In statistics, an expectation–maximization (EM) algorithm is an iterative method to find (local) maximum likelihood or maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimates of parameters in statistical models, where the model depends on unobserved latent variables. The EM iteration alternates between performing an expectation (E) step, which creates a function for the expectation of the log-likelihood evaluated using the current estimate for the parameters, and a maximization (M) step, which computes parameters maximizing the expected log-likelihood found on the E step. These parameter-estimates are then used to determine the distribution of the latent variables in the next E step.

History
The EM algorithm was explained and given its name in a classic 1977 paper by Arthur Dempster, Nan Laird, and Donald Rubin. They pointed out that the method had been "proposed many times in special circumstances" by earlier authors. One of the earliest is the gene-counting method for estimating allele frequencies by Cedric Smith.  Another was proposed by H.O. Hartley in 1958, and Hartley and Hocking in 1977, from which many of the ideas in the Dempster–Laird–Rubin paper originated. Another one by S.K Ng, Thriyambakam Krishnan and G.J McLachlan in 1977. Hartley's ideas can be broadened to any grouped discrete distribution. A very detailed treatment of the EM method for exponential families was published by Rolf Sundberg in his thesis and several papers, following his collaboration with Per Martin-Löf and Anders Martin-Löf. The Dempster–Laird–Rubin paper in 1977 generalized the method and sketched a convergence analysis for a wider class of problems. The Dempster–Laird–Rubin paper established the EM method as an important tool of statistical analysis. See also Meng and van Dyk (1997).

The convergence analysis of the Dempster–Laird–Rubin algorithm was flawed and a correct convergence analysis was published by C. F. Jeff Wu in 1983.
Wu's proof established the EM method's convergence also outside of the exponential family, as claimed by Dempster–Laird–Rubin.

Introduction
The EM algorithm is used to find (local) maximum likelihood parameters of a statistical model in cases where the equations cannot be solved directly.  Typically these models involve latent variables in addition to unknown parameters and known data observations.  That is, either missing values exist among the data, or the model can be formulated more simply by assuming the existence of further unobserved data points. For example, a mixture model can be described more simply by assuming that each observed data point has a corresponding unobserved data point, or latent variable, specifying the mixture component to which each data point belongs.

Finding a maximum likelihood solution typically requires taking the derivatives of the likelihood function with respect to all the unknown values, the parameters and the latent variables, and simultaneously solving the resulting equations. In statistical models with latent variables, this is usually impossible. Instead, the result is typically a set of interlocking equations in which the solution to the parameters requires the values of the latent variables and vice versa, but substituting one set of equations into the other produces an unsolvable equation.

The EM algorithm proceeds from the observation that there is a way to solve these two sets of equations numerically. One can simply pick arbitrary values for one of the two sets of unknowns, use them to estimate the second set, then use these new values to find a better estimate of the first set, and then keep alternating between the two until the resulting values both converge to fixed points.  It's not obvious that this will work, but it can be proven in this context. Additionally, it can be proven that the derivative of the likelihood is (arbitrarily close to) zero at that point, which in turn means that the point is either a local maximum or a saddle point. In general, multiple maxima may occur, with no guarantee that the global maximum will be found.  Some likelihoods also have singularities in them, i.e., nonsensical maxima.  For example, one of the solutions that may be found by EM in a mixture model involves setting one of the components to have zero variance and the mean parameter for the same component to be equal to one of the data points.

Description

The symbols
Given the statistical model which generates a set  of observed data, a set of unobserved latent data or missing values , and a vector of unknown parameters , along with a likelihood function , the maximum likelihood estimate (MLE) of the unknown parameters is determined by maximizing the marginal likelihood of the observed data

However, this quantity is often intractable since  is unobserved and the distribution of  is unknown before attaining .

The EM algorithm
The EM algorithm seeks to find the MLE of the marginal likelihood by iteratively applying these two steps:
Expectation step (E step): Define  as the expected value of the log likelihood function of , with respect to the current conditional distribution of  given  and the current estimates of the parameters :

Maximization step (M step): Find the parameters that maximize this quantity:

More succinctly, we can write it as one equation:

Interpretation of the variables
The typical models to which EM is applied use  as a latent variable indicating membership in one of a set of groups:
The observed data points  may be discrete (taking values in a finite or countably infinite set) or continuous (taking values in an uncountably infinite set). Associated with each data point may be a vector of observations.
The missing values (aka latent variables)  are discrete, drawn from a fixed number of values, and with one latent variable per observed unit.
The parameters are continuous, and are of two kinds: Parameters that are associated with all data points, and those associated with a specific value of a latent variable (i.e., associated with all data points whose corresponding latent variable has that value).
However, it is possible to apply EM to other sorts of models.

The motivation is as follows.  If the value of the parameters  is known, usually the value of the latent variables  can be found by maximizing the log-likelihood over all possible values of , either simply by iterating over  or through an algorithm such as the Viterbi algorithm for hidden Markov models.  Conversely, if we know the value of the latent variables , we can find an estimate of the parameters  fairly easily, typically by simply grouping the observed data points according to the value of the associated latent variable and averaging the values, or some function of the values, of the points in each group.  This suggests an iterative algorithm, in the case where both  and  are unknown:
 First, initialize the parameters  to some random values.
 Compute the probability of each possible value of  , given .
 Then, use the just-computed values of  to compute a better estimate for the parameters .
 Iterate steps 2 and 3 until convergence.
The algorithm as just described monotonically approaches a local minimum of the cost function.

Properties
Although an EM iteration does increase the observed data (i.e., marginal) likelihood function, no guarantee exists that the sequence converges to a maximum likelihood estimator. For multimodal distributions, this means that an EM algorithm may converge to a local maximum of the observed data likelihood function, depending on starting values. A variety of heuristic or metaheuristic approaches exist to escape a local maximum, such as random-restart hill climbing (starting with several different random initial estimates ), or applying simulated annealing methods.

EM is especially useful when the likelihood is an exponential family, see Sundberg (2019, Ch. 8) for a comprehensive treatment: the E step becomes the sum of expectations of sufficient statistics, and the M step involves maximizing a linear function. In such a case, it is usually possible to derive closed-form expression updates for each step, using the Sundberg formula (proved and published by Rolf Sundberg, based on unpublished results of Per Martin-Löf and Anders Martin-Löf).

The EM method was modified to compute maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimates for Bayesian inference in the original paper by Dempster, Laird, and Rubin.

Other methods exist to find maximum likelihood estimates, such as gradient descent, conjugate gradient, or variants of the Gauss–Newton algorithm. Unlike EM, such methods typically require the evaluation of first and/or second derivatives of the likelihood function.

Proof of correctness
Expectation-Maximization works to improve  rather than directly improving .  Here it is shown that improvements to the former imply improvements to the latter.

For any  with non-zero probability , we can write

We take the expectation over possible values of the unknown data  under the current parameter estimate  by multiplying both sides by  and summing (or integrating) over .  The left-hand side is the expectation of a constant, so we get:

where  is defined by the negated sum it is replacing.
This last equation holds for every value of  including ,

and subtracting this last equation from the previous equation gives

However, Gibbs' inequality tells us that , so we can conclude that

In words, choosing  to improve  causes  to improve at least as much.

As a maximization–maximization procedure
The EM algorithm can be viewed as two alternating maximization steps, that is, as an example of coordinate descent. Consider the function:

where q is an arbitrary probability distribution over the unobserved data z and H(q) is the entropy of the distribution q. This function can be written as

where   is the conditional distribution of the unobserved data given the observed data  and  is the Kullback–Leibler divergence.

Then the steps in the EM algorithm may be viewed as:
Expectation step: Choose  to maximize :

Maximization step: Choose  to maximize :

Applications
EM is frequently used for parameter estimation of mixed models, notably in quantitative genetics.

In psychometrics, EM is an important tool for estimating item parameters and latent abilities of item response theory models.

With the ability to deal with missing data and observe unidentified variables, EM is becoming a useful tool to price and manage risk of a portfolio.

The EM algorithm (and its faster variant ordered subset expectation maximization) is also widely used in medical image reconstruction, especially in positron emission tomography, single-photon emission computed tomography, and x-ray computed tomography. See below for other faster variants of EM.

In structural engineering, the Structural Identification using Expectation Maximization (STRIDE) algorithm is an output-only method for identifying natural vibration properties of a structural system using sensor data (see Operational Modal Analysis).

EM is also used for data clustering. In natural language processing, two prominent instances of the algorithm are the Baum–Welch algorithm for hidden Markov models, and the inside-outside algorithm for unsupervised induction of probabilistic context-free grammars.

In the analysis of intertrade waiting times i.e. the time between subsequent trades in shares of stock at a stock exchange the EM algorithm has proved to be very useful.

Filtering and smoothing EM algorithms
A Kalman filter is typically used for on-line state estimation and a minimum-variance smoother may be employed for off-line or batch state estimation. However, these minimum-variance solutions require estimates of the state-space model parameters. EM algorithms can be used for solving joint state and parameter estimation problems.

Filtering and smoothing EM algorithms arise by repeating this two-step procedure:

E-step
 Operate a Kalman filter or a minimum-variance smoother designed with current parameter estimates to obtain updated state estimates.

M-step
 Use the filtered or smoothed state estimates within maximum-likelihood calculations to obtain updated parameter estimates.

Suppose that a Kalman filter or minimum-variance smoother operates on measurements of a single-input-single-output system that possess additive white noise. An updated measurement noise variance estimate can be obtained from the maximum likelihood calculation

where  are scalar output estimates calculated by a filter or a smoother from N scalar measurements . The above update can also be applied to updating a Poisson measurement noise intensity. Similarly, for a first-order auto-regressive process, an updated process noise variance estimate can be calculated by

where  and  are scalar state estimates calculated by a filter or a smoother. The updated model coefficient estimate is obtained via

The convergence of parameter estimates such as those above are well studied.

Variants
A number of methods have been proposed to accelerate the sometimes slow convergence of the EM algorithm, such as those using conjugate gradient and modified Newton's methods (Newton–Raphson). Also, EM can be used with constrained estimation methods.

Parameter-expanded expectation maximization (PX-EM) algorithm often provides speed up by "us[ing] a `covariance adjustment' to correct the analysis of the M step, capitalising on extra information captured in the imputed complete data".

Expectation conditional maximization (ECM) replaces each M step with a sequence of conditional maximization (CM) steps in which each parameter θi is maximized individually, conditionally on the other parameters remaining fixed. Itself can be extended into the Expectation conditional maximization either (ECME) algorithm.

This idea is further extended in generalized expectation maximization (GEM) algorithm, in which is sought only an increase in the objective function F for both the E step and M step as described in the As a maximization–maximization procedure section. GEM is further developed in a distributed environment and shows promising results.

It is also possible to consider the EM algorithm as a subclass of the MM (Majorize/Minimize or Minorize/Maximize, depending on context) algorithm, and therefore use any machinery developed in the more general case.

α-EM algorithm
The Q-function used in the EM algorithm is based on the log likelihood. Therefore, it is regarded as the log-EM algorithm. The use of the log likelihood can be generalized to that of the α-log likelihood ratio. Then, the α-log likelihood ratio of the observed data can be exactly expressed as equality by using the Q-function of the α-log likelihood ratio and the α-divergence. Obtaining this Q-function is a generalized E step. Its maximization is a generalized M step. This pair is called the α-EM algorithm
which contains the log-EM algorithm as its subclass. Thus, the α-EM algorithm by Yasuo Matsuyama is an exact generalization of the log-EM algorithm. No computation of gradient or Hessian matrix is needed. The α-EM shows faster convergence than the log-EM algorithm by choosing an appropriate α. The α-EM algorithm leads to a faster version of the Hidden Markov model estimation algorithm α-HMM.

Relation to variational Bayes methods
EM is a partially non-Bayesian, maximum likelihood method.  Its final result gives a probability distribution over the latent variables (in the Bayesian style) together with a point estimate for θ (either a maximum likelihood estimate or a posterior mode). A fully Bayesian version of this may be wanted, giving a probability distribution over θ and the latent variables.  The Bayesian approach to inference is simply to treat θ as another latent variable.  In this paradigm, the distinction between the E and M steps disappears.  If using the factorized Q approximation as described above (variational Bayes), solving can iterate over each latent variable (now including θ) and optimize them one at a time.  Now, k steps per iteration are needed, where k is the number of latent variables.  For graphical models this is easy to do as each variable's new Q depends only on its Markov blanket, so local message passing can be used for efficient inference.

Geometric interpretation

In information geometry, the E step and the M step are interpreted as projections under dual affine connections, called the e-connection and the m-connection; the Kullback–Leibler divergence can also be understood in these terms.

Examples

Gaussian mixture

Let  be a sample of  independent observations from a mixture of two multivariate normal distributions of dimension , and let  be the latent variables that determine the component from which the observation originates.
  and
where
  and

The aim is to estimate the unknown parameters representing the mixing value between the Gaussians and the means and covariances of each:

where the incomplete-data likelihood function is

and the complete-data likelihood function is

or

where  is an indicator function and  is the probability density function of a multivariate normal.

In the last equality, for each , one indicator  is equal to zero, and one indicator is equal to one. The inner sum thus reduces to one term.

E step
Given our current estimate of the parameters θ(t), the conditional distribution of the Zi is determined by Bayes theorem to be the proportional height of the normal density weighted by τ:

These are called the "membership probabilities", which are normally considered the output of the E step (although this is not the Q function of below).

This E step corresponds with setting up this function for Q:

The expectation of  inside the sum is taken with respect to the probability density function , which might be different for each   of the training set. Everything in the E step is known before the step is taken except , which is computed according to the equation at the beginning of the E step section.

This full conditional expectation does not need to be calculated in one step, because τ and μ/Σ appear in separate linear terms and can thus be maximized independently.

M step
Q(θ | θ(t)) being quadratic in form means that determining the maximizing values of θ is relatively straightforward. Also, τ, (μ1,Σ1) and (μ2,Σ2) may all be maximized independently since they all appear in separate linear terms.

To begin, consider τ, which has the constraint τ1 + τ2=1:

This has the same form as the MLE for the binomial distribution, so

For the next estimates of (μ1,Σ1):

This has the same form as a weighted MLE for a normal distribution, so
  and
and, by symmetry,
  and

Termination

Conclude the iterative process if  for  below some preset threshold.

Generalization
The algorithm illustrated above can be generalized for mixtures of more than two multivariate normal distributions.

Truncated and censored regression
The EM algorithm has been implemented in the case where an underlying linear regression model exists explaining the variation of some quantity, but where the values actually observed are censored or truncated versions of those represented in the model.  Special cases of this model include censored or truncated observations from one normal distribution.

Alternatives
EM typically converges to a local optimum, not necessarily the global optimum, with no bound on the convergence rate in general. It is possible that it can be arbitrarily poor in high dimensions and there can be an exponential number of local optima. Hence, a need exists for alternative methods for guaranteed learning, especially in the high-dimensional setting. Alternatives to EM exist with better guarantees for consistency, which are termed moment-based approaches or the so-called spectral techniques. Moment-based approaches to learning the parameters of a probabilistic model are of increasing interest recently since they enjoy guarantees such as global convergence under certain conditions unlike EM which is often plagued by the issue of getting stuck in local optima. Algorithms with guarantees for learning can be derived for a number of important models such as mixture models, HMMs etc. For these spectral methods, no spurious local optima occur, and the true parameters can be consistently estimated under some regularity conditions.

See also
 mixture distribution
 compound distribution
 density estimation
 Principal component analysis
 total absorption spectroscopy
 The EM algorithm can be viewed as a special case of the majorize-minimization (MM) algorithm.

References

Further reading

  gives an easier explanation of EM algorithm as to lowerbound maximization.

  A well-written short book on EM, including detailed derivation of EM for GMMs, HMMs, and Dirichlet.
  includes a simplified derivation of the EM equations for Gaussian Mixtures and Gaussian Mixture Hidden Markov Models.

External links
 Various 1D, 2D and 3D demonstrations of EM together with Mixture Modeling are provided as part of the paired SOCR activities and applets. These applets and activities show empirically the properties of the EM algorithm for parameter estimation in diverse settings.
 Class hierarchy in C++ (GPL) including Gaussian Mixtures
 The on-line textbook: Information Theory, Inference, and Learning Algorithms, by David J.C. MacKay includes simple examples of the EM algorithm such as clustering using the soft k-means algorithm, and emphasizes the variational view of the EM algorithm, as described in Chapter 33.7 of version 7.2 (fourth edition).
 Variational Algorithms for Approximate Bayesian Inference, by M. J. Beal includes comparisons of EM to Variational Bayesian EM and derivations of several models including Variational Bayesian HMMs  (chapters).
 The Expectation Maximization Algorithm: A short tutorial, A self-contained derivation of the EM Algorithm by Sean Borman.
 The EM Algorithm, by Xiaojin Zhu.
 EM algorithm and variants: an informal tutorial by Alexis Roche.  A concise and very clear description of EM and many interesting variants.

Estimation methods
Machine learning algorithms
Missing data
Statistical algorithms
Optimization algorithms and methods
Cluster analysis algorithms

Expectation–maximization algorithm


Anna Burns () este o scriitoare din Irlanda de Nord. Este câștigătoarea premiului Booker pentru romanul Milkman, în anul 2018.

Biografie
S-a născut în Belfast și a crescut în regiunea catolică a clasei muncitoare din Ardoyne. A urmat liceul St. Gemma. În 1987 s-a mutat la Londra. Începând cu 2014, locuiește în East Sussex, pe coasta sudică a Angliei.

Cariera literară
Primul ei roman, No Bones, este o poveste despre viața unei fete care a crescut în Belfast în timpul tulburărilor. Printre romanele care descriu the Troubles în Literatura din Irlanda de Nord, No Bones este considerată o lucrare importantă și a fost comparată cu Dubliners de James Joyce pentru cuprinderea limbajului de zi cu zi al poporului din Belfast. Familia disfuncțională din romanul simbolizează situația politică din Irlanda de Nord.  No Bones a câștigat Premiul Memorial Winifred Holtby în 2001 prezentat de Societatea Regală de Literatură pentru cel mai bun roman regional al anului în Regatul Unit și Irlanda.

Cel de-al doilea roman, Little Constructions, a fost publicat în 2007 de Fourth Estate (o amprentă a lui HarperCollins). Este o poveste întunecată, comică și ironică, centrat pe o femeie dintr-o familie de criminali legată de o misiune de răzbunare.

În 2018 Burns a câștigat Premiul Man Booker pentru romanul său Milkman, devenind primul scriitor irlandez nordic care a câștigat premiul. După ceremonie, Graywolf Press a anunțat că va publica "Milkman" în SUA la 11 decembrie 2018. Milkman este un roman experimental în care naratorul este o fetiță de 18 ani, cunoscută sub numele de "sora mijlocie", care este urmărită de o figură paramilitară mult mai în vârstă, Milkman.

Opera literară

Romane
 No Bones, roman, Flamingo, London 2001, ISBN 978-0-006-55238-3.
 Little Constructions, roman, Fourth Estate, London 2007, ISBN 978-0-007-16462-2.
 Milkman, roman, Faber & Faber, London 2018, ISBN 978-0-571-34273-0.

Nuvele
 Mostly Hero, nuvele 2014, ISBN 978-1-783-01492-7.

Opere traduse în limba română
 Lăptarul, editura Polirom, 2020, ISBN 9789734680320

Premii
 2018 Premiul Man Booker, Câștigătoare (Milkman)
 2018 Premiul Cercului Național pentru Critici de Carte pentru ficțiune, Câștigătoare (Milkman)
 2002 Premiul Orange, Inclusă pe listă (No Bones)
 2001 Premiul Memorial Winifred Holtby, Câștigătoare (No Bones)

Note

Nașteri în 1962
Scriitoare din secolul al XXI-lea
Nord-irlandezi în viață
Pages with unreviewed translations
Romancieri britanici din secolul al XX-lea
Romancieri britanici din secolul al XXI-lea
Oameni din Belfast
Nașteri pe 7 martie

Anna Burns


Angela McRobbie (Reino Unido, 1951) é uma escritora feminista britânica. A pesquisa acadêmica de McRobbie se estende por quase quatro décadas, influenciada pelo trabalho de Stuart Hall e desenvolvida a partir das tradições teóricas do feminismo e do marxismo. Ela é autora de muitos livros e artigos acadêmicos sobre cultura popular, gênero e sexualidade, indústria da moda, feminismo e a ascensão do neoliberalismo.

Seu livro mais famoso, The Aftermath of Feminism (2008, edição alemã publicada em 2010), se baseia em Foucault para decifrar as várias tecnologias que são direcionadas para as mulheres jovens. Seu livro mais recente, Be Creative? Making a Living in the New Culture Industries, foi publicado em 2016 pela Polity Press.

McRobbie também atuou em conselhos editoriais acadêmicos para vários jornais, incluindo o Journal of Cultural Economy, Journal of Consumer Culture e The Communication Review. Ela contribui regularmente para a BBC Radio 4 e tem escrito para openDemocracy e The Guardian.

Biografia

McRobbie fez graduação na Universidade de Glasgow, Escócia, seguida por uma pós-graduação no Centro de Estudos Culturais Contemporâneos da Universidade de Birmingham. Ela lecionou em Londres, na Universidade de Loughborough, antes de se mudar para Goldsmiths College em 1986, onde se tornou professora.

Carreira

1970-1990: Início

McRobbie iniciou suas pesquisas em 1974 em Birmingham, com interesse em gênero, cultura popular e sexualidade. Sua tese na revista Jackie explorou as ideologias do patriarcado da classe trabalhadora voltadas para o gênero neutro. Ela mais tarde descreveu sua tese, que se concentrava em um modelo simplista de absorção de ideologia pelos leitores, como "uma espécie de reflexão tardia fraca" e uma "imersão na política feminista e radical de esquerda". McRobbie afirma que o marxismo e a psicanálise teriam fornecido um conjunto muito mais amplo de possibilidades para entender a sexualidade, o desejo e o prazer, em particular, o texto de Althusser abriu um mundo inteiro para a mídia e a análise cultural da ideologia. Esses ensaios anteriores podem ser encontrados em Feminism and Youth Culture (1991).

Em 1980, McRobbie publicou o artigo Settling Accounts with Subculture. A Feminist Critique, no qual ela criticou o trabalho de Dick Hebdige, Subculture: The Meaning of Style (1979), por sua ausência de subculturas femininas. Ela argumentou que, para compreender as construções sobre subculturas juvenis, era importante considerar a esfera privada tanto quanto a cena pública, pois na época o acesso à mobilidade e aos espaços públicos era mais restrito para meninas do que para meninos. McRobbie também criticou Learning to Labor, de Paul Willis, por motivos semelhantes.

Em meados da década de 1980, McRobbie se interessou por debates sobre decodificação e análise de imagens, estereótipos e propagandas excessivamente sexualizadas na mídia. Ela começou a examinar mudanças surpreendentes em revistas femininas como Just Seventeen, ao minimizar o casamento e, em vez disso, enfatizar o autocuidado e a autoconfiança feminina.

Nessa época, ela também examinou a importância da dança nas culturas juvenis femininas e analisou o desenvolvimento da economia informal dos mercados de segunda mão, que ela escreveu em sua coleção Zoot Suits and Second-hand Dress (1989).

1990–2000: Pós-modernismo e criticas
Em 1993, McRobbie publicou o ensaio Shut Up and Dance: Youth Culture and Changing Modes of Feminity, onde analisava os paradoxos das identificações de mulheres jovens com o feminismo. Seus outros trabalhos incluem Postmodernism and Popular Culture (1994), British Fashion Design (1998) e Culture Society: Art, Fashion and Popular Music (1999) em que discute sobre o pós-modernismo na cultura, através do desenvolvimento de práticas artísticas e culturais na sociedade de consumo contemporânea, e a estetização da vida na Grã-Bretanha.

McRobbie também acreditava que a indústria de revistas pode ser vista como um local-chave de transferência de conhecimento, especialmente porque a indústria atraiu e influenciou graduados.

Em meados da década de 1990, descreveu criticas ao feminismo, quando opositores à igualdade de gênero e à visibilidade das mulheres em posições de poder culparam o feminismo pelo aumento das taxas de divórcio, crises na masculinidade e a "feminização nas escolas". McRobbie descreve isso como um processo inexorável de "desfazer o feminismo", onde as mulheres que se identificavam com o movimento passaram a ser desprezadas ou ridicularizadas.

2000: Terceira onda e livros
McRobbie editou Without Guarantees: In Honor of Stuart Hall com Paul Gilroy e Lawrence Grossberg em 2000, seguido por The Uses of Cultural Studies (2005), que foi traduzido para chinês. Seu texto se baseia nos principais escritos de teóricos como Judith Butler, Stuart Hall e Paul Gilroy.

Seu ensaio Clubs to Companies: Notes on the Decline of Political Culture in Speeded Up Creative Worlds, publicado em 2002, é uma avaliação das transformações pelas quais as indústrias do Reino Unido passaram e as consequências que elas tiveram no trabalho criativo. McRobbie postula que a aceleração das indústrias anexaram um modo de trabalho neoliberal a empreendimentos anteriormente criativos.

Em novembro de 2008, McRobbie publicou The Aftermath of Feminism: Gender, Culture and Social Change, refletindo sobre o que ela via anteriormente como uma "declaração excessivamente otimista" de sucesso feminista. Ela descreve a escrita do livro como "apoiando-se em pesquisas empíricas contemporâneas... eu estava meio que filtrando, relendo, ou estava desenhando um campo inteiro de 20 anos de pesquisa".

No livro, ela examina diversos fenômenos socioculturais incorporados na vida das mulheres contemporâneas, como moda, distúrbios alimentares, ansiedade e etc. Ela argumenta contra propor que o feminismo não é mais necessário, analisa a desarticulação realizada e subsumida por um discurso aparentemente mais popular de escolha.

Na primeira parte do livro, McRobbie se engaja com o discurso dominante europeu ao conectar o mainstream de gênero com a governamentalidade do Reino Unido. Na segunda parte, ela examina criticamente o feminismo da terceira onda, seguida pela parte final, onde ela se envolve com o trabalho de Rosi Braidotti e Judith Butler para perguntar como as mulheres jovens se articulam em um espaço de inventividade.

Um dos argumentos centrais desenvolvidos no livro analisa as mulheres jovens em uma sociedade pós-feminista que se envolve com um "novo contrato sexual". Para se tornarem iguais e visíveis, as jovens aproveitam a oportunidade de estudar, obter qualificação e trabalhar,  mas em troca exploram sua sexualidade e participam da cultura de consumo, onde o limiar do poder e da autoridade foi substituído pelo complexo de moda e beleza. Nesse contexto, a menina não é mais vista como sujeito disciplinar no sentido foucaultiano. McRobbie argumenta que as meninas são cuidadosamente reguladas por uma nova economia global depois de serem interpeladas em posições que lhes proporcionam capacidades ilimitadas. Ela acredita ainda que, embora promova a liberdade de gênero, o novo contrato sexual, em última análise, garante uma "cidadania feminina" que beneficia a cultura de consumo em um mercado de trabalho capitalista e, em última análise, contribui para o que a estudiosa feminista pós-colonial Chandra Mohanty chama de "recolonização da cultura e das identidades".

Atualmente, McRobbie continua sua pesquisa além do pós-feminismo.

Honras
Em julho de 2017, McRobbie foi eleita Membra da Academia Britânica (FBA), a academia nacional do Reino Unido para as ciências humanas e sociais.

Bibliografia

Livros

Capítulos em livros

Artigos de jornal

 Artigos do Open Democracy.
 Artigos do The Guardian

Ligações externas

 Blog oficial

Membros da British Academy
Pessoas vivas
Sociólogos do Reino Unido
Feministas do Reino Unido
Alunos da Universidade de Birmingham
Professores da Universidade de Loughborough
Nascidos em 1951
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Wikiconcurso de edição)

Angela McRobbie


Olaylar

 Dersim'deki ilk ayaklanma başladı.
 21 Mayıs - Tapu ve Kadastro Genel Müdürlüğü (Defterhane-iş Amire Kalemi) kuruldu.
 26 Temmuz - Liberya bağımsızliğını ilan etti.
 Komünist Manifesto yayınlandı.

Doğumlar
 5 Eylül - Jesse James, Amerikalı haydut (ö. 1882)
 11 Şubat - Amerikalı mucit Thomas Alva Edison (ö. 1931)
 3 Mart - Amerikalı mucit, sanayici Alexander Graham Bell (ö. 1922)
 11 Nisan - Ebbe Hertzberg, Norveçli tarihçi. (ö. 1912)
 26 Kasım - Maria Fyodorovna, Rusya'nın imparatoriçesi (ö. 1928)

Ölümler
 30 Mart - Jules Auguste Armand Marie de Polignac, Fransız siyasetçi (d. 1780).
 4 Kasım - Avusturyalı besteci Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy (d. 1809).
 Athanasios Kristopulos - Yunan şair (d. 1772)

1847


Branimir Gabričević (Podgora, 8. srpnja 1915. – Beograd, 17. listopada 1996.), hrvatski arheolog.

Životopis
Klasičnu gimnaziju završio je u Splitu 1933., studij klasične filologije i arheologije na Filozofskom fakultetu u Zagrebu 1938. Tezom Mitrin kult na području rimske provincije Dalmacije doktorirao je 1952. na istom fakultetu. Od 1939. do 1942. bio je srednjoškolski profesor pripravnik u Prilepu, Prizrenu, Šibeniku i Bolu na Braču. Pri Svetoj stolici u Vatikanu službovao je kao tajnik i otpravnik poslova od 1945. do 1949. Asistent na Filozofskom fakultetu u Zagrebu bio je od 1949. do 1954., ravnatelj i znanstveni suradnik Arheološkog muzeja u Splitu od 1954. do 1969. Za vrijeme djelovanja u Splitu, 1961. je osnovao Gradski zavod za zaštitu spomenika kulture i bio njegov prvi ravnatelj do 1965. Redoviti profesor antičke arheologije na Filozofskom fakultetu u Zadru bio je od 1969. do 1978., te na Filozofskom fakultetu u Novom Sadu redoviti profesor povijesti starog vijeka od 1978. do 1980., kada je umirovljen.

Istraživački radovi
Predmet njegova istraživanja bila je antika, politička i religijska povijest, povijest umjetnosti, grčka kolonizacija, grčki i rimski urbanizam, te srednjovjekovni spomenici. Terenska istraživanja obavljao je u Solinu, Visu i u Cetinskoj krajini.

Djela
 Antička Issa (1958.)
 Studije i članci o religijama i kultovima antičkoga svijeta (1987.)
Znanstvene i stručne radove te članke objavljivao je u zbornicima, časopisima i listovima Vjesnik za arheologiju i historiju dalmatinsku, Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja u Sarajevu, Archaeologia Jugoslavica i drugim.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Nenad Cambi: Dr. Branimir Gabričević, redovni profesor Filozofskog fakulteta u m. (in memoriam)

Hrvatski arheolozi

Branimir Gabričević


Namika (født Hanan Hamdi 7. september 1991  i Frankfurt), tidligere kendt under kunstnernavnet Hän Violett, er en tysk sanger og rapper, der stammer fra en rifkabylsk marokkansk familie. Hun er særlig kendt for sin sang "Lieblingsmensch", der nåede førstepladsen på den tyske hitliste.

Diskografi

Album
 Nador (2015)
 Que Walou (2018)

Singler
 "Lieblingsmench" (2015)
 "Hellwach" (2015)
 "Kompliziert" (2016)
 "Je ne parle pas français" (2018)

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Hiphoppere
Sangere fra Tyskland

Namika


Benjamin Teixeira de Aguiar (Aracaju, 26 de outubro de 1970) é um orientador espiritual, médium, apresentador de TV, palestrante e escritor brasileiro.

Criador e presidente do Instituto Salto Quântico, organização com status consultivo no Conselho Econômico e Social da ONU. Premiado por relevantes serviços culturais prestados ao povo sergipano. Atualmente, apresenta nos EUA o programa de TV Salto Quântico, criado em 1994, e transmitido na década de 2000 em redes de televisão abertas brasileiras. É fundador da obra social Núcleo de Educação Espiritual e Saúde Irmã Brígida.

Biografia

Em 1988, fundou o Instituto Salto Quântico, organização sem fins lucrativos, de razão social "Sociedade Filantrópica Maria de Nazaré". O Instituto possui status consultivo no Conselho Econômico e Social da ONU, desde 2018.

Desde 1994, apresenta o programa de TV Salto Quântico, anteriormente denominado "Além da morte". Nos anos 2000, o programa foi transmitido em televisão aberta, pela Rede Brasil, também conhecida como TV Educativa do Rio de Janeiro e pela Rede CNT. Atualmente é veiculado nos EUA, pela Comcast da região de Danbury, CT.

É palestrante e escritor, com 16 livros publicados. Aborda comumente temas relacionados a espiritualidade, humanismo e felicidade. Define sua corrente de pensamento como cristã e desvinculada de movimentos religiosos formais. Também é conhecido por defender grupos minoritários, principalmente mulheres, pessoas negras e a comunidade LGBT. Atribui a coordenação de suas atividades a um guia espiritual de nome Eugênia-Aspásia.

Em 1994, fundou o Núcleo de Educação Espiritual e Saúde Irmã Brígida, obra filantrópica que atua em Aracaju e provê à comunidade serviços como: distribuição de alimentos, consultas médicas, tratamento odontológico, além de oficinas educacionais.

Desde 2008, declarou-se publicamente homossexual. Casou-se, no ano seguinte, com Wagner Mendes, que passou a assinar "de Aguiar".

Prêmios e homenagens
 Em 2004, recebeu do então prefeito Marcelo Déda a Medalha da Ordem do Mérito Cultural Ignácio Barbosa. Prêmio concedido a pessoas que prestam relevantes serviços culturais à cidade e ao povo sergipano, de acordo com a lei de 14 de abril de 1972.
 Em 2012, foi homenageado pela Associação de Travestis e Transgêneros de Aracaju (Astra) - Direitos Humanos e Cidadania como uma das 10 personalidades de maior destaque do Estado de Sergipe, no enfrentamento da homofobia e em favor do respeito.

Obra publicada
(1995) A Princesa do Mediterrâneo
(1999) Como Ser Feliz – Deus como seu Parceiro'.
(2004) Almas Gêmeas(2005) Maria Cristo(2011) Respostas Modernas da Sábia Grega – Diálogos com o Espírito Eugênia''

Bibliografia

Médiuns do Brasil
Escritores espiritualistas do Brasil
Naturais de Aracaju
Apresentadores de televisão
Palestrantes
Espiritualismo universalista
Homens LGBT
Pessoas LGBT do Brasil
Gays

Benjamin Teixeira de Aguiar


Carolivia Herron (nascida Carol Olivia Herron; 22 de julho de 1947 ) é uma escritora americana de literatura infantil e adulta e estudiosa da Judaica afro-americana.

Vida pessoal
Ela nasceu de Oscar Smith Herron e Georgia Carol (Johnson) Herron, em Washington, DC.

Herron se converteu ao judaísmo na idade adulta e ela tem ascendência judaica por parte de sua avó paterna, via Geechees judeus.

Ela é membra fundadora do "Judeus de ascendência africana".

Educação
Ela é bacharel em inglês pelo Eastern Baptist College, na Pensilvânia (agora Eastern University). Ela obteve um mestrado em inglês pela Villanova University em 1973, um mestrado em redação criativa e um doutorado em literatura comparada e teoria literária pela Universidade da Pensilvânia.

Herron passou um ano de pesquisa de pós-doutorado na Brandeis University investigando o tema dos judeus afro-americanos.

Escrita
Seu romance de estreia, Depois disso, Johnnie, um retrato semi-autobiográfico da vida afro-americana, foi muito bem recebido pela crítica.

Seu aclamado livro Nappy Hair, uma história de chamada e resposta baseada em suas próprias experiências quando criança, foi a causa de grande controvérsia quando um professor de escola pública de Nova York foi acusado de racismo depois de usá-lo em sala de aula. Nappy Hair foi originalmente planejado como um capítulo de um livro adulto, é influenciado pela tradição épica e pela tradição africana de louvor.

Herron editou os artigos de Angelina Weld Grimke para a Oxford University Press.

Muitos de seus escritos, incluindo seu romance multimídia em andamento, "Asenath and Our Song of Songs", referem-se às interseções entre as culturas judaica e africana. Partes textuais de " Asenath and Our Song of Songs" foram publicadas como romances separados em 2014, "Asenath and the Origin of Nappy Hair" e 2016, "PeacesongDC".

Seu livro infantil, Always an Olivia, relata a vinda dos ancestrais judeus de Herron de Trípoli, Líbia, para as Ilhas do Mar da Geórgia nas Américas.

Herron escreveu o libreto para a ópera "Let Freedom Sing: The Story of Marian Anderson", composta por Bruce Adolphe, que foi encomendada e estreada pela Washington National Opera e pela Washington Performing Arts Society em 2009.

Ensino
Herron ensinou literatura em muitas instituições, incluindo Harvard University, Mount Holyoke College, Brandeis University e Marien N'Guabi University em Brazzaville, República do Congo. Em 2017, Herron ingressou no Departamento de Clássicos da Howard University e atualmente leciona cursos de graduação em Humanidades (principalmente épicos) e Negros na Antiguidade.

Ela também ensina crianças trabalhando diretamente em épicos gregos com seu vasto conhecimento da mitologia da Grécia antiga. Ela também tem a habilidade de traduzir a língua antiga.

Área de conhecimento
Sua  área de conhecimento inclui trabalhos sobre a Judaica afro-americana. Herron também produziu trabalhos sobre literatura infantil, literatura multicultural e Jornada nas Estrelas. Herron está atualmente desenvolvendo Epicenter Stories para auxiliar em seu trabalho com crianças, alfabetização e multiculturalismo.

Bibliografia

Adulto

 Depois disso, Johnnie, 1991
 Asenath e a Origem do Cabelo Fralda, 2015

Infantil

 Nappy Hair, 1997
 Sempre uma Olivia, 2007

Não-ficção

 Obras selecionadas de Angelina Weld Grimké, 1991
 "Cabelo Frasco: Na Própria Voz de Brenda ou Ajustando o Registro." O Leão e o Unicórnio, Volume 37, Número 2 (abril de 2013): 188-194.
 "Primeira Poesia Afro-Americana." The Columbia History of American Poetry, editado por Jay Parini e Brett Millier, 16-32. Nova York: Columbia University Press; 1993. xxxi, 894.
 "A Filologia como Subversão: O Caso da Afro-América". Estudos de Literatura Comparada, vol. 27, não. 1 (1990): 62–65.

Referências

 Carolivia Herron. Mulheres negras americanas notáveis, livro 3. Gale Group, 2002.

Ligações externas

 Site oficial.

Alunos da Universidade da Pensilvânia
Professores da Universidade Harvard
Convertidos ao judaísmo
Mulheres romancistas dos Estados Unidos
Autores de literatura infantojuvenil dos Estados Unidos
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Negres)
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Mais Pretas)

Carolivia Herron


Parabaris es un  género de coleópteros adéfagos de la familia Carabidae.

Especies
Comprende las siguientes especies:

 Parabaris atratus Broun, 1881
 Parabaris hoarei Larochelle & Lariviere, 2005
 Parabaris lesagei Larochelle & Lariviere, 2005

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 ION
 Nomenclator Zoologicus
 Carabidae of the World

Anisodactylina

Parabaris


An Luzula ruiz-lealii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Manuel Barros. An Luzula ruiz-lealii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Luzula, ngan familia nga Juncaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Luzula

Luzula ruiz-lealii


محمد موسى السليم (مواليد 18 يونيو 1939 في محافظة مرات – الوفاة 1997 في إيطاليا) هو فنان تشكيلي سعودي راحل، وأول من أسس دارًا سعودية للفنون تعنى بالفنانين والرسامين وتلبي احتياجاتهم، عاش محمد حياته الأولى في السعودية حيث درس الفن التشكيلي وعمل مدرسًا للتربية الفنية. ثم انتقل عام 1968 إلى إيطاليا ليتلقى علومه الفنية بعد أن حصل على بعثة دراسية لدراسة الديكور. تأثر في إيطاليا بحضارة السنوات الأولى من القرن التاسع عشر، وهو ما تأثرت به أعماله، حيث جاءت أعماله الأولى مشابهه للسريالية، ثم خاض تجارب مشابهة لمذهب سيزان وسوراه، وأخذ يقسم الألوان إلى بقع خفيفة، كما قام بتجارب لتشكيل الخطوط في اللوحة إلى أشكال هندسية، ثم تجاوز هذه المرحلة إلى مرحله الابتكار في الصورة بتركيب الموضوعات بطريقة أقل هندسية وبنوع من التقدم الواضح، وقد نجح السليم في ربط حضارته وتقاليده بما تم تحقيقه في مجال الفن التشكيلي.

معارض

 أول معرض شارك فيه هو معرض الدورة العلمية للمدرسين في الطائف عام 1960م (1380هـ).
 أقام أول معرض شخصي في نادي النصر في الرياض عام 1378هـ، وافتتحه الملك سلمان بن عبد العزيز حين كان أميراً لمنطقة الرياض.

مراجع

فنانون تشكيليون سعوديون
مواليد 1358 هـ

محمد السليم


Hasmik Papian (n. 2 septembrie 1961, Erevan, Armenia) este o soprană armeană.

Biografie
Hasmik Papian s-a născut la Erevan, (atunci aflat în Uniunea Sovietică). A studiat violina la Conservatorul de Stat din oraș. A început să cânte la îndemnul lui Tatevik Sazandaryan, șeful departamentului de canto din conservator.

Activitate
După debutul la Opera Națională Armeană, a fost invitată să cânte ca solist la Opera Bonn and Deutsche Oper am Rhein din Düsseldorf, Germania. A urmat apoi o carieră internațională, cu apariții pe scene prestigioase cumar fi: Metropolitan Opera și Carnegie Hall din  New York, San Francisco Opera, Washington National Opera, La Scala din Milano, Opéra Bastille in Paris etc..

Note

Bibliografie

Legături externe
Website Hasmik Papian
Bellini's Norma pe DVD cu Hasmik Papian rol principal (opus arte)
SACD cu 35 de melodii interpretate de Hasmik Papian

Vezi și
 Soprană

Nașteri în 1961
Soprane armene
Armeni în viață
Oameni din Erevan

Hasmik Papian


යුද්ධ හමුදාපති යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකා යුද්ධ හමුදාවේ ප්‍රධානත ම පදවියයි.

යුද්ධ හමුදාපතිවරු 1949 සිට වර්ථමානය දක්වා

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ගුවන් හමුදාපතිවරු
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ නාවික හමුදාපතිවරු
ශ්‍රී ලංකා ගුවන් හමුදාව
ශ්‍රී ලංකා යුද්ධ හමුදාව
ශ්‍රී ලංකා නාවික හමුදාව

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ යුද්ධ හමුදාපතිවරු


Sahne tasarımı (ya da set tasarımı), bir tiyatro oyununun sahne üzerinde canlandırılması için dekor, kostüm, aksesuar, butafor, ışık, efekt ve diğer tüm görsel işitsel ortamının tasarımıdır. Sahne tasarımı tüm sayılan alanların tasarımının genel adıdır. Sahne tasarımcıları çeşitli sanatsal alanlardan olabilir; ancak, günümüzde bu işle uğraşanlar genellikle güzel sanatlar fakültesi mezunlarıdır.

Tiyatro terimleri

Sahne tasarımı


Ian Stuart Bohen (Carmel, 25. rujna 1976.), američki je glumac, producent.

Filmografija
Najpoznatiji po ulozi Petera Halea u MTV-jevom Teen Wolfu i kao Ryan u dramskoj seriji Yellowstone tvrtke Paramount Network.

Vanjske poveznice

Mrežna sjedišta

Američki filmski glumci
Američki filmski producenti
Američki televizijski glumci
Dobitnici nagrade Saturn

Ian Bohen


Jamník este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Spišská Nová Ves din regiunea Košice. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 1.186 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Jamník este atestată documentar din 1277.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Jamník, Spišská Nová Ves


Penutian is a proposed grouping of language families that includes many Native American languages of western North America, predominantly spoken at one time in British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California.  The existence of a Penutian stock or phylum has been the subject of debate among specialists. Even the unity of some of its component families has been disputed. Some of the problems in the comparative study of languages within the phylum are the result of their early extinction and limited documentation.

Some of the more recently proposed subgroupings of Penutian have been convincingly demonstrated. The Miwokan and the Costanoan languages have been grouped into an Utian language family by Catherine Callaghan. Callaghan has more recently provided evidence supporting a grouping of Utian and Yokutsan into a Yok-Utian family. There also seems to be convincing evidence for the Plateau Penutian grouping (originally named Shahapwailutan by J. N. B. Hewitt and John Wesley Powell in 1894) which would consist of Klamath–Modoc, Molala, and the Sahaptian languages (Nez Percé and Sahaptin).

History of the hypothesis

Etymology and pronunciation
The name Penutian is based on the words meaning "two" in the Wintuan, Maiduan, and Yokutsan languages (which is pronounced something like ) and the Utian languages (which is pronounced something like ).

Although perhaps originally intended to be pronounced , which is indicated in some dictionaries, the term is pronounced  by most if not all linguists.

Initial concept of five core families
The original Penutian hypothesis, offered in 1913 by Roland B. Dixon and Alfred L. Kroeber,  was based on similarities observed between five California language families:
 Maiduan languages
 Miwok
 Costanoan languages
 Wintuan languages
 Yokutsan languages

That original proposal has since been called alternately Core Penutian, California Penutian, or the Penutian Kernel. In 1919 the same two authors published their linguistic evidence for the proposal. The grouping, like many of Dixon & Kroeber's other phylum proposals, was based mostly on shared typological characteristics and not the standard methods used to determine genetic relationships. Starting from this early date, the Penutian hypothesis was controversial.

Prior to the 1913 Penutian proposal of Dixon and Kroeber, Albert S. Gatschet had grouped Miwokan and Costanoan into a Mutsun group (1877).  That grouping, now termed Utian, was later conclusively demonstrated by Catherine Callaghan.  In 1903 Dixon & Kroeber noted a "positive relationship" among Costanoan, Maidu, Wintun, and Yokuts within a "Central or Maidu Type", from which they excluded Miwokan (their Moquelumnan). In 1910 Kroeber finally recognized the close relationship between the Miwokan and Costanoan languages.

Sapir's expansion
In 1916 Edward Sapir expanded Dixon and Kroeber's California Penutian family with a sister stock, Oregon Penutian, which included the Coosan languages and also the isolates Siuslaw and Takelma:
 Oregon Penutian
 Coosan languages
 Siuslaw
 Takelma

Later Sapir and Leo Frachtenberg added the Kalapuyan and the Chinookan languages and then later the Alsean and Tsimshianic families, culminating in Sapir's four-branch classification (Sapir 1921a:60):
 I. California Penutian grouping
 Maiduan   (Maidu)
 Utian   (Miwok–Costanoan)
 Wintuan   (Wintu)
 Yokutsan   (Yokuts)

 II. Oregon Penutian grouping
 Coosan   (Coos)
 Siuslaw
 Takelma
 Kalapuyan   (Kalapuya)
 Alsean   (Yakonan)

 III. Chinookan family   (Chinook)

 IV. Tsimshianic family   (Tsimshian)

By the time Sapir's 1929 Encyclopædia Britannica article was published, he had added two more branches:
 Plateau Penutian family
 Klamath–Modoc   (Lutuami)
 Waiilatpuan
 Cayuse
 Molala
 Sahaptian    (Sahaptin)
 Mexican Penutian grouping
 Mixe–Zoque, a non-Mayan language spoken in populations in Oaxaca, Chiapas, Tabasco and Veracruz
 Huave, a language isolate spoken in four villages on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec

resulting in a six-branch family:
 California Penutian
 Oregon Penutian
 Chinookan
 Tsimshianic
 Plateau Penutian
 Mexican Penutian

(Sapir's full 1929 classification scheme including the Penutian proposal can be seen here: Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas#Sapir (1929): Encyclopædia Britannica.)

Further expansions
Other linguists have suggested other languages be included within the Penutian grouping:
 Macro-Penutian hypothesis (Benjamin Whorf)

Or have produced hypotheses of relationships between Penutian and other large-scale families:
 Amerind hypothesis (Joseph Greenberg)

Note: Some linguists link the Penutian hypothesis to the Zuni language. This link, proposed by Stanley Newman, is now generally rejected, and may have even been intended as a hoax by Newman.

Mid-twentieth century doubts
Scholars in the mid-twentieth century became concerned that similarities among the proposed Penutian language families may be the result of borrowing that occurred among neighboring peoples, not of a shared proto-language in the distant past. Mary Haas states the following regarding this borrowing:
Even where genetic relationship is clearly indicated ... the evidence of diffusion of traits from neighboring tribes, related or not, is seen on every hand.  This makes the task of determining the validity of the various alleged Hokan languages and the various alleged Penutian languages all the more difficult ... [and] point[s] up once again that diffusional studies are just as important for prehistory as genetic studies and what is even more in need of emphasis, it points up the desirability of pursuing diffusional studies along with genetic studies.  This is nowhere more necessary than in the case of the Hokan and Penutian languages wherever they may be found, but particularly in California where they may very well have existed side by side for many millennia.(Haas 1976:359)

Despite the concern of Haas and others, the Consensus Classification produced at a 1964 conference in Bloomington, Indiana, retained all of Sapir's groups for North America north of Mexico within the Penutian Phylum. The opposite approach was taken following a 1976 conference at Oswego, New York, when Campbell and Mithun dismissed the Penutian phylum as undemonstrated in their resulting classification of North American language families.

Recent hypotheses
Consensus was reached at a 1994 workshop on Comparative Penutian at the University of Oregon that the families within the proposed phylum's California, Oregon, Plateau, and Chinookan clusters would eventually be shown to be genetically related. Subsequently, Marie-Lucie Tarpent reassessed Tsimshianic, a geographically isolated family in northern British Columbia, and concluded that its affiliation within Penutian is also probable.

 Earlier groupings, such as California Penutian and Takelma–Kalapuyan ("Takelman") are no longer accepted as valid nodes by many Penutian researchers. However, Plateau Penutian, Coast Oregon Penutian, and Yok-Utian (comprising the Utian and Yokutsan languages) are increasingly supported. Scott DeLancey suggests the following relationships within and among language families typically assigned to the Penutian phylum:
Maritime Penutian
Tsimshian
Chinook
Coast Oregon Penutian
Alsea
Siuslaw
Coos
Inland Penutian
Yok-Utian (from the Great Basin)
Utian
Yokuts
Maidu (from the Great Basin or Oregon)
Plateau Penutian
Sahaptian
 Molala
 Klamath

The Wintuan languages, Takelma, and Kalapuya, absent from this list, continue to be considered Penutian languages by most scholars familiar with the subject, often in an Oregonian branch, though Takelma and Kalapuya are no longer considered to define a branch of Penutian.

A lexicostatistical classification and list of probable Penutian cognates has also been proposed by Zhivlov (2014).

Evidence for the Penutian hypothesis
Perhaps because many Penutian languages have ablaut, vowels are difficult to reconstruct. However, consonant correspondences are common. For example, the proto-Yokuts (Inland Penutian) retroflexes  correspond to Klamath (Plateau Penutian) , whereas the Proto-Yokuts dental  correspond to Klamath alveolar . Kalapuya, Takelma, and Wintu do not show such obvious connections.

Below are some Penutian sound correspondence proposed by William Shipley, cited in Campbell (1997).

California Penutian and Klamath Sound Correspondences

See also

 Hokan languages
 Macro-Mayan languages

Notes

References

 Callaghan, Catherine. (1997). Evidence for Yok-Utian. International Journal of American Linguistics, 63, pages 18–64
 Callaghan, Catherine. (2001). More evidence for Yok-Utian: A reanalysis of the Dixon and Kroeber sets International Journal of American Linguistics, 67 (3), pages 313–346
 Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press.
 DeLancey, Scott; & Golla, Victor. (1997). The Penutian hypothesis: Retrospect and prospect. International Journal of American Linguistics, 63, 171–202
 Dixon, Roland R.; & Kroeber, Alfred L. (1903). The native languages of California. American Anthropologist, 5, 1–26
 Dixon, Roland R.; & Kroeber, Alfred L. (1913a). New linguistic families in California. American Anthropologist, 15, 647–655
 Dixon, Roland R.; & Kroeber, Alfred L. (1913b). Relationship of the Indian languages of California. Science, 37, 225
 Dixon, Roland R.; & Kroeber, Alfred L. (1919). Linguistic families of California (pp. 47–118) Berkeley: University of California
 Goddard, Ives. (1996). "The Classification of the Native Languages of North America" In Languages, Ives Goddard, ed., pp. 290–324. Handbook of North American Indians Vol. 17, W. C. Sturtevant, general ed. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution.
 Golla, Victor. (2007). "Linguistic Prehistory" in California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture, and Complexity, pp. 71–82. Terry L. Jones and Kathryn A. Klar, editors. New York: Altamira Press.
 Golla, Victor. (2011). California Indian Languages. Berkeley: University of California Press.
 Grant, Anthony. (1997). Coast Oregon Penutian. International Journal of American Linguistics, 63, 144–156
 Kroeber, Alfred L. (1910). The Chumash and Costanoan languages. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, 9, 259–263
 Liedtke, Stefan. (1995). Wakashan, Salishan and Penutian and Wider Connections Cognate Sets. Linguistic data on diskette series, no. 09. Munich: Lincom Europa, z\v1995.
 Liedtke, Stefan. (2007).The Relationship of Wintuan to Plateau Penutian. LINCOM studies in Native American linguistics, 55. Munich: Lincom Europa.
 Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.  (hbk); .
 Sapir, Edward. (1921a). A Characteristic Penutian Form of Stem. International Journal of American Linguistics, 2(1/2): 58–67
 Sapir, Edward. (1921b). A bird's-eye view of American languages north of Mexico. Science, 54, 408
 Sapir, Edward. (1929). Central and North American languages. Encyclopædia Britannica (14th ed.; Vol. 5; pp. 138–141)
 Sutton, Imre, (2002)  "The Ob-Ugrian/Cal-Ugrian Connection: Rediscovering 'The Discovery of California"", American Indian Culture and Research Journal,26(4): 113–120
 Tarpent, Marie-Lucie. (1996). Reattaching Tsimshianic to Penutian. Survey of California and Other Indian Languages 9:91–112
 Tarpent, Marie-Lucie. (1997). Tsimshianic and Penutian: problems, methods, results, and implications. International Journal of American Linguistics 63:65–112
 Tarpent, Marie-Lucie & Daythal Kendall. (1998). "On the relationship between Takelma and Kalapuyan: another look at 'Takelman'. Paper presented to the Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas: Annual Meeting, Linguistic Society of America, New York
 Von Sadovszky, Otto J., (1996)  The Discovery of California: A Cal-Ugrian Comparative Study,  Istor Books 3 (Budapest: Akademiai Kiadó and Los Angeles: International Society for Trans-Oceanic Research)

External links
 Penutian (Scott DeLancey's site) (has online papers)
 Bibliography of comparative Penutian
 The Bipartite Stem Belt: Disentangling Areal and Genetic Correspondences
 Tribal Language Groups of Northern and Central California
 California Tribal Linguistics Groups map (.gif)
 California Indian Tribal Groups Map (.gif)
 List of proposed Penutian languages in Oregon
 Native Tribes, Groups, Language Families and Dialects of California in 1770 (map after Kroeber)
 Mitochondrial DNA and Prehistoric Settlements: Native Migrations on the Western Edge of North America

Indigenous languages of California
Indigenous languages of the Pacific Northwest Coast
Indigenous languages of the North American Plateau
Proposed language families

Penutian languages


NGC 5836 est une galaxie spirale barrée située dans la constellation de la Petite Ourse. Sa vitesse par rapport au fond diffus cosmologique est de , ce qui correspond à une distance de Hubble de . NGC 5836 a été découverte par l'astronome germano-britannique William Herschel en 1785.

La classe de luminosité de NGC 5836 est II. De plus, c'est une galaxie du champ, c'est-à-dire qu'elle n'appartient pas à un amas ou un groupe et qu'elle est donc gravitationnellement isolée.

Avec une brillance de surface égale à , on peut qualifier NGC 5836 de galaxie à faible brillance de surface (LSB en anglais pour ). Les galaxies LSB sont des galaxies diffuses (D) avec une brillance de surface inférieure de moins d'une magnitude à celle du ciel nocturne ambiant.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des objets du New General Catalogue

Liens externes

 NGC 5836 sur le site du professeur C. Seligman

5836
Constellation de la Petite Ourse
Galaxie spirale
Galaxie spirale barrée
Galaxie à faible brillance de surface
Galaxie du champ
Objet céleste découvert en 1785
Objet céleste découvert par William Herschel

NGC 5836


කොළඹ විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයීය පරිගණක අධ්‍යයනායතනයේ තොරතුරු හා සන්නිවේදන තාක්ෂණය පිළිබඳ උපාධි පාඨමාලාව (BICT)

විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයීය පරිගණක අධ්‍යයනායතනය මගින් ලබාදෙනු ලබන උපධි පාඨමාලා අතරින් එක් වැදගත් පාඨමාලාවක් ලෙස තොරතුරු හා සන්නිවේදන තාක්ෂණය පිළිබඳ උපාධි පාඨමාලාව (Bachelor of Information and Communication Technology) හදුන්වා දිය හැකිය. මෙම පාඨමාලාව සදහා සිසුන් තොරාගනු ලබන්නෙ අ.පො.ස උසස් පෙළ විභාග ප්‍රථිපල මත පදනම් වූ Z අගයට අනුකූලවය. පාඨමාලාව සදහා කඩයිම් Z අගයවිශ්ව විද්‍යාල ප්‍රතිපදන කොමිසන් සභාව මගින් අදාල වසරේ  අ.පො.ස උසස් පෙළ විභාග ප්‍රථිපල මත නිකුත් කෙරේ. අ.පො.ස උසස් පෙළ විභාගය පහත විෂ්‍යය ධාරා යටතේ නිමකල සිසුන් මෙම පාඨමාලාව සදහා අයදුම්කිරීමට සුදුසුකම් ලබයි.

 විද්‍යා විෂය ධාරව (ගණිත හෝ ජීව විද්‍යා)
 වණිජ්‍යා විෂය ධාරව
 කලා විෂය ධාරව (අර්ථික විද්‍යාව ඇතුලත්ව)

පාඨමලාව සදහා අයදුම් කිරීමෙන් පසු අයදුම්කරුවන් කොළඹ විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයීය පරිගණක අධ්‍යයනායතනය මගින් පවත්වන තෝරගැනීමේ පරීක්ෂණයකට ඉදිරිපත්විය යුතුය. මෙයින් සමත්වන හා අවශ්‍ය කඩයිම් ලකුණු සපුරණ සිසුන් 80 දෙනෙකු වසරකට පාඨමාලාව සදහා තොරාගැනේ.
තොරතුරු හා සන්නිවේදන තාක්ෂණය පිළිබඳ උපාධි පාඨමාලාව තොරතුරු තාක්ෂණය,සන්නිවේදන තාක්ෂණය හා කලමනාකරණය යන විෂය ක්ෂේත්‍ර ආවරණය කරයි.
පාඨමාලාවේ සමාන්‍ය උපධිය වසර තුනකින් පිරිනමන අතර විශේෂ උපධිය සදහා වසර හතරක් සම්පුරණ කල යුතුය.


Horta da Vilariça Portekiz'de Torre de Moncorvo belediyesine bağlı olan, 14,58 km² yüzölçümüne sahip, 396 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Portekiz'in freguesiaları
Torre de Moncorvo

Horta da Vilariça


Me & My er debutalbummet fra den danske eurodanceduo Me & My, der oprindeligt blev udgivet 1995. Albummet indeholder gruppens mest succesfulde single "Dub-I-Dub", der nåede hitlisterne i adskillige lande, heriblandt #1 på Tracklisten i Danmark og #2 på Sverigetopplistan i Sverige.

Spor
Alle sange er skrevet af Susanne og Pernille Georgi, medmindre andet er noteret.
 "Baby Boy" (Susanne Georgi, Pernille Georgi, Peter Hartmann, Jan Langhoff, Richie Balmorian, Jay Balmorian, Robin Rex)
 "Lion Eddie"
 "I Belong to You"
 "Waiting"
 "Magic Love"
 "Dub-I-Dub"
 "So Many Times" (Hartmann, Langhoff, R. Balmorian, J. Balmorian, Trine Quaade)
 "Close"
 "Show Your Love"
 "Show Me"
 "You & I"

Toshiba EMI versioner
To andre versioner af albummet blev udgivet af Toshiba EMI i 1996 og 1998. Disse blev kun udgivet i Japan.

1996 version
1996-versionen blev udgivet 10 februar 1996, og nåede #6 på den ugentligt albumhitliste Oricon den 18. marts, 1996 og blev rangeret som #36 på Oricons årligt Top 100 bedst-sælgende albums i 1996 med 627.520 solgte eksemplarer.
 "Dub-I-Dub"
 "Baby Boy"
 "Lion Eddie"
 "I Belong To You"
 "Waiting"
 "Magic Love"
 "So Many Times"
 "Close"
 "Show Your Love"
 "Show Me"
 "You & I"

1998 version
1998-versionen blev udgivet d. 28. marts, 1998.
 "Touch Of Your Love"
 "Dub-I-Dub"
 "Baby Boy"
 "Lion Eddie"
 "I Belong To You"
 "Waiting"
 "Magic Love"
 "So Many Times"
 "Close"
 "Show Your Love"
 "Show Me"
 "You & I"

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
Me & My på Discogs

Debutalbum fra 1995
Debutalbum fra Danmark
Dancealbum

Me & My (album)


Alain Gagnol (geboren am 13. Mai 1967 in Roanne, Frankreich) ist ein französischer Filmregisseur, Drehbuchautor und Schriftsteller.

Leben
Alain Gagnol wurde 1967 in Roanne geboren. Da er ursprünglich den Berufswunsch Comiczeichner hatte, absolvierte er eine Ausbildung an der Émile-Cohl-Schule in Lyon. Da seine Ergebnisse jedoch nicht seiner Erwartungen gerecht wurden, orientierte er sich um und wurde Schriftsteller und Drehbuchautor. Seit 1988 arbeitet Gagnol für die Produktionsfirma Folimage. Dort entstanden in Kooperation mit Jean-Loup Felicioli seine Kurzfilme und A Cat in Paris.

Auszeichnungen
Gagnol wurde für seinen Animationsfilm A Cat in Paris für den César 2011 in der Kategorie "Bester Animationsfilm" nominiert, zudem erfolgte am 24. Januar 2012 eine Nomination für den Oscar 2012 in der Kategorie "Bester animierter Spielfilm". Derselbe Film war zudem beim Europäischen Filmpreis 2011 für den Besten Animationsfilm nominiert.

Filmografie
 1997: Der Egoist (L'égoïste)
 1999: Das Leben geht weiter (Les tragédies minuscules, Fernsehserie)
 2000: Der Duft des Lebens (Le nez à la fenêtre)
 2005: Der Korridor (Le couloir)
 2006: Düstere Zeiten (Mauvais temps)
 2010: A Cat in Paris (Une vie de chat)
 2015: Phantom Boy

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Filmregisseur
Drehbuchautor
Animator
Franzose
Geboren 1967
Mann

Alain Gagnol


Die Saison 2012/13 der Mittelrheinliga war die 57. Spielzeit der Fußball-Mittelrheinliga und nach der Abschaffung der NRW-Liga die erste als fünfthöchste Spielklasse in Deutschland unter Oberliga-Status. Die Saison begann am 25. August 2012, der letzte Spieltag ist für den 9. Juni 2013 angesetzt. Die Meisterschaft sicherte sich der FC Hennef 05 mit drei Punkten Vorsprung auf den TSC Euskirchen. Einen Aufsteiger in die Regionalliga gab es nicht, da Hilal Bergheim als einziger Regionalliga-Bewerber die sportliche Qualifikation verpasste.

Die Abstiegsränge belegten die Spvg Wesseling-Urfeld, der TSV Hertha Walheim, der FC Hürth und die SG Köln-Worringen.

Aus der Landesliga Mittelrhein stiegen der Bonner SC und der SV Nierfeld jeweils als Staffelsieger auf. Ferner stieg der gemäß "Quotientenregelung" bessere Staffel-Vizemeister, der SSV Merten auf. Aus der Regionalliga West stieg der SV Bergisch Gladbach 09 ab.

Der Torschützenkönig wurde Martin Notz vom SC Brühl 06/45 mit 23 Toren.

Die Sportfreunde Troisdorf fusionierten zur folgenden Spielzeit mit dem SSV Troisdorf 05 zu den Sportfreunden Troisdorf 05.

Teilnehmer
Die Mittelrheinliga mit 16 Teams setzt sich folgendermaßen zusammen:

 dem verbleibenden Team aus der NRW-Liga aus dem Gebiet des Fußball-Verbandes Mittelrhein (FVM): Alemannia Aachen II
 den zwölf Teams auf den Tabellenplätzen 1 bis 12 der Mittelrheinliga auf Verbandsliga-Ebene: VfL Alfter, Viktoria Arnoldsweiler, SC Brühl 06/45, TSC Euskirchen, Borussia Freialdenhoven, FC Hennef 05, FC Hürth, Sportfreunde Troisdorf, TSV Hertha Walheim, FC Wegberg-Beeck, Spvg Wesseling-Urfeld, TSV Germania Windeck
 den Meistern der zwei Landesliga-Staffeln: SC Germania Erftstadt-Lechenich, SG Köln-Worringen
 der nach der "Quotientenregelung" bessere Tabellenzweite der Landesliga-Staffeln: Hilal Bergheim

Auf- und Abstiegsregelung
 Aufstieg in die Regionalliga West
Für den Aufstieg in die Regionalliga West ist der Meister sportlich qualifiziert. Bei einem Aufstiegsverzicht des Meisters muss ein potentieller Nachrücker mindestens den dritten Tabellenplatz belegen, um die sportlichen Voraussetzungen für einen Aufstieg zu erfüllen.
 Abstieg aus der Mittelrheinliga
Die drei Mannschaften auf den Plätzen 14 bis 16 der Mittelrheinliga steigen am Ende der Saison in die jeweilige Landesliga ab. In Abhängigkeit von der Anzahl der Absteiger aus der Regionalliga West aus dem Fußball-Verband Mittelrhein steigt die Anzahl der Absteiger auf maximal vier Vereine.
 Aufstieg in die Mittelrheinliga
Aus den beiden Landesliga-Staffeln 1 und 2 steigen die Meister auf. Sollte die Anzahl von 16 Mannschaften der Oberliga nicht erreicht werden, sind maximal auch beide Vizemeister aufstiegsberechtigt.

Tabelle

|}

Kreuztabelle
Die Kreuztabelle stellt die Ergebnisse aller Spiele dieser Saison dar. Die Heimmannschaft ist in der linken Spalte, die Gastmannschaft in der oberen Zeile aufgelistet.

Torschützenliste

Stadien

Weblinks
 Mittelrheinliga 2012/13 bei kicker.de

Einzelnachweise

2012
Mittelrheinliga 2012/13

Fußball-Mittelrheinliga 2012/13


නෙරංජන් ප්‍රියදර්ශන දූල්ලෑව විජයරත්න  (ඉංග්‍රීසි:  Neranjan Priyadarshana Dullewe Wijeyeratne) (උපත 9 අගෝස්තු 1956). මහනුවර ශ්‍රී දළදා මාලිගාවේ හිටපු දියවඩන නිලමේ වරයෙකි. එම තනතුරු පුරා වසර 20 කාලයක් හෙබවූ පසුව දේශපාලනයට එක්විය. මහනුවර මහනගර සභාවේ විපක්‍ෂ නායක ධුරය තනතුර දැරූ ඔහු දැනට එක්සත් ජාතික පක්ෂයේ මහනුවර දිස්ත්‍රික් සංවිධායකවරයකු ලෙස කටයුතු කරයි.

මුල් දිවිය
නිශ්ශංක විජයරත්න හා නීටා දූල්ලෑව විජයරත්න ට දාව උපන් හේ, සොහොයුරන් තිදෙනෙකුට හා එක් සොහොයුරියකට වැඩිමහල් විය. ඔහුගේ පියා මෙන්ම අත්තා, ශ්‍රීමත් එඩ්වින් විජයරත්න යන්ද කැබිනට් අමාත්‍ය තනතුරු හෙබවූ කෘතහස්ත දේශපාලනඥයන් වු අතර  ඔහුගේ සොහොයුරු මනෝ   වැවිලි සේවා අමාත්‍ය හා ව්‍යවසාය සංවර්ධන අමාත්‍ය ධූර‍ය තනතුර දැරී ය. ඔහුගේ තුන්වෙනි සොහොයුරු අනුරාධ සබරගමු පළාත් සභාවේ මන්ත්‍රීවරයකු වශයෙන් 1988 දි පත් වු අතර මහනුවර ශ්‍රී දළඳා මාළිගයේ වැඩබලන දියවඩන නිලමේ තනතුර 1975 සිට 2005 තෙක් කිහිප වරක් හොබවා ඇත. ලංකේෂ් සොහොයුරු හා එකම සහෝදරි නිශාංගනි ද වේ. නෙරංජන් විජයරත්න කොළඹ රාජකීය විද්‍යාලයෙන් ප්‍රාථමික හා ද්විතීය අධ්‍යාපනය ලැබීය.

දියවඩන නිලමේ
තම පියාගේ අඩිපාරේ යමින් හේ, මහනුවර, ශ්‍රී දළදා මාලිගාවෙහි දියවඩන නිලමේ (ප්‍රධාන ගිහි භාරකරු) ධූරන්දරව එය පුරා වසර 20 කාලයක් හෙබවීය.දෙමළ ඊළාම් විමුක්ති කොටි විසින් 1998 බෝම්බ ප්‍රහාරයකට ලක් කිරීමෙන් පසුව මාලිගාවෙහි ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය කටයුතු මෙහෙයවූ ප්‍රශංසනීය ආකාරය හේතුවෙන් ඔහුගේ කිතු ගොස් පැතිරිණි.  දනන් තුඩග රැඳුනු 'රන් වැට',  ශ්‍රී දළදා මාලිගාව වටා ඉදිකිරීම පිළිබඳවද ඔහුගේ දායකත්වය ඉමහත් විය. දළදා කෞතුගාරයක් තනවා,  ශ්‍රී දළදා මාලිගාව සහ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවෙහි  බුද්ධාගම ට අදාලවූ ඓතිහාසික මානවකෘතීන්ගේ එනතුවක්  එහි තැන්පත් කිරීමෙහිලාද ඔහු පුරෝගාමී විය. ශ්‍රී දළදා මාලිගාව විශේෂ සංවර්ධන අරමුදල',  ඔහු විසින් පිහිටවූවක් වෙයි. මේ අතර, අමුත්තන් 1000 කට අසුන් පැනැවිය හැකි නවීන සම්මන්ත්‍රණ ශාලාවකින් හෙබි,  පල්ලෙකැලේ තායිලන්තය ශ්‍රී ලංකා ජාත්‍යන්තර බෞද්ධ ආයතනය  නෙරංජන් විජයරත්න විසින් පිහිටවූයේ ඔහු දියවඩන නිලමේ ධූර‍ය හොබවමින් සිටි අවදියෙහිය.ඔහුගේ ධූර කාලයෙහිදී ඔහු,  ජපන්, තායි සහ මියන්මාර ආගමික පූජ්‍යපදප්‍රාප්තීන් හා සමග කිට්ටු සබඳතා පැවැත්වූ අතර, ශ්‍රී ලංකාවෙහි බෞද්ධ උරුමය වැඩිදියුණු කිරීමෙහි මහත් කාර්යභාරයකට උර දුනි.  දියවඩන නිලමේ ධූරය සඳහා තරග වැදීමට පෙර, නෙරංජන් විජයරත්න, ලංකාතිලක මහා විෂ්ණු දේවාලයෙහි බස්නායක නිලමේ (ගිහි භාරකරු) ලෙස සේවය කලේය.

දේශපාලනය
දෙවන වාරයටත් දියවඩන නිලමේ ධූරය හෙබවීමෙන් අනතුරුව එම ධූරයෙන් නික්මුනු ඔහු ක්‍රියාකාරී දේශපාලනයට එළඹිණි.

පවුල් දිවිය
ආචාර්ය ලක්ෂ්මිනාත් හා චින්තා මැදිවකගේ දියණිය වන දේවිකා මැදිවක මෙනවිය සහ නෙරංජන් වර්ෂ 1984 දී විවාහ වූහ. ඔවුන් දෙපලගේ දියණිය මෝක්ෂනා නේරන්දිකා විජයරත්න (ලෝක බැංකුවේ ශ්‍රී ලංකා කාර්යාලයේ පාරිසරික විශේෂඥවරියක ලෙස සේවයේ නියතු) හා ආචාර්ය නවින්ද්‍ර විජයරත්න (ඇමෙරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ෆ්ලොරිඩා පොලිටෙක්නික් විශ්ව විද්යාලයේ සහකාර මහාචාර්ය වරයකු  ලෙස සේවයේ නියතු) නමින් පුතුකු ද වේ.

මෙයද බලන්න
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දේශපාලන පවුල්

ආශ්‍රිත

බාහිර සබැඳි
     නෙරංජන් විජයරත්න - විසි වසරක මතකාවර්ජනය  1
     නෙරංජන් විජයරත්න - විසි වසරක මතකාවර්ජනය  2
     නෙරංජන් විජයරත්න - විසි වසරක මතකාවර්ජනය  3
  විජයරත්න පරපුර
  රත්වත්තේ පරපුර
   ගොපල්ලව පරපුර
   සත්‍ය සායි බබා ආශිර්වාද
  විජයරත්න පරපුර ගැන ඉංග්‍රීසියෙන් රචිත ලිපියක්
 විසි වසරකට පෙර රටම කම්පනය කළ මොහොත
  ප්‍රංශයේ ඩැනියල් ලෙසාරෝ දළඳා මැදුර යළි හැදුවේ මෙහෙමයි

චරිත කතා
1956 උපත්

දියවඩන නිලමේවරු
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික බෞද්ධයෝ
ලාංකික සිංහලයෝ
ලංකික දේශපාලනඥයෝ
එක්සත් ජාතික පක්ෂයෙහි දේශපාලනඥයන්

නෙරංජන් විජයරත්න


Desafío Levantemos Chile es una organización no gubernamental (ONG) que se creó en 2010, que fue liderada por el empresario Felipe Cubillos,  luego del terremoto que asoló al país, de manera de prestar ayuda a la gente damnificada por el sismo, recuperando escuelas de las regiones afectadas con el siniestro.

Inicios
Un grupo de personas aficionadas a la náutica decidió juntarse tras el terremoto que afectó Chile en 2010, para ir en ayuda de las personas que resultaron damnificadas, luego de visitar el balneario de Iloca y dimensionar la magnitud del evento.  El grupo decidió hacerse cargo de reponer todas las escuelas dañadas por el terremoto y ayudar a los pescadores, de manera que pudiesen llevar su sustento al hogar nuevamente. Se focalizaron en sectores rurales y caletas de la Región del Maule y de la Región del Biobío por ser las más afectadas del país.
El 2 de septiembre de 2011, a las 17:48, un avión de la Fuerza Aérea Chilena se hundió en los mares del Archipiélago Juan Fernández. En este hecho murieron (entre otros) el fundador de este programa Felipe Cubillos, el conocido presentador Felipe Camiroaga, y el periodista Roberto Bruce.
Sin embargo, se continuó con el legado de su fundador Felipe Cubillos, y Desafío Levantemos Chile, continuó con su labor de canalizar y ejecutar la solidaridad de los chilenos hacia sus compatriotas más desfavorecidos, sobre todo en situaciones de catástrofes naturales, tan ocurrentes en Chile. Alcanzado con ello, la organización  una gran notoriedad,  prestigio y confianza del público.
Otro de los factores que ha caracterizado la labor de esta ONG, fundada por Felipe Cubillos, es su transparencia y la utilización de internet para ofertar las solicitudes de solidaridad con causas de interés general pero también de proyectos de interés individual de personas que necesitan de ayuda, especialmente para volver a emprender, siguiendo de esta manera la estela de su fundador, el empresario, abogado y navegante Felipe Cubillos en febrero de 2010, con los pescadores de Iloca.

Véase también
 Accidente del C-212 Aviocar de la Fuerza Aérea de Chile

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web oficial

Organizaciones fundadas en 2010
Organizaciones no gubernamentales de Chile
Terremoto de Chile de 2010
Instituciones y organismos con sede en Santiago de Chile

Desafío Levantemos Chile


Le cartilage voméro-nasal (cartilage de Jacobson ou cartilage vomérien antérieur de Huschke ou cartilage vomérien de Hirschfeld ou cartilage accessoire antérieur de Sappey ou cartilage paraseptal) est un des cartilages du nez qui participe à la formation de la partie antérieure de la cavité nasale. Il est pair.

Description
Le cartilage voméro-nasal est une bande étroite de cartilage hyalin,.

Il est situé latéralement entre le bord postérieur et inférieur du cartilage septal du nez et l'extrémité antérieure du vomer. Au dessus se trouve l'organe voméronasal rudimentaire, mais n'est pas connecté à celui-ci.

Historique
Ludwig Lewin Jacobson (1783–1843), un anatomiste danois, a nommé cette structure en 1809.

Notes et références

Nez
Crâne

Cartilage voméro-nasal


Ruth Brunhild Kurth (* 28. April 1954 in Burgstädt) ist eine deutsche Politikerin (CDU) und ehemalige Schullehrerin. Von 2012 bis 2017 war sie sächsische Staatsministerin für Kultus, im Amtsjahr 2015 Präsidentin der Kultusministerkonferenz.

Biografie
Kurth besuchte 1960 bis 1968 die Polytechnische und anschließend bis 1972 die Erweiterte Oberschule in Burgstädt. Von 1972 bis 1976 studierte sie an der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg und schloss das Studium als Diplom-Lehrerin ab. Als Biologie- und Chemielehrerin war sie von 1976 bis 1990 tätig. Von 1990 bis 2001 arbeitete sie als Schulleiterin des Gymnasiums Burgstädt. Als Referatsleiterin war sie 1999/2000 ein Jahr lang ans Regionalschulamt Chemnitz abgeordnet. Von 2001 bis 2004 leitete sie das Referat Gymnasien, Abendgymnasien und Kollegs im Sächsischen Staatsministerium für Kultus. Von 2004 bis 2006 war sie Direktorin des Regionalschulamtes Zwickau und ab dem 1. Januar 2007 Direktorin der Sächsischen Bildungsagentur. Von diesem Posten trat sie Anfang Mai 2011 aus persönlichen Gründen zurück und wurde anschließend Leiterin der Chemnitzer Regionalstelle der Bildungsagentur.

Kurth ist verheiratet und hat eine Tochter.

Politik
Zwei Tage nach dem Rücktritt des CDU-Politikers Roland Wöller wurde Brunhild Kurth am 22. März 2012 zur sächsischen Kultusministerin ernannt und am 3. April vereidigt. Kurz zuvor hatte Ministerpräsident Stanislaw Tillich dem Ministerium die Zuständigkeit für den Bereich Sport, Breitensport und Verbändewesen entzogen und dem Sächsischen Staatsministerium des Innern zugeschlagen. Sie gehörte dem Kabinett Tillich II zunächst als parteilose Politikerin an, bis sie im Herbst 2013 in die CDU Sachsen eintrat. Bemerkenswert war, dass sie Mittelschulen in Oberschulen umbenannte. Während ihrer Amtszeit hatte sie insbesondere mit den Auswirkungen des eingetretenen Lehrermangels und dem daraus resultierenden Unterrichtsausfall an sächsischen Schulen zu kämpfen, für den sie unter starker Kritik stand. Am 29. September 2017 erklärte sie – wenige Tage nach der Bundestagswahl – aus "privaten Gründen" ihren Rücktritt. Sie wolle mehr Zeit für ihre Familie aufbringen und nach Stuttgart ziehen.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Kultusminister (Sachsen)
Politiker (21. Jahrhundert)
CDU-Mitglied
Deutscher
DDR-Bürger
Geboren 1954
Frau

Brunhild Kurth


Guernsey Electricity Limited (GE) est le seul fournisseur commercial d'électricité sur l'île de Guernesey. GE existe depuis plus d'un siècle. L'entreprise est passée de la production locale d'électricité à partir du charbon, puis du pétrole, à l'investissement dans des câbles pour se connecter aux réseaux de Jersey et de France via le réseau électrique des îles anglo-normandes.

Histoire

Premières utilisations de l'électricité à Guernesey
En 1887, une dynamo a été utilisée pour générer l'éclairage public devant la brasserie Randalls, suivie en 1897 par une première installation domestique alimentée en eau au Chalet, baie de Fermain.

En 1898, Edmundsons Electricity Corporation a obtenu la concession pour la fourniture d'électricité à Guernesey. Sept kilomètres de câbles souterrains ont été installés en deux ans. En février 1900,  ont pu être produits par la centrale électrique des Amballes, St Peter Port.

La commercialisation se faisait par l'intermédiaire de monnayeurs acceptant les trois types de pièces alors en usage sur l'île : locales, britanniques et françaises.

L'industrie des carrières avait besoin d'électricité pour les grues et en 1902, il a été décidé de construire une deuxième centrale électrique à Saint-Sampson, portant la capacité de production à . En 1910, la quantité d'énergie distribuée est ainsi passée de   à 1,75 million. Un câble à  en courant continu reliait les deux centrales. Un système de stockage sur batteries permettait de fournir du courant 24 heures sur 24, les générateurs n'ayant besoin de fonctionner que quatre jours par semaine. Avec  en 1910, le prix moyen par unité est tombé à une moyenne de 2,5 pennys.

Guernesey Electric Light and Power Company Limited
En 1907, une société a été créée, Guernsey Electric Light and Power Company Limited. Entre 1908 et 1911, des générateurs diesel ont été installés dans les deux centrales électriques, portant la capacité à . Une explosion en novembre 1918 à la centrale électrique du Valle a couvert la route de débris. L'augmentation du prix du charbon et du pétrole pendant la Première Guerre mondiale et la nécessité d'étendre le réseau ont abouti à une nouvelle loi qui a augmenté les tarifs et autorisé l'installation de lignes à haute tension dans les zones rurales.

 Connexions créées pour recharger les véhicules électriques – 1914
 Éolienne construite – 1925

En 1933, les États de Guernesey ont annulé la concession et acquis l'entreprise au prix de , date à laquelle la capacité était de  avec  répartis au long de  de câbles avec huit sous-stations. L'ensemble passa sous l'autorité du State Electricity Board.

En 1934, la distribution passe au courant alternatif (50 Hz en 230 V) mais certains consommateurs sont restés en courant continu pendant des dizaines d'années. En 1938, la dernière chaudière à charbon a été retirée alors que de nouveaux réservoirs de carburant ont été construits. En 1939, 110 nouveaux kilomètres de câbles sont tirés, 17 sous-stations supplémentaires sont construites et 6,9 millions de kWh ont été vendus par an à .

Occupation
En juin 1940, les deux tiers des salariés sont évacués vers l'Angleterre, laissant 36 salariés volontaires subir l'occupation allemande. Des restrictions ont été imposées sur l'utilisation de l'électricité, l'approvisionnent réduit en combustible ne permettant qu'une production limitée mai 1941. On brûle à nouveau du charbon, du gaz de ville et même des déchets, ce qui permet de maintenir une puissance minimale essentielle de . Le principal utilisateur était l'occupant nazi, la majeure partie de la facture étant payée par les États de Guernesey. L'Organisation Todt, chargée de fortifier l'île, a pris en charge l'approvisionnement en combustible de manière à produire l'électricité dont elle avait besoin. Elle a aussi construit une centrale à l'anthracite sur le site du Petit Bouet.

Au cours de l'hiver 1942-1943, 75% de la consommation était le fait de l'occupant. On comptait un certain nombre de connexions illégales. Les civils étaient limités à  d'électricité par semaine et par maison.

En janvier 1945, l'électricité était à peine disponible pour transformer le lait ou purifier et pomper l'eau. Le charbon apporté par la Croix-Rouge en avril a autorisé la production du combustible à partir duquel de l'électricité pouvait être produite à des fins civiles. Guernesey est libérée le 9 mai 1945.

Après-guerre
Immédiatement après la guerre, des réparations ont été nécessaires dans de nombreux domaines, mais il était difficile d'obtenir des machines de remplacement.

Au cours des années 1950, la demande a augmenté rapidement, les ventes atteignant 32,5 millions de kWh et les consommateurs passant à 14 805. Une ligne à haute tension, en courant alternatif, a été construite autour de l'île. Huit nouveaux alternateurs ont été acquis pour une capacité de 12,5 MW. Le courant alternatif se généralise autant que possible, mais en 1966, 600 foyers étaient encore alimentées en CC.

La tranche 'B' a été construite pour répondre à l'augmentation de la demande. De nouveaux équipements sont mis en service, dont une turbine à gaz Stal Laval GT35, portant le total à 24, dont 12 Mirrlees KVSS12 et 6 Mirrlees Major, fournissant 54,6 MW. En 1970, les consommateurs ont atteint le nombre de 21 507 avec 130,7 millions de kWh vendues. La tranche «C» a été construite en 1979 pour abriter les nouveaux générateurs Sulzer 9RNF68 et le hall «A» a été mis hors service. Les années 1980 ont vu la capacité augmenter à 72 MW en 1984, ce qui était suffisant pour la demande maximale de 43 MW, mais la demande continuait d'augmenter pour atteindre 64,5 MW le 8 janvier 1997, un nouveau générateur Sulzer 9RTA58 a été installé dans le nouveau hall de production « D » et deux nouvelles turbines à gaz Thomassen ont été acquises. Le dernier client DC était Randalls Brewery qui a converti son usine d'embouteillage au courant alternatif en 1987.

En 1998, GE a été privatisée, affichant 91,5 millions de livres sterling d'actifs. L'efficacité thermique de la centrale est passée à 43 %, le facteur de charge du système a atteint 58 % et les pertes en ligne ont été réduites à 9,5 %.

Câbles sous-marins
Dans les années 1970, un câble est envisagé, à l'instar de Jersey relié à la France en 1984 (EDF1). Aucune décision n'est prise avant 1996 lorsqu'il a été convenu de relier Guernesey à Jersey (GJ1) et de poser un deuxième câble de 90 MW (Normandie 2) de la France à Jersey, les travaux étant achevés en 2000 pour un coût de 50 millions de livres sterling. Les câbles contiennent un câble de communication à 24 fibres optiques.

Un deuxième câble CC de 100 MW (GJ2) est installé en 2016, deux ans plus tôt que prévu pour remplacer le GJ1 existant qui commençait à tomber en panne, ainsi qu'un autre câble (Normandie 1) de la France à Jersey remplaçant l'ancien câble EDF1.

GE a investi massivement dans le réseau électrique des îles anglo-normandes grâce à des emprunts.

Courant
Bien que la connexion par câble à la France fournisse la plupart des unités (une unité valant un kWh) d'électricité vendues à Guernesey, la centrale électrique doit maintenir une capacité suffisante pour produire de l'électricité en cas de défaillance du câble. Huit moteurs diesel au mazout et trois turbines à gaz au mazout, dont deux nouveaux moteurs diesel, nommés "Trudy" et "Freddy", coûtant 15 millions de livres sterling chacun, ont été installés dans la salle des machines "D" en mars 2017. Les considérations environnementales et de coût exigent l'utilisation maximale de la liaison par câble.

La demande minimale est d'environ 23 MW avec une demande de pointe en 2010/11 de 85 MW. Le chiffre d'affaires en 2012/13 était de 53 millions de livres sterling. On prévoit que la demande continuera d'augmenter. En 2011/12, 82 % de l'électricité a été importée via la liaison par câble. Les clients dépassent désormais les 30 000.

Un magasin de vente au détail est rattaché à la centrale électrique de North Side dans Le Valle.

GE est régie par la loi de 2001 sur l'électricité (Guernesey) telle que modifiée et est réglementée par les autorités de réglementation et de concurrence des îles anglo-normandes.

Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Lien externe

 Site Web de l'électricité de Guernesey

Compagnie d'électricité ayant son siège au Royaume-Uni
Énergie dans les îles Anglo-Normandes
Guernesey
Pages avec des traductions non relues

Guernsey Electricity


Boylu mazı (Thuja plicata), Kuzey Amerika'nın Pasifik Okyanusu kıyılarına özgü yaklaşık 60 m'ye değin büyüyebilen servigiller ailesi mazı cinsinden değerli bir orman ağacıdır. Çok uzun ömürlü bir ağaçtır ve bazı örneklerin yaşı 1000 yıldan fazladır. İstanbul Şile'de 251 yaşını aşkın anıt ağaç olarak tescillenmiş boylu mazı bulunmaktadır.

Bu ağacın piramitsi tacının çevre genişliği 6 m'ye ulaşır. Alt yüzeyinde beyazımsı lekeler bulunan pulsu yaprakları ve 5-6 çift ince puldan oluşan, yumurta biçimli kozalakları vardır.

Neme ve çürümeye karşı oldukça dayanıklı odunu başta tekne yapımı olmak üzere çeşitli amaçlar için kullanılır.

Galeri

Dış bağlantılar

Asgari endişe altındaki bitkiler
plicata
Batı Kanada florası
Yapı malzemeleri
Kayalık Dağlar florası
Subarktik Amerika ağaçları
Cupressaceae

Boylu mazı


Der Tunnel es una película alemana hecha para televisión que salió al aire en 2001, basada en hechos reales en Berlín que sigue los hechos desde el cierre de la frontera de la Alemania del Este en 1961 y la posterior construcción del Muro de Berlín. Fue dirigida por Roland Suso Richter.

Sinopsis
El protagonista es Harry Melchoir (interpretado por Heino Ferch), personaje basado en Hasso Herschel.

A pesar de haber sido encarcelado varios años por haber estado involucrado en la Sublevación de 1953 en Alemania del Este, Melchior compite y resulta ganador del Campeonato Nacional de Natación de 1961. Con un pasaporte falso y disfrazado logra atravesar la frontera hacia Berlín Occidental. Su mejor amigo, Matthis (interpretado por Sebastian Koch) logra escapar usando las alcantarillas pero su esposa embarazada es atrapada por los soldados y puesta en prisión.

La hermana de Harry, su marido y su hija también permanecen en la Alemania del Este.

Harry y Matthis deciden llevar a sus familiares a la República Federal Alemana, pero al estar las rutas fuertemente vigiladas deciden construir un túnel aprovechando que Matthis es un ingeniero.

A los personajes se les unen en diferentes momentos algunas personas que también desean llevar a sus familias al lado Occidental, como así también un grupo de la NBC que les propone financiar la excavación a cambio de tomas exclusivas de la construcción y eventual escape.

Premios
 Ganador en 2001 del Bavarian TV Award (Heino Ferch y Roland Suso Richter).
 Ganador en 2001 del Premio de la Televisión Alemana (mejor película o miniserie para televisión).
 Heino Ferch ganó el Golden Camera en 2002.

Enlaces externos

tunel
Películas basadas en hechos reales
Películas sobre el Muro de Berlín
Telefilmes
Películas ambientadas en 1961
Películas con música de Harald Kloser

El túnel (película de 2001)


Sagama (sardinski: Sàgama) je grad i općina (comune) u pokrajini Oristanu u regiji Sardiniji, Italija. Nalazi se na nadmorskoj visini od 333 metra i ima 200 stanovnika. Prostire se na 11,72 km². Gustoća naseljenosti je 17 st/km².Susjedne općine su: Flussio, Scano di Montiferro, Sindia, Suni i Tinnura.

Izvori

Općine u pokrajini Oristano

Sagama


අයගම ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය යනු,  ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ, සබරගමුව පළාතේ,   රත්නපුර දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ, පිහිටි ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසයකි.

ජනගහනය

ග්‍රාම නිළධාරි වසම්

ආර්ථිකය

ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම්වරුන්  සුරංග ප්‍රදීප් කුමාර (වර්තමාන ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම්)

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාස
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පළාත්
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පරිපාලන දිස්ත්‍රික්ක

මූලාශ්‍ර
 Divisional Secretariats Portal

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාස
රත්නපුර  දිස්ත්‍රික්කය

අයගම ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය


Bernard Wapowski (* 22. November 1450 in Wapowce bei Przemyśl; † 25. November 1535 in Krakau) war ein polnischer Kartograf und Historiker.

Wapowski (Vapovius) war Domherr zu Krakau, Sekretär des Königs und Kammerherr des Papstes.
Er war ein Kommilitone und Freund von Nikolaus Kopernikus, der ihm bei der Herstellung seiner Polenkarte half. Diese Karte ist die erste den Prinzipien moderner Kartografie folgende Darstellung des polnischen Gebietes. Wapowski erstellte insgesamt vier kartografische Werke, nämlich Karten von
 Polen,
 Nord- und Südsarmatien und
 Skandinavien.
Alle diese Karten sind bis auf Fragmente verloren, vor allem da noch zu Wapowskis Lebzeiten beim großen Brand Krakaus 1528 die Bestände des Druckers Unger dort vernichtet wurden.

Wapowski verfasste eine Chronik Polens bis 1535, die aber nicht gedruckt wurde und nur teilweise erhalten ist. Teile davon wurden in den Schriften von Martin Cromer und Marcin Bielski verwendet.

2009 wurde von der IAU der Mondkrater Wapowski nach ihm benannt.

Werke

 De bello a Sigismundo I Rege Poloniae contra Moscos gesto A. MDVIII (Krakau 1891, ed. J. Korzeniowski Scriptores Polonicarum Rerum, Bd. 15)
 Carmen seu Panegyris elegiacum in Victoria Sigismundi I Regis de Moschis (Rom 1515)
 Oratio coram […] Sigismundo domino rege Poloniae invictissimo in reditu Suae maiestatis ex Lithuania […] habita (Krakau 1523)

Karten:
 Tabula Sarmatiae (Krakau 1526–1528)
 (mit Marcus Beneventanus) Tabula Moderna Polonie, Ungarie, Boemie, Germanie, Russie, Lithvanie

Literatur
 Karol Buczek: The history of Polish cartography from the 15th to the 18th century. Warschau 1966, S. 32–40, Tafeln 8 u. 12–14
 E. Schnayder: Bernhard Wapowski's Lost Maps of Poland, Sarmatias and Scandinavia. In: Imago Mundi Bd. 26, (1972), S. 76–77
 Kleine slavische Biographie. Wiesbaden 1958, s.v. Wapowski, Bernat

Weblinks
 Veröffentlichungen zu Wapowski im Opac der Regesta Imperii

Kartograf (16. Jahrhundert)
Historiker
Person als Namensgeber für einen Mondkrater
Pole
Geboren 1450
Gestorben 1535
Mann

Bernard Wapowski


كانت البعثة أي-103 بالإنجليزية A-103 أو بيجاسوس 1  (Pegasus 1) هي أول إطلاق لقمر صناعي يسمي بيجاسوس تقوم به ناسا في إطار برنامج أبولو . قام بتلك العملية صاروخ من نوع ساتورن 1 ذو مرحلتين حاملا مركبة فضاء أبولو شكلية . وهذه الرحلة هي الأولى من بين ثلاثة بعثات ترسل فيها ناسا أقمارا صناعية من نوع بيجاسوس.

تم الإقلاع يوم 16 فبراير 1965. وتبعه إرسال بيجاسوس 2 على متن أي-104 يوم 25 مايو 1965 و بيجاسوس 3  على متن أي-105 في 30 يوليو 1965.

الغرض
الغرض من أرسال القمر الصناعي بيحاسوس 2 إلى الفضاء هو جمع معلومات عن معدل اصطدام شهب صغيرة ميكرونية تبلغ كتلتها بين 1E-7 و 1E-4 جرام (أي 0001و0 جرام ) في الفضاء القريب من الأرض . وتفيد تلك المعلومات عن مدى تعرض رواد الفضاء مستقبلا لتلك الاصطدامات . كما تبغي ناسا في نفس الوقت اختبار نظام توجيه الصاروخ وكيفية مفاعلته مع الإشارات التي ترسل إليه من الأرض. كذلك اختبار مركبة الفضاء أبولو والصاروخ ساتورن 1 . وأخيرا اختبار نظام الإنقاذ.

اقرأ أيضا
 أبولو 8
 أبولو 10
 أبولو 11
 نيل أرمسترونج
 قائمة بعثات أبولو

مراجع

الولايات المتحدة في 1965
اختبار الرحلات الفضائية
برنامج أبولو
مركبات فضائية أطلقت في 1965
مهام برنامج أبولو

AS-103


Kairo may refer to:

 Kairo (band), Mexican boy band from 1993 to 1999 with Eduardo Verástegui as member until 1996
 Kairo (video game), independently published exploration video game made by Richard Perrin
 Kairo (film), A.K.A. Pulse, a 2001 Japanese film directed by Kiyoshi Kurosawa
 Kairo-kō, a 1905 novel by Japanese author Natsume Sōseki
 Kai-ro, a superhero in episodes of Batman Beyond and Justice League Unlimited cartoons (a future Green Lantern), named after Green Lantern's alien sidekick Kairo.
Kairō, a cloister-like part of a Japanese Buddhist temple
 Kairo is also a Japanese term for a hand warmer
 Kairo block, a community development block in Jharkhand, India
 Kairo, Lohardaga, a village in Jharkhand, India

See also
 Kairos (disambiguation)
 Cairo (disambiguation)

Kairo


John Lowther, 1st Viscount Lonsdale, PC FRS (25 April 165510 July 1700), known as Sir John Lowther, 2nd Baronet, from 1675 to 1696, was an English politician.

Early life
He was born at Hackthorpe Hall, Lowther, Westmorland, the son of Col. John Lowther of Lowther (the eldest son of Sir John Lowther, 1st Baronet) and his wife, Elizabeth Bellingham, daughter of Sir Henry Bellingham, 1st Baronet, of Hilsington, Westmoreland.

He was educated at Sedbergh School before admission to Queen's College, Oxford, where he matriculated in 1670. He was admitted to the Inner Temple in 1671 and called to the Bar in 1677.

Career
Prior to his creation as a viscount in 1696, Lowther had succeeded his grandfather as a baronet, and was twice member of parliament for Westmorland between 1677 and 1696. In 1688 he was serviceable in securing Cumberland and Westmorland for King William III, and was appointed to the Privy Council in 1689. In 1690, he was first lord of the treasury, and he was Lord Privy Seal from March 1699 until his death. He was badly injured in a duel in 1691.

Lonsdale wrote in 1688 a brief account of events from the accession of James II to the landing of the Prince of Orange at Torbay, which was later printed as Memoirs of the Reign of James II (in 1808, for private circulation) and again in 1857. The Memoirs reveal no more of Lonsdale's part in events than his public utterances.

Personal life
On 3 December 1674, he married Lady Katherine Thynne (1653–1712/3), sister of Thomas Thynne, 1st Viscount Weymouth, and second daughter of Sir Henry Frederick Thynne, 1st Baronet and the former Hon. Mary Coventry (second daughter, by his second wife, of Thomas Coventry, 1st Baron Coventry). Together, they were the parents of:

 Richard Lowther, 2nd Viscount Lonsdale (1692–1713), who died a few months after reaching his majority in 1713.
 Henry Lowther, 3rd Viscount Lonsdale (1694–1751), who died unmarried in 1751.
 Hon. Mary Lowther (–1706), who married Sir John Wentworth, 1st Baronet of North Elