Leblebi este o gustare din bucătăria turcească, care constă din năut prăjit.

Leblebi este o specialitate din provincia turcă Çorum, populară în întreaga Turcie și  apreciată foarte mult ca gustare. Pe lângă leblebi normal, fără condimente, există, de asemenea, leblebi cu sare, condimente iuți sau cuișoare și zahăr. Pentru copii este foarte popular leblebi cu glazură.

Boabele de năut sunt prăjite încet, la flacără cu gaz, pe o tavă specială de metal. Pentru o prăjire uniformă  și o asigurare a gustului tipic, boabele se amestecă în mod constant în formă de cerc. După prăjire, boabele de năut obțin o culoare galbenă cu puncte negre. Prin procesul de prăjire, ele devin crocante.

Pulberea de leblebi (leblebi tozu) este utilizată, pe lângă consumul pur (amestec cu zahăr pudră), și la prepararea de deserturi și prăjituri.

Bucătăria turcă

Leblebi


La Asamblea Departamental del Valle del Cauca es una corporación gubernamental del departamento del Valle del Cauca en Colombia. Está compuesta por 21 diputados, quienes representan el poder político-administrativo autónomo a nivel local. Su sede está ubicada en la ciudad de Cali.

Se constituye por miembros elegidos en su totalidad por voto universal cada cuatro años desde el año 2003, en el mes de octubre, y ejercen sus funciones desde el 1 de enero del año siguiente.

Diputados

Periodo 2019-2023

Periodo 2016-2019

Periodo 2012-2015

NOTA: El número entre paréntesis indica la cantidad de curules que el partido ganó o perdió con respecto a la elección anterior.

Periodo 2008-2011

Notas

Periodo 2004-2007

Véase también
 Asamblea Departamental (Colombia)
 Gobernador del Valle del Cauca
 Secuestro de los 12 diputados del Valle del Cauca

Referencias

Valle del Cauca
Política de Valle del Cauca


La conducta de los organismos: Un análisis experimental, es el primer libro del psicólogo B. F. Skinner. Se publicó en mayo de 1938 como un volumen de la colección Century Psychology Series. En él se establecen los parámetros para sistema conceptual y metodológico que vendría a llamarse análisis experimental del comportamiento y análisis de la conducta. El libro fue revisado en 1939 por Ernest R. Hilgard.

Ediciones en español
El libro fue editado en español por primera vez en 1975, no siendo re-editado nuevamente hasta 2021 por ABA España.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 A Celebration of the Behavior of Organisms at Fifty (9 articles). Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 50(2), pp. 277–358.
 Bissell, Margaret (2001). "1938: B.F. Skinner publishes The Behavior of Organisms: An Experimental Analysis". In Daniel Schugurensky (Ed.), History of Education: Selected Moments of the 20th Century (online).
 Roche, B. & Barnes, D. (1997). "The behavior of organisms?" The Psychological Record, 47, pp. 597–618.

Enlaces externos
 B. F. Skinner Foundation

Obras de Burrhus Frederic Skinner

La conducta de los organismos


روزوود  هو نوع من الخشب ، ينمو في أفريقيا الاستوائية مثل الكاميرون، الكونغو، كينشاسا، الغابون، وتنزانيا وموزامبيق.

هذا الخشب صلب جداً ولونه غامق. في بعض الأحيان يكون مخطط بأشرطة صفراء.
كما أنه يستخدم في بناءالقيثارات والباص الكهربائية. كما وطفق صنّاع العود خلال العقدين الأخيرين في اعتماده كخشب ملائم لبناء القصعة (الصندوق الصوتي لآلة العود ). وزنه النوعي 800 كغم/متر وسرعة الصوت فيه زهاء 4400 م/ثانية .
تصنف شجرة الوينغي اليوم كأحدى الأشجار المهددة بالانقراض بسبب القطع الجائر على مرّ سنوات عديدة. وحيث أنّ صنّاع الأثاث قد ملّوا منه ، فإنّ المخزون العالمي منه كبير جداً والطلب عليه قليل مما جعل أسعاره في متناول اليد .

مراجع

أشجار إفريقيا
أنواع مهددة بالانقراض حسب القائمة الحمراء للاتحاد العالمي للحفاظ على الطبيعة ومواردها
خشب
ميليتية
نباتات وصفت في 1904

روزوود


Dentro est une série télévisée portugaise diffusée en 2016 par RTP1 et produite par HOP !

Synopsis
Pedro, un jeune homme tout juste diplômé en psychologie, est placé comme interne dans une prison pour femmes. Le psychologue en chef, faute de pouvoir suivre tous les cas, lui confie quelques cas de détenus qui ont besoin d'un soutien psychologique. De plus, Pedro, avec sa jeunesse, a également un grand désir de changer et d'humaniser les conditions de la prison et des détenus. Pedro rencontre rapidement le noyau des détenus qui deviennent des personnages centraux de la série et suit leur cas. De plus, chaque épisode met en scène un cas particulier lié aux différents types de crimes couramment commis par les femmes et à leurs caractéristiques psychologiques. Pedro a aussi une vie en dehors de l'établissement, qui est mise en péril dès son entrée dans l'établissement

Distribution

Acteurs principaux

 Miguel Nunes : Pedro Conrado
 Vera Kolodzig : Marta Correia
 Susana Mendes : Cátia Silva
 Margarida Cardeal : Elsa Teixeira

 Carla Galvão : Luísa Maia
 Elsa Valentim : Manuela Maia
 Luísa Cruz : Glória Azevedo, Réalisatrice
 Pedro Frias : Dr Álvaro Barbosa
 Ana Cunha : Anabela Azevedo, Psychologue
 Teresa Tavares : Isabel Neves
 Maria Henrique : Idalina, Chef adjoint
 Susana Madeira : Rosado, garde

 Rute Miranda : Ferreira, garde

Invités

 Paulo Calatré : Professeur des Universités
 Sara Barros Leitão : Susana Faísca
 Eva Barros : Joana
 Pedro J. Ribeiro : Anibal
 Miguel Lemos : Lopes, garde
 Mariana Sampaio : Liliana
 Ângela Marques : Emília
 Ivo Bastos : Dentiste
 Sara Costa : Pires, garde
 Adriana Faria : Célia
 João Cardoso : Prêtre
 Paula Só : Alzira
 Katarina Maia : Inês

Prix

Notes et références

Liens externes

Série télévisée portugaise des années 2010
Série télévisée en portugais
Série télévisée dramatique
Psychologie
Série télévisée tournée au Portugal

Dentro (série télévisée)


LAstafjorden est un fjord (plus précisément, un détroit) situé dans le comté de Troms et Finnmark, en Norvège. Il traverse les municipalités de Salangen, Gratangen, Ibestad et Tjeldsund. Le fjord, long de 30 kilomètres, relie le fjord de Salangen à l'est au Vågsfjorden à l'ouest. Le fjord est a une largeur maximale de 3,5 kilomètres et il sépare du continent les îles d'Andørja et de Rolla. Il y a plusieurs petits fjords qui bifurquent de ce fjord, y compris : les Lavangen, Gratangen, Grovfjorden et Salangen.

Nom
Le fjord (et l'ancienne municipalité d'Astafjord) ont été nommés d'après l'ancienne ferme d'Ånstad (en vieux norrois : Arnastaðafjǫrðr). Le premier élément de l'ancien nom vient du nom masculin Arna ou « Arne », le deuxième élément staða signifie « maison » ou « ferme », et le dernier élément fjǫrðr est identique au mot pour « fjord ». Ainsi, Astafjorden signifie « le fjord près de la ferme d'Arne ».

Une autre explication possible de l'origine du nom de l'Astafjord à Troms pourrait être qu'il a été nommé d'après la reine Asta, mère du roi saint Olaf au XIe siècle qui aurait apporté le christianisme en Norvège.

Voir aussi
 Liste des fjords de Norvège

Notes et références

Liens externes
 .
 .
 .
 .

Fjord dans le comté de Troms og Finnmark

Astafjorden


Bisiklet, iki tekerlekli bisikletin gelişmesi sonucunda ortaya çıkmış bir spor dalıdır. Eğlence, ulaşım ve yarışma amacıyla bisiklet sürmenin giderek yaygınlaşması bisiklet sporunu daha da geliştirmiştir. Ama bu yaygınlaşmada, bisikletin yeni gelişmelerle daha rahat ve kolay kullanılır bir araç haline gelmesinin de etkisi olmuştur.

Bisiklet kısa yolculuklarda kullanışlı ve ekonomik bir araçtır. Birçok ülkede turlarla ilgili bilgi sağlayan ve toplu bisiklet gezileri düzenleyen bisiklet kulüpleri vardır.

Bisikletle yola çıkmadan önce, bisikletin kullanıma uygun durumda olup olmadığı kontrol edilmelidir. Güvenli ve keyifli bir sürüş için her zaman bisikletin temiz tutulması, işleyen bölümlerinin yağlanması, gerekli ayarların yapılması, lastikler iyice şişirilmesi ve hepsinden de önemlisi frenlerinin denetlenmesi gerekir.

Bisiklet yarışları

Bisiklet sporunun yüz yılı aşan bir geçmişi vardır. Bu spor özellikle Avrupa ülkelerinde çok sevilmekle birlikte, başka ülkelerde de ilgi sürekli artmaktadır. Dünyanın pek çok yerinde, amatör ve profesyonel bisikletçiler için çeşitli yarışlar yapılır. Bisiklet yarışları, yol bisikleti, pist bisikleti, cyclo-cross, dağ bisikleti ve BMX kategorilerinde düzenlenir. Bisiklet yarışları, Türkiye'de Türkiye Bisiklet Federasyonu ve dünyada UCI kuralları ile düzenlenir.

Yol bisikleti

Erkekler amatör bisiklet yarışları, 1896'dan beri Olimpiyat Oyunları'nda yer alır. Kadınlar yol yarışları ise 1984'te Olimpiyat Oyunları kapsamına alınmıştır. Bisiklet sporunda ayrıca amatör ve profesyonel dallarda dünya şampiyonaları düzenlenmektedir.

Yol yarışlarında, tüm sürücüler toplu biçimde aynı anda yarışa başlar. Bu tür yarışlarda bitiş çizgisine ilk ulaşan yarışı kazanır. Klasik bisiklet yarışları 250 km civarında bir mesafede yapılabilan tek günlük yarışlardır.

Zamana karşı yol yarışlarında, her bisikletçi kısa aralarla peş peşe çıkış noktasından hareket eder. Takım zamana karşı ya da bireysel zamana karşı olarak yapılabilir.

Çok etaplı yol bisikleti yarışları da mevcuttur. Bu yarışlar 3 gün ila 21 gün arasındadır. Etapların bazıları takım ya da bireysel zamana karşı olabilir. Bu yarışların en ünlüsü, Fransa Bisiklet Turu'dur ve Fransa'nın çeşitli yerlerinde 3.500-4.000 km dolaylarında mesafede yapılır. Benzer olarak; İspanya Bisiklet Turu ve İtalya Bisiklet Turu da düzenlenmektedir. Bu üç tura Büyük Turlar denilmektedir. Türkiye'de çok etaplı yol bisiketi yarışı olarak Cumhurbaşkanlığı Türkiye Bisiklet Turu düzenlenmektedir.

