The Sanctuary of Saint Michael the Archangel () is a Roman Catholic shrine on Mount Gargano, Italy, part of the commune of Monte Sant'Angelo, in the province of Foggia, northern Apulia. It has the dignity of a minor basilica.

It is the oldest shrine in Western Europe dedicated to the Archangel Michael and has been an important site of pilgrimage since the early Middle Ages. The historic site and its environs are protected by the Parco Nazionale del Gargano.

In 2011, it became a UNESCO World Heritage Site as part of a group of seven inscribed as Longobards in Italy: Places of Power (568-774 A.D.).

Legendary history
The earliest account of the foundation of the Sanctuary is a composite Latin hagiographical text known as Liber de apparitione Sancti Michaelis in Monte Gargano (Bibliotheca Hagiographica Latina 5948).

There are three sections to the legend, recording three apparitions of Michael: the first and third sections appear to be part of the same narrative, while the second is possibly the account of a battle half a century later. According to the first and last parts of the legend, around the year 490 the Archangel Michael appeared several times to the Bishop of Sipontum near a cave in the mountains, instructing that the cave be dedicated to Christian worship and promising protection of the nearby town of Sipontum from pagan invaders. These apparitions are also the first appearances of Saint Michael in western Europe.

The second section of the text describes Michael's intercession on behalf of the Sipontans and the Beneventans against invading pagan Neapolitans. On the eve of the battle, Michael appeared with flaming sword atop the mountain; the Sipontans and Beneventans were victorious. Giorgio Otranto identifies this battle as the one recorded in Book 4 of Paul the Deacon's History of the Lombards, which describes the defense of Mount Gargano against unidentified 'Greeks' – possibly Byzantine Greeks – by the Lombard Duke of Benevento, Grimoald I, on 8 May 663.

In commemoration of this victory, the church of Sipontum instituted a special feast on May 8 honoring the Archangel, which then spread throughout the Western Christendom during the 9th century. Since the time of Pius V it has been formalized as Apparitio Sancti Michaelis, although it originally did not commemorate the apparition but the victory of the Lombards over invading Greeks.

Pope Gelasius I (reigned 492–496) directed that a basilica should be erected enclosing the space. The Basilica di San Giovanni in Tumba is the final resting-place of the Lombard King Rothari (died 652); the designation "tumba" is now applied to the cupola on squinches.

History

After the Gothic War (535-554), Byzantium lacked the power to maintain its holdings in Italy and the Lombards successfully conquered southern Italy by the end of the 6th century. Grimoald I controlled the area as Duke of Benevento from 647 to 662; when he became King of the Lombards in 662 he passed on the region to his son, Romuald I, who renovated the sanctuary and encouraged its use as a pilgrimage site.

Architecture

The complex of buildings consists of the Battistero di San Giovanni in Tumba, damaged in 1942, and the Church of Santa Maria Maggiore. The baptistery presents a rectangular storey on which rests an octagon supporting an elliptical section and a high drum that supports the cupola. The church erected in the eleventh century by Archbishop Leone stands upon the remains of an ancient necropolis. A few remnants attest to its once-rich fresco decoration.

The Castello was enlarged by the Normans upon an episcopal residence of Orso, Bishop of Benevento, to provide a suitable seat for the Honor Montis Sancti Angeli, further modified by Frederick II. The massive, octagonal campanile was built in the late 13th century by Frederick II as a watchtower. It was turned into a bell tower by Charles I of Anjou.

Behind a forecourt the sanctuary presents a portico of two Gothic arches, the right one of 1395 by the local architect Simone, the left one a reconstruction of 1865. From the portico steps lead down to the low arched nave. The cavern can be accessed from a Romanesque portal, called the Portale del Toro ("Gate of the Bull"): the doors, in bronze, were made in Constantinople in 1076, the donation of an Amalfitan noble. They are divided into 24 panels portraying episodes of angels from the Old and New Testaments.

The archaic cavern opening to the left, with its holy well, is full of votive offerings, especially the 12th century marble bishop's throne supported on crouching lions. Among the ex voto objects is a statue of the Archangel by Andrea Sansovino.

Pilgrimages
Monte Sant'Angelo was a popular pilgrimage site on the way to Jerusalem; pilgrims travelled from as far as Ireland to visit the "Celestial Basilica". Among the pilgrims who visited the Saint Michael Archangel Sanctuary were many popes (Gelasius I, Leo IX, Urban II, Alexander III, Gregory X, Celestine V, John XXIII as Cardinal, John Paul II), saints (Bridget of Sweden, Bernard of Clairvaux, Thomas Aquinas), emperors, kings, and princes (Louis II of Italy, Otto III, Henry II, Matilda of Tuscany, Charles I of Naples, Ferdinand II of Aragon).

Francis of Assisi also visited the Sanctuary, but, feeling unworthy to enter the grotto, stopped in prayer and meditation at the entrance, kissed a stone, and carved on it the sign of the cross in the form "T" (tau).

The guardians
Since 13 July 1996, the pastoral care of Saint Michael Archangel Sanctuary has been given to the Congregation of Saint Michael the Archangel.

See also
 Saint Michael in the Catholic Church
 Chaplet of Saint Michael the Archangel
 Scapular of Saint Michael the Archangel

References
 Arnold, J.C. "Arcadia Becomes Jerusalem: Angelic Caverns and Shrine Conversion at Monte Gargano." Speculum vol. 75 (July 2000), pp. 567–88
 N. Everett, "The Liber de apparitione S. Michaelis in Monte Gargano and the hagiography of dispossession", Analecta Bollandiana 120 (2002), 364–391. (Argues that the Liber reflects conflict between the churches of Siponto and Benevento over control of the Gargano shrine, and that the Liber dates c.663-750).
 Nicholas Everett, Patron Saints of Early Medieval Italy AD 350-800 (PIMS / Durham University Press, 2016), pp. 73–83 (Eng. trans of Liber and commentary).
 Piccardi L., "Paleoseismic evidence of legendary earthquakes: the apparition of Archangel Michael at Monte Sant'Angelo (Italy)." Tectonophysics vol. 408 (2005), 113–128.

Notes

External links

 Sanctuary of Saint Michael the Archangel – Official website
 Monte Sant'Angelo UNESCO Collection on Google Arts and Culture
 Pilgrims at San Michele in Gargano in Catholics & Cultures
 Jacopus de Voragine, Golden Legend: Saint Michael
 Selected modern bibliography
 Virtual tour of the Sanctuary
 Monte Sant'Angelo & the Gargano Photos

World Heritage Sites in Italy
Roman Catholic shrines
Michael (archangel)
Peaks dedicated to Michael (archangel)
Lombard architecture
Churches in the province of Foggia
Tourist attractions in Apulia
12th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy
San Giovanni Rotondo

Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo


Juan Bravo Lagunas, OSA (falecido a 20 de novembro de 1634), também Juan Bravo de Lagunas, foi um prelado católico romano que serviu como bispo de Ugento de 1616 a 1627.

Sucessão episcopal
Enquanto bispo, ele serviu como consagrador principal de:

 Gregório de Alarcón, Bispo de Santiago de Cuba (1624);
 Bernardino de Almansa Carrión, Arcebispo de Santo Domingo (1629);

e co-consagrador principal de:

 Juan de la Torre Ayala (1622);
 Agustín Antolínez (1623);
 Melchor Moscoso Sandoval (1624);
 Gregorio Pedrosa Cásares (1624);
 Juan Roco Campofrío (1625);
 Miguel Ayala (1625);
 Gutiérrez Bernardo de Quirós (1626);
 Juan Pereda Gudiel (1627);
 Cristóbal de la Cámara y Murga (1628);
 Domingo Pimentel Zúñiga (1631);
 Juan Barahona Zapata del Águila (1632);
 Martín Carrillo Alderete (1633);
 Marcos Ramírez de Prado y Ovando (1633);
 Antonio Valdés Herrera (1634); e
 Luis García Rodríguez (1634).

Bispos nomeados pelo Papa Paulo V
Mortos em 1634
Bispos do século XVII

Juan Bravo Lagunas


Olaylar
 5 Ağustos - Bari Kuşatması başladı (bitişi 1071).

Doğumlar
 I. Henry, İngiltere kralı ve Normandiya Dükü (ö. 1135)
 Dânî, Endülüslü bilim insanı (ö. 1134)

Ölümler
 22 Mayıs - İmparator Go-Reizei, Japonya'nın geleneksel veraset düzenine göre 70. imparatoru (d. 1025)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Ali bin Rıdvan, Mısırlı Müslüman doktor, fizikçi ve astronom olan bilim insanı (d. 998)
 İbrahim Böri-Tigin. Buhara ve Semerkand Hanı.

1068


Der Arroyo del Sauce ist ein Fluss in Uruguay.

Er entspringt südlich von Andresito in der Cuchilla de Marincho, südlich der Quelle des Arroyo Agua Dulce und nordnordwestlich der Quelle des linksseitigen Arroyo Marincho-Nebenflusses Arroyo de Flores. Von dort verläuft er auf dem Gebiet des Departamentos Flores in nordwestliche Richtung. Er mündet südwestlich von Andresito an der dort gelegenen Grenze zum Nachbardepartamento Soriano unweit westlich der dortigen Querung der Ruta 14 beim Paso de Luego als rechtsseitiger Nebenfluss in den Arroyo Grande.

Einzelnachweise

Fluss im Departamento Flores

Arroyo del Sauce (Arroyo Grande, rechtsseitig II)


Pramface es una serie de comedia de BBC Three protagonizada por Scarlett Alice Johnson, Sean Michael Verey, Ben Crompton, Bronagh Gallagher, Anna Chancellor y Angus Deayton. Escrita por Chris Reddy y producida por BBC/Little Comet, la primera temporada se compone de seis episodios, la segunda temporada de siete y la tercera de seis de 30 minutos de duración. El final de la serie fue emitido el 25 de marzo de 2014.

La serie se estrena en España en febrero de 2013 con el título de Me Acosté Con Un Adolescente en el canal Cosmopolitan TV.

Sinopsis
Un grupo de amigos formado por Jamie, Mike y Beth tras terminar sus exámenes del instituto se dirigen a una fiesta para celebrarlo. Mientras tanto Laura, una chica de 18 años, animada por su mejor amiga Danielle se escapa del toque de queda impuesto por sus padres y se dirige al mismo lugar; tanto Jamie como Laura están dispuestos a pasárselo bien. Tras conocerse en la fiesta y tomarse unas copas de más, acaban acostándose y a la mañana siguiente Jamie le deja a Laura una nota con su número de teléfono y se marcha. Semanas después, Laura se encontrará una sorpresa inesperada: no solo está embarazada, sino que Jamie tan solo tiene 16 años. A partir de este momento, la vida comenzará para ambos, aunque no de la manera en que ellos se esperaban.

Reparto

 Laura Derbyshire - Scarlett Johnson
 Jamie Prince - Sean Michael Verey
 Mike Fenton - Dylan Edwards
 Beth Mitchell - Yasmin Page
 Danielle Reeves - Emer Kenny
 Alan Derbyshire - Angus Deayton
 Janet Derbyshire - Anna Chancellor
 Keith Prince - Ben Crompton
 Sandra Prince - Bronagh Gallagher

En línea
La promoción de la serie contó con una exhaustiva campaña en línea. Además de los vídeos promocionales e información de los personajes en la web de la BBC, el guionista y los actores escribieron una serie de posts acerca de la serie para el blog de TV de la BBC y el blog de BBC Three. Se creó una página de Facebook para los fanes, y uno de los personajes principales, Mike Fenton, contaba con su propia cuenta de Twitter en la cual comentaba no solo lo que sucedía en los episodios, sino que también hacía referencia a otras cosas que sucedían mientras tanto en el mundo real. Para complementar la cuenta oficial de Twitter creada para la serie, los fanes crearon cuentas no oficiales para el resto de los personajes, Beth, Laura and Jamie, en las cuales tuiteaban sus comentarios y sus puntos de vista acerca de sucesos que ocurrían en la vida real. Ninguna de estas cuentas pertenecía oficialmente a la BBC.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Me acosté con un adolescente en Cosmopolitan TV

 Pramface en BBC Three

 Pramface en Facebook

Series de televisión de Reino Unido
Series de televisión de BBC
Series de televisión de comedia
Series de televisión iniciadas en 2012

Pramface (serie de televisión)


Karanlıklar Ülkesi veya orijinal ismiyle Underworld, 2003 tarihli bir korku/aksiyon filmidir.

