionately but firmly" that after the debacle of the British defeat in Norway and the ensuing Commons debate, his position as Prime Minister was impossible and he must resign. He also advised Winston Churchill to ignore pressure from those who wanted Lord Halifax, not Churchill, as Chamberlain's successor. Chamberlain agreed to resign on 9 May, but considered going back on his decision the next day as the German attack on the Western Front had begun; Wood told him that he had to go through with his resignation. Both men acted on Wood's advice. Churchill became Prime Minister on 10 May 1940; Wood was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer on 12 May.

Chancellorship of the Exchequer and death
One of the reasons for Wood's appointment to the Treasury seems to have been Churchill's urgent desire to be rid of the incumbent Chancellor of the Exchequer, Sir John Simon, whom Churchill detested. Another may have been Wood's record of working well with politicians from other parties. In peacetime, the Chancellor of the Exchequer is often the most important member of the cabinet after the Prime Minister, but the exigencies of the war reduced the Chancellor's precedence. The Treasury temporarily ceased to be the core department of government. In Peden's words, "Non-military aspects of policy, including economic policy, were co-ordinated by a cabinet committee … The Treasury's main jobs were to finance the war with as little inflation as possible, to conduct external financial policy so as to secure overseas supplies on the best possible terms, and to take part in planning for the post-war period."

Wood was Chancellor, as Jenkins notes, "for the forty key months of the Second World War". He presented four budgets to Parliament. His first, in July 1940, passed with little notice, and brought into effect some minor changes planned by his predecessor. Of more long-lasting impact was his creation in the same month of a council of economic advisers, the most notable of whom, John Maynard Keynes, was quickly recruited as a full-time adviser at the Treasury. Jenkins detects Keynes's influence in Wood's second budget, in April 1941. It brought in a top income tax rate of 19s 6d (97½ pence in decimal currency) and added two million to the number of income tax payers; for the first time in Britain's history the majority of the population was liable to income tax. Keynes convinced Wood that he should abandon the orthodox Treasury doctrine that Chancellors' budgets were purely to regulate governmental revenue and expenditure; Wood, despite some misgivings on Churchill's part, adopted Keynes's conception of using national income accounting to control the economy.

With the hugely increased public expenditure necessitated by the war – it increased sixfold between 1938 and 1943 – inflation was always a danger. Wood sought to head off inflationary wage claims by subsidising essential rationed goods, while imposing heavy taxes on goods classed as non-essential. The last change he pioneered as Chancellor was the system of Pay As You Earn (PAYE), by which income tax is deducted from current pay rather than paid retrospectively on past years' earnings. He did not live to see it come into effect; he died suddenly at his London home on the morning of the day on which he was due to announce PAYE in the House of Commons. He was 62.

Wood was referred to in the book Guilty Men by Michael Foot, Frank Owen and Peter Howard (writing under the pseudonym "Cato"), published in 1940 as an attack on public figures for their failure to re-arm and their appeasement of Nazi Germany.

Notes

References

External links

1881 births
1943 deaths
British Secretaries of State
Chancellors of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
English Methodists
Knights Bachelor
Lords Privy Seal
Members of London County Council
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Ministers in the Churchill wartime government, 1940–1945
People educated at Central Foundation Boys' School
Politicians from Kingston upon Hull
UK MPs 1918–1922
UK MPs 1922–1923
UK MPs 1923–1924
UK MPs 1924–1929
UK MPs 1929–1931
UK MPs 1931–1935
UK MPs 1935–1945
United Kingdom Postmasters General
Ministers in the Chamberlain wartime government, 1939–1940
Ministers in the Chamberlain peacetime government, 1937–1939

Kingsley Wood


Orta Amerika, Kuzey Amerika kıtasının güneyinde yer alan bir bölgedir. Kuzeyden Meksika, güneyden Kolombiya, doğudan Karayip Denizi ve batıdan Pasifik Okyanusu ile komşudur. Bölgede bulunan aktif fay kırıkları sebebiyle sıklıkla sismik aktivite ve volkanik patlamalar görülmektedir. Bu olaylar ölümlü ve yıkıcı bazı afetlerin oluşmasına sebep olmaktadır. Kristof Kolomb'un keşifleri öncesinde bölgede Amerika yerlileri yaşamaktayken daha sonrasında İspanya tarafından kolonileştirilmiş ve uzun süre İspanyol İmparatorluğu tarafından kontrol edilmiştir. Bu sebeple Belize hariç tüm devletlerin resmî dili İspanyolca'dır. Belize'de de büyük ölçüde İspanyolca konuşulmaktadır.

