Uluslararası Ses Abecesi veya Uluslararası Fonetik Alfabe (sesçil alfabe, sesçil abece, ), seslerin kâğıt üzerinde gösterilebilmesi için oluşturulmuş standart alfabedir. Tüm dillerdeki konuşma seslerini bir örnek biçimde kodlayabilmek için oluşturulmuş işaretler ve simgeler sistemidir. Bu sistemden en çok dilbilimde ve sözlüklerin hazırlanmasında yararlanılır.

Dillerin doğru telaffuz edilmesini sağlamak, tutarsız ve keyfi yazımlarla çok sayıda transkripsiyon (yazı çevirimi) sisteminin doğurduğu karışıklıkları önlemek amacıyla geliştirilmiş alfabedir. IPA'nın bir amacı da bir sözcüğü diğerlerinden ayırmaya yarayan her ses için ayrı bir sembol geliştirmektir.

IPA'da temel olarak Latin harfleri kullanılır. Bunun dışında başka alfabelerden harf alınmış (örneğin Yunan Alfabesi), bunlar Latin harflerine uyacak biçimde değiştirilmiştir. İnce ses ayırımları ve genizsilleşen ünlülerle sesin uzunluk, vurgu ve titreşimi, harflerin üstüne veya altına konan çeşitli işaretlerle belirtilir.

IPA dar ve geniş yazı çevrimlerinde kullanılabilir. Mesela anadili İngilizce olanlar tek bir /t/ sesi ayırt ederler. Bu sebeple geniş yazı çevriminde bu sese karşılık tek bir sembol yeterlidir. Ama /t/'nin "tap", "pat" ve "stem" gibi sözcüklerdeki söylenişlerinin birbirinden biraz farklı olduğunu belirtmek için dar yazıçevrimi yani /t/'nin altına veya üstüne belli işaretler koymak gerekir.

Uluslararası Ses Abecesi umulduğu kadar başarılı olamamıştır. ABD'de Avrupa'ya nazaran daha az kullanılmıştır. Latin alfabesinin yanı sıra çok sayıda özel işarete yer verdiği için basım ve daktilo etme güçlüğü vardır. Daktilo güçlüğünü engellemek için X-SAMPA geliştirilmiştir. Yer kazanmak ve kolaylık sağlamak gayesiyle IPA işaretleri ekseriyetle değiştirilerek veya birbirlerinin yerine kullanılır.

Alfabe

Ünsüzler

Notlar
 Çift olarak yazılan sembollerden soldaki ötümsüz, sağdaki ötümlü ünsüzleri gösterir.
 Koyu alanlar, sesletimi imkânsız olduğu değerlendirilen ünsüzleri gösterir.

 [ɧ] sesinin çıkış yeri tartışmalıdır.

Ünlüler

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Uluslararası Ses Abecesi Uluslararası Sesbilgisi Derneği
 Uluslararası Ses Abecesi  (PDF)
 Sözcüklerin IPA İle Yazılışı ve E-Sözlük

Ses dosyaları
  Peter Ladefoged'in Sesbilgisi Kursu (ses dosyalarıyla)
  UFA tablosu
  Dillerin sesleri hakkında bilgi
  UFA tablosu
  UFA tablolarının ses örnekli Flash sürümü
  Bir diğer UFA ses örnek dizini

Fonetik alfabeler

Uluslararası Fonetik Alfabe


Shintaro Kokubu (født 31. august 1994) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Oita Trinita.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Shintaro Kokubu


Futsal klub Zagorje (do 2022. g. Malonogometni klub "Jesenje") je futsal (malonogometni) klub iz Gornjeg Jesenja, općina Jesenje, Krapinsko-zagorska županija.
U sezoni 2018./19. klub se natjecao u "1. HMNL".

O klubu

MNK Jesenje je osnovan u srpnju 2016. godine. Odmah od sezone 2016./17. sudjeluje u 2. HMNL - Sjever,
koju osvaja u sezonama 2016./17. i 2017./18., ali se ne uspijeva preko doigravanja plasirati u 1. HMNL.

Ipak, zbog odustajanja kluba "Nacional" iz Zagreba, "Jesenju" je odobreno da igra 1. HMNL u sezoni 2018./19., te su prvoligašku sezonu završili na 11. mjestu.
Pri klubu djeluju juniorska i kadetska momčad, te škola futsala. Klub ligaške utakmice igra u dvorani u Krapini.

2022. godine klub mijenja ime u Futsal klub Zagorje.

Uspjesi
 2. HMNL - Sjever
 prvak: 2016./17., 2017./18.

Plasmani po sezonama
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable "style="font-size: 90%; text-align: center"
!sezona !!rang !!liga  !!poz. !!klubova  u ligi !!ut !!pob !!ner !!por !!gol+ !!gol- !!bod !!doigravanje !!napomena !! izvori
|-
!colspan="15"|Jesenje
|-
|rowspan="2"|  ||rowspan="2"|II. ||2. HMNL - Sjever ||bgcolor="gold"|1. ||8 ||14 ||11 ||2 ||1 ||89 ||46 ||35 || || ||
|-
|Kval. za 1. HMNL ||bgcolor="goldenrod"|3. ||3 ||4 ||1 ||0 ||3 ||16 ||20 ||1 (-2) || || ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|  ||rowspan="2"|II. ||2. HMNL - Sjever ||bgcolor="gold"|1. ||10 ||17 ||13 ||3 ||1 ||99 ||50 ||42 || || ||
|-
|Kval. za 1. HMNL ||bgcolor="silver"|2. ||3 ||4 ||1 ||2 ||1 ||14 ||12 ||5 ||dodatne kvalifikacije || administrativno se plasirali u 1. HMNL  ||
|-
|  ||I. ||1. HMNL ||11. ||12 ||22 ||1 ||6 ||15 ||49 ||101 ||9 || nisu se plasirali || ||
|-
| 2019./20.|| II.|| 2. HMNL - Zapad||bgcolor="goldenrod"| 3.|| 9|| 13|| 7|| 3|| 3|| 66|| 32|| 24|| || ||
|-
| 2020./21.|| II.|| 2. HMNL - Zapad|| 7.|| 10|| 18|| 5|| 4|| 9|| 82|| 89|| 19|| || ||
|-
|2021./22.
|II.
|2. HMNL - Zapad
|5.
|9
|16
|8
|1
|7
|89
|75
|25
|
|
|
|}

 Poznati igrači

 Unutrašnje poveznice
 Gornje Jesenje
 Jesenje

 Vanjske poveznice
 Službene stranice
 Arhiva starih službenih stranica mnkjesenje.hr
 Facebook stranica kluba
 rezultati.com, Jesenje
 crofutsal.com, MNK Jesenje

 Izvori
 mnkjesenje.hr, O klubu , pristupljeno 5. kolovoza 2019.
 bisnode.hr, MALONOGOMETNI KLUB JESENJE
 poslovna.hr, MALONOGOMETNI KLUB JESENJE </small>
 </small>
Jesenje
M Jesenje

Futsal klub Zagorje


Die Dietrich Inc. war ein amerikanischer Hersteller von Automobilkarosserien, der von 1925 bis 1936 in Detroit ansässig war und Aufbauten für Fahrgestelle von Lincoln oder Packard produzierte. Ein Nachfolgeunternehmen mit  dem Namen Ray Dietrich Inc. existierte von 1949 bis 1953.

Unternehmensgeschichte

Die Dietrich Inc. wurde im Sommer 1925 von Raymond Dietrich gegründet. Dietrich hatte seit 1913 als Zeichner und Stilist für den Karosseriehersteller Brewster & Company gearbeitet, bevor er sich 1921 an der Gründung eines eigenen Unternehmens mit der Bezeichnung LeBaron Carossiers beteiligte. Nach ersten Erfolgen verließ er LeBaron und gründete mit finanzieller und logistischer Unterstützung Edsel Fords das Unternehmen Dietrich Inc. Die Entscheidung dazu war ihm einfach gemacht worden. Dietrich hatte im Dezember 1923 während des New York Auto Salon Edsel Ford kennengelernt. Schon ein Jahr später entwarf Dietrich Karosserien für Lincoln, deren Chef Edsel Ford war. Dieser wollte unbedingt enger mit Dietrich zusammenarbeiten. Er veranlasste im Dezember 1924 Allan Sheldon, den Präsidenten des bedeutenden Ford-Zulieferers Murray Corporation, der einen großen Teil der Karosserien für das Modell T herstellte, LeBaron zu kaufen. Dies scheiterte an den finanziellen Vorstellungen bei LeBaron. Darauf offerierte Murray Dietrich die Finanzierung einer eigenen Firma mit 50 % (die andere Hälfte hielt Dietrich), eigene Produktionsanlagen sowie ein eigenes Designer- und Zeichner-Büro. Als Zugabe gab es einen Liefervertrag für Lincoln-Karosserien von Edsel Ford.

Die bewusste Positionierung des Betriebs in Detroit sollte die Nähe zu Ford, aber auch anderen großen Automobilherstellern der USA erhöhen und dadurch die Expansionsmöglichkeiten des Unternehmens fördern. Die Firma sollte einerseits als Designberater führender Hersteller wie eben Lincoln oder Packard tätig werden; später kamen Franklin und der Studebaker-Ableger Erskine dazu. Weiterhin entstanden auch Sonderkarosserien die entweder als Einzelstücke ("Full Custom") oder in Kleinstserien für den jeweiligen Hersteller ("Semi-Custom") gebaut wurden. Ein erfolgreiches Design wurde oft in die Spezialkataloge der Hersteller aufgenommen. Lincoln bestellte solche Aufbauten tranchenweise zu 5 bis 10 Einheiten. Packard hielt dies ähnlich. In diesem Bereich stand die Dietrich Inc. in permanentem Wettbewerb mit anderen Spezialbetrieben wie Brunn, Derham, Holbrook, Judkins, Locke, LeBaron, Rollson, Waterhouse oder Willoughby. LeBaron wurde schließlich von Murrays Hauptkonkurrenten, der Briggs Manufacturing Company, übernommen. Dies führte zur Situation, dass Murray für Lincoln Karosserien baute, welche Ray Dietrich für LeBaron entworfen hatte, ehe diese Firma vom Rivalen Briggs kontrolliert wurde. Dies betraf insbesondere dreifenstrige Sedan und zweifenstrige Victoria Coupés.

Die Geschäfte liefen von Anfang an nicht gut. Dietrich Inc. startete mit einem Arbeitskapital von US$ 150.000 – und verlor fast eben so viel im ersten Geschäftsjahr.

Dietrich Inc. arbeitete ab 1925 in unterschiedlichen Bereichen. Einerseits entwickelte Dietrich das Design ganzer Baureihen unterschiedlicher Hersteller, andererseits entwarf und fertigte es nach Kundenwunsch individuelle Aufbauten für hochwertige Fahrgestelle.

Das erste Unternehmen, das eine ganze Modellreihe von Dietrich gestalten ließ, war Packard. Ende 1925 erhielt Dietrich den Auftrag, eine Reihe von Sonderkarosserien für Packard herzustellen, die zunächst auf Ausstellungen gezeigt wurden. Daraus resultierten 325 Bestellungen. Sie bildeten die Grundlage für eine langjährige Beziehung zwischen Dietrich und Packard. 1927 gestaltete Dietrich die Modellpalette des auf luftgekühlte Fahrzeuge spezialisierten Unternehmens Franklin sowie die erste Baureihe des neu gegründeten Automobilherstellers Erskine. Hier beschränkte sich Dietrich auf die Entwürfe von Karosserien; der Aufbau der Fahrzeuge erfolgte jeweils bei anderen Herstellern.

Bezüglich individueller Aufbauten wurde Dietrich bald zum größten Karosseriehersteller der Vereinigten Staaten. In den späten 1920er-Jahren entstanden bei Dietrich bis zu 25 Kundenfahrzeuge pro Woche. Dabei wurden die Entwürfe vielfach standardisiert und in 25 bis 50 Exemplaren pro Jahr hergestellt. In den späten 1920er-Jahren bot Dietrich Karosserien an, die auf unterschiedliche Fahrgestelle passten. Das Dietrich Victoria Convertible von 1929 etwa konnte sowohl mit einem Packard- als auch mit einem Lincoln-Fahrgestell verbunden werden. Außerdem experimentierte Dietrich mit einem Observation car genannten Konzept des Briten Peter Jones. Eine Packard 645 Deluxe Eight Sedan-Limousine erhielt ein neues Heck mit zusätzlichen, auf 90° gebogenen Schienen im Dachabschluss und einer Hecktüre mit Kurbelfenster und integriertem Auszugtischchen. Außerdem konnte die hintere Sitzbank um 180° gedreht werden. Packard war interessiert doch es kamen nicht genügend Bestellungen zusammen um das Design in den Katalog aufzunehmen.

Dietrich war sich aber auch für Nutzfahrzeuge nicht zu schade. Wohl aus Kostengründen sind nur wenige gebaut worden. Eines schenkte der Kommandant des Detroit Fire Department, Paxton Mendelssohn, 1927 seiner Feuerwehr: eine Kombination aus Ambulanz und Stabswagen auf der Basis eines Packard Six 433.

Ab 1929 brachen die Verkäufe ein. Von manchen Karosserietypen wurden nur die Hälfte bis ein Drittel der kalkulierten, auf erfahrung beruhenden Menge nachbestellt. Nach dem Börsencrash Ende Oktober 1929 ("Schwarzer Freitag") geriet Dietrich Inc. in ernste Probleme. Die Murray Corporation, ihrerseits nach geschäftlichen Fehleinschätzungen seit 1926 unter neuer Führung, ließ Raymond Dietrich fallen. Er musste im September 1930 den Vorsitz seiner eigenen Firma abgeben. Sein nachfolger wurde L. Clayton Hill, bis dahin stellvertretender Verkaufsleiter bei Murray. Außerdem wurden zahlreiche unersetzliche Fachleute bei Dietrich Inc. entlassen.

