Rāwhiti ou Te Rāwhiti est une petite localité de front de mer située dans le nord de l'île du Nord de la Nouvelle-Zélande.

Situation
C'est une petite ville de bord de mer localisée à environ  de la ville de Russell dans la baie des Îles dans l'est de l'île du Nord.
La plupart des terres sont la propriété des Māori.

Démographie
Rāwhiti est une zone statistique de type SA1 qui inclut :  et les îles le plus à l'est de la Baie des Îles.
Elle couvre . La zone SA1 est une partie de la zone statistique plus large de « Russell Forest-Rawhiti ».

La zone statistique SA1 avait une population de  lors du recensement de 2018 en Nouvelle-Zélande, en augmentation de  (2,2 %) depuis le recensement de 2013, et en diminution de  (−8,0 %) depuis le recensement de 2006.
Il y avait , comprenant  et , donnant ainsi un sexe-ratio de 0,7 homme pour une femme.

L'âge médian était de 43,0 ans (comparé avec les 37,4 ans au niveau national), avec  (21,7 %) âgées de moins de 15 ans,  (19,6 %) âgées de 15 à 29 ans, (41,3 %) âgées de 30 à 64 ans, et  (17,4 %) âgées de 65 ans ou plus.

L'ethnicité était pour 37,0 % européens/Pākehā, 82,6 % Māori, 13,0 % personnes du Pacifique, 2,2 % d'asiatiques, et 2,2 % d'une autre ethnicité, les personnes pouvant s'identifier de plus d'une ethnicité en fonction de leur parenté.

Bien que certaines personnes refusent de répondre à la question du recensement sur leur affiliation religieuses, 37,0 % n'avaient aucune religion, 28,3 % étaient chrétiens, 21,7 % avaient une , et 4,3 % avaient une autre religion.

Parmi ceux d'au moins 15 ans d'âge, (2,8 %) avaient un niveau de licence ou un degré supérieur et  (19,4 %) n'avaient aucune qualification formelle.
Le revenu médian était de , comparé avec les  au niveau national.
Le statut d'emploi était pour ceux de plus de 15 ans : pour  (30,6 %) employées à plein temps, pour  (11,1 %) employées à temps partiel et  (13,9 %) étaient sans emploi .

Histoire
Rāwhiti était le domicile de l'iwi des Ngāre Raumati avant l'année 1826, quand certains éléments de l'iwi des Ngāpuhi entreprirent un raid vers les régions de l'est de la baie des Îles, les battant et prenant leurs terres par la conquête.
Ceci était en relation avec un raid armé sur le pā de « Okuratope » au niveau de Waimate North par les Ngāre Raumati en 1800, où la femme du chef Te Maoi nommée Te Auparo, et leur fille : Te Karehu, furent tuées et mangées.
Rāwhiti est maintenant le domicile des descendants d'un certain nombre des anciens chefs de guerre Ngāpuhi comprenant les frères Rewa et .
Leur frère plus âgé  choisit de résider à proximité au niveau de «Paroa Bay».
Les trois frères tuèrent Patukeha dans un jardin de navet de l'hapū en mémoire de leur mère assassinée : Te Auparo.

Installations
Il y a aussi deux maraes dénommés Kaingahoa et Te Rāwhiti.
 Kaingahoa Rāwhiti Marae avec sa maison de rencontre Tūmanako, étaient affiliés avec l'hapū des Patukeha.
 Te Rāwhiti ou Omakiwi Marae et la maison de rencontre Te Rāwhiti, étaient affiliés avec les Ngāti Kuta et aussi des Patukeha.

En , le Gouvernement attribua  à partir du   pour mettre à niveau le marae de Te Rāwhiti, créant 9 emplois .

La zone statistique de Russell Forest-Rawhiti
La zone statistique de « Russell Forest-Rawhiti »  qui inclut la localité de Waikare et Karetu, couvre  et a une population estimée à  en  avec une densité de population de .

Russell Forest-Rawhiti avait une population de  lors du recensement de 2018 en Nouvelle-Zélande, en augmentation de  (4,5 %) depuis le recensement de 2013, et en augmentation de  (6,5 %) depuis le recensement de 2006.
Il y avait , contenant  et , donnant un sexe-ratio de 0,89  homme pour une femme.
L'âge médian était de 48,3 ans (comparé avec les 37,4 ans au niveau national), avec  (17,8 %) âgées de moins de 15 ans,  (17,8 %) âgées de 15 à 29 ans ,  (41,7 %) âgées de 30 à 64 ans, et  (22,2 %) âgées de 65 ans ou plus .

L'ethnicité était pour 47,0 % européens/Pākehā, 66,5 % Māori, 5,7 % personnes du Pacifique, 0,9 % asiatiques et 1,3 % d'une autre ethnicité, les personnes pouvant s'identifier avec plus d'une éthnicité en fonction de leur parenté.

Le  pourcentage de personnes nées outre-mer était de 8,7 % comparé avec les 27,1 % au niveau national.

Bien que certaines personnes refusent de répondre à la question du recensement sur leur affiliation religieuse, 40,4 % n'avaient aucune religion, 33,9 % étaient chrétiens, 12,6% avaient des , 0,4 % étaient musulmans, 0,4 % étaient bouddhistes et 1,7 % avaient une autre religion.

Parmi ceux d'au moins 15 ans d'âge,  (9,0 %) avaient un niveau de licence ou un degré supérieur, et  (23,8 %)  n'avaient aucune qualification formelle.
Le revenu médian étaite de $20,400, comparé  avec les $31,800 au niveau national.
 (4,8 %) gagnaient plus de  comparé avec les 17,2 % au nivau national.
Le statut d'emploi de ceux d'au moins 15 ans d'âge était pour  (34,9 %) employées à plein temps, pour  (19,0 %) employées à temps partiel et  (5,3 %) étaient sans emploi.

Voir aussi

Liste des villes de Nouvelle-Zélande

Notes et références

Liens externes

Ville en Nouvelle-Zélande
Baie en Nouvelle-Zélande
Northland

Rawhiti


Makaki (lat. Macaca) rod su majmuna Starog svijeta. Oni čine rod Macaca društvenih majmuna Starog svijeta iz potporodice Cercopithecinae. Dvadeset i tri vrste makakija nastanjuju područja diljem Azije, Sjeverne Afrike i (u jednom slučaju) Gibraltar. Makakiji su uglavnom frugivori (preferiraju voće), iako njihova prehrana uključuje i: sjemenke, lišće, cvijeće i koru drveća. Neke vrste, poput javanskoga makakija, hrane se beskralježnjacima i povremeno malim kralješnjacima. U prosjeku, južni svinjorepi makaki u Maleziji svake godine pojedu oko 70 velikih štakora. Sve društvene skupine makakija su matrijarhalne, organizirane oko dominantnih ženki.

Rasprostranjenost
Sve osim jedne vrste žive u Aziji. Rasprostranjenost berberskoga makakija je u sjeverozapadnoj Africi (planine Atlas) i Gibraltaru u Europi. Azijske vrste pretežno nastanjuju jug i jugoistok kontinenta. Najsjeverniji je japanski makaki. Velik broj vrsta živi samo na otoku Sulawesiju u Indoneziji.

Ekološki i geografski rasponi makakija najširi su od svih neljudskih primata. Njihova staništa uključuju: tropske prašume jugoistočne Azije, Šri Lanke, Indije, suhe planine Pakistana i Afganistana i umjerene planine Japana, sjeverne Kine, Maroka i Nepala. Neke vrste također nastanjuju sela i gradove u azijskim gradovima.

Opis
Žive u velikim skupinama. Neke vrste imaju duge repove, neke kratke, a neke uopće nemaju vidljiv rep. Većina makakija je smeđa, ali ima i crnih. Imaju ružičastu ili crvenu kožu na licu i stražnjici. Oni su veći i imaju suša lica od guenona, ali su manji i imaju kraća lica od babuna.

Makakiji su uglavnom biljojedi, iako je uočeno da se neke vrste hrane kukcima. U prirodnim staništima primijećeno je kako jedu određene dijelove preko stotinu vrsta biljaka uključujući: pupoljke, plodove, mlado lišće, koru, korijenje i cvijeće. Kada makakiji žive među ljudima, napadaju poljoprivredne usjeve kao što su: pšenica, riža ili šećerna trska; i vrtne kulture kao što su rajčice, banane, dinje, mango ili papaja. U ljudskom okruženju također se uvelike oslanjaju na izravnu ljudsku pomoć. To uključuje: kikiriki, rižu, mahunarke ili čak gotovu hranu.

Sistematika
Pleme Papionini
 Rod Makaki, Macaca
 Macaca sylvanus Berberski makaki
 Macaca silenus Lavorepi makaki
 Macaca nemestrina Južni svinjorepi makaki
 Macaca leonina Sjeverni svinjorepi makaki
 Macaca pagensis  Pagajski makaki
 Macaca siberu Siberut makaki
 Macaca maura Maurski makaki
 Macaca ochreata Čizmasti makaki
 Macaca tonkeana Tonkeanški makaki
 Macaca hecki Heckov makaki
 Macaca nigriscens Gorontalo makaki
 Macaca nigra Celebeski crni makaki
 Macaca fascicularis Makaki rakojed
 Macaca arctoides Medvjeđi makaki
 Macaca mulatta  Rezus makaki
 Macaca cyclopis Formoški makaki
 Macaca fuscata Japanski makaki
 Macaca sinica Tokejski makaki
 Macaca radiata Kapasti makaki
 Macaca assamensis Assamski makaki
 Macaca thibetana Tibetski makaki
 Macaca munzala Munzala

Galerija

Izvori

Makaki


Virus de la hepatitis B ADN-polimerasa es una proteína viral de la hepatitis B. Se codifica una ADN polimerasa.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Proteína viral

Virus de la hepatitis B ADN polimerasa


L' (UGSD) est une coalition électorale française formée pour les élections législatives de 1973. Elle regroupe le Parti socialiste et le Mouvement des radicaux de gauche.

Historique
En , le Parti socialiste et le Mouvement des radicaux de gauche, respectivement dirigés par François Mitterrand et Robert Fabre, installent un bureau national comprenant 38 membres (19 socialistes et 19 radicaux) en vue « d'animer et de coordonner l'action des deux formations » et d'investir des candidats communs. En décembre, l'UGSD se dote de structures départementales.

Au premier tour, l'Union de la gauche socialiste et démocrate présente 472 candidats dans les 473 circonscriptions héxagonales (490 au total). Dans le détail, on compte 434 candidats socialistes, 37 radicaux de gauche et 1 divers gauche.

Le , l'UGSD recueille 20,71 % des suffrages exprimés (soit 4 919 426 voix) au niveau national et le , 120 de ses candidats sont élus, formant ainsi le deuxième groupe à l'Assemblée nationale derrière celui de l'UDR.

Élections législatives de 1973
Le Parti socialiste se voit attribuer l'immense majorité des investitures.

Répartition par circonscription

Résultats électoraux

Élections législatives

Voir aussi
 Union de la gauche

Notes et références

Coalition de partis en France


الجامعة التكنولوجية هي مؤسسة تعليمية عراقية تأسست سنة 1960 باسم معهد أعداد المعلمين الصناعيين، ثم تبدل اسمها إلى الجامعة التكنولوجية سنة 1975،

عن الجامعة
شهد القرن العشرين تطوراً هائلا ًفي مختلف مجالات الحياة الثقافية والاجتماعية والتكنولوجية، عليه دعت الحاجة لتـأسيس جامعة تخصصية تضم أقسام هندسية وعلمية فقط. لذلك تأسست الجامعة التكنولوجية سنة 1975 لتواكب التطور العلمي الذي شهده العالم حيث أصبحت الجامعة منبراً علمياً وفكرياً وثقافياً يرفد المجتمع العراقي. وتضم الجامعة الآن 13 قسماً هندسياً وعلمياً و8 مراكز إضافة إلى مكتب استشاري يشمل عدة تخصصات.