Ülkeler
 Belize
 El Salvador
 Guatemala
 Honduras
 Kosta Rika
 Nikaragua
 Panama

Ayrıca bakınız
 Mezoamerika

Orta Amerika


بطولة العالم لكرة القدم داخل الصالات 2000 أقيمت في غواتيمالا في الفترة من 18 نوفمبر إلى 3 ديسمبر وقد حقق لقبها منتخب إسبانيا للمرة الأولى في تاريخه.

نظام البطولة
يشارك في البطولة 16 فريقا مقسمين على أربع مجموعات كل مجموعة تضم 4 فرق.

الدور الأول

المجموعة أ
(18 نوفمبر - 23 نوفمبر)

المجموعة ب
(20 نوفمبر - 23 نوفمبر)

المجموعة ج
(19 نوفمبر - 23 نوفمبر)

المجموعة د
(19 نوفمبر - 23 نوفمبر)

الدور الثاني

المجموعة الأولى
(26 نوفمبر - 29 نوفمبر)

المجموعة الثانية
(25 نوفمبر - 28 نوفمبر)

نصف النهائي

تحديد المركز الثالث

النهائي

البطل

روابط إضافية

 Official FIFA Report - Futsal World Championship Guatemala 2000

غواتيمالا في 2000
كرة القدم داخل الصالات في 2000
بطولة العالم لكرة القدم داخل الصالات
كرة القدم الغواتيمالية في 2000-01
مسابقات كرة القدم داخل الصالات دولية تستضيفها غواتيمالا


Briançon je grad u jugoistočnoj Francuskoj, u dep. Hautes-Alpes, regiji Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur; na sutoku rijeka Durance i Guisanne, 10 km od granice s Italijom.

Geografija
Ima 12 100 stanovnika. Nalazi se na cesti koja preko prijevoja Montgenèvre vodi prema gradiću Sestriere u Italiji. Spada među najviše europske gradove (1326. m). Ima veliku povijesnu važnost zbog smještaja na križanju važnih trgovačkih putova preko Alpa. Grad ima lječilište.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Gradovi u Francuskoj

Briançon


Matteo Ceirano (Cuneo, 1870 - Turín, 19 de marzo de 1941) fue un industrial italiano, pionero de la industria automovilística y fundador de Fratelli Ceirano & C. en 1901, Itala Fabbrica Automobili en 1904 y Società Piemontese Automobili en 1906.

Biografía

Matteo Ceirano, tercero de los cuatro hermanos Ceirano, nace en Cuneo en 1870.

En 1901 funda Fratelli Ceirano & C. junto a su hermano Giovanni Battista. En 1903 abandona la empresa para fundar la Matteo Ceirano & C., que un año después cambia su denominación a Matteo Ceirano & C. - Vetture Marca Itala, dando lugar a la marca Itala. Participa en la carrera Susa-Moncenisio de 1904, donde vence en la categoría de automóviles ligeros a bordo de un Itala 24 HP. Ese mismo año abandona Itala. En junio de 1906 funda junto a Michele Ansaldi Società Piemontese Automobili Ansaldi-Ceirano (SPA), en la cual se encarga de la dirección técnica. Permanece en la SPA hasta 1918.

Muere en Turín el 19 de marzo de 1941.

Véase también
 Anexo:Empresas automovilísticas fundadas por los hermanos Ceirano

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Biografía de Matteo Ceirano en storiaindustria.it

Ceirano
Empresarios de Italia
Nacidos en Cuneo
Fallecidos en Turín

Matteo Ceirano


An Puya bravoi in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Aráoz ngan A.Grau. An Puya bravoi in nahilalakip ha genus nga Puya, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Puya

Puya bravoi


Bortom det blå is an album by Swedish singer Lisa Ekdahl. It is entirely in the Swedish language.

Track listing
Bortom det blå
Gå dit ifall du minns
Två lyckliga dårar
Jag behöver inget mer
Vi tillhör varann
Sakta sakta
Jag vill bara vara
Du var inte där för mig
Hyenorna skrattade gamarna
Genom dig ser jag ljuset
Cirklar
Vill ha dig kvar
Tänk inte mera
Natten skyddar de älskande

Charts

References

Lisa Ekdahl albums
Swedish-language albums
1997 albums

Bortom det blå


Schnaftl Ufftschik ist eine aus Berlin stammende Brassband, die aber auch Jazz, Folk und andere Musikstile spielt. Markant ist vor allem die Mischung verschiedener Stile in einem Song.

Geschichte

Schnaftl Ufftschik wurde im Oktober 1995 von Reinhard Gundelwein, Rolf "Cello" Fischer und Lutz Wolf als eine Art verrückte Zirkusband gegründet. 1996 gewann die Band den Musikpreis der Kulturen in Berlin und Brandenburg Musica Vitale.
Mit der Zeit traten alle Gründungsmitglieder (außer Reinhard Gundelwein und Lutz Wolf) aus der Band aus, und es bildete sich die jetzige Besetzung. 1999 erschien das erste Album Sabagold, ein Mitschnitt eines Konzerts in Dresden. Seit 2006 besteht eine Zusammenarbeit mit den brasilianischen Sängerinnen Letícia Coura und Adriana Capparelli. Zusammen mit den beiden Sängerinnen und ihrem Programm BRASSil Voices trat die Gruppe u. a. 2009 beim Donauinselfest in Wien auf. 2009 wurde die Band, aufgrund ihrer musikalischen Vielfalt, Mitglied im Ensemble des Rudolstädter Theaters. Dort sind bereits drei Stücke entstanden, Zwei Krawatten, Die Schicksalssinfonie und Der Aufstieg der Amateure; die Musik für die Stücke Zwei Krawatten und Die Schicksalssinfonie wurde von Sousaphon Stefan Gocht arrangiert. Schnaftl Ufftschik wirkt sowohl musikalisch als auch theatral mit.
Neben ihrem aktuellen Programm Brasso Continuo hat die Band auch ein Programm "Das Magische Instrument", das sich speziell an Kinder richtet.
Der Name der Band leitet sich von einer westsibirischen Sage ab. Laut eigener Darstellung ist der Schnaftl Ufftschik ein Waldkobold, der blondzöpfige Mädchen beim Wasserholen am Brunnen beschützt. Er reist mit der transsibirischen Eisenbahn um die Welt und sammelt dort Tonfragmente verschiedener Musikstile ein.

Diskografie
 Sabagold (1999, Oriente Musik)
 Oi Tate (2002, Global Village Music)
 Hotcooltür (2004, Raumer Records)
 Strayaway (2007, Raumer Records)
 Brasso Continuo (2011, Raumer Records)

Auszeichnungen
 1996: Musica Vitale Musikpreis der Kulturen in Berlin und Brandenburg
 1997: Folkförderpreis (seit 1997 Ruth-Deutscher Weltmusikpreis)
 2001, 2003, 2006, 2009: Studiopreis des Berliner Senats

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website

 Schnaftl Ufftschik auf Raumer Records

Einzelnachweise

Deutsche Band
Folkband
Band (Berlin)

Schnaftl Ufftschik


Fenike mitolojisi, Fenikelilerin inanç ve kültürlerinin mitolojik bütününü tanımlamak için kullanılan bir terimdir. Kenan mitolojisinden ayrı bir şekilde değerlendirilemeyecek olan mitolojinin temel odaklarından biri ölen-tanrı (dying-god) miti ve bu mitin başrolünde yer alan ölen-tanrı idi. Ugaritik Kenan'da ölen-tanrı Baal'dı.

Kaynakça

Fenike mitolojisi

Fenike mitolojisi


Tyndallhydrus es un género de coleópteros adéfagos de la familia Dytiscidae.

Especies
Tyndallhydrus caraboides	Sharp 1882
Tyndallhydrus coriaceus

Referencias

  1958: Tyndallhydrus coriaceus Régimbart and T. capensis Omer-Cooper (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) transferred to a new genus, Sharphydrus. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B), 27(1-2): 19–21.

Enlaces externos

 Nomenclator Zoologicus

Bidessini

Tyndallhydrus


Richard Dunthorne (* 1711; † 3. März 1775) war ein englischer Astronom und Landvermesser.

Richard Dunthorne arbeitete in Cambridge als astronomischer und wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter für Roger Long und für viele Jahre als Sachverständiger in Fens. Nach ihm ist der Mondkrater Dunthorne benannt.