1931 wurde Dietrich Inc. mit der Murray Corporation räumlich und organisatorisch zusammengelegt. Dietrich verlor dabei zunehmend seine Eigenständigkeit. Die in den 1930er-Jahren unter dem Namen Dietrich verkauften Aufbauten glichen stilistisch zunehmend denen von Murray; der Unterschied bestand vor allem darin, dass für die Dietrich-Versionen hochwertigere Materialien verwendet wurden.

Packard nutzte die 1929 von Dietrich gestalteten Aufbauten bis 1934. Bis dahin erfuhren die Entwürfe nur geringfügige Modifikationen. Das zunehmend veraltete Design war ein wesentlicher Grund dafür, dass Packard in den frühen 1930er-Jahren immer weniger Autos absetzte. Dies änderte sich erst mit einem neuen Design, das 1935 vorgestellt wurde. Auch die 1935er Packards wurden Dietrich zugeschrieben; tatsächlich aber hatte weder Raymond Dietrich noch die Dietrich Inc. etwas mit diesen Entwürfen zu tun. Packard hatte lediglich das Recht erworben, den Namen Dietrich für diese selbst entworfenen Karosserien zu verwenden.

1936 wurde der Verkauf von Dietrich-Karosserien aufgegeben.

Literatur
 Richard M. Langworth: Automobiles of the 1930s. Beekman House, New York 1980, ISBN 0-517-30994-7. (englisch)
 Pfau, Hugo: The Coachbuilt Packard. Dalton-Watson, London / Motorbooks International, Minneapolis 1973, ISBN 0-901564-10-9. (englisch)
 Walter M. P. McCall, Tom McPherson: Illustrated Encyclopedia of American Fire Engine Manufacturers. Iconografix, Hudson WI 2009, ISBN 978-1-58388-252-8. (englisch)

Weblinks
 Geschichte der Dietrich Inc. und Vita Raymond Dietrichs
 Geschichte der Murray Corporation

Einzelnachweise

Ehemaliger Karosseriehersteller
Ehemaliges Unternehmen (Detroit)
Produzierendes Unternehmen (Detroit)

Dietrich Inc.


The House of Borgia ( , ; Spanish and  ;  ) was a Spanish noble family, which rose to prominence during the Italian Renaissance. They were from Xàtiva, Kingdom of Valencia, the surname being a toponymic from the town of Borja, then in the Crown of Aragon, in Spain.

The Borgias became prominent in ecclesiastical and political affairs in the 15th and 16th centuries, producing two popes: Alfons de Borja, who ruled as Pope Callixtus III during 1455–1458, and Rodrigo Lanzol Borgia, as Pope Alexander VI, during 1492–1503.

Especially during the reign of Alexander VI, they were suspected of many crimes, including adultery, incest, simony, theft, bribery, and murder (especially murder by arsenic poisoning). Because of their grasping for power, they made enemies of the Medici, the Sforza, and the Dominican friar Girolamo Savonarola, among others. They were also patrons of the arts who contributed to the development of Renaissance art.

The Borgia family stands out in history as being infamously steeped in sin and immorality, yet there is evidence to suggest that this one-dimensional characterization is a result of undeserved contemporary critiques.

History

Early history
The Borja was a noble house with origin in the town of Borja (Zaragoza) in the then Crown of Aragon. During this time, there were numerous unsubstantiated claims that the family was of originally Jewish descent whom were pretending to be pious Roman Catholics. These underground rumours were propagated by, among others, Giuliano della Rovere, and the family was frequently described as marranos by political opponents. The rumours have persisted in popular culture for centuries, listed in the Semi-Gotha of 1912.  The family themselves propagated a spurious genealogical descent from a 12th-century claimant to the crown of the Kingdom of Aragon, Pedro de Atarés, Lord of Borja, who actually died childless.

Alfons

Alfons de Borja (1378–1458) was born to Francina Llançol and Domingo de Borja in La Torreta, Canals, which was then situated in the Kingdom of Valencia.

Alfons de Borja was a professor of law at the University of Lleida, then a diplomat for the Kings of Aragon before becoming a cardinal. At an advanced age, he was elected Pope Callixtus III in 1455 as a compromise candidate and reigned as Pope for just three years, until his death in 1458.

Rodrigo

Rodrigo Borgia (1431–1503) was born in Xàtiva, also in the Kingdom of Valencia, to Isabel de Borja i Cavanilles and Jofré Llançol i Escrivà. He studied law at Bologna and was appointed as cardinal by his uncle, Alfons Borgia, Pope Callixtus III. He was elected Pope in 1492, taking the regnal name Alexander VI. While a cardinal, he maintained a long-term illicit relationship with Vannozza dei Cattanei, with whom he had four children: Giovanni; Cesare; Lucrezia; and Gioffre. Rodrigo also had children by other women, including one daughter with his mistress, Giulia Farnese.

As Alexander VI, Rodrigo was recognized as a skilled politician and diplomat. However, he was widely criticized during his reign for his over-spending, sale of Church offices, lasciviousness, and nepotism. As Pope, he sought to acquire more personal and papal power and wealth, often ennobling and enriching the Borgia family directly.  He appointed his son, Giovanni, as captain-general of the papal army, his foremost military representative, and established another son, Cesare, as a cardinal.  Alexander used the marriages of his children to build alliances with powerful families in Italy and Spain. At the time, the Sforza family, which comprised the Milanese faction, was one of the most powerful in Europe, so Alexander united the two families by marrying Lucrezia to Giovanni Sforza. He also married Gioffre, his youngest son from Vannozza, to Sancha of Aragon of the Crown of Aragon and Naples. He established a second familial link to the Spanish royal house through Giovanni's marriage during what was a period of on-again/off-again conflict between France and Spain over the Kingdom of Naples.

It is reported that under Alexander VI's rule the Borgia hosted orgies in the Vatican palace. The "Banquet of Chestnuts" is considered one of the most disreputable balls of this kind. Johann Burchard reports that fifty courtesans were in attendance for the entertainment of the banquet guests. It is alleged not only was the Pope present, but also two of his children, Lucrezia and Cesare. Other researchers however, such as Monsignor Peter de Roo (1839–1926), have rejected the rumors of the "fifty courtesans" as being at odds with Alexander VI's essentially decent but much maligned character.

Pope Alexander VI died in Rome in 1503 after contracting a disease, generally believed to have been malaria. Two of Alexander's successors, Sixtus V and Urban VIII, described him as one of the most outstanding popes since St. Peter.

Cesare

Cesare was Rodrigo Borgia's second son with Vannozza dei Cattanei. Cesare's education was precisely planned by his father: he was educated by tutors in Rome until his 12th birthday.  He grew up to become a charming man skilled at war and politics. He studied law and the humanities at the University of Perugia, then went to the University of Pisa to study theology. As soon as he graduated from the university, his father made him a cardinal.

Cesare was suspected of murdering his brother Giovanni, but there is no clear evidence to confirm this. However, Giovanni's death cleared the path for Cesare to become a layman and gain the honors his brother received from their father, Pope Alexander VI. Although Cesare had been a cardinal, he left the holy orders to gain power and take over the position Giovanni once held: a condottiero. He was finally married to French princess Charlotte d'Albret.

After Alexander's death in 1503, Cesare affected the choice of the next Pope. He needed a candidate who would not threaten his plans to create his own principality in Central Italy. Cesare's candidate (Pius III) did become Pope, but he died a month after the selection. Cesare was then forced to support Giuliano della Rovere. The cardinal promised Cesare that he could keep all of his titles and honors. Later, della Rovere betrayed him and became his fiercest enemy.

Cesare died in 1507, at Viana Castle in Navarre, Spain, while besieging the rebellious army of Count de Lerín. The castle was held by Louis de Beaumont at the time it was besieged by Cesare Borgia and King John's army of 10,000 men in 1507. In order to attempt to breach the extremely strong, natural fortification of the castle, Cesare counted on a desperate surprise attack. He was killed during the battle, in which his army failed to take the castle.

Lucrezia

Lucrezia was born in Subiaco, Italy to Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia and Roman mistress Vannozza dei Catanei. Before the age of 13, she was engaged to two Spanish princes. After her father became Pope she was married to Giovanni Sforza in 1493 at the age of 13. It was a typical political marriage to improve Alexander's power; however, when Pope Alexander VI no longer needed the Sforzas, the marriage was annulled in 1497 on the dubious grounds that it had never been consummated.

Shortly afterwards she was involved in a scandal involving her alleged relationship with Pedro Calderón, a Spaniard generally known as Perotto. His body was found in the Tiber on February 14, 1498, along with the body of one of Lucrezia's ladies. It is likely that Cesare had them killed as an affair would have damaged the negotiations being conducted for another marriage. During this time rumors were also spread suggesting that a child born at this time, Giovanni Borgia, also known as the Infans Romanus (child of Rome) was Lucrezia's.

Lucrezia's second marriage, to wealthy young Prince Alfonso of Aragon, allowed the Borgias to form an alliance with another powerful family. However, this relationship did not last long either. Cesare wished to strengthen his relations with France and completely break with the Kingdom of Naples. As Alfonso's father was the ruler of the Kingdom of Naples, the young husband was in great danger. Although the first attempt at murder did not succeed, Alfonso was eventually strangled in his own quarters.

Lucrezia's third and final husband was Alfonso I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara. After her father died in 1503, she lived a life of freedom in Ferrara with her husband and children. Unfortunately, her pregnancies were difficult and she lost several babies after birth. She died in 1519, 10 days after the birth and death of her last child, Isabella Maria. She was buried in a tomb with Isabella and Alfonso.

Lucrezia was rumored to be a notorious poisoner and she became famous for her skill at political intrigue. However, some recent revisionists have looked at her in a more sympathetic light, claiming her to be a victim of her family's deceptions.

Family tree

Borgias of Velletri
One branch of the family established itself in the city of Velletri where for many years they served in the administration of the Papal States.

Pietro Borgia, married Madonna Filomena
 Ettore Borgia, married Porzia Landi
 Camillo Borgia, Governor of Velletri
 Clemente Erminio Borgia, Governor of Velletri, married Cecilia Carboni
 Stefano Camillo Borgia (1681–1763), married Madalena Gagliardi
 Giovanni Paolo Borgia, General in the Pontifical Army, married  Alcmena Baglioni-Malatesta
 Camillo Borgia (1777–1817), Adjutant-General and Field Marshall in Murat's army, married Adelaide Quainson
 Ettore Borgia (1802–1892), Italian politician
 Alessandro Borgia (1783–1871), Lieutenant of the Grand Master of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
 Stefano Borgia (1731–1804), cardinal
 Alessandro Borgia (1682–1764), Archbishop of Fermo
 Fabrizio Borgia (1689–1754), Bishop of Ferentino
 Angela Caterina Borgia (1694–1743), a nun and Servant of God

Other notable members of the house of Borja
Rodrigo de Borja (b. 1349), Head of the Borja family, great-grandfather of Rodrigo (Pope Alexander VI).
Rodrigo Gil de Borja y Fennolet (lived late 14th century), Rodrigo's son, jurat of Xativa.
Jofré Llançol i Escrivà (b. circa 1390 – d. 1436 or 1437), Rodrigo Gil's son; father of Rodrigo (Pope Alexander VI) and Pedro Luis.
Pedro Luis de Borja (1432–1458), Duke of Spoleto and Marquess of Civitavecchia.
Roderic de Borja i Escrivà (? – 1478)
Pier Luigi de Borgia, 1st duke of Gandía (1458 or 1460 – 1488 or 1491).
Giovanni Borgia, 2nd Duke of Gandia (1474 or 1476 – 1497)
Gioffre Borgia (1482–1516), son of Pope Alexander VI and younger brother of Cesare Borgia and Lucrezia Borgia. He married Sancha of Aragon, daughter of Alfonso II of Naples, obtaining as her dowry both the Principality of Squillace (1494) and the Duchy of Alvito (1497). He later married Maria de Mila y Aragón, with whom he had a son, Francesco Borgia.
Angela Borgia or Angela de Borja (c. 1486 – c. 1520–1522), lady of Sassuolo.
Enrique de Borja y Aragón (1518–1540)
Francis Borgia, 4th Duke of Gandía (1510–1572), great-grandson of Pope Alexander VI. Became an effective organizer of the Society of Jesus. Canonized by Clement X as "Saint Francis Borgia" on 20 June 1670.
Juan de Borja y Castro (1533–1606)
Tomás de Borja y Castro (1551–1610)
Juan Buenaventura de Borja y Armendia (1564* – 1628)
Íñigo de Borja (1575–1622), great-grandson of Francis and elder brother of Gaspar.
Gaspar de Borja y Velasco (1580–1645), born at Villalpando in Spain who unlike many of his relatives preferred to use the Spanish spelling "Borja". He served as Primate of Spain, Archbishop of Seville, and Archbishop and Viceroy of Naples.
Francisco de Borja y Aragón (1581–1658)
Fernando de Borja y Aragón (1583–1665)
Arturo Borja Pérez (1892–1912), Ecuadorian poet who was part of a group known as the "Generación decapitada" (Decapitated Generation).
Rosa Borja de Ycaza (1889–1964), Ecuadorian writer, essayist, playwright, sociologist, poet, novelist, feminist and activist.
Luz Elisa Borja Martínez (1903–1927), Ecuadorian poet, pianist, painter, and sculptor.
Rodrigo Borja Cevallos (1935), former President of the Republic of Ecuador

Gallery

In popular culture
The Borgias were infamous in their time, and have inspired numerous references in popular culture. They include novels, such as City of God: A Novel of the Borgias (1979) by Cecelia Holland, The Family (2001) by Mario Puzo, and Summer of Night (1991) by Dan Simmons, plays, operas, comics, films like The Borgia (2006), television series like Borgia (2011) and The Borgias (2011) on Showtime, and video games the likes of Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood (2010) by Ubisoft.

In series 4 of the sketch comedy TV show Horrible Histories, a song called "the Borgia Family" was featured in the section 'Radical Renaissance'. The song is a parody of the theme song to the Addams Family.