Filmin konusu vampir ve kurtadamların gizli tarihidir; hikâyede kurtadamlara Lycan denir, bu lycanthrope yani "likantrof", likantrofi hastası, kurt veya başka bir vahşi hayvan olduğuna dair delüzyonlar sahibi kişi". Her ne kadar filme karşı çok çeşitli tepkiler oluşmuş olsa da (çok kötüden çok iyiye kadar) film bir nevi kült yaratmıştır. Ana hikâye Death Dealer ("Ölüm Taciri") yani Lycan avcısı olan kadın vampir Selene (Beckinsale) dolayında gelişir. Selene stajyer hekim Michael Corvin'i (Speedman) lycan lideri Lucian'dan kurtardıktan sonra ona karşı ilgi duymaya başlar. Ancak Lucian Michael'i ısırmış böylece Michael'i de bir kurtadam yapmıştır. Selene görevini yapıp onu öldürmesi mi yoksa hayatını riske ederek onu kurtarması mı gerektiğine karar vermek zorundadır.

Dış bağlantılar
 Underworld, IMDb sayfası
 Underworld: Evolution, IMDb sayfası
 Underworld, resmi web sitesi

1
Vampir filmleri
İntikam teması içeren Amerika Birleşik Devletleri filmleri
Konusu Budapeşte'de geçen filmler
Screen Gems filmleri
Len Wiseman'ın yönettiği filmler
Gary Lucchesi'nin yapımcısı olduğu filmler
Tom Rosenberg'in yapımcısı olduğu filmler
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri aksiyon korku filmleri
Almanya korku filmleri
2003 çıkışlı korku filmleri
2000'lerde İngilizce filmler
2000'lerde aksiyon korku filmleri

Karanlıklar Ülkesi


Miðstöð borgaralegra réttinda (úkraínska: Центр Громадянських Свобод; umritað Tsjentr Hromadjanskykh Svobod) eru mannréttindasamtök í Úkraínu sem leidd eru af lögfræðingnum Oleksöndru Matvíjtsjúk. Samtökin voru stofnuð í Kænugarði árið 2007.

Samtökin hlutu friðarverðlaun Nóbels árið 2022 ásamt Ales Bjaljatskí og rússnesku mannréttindasamtökunum Memorial. Þetta eru fyrstu Nóbelsverðlaunin sem renna til úkraínsks borgara eða samtaka.

Miðstöð borgaralegra réttinda vinnur að því að leggja fram frumvörp að lagabreytingum til að gera Úkraínu lýðræðislegri og auka stjórn almennings á löggæslu og dómkerfi landsins. Samtökin eru jafnframt í forsvari alþjóðlegra herferða til lausnar fólks sem hefur verið ólöglega fangelsað í Rússlandi og á hernámssvæðum Rússa á Krímskaga og í Donbas. Ein helsta áhersla samtakanna er að uppfæra hegningarlög Úkraínu.

Frá því að innrás Rússa í Úkraínu hófst árið 2022 hefur Miðstöð borgaralegra réttinda fengist við að kortleggja stríðsglæpi rússneska innrásarhersins. Við veitingu Nóbelsverðlaunanna sagði Nóbelsnefndin það starf ómetanlegt svo hægt yrði að draga hina seku til ábyrgðar.

Tilvísanir

Handhafar friðarverðlauna Nóbels
Úkraínsk mannréttindasamtök

Miðstöð borgaralegra réttinda


පෞරුෂ්‍යත්ව මනෝවිද්‍යාව සඳහා කරන ලද අධ්‍යයනය මගින් පෞරුෂත්වය  විවිධ පුද්ගලයින්ගේ සිද්ධාන්ත මත රඳා පවතී.

අයෙක් පවසනුයේ මෙය පුද්ගලයා සහ ඔහු / ඇයගේ ප්‍රධාන මනෝවිද්‍යාත්මක ක්‍රියාවලීන් අතර ඒකාබද්ධිත චිත්‍රයක් බවයි. තවත් අයෙක් අවධාරණය කරනුයේ පෞරුෂත්වය යනු පුද්ගලයින් අතර ඇති විවිධත්වය අධ්‍යයනය බවයි. නැතහොත් පුද්ගලයින් එකිනෙකාගෙන් වෙනස් වන ආකාරයයි. තුන්වන පාර්ශවයක් මගින් විශ්ලේෂණය කරනුයේ මිනිස් ස්වභාවය සහ සෑම පුද්ගලයෙක්ම එකිනෙකාට සමාන වන ආකාරයයි. මෙම ප්‍රධාන දැකීම් තුන පෞරුෂත්ව අධ්‍යයනයේදී එකිනෙකට බැඳී පවතී.

විවිධ අවස්ථාවන්හිදී පුද්ගලයෙකුගේ විලාසයට, හැසිරීමට, උනන්දුවට බලපාන ඔහුට ආවේණික වූ ක්‍රියාශීලි සහ ක්‍රමානුකූල පුද්ගල ස්වභාවයන් ලෙස පෞරුෂත්වය අර්ථ දැක්විය හැක. පෞරුෂත්වය යන වචනය උපදින්නේ "පර්සෝනා" යන වචනයෙනි. එහි අර්ථය වෙස් මුහුණ යන්නයි. පුරාණ ලතින් වාසීන්ගේ රංග පීඨයන්වල වෙස් මුහුණ යනු කෙනෙකුගේ පුද්ගල ස්වභාවය සැඟවීමට යොදා ගත් උපකරණයක් නොව චාරිත්‍රානුකූලව එම ආවේණික ගති ස්වභාවය ඉස්මතු කිරීමට යොදා ගත් අංගයකි.

ගාඩ්න් ඩිල්පෝට් (1937) පුරෝගාමී ඇමෙරිකානු මනෝවිද්‍යාඥයකු පෞරුෂත්ව අධ්‍යයනයේ ප්‍රධාන ක්‍රම දෙකක් පහදන ලදී. ප්‍රතිමාණික (Normality)  මනෝවිද්‍යාවේ දී ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් විවිධ පුද්ගලයන්ට ආදේශ කළ හැකි ස්වකීය තත්වාකාරයේ මූලධර්ම නැතහොත් බාහිර පුද්ගල ගතිය වැනි සාමාන්‍ය නීති පිළිබඳ සොයා බලයි. සංකල්පාත්මක මනෝවිද්‍යාවේදී පුද්ගලයාට ආවේණික වූ අද්විතීය ගති ලක්ෂණ අධ්‍යයනය සඳහා උත්සාහ දරයි. පෞරුෂත්ව වර්ධනය මනෝවිද්‍යාවේ ඉතිහාසයේ පාරම්පරික මතිමතාන්තර බොහොමයකින් සැදුම් ලද්දකි.

මෙම අධ්‍යයනයන්හිදී සමහර මනෝවිද්‍යාඥයින් මූලිකව විද්‍යාත්මක ප්‍රවේශයක් යොදා ගෙන ඇති අතර අන් අය මූලිකව තම අවධානය යොමු කර ඇත්තේ සිද්ධාන්ත බිහි කිරීමෙනි.

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි

Big Five personality traits
Blood type personality theory
සායනික මනෝවිද්‍යාව
Enneagram of Personality
Epigenetics in psychology
Four temperaments
Holland Codes
Individual differences
Industrial & organizational assessment
Industrial and organizational psychology
Journal of Individual Differences
LOTS of data
Psychological typologies
Self-conceallment
Self-concept
Self-esteem
Team composition
Trait leadership
Trait theory
Two-factor models of personality
Type A personality
Will (philosophy)

මූලාශ්‍ර

භාහිර සබැඳි

Northwestern University-led collaboration between personality psychologists worldwide to "attempt to bring information about current personality theory and research to the readers of the World Wide Web"
Psychology, Art of Human Life : Personality
Cambridge University based myPersonality project offering to researchers access to robust database of millions of detailed psycho-demographic profiles
Personality Theories
Personality: Theory & Perspectives – Individual Differences
Holland's Types (PDF)

What is Personality Psychology?

Personality
චර්යා විද්‍යා
Differential psychology

පෞරුෂත්ව මනෝවිද්‍යාව


The  is the chief executive body of the government of Japan. It consists of the prime minister, who is appointed by the emperor after being nominated by the National Diet, in addition to up to nineteen other members, called ministers of state.

The prime minister is nominated by the National Diet, while the remaining ministers are appointed and dismissed by the prime minister. The Cabinet is collectively responsible to the National Diet and must resign if a motion of no confidence is adopted by the National Diet.

Appointment
Under the Constitution of Japan, Cabinet ministers are appointed after the selection of the prime minister. A majority of the Cabinet, including the prime minister, must be members of the National Diet, and all members must be civilians. Under the Cabinet Law, the number of Cabinet ministers (excluding the prime minister) must be fourteen or less, but this may be increased to nineteen if a special need arises. If the Cabinet collectively resigns, it continues to exercise its functions until the appointment of a new prime minister. While they are in office, legal action may not be taken against Cabinet ministers without the consent of the prime minister. The Cabinet must resign en masse in the following circumstances:
When a motion of no confidence is adopted, or a vote of confidence defeated, by the House of Representatives, unless there is a dissolution of the house within ten days.
Upon the first convocation of the National Diet after a general election to the House of Representatives (even if the same prime minister is to be re-elected and appointed, and every other minister is to be reappointed).
When the position of prime minister becomes vacant, or the prime minister declares his intention to resign.

Powers
The Cabinet exercises two kinds of power. Some of its powers are nominally exercised by the Emperor with the binding "advice and approval" of the Cabinet. Other powers are explicitly vested in the Cabinet. Contrary to the practice in many constitutional monarchies, the Emperor is not even the nominal chief executive. Instead, the Constitution explicitly vests executive authority in the Cabinet. Hence, nearly all of the day-to-day work of governing is done by the Cabinet.

In practice, much of the Cabinet's authority is exercised by the prime minister. Under the Constitution, the prime minister exercises "control and supervision" over the executive branch, and no law or Cabinet order can take effect without the prime minister's countersignature (and the emperor's promulgation). While Cabinet Ministers in most other parliamentary democracies theoretically have some freedom of action (within the limits of cabinet collective responsibility), the Japanese Cabinet is effectively an extension of the prime minister's authority.

According to Article 75 of the Constitution, Ministers of State are not subject to legal action without the consent of the prime minister during their tenure of office.

Powers exercised via the Emperor
 Promulgation of amendment of the constitution, laws, cabinet orders, and treaties
 Convocation of the National Diet
 Dissolution of the House of Representatives
 Proclamation of general elections to the National Diet
 Receiving of foreign ambassadors and ministers
 Conferring of honours

Explicit powers
 Execution of the law
 Conduct of foreign affairs
 Conclusion of treaties (with the consent of the National Diet).
 Administration of the civil service
 Drafting of the budget (which must be adopted by the National Diet)
 Adoption of cabinet orders
 Granting of general amnesty, special amnesty, commutation of punishment, reprieve, and restoration of rights
 Signing of laws or cabinet orders by the relevant Minister of State and countersigned by the Prime Minister
 Appointment of the associate justices of the Supreme Court of Japan (except for the Chief Justice, who is nominated by the Prime Minister and formally appointed by the Emperor)
 Appointment of vice-ministers (who are nominated by their respective minister to whom they will report)

List of cabinets of Japan

Current Cabinet

See also
 Cabinet Office
 List of female cabinet ministers of Japan
 Politics of Japan
 Prime Minister's Official Residence (Japan)

References
 The Japan Times. "Cabinet Profiles" [since 2008]. The Japan Times Online. Accessed 13 October 2012 from: https://web.archive.org/web/20040623111921/http://www.japantimes.com/cabinets.htm
 Cabinet Secretariat, Office of Cabinet Public Relations, Japan (2003) prime minister of Japan and His Cabinet. Retrieved 28 Oct. 2003
 Hunter, Janet (1984). Concise Dictionary of Modern Japanese History. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, pp. 266–324, Appendix 5: Japanese Cabinets Since the Introduction of the Cabinet System in 1885 [to 1980].

External links
 Official Website of the prime minister of Japan and His Cabinet
 List of successive Japanese cabinets (in Japanese)
 Previous Cabinets (Since 1996) and list of previous prime ministers (Since 1885) (in English)
 Cabinet Office
 Cabinet Secretariat (in Japanese only)
 Cabinet Legislation Bureau

Notes

Cabinet of Japan
Government of Japan

Cabinet of Japan


Identificatorul Internațional de Standarde de Nume (ISNI) este un identificator pentru identificarea unică a identităților publice ale contribuabililor la conținutul mediatic, cum ar fi cărți, programe de televiziune și articole din ziare. Un astfel de identificator este format din 16 cifre. Acesta poate fi opțional afișat ca fiind împărțit în patru blocuri.

ISNI poate fi folosit pentru a dezambigua nume care ar putea fi altfel confundate și leagă datele despre numele care sunt colectate și utilizate în toate sectoarele industriei media.

A fost elaborat sub auspiciile Organizației Internaționale pentru Standardizare (ISO) ca Proiect Standard Internațional 27729; standardul valabil a fost publicat la 15 martie 2012. Comitetul tehnic ISO 46, subcomitetul 9 (TC 46/SC 9) este responsabil de elaborarea standardului.

Legături externe

Standarde ISO
Sisteme de clasificare
Identificatori

International Standard Name Identifier


Homesick and Happy to Be Here is an album by the Los Angeles pop band Aberdeen, released in 2002.