Publikationen
 Practical Astronomy of the Moon: or, new Tables... Exactly constructed from Sir Isaac Newton's Theory, as published by Dr Gregory in his Astronomy, London & Oxford, 1739.
 A Letter from Mr. Richard Dunthorne, to the Rev. Mr. Charles Mason, F. R. S. and Woodwardian Professor of Nat. Hist. at Cambridge, concerning the Moon's Motion (PDF; 974 kB), 1746
 A Letter from the Rev. Mr. Richard Dunthorne to the Reverend Mr. Richard Mason F. R. S. and Keeper of the Wood-Wardian Museum at Cambridge, concerning the Acceleration of the Moon (PDF; 1,4 MB), 1749
 A Letter from Mr. Rich. Dunthorne to the Rev. Dr. Long, F. R. S. Master of Pembroke-Hall in Cambridge, and Lowndes's Professor of Astronomy and Geometry in That University, concerning Comets (PDF; 864 kB), 1751
 Elements of New Tables of the Motions of Jupiter's Satellites: In a Letter to the Reverend Charles Mason, D. D. Woodwardian Professor in the University of Cambridge, and F. R. S. from Mr. Richard Dunthorne (PDF; 366 kB), 1761

Literatur
 Dunthorne, Richard. Dictionary of National Biography. London. Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. (englisch)

Astronom (18. Jahrhundert)
Person als Namensgeber für einen Mondkrater
Brite
Geboren 1711
Gestorben 1775
Mann

Richard Dunthorne


جون هنري ديفيز، توفي في 1927، رئيس سابق لنادي مانشستر يونايتد، ترأس النادي منذ عام 1902 وحتى وفاته في 1927.

مراجع

إنجليز
بريطانيون من أصل ويلزي
صفحات تحتاج تصنيف سنة الولادة
مواليد عقد 1860
وفيات 1927

جون هنري ديفيز


1. ŽNL Zadarska u sezoni 2007./08. je predstavljala prvi stupanj županijske lige u Zadarskoj županiji, te ligu petog ranga hrvatskog nogometnog prvenstva. Sudjelovalo je četrnaest klubova, a ligu je osvojio Hajduk iz Pridrage.

Ljestvica

Rezultatska križaljka

Izvori:

Povezani članci
 1. ŽNL Zadarska
 2. ŽNL Zadarska 2007./08.
 4. HNL – Jug B 2007./08.
 ŽNL Šibensko-kninska 2007./08.
 ŽNL Splitsko-dalmatinska 2007./08.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

 ezadar.hr, Hajduku iz Pridrage naslov prvaka u 1. ŽNL, objavljeno 2. lipnja 2008., pristupljeno 20. rujna 2017.
 skabrnja com, Ajmo žuti - škabrnjski športski bilten, br. 52, objavljeno 1. lipnja 2008., preuzeto 20. rujna 2017.

2007-08
Zadarska-1

1. ŽNL Zadarska 2007./08.


Fred A. Busse (né le  à Chicago et mort le  dans cette même ville) était un homme politique américain, membre du Parti républicain. Il fut trésorier de l'Illinois de 1903 à 1905 et maire de Chicago de 1907 à 1911. Il est le premier maire à exercer un mandat de quatre ans et le deuxième maire né à Chicago. Il est à l'initiative du Plan de Chicago de 1909 (aussi appelé « Plan Burnham »), le plus vaste projet de restructuration des voiries, de construction de parcs et d'embellissement de l'histoire urbaine de la ville de Chicago.

Biographie
Busse est devenu un chef républicain local reconnu, élu pour la première fois à la Chambre des représentants de l'Illinois en 1894 et de nouveau en 1896. En 1898, Busse a été élu au Sénat de l'État de l'Illinois. Il a ensuite été trésorier de l'État de l'Illinois à partir de 1902. En 1905, le président Theodore Roosevelt l'a nommé maître de poste de Chicago où il tient un relais de poste aux chevaux, fournissant, moyennant certains avantages, des relais aux voitures de l'administration des postes. Il a remporté l'élection de 1907 à l'hôtel de ville de Chicago contre le titulaire démocrate Edward Dunne. En affaires, Busse avait été secrétaire et trésorier de la Northwestern Coal Company jusqu'en 1905.

En 1908, il épouse Joséphine Lee. Ils n'ont pas d'enfants.