The family lore and artifacts are essential to the plot of the 1959 Disney film The Shaggy Dog.

See also
 Grandee of Spain
 List of popes from the Borgia family
 Borgia castles
 Route of the Borgias
 Borgia Apartments
 Monastery of Sant Jeroni de Cotalba
 Ducal Palace of Gandia
 Oratory of the Borgias
 Tower and walls of the Borgias
 Palace of the Borgias
 Birthplace of Pope Alexander VI

Notes

References
 Fusero, Clemente. The Borgias. New York, Praeger Publishers, 1966.
 Grun, Bernard. The Timetables of History. New York, Simon and Schuster, 1946, pp. 218, 220, 222.
 Hale, John R. Renaissance. New York, Time-Life Books, 1965, p. 85.
 "Mad Dogs and Spaniards: An Interview with Cesare Borgia." World and Image, 1996.
 Rath, John R. "Borgia." World Book Encyclopedia. 1994 edition. World Book Inc., 1917, pp. 499–500.
 Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume 1. (Old Catholic Encyclopedia) New York, Robert Appleton Company (a.k.a. The Encyclopedia Press), 1907.
 Duran, Eulàlia: The Borja Family: Historiography, Legend and Literature
 Meyer, G.J., The Borgias: The Hidden History, 2013
 Chaplin, Danny, BORGIA, Behind The Myth: A New History of the Notorious Papal Family, 2018

External links

 Centropolis.homestead_Library
  Borja o Borgia
  Francisco Fernández de Bethencourt – Historia Genealógica y Heráldica Española, Casa Real y Grandes de España, tomo cuarto
  Una rama subsistente del linaje Borja en América española, por Jaime de Salazar y Acha, Académico de Número de la Real Academia Matritense de Heráldica y Genealogía
  Boletín de la Real Academia Matritense de Heráldica y Genealogía
  La familia Borja: Religión y poder. Entrevista a Miguel Batllori
  La mirada sobre los Borja (Notas críticas para un estado de la cuestión)
 The Borja Family: Historiography, Legend and Literature by Eulàlia Duran, Institut d'Estudis Catalans
 Bibliography of heraldry of family Borgia
 History of the Borgia Family
 Institut Internacional d'Estudis Borgians
  García Rivas, Manuel: Los Borja americanos: su contribución al mundo de la cultura. Revista Borja. Centro de Estudios Borjanos. Actas del Congreso Los Borja en el arte, Nº. 5. España, 2015–2016, p. 15
 Diario Borja – Borgia  Tres siglos de Historia día a día

1455 establishments in Europe
1748 disestablishments in Europe
Borgia
Borgia
Borgia
Borja
Borja
Borgia
Borgia
Borgia
Borgia
Route of the Borgias
Monastery of Sant Jeroni de Cotalba

House of Borgia


Crkva Sv. Križa s grobljem u selu Rastovcu Donjem, općina Zagvozd, zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Vrijeme nastanka je od 15. do 17. stoljeća. Crkva Svetog Križa u Donjem Rastovcu sagrađena je 1612. godine na mjesnom groblju. Nekad je to bila župna crkva mjesta Zagvozd. Crkva je jednobrodna građevina, pravokutnog tlocrta s pravokutnom apsidom, orijentirana istok-zapad. Oko crkve nalazi se groblje sa stećcima, a pronađeni površinski materijal ukazuje na mogućnost postojanja ranijeg srednjovjekovnog groblja. U crkvi je sačuvana vrijedna oltarna slika iz 16./17. stoljeća.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-4477 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralna graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Zaštićeni sakralni kompleksi u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Katoličke crkve u Hrvatskoj
Zagvozd
Groblja u Hrvatskoj
Stećci u Hrvatskoj
Rastovac

Crkva Sv. Križa i groblje sa stećcima u Rastovcu


Die Bergische Arbeiterstimme war das Organ "für das arbeitende Volk des Kreises Solingen". Sie erschien von 1890 bis 1933 und nochmals kurz Anfang der 1950er Jahre. Die Redaktion befand sich in Solingen. Die Zeitung erschien täglich.

Geschichte
Die erste Nummer der Bergischen Arbeiterstimme erschien am 18. Mai 1890 als Organ der SPD, ab 1901 als Tageszeitung. Bis Ende des Ersten Weltkrieges war die Zeitung sozialdemokratisch geprägt. 1913 hatte sie eine tägliche Auflage von 13 000 Exemplaren, die bis 1925 auf 21 000 anstieg; damit war ihre Auflage in etwa so hoch wie die des bürgerlichen Solinger Tageblatts. Die Besonderheit der Arbeiterstimme war, dass sie nicht nur die Politik von einem proletarischen Standpunkt aus betrachtete, sondern auch Kunst und Moral. Sie war internationalistisch ausgerichtet, veröffentlichte aber auch Texte auf Solinger Platt.

Nach Ausbruch des Kriegs schrieb die Zeitung am 3. Juli 1914 unter der Überschrift "Krieg dem Kriege": "Auf dem Kriegsschauplatz beginnt das Morden. Die Kanonen reden ihre eherne Sprache und vernichten in wenigen Stunden ungezählte Menschenleben und mühsam geschaffene Werke der Kultur."  Es war der letzte unzensierte Artikel dieser Zeitung bis Kriegsende. Nach 1917 nahm sie eine kommunistische Ausrichtung, wurde zunächst Organ der USPD und ab 1920 der Kommunistischen Partei Deutschlands (KPD). Trotz Zensur berichtete die Arbeiterstimme aber aktuell und detailreich über den Fortgang der Revolutionen in Russland; die Artikel darüber stammten unter anderen von Lenin und Eugen Leviné. Während der Besatzung nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg durch britische Truppen wurde die Zeitung wiederholt verboten.

Viele bekannte sozialistische und kommunistische Publizisten arbeiteten für die Arbeiterstimme, die als Genossenschaft organisiert war. So wurde 1920 der deutsche Kommunist und spätere Spion Richard Sorge hauptamtlicher Mitarbeiter der Zeitung, schied aber auf Wunsch seiner Genossen bereits 1921 wieder aus. Ab ca. 1920 war Max Leven, der später von Nationalsozialisten ermordet wurde, Kulturredakteur. Von 1923 bis 1924 war Friedrich Jung für den Lokalteil tätig. Von 1909 bis 1917 war das zeitweilige Reichstags- und SPD-Mitglied Wilhelm Dittmann Chefredakteur, nachdem er 1902 schon als Redakteur dort gearbeitet hatte. Weitere Redakteure waren Johannes König, der die Zeitung 1928 leitete und später Botschafter der DDR wurde, sowie der Publizist Karl Schneidt. 1929 war der Chefredakteur Bernhard Bästlein, der 1944 im Zuchthaus Brandenburg hingerichtet wurde.

Im März 1929 wurde bei der Bergischen Arbeiterstimme gestreikt: Die Wirtschaftslage war an der Zeitung nicht vorbeigegangen, die kommunistisch geprägte Genossenschaft musste drei Mitarbeiter entlassen und führte Kontrollzettel für die Beschäftigten ein. Der SPD-geführte Betriebsrat und die Buchdruckergewerkschaft organisierten daraufhin einen Streik, der aber weitgehend folgenlos blieb, weil mit Hilfe kommunistischer Helfer der Betrieb weitergeführt wurde. Die KPD vermutete hinter dieser Aktion ein SPD-Manöver gegen ihre Zeitung, zumal es weitere Streiks dieser Art im Reich gab und eine rabiate Propaganda von Seiten der SPD. Die Geschäftsleitung der Druckerei kündigte den Mitarbeitern fristlos.

Vom 1. bis 15. Februar 1933, nach der "Machtergreifung" durch die Nationalsozialisten, wurde die Bergische Arbeiterstimme verboten. Anschließend erschien sie erneut bis zum endgültigen Verbot im März 1933.

Eng verbunden mit der Zeitung Bergische Arbeiterstimme war die Sozialistische Republik aus Köln, die vom 5. Januar 1919 bis Mitte 1920 als Kopfblatt der Bergische Arbeiterstimme erschien.

Einzelnachweise

Zeitung (Deutschland, Erscheinen eingestellt)
Zeitung (Weimarer Republik)
Zeitung (Deutsches Kaiserreich)
Deutschsprachige Tageszeitung
Presse (Solingen)
Medium in genossenschaftlicher Trägerschaft
Ersterscheinung 1890
Erscheinen eingestellt 1933
Genossenschaftswesen (Deutschland)

Bergische Arbeiterstimme


Borkovice (deutsch Borkowitz) ist eine Gemeinde in Tschechien. Sie liegt fünf Kilometer nordwestlich von Veselí nad Lužnicí in Südböhmen und gehört zum Okres Tábor.

Geographie
Borkovice befindet sich rechtsseitig des Baches Brod an dessen Einmündung in die Blatská stoka im Landstrich Soběslavská Blata im Wittingauer Becken. Südwestlich erhebt sich der Panský kopec (434 m). Gegen Norden erstrecken sich die Moorgebiete Borkovická blata und Kozohlůdky.

Nachbarorte sind Borkovický Dvůr, Svinky, Vlastiboř, Záluží, Mokrá und Vesce im Norden, Čeraz, Soběslav und Dráchov im Nordosten, Řípec und Žíšov im Osten, Veselí nad Lužnicí im Südosten, Horusice, Kundratice und Sviny im Süden, Dolní Bukovsko, Horní Bukovsko und Sobětice im Südwesten, Hartmanice und Mažice im Westen sowie Klečaty und Komárov im Nordwesten.

Geschichte
Die erste schriftliche Erwähnung von Borkovice erfolgte am 1. April 1354, als Ulrich IV. von Neuhaus das Dorf zusammen mit Zálší, Mažice, Svinky, Vlastiboř und Sviny an die Rosenberger verkaufte. Ulrich II. von Rosenberg überließ 1430 einen Teil des Dorfes dem Augustiner-Chorherrenstift Wittingau. Nach der 1785 erfolgten Aufhebung des Stiftes erwarb Johann Fürst von Schwarzenberg 1787 die Klostergebäude sowie das Klostergut, das er an seine Herrschaft Wittingau anschloss. Nach 1817 entstand das Schulhaus. Der Torfabbau in den Mooren begann in der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts; er erfolgte in Handarbeit, das gestochene Torf wurde zu Torfziegeln getrocknet. Im Jahre 1840 bestand Borkowitz aus 52 Häusern mit 317 Einwohnern, davon waren zwölf Häuser dem Gut Zalschy untertänig. Im Ort bestand eine Schule. Zu Borkowitz gehörten ein abseitig gelegenes Jägerhaus (Jitra) und ein Wiesenhegerhaus. Pfarrort war Drachow. Bis zur Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts blieb das Dorf immer dem Gut Wittingau untertänig.

Nach der Aufhebung der Patrimonialherrschaften bildete Borkovice/Borkowitz ab 1850 eine Gemeinde in der Bezirkshauptmannschaft Třeboň/Wittingau und dem Gerichtsbezirk Veselí nad Lužnicí. Nach der Errichtung einer neuen Schule wurde 1897 im alten Schulhaus ein Armenhaus eingerichtet, heute ist es Sitz des Gemeindeamtes. Während der deutschen Besetzung arbeiteten zwischen 1943 und 1945 Häftlinge des Arbeitserziehungslagers Plan in den Torfstichen. Nach der Aufhebung des Okres Třeboň wurde Borkovice 1948 Teil des Okres Soběslav. Seit der Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts wurde der Torfabbau industriell betrieben, er wurde zum Ende der 1970er Jahre wegen Erschöpfung der Torflager eingestellt. Der Okres Soběslav wurde 1961 wieder aufgelöst und die Gemeinde dem Okres Tábor zugeordnet. Zum 1. Juli 1980 erfolgte die Eingemeindung von Zálší, Mažice, Klečaty, Sviny und Kundratice. Nach Referenden lösten sich diese Dörfer zum 24. November 1990 wieder los und bilden eigene Gemeinden.

Gemeindegliederung
Für die Gemeinde Borkovice sind keine Ortsteile ausgewiesen. Zu Borkovice gehören die Einschichten Borkovický Dvůr und Jitra.

Sehenswürdigkeiten
 Kapelle, errichtet 1814
 Mehrere Gehöfte im Blatastil des südböhmischen Bauernbarocks
 Naturdenkmal Borkovická blata, nördlich des Ortes, vom Hegerhaus Jitra führt ein Naturlehrpfad in das Torfmoor
 Hegerhaus Jitra, Alois Jirásek schrieb hier seinen Roman Proti všem
 Naturschutzgebiet Torfmoor Kozohlůdky, nördlich von Borkovice

Söhne und Töchter der Gemeinde
 Ladislav Kubeš (1924–1998), Komponist, Arrangeur und Musiker

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Präsentation auf veseli.cz
 Präsentation auf selskebaroko.cz

Ersterwähnung 1354

Borkovice


ජල ගැලුම් නිම්න ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානය යනු මහවැලි ගඟ සංවර්ධන ව්‍යාපෘතිය යටතේ පිහිටුවනු ලැබූ ජාතික වනෝද්‍යාන හතර අතුරින් එකකි. වනෝද්‍යානය 1984 වසරේ අගෝස්තු 7 වන දින පිහිටුවන ලදී. මහවැලි ගඟ ජල ගැලුම් නිම්න කලාපය ඔස්සේ ගඟ දෙපස පිහිටුවා ඇති වනෝද්‍යානය අලි ඇතුන්ට ආහාර බහුල බිම් ප්‍රදේශයක් සේ සැළකේ. එසේම මෙම වනෝද්‍යානය අලි ඇතුන්ට වස්ගමුව සහ සෝමාවතිය යන ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානය අතර ගමන් කිරීමට අවකාශ සලසන බිම් තීරයක් ලෙසද හදුනාගැනේ. වනෝද්‍යානය කොළඹ සිට කිලෝමීටර 222ක් පමණ ඊසාන දිග දිශාවෙන් පිහිටා ඇත.