بدأت الجامعة مسيرتها بخطوات ثابتة وإنجازات علمية. حيث يرجع أصل الجامعة إلى عام 1960 إذ وردت فكرة تأسيس (معهد أعداد المعلمين الصناعيين) من قبل وزارة التربية بالتعاون مع هيئة اليونسكو، وكان المهندس جاسم شهاب الحياني هو المدير والمؤسس للمعهد، وأعلن تأسيس المعهد في 22 كانون الثاني 1960 وقد حددت مدة الدراسة بخمس سنوات بعد الدراسة الثانوية يمنح بعدها المتخرج درجة بكالوريوس في الهندسة التطبيقية وقد قبل في أول وجبة 45 طالب كلهم من الذكور من خريجي الثانويات الصناعية.
ومنذ التأسيس حددت أهداف المعهد بأعداد المهندسين التطبيقين الذين تحتاج لهم المعامل والمشاريع الهندسية واعداد المدرسين الفنيين لغرض التدريس في المدارس الصناعية والمهنية، وكذلك يهدف إلى أعداد مدربين للمواد العلمية وملاحظين فنيين لإدارة أقسام المعامل وذلك عن طريق فتح دورات في المعهد تحدد مدة الدراسة بتعليمات يتخذها مجلس المعهد موافقة وزير التربية عليها.

ولقد ضم المعهد عند التأسيس الأقسام الآتية:
 قسم الهندسة الميكانيكية.
 قسم هندسة السيارات.
 قسم الهندسة الكهربائية.
 قسم هندسة البناء والإنشاءات.
 قسم هندسة المواد العامة.

تغير اسم المعهد (بعد أشهر قليلة من ولادته) إلى معهد عال باسم المعهد الصناعي العالي بأمر من وزارة التربية بالاتفاق مع منظمة اليونسكو وفي عام 1967 استبدل المعهد الصناعي العالي إلى كلية الهندسة الصناعية وعدل فيما بعد إلى كلية الهندسة التكنولوجية مرتبطة بجامعة بغداد وفك ارتباط كلية الهندسة التكنولوجية اعتبارا من 1 نيسان 1975 وصدر قرار تأسيس الجامعة التكنولوجية في 1 نيسان 1975.

الأقسام والتخصصات
1- تكنولوجيا النفط.
2- هندسة العمارة.
3- هندسة المدني (الانشائية / البناء وإدارة المشاريع / الطرق والجسور / المياه والسدود / الصحية / الجيوماتيك)
4- هندسة الحاسوب وتكنولوجيا المعلومات (تكنولوجيا المعلومات / شبكات الحاسوب)
5- العلوم التطبيقية (الفيزياء التطبيقية/ الكيمياء التطبيقية / الرياضيات وتطبيقات الحاسوب / فيزياء الليزر / علم المواد / التقنيات الاحيائية) 6- هندسة السيطرة والنظم (السيطرة / الحاسوب / الميكاترونكس / سيطرة النظم الطبية)
7- الهندسة الكهربائية (الكهرباء / الإلكترونيك)
8- الهندسة الميكانيكية (ميكانيك عام / التكييف والتجميد / السيارات / الطائرات)
9- هندسة الإنتاج والمعادن (الإنتاج / المعادن / الصناعية / التعدين واستخلاص المعادن / التصميم والتصنيع للمعادن بالحاسوب)
10- الهندسة الكيميائية (تكرير النفط والغاز / العمليات الكيمياوية)
11- هندسة المواد (المواد الصناعية / المواد البوليميرية / السيراميك والبناء)
12- هندسة الليزر والإلكترونيات البصرية (الليزر / الألكترونيات البصرية)
13- هندسة الكهروميكانيك (نظم / الملاحة والتوجيه / الطاقة والطاقات المتجددة)
14- علوم الحاسوب (نظم المعلومات / البرمجيات / الذكاء الصناعي / امنية الحاسوب / إدارة الشبكات / الوسائط المتعددة)
15-هندسة الاتصالات (هندسة نظم الاتصالات والاتصالات الضوئية / هندسة المايكروويف والاتصالات النقالة)
16-هندسة الطب الحياتي (الميكانيك الاحيائي / الانظمة الطبية)

رئاسة الجامعة التكنولوجية
يشغل أ.د احمد محمد حسن الغبان منصب رئيس الجامعة وكالة.

مراكز الجامعة
 مركز تكنولوجيا المعلومات.
 مركز تكنولوجيا الطاقة والطاقات المتجددة.
 مركز بحوث البيئة.
 مركز بحوث النانو تكنولوجي.
 مركز التدريب والمعامل.
 مركز اللغة الإنكليزية.
 مركز التعليم المستمر.

المجلات العلمية للجامعة التكنولوجية
 مجلة الهندسة والتكنولوجيا:
تهدف المجلة نشر المعرفة في مجال الهندسة والتكنولوجيا والعلوم زتخضع كافة البحوث المنشورة إلى اصول التقييم العلمي في مجال النشر والتوثيق. تلتزم المجلة بنشر البحوث الجديدة والتي لم يسبق نشرها في أي مجلة أخرى أو في وقائع المؤتمرات.
 المجلة العراقية لهندسة الحاسبات والاتصالات والسيطرة والنظم:

تهدف المجلة نشر المعرفة في مجال الهندسة والتكنولوجيا والعلوم زتخضع كافة البحوث المنشورة إلى اصول التقييم العلمي في مجال النشر والتوثيق. تلتزم المجلة بنشر البحوث الجديدة والتي لم يسبق نشرها في أي مجلة أخرى أو في وقائع المؤتمرات.

رؤية الجامعة
ان تكون الجامعة ضمن أكثر الجامعات تميزاً بالابداع والريادة في مجال تخصصاتها الهندسية والعلمية وبما يلبي متطلبات المجتمع المتجددة والمقترنة مع التطورات التكنولوجية السريعة.

رسالة الجامعة
أعداد مهندسين تطبيقيين وكوادر علمية بحثية كفوءة وبمستوى متميز من المعرفة والابداع التكنولوجي يحقق ضمان الجودة والاعتماد الاكاديمي وفق المعايير الرصينة المعتمدة عالمياً في المناهج الهندسية والعلمية مع الالتزام بأخلاقيات المهنة الهندسية والعلمية.

اهداف الجامعة

مواقع إلكترونية
 موقع الجامعة الرسمي

المراجع

ت
التعليم في بغداد
تأسيسات سنة 1964 في العراق
جامعات العراق
جامعات بغداد
جامعات حكومية عراقية
هيئات تعليمية أسست في 1975
كليات هندسة في جامعات العراق

الجامعة التكنولوجية (العراق)


Oversigten over Værker af Franz Liszt katalogiseredes af Humphrey Searle i 1960-erne, og hvert værk blev identificeret med et S-nummer. Nummer 1-350 anses at være originalkompositioner og 351-999 bearbejdninger af egne og andres værker.

Oversigt efter type

13 symfonisk digte
 S.95 – Ce qu'on entend sur la Montagne (1848–49, rev 1850 och 1854)
 S.96 – Tasso, Lamento e trionfo (1849–54)
 S.97 – Les Préludes (1848, rev 1854)
 S.98 – Orpheus (1853–54)
 S.99 – Prometeus (1850, rev 1855)
 S.100 – Mazeppa (1851, rev 1854)
 S.101 – Festklänge (1853)
 S.102 – Héroïde funèbre (1848–50, rev 1854)
 S.103 – Hungaria (1854)
 S.104 – Hamlet (1858)
 S.105 – Hunnenschlacht (1856–57)
 S.106 – Die Ideale (1857)
 S.107 – Von der Weige bis zum Grabe (1881–82)

Orkesterværker
 S.108 – Eine Faust-Symphonie (1854, rev 1857)
 S.109 – Dantesymfonien (1855–56)
 S.690 – Revolutions-Symphonie (1830, rev 1848), ufuldendt
 S.124 – Klaverkoncert nr 1 i Es-dur (1830–55)
 S.125 – Klaverkoncert nr 2 i A-dur (1839, rev 1848–61)
 S.126 – Totentanz (1849, rev 1853 og 1859)

Klavermusik
 Années de Pèlerinage
 S.160 – Première Année: Suisse (1936–54)
 S.161 – Deuxième Année: Italie; Venezia e Napoli, S.162 (1838–49)
 S.163 – Troisième Année (1867–77)
 S.139 – Études d'Exécution Transcendante (1851)
 S.144 - Trois Études de concert [Il lamento, La leggierezza & Un sospiro] (1848?)
 S.178 – Klaversonate i h-moll (1852–53)
 S.244:1–19 – Ungarnske rapsodier 1–19
 S.525 – Totentanz (1860–65)
 S.541 – Liebesträume. Drei Notturnos (ca 1850), arrangeret for klaver med/uden sang
 S.599 – Zwei Episoden aus Lenaus Faust (1861–62), firhændigt
 S.608 – Rákóczy-Marsch (1870), firhændigt
 S.652 – Totentanz (1859–65), for to klaverer
 S.161 - La campanella for to hænder

Orgelmusik
 S.259 – Fantasie und Fuge über den Choral "Ad nos, ad salutarem undam" (1850)
 S.260 – Präludium und Fuge über das Thema B-A-C-H (1855, rev. 1870)
 S.262 – Ora pro nobis. Litanei (1864)
 S.263 – Resignazione (1877)
 S.264 – Missa pro organo lectarum celebrationi missarum adjumento inserviens (1879)
 S.265 – Gebet (1879)
 S.266 – Requiem für die Orgel (1883)
 S.267 – Am Grabe Richard Wagners (1883)
 S.543 – Ungarns Gott. A magyarok Istene (Petófi) (1881)
 S.658 – Évocation à la Chapelle Sixtine (1862) (över Allegri: Miserere og Mozart: Ave verum corpus)
 S.664 – Tu es Petrus (1867)
 S.665 – San Francesco. Preludio per il Cantico de Sol di San Francesco (1880)
 S.666 – Excelsior! Preludio zu den Glocken des Strassburger Münsters (efter 1874)
 S.667 – Offertorium ur Ungerska kroningsmessen (efter 1867)
 S.668 – Slavimo Slavno Slaveni! (1863)
 S.669 – Zwei Kirchenhymnen (efter 1868)
 S.672a – Orpheus (Poème symphonique no 4) (efter 1860)
 S.672b – Einleitung, Fuge & Magnificat aus der Symphonie zu Dante (1860)
 S.673 – Weinen, Klagen Variationen für Orgel (1863) (over "Weinen, Klagen, Sorgen, Zagen" BWV12 ved J. S. Bach, tidligere bearbejdet med S.179, Prélude (1854) og S.180, Variations (1862))
 S.677 – Hosannah (ur Cantico de Sol di San Francesco) for orgel og trombone (1862)

Mange værker blev oprindeligt skrevet til et instrument men arrangeredes for alternative instrumenter fx med orgel, såsom
 S.172, Consolations (Six penseés poétiques) (1849–50)