Pist bisikleti

Oval biçimindeki pistlerde yapılan bisiklet yarışları kısa mesafeli yarışlardır. Pistin bir tur uzunluğu, katları 1000'i verecek şekilde, 500, 400, 333,3 ya da 250 metre olabilir. Veledrom adı verilen bisiklet pistleri, dış kenarı yüksek olacak biçimde içe doğru eğimlidir ve bir fincan tabağını andırır. Bu eğim, yarışçıların köşeleri hızla dönerken savrulmalarını önler. 500-1000 metre arasındaki kısa mesafeli yarışlar, sürat yarışlarıdır. Sürat yarışlarında, bitiş çizgisinde bisikletin hızı saatte 65 kilometreye kadar ulaşabilir. 4.000-5.000 metre yarışları takip yarışlarıdır. 5 km, 10 km ya da 20 km'lik orta mesafe yarışlarında ise, zamana karşı yarışılır. Bu yarışların tümü tek kişilik bisikletlerle yapılan yarışlardır. Aynı zamanda iki kişilik bisikletlerle yapılan yarışlar da vardır.

Velodrom yarışları; 1000 metre sürat yarışı, 4000 m.takım sürat yarışı, 1000 metre ferdi saate karşı yarış, 4000 metre ferdi sürat yarışı, puanlı yarış, çifte (tandem).

Dağ bisikleti

Dağ bisikleti yarışı, orta ve yüksek dereceli teknik sürüş gerektirecek şekilde, genelde off-road arazilerde yapılan yarışlardır. çeşitli şekillerde yapılmaktadır: Cross-country, enduro ve tepe inişi yanında 4X veya four cross yarışları vardır. Cross-country dağ bisikleti, Yaz Olimpiyatları'ndaki tek dağ bisikleti disiplinidir.

Cyclo-cross

Diğer bisiklet yarışları arasında, bisiklet yarışı ile krosun (kır koşusu) bir bileşimi olan kros bisikleti (cyclo-cross) vardır. Kros bisikleti inişli çıkışlı ve bozuk parkur yapılır. Yarışçıların bazen bisikletten inerek yürümeleri ve bisikletlerini omuzlarında taşımaları gerekir.

BMX
2008 yılında Pekin olimpiyatlarında yarış başlatılmıştır.

Türkiye'de bisiklet sporu
İlk bisiklet yarışı, Osmanlı döneminde, 1896'da Atina'da düzenlenen ilk modern Olimpiyat Oyunları'ndan bir yıl sonra, 1897'de Selanik'te yapıldı. Daha sonra bisiklet satıcılarının girişimiyle İstanbul'da da bisiklet yarışları düzenlendi. Ama asıl gelişme, 1908'de II. Meşrutiyet'in ilanından sonra gerçekleşti. Fenerbahçe Spor Kulübü, 1912'de bir bisiklet şubesi kurarak bu sporun gelişmesine öncülük etti.

1923'te Bisiklet Federasyonu kuruldu ve bu tarihten itibaren bölgeleri dolaşmayı amaçlayan bisiklet gezileri düzenlendi. Ne var ki, bir bisiklet ekibi bisiklet bulamadığı için 1924'te Paris'te düzenlenen Olimpiyat Oyunları'na katılamadı. Türkiye ilk uluslararası yarışmalara 1927'de Bulgaristan'da katıldı.

Türkiye'de ilk kez 1928'de Ege Turu adı altında yarışma düzenlendi. Daha sonra, 1938, 1939, 1941 ve 1942'de İstanbul-Edirne-İstanbul bisiklet yarışları yapıldı. 1963'te de Marmara Turu adı altında bisiklet yarışları yapılmaya başlandı ve Marmara Turu 1966'da uluslararası nitelik kazandı. 1968'de de Cumhurbaşkanlığı Türkiye Bisiklet Turu adını aldı. 1970'te de ilk kez Esen Bisiklet Kulübü adıyla bir kadın bisiklet takımı kuruldu.

Türk bisikletçileri 1971'de İzmir'de düzenlenen Akdeniz Oyunları'nda dereceye girdiler. Başarılı sürücülerden biri olan Erol Küçükbakırcı 1973'te Balkan şampiyonu oldu; 1975'te de Libya ve Suudi Arabistan turlarını kazandı. Hasan Can 1977'de Fransa Tour L'avenir Ödülü'nü aldı. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Uluslararası Bisiklet Turu'nda 1989'da ve 1993'te Türk takımı üçüncü oldu. Aynı turun bireysel dalında 1993'te Ayhan Aytekin, 1996'da Nadir Yavuz da üçüncülük elde etti. 1996'daki Cumhurbaşkanlığı Uluslararası Bisiklet Turu'nda Türk bisikletçiler takım halinde ikinci oldular. 1998'de yapılan Balkan Yol Şampiyonası'nda Erdinç Doğan altın madalya kazandı.

Türk dağ bisikleti tarihi 1997'de ilki yapılan, Uluslararası Alanya Dağ Bisikleti Kupası ile başlar. 2007 Avrupa Dağ Bisikleti Şampiyonası'na Türkiye 12-15 Temmuz tarihlerinde Ürgüp'te ev sahipliği yapacaktır.

2007 yılında Türkiye 3 adet uluslararası yol bisikleti turuna ve 12 adet uluslararası dağ bisikleti yarışmasına ev sahipliği yapacaktır. Bunların yanı sıra ulusal düzeyde tüm disiplinlerde yarışlar düzenlendiği gibi; Yol bisikleti, yol bisikleti zamana karşı, pist, olimpik dağ bisikleti ve dağ bisikleti maraton disiplinlerinde Türkiye Şampiyonaları organize edilmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 Türkiye Bisiklet Federasyonu

Kaynakça

Emisyon azaltımı
Aerobik egzersiz
Sürdürülebilir ulaşım

Bisiklet (spor)


Im Okres Dunajská Streda bestehen 77 denkmalgeschützte Objekte. Die unten angeführte Liste führt zu den Gemeindelisten und gibt die Anzahl der Objekte an. In Gemeinden, die nicht verlinkt sind, existieren keine geschützten Objekte.

Weblinks

Dunajska Streda
Okres Dunajská Streda

Denkmalgeschützte Objekte im Okres Dunajská Streda


Ægtemand for en Time er en kortfilm instrueret af Lau Lauritzen Sr. efter manuskript af Valdemar Andersen.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1918

Kortfilm fra Danmark

Ægtemand for en Time


A data center (American English) or data centre (Commonwealth English) is a building, a dedicated space within a building, or a group of buildings used to house computer systems and associated components, such as telecommunications and storage systems.

Since IT operations are crucial for business continuity, it generally includes redundant or backup components and infrastructure for power supply, data communication connections, environmental controls (e.g., air conditioning, fire suppression), and various security devices. A large data center is an industrial-scale operation using as much electricity as a small town. Estimated global data center electricity consumption in 2022 was 240-340 TWh, or roughly 1-1.3% of global electricity demand. This excludes energy used for cryptocurrency mining, which was estimated to be around 110 TWh in 2022, or another 0.4% of global electricity demand.

Data centers can vary widely in terms of size, power requirements, redundancy, and overall structure. Four common categories used to segment types of data centers are onsite data centers, colocation facilities, hyperscale data centers, and edge data centers.

History

Data centers have their roots in the huge computer rooms of the 1940s, typified by ENIAC, one of the earliest examples of a data center. Early computer systems, complex to operate and maintain, required a special environment in which to operate. Many cables were necessary to connect all the components, and methods to accommodate and organize these were devised such as standard racks to mount equipment, raised floors, and cable trays (installed overhead or under the elevated floor). A single mainframe required a great deal of power and had to be cooled to avoid overheating. Security became important – computers were expensive, and were often used for military purposes. Basic design guidelines for controlling access to the computer room were therefore devised.

During the boom of the microcomputer industry, and especially during the 1980s, users started to deploy computers everywhere, in many cases with little or no care about operating requirements. However, as information technology (IT) operations started to grow in complexity, organizations grew aware of the need to control IT resources. The availability of inexpensive networking equipment, coupled with new standards for the network structured cabling, made it possible to use a hierarchical design that put the servers in a specific room inside the company. The use of the term data center, as applied to specially designed computer rooms, started to gain popular recognition about this time.

The boom of data centers came during the dot-com bubble of 1997–2000. Companies needed fast Internet connectivity and non-stop operation to deploy systems and to establish a presence on the Internet. Installing such equipment was not viable for many smaller companies. Many companies started building very large facilities, called internet data centers (IDCs), which provide enhanced capabilities, such as crossover backup: "If a Bell Atlantic line is cut, we can transfer them to ... to minimize the time of outage."

The term cloud data centers (CDCs) has been used. Data centers typically cost a lot to build and maintain. Increasingly, the division of these terms has almost disappeared and they are being integrated into the term data center.

Requirements for modern data centers

Modernization and data center transformation enhances performance and energy efficiency.

Information security is also a concern, and for this reason, a data center has to offer a secure environment that minimizes the chances of a security breach. A data center must, therefore, keep high standards for assuring the integrity and functionality of its hosted computer environment.

Industry research company International Data Corporation (IDC) puts the average age of a data center at nine years old. Gartner, another research company, says data centers older than seven years are obsolete. The growth in data (163 zettabytes by 2025) is one factor driving the need for data centers to modernize.

Focus on modernization is not new: concern about obsolete equipment was decried in 2007, and in 2011 Uptime Institute was concerned about the age of the equipment therein. By 2018 concern had shifted once again, this time to the age of the staff: "data center staff are aging faster than the equipment."

Meeting standards for data centers
The Telecommunications Industry Association's Telecommunications Infrastructure Standard for Data Centers specifies the minimum requirements for telecommunications infrastructure of data centers and computer rooms including single tenant enterprise data centers and multi-tenant Internet hosting data centers. The topology proposed in this document is intended to be applicable to any size data center.

Telcordia GR-3160, NEBS Requirements for Telecommunications Data Center Equipment and Spaces, provides guidelines for data center spaces within telecommunications networks, and environmental requirements for the equipment intended for installation in those spaces. These criteria were developed jointly by Telcordia and industry representatives. They may be applied to data center spaces housing data processing or Information Technology (IT) equipment. The equipment may be used to:
 Operate and manage a carrier's telecommunication network
 Provide data center based applications directly to the carrier's customers
 Provide hosted applications for a third party to provide services to their customers
 Provide a combination of these and similar data center applications

Data center transformation
Data center transformation takes a step-by-step approach through integrated projects carried out over time. This differs from a traditional method of data center upgrades that takes a serial and siloed approach. The typical projects within a data center transformation initiative include standardization/consolidation, virtualization, automation and security.
 Standardization/consolidation: Reducing the number of data centers and avoiding server sprawl (both physical and virtual) often includes replacing aging data center equipment, and is aided by standardization.
 Virtualization: Lowers capital and operational expenses, reduces energy consumption. Virtualized desktops can be hosted in data centers and rented out on a subscription basis.  Investment bank Lazard Capital Markets estimated in 2008 that 48 percent of enterprise operations will be virtualized by 2012. Gartner views virtualization as a catalyst for modernization.
 Automating: Automating tasks such as provisioning, configuration, patching, release management, and compliance is needed, not just when facing fewer skilled IT workers.
 Securing: Protection of virtual systems is integrated with the existing security of physical infrastructures.

Raised floor

A raised floor standards guide named GR-2930 was developed by Telcordia Technologies, a subsidiary of Ericsson.