මූලාශ්‍ර

ජාතික උද්‍යාන
ශ්‍රී ලංකාව

ජල ගැලුම් නිම්න ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානය


Tijelovska osmina jest razdoblje u crkvenoj godini vezano uz blagdan Tijelova i snažnije razmatranje euharistijskoga otajstva. Tijelovsku osminu slijedi blagdan Presvetoga Srca Isusova.

Sastavni je dio liturgije rimskoga obreda u Tridentskoj misi.

Tijekom tijelovske osmine održavaju se tijelovske procesije, čašćenje Presvetoga Oltarskoga Sakramenta i ostale euharistijske pobožnosti.

Tijelovska osmina spominje se u zapisima Margarete Marije Alacoque, na temelju čijih je viđenja Katolička Crkva uvela blagdan Presvetoga Srca Isusova završetkom Osmine Tijelova.

Uz razdoblje Osmine, a napose tijelovske procesije, vežu se različiti običaji.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Osmina Tijelova

Euharistija
Kršćanska liturgija

Tijelovska osmina


An Rhynchospora fascicularis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni André Michaux, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Vahl. An Rhynchospora fascicularis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Rhynchospora, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 R. f. fascicularis
 R. f. sierrensis

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Rhynchospora

Rhynchospora fascicularis


Le Mans (), Fransa'da Sarthe Nehri ile Huisne Nehri'nin birleşme mevkiinde üzerinde kurulmuş bir şehir. Pays de la Loire bölgesinde Sarthe departmanının merkezidir.

Şehirde yaşayanlar için kullanılan diğer isimler Manceaux and Mancelles'dir.

Tarihçe

Le Mans şehri Normandiya Dükalığı (1144), İngiltere Krallığı (1154), Kudüs Krallığı (1131) ve Akitanya Dükalığı (1153) başına gelen Plantagenet Hanedanının ve Fransa Krallığı'nın 1328'da başına gelen Valois Hanedanı'nın cedlerinin bulunduğu şehirdi.

Le Mans XVI. yüzyıldan Fransız Devrimi'ne kadar eski Fransa Krallığı "Maine et du Perche" eyaletinin merkezi olmuştur.

Le Mans şehri ilk Alman-Fransız şehri arasındaki anlaşmayı imzalayan şehir olarak övünmektedir. 836'da Le Mans, Alman şehri olan Paderborn ile bir Avrupa müttefikliği antlaşması imzalamıştır ve Le Mans şehirlileri bunun Avrupa Birliğinin bir çekirdeği olması ile övünmektedirler.

Nüfus

Şehrin belediye sınırları içindeki nüfusu (2007 itibarıyla) 148.340 olup etrafındaki varoşlarıyla şehirleşme alanındaki "Le Mans Metro"'daki nüfus 303.289'dur. Nantes ve Angers den sonra "Pays de la Loire" bölgesinin üçüncü büyük şehridir. Şehirleşme alanı içinde metropoliten bölge olan "Le Mans Metropolitaine" Fransa içinde 16. sırayı alır.

İl merkezinde yaklaşık 1,100 Türk yaşamaktadır.

"Le Mans 24 saat yarışları" ve diğer sportif yarışlar

Le Mans şehri 1923'ten beri her yıl "24 Heures du Mans" adlı otomobil yarışları organize etmesi ile dünyada oto sporu sevenlerin büyük ilgisini çekmektedir. Şehirde bulunan mekanik sanayi dolayısıyla Le Mans otomobilin doğmasına büyük katkıda bulunmuş ve ilk defa 1906 da "Fransız Grand Prix" oto yarışını ihdas etmiştir. Benzer şekilde Le Mans şehri sportif motosiklet yarışlarının kurulup gelişmesine büyük katkıda bulunmuştur ve günümüzde tertip edilen sportif motosiklet yarışmalarının sayısına göre bu sporda Fransa'da başta gelen şehir olmaktadır.

Görülecek yerler

 Şehrin "Cité Plantagenêt", veya "Vieux Mans (Eski Mans)" adı verilen 3. yüzyıldan kalan merkezi semti günümüze kadar muhafaza edilmiş Le Mans şehrinin tarihsel merkezini oluşturmaktadır. Eski Mans tastan yapılarının özel mimari niteliklerinden dolayı "kırmızı şehir" olarak anılmaktadır.
 Antik Roma'nın Gal eyaletinin önemli bir merkezi olarak şehri çevreleyen surların bir kısmi günümüze kadar kalmıştır ve turist çekmektedir. Yine antik Romalı Gal eyaleti doneminden kalma kent yanından gecen nehir kenarında eski Romalı hamamı harabeleri bulunmaktadır.
 Le Mans'daki "Saint-Julien Katedrali" 2009'da "Pays de la Loire" bölgesinde en çok turist çeken tarihsel bina olmuştur.
 Le Mans'daki diğer bir tarihsel turist çeken bina ise "Maine" Düklerinin sarayı olmuştur.
 Le Mans şehrinde her yaz Temmuz ve Ağustos aylarında akşamları turist-seyirciler çeken "ses ve ışık (son et lumiere)" gösterisi hazırlanıp sunulmaktadır Bu gösteride Roma-Gal surları ve şehrin St Julien Katedraline özel ilgi çekilmektedir.

Kardeş şehirler

Le Mans şehrinin, aşağıdaki şehirlerle kardeş şehir bağları vardır:

Resimler

Ayrıca bakınız

 Fransa'daki şehirler listesi
 Le Mans 24 Saat
 Le Mans 24 Saat Galipleri
 Le Mans

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Le Mans ve Le Mans Metropol yerel idareleri resmi websitesi
 Le Mans Turizm Ofisi resmi websitesi

Fransa'nın prefektörlükleri

Le Mans


An Dendrochilum micholitzianum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Friedrich Fritz Wilhelm Ludwig Kraenzlin. An Dendrochilum micholitzianum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dendrochilum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Sumatera.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 D. m. longispicatum
 D. m. micholitzianum

Mga kasarigan

Dendrochilum

Dendrochilum micholitzianum


Ľubomíra Kurhajcová (Bratislava, Checoslovaquia, 11 de octubre de 1983), es una tenista eslovaca. En toda su carrera, jamás ha logrado pasar de la primera ronda en un Grand Slam.

Referencias

Tenistas femeninas de Eslovaquia
Eslovacos del siglo XXI
Nacidos en Bratislava

Ľubomíra Kurhajcová


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Židovska općina Sarajevo

|-
!
!Osnovano1565.
HazanIgor Kožemjakin
SjedišteSarajevo
DržavaBosna i Hercegovina
|}

Židovska općina Sarajevo je vjerska organizacija građana Bosne i Hercegovine židovskog podrijetla. Sjedište općine je u Sarajevu.

Povijest

Židovska doseljenička povijest u Bosnu i Hercegovinu i Sarajevo počela je 1492. godine nakon što su španjolski katolički kraljevski par Ferdinand i Izabela uspjeli slomiti vlast muslimanskih vladara na području današnje Španjolske. Za preostale državljane muslimanske i židovske vjere počelo je vrijeme diskriminacije i pritiska da prihvate kršćanstvo ili da odsele. U tom momentu, osmanska vlast dopustila je židovskim prognanicima iz Španjolske da se nastane na njihovu području.

Židovska općina Sarajevo

Oko 1551. doselile su prve židovske obitelji u Sarajevo, a već 1565. godine osnovana je Židovska (Sefardska) općina u Sarajevu Na molbu sarajevskih muslimanskih prvaka, Sijavuš-paša Hrvat, prilikom dolaska u Sarajevo 1581. godine dao je sagraditi veliki han za stanove Židova, kako bi živjeli kao posebni narod u gradu. Međutim, osmanska vlast nije Židovima nametnula odredbe o getu koje su prvo uspostavili kršćanski vladari. Sijavuš-paša je uspio od sultana dobiti dopuštenje da sarajevski Židovi podignu svoju sinagogu. Tu prvu Sefardsku staru sinagogu su Židovi nazvali Il Kal Grandi (Veliki hram).

Samuel Baruh iz Soluna vršio je službu rabina među sarajevskim Židovima od 1623. do 1649. godine. Smatra se prvim rabinom u Sarajevu. U njegovo vrijeme podignuto je Židovsko groblje u kojem je do danas sačuvana i grobnica Samuela Baruha. Kada je austrijski vojskovođa Eugen Savojski prodro s vojskom do Sarajeva 1697. godine, dao je spaliti Sarajevo i tada su izgorjele najstarije matične knjige Židova. Godine 1731. godine Židovska općina u Sarajevu je inaugurirala svoj najstariji sačuvani Statut, a rabin David Pardo je već 1768. godine u Sarajevu osnovao židovsku teološku školu zvanu Ješiva. Tri godine kasnije osnovao je takvu školu i za Židove Travnika. Službu rabina od 1815. do 1830. obavljao Moše Danon koji je pošao u Palestinu s namjerom da tamo umre, ali je na tom putu umro u Stocu gdje na njegov grob i danas hodočaste Židovi Bosne i Hercegovine. Dolaskom Austro-Ugarske 1878. godine počeli su se u Sarajevo doseljavati i državljani židovske vjere, zvani Aškenazi. Godine 1879. osnovana je Aškenaška židovska općina u Sarajevu, a već 1901. po projektu Karla Paržika sagrađena je Aškenaška sinagoga na drugoj strani Miljacke koja i danas služi kao bogomolja sarajevskih Židova.

Nastankom Jugoslavije 1918. osnovana je Federacija židovskih religijskih zajednica u toj državi. Od 1928. do 1941. u Sarajevu je izlazio Jevrejski glas kao političko, kulturno i vjersko glasilo Židova. O značaju Židovske općine u Sarajevu govori podatak, da je 1923. godine Savez židovskih općina u Beogradu odlučio da se osnuje Srednji teološki seminar u Sarajevu, zbog toga što je Sarajevska židovska općina bila najstarija, imala veliki broj sinagoga, i sefardsku i aškenasku općinu, dva nadrabina i najviše prostora za smještaj. Srednji teološki seminar u Sarajevu je otvoren 1928. godine, što pokazuje da je Sarajevo u tom periodu bilo središte Židova u Jugoslaviji. Godine 1930. u Sarajevu je otvorena nova sefardska sinagoga Templ (Veliki novi hram), u to doba najveća nadsvođena građevina na Balkanu.

U travnju 1941. započinje Drugi svjetski rat u Jugoslaviji i Sarajevo postaje dio Nezavisne Države Hrvatske. Ustaške vlasti postavljaju Srećka Bujasa da se stara o Židovskoj općinu u Sarajevu. Istog mjeseca je zapaljen i opljačkan Templ. Najprije su njemački vojnici i pljačkaši napali na molitveni prostor Templa, srušili luster s tisuću svijeća, po pod bacali relikvije, gazili knjige Mojsijeve, noževima parali tkanine, međusobno se tukli oko zlata i srebra, s kupole odvaljivali bakreni pokrov, bacali namještaj iz ureda. I onda, umoreni i uvjereni da su odnijeli sve što se odnijeti može, u kasno popodne otišli. Prolaznici su odvraćali pogled, pognutih glava žurno zamicali. Dok se sve to događalo, na suprotnoj strani ulice stajali su Moric Papo, tajnik Židovske općine u Sarajevu, Moric Daniti, kurir i Albert Finci. Stajali su i nemoćno promatrali. Kada su se uvjerili da su njemački vojnici i pljačkaši otišli, zaputili su se u opustošeni Templ. Kurir Daniti je natovario sve knjige na kolica i odnio ih u jedan privatni stan. Poslije su matične knjige povjerene vjeroučitelju Jakovu Maestru, a Pinkasi, noviji iz 1925., i stari iz 1720. Finciju, koji ih je smjestio u kasu. Nakon toga je došao njemački oficir i zatražio Pinkase. Kada su mu predati, uzeo je onaj manji, iz 1720., i stavio u tašnu. Nije ostavio revers. Ne zna se ko je bio njemački oficir, niti je ikad utvrđeno o kome se radilo. Poslije Drugog svjetskog rata su mnogi pokušavali pronaći taj Pinkas. Pričalo se da bi mogao biti u nekoj austrijskoj knjižnici ili negdje u Njemačkoj, možda u Leipzigu.

U istoj godini (1941.) Židovima je naređeno nošenje žute zvijezde, a potom su organizirane deportacije na prisilni rad. Blizu 5 tisuća Židova deportirano je u logore, iako su pojedini ugledni građani Sarajeva prosvjedovali zbog toga. Tokom 1942. godine najveći broj Židova je deportiran u logore Jasenovac i Auschwitz. Prema popisu iz 1926. u Bosni i Hercegovini je bilo 13.643 Židova. Poslije Drugog svjetskog rata, 1945. godine u Bosni i Hercegovini je bilo samo 1.292 osoba židovskog podrijetla. Godine 1946. došlo je do ujedinjena sefarske i aškenaške židovske općine u jednu Židovsku općinu u Sarajevu. Židovi koji su preživjeli Drugi svjetski rat su ostali u Bosni i Hercegovini. U SFR Jugoslaviji židovska zajednica je dobila priliku da se ponovo oporavi, pa se, nakon rata, većina Židova ženila izvan svoje etničke skupine. Zbog toga, mnogi Srbi, Hrvati i Bošnjaci su se asimilirani u židovsku zajednicu. Ovi miješani brakovi su se ispostavili važni u Sarajevu tokom rata u Bosni i Hercegovini, pošto je židovska zajednica od oko 2.000 ljudi bila jedina jednako povezana s tri zaraćene strane.