Critical reception
CMJ New Music Report deemed Homesick and Happy to Be Here "a gentle collection of guitar pop with elegant vocals." The Los Angeles Times wrote that "the album is a charming combination of strummy bedroom pop, fuzzy and smoldering guitars, and girl-boy vocals highlighted by [Beth] Arzy's plaintive entreaties."

AllMusic called the album "a roomy, positively beaming sort of record of diamond-sharp mid-tempo indie pop, a uniquely delayed first attempt that runs somewhere between Jeepster earnestness and the flagrant sparkle of the Trash Can Sinatras' Cake."

Track listing

 'Handsome Drink' (3:16)
 'Sink or Float' (3:27)
 'Clouds Like These' (3:51)
 'Sunny in California' (3:50)
 'Thousand Steps' (5:22)
 'Homesick' (5:21)
 'Cities & Buses' (4:33)
 'Drive' (4:15)
 'In My Sleep' (4:50)
 'That Cave... That Moon' (5:52)

References

External links
 Page at Better Looking Records (including sample MP3s)

2002 albums
Aberdeen (band) albums

Homesick and Happy to Be Here


صالح محمد الملا (17 مارس 1971 -)، نائب سابق في مجلس الأمة الكويتي.

شارك في انتخابات مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2008 في الدائرة الثالثة، وحصل على المركز الخامس برصيد 7656 صوت وفاز بالانتخابات.
في عام 2015 تم اعتقاله على خلفية تغريدات بتويتر وذلك بعد اتهامه بـ اهانة امير الكويت ورئيس مصر.

خبراته الأكاديمية والعلمية

حاصل على بكالوريوس إدارة أعمال من كلية التجارة والاقتصاد والعلوم السياسية - جامعة الكويت.
شارك في دورات تدريبية متخصصة ومتقدمة في الكويت وخارجها منها:
 تخطيط العقود الاستراتيجية ومعالجة القضايا - أسس تشكيل فرق العمل - تقييم تسويق النفط الخام
 بالإضافة إلى دراسات في مجال النفط وأوراق عمل متخصصة في التسويق النفطي

خبرات عملية

عمل في قطاع التسويق العالمي - مؤسسة البترول الكويتية.
عضو ومقرر اللجنة العليا للقطاع النفطي لمتابعة تنفيذ قرارات مجلس الأمن الدولي المتعلقة بتهريب النفط العراقي اثناء حكم النظام السابق في العراق
شارك في عدد من اللجان العليا المشتركة والمتعلقة بمتابعة تنفيذ قرارات مجلس الأمن على مستوى الجهات والوزارات المعنية بدولة الكويت
شارك في الدورة الثانية والخمسين للأمم المتحدة ممثل عن دولة الكويت في اللجنة الثانية - اللجنة الاقتصادية ممثلاً عن القطاع النفطي
عمل في السلك الدبلوماسي في وزارة الخارجية لمدة سنتين

نشاطاته الطلابية

أحد قيادات العمل الوطني الطلابي - جامعة الكويت
شارك ضمن المجموعة الطلابية في تجمعات الأثنين ومجموعة ال45 الناشطة للمطالبة بإعادة العمل بالدستور في أعقاب حل مجلس الأمة عام 1986

عضويات في نقابات ومؤسسات المجتمع المدني

عضو مؤسس لنقابة العاملين بمؤسسة البترول الكويتية وعضو بأول مجلس اداره للنقابة.
عضو في مجلس إدارة النادي العربي لمدة دورتين متتاليتين 2000 – 2006.
عضو في اللجنة الوطنية للإصلاح الرياضي والتي شكلت لمحاربة الفساد في الوسط الرياضي ومحاولة معالجة القوانين الرياضية.
عضو المنبر الديمقراطي الكويتي.
عضو التحالف الوطني الديمقراطي.
عضو في مجلس الامة للفصل التشريعي الثاني عشر والفصل التشريعي الثالث عشر.

مواقفه في مجلس الأمة

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أعضاء مجلس الأمة الكويتي
أعضاء مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2008
أعضاء مجلس الأمة الكويتي 2009
خريجو جامعة الكويت
خريجو جامعة هارفارد
كويتيون من أصل عربي
مواليد 1391 هـ
مواليد 1971

صالح الملا


Højeste bygningsværker i Danmark er en samlet oversigt over de højeste bygninger og bygningsværker i Danmark. I oversigterne nedenfor skelnes mellem tre former for bygningsværker: Bygningsværker i forbindelse med infrastruktur, bygninger med tårne og spir, og højhuse/etageejendomme.

Højeste infrastruktur

Oversigten nedenfor inkluderer broer, vindmøller, fritstående telekommunikationstårne, kontroltårne samt skorstene i forbindelse med industrianlæg på mindst 140 meter. Støttede master er ikke inkluderede. Danmarks højeste bygningskonstruktion er den 321,3 meter høje tv-sendemast Tommerup-senderen på Fyn, men da den ikke er fritstående, betragtes den ikke som et bygningsværk.

Liste over Danmarks højeste infrastruktur

Højeste tårne og spir
Oversigten nedenfor inkluderer bygninger med tårne og spir, slotte, kirketårne og
udsigtstårne på min. 50 meter.

Liste over Danmarks højeste tårne og spir

Højeste etageejendomme

Oversigten inkluderer alle danske etageejendomme på mindst 50 meter. Blandt de 82 bygninger på listen (pr. 28. maj 2023) er der 45 boligejendomme, 8 hospitaler og 12 hoteller.. Blandt ejendommene ligger de 43 i Storkøbenhavn og 19 i Aarhus. Højder er angivet som arkitektonisk højde, dvs. målt perpendikulært fra gadeplan til højeste faste bygningsdel. Således tæller påmonterede antenner, ventilationsanlæg o.lign. ikke med.

Liste over Danmarks højeste etageejendomme

Højhuse under opførelse
Oversigten inkluderer bygninger på min. 50 meter, hvor enten første spadestik er foretaget eller indramning af byggegrube er blevet fuldført.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Statens Luftfartsvæsen: Air Navigation Obstacles

Arkitektur i Danmark

Lister over bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Danmark

Højeste bygningsværker i Danmark


Aleksei Andreevici Polivanov (în , ) a fost un general de infanterie  rus, care a îndeplinit funcția de ministru de război al Imperiului Rus din iunie 1915 până în martie 1916, când țarina Alexandra a forțat îndepărtarea lui din funcție.

Biografie
Polivanov s-a născut într-o familie aristocratică și a devenit cadet pe 16 august 1871. A absolvit în 1874 Școala Tehnică din Nikolaev, fiind promovat pe 7 august 1874 sublocotenent și repartizat în Batalionul 2 geniu din cadrul Regimentului de Grenadieri. A fost avansat locotenent pe 27 martie 1877 și a participat la Războiul Ruso-Turc din 1877-1878, fiind rănit în luptă pe 12 octombrie 1877. A urmat cursurile Academiei de Inginerie Militară "Nikolaevski" din Sankt Petersburg, în prezent Universitatea Tehnico-Inginerească Militară din Sankt Petersburg (Nikolaevski), pe care le-a absolvit în anul 1880. A fost înaintat treptat în grad: căpitan (30 august 1882), maior (30 august 1886), locotenent-colonel (26 noiembrie 1888), colonel (30 august 1890), general-maior (6 decembrie 1899), general-locotenent (2 aprilie 1906) și general de infanterie (10 aprilie 1911).

Mai târziu, el a devenit membru al Marelui Stat Major al Armatei Ruse (1899-1904), ajungând șeful acestuia în 1905. După înfrângerea dezastruoasă a Rusiei în Războiul Ruso-Japonez din 1904-1905, a fost numit ministru adjunct de război și a recomandat adoptarea rapidă a unor ample reforme politice și militare. Cu toate acestea, el a fost demis în anul 1912, din cauza colaborării sale cu facțiunile liberale din cadrul Dumei.

Polivanov a fost numit membru în Consiliul de Stat în anul 1912 și a îndeplinit această funcție până în iunie 1915, când l-a înlocuit pe Vladimir Suhomlinov ca ministru de război. În această calitate a început să transforme sistemul de instruire al Armatei Ruse și a încercat, cu un succes limitat. să îmbunătățească sistemele sale de aprovizionare și de comunicații. În perioada conducerii lui Polivanov a avut loc restructurarea industriei de armament ce a condus o creștere a producției militare în 1916: numărul puștilor produse a crescut de două ori, numărul mitralierelor de patru ori, numărul munițiilor cu 70%, numărul tunurilor de două ori și numărul obuzelor de mai mult de trei ori.

Cu toate acestea, în august 1915, el a aflat planul țarului Nicolae al II-lea de a-l înlocui pe Marele Duce Nicolai în calitate de comandant-șef al armatei și de a conduce personal Armata Rusă pe front și a făcut eforturi intense pentru a-l convinge să renunțe.

Acest lucru a contribuit la stabilirea unei relații reci cu țarina, care a complotat apoi pentru înlăturarea lui Polivanov. În urma acestor presiuni țarul Nicolae l-a demis din funcția de ministru în martie 1916, când a eșuat Ofensiva de pe Lacul Naroci. El a fost urmat de Dmitri Șuvaiev.

După Revoluția din Februarie 1917, a fost președinte al Comisiei speciale pentru restructurarea armatei pe baze democratice și al Comisiei pentru îmbunătățirea vieții militarilor. După Revoluția Rusă, Polivanov a fost arestat de CEKA la sfârșitul lunii iulie 1918, dar a fost curând eliberat. A intrat în Armata Roșie în februarie 1920 și a participat ca expert militar la negocierile de pace sovieto-poloneze de la Riga din august-septembrie 1920. A murit acolo de tifos pe 25 septembrie 1920, în perioada discuțiilor, și a fost înmormântat în Cimitirul Nikolski al Lavrei Aleksandr Nevski.

Note

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1855
Decese în 1920
Generali ruși
Ofițeri sovietici
Decese cauzate de tifos
Politicieni ruși din secolul al XIX-lea
Politicieni ruși din secolul al XX-lea
Miniștri ruși

Aleksei Polivanov


2004 în științifico-fantastic — 2005 în științifico-fantastic — 2006 în științifico-fantastic
2005 în științifico-fantastic implică o serie de evenimente:

Nașteri și decese

Nașteri

Decese
 Alan Burt Akers (pseudonimul lui Kenneth Bulmer) (n. 1921)
 Carl Amery (n. 1922)
 Camil Baciu (n. 1926)
 John Brosnan (n. 1947)
 Kenneth Bulmer (n. 1921)
 Chris Bunch (n. 1943)
 F. M. Busby (n. 1921)
 Jack L. Chalker (n. 1944)
 Larry Collins (n. 1929)
 Michael Collins (pseudonimul lui Dennis Lynds) (n. 1924)
 Michael Coney (n. 1932)
 Zoltán Csernai (n. 1925)
 Clark Darlton (pseudonimul lui Walter Ernsting) (n. 1920)
 Françoise d'Eaubonne (n. 1920)
 Walter Ernsting (n. 1920)
 Frank Kelly Freas (n. 1922)
 Klaus Frühauf (n. 1933)
 Charles L. Harness (n. 1915)
 Dennis Lynds (n. 1924)
 Richard Marsten (n. 1926)
 Raylyn Moore (n. 1928)
 Horst Müller (n. 1923)
 Josef Nesvadba (n. 1926)
 Andre Norton  (n. 1912)
 Wladimir Sawtschenko (n. 1933)
 Robert Sheckley (n. 1928)
 Theodore L. Thomas (n. 1920)
 Karl-Heinz Tuschel (n. 1928)

Cărți

Romane

Colecții de povestiri

Povestiri

Filme

Filme TV

Seriale TV

Jocuri video

Premii
 Premiul Hugo pentru cel mai bun roman
Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell de Susanna Clarke

 Premiul Nebula pentru cel mai bun roman
 Camuflaj de Joe Haldeman

 Premiul Saturn
 Cel mai bun film SF: Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith

Note

Vezi și
 2005 în literatură
 2005 în film
 2005 în jocuri video

2005 în științifico-fantastic

2005 în științifico-fantastic


La Ligue des nations d'Europe masculine de hockey sur gazon 2021 est la neuvième édition de la Ligue des nations organisée par la Fédération européenne de hockey. Elle oppose les équipes nationales masculines des 23 associations membres, du  au .

Format
Le format de la compétition est identique à l'édition précédente. Ainsi :
 Les 23 associations membres de l'EHF participent à la compétition ;
 Les équipes sont réparties en quatre Euros, I-II-III-IV, en fonction de leurs performances lors de la Ligue des nations 2019. La répartition est la suivante :
 Huit équipes en Championnat (les 6 équipes du Championnat 2019 + 2 promues du Championnat II) ;
 Huit équipes en Championnat II (les 2 équipes reléguées du Championnat 2019 + 4 équipes non promues du Championnat II + 2 promues du Championnat III) ;
 Sept équipes en Championnat III (les 2 équipes reléguées du Championnat II 2019 + 5 équipes non promues du Championnat III).
 Les Championnats et II sont divisées en deux groupes de quatre équipes. Le Championnat III est divisée en deux groupes de quatre et trois équipes respectivement.

