Richard Bennett Hatfield  (April 9, 1931 – April 26, 1991) was a New Brunswick politician and the longest serving premier of New Brunswick from 1970 to 1987.

Early life
The youngest of five children of Heber Hatfield and Dora Robinson, Richard was brought up with politics in the household.  His father, already a well known potato shipper, was Hartland's mayor when he was born. In 1938, at 7 years old, his father brought him to the Conservative Party of Canada leadership convention in Winnipeg where he met his namesake, R. B. Bennett.  In 1940 Heber was elected Victoria-Carleton county Conservative Member of Parliament and served until his death due to cancer in 1952.  Young Richard spent a lot of time in Ottawa even getting to know John Diefenbaker and his first wife Edna.

After graduating from high school in 1948 in his home town Hartland, Hatfield attended Acadia University for four years majoring in chemistry and English where he became a member of the Sigma Chi Fraternity. He also got involved in drama, an experience that seemed to have the most lasting impact of any during his years at Acadia.  "That was extremely valuable" he said. "It would benefit every politician to have a bit of theatre training... too many politicians get caught up using big words to impress, but don't know how to project feelings."  After Acadia, he attended Dalhousie University to become a doctor but after a year he turned to law. He graduated Dalhousie Law School in 1956.

Early career

Hatfield left Halifax in 1957 and moved to Truro to take a job with the firm Patterson, Smith, Matthew and Grant so he could do his six months articling period. After successfully completing his articles, he left Truro to join Gordon Churchill who was at the time Minister of Industry in Ottawa. He declined a job offer at the firm and he never practised law again. He stayed in Ottawa for nine months until he called his brother Fred for a job back home. Frederick Heber Hatfield (1922-2004), who was managing the potato shipping and processing operation since Heber died, agreed and Richard became vice-president of sales. He worked with his brother until 1965. When his family sold their potato chip plant to Humpty Dumpty Snack Foods, he decided to be a politician full-time.

Political career
In 1961, Hugh John Flemming left his Carleton County seat and ran successfully in the federal seat of Royal. Fred, then president of Carleton County PC Association, offered the nomination to Richard, who accepted. He ran against his brother-in-law Gerald Clark, and won easily with a majority of 1,736 votes. Years later, he recalled that his father's reputation "had helped me to be elected, and now I was on my own."

When the New Brunswick Legislature was not sitting, Hatfield sold potato chips all over the Maritimes. His first few years as an MLA were uneventful, but he spent a lot of time talking to reporters about politics in Fredericton and Montreal.

He became Leader of the Opposition and interim leader of the Progressive Conservatives after the 1967 general election and was elected party leader in 1969. He led the party to victory in the 1970 provincial election. During Hatfield's long tenure, he became prominent on the national stage by allying with Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau during the constitutional negotiations that led to the 1982 patriation of the Canadian constitution and the creation of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. He also took leadership in helping create equality between the province's francophone Acadian minority anglophone majority.

His attempts at attracting investment to the province and developing the economy were less successful. In the 1970s, the Hatfield government financed the manufacture of the Bricklin SV-1 in hope of creating an auto industry in the province. Although the visionary project produced an advanced sports car, huge cost overruns and poor management led to the company's demise.

Controversies and resignation
Hatfield's last years in office were plagued by personal scandal. On September 25, 1984, the RCMP found 35 grams of marijuana in his suitcase during a security check of luggage conducted before a flight from Fredericton to Moncton during a royal visit by Queen Elizabeth II. He was charged with criminal possession of marijuana on October 26. The trial was postponed when Judge James D. Harper appeared on a radio show and suggested that privileged people should receive stiffer sentences than "Joe Blow from Kokomo who is the town drunk." On January 29, 1985, Hatfield was acquitted by Judge Andrew Harrigan after a two-day trial. Harrigan sparked legal furor after he suggested that a journalist might have planted the drugs to create "the juiciest story ever to crack the media."

Several days after the acquittal, allegations emerged that Hatfield had invited four young men to an all-night party in his Fredericton home in 1981. The men accused Hatfield of giving them marijuana and of using cocaine during the evening. They also alleged that Hatfield flew them to Montreal aboard a government aircraft and put them up in a downtown hotel for the night. Hatfield denied the allegations and stated, "It is true that they were in my home together with others, some four years ago. However, they were strangers to me. Those who know me will confirm I am extremely gregarious. I meet and talk to people on the street, in the markets and the shops, in the restaurants and bars. I invite them to my house, I go to their houses. The door to my house is usually unlocked and frequently open. That is my way. I admit I am unconventional." No legal action was taken.

In the 1987 election, Hatfield's PC Party lost every seat in the legislature, a wipeout that had not been not seen in Canada in over half a century. Hatfield was soundly defeated in his own riding by the Liberal, Allison DeLong, and lost by 18 points. Hatfield resigned as Premier of New Brunswick and as party leader.

Later years and death
In 1990, he was appointed to the Senate of Canada by Governor General Ray Hnatyshyn, on the advice of Brian Mulroney.  Soon after taking up his appointment, he was stricken with an inoperable brain tumour and died in 1991, at the age of 60. His memorial service, which was held at the Christ Church Cathedral in Fredericton, New Brunswick, was attended by Premiers and Prime Ministers, friends and opponents.

Personal life
It was a widely known open secret that Hatfield was gay; in the 1978 provincial election, New Brunswick Liberal Party leader Joseph Daigle attracted criticism for a campaign speech in which he referred to Hatfield as a "faded pansy". Janet Cawley of the Chicago Tribune called him, "a flamboyant, eccentric and controversial figure with a penchant for modern art, rock and roll, and New York night life". His critics nicknamed him "Disco Dick". Despite this, he never officially came out as such during his lifetime, and his sexual orientation only began to be discussed on the record in media and biographical sources after his death. Hatfield said of his bachelor lifestyle, "the nuclear family—one wife, two kids and one dog—looks nice on Christmas cards, but they pay an awful price".

References

External links
Government of New Brunswick biography (pdf)

1931 births
1991 deaths
Acadia University alumni
Canadian LGBT people in provincial and territorial legislatures
Canadian Protestants
Canadian senators from New Brunswick
Schulich School of Law alumni
Deaths from brain cancer in Canada
Gay politicians
Lawyers in New Brunswick
LGBT governors and heads of sub-national entities
LGBT Protestants
Members of the Order of New Brunswick
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
Leaders of the Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick
People from Woodstock, New Brunswick
Premiers of New Brunswick
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada senators
Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick MLAs
20th-century Canadian LGBT people
Canadian gay men

Richard Hatfield


3000 (three thousand) is the natural number following 2999 and preceding 3001. It is the smallest number requiring thirteen letters in English (when "and" is required from 101 forward).

Selected numbers in the range 3001–3999

3001 to 3099
 3001 – super-prime; divides the Euclid number 2999# + 1
 3003 – triangular number, only number known to appear eight times in Pascal's triangle; no number is known to appear more than eight times other than 1. (see Singmaster's conjecture)
 3019 – super-prime, happy prime
 3023 – 84th Sophie Germain prime, 51st safe prime
 3025 = 552, sum of the cubes of the first ten integers, centered octagonal number, dodecagonal number
 3037 – star number, cousin prime with 3041
 3045 – sum of the integers 196 to 210 and sum of the integers 211 to 224
 3046 – centered heptagonal number
 *3052 – decagonal number
 3059 – centered cube number
 3061 – prime of the form 2p-1
 3063 – perfect totient number
 3067 – super-prime
 3071 – Thabit number
 3072 – 3-smooth number (210×3)
 3075 – nonagonal number
 3078 – 18th pentagonal pyramidal number
 3080 – pronic number
 3081 – triangular number, 497th sphenic number
 3087 – sum of first 40 primes

3100 to 3199
 3109 – super-prime
 3119 – safe prime
 3121 – centered square number, emirp, largest minimal prime in quinary.
 3125 – a solution to the expression , where  ().
 3136 = 562, palindromic in ternary (110220113), tribonacci number
 3137 – Proth prime, both a left- and right-truncatable prime
 3149 – highly cototient number
 3155 – member of the Mian–Chowla sequence
 3160 – triangular number
 3167 – safe prime
 3169 – super-prime, Cuban prime of the form .
3192 – pronic number

3200 to 3299
 3203 – safe prime
 3207 – number of compositions of 14 whose run-lengths are either weakly increasing or weakly decreasing
 3229 – super-prime
 3240 – triangular number
 3248 – member of a Ruth-Aaron pair with 3249 under second definition, largest number whose factorial is less than 1010000 – hence its factorial is the largest certain advanced computer programs can handle.
3249 = 572, palindromic in base 7 (123217), centered octagonal number, member of a Ruth–Aaron pair with 3248 under second definition
 3253 – sum of eleven consecutive primes (269 + 271 + 277 + 281 + 283 + 293 + 307 + 311 + 313 + 317 + 331)
 3256 – centered heptagonal number
 3259 – super-prime, completes the ninth prime quadruplet set
 3264 – solution to Steiner's conic problem: number of smooth conics tangent to 5 given conics in general position
 3266 – sum of first 41 primes, 523rd sphenic number
 3276 – tetrahedral number
 3277 – 5th super-Poulet number, decagonal number
 3281 – octahedral number, centered square number
 3286 – nonagonal number
 3299 – 85th Sophie Germain prime, super-prime

3300 to 3399
 3301 – a *not* normal prime number (cicada 3301)
 3306 – pronic number
 3307 – balanced prime
 3313 – balanced prime, star number
 3319 – super-prime, happy number
 3321 – triangular number
 3329 – 86th Sophie Germain prime, Proth prime, member of the Padovan sequence
 3354 – member of the Mian–Chowla sequence
 3358 – sum of the squares of the first eleven primes
 3359 – 87th Sophie Germain prime, highly cototient number
 3363/2378 ≈ √2
 3364 = 582
 3367 = 153 -  23 = 163 -  93 = 343 - 333
 3375 = 153, palindromic in base 14 (133114), 15th cube
 3389 – 88th Sophie Germain prime

3400 to 3499
 3403 – triangular number
 3407 – super-prime
 3413 – 89th Sophie Germain prime, sum of the first 5 nn: 3413 = 11 + 22 + 33 + 44 + 55
 3422 – pronic number, 553rd sphenic number, melting point of tungsten in degrees Celsius
 3435 – a perfect digit-to-digit invariant, equal to the sum of its digits to their own powers (33 + 44 + 33 + 55 = 3435)
3439 – magic constant of n×n normal magic square and n-queens problem for n = 19.
 3445 – centered square number
 3447 – sum of first 42 primes
 3449 – 90th Sophie Germain prime
 3456 – 3-smooth number (27×33)
 3457 – Proth prime
 3463 – happy number
 3467 – safe prime
 3469 – super-prime, Cuban prime of the form x = y + 2, completes the tenth prime quadruplet set
 3473 – centered heptagonal number
 3481 = 592, centered octagonal number
 3486 – triangular number
 3491 – 91st Sophie Germain prime

3500 to 3599
 3504 – nonagonal number
 3510 – decagonal number
 3511 – largest known Wieferich prime
 3512 – number of primes .
 3517 – super-prime, sum of nine consecutive primes (367 + 373 + 379 + 383 + 389 + 397 + 401 + 409 + 419)
 3539 – 92nd Sophie Germain prime
 3540 – pronic number
 3559 – super-prime
 3569 – highly cototient number
 3570 – triangular number
 3571 – 500th prime, Cuban prime of the form x = y + 1, 17th Lucas number, 4th balanced prime of order 4.
 3591 – member of the Mian–Chowla sequence
 3593 – 93rd Sophie Germain prime, super-prime

3600 to 3699
 3600 = 602, number of seconds in an hour, called šār or šāru in the sexagesimal system of Ancient Mesopotamia (cf. Saros), 1201-gonal number
 3601 – star number
 3610 – 19th pentagonal pyramidal number
 3613 – centered square number
 3617 – sum of eleven consecutive primes (293 + 307 + 311 + 313 + 317 + 331 + 337 + 347 + 349 + 353 + 359)
 3623 – 94th Sophie Germain prime, safe prime
 3637 – balanced prime, super-prime
 3638 – sum of first 43 primes, 599th sphenic number
 3643 – happy number, sum of seven consecutive primes (499 + 503 + 509 + 521 + 523 + 541 + 547)
 3654 – tetrahedral number
 3655 – triangular number, 601st sphenic number
 3660 – pronic number
 3684 – 13th Keith number
 3697 – centered heptagonal number

3700 to 3799
 3721 = 612, centered octagonal number
 3729 – nonagonal number
 3733 – balanced prime, super-prime
 3741 – triangular number, 618th sphenic number
 3751 – decagonal number
 3761 – 95th Sophie Germain prime, super-prime
 3779 – 96th Sophie Germain prime, safe prime
 3782 – pronic number, 623rd sphenic number
 3785 – centered square number
 3797 – member of the Mian–Chowla sequence, both a left- and right- truncatable prime