Although the first raised floor computer room was made by IBM in 1956, and they've "been around since the 1960s", it was the 1970s that made it more common for computer centers to thereby allow cool air to circulate more efficiently.

The first purpose of the raised floor was to allow access for wiring.

Lights out
The lights-out data center, also known as a darkened or a dark data center, is a data center that, ideally, has all but eliminated the need for direct access by personnel, except under extraordinary circumstances. Because of the lack of need for staff to enter the data center, it can be operated without lighting. All of the devices are accessed and managed by remote systems, with automation programs used to perform unattended operations. In addition to the energy savings, reduction in staffing costs and the ability to locate the site further from population centers, implementing a lights-out data center reduces the threat of malicious attacks upon the infrastructure.

Noise levels
Generally speaking, local authorities prefer noise levels at data centers to be "10 dB below the existing night-time background noise level at the nearest residence."

OSHA regulations require monitoring of noise levels inside data centers if noise exceeds 85 decibels. The average noise level in server areas of a data center may reach as high as 92-96 dB(A).

Residents living near data centers have described the sound as "a high-pitched whirring noise 24/7", saying  "It's like being on a tarmac with an airplane engine running constantly ... Except that the airplane keeps idling and never leaves."

External sources of noise include HVAC equipment and energy generators.

Data center design
The field of data center design has been growing for decades in various directions, including new construction big and small along with the creative re-use of existing facilities, like abandoned retail space, old salt mines and war-era bunkers.
 a 65-story data center has already been proposed
 the number of data centers as of 2016 had grown beyond 3 million USA-wide, and more than triple that number worldwide

Local building codes may govern the minimum ceiling heights and other parameters. Some of the considerations in the design of data centers are:

 Size - one room of a building, one or more floors, or an entire building,
 Capacity - can hold up to or past 1,000 servers
 Other considerations - Space, power, cooling, and costs in the data center.
 Mechanical engineering infrastructure - heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC); humidification and dehumidification equipment; pressurization.
 Electrical engineering infrastructure design -  utility service planning; distribution, switching and bypass from power sources; uninterruptible power source (UPS) systems; and more.

Design criteria and trade-offs
 Availability expectations: The costs of avoiding downtime should not exceed the cost of the downtime itself
 Site selection: Location factors include proximity to power grids, telecommunications infrastructure, networking services, transportation lines and emergency services. Other considerations should include flight paths, neighboring power drains, geological risks, and climate (associated with cooling costs).
 Often, power availability is the hardest to change.

High availability

Various metrics exist for measuring the data-availability that results from data-center availability beyond 95% uptime, with the top of the scale counting how many nines can be placed after 99%.

Modularity and flexibility

Modularity and flexibility are key elements in allowing for a data center to grow and change over time. Data center modules are pre-engineered, standardized building blocks that can be easily configured and moved as needed.

A modular data center may consist of data center equipment contained within shipping containers or similar portable containers. Components of the data center can be prefabricated and standardized which facilitates moving if needed.

Environmental control
Temperature and humidity are controlled via:
 Air conditioning
 indirect cooling, such as using outside air, Indirect Evaporative Cooling (IDEC) units, and also using sea water.

It is important that computers do not get humid or overheat, as high humidity can lead to dust clogging the fans, which leads to overheat, or can cause components to malfunction, ruining the board and running a fire hazard. Overheat can cause components, usually the silicon or copper of the wires or circuits to melt, causing connections to loosen, causing fire hazards.

Electrical power

Backup power consists of one or more uninterruptible power supplies, battery banks, and/or diesel / gas turbine generators.

To prevent single points of failure, all elements of the electrical systems, including backup systems, are typically given redundant copies, and critical servers are connected to both the A-side and B-side power feeds. This arrangement is often made to achieve N+1 redundancy in the systems. Static transfer switches are sometimes used to ensure instantaneous switchover from one supply to the other in the event of a power failure.

Low-voltage cable routing
Options include:
 Data cabling can be routed through overhead cable trays
 Raised floor cabling, both for security reasons and to avoid the extra cost of cooling systems over the racks.
 Smaller/less expensive data centers may use anti-static tiles instead for a flooring surface.

Air flow
Air flow management addresses the need to improve data center computer cooling efficiency by preventing the recirculation of hot air exhausted from IT equipment and reducing bypass airflow. There are several methods of separating hot and cold airstreams, such as hot/cold aisle containment and in-row cooling units.

Aisle containment
Cold aisle containment is done by exposing the rear of equipment racks, while the fronts of the servers are enclosed with doors and covers. This is similar to how large-scale food companies refrigerate and store their products.
Computer cabinets/Server farms are often organized for containment of hot/cold aisles. Proper air duct placement prevents the cold and hot air from mixing. Rows of cabinets are paired to face each other so that the cool and hot air intakes and exhausts don't mix air, which would severely reduce cooling efficiency.

Alternatively, a range of underfloor panels can create efficient cold air pathways directed to the raised-floor vented tiles. Either the cold aisle or the hot aisle can be contained.

Another option is fitting cabinets with vertical exhaust duct chimneys. Hot exhaust pipes/vents/ducts can direct the air into a Plenum space above a Dropped ceiling and back to the cooling units or to outside vents. With this configuration, traditional hot/cold aisle configuration is not a requirement.

Fire protection

Data centers feature fire protection systems, including passive and Active Design elements, as well as implementation of fire prevention programs in operations. Smoke detectors are usually installed to provide early warning of a fire at its incipient stage.

Although the main room usually does not allow Wet Pipe-based Systems due to the fragile nature of Circuit-boards, there still exist systems that can be used in the rest of the facility or in cold/hot aisle air circulation systems that are closed systems, such as:
 Sprinkler systems
 Misting, using high pressure to create extremely small water droplets, which can be used in sensitive rooms due to the nature of the droplets.
However, there also exist other means to put out fires, especially in Sensitive areas, usually using Gaseous fire suppression, of which Halon gas was the most popular, until the negative effects of producing and using it were discovered.

Security

Physical access is usually restricted. Layered security often starts with fencing, bollards and mantraps. Video camera surveillance and permanent security guards are almost always present if the data center is large or contains sensitive information. Fingerprint recognition mantraps are starting to be commonplace.

Logging access is required by some data protection regulations; some organizations tightly link this to access control systems. Multiple log entries can occur at the main entrance, entrances to internal rooms, and at equipment cabinets. Access control at cabinets can be integrated with intelligent power distribution units, so that locks are networked through the same appliance.

Energy use

Energy use is a central issue for data centers. Power draw ranges from a few kW for a rack of servers in a closet to several tens of MW for large facilities. Some facilities have power densities more than 100 times that of a typical office building. For higher power density facilities, electricity costs are a dominant operating expense and account for over 10% of the total cost of ownership (TCO) of a data center.

Greenhouse gas emissions
In 2020, data centers (excluding cryptocurrency mining) and data transmission each used about 1% of world electricity. Although some of this electricity was low carbon, the IEA called for more "government and industry efforts on energy efficiency, renewables procurement and RD&D", as some data centers still use electricity generated by fossil fuels. They also said that lifecycle emissions should be considered, that is including embodied emissions, such as in buildings. Data centers are estimated to have been responsible for 0.5% of US greenhouse gas emissions in 2018. Some Chinese companies, such as Tencent, have pledged to be carbon neutral by 2030, while others such as Alibaba have been criticized by Greenpeace for not committing to become carbon neutral.

Energy efficiency and overhead
The most commonly used energy efficiency metric for data centers is power usage effectiveness (PUE), calculated as the ratio of total power entering the data center divided by the power used by IT equipment.

PUE measures the percentage of power used by overhead devices (cooling, lighting, etc.). The average USA data center has a PUE of 2.0, meaning two watts of total power (overhead + IT equipment) for every watt delivered to IT equipment. State-of-the-art data centers are estimated to have a PUE of roughly 1.2. Google publishes quarterly efficiency metrics from its data centers in operation.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has an Energy Star rating for standalone or large data centers. To qualify for the ecolabel, a data center must be within the top quartile in energy efficiency of all reported facilities. The Energy Efficiency Improvement Act of 2015 (United States) requires federal facilities — including data centers — to operate more efficiently. California's Title 24 (2014) of the California Code of Regulations mandates that every newly constructed data center must have some form of airflow containment in place to optimize energy efficiency.

The European Union also has a similar initiative: EU Code of Conduct for Data Centres.

Energy use analysis and projects
The focus of measuring and analyzing energy use goes beyond what is used by IT equipment; facility support hardware such as chillers and fans also use energy.

In 2011, server racks in data centers were designed for more than 25 kW and the typical server was estimated to waste about 30% of the electricity it consumed. The energy demand for information storage systems is also rising. A high-availability data center is estimated to have a 1 megawatt (MW) demand and consume $20,000,000 in electricity over its lifetime, with cooling representing 35% to 45% of the data center's total cost of ownership. Calculations show that in two years, the cost of powering and cooling a server could be equal to the cost of purchasing the server hardware. Research in 2018 has shown that a substantial amount of energy could still be conserved by optimizing IT refresh rates and increasing server utilization.

In 2011, Facebook, Rackspace and others founded the Open Compute Project (OCP) to develop and publish open standards for greener data center computing technologies. As part of the project, Facebook published the designs of its server, which it had built for its first dedicated data center in Prineville. Making servers taller left space for more effective heat sinks and enabled the use of fans that moved more air with less energy. By not buying commercial off-the-shelf servers, energy consumption due to unnecessary expansion slots on the motherboard and unneeded components, such as a graphics card, was also saved. In 2016, Google joined the project and published the designs of its 48V DC shallow data center rack. This design had long been part of Google data centers. By eliminating the multiple transformers usually deployed in data centers, Google had achieved a 30% increase in energy efficiency. In 2017, sales for data center hardware built to OCP designs topped $1.2 billion and are expected to reach $6 billion by 2021.

Power and cooling analysis

Power is the largest recurring cost to the user of a data center.  Cooling it at or below  wastes money and energy. Furthermore, overcooling equipment in environments with a high relative humidity can expose equipment to a high amount of moisture that facilitates the growth of salt deposits on conductive filaments in the circuitry.

A power and cooling analysis, also referred to as a thermal assessment, measures the relative temperatures in specific areas as well as the capacity of the cooling systems to handle specific ambient temperatures. A power and cooling analysis can help to identify hot spots, over-cooled areas that can handle greater power use density, the breakpoint of equipment loading, the effectiveness of a raised-floor strategy, and optimal equipment positioning (such as AC units) to balance temperatures across the data center. Power cooling density is a measure of how much square footage the center can cool at maximum capacity. The cooling of data centers is the second largest power consumer after servers. The cooling energy varies from 10% of the total energy consumption in the most efficient data centers and goes up to 45% in standard air-cooled data centers.

Energy efficiency analysis
An energy efficiency analysis measures the energy use of data center IT and facilities equipment. A typical energy efficiency analysis measures factors such as a data center's Power Use Effectiveness (PUE) against industry standards, identifies mechanical and electrical sources of inefficiency, and identifies air-management metrics. However, the limitation of most current metrics and approaches is that they do not include IT in the analysis. Case studies have shown that by addressing energy efficiency holistically in a data center, major efficiencies can be achieved that are not possible otherwise.

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis

This type of analysis uses sophisticated tools and techniques to understand the unique thermal conditions present in each data center—predicting the temperature, airflow, and pressure behavior of a data center to assess performance and energy consumption, using numerical modeling. By predicting the effects of these environmental conditions, CFD analysis of a data center can be used to predict the impact of high-density racks mixed with low-density racks and the onward impact on cooling resources, poor infrastructure management practices, and AC failure or AC shutdown for scheduled maintenance.