Critères pour le classement des groupes
En cas d'égalité de points de plusieurs équipes à l'issue des matchs de poule, les critères suivants sont appliqués dans l'ordre indiqué pour établir leur classement:
 Points de chaque équipe,
 Matchs gagnés,
 Différence de buts,
 Buts pour,
 Plus grand nombre de points obtenus dans les matchs de poule disputés entre les équipes concernées,
 Buts marqués en plein jeu.

Composition

En raison de l'annulation du Championnat IV en raison des forfaits de 4 équipes sur 7 et des restrictions de voyages liées à la pandémie de Covid-19. En conséquence, Malte est maintenu en Championnat III après annulation. L'édition 2021 se déroulera exceptionnellement avec 3 championnats.

Championnat

Le Championnat d'Europe de hockey sur gazon masculin 2021 s'est déroulé du 4 au 12 juin 2021 à Amsterdam , aux Pays-Bas à la suite du report des Jeux olympiques d'été de 2020 à juillet et août 2021 en raison de la Pandémie de Covid-19.

Premier tour

Poule A

Source: FIH

Poule B

Source: FIH

Deuxième tour

De la cinquième place à la huitième place
Les points obtenus au tour préliminaire contre l'autre équipe issue du même groupe seront conservés.

Source: FIH

De la première à la quatrième place

Championnat II

Le Championnat II d'Europe masculin de hockey sur gazon 2021 se tiendra du 15 au 21 août 2021 à Gniezno, en Pologne.

Premier tour

Poule A

Source: FIH

Poule B

Source: FIH

Deuxième tour

De la treizième à la seizième place
La phase de classement est la poule des équipes qui se sont classées  et  au . Les résultats entre deux équipes lors du  sont comptabilisés.

Source: FIH

De la neuvième à la douzième place

Championnat III

Le Championnat III d'Europe masculin de hockey sur gazon 2021 se tiendra du  au 7 août 2021 à Lousada, au Portugal.

Premier tour

Poule A

Source: FIH

Poule B

Source: FIH

Deuxième tour

De la vingt-et-unième à la vingt-troisième place
La phase de classement est la poule des équipes qui se sont classées  et  au . Les résultats entre deux équipes lors du  sont comptabilisés.

Source: FIH

De la dix-septième à la vingtième place

Qualifications

Les Qualifications du Championnat d'Europe masculin de hockey sur gazon 2023 se dérouleront en Espagne, en France, en Autriche et en Écosse du 17 au 28 août 2022.

Qualification A

Poule

Source: FIH

Qualification B

Poule

Source:

Qualification C

Poule

Source:

Qualification D

Poule

Source:

Classement global

Références

Compétition de hockey sur gazon
Compétition de hockey sur gazon aux Pays-Bas
Événement sportif international en Pologne
Événement sportif international au Portugal
Sport aux Pays-Bas en 2021
Sport en Pologne en 2021
Sport au Portugal en 2021
Sport en juin 2021
Sport en août 2021
Sport en août 2022


Korňa este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Čadca din regiunea Žilina. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 2.014 locuitori.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Korňa


Eismitte, in English also called Mid-Ice, was the site of an Arctic expedition in the interior of Greenland that took place from July 1930 through August 1931, and claimed the life of noted German scientist Alfred Wegener.

The name "Eismitte" means Ice-Middle in German, and the campsite was located  from the coast at an estimated altitude of 3,010 meters (9,875 feet).  The coldest temperature recorded during the expedition was −64.8 °C (−84.6 °F) on March 20, 1931, while the warmest temperature noted was −1.8 °C (28.8 °F) on July 9, 1931.  For the 12-month period beginning August 1, 1930 and ending August 5, 1931, the warmest month, July, had a mean monthly temperature of −12.2 °C (10 °F), while the coldest month, February, averaged −47.2 °C (−53 °F).  Over the same period a total of 110 millimeters (4.33 inches) of water-equivalent precipitation was recorded, with most of it, rather surprisingly, being received in winter.  At the latitude of the camp, the sun does not set between May 13 and July 30 each year, and does not rise between November 23 and January 20.

Sorge pit 1930
Ernst Sorge was a member of the Alfred Wegener Expedition to Eismitte in central Greenland from July 1930 to August 1931. He hand-dug a 15 m deep pit adjacent to his beneath-the-surface snow cave, which served as his living quarters during his seven-month-long wintering-over stint. Sorge was the first to systematically and quantitatively study the near-surface snow/firn strata from inside his pit. After meticulous examination of the structural features and careful measurement of continuous density and other physical properties within the pit profile, Sorge determined the characteristics of the individual limits of annual snow accumulation. This research validated the feasibility of measuring the preserved annual snow accumulation cycles, like measuring frozen precipitation in a rain gauge.

Climate
Eismitte is one of the coldest locations in the Northern Hemisphere, with an annual mean temperature of  having been recorded during the period of the expedition. Eismitte has a polar ice cap climate.  A weather station was run for approximately one year; the weather record thus is very sparse. The Summit Camp station slightly to the north has a similar climate with a much longer period of record.

See also
North Ice
Summit Camp
NEEM Camp
Camp Century
Renland
Pole of inaccessibility

References

External links
 Hourly meteorological observations at station Eismitte by Johannes Georgi ().

History of Greenland

1930 in science
1931 in science
Arctic expeditions

Eismitte


Platanus mexicana, drvo iz roda vodoklena rašireno po sjeveroistočnom Meksiku

Raste uz vodotoke meksičkih država Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon, San Luis Potosi i Veracruz. Naraste od 15 do 20 metara visine, i 1.5 metara u promjeru. Zbog široke krošnje sadi se zbog sjene. Drvodjelje od njegovog drveta izrađuju posude i žlice.

Sinonimi
 Platanus glabrata Fernald
 Platanus mexicana var. interior Nixon & J.M.Poole
 Platanus occidentalis var. glabrata (Fernald) Sarg.

Izvori

Vodoklen
Flora Tamaulipasa
Flora Nuevo Leona
Flora San Luis Potosija
Flora Veracruza

Platanus mexicana


Himno de la JJCC / La internacional es un sencillo de la afamada agrupación chilena Quilapayún, lanzado en 1972 bajo el sello DICAP y el Consejo Nacional Juventudes Comunistas de Chile. Mientras que la canción del Lado A, «Himno de la JJCC», fue compuesta por el compositor y pianista chileno Sergio Ortega, el tema del Lado B es el famoso himno del movimiento obrero «La Internacional», escrita por el revolucionario francés Eugène Pottier y musicalizada por el belga Pierre Degeyter. Esta última ya había aparecido anteriormente en el Lado A del sencillo de la banda de 1971, La internacional / La segunda declaración de La Habana.

Lista de canciones

Referencias

Sencillos de 1972
Sencillos de Quilapayún
Sencillos de Discoteca del Cantar Popular
Partido Comunista de Chile

Himno de la JJCC / La internacional


La glucoproteína 72 asociada a tumores (TAG- 72) es un antígeno oncofetal de elevado peso molecular (por encima de 1000 kDa) con propiedades mucínicas, es decir, se caracteriza por estar asociado a células tumorales inmersas en cúmulos de moco extracelular.

Su principal aplicación es el diagnóstico médico ya que en células tumorales se presenta en concentraciones elevadas respecto a su concentración habitual en tejidos sanos (inferiores a 6 U/ml).

Cánceres donde se expresa y otros

La TAG 72 se sobre expresa en la matriz extracelular de distintas células cancerígenas en diferentes niveles, teniendo mayor afinidad por el cáncer de ovario, gástrico y colorectal y mostrando niveles más bajos de acumulación en el cáncer pulmonar y en los gliomas. Además de éstos, también tiene especificidad con los cánceres de mama y pancreáticos.

La gran utilidad de esta glucoproteína en el ámbito sanitario recae en el hecho de que el pronóstico de un paciente con cáncer empeora vertiginosamente cuánto más tiempo pasa sin ser diagnosticado y por lo tanto, sin ser tratado.
Los cánceres que sobre expresan la TAG 72 son comunes y muchos de ellos pueden ser eliminados rápidamente si se conoce con tiempo suficiente. En cambio, hay otros que no ofrecen mejor pronóstico que unos meses de vida. Este período se puede alargar con un rápido diagnóstico y un tratamiento inmediato.
Los gliomas, que consisten en la proliferación anormal de células gliales, tienen diferentes grados según el tipo de neoplasia, que está asociado a la severidad del cáncer. La TAG 72 es detectada en mayor o menor cantidad según el grado del glioma, lo que permite dar un resultado positivo o negativo a padecer la enfermedad, a la vez que indica del tipo de tumor con el que tratamos. Los tumores cerebrales, a los que pertenecerían los gliomas, afectan aproximadamente un 4 % de la población española enferma de cáncer (según una estimación de la SEOM para el 2015). Aunque este porcentaje es relativamente bajo, otros cánceres asociados a la TAG 72 como los colorectales, de pulmón y de mama constituyen, respectivamente, un 31, 28 y 21% de los cánceres en España.

Aparte de expresarse en células tumorales, la TAG 72 también presenta concentraciones significativamente mayores en los derrames pericárdicos malignos.

Mecanismos de detección

Las células cancerígenas humanas se caracterizan, a diferencia de los tejidos sanos, por la sobre expresión de receptores tumorales en la superficie de sus membranas. Esta propiedad se utiliza para identificar nuevos ligandos formados por secuencias peptídicas específicamente ligadas con estos receptores.
La glucoproteína 72 (TAG 72) es un claro ejemplo de proteínas asociadas a tumores. La TAG 72 muestra altos niveles de expresión en numerosos cánceres como el cáncer de ovarios o el de pulmón. En consecuencia, se considera que esta glucoproteína es un potencial elemento de investigación para el desarrollo de anticuerpos antitumorales y péptidos con alta afinidad y especificidad por las secuencias cancerígenas.
El listado secuencial de la biblioteca de péptidos es una herramienta útil para identificar aquellos que presentan afinidad específica con proteínas asociadas a células cancerígenas como la TAG 72. Concretamente se han encontrado dos péptidos, expresando las secuencias NPGTCKDKWEICLLNG y GGVSCMQTSPVCENNL, que han mostrado una conexión específica con la TAG 72. Como resultado se puede desarrollar una técnica de diagnóstico cancerígeno observando el nivel de expresión de estos péptidos.

Por otro lado, se debe tener en cuenta que existe un marcador tumoral llamado CA 72-4 que se presenta unido específicamente a la TAG 72. De esta manera su detección en el suero sanguíneo sirve como refuerzo para el diagnóstico de carcinomas digestivos (estómago, colon y páncreas y tracto biliar), cáncer de ovarios y cáncer gástrico entre otros.
Se ha demostrado el buen funcionamiento de este marcador en un estudio del Hospital Universitario de Gießen y Marburg. El objetivo era simple: comparar la efectividad de cinco marcadores tumorales (CEA, CA 19-9, CA 72-4, SCC y NSE) en el derrame pericárdico. La comparación se hizo mediante la medición de las concentraciones de los marcadores en el líquido pericárdico según si presentaba derrames malignos o benignos. Los resultados obtenidos marcaron para los derrames malignos unas altas concentraciones de los marcadores CEA, CA 72-4 y CA 19-9.Y, en concreto, los niveles de CA 72-4 en el fluido pericárdico fueron los que presentaron mejor precisión.
Consecuentemente, a partir de las conclusiones de esta investigación, se puede definir el CA 72-4 como un buen marcador tumoral ya que presenta exactitud en su medida y especificidad para un determinado tipo de cánceres.

Presencia de CA 72-4 en derrames pericárdicos malignos

El marcador tumoral CA 72-4, unido específicamente a la TAG 72, ha demostrado también ser útil en la diferenciación entre derrames pericárdicos malignos (debidos a cáncer) y benignos (no debidos a cáncer). Conocer la diferencia es muy importante a la hora de hacer un pronóstico y aplicar el tratamiento. En un derrame pericárdico hay una cantidad de líquido en la cavidad pericárdica mayor a la habitual, pudiendo causar que el corazón bombee anormalmente. En el mismo estudio de la Universidad alemana citado anteriormente, se comparó líquido de un derrame pericárdico maligno con uno de benigno, sobre la base de las concentraciones de algunos marcadores tumorales, entre ellos el CA 72-4, en cada uno de ellos. Los resultados fueron los siguientes: en el líquido del derrame maligno, la concentración fue de 707,9-2397,55 kU/l; en el derrame benigno, en cambio, fue de 0,48-2,40 kU/l. De esta manera, indiscutiblemente el CA 72-4 está asociado a los derrames pericárdicos malignos.