3800 to 3899
 3803 – 97th Sophie Germain prime, safe prime, the largest prime factor of 123,456,789
 3821 – 98th Sophie Germain prime
 3828 – triangular number
 3831 – sum of first 44 primes
 3844 = 622
 3851 – 99th Sophie Germain prime
 3856 – number of 17-bead binary necklaces with beads of 2 colors where the colors may be swapped but turning over is not allowed
 3863 – 100th Sophie Germain prime
 3865 – greater of third pair of Smith brothers
 3888 – longest number when expressed in Roman numerals I, V, X, L, C, D, and M (MMMDCCCLXXXVIII), 3-smooth number (24×35)
 3889 – Cuban prime of the form x = y + 2
 3894 – octahedral number

3900 to 3999
 3901 – star number
 3906 – pronic number
 3911 – 101st Sophie Germain prime, super-prime
 3914 – number of 18-bead necklaces (turning over is allowed) where complements are equivalent
 3916 – triangular number
 3925 – centered cube number
 3926 – 12th open meandric number, 654th sphenic number
 3928 – centered heptagonal number
 3937 – product of distinct Mersenne primes, repeated sum of divisors is prime, denominator of conversion factor from meter to US survey foot
 3940 – there are 3940 distinct ways to arrange the 12 flat pentacubes (or 3-D pentominoes) into a 3x4x5 box (not counting rotations and reflections)
 3943 – super-prime
 3947 – safe prime
 3961 – nonagonal number, centered square number
 3969 = 632, centered octagonal number
 3989 – highly cototient number
 3998 – member of the Mian–Chowla sequence
 3999 – largest number properly expressible using Roman numerals I, V, X, L, C, D, and M (MMMCMXCIX), ignoring vinculum

Prime numbers
There are 120 prime numbers between 3000 and 4000:
3001, 3011, 3019, 3023, 3037, 3041, 3049, 3061, 3067, 3079, 3083, 3089, 3109, 3119, 3121, 3137, 3163, 3167, 3169, 3181, 3187, 3191, 3203, 3209, 3217, 3221, 3229, 3251, 3253, 3257, 3259, 3271, 3299, 3301, 3307, 3313, 3319, 3323, 3329, 3331, 3343, 3347, 3359, 3361, 3371, 3373, 3389, 3391, 3407, 3413, 3433, 3449, 3457, 3461, 3463, 3467, 3469, 3491, 3499, 3511, 3517, 3527, 3529, 3533, 3539, 3541, 3547, 3557, 3559, 3571, 3581, 3583, 3593, 3607, 3613, 3617, 3623, 3631, 3637, 3643, 3659, 3671, 3673, 3677, 3691, 3697, 3701, 3709, 3719, 3727, 3733, 3739, 3761, 3767, 3769, 3779, 3793, 3797, 3803, 3821, 3823, 3833, 3847, 3851, 3853, 3863, 3877, 3881, 3889, 3907, 3911, 3917, 3919, 3923, 3929, 3931, 3943, 3947, 3967, 3989

References

Integers

3000 (number)


Victoria Road ist der Name folgender geographischer Objekte:

Straßen:
 Victoria Road (Cambridge), Vereinigtes Königreich
 Victoria Road (Oxford), Vereinigtes Königreich
 Victoria Road (Adelaide), Australien
 Victoria Road (Sydney), Australien
 Victoria Road (Hongkong), China
 Victoria Colonization Road, ursprünglicher Name der Kawartha Lakes Road 35, Ontario, Kanada

Orte:
 Victoria Road (Ontario), Ort in Kanada

Stadien:
 Victoria Road (Stadion), Fußballstadion in London, England

Victoria Road


Corallium é um género de animais invertebrados marinhos da família dos coralídeos.

Espécies
Segundo o World Register of Marine Species, o género Corallium é atualmente composto por sete espécies, sendo algumas antigas espécies deste género agora classificadas nos géneros Diodogorgia, Hemicorallium, Mesophyllum, Millepora, Phymatolithon e Pleurocorallium:

Corallium japonicum (Kishinouye, 1903)
Corallium medea (Bayer, 1964)
Corallium nix (Bayer, 1996)
Corallium rubrum (Linnaeus, 1758) - Coral-vermelho
Corallium salomonense (Thomson & Mackinnon, 1910)
Corallium stylasteroides (Ridley, 1882)
Corallium tortuosum (Bayer, 1956)

Coralliidae

Corallium


Jules Bucquoy (1829-1920) est un docteur en médecine, membre puis président de l'Académie de médecine, professeur agrégé de la Faculté de médecine de Paris, auteur de nombreuses publications scientifiques.

Biographie
Fils d'un médecin des épidémies de France, Jules Marie Edmé Bucquoy, né à Péronne (Somme) le 14 août 1829, commence ses études médicales en 1847 à Amiens avant de les poursuivre à Paris où il devient interne des Hôpitaux de Paris en 1852. Après sa thèse de doctorat, il exerce à l'hôpital des Enfants malades (1866), à l'hôpital Saint-Antoine (1868), à l'hôpital Cochin (1870), à l'Hôtel-Dieu (1884). Sa thèse d'agrégation en poche lui permet d'être nommé professeur de la Faculté de médecine de Paris en 1863.

Il se marie avec Maryvonne Louise Danyau, fille du médecin Antoine Constant Danyau, accoucheur obstétricien.

Il publie de nombreux mémoires sur le choléra, le scorbut, les pleurésies purulentes et les maladies du cœur. Il fait connaître et propage en France une plante aux vertus thérapeutiques cardiaques, le Strophantus. Le sanatorium maritime de Banuyls-sur-mer (Pyrénées orientales) acquiert, grâce à lui, un nouveau développement.

Il meurt le 30 juin 1920 place de la Trinité à Paris , « tué par un autobus ».

Distinctions

 1870: Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur
 1874: vice-président de lAssociation générale des Médecins de France 1882: membre de l'''Académie de médecine
 1887: Président de lŒuvre nationale des hôpitaux marins (fondée par Hippolyte Pallu)
 1894: Officier de la Légion d'honneur
 1895: membre honoraire des Hôpitaux de Paris 1908: président de l'Académie de médecine

 Publications

 Sur les propriétés cardiaques des Strophantus (1889)
 Leçons cliniques sur les maladies du cœur (1873)
 Essai monographique sur les Dianthus des Pyrénées françaises (dessins de Jules Bucquoy, écrit par Édouard Timbal-Lagrave) (1881)
 Les mollusques marins du Roussillon (écrit avec Gustave Dollfus et Philippe Dauzenberg) (1886-1898)
 Du traitement des épanchements pleurétiques récents par la ponction dite capillaire avec aspiration (1874)
 Le Scorbut à l'hôpital Cochin pendant le siège de Paris (1871)
 La Pleurésie dans la gangrène pulmonaire'' (1875)

Notes et références

Liens externes

 Base Léonore

Médecin français du XIXe siècle
Officier de la Légion d'honneur promu en 1894
Naissance à Péronne
Naissance en août 1829
Décès dans le 9e arrondissement de Paris
Décès en juin 1920
Décès à 90 ans

Jules Bucquoy


Candelarita es un distrito del cantón de Puriscal, en la provincia de San José, de Costa Rica.

Geografía
 El distrito de Candelarita era un kilómetro cuadrado más extenso antes del Censo 2000. Se toma en cuenta esta diferencia territorial en los datos de densidad de población antes del año 2000.

Demografía

Localidades
 Poblados: Alto Cebadilla, Bajo los Chacones, Copalar, Pedernal, Polka, Sabanas.

Transporte

Carreteras
Al distrito lo atraviesan las siguientes rutas nacionales de carretera:
 Ruta nacional 317

Referencias

Distritos del cantón de Puriscal

Candelarita (Costa Rica)


Doamna și unicornul (în ) este  titlul modern dat  seriei de șase tapiserii țesute în Flandra din lână și mătase, după modele desenate la Paris în jurul anului 1500. Acest set de 6 tapiserii, expus în Musée national du Moyen Âge (fostul Musée de Cluny) din Paris, este adesea considerat unul dintre cele mai importante opere de artă din Evul mediu din Europa.

Cinci dintre tapiserii sunt de obicei interpretate ca reprezentând cele cinci simțuri – gust, auz, văz, miros și pipăit. Cea de-a șasea afișează cuvintele "À mon seul désir".  Sensul tapiseriei este obscur, dar a fost interpretat ca reprezentând dragoste sau înțelegere. Fiecare dintre cele șase tapiserii descrie o nobilă doamnă cu un unicorn la stânga ei și un leu la dreapta; unele includ o maimuță în scenă. Fanioanele, precum și scuturile de Unicorn și Leu din tapiserie poartă armele sponsorului, Jean Le Viste, un  nobil influent de la curtea regelui Carol al VII-lea. Cu toate acestea, un studiu heraldic pare a da crezare unei alte ipoteze – respinsă anterior – că adevăratul sponsor al tapiseriei ar fi Antoine II Le Viste (1470-1534), un descendent al ramurii mai tinere a familiei Le Viste și o figură importantă la curțile lui Carol al VIII-lea, Ludovic al XII-lea și Francisc I.

Tapiseriile sunt create în stilul de mille-fleurs (mii de flori).

Tapiseriile au fost redescoperite în anul 1841 de Prosper Mérimée, în castelul din Boussac  (deținut la data aceea de subprefectul regiunii Creuse), unde au suferit daune din cauza condițiilor de depozitare. În 1844 scriitoarea George Sand le-a văzut și a adus în atenția publică tapiseriile în lucrările ei (mai ales în romanul Jeanne), în care le-a datat ca fiind de la sfârșitul secolului al XV-lea, pe baza costumelor doamnelor. Cu toate acestea, artefactele au continuat să fie amenințate de igrasie și mucegai până în 1863, când au fost aduse la Thermes de Cluny din Paris. Conservarea atentă le-a restaurat foarte aproape la fosta lor glorie.

Tapiseriile

În primele cinci tapiserii, unul sau mai multe animale sunt reprezentate împreună cu doamna, ilustrând simțul respectiv. În Văzul unicornul este descris privindu-se într-o oglindă ținută de doamnă. Probabil toate animalele pot auzi sunetele muzicii cântate de femei în tapiseria Auzul. În Gustul o maimuță mănâncă o bomboană iar doamna ia ceva dulce din castronul ținut de servitoare. În Mirosul maimuța miroase o floare în timp ce doamna împletește o coroană de flori. În tapiseria Pipăitul mâna doamnei atinge cornul unicornului. În tapiseria finală doar cele două femei sunt implicate în manipularea colierului, în timp ce animalele par să privească de la distanță. Cortul albastru din ultima tapiserie servește pentru a separa figurile umane de unicorn cu însușirile sale mitice. În toate tapiseriile cu excepția Mirosului un șoim vânează o altă pasăre. În cea de-a șasea tapiserie acest lucru se întâmplă în afara cortului și ar putea reprezenta vânătoarea ca o altă trăsătură sau înclinație partajată între oameni și animale.

Interpretarea oamenilor ca singurii care valorifică obiecte materiale leagă laolaltă reprezentările individuale ale celor șase tapiserii și duce la concluzia că, în timp ce oamenii pot trăi alături de animale în lumea mitică și în lumea naturală (care în evul mediu erau considerate ca fiind același lucru), acestea rămân separate, chiar dacă nu în totalitate, din cauza dorințelor lor unice.

Pipăitul

Doamna atinge cu o mână cornul unicornului și cu cealaltă ridică drapelul. Leul stă la o parte și se uită.

Gustul

Doamna servește dulciuri dintr-o farturie ținută de o servitoare. Ochii ei privesc un papagal așezat pe mâna ei stângă. Leul și unicornul sunt amândoi pe picioarele din spate, ajungând până la faldurile cortului. Maimuța așezată la picioarele ei mănâncă dulciuri.

Mirosul
Doamna este așezată, împletind o coroană de flori. Servitoarea ei ține la îndemână un coș de flori. Din nou, leul și inorogul o încadrează pe doamnă în timp ce țin faldurile cortului. Maimuța a furat o floare pe care o miroase, oferind o cheie pentru alegorie.

Auzul
Doamna cântă la o orgă portabilă așezată pe o masă acoperită cu un covor oriental. Servitoarea ei stă în partea opusă și manevrează burduful. Leul și inorogul din nou încadrează scena, ținând drapele. La fel ca în toate celelalte tapiserii, unicornul este la stânga și leul la dreapta ei – un numitor comun pentru toate tapiseriile.

Văzul
Unicornul este descris privindu-se într-o oglindă ținută de doamnă.

À mon seul désir
În seria tapiseriilor Doamna cu Unicorn este general acceptat faptul că primele cinci tapiserii reprezintă cele cinci simțuri: văz, auz, gust, miros și pipăit. Interpretarea celei de a șasea tapiserii, À Mon Seul Désir, rămâne incertă.

O altă propunere sugerează că expresia à mon seul désir se traduce ca unica dorință, în sensul că oamenii sunt singura specie care dorește bunuri materiale, chiar dacă ea împarte cele cinci simțuri cu animalele. În scena descrisă în ultima tapiserie, nu este clar dacă doamna scotea colierul din cutia ținută de servitoare sau îl punea în sipet, dar această distincție nu este importantă. Ideea este că ea prețuiește colierul de aur.

În cultura populară
 Tapiseriile sunt descrise în detaliu de Rainer Maria Rilke in nuvela Caietele lui Malte Laurids Brigge.
 Doamna si Unicornul este titlul unui  album de folk din 1970, al  chitaristul John Renbourn, care cuprinde acorduri de muzică veche. Coperta reproduce tapiseria À Mon Seul Désir.
 Aceste tapiserii sunt descrise în romanul Doamna si Unicornul de Tracy Chevalier.
 Mai multe tapiserii pot fi văzute pe pereții Camerei Cercetașilor din seria de filme  Harry Potter.
 Cele șase tapiserii au inspirat cele șase mișcări din concerul pentru clarinet D'om le Vrai Sens de Kaija Saariah; titlul este o anagramă a O mon seul désir.
 Tapiseriile sunt prezente în romanul Mobile Suit Gundam Unicorn și în adaptările sale.
 Una dintre tapiserii poate fi găsită în Muzeul Crune în jocul Broken Sword: The Shadow of the Templars.
 Tapiseria Văzul se află pe coperta albumului de muzică veche Dragostea e o iluzie.

Galerie

Note

Referințe
 Jean-Patrice Boudet: La Dame à la licorne et ses sources médiévales d'inspiration, la Persée (accesat în 10 februarie 2022)

Vezi și

 Tapiseria de la Bayeux

Legături externe

 Tapestries, cloths and embroidery, la Internet Archive (accesat în 10 februarie 2022)
 La dame à la licorne (The Lady and the Unicorn) (accesat în 10 februarie 2022)
 La Dame à la Licorne, pe YouTube (accesat în 10 februarie 2022)

Anii 1490 în opere de artă
Gotic
Tapiserii

Doamna și unicornul


Foeniculum scoparium, jedna od tri vrste komorača, biljke iz porodice štitarki. Opisana je 1957. Raste na sjeveru Čada (gorje Tibesti). i južnoj Libiji.

Izvori

Komorač

Foeniculum scoparium


Le quartier historique d'Exchange Square () est situé à Brodhead, dans le sud de l'État américain du Wisconsin. Il a été inscrit au Registre national des lieux historiques en 1984 et au registre d'État des lieux historiques en 1989.

Références

District historique au Wisconsin
Registre national des lieux historiques au Wisconsin
Comté de Green (Wisconsin)

Exchange Square Historic District


An Typhonium gagnepainii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jin Murata ngan Sookchaloem. An Typhonium gagnepainii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Typhonium, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Typhonium

Typhonium gagnepainii


Lastva je naseljeno mjesto u gradu Trebinju, Republika Srpska, BiH.

Stanovništvo

1991.

Nacionalni sastav stanovništva 1991. godine, bio je sljedeći:

ukupno: 523

 Muslimani - 216
 Srbi - 183
 Hrvati - 5
 Jugoslaveni - 67
 ostali, neopredijeljeni i nepoznato - 52

2013.

Nacionalni sastav stanovništva 2013. godine, bio je sljedeći:

ukupno: 374

 Srbi - 346
 Bošnjaci - 7
 Hrvati - 6
 ostali, neopredijeljeni i nepoznato - 15

Izvori

Naselja u Republici Srpskoj
Trebinje

Lastva (Trebinje, BiH)


Grzegorz Bonin (* 2. Dezember 1983 in Tczew, Polen) ist ein polnischer Fußballspieler, der im Mittelfeld vorrangig als rechter Flügelspieler eingesetzt wird.

Karriere

Verein
Grzegorz Bonin spielte in seiner Jugend für den unterklassigen Verein Mewa Gniew. Im Sommer 2001 wechselte er zum Fünftligisten Wisła Nowe, mit welchem er 2002 in die vierte Liga aufstieg. In der Winterpause 2003/04 wechselte er zum Drittligisten Radomiak Radom. Im Sommer 2004 schaffte er mit dem Verein den Aufstieg in die zweite Liga. Dort kam er in der Hinrunde 2004/05 zu siebzehn Einsätzen, in denen er drei Tore erzielte. Daraufhin wechselte er im Januar 2005 zum Ligakonkurrenten Korona Kielce, mit denen er im Sommer 2005 direkt in die Ekstraklasa aufstieg. Bis 2008 kam er zu dreiundneunzig Einsätzen, in denen er dreizehn Tore erzielte. Im Sommer 2008 wechselte Bonin dann zum Erstligisten Górnik Zabrze, da Korona Kielce wegen der Beteiligung an einer Korruptionsaffäre in die zweite Liga zwangsabsteigen musste. Jedoch musste er auch mit Górnik Zabrze 2009 den Weg in die Zweitklassigkeit antreten. Nach einem Jahr schaffte man im Sommer 2010 jedoch den sofortigen Wiederaufstieg. Bis zum Sommer 2011 bestritt Bonin für Górnik Zabrze achtzig Spiele und erzielte neun Tore, bevor er zum Ligakonkurrenten Polonia Warschau wechselte. Diesen verließ er jedoch schon wieder nach einem halben Jahr und nur zwölf Einsätzen und wechselte zum abstiegsbedrohten Ligakonkurrenten ŁKS Łódź. Auch hier absolvierte Bonin nur zwölf Ligaspiele, in denen er ein Tor erzielte. Nachdem ŁKS Łódź am Saisonende jedoch abgestiegen war, unterschrieb Grzegorz Bonin zur Saison 2012/13 einen Halbjahresvertrag beim Aufsteiger Pogoń Szczecin. Dort kam er zu fünf Einsätzen (ein Tor) in der ersten Mannschaft und zu vier Einsätzen in der zweiten Mannschaft. Der Vertrag wurde in der Winterpause 2012/13 nicht verlängert. Im Januar 2013 unterschrieb er dann einen Vertrag beim Ligakonkurrenten Górnik Zabrze bis zum Saisonende 2012/13.
Seit der Saison 2018/19 spielte Grzegorz Bonin beim polnischen Viertligisten Motor Lublin. Nach kurzem Wechsel in die Fünftklassigkeit 2020 konnte er, zurück in der vierten Liga, sich bei Chelmianka Chelm erneut als Stammspieler durchsetzen.

Nationalmannschaft
Bonin debütierte am 2. Mai 2006 unter Trainer Paweł Janas für die polnische Fußballnationalmannschaft im Heimspiel in Bełchatów gegen Litauen (0:1). Dabei stand er in der Startelf, wurde jedoch in der Halbzeitpause für Radosław Sobolewski ausgewechselt. Danach wurde er jedoch nicht mehr nominiert.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Fußballnationalspieler (Polen)
Fußballspieler (Korona Kielce)
Fußballspieler (Górnik Zabrze)
Fußballspieler (Polonia Warschau)
Fußballspieler (ŁKS Łódź)
Fußballspieler (Pogoń Stettin)
Fußballspieler (Górnik Łęczna)
Fußballspieler (Motor Lublin)
Pole
Geboren 1983
Mann

Grzegorz Bonin


O campo de aviação de la Brayelle é historicamente um dos primeiros aeródromos da França, criado em 1908. Está ligado à história da família Bréguet. Está localizado nas fronteiras das comunas de Douai, Lambres-lez-Douai e Cuincy, no departamento de Nord.

O campo de la Brayelle foi sede do primeiro encontro de aviação do mundo, sede da Bréguet Aviation e um importante aeródromo na Primeira Guerra Mundial. É ocasionalmente referido como aeródromo de Douai-Brayelles. Havia vários outros aeródromos na área de Douai, especialmente durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial, então o termo "Aeródromo de Douai" pode ou não se referir a La Brayelle.

Histórico

Antecedentes
La Brayelle é o nome de uma antiga "fortaleza e senhorio", estendendo-se sobre o terreno localizado à direita da estrada de Douai a Arras, entre Cuincy e Brebières desde 1297. Antigamente havia um castelo senhorial neste local, perto do caminho que vinha do Mont-de-Douai. Os cidadãos desta cidade foram para lá armados, no ano de 1297, e a destruíram.

A inundação de La Brayelle de 1710 impediu o acesso a Douai aos aliados determinados a formar o ataque de Douai pela frente do [portal de Esquerchin.

Primeiros anos
Em 1900, os irmãos Jacques e Louis Bréguet dirigiam uma fábrica de motores elétricos e dínamos em La Brayelle. Um amigo, o psicólogo professor Charles Richet, os convenceu a investigar a então nova indústria da aviação. Em 1902, Louis construiu um túnel de vento na fábrica e sua pesquisa começou.

O primeiro produto foi o Bréguet-Richet Gyroplane No.1, uma máquina com quatro conjuntos de quatro rotores biplanos acionados por um motor de 50 cavalos (37 kW). Em 29 de setembro de 1907, ele subiu verticalmente a uma altura de dois pés (0,6 m), estabilizado por quatro assistentes – o primeiro voo de helicóptero tripulado, mas foi completamente incontrolável. Em 1908, a "Bréguet-Richet Aircraft Manufacturing Company" foi formada, continuando o desenvolvimento do Gyroplane com um segundo modelo mais bem sucedido. Este foi seriamente danificado em um pouso forçado e foi usado como base para o modelo "2bis", que estava quase pronto para voar quando foi destruído em seu hangar por uma forte tempestade no início de 1909.

Em 17 de dezembro de 1907, o empresário local Pierre Arbel, diretor das "Forges de Douai", doou terras para o primeiro aeródromo da França e criou um campo de 72 hectares (180 acres) e uma área cercada para os hangares e oficinas.

A primeira aeronave de asa fixa de Breguet, o Type I, teve seu primeiro voo no aeródromo em 28 de junho de 1909.

Concursos de aviação
Também em 1909, aqui foi realizado o primeiro encontro aeronáutico do mundo. O "Concours d'Aviation" foi patrocinado pela cidade de Douai e sua principal força motriz foi Louis Breguet. Foi realizado de 28 de junho a 18 de julho. Vários aviadores participaram, incluindo o próprio Louis Breguet, Louis Blériot, Hubert Latham e Louis Paulhan, e vários recordes foram quebrados.

Em 9 de julho, cerca de 20.000 pessoas participaram do evento, incluindo membros do Senado francês e da Duma russa. No último dia, aconteceu uma das primeiras corridas aéreas do mundo, entre Blériot e Paulhan. Blériot ganhou o prêmio de velocidade e Paulhan ganhou um concurso de distância e separadamente estabeleceu um novo recorde mundial de altitude de 150 metros (490 pés), cruzando confortavelmente um balão de referência definido na meta de 120 metros (390 pés) para bater os 110 metros (360 pés) ) recorde estabelecido por Wilbur Wright no ano anterior.

O evento foi seguido pouco depois pela muito maior "Grande Semaine d'Aviation de la Champagne" em Reims.

Em 1911, Louis Bréguet fundou sua própria empresa, a Bréguet Aviation, e em 1913, ele estabeleceu uma escola de aviação, ambas baseadas aqui. Jacques Breguet fundou o Aero Clube de Douai em La Brayelle nessa época, que também se dedicava ao treinamento de pilotos.

Infelizmente, a primeira colisão aérea fatal do mundo ocorreu aqui em 19 de junho de 1912. O capitão Marcel Dubois e o tenente Albert Peignan, ambos do exército francês, colidiram um com o outro em uma neblina matinal, matando os dois pilotos.

Na Primeira Guerra Mundial

Em 1914, no início da guerra, os militares franceses chegaram, e o "Royal Naval Air Service" estacionou alguns carros blindados aqui. Antecipando a aproximação das tropas alemãs, a fábrica de Bréguet foi evacuada. Quando os alemães chegaram, assumiram o aeródromo e construíram mais hangares.

Durante a guerra, o aeródromo foi alvo de bombardeios regulares. Em junho de 1916, a unidade de reconhecimento aéreo da Baviera o Feldflieger Abteilung 5b ("Batalhão de Aviação de Campo") chegou a La Brayelle, mas partiu em outubro depois que os hangares foram destruídos durante um bombardeio pesado.

A Jasta 11 foi mobilizada no aeródromo em 11 de outubro de 1916, equipado com caças Albatros D.III. Dois dias depois de ter sido premiado com a "Pour le Mérite", Manfred von Richthofen chegou como comandante em 15 de janeiro de 1917 e obteve sua primeira vitória em 23 de janeiro, derrubando e matando John Hay do "No. 40 Squadron RAF" do "Royal Flying Corps" (RFC) em um F.E.8. Von Richthofen marcou 26 vitórias enquanto estava aqui. A Jasta 11 tornou-se a esquadrilha de caças de maior sucesso na "Luftstreitkräfte". O aeródromo foi atingido por bombardeiros noturnos do RFC nas noites de 5/6 e 7/8 de abril de 1917, a Jasta 11 mudou-se para Roucourt, 26 milhas a nordeste em 13 de abril de 1917.

A Jasta 4 esteve em La Brayelle entre 24 de fevereiro e 31 de maio de 1917, e a Jasta 12 chegou aqui em 18 de agosto de 1917.

Os alemães continuaram a ocupar o aeródromo e, em 2 de maio de 1918, Roderic Dallas, comandante do "No. 40 Squadron RAF", em um S.E.5, criou um incidente incomum quando deixou cair um pacote com um bilhete insultando os alemães, depois bombardeou e disparou contra a base, aparentemente para a diversão do Marechal de Campo Haig e Sir Hugh Trenchard.

Os alemães partiram em 17 de outubro de 1918, e em 21 de outubro o Esquadrão Nº 16 da RAF chegou para ficar alguns dias com seus R.E.8. Em 27 de outubro o "No. 25 Squadron RAF" mudou-se para o aeródromo com seus DH.4 e DH.9A, e ainda estava operando aqui na data do Armistício de Compiègne de 11 de novembro de 1918. Outros esquadrões da RAF residiram aqui por algumas semanas durante este período foram os números 18 (DH.9A) e 32 (SE5a).

Pós Primeira Guerra
O aeródromo continuou em uso após a Primeira Guerra Mundial, mas, sendo bastante pequeno, não podia acomodar aeronaves maiores. No entanto, shows aéreos bem sucedidos foram realizados em 1929 e 1935. Durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, os alemães novamente ocuparam o aeródromo, mas era inadequado para operações, então eles se mudaram para o aeródromo de Vitry-en-Artois, três milhas a sudoeste, que eles consideravam mais conveniente e que tinha pistas que pudessem ser concretadas.

Após a guerra, o aeródromo continuou em uso até a década de 1950, quando foi finalmente fechado. Quase todos os vestígios do antigo aeródromo desapareceram, e o local agora é ocupado em grande parte por terras agrícolas e áreas industriais, incluindo uma grande fábrica de automóveis Renault.

Resta um memorial ao capitão Louis Gabriel Madiot, capitão Dubois e tenente Peignian, que morreram no acidente de uma aeronave Bréguet em 23 de outubro de 1910. Foi erguido em 7 de outubro de 1923 e está localizado à beira da estrada na área das oficinas originais de Breguet.

Aviação do século XX
Aviação na Primeira Guerra Mundial
História da aviação na França
Aeroportos inaugurados em 1907

Campo de aviação de la Brayelle


Melanotan may refer to one of two separate peptides:

 Afamelanotide, originally developed under the names "Melanotan", "Melanotan-1", or "Melanotan I" for skin tanning, a drug currently available for prescription for certain light related skin indications and also in trials in implant form as a prophylactic treatment for a series of light affected skin disorders and potential skin cancer preventative agent
 Melanotan II, a drug originally developed as a skin tanning agent, but subsequently investigated as a potential treatment for sexual dysfunction

Melanotan


Glogovica je hrvatska rijeka u Brodsko-posavskoj županiji, lijeva pritoka Save. Izvire na Dilju, kod Donjeg Slatinika. Duga je 17 km. Protječe kroz Slavonski Brod. Naselje Glogovica dobilo je ime po rijeci.

Rijeka Glogovica prolazi kroz sljedeća naselja: Donji Slatinik, Glogovica, Podcrkavlje, Grabarje, Rastušje, Tomica, Podvinje i Slavonski Brod.

Rijeke u Hrvatskoj
Pritoke Save

Glogovica (rijeka)


Le Renault SK est une tentative française de créer un char à roues pendant l'entre-deux-guerres. Construit par Renault en 1928, un prototype est testé par l'Armée française mais jugé décevant le programme n'est pas poursuivi.

Historique
Il est conçu après les succès des Renaut MH à six-roues dans le Sahara, auxquelles a participé le fils du général Estienne. C'est le général Estienne qui demande en 1926 un char de , à blindage de  et un moteur de .

Le prototype est produit par Renault en 1928. Le  SK, équipé d'une maquette de tourelle ST armée d'un canon de  et d'une mitrailleuse. Il est testé de 1929 à 1931 mais ne donne pas satisfaction.

La formule d'un blindé à roues multiples sera reprise par l'AMC Fromaget et par l'automitrailleuse Panhard 201.

Références

Voir aussi

 Liste des codes projets Renault (1899-1941)
 Char B1 et char D1

 Engin blindé de reconnaissance

Char français de l'entre-deux-guerres
Renault

Renault SK


الركود الاقتصادي هو مصطلح يعبر عن هبوط في النمو الاقتصادي لمنطقة أو لسوق معين، وعادة سبب الهبوط في النمو الاقتصادي نابع من أن الإنتاج يفوق الاستهلاك الأمر الذي يؤدي إلى كساد البضاعة وانخفاض الأسعار والذي بدوره يُصعّب على المنتجين بيع المخزون، لذلك ينخفض معدل الإنتاج والذي معناه أيدي عاملة أقل، وارتفاع في نسبة البطالة.

المشكلة الأساسية انه إذا أصاب الركود الاقتصادي فرع مركزي في الاقتصاد مثال(فرع المصارف أو فرع التصنيع) الأمر الذي ينعكس على بقية القطاعات فتدخل بركود اقتصادي مستمر.

وهنالك اختلاف على كيفية تحديد مدى تواجد البلاد في ركود اقتصادي لكن من المتبع ان يكون النمو في الناتج القومي أعلى من نسبة النمو الطبيعي في تعداد السكان (الذي يؤثر بشكل طردي على الناتج القومي الإجمالي)، في الولايات المتحدة يعرف الركود على أنه نمو سلبي للناتج القومي على مدى 6 أشهر أي نصف سنة.

أفضل علاج للخروج من الركود الاقتصادي هو رفع الانفاق الحكومي الاستهلاكي والذي بدوره ينقل البلاد من ركود اقتصادي إلى حالة نمو، أو تخفيض الفائدة بواسطة المصرف المركزي الأمر الذي يسمح للمصالح والمصانع بإمكانية تحمل دين أكبر وأيضاً يخفف جاذبية التوفير لدى القطاع الخاص مما يرفع نسبة الاستهلاك لديهم الأمر الذي يدفع السوق نحو نمو اقتصادي.

الركود حالة طبيعية في الاقتصاد الراسمالي وغير مخطط له، وسببه هو عدم الملائمة بين الإنتاج والاستهلاك، ولكن في الدول الاشتراكية لا يوجد ركود اقتصادي بسبب عدم وجود اقتصاد مفتوح وجميع عمليات الإنتاج مراقبة من قبل الحكومة فلن تصل أبداً إلى وضع فيه الإنتاج أعلى من الاستهلاك الا انها دائماً تتواجد في وضع عكسي وهو مساو للاستهلاك أو ان الإنتاج أقل من الاستهلاك الأمر الذي يخلق نوع من نقص في المواد الضرورية نتيجة كثرة الطلب عليها.

اما في حالة تزايد الركود الاقتصادي فان ذلك يؤدي إلى كساد والذي تكون نتائجه أقوى وأخطر من الركود الاقتصادي.

شهد القرن العشرين حالة من الركود الاقتصادي عام 1929 والمعروف ب الكساد الكبير، وكانت أضخم ركود اقتصادي شهده التاريخ.

لا تمرّ بحالةٍ من الركود الاقتصادي.

نظرية الركود طويل الأجل
كان ألفين هانسن في العام 1938 هو أول من استخدم مصطلح «الركود طويل الأجل»، وذلك «لوصف المصير الذي كان يخشاه للاقتصاد الأمريكي في أعقاب الكساد الكبير في أوائل الثلاثينيات من القرن العشرين: عقبةٌ في طريق التقدم الاقتصادي مع تعثّر فرص الاستثمار بسبب إغلاق الحدود وتوقف موجات الهجرة».

صدرت تحذيرات مشابهة لنظرية الركود طويل الأجل بعد كل فترات الركود العميق، لكن عادة ما ثبت عدم صحّتها نظرًا لتقليلها من شأن إمكانيات التقنيات الموجودة.

يشير الركود طويل الأجل إلى «حالةٍ من النمو الاقتصادي الضعيف أو المعدوم في اقتصاد قائم على السوق». في هذا السياق، يُستخدم مصطلح طويل الأجل على النقيض من مصطلحيّ دوري أو قصير الأجل، ويقترح تغييرًا في الحركيّة الأساسية لا يأتي إلا في الوقت المناسب. وصف آلان سويزي الاختلاف: «في حين أن نظرية دورة الأعمال تتعامل مع الكساد باعتباره ظاهرة مؤقتة، وإن كانت متكررة، فإن نظرية الركود طويل الأجل تشدّد على احتمالية أن يصبح الكسادُ الوضع الطبيعي في الاقتصاد».ووفقًا لما ذكره ألان سويزي، فإن «فكرة الركود طويل الأجل موجودةُ في أجزاء كبيرة من النظرية العامة لكينز».

الركود الاقتصادي في الولايات المتحدة

فترات الركود التاريخية في الولايات المتحدة

 أعقبت السنوات التي تلت ذعر عام 1873، والتي تُعرف باسم الكساد الطويل، أعقبتها فترات من الركود تخللتها طفرات في النمو، حتى استؤنف النمو بصورة أكثر ثباتًا في العام 1896 تقريبًا. اتّسمت تلك الفترة بإفلاس المؤسسات التجارية، وانخفاض معدلات الفائدة، والانكماش. وفقًا لما ذكره ديفيد أميس ولز (1891)، فالمشاكل الاقتصادية حينذاك جاءت نتيجةً للتغيرات السريعة في التقنيات المعاصرة، مثل السكك الحديدية، والسفن البخارية العابرة للمحيط، واستبدال الحديد بالفولاذ، ونظام التلغراف. نظرًا لوجود قدر كبير من النمو الاقتصادي على العموم، فإن مقدار الركود الاقتصادي في تلك الفترة ما يزال محط خلاف.
 الكساد الكبير في ثلاثينيات القرن العشرين والذي استمر حتى اندلاع الحرب العالمية الثانية. في كتابه المشاكل الاقتصادية في فترة ما بعد الحرب، ذكرَ هاريس (1943) أنه يتوقع استمرار الركود الاقتصادي بعد انتهاء الحرب.

القرن التاسع عشر
اتّسم الاقتصاد الأمريكي في أوائل القرن التاسع عشر بكونه زراعيًا بشكل أساسي، وعانى من النقص في الأيدي العاملة.

شَحّ رأس المال قبل الحرب الأهلية لدرجة دفعت المستثمرين في القطاع الخاص لتقديم أقل القليل من الأموال لبناء السكك الحديدية، على الرغم من الميزات الاقتصادية الكبيرة التي كانت توفرها خطوط السكك الحديدية.

مع فتح مناطق جديدة وبيع الأراضي على المستوى الفيدرالي، توجّب تطهير الأراضي وإقامة منازل جديدة. وصل مئات الآلاف من المهاجرين إلى الولايات المتحدة سنويًا، وعملوا في حفر القنوات وبناء السكك الحديدية. نظرًا لانخفاض نسبة المكننة، فقد نُفّذت جميع الأعمال تقريبًا بشكل يدوي، أو باستخدام الخيول، والبغال، والثيران، واستمر ذلك حتى العقدين الأخيرين من القرن التاسع عشر.

شهد عقد الثمانينيات من القرن التاسع عشر نموًا كبيرًا في السكك الحديدية، وصناعات الصلب والآلات. وارتفعت نسبة شراء الهياكل والمعدات إلى 500% مقارنةً بالعقد السابق. وازدادت إنتاجية العمل بنسبة 26.5%، كما ازداد الناتج المحلي الإجمالي بنسبة الضعف تقريبًا.

كان أسبوع العمل طوال القرن التاسع عشر يزيد عن 60 ساعة؛ وكان أعلى من ذلك في النصف الأول من القرن، إذ كان العمل لاثني عشر ساعة في اليوم أمرًا سائدًا. ووقعت العديد من الإضرابات وطالبت غيرها من الحركات العمالية بتقليل العمل إلى عشر ساعات في اليوم.

مراجع

انظر أيضًا
 دورة كوندراتيف

معلومات إضافية
ماذا يعني الركود الاقتصادي - موقع بوصلتك
http://your.boosla.com/showArticle.php?Sec=Economy&id=6

اتجاهات السوق
الدورة الاقتصادية
بطالة
تاريخ اقتصادي
مصطلحات اقتصادية
نمو اقتصادي

ركود اقتصادي


This is a list of aviation-related events from 1953:

Events
The first year in which the world's airlines carried more than 50 million people.
Argentina initiates a study of the feasibility of converting either a cargo ship or a heavy cruiser into an aircraft carrier in an Argentine shipyard. Ultimately, no conversion takes place.
During the Korean War, Communist aircraft attack the U.S. Navy rocket-equipped medium landing ship USS LSM(R)-409 off Korea, but do not damage her.
Kuwait National Airways, the future Kuwait Airways, is founded. It will begin flight operations in March 1954.
The Experimental Aircraft Association and annual EAA Convention and Fly-In were founded.
 Thanks to a decreasing interest in seaplanes and flying boats, flying operations cease at the Royal Air Force′s Marine Aircraft Experimental Establishment (MAEE), as does the organization's connection with the RAF. The MAEE will survive until March 1956, evaluating prototype marine craft and air-sea rescue apparati and associated equipment.

January
 January 1 – The United States Army formally deletes glider operations from its capabilities.
 January 5 – The British European Airways Vickers VC.1 Type 610 Viking 1B Lord St. Vincent crashes on approach to Nutts Corner in Northern Ireland, killing 27 of the 35 people on board.
 January 6 – The West German airline Luftag is founded. It will acquire the name and logo of the defunct airline Deutsche Luft Hansa in August 1954, rename itself Lufthansa, and begin flight operations in April 1955.
 January 7
A chartered Associated Air Transport Curtiss C-46F-1-CU Commando (registration N1648M) carrying military personnel from Seattle, Washington, to Fort Jackson, South Carolina, with a stop at Cheyenne, Wyoming, experiences atmospheric icing, snow, and turbulence, loses altitude involuntarily, strikes pine trees at an altitude of , and crashes west of Fish Haven, Idaho, prior to arriving at Cheyenne, killing all 40 people on board. A Civil Air Patrol pilot discovers the aircraft's wreckage on January 12.
Flying Tiger Line Flight 841 – a Douglas C-54B-10-DO Skymaster (registration N86574) on a ferry flight from San Francisco, California, to pick up military personnel in Seattle, Washington – strikes a high tree on a mountain ridge at an altitude of  while on approach to Boeing Field in Seattle and crashes into a canyon  below, killing all seven people on board.
 January 12 – While climbing away after takeoff from RAF Fayid in Egypt, a Royal Air Force Handley Page Hastings C.1 (registration TG602) loses its tail at an altitude of  and crashes west-southwest of RAF Shallufa, killing all nine people on board.
 January 15 – Two Royal Air Force planes, an Avro Lancaster maritime patrol aircraft of No. 38 Squadron and a Vickers Valetta transport aircraft, collide over the Strait of Sicily in heavy rain and poor visibility and crash. The accident kills all 19 people aboard the Valetta and the Lancasters entire crew of seven.
 January 16 – A United States Air Force Douglas C-54D-5-DC Skymaster crashes in rocky terrain while on final approach to Ernest Harmon Air Force Base in Stephenville, Newfoundland, killing 13 of the 14 people on board.
 January 26
 A Linee Aeree Italiane Douglas C-47-DL Skytrain suffers the failure of its left wing due to overstressing and crashes in mountainous terrain near Sinnai, Sardinia, Italy, killing all 19 people on board.
 The first meeting of the Experimental Aircraft Association takes place at Milwaukee, Wisconsin's Curtiss-Wright Field.
 January 31 – United States Air Force Captain Ben L. Fithian (pilot) and Lieutenant Sam R. Lyons score the first aerial victory in a Lockheed F-94 Starfire, shooting down a Lavochkin La-9 (NATO reporting name "Fritz") over Korea. It is the first of four kills by F-94s during the Korean War.

February
 Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm No. 705 Squadron Westland Dragonfly helicopters and other services rescue 600 people over a period of two weeks during severe flooding in the Netherlands. No. 705 Squadron loses one helicopter during the operations.
 No. 194 Squadron is commissioned as the Royal Air Force's first helicopter squadron.
 February 2 – A Skyways Limited Avro York with 39 people on board disappears over the North Atlantic Ocean during a flight from Lajes Field in the Azores to Gander, Newfoundland. No trace of the airliner or its occupants ever is found.
 February 7 – A Union Aéromaritime de Transport Douglas C-54A-5-DC Skymaster (registration F-BFGR) crashes into a small wood on approach to Bordeaux–Mérignac Airport in Bordeaux, France, killing nine of the 21 people on board.
 February 9 – An Egyptian Air Force Curtiss C-46D Commando (registration 1001) carrying 35 people crashes in the desert  east of Cairo, Egypt, killing 30 of the people on board and injuring three of the five survivors.
 February 10 – A United States Air Force Fairchild C-119C-18-FA Flying Boxcar (registration 50–0127) crashes in a snowstorm on approach to Bitburg Air Base in West Germany, killing all five people on board.
 February 14 – National Airlines Flight 470, a Douglas DC-6 (registration N90893), crashes in the Gulf of Mexico  off Mobile Point, Alabama, after flying into a strong storm, killing all 46 people on board. Some wreckage and bodies are found the following day, but most of the wreckage will not be found until May 20.
 February 28 – The Soviet Union transfers 10 Tupolev Tu-4 (NATO reporting name "Bull") heavy bombers to the People's Republic of China.

March
 March 3 – The first fatal crash involving a passenger jetliner takes place when the pilot of the Canadian Pacific Air Lines De Havilland DH.106 Comet 1A Empress of Hawaii (registration CF-CUN) lifts its nose too high during its takeoff run at Karachi Airport in Karachi, Pakistan, for a ferry/positioning flight. The aircraft fails to become airborne and crashes into a dry riverbed, killing all 11 people on board.
 March 10 – Czechoslovakian Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15s shoot down a United States Air Force F-84 Thunderjet in Czechoslovakian airspace.
 March 12 – Soviet fighters shoot down a Royal Air Force Avro Lincoln over East Germany.
 March 14 – After its pilot descends in poor visibility to ascertain his position during a flight from Delhi, India, to Dacca, East Pakistan, an Orient Airways Convair CV-240-7 (registration AP-AEG) crashes into a mountain south of Kalahasahar, India, killing all 16 people on board.
 March 17 – An Aigle Azur Douglas C-47A Skytrain (registration F-BEFG) crashes on approach to Da Nang Airport in Da Nang, French Indochina, and catches fire, killing all eight people on board.
 March 18
An East German Junkers Ju 52/3m operated by the Kasernierte Volkspolizei crashes during its initial climb from Cottbus-Drewitz Airport in Drewitz, East Germany, killing all 11 people on board.
A United States Air Force Convair RB-36H Peacemaker on a 25-hour training mission strikes an  hill at an altitude of  near Burgoyne's Cove, inland from Nut Cove, Trinity Bay, Newfoundland, while flying in sleet, fog, freezing drizzle, and poor visibility at a ground speed of . The B-36 crashes and bursts into flames, killing its entire crew of 23. Brigadier General Richard E. Ellsworth, the plane's copilot, is among the dead. A U.S. Air Force Boeing SB-29 Superfortress search and rescue plane sent out to assist in search efforts disappears and is presumed to have crashed as well.
 March 20 – Transocean Airlines Flight 942, a Douglas C-54G-10-DO Skymaster (registration N88942) carrying military personnel from Walker Air Force Base in Roswell, New Mexico, to Oakland International Airport in Oakland, California, suddenly goes into a steep descent and crashes in a field southwest of Alvarado, California, killing all 35 people on board.
 March 23 – Czechoslovakian airline captain Mira Slovak and a few co-conspirators hijack a Czech Airlines Douglas DC-3 commercial airliner with 24 passengers aboard during a domestic flight from Prague to Brno and flies it to West Germany, where United States Air Force F-84 Thunderjets escort it to a landing at Frankfurt-am-Main. He defects to the West; four of the passengers choose to remain in the West.
 March 27 – The Netherlands establishes the Royal Netherlands Air Force as an independent service.
 March 29 – The Central African Airways Vickers VC.1 Viking Shangani (registration VP-YEY) disintegrates in mid-air near Mkwaya, Tanganyika, after encountering a sudden strong gust of wind during a flight from Chileka Airport in Blantyre, Nyasaland, to Dar es Salaam International Airport in Dar es Salaam, Tanganyika, killing all 13 people aboard. Investigators blame corrosion of the aircraft's starboard boom for the disaster.

April
 April 1 – British European Airways and Air France introduce "Tourist Class" fares.
 April 3 – BOAC introduces a weekly service to Tokyo (Japan) by the de Havilland Comet 1 jet airliner.
 April 10 – During takeoff from Palisadoes Airport in Kingston, Jamaica, for the inaugural flight of Caribbean International Airways with the airline's owner, Owen Roberts, as its pilot, a Lockheed 18-56-23 Lodestar (registration VP-JBC) suffers the failure of an engine. It climbs to between , then enters a slight banking turn and crashes into the Caribbean Sea, killing 13 of the 14 people on board. Roberts is among the dead.
 April 14 – While on approach to Boeing Field in Seattle, Washington, a Miami Airlines Douglas DC-3C (registration N65743) strikes 150-to-200-foot- (46-to-61-meter-) tall trees at the  level of Cedar Mountain and crashes east of Selleck, Washington, killing seven of the 25 people on board.
 April 16 – An Aigle Azur Douglas C-47A-75-DL Skytrain (registration F-BESS) operating on a military charter flight to Nà Sản Airport in Sơn La, French Indochina, loses a wing shortly after takeoff from Gia Lam Airport in Hanoi, French Indochina, and crashes, killing all 30 people on board.
 April 17 – The United States Air Force establishes the Seventeenth Air Force, activating it for service in North Africa, Portugal, the Mediterranean, Austria, the Middle East, Pakistan, India, and Ceylon.
 April 20 – Western Air Lines Flight 636, a Douglas DC-6B (registration N91303) flying at night on the last leg of a flight from Los Angeles to San Francisco to Oakland, California, descends below the prescribed minimum altitude of  and crashes into San Francisco Bay, killing eight of the ten people on board.
 April 24 - Tragedy strikes the United States Air Force's Project Tip Tow – which tests the feasibility of strategic bombers carrying fighter aircraft attached to their wingtips to defend them against enemy interceptors – when an EF-84D Thunderjet flips over onto the wing of an ETB-29A Superfortress after attaching to its wingtip, causing the EF-84D, the ETB-29A, and another EF-84D attached to the ETB-29A's other wingtip to crash, killing everyone aboard all three aircraft.

May
 May 2 – While climbing to its cruising altitude shortly after takeoff from Dum Dum Airport in Calcutta, India, for a flight to Safdarjung Airport in New Delhi, India, BOAC Flight 783/057 – a de Havilland DH.106 Comet 1 (registration G-ALYV) – suffers a severe structural failure and in-flight fire after entering a thunderstorm and crashes  northwest of Dum Dum Airport, killing all 43 people on board.
 May 7 – A Royal Air Force Vickers Valetta T.3 on routine navigation training flight crashes at sea  off the United Kingdom's Hartland Point, killing all 10 people on board.
 May 9 – An Air India Douglas C-47A-25-DK Skytrain (registration VT-AUD) overbanks during a steep right turn five minutes after takeoff from Palam Airport in New Delhi, India, and crashes, killing all 18 people on board.
 May 11 – INS Garuda opens, serving as the base for the Indian Naval Air Arm.
 May 12 – The second Bell X-2 research aircraft explodes over Lake Ontario while mated to its Boeing EB-50 Superfortress mothership, killing test pilot Jean "Skip" Ziegler and an EB-50 crewman and critically damaging the EB-50, which manages to land safely.
 May 13 – 59 U.S. Air Force F-84G Thunderjet fighter-bombers attack the Toksan dike in Korea.
 May 16 – 90 U.S. Air Force F-84 Thunderjets carry out a successful attack against Chusan, Korea.
 May 17 – After entering a thunderstorm while on approach to Greater Shreveport Municipal Airport in Shreveport, Louisiana, Delta Air Lines Flight 318 – a Douglas DC-3DST-318 (registration N28345) – is forced down to a very low altitude, where it strikes trees and crashes east of Marshall, Texas, killing 19 of the 20 people on board.
 May 18
On his last day of combat, U.S. Air Force Captain Joseph C. McConnell shoots down three MiG-15s (NATO reporting name "Fagot") during two sorties over Korea in the F-86F-1 Sabre Beauteous Butch II. He has shot down 16 aircraft, all MiG-15s, in his four months of combat, making him the top-scoring American fighter pilot of the Korean War and the first American triple jet ace. He remains the top-scoring American jet ace in history.
American Jacqueline Cochran becomes the first woman to break the sound barrier, reaching over  in a series of steep dives in an F-86 Sabre over Edwards Air Force Base, California. She also sets a new womens international speed-over-distance record over a  closed course, averaging .
 May 19 – The U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff recommend that United Nations air and naval operations expand into Manchuria and other parts of the People's Republic of China and include the use of nuclear weapons, if necessary, in order to force an end to the Korean War. The U.S. National Security Council approves the recommendation the following day.
 May 20 – Flying a North American F-86 Sabre, Jacqueline "Jackie" Cochran sets a women's world speed record.

June
 The U.S. Joint Intelligence Committee estimates that the Soviet Union could employ 12,000 tactical aircraft in support of Soviet Army ground forces if the Soviets began an offensive against the North Atlantic Treay Organization (NATO) in Europe.
 June 1 – The U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds are activated as the 3600th Air Demonstration Team at Luke Air Force Base, Arizona.
 June 2 – To ensure television viewers in Canada can see the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in London on the same day that it takes place, British Royal Air Force English Electric Canberras fly film of the ceremony across the Atlantic Ocean to be broadcast by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, the first non-stop flight between the United Kingdom and the Canadian mainland. At Goose Bay in Labrador the film is transferred to a Royal Canadian Air Force Avro Canada CF-100 Canuck jet fighter for the further trip to Montreal. In all, three such voyages are made as the ceremonies proceed.
 June 7 – Descending from  over the Yalu River to attack what he thinks is a flight of four MiG-15s (NATO reporting name "Fagot"), U.S. Air Force pilot Ralph S. Parr, flying an F-86 Sabre, pursues them to , then climbs to  before realizing he is actually engaged with 16 MiG-15s. In the ensuing dogfight, he shoots down two and damages a third before withdrawing safely.
 June 11 – The second prototype of the Gloster Javelin crashes. Gloster test pilot Peter Godfrey Lawrence ejects at an altitude of about  but is killed.
 June 14 – Lightning strikes Aeroflot Flight 229 – an Ilyushin Il-12 (registration CCCP-L1375) on a domestic flight in the Soviet Union – after it enters a sudden and severe thunderstorm. The aircraft enters an uncontrolled dive and loses its outer wing panels when the crew attempts to recover at an altitude of . The aircraft crashes nose first into a wooded hillside northeast of Zugdidi in the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic and catches fire, killing all 18 people on board. The Georgian film actress Nato Vachnadze is among the dead.
 June 15
The British Royal Navy aircraft carriers HMS Eagle, , , , , HMS Perseus, and HMS Theseus, the Royal Canadian Navy aircraft carrier HMCS Magnificent, and the Royal Australian Navy aircraft carrier HMAS Sydney and 37 squadrons of Fleet Air Arm and Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve aircraft – including Fireflies, Sea Furies, Seafires, Attackers, Vampires, Skyraiders, Sea Hornets, Meteors, Avengers, Gannets, Wyverns, Sea Venoms, Sea Hawks, and Dragonflies – take part in the Coronation Review of the Fleet for Queen Elizabeth II. The ceremonies include a fly-past by 300 naval aircraft.
A LACSA Douglas C-47B-5-DK Skytrain (registration TI-1002) crashes into a mountainside in Costa Rica's San Ramon Mountains, killing nine of the 15 people on board.
A LAN Chile Lockheed 18-56-23 Lodestar (registration CC-CLD-0100) crashes near Chamonate Airport outside Copiapó, Chile, after an engine fire, killing all seven people on board.
 June 16
A United States Marine Corps AD-4 Skyraider scores the only documented air-to-air kill of the Korean War by a Skyraider, shooting down a Polikarpov Po-2 (NATO reporting name "Mule") biplane.
An Aigle Azur Douglas C-47A-65-DL Skytrain (registration F-BEST) on a domestic flight in French Indochina from Wattay Airport in Vientiane to Tân Sơn Nhất Airfield near Saigon catches fire in mid-air and crashes on Phou-Lassi Hill in what would later become Laos, killing all 34 people on board. The aircraft's wreckage is discovered on June 29.
 June 17 – A Panair do Brasil Lockheed L-049 Constellation (registration PP-PDA) crashes in a narrow valley on final approach to São Paulo–Congonhas Airport in São Paulo, Brazil, killing all 17 people on board.
 June 18
 A United States Air Force Douglas C-124 Globemaster II crashes just after takeoff from Tachikawa Airfield near Tokyo, Japan, killing all 129 people on board. It is the deadliest air crash in history at the time and the first with a confirmed death toll exceeding 100. The toll surpasses a 1952 crash in Moses Lake, Washington, in the United States, also involving a U.S. Air Force Globemaster II.
 René Fonck, the top-scoring Allied and second-highest-scoring ace overall of World War I with 75 kills, dies in Paris, France at the age of 59.
 June 23 – Lieutenant Commander George H. Whisler, Jr., of U.S. Navy Air Transport Squadron 31 (VR-31), a ferry squadron, makes the first round-trip across the continental United States to be completed between sunrise and sunset. Departing Naval Air Station Norfolk, Virginia, in a Grumman F9F-6 Cougar at 05:18 local time, he makes stops at Naval Air Station Memphis, Tennessee, and Webb Air Force Base, Texas, before arriving at Naval Air Station North Island, California at 09:05 local time. At 09:55 local time, he takes off from North Island in a Douglas F3D-2 Skyknight, stops at Naval Air Station Dallas, Texas, to refuel, and lands at Naval Air Station Norfolk at 19:21 local time.
 June 30
Attacked by ten MiGs, U.S. Air Force pilot Ralph S. Parr, flying an F-86 Sabre, shoots down two of them and drives the rest off despite being low on fuel, escorting the badly damaged F-86 of his wing commander to a safe landing at an air base near Seoul. He will receive the Distinguished Service Cross for the mission.
A SNCASO S.O. 4000 (prototype of the Sud Vautour fighter-bomber) becomes the first European aircraft to exceed the speed of sound in a shallow dive.

July
 Chilean President Carlos Ibáñez del Campo grants the Chilean Navy the authority to operate helicopters and transport aircraft. It is the first time that the navy has had administrative control over aircraft since 1930.
 The Moroccan airlines Compagnie Chérifienne de'l Air (Air Atlas) and Compagnie Chérifienne de Transports Aériens Air Maroc merge to form Royal Air Maroc—Compagnie Nationale de Transports Aériens, with a fleet of six Sud-Ouest Bretagnes, four Curtiss C-46 Commandos, five Douglas DC-3s, and two SNCASE Languedocs. The new airline will be renamed Royal Air Maroc in June 1957.
 July 1
 The responsibility for air traffic control over West Germany is transferred from the Allies to West German authorities.
 The Aero Vodochody company is formed in Czechoslovakia, carrying on the "Aero" name of Aero Tovarna.
 July 3 – The first tethered flight by the Rolls-Royce Thrust Measuring Rig VTOL aircraft takes place.
 July 8 – Sabena begins the first international helicopter services, linking Brussels (Belgium) with destinations in the Netherlands and France.
 July 10 – A Royal Norwegian Air Force F-84 Thunderjet and a United States Air Force C-47D Skytrain collide in mid-air near Stavanger Airport, Sola, in Stavanger, Norway, while the C-47D is on final approach to the airport. Both aircraft crash, killing the F-84 pilot and all 10 people aboard the C-47D.
 July 12 – During a charter flight from Wake Island Airfield on Wake Island to Honolulu International Airport in Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii, the Transocean Air Lines Douglas DC-6 The Royal Hawaiian (registration N90806) crashes at high speed into the Pacific Ocean  east of Wake Island, killing all 58 people on board.
 Mid-July – At the request of Rear Admiral Joseph J. "Jocko" Clark, the commander of the U.S. Navys aircraft carrier task force, Task Force 77, off Korea, atomic bombs are placed aboard Task Force 77 carriers as a "precautionary measure," in case they are needed if the Korean War expands into Manchuria.
 July 17
Lieutenant Guy P. Bordelon scores his fifth aerial victory, becoming the United States Navy's only ace of the Korean War. He had scored all five victories since June 29, using an F4U-5N Corsair night fighter to shoot down North Korean Polikarpov Po-2 (NATO reporting name "Mule") biplanes making night harassment raids.
A U.S. Navy Fairchild R4Q-2 Packet carrying Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) students from summer training in Corpus Christi, Texas, to Norfolk, Virginia, crashes into a wooded area during its initial climb after taking off following a refueling stop at Naval Air Station Whiting Field, Florida, killing 44 of the 46 people on board.
 July 23 – A U.S. Navy fleet-record 61,000th landing takes place aboard the aircraft carrier  off Korea.
 July 24–26 – Operating off the east coast of Korea, the U.S. Navy attack aircraft carriers USS Boxer, , , and , supporting United Nations ground forces, break records for the number of sorties flown with the highest sortie rates of the Korean War. They average 170 sorties per day, and Princeton aircraft fly 184 sorties on one day.
 July 27
Aircraft from the aircraft carriers of U.S. Navy Task Force 77 attack airfields in North Korea. Since July 1, U.S. Navy carrier aircraft have flown 6,423 sorties over Korea, and aircraft ordnance tonnage has doubled since May 1.
Hours before the armistice that ends the Korean War, U.S. Air Force pilot Ralph S. Parr, flying an F-86F Sabre, scores the final aerial victory of the war, shooting down in flames a Soviet Ilyushin Il-12 (NATO reporting name "Coach") cargo aircraft in restricted airspace over North Korea with one long burst of gunfire, killing all 21 people aboard the Il-12. It is his 10th victory, all of them scored during 30 missions flown in the last seven weeks of the war, tying him with five other pilots for total kills during the conflict. The Soviet Union claims the Il-12, which crashes  from Mao-erh-shan in the People's Republic of China, was a civilian aircraft carrying VIPs, but Parr claims it was marked with a military red star.
The Korean War ends. During the war, the United States has dropped 635,000 short tons (576.062 metric tons) of bombs – compared with 503,000 short tons (456,314 metric tons) throughout the entire Pacific Theater of Operations during World War II – as well as 32,557 short tons (29,535 metric tons) of napalm. The U.S. Navy has flown 276,000 combat sorties – only 7,000 fewer than it had in all of World War II – and dropped 177,000 short tons (160,573 metric tons) of bombs – 77,000 short tons (67,132 metric tons) more than it did during all of World War II. It has lost 1,248 aircraft, 564 of them (including 302 F4U Corsairs and 124 AD Skyraiders) to enemy action. Since mid-1951, the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps combined have lost 384 tactical aircraft to enemy ground fire, including 193 Corsairs and 102 Skyraiders. A typical U.S. Navy carrier air wing has lost 10 percent of its aircrew during its deployment to Korea. Aircraft of the British Royal Navys Fleet Air Arm have flown over 20,000 carrier sorties during the war.
 July 28
Two B-47 Stratojet bombers of the U.S. Air Forces 305th Bombardment Wing set speed records, when one flies from RCAF Goose Bay, Labrador, to RAF Fairford, England, in 4 hours 14 minutes and the other flies from Limestone Air Force Base, Maine, to RAF Fairford in 4 hours 45 minutes.
Piloted by test pilot Bill Bridgeman, the Douglas X-3 Stiletto reaches the highest speed it ever achieves, attaining Mach 1.21 in a 30-degree dive from an altitude of .

August
 A Royal Air Force English Electric Canberra on an intelligence-gathering flight overflies the secret Kapustin Yar rocket test site in the Soviet Union.
 August 1 – Indian Airlines begins operations.
 August 20 – Using aerial refueling, 17 U.S. Air Force F-84G Thunderjets make the longest-ever nonstop flight by jet fighters, flying  from the United States to the United Kingdom.

September
 September 1
 After beginning its descent to Nice Airport in Nice, France, Air France Flight 178 – a Lockheed L-749A Constellation (registration F-BAZZ) – strays off course and crashes into the side of Mount Cimet in the Maritime Alps  northeast of Nice. All 42 people on board die, including French violinist Jacques Thibaud.
 The United States Air Force conducts the world's first jet-to-jet aerial refueling when a KB-47 Stratojet tanker refuels a B-47 Stratojet bomber.
 A Regina Cargo Airlines Douglas C-47K Skytrain (registration N19941) carrying military personnel on a charter flight from Fort Ord in Monterey, California, to McChord Air Force Base in Tacoma, Washington, crashes southeast of Vail, Washington, killing all 21 people on board.
 September 15 – West Germany establishes its Vorläufige Bundesstelle für Luftfahrtgerät und Flugunfalluntersuchung (Provisional Federal Office for Avionic Devices and Investigation of Aviation Accidents).
 September 16 – American Airlines Flight 723, a Convair CV-240-0, crashes in Colonie, New York, while on final approach in fog to land at Albany Airport, killing all 28 people on board.
 September 17 – Test pilot Scott Crossfield reaches Mach 1.85 at an altitude of  in a Douglas Skyrocket.
 September 21 – North Korean pilot No Kum-Sok defects to South Korea, bringing his MiG-15 with him to Seoul and collecting a $US 100,000 reward.
 September 28 – Resort Airlines Flight 1081 – a Curtiss C-46F-1-CU Commando (registration N66534) – crashes on approach to Standiford Field in Louisville, Kentucky, and bursts into flames, killing 25 of the 41 people on board.

October
 October – Chapter One of the Milwaukee, Wisconsin-based Experimental Aircraft Association is formed in Riverside, California.
 October 3 – Flying a Douglas XF4D-1, U.S. Navy Lieutenant Commander James F. Verdin sets a world airspeed record over a  course of . It is the first time that a carrier-capable combat aircraft in its normal configuration sets a world speed record.
 October 10 – A British Royal Air Force English Electric Canberra wins the 1953 London to Christchurch air race, flying  from the UK to New Zealand in 23 hours 50 minutes.
 October 14
 A Sabena Convair CV-240-12 (registration OO-AWQ) loses engine power just after taking off from Frankfurt International Airport in Frankfurt-am-Main, West Germany, and crashes, killing all 44 people on board.
 Test pilot Scott Crossfield reaches Mach 1.96 ( – only  below Mach 2 – in a Douglas Skyrocket.
 October 16 – Flying a Douglas XF4D-1, Robert Rahm sets a world air speed over distance record over a  closed-circuit course of  at Muroc Dry Lake, California.
 October 19 – During a domestic flight in Mexico from Aeropuerto del Norte outside Monterrey to the Nueva Ciudad Guerrero airstrip carrying officials and reporters to the inauguration of the Falcon Dam, a Pemex Douglas DC-3 (registration XC-PMX) crashes in a ravine near Mamulique, killing all 15 people on board.
 October 20 – A Transworld Airlines Lockheed Constellation makes the first non-stop scheduled passenger flight across the continental United States.
 October 28 – SABENA becomes the first airline to offer transatlantic service from the north of England when it inaugurates a Brussels-Manchester-New York City route with a flight by a Douglas DC-6B (registration OO-CTH).
 October 29
 The British Commonwealth Pacific Airlines Douglas DC-6 Resolution, operating as Flight 304, crashes near Woodside, California, while on initial approach to San Francisco International Airport in San Mateo County, California, killing all 19 people on board. Among the dead is pianist William Kapell.
 Flying a North American YF-100A Super Sabre, U.S. Air Force Lieutenant Colonel Frank K. "Speedy Pete" Everest sets a world speed record of .
 October 30 – The United States National Security Council document NSC 162/2 is adopted. It states that the United States military posture must remain strong, "with emphasis on the capability of inflicting massive retaliatory damage by offensive striking power," and that "the United States will consider nuclear weapons to be as available for use as other munitions." The document brings the term "massive retaliation" into general use and inaugurates the "New Look" defense policy of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, which reduces American military spending and force levels and places a great reliance on strategic power, particularly on long-range nuclear bombers, to defend the United States and to deter foreign militaries from aggressive activities abroad.

November
 The United Kingdoms first operational atomic bomb, "Blue Danube," is delivered to the Bomber Command stockpile at RAF Wittering in eastern England, concluding the High Explosive Research project to develop it.
 November 3 – A Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano Douglas DC-3-314 (registration CP-600) crashes on the top of the Rodeo Pampa mountain range south of Tarabuco, Bolivia, killing all 28 people on board.
 November 12 – The LADE Junkers Ju 52/3msai Rio Negro (registration T-159) collides in mid-air with an Argentine Air Force de Havilland DH.104 Dove near Villa Mugueta, Argentina. The Dove crashes, killing all seven people on board. The Ju 52 pilot attempts an emergency landing but loses control just before touchdown and the Ju 52 also crashes, killing all 13 people on board.
 November 15 - The first Airmail service begins into Death Valley National Monument, landing at Furnace Creek Airport (L06). This was part of airmail route AM-105.
 November 17 – Two United States Air Force Kaiser-Frazer C-119F Flying Boxcars collide in mid-air due to an engine failure while flying as part of a 12-plane formation dropping paratroopers over the Holland Drop Zone at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. One C-119F makes a successful emergency landing, but the other descends over the drop zone, striking a number of paratroopers and killing 10 of them before crashing, killing all five people aboard the plane.
 November 20 – Scott Crossfield flies the Douglas Skyrocket to Mach 2.005 at an altitude of  in a dive over Antelope Valley in California. It is the first manned flight to exceed Mach 2, and it sets a new world airspeed record of  for manned flight.
 November 30 – Former Governor of Michigan Kim Sigler and all four of his passengers die when the Beechcraft Bonanza he is piloting crashes into a television broadcast tower near Augusta, Michigan, on a foggy night.

December
 December 2 – The Douglas X-3 Stiletto completes its 20th flight. The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) will turn it over to the United States Air Force for its next six flights, after which the Air Force will return it to NACA.
 December 4 – An Aviaco Bristol 170 Freighter 21 crashes into the side of a mountain peak obscured by rain near Guaderrama, Spain, 20 minutes prior to an anticipated landing at Barajas Airport in Madrid, killing 23 of the 33 people on board.
 December 11 – A Royal Air Force Avro Shackleton MR.2 crashes into the sea off Argyll, Scotland, during an antisubmarine warfare exercise, killing its entire crew of 10.
 December 12
 An Indian Airlines Douglas C-47A-DK Skytrain experiences engine trouble just after takeoff from Sonegaon Airport in Nagpur, India. When the pilot attempts to return to the airport, he banks too steeply, and the aircraft loses height rapidly, crashes in a field, and burns, killing 13 of the 14 people on board.
 Flying the Bell X-1A, Chuck Yeager reaches an altitude of , where he sets a new world speed record of Mach 2.44, equal to  at that altitude, in level flight.
 December 19 –A Sabena Convair CV-240 (registration OO-AWO) strikes the ground  short of the runway while on final approach to Kloten Airport in low visibility conditions. One passenger is killed, but the other 39 passengers and all three crew members survive.
 December 20 – Searching for the nine-man crew of a United States Navy Consolidated PB4Y-2 Privateer that had disappeared while tracking Typhoon Doris, a U.S. Navy Douglas R4D-8 Skytrain crashes into a volcanic crater on Agrihan in the Mariana Islands, killing its entire 10-man crew. Its wreckage will not be discovered until December 26.
 December 29 – A French Air Force Nord 2501 Noratlas disappears over the Pyrénées Mountains with the loss of all 10 people on board during a flight from French Algeria to Mont-De-Marsan Airport in France. A search party will discover its wreckage on Pic de Costabonne on January 5, 1954.

First flights

January
 January 2 - Sud-Ouest Djinn
 January 3 - Cessna 310
 January 5 - Ambrosini Sagittario
 January 14 – Convair XF2Y-1, prototype of the Convair F2Y Sea Dart (inadvertent short flight during intended fast taxi run)
 January 27 - Hurel-Dubois HD.31
 January 29 - Morane-Saulnier MS.755 Fleuret

March
 March 2 - Sud-Ouest SO 9000 Trident
 March 4 - Bell HSL
 March 7 – Ilyushin Il-40 (NATO reporting name "Brawny")

April
 April 9 – Convair XF2Y-1, prototype of the Convair F2Y Sea Dart (official first flight)
 April 21 - Doman LZ-5

May
 May 9 - SNCASO Farfadet
 May 16 - Leduc O.21
 May 18 - Douglas DC-7
 May 19 - Grumman XF10F Jaguar
 May 25 - North American YF-100A, prototype of the North American F-100 Super Sabre, by George Welch

June
 June 10 - Potez 75
 June 14 - Blackburn Beverley
 June 15 – Farman F.520 Monitor III
 June 19 – Piaggio P.149

July
 July 3 – North American FJ-3 Fury

August
 Westland Whirlwind
 August 1 – SNCASE Baroudeur

September
 Lualdi-Tassotti ES 53
 Mooney M20
 September 3 - Pilatus P-3
 September 21 - DINFIA IA 35 Huanquero

October
 October 13 - North American X-10
 October 13 - Short Seamew
 October 24 - Convair YF-102, prototype of the F-102 Delta Dagger

December
 December 10 – Beech Super 18
 December 14 – Miles M.77 Sparrowjet
 December 23 – Lockheed XFV-1 (unplanned "jump" prior to first official flight)

Entered service
 Late 1953 – McDonnell F3H Demon with the United States Navy

January
 January 13 – Vickers Viscount with British European Airways

May
 Westland Wyvern with 813 Naval Air Squadron, Fleet Air Arm, Royal Navy

November
 November 29 - Douglas DC-7 with American Airlines

Retirements
 Douglas Skyrocket by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics.
 Henschel Hs 123 by the Spanish Air Force
 Lockheed R6V Constitution by the United States Navy
 North American F-82 Twin Mustang by the United States Air Force
 Saunders-Roe SR.45 Princess

References

Bridgman, Leonard. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1953–54. London: Jane's All The World's Aircraft Publishing Co. Ltd., 1953.
Bridgman, Leonard. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1958–59. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company, Ltd., 1958.
 de Narbonne, Roland. "Juin 1953, dans l'aéronautique française: Le Potez 75 à l'assaut des chars". Le Fana de l'Aviation, June 2013, No. 523. p. 78. (in French).
 de Narbonne, Roland. "Août 1953, dans l'aéronautique française: SE 5000 "Baroudeur": Un chariot bien encombrant". Le Fana de l'Aviation, August 2013, No. 525. pp. 74–79. (in French).

Aviation by year

1953 in aviation


Struške večeri poezije (makedonski: Струшки вечери на поезијата) jedan su od najstarijih i najvažnijih pjesničkih susreta u jugoistočnoj Europi, koji se održavaju od 1962., a od 1964. i kao međunarodni festival poezije u Strugi u Sjevernoj Makedoniji.

Povijest Struških večeri poezije
Prve večeri poezije u Strugi održane su 1962., kao festival makedonskih pjesnika u čast braće Miladinov, koji su rođeni u tom gradu na Ohridskom jezeru. Od tada vlada tradicija da se festival otvara čitanjem pjesme - "T'ga za jug" Konstantina Miladinova. Već od iduće 1963. na Struškim večerima nastupaju i pjesnici iz čitave tadašnje Jugoslavije. Od te godine dodjeljuje se nagrada Braća Miladinovi za najbolju knjigu poezije izdanu u Sjevernoj Makedoniji između dva festivala.

Od 1966. festival je prerastao u međunarodni susret pjesnika čitavog svijeta, na kojem se pobjedniku susreta, pjesniku koji je svojim ukupnim opusom po mišljenju žirija to zaslužio, dodjeljuje Zlatni vijenac poezije (mak. Златен бенец) koji je vremenom postao vrlo cijenjena nagrada.

Od 2003. Struške večeri poezije blisko surađuju s UNESCO-om, s kojim zajednički dodjeljuju novu nagradu Mostovi Struge za najbolju debitansku knjigu poezije mladih autora iz cijelog svijeta.

Tijekom svog postojanja od gotovo pola stoljeća, festival je ugostio oko 4000 pjesnika, prevoditelja i kritičara iz 95 zemalja svijeta. Uza sve teškoće i grubu realnost u kojoj egzistira, festival je uspio preživjeti i postati jedan od najvažnijih festivala poezije u suvremenom svijetu.

Od hrvatskih pjesnika nagradu na Struškim večerima poezije dobili su: Miroslav Krleža 1979. i Slavko Mihalić 2002. godine.

Sjevernomakedonska književnost
Pjesništvo

Struške večeri poezije


Gutaperca se referă la arborii din genul Palaquium și la o substanță plastică și izolantă, extrasă din latexul natural rigid produs din seva acestor arbori, în special din Palaquium gutta.

Cuvântul gutapercă provine de la numele plantei în limba malaieză, getah perca, care se traduce ca "latex lichid".

Istoric
Clasificată științific în 1843, s-a constatat că gutaperca este o substanță termoplastică naturală utilă. În 1851 s-au importat 1,5 milioane de kg de gutapercă din Marea Britanie.

În a doua jumătate a secolului al XIX-lea, gutaperca a fost folosită în scopuri industriale și gospodărești și a devenit un cuvânt de uz casnic. În special, a fost întrebuințată ca izolație pentru cabluri subacvatice de telegraf, care, conform autorului John Tully, a condus la o recoltare nesustenabilă și la un colaps al aprovizionării.

Chimie
Din punct de vedere chimic, gutaperca este un politerpen, un polimer al izoprenului sau poliizoprenului, în special trans-1,4-poliizopren. Structura cis a poliizoprenului este un elastomer asemănător latexului comun. În timp ce latexul de cauciuc are o structură moleculară amorfă, gutaperca (structura trans) cristalizează, ceea ce duce la un material mult mai rigid.

Referințe

Legături externe
 Germplasm Resources Information Network: Palaquium
 Gutta-percha on the Transatlantic cable site
 The Gutta Percha Company on the History of the Atlantic Cable site

Cauciuc
Stomatologie

Gutapercă


Debra Strobel "Deb" Fischer (født 1. marts 1951) er en amerikansk politiker. Hun er en senator og repræsenterer Nebraska og Det republikanske parti.

Eksterne henvisninger

Medlemmer af Senatet i USA
Personer fra Nebraska

Deb Fischer


Probele sportive de schi alpin la Jocurile Olimpice de iarnă din 2018 s-au desfășurat în perioada 9-25 februarie 2018 la Centrul alpin Jeongseon și Centrul alpin Yongpyong la aflat în apropiere de Pyeongchang, Coreea de Sud.

Sumar medalii

Clasament pe țări

Masculin

Feminin

Note

Legături externe
Schi alpin

Sporturi la Jocurile Olimpice de iarnă din 2018
2018

Schi alpin la Jocurile Olimpice de iarnă din 2018


Fizikçi, fizik ile uğraşan, bu konuda eğitim görmüş, veya fizik alanında önemli gelişmelere imkân vermiş olan kişilerdir.