Godine 1966. u Sarajevu su mnoge manifestacije obilježile 400 godina od dolaska Židova u Bosnu i Hercegovinu. Najstarija sinagoga Il Kal Grandi adaptirana je u Muzej Židova Bosne i Hercegovine, a na ostatcima sefardskog Templa napravljeno je "Radničko sveučilište Đuro Đaković" (danas Bosanski kulturni centar), u čijem je foajeu postavljena spomen-Menora, u znak sjećanja na 400 godina od dolaska Židova u Bosnu i Hercegovinu. Iste godine je izvršena i obimna adaptacija aškenaške sinagoge u Sarajevu koja je građevinski uređena tako da je njen gornji dio zadržao funkciju hrama sinagoge, a donji prostor je uređen u kancelarijske i radne prostorije, i dvije velike funkcionalne sale za društveni, kulturni i zabavni sadržaj, te za okupljanje članova i prijatelja Židovske općine. Samo dvije godine poslije (1968.) umire Menahem Avram Romano, posljednji sarajevski rabin.

Godine 1992. u Sarajevu je višednevnom kulturnom manifestacijom Sefarad 92 obilježeno 500 godina od izgona Židova iz Španjolske. Iste godine početkom rata u Bosni i Hercegovini, Židovska općina u Sarajevu organizira nabavu hrane, lijekova i svake vrste pomoći, ali i nekoliko konvoja sa Sarajlijama koji bježe iz opkoljenog grada. Nakon rata u Bosni i Hercegovini Židovska općina u Sarajevu nastavlja djelovati. Danas ima svoju ljekarnu i kuhinju, koje su na raspolaganju članstvu. Stalno se održavaju mnoge kulturne manifestacije, te se objavljuje više značajnih publikacija.

Sarajevski rabini

Sarajevske sinagoge

Kroz nekoliko stoljeća življenja u Sarajevu, Židovi su pružali veliki doprinos razvoju grada. Početkom rata u Bosni i Hercegovini 1992-1995. godine, većina sarajevskih Jevreja je evakuirana iz okupiranog grada. Oni koji su ostali, dijelili su sudbinu ostalih građana i kroz djelovanje društva La Benevolencija pružali veliku pomoć svojim sugrađanima. Sarajevo je imalo veliki broj židovskih vjerskih objekata.

Il Kal Grandi (Veliki hram) je prva sinagoga u Sarajevu. Poznata je još pod imenom Stara sinagoga, Sijavuš-pašina daira, Il Kal vježu (Stari hram), Kortiž, Kortižiko (Kurtižiko) i Čifuthana. Sagrađena je 1581. godine. Sinagoga je više puta stradala od požara, naročito 1778. godine. Obnovljena je 1821. godine, a adaptirana i 1909. godine. Za vrijeme Drugog svjetskog rata služila je kao zatvor za Židove, prije upućivanja u logore. Nakon rata je restaurirana kao Muzej Židova Bosne i Hercegovine.

Il Kal Nuevu (Novi hram) je sinagoga sagrađena sedamdesetih godina 19. stoljeća. Nalazi se u Sijavuš-pašinoj avliji uz Il Kal Grandi. Ova sinagoga je prestala djelovati 1930. godine, nakon otvorenja Templa. Pred početak rata u Bosni i Hercegovini, u ovoj sinagogi je otvorena Galerija Novi hram.

Bet Tefila (Kuća molitve) je nekadašnja sinagoga u sarajevskom naselju Mejtaš. Poznata je i kao Il Kal di la Bilava. Bet Tefila je podignuta 1900/1. godine, a za utemeljenje ove sinagoge najveće zasluge ima nadrabin Avram Papo. Zdanje sinagoge, ali s drugom namjenom, postoji i danas. Godine 1941. ustaše su ovu sinagogu pretvorile u zatvor. Na fasadi Bet Tefile su i danas prepoznatljivi židovski simboli menora i Davidova zvijezda .

Aškenaska sinagoga  se nalazi na lijevoj strani rijeke Miljacke, između mostova Ćumurija i Drvenija. Podignuta je 1902. godine prema projektu arhitekta Karla Paržika, za Židovsku aškenašku općinu u Sarajevu. Građevina je primjer pseudomaurskog stila. Nakon Drugog svjetskog rata, ova aškenaška sinagoga dugo je bila jedini aktivni židovski hram u Sarajevu. Danas služi kao zajednička bogomolja i Aškenazima i Sefardima, ali se u njoj nalazi i sjedište Židovske općine u Sarajevu, društva La Benevolencija, te Židovske zajednice u Bosni i Hercegovini.

Il Kal di Lud Mudus (Hram nijemih), je bila mala sinagoga smještena u židovskoj palači u Ulici Ćemaluša. Palača je, prema projektu Josipa Vancaša, podignuta 1903. godine za Židovsku općinu i školu Talmud-Tora (kasnije Degel Tora, a 1928. godine Jevrejski srednji teološki zavod). Po čuvenom nadrabinu Abrahamu Kaponu, osnivaču židovskog lista na ladino jeziku La Alborada, ovaj hram je nazivan i Il Kal di Kapon, a po rabinu Šabetaju Đajenu i Il Kal di Đajen. Naziv Il Kal di lus modernus dolazi od novotarija u enterijeru (balkon za žene nije imao drvene rešetke), a ime Hram nijemih, jer je Abraham Kapon uveo hor u sinagogu, pa su vjernici morali da se mole tiho.

Il Kal di tiju Mači Bohor je mala sinagoga koja se početkom dvadesetih godina 20. stoljeća nalazila u Ulici Pehlivanuša, na Banjskom brijegu i cijelom Sarajevu. Bila je omiljena sinagoga Avrama Romana, poznatog kao Mači Bohor (čika Bohor). To je bila i sinagoga udruge "Olat haboker".

Templ (Veliki novi hram) je sefardska sinagoga u Sarajevu, koja se nalazila u Ulici Branilaca Sarajeva (danas se tu nalazi "Bosanski kulturni centar"). Gradnja Templa je započela 15. lipnja 1926. godine, a okončana 14. rujna 1930. godine, kada je hram i posvećen. Arhitekt je bio Rudolf Lubynski iz  Zagreba. Templ je sagrađen u pseudomaurskom stilu. Za ovu židovsku sinagogu bila je karakteristična elipsoidna kupola pokrivena bakrom, po dimenzijama treća u Europi tog vremena. Tokom okupacije u Drugom svjetskom ratu Nijemci i ustaše, te sarajevski ološ, opljačkali su i potpuno demolirali Templ, arhiv, bogatu knjižnicu, židovski muzej i židovsku vijećnicu, koji su postojali uz hram. Templ je, prema projektu arhitekta Ivana Štrausa, renoviran i pregrađen 1964. godine.

Tikun Hacot je mala sinagoga koja se nalazila u Ulici Jaroslava Černija (koju su Sefardi zvali La kaleža di lus Aškenazim /Aškenaska ulica/). Otvorena je krajem 19. stoljeća, u jednoj stambenoj kući. Prestala je djelovati početkom Drugog svjetskog rata. Tikun hacot je kabalistički termin. "Tikun" je hebrejska riječ i znači "ispravka" ili "obnavljanje". To je i mistični pojam, koji označava uspostavljanje pravog poretka i jedinstva. "Hacot" je isto hebrejska riječ za "ponoć". Prema predanju, Bog svaki put u ponoć pehar puni suzama, pa kad pehar bude pun, doći će Mesija. Pobožni sarajevski Židovi okupljeni oko sinagoge "Tikun Hacot", ustajali su u ponoć, izgovarali tužbalice zvane "kinot" i plakali, pomažući da se pehar ispuni

Ciduk adin je kapela na Židovskom groblju u Sarajevu. Podignuta je 1923/1924. godine prema projektu inženjera Franz Scheidiga, suvlasnika tadašnje sarajevske građevinske firme "Horvath &Scheidig". Građevina je projektovana po uzoru na sinagogu u Essenu. Posvećena je 1924. godine. Između 1919. i 1930. godine groblje je ograđeno masivnom kamenom ogradom. Također je podignuta velika trodjelna kapija od kovanog željeza. Obnovljena je pred rat u Bosni i Hercegovini, a u ratu potpuno demolirana. Nakon rata u Bosni i Hercegovini kapela je temeljito obnovljena.

Bilješke
Pinkas je zapisnik, registar kongregacije. Ponekad i matična knjiga rođenih, vjenčanih, umrlih. Kronika jedne zajednice.
Bet-Din tj. zajednički sud. Oni su zajednički vijećali i zajednički odlučivali, do izbora novog rabina.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Kratka kronolija jevrejske zajednice u BiH

Sarajevo
Židovi u Bosni i Hercegovini

Židovska općina Sarajevo


—en español: «Rondó de la tristeza y el amor enloquecido por la piel blanca»— Es el décimo sencillo de la banda japonesa Malice Mizer lanzado el 26 de julio de 2000. Este es el primer sencillo en el que participó Klaha como vocalista, aún no era miembro oficial y su nombre se mantuvo en secreto hasta el concierto de Bara ni Irodorareta. Su nombre no figura en los créditos.

Alcanzó el número 36 en el ranking del Oricon Style Singles Weekly Chart y se mantuvo durante dos semanas en la lista.

Lista de canciones

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 -scape- shiroi hada ni kuruu ai to kanashimi no rondo Información sobre el sencillo Shiroi hada ni kuruu ai to kanashimi no rondo
 -scape- letra de shiroi hada ni kuruu ai to kanashimi no rondo Letra de la canción Shiroi hada ni kuruu ai to kanashimi no rondo

Sencillos de 2000
Sencillos de Malice Mizer

Shiroi


Ahmose was an Ancient Egyptian queen in the Eighteenth Dynasty. She was the Great Royal Wife of the dynasty's third pharaoh, Thutmose I, and the mother of the queen and pharaoh Hatshepsut. Her name means "Born of the Moon".

Family

It is not known who Ahmose's father and mother were. It has been suggested that Ahmose was either a daughter of pharaoh Amenhotep I or a daughter of pharaoh Ahmose I and possibly Ahmose I's sister-wife Ahmose-Nefertari. Ahmose was never called a King's Daughter. This fact creates some doubt about these theories about Ahmose's royal family connections. However, Ahmose did hold the title King's Sister. This may suggest that she was a sister of Pharaoh Thutmose I.

Ahmose is identified with an impressive array of titles: Hereditary Princess (iryt-p`t), Great of Praises (wrt-hzwt), Mistress of Great Beloved Sweetness (nebt-bnrt-'3(t)-mrwt), Great King's Wife, his beloved (hmt-niswt-wrt meryt.f), Mistress of Gladness (hnwt-ndjm-ib), Lady of all Women (hnwt-hmwt-nbwt), Mistress of the Two Lands (hnwt-t3wy), Companion of Horus (zm3yt-hrw), Beloved Companion of Horus (zm3yt-hrw-mryt.f), King's Sister (snt-niswt)

Ahmose was the Great Royal Wife of Thutmose I. She is depicted in Deir-el-Bahari and she appears there with a daughter named Neferubity. Ahmose was also the mother of the queen-pharaoh Hatshepsut. It is not known with certainty whether Princes Amenmose and Wadjmose were her sons. They are generally thought to be the sons of Queen Mutnofret, another wife of Thutmose I.

Monuments and inscriptions
An official named Yuf served as the second prophet of the dues (S'w) of the altar, the doorkeeper of the temple, and as a priest. He also served several royal women. He first served queen Ahhotep, the mother of pharaoh Ahmose I, he was responsible for repairing the disturbed tomb of Queen Sobekemsaf, and eventually served Queen Ahmose. Yuf recorded that Queen Ahmose appointed him as assistant treasurer and entrusted him with the service to a statue of her majesty

Ahmose features prominently in the divine conception scenes. Hatshepsut had scenes created showing how the god Amun approached her mother, Ahmose, and how she (Hatshepsut) was of divine birth. The inscriptions show how the god Thoth first mentions Queen Ahmose to Amun. "Ahmose is her name, the beneficent, mistress of [--], She is the wife of the king Aakheperkare (Thutmose I), given life forever" (from Breasted's Ancient Records). The god Amun then proceeds to the palace and makes himself known to the Queen. They proceed to conceive a child and Amun declares that she should be named Khnemet-Amun-Hatshepsut. Amun proceeds to the god Khnum and instructs him to create Hatshepsut. The scenes continue to show the confinement of the queen and the birth of her divine daughter.

Many years later Pharaoh Amenhotep III copied these scenes almost exactly to show how Amun visited his mother, Queen Mutemwiya, and conceived the royal prince.

References

 Queens consort of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
16th-century BC women
15th-century BC Egyptian women
Thutmose I
Amenhotep I

Ahmose (queen)


Gerry Barr is the 1996 recipient of the Pearson Medal of Peace for the creation of the Steelworkers Humanity Fund. He is currently the National Executive Director and CEO of the Directors Guild of Canada.

External links
 Pearson Medal of Peace - Gerry Barr

References

21st-century Canadian philanthropists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
20th-century Canadian philanthropists

Gerry Barr


An Cynorkis brachycentra in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Charles Frappier ngan Eugène Jacob de Cordemoy, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Schltr.. An Cynorkis brachycentra in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cynorkis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha R�union. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cynorkis

Cynorkis brachycentra


Mönkeberg Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Plön iline bağlı belediye. 2,71 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 31 Aralık 2015 itibarıyla yaklaşık 4.111 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Kilometrekare başına yaklaşık 1.479 kişilik bir nüfus yoğunluğuna sahiptir. Belediye Başkanlığı Jens Heinze tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 http://www.amt-schrevenborn.de

Kaynakça

Plön iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Mönkeberg


Die werktägliche Sendung Abendschau – Der Süden ist eines der Regionalmagazine der Abendschau im BR Fernsehen, das von Montag bis Freitag live im BR Fernsehen Süd von 17.30 Uhr bis 18.00 Uhr ausgestrahlt wird. Bis 5. Oktober 2012 trug das Magazin den Titel Schwaben & Altbayern aktuell und wurde im Zuge eines Abendschau-Relaunch am 8. Oktober 2012 in Abendschau – Der Süden umbenannt, um die Sendung wieder näher an die Hauptsendung Abendschau anzugliedern. Ab 1994 war die Sendung unter dem Titel Bayern live – Der Süden zu sehen.