Carrière politique

Maire de Chicago (1907-1911)
Busse a été élu maire de Chicago lors de l'élection à la mairie en 1907. Il a prêté serment en tant que maire le 15 avril 1907.

Le mandat de maire de Busse est connu pour sa corruption et la présence du crime organisé dans la ville. Busse avait des relations et était un allié politique avec un certain nombre de personnalités du crime organisé. L'inaction de Busse face à l'inquiétude populaire croissante a conduit à la formation de plusieurs organisations opposées au crime et désireuses de nettoyer le gouvernement de la ville. L'image de Busse a été utilisée par au moins un propriétaire de maison close pour promouvoir son entreprise.

Alors que la réforme, à la fois politique et morale, commençait à apparaître à Chicago, Busse a noté : "Ils n'ont pas besoin que quelqu'un me cherche. Ils peuvent toujours me trouver n'importe quel soir au saloon de J.C. Murphy, Clark Street et North Avenue". En 1907, la pression était suffisamment forte pour que Busse soit contraint de nommer une commission, bien que la commission n'ait pas publié de rapport tant que Busse n'était pas au pouvoir.

Busse a finalement perdu sa candidature à la réélection en 1911 au profit du démocrate Carter Harrison Jr., et a été remplacé par Harrison le 17 avril 1911.

Plan Burnham
En tant que maire, Busse était un fervent partisan du Plan Burnham de 1909. D'abord appelé « Plan de Chicago de 1909 », le plan Burnham a été un vaste projet de renouvellement urbain de la ville de Chicago initié par la municipalité et dirigé par les architectes, paysagistes et urbanistes Daniel Burnham et Edward H. Bennett.

Le conseil municipal de Chicago et Busse ont créé la Chicago Plan Commission, une commission du plan de Chicago composée de 328 membres et spécifiquement créée pour la réalisation du plan. La commission a rapidement planifié la construction du pont de Michigan Avenue et le développement de Pine Street, aujourd'hui North Michigan Avenue. L'actuel hôtel de ville de Chicago, très apprécié pour son efficacité à l'époque, a été construit sous son administration. De nombreux boulevards et avenues de la ville sont élargis, de vastes parcs municipaux sont créés à travers la ville, en particulier en bordure du lac Michigan et de nombreux bâtiments modernes sortent de terre.

Fin de vie
Il est décédé à Chicago le 9 juillet 1914 d'une valvulopathie cardiaque à 48 ans. Il a été enterré au cimetière de Graceland à Chicago. Busse Woods, une réserve forestière du comté de Cook (Illinois), porte son nom.

Sources
Death Closes Varied Career of Fred Busse, Chicago Daily Tribune, July 10, 1914, p. 5.
Grossman, James R., Ann Durkin Keating and Janice L. Reiff, editors. Encyclopedia of Chicago. University of Chicago Press, 2004.
Roosevelt Glad for Busse, Chicago Daily Tribune, April 3, 1907, p. 5.

Notes et références

Bibliographie
"Death Closes Varied Career of Fred Busse." Chicago Daily Tribune, July 10, 1914, p. 5.
Grossman, James R., Ann Durkin Keating and Janice L. Reiff, editors. Encyclopedia of Chicago. University of Chicago Press, 2004.
"Roosevelt Glad for Busse" Chicago Daily Tribune, April 3, 1907, p. 5.

Voir aussi
 Liste des maires de Chicago

Liens externes

  Chicago Public Library : Biography of Fred A. Busse

Busse
Busse
Busse
Busse
Busse
Busse
Busse
Busse
Busse
Busse
Busse

Fred A. Busse


La monarchie lucienne est le régime politique en vigueur à Sainte-Lucie, dans lequel un monarque héréditaire est le souverain et le chef d'État du pays. L'actuel monarque de Sainte-Lucie est le roi , qui est également le monarque de quatorze autres royaumes, appelés royaumes du Commonwealth. Comme le monarque ne demeure pas à Sainte-Lucie, il délègue ses fonctions à un gouverneur général (actuellement Errol Charles par intérim, depuis le ).

Bien que la personne du monarque soit partagée avec  États souverains du Commonwealth, les monarchies de ces pays sont séparées et juridiquement distinctes. En conséquence, le monarque actuel est officiellement titré « roi de Sainte-Lucie » et, à ce titre, lui et les autres membres de la famille royale assument diverses fonctions publiques et privées dans le pays, et au nom de Sainte-Lucie à l'étranger. Le souverain est toutefois le seul membre de la famille royale à avoir un rôle constitutionnel. Si certaines fonctions appartiennent au seul monarque, la plupart de ses pouvoirs sont exercés par le gouverneur général.