Referencias

Notas

Bibliografía
 Dongchun Wang, Yan Zhang, Xiaoli Li, Jianzhong Cui, Shuo Wang.A preliminary study on the expression of tumor-associated glycoprotein-72 in human gliomas.Medical Oncology. Springer. 2011; Jan 1.
 Guadagni F, Roselli M, Cosimelli M, Ferroni P, Spila A, Cavaliere F, Casaldi V, Wappner G, Abbolito MR, Greiner JW, et al. CA 72-4 serum marker--a new tool in the management of carcinoma patients. Regina Elena Cancer Institute Rome, Italy. 1995; 13(2): 227-38.
 Guadagni F, Roselli M, Amato T, Cosimelli M, Mannella E, Perri P, Abbolito MR, Cavaliere R, Colcher D, Greiner JW, et al. Tumor-associated glycoprotein-72 serum levels complement carcinoembryonic antigen levels in monitoring patients with gastrointestinal carcinoma. A longitudinal study. Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892. 1991; Dec 1; 68(11): 2443-50.
 Chen Ling, Wang Yi, Cheng Dengfeng, Dou Shuping, Liu Xinrong, Liu Guozheng, et al. Comparing two TAG-72 binding peptides previously identified by phage display as potential imaging agents. Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA. 2011; May 19.
 Karatolios K, Alter P, Maisch B. Differentiation of malignant from nonmalignant, inflammatory pericardial effusions with biomarkers. Klinik für Innere Medizin, Schwerpunkte Kardiologie, Angiologie, Internistische Intensivmedizin und Prävention, Universitätsklinikum Giessen und Marburg GmbH, Deutschland. 2009 Dec;34(8):624-33.

Enlaces externos

 CA 72-4 serum marker--a new tool in the management of carcinoma patients
 Tumor-associated glycoprotein-72 serum levels complement carcinoembryonic antigen levels in monitoring patients with gastrointestinal carcinoma. A longitudinal study
 Comparing two TAG-72 binding peptides previously identified by phage display as potential imaging agents
 Differentiation of malignant from nonmalignant, inflammatory pericardial effusions with biomarkers
 Cáncer en España. Sociedad Española de Oncología Médica

Glucoproteínas
Marcadores tumorales

Glicoproteína 72 asociada a tumores (TAG 72)


فالتوتوبيون (Βαλτοτόπιον) هي مدينة في سيرري في مقاطعة فوريا إلادا في اليونان.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 986   نسمة.

مراجع

مدن اليونان

فالتوتوبيون (سيرري)


Trinitite, also known as atomsite or Alamogordo glass, is the glassy residue left on the desert floor after the plutonium-based Trinity nuclear bomb test on July 16, 1945, near Alamogordo, New Mexico. The glass is primarily composed of arkosic sand composed of quartz grains and feldspar (both microcline and smaller amount of plagioclase with small amount of calcite, hornblende and augite in a matrix of sandy clay) that was melted by the atomic blast. It was first academically described in American Mineralogist in 1948.

It is usually a light green, although red trinitite was also found in one section of the blast site, and rare pieces of black trinitite also formed. It is mildly radioactive but safe to handle.

Pieces of the material may still be found at the Trinity site as of 2018, although most of it was bulldozed and buried by the United States Atomic Energy Commission in 1953.

Formation

In 2005 it was theorized by Los Alamos National Laboratory scientist Robert Hermes and independent investigator William Strickfaden that much of the mineral was formed by sand which was drawn up inside the fireball itself and then rained down in a liquid form. In a 2010 article in Geology Today, Nelson Eby of University of Massachusetts Lowell and Robert Hermes described trinitite:

This was supported by a 2011 study based on nuclear imaging and spectrometric techniques. Green trinitite is theorised by researchers to contain material from the bomb's support structure, while red trinitite contains material originating from copper electrical wiring.

An estimated  joules of heat energy went into forming the glass. As the temperature required to melt the sand into the observed glass form was about , this was estimated to have been the minimum temperature the sand was exposed to. Material within the blast fireball was superheated for an estimated 2–3 seconds before resolidification. Relatively volatile elements such as zinc are found in decreasing quantities the closer the trinitite was formed to the centre of the blast. The higher the temperature, the more these volatile elements evaporated and were not captured as the material resolidified.

The detonation left large quantities of trinitite scattered around the crater, with Time writing in September 1945 that the site took the appearance of "[a] lake of green jade," while "[t]he glass takes strange shapes—lopsided marbles, knobbly sheets a quarter-inch thick, broken, thin-walled bubbles, green, wormlike forms." The presence of rounded, beadlike forms suggests that some material melted after being thrown into the air and landed already formed, rather than remaining at ground level and being melted there. Other trinitite which formed on the ground contains inclusions of infused sand. This trinitite cooled rapidly on its upper surface, while the lower surface was superheated.

Composition

The chaotic nature of trinitite's creation has resulted in variations in both structure and precise composition.

The glass has been described as "a layer 1 to 2 centimeters thick, with the upper surface marked by a very thin sprinkling of dust which fell upon it while it was still molten. At the bottom is a thicker film of partially fused material, which grades into the soil from which it was derived. The color of the glass is a pale bottle green, and the material is extremely vesicular with the size of the bubbles ranging to nearly the full thickness of the specimen." The most common form of trinitite is green fragments of 1-3cm thick, smooth on one side and rough on the other; this is the trinitite that cooled after landing still-molten on the desert floor.

Around 30% of trinitite is void space, although precise quantities vary greatly between samples. Trinitite also exhibits various other defects such as cracks. In trinitite that cooled after landing, the smooth upper surface contains large numbers of small vesicles while the lower rough layer has lower vesicle density but larger vesicles. It is primarily alkaline.

One of the more unusual isotopes found in trinitite is a barium neutron activation product, the barium in the Trinity device coming from the slow explosive lens employed in the device, known as Baratol. Quartz is the only surviving mineral in most trinitite.

Trinitite no longer contains sufficient radiation to be harmful unless swallowed. It still contains the radionuclides 241Am, 137Cs and 152Eu owing to the Trinity test using a plutonium bomb.

Variations
There are two forms of trinitite glass with differing refraction indexes. The lower-index glass is composed largely of silicon dioxide, with the higher-index variant having mixed components. Red trinitite exists in both variants, and additionally contains glass rich in copper, iron, and lead as well as metallic globules. Black trinitite's colour is as a result of being rich in iron.

In a study published in 2021 a sample of red trinitite was found to contain a previously undiscovered complex quasicrystal, the oldest known manmade quasicrystal, with a symmetry group in the shape of an icosahedron. It is composed of iron, silicon, copper and calcium. The quasicrystal's structure displays fivefold rotational symmetry. The quasicrystal research was led by geologist Luca Bindi of the University of Florence and Paul Steinhardt, after he theorised red trinitite was likely to contain quasicrystals as they often contain elements that rarely combine. The structure has a formula of . A single 10μm grain was detected after ten months of work examining six small samples of red trinitite.

Nuclear forensics

A 2010 study in the open access journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences examined trinitite's potential value to the field of nuclear forensics. Prior to this research, it was assumed trinitite's components fused identically and their original composition could not be discerned. The study demonstrated that glass from nuclear detonations could provide information about the device and associated components, such as packaging.

During the 2010s millions of dollars of research was undertaken examining trinitite to better understand what information such glasses held that could be used to understand the nuclear explosion that created them. The 2010 trinitite analysis was theorized by the team behind it to be useful for identifying perpetrators of a future nuclear attack.

Researchers involved with the discovery of the quasicrystal speculated their work could improve efforts to investigate nuclear weapons proliferation since quasicrystals do not decay, unlike other evidence produced by nuclear weapons testing. Trinitite has been chosen as a research subject in part due to how well-documented the nuclear test was by scientists at the time. A 2015 study in the Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry funded by the National Nuclear Security Administration described a method by which trinitite-like glass could be deliberately synthesized for use as test subjects for new nuclear forensic techniques. Laser ablation was first successfully used to identify the isotopic signature unique to the uranium within the bomb from a sample of trinitite, demonstrating this faster method's effectiveness.

Cultural impact

Trinitite was not initially considered remarkable in the context of the nuclear test and ongoing war, but when the war ended visitors began to notice the glass and collect it as souvenirs.

For a time it was believed that the desert sand had simply melted from the direct radiant thermal energy of the fireball and was not particularly dangerous. Thus, it was marketed as suitable for use in jewelry in 1945 and 1946.

It is now illegal to take the remaining material from the site, much of which has been removed by the US government and buried elsewhere in New Mexico; however, material that was taken prior to this prohibition is still in the hands of collectors and available legally in mineral shops. Counterfeit trinitite is also on the market; trinitite's authenticity requires scientific analysis to ascertain.

There are samples in the National Museum of Nuclear Science and History, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, the New Mexico Farm and Ranch Heritage Museum, and the Corning Museum of Glass; the National Atomic Testing Museum houses a paperweight containing trinitite. In the United Kingdom Science Museum Group's collection contains a trinitite sample, as does the Canadian War Museum in Canada.

The SETI Institute, which seeks to find and research signs of intelligent life elsewhere in space, stated in 2021 that trinitite was to be included in their library of objects connected to "transformational moments" of potential interest to intelligent extraterrestrials. The sculpture Trinity Cube by Trevor Paglen, exhibited in 2019 at the Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego as part of a themed collection of Paglen's art titled Sights Unseen, is partially made from trinitite. The c.1988 artwork Trinitite, Ground Zero, Trinity Site, New Mexico by photographer Patrick Nagatani is housed at the Denver Art Museum.

Similar materials
Occasionally, the name trinitite is broadly applied to all glassy residues of nuclear bomb testing, not just the Trinity test.

Black vitreous fragments of fused sand that had been solidified by the heat of a nuclear explosion were created by French testing at the Reggane site in Algeria. Following the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, it was discovered in 2016 that between 0.6% and 2.5% of sand on local beaches was fused glass spheres formed during the bombing. Like trinitite, the glass contains material from the local environment, including materials from buildings destroyed in the attack. The material has been called hiroshimaite. Kharitonchiki (singular: kharitonchik, ) is an analog of trinitite found in Semipalatinsk Test Site in Kazakhstan at ground zeroes of Soviet atmospheric nuclear tests. The porous black material is named after one of the leading Russian nuclear weapons scientists, Yulii Borisovich Khariton.

Similar naturally occurring minerals
Trinitite, in common with several similar naturally occurring minerals, is a melt glass.

While trinitite and similar materials are anthropogenic, fulgurites, found in many thunderstorm-prone regions and in deserts, are naturally-formed, glassy materials, and are generated by lightning striking sediments such as sand. Impactite, a material similar to trinitite, can be formed by meteor impacts. The Moon's geology includes many rocks formed by one or more large impacts in which increasingly volatile elements are found in lower amounts the closer they are to the point of impact, similar to the distribution of volatile elements in trinitite.

See also
 Chernobylite
 Corium
 Icosahedrite
 Libyan desert glass
 Tektite
 Uranium glass

References

Further reading
 Recent onsite gamma measurements at the Trinity test site and a comparison to trinitite samples 2011

External links

Trinitite info and photos
Radiographic spectrum of trinitite
Ralph Pray's account of removing trinitite from the site
Full analysis of trinitite sample

Nuclear weapons testing
Manhattan Project
Glass compositions
Quasicrystals
Radioactive minerals

Trinitite


Cestroideae, potporodica biljaka dvosupnica, dio porodice Solanaceae. Podijeljena je na četiri tribusa. Vrste ovog tribusa su iz Sjeverne i Južne Amerike, .

Tipični rod je cestrum (lat. Cestrum) sa 191 vrstom grmova i drveća koncentriranih uglavnom u Brazilu, te na Andama i Karibima.

U Hrvatskoj nema nijednog predstavnika.

Tribusi i rodovi
 Subfamilia Cestroideae Burnett
 Tribus Benthamielleae Hunz.
 Pantacantha Speg. (1 sp.)
 Combera Sandwith (2 spp.)
 Benthamiella Speg. ex Wettst. (12 spp.)
 Tribus Salpiglossideae Benth.
 Salpiglossis Ruiz & Pav. (5 spp.)
 Tribus Cestreae Dumort.
 Sessea Ruiz & Pav. (23 spp.)
 Vestia Willd. (1 sp.)
 Cestrum L. (191 spp.)
 Tribus Browallieae Hunz.
 Protoschwenckia Soler. (1 sp.)
 Browallia L. (24 spp.)
 Streptosolen Miers (1 sp.)

Izvori

krumpirovke

Cestroideae


Pampas trava (lat. Cortaderia), biljni rod iz porodice trava čija je domovina Južna Amerika, Argentina, Urugvaj i južni Brazil. Ime je dobila po pampasima na kojima raste, a u 19 stoljeću C. selloana je kao ukrasna biljka uvezena i u Europu, pa se već ponegdje smatra i invazivnom. Postoje i kultivari 'Silver Comet' i 'Sunningdale Silver'.