Sange og korværker
 S.2 - Die Legende von der heiligen Elisabeth (1857-62)
 S.3 - Christus (1855-67)
 S.4 - Cantico del sol di Francesco d'Assisi (1862, rev 1880-81)
 S.9 – Missa solennis zur Einweihung der Basilika in Gran (1855, rev 1857-58)
 S.53 - Via crucis (1878-79)
 S.57 – In domum Domini ibimus (1884)
 S.269 – Angiolin dal biondo crin til tekst af Marchese Cesare Bocella (1839, rev 1849?)
 S.270 – Tre Sonetti di Petrarca til tekst af Francesco Petrarca (1843–46, rev 1864–82)
 Nr 1 – Pace non trovo
 Nr 2 – Benedetto sia 'l giorno
 Nr 3 – I vidi in terra angelici costumi
 S.271 – Il m'aimait tant (1840–42)
 S.272 – Im Rhein, im schönen Strome til tekst af Heinrich Heine (1840, rev 1855)
 S.273 – Die Loreley til tekst af Heinrich Heine (1841, rev 1854–56)
 S.274 – Die Zelle im Nonnenwerth (1841, rev 1858–60)
 S.275 – Mignons Lied til tekst af Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1842, rev 1854 och 1860)
 S.276 – Comment, disaient-ils til tekst af Victor Hugo (1842, rev 1849–59)
 S.277 – Bist du til tekst af E Metschersky (1844, rev 1878)
 S.278 – Es war ein König in Thule til tekst af Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1842, rev 1856)
 S.279 – Der du von dem Himmel bist til tekst af Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1842, rev 1849, 1860 och 1870)
 S.280 – Freudvoll und leidvoll til tekst af Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1844, rev 1849)
 S.281 – Die Vätergruft til tekst af Johann Ludwig Uhland (1844)
 S.282 – Oh! quand je dors til tekst af Victor Hugo (1842, rev 1849)
 S.283 – Enfant, si j'étais roi til tekst af Victor Hugo (1844, rev 1849)
 S.284 – S'il est un charmant gazon til tekst af Victor Hugo (1844, rev 1849–59)
 S.285 – La tombe et la rose til tekst af Victor Hugo (1844)
 S.286 – Gastibelza (Bolero) til tekst af Victor Hugo (1844)
 S.287 – Du bist wie eine Blume til tekst af Heinrich Heine (1843, rev 1849)
 S.288 – Was Liebe sei til tekst af C von Hagn (1842, rev 1854–55 och 1878–79)
 S.289 – Vergiftet sind meine Lieder til tekst af Heinrich Heine (1843, rev 1859)
 S.290 – Morgens steh ich auf und frage til tekst af Heinrich Heine (1843, rev 1849–59)
 S.291 – Die tote Nachtigall til tekst af Kaufmann (1843, rev 1870–79)
 S.292 – Sange fra Wilhelm Tell til tekst af Friedrich Schiller (1845, rev 1855?)
 Nr 1 – Der Fischerknabe (Es lächelt der See)
 Nr 2 – Der Hirt (Ihr Matten lebt wohl)
 Nr 3 – Der Alpenjäger (Es donnern die Höh'n)
 S.293 – Jeanne d'Arc au bûcher til tekst af Dumas (1845, rev 1874–75)
 S.294 – Es rauschen die Winde til tekst af Ludwig Rellstab (1845, rev 1849?)
 S.295 – Wo weilt er? til tekst af Ludwig Rellstab (1844)
 S.296 – Ich möchte hingehn til tekst af Georg Herwegh (1844–56?)
 S.297 – Wer nie sein Brot mit Tränen aß til tekst af Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1845, rev 1849)
 S.298 – O lieb, so lang du lieben kannst til tekst af Ferdinand Freiligrath (1843, rev 1843)
 S.298a – Über die Aeolsharfe (1846)
 S.299 – Isten veled til tekst af Ádam Pálóczi Horváth (1847, rev 1979)
 S.300 – Le Juif errant til tekst af Pierre Jean de Béranger (1847)
 S.301 – Kling leise, mein Lied til tekst af Johannes Nordmann (1848, rev 1849–60)
 S.301a – Oh pourquoi donc til tekst af Mme Pavloff (1844?)
 S.301b – En ces lieux tout me parle d'elle (Élégie) til tekst af E Monnier (1844, rev 1845)
 S.302 – Die Macht der Musik til tekst af Hertuginden af Orléans (1848)
 S:303 – Weimars Toten til tekst af Schober (1848)
 S:304 – Le vieux vagabond til tekst af Pierre Jean de Béranger (1848)
 S.305 – Schwebe, schwebe, blaues Auge til tekst af Franz Ferdinand von Dingelstedt (1845, rev 1849–60)
 S.306 – Über allen Gipfeln ist Ruh til tekst af Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1848, rev 1859)
 S.306a – Quand tu chantes bercée til tekst af Victor Hugo (1842)
 S.306b – Göttliche Gedanken, selige Gefühle (1848)
 S.307 – Hohe Liebe til tekst af Johann Ludwig Uhland (1850)
 S.308 – Gestorben war ich til tekst af Johann Ludwig Uhland (1845–46)
 S.309 – Ein Fichtenbaum steht einsam til tekst af Heinrich Heine (1845, rev 1860)
 S.310 – Nimm einen Strahl der Sonne (1843–49)
 S.311 – Anfangs wollt' ich fast verzagen til tekst af Heinrich Heine (1849, rev 1860?)
 S.312 – Wie singt die Lerche schön til tekst af August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben (1855)
 S.313 – Weimars Volkslied til tekst af Peter Cornelius (1857)
 S.314 – Es muss ein Wunderbares sein til tekst af Oskar von Redwitz (1852)
 S.315 – Ich liebe dich til tekst af Friedrich Rückert (1857)
 S.316 – Muttergottes-Sträusslein zum Mai-Monate til tekst af Müller (1857)
 Nr 1 – Das Veilchen
 Nr 2 – Das Schlüsselblumen
 S.317 – Lasst mich ruhen til tekst af August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben (1858)
 S.318 – In Liebeslust til tekst af August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben (1858)
 S:319 – Ich scheide til tekst af August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben (1860)
 S.320 – Die drei Zigeuner til tekst af Nikolaus Lenau (1860)
 S.321 – Die stille Wasserrose til tekst af Emanuel von Geibel (1860)
 S.322 – Wieder möcht ich dir begegnen til tekst af Peter Cornelius (1860)
 S.323 – Jugendglück til tekst af Pohl (1860)
 S.324 – Blume und Duft til tekst af Friedrich Hebbel (1854)
 S.325 – Die Fischerstochter til tekst af C Coronini (1871)
 S.326 – La perla til tekst af Therese von Hohenlohe (1872)
 S.327 – J'ai perdu ma force et ma vie til tekst af Louis Charles Alfred de Musset (1872)
 S.328 – Ihr Glocken von Marling til tekst af Emil Kuh (1874)
 S.329 – Und sprich til tekst af Biegeleben (1875–79)
 S.330 – Sei still til tekst af Henriette von Schorn (1877–79?)
 S.331 – Gebet til tekst af Friedrich Bodenstedt (1878)
 S.332 – Einst til tekst af Friedrich Bodenstedt (1878)
 S.333 – An Edlitam til tekst af Friedrich Bodenstedt (1878)
 S.334 – Der Glückliche til tekst af Friedrich Bodenstedt (1878)
 S.335 – Go Not, Happy Day til tekst af Alfred Tennyson (1879)
 S.336 – Verlassen til tekst af G Michell (1880)
 S.337 – Des Tages laute Stimmen schweigen til tekst af Ferdinand von Saar (1880)
 S.338 – Und wir dachten der Toten (1871?)
 S.339 – A magyarok Istene - Ungarns Gott (mandskor ad lib, til tekst af Petőfi) (1881)
 S.340 – Magyar király-dal til tekst af Sándor Petőfi (1883)
 S.340a – Ne brani menja, moj drug til tekst af Tolstoj (1866)

Værkfortegnelser (klassisk musik)

Værker af Franz Liszt


Gölpazarı, Bilecik ilinin bir ilçesidir.

Tarihçe
Osmanlının kuruluşunda hizmetleri geçen Gazi Mihal önemlidir. Hâlen Gazi Mihal adı bir ilkokulda ve ilçe hamamında yaşatılmaktadır. İlçede hava şehitlerinden pilot yüzbaşı Cengiz Topel adına yaptırılan bir ilkokul daha bulunmaktadır.

Çanakkale Savaşları'na birçok gencini gönderen ve kaybeden halk, Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı'nda ise Sakarya Nehrinin aşırı yükselmesi neticesinde düşman işgaline uğramamıştır. Yöredeki yerli halka Manav ve macirlar da denilmektedir.

Üyükler, Kocakamalar, Bölükbaşılar (Sütçüler), Köseler, Ayazlar, Eyüpağalar, Alapanlar, Keskinağalar, Hacımollalar,Kayalar, Kazımağalar, Kadıoğulları ve Karaşükrüler geçmişten günümüze uzanan başlıca aile lakaplarıdır. Bilecik ilçe merkezine yakın olması ve ekonomik yetersizliklerden dolayı ilçe göç vermektedir.

İl Özel idaresinin Kalkınma Planlarında Yenipazar İlçesi ile birlikte, Tarımsal bölge olarak ayrılan ve Kırsal Kalkınma bandında yer alan ilçede tarımsal çeşitlilik artmaktadır.El değiştiren topraklar ile birlikte ilçede yabancı yatırımcılar faaliyet göstermeye başlamışlardır. Ekolojik tarım için fırsatlar sunan ilçede yabancı yatırımcılar pozisyon almaktadırlar.

Temiz su kaynakları ve toprak zenginliği ile 150 metreden 800 metreye kadar rakımda farklı biyo çeşitliliğe sahip ilçede ekolojik tarım gelişme göstermektedir. Ekolojik hayvancılık geniş meralara sahip ilçede önemli bir fırsattır.

Antik Çağ'da Gölpazarı ve Yöresi
Bölgenin antik çağ geçmişi ile ilgili en önemli bilgilere; "Bithynia (Bitinya)"  bölgesi ile ilgili yazılan eserlerin ilgili bölümlerinden, orta çağ ve sonrası bilgilere ise Osmanlı, Bizans ve Cumhuriyet dönemi tarihçilerinin eserlerinde yer alan paragrafların satır aralarından öğrenebilmekteyiz.

Bölge; tarih öncesinde çok çeşitli uygarlıklara (Luwiler, Hititler, Frigler, Lidyalılar, Tracklar, Persler, Romalılar, Abbasiler, Bizanslılar, Selçuklular ve son olarak Osmanlılar) ev sahipliği yaptığı yazılıp çizilmiştir.  Bölgenin; erken dönemde Bitinya krallığının, erken ve geç Roma dönemlerinde Roma İmparatorluğuna bağlı (Bizans dâhil) Bitinya Eyaleti'nin, 1326 tarihinde ise Osmanlı devleti Hüdavendigar Livasına bağlı bir kaza olarak tarih sahnesinde yerini aldığını hatırlatmış olalım.

M.S. 1000 li yıllara kadar bölge hakkında bilgi veren kaynaklara ulaşılmakta iken, M.S. 1000-1300 lü yıllar arasında yeterli kaynak olmadığından bölge tarihi tam olarak aydınlatılamamıştır. Bölge bu tarihlerde çok sık el değiştirdiğinden ve yoğun Türkmen göçü nedeniyle tarihçilerimiz bu dönemi "black hall" yani kara delik olarak tanımlamaktadırlar. 1400 yıllardan günümüze gelene değin tek başvuru kaynağımız ise Osmanlı ve Cumhuriyet dönemi Arşiv kayıtları olmuştur. Bölge ile ilgil Osmanlı arşiv kayıtlarının çoğunun günümüz Türkçesine çevrilmemesi, bölge hakkındaki bilgilerin bakir kalmasına neden olmuştur. 2020 yılını uğurladığımız şu anlarda dahi bölgede herhangi bir kazı çalışması yapılmamış, bölge tarihi yapıları definecilerin ve mermer maden ocaklarının ellerine terk edilmiş durumdadır.

Günümüz Gölpazarı ve yöresini çevreleyen komşu ilçelere baktığımızda her birinin antik çağdan süre gelen bir isminin olduğunu ve bu isimlerin sonradan bazen evirilerek bazen de yeni bir isimle Türkçe yer adlarına dönüştüğünü görmektesiniz.

İlçe merkezi resmi adı ile Gölpazarı (?); kuzeyden Sakarya ilinin Geyve (Kabaia) ve Taraklı (Dablais), doğudan Bilecik ilinin Yenipazar (Xirka), güneyden İnhisar-Harmankaya (Prminios)  ve Söğüt  (Thebasion), batıdan ise Bilecik (Agrilium-Belokome-angelokome) merkez ilçesi ve Osmaneli (Leukai),  ilçeleriyle çevrilidir.

Gölpazarı ovasını çevreleyen tüm ilçelerin antik çağda kullanıla gelen isimleri olmasına rağmen Bizans'ın son dönemlerinde ve Osmanlının kuruluş yıllarında bölgede bir tekfurluğun ve leblebici (Löblüce)  isimli bir hisarın olduğunu bildiğimiz günümüz Gölpazarı bölgesinin antik çağda kullanıla gelen ilk ismi nedir?  Bu bölgede yaşayan yerli halk bölgeyi hang   i isimle anıyordu? Soruları aklımıza takıla gelmiştir.

Bu soruların cevaplarını bulmaya çalışmadan önce tarih öncesi antik çağ üzerine bölgede çalışma yapmış bir bilim insanımızın makalesine yer verelim.

Arkeologlar tarafından Gölpazarı ve civarında bulunan höyüklerde yapılan kazı çalışmalarında elde edilen kap kacak vs. gibi eşyalar bölge antik çağ öncesi tarihini yeterince aydınlatmıştır.

Gölpazarı Ovası, beşeri ve ekonomik bakımdan da değişik özelliklere sahiptir. Ovanın yerleşim tarihi oldukça eskilere uzanmaktadır. Arıcaklar Köyü kuzeyindeki bir höyükten elde edilen bilgilere göre Hitit, Frig ve Roma dönemlerinde bu sahada yerleşim olduğu anlaşılmaktadır.