Thermal zone mapping
Thermal zone mapping uses sensors and computer modeling to create a three-dimensional image of the hot and cool zones in a data center.

This information can help to identify optimal positioning of data center equipment. For example, critical servers might be placed in a cool zone that is serviced by redundant AC units.

Green data centers

Data centers use a lot of power, consumed by two main usages: The power required to run the actual equipment and then the power required to cool the equipment. Power efficiency reduces the first category.

Cooling cost reduction through natural means includes location decisions: When the focus is avoiding good fiber connectivity, power grid connections, and people concentrations to manage the equipment, a data center can be miles away from the users. Mass data centers like Google or Facebook don't need to be near population centers. Arctic locations that can use outside air, which provides cooling, are becoming more popular.

Renewable electricity sources are another plus. Thus countries with favorable conditions, such as Canada, Finland, Sweden, Norway, and Switzerland are trying to attract cloud computing data centers.

Energy reuse
It is very difficult to reuse the heat which comes from air-cooled data centers. For this reason, data center infrastructures are more often equipped with heat pumps. An alternative to heat pumps is the adoption of liquid cooling throughout a data center. Different liquid cooling techniques are mixed and matched to allow for a fully liquid-cooled infrastructure that captures all heat with water. Different liquid technologies are categorized in 3 main groups, indirect liquid cooling (water-cooled racks), direct liquid cooling (direct-to-chip cooling) and total liquid cooling (complete immersion in liquid, see server immersion cooling). This combination of technologies allows the creation of a thermal cascade as part of temperature chaining scenarios to create high-temperature water outputs from the data center.

Dynamic infrastructure

Dynamic infrastructure provides the ability to intelligently, automatically and securely move workloads within a data center anytime, anywhere, for migrations, provisioning, to enhance performance, or building co-location facilities. It also facilitates performing routine maintenance on either physical or virtual systems all while minimizing interruption. A related concept is Composable Infrastructure, which allows for the dynamic reconfiguration of the available resources to suit needs, only when needed.

Side benefits include
 reducing cost
 facilitating business continuity and high availability
 enabling cloud and grid computing.

Network infrastructure

Communications in data centers today are most often based on networks running the Internet protocol suite. Data centers contain a set of routers and switches that transport traffic between the servers and to the outside world which are connected according to the data center network architecture. Redundancy of the internet connection is often provided by using two or more upstream service providers (see Multihoming).

Some of the servers at the data center are used for running the basic internet and intranet services needed by internal users in the organization, e.g., e-mail servers, proxy servers, and DNS servers.

Network security elements are also usually deployed: firewalls, VPN gateways, intrusion detection systems, and so on. Also common are monitoring systems for the network and some of the applications. Additional off-site monitoring systems are also typical, in case of a failure of communications inside the data center.

Software/data backup
Non-mutually exclusive options for data backup are:

 Onsite
 Offsite

Onsite is traditional, and one of its major advantages is immediate availability.

Offsite backup storage

Data backup techniques include having an encrypted copy of the data offsite. Methods used for transporting data are:
 Having the customer write the data to a physical medium, such as magnetic tape, and then transporting the tape elsewhere.
 Directly transferring the data to another site during the backup, using appropriate links.
 Uploading the data "into the cloud".

Modular data center

For quick deployment or disaster recovery, several large hardware vendors have developed mobile/modular solutions that can be installed and made operational in a very short amount of time.

Micro data center
Micro Data Centers (MDCs) are access-level data centers which are smaller in size than traditional data centers but provide the same features. They are typically located near the data source to reduce communication delays, as their small size allows several MDCs to be spread out over a wide area. MDCs are well suited to user-facing, front end applications. They are commonly used in edge computing and other areas where low latency data processing is needed.

See also

Notes

References

External links

 Lawrence Berkeley Lab - Research, development, demonstration, and deployment of energy-efficient technologies and practices for data centers
 DC Power For Data Centers Of The Future - FAQ: 380VDC testing and demonstration at a Sun data center.
 White Paper - Property Taxes: The New Challenge for Data Centers
 The European Commission H2020 EURECA Data Centre Project - Data centre energy efficiency guidelines, extensive online training material, case studies/lectures (under events page), and tools.

Applications of distributed computing
Cloud storage
Computer networking

Data management
Distributed data storage systems
Distributed data storage
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
Servers (computing)

Data center


Jean-André Léger, né le  à Saint-Michel (Charente) et mort guillotiné le  à Cologne (Rhénanie-du-Nord–Westphalie), est un homme de lettres, membre de l'Action française et résistant français.

Jeunesse
Jean-André Léger fait ses premières études au Collège Saint-Paul à Angoulême puis au Collège Stanislas. Il obtient une licence en droit.

Durant la Grande Guerre
Lors de la Première Guerre mondiale, il est mobilisé au 160e régiment d'infanterie en août 1914. A la suite d'une première blessure au cou à Carency, il est promu sous-lieutenant au 1e régiment mixte de zouaves et tirailleurs et participe à la bataille de Verdun. En 1917, Jean-André Léger est touché aux reins ce qui le contraint d'être immobilisé plusieurs mois. En juillet 1918, il retourne au front et prend part à l'offensive de Villers-Cotterets. Jean-André Léger est cité trois fois et obtient la Croix de guerre 1914-1918 et la Légion d'Honneur le 2 février 1929.

Entre-deux-guerres
Durant l'entre-deux-guerres, il devient secrétaire particulier de Jacques Bainville, historien d'Action française et académicien français. Comme lui, il étudie le germanisme et alerte sur la résurgence d'un nouveau conflit armé avec l'Allemagne.

Résistance
Au début de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, il est mobilisé au 143e régiment d'infanterie.

En 1940, il est fait prisonnier puis transféré dans un hôpital à Épinal pour raison médicale d'où il est réformé. Lors du retour à la vie civile, il prend ses distances avec l'Action française réfugiée à Lyon et le pétainisme de Charles Maurras.

Jean-André Léger rejoint ensuite le Réseau de résistance Uranus-Espoir français de Metz. Le 11 novembre 1941, il est arrêté par la Gestapo sur dénonciation et incarcéré à la prison de Fresnes. Le 28 avril 1942, il est condamné à mort pour « espionnage, action en faveur de l'ennemi » mais il fait appel et sa peine est commuée en travaux forcés à perpétuité. Il est conduit au camp de Reinbach le 18 mai 1942 et enfin à Cologne à la prison de Klingelpütz. Finalement, il est guillotiné le 21 août 1942 avec Paul Simmiger, Roger Mannheim et le docteur Bricka.

Le 28 novembre 1945, le secrétariat des anciens combattants lui accorde la mention « Mort pour la France ».

Ouvrages

 Le Germanisme et la France contemporaine, Plon, date inconnue.
 L'Heure classique de la France et le Conseil de Bainville, Durasié et Cie, 1935.

Distinctions

Notes et références

Naissance en août 1893
Mort pour la France
Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur
Personnalité de l'Action française
Décès en août 1942
Résistant français

Jean-André Léger


An Epidendrum melanoporphyreum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Eric Hágsater. An Epidendrum melanoporphyreum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Epidendrum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Peru. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Epidendrum

Epidendrum melanoporphyreum


التلفزيون الكَبْلِي أو تلفزيون الكَبْل ، والكَبْل ب هو القيد الضخم هو نظام لتزويد القنوات التلفزيونية للمشاهدين عن طريق إشارات تردد الراديو المرسلة للتلفاز من خلال الألياف البصرية أو عن طريق الكابلات المحورية بخلاف الطريقة التقليدية والتي تكون عن طريق الجو (موجات الراديو) والتي تتطلب وجود الهوائي. هذه الطريقة مستخدمة أيضاً في غير مجال التلفزيون مثل برامج إذاعة إف إم، والإنترنت فائق السرعة، والإرسال الهاتفي.

مراجع

اختراعات أمريكية
اختراعات بريطانية
تلفاز

تلفزيون كبلي


Poluotok Pakri proteže se od sjeverozapadne estonskoga okruga Harjumaa do Baltičkoga mora. Dužina poluotoka je 12 km, a površina mu je oko 40 km².

Dijelovi poluotoka zaštićeni su 1998. kao Zaštićeni krajobraz Pakri zbog svojih jedinstvenih geoloških značajki, rijetkih zajednica flore i faune, te povijesnog interesa.

Na poluotoku se nalazi lučki gradić Paldiski.

Bilješke

Izvori

 Lišajevi i njihovi supstrati na poluotoku Pakri (Sjeverozapadna Estonija)  . Sveučilište u Tartuu.

Reljefni oblici u Estoniji
Zaštićena područja u Estoniji

Pakri (poluotok)


Paul Kenjirō Kōriyama (japonêsパウロ郡山健次郎, Pauro Kōriyama Kenjirō; nascido em 20 de agosto de 1942 em Tatsugō, Amami-Ōshima, Prefeitura de Kagoshima, Japão) é um clérigo japonês e bispo católico romano emérito de Kagoshima.

Paul Kenjirō Kōriyama recebeu em 20 de março de 1972 a ordenação sacerdotal da diocese de Kagoshima.

Papa Bento XVI nomeou-o Bispo de Kagoshima em 3 de dezembro de 2005. Seu predecessor Paul Shinichi Itonaga deu-lhe a consagração episcopal em 29 de janeiro de 2006; Os co-consagradores foram Joseph Mitsuaki Takami PSS, Arcebispo de Nagasaki, e Peter Takeo Okada, Arcebispo de Tóquio.

Em 7 de julho de 2018, o Papa Francisco aceitou sua aposentadoria por motivos de idade.

Ver também

Bispos católicos do Japão

Paul Kenjirō Kōriyama


ශ්‍රී ලංකාභිමාන්‍ය කරූ ජයසූරිය (, ; උපත 29 සැප්තැම්බර් 1940) යනු ශ්‍රී ලාංකික දේශපාලනඥයෙක්. ඔහු හිටපු ශ්‍රී ලංකා පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ කථානායක වේ.  කරු ජයසුරිය මහතා රාජ්‍ය පරිපාලන හා ස්වදේශීය කටයුතු,බුද්ධශාසන හා ආගමික කටයුතු,බල ශක්ති යන අමාත්‍ය තනතුරු සහ කොළඹ නගරාධිපති  තනතුර දරා ඇති අතර  ගම්පහ දිස්ත්‍රික්කය නියෝජනය කරන පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රී වරයකු වේ. එමෙන්ම එතුමා එක්සත් ජාතික පක්ෂයේ නියෝජ්‍ය නායක පදවිය දරා අැත. කොළඹ ආනන්ද විද්‍යාලයේ ආදී ශිෂ්‍යයෙකු වන එතුමා රණසිංහ ප්‍රේමදාස රජය විසින්  ජර්මනියේ ශ්‍රී ලාංකීය තානාපති ලෙස එවකට පත් කරන ලදී.

කරු ජයසුරිය 1965 සිට 1972 දක්වා කාලය තුල හමුදාවේ නිල ලත් නිලධාරියෙක් ලෙස කටයුතු කරන ලදී. වෘත්තියෙන් ව්‍යාපාරිකයකු වන ජයසුරිය 1996 වසරේ එක්සත් ජාතික පක්ෂ නායක රනිල් වික්‍රමසිංහ මහාතාගේ ආරාධනය පරිදි පක්ෂ සභාපතිත්වයට පත් විය.