Latinsko ime roda dolazi od španjolske riječi cortar (tezati), a odnosi se na nazubljene rubove listova.

Rodu pripada 20 vrsta.

Vrste

 Cortaderia araucana Stapf
 Cortaderia atacamensis (Phil.) Pilg.
 Cortaderia bifida Pilg.
 Cortaderia boliviensis M.Lyle
 Cortaderia columbiana (Pilg.) Pilg.
 Cortaderia echinata H.P.Linder
 Cortaderia egmontiana (Roem. & Schult.) M.Lyle ex Giussani, Soreng & Anton
 Cortaderia hapalotricha (Pilg.) Conert
 Cortaderia hieronymi (Kuntze) N.P.Barker & H.P.Linder
 Cortaderia jubata (Lemoine) Stapf
 Cortaderia modesta (Döll) Hack. ex Dusén
 Cortaderia nitida (Kunth) Pilg.
 Cortaderia planifolia Swallen
 Cortaderia pungens Swallen
 Cortaderia roraimensis (N.E.Br.) Pilg.
 Cortaderia rudiuscula Stapf
 Cortaderia selloana (Schult. & Schult.f.) Asch. & Graebn.
 Cortaderia sericantha (Steud.) Hitchc.
 Cortaderia speciosa (Nees) Stapf
 Cortaderia vaginata Swallen

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Danthonioideae

Pampas trava


An Syngonanthus davidsei in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Michael J. Huft. An Syngonanthus davidsei in nahilalakip ha genus nga Syngonanthus, ngan familia nga Eriocaulaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Syngonanthus

Syngonanthus davidsei


Atomic Blonde er en amerikansk spionthriller fra 2017, instrueret af David Leitch og produceret af blandt andet hovedrolleindehaveren Charlize Theron. Filmen er baseret på tegneserien The Coldest City og er en actionpræget historie om spionage og kontraspionage i de sidste dage af den kolde krig i dagene omkring Berlinmurens fald med en hårdkogt kvindelig engelsk spion i centrum.

Medvirkende
Charlize Theron som Lorraine Broughton
James McAvoy som David Percival
John Goodman som Emmett Kurzfeld
Eddie Marsan som Spyglass
Toby Jones som Eric Gray
James Faulkner som C
Roland Møller som Aleksander Bremovych
Sofia Boutella som Delphine Lasalle
Bill Skarsgård som Merkel

Handling

Filmen foregår i Berlin i dagene omkring murens fald, hvor der stadig er spioner fra den kolde krig. En engelsk spion dræbes, og en sovjetisk spion får fat i en liste over agenter fra begge sider. MI6 vil have fingre i den og sender Lorraine Broughton (Charlize Theron) af sted for at klare sagen. Hun kommer i kontakt med den lokale engelske agent David Percival (James McAvoy), der kender en østtysker kaldet Spyglass (Eddie Marsan), som har memoreret spionlisten og gerne vil give den videre mod at komme til Vesten. Lorraine bliver hvirvlet ind i det kaotiske miljø i Vest-og Østberlin, hvor hun blandt andet møder de franske agent Delhine Lasalle (Sofia Boutella). Hun kommer i tvivl om Percivals loyalitet og søger hjælp hos østtyske kontakter under ledelse af Merkel (Bill Skarsgård), der hjælper med at arrangere Spyglass' flugt. Det går ikke så let, da russerne Med Bremovych (Roland Møller) i spidsen tilsyneladende har kendskab til planerne.

Hele denne historie rulles op i en debriefing i London af Lorraine, der forhøres af Gray (Toby Jones) og CIA-agenten Kurzfeld (John Goodman); sidstnævnte var selv i Berlin under forløbet. Der er tvivl om Lorraines rolle, men hendes forklaring accepteres modvilligt af chefen C (James Faulkner). Der er dog endnu en krølle på historien.

Eksterne henvisninger

Amerikanske film fra 2017
Thrillerfilm fra USA
Engelsksprogede film
Spionfilm fra USA

Atomic Blonde


Bahadur Shah may refer to:
Bahadur Shah of Gujarat (died 1537)
Bahadur Shah I (1643–1712), Mughal Emperor
Bahadur Shah II (1775–1862), the last Mughal Emperor and final ruler of the Timurid house
Bahadur Nizam Shah, ruler of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate from 1596 to 1600
Bahadur Shah, last ruler of Khandesh Sultanate
Bahadur Shah of Nepal, second son of Prithvi Narayan Shah, regent of his minor nephew king of Nepal and de facto ruler of Nepal until 1794

Bahadur Shah


La microrregión de Lajeado-Estrela es una de las microrregiones del estado brasileño de Rio Grande do Sul perteneciente a la mesorregión Centro Oriental Rio-Grandense. Su población fue estimada en 2005 por el IBGE en 297.270 habitantes y está dividida en 31 municipios. Posee un área total de 4.040,170 km².

Municipios
 Arroio do Meio
 Bom Retiro do Sul
 Boqueirão do Leão
 Canudos do Vale
 Capitão
 Colinas
 Coqueiro Baixo
 Cruzeiro do Sul
 Doutor Ricardo
 Encantado
 Estrela
 Fazenda Vilanova
 Forquetinha
 Imigrante
 Lajeado
 Marques de Souza
 Muçum
 Nova Bréscia
 Paverama
 Pouso Novo
 Progresso
 Relvado
 Roca Sales
 Santa Clara do Sul
 Sério
 Tabaí
 Taquari
 Teutônia
 Travesseiro
 Vespasiano Corrêa
 Westfália

Microrregiones de Río Grande del Sur

Microrregión de Lajeado-Estrela


Leiopicus é um género de aves da família dos pica-paus.

Lista de espécies
O género Leiopicus é composto por uma única espécie:

 Pica-pau-marata, Leiopicus mahrattensis
No entanto, algumas autoridades, como a BirdLife International, consideram mais algumas espécies como fazendo parte deste género.

Picidae

Leiopicus


Gunslinger er en dansk eksperimentalfilm fra 2001 instrueret af Michael Støvring.

Handling
En ironisk parafrase over actionfilmgenren, hvor der er tilstræbt en høj grad af sammensmeltning mellem billed, lyd og musikelementer.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Eksperimentalfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2001

Gunslinger


Aggressors of Dark Kombat, algunas veces abreviado como ADK, y conocido en Japón como Tsuukai GANGAN Koushinkyoku o simplemente GanGan, es un videojuego de arcadias de género de peleas desarrollado por Alpha Denshi Corp. (ADK) y comercializado por SNK. El título del juego, es en realidad un juego de palabras en el cual se usan las iniciales de la compañía que lo desarrollo (ADK), así como de otros videojuegos como Mortal Kombat, que utiliza la letra "K" en lugar de la "C" en la palabra "combate".

Gameplay
La mayor innovación del juego, es que se puede caminar por el escenario, de manera parecida como pasaba en los juegos de arcade de los años 1980s, tales como Violence Fight de Taito, Street Smart de SNK Pit-Fighter de Atari. Debido a esto, a diferencia de otros juegos de pelea en 2D, el juego usa un botón para poder brincar y no se usa el botón "D" como pasa en los otros juegos de peleas de SNK. Tiene solo dos botones para los ataques (golpe y patada), pero se compensa con poder hacer agarres seguidos a los oponentes. También cuenta cn el uso de un arma (detalle sacado también de los juegos de peleas ya mencionados y parecido a lo que pasa en Final Fight), dichas armas pueden ser recogidas o arrojadas en los escenarios para usarse en ataques normales o especiales. Las armas son tiradas al ring por los espectadores en los escenarios. Y otro detalle original para el juego es que los personajes empiezan a sudar abundantemente después de pelear por un buen rato .

Los personajes tienen inusualmente su barra de vida la cual tiene varias capas de colores para indicar la vida y salud del personaje. Hay una barra de poder llamada «Crazy Meter» en la parte baja de la izquierda de la pantalla, se va llenando cuando el personaje ataca ; esto le da al personaje un ataque especial - y a menudo se ve muy bizarro -,el cual eliminara al oponente de un solo ataque.En Japón, ese ataque se llama "Gan Gan Attack" y en occidente su nombre es «Crazy Atrack».

En las peleas se incluyen bromas a veces simpáticas o en ocasiones irreverentes. Los diálogos cambian de rival a rival. Y la pelea es prevista por el cruce de escenas de los ojos de los personajes en cuestión a combatir en el centro de la pantalla.No hay mucha diferencia entre las versiones japonesa y americana, salvo que en la japonesa se denota un poco más la sangre de los personajes cuando los golpean muy fuerte.

Personajes

El juego cuenta con 8 personajes seleccionables, curiosamente los nombres de los personajes no se ven por ningún lado durante el juego( excepto en las estadísticas que se muestran al finalizar la pelea), lo que resulta inusual para el género.7 de los personajes son nuevos en la serie, excepto por Fumma Kotaro, que viene de la saga "World Heroes".

  Joe Kusanagi: Es el protagonista de la historia, Joe es el más poderoso y famoso luchador del sureste de Japón: Kantō. Aburrido por la falta de buenos oponentes en su lugar de origen, el oye rumores acerca de luchadores fuertes en el oeste del país, así que se dirige hacia allá para confirmarlo y enfrentarse a ellos.

Además de su aparición en este juego, Joe hace un cameo en el juego Neo Geo Battle Coliseum. Durante uno de los ataques de Kisarah.

  Kisarah Westfield: Una hermosa chica inglesa bastante sexy que estudia preparatoria en Japón, Kisarah es conocida por su fama de devoradora de hombres (o femme fatale), ya que causa furor en las escuelas en donde ha estado y se la pasa insinuándosele a cualquiera del sexo opuesto. No obstante, Kisarah se enamora perdidamente de Joe Kusanagi, así que decide entrar al torneo para hacer que se fije en ella y que pedirle que sea su novio. Ella es el único personaje femenino del juego.

En una encuesta, Kisarah resultó ser el personaje más popular del juego, razón por la cual, se le incluyó en el juego Neo Geo Battle Coliseum, en el cual recibió un rediseño que ha sido alabado por los fanes y la crítica, también sale en el juego de cartas SNK vs. Capcom: Card Fighters DS y el simulador de citas "Days of Memories".

  Goh Kidokoro: Originario de Osaka, Goh es el luchador más famoso del área oeste de Japón: Kansai, aparte de que tiene su propia pandilla. Goh tiene noticias de que un luchador de Kantō (Joe) llegará a la ciudad para desafiarlo, así que agurada por el para evitar que sea una amenaza a sus intereses y su mando en su pandilla.

  Kotaro Fuuma: Este personaje es el ninja del videojuego "World Heroes", su participación en el argumento es debido a que se perdió durante uno de sus viajes a través del tiempo (ver el guion de World Heroes) y llegó al año 1994 a Japón, época en la que se desarrolla la historia, y por consiguiente, se ve involucrado en los combates, en este juego, Fumma no tienen ninguno de sus poderes y movimientos de WH (excepto su EnRyuHa), pero a cambio obtuvo muchos movimientos de combinaciones.

  Leonhalt Domador: Es un luchador mexicano que vive como refugiado en el Japón, el vino a ese país parta convertirse en el peleador más fuerte de todos, sin importar el costo, Leonhalt es el personaje más alto, lento y más poderoso de todos en el juego, su rival es Sheen Genus., él dice su frase ganadora en español: "Soy el hombre más fuerte del mundo".

  Sheen Genus: De origen canadiense, es un luchador amateur wrestler quien quiere crear su propia luga profesional de luchas,y también está buscando gente fuerte para que se unan a él. Sheen es el personaje wrestler del juego y el rival de Leonhalt, recientemente apareció en el juego SNK vs. Capcom: Card Fighters DS.

  Lee Hae Gwon: Un artista marcial coreano que vive en Japón y trabaja en una escuela.El busca la revancha contra el peleador que ha estado cuasando problemas en su escuela: Leonhalt Lee es uno de los personajes más rápidos del juego, y tiene un muy buen arsenal de patadas y de Tae Kon Do.

  Bobby Nelson: Él es un baloncestista Afro-Americano que desea conquistar fama. Para alcanzar su objetivo, Bobby viaja por el mundo esperando ser descubierto. Bobby es el peleador más rápido y pequeño del juego, y es el único que usa un objeto como arma (su pelota de baloncesto), recientemente, apareció en el juego SNK vs. Capcom: Card Fighters DS en una carta haciendo pareja con Sean de Street Fighter III, dado que son baloncestistas y de color.

Presentación y realizaciones posteriores

Después de su salida en arcade, el juego fue sacado para la consola Neo-Geo AES y un año después para la Neo Geo CD. En 2008 salió junto con otros juegos realizados por ADK en una versión de colección para la PS2, la cual trae varios juegos que anteriormente fueron realizados por ADK para la Neo Geo: "ADK Tamashii Game Collection", dicha colección solo salió disponible en Japón.

Recepción
Aggressors of Dark Kombat es un juego un tanto menos conocido, si se compara a las otras franquicias de SNK como Fatal Fury, Art of Fighting, y su título de peleas insignia: The King of Fighters, incluso es menos conocido que la otra franquicia de ADK, World Heroes. Nunca se vio en gran número en versiones de arcade, y nunca se realizó una versión de consola en su tiempo, generalmente se le consideraba entre los analistas y fanes de su época como un juego mediocre, sin embargo, en la actualidad,Aggressors of Dark Kombat se le considera todo un juego de culto, para aquellos que buscan una experiencia diferente de otros juegos de pelea más comunes de SNK.

Aggressors of Dark Kombat fue catalogado como el "Juego de Peleas más extraño" en 1994 por la revista estadounidense Electronic Gaming Monthly. Esto se debió a las características innovadoras e inusuales que presentaba el juego y que probablemente respondan a un intento , por parte de Kazuo Arai, de diferenciar al juego de otros ya presentes en el mercado.

Véase también
 Art Of Fighting
 World Heroes
 Neo Geo Battle Coliseum
 The King Of Fighters

Enlaces externos
 Aggressors of Dark Kombat profile in NGBC page

 Aggressors of Dark Kombat's character profiles
 Aggressors of Dark Kombat endings at Video Game Museum
 Aggressors of Dark Kombat  at Hardcore Gaming 101
 Manual japonés sobre el Juego

Videojuegos arcade
Videojuegos para PlayStation 2
Videojuegos para Virtual Console
Videojuegos para NeoGeo (consola)
Videojuegos para PlayStation 4
Videojuegos para Xbox One
Videojuegos para Nintendo Switch
Videojuegos de SNK
Videojuegos de lucha
Videojuegos de 1994
Videojuegos de un solo jugador y de multijugador

Aggressors of Dark Kombat


Emerson Rodríguez Gómez (Santa Marta, Magdalena, Colombia, 2 de diciembre de 1983) es un actor y modelo colombiano.

Biografía
Antes de conocer las artes escénicas Emerson fue futbolista, entrenó con el Deportivo Cali, América de Cali y estuvo en las filas del Independiente Santa Fe, Primera C, Primera B, jugó todas las categorías de Selección Magdalena,  entrenó con la Selección Colombia y jugó el Campeonato Internacional de Calcio sub 20 en Viareggio (Italia) en el 2001. Conoció la actuación al participar en el reality show de RCN Protagonistas de novela en 2004 y al regresar de Argentina estudió artes escénicas en la fundación teatral Julio Cesar Luna. Desde entonces ha participado en películas, novelas, series y obras teatrales. Es conocido por varios personajes interpretados entre ellos el de Emiliano en la telenovela de MTV titulada Niñas mal, Amador en la telenovela de Telemundo titulada Los herederos Del Monte, Hernán Arjona en la telenovela de RCN titulada Diomedes, el Cacique de La Junta, Rafael Contreras en la telenovela titulada Contra las cuerdas, Cesar en la serie israelí para Netflix titulada When Heroes Fly, Silvino Bula en la telenovela de RCN titulada La luz de mis ojos. En el 2018 participó a nombre propio en el Reality deportivo llamado "Exatlon Colombia" donde además de llegar a la final de la competencia se destacó por su liderazgo como capitán del equipo de los '"Famosos". Aparte de su profesión como Actor le apasiona viajar en moto por el mundo y se destaca por su vocación de servicio hacia los más necesitados.

Filmografía

Televisión

Reality

Cine

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Ficha en Colarte
 Ficha en CanalGz

Nacidos en Santa Marta
Actores de televisión de Colombia
Participantes de Protagonistas de Nuestra Tele
Reparto de Niñas mal
Actores masculinos de Colombia

Emerson Rodríguez


An Promenaea lentiginosa in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni John Lindley, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni John Lindley. An Promenaea lentiginosa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Promenaea, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Promenaea

Promenaea lentiginosa


Piešťany (; , ,  ,  ) is a town in Slovakia. It is located in the western part of the country within the Trnava Region and is the seat of its own district. It is the biggest and best known spa town in Slovakia and has around 28,000 inhabitants.

Etymology
The name Piešťany comes from Slovak Piesok (sand), referring to local sandbanks. The etymology is straightforward – Piešťanci – people who live on the sandy site and Piešťany – their settlement.

History

The first human settlement in the area is dated to the prehistoric times, about 80,000 years ago. People were attracted to the site by abundance of game in the vicinity of the thermal springs that did not freeze in winter.

A small female statue called Venus of Moravany was found in the nearby village Moravany nad Váhom. It is made of mammoth ivory and is dated to 22,800 BC. It currently resides in the Bratislava Castle museum. In another nearby village, Krakovany-Stráže, a treasure consisting of luxury items made of glass, bronze, silver, and gold was discovered in three graves from 200 to 300 AD. The surroundings of Piešťany also include the Great Moravian castle of Ducové.

Piešťany was first mentioned in written records in 1113 (under the name Pescan). At that time it consisted of several smaller settlements. The medicinal springs were already popular in the Middle Ages. They were visited by the Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus. The first book mentioning the Piešťany springs was De admirandis Hungariae aquis hypomnemation (About the Miraculous Waters of the Hungarian Monarchy) by Georgius Wernher, published in 1549 in Basel. In the 16th century, the Piešťany spa was also mentioned by two prominent physicians, Johann Crato de Crafheim (who served to several Holy Roman Emperors) and Andrea Baccius Elpidianus (a personal surgeon of the Pope). The first monography (Schediasma de Thermis Postheinsibus by  was published in 1745. But in the 16th and 17th centuries, Piešťany also suffered from Turkish raids and anti-Habsburg uprisings.

Throughout the centuries Piešťany was owned by several noble families; the last of them, the Erdődys, owned the area from  1720 to 1848, and the spa until 1940. The Erdődy family built the first spa buildings in 1778. They were damaged by a destructive flood in 1813. In 1820 the spa buildings were expanded and remodeled in neo-classical style and named Napoleon spa. The Erdődy family also established the Spa park in this period. In the years 1889 to 1940 the Winter family rented the spa from the Erdődys and brought it to international fame.  improved spa treatment as well as accommodation and entertainment for visitors. They built several spa buildings and hotels.

The spa attracted many aristocratic visitors, including Ludwig van Beethoven. In 1917, three monarchs (Wilhelm II of Germany, Karl I of Austria-Hungary, and Ferdinand I of Bulgaria) orchestrated their war strategy during the negotiations in the Thermia Palace hotel.

In 1945 Piešťany received the official status of a town. In 1959, Sĺňava water reservoir was built south of the town. In the late 1960s and 1970s more spa buildings were built. In 1973 the village of Banka, located on the left bank of the Váh river, was amalgamated with Piešťany, but it regained independence after a referendum in 1995. In 1996 the town became the seat of a district.

The 1938 World Fencing Championships were held in Piešťany.

On January 4, 1987, at the final match in the World Junior Championships of ice hockey between Canada and the Soviet Union there was a bench-clearing brawl, now famously known as the Punch-up in Piešťany. Both teams were disqualified from competition as a result.

On July 5, 2001, three members of the Real Irish Republican Army were arrested in Piešťany. They were lured into a trap by agents of the British Security Service MI5 who were posing as arms dealers from Iraq.

Geography
Piešťany is situated in the western part of Slovakia, in the valley of the Váh river, at an elevation of . The Považský Inovec mountains form the eastern boundary of this part of the Váh valley.  The highest hill of these mountains, Inovec , is about  north of the town. The hills immediately east of the town ( away) reach a height of about . On the western side, the valley boundary is formed by the Little Carpathians, which are somewhat lower and further away from the town. The valley is open to the south, and thus has a warm and sunny temperate climate.

Most of the town is located on the right bank of the river. South of the town is the Sĺňava water reservoir created by a dam on the Váh river. The artificial canal Biskupický kanál and the main river branch join in the town. Another short branch of the river (Obtokové rameno) creates the Spa Island.

The hills of Považský Inovec are mostly covered with deciduous forests. These consist of oak and hornbeam in the lower elevations, and beech in the higher elevations. The Váh valley is used for agriculture. The main products are cereals, sugar beet, animal feed, and pork.

Piešťany is located  north-east of Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia, and  north-east of the local regional seat Trnava. Upstream from Piešťany on the Váh river are the towns Nové Mesto nad Váhom ( north of Piešťany) and Trenčín ( north-east);  downstream is Hlohovec.

Piešťany is located on the route of the D1 motorway from Bratislava to Žilina with connections to Vienna and Brno. The main railway route from Bratislava to Žilina and Košice also goes through the town. The town has an airport, mostly used for international charter flights for spa clients (10,000 passengers in 2007). The municipality operates a local public transport system with 11 bus routes ().

Climate

Main sights
Because of frequent floods in the past, most buildings are dated to the 19th and 20th century. The most notable exception are the ruins of a medieval monastery from the 13th century. The Napoleon Spa is a complex of Neoclassicist spa buildings built between 1822 and 1862. The town's Catholic church dates from the same era. The Kolonádový most bridge, constructed by Emil Belluš in 1930–33, is a preeminent functionalist construction with many precious art objects.
The local airport is home to the Military History Museum Piešťany.

Spa

The Piešťany spa has a capacity of two thousand beds () and treats over forty thousand patients a year. More than 60% of the clients are foreigners (mostly from Germany, the Czech Republic, Israel, Austria and Arab Countries). The spa specializes in treatment of chronic rheumatic and arthritic diseases and post-accident lesions of joints and bones.

The spa is located on the Spa Island between two branches of the Váh river, at the site of several hot springs with temperatures of . The water originates in a tectonic break at  depth. The sulfate–carbonate water from the springs is used in pools and tubs. Sulfurous mud extracted from the bed of a side channel of the river is also used for treatment in the form of thermal mud pools with temperature  and for partial and full body packs. Spring water and mud therapy is complemented by electrotherapy, exercise, massage, medication, and diet.

The spa is operated by the company Slovenské liečebné kúpele. The company was purchased in 2002 by Danubius Hotels Group. A small share is owned by the town. Danubius Hotels Group also owns hotels in Hungary, Mariánské Lázně spa in Czech Republic and Sovata spa in Romania.

Demographics
According to the 2001 census, the town had 30,306 inhabitants. 96.30% of inhabitants were Slovaks,  1.69% Czechs and 0.27% Hungarians. The religious makeup was 72.65% Roman Catholics, 16.71% people with no religious affiliation and 5.96% Lutherans.

Economy

One of important employers in the city during the communist era was the Czechoslovak electronics maker Tesla Piešťany. It closed down in 1991 and in 1998 its factories were acquired by ON Semiconductor, a former subsidiary of Motorola, keeping a small customer support centre in the town. Delipro, s.r.o., manufacturer of quartz crystals founded in 1993, is another company building on the legacy of electronics manufacturing in the region.

Other important employers in the town include Slovak headquarters of financial services company Home Credit Slovakia.
 is an independent certification, testing and inspection body for conformity assessment of machinery and construction products and consumer goods. Historically, Technický skúšobný ústav Piešťany is one of the oldest and the largest testing bodies in Slovak Republic within testing activity.

Culture

The town is known in Slovakia for its rich cultural programme throughout the year. In the summer tourist season, the town hosts several cultural events. Both opening (in June) and closing (in September) of the summer spa season is connected with big street festivals. An annual summer classical music festival, Piešťany Music Festival, established in 1955, takes place in the House of Arts of Piešťany. This venue, with a seating capacity of 622, is currently the largest cinema hall in Slovakia and also offers other concerts and theatre shows. Country Lodenica is a festival of folk and country music established in 1999. It takes place south of the town, on the shores of Sĺňava water reservoir. Since 2000s, various festivals were held at Piešťany Airport, among others second largest music festival in Slovakia - GrapeFestival, rock-centered Topfest, electronic music-focused BeeFree or Hodokvas. Furthermore, from 2006 to 2009 and since 2019 there have been air shows. There were also regular car-, motorcycle- and truck-races.

Between 1967 and 1993 the city was the site of an annual sculpture exhibition in the Spa Park. This tradition was renewed in 2005 and 2008.

Piešťany also has several museums. The , the only one of its type in the region, focuses on archeology, history and ethnography of the region, as well as the history of Slovakia's spas in general. It was established in 1933 by the Winter family. Another small museum belonging to Balneological Museum commemorates the life of the Slovak poet Ivan Krasko, who lived in Piešťany from 1945 to 1958. Finally, a new museum at the airport (active since 2004) exhibits a collection related to the Slovak military history from 1945 to 1992.

The House of Arts is the first postwar Slovak theatre building outside Bratislava, being project of architect . In first half of September, the annual International Film Festival Cinematik is held in various areas of Piešťany. It is currently the second largest film festival in Slovakia.

Notable people

 An art colony established by several Slovak artists, including Janko Alexy, Martin Benka, Miloš Alexander Bazovský, and Zoltán Palugyay, existed in Piešťany in 1932–1937
 Patrik Vrbovský, also known as Rytmus, born in 1977, rapper, grew up in Pieštany
 Ivan Krasko, Slovak poet lived in Piešťany in 1945–1958 (his former apartment houses a small museum)
 Charles Korvin Hungarian-American actor, born Kárpáthy
 Ivan Stodola, writer, playwright, and physician lived in Piešťany in 1953–1977
 Irena Belohorská, politician, former member of European Parliament, born in Piešťany in 1948
 Emire Khidayer, diplomat, entrepreneur and writer was born in Piešťany in 1971
 Ľudmila Cervanová, professional tennis player was born in Piešťany in 1979
 Róbert Erban, world champion in the kayak K4 was born in Piešťany in 1972
 Slavomír Kňazovický, flatwater canoer was born in Piešťany in 1969
 Martina Moravcová, swimmer with 2 silver Olympic medals was born in Piešťany in 1976 and grew up in the town
 Branko Radivojevič, ice hockey player was born in Piešťany in 1980
 Michel Miklík, ice hockey player was born in Piešťany in 1982
 Shmuel Dovid Ungar, Rabbi, Rosh yeshiva of the Nitra Yeshiva, born in Piešťany in 1886
 Victor Vasarely, Hungarian artist, father of op-art, grew up in Piešťany
 Dominika Cibulková, professional tennis player, born in 1989, grew up in Piešťany
 Filip Hološko, professional footballer
 Ján Šlahor, professional footballer, born in Piešťany in 1977
 Ernö Rubik, Hungarian aircraft designer
 Magdaléna Rybáriková, tennis player, born in Piešťany in 1988
 Lukáš Lacko, tennis player
 Filip Horanský, tennis player, born in Piešťany in 1993
 Yissachar Shlomo Teichtal, the Chief Rabbi of Slovakia worked in Piešťany in 1920–1942

Twin towns — sister cities

Piešťany is twinned with:

 Újbuda (Budapest), Hungary
 Eilat, Israel
 Hajdúnánás, Hungary
 Heinola, Finland
 Luhačovice, Czech Republic
 Poděbrady, Czech Republic
 Ustroń, Poland
 Varaždinske Toplice, Croatia

References

Bibliography
 Vladimír Krupa (2001) "Kúpele Piešťany". Pamiatky a múzeá 1/2001. Published by Slovak National Museum.
 Gabriela Květanová (2001) "Napoleonské kúpele v Piešťanoch". Pamiatky a múzeá 1/2001. Published by Slovak National Museum.
 Ondrej Franko (1998).Piešťany-thermal H2S water and mud. Environmental Geology 36(3–4), 215–218.
 John W Lund (September 2000) "Geothermal Spas in the Czech Republic and Slovakia". Geo-Heat Center Bulletin 21(3). Oregon Institute of Technology.

External links

Piešťany town
Piešťany spa

Cities and towns in Slovakia
Spa towns in Slovakia

Piešťany


Evciler - Afyonkarahisar ili ilçesi
 Evciler, Çankaya - Ankara ili Çankaya ilçesine bağlı mahalle
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 Evciler, Gölhisar - Burdur ili Gölhisar ilçesine bağlı köy
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 Evciler, Bayramiç - Çanakkale ili Bayramiç ilçesine bağlı köy
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 Evciler, Simav - Kütahya ili Simav ilçesine bağlı köy
 Evciler, Kula - Manisa ili Kula ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Evciler, Soma - Manisa ili Soma ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Evciler, Mazıdağı - Mardin ili Mazıdağı ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Evciler, Anamur - Mersin ili Anamur ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Evciler, Süleymanpaşa - Tekirdağ ili Süleymanpaşa ilçesine bağlı mahalle
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Türkçe yer adları

Evciler (anlam ayrımı)


Maddecilik, özdekçilik veya materyalizm, her şeyin maddeden oluştuğunu ve bilinç de dahil olmak üzere bütün görüngülerin maddi etkileşimler sonucu oluştuğunu öne süren, a priori olan hiçbir metafiziksel kavramı kabul etmeyen felsefe kuramıdır. Bir diğer deyişle madde, var olan tek tözdür. Maddecilik "fiziksel maddenin tek veya esas gerçeklik olduğu" yönündeki kuramdır.

Genel bakış
Maddeci kuram, monist varlıkbilim sınıfına aittir. Böylelikle, düalizm veya plüralizmden ayrılır. Görüngübilim üzerine kurulmuş idealizm ve tinselcilik düşünce sistemlerin karşıtıdır.

Felsefi okulların çokluğuna ve aralarındaki farklara rağmen, tüm felsefi sistemlerin birbirlerine taban tabana zıt iki ana kategoride toplanabileceği söylenir: idealizm ve maddecilik. Bu iki kategorinin temel önermeleri gerçeğin doğası hakkındadır, ve aralarındaki temel fark "Gerçeklik neyden meydana gelir ve aslı nedir ?" sorusuna verdikleri yanıtta bulunur. İdealistler için ruh veya bilinç, akıl esasken, maddeciler için madde asıldır, ruh veya bilinç de, bu aslolanın sonucu olarak doğan ve ikincil olandır.

Maddeciler, varoluşun insan bilinci gibi maddi olmayan kavramlarla temellendirilmesine karşı çıkarlar. Onlara göre dış dünyanın gerçekliği sorgulanamaz ve insan da bu maddi dünyaya bağlıdır. Örneğin, antik maddeciler, insan ruhunun beden dışı ve ölümsüz bir varlık olarak düşünülmesini kabul etmezler. İnsanı dış dünyanın bir parçası olarak görmesi ve insan bilincinin doğa üzerindeki egemenliğini kabul etmemesi yönüyle determinizm düşüncesiyle paralellik gösterir.

İlkesi

Maddecilik bilginin yapısı ve oluşumu hakkında bir varsayımdır. Bütün bilginin gözlem veya deneyim sayesinde oluştuğunu savunur.

Maddecilik bilmenin yapısı için üç dayanak öne sürer:
 Görüngüleri, Tanrı, ruh gibi kanıtlanmamış önermelerle açıklamaktan kaçınmak gerekir. Aksi takdirde, görüngülerin maddi kökleri yok sayılabilir. Örneğin bilinç, kaynağını beynin işleyişinden alan bir görüngüdür ve ona metafiziksel açıklamalar getirmek dış dünyanın gerçek olmayışı gibi yanılgılara yol açabilir.
 Bütün önermeler gözlem veya deney ile kanıtlanmalı ve doğrulanmalıdır.
 Her şey maddeden gelip madde olarak devam etmektedir.

Maddeciliğin Tarihi

Aksiyal Çağ

Maddecilik, birbirinden bağımsız bir şekilde, Avrasya'nın ayrı coğrafi bölgelerinde, Karl Jaspers'in Aksiyal Çağ olarak adlandırdığı ve M.Ö 800 ila 200 yıllarını kapsayan dönemde gelişti.

Eski Hint felsefesinde, maddecilik Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi, Kanada'nın çalışmalarıyla ve Cārvāka felsefe okulunun önermeleriyle, M.Ö. 600 civarlarında gelişmeye başladı. Kanada atomist felsefenin öncüllerinden olmasını sağlayan önermeler geliştirdi. Nyaya–Vaisesika okulu (M.Ö 600-100) atomizmin ilk biçimlerini geliştirmekle beraber Tanrı kanıtlamaları ve bilincin maddi olmadığını öne sürüşleri onları maddeci olarak tanımlamamıza engel olmaktadır. Atomik gelenek Budist atomizmi ve Jaina okuluyla devam etti.

Eski Çin'de Xun Zi (tahmini olarak M.Ö. 312–230) gerçekçilik ve maddecilik üzerine kurulu Konfüçyüsçü bir öğreti geliştirdi. Dönemin diğer önemli Çinli maddecileri Yang Xiong ve Wang Chongdur.

Anaksagoras (tahmini olarak M.Ö. 500-428), Epiküros ve Demokritos gibi Antik Yunan filozofları daha sonraki maddeciliğin temellerini atmışlardır. Lukretius'un Latince şiiri De Rerum Natura Demokritos ve Epiküros'un mekanik felsefelerini anlatır. Bu görüşe göre var olan her şey madde ve hiçliktir, ve bütün varlıklar "atom" adı verilen ve Eski Yunanca'da bölünemeyen anlamına gelen, küçük parçacıkların hareketleri ve birleşmeleri sayesinde oluşmuştur. De Rerum Natura erozyon, buharlaşma, rüzgâr ve ses için mekanist açıklamalar barındırır. "hiçbir şey hiçlikten gelemez" ve "maddeye maddeden başka hiçbir şey dokunamaz" gibi ünlü ilkeler ilk defa Lukretius'un çalışmalarında görülür.

Orta Çağ
Hint maddeci Jayaraashi Bhatta (MS 6. yy.) Tattvopaplavasimha ("Bütün ilkelerin devrilmesi") adlı çalışmasında Nyaya Sutra epistemolojisini çürüttü. Maddeci Cārvāka felsefesi MS 1400'lerde yavaş yavaş yok olduğu görülüyor.

12. yy.'ın başlarında Arap düşünür Endülüs'te İbn-i Tufeyl, felsefi romanı Hayy bin Yakzan diğer adıyla Esrarü'l-Hikmeti'l-Meşrikiyeda maddeci düşünce üzerine yazmıştır.

Aydınlanma Çağı
17. yy.'da Pierre Gassendi doğa bilimlerini düalist bir temele oturtmaya çalışan René Descartes'a karşı maddeci geleneği temsil etti. Onu maddeci ve ateist Jean Meslier, Julien Offroy de La Mettrie, Paul-Henri Thiry Baron d'Holbach, Denis Diderot ve diğer Fransız Aydınlanma Çağı düşünürleri, çağdaş maddeciliğin temellerini atan Ludwig Feuerbach ve İngiltere'de de John Stewart izledi.

Schopenhauer maddecilikten "kendini hesaba katmayı unutan felsefe" olarak bahseder.. Ona göre maddecilik yanlıştır, çünkü bilen özneyi, ancak bu öznenin bilmesinden yola çıkarak var olan ve bu bilmeye göre var olan şeyle açıklamaktadır. Maddecilik dolayımsız olanı dolayımlı olanla yani daha fazla bilineni daha az bilinenle açıklamaya çalışmaktadır.
Schopenhauer'e göre zihin ve madde (yani sırasıyla özne ve nesne) karşılıklı olarak birbirine bağlıdır. Özne ve nesne farklı yanlardan görünen aynı şeydir. Ele alınan ve elde edilen dünya, düşünce ve yer kaplamaya, zihin ve maddeye bölünemez.

Marx'ın Maddeciliği

Karl Marx ve Friedrich Engels, Hegelin idealist diyalektiğini ayakları üstüne oturttular. iki ayrı kavramı ortaya çıkardılar: diyalektik maddecilik ve tarihin akışına maddeci bir açıklama getiren tarihsel materyalizm''. Marx'ın felsefesinin temelini üretici güçler ve bu güçlerin toplumsal hayata yansımaları olan ilişkileri(özellikle sınıf ilişkileri;serf-lord,işçi-işveren vb.) oluşturur. Bu temel toplumsal ilişkilerden bilimsel, ekonomik, hukuki, ahlaki ideolojik formlar ve değerler doğar. Bütün toplumsal değerler sınıf ilişkilerinin yansımasıdır ve toplumu şekillendiren bu değerlerin alt yapısını ekonomik çıkara dayalı sınıf ilişkileri oluşturur.

Marx ve Engels "maddecilik" terimini günlük ekonomik ve maddi ihtiyaçların tarihin dönemlerini oluşturan ve şekillendiren etkenler olduğu yönündeki tarihsel bakış açısı için kullandılar. Alman idealist felsefesine karşı maddecilik toplum ve gerçekliğin, insanların barınak, yiyecek, giyecek gibi maddi ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak için devam ettirdikleri basit ekonomik hareketlerden kaynaklandığını söyler. Maddecilik, insanların fiziksel emek ve üretici faaliyetler ile günlük ihtiyaçlarını karşıladıkları gerçeğini başlangıç noktası olarak alır. Tek başına bu ekonomik faaliyet, Marx'a göre, siyasi, yasal ve dini modelleri içinde barındıran toplumsal ilişkiler sistemine neden olur.

Bilimsel sosyalizm toplumsal ve ahlaki değerlerin, kültürel özelliklerin-idealizmde olduğu gibi-değişmez bir doğa yasasından değil, toplumsal çevre ve dolayısıyla da toplumun kendine özgü örgütlenme biçiminden kaynaklandığını savunur. Bu toplumsal ilişkiler, üretim ilişkileri, doğal çevre ve teknolojinin gelişmişliği gibi toplumdaki maddi etkenler tarafından belirlenir.

Ayrıca bakınız

Töz
Hilomorfizm
Monizm
Tarihsel materyalizm
Diyalektik materyalizm

Kaynakça

Materyalizm