Dr. İ. Kılıç Kökten tarafından 1951 yılında bölgede yapılan arkeolojik çalışmalar esnasında elde edilen bulgular aslında bölgede çok eskiden beri süre gelen yerleşimin mevcut olduğunu kanıtlamaktadır."Hüyük köyü ve Gölpazarı çevresi araştırmalarına geçiyorum. Hüyük köyünün bulunduğu ve bu küçük ovada, kayalıklı bir tepe yanında "Zincirlikuyu" adında bir Hüyük daha tespit ettim. Bu yeni höyüğün üzerinde Bakır, Hitit ve Frig devirlerini kolayca açıklayan çanak çömlek kırıkları görüldü. Kısa bir araştırmadan sonra etrafı fundalık, küçük bir dağ geçidi (Bel) aşarak Gölpazarı ovasına indim. Ovanın ortasında "Yassı", Kuzeydoğu ucunda "Arıcaklar" adını taşıyan iki büyük Hüyük daha tespit ettim. Kurşunlu köyü önündeki iki tepenin de Hüyük olması çok muhtemeldir. İsimleri verilen bu iki Hüyük üzerinden, Bakır, Hitİt, Grek-Roma devrine ait çok tipik çanak çömlek parçaları toplanmıştır. Bu arada Frig devrini açıklayan izlerde müşahede edilmiştir.  Aracaklar höyüğü üzerinde ele geçirilen bronz bir külçe, demir bir ok ucu bu vesikalar arasındadır". Gölpazarı ovasın etrafındaki dağlarda Tümülüslerin arttığı görülmektedir. Ovayı kuzey yönden çevreleyen kalker kayalıklar içeresindeki tabii ve yapma mağaraların bir kısmı araştırılmıştır. Gölpazarı kasabasının içinde mevcut mermerden yapılmış klasik çağa ait olduğu anlaşılan sütun ve başlık parçaları okulun bahçe duvarı dışında bırakılan mermer bir aslan heykeli dikkatimi çekmiştir". Dr. İ.K. Kökten 'in "Gölpazarı ovası etrafındaki dağlarda Tümülüslerin arttığı görülmektedir"  ifadesi çok ilginçtir. Bu ifade bize asıl yerleşimin bugünkü ilçe merkezinin konuşlandığı ova da değil de, dağ kısımlarında olduğunu gösteren yorumlanmaya değer bir ayrıntı özelliği taşımaktadır.

Erken Roma çağına geldiğimizde ise, D. French tarafından kaleme alınan "Küçük Asya'daki Roma Yolları ve Mil Taşları" isimli kitapta geçen ifadeler, Dr. İ. Kılıç Kökten 'in bu sözlerini doğrulamaktadır. Zira bu kitaptan alıntı yaptığımız ufak bir paragraftan günümüz Gölpazarı ve yöresinin öneminin M.S. 82 yıllarına kadar gittiği anlaşılmaktadır.

"İstanbul'dan başlayarak Kudüs'te son bulan, M.S. 82 yıllarında yapıldığı anlaşılan Romalılara ait "Hacı Yolu" da Gölpazarı Ovasını kat etmektedir".İngiliz yazar D. French tarafından kaleme alınan bu kitap, bizleri Gölpazarı'nın ilk ismine belki götüremedi (günümüz Gölpazarı ve yöresinin en eski yer adına ulaşmamıza öncülük etmiştir.) ama Gölpazarı ovasının M.S. 8 Yy. da Roma hacıyolu güzergâhı üzerinde yer aldığını kanıtlamış oldu. Roma Hacıyolu, Gölpazarı ovasını bir uçtan bir uca kat etmekte olup,  bu güzergâhlar sırasıyla Medetli-Üyük-Karaağaç-Dikenli Boğaz- Beşevler (Damlar Mevkii)-Mezarlık-Çımışkı, Doğancılar, Göz açanlar ve Sarı hacılar Köyleridir.

Romalılar; yönetimleri altına aldıkları yerlerde, bir bölgeden diğer bir bölgeye seyahat ederken, kendilerine has bir yöntem geliştirmişler. Bu yöntem "Mil Taşları" imiş. Mil Taşı, Romalılar döneminde yollara dikilen, yolun yönünü ve merkeze uzaklığını gösteren taşlara verilen isimlerdir. Kilometre taşı olarak kullanılan bu taşlar yuvarlak beyaz mermerden yapılmışlardır. Bazı Roma mil taşlarının üzerinde dönemim Roma İmparatorunun ve yöneticilerinin (vali) isimleri yazılıdır.  Romalılar, her 1.6 km'de bir belirledikleri yol güzergâhları üzerine bu taşları dikerek, gidecekleri yerlere yön vermişler. Aslında bu taşları günümüz trafik yol işaretlerinin atası olarak görebiliriz.

Romalılar; bölgeler arasında geçiş güzergâhı olarak kullandıkları Roma yollarının haricinde, bunlara ilave olarak iki adet hacıyolu güzergâhı belirlemişlerdir.

D. French'e göre ilk hacıyolu güzergâhı İzmit hacıyolu, diğeri ise Gölpazarı ovasını boydan boya kat ederek Juliapolis antik kentinden yoluna devam eden ikinci hacıyoludur. D. French, ikinci hacıyolunu daha kolay takip edebilmek için P.1. hacıyolu (P.1. Pligrem's Road)  olarak kitabında kodlamış.

Hacıyolları; diğer Roma yolların aksine yılın belirli zamanlarında kullanılan tali yollardır. Bu nedenle, bu yolun geçtiği güzergâhların sadece belli başlı yerlerinde konaklama yerleri oluşturulmuş. Günümüz Gölpazarı ovasında küçük yerleşim yerleri haricinde büyük bir konaklama izine maalesef rastlanmamıştır.

Gölpazarı ovasından geçen "P.1" hacıyolumuz iki amaca birden hizmet etmiş. Hem Batı Karadeniz'e ulaşımı sağlayan bağlantı yolu olarak kullanılmış hem de asıl amacına hizmet eden hacıyolu güzergâhının bir geçiş yolu olarak kullanılmıştır.

Çevre eyaletlerde yaşayanlar Bolu ve Batı Karadeniz'e en kısa mesafeden gitmek istediklerinde mutlaka Gölpazarı ovasını kat eden P.1 kodlu hacıyolu bağlantısını kullanmak zorunda kalmışlar. Bu yol, Nallıhan ilçesine bağlı (Juliopolis) Çive Köyü'nde bulunan C15 kodlu yol ayırımına kadar devam etmiş. Kuzeye doğru gidecek bir gezgin C15 kodlu yola saparak hacıyolunu bu bölgede terk etmiştir.

Hacıyolu ana konaklama yerlerine baktığımızda, Nicea (İznik), Osmaneli (Leukai) arasındaki mesafe yaklaşık 30 km, Osmaneli ile diğer ana konaklama yeri olan Çive Köyü (Juliopolis) arasındaki mesafenin ise yaklaşık 100 km. olduğunu görmekteyiz. Aklımıza bu iki konaklama istasyonu arasında mutlaka bir ara konaklama yeri daha olmalı, sorusu gelmekte?  Bahse konu Roma hacıyolu ara istasyonunun yerinin yöre halkı tarafından kale düzü olarak adlandırılan Aktaş Köyü platosunun Gölpazarı ovasına bakan son düzlüğünde yer alan Löblüce (Leblebici) hisarının bulunduğu yer olabileceği, çok büyük ihtimaldir. Arkeologların bu bölgede araştırma yapmaları Gölpazarı tarihine ayrı bir yön verecektir kanaatindeyim. Fakat son zamanlarda elde ettiğim bilgiler konaklama istasyonlarının, Karaağaç köyü, Dikenli boğaz çıkışında bulunan düzlük, Gölpazarı, Göz açanlar ve Hacı köylerinin üst yamaçları olduğunu göstermektedir.

Roma döneminde söylene gelen isimleri: (Karaağaç?)-Dikenli Boğaz (Thateso)-Gölpazarı (Tataion)-Gözaçanlar (Protonica)

Eski adı ile Bitinya olarak adlandırılan bölge içinde yer alan Gölpazarı ovasının da dâhil olduğu hacıyolunun temel güzergâh noktaları şunlardır:

(P.1. Pligrim's Road : (Chalcedon (Kadıköy) - Nicaea (İznik)- Juliopolis (Nallıhan) - Ancyra (Ankara) (- Colonia Archelaïs (Aksaray) – Tyana (Niğde) - Via Tauri (Gülek Boğazı) - Tarsus – Antiochia (Antakya)). (2.P.1)(3.P.1)(7.P.1)(8.P.1))

P.1 Bitinya Bölgesi Hacıyolu Güzergâh Noktaları

Dip Notlar
[1] (Aydoğdu, 2005, s. www.recepaydogdu.com/?p=58)

[2] "1016 H./1607 M. tarihinde Celâli eşkıyasının açık şehirlere hücum etmelerinden dolayı GÖlpazarı kazası dâhilindeki halk hükûmete müracaat ederek "nice zamandan beri harab olan Leblebici kalasının kendi bedenlerinden tamiri ile orada tahassun etmeleri için müsaade istemişlerdi. Hükûmet isteklerine müsaade ederek bu hususta GÖlpazarı kadısına hüküm göndermiştir (Mühimme 76 s. 119). (Göl-Flanoz'dan Gölpazarı'na, 2008, s. 15)

[3] (Kökten, 1951, s. 208-209)

[4] (French, Roma Çağında Küçük Asya'daki yollar ve mil taşları, 1981)

[5] (French, Album of Maps, (2016), s. 44)

[6] (French, Roman Roads & Milestones of Asia Minor, 2013, s. 22,23,126-133)

Nüfus
İlçe 48 köyden oluşmaktadır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
  Gölpazarı-Yerel Yöneylem Kalkınma Derneği
  Bilecik Gölpazarı Kaymakamlığı
 Bilecik Gölpazarı Belediyesi

Gölpazarı


Mågerø is a small peninsula just south of the Norwegian city of Tønsberg. It is a part of the island Tjøme, a typically Norwegian summer vacation area. Mågerø is the location of the Royal Norwegian Air Force control and alert station for the southern part of Norway. The Norwegian royal family have their summer vacation facility situated on Mågerø, which in its entirety has restricted military area status.

References

Peninsulas of Vestfold og Telemark

Mågerø


O componentă electronică este orice dispozitiv discret de bază sau o entitate fizică într-un sistem electronic utilizat pentru a influența electronii sau câmpurile asociate acestora. Componentele electronice sunt în mare parte produse industriale, disponibile într-o singură formă și nu trebuie confundate cu elementele electrice, care sunt abstracții conceptuale reprezentând componente electronice idealizate.

Componentele electronice au un număr de terminale sau cabluri electrice. Acești conductori se conectează la alte componente electrice, adesea prin cabluri, pentru a crea un circuit electronic cu o anumită funcție (de exemplu un amplificator, un receptor radio sau un oscilator). Componentele electronice de bază pot fi ambalate discret, sub formă de rețele sau rețele de componente asemănătoare sau integrate în interiorul pachetelor, cum ar fi circuite integrate cu semiconductoare, circuite integrate hibride sau dispozitive de film gros. Următoarea listă a componentelor electronice se concentrează pe versiunea discretă a acestor componente, tratând astfel de pachete drept componente în sine.

Clasificare
Componentele pot fi clasificate ca pasive, active sau electromecanice. Definiția fizică strictă tratează componentele pasive ca fiind cele care nu pot furniza energie în sine, în timp ce o baterie ar putea fi văzută ca o componentă activă, deoarece acționează cu adevărat ca sursă de energie.

Cu toate acestea, inginerii electronici care efectuează analiza circuitului utilizează o definiție mai restrictivă a pasivității. Atunci când este vorba doar de energia semnalelor, este convenabil să se ignore așa-numitul circuit DC și să se pretindă că componentele de alimentare cu energie, cum ar fi tranzistorii sau circuitele integrate, sunt lipsiți (de parcă fiecare componentă a avut bateria proprie) acesta poate fi în realitate alimentat de circuitul DC. Apoi, analiza se referă doar la circuitul de curent alternativ, o abstracție care ignoră tensiunile DC și AC (și puterea asociată cu acestea) prezente în circuitul real. De exemplu, aceasta ficțiune ne permite să vedem un oscilator ca fiind "producătoare de energie" chiar dacă în realitate oscilatorul consumă și mai multă energie dintr-o sursă de curent continuu pe care am ales să o ignorăm. Sub această restricție, definim termenii utilizați în analiza circuitului ca:

 Componentele active se bazează pe o sursă de energie (de obicei din circuitul DC, pe care am ales să o ignorăm) și, de obicei, putem injecta energie într-un circuit, deși acest lucru nu face parte din definiție. Componentele active includ componente de amplificare, cum ar fi tranzistori, tuburi vid de triod (valve) și diode tunel.
 Componentele pasive nu pot introduce energie netă în circuit. De asemenea, nu se pot baza pe o sursă de energie, cu excepția celor disponibile din circuitul specificat (AC) la care sunt conectați. Ca urmare, ele nu pot amplifica (cresc puterea unui semnal), deși pot crește o tensiune sau curent (cum ar fi un transformator sau un circuit rezonant). Componentele pasive includ componente cu două terminale, cum ar fi rezistențe, condensatoare, inductoare și transformatoare.