Inhalt und Themen
In der Sendung Abendschau – Der Süden werden aktuelle Berichte aus Bayern, Hintergründe zu aktuellen Themen, Geschichten und Ratgeber ausgestrahlt, speziell aus den südlichen Regierungsbezirken Bayerns. Ähnlich wie bei der sonntäglichen Splitting-Sendung Schwaben & Altbayern des Bayerischen Fernsehens Süd, lässt sich vom früheren Namen der Sendung ableiten, aus welchen Regionen Bayerns berichtet wird. Bestandteil der Sendung sind ebenso wie in der Abendschau die Live-Reportagen, bei denen die Reporter live von Einrichtungen in Bayern Informationen, Reportagen, Gespräche und Hintergründe präsentieren.  Gegen 17:45 Uhr gibt es einen Beitrag unter der Rubrik Kompakt, in welcher die wichtigsten Meldungen des Tages aus Schwaben, Niederbayern, Oberbayern und der Oberpfalz zusammengefasst werden. Gegen 17:57 Uhr wird das Bayernwetter aktuell präsentiert – meist live draußen an der freien Luft. Unmittelbar im Anschluss an das Wetter wird das Programm mit der Abendschau (dann wieder für ganz Bayern) fortgesetzt.

Moderatoren
Aktuell wird die Sendung wöchentlich im Wechsel von Annette Betz, Tom Meiler (seit 8. Oktober 2012) und Florian Kienast (seit 14. März 2022) moderiert, gelegentlich moderiert Roman Roell vertretungsweise. Bis 29. Februar 2012 war darüber hinaus auch Renate Herzberg als Moderatorin von Schwaben & Altbayern aktuell im Einsatz, bevor sie in Ruhestand ging. Außerdem moderierte Roman Roell das Regionalmagazin bis 1. Oktober 2012 regelmäßig, ehe er in das Moderatorenteam der Hauptsendung Abendschau wechselte. Anna Groß präsentierte die Sendung von 2010 bis Oktober 2012, Andrea Otto von Oktober 2012 bis Ende 2020.

Das Wetter wird meist von Kathrin Rohrmoser, Silvia Jester, Astrid Hofmann, Juliane Schönberger oder Christian Kienast präsentiert, Live-Reporter vor Ort sind aktuell u. a. Martin Breitkopf, Mathias Flasskamp, Anja Marks-Schilffahrt, Nicole Remann und Uschi Schmid.

Weitere Regionalmagazine der Abendschau
Um stärker aus den verschiedenen Regionen Bayerns berichten zu können, führte das Bayerische Fernsehen am 2. Mai 1994 das Regionalsplitting mit der Teilung der  Abendschau in Bayern live – Der Norden und Bayern live – der Süden ein. Montags bis donnerstags wurde die Regionalberichterstattung im Bayerischen Fernsehen von 18:30 Uhr bis 18:42 Uhr gesendet. Seit 2007 findet das Splitting in die Regionalmagazine, welche auch die jeweils regionalen Wettervorhersagen beinhalten, von 17:30 Uhr bis 18:00 Uhr statt. Während Abendschau – Der Süden (bzw. früher Schwaben & Altbayern aktuell) für das BR Fernsehen Süd aus dem Abendschau-Studio in München ausgestrahlt wird, wird zeitgleich für den Norden Bayerns im Splitting-Programm BR Fernsehen Nord die Frankenschau aktuell aus dem Studio Franken in Nürnberg gesendet.

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website von Abendschau – Der Süden auf br.de

Einzelnachweise

BR Fernsehen
Fernsehsendung (Deutschland)

Abendschau – Der Süden


Ipirá es un municipio brasileño del estado de Bahía. Su población estimada en 2004 era de 61.271 habitantes.
Se separó de Feria de Santana y fue automáticamente creada por la Resolución Provincial n° 520, del 20 de abril de 1855, con el topónimo de Santana do Camisão, en homenaje a su antigua localización,

Por el Decreto n° 7.521, del 20 de julio de 1931, pasó a llamarse Ipirá, nombre de origen indígena cuyo significado es "Ipi" (río) y "Rá" (pez) - "río del pez".

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Bahía

Ipirá


ලයිරා බෙලාක්වා (), හෙවත් ලයිරා සිල්වර්ටන්ග්, යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ ෆිලිප් පුල්මන්ගේ හිස් ඩාර්ක් මැටීරියල්ස් නවකථා ත්‍රිත්වයෙහි එන ප්‍රධාන වීරවරියයි. හිස් ඩාර්ක් මැටීරියල්ස් අනුව, ලයිරා නම් දැරිය අපගේ විශ්වයට සමාන්තර වෙනත් විශ්වයක වාසය කරයි. ඔක්ස්ෆර්ඩ් හි ජෝර්ඩන් කොලීජියේ හැදීවැඩෙන ඇය, අධිකාරිය ලෙස හඳුන්වන දේවාත්මයක් සමඟ සිටින අස්රියෙල් උතුමාණන් සහ ඔවුන්ගේ ප්‍රතිපාක්ෂික මෙටාට්‍රොන් අතර වූ විශ්වීය යුද්ධයකට මැදි වෙයි. ලයිරා චරිතය ද බුක් ඔෆ් ඩස්ට්'' නම් නවකථා ත්‍රිත්වයෙහි ද ප්‍රමුඛව දක්නට ලැබේ.

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

හිස් ඩාර්ක් මැටීරියල්ස් චරිත
චිත්‍රපට තුළ ළමා චරිත
රූපවාහිනිය තුළ ළමා චරිත
සාහිත්‍යය තුළ ළමා චරිත

ලයිරා බෙලාක්වා


Dark Knight may refer to:

Batman franchise media

Batman comics
 Dark Knight, a nickname for the DC Comics superhero Batman
 Batman: The Dark Knight, a monthly comic book series written by David Finch from 2011 to 2014
 Batman: The Dark Knight, a 1986 miniseries by Frank Miller collected in the graphic novel The Dark Knight Returns
 Batman: Legends of the Dark Knight, a monthly comic book series from 1989 to 2007

Batman films
 The Dark Knight Trilogy of Christopher Nolan films:
 Batman Begins, 2005
 The Dark Knight, 2008
 The Dark Knight Rises, 2012
 Batman: DarKnight, an undeveloped Batman film proposed in 1998

Batman music
 The Dark Knight (soundtrack), the soundtrack album to the 2008 film

Batman games
 Batman: The Dark Knight (video game), a cancelled video game based on the 2008 film

Batman attractions
 The Dark Knight Coaster, a roller coaster at several Six Flags parks
 Batman: The Dark Knight (roller coaster), a roller coaster at Six Flags New England

Other uses
 Dark Knight (TV series) or Fantasy Quest, a medieval adventure TV series featuring Todd Rippon
 Black knight, a literary stock character
 "The Dark Knight of Gotham", nickname for Matt Harvey, Major League Baseball pitcher for the New York Mets
 TrES-2b, an extrasolar planet nicknamed "Dark Knight", as it reflects less than 1% of the light that hits it

See also
 Black Knight (disambiguation)

 Dark Night (disambiguation)
 Darkest Night (disambiguation)
 Darkest Knight

Dark Knight


Armillaria mellea, commonly known as honey fungus, is an edible basidiomycete fungus in the genus Armillaria. It is a plant pathogen and part of a cryptic species complex of closely related and morphologically similar species. It causes Armillaria root rot in many plant species and produces mushrooms around the base of trees it has infected. The symptoms of infection appear in the crowns of infected trees as discoloured foliage, reduced growth, dieback of the branches and death. The mushrooms are edible but some people may be intolerant to them. This species is capable of producing light via bioluminescence in its mycelium.

Armillaria mellea is widely distributed in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The fruit body or mushroom, commonly known as stump mushroom, stumpie, honey mushroom, pipinky or pinky, grows typically on hardwoods but may be found around and on other living and dead wood or in open areas.

Taxonomy

The species was originally named Agaricus melleus by Danish-Norwegian botanist Martin Vahl in 1790; it was transferred to the genus Armillaria in 1871 by Paul Kummer. Numerous subtaxa have been described:

Similar species
Armillaria mellea once included a range of species with similar features that have since been reclassified. The following are reassigned subtaxa, mostly variety-level entries from the 19th century:

Description

The basidiocarp of each has a smooth cap  in diameter, convex at first but becoming flattened with age often with a central raised umbo, later becoming somewhat dish-shaped. The margins of the cap are often arched at maturity and the surface is sticky when wet. Though typically honey-coloured, this fungus is rather variable in appearance and sometimes has a few dark, hairy scales near the centre somewhat radially arranged. The gills are white at first, sometimes becoming pinkish-yellow or discoloured with age, broad and fairly distant, attached to the stipe at right angles or are slightly decurrent. The stipe is of variable length, up to about  long and  in diameter. It is fibrillose and of a firm spongy consistency at first but later becomes hollow. It is cylindrical and tapers to a point at its base where it is fused to the stipes of other mushrooms in the clump. It is whitish at the upper end and brownish-yellow below, often with a very dark-coloured base. There is a broad persistent skin-like ring attached to the upper part of the stipe. This has a velvety margin and yellowish fluff underneath and extends outwards as a white partial veil protecting the gills when young. The flesh of the cap is whitish and has a sweetish odour and flavour with a tinge of bitterness. Under the microscope, the spores are approximately elliptical, 7–9 by 6–7 μm, inamyloid with prominent apiculi (short, pointed projections) at the base. The spore print is white. The basidia (spore-producing structures) lack basal clamps.

The main part of the fungus is underground where a mat of mycelial threads may extend for great distances. They are bundled together in rhizomorphs that are black in this species. The fungal body is not bioluminescent but its mycelia are luminous when in active growth.

Hosts and symptoms
Armillaria mellea typically infects hardwood trees and conifers but sometimes will infect non-woody monocots and a few herbaceous plants. There are few signs, and the ones that do exist are often hard to find. The most prominent sign is honey-coloured mushrooms at the base of the infected plant. Additional signs include white, fan-shaped mycelia and black rhizomorphs with diameters between 1/32nd of an inch and 1/8th of an inch. These usually are not as noticeable because they occur beneath the bark and in the soil, respectively. The symptoms are much more numerous, including slower growth, dieback of branches, yellowing foliage, rotted wood at base and/or roots, external cankers, cracking bark, bleeding stem, leaf wilting, defoliation, and rapid death. Leaf wilting, defoliation, and dieback occur after the destruction of the cambium.

Disease cycle
Armillaria mellea infects both through basidiospore and penetration of host species by rhizomorphs which can grow up to 10 feet long to find new, living tissue to infect. However, infection of living host tissue through basidiospores is quite rare. Two basidiospores must germinate and fuse to be viable and produce mycelium. In the late summer and autumn, Armillaria mellea produces mushrooms with notched gills, a ring near the cap base, and a white to golden color. They don't always appear, but when they do they can be found on both living and dead trees near the ground. These mushrooms produce and release the sexually created basidiospore which is dispersed by the wind. This is the only spore-bearing phase. The fungus overwinters as either rhizomorphs or vegetative mycelium. Infected wood is weakened through decay in roots and tree base after destruction of the vascular cambium and underlying wood.

Environment
Armillaria mellea prefers moist soil and lower soil temperatures but it can also withstand extreme temperatures, such as forest fires, due to the protection of the soil. It is found in many kinds of landscapes, including gardens, parks, vineyards, tree production areas, and natural landscapes.

Distribution
Armillaria mellea is widespread in northern temperate zones. It has been found in North America, Europe and northern Asia, and It has been introduced to South Africa. The fungus grows parasitically on a large number of broadleaf trees.  It fruits in dense clusters at the base of trunks or stumps.

Ecology

Trees become infected by Armillaria mellea when rhizomorphs growing through the soil encounter uninfected roots. Alternatively, when infected roots come into contact with uninfected ones the fungal mycelium may grow across. The rhizomorphs invade the trunk, growing between the bark and the wood and causing wood decay, growth reduction and mortality. Trees that are already under stress are more likely to be attacked but healthy trees may also be parasitized. The foliage becomes sparse and discoloured, twig growth slows down and branches may die back. When they are attacked, the Douglas-fir, western larch and some other conifers often produce an extra large crop of cones shortly before dying. Coniferous trees also tend to ooze resin from infected areas whereas broad-leaved trees sometimes develop sunken cankers. A growth of fruiting bodies near the base of the trunk confirms the suspicion of Armillaria root rot.

In 1893, the American mycologist Charles Horton Peck reported finding Armillaria fruiting bodies that were "aborted", in a similar way to specimens of Entoloma abortivum. It was not until 1974 that Roy Watling showed that the aborted specimens included cells of both Armillaria mellea and Entoloma abortivum. He thought that the Armillaria was parasitizing the Entoloma, a plausible hypothesis given its pathogenic behaviour. However, a 2001 study by Czederpiltz, Volk and Burdsall showed that the Entoloma was in fact the microparasite. The whitish-grey malformed fruit bodies known as carpophoroids were the result of E. abortivum hyphae penetrating the Armillaria and disrupting its normal development.

The main part of the fungus is underground where a mat of mycelial threads may extend for great distances. The rhizomorphs of A. mellea are initiated from mycelium into multicellular apices of rhizomorphs, which are multicellular vegetative organs that exclude soil from the interior of the rhizomorph tissues. The rhizomorphs spread through far greater distances through the ground than the mycelium. The rhizomorphs are black in this species. The fungal body is not bioluminescent but its mycelia and rhizomorphs are luminous when in active growth. A. mellea producing rhizomorphs is parasitic on woody plants of many species, including especially shrubs, hardwood and evergreen trees. In one example, A. mellea spread by rhizomorphs from an initially infected tree killed 600 trees in a prune orchard in 6 years. Each infected tree was immediately adjacent to an already infected one, the spread by rhizomorphs through the tree roots and soil. (Piper and Fletcher, 1903, Wash. Age. Exp. Sat. But., 59:  1–14); cited in Rhizomorph Development in A. mellea, Ph.D. thesis, by Philip Snider(1957), Farlow Herbarium Library Harvard Univ., 20 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, Mass.