Histoire

Les origines historiques de la monarchie lucienne résident dans le colonialisme britannique, lorsque le Royaume-Uni a étendu son empire et a établi, au , des colonies dans différentes parties du monde. Progressivement, ces colonies reçoivent la souveraineté sur leur administration et, par le Statut de Westminster de 1931, tous ces États obtiennent une position complètement égale au sein du Commonwealth. Plusieurs anciennes colonies considèrent encore le monarque britannique comme leur souverain et sont aujourd'hui des royaumes du Commonwealth. En plus d'être le chef d'État nominatif de ces pays, le monarque est d'ailleurs le chef du Commonwealth. Bien que partageant le même souverain, les royaumes du Commonwealth sont des États indépendants les uns des autres, chacun possédant sa propre Couronne.

Rôle constitutionnel
Le monarque de Sainte-Lucie est théoriquement investi des pouvoirs d'un monarque constitutionnel, mais dans la pratique, tous ces pouvoirs sont exercés par le gouverneur général de Sainte-Lucie, représentant du roi, qui agit uniquement sur avis du Parlement et du gouvernement. Par conséquent, comme d'autres pays du Commonwealth, Sainte-Lucie est une monarchie parlementaire. Quelques fonctions doivent néanmoins être remplies spécifiquement par le roi  (comme donner la sanction royale à la nomination du gouverneur général) ou réclament à la fois l'accord du roi et celui du gouverneur général. En outre, le souverain n'intervient jamais directement dans les affaires politiques.

Titre du roi

 possède officiellement un titre différent dans chacun de ses royaumes. Le titre du roi à Sainte-Lucie est le suivant :

Succession au trône
La succession au trône se fait par primogéniture absolue, conformément aux dispositions de l'Acte de succession à la Couronne de 2013 ainsi que de l'Acte d'Établissement de 1701 et de la Déclaration des droits de 1689. Ces textes, bien que votés à l'origine par le Parlement du Royaume-Uni, font partie du droit constitutionnel de Sainte-Lucie. L'héritier du trône britannique héritera donc également de la Couronne lucienne. L'héritier actuel est le prince William, qui devrait devenir roi de Sainte-Lucie à la mort de son père.

Liste des monarques luciens

Visites royales
La reine  visite Sainte-Lucie pour la première fois accompagnée du duc d'Édimbourg dans le cadre de sa tournée des Caraïbes en 1966. Arrivés à bord du Britannia, ils sont accueillis par des danses traditionnelles luciennes et un feu d'artifice. En 1985, le couple royal effectue une nouvelle visite à Sainte-Lucie :  pose la première pierre du nouveau siège de la Croix-Rouge et visite des foyers pour personnes âgées et des écoles. Ils visitent également l'école professionnelle pour filles où ils rencontrent des enfants participant au programme du Prix international du duc d'Édimbourg.

D'autres membres de la famille royale ont également visité Sainte-Lucie. En 1979, la princesse Alexandra représente la reine lors des célébrations officielles de l'indépendance. Le prince Charles s'y rend en 1989 pour commémorer le dixième anniversaire de cet événement. En 2012, le comte et la comtesse de Wessex participent aux festivités organisées à l'occasion du jublié de diamant d'. Le prince Harry effectue une visite officielle à Sainte-Lucie en 2016.

Avenir de la monarchie
Le maintien de la monarchie n'est pas un sujet de débat majeur à Sainte-Lucie. En 2022, le Premier ministre Philip Pierre annonce la mise en place d'une commission parlementaire chargée d'examiner des questions spécifiques, telles que la limitation du nombre de mandats du Premier ministre de Sainte-Lucie, la détermination d'une date fixe pour les élections générales, la nomination d'un vice-président à l'Assemblée, mais également l'instauration d'une république.

Lors de la visite du comte et de la comtesse de Wessex dans le pays à l'occasion du jubilé de platine d', un groupe de manifestants réclame des excuses de la part de la famille royale pour la traite transatlantique des esclaves et demande la destitution de la reine à la tête de l'État. Partisan de la république, l'ancien Premier ministre Allen Chastanet affirme toutefois que la reine, dont le rôle est essentiellement honorifique, ne doit pas être prise pour cible. Un sondage réalisé par Lord Michael Ashcroft avant le couronnement de  en  révèle que 56 % des Saint-Luciens soutiennent le maintien de la monarchie, contre 39 % en faveur d'un régime républicain.