Componentele electromecanice pot efectua operațiuni electrice prin utilizarea pieselor în mișcare sau prin utilizarea unor conexiuni electrice.

Componente active

Semiconductori

Diode
Conduce electricitatea cu ușurință într-o direcție, printre comportamente mai specifice.

 Diodă, redresor, punte diodă

 Diodă Schottky (diodă purtătoare la cald) - diodă super rapidă cu cădere de tensiune mai mică înainte

 Diodă Zener - trece curentul în direcție inversă pentru a furniza o referință de tensiune constantă

 Diodă supresoare de tensiune tranzitorie (TVS), unipolară sau bipolară - utilizată pentru absorbția vârfurilor de înaltă tensiune

 Varicap, dioda de tuning, varactor, diodă cu capacitate variabilă - o diodă a cărei capacitate AC variază în funcție de tensiunea DC aplicată.

 Diodă emițătoare de lumină (LED) - o diodă care emite lumină

 Fotodiodă - trece curentul proporțional cu lumina incidentă

 Celulele solare, celulele fotovoltaice, panoul fotovoltaic sau panoul - produc energie din lumină

 DIAC (diodă pentru curent alternativ), Trigger Diode, SIDAC) - adesea folosit pentru a declanșa un SCR

 Diodă cu curent constant

 Cooler Peltier - o pompă de căldură semiconductoare

 Diodă tunel - diodă foarte rapidă bazată pe tuneluri mecanice cuantice.

Tranzistori
Tranzistorii au fost considerați invenția secolului al XX-lea care a schimbat circuitele electronice pentru totdeauna. Un tranzistor este un dispozitiv semiconductor folosit pentru amplificarea și comutarea semnalelor electronice și a energiei electrice.

Tipuri de tranzistori

 Transistor de joncțiune bipolară (BJT sau simplu "tranzistor") - NPN sau PNP
 Fototranzistor - fotodetector amplificat
 Transistor Darlington - NPN sau PNP
 Fototransistor Darlington - fotodetector amplificat
 Perechea Sziklai (tranzistor compus, Darlington complementar)

 Tranzistor cu câmp de efect (FET)
JFET (tranzistor cu efect de câmp joncțiune) - N-CHANNEL sau P-CHANNEL
MOSFET (semiconductor cu efect de câmp de oxid metalic) - N-CHANNEL sau P-CHANNEL
MESFET (FET din metal semiconductor)
HEMT (tranzistor cu mobilitate ridicată a electronilor)

Note

Componente electronice

Componentă electronică


Estelle Axton (September 11, 1918 – February 24, 2004) was an American record executive and co-founder of Stax Records, along with her brother Jim Stewart.

Biography
Born in Middleton, Tennessee, Estelle Stewart grew up on a farm.  She moved to Memphis as a school teacher, married Everett Axton, and was working in a bank when, in 1958, her brother Jim Stewart asked for help to develop Satellite Records, which he had set up to issue recordings of local country and rockabilly artists.  She convinced her husband that they should remortgage their house and, in 1959, joined Satellite as an equal partner. The following year, Axton and Stewart turned the Capitol Theatre, in a black Memphis neighborhood, into a recording studio and record shop, and began making hit records with predominantly black artists.

Satellite was forced to change its name in 1961 after it was discovered that a Los Angeles label already owned the title, and it changed its name to Stax, taking its name from Axton and Stewart's surnames: Jim Stewart and Estelle Axton. Axton was actively involved with selecting and developing the artists on the label, who included Rufus Thomas, Otis Redding, Booker T & the MGs, and Isaac Hayes.

She sold her interest in the company in 1970. After a noncompete agreement expired, Axton formed Fretone Records whose biggest hit, "Disco Duck", by Rick Dees, was licensed for distribution by RSO Records.

In December 2006, the Recording Academy announced that Axton would be honored with a Trustee's Award as part of the upcoming Grammys.

Axton was the founder of the Memphis Songwriters Association in 1973, which was formed to foster the education and advancement of local songwriters. There was a focus on the development of the songwriting craft with the intention of producing commercially viable songs and improving performance skills. The association has consecutively maintained membership for over 35 years. The formation of the Memphis Songwriters Association helped to motivate many local songwriters and singer-songwriters to publish their original material. Some of these songs and artists met with some surprising success. Unfortunately, historical records are fragmented and scarce; however, there are a number of MSA alumni that could still tell their stories. As of 2015, the Memphis Songwriters Association is still actively holding meetings and events.

Axton went on, with her friend Cordell Jackson, the founder of Moon Records, to work with the Music Industries of Memphis, later named the Memphis Music Association, to assist in the development of Memphis music as a global force once again. Their collaboration and guidance helped launch the first Memphis Demo Derby, the brainchild of the PR director Brett Hamilton, which was designed to present and showcase Memphis musical talent to A&R reps, studio heads, producers and the like. The event was such a huge success, it continued for several years. Joe Savarin, the founder of the Handy Awards, and Wanda Freeman of Tenant Laboratories lent a hand in spite of public opposition. The MMA was the umbrella organization for all Memphis music and still exists today.

In 2012, Axton was inducted into the Memphis Music Hall of Fame, along with her brother and Stax co-founder Jim Stewart.

Axton died on February 24, 2004, at Saint Francis Hospital hospice in Memphis. She was buried at Forest Hill Cemetery East in Memphis.

See also
Packy Axton

Notes

External links
 Memphis Songwriters Association website
 http://www.history-of-rock.com/stax_records.htm

  Obituary

1918 births
2004 deaths
American music industry executives
American women record producers
People from Middleton, Tennessee
Stax Records

Estelle Axton


Dysithamnus es un género de aves paseriformes perteneciente a la familia Thamnophilidae que agrupa a especies nativas de la América tropical (Neotrópico), donde se distribuyen desde el sureste de México, a través de América Central y del Sur hasta el noreste de Argentina. A sus miembros se les conoce por el nombre común de bataritos; y también bataráes, hormigueros, hormigueritos, chocas , choquitas, entre otros.

Etimología
El nombre genérico «Dysithamnus» se compone de las palabras del griego «duō»: zambullir y «thamnos»: arbusto; enmarañado; significando «que zambulle en los arbustos».

Características
Las aves de este género son tamnofílidos bastante pequeños, midiendo entre 11,5 y 12,5 cm de longitud, rechonchos, cabezones, con picos bastante robustos, encontrados ampliamente en el sotobosque de bosques, principalmente en piedemontes subtropicales; ninguno se encuentra en la región amazónica. Recuerdan a las aves del género Thamnomanes pero son más robustos y de colas más cortas; la mayoría de las especies son de patrón bien definido.

Lista de especies
Según las clasificaciones del Congreso Ornitológico Internacional (IOC)  y Clements Checklist/eBird v.2019, el género agrupa a las siguientes especies con el respectivo nombre popular de acuerdo con la Sociedad Española de Ornitología (SEO):

(*) Estado de conservación

Taxonomía
La especie D. leucostictus era tratada como conespecífica con el geográficamente distante D. plumbeus, pero Isler et al. (2008) suministraron evidencias, principalmente vocales, para la separación de las mismas, lo que fue aprobado en la Propuesta N° 405A al Comité de Clasificación de Sudamérica. En la misma propuesta, Parte B, se rechazó la separación del taxón tucuyensis, que continúa como la subespecie Dysithamnus leucostictus tucuyensis.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Géneros de aves
Taxones descritos por Jean Cabanis

Dysithamnus


İstanbul Yolu, Ankara'nın en büyük çıkış arterlerinden biridir. İstanbul istikametinde yaklaşık 35 km uzanan yolun etrafı sanayii bölgeleri ve mesken alanları ile doludur. Günün her saatinde trafik yoğunluğu olan yol İstanbul devlet yoluna ve otoyola bağlanır. Ayrıca Ankara içinde Yenimahalle, Batıkent, OSTİM, Etimesgut, Ayaş, Sincan, Eryaman, Güzelkent, Fatih, Elvankent, Törekent ve diğer semtlerin de Ankara ile bağlantısını sağlar. Atatürk Orman Çiftliği, Ankapark(wonderland), Göksu Parkı (Susuz Göl) bu yol üzerindeki önemli görülmeye değer yerlerdendir.

Ankara'daki karayolları

İstanbul Yolu


Koven, osnovna skupina vještica koja se sastojala od trinaest članova, odnosno od dvanaest vještica kojima je predsjedao vrag. Pojam je uvela i razradila britanska arheologinja i egiptologinja Margaret Murray (1963.-1963.) u svojoj knjizi Vještičji kult u Zapadnoj Europi (1921.) promovirajući vjerovanje da su se sve vještice u Europi okupljale u kovenima. Smatra se vještičjom grupom podrške, programom obučavanja u umjeću vještičarstva te grupom za osvješćivanje i duhovne studije.

Organiziran je na bazi čelije, u male skupine čiji su članovi duboko predani jedni drugima i vještičjoj religiji i praksama. Na čelu skupine nalazi se visoki svećenik ili visoka svećenica, dok ostalih jedanaest sudionika čini članove kovena. Unutar kovena vještice zajedničkim snagama sudjeluju u izvođenju obreda i magijskih praksi te dodatnu moć dobivaju iz zajedništva. Osim kod izvođenja raznih obreda, koven se sastaje i za proslavu crnog sabata. Uvjet za pristupanje kovenu je inicijacija koja se provodi kroz obred posvećenja u kojem se otkrivaju unutrašnja učenja i grupne tajne. Svaki koven je autonoman po pitanju obreda, vjerovanja i obučavanja. Grupe kovena koje imaju iste obrede mogu se smatrati dijelovima iste tradicije.

S razvojem interneta i društvenih mreža, praktikanti Wicce i drugih oblika poganskog vještičarstva uče svoje članove tehnikama bavljenja obrednom praksom na distanci.

Bilješke

Literatura

 Starhawk, Spiralni ples, Preporod drevne religije Boginje, Esotheria, Beograd, 2005.

Vanjske poveznice

 Koven - Britannica Online

Vještičarstvo

Koven


Lanark, subtitled A Life in Four Books, is the first novel of Scottish writer Alasdair Gray. Written over a period of almost thirty years, it combines realist and dystopian surrealist depictions of his home city of Glasgow.

Its publication in 1981 prompted Anthony Burgess to call Gray "the best Scottish novelist since Walter Scott". Lanark won the inaugural Saltire Society Book of the Year award in 1982, and was also named Scottish Arts Council Book of the Year. The book, still his best known, has since become a cult classic. In 2008, The Guardian heralded Lanark as "one of the landmarks of 20th-century fiction."

Plot summary
Lanark comprises four books, arranged in the order Three, One, Two, Four (there is also a Prologue before Book One, and an Epilogue four chapters before the end of the book).   In the Epilogue, the author explains this by saying that "I want Lanark to be read in one order but eventually thought of in another", and that the epilogue itself is "too important" to go at the end.

In Book Three, a young man awakes alone in a train carriage. He has no memory of his past and picks his name from a strangely familiar photograph on the wall. He soon arrives in Unthank, a strange Glasgow-like  city in which there is no daylight and whose disappearing residents suffer from strange diseases, orifices growing on their limbs and body heat fading away. Lanark begins to associate with a group of twenty-somethings to whom he cannot fully relate and whose mores he cannot understand, and soon begins to suffer from dragonhide, a disease which turns his skin into scales as an external manifestation of his emotional repression. Lanark is eventually swallowed by a mouth in the earth, and awakes in the Institute, a sort of hospital which cures patients of their diseases but uses the hopeless cases for power and food. Upon learning this, Lanark is horrified and determines to leave.

Books One and Two constitute a realist Bildungsroman beginning in pre-war Glasgow, and tell the story of Duncan Thaw ("based on myself, he was tougher and more honest"), a difficult and precocious child born to impecunious and frustrated parents in the East End of Glasgow. The book follows Thaw's wartime evacuation, secondary education and his scholarship to the Glasgow School of Art, where his inability to form relationships with women and his obsessive artistic vision lead to his descent into madness and eventual suicide by drowning.