Management
There are no known fungicides or management practices that will kill Armillaria mellea after infection without damaging the infected plant, but there are practices that can extend the life of the plant and prevent further spreading. The best way to extend the plant life is to improve the host condition through supplemental watering and fertilization. To prevent further spread, regulate irrigation to avoid water stress, keep the root collar dry, control defoliating pathogens, remove stumps, fertilize adequately, avoid physical root damage and soil compaction, and don't plant trees that are especially susceptible to the disease in places where Armillaria mellea has been recorded. There is also some evidence that biological control using the fungus genus Trichoderma may help. Trichoderma is a predator of Armillaria mellea and is often found in woodchips. Therefore, chipping or grinding dead and infected roots will give Trichoderma its preferred habitat and help it proliferate. Solarization will also create an ideal habitat as dry soil and higher soil temperatures are preferable for Trichoderma but poor conditions for Armillaria mellea.

Edibility

Armillaria mellea mushroom are considered good edibles, though not preferred by some, and the tough stalks are usually excluded. Some individuals have reported "allergic" reactions that result in stomach upsets. Some authors suggest not collecting mushrooms from the wood of various trees, including hemlock, buckeye, eucalyptus, and locust. They may have been used medicinally by indigenous peoples as a laxative.

The mushrooms have a taste that has been described as slightly sweet and nutty, with a texture ranging from chewy to crunchy, depending on the method of preparation. Parboiling mushrooms before consuming removes the bitter taste present in some specimens, and may reduce the amount of gastrointestinal irritants. According to one guide, they must be cooked before eating. Drying the mushrooms preserves and intensifies their flavour, although reconstituted mushrooms tend to be tough to eat. The mushrooms can also be pickled and roasted.

Chemistry
Several bioactive compounds have been isolated and identified from the fruit bodies. The triterpenes 3β-hydroxyglutin-5-ene,  friedelane-2α,3β-diol, and friedelin were reported in 2011. Indole compounds include tryptamine, L-tryptophan and serotonin.

The fungus produces cytotoxic compounds known as melleolides. Melleolides are made from orsellinic acid and protoilludane sesquiterpene alcohols via esterification. A polyketide synthase gene, termed ArmB, was identified in the genome of the fungus, which was found expressed during melleolide production. The gene shares ca. 42% similarity with the orsellinic acid synthase gene (OrsA) in Aspergillus nidulans. Characterization of the gene proved it to catalyze orsillinic acid in vitro. It is a non-reducing iterative type 1 polyketide synthase. Co-incubation of free orsellinic acid with alcohols and ArmB showed cross-coupling activity. Therefore, the enzyme has transesterification activity. Also, there are other auxiliary factors suspected to control substrate specificity. Additionally, halogen modifications have been observed. Overexpression of annotated halogenases (termed ArmH1-5) and characterization of the subsequent enzymes revealed in all five enzymes the chlorination of mellolide F. In vitro reactions of free standing substrates showed that the enzymes do not require auxiliary carrier proteins for substrate delivery.

Importance
Armillaria mellea has been reported in almost every state with the continental United States. It is one of the most common causes of death in trees and shrubs in both natural and human cultivated habitats, and cause steady and substantial losses.

Pathogenesis
Armillaria mellea infects new hosts through rhizomorphs and basidiospores. It is rare for basidiospores to be successful in infecting new hosts and often colonize woody debris instead, but rhizomorphs, however, can grow up to ten feet long in order to find a new host.

See also
 Forest pathology
 List of Armillaria species
 List of bioluminescent fungi

References

External links

Bioluminescent fungi
mellea
Edible fungi
Fungi described in 1790
Fungi of Africa
Fungi of Asia
Fungi of Europe
Fungi of North America
Parasitic fungi
Fungal grape diseases
Fungal tree pathogens and diseases
Taxa named by Martin Vahl

Armillaria mellea


Maycon & Vinícius é uma dupla sertaneja de cantores, compositores, multi-instrumentistas brasileiros e empresários, formada pelos irmãos Maycon Martins e Vinícius Martins. Ficaram conhecidos nacionalmente pelos hits "Moça do Espelho" e "Duas da Manhã".

Biografia
A dupla goianiense formada pelos irmãos Maycon Martins e Vinicius Martins surgiu em meados de 2003. Filhos de músico, foi o pai quem ensinou as diferenças e funções da primeira voz e segunda voz, iniciando ali a dupla Maycon & Vinicius.

A dupla teve a carreira lançada em 2015 na tradicional e considerada a maior festa country da América Latina, a Festa do Peão de Barretos.

Em 2017, a música romântica Moça do Espelho, interpretada pela dupla, foi bem executada nas rádios. Com letra chamativa e boa construção nos versos, a faixa, que no início de 2017 atingiu quase cinco milhões de downloads e 11 milhões de views no YouTube, destacando-se nos estados de Minas Gerais, Goiás e São Paulo, fechou o ano entre as mais tocadas.

Com a música, a dupla a conquistou dois prêmios de terceiro lugar no Prêmio Palco MP3.

Discografia
Álbuns
 Maycon & Vinicius (2016)
 Maycon e Vinicius: Ao Vivo no Estúdio Showlivre (2018)
 Social de Maycon e Vinicius (2018)
 Tudo Que Eu Queria (com Fernando e Sorocaba) (2019)
 Maycon & Vinicius Ao Vivo na Praia (2020)
 Quem Vê Cara Não Vê Coração (com Maiara & Maraisa) (2022)

Ligações externas

Duplas sertanejas
Duplas de sertanejo universitário
Artistas da Sony Music Entertainment

Maycon & Vinícius


Jonny spielt auf (título original en alemán; en español, Jonny empieza a tocar) es una ópera en dos partes y 11 escenas con música y libreto de Ernst Krenek que fue estrenada en Leipzig por Gustav Brecher. La obra tipifica la libertad cultural de la "época dorada" de la República de Weimar, y se estrenó en el Stadttheater de Leipzig el 10 de febrero de 1927.

La obra fue traducida a 18 idiomas. La versión francesa se estrenó el 21 de junio de 1928 por Désiré-Émile Inghelbrecht con Hugues Cuénod en el Teatro de los Campos Elíseos. En las estadísticas de Operabase aparece con sólo dos representaciones en el período 2005-2010.

Argumento
Anita la cantante está enamorada de Max el compositor pero también ama a Daniello, un violinista virtuoso y poseedor de un maravilloso instrumento. Fascinado por el violín de Daniello, Jonny le roba el instrumento.

Referencias
Notas

Fuentes y Licencia
John Warrack, guide de l'Opéra éd.Fayard 1986 pág. 406. ISBN 2-213-01563-5

Óperas de Ernst Krenek
Óperas en alemán
Óperas de 1927
Óperas estrenadas en Leipzig

Enlaces externos
 Notas, discografía y libreto (alemán / español) Kareol

Jonny spielt auf


ශ්‍රීමත් ඉන්ද්‍රජිත් ලියනගේ යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවවේ ගුවන් විදුලි, රූපවාහිනී නිවේදකයකු, පුවත්පත් කලාවේදියකු , ග‍්‍රන්ථ කර්තෘවරයකු, චිත්‍රපට හා ටෙලි නාට්‍ය නළු, හඬකැවීම් ශිල්පියෙකුදවේ.

ශ්‍රීමත් ඉන්ද්‍රජිත් ලියනගේ පියා ප්‍රසිද්ධ ජන මාධ්‍යවේදියකු වූ ගුණදාස ලියනගේය. මෑණියන් චන්ද්‍රලතා ලියනගේය.

ශ්‍රීමත් ජනමාධ්‍ය ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ සෑම පැතිකඩක්ම (ලේඛනය, රංගනය, නිවේදනය, ගායනය, චිත්‍ර කලාව, හඬ කැවීම) දක්ෂයෙකි.

ඔහු ගුවන් විදුලියේ පැටිකිරිය වැඩසටහන, රූපවාහිනියේ මුහුණට මුහුණ වැඩසටහන, ප්‍රවීණා ටෙලි නාට්‍යයේ රිෂබා බාලාජී චරිතයට හඬ කැවීම අතින් ඉතා ප්‍රසිද්ධ විය.

ජනමාධ්‍ය වේදීන් පුහුණු කිරීමේ කටහඬ නිවේදන ඇකඩමියේ හිමිකරු සහ ප්‍රධාන විධායක අධ්‍යක්ෂක ශ්‍රීමත්ය.

ශ්‍රීමත් ඉන්ද්‍රජිත් ලියනගේ  කොළඹ නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලයයේ ආදි සිසුවෙකි.

ආශ්‍රිත

 ශ්‍රීමත් ඉන්ද්‍රජිත් ලියනගේයන්ගේ ගේ ඉංග්‍රීසි විකිපීඩියා පිටුව

 කොළඹ නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලයයේ ආදි සිසු මාධ්‍යවේදීන්

චරිත කතා
ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයෝ
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික බෞද්ධයෝ
ලාංකික සිංහලයෝ
ආදි නාලන්දියයෝ
රංගන ශිල්පීන්

ශ්‍රීමත් ඉන්ද්‍රජිත් ලියනගේ


José Hugo Garaycoa Hawkins (Callao, 2 de junio de 1930 - Lima, 26 de marzo de 2018) fue un sacerdote peruano. Obispo de la Diócesis de Tacna y Moquegua y Presidente de la Conferencia Episcopal Peruana.

Biografía
Estudió economía y contabilidad en la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.

En 1956, siguiendo su vocación religiosa, ingresó al Facultad de Teología Pontificia y Civil de Lima, luego lo enviaron a Canadá a terminar la teología; estudió derecho canónico y derecho romano en la Universidad Lateranense (Italia); y espiritualidad en la Universidad Santa Teresa (Italia). Fue ordenado sacerdote el 9 de julio de 1961.

Falleció en la ciudad de Lima, a las 10:24 p. m. del 26 de marzo de 2018, debido a su resquebrajada salud por la que anteriormente tuvo que ser sometido numerosas operaciones. Su cuerpo fue depositado en la cripta de la obispos de la Catedral de Tacna.

Episcopado
El 16 de diciembre de 1982 fue nombrado  Obispo Titular de Horaea y Obispo Auxiliar de Lima, recibiendo la ordenación episcopal el 25 de enero de año siguiente. El 6 de junio de 1991 fue nombrado Obispo Titular de la Diócesis de Tacna y Moquegua, tomando posesión en agosto del mismo año. El 1 de septiembre de 2006 se retira del cargo, siendo nombrado posteriormente Obispo emérito de Tacna y Moquegua.

Fue presidente de la Comisión Episcopal de la Juventud, director nacional del Departamento de Vocaciones y miembro del directorio del Consejo Económico del Arzobispado de Lima.

Asimismo, ocupó el cargo de rector de la Facultad de Teología Pontificia y Civil de Lima y del Instituto de Estudios Teológicos Juan XXIII. Ha sido presidente de la Conferencia Episcopal Peruana.

Premios y reconocimientos
 Exalumno distinguido - Asociación de Egresados y Graduados de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP).

Referencias

Véase también
 Iglesia católica en el Perú

Enlaces externos
 Catholic Hierarchy
 Diócesis de Tacna u moquegua en GCatholic

Chalacos
Alumnado de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Sacerdotes católicos de Perú
Obispos auxiliares de Lima
Obispos de Tacna
Presidentes de la Conferencia Episcopal Peruana
Obispos nombrados por Juan Pablo II

Hugo Garaycoa


Lukrecija (umrla 510 pr. Kr.), bila je prema tradiciji rimska plemkinja udata za Lucija Tarkvinija Kolatina, rođaka posljednjeg rimskog kralja, Lucija Tarkvinija.

Životopis

Lukrecija je bila poznata po svojoj neobičnoj ljepoti i čednosti. Ove osobine privukle su mladog Seksta Tarkvinija, jednog od kraljevih sinova, koji ju je jedne noći silovao, kada joj je muž bio odsutan. Lukrecija je ispričala mužu što se dogodilo, a zatim je počinila samoubojstvo uzevši nož koji je zabola u svoje srce.

Događaj je izazvao revolt koji je predvodio Lucije Junije Brut, Lukrecijin brat, koji je pozvao građane Rima na oružje kako bi ispravili tu nepravdu. Oni su ga poslušali te protjerali Tarkvinija i Seksta u Etruriju 509. pr. Kr. i osnovali republiku.

Priča o Lukreciji bila je motiv velikog broja umjetničkih djela a između ostalog bila je osnova za Shakespearovu epsku pjesmu Silovanje Lukrecije.

Galerija

Rimska mitologija

Lukrecija


Matthew Stewart, 2. grof od Lennoxa (1460. – 9. rujna 1513. u bitci kod Floddena) bio je istaknuti škotski plemić. Stewart je bio sin Johna Stewarta, 1. grofa od Lennoxa i Margaret Montgomerie, kćeri Alexandera, gospodara od Montgomerieja.

Prvu ženidbu sklopio je 13. lipnja 1490. s Margaret Lyle, koja je bila kći Roberta Lylea, lorda Lylea, a drugu 9. travnja 1494., s Elizabeth Hamilton, čiji su roditelji bili James Hamilton, 1. lord Hamilton i škotska princeza Mary Stewart, kći kralja Jakova II.

Matthew i Elizabeth imali su šestero djece:
 Mungo Stewart
 Agnes Stewart
 John Stewart, 3. grof od Lennoxa
 Margaret Stewart
 Elizabeth Stewart
 Catherine Stewart.

Bio je lord prepozit Glasgowa 1497., te ponovno od 1509. do 1513.

Ancestors

Izvori
G. E. Cokayne et al., eds. The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct, or Dormant. Reprint ed. (Gloucester, UK: Alan Sutton Publishing, 2000.).

Matthew Stewart, 2. grof od Lennoxa
Škotsko plemstvo

Matthew Stewart, 2. grof od Lennoxa


O noapte palpitantă (titlul original: în ) este un film de groază-comedie american din 1922 regizat de D.W. Griffith. Rolurile principale sunt interpretate de actorii Carol Dempster, Henry Hull și Morgan Wallace.