Articles connexes
 Politique à Sainte-Lucie
 Liste des monarchies en Amérique

Références

Politique à Sainte-Lucie
Sainte-Lucie
Sainte-Lucie

Monarchie lucienne


سندنهور إحدى قرى مركز بنها التابع لمحافظة القليوبية بجمهورية مصر العربية.

التاريخ
ذكرها علي مبارك في كتابه الخطط التوفيقية، حيث ذكر أنها قرية في مديرية القليوبية بقسم بنها العسل.

السكان
بلغ عدد سكان سندنهور 8,093 نسمة، حسب الإحصاء الرسمي لعام 2006.

انظر أيضاً
 قائمة قرى محافظة القليوبية

مصادر

الوحدة المحلية لقرية سندنهور (بنها)

سندنهور (القليوبية)


Pozitron, elektronun karşı parçacığı olan artı yüklü leptondur.

Antiparçacık kavramının ilk örneği "pozitrondur". Pozitronun varlığı deneysel olarak kanıtlanmadan önce bir hipotez olarak ortaya atılmıştı. 1928'de İngiliz fizikçisi Paul Dirac, Schrödinger denklemini genişletti. Dirac'ın amacı Schrödinger denkleminin görelilik teorisiyle uyumlu hale getirmekti ama daha fazlasını elde etti. Dirac'ın denklemi spin kuantum sayısını s=½ olarak veriyordu ve böylece elektron spini öngörülmüş oluyordu.

Dirac denklemi elektrona uygulandığında, yükü +e olan ikinci bir parçacığın da aynı denklemi sağlayacağı görüldü. Yükü pozitif olarak bilinen tek parçacık proton olduğundan, Dirac önce yazdığı denklemin protonu da kapsadığını zannetti. Fakat kısa sürede, +e yüklü bu parçacığın elektronla aynı kütleli ve aynı spinli olması gerektiği anlaşıldı. Bugün bu parçacığın "pozitron" olduğunu biliyoruz. (pozitif elektron da denir),1932 yılında Amerikalı fizikçi Carl David Anderson tarafından kozmik ışınlarla gözlenmiş ve keşfedilmiştir. Dirac ortaya koyduğu denklemin pozitronu işaret ettiğini görememesi üzerine ''Denklemim benden akıllı'' demiştir.

Kaynakça

Leptonlar
Antimadde
Antiparçacıklar

Pozitron


The classical limit or correspondence limit is the ability of a physical theory to approximate or "recover" classical mechanics when considered over special values of its parameters. The classical limit is used with physical theories that predict non-classical behavior.

Quantum theory
A heuristic postulate called the correspondence principle was introduced to quantum theory by Niels Bohr: in effect it states that some kind of continuity argument should apply to the classical limit of quantum systems as the value of the Planck constant normalized by the action of these systems becomes very small. Often, this is approached through "quasi-classical" techniques (cf. WKB approximation).

More rigorously, the mathematical operation involved in classical limits is a group contraction, approximating physical systems where the relevant action is much larger than the reduced Planck constant , so the "deformation parameter" / can be effectively taken to be zero (cf. Weyl quantization.) Thus typically, quantum commutators (equivalently, Moyal brackets) reduce to Poisson brackets, in a group contraction.

In quantum mechanics, due to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, an electron can never be at rest; it must always have a non-zero kinetic energy, a result not found in classical mechanics. For example, if we consider something very large relative to an electron, like a baseball, the uncertainty principle predicts that it cannot really have zero kinetic energy, but the uncertainty in kinetic energy is so small that the baseball can effectively appear to be at rest, and hence it appears to obey classical mechanics. In general, if large energies and large objects (relative to the size and energy levels of an electron) are considered in quantum mechanics, the result will appear to obey classical mechanics. The typical occupation numbers involved are huge: a macroscopic harmonic oscillator with  = 2 Hz,  = 10 g, and maximum amplitude 0 = 10 cm, has  = , so that  ≃ 1030. Further see coherent states. It is less clear, however, how the classical limit applies to chaotic systems, a field known as quantum chaos.