Book Four sees Lanark begin a bizarre, dreamlike journey back to Unthank, which he finds on the point of total disintegration, wracked by political strife, avarice, paranoia and economic meltdown, all of which he is unable to prevent. In the course of the journey, during which he meets his author, he rapidly ages. He finally finds himself old, sitting in a hilltop cemetery as Unthank breaks down in an apocalypse of fire and flood, and, his time of death having been revealed to him, he ends the book calmly awaiting it.

Interpretation
Lanark could be viewed as Thaw in a personal Hell (Thaw drowns in the sea; Lanark arrives in Unthank with the same belongings, and seashells and sand in his pockets). The connection between the two narratives is ambiguous; Gray said that "One is a highly exaggerated form of just about the everyday reality of the other" (for example, Thaw's eczema is mirrored by Lanark's skin disease 'dragonhide').  He also writes in the novel itself: "The Thaw narrative shows a man dying because he is bad at loving. It is enclosed by [Lanark's] narrative which shows civilization collapsing for the same reason" and (spoken to Lanark) "You are Thaw with the neurotic imagination trimmed off and built into the furniture of the world you occupy". He also writes: "The plots of the Thaw and Lanark sections are independent of each other and cemented by typographical contrivances rather than formal necessity. A possible explanation is that the author thinks a heavy book will make a bigger splash than two light ones".

One of the most characteristically postmodern parts of the book is the Epilogue, in which Lanark meets the author in the guise of the character "Nastler". He makes the first two remarks about the book quoted above, and anticipates criticism of the work and of the Epilogue in particular, saying "The critics will accuse me of self-indulgence, but I don't care". An Index of Plagiarisms is printed in the margins of the discussion. For instance, Gray describes much of Lanark as an extended 'Difplag' (diffuse plagiarism) of Charles Kingsley's The Water Babies. Some of the supposed plagiarisms refer to non-existent chapters of the book.

The Unthank parts of the book may be considered as part of the "social-commentary" tradition of science fiction, and Lanark has often been compared with Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell.

Gray added an appendix to the 2001 edition of the novel in which he included a brief biography and elaborated on some of the influences on and inspirations for the novel. He cited Kafka as a major influence on the atmosphere of the novel. He also referred to his own experiences in the media industry which he states is reflected in Lanark's numerous encounters in labyrinthine buildings with individuals talking in jargon. The Institute he describes as a combination of Wyndham Lewis's conception of Hell in Malign Fiesta along with three real-life structures: the London Underground, Stobhill Hospital in Glasgow and BBC Television Centre in London. More immediately evident inspiration can be seen in the cathedral and necropolis episodes in Unthank, whose proximity to an urban tangle of roads is mirrored in Glasgow's real-life Townhead area. Glasgow Cathedral is yards away from the Necropolis to the east and the M8 motorway (and aborted Inner Ring Road) to the north and west. Gray said Glasgow Cathedral was the only location he purposefully visited to make notes about during the writing of the novel; all other locations he wrote about from memory.

Genesis
Gray began writing the novel as a student in 1954. Book One was written by 1963, but he was unsuccessful in getting it published.  The whole work was finished in 1976, and published in 1981 by the Scottish publisher Canongate Press. The novel was an immediate critical success.

Adaptations
An adaptation of Lanark by Alastair Cording was staged by Glasgow's Tag Theatre Company at the Assembly Hall, Edinburgh, during the Edinburgh International Festival in August 1995. An adaptation entitled Lanark: A Life in Three Acts, written by David Greig and directed by Graham Eatough, was produced and performed at the Edinburgh International Festival in 2015.

Reviews
Craig, Cairns (1981), Going Down to Hell is Easy, review of Alasdair Gray's Lanark, in Murray, Glen (ed.), Cencrastus No. 6, Autumn 1981, pp. 19 - 21

References

External links

BBC Scotland: Lanark at 30 Alasdair Gray talking about the inspiration behind Lanark
Lanark 1982 Unofficial Alasdair Gray site

1981 British novels
1981 fantasy novels
Debut fantasy novels
Metafictional novels
Novels by Alasdair Gray
Scottish bildungsromans
Novels set in Glasgow
Scottish novels
Canongate Books books
Künstlerroman
1981 debut novels

Lanark: A Life in Four Books


Haute Monchenoule (en wallon : Haute Monchenoûle) est un hameau de la commune belge de Manhay, située dans le nord de la province de Luxembourg.

Avant la fusion des communes de 1977, Haute Monchenoule faisait partie de la commune de Grandmenil.

Étymologie
Sur la carte de Ferrais de 1777, le hameau s'appelle Haut Montignoule. En 1850, le hameau est orthographié Monchenouille et en 1865, Monchenoulle.

Situation
Ce hameau ardennais se trouve à 1 kilomètre à vol d'oiseau à l'est de l'autoroute E 25 Liège-Luxembourg et à  au nord du centre de Manhay. Les quelques prairies du hameau sont complètement entourées de forêts dont le Grand Bois implanté au nord de la localité et culminant à 478 m. L'altitude du hameau varie entre 420 et 440 mètres. Haute Monchenoule se situe à environ 500 m de Basse Monchenoule que l'on rejoint par un chemin de terre.

Description et patrimoine
Le hameau comprend une quinzaine d'habitations construites le long de l'unique route du hameau. La moitié d'entre elles sont d'anciennes fermettes bâties en moellons de grès ou de schiste de la région entre le  et le début du . Parmi ces constructions, la fermette située au  possède une porte charretière datée de 1904 et celle sise au  une autre datée de 1895. Une fontaine-abreuvoir du  formée d'épaisses plaques de schiste se trouve en face de cette fermette. Quelques constructions récentes se sont ajoutées aux extrémités du hameau. Deux étangs se situent en contrebas du hameau.

Références

Sources et liens externes
 Site de la commune de Manhay

Village en Wallonie
Manhay

Haute Monchenoule


Poddubnoje (, ) ist ein Ort in der russischen Oblast Kaliningrad. Er gehört zur kommunalen Selbstverwaltungseinheit Stadtkreis Gurjewsk im Rajon Gurjewsk.

Geographische Lage
Poddubnoje liegt elf Kilometer südlich der Oblastmetropole Kaliningrad (Königsberg) an der Kommunalstraße 27K-089, die von Kaliningrad nach Polewoje (Mahnsfeld) führt. Die Autobahn Berlinka führt am nordwestlichen Ortsrand vorbei. Ein Bahnanschluss besteht nicht.

Geschichte
Das vor 1785 Goldow und bis 1946 Gollau genannte Dorf blickt auf das Gründungsjahr 1419 zurück. Im Jahre 1874 wurde Gollau namensgebender Ort und Sitz des neu errichteten Amtsbezirks Gollau im Landkreis Königsberg (Preußen) (ab 1939 Landkreis Samland) im Regierungsbezirk Königsberg der preußischen Provinz Ostpreußen. Am 15. Mai 1908 wurde das Gutsdorf Ottilienhof nach Gollau eingemeindet.

Infolge des Zweiten Weltkrieges kam Gollau mit dem nördlichen Ostpreußen zur Sowjetunion. Im Jahr 1947 erhielt der Ort die russische Bezeichnung Poddubnoje und wurde gleichzeitig dem Dorfsowjet Zwetkowski selski Sowet im Rajon Kaliningrad zugeordnet. Später gelangte der Ort in den Nowomoskowski selski Sowet im Rajon Gurjewsk. Von 2008 bis 2013 gehörte Poddubnoje zur Landgemeinde Nowomoskowskoje selskoje posselenije und seither zum Stadtkreis Gurjewsk.

Einwohnerentwicklung

Amtsbezirk Gollau (1874–1945)
Am 30. April 1874 wurde der Amtsbezirk Gollau errichtet, der bis 1945 bestand. Eingegliedert waren anfangs zwei Landgemeinden und drei Gutsbezirke:

Am 1. Januar 1945 gehörten zum Amtsbezirk Gollau nur noch die beiden Gemeinden Gollau und Altenberg.

Kirche
Gollau mit seiner fast ausnahmslos evangelischen Bevölkerung war bis 1945 in das Kirchspiel Lichtenhagen (heute russisch: Jablonewka) eingepfarrt. Es gehörte zum Kirchenkreis Königsberg-Land I in der Kirchenprovinz Ostpreußen der Kirche der Altpreußischen Union. Letzter deutscher Geistlicher war Pfarrer Erwin Grzybowski.

Heute liegt Poddubnoje im Einzugsbereich der Auferstehungskirchengemeinde in Kaliningrad (Königsberg). Sie ist in die Propstei Kaliningrad der Evangelisch-lutherische Kirchen Europäisches Russland eingegliedert.

Weblinks
 Poddubnoje bei bankgorodov.ru

Einzelnachweise

Ort im Rajon Gurjewsk (Kaliningrad)

Poddubnoje (Kaliningrad, Gurjewsk, Nowomoskowskoje)


Olaylar

 21 Ağustos - Pueblo Kızılderilileri İspanyollarca işgal edilmiş Santa Fe'yi (New Mexico) ele geçirdiler.
 İsveç'in Huskvarna şehrinde kraliyetin ilk silah fabrikası açıldı.

Doğumlar
 Paşmakçızade Abdullah Efendi Osmanlı Devleti şeyhülislam (ö.1732)

Ölümler
 28 Kasım - Gian Lorenzo Bernini (d. 7 Aralık 1598, Napoli), 17. yüzyıl Romasında ünlü, barok tarzında çalışan bir müzisyen.

 20 Mayıs - Yun Hyu (d. 14 Ekim 1617), Koreli siyasetçi.

1680


An Mapania squamata in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Wilhelm Sulpiz Kurz, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Charles Baron Clarke. An Mapania squamata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Mapania, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mapania

Mapania squamata


The Quabbin Reservoir is the largest inland body of water in Massachusetts, and was built between 1930 and 1939. Along with the Wachusett Reservoir, it is the primary water supply for Boston,  to the east, and 40 other cities and towns in Greater Boston. The Quabbin also supplies water to three towns west of the reservoir and acts as backup supply for three others. By 1989, it supplied water for 2.5 million people, about 40% of the state's population at the time. It has an aggregate capacity of  and an area of 38.6 square miles (99.9 km2).

Structures and water flow

Quabbin Reservoir water flows to the Wachusett Reservoir through the Quabbin Aqueduct. The Quabbin watershed is managed by the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation, while the water supply system is operated by the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority. The Winsor Dam and the Goodnough Dike form the reservoir from impoundments of the three branches of the Swift River. The Quabbin Reservoir is part of the Chicopee River Watershed, which in turn feeds the Connecticut River.

The Quabbin Spillway, which follows part of Quabbin Hill Road in Belchertown, allows water to bypass the Winsor Dam and join the Swift River when the reservoir is full.

In 1947, the Massachusetts Legislature authorized the construction of the Chicopee Valley Aqueduct to deliver Quabbin water to three communities in Western Massachusetts: Chicopee, South Hadley, and Wilbraham. In 1951, with the Quabbin-Wachusett system sufficient to meet foreseeable needs, the Cochituate Aqueduct was abandoned, and the Framingham Reservoir system was placed on emergency stand-by.  The present Lake Cochituate is the so-called Framingham Reservoir and now serves as a major swimming and boating resource but is no longer part of the potable water supply.

History

Demand for water exceeds local supplies
Metropolitan Boston's demands for fresh water began to outstrip its local supplies in the early part of the nineteenth century. Many possible sources of water were explored, including groundwater and rivers, but none were considered adequate in quantity and cleanliness to meet the needs of the rapidly growing city. In 1848, after several years of controversy, the Massachusetts General Court (the official name of the state legislature) authorized the construction of the Cochituate Aqueduct to bring water to Boston from Lake Cochituate in Wayland and Natick.

This established three important policies, which remain in force today:
Public, rather than private, ownership of the public water supply system.
Use of upland reservoirs, with gravity-fed rather than pumped supply systems.
Watershed protection, rather than filtration, as the primary mechanism of ensuring wholesome supplies.

By 1875, with demand again on the verge of exceeding supply, the Boston Water Board was established to take over the operations of the Cochituate Water Board, construct five new reservoirs on the Sudbury River in Framingham, Massachusetts, and a new Sudbury Aqueduct to deliver that water to the city, which was completed in 1878.