Fizikçiler

Fizikçi


The Rath Packing Company was a meatpacking company located in Waterloo, Iowa, between 1891 and 1985.

Background
George John Rath (variously referred to as George Rath and John George Rath) was born in 1821 in Breitenau, Württemberg province, Germany. He came to the United States in the late 1840s and eventually settled in Dubuque, Iowa. In Dubuque, Rath began a merchant business, making and selling soap and tallow candles. He also began a pork packing operation. By 1873 he had a new partner in both endeavors: His son, E. F. (Edward Frederick) Rath, doing business under the name George Rath and Son.

In February 1891, the Rath's small pork packing plant and retail market in Dubuque was destroyed by fire. The fire came at a time when many growing towns in Iowa were trying to attract meat packers to relocate or open operations in their communities. A packing plant was a major acquisition for a small but ambitious town. Such a business meant locally-available fresh meat, employment, and typically created a livestock market, all adding to local commerce and prosperity.

The Raths were approached by the Waterloo, Iowa, Board of Trade (a Chamber of Commerce forerunner) and were eventually won over. Incentives included $10,000 in capital, land for a plant, and tax concessions. At some point during this process, George J. Rath decided not to leave Dubuque and not to continue in the meat packing business, rather to stay with his mercantile business. His son E. F. Rath, and John W. Rath, a cousin from Ackley, Iowa, began the Waterloo venture.

The Rath Packing Company
The Rath Packing Company (Rath) of Waterloo (Iowa) opened for business on November 24, 1891, on the Cedar River. Initially, the company concentrated on hogs, but by 1908 the company was also slaughtering beef and soon lamb as well. Business thrived; lucrative contracts to supply meat to the Armed Forces during both World Wars helped the company grow. Growth and profitability were also spurred between the 1930s and 1950s by innovations such as the fancy dry curing of bacon and the vacuum canning of meats. By the company's fiftieth anniversary in 1941, the small regional packing house in Waterloo had grown into the nation's single largest meatpacking facility with branch facilities in 12 states. By the end of World War II, Rath was the fifth largest meatpacker in the U.S. Through two world wars, stock market panics, depression, and drought, the company had failed to show a profit in only four of its years.

The years following World War II brought labor troubles. A 1948 strike at the Waterloo plant resulted in the death of a striking union member and a riot. Iowa National Guard troops were called in to restore order. Holding firm, Rath management eventually outlasted the union in negotiations, but labor relations remained sour.

Decline of the company
The 1960s and 1970s were difficult times for the meat packing industry. Competition was fierce and the industry had become high volume, low margin. Profitability was hurt by a decline in per capita pork consumption beginning in 1960. By the mid 1970s, Rath's 50-year-old four-story plant was obsolete. The new model for packing houses called for single-level plants with continually moving automated disassembly lines. In addition, Rath's workforce was predominantly middle-aged, older than the industry average for packing houses, and thus burdened with higher than average wage and benefit costs.

In 1980, Local 41 of the United Food and Commercial Workers Union which represented most of the labor force, negotiated a plan that, in exchange for wage and benefit concessions from the workers, gave them control of Rath's board of directors.

The employee-owned Rath operated at a loss in 1981-1983. After a series of further financial setbacks, Rath ceased operations in December, 1984 and was liquidated in 1985.

See also
Rath Packing Company Administration Building

References

External links
Historic American Engineering Record documentation, all filed under Sycamore Street between Elm & Eighteenth Streets, Waterloo, Black Hawk County, IA:

Defunct companies based in Iowa
Defunct agriculture companies of the United States
Economy of Dubuque, Iowa
Historic American Engineering Record in Iowa
Waterloo, Iowa

Rath Packing Company


Caryl Bergman (1912-2001) est une danseuse de comédie musicale et actrice américaine.

Biographie
Ses parents sont des immigrants autrichiens. Son père est barbier. Pendant son enfance, Caryl suit des cours de danse et rêve de devenir danseuse. À l'âge de quatorze ans, elle ment sur son âge pour rejoindre le chœur des Ziegfeld Follies. Elle est choisie pour la comédie musicale de Broadway Rosalie avec Marilyn Miller. et devient la doublure et une amie proche de Marilyn.  lui propose un emploi dans son show. Caryl refuse parce qu'elle est fidèle à Florenz Ziegfeld . En 1929, elle joue dans le court métrage Vitaphone Hello Thar de Murray Roth avec Eddie Buzzell et . Puis elle apparait dans les comédies musicales de Broadway Show Girl et Sweet Adeline. Elle joue le rôle de Penelope dans Through the Years en janvier 1932. Caryl Bergman joue le rôle principal dans une reprise de .

Elle se rend en Europe en 1933 où elle se produit dans les boîtes de nuit de Londres et de Paris. Caryl emmène son pélican de compagnie avec elle partout où elle voyage. Un soir, elle danse pour le Prince de Galles et Wallis Simpson.

Elle retourne à New York en 1934. Caryl continue à travailler pour le théâtre et écrit un roman intitulé Dance On, Tsgigane.

Elle partage l'intérêt de son mari pour les livres rares et la philanthropie. Au cours des années 1960, elle devient une militante et publie des publicités appelant à soutenir les droits civiques. Puis elle déménage à Palm Beach, en Floride, et ouvre sa propre galerie d'art.

Elle est décédée en 2001 à l'âge de 88 ans.

Vie privée
En 1934, elle commence à sortir avec le millionnaire Herman Muehlstein (1879–1962) qu'elle épouse en mai 1945. Ils sont restés ensemble jusqu'à la mort d'Herman en 1962.

Puis, Caryl commence à sortir avec , un écrivain français.

Iconographie
Caryl Bergman a été photographiée par Alfred Cheney Johnston qui a travaillé pour Florenz Ziegfeld pendant plus de 15 ans, prenant principalement des photographies publicitaires et promotionnelles des interprètes des Ziegfeld Follies. Les photos de nues, découvertes après la mort de Johnston, n'ont pas été publiés dans les années 1920.

Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 :
.

Liens externes

Danseuse américaine du XXe siècle
Ziegfeld Girl
Danseuse de comédie musicale
Naissance en novembre 1912
Naissance à New York
Décès en 2001
Décès à New York

Caryl Bergman


Verdens ende er navnet på sydspidsen af øen Tjøme i Færder kommune i Vestfold og Telemark fylke i Norge, 26 km syd for Tønsberg. Mod vest ligger mundingen af Tønsbergfjorden og i syd ligger Skagerrak. Fra roches moutonnéesene (gletsjerslebne afrundede klipper) på Verdens ende er der udsigt mod havet og den yderste del af skærgården i Vestfold med Færder fyr som det mest markante landemærke yderst i Oslofjorden. Skærgården ud for Verdens ende er en del af Færder nationalpark.

Stedet blev etableret som et udflugtssted i 1930'erne. Informationscentret for nationalparken på Verdens ende åbnede i 2015.

Historie

Helgerødtangen der var stedets gamle navn, var knyttet til Tjømes sydligste landbrug, Helgerød. Tidligere var stedet udkigspunkt for lodser på jagt efter sejlbåde.

Verdens ende er et stednavn som opstod i begyndelsen af 1900-tallet, først blandt sommergæsterne som besøgte stedet. Navnet er direkte knyttet til turisttrafikken og det man i dag kalder branding. Gamle tjømlinger havde et helt andet perspektiv på verden. De var søfolk og hvalfangere, og var, i 1800- og 1900-tallet, kendt med farvande og havnebyer over hele kloden. Det var på ingen måde her på de glatslebne klipper verden sluttede; det var nærmere her den begyndte.

Breve og postkort der blev postet på Verdens ende fik tidligere deres eget stempel.

Det karakteristiske vippefyr med kurv til et kulbål ble bygget sammen med en restaurant som turistattraktioner på stedet i 1934, få år efter at Vrengen bro åbnede for trafik i 1932. Der fandtes også et saltvandsakvarium med fisk og sæler. Det blev drevet fra 1935 til 1974. Grundmuren er nu grillplads.

Lige øst for Verdens ende ligger det tidligere Grepan kystpensionat som åbnede i 1919. Moleanlægget i Grepanbugten ved Verdens ende blev påbegyndt i 1950.

Fritidsområde og attraktioner

Verdens ende er et værnet friområde på cirka 25 hektar. Stedet er et populært udflugtssted med smuk natur, runde klipper og småholme, fiskepladser, gode bademuligheter og flot udsigt over havet. Den lange stenmolen danner beskyttelse mod vejr og vind for en af Tjømes største lystbådehavne. Her ligger også flere fiskebåde.

Skulpturen «Sjømannshustruen» af billedhuggeren Nina Nesje blev rejst i 2004.

Grænsen for Færder nationalpark, et område på 340 km² som blev oprettet i 2013, går gennem Verdens ende lige syd for bebyggelsen og havnen. Færder nationalparkcenter blev bygget hvor den tidligere restaurant lå, og blev åbnet af dronning Sonja i juni 2015. Friluftsområdet Moutmarka lige nordvest for Verdens ende indgår også i nationalparken.

Galleri

Kilder og henvisninger

 Søgeresultater på stikordet «Verdens ende» i databasen for Digital bygdebok for Tjøme
 Web-kamera fra Verdens ende
 Galleri Nors fotografier fra Verdens Ende 1911-1937

Tjøme
Færder nationalpark

Verdens ende (Tjøme)


An Cyrtosia javanica in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carl Ludwig von Blume. An Cyrtosia javanica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cyrtosia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Cyrtosia (Orchidaceae)

Cyrtosia javanica


O amină biogenă este o substanță biogenă din clasa aminelor. Sunt compuși pe bază de azot care se formează în principal în urma reacțiilor de decarboxilare a aminoacizilor sau a reacțiilor de aminare și de transaminare a aldehidelor și cetonelor. Au masă moleculară mică și sunt sintetizate pe căile metabolice bacteriene, vegetale și animale. În alimente și în băuturi, aminele biogene sunt formate datorită acțiunii catalitice a enzimelor sau ca urmare a decarboxilării microbiene a aminoacizilor. Aminele biogene sunt implicate în intoxicațiile alimentare, datorate consumului de produse alimentare fermentate, cum ar fi carnea, peștele, brânzeturile sau vinul.

Vezi și
 Neurotransmițător

Referințe

Biogene

Amină biogenă


The Vice-President of the Executive Council () was the deputy prime minister of the 1922–37 Irish Free State, and the second most senior member of the Executive Council (cabinet). Formally the Vice-President was appointed by the Governor-General on the nomination of the President of the Executive Council, but by convention the Governor-General could not refuse to appoint a vice-president whom the president had selected.

The office of Vice President of the Executive Council was established with the establishment of the Free State in 1922. Under Article 53 of the Free State constitution the role of the vice president was to "act for all purposes in the place of the President", until the appointment of a successor in the event of his death, resignation or "permanent incapacity", or until his return in the event of his "temporary absence". However, in practice the vice president also held a second ministerial portfolio, whose duties he carried out when not called upon to become acting head of government. The president did not have the authority to advise the Governor-General to dismiss the vice president. Rather, as was the case with all other ministers, the entire Executive Council had to be dismissed and reformed  if a president wanted to dismiss the vice president.

While the Ministry of Dáil Éireann (1919–22) did not initially have a provision for a deputy president, when President of Dáil Éireann Éamon de Valera travelled to the United States in June 1919, he requested by letter that Arthur Griffith be appointed as Deputy President in his absence. De Valera resumed his position in the Dáil on 25 January 1921. The Provisional Government of the Irish Free State (1922), did not have such a position. In 1937, when the new Constitution of Ireland came into force, the office of Vice-President of the Executive Council was replaced with that of Tánaiste.

List of officeholders

See also
History of the Republic of Ireland

References

Government in the Irish Free State
Irish Free State

Vice-President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State


Vympel R-73 NATO rapor ismi adıyla AA-11 archer'dır, Sovyetler'in 1980'li yıllarda yaptığı 0,5–30 km menzilli yakın hava-hava muharebe füzesidir. Kendi çapında dünyanın en iyisi olduğu söylenebilir. SSCB çöktüğünde Batılıları şaşkına çevirmiştir zira 60g manevra kabiliyeti vardır ki bu onu gerçekten mükemmel yapar. Bugün hâla kullanımdadır. Nato kod adı AA-11 archer'dır.

Teknik Veriler
Üretici Firma: Vympel NPO/Rusya

Tipi:Kısa Menzılı Havadan Havaya Muharebe Füzesi

Güdüm Sistemi: Kızılötesi Görüntüleme (IIR)

Harp Başlığı:
7.4 kgParça Tesirli HE harp başlığı

Azami Etkili Menzili: 30 km

Hızı: 2.5 Mach

İtki Tipi: Sıvı Yakıtlı Roket Motoru

Uzunluk: 2,90 m

Çap: 170 mm

Ağırlık: 105 kg

Havadan havaya füzeler

AA-11