Quantum mechanics and classical mechanics are usually treated with entirely different formalisms: quantum theory using Hilbert space, and classical mechanics using a representation in phase space. One can bring the two into a common mathematical framework in various ways. In the phase space formulation of quantum mechanics, which is statistical in nature, logical connections between quantum mechanics and classical statistical mechanics are made, enabling natural comparisons between them, including the violations of Liouville's theorem (Hamiltonian) upon quantization.

In a crucial paper (1933), Dirac explained how classical mechanics is an emergent phenomenon of quantum mechanics: destructive interference among paths with non-extremal macroscopic actions  »  obliterate amplitude contributions in the path integral he introduced, leaving the extremal action class, thus the classical action path as the dominant contribution, an observation further elaborated by Feynman in his 1942 PhD dissertation. (Further see quantum decoherence.)

Time-evolution of expectation values

One simple way to compare classical to quantum mechanics is to consider the time-evolution of the expected position and expected momentum, which can then be compared to the time-evolution of the ordinary position and momentum in classical mechanics. The quantum expectation values satisfy the Ehrenfest theorem. For a one-dimensional quantum particle moving in a potential , the Ehrenfest theorem says

Although the first of these equations is consistent with the classical mechanics, the second is not: If the pair  were to satisfy Newton's second law, the right-hand side of the second equation would have read
.
But in most cases,
.
If for example, the potential  is cubic, then  is quadratic, in which case, we are talking about the distinction between  and , which differ by .

An exception occurs in case when the classical equations of motion are linear, that is, when  is quadratic and  is linear. In that special case,  and  do agree. In particular, for a free particle or a quantum harmonic oscillator, the expected position and expected momentum exactly follows solutions of Newton's equations.

For general systems, the best we can hope for is that the expected position and momentum will approximately follow the classical trajectories. If the wave function is highly concentrated around a point , then  and  will be almost the same, since both will be approximately equal to . In that case, the expected position and expected momentum will remain very close to the classical trajectories, at least for as long as the wave function remains highly localized in position.

Now, if the initial state is very localized in position, it will be very spread out in momentum, and thus we expect that the wave function will rapidly spread out, and the connection with the classical trajectories will be lost. When the Planck constant is small, however, it is possible to have a state that is well localized in both position and momentum. The small uncertainty in momentum ensures that the particle remains well localized in position for a long time, so that expected position and momentum continue to closely track the classical trajectories for a long time.

Relativity and other deformations
Other familiar deformations in physics involve:

The deformation of classical Newtonian into relativistic mechanics (special relativity), with deformation parameter ; the classical limit involves small speeds, so , and the systems appear to obey Newtonian mechanics.
Similarly for the deformation of Newtonian gravity into general relativity, with deformation parameter Schwarzschild-radius/characteristic-dimension, we find that objects once again appear to obey classical mechanics (flat space), when the mass of an object times the square of the Planck length is much smaller than its size and the sizes of the problem addressed. See Newtonian limit.
Wave optics might also be regarded as a deformation of ray optics for deformation parameter .
Likewise, thermodynamics deforms to statistical mechanics with deformation parameter .

See also
 Classical probability density
 Ehrenfest theorem
 Madelung equations
 Fresnel integral
 Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics
 Quantum chaos
 Quantum decoherence
 Quantum limit
 Quantum realm
 Semiclassical physics
 Wigner–Weyl transform
 WKB approximation

References

Concepts in physics
Quantum mechanics
Theory of relativity
Philosophy of science
Theoretical physics
Emergence

Classical limit


Kákasustoppur (fræðiheiti Lonicera caucasica) er runni af geitblaðsætt ættaður frá Kákasus og Tyrklandi austur að austurhluta Himalajafjalla. Runni að 2m hár. Blómin eru ilmandi,  rauðleit og berin svört.

Hann hefur verið reyndur lítið eitt á Íslandi.

Heimild

Geitblaðsætt

Kákasustoppur


11201 Talich este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
11201 Talich este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul din Ondřejov de Lenka Šarounová. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,84 ua, o excentricitate de 0,07 și o înclinație de 0,9° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 11001-12000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Asteroizi Koronis

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1999
Centura de asteroizi

11201 Talich


Tetsushi Kondo (født 4. november 1986) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Urawa Reds, Ehime FC og Fagiano Okayama.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Tetsushi Kondo