Recommendation for establishment and related construction
In 1893, the Massachusetts Board of Health issued a report analyzing population and water-use trends, and recommended the creation of a Metropolitan Water District, serving several suburban communities in addition to Boston, and the construction of two new reservoirs: one on the Nashua River northeast of Worcester, and one in the Swift River Valley.

The General Court acted to establish the Metropolitan Water District, including 26 communities within ten miles (16 km) of the Massachusetts State House, later in 1895. The Wachusett Reservoir was completed in 1908. The Board of Health study had anticipated that Swift River water would be required by 1915, but this prediction had proven overly pessimistic. The introduction of mandatory water metering in Water District communities, and other efforts to reduce waste and inefficient uses, made it possible to delay construction of new water sources until the 1930s.

Frank E. Winsor was chief engineer for the Metropolitan Water District from 1926 until his death in 1939. He was closely involved in the design and construction of Winsor Dam, Goodnough Dike and the Quabbin Reservoir. Winsor Dam is named for him. He had previously been chief engineer for the building of the Scituate Reservoir in Rhode Island.

A 1922 study officially endorsed the Swift River Valley as the next extension of the water system and created the Metropolitan District Commission (MDC), now the Massachusetts Water Resource Authority (MWRA), to oversee the construction and maintain the system after its completion. In 1926, the Ware River Act was passed, starting construction on the first stage of the project, a 12-mile long tunnel connecting Wachusett Reservoir with the Ware River. This is called the Ware River Diversion. During the 1930s, this tunnel was extended to the Swift River. The complete tunnel is now known as the Quabbin Aqueduct.

Opposition
Although the project was enthusiastically supported by lawmakers in the Boston area, it was opposed by residents of the affected towns. The state of Connecticut sued Massachusetts, claiming waters that were rightfully meant to flow into the Connecticut River, and subsequently through their state, were being illegally diverted.  The lawsuit was unsuccessful, but Massachusetts was still bound by discharge minimums set under the regulatory authority of the Secretary of War over navigable waters. Specifically, the Swift River needed to maintain a 20 million gallon per day flow downriver from the dam.

Reservoir formed

Before the reservoir's construction, there was a hill in Enfield called Quabbin Hill and a lake in Greenwich called Quabbin Lake. These were from the Nipmuc word meaning "place of many waters" or "meeting of many waters", and became the basis for naming the new reservoir. The Quabbin was formed by inundating the Swift River Valley, a drainage basin lying entirely within the state, by damming the river and a col, through which Beaver Brook would have otherwise provided another outlet for its water. When construction on the dam began in the mid-1930s, the Swift River was redirected from its riverbed through a diversion tunnel. On August 14, 1939, that tunnel was sealed with rock. Over the next seven years, the waters of the Quabbin Reservoir slowly rose behind the newly completed Winsor Dam, an earth-filled structure  long, rising  above the riverbed, and the slightly smaller Goodnough Dike. The water gradually submerged the roads that had linked the towns. It swallowed all but the peaks of about 60 hills and mountains, transforming Prescott Ridge into Prescott Peninsula. The Quabbin Reservoir was full, for the first time, in June 1946.

In 1941, the land that would become the Prescott Peninsula became the Quabbin Reservoir Precision Bombing and Gunnery Range. The range was used by Army Air Forces and later US Air Force planes from both Hanscom Army Air Field and Westover Army Air Field from 1941 through 1951. It was also used for practice landings. In the late 2000s the site was surveyed by state authorities and the federal Formerly Used Defense Sites program for potential unexploded ordnance or other contamination in the area.

Towns disincorporated
The Quabbin's creation required the flooding, and thus the disincorporation, in April 1938, of four towns: Dana (located in Worcester County), Enfield, Greenwich, and Prescott (all located in Hampshire County). The land remaining from the disincorporated towns was added to surrounding municipalities, including Belchertown, Pelham, New Salem, Petersham, Hardwick and Ware. One additional town on the reservoir is Shutesbury, in Franklin County. Because of New Salem's annexation of the Prescott Peninsula, a large wedge of land shifted from Hampshire County to Franklin County.  Today, the majority of the reservoir lies in either New Salem or Petersham.

Of the land used to make the dam, about 60,000 acres were purchased and the rest was seized by eminent domain in 1938. The town of Dana voted to voluntarily give up their land to the project. Around 2,500 residents lost their homes as part of the flooding.

In addition, thirty-six miles of the Boston and Albany Railroad's Athol Branch, the so-called "Rabbit Line", were abandoned (originally the Springfield, Athol and Northeastern Railroad). Route 21, formerly reaching Athol, was truncated to the south side of the reservoir, and new roads—now US 202 and Route 32A—were built, respectively, on the western and eastern side of the reservoir. The designation of Route 109 was removed in 1933 from the road once running from Pittsfield to West Brookfield and leading into Enfield Centre from the southeast; and a different road southwest of Boston received that designation.

The buildings in the towns flooded by the reservoir were removed. Some cellar holes were left intact while others, chiefly in Prescott and below the flow line, were filled in. Old roads that once led to the flooded towns can be followed to the water's edge.  Not all elements of the towns were destroyed, however.  Town memorials and cemeteries in the four towns were moved to Quabbin Park Cemetery, located on Route 9 in Ware, just off the Quabbin's lands.  Many other public buildings were moved intact to other locations.  For example, the Prescott First Congregational Church was moved to South Hadley. The North Prescott Methodist Episcopal Church was moved to Orange in 1949, and then to New Salem in 1985 where it forms part of the building complex of the Swift River Valley Historical Society. The former Town Hall of Prescott now sits off of Route 32 in Petersham.

Three student housing facilities at Hampshire College in Amherst are named after the discontinued towns of Greenwich, Prescott, and Enfield. In addition, Hampshire College named another facility on its campus Dana House, after the other discontinued town of Dana.

Four residence halls at the nearby Eagle Hill School are also named for the four towns: Greenwich, Prescott, Dana, and Enfield.

Watershed public access and recreation

To protect the water supply from the threats from unrestricted motorized vehicle use, most areas around the reservoir are publicly accessible only by foot, with limited parking available at some of the surrounding gates.

Large portions of Dana are on higher ground, and its remains, predominantly cellar holes, as well as the former town center (where a historic stone marker was placed) can be visited.

Much of Prescott is above water on what is now known as the Prescott Peninsula. However, Prescott cannot be visited most of the year due to state restrictions, although there is an annual tour of the town conducted by the Swift River Valley Historical Society. A few houses and roads exist which were once part of North Prescott (now New Salem), and there is a town line marker just north of the gates, indicating the former town line for Prescott. Cellar holes have been filled near the center of what was once Prescott to accommodate the former Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory, once operated by the University of Massachusetts Amherst.

There is a visitor center south of the reservoir, as well as an observation tower, and Enfield Lookout. This area—called Quabbin Park—is accessible by car from the south using State Route 9. The Park is a popular spot for hiking and other outdoor activities. This area was formerly part of the town of Enfield, which was annexed by Belchertown

Fishing is allowed in designated areas in the northern portions of the reservoir. Three boat launch areas are available, and to prevent spread of aquatic invasive species private boats must be cleaned before being permitted on the Reservoir. DCR provides a number of rental boats as well. Current Massachusetts state record lake trout (25 lb 7 oz) and walleye (11 lb 0 oz) were caught in the Quabbin.

More complete information regarding access rules and maps of Quabbin can be found on DCR's official public access website.

Natural resources and forest management
This large block of forested land supports a great diversity of wildlife, and has been the focus for the re-establishment of several species in Massachusetts. Bald eagles, loons, moose, deer, coyotes, black bears, foxes, and bobcats share the habitat, among others. A proposed plan to establish a colony of endangered timber rattlesnakes to Mount Zion Island on the Quabbin was suspended indefinitely in 2017 after public opposition.

DWSP's Watershed Forestry page provides general information regarding the application of forest management at Quabbin and other drinking water supply watersheds.

Popular culture
 H. P. Lovecraft's story "The Colour Out of Space" is set in the valley before it was flooded for the reservoir. His fictional town of Dunwich in "The Dunwich Horror", written in 1928, is partially based on the town of Greenwich (before reservoir plans were made).
 William Weld's novel Stillwater is set in the valley while the reservoir is under construction.
 Both the film Dreamcatcher and the Stephen King novel upon which it was based have scenes set at the Quabbin Reservoir.
 In Jane Langton's mystery novel, Emily Dickinson is Dead, the drowned villages and the reservoir have a dark role to play.
 Jane Yolen's picture book, Letting Swift River Go, is about the creation of the Quabbin Reservoir from the perspective of a young girl who grew up in the valley.
 During his 2020 Massachusetts Democratic primary campaign for U.S. Senate, former U.S. Representative Joe Kennedy III accused his rival, Sen. Ed Markey, of ignoring the towns of Dana, Prescott, and Enfield, which were disincorporated more than eighty years earlier.
 The Puma Blues, a black and white comic book series by Stephen Murphy and Michael Zulli, takes place in an alternate early 21st century and involves a colony of flying manta rays living within the freshwater reservoir.
 Heather Graham Pozzessere's book Dark Rites, from her Krewe of Hunters series, takes place largely around the reservoir.
 Derek B. Miller's book How to Find Your Way in the Dark, includes mention of the flooding that eliminated the drowned villages.
 In the film Mother/Android, the Quabbin Reservoir is mentioned several times as the characters navigate through a post-apocalyptic Massachusetts.

See also

 Nichewaug, Massachusetts
 Quabbin Valley

References

Further reading
 Conuel, Thomas.  Quabbin: The Accidental Wilderness. Amherst, Massachusetts: University of Massachusetts Press, 1990.
 Kelkowski, Ed. Under Quabbin: The Search for the Lost Towns, A WGBY Production. 2001. DVD  974.423
 Greene, J.R. "The Creation of Quabbin Reservoir; The Death of the Swift River Valley." The Transcript Press, 32 Freedom Street, Athol, MA 01331, 1981.
 Greene, J.R. "From valley to Quabbin 1938–1946." Athol Press, Athol MA 01331, 2010.
 Peirce, Elizabeth. "The lost towns of the Quabbin Valley." Arcadia, Charleston, S.C., 2003.
 Tougias, Michael. Quabbin: A History and Explorer's Guide. Yarmouth Port, Massachusetts: On Cape Publications, 2002.

External links

Quabbin Reservoir levels
Haunting the Quabbin: Inside Out — WBUR-FM documentary about the creation of the Quabbin Reservoir
Friends of Quabbin, Inc. — A non-profit organization devoted to increasing awareness of the Quabbin Reservoir; the website contains information on the reservoir and the surrounding reservation
Map of the Proposed Quabbin Reservoir — A map showing the Swift River Valley as of 1922, before the construction of the reservoir (from the State Library of Massachusetts)
Ecology of Quabbin Reservoir

Reservoirs in Massachusetts
Lakes of Worcester County, Massachusetts
Lakes of Franklin County, Massachusetts
Lakes of Hampshire County, Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Franklin County, Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Hampshire County, Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Worcester County, Massachusetts
Protected areas of Franklin County, Massachusetts
Protected areas of Hampshire County, Massachusetts
Protected areas of Worcester County, Massachusetts
Ware, Massachusetts
Tributaries of the Connecticut River
1938 establishments in Massachusetts
Dams completed in 1938

Quabbin Reservoir


هو الاتفاق الذي تم توقيعه في القاهرة سنة 2005 بين حكومة الوحدة الوطنية في السودان المكونة من الحركة الشعبية لتحرير السودان بزعامة النائب الأول لرئيس الجمهورية الدكتور جون قرنق دي مبيور والمشير عمر البشير ونائبه علي عثمان محمد طه عن حزب المؤتمر الوطني والطرف الآخر هو التجمع الوطني الديمقراطي برئاسة السيد محمد عثمان الميرغني.

العداء بين الحكومة والتجمع
تكون التجمع الوطني الديمقراطي من معظم الاحزاب السياسية السودانية والمنظمات والنقابات التي كانت قائمة وتعمل بشكل دستوري عندما قامت الجبهة الإسلامية بانقلابها على حكومة السيد الصادق المهدي المنتخبة وانهاء ما يسمى في السودان ب الديمقراطية الثالثة وقد انخرطت جميع فصائل التجمع في معارضة النظام والعمل لاجل استعادة الديمقراطية بشتى الطرق حتى النضال المسلح وكان للتجمع معسكرات في أسمرا وكانت معظم فصائل التجمع لديها أجنحة عسكرية مثل الجيش الشعبي لتحرير السودان SPLAالجناح العسكري ل الحركة الشعبية لتحرير السودان SPLM وقوات فتح الجناح العسكري ل الحزب الاتحادي الديمقراطي وجيش الامة التابع ل حزب الامة القومي وقوات مقاتلو الجبهة الديمقراطية (مجد)عن الحزب الشيوعي السوداني وغيرها من الفصائل الصغيرة.