Distribuție
 Carol Dempster - Anges Harrington
 Herny Hull - John Fairfax
 Morgan Wallace - J. Walison Rockmaine
 Margaret Dale - Mrs. Harrington
 Charles Emmett Mack - A Guest
 Charles Croker-King - The Neighbor
 Porter Strong - Romeo Washington
 Frank Sheridan - Detective
 Frank Wunderlee - Samuel Jones
 Grace Griswold - Auntie Fairfax
 Irma Harrison - The Maid
 Herbert Sutch - Clary Johnson
 Percy Carr - The Butler

Referințe

Legături externe

Filme din 1922
Filme de comedie
Filme în limba engleză
Filme de comedie din anii 1920
Filme regizate de D.W. Griffith
Filme americane
Filme de comedie americane

O noapte palpitantă


مايكروسوفت أوفيس بوبليشر يختصر مايكروسوفت بوبليشر هو برنامج نشر مكتبي من مايكروسوفت. يختلف عن مايكروسوفت وورد في كونه يركز أكثر على تصميم الصفحة لا على تنسيق النصوص والمقاطع.

مراجع

برمجيات مايكروسوفت ويندوز
برمجيات نشر مكتبي
مايكروسوفت أوفيس
منتجات عرضت في 1991

مايكروسوفت بوبليشر


Donetsk (Ukraynaca: Донецьк, Rusça: Донецк), 1928'deki Harkiv yazımına göre Donetske (Ukraynaca: Донецьке) olarak da adlandırılan, eskiden Aleksandrovka, Yuzivka (Hughesovka) ve Stalino olarak bilinen, Ukrayna'nın doğusunda Donetsk Oblastı'nda Kalmius Nehri üzerinde bulunan bir sanayi şehridir. Nüfusun şehir merkezinde 901.645, metropolitan alanda ise 2 milyonun üzerinde olduğu tahmin edilmektedir. Donetsk, 2001 nüfus sayımına göre Ukrayna'nın en büyük beşinci şehridir.

Donetsk, idari olarak Donetsk Oblastı'nın merkezi olmakla birlikte, tarihsel olarak daha büyük ekonomik ve kültürel Donets Havzası (Donbas) bölgesinin gayri resmi başkenti ve en büyük şehridir. Donetsk, bir başka büyük şehir olan Makiyivka ile komşudur ve çevresindeki diğer şehirlerle birlikte bölgede büyük bir kentsel yayılma ve şehirleşme alanı oluşturmaktadır. Donetsk, ağır sanayi ve kalifiye işgücü yoğunluğuyla Ukrayna'nın önemli bir ekonomik, endüstriyel ve bilimsel merkezi olmuştur. Ağır sanayilerin yoğunluğu (ağırlıklı olarak çelik üretimi, kimya sanayi ve kömür madenciliği) kentin zorlu ekolojik durumunu belirlemiştir. 2012 yılında bir BM raporu Donetsk'i dünyanın nüfusu en hızlı azalan şehirleri arasında göstermiştir.

Rus İmparatorluğu'nun Avrupa kısmının güneyinde yer alan ilk yerleşim yeri ilk olarak 1779 yılında İmparatoriçe Büyük Katerina döneminde Aleksandrovka olarak anılmıştır. 1869'da Galli işadamı John Hughes bölgede bir çelik fabrikası ve birkaç kömür madeni kurdu ve kasabaya onun rolünden dolayı Hughesovka veya Yuzivka ("Yuz", Hughes'in Rusça karşılığıdır.) adı verildi. Sovyet döneminde şehrin çelik endüstrisi genişledi. 1924 yılında Yuzivka'nın adı Stalin olarak değiştirildi. 1929'da Stalin'in adı Stalino olarak değiştirildi ve 1932'de şehir Donetsk bölgesinin merkezi oldu. 1961'de Donetsk adını alan şehir, bugün kömür madenciliği ve çelik endüstrisi için bir merkez olmaya devam etmektedir.

Nisan 2014'ten bu yana Donetsk ve çevresi, Rusya yanlısı ayrılıkçı güçlerin şehir ve çevresindeki bölgelerin kontrolü için Ukrayna askeri güçlerine karşı savaştığı, devam etmekte olan Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı'nın başlıca çatışma alanlarından biri olmuştur. Savaş boyunca Donetsk şehri, Donetsk Halk Cumhuriyeti'nin (DPR) merkezi olarak Rusya yanlısı ayrılıkçı güçler tarafından yönetildi ve Donetsk bölgesinin dış bölgeleri iki taraf arasında bölündü. Donetsk Uluslararası Havalimanı, 2014 yılında neredeyse bir yıl süren bir savaşla savaşın merkez üssü haline geldi.

Ekim 2022 itibariyle, Rusya şehrin tam kontrolünü elinde bulundurmaktadır, Ukrayna ve Rus kuvvetleri şehrin yakınlarında çatışmaya devam etmektedir.

Tarih
Modern Donetsk bölgesindeki toprakların yerleşimi 17. yüzyılda Zaporojya Kazakları tarafından başlatılmıştır.

1775 yılında, Zaporijya Siçi'in tasfiyesinden sonra, şimdi Donetsk'in parçası olan topraklar, Izium Albay, Teğmen Yevdokim Shidlovsky'nin soyuna verildi. 1779'da Shidlovsky, bu topraklarda Oleksandrivka (Kiev Donetsk bölgesinin kuzeydoğu kısmı) ve Krutoyarivka (Donetsk'in Voroshilov bölgesinin çoğu) yerleşimlerini kurdu. Birincisinin adı en büyük oğlu Alexander ve ikincisi - yerleşimi bölen dağ geçidinden (kalıntıları hala doğudan Şehir Kültür ve Rekreasyon Parkı tarafından çerçevelenmiştir). Böylece, Shidlovsky'nin modern şehir sınırları içindeki mülkleri Putylivsky Parkı'ndan Donetsk Metalurji Fabrikasına kadar uzanıyordu.

1869'da Welshman John Hughes, kurucunun adını taşıyan Yuzivka köyündeki işçiler tarafından metalurjik bir tesisin inşasına başladı. Bu tarih köyün kurulduğu zaman olarak kabul edilir. O zamanlar Oleksandrivka, Hryhorivka ve Avdotyino yerleşimlerinin Donetsk topraklarında zaten var olduğunu hatırlamakta fayda var.

Mayıs 1917'de 70.000 nüfusa sahip Yuzivka köyü şehir statüsü aldı. Köyün nüfusunun ana kısmı, Orta Rusya'dan ve Azak Denizi Yunanları Güney Ukrayna'dan gelen göçmenlerdi.

Devrim öncesi Yuzivka iki bölüme ayrıldı: Zavodska - metalurji tesisinin alanı, burada "İngiliz kolonisi" - Büyük Britanya'dan göçmen alanı ve Yeni Dünya - yetkililerin ve zanaatkârların ikamet alanı. İngiliz kültürünün etkisi şehrin mimarisini ve planlamasını önemli ölçüde etkiledi.

1924'te kentin adı Stalin oldu.

1932'de şehir Stalinist bölgenin idari merkezi oldu.

1991'den beri - bağımsız Ukrayna'nın bir parçası.

Coğrafya

Donetsk, dağınık ormanlık, atık yığınları, tepeler, nehirler ve göllerle çevrili bozkır arazidedir. Kuzey etekleri esasen tarım için kullanılır. Kalmius Nehri, şehri güneye doğru  uzaklıktaki Azak Denizi'ne bağlar ve nehir Donetsk'de yaşayanlar için popüler bir dinlenme alanıdır. Geniş tarım arazileri kuşağı şehri çevreler.

Şehir kuzeyden güneye  ve doğudan batıya  uzanır. Yakınlarda 2 tane su rezervuarı vardır: Nyzhnekalmius (60 ha) ve "Donetsk Denizi" (206 ha). Kalmius, Asmolivka (13 km), Cherepashkyna (23 km), Skomoroshka ve Bakhmutka dahil olmak üzere 5 nehir şehrin içinden geçer. Şehir ayrıca toplam 125 atık yığınını kapsar.

İklim

2014 Ukrayna Krizi

Çatışmaların başlaması Rusya ile Avrupa Birliği arasındaki Ukrayna'nın yönünü belirleme çabasına dayanmaktadır. Ukrayna'da seçimler sonrası görevinden uzaklaştırılan eski başkan Viktor Yanukoviç Ukrayna'nın Rusya ile iyi ilişkiler kurması gerektiğini savunuyordu. 21 Kasım 2013'te Ukrayna-Avrupa Birliği Ortaklık Antlaşması hükûmet tarafından reddedilince Yevromaydan adı verilen ayaklanmalar başlamış ve 22 Şubat'ta Yanukoviç istifa edene kadar sürmüştür.

İstifası üzerine olaylar Kiev çevresinde yatışmış ama yeni gelen Batı yanlısı hükûmet Rus azınlık tarafından tepkiyle karşılandı. Kırım referandum ile Rusya tarafından ilhak edilince; Odessa, Harkiv, Donestk ve Luhansk gibi Rus kökenli vatandaşların yaşadığı yerlerde geniş çaplı protesto gösterileri düzenlendi.

Daha sonra hükûmet binalarını ele geçiren protestocular kısa sürede Donestk ve Luagnsk gibi şehirlerde kontrolü ele geçirdi. Ve ele geçirdikleri şehirlerde Donestk ve Lugansk Halk Cumhuriyeti'ni kurdular. 26 Haziran'da ise bu cumhuriyetler birleşerek Halk Birliği Cumhuriyeti'ni kurdular.

Donetsk Havalimanı Savaşı

5 Eylül tarihinde tek taraflı ateşkes ilan eden Novorossiya Federal Devleti ile Ukrayna hükûmeti arasında Belarus'un başkenti Minsk'te bir ateşkes antlaşması imzalanmıştır.

Eylül ayında ateşkese tam olarak uyulmamış ve taraflar arasında çatışmalar başlamıştır. Donestk Halk Cumhuriyeti Ordusu grad füzeleriyle saldırıya geçmiş ve Ukrayna Ordusu şiddetle karşılık vermiştir.

Ekim ayında hızla ilerleyen Donetsk Halk Cumhuriyeti Ordusu, Ukrayna Ordusu'nu mağlup etmiş ve terminal binasına geri çekilmeye zorlamıştır.

Ocak ayında ise Rus yanlısı milisler bitirici darbeyi vurmak için harekete geçmiş ve Ukrayna Ordusu'nu terminal binasından çıkararak kesin bir zafer elde etmiştir.

Ekonomi

Donetsk ve çevresindeki bölgeler yoğun bir şekilde kentleşmiştir ve birleşik kentte toplanmıştır. İş gücü, ağır sanayi, özellikle kömür madenciliği ile yoğun bir şekilde ilgilenir. Şehir, Donets Havzası'nda (Donbas) önemli bir ağır sanayi ve kömür madeni merkezidir. Şehrin hemen altında son zamanlarda maden kazaları'nda artış görülen kömür madenleri vardır ve en son kaza 2007 Zasyadko madeninde olmuş ve 100'den fazla işçinin ölümüyle sonuçlanmıştır.

Din
Donetsk'te Ortodoks ve Yunan Katolik kiliseleri, Protestan ibadet evleri, kilise, cami ve sinagog bulunmaktadır.

Kardeş şehirler
  Bochum, Almanya (1987)
  Charleroi, Belçika
  Katowice, Polonya
  Kutaisi, Gürcistan
  Moskova, Rusya
  Narva, Estonya
  Pittsburgh, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri
  Rostov-na-Donu, Rusya
  Sheffield, Birleşik Krallık
  Taranto, İtalya (1984)
  Vilnius, Litvanya
  Samsun, Türkiye (2013)
  Taiyuan, Çin

Galeri

Kaynakça

Ayrıca bakınız

 Comprehensive Donetsk city guide - English

Ukrayna'daki şehirler

Donetsk


Klaas Dijkstra (n.20 martie 1895, Sneek, Frizia, Țările de Jos - 4 iunie 1969, Hilversum) a fost un  om de știință amator care a susținut că Pământul este plat.

Teoria Pământului plat
Și-a început cercetările sale în 1931. În 1947 a afirmat că Pământul este plat, afirmație pe care a susținut-o până la moartea sa în 1969. Conform teoriei sale, Pământul este un disc rotund plat care are la marginea sa un zid din gheață - acestă zonă fiind considerată Polul Sud.  Dijkstra a numit Polul Sud ca "zona de apatie", lumea se termină acolo, aerul este subțire și busola nu funcționează corect. Polul Nord se află în centrul Pământului plat al lui Dijkstra. După ce Edmund Hillary și Vivian Fuchs au trecut pe la Polul Sud cu o autoșeniletă în 1958, Dijkstra a rămas încrezător în teoria sa:

"Teoria mea că pământul nu este o sferă ci un disc plat a fost afectată dar nu a fost răsturnată."

După ce, din 1968, au început misiunile spațiale Apollo și numeroase fotografii au fost publicate, Dijkstra a afirmat că:

"Trei astronauți au văzut lumea așa cum este ea dar ei trebuie să păstreze tăcerea în privința asta."

În cartea sa Pledoarie pentru pământ plat (Pleidooi voor de platte aarde) Dijkstra pretinde că a intrat în contact cu ființe extraterestre.

Teoriile sale sunt folosite de unii creaționiști, cum ar fi Ab Klein Haneveld, care afirmă că trăim pe un Pământ gol la interior care are o suprafață în formă de castron.

Referințe și note

Bibliografie
Is de aarde rond? - uitg. De Spaarnestad, Haarlem, 1955 (met een voorwoord van Godfried Bomans)
Pleidooi voor de platte aarde -en de maan glimlacht- - uitg. J. Boersma, Enschede, 1963

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1895
Decese în 1969
Oameni de știință neerlandezi din secolul al XX-lea
Pseudoștiință
Teoria pământului plat

Klaas Dijkstra