මූලාශ්‍ර

දේශපාලනය
1940 උපත්

කරු ජයසූරිය


Prodidomus margala est une espèce d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Prodidomidae.

Distribution
Cette espèce est endémique du Pendjab en Pakistan. Elle se rencontre vers Taxila.

Description
La femelle holotype mesure .

Systématique et taxinomie
Cette espèce a été décrite par Platnick en 1976.

Étymologie
Son nom d'espèce lui a été donné en référence au lieu de sa découverte, le col de Margala.

Publication originale
 Platnick, 1976 : « On Asian Prodidomus (Araneae, Gnaphosidae). » Acta Arachnologica, , , .

Liens externes

Notes et références

Prodidomidae
Espèce d'araignées (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique du Pakistan

Prodidomus margala


VM i mountainbike maraton er verdensmesterskabet for maraton mountainbikeløb. Mesterskabet blev etableret i 2003 af Union Cycliste Internationale og arrangeres hvert år for mænd og kvinder. 2003-udgaven blev arrangeret som en del af VM i mountainbike, men efterfølgende verdensmesterskaber er arrangeret som et separat stævne.

UCI tildeler en guldmedalje og en regnbuetrøje til vinderen. Sølv og bronzemedaljer gives til nummer to og tre. Verdensmestre kan iføre sig regnbuetrøjen indtil verdensmesterskabet året efter, men trøjen kan kun bruges i samme sportsgren, som den blev vundet i.

Medaljevindere

Mænd

Antal vundne medaljer

Kvinder

Antal vundne medaljer
Pr. juni 2016

Antal vundne medaljer tilsammen
Pr. juni 2016
The current historical medal count of men's and women's events is as follows:

Referencer

VM i mountainbike

VM i mountainbike maraton


Plusieurs villes ou communes possèdent une rue du séminaire (ou encore un autre type de voirie). Ces voiries font généralement référence à la présence - ancienne ou actuelle - d'un séminaire (« petit » ou « grand » séminaire) qui, dans la tradition chrétienne, est une maison de formation ecclésiastique.

en
La Rue du Séminaire, à Floreffe
La Rue du Séminaire (Seminariestraat), à Gand
La Rue du Séminaire, à Namur
La Rue du Séminaire (Seminariestraat), à Ypres (Ieper)

au  ()
La Rue du Séminaire, à Montréal Québec
La Rue du Séminaire, à Chicoutimi (Saguenay, Québec)
La Rue du Séminaire, à Québec
Boulevard du Séminaire, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu [QC]

aux
La Rue du Séminaire (Seminary Road), à Alexandria (VA)
L'avenue du Séminaire (Seminary Avenue), à Chicago
L'avenue du Séminaire (Seminary Avenue), à Dayton [OH]
L'avenue du Séminaire (Seminary Avenue), à Lutherville [MD]
L'avenue du Séminaire (Seminary Avenue), à Oakland [CA]
L'avenue du Séminaire (Seminary Avenue), à Richmond [VA]
L'avenue du Séminaire (Seminary Avenue), à Yonkers [NY]

en
La Rue du Séminaire, à Arles
La Place du Séminaire, à Bordeaux
La Rue du Séminaire, à Chevilly-Larue
La Rue du Séminaire, à Clermont-Ferrand
La Rue du Séminaire-de-Conflans, à Charenton-le-Pont
La Rue du Séminaire, à Ostwald (Strasbourg)
La Rue du Séminaire, à Rungis
Le Chemin du Séminaire, à Toulouse
La Rue du Séminaire, à Zillisheim

aux
La Rue du Séminaire (Seminary Road), à Bagbag, Novaliches [QC]

au
La rue de la colline du séminaire (Seminary Hill Road), à Galle

Seminaire
Seminaire

Rue du Séminaire


Radio Usora Dijaspora je internetska radijska postaja Hrvata usorskog kraja. Emitira na hrvatskom jeziku na internetu. Programsku shemu čini glazba.

Povijest
Postaja emitira od 21. ožujka 2011. godine.

Izvori

Vidi
 Radio Usora

Vanjske poveznice
Radio Uživo

Radijske postaje na hrvatskom jeziku u Bosni i Hercegovini
Usora

Radio Usora Dijaspora


Surry Hills is an inner-east suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Surry Hills is immediately south-east of the Sydney central business district in the local government area of the City of Sydney. Surry Hills is surrounded by the suburbs of Darlinghurst to the north, Chippendale and Haymarket to the west, Moore Park and Paddington to the east and Redfern to the south.  It is often colloquially referred to as "Surry".

It is bordered by Elizabeth Street and Chalmers Street to the west, Cleveland Street to the south, South Dowling Street to the east, and Oxford Street to the north. Crown Street is a main thoroughfare through the suburb with numerous restaurants, pubs and bars. Central is a locality in the north-west of the suburb around Central station. Prince Alfred Park is located nearby. Strawberry Hills is a locality around Cleveland and Elizabeth Streets and Brickfield Hill to the east of that.

A multicultural suburb, Surry Hills has had a long association with the Portuguese community of Sydney.

History
The first land grants in Surry Hills were made in the 1790s. Major Joseph Foveaux received .  His property was known as Surry Hills Farm, after the Surrey Hills in Surrey, England.  Foveaux Street is named in his honour. Commissary John Palmer received . He called the property George Farm and in 1800 Palmer also bought Foveaux's farm. In 1792, the boundaries of the Sydney Cove settlement were established between the head of Cockle Bay to the head of Woolloomooloo Bay.  West of the boundary, which included present-day Surry Hills, was considered suitable for farming and was granted to military officers and free settlers.

After Palmer's political failures, his reduced financial circumstances forced the first subdivision and sale of his estate in 1814. Isaac Nichols bought Allotment 20, comprising over . Due to the hilly terrain, much of the suburb was considered remote and 'inhospitable'. In the early years of the nineteenth century the area around what is now Prince Alfred Park was undeveloped land known as the Government Paddocks or Cleveland Paddocks. A few villas were built in the suburb in the late 1820s.  The suburb remained one of contrasts for much of the nineteenth century, with the homes of wealthy merchants mixed with that of the commercial and working classes.

In 1820, Governor Macquarie ordered the consecration of the Devonshire Street Cemetery.  A brick wall was erected before any interments took place to enclose its . Within a four-year period the cemetery was expanded by the addition of  to its south. A road was formed along the southern boundary of the cemetery in the first half of the 1830s and was called Devonshire Street. The Devonshire Street Cemetery, where many of the early settlers were buried, was later moved to build the Sydney railway terminus. Central railway station was opened on 4 August 1906. The area around Cleveland and Elizabeth streets was known as Strawberry Hills. Strawberry Hills post office was located at this intersection for many years.

In 1833, the Nichols estate was subdivided and sold. One purchase was by Thomas Broughton and subsequently acquired by George Hill who constructed Durham Hall on this and adjoining lots. Terrace houses and workers' cottages were built in Surry Hills from the 1850s. Light industry became established in the area, particularly in the rag trade (clothing industry). It became a working class suburb, predominately inhabited by Irish immigrants. The suburb developed a reputation for crime and vice. The Sydney underworld figure Kate Leigh (1881–1964), lived in Surry Hills for more than 80 years.

In 1896 Patineur Grotesque one of Australia's first films and first comedy routine filmed was shot in Prince Alfred Park by Marius Sestier.

Surry Hills was favoured by newly arrived families after World War II when property values were low and accommodation was inexpensive. From the 1980s, the area was gentrified, with many of the area's older houses and building restored and many new upper middle-class residents enjoying the benefits of inner-city living. The suburb is now a haven for the upper middle class and young rich.

Trams

The West Kensington via Surry Hills Line operated from 1881 down Crown Street as far as Cleveland Street as a steam tramway. It was extended to Phillip Street in 1909, Todman Avenue in 1912, and then to its final terminus down Todman Avenue in 1937. When the line was fully operational it branched from the tramlines in Oxford Street and proceeded down Crown Street to Cleveland Street in Surry Hills, then south along Baptist Street to Phillip Street, where it swung left into Crescent Street before running south along Dowling Street. It passed the Dowling Street Depot, then turned left into Todman Avenue, where it terminated at West Kensington. The line along Crown Street closed in 1957, the remainder stayed open until 1961 to allow access to Dowling Street Tram Depot. Transdev John Holland routes 301, 302 and 303 generally follow the route down Crown and Baptist Streets as far as Phillip Street.

Urban character

Surry Hills has a mixture of residential, commercial and light industrial areas. It remains Sydney's main centre for fashion wholesale activities, particularly on the western side. The area is also home to a large LGBTQIA+ community, where Sydney's Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras (Pride Parade) takes place each year.

Surry Hills Markets are held in Shannon Reserve at the corner of Crown and Collins Streets, on the first Saturday of every month, and the Surry Hills Festival is an annual community event, attracting tens of thousands of visitors, held in and around Ward Park, Shannon Reserve, Crown Street and Hill Street.
The Surry Hills Library and Community Centre sits opposite Shannon Reserve and houses the local branch of the city library and the Surry Hills Neighbourhood Centre.

In popular culture

Literature
The Harp in the South is a novel by Ruth Park. Published in 1948, it portrays the life of a Catholic Irish-Australian family in Surry Hills, which was an inner city slum at the time. A sequel, Poor Man's Orange, was published in 1949.

Transport

Central railway station, the largest station on the Sydney Trains and NSW TrainLink networks, sits on the western edge of Surry Hills. Surry Hills is also serviced by Transdev John Holland and Transit Systems buses. The Eastern Distributor is a major road, on the eastern edge of the suburb. Major thoroughfares are Crown Street, Cleveland Street, Bourke Street and Foveaux Street. Surry Hills is within easy walking distance of the Sydney CBD, and is included in a widening network of cycleways.

Major construction took place on the Surry Hills section of the CBD and South East Light Rail which opened in December 2019 and April 2020 respectively. Transport for NSW managed this project. It has been reported that there has been some disruption to local businesses because of the construction work taking place.

Places of worship

 Chinese Presbyterian Church
 Christian Israelite Church
 Cityside Church (Australian Christian Churches)
 Dawn of Islam Mosque
 Holy Trinity Greek Orthodox Church
 King Faisal Mosque
 Self-Realization Fellowship Sydney Centre
 Society of Friends
 St Frances De Sales Catholic Church
 St Michael's Anglican Church
 St Peters Catholic Church
 Surry Hills Baptist Church
 Sydney Streetlevel Mission (The Salvation Army)
 Vine Church

Landmarks

 Sydney Police Centre
 Centennial Plaza
 Belvoir Street Theatre
 Prince Alfred Park & Swimming Pool
 Tom Mann Theatre
 Harmony Park
 Ward Park, Devonshire Street
 Rainbow Crossing, Taylor Square
 Surry Hills Library and Community Centre, Crown Street
 The Kirk, Cleveland Street

Restaurants
Surry Hills boasts a diverse range of cafes and restaurants serving a wide variety of cooking styles and cultures. The suburb has one of the highest, if not the highest, concentration of restaurants in Sydney. Local chefs include Andrew Cibej and Bill Granger.

Pubs and bars
Because of its industrial and commercial history, the Surry Hills area contains a significant number of pubs. The style of pubs range from the Victorian period to Federation and Art Deco pubs from the mid-1900s. Many of these have been refurbished in recent years to include restaurants and modern facilities.

Heritage buildings
Surry Hills has a number of heritage-listed sites, including the following sites listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register:
 197, 199, 201 Albion Street: 197, 199, 201 Albion Street terrace cottages
 203–205 Albion Street: 203–205 Albion Street cottages
 207 Albion Street: Durham Hall
 626–630 Bourke Street: Holy Trinity Greek Orthodox Church, Surry Hills
 Centennial Park to College Street: Busby's Bore
 Chalmers Street: Railway Institute Building
 146–164 Chalmers Street: Cleveland House, Surry Hills
 356 Crown Street: Crown Street Public School
 285 Crown Street: Crown Street Reservoir
 397 Crown Street: 1849 Stonemasonry workshop
 416 Bourke Street: Hopetoun Hotel

The following buildings are listed on the now defunct Register of the National Estate:

 Bourke Street Public School, established in 1880 and located in heritage-listed buildings
 Children's Court, Albion Street
 Former Police Station, 703 Bourke Street (designed by Walter Liberty Vernon)
 Former Wesleyan Chapel, 348A Bourke Street
 Riley Street Infants School, 378–386 Riley Street
 Society of Friends Meeting House, Devonshire Street
 St David's Hall, Arthur Street
 St Michael's Anglican Church, hall and rectory, Albion Street

Housing

Surry Hills is largely composed of grand Victorian terraced houses and some complexes of public housing units to the west of Riley Street. Examples of converted buildings previously used as hospitals include Crown Street Hospital and St. Margaret's, in addition to other building conversions.

Schools

Bourke Street Public School, Crown Street Public School, Sydney Community College, Sydney Boys High School and Sydney Girls High School are notable examples. The Australian Institute of Music's Sydney Campus is also located in Surry Hills.

Population
Demographically, Surry Hills is now characterised as a mixture of wealthy newcomers who have gentrified the suburb, and long-time residents.

According to the 2021 census the population of Surry Hills was 15,828.

At the , 69.4% of dwellings are flats, units or apartments, compared to the Australian average of 13.1%. 29.1% are semi-detached terraced houses or townhouses, compared to the Australian average of 12.7%. Only 0.4% of dwellings are separate houses, compared to the Australian average of 75.6%. Surry Hills is categorised as a high wealth area, with a median weekly household income of $2,144, compared to the Australian average of $1,438.
Historically, the suburb had an influx of post-war immigrants from Europe, particularly those from Greece, Portugal and Italy.

Surry Hills had a population of 16,412 at the . 42.1% of people were born in Australia. The most common foreign countries of birth were England 6.4%, Thailand 3.9%, China (excludes SARs and Taiwan) 3.6%, New Zealand 3.2% and the United States of America 1.9%. 47.6% of dwellings have no cars, compared to the Australian average of 7.5%. 32.9% of the population walked to work, compared to the Australian average of 3.7%, and 30.2% travelled to work by public transport, compared to the Australian average of 10.4%.

In 2016 Surry Hills was a significantly more irreligious suburb than the Australian average. A plurality (44.0%) reported no religion whilst 16.9% did not answer the question. The most common religions reported were Catholic 15.6%, Buddhism 6.4% and Anglican 5.6%.

Notable people
 Tilly Devine (1900–1970), a prominent English-born crime syndicate figure and madam
 Jimmy Hannan (1937–2019), radio and television host
 Kate Leigh (1881–1964), (resided) a figure in the notorious Sydney razor gang wars
 Hugh Donald "Huge Deal" McIntosh (1876–1942), theatrical entrepreneur, sporting promoter and newspaper proprietor
 Jessica Mauboy, (born 1989) singer and actress
 Ruth Park (1917–2010), author, resided for a time in Surry Hills, where her first book, The Harp in the South (1948), was set
 Kenneth Slessor  (1901–1972), poet and author, many of whose poems were set in Surry Hills, Darlinghurst and Kings Cross
 Catherine Sutherland, (born 1974) actress
 Brett Whiteley  (1939–1992), artist who resided and had a studio in Surry Hills, now the Brett Whiteley Studio
 Mike Whitney (born 1959), cricketer and television host

Gallery

References

External links

  [CC-By-SA]
  [CC-By-SA]
 demographics

Further reading

Suburbs of Sydney
Slums in Australia
Portuguese-Australian culture

Surry Hills, New South Wales


«Rock Police» es un sencillo de la banda Lordi publicado en el año 2010. Es el segundo sencillo del disco Babez For Breakfast. Mr. Lordi presenta la canción de la siguiente forma:

Lista de canciones
«Rock Police» (03:58)

Créditos

 Mr. Lordi (vocalista)
 Amen (Guitarra eléctrica)
 OX (Bajo)
 Kita (Batería)
 Awa (Piano)

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Letra de la canción

Sencillos de Lordi
Canciones de Lordi
Canciones de 2010
Sencillos de heavy metal
Sencillos de 2010
Canciones en inglés

Rock Police


İstari ya da Büyücü, J.R.R. Tolkien'in kurgusal Orta Dünya evrenindeki bir ırk. Valar, Morgoth egemenliğinin sona erdirilmesinden sonra yükselişe geçen Sauron tehdidine karşılık, kendi Maiar'ından olan bu temsilcileri Orta Dünya'ya göndermişlerdir.

Üçüncü Çağ 1050 civarında, Gri Limanlar'a, bir elf gemisi içinde, beş görevlendirilmiş Maia geldi. Gri Limanlar'da gemi yapımcısı Círdan tarafından karşılanan bu beş Maia, daha sonraları elfler tarafından "İstari", insanlar tarafından ise "Büyücü" olarak adlandırıldılar.

Büyücüler Orta Dünya'ya geldiklerinde yaşlı görünüyorlardı, güçlerinden arınmış "Yaşlı Adamlar" kılığındaydılar. Maiar olduklarından ölümsüzdüler. İnsan formunda oldukları sürece tüm zevk, acı ve korkuları hissedebiliyorlardı. Yine de yaşlanarak ölmekten muaf olmalarına rağmen, fiziki formları yok edilebiliyordu. Bu beş Maianın Orta Dünya'ya gelme amaçları, Sauron'un büyüyen kötülüğüne karşı tüm Orta Dünya'yı haberdar etmek ve onları örgütlemekti. Valar onların, Orta Dünya halklarını ikna ve teşvik yolu ile yönlendirmelerini, zor kullanmamalarını istemiştir.

Bu elçiler tanrıların yüce ırkından oldukları için doğal güçlerine şahit olan insanlar, onları bilge elfler zannetmişlerdi. Zaten insanların Olorin'e taktığı Gandalf ismi "gezgin elf" anlamına gelir.

Beş Büyücü

Saruman (Curumo)
Her biri Valar tarafından seçilmiş bu beş büyücüden en güçlüsü Valinor'da Curumo olarak bilinen, elflerin Curunir adını verdikleri Saruman'dı. Onu Sauron'a karşı savaşması için seçen aynı zamanda Sauron'u da yaratan Vala Aulë'dir. Orta Dünya'ya bastığında beyazlar giyinmişti ve bu yüzden ona "Ak Saruman" dendi. Saruman daha sonra kötülüğe dönmüş, kendine "Yüzük Yapıcısı Rengarenk Saruman" adını takmış ve Sauron gibi Valar'a ihanet etmiştir.

Gandalf (Olórin)
İstari arasında en yaşlı görüneni Olórin idi. Gri elbiselere bürünmüştü. İnsanlar tarafından Gandalf olarak bilinirdi. Elfler Mithrandir, cüceler ona Tharkûn ve Haradrim ise Incanus derdi. Valar Manwe tarafından seçilmişti. Istariyi karşılayan Círdan beş Istari içinde en kararlı ruhun Gandalf olduğunu gördü ve bu nedenle ona korumakta olduğu güç yüzüklerinden Kırmızı Narya'yı verdi. Gandalf bu beş Istari içerisinde Sauron'un kötülüğüne karşı koyabilen tek büyücüydü. Yüzük Savaşı sırasında Orta Dünya'nın her yerindeydi. Ayrıkvadi'de Frodo'nun nehri geçerek Nazgüller'den kurtulmasında onun da katkısı vardı.Khazad-dûm'da Balrog'la dövüşerek Yüzük Kardeşliği'ni, kendini feda etmek pahasına kurtardı. Borukent Savaşı'nda Rohan'a yardım etti. Pelennor Çayırları Savaşı'nda Cadı Kral'ı Minas Tirith'in kapılarında durduran oydu. Saruman'ın görevini gerçekleştirmemesi ve kötüye katılması üzerine Saruman "Ak" olmaktan alıkoyulmuş ve bu unvan Gandalf'a verilmiştir. Böylece artık Gri Gandalf, Ak Gandalf olmuştur.

Radagast (Aiwendil)
Bir diğer Istar, Valinor'da Aiwendil olarak bilinen Kahverengi Radagast, insan ve elf meseleleri ile pek az ilgilenmiştir. Onun Vala Yavanna tarafından Orta Dünya'ya yollanmasının nedeni, Kelvar (Hayvanlar) ve Olvar (Bitkiler) ile yani Orta Dünya'nın konuşamayan canlıları ile ilgilenmesi ve onları Sauron'un kötülüğünden korumasıydı. O da Kuyutorman'ın yakınındaki evinde bu görevi sürdürdü. Denir ki Radagast'ın esas görevi sadece Olvar içindi. Çünkü Kelvar kendini kaçıp koruyabilirdi; bunu Valie Yavanna'nın Vala Aulë ile konuşmalarında da görebiliriz. Ayrıca Entlerin Son Yürüyüşleri'nin gerçek tetikleyicisi her ne kadar Hobbit ırkından Merry ve Pippin gözükse de aslında entleri ayaklandıran Radagast'tı.

Mavi Büyücüler (Alatar ve Pallando)
Gelen beş Maiadan ikisi mavi kıyafetler giyinmişti. Ithryn Luin (Mavi Büyücüler) olarak bilinen Alatar ve Pallando isimli bu iki Maia, Vala Orome tarafından bu görev için seçilmişlerdi. Onlar hakkında Orta Dünya tarihinde fazla bilgi yoktur. Sadece doğuya gittikleri ve bir daha geri dönmedikleri bilinmektedir.

Istarinin akıbeti
Yüzük Savaşı sona erip Sauron'un gölgesi sonsuza kadar kalktığında görevleri biten beş Istariden sadece Gandalf'ın Ölümsüz Topraklar'a geri döndüğü kesin olarak biliniyor. Alatar ve Pallando'nun akıbeti hiçbir zaman öğrenilemedi. Saruman, yüzük yok edilip Sauron düştükten sonra, istila ettiği Shire'da casusu Gríma tarafından boğazı kesilerek öldürüldü. Radagast, bir büyücü olarak geldiği Orta Dünya'da, bitkiler ve hayvanlarla ilgilenmeye o kadar daldı ki, vazifesinden taviz verdi, bununla birlikte Radagast'ın düştüğü başarısızlık Saruman'ınkine nazaran çok küçük olduğu için Tolkien'e göre, Aman'a geri dönmesine Valar tarafından izin verildi ve Radagast da Orta Dünya'dan ayrıldı.

Ama Bitmemiş Öyküler'de net bir şekilde sadece Gandalf'ın Valinor'a döndüğünü şu şekilde belirtmiştir:"Efsaneyi öğrenecek misin uzun zamandır saklı tutulan,Gelen beşli hakkındaki uzak bir diyardan?İçlerinden yalnızca biri döndü.Diğerleriyse bir daha görülmedi."

Kaynakça

Orta Dünya ırkları

Istari


Herbert Louis Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel,  (6 November 1870 – 5 February 1963) was a British Liberal politician who was the party leader from 1931 to 1935.

He was the first nominally-practising Jew to serve as a Cabinet minister and to become the leader of a major British political party. Samuel had promoted Zionism within the British Cabinet, beginning with his 1915 memorandum entitled The Future of Palestine. In 1920 he was appointed as the first High Commissioner for Palestine, in charge of the administration of the territory.

Samuel was the last member of the Liberal Party to hold one of the four Great Offices of State (as Home Secretary from 1931 to 1932 in the National Government of Ramsay MacDonald). One of the adherents of "New Liberalism", Samuel helped to draft and present social reform legislation while he was serving as a Liberal cabinet member. Samuel led the party in both the 1931 general election and the 1935 general election, during which period the party's number of seats in parliament fell from 59 to 21.

Early life

Herbert Samuel was born at Claremont No. 11 Belvidere Road, Toxteth, Liverpool, Lancashire, in 1870. The building now houses part of the Belvedere Academy. Around 1775, his great-grandfather, Menachem Samuel, had emigrated from Kempen in Posen (now Kępno), not far from the city of Posen (now Poznan), to Britain and his grandfather, Louis Samuel (1794-1859), was born in London. He was the son of Clara (Yates) and Edwin Louis Samuel (1825–1877). His uncle was born Montagu Samuel, but became better known as Samuel Montagu, founder of the eponymous bank. He was also known by a Hebrew name, Eliezer ben Pinchas Shmuel. His eldest brother, Sir Stuart Samuel, was also a successful Liberal politician; his only sister, Mabel (1862–1938) married the influential art-critic Marion Spielmann, from the Spielmann dynasty of bankers and art-connoisseurs.

He was educated at University College School in Hampstead, London and Balliol College, Oxford, but at home he had a Jewish upbringing. However, in 1892, while at Oxford he renounced all religious belief, writing to his mother to inform her. Samuel worked through the influence of Charles Darwin and the book On Compromise by senior Liberal politician John Morley. He remained a member of the Jewish community, however, to please his wife, and observed the Sabbath and Jewish food laws at home "for hygienic reasons".

Early political career
Samuel unsuccessfully fought two general elections before being elected a Member of Parliament at the November 1902 Cleveland by-election, as a member of the Liberal Party. He was appointed to the Cabinet in 1909 by Prime Minister H. H. Asquith, first as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and then as Postmaster General, President of the Local Government Board and eventually Home Secretary.

He put forward the idea of establishing a British protectorate over Palestine in 1915, and his ideas influenced the Balfour Declaration. As Home Secretary, Samuel faced a shortage of manpower needed to fight in World War I, and he initiated legislation to offer thousands of Russian refugees (many of them young Jews) a choice between conscription into the British Army or returning to Russia for military service.

In December 1916, Asquith was replaced as Prime Minister by Lloyd George. Lloyd George asked Samuel to continue as Home Secretary, but Samuel chose to resign instead. He attempted to strike a balance between giving support to the new government while remaining loyal to Asquith. At the end of the war he sought election at the general election of 1918 as a Liberal in support of the Coalition government. However, the government's endorsement was given to his Unionist opponent, and he was defeated.

Women's rights
Initially he had not been a supporter of women's suffrage but then changed his position. In 1917, a Speakers Conference was charged with looking into giving women the vote but did not have, in its terms of reference, consideration to women standing as candidates for parliament. However, Samuel moved a separate motion on 23 October 1918 to allow women to be eligible as Members of Parliament. The vote was passed by 274 to 25, and the government rushed through a bill to make it law in time for the 1918 election.

High Commissioner for Palestine

Background

One month after Britain's declaration of war on the Ottoman Empire in November 1914, Samuel met Chaim Weizmann, who was to become the President of the World Zionist Organization and later the first President of Israel. According to Weizmann's memoirs, Samuel was already an avid believer in Zionism and believed that Weizmann's demands were too modest. Samuel did not want to enter into a detailed discussion of his plans but mentioned that "the Jews would have to build railways, harbours, a university, a network of schools, etc", as well as potentially a Temple in "modernised form".

In January 1915, Samuel circulated a memorandum, The Future of Palestine, to his cabinet colleagues, suggesting that Britain should conquer Palestine in order to protect the Suez Canal against foreign powers, and for Palestine to become a home for the Jewish people. The memorandum stated, "I am assured that the solution of the problem of Palestine which would be much the most welcome to the leaders and supporters of the Zionist movement throughout the world would be the annexation of the country to the British Empire". In March 1915, Samuel replaced the January 1915 draft version with the final version of his memorandum, toned down from the earlier draft, explicitly ruling out any idea of immediately establishing a Jewish state and emphasizing that non-Jews must receive equal treatment under any scheme.

Appointment as High Commissioner

In 1917, Britain occupied Palestine (then part of the Ottoman Empire) during the course of the First World War. Samuel lost his seat in the election of 1918 and became a candidate to represent British interests in the territory.

He was appointed to the position of High Commissioner in 1920, before the Council of the League of Nations approved a British mandate for Palestine. Nonetheless, the military government withdrew to Cairo in preparation for the expected British Mandate, which was finally granted two years later by the League of Nations. He served as High Commissioner until 1925. Samuel was the first Jew to govern the historic Land of Israel in 2000 years.

He recognised Hebrew as one of the three official languages of the territory. He was appointed Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE) on 11 June 1920.

Samuel's appointment to High Commissioner for Palestine was controversial. While the Zionists welcomed the appointment of a Zionist Jew to the post, the military government, headed by Edmund Allenby and Louis Bols, called Samuel's appointment "highly dangerous".

Technically, Allenby noted, the appointment was illegal, as a civil administration that would compel the inhabitants of an occupied country to express their allegiance to it before a formal peace treaty (with the Ottoman Empire) was signed violated both military law and the Hague Convention. Bols said the news was received with "consternation, despondency and exasperation" by the Muslims and Christians. Allenby said that the Arabs would see it "as handing country over at once to a permanent Zionist Administration" and predicted massive violence.

Lord Curzon read the last message to Samuel and asked him to reconsider accepting the post. Samuel took advice from a delegation in London representing the Zionists, who told him that the "alarmist" reports were not justified. The Muslim-Christian Association had sent a telegram to Bols: Sir Herbert Samuel regarded as a Zionist leader, and his appointment as first step in formation of Zionist national home in the midst of Arab people contrary to their wishes. Inhabitants cannot recognise him, and Muslim-Christian Society cannot accept responsibility for riots or other disturbances of peace. The wisdom of appointing Samuel was debated in the House of Lords a day before he arrived in Palestine. Lord Curzon said that no "disparaging" remarks had been made during the debate but that "very grave doubts have been expressed as to the wisdom of sending a Jewish Administrator to the country at this moment".

Questions in the House of Commons of the period also show much concern about the choice of Samuel: "what action has been taken to placate the Arab population... and thereby put an end to racial tension". Three months after his arrival, The Morning Post commented: "Sir Herbert Samuel's appointment as High Commissioner was regarded by everyone, except Jews, as a serious mistake."

Tenure

As High Commissioner, Samuel attempted to mediate between Zionist and Arab interests, acting to slow Jewish immigration and win the confidence of the Arab population. He hoped to gain Arab participation in mandate affairs and to guard their civil and economic rights, but refused them any authority that could be used to stop Jewish immigration and land purchase. According to Wasserstein his policy was "subtly designed to reconcile Arabs to the... pro-Zionist policy" of the British.

Islamic custom at the time was that the chief Islamic spiritual leader, the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, was to be chosen by the temporal ruler, the Ottoman Sultan in Constantinople, from a group of clerics nominated by the indigenous clerics. After the British conquered Palestine, Samuel chose Haj Amin al Husseini, who later proved a thorn in the side of the British administration in Palestine. At the same time, he enjoyed the respect of the Jewish community, and he was honoured by being called to the Torah at the Hurva synagogue in the Old City of Jerusalem.

During Samuel's administration the Churchill White Paper was published. It supported Jewish immigration within the economic absorptive capacity of the country to accommodate them and defined the Jewish national homeland as:
not the imposition of a Jewish nationality upon the inhabitants of Palestine as a whole, but the further development of the existing Jewish community, with the assistance of Jews in other parts of the world, in order that it may become a centre in which the Jewish people as a whole may take, on grounds of religion and race, an interest and a pride.

Samuel won the confidence of all sections of the population by his noted "impartiality". He struck a particularly strong relationship with Pinhas Rutenberg, granting him exclusive concessions to produce and distribute electricity in Palestine and Trans-Jordan, often strongly backing Rutenberg in his relations with the Colonial Office in London. Samuel government signed the Ghor-Mudawarra Land Agreement with the Baysan Valley Bedouin tribes, that earmarked for transfer 179,545 dunams of state land to the Bedouin.

Samuel's role in Palestine is still debated. According to Wasserstein:
He is remembered kindly neither by the majority of Zionist historians, who tend to regard him as one of the originators of the process whereby the Balfour Declaration in favour of Zionism was gradually diluted and ultimately betrayed by Great Britain, nor by Arab nationalists who regard him as a personification of the alliance between Zionism and British imperialism and as one of those responsible for the displacement of the Palestinian Arabs from their homeland. In fact, both are mistaken.

Samuel Commission

On his return to Britain in 1925, Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin asked Samuel to look into the problems of the mining industry. The Samuel Commission published its report in March 1926, recommending a reorganisation of the industry but rejecting the suggestion of nationalisation. The report also recommended the government subsidy to be withdrawn and the miners' wages reduced. The report was one of the leading factors that led to the 1926 General Strike.

Later political career

Samuel returned to the House of Commons following the 1929 general election. Two years later, he became deputy leader of the Liberal Party and acted as leader in the summer of 1931 when Lloyd George was ill. Under Samuel, the party served in the first National Government of Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald formed in August 1931, with Samuel himself serving as Home Secretary. However the government's willingness to consider the introduction of protectionist tariffs and call a general election to seek a mandate led to the Liberal Party fragmenting into three distinct groups. Sir John Simon had already led a breakaway group of MPs to form the Liberal National Party.

The Liberal leader, Lloyd George, led a small group of Independent Liberals, opposing the National Government. That left Samuel effectively as leader of the parliamentary party and in control of party headquarters. The government's moves to introduce tariffs caused further friction for the Liberals, and Samuel withdrew the party from the government in stages, first obtaining the suspension of cabinet collective responsibility on the matter to allow Liberal members of the government to oppose tariffs. In October 1932, the Liberal ministers resigned their ministerial posts but continued to support the National Government in parliament. Finally, in November 1933, Samuel and the bulk of the Liberal MPs crossed the floor of the House of Commons and opposed the government outright. He remained leader of the Liberal Party until he again lost his seat in 1935.

In 1937, he was granted the title Viscount Samuel; later that year, Samuel, despite his Jewish ancestry, aligned himself with Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain's appeasement policy towards Adolf Hitler, urged that Germany be cleared of its 1914 war guilt and recommended the return of German colonies lost after the war. His biographer John Edward Bowle noted Samuel's recollection of his comments to Lord Halifax in a conversation shortly before the Anschluss in 1938:

I said that I regarded Hitler as a man with a conscience — a conscience that sometimes led him to do things that were very bad; but he was not a man who would do what he knew to be a crime as Napoleon would have. The danger was that, being a mystic and impetuous, he might easily be swept away at some moment of crisis.

He declined a later offer by Chamberlain to return to government. In 1938, he supported the Kindertransport movement for refugee children from Europe with an appeal for homes for them.

Samuel later became the leader of the Liberal Party in the House of Lords (1944–1955). During the 1951 general election, on 15 October 1951, Samuel became the first British politician to deliver a party political broadcast on television. He had previously fronted a broadcast on television at the 1950 election, but this was merely a recording of a radio speech he had made earlier the same evening rather than a true party political broadcast.

Family
On 17 November 1897 Samuel married his first cousin Beatrice Miriam (1871–1959), daughter of Ellis Abraham Franklin, a banker. They had three sons and one daughter. His son, Edwin, served in the Jewish Legion.

Samuel was great-uncle to the scientist Rosalind Franklin, the co-discoverer of DNA.

Literary career
In his later years, he remained concerned over the future of humanity and of science, writing three books: Essays in Physics (1951), In Search of Reality (1957) and a collaborative work, A Threefold Cord: Philosophy, Science, Religion (1961). The three works tended to conflict with the beliefs of the scientific establishment, especially as his collaborator and friend in the last work was Herbert Dingle.

Arms

See also
Liberalism in the United Kingdom
Pro-Jerusalem Society - Herbert Samuel was its Honorary President

References

Bibliography

 Trevor Wilson (ed.), The Political Diaries of C.P.Scott 1911–1928, Collins: St James Place, London, 1970.

External links

Herbert Samuel & Churchill - UK Parliament Living Heritage
Herbert Samuel & 1909 Theatre Censorship Committee - UK Parliament Living Heritage

 National Register of Archives: Herbert Samuel
 Papers of Herbert Samuel at the UK Parliamentary Archives
 National Portrait Gallery: Herbert Samuel
 Spartacus Educational: Herbert Samuel
 Biography of Samuel at the website of the Liberal Democrat History Group
 Album MIZPAH: Publication of an album which was given to Herbert Samuel by members of the American Colony in 1925. Israel State Archives site

 Parliamentary Archives, Papers of Herbert Louis Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel, 1870-1963
Herbert Samuel and the British Mandate for Palestine: The Formative Years on the Israel State Archives website

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1
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Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel


Jung, bir Almanca, Yahudi ve Korece (Hangıl: 정 (jeong)) soyadı, şu anlamlara gelebilir:
Ahn Jung-hwan (d. 1976), eski Güney Kore'li futbolcu
Anthony Jung (d. 1991), Alman futbolcu
Carl Gustav Jung (1875–1961), İsviçreli psikiyatr
Jung Eun-ji (d. 1993), Güney Koreli şarkıcı, dansçı ve oyuncu
Huh Jung-moo (d. 1955), Güney Koreli millî futbolcu ve teknik direktör
Jang Jung (d. 1964), Güney Koreli millî futbolcu ve teknik direktör
Jessica Jung (d. 1989), Amerikalı şarkıcı, aktris ve iş insanı
Kim Dae-jung (1925–2009), Güney Kore eski cumhurbaşkanı
Kim Eun-jung (d. 1979), Güney Koreli millî futbolcu
Kim Jung-hyun (d. 1990), Güney Koreli eski futbolcu
Kim Kyung-jung (d. 1991), Güney Koreli futbolcu
Kim Jung-woo (d. 1982), Güney Kore'li futbolcu
Kim Jung-ya (d. 1988), Güney Koreli futbolcu
Krystal Jung (d. 1994), Güney Koreli şarkıcı
Lee Jung-shin (d. 1991), Güney Koreli şarkıcı rapçı ve oyuncu
Lee Jung-soo (d. 1980), Güney Koreli futbolcu
Louis Jung (1917–2015), Fransız siyasetçi
Nicole Jung (d. 1991), Kore asıllı Amerikalı şarkıcı
Noh Jung-yoon (d. 1971), Güney Koreli millî futbolcu
Sebastian Jung (d. 1990), Alman futbolcu
Jung Sung-ryong (d. 1985), Güney Kore'li futbolcu
Jung Woo (d. 1981), Güney Koreli oyuncu
Jung Woo-young (d. 1989), Güney Koreli futbolcu

Almanca soyadları
Yahudi soyadları
Korece soyadları

Jung (soyadı)


Christina Aistrup Hansen (født 1984) er en tidligere dansk sygeplejerske, som i 2017 blev idømt 12 års fængsel for drabsforsøg på fire patienter på Nykøbing Falster Sygehus. Sagen tog sin begyndelse i marts 2015, hvor hun blev anholdt efter en nattevagt på Nykøbing Falster Sygehus, hvor tre patienter døde, og en fjerde havde været tæt på at dø. Den 24. juni 2016 blev hun fundet skyldig i tre drab og et drabsforsøg samt frataget sin autorisation som sygeplejerske og idømt fængsel på livstid. Retten fandt bevis for, at hun med indsprøjtninger indeholdende morfin og stesolid tog livet af tre ældre mennesker. En fjerde overlevede. Afgørelsen blev anket til Østre Landsret, der behandlede sagen i foråret 2017.

I Østre Landsret blev der sået tvivl om sammenhængen mellem indsprøjtningerne og dødsfaldene. Det kunne ikke bevises med sikkerhed, at de to ting hang sammen, lød det. Derfor frifandt retten hende for drab. Den 18. maj 2017 blev hun idømt 12 års fængsel for fire drabsforsøg på patienter, der var indlagt på sygehuset i Nykøbing Falster. Foruden firdobbelt drabsforsøg blev hun også fundet skyldig i forsætlig fareforvoldelse mod sin dengang 7-årige datter, da datteren blev forgiftet med stærk og receptpligtig sovemedicin, der kun er egnet til voksne. Hun har afsonet sin straf i Jyderup Fængsel. I 27. april 2023 havde serien Sygeplejersken premiere på Netflix, hvor skuespiller Josephine Park spiller Aistrup Hansen.

Baggrund
Christina Aistrup Hansen blev uddannet som sygeplejerske i årene frem til 2009. Det meste af uddannelsen tog hun på Herlev Sygehus i København, men eksamen fandt sted på Nykøbing Sygehus. Fra 2009 til 2012 arbejdede hun på den medicinske afdeling M130. Derefter skiftede hun til akutafdelingen, hvor hun var indtil anholdelsen 1. marts 2015. I de seks år, hvor hun var på sygehuset, blev hun af alle anset for at være en meget dygtig sygeplejerske med stor viden.

Dommen

I juni 2016 blev sygeplejersken i byretten idømt livstid for tre drab og et drabsforsøg, jf. Straffelovens § 237. Desuden fik hun frataget sin autorisation som sygeplejerske. Retten i Nykøbing fandt det bevist, at Christina Hansen i kraft af sit erhverv med syge og svage mennesker havde givet sine patienter dødelige doser morfin og Stesolid med fuldt overlæg. Sagen i byretten strakte sig over 27 retsdage og involverede mere end 70 vidner. Ved domsafsigelsen ankede sygeplejersken til landsretten med påstand om frifindelse.

I maj 2017 blev hun af et enigt nævningeting ved Østre Landsret frikendt for de tre drab og i stedet fundet skyldig i drabsforsøg på alle fire patienter, jf. Straffelovens § 237, jf. § 21. Domstolen ændrede på dette grundlag Christina Hansens straf fra livstid til 12 års fængsel. Årsagen til ændringen var især en retsmedicinsk og bevisteknisk detalje: "Selvom det blev fundet bevist, at Christina Hansens medicinske overgreb på patienterne ikke skete […] i behandlingsmæssig eller smertelindrende henseende eller ved en fejl", var de tekniske beviser ikke stærke nok til at stadfæste byretsdommen. Retslægerådet gav en vurdering af de lægelige oplysninger og kom frem til, at man ikke med tilstrækkelig sikkerhed kunne sige, om den ulovlige injicering af morfin og diazepam var den direkte dødsårsag, eller om patienternes i forvejen dårlige helbred også spillede ind.

I en retspsykiatrisk personlighedsundersøgelse blev det fastlagt, at Christina Hansen lider af en histrionisk personlighedsforstyrrelse. Når man lider af en histrionisk personlighedsforstyrrelse - det, der tidligere blev kaldt en 'hysterisk neurose' - har man en gennemgribende trang til at være i centrum for dramatiske hændelser. Man manipulerer, både med sine følelser og sin seksualitet, med det formål at opnå anerkendelse fra andre. En person, der lider af denne forstyrrelse, er klar til at gå ekstremt langt for at få positiv opmærksomhed. Alt dette og en voldsom selvoptagethed, der grænser til narcissisme, gør, at vedkommende ofte opfører et skuespil overfor andre for på den måde at fremstå som hovedrollen i enhver situation.

Netop sygeplejerskens personlighedsforstyrrelse blev af anklagemyndigheden set som et af hovedmotiverne bag drabene. Anklager Michael Boolsen udtalte til retten, at »tiltalte har arrangeret sig selv som hovedrolleindehaver i et bizart skuespil, hvor patienterne er hendes statister«. Hun beskrives som fagligt dygtig, og den retspsykiatriske rapport viste, at hun har et normalt intelligensniveau. Boolsen udtalte i denne sammenhæng, at »hun [Christina Hansen, red.] har anvendt sin sygeplejerskefaglige indsigt på en dybt perverteret måde, som var drevet af hendes histrioniske personlighedsforstyrrelse«.

Christina Aistrup Hansen nægter sig stadig skyldig, fremgår det af en bog om sagen, Sygeplejersken, som udkom i 2019 af Kristian Corfixen og blandt andet bygger på interviews med Christina Aistrup Hansen i fængslet.

Referencer

Kvindelige seriemordere
Seriemordere fra Danmark
Sygeplejersker fra Danmark

Christina Aistrup Hansen


Naruto: Shippuden – Sezonul 18: Al Patrulea Război Mondial Ninja - Obito Uchiha (2014)

Episoadele din sezonul optsprezece al seriei anime Naruto: Shippuden se bazează pe partea a doua a seriei manga Naruto de Masashi Kishimoto. Sezonul optsprezece din Naruto: Shippuden, serie de anime, este regizat de Hayato Date și produs de Studioul Pierrot și TV Tokyo și a început să fie difuzat pe data de 21 august 2014 la TV Tokyo și s-a încheiat la data de 25 decembrie 2014.

Episoadele din sezonul optsprezece al seriei anime Naruto: Shippuden fac referire la punctul culminant al luptei dintre Forțele Aliate Shinobi și Obito Uchiha. Există, de asemenea, două arcuri laterale, unul care gravitează în jurul lui Mecha Naruto și celălalt care detaliază progresul lui Hinata Hyuga de-a lungul seriei din perspectiva surorii ei mai mică Hanabi Hyuga.

Lista episoadelor

Referințe

Naruto
Liste cu episoade anime
Sezoane de televiziune din 2014

Naruto: Shippuden (sezonul 18)


Nuntă cu sirenă este un film românesc din 1995 regizat de Dumitru Dinulescu. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Laurențiu Lazăr, Delia Seceleanu, Maria Teslaru.

Prezentare

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1995 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1995

Nuntă cu sirenă