الموقعون
وقع عن الحكومة السودانية الدكتور جون قرنق والرئيس عمر حسن احمد البشير وعن التجمع السيد محمد عثمان الميرغني والرئيس حينذاك حسني مبارك كوسيط.

وصلات خارجية

معاهدات

اتفاقية القاهرة (2005)


Exploria Stadium este un stadion de fotbal, situat în centrul orașului Orlando, Florida. Acesta este locul unde joacă meciurile de pe teren propriu echipa de fotbal Orlando City SC, echipă care a intrat în Major League Soccer (MLS) ca franciză de expansiune în 2015, și Orlando Pride, echipa feminină de fotbal din același oraș. Stadionul a fost finalizat la timp pentru ca Orlando City sa joace acasă primul meci din sezonul 2017, la 5 martie.

Cunoscut inițial sub numele Orlando City Stadium, a fost redenumit la 4 iunie 2019 când Exploria Resorts (o companie din Clermont) a cumpărat drepturile de redenumire a stadionului.

Istoria
În aprilie 2013, orașul Orlando a cumpărat terenuri în centru pentru suma de 8.200.000 $ în vederea construirii unui stadion de fotbal de 110 milioane $. În luna mai, Camera Reprezentanților din Florida nu a votat un proiect de lege care trecuse inițial de Senat, care ar fi oferit până la 30 de milioane de $ din fondurile statului pentru proiectul stadionului. Președintele Orlando City SC, Phil Rawlins, a decis să găsească alternative de finanțare și să păstreze franciza MLS în Orlando.

Mai multe șanse de finanțare au apărut pe 8 august 2013, atunci când primarul Orange County, Teresa Jacobs, și primarul orașului Orlando, Buddy Dyer, au ajuns la un acord cu privire la oferirea unui sprijin financiar pentru o varietate de proiecte în Orlando, inclusiv pentru noul stadion de fotbal. [20] În octombrie 2013 s-a votat un proiect în urma căruia un impozit turistic existent urma să fie folosit pentru finanțarea a un sfert din proiectul de 80 de milioane $ al stadionului. [21] La 22 octombrie 2013, Consiliul Orange County a aprobat prin vot, 5-2, ca 20 de milioane $ să fie utilizate din fondurile fiscale de dezvoltare turistică pentru a construi un stadion de fotbal, dar cu multiple utilizări, în centrul orașului Orlando.

National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) a anunțat pe 11 decembrie 2013, că finalele Campionatului feminin de fotbal din 2016 și 2017 NCAA ar urma sa se desfasoare pe noul stadion.

Pe 4 august 2014, clubul a anunțat că localizarea stadionului va fi mutată o stradă mai spre vest, pentru a evita o întârziere a zilei de deschidere, din cauza templului Faith Deliverance care a acționat orașul în judecată pentru includerea zonei în categoria domeniu-eminent. Noua localizare a dus la închiderea Parramore Avenue între Church Street și Bulevardul Central, în februarie 2015, întrucât stadionul a fost construit chiar peste drum.

Echipa a jucat meciurile de pe teren propriu din sezonul 2015 al MLS pe Citrus Bowl. [26] La 13 ianuarie 2016, președintele clubului, Phil Rawlins, a anunțat că construcția stadionului va dura cu patru luni mai mult decât era de așteptat și că echipa va juca întregul sezon 2016 pe Citrus Bowl (redenumit Camping World Stadium).

Finanțare
Proprietarii Orlando City SC au anunțat pe 29 mai 2015, că stadionul va fi finanțat în mod privat de către Orlando City SC și nu de către oraș. De asemenea, ei au anunțat că vor actualiza capacitatea stadionului de la 19.000 de locuri, până undeva între 25.000 și 28.000 de locuri. Noul plan a fost prezentat la 31 iulie, mărindu-se capacitatea la 25.500 de locuri prin adăugarea de locuri în partea sudică, pentru a maximiza numărul de locuri fără modificări majore de design care ar fi mărit perioada de construcție cu încă un an. Costurile au crescut și ele de la 110 milioane $ la 155 de milioane $.

Ca parte a asocierii de finanțare privată pentru noul stadion, cel puțin 15 milioane de $ au venit de la 30 de investitori străini din țări precum Brazilia și China, prin intermediul programului de investiții EB-5, care acorda vize americane, în schimbul unei investiții de $500.000 în cadrul proiectului.

Proiect
Echipa a prezentat planurile stadionului pe 11 decembrie 2012. La 30 septembrie 2013, firma de arhitectură Woods Bagot a prezentat desenele pe  site-ul său web. Clubul a anunțat că aceste desene au fost prezentate fără acordul său și că încă nu a fost ales un arhitect. Astfel ca, Woods Bagot a înlăturat imaginile de pe site-ul lor. Faza de proiectare a început pe 7 ianuarie 2014, atunci când primarul Buddy Dyer și o parte din personalul Orlando City SC au călătorit în Kansas City pentru a începe colaborarea cu firma de design Populous.

Planurile originale ale stadionului propuneau 18.000 de locuri, incluzând și 300 de locuri în loje speciale. Stadionul are aproximativ 27.000 de metri pătrați, cu 11.100 de metri pătrați dedicați terenului. De asemenea, urma să aibă baruri, magazine de vânzare cu amănuntul, și restaurante.

Informații suplimentare despre stadion au fost prezentate pe 10 iunie 2014. Stadionul are o zonă deschisa, astfel încât trecătorii pot vedea în interior, deoarece terenul se afla la 3 metri sub nivelul străzii. Inițial era planificat să aibă o capacitate de 19.500 de locuri, cu capacitatea structurală de a se extinde la 25.000 în viitor. Acest lucru a fost schimbat în mai 2015 pentru a construi stadionul direct cu 25.000 de locuri. Terenul este cu iarbă, iar tribunele sunt acoperite de copertine, crescându-se astfel nivelul de zgomot. O sculptură cu un leu de patru ori mai mare decât unul real urma sa fie montat pentru a supraveghea intrarea.  Chiar înainte de începerea unui meci, leul s-ar fi rotit cu 180° pentru a "viziona" acțiunea. A fost planificat să se construiască și un bar stil balcon, chiar sub tabela de scor cu o vedere de 360°. O secțiune la capătul de nord este dedicată membrilor cluburilor de suporteri. Așa cum s-a propus - și dacă era permis de codurile de construcție- nu are locuri pe scaune, dar are bare și un spațiu suplimentar pentru a sta în picioare în condiții de siguranță. Suporterii secțiunea ar trebui să aibă propria sa zonă în stil bar.

Stadionul include și 49 de locuri colorate în culorile curcubeului în memoria victimelor de la clubul de noapte din Orlando.

Meciuri internaționale

Listă de referințe

Legături externe
 Site-ul primăriei din Orlando
 Site-ul Orlando City Stadium

Stadioane de fotbal din Statele Unite
Stadioane din Statele Unite ale Americii

Exploria Stadium


An Bouteloua repens in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl Sigismund Kunth, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Frank Lamson Scribner och Elmer Drew Merrill. An Bouteloua repens in nahilalakip ha genus nga Bouteloua, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Bouteloua

Bouteloua repens


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Jesenské enthält die vier nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Jesenské im Okres Rimavská Sobota.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

Jesenske (Rimavska Sobota)!
Jesenské (Rimavská Sobota)

Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Jesenské (Rimavská Sobota)


Smedjen fra Ørbæk er en smedje der havde hjemsted i Ørbæk ved Nyborg på Fyn før den blev ehvervet af Frilandsmuseet i 1934 og åbnet dér i 1936.

Præsten i Ørbæk lod smedjen opføre i 1847 for at kunne udleje den til en landsbysmed.

Smeden betjente områdets bønder med reparationer af deres redskaber. Desuden lavede han diverse beslag til døre, vinduer og inventar. Man kunne også få slebet knive og sakse hos smeden.

Der hørte ikke et jordstykke til smedjen beregnet til egentlig til landbrug, men man har kunnet holde nogle få dyr som høns og måske et par grise. Derudover var der plads til en køkkenhave.

Galleri

Noter

Se også
 Frilandsmuseets bygninger

Eksterne henvisninger

 "Smedje fra Ørbæk"

Frilandsmuseet
Industrihistorie
Fyn
1847
Bindingsværksbygninger i Danmark

Smedje fra Ørbæk, Fyn (Frilandsmuseet)


Moise Gomboș (n. 1866, Giula– d. 1943) a fost delegat la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia de la 1 decembrie 1918, din partea cercului Giula, jud. Mureș, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918.

Biografie
Moise Gomboș  a fost agricultor, membru în consiliul parohial din Giula. A decedat la Arad în anul 1943.

Activitate politică
A fost delegat din partea cercului Giula, comitatul Bichiș (județul Mureș) la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din  1 decembrie 1918. După 1918 se stabilește la Arad, a fost și membru al P.N.T.

Note

Bibliografie
 Ioan I. Șerban, Dorin Giurgiu, Ionela Mircea, Nicolae Josan, Dicționarul personalităților Unirii. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Muzeul Național al Unirii, Alba Iulia, 2003, p. 98

Lectură suplimentară

 Gelu Neamțu, Mircea Vaida-Voevod, 1 decembrie 1918. Mărturii ale participanților, vol. I-II, Editura Academiei Române, București, 2005
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015

Vezi și
Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1866
Decese în 1943
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Agricultori români

Moise Gomboș


Die Vatikanische Druckerei (Tipografia Vaticana) gehört seit ihrer Gründung im Jahr 1587 zu den sonstigen  Institutionen, die mit der Römischen Kurie in Verbindung stehen.

Geschichte
Papst Sixtus V. (1585–1590) gründete 1587 die Vatikanische Druckerei, in ihr sollten korrekte Bibeln, Werke der Kirchenväter und liturgische Schriften in Latein, Griechisch, Hebräisch und Syrisch hergestellt und vertrieben werden. 1590 wurde Aldus Manutius der Jüngere(1547–1597) nach Rom berufen, wo er unter Papst Clemens VIII. (1592–1605) die vatikanische Druckerei leitete. 1609 wurde die Druckerei der Apostolischen Kammer unterstellt. Seit dem Gründungsjahr war die Druckerei mit dem Druck und dem Vertrieb von liturgischen und rechtlichen Schriftgut der päpstlichen Institute und Dikasterien zuständig. 1926 entstand unter Pius XI. (1922–1939) die Vatikanische Buchhandlung (Libreria Editrice Vaticana), die nun schwerpunktmäßig den Verkauf der Bücher und Schriften, die in der Druckerei hergestellt wurden, erledigte.

Organisation
Das Dikasterium "Güterverwaltung des Apostolischen Stuhls" verwaltet die Besitzgüter des Heiligen Stuhl. Ihr unterstellt sind neben der Vatikanzeitung L'Osservatore Romano, dem Radio Vatikan auch die Vatikanische Druckerei. Die Verwaltung und technische Direktion der Vatikanischen Druckerei wurde 1937 den Salesianern Don Boscos übertragen. Die technische Ausstattung der Druckerei befindet sich auf dem allerhöchsten Stand und sie verfügt über eine einzigartige Auswahl von Schrifttypen.

Literatur
 A. Tinto: Per una storia della Tipografia orientale a Rome nell'età della Controriforma. Contributi. In: Accademie e Biblioteche d'Italia 41 (1973), p. 280–303.
 V. Peri: Caratteri e libri delle tipografie promosse a Roma dai Papi per le lingue slave tra il XVI e XVII secolo. In: Tre alfabeti per gli slavi. Catalogo della Mostra, Cité du Vatican 1985, 99–116.
 H. D. L. Vervliet: Cyrillic and Oriental Typography in Rome at the End of the Sixteenth Century. Berkeley 1981.

Weblinks
 Die Römische Kurie: Vatikanische Druckerei
 Vatikanische Verlagsbuchhandlung: Historische Anmerkungen

 ROLAND 700 HiPrint erhält Segen
 Eintrag auf gcatholic.org

Einzelnachweise

Organisation (Römische Kurie)
Druckerei
Gegründet 1587

Vatikanische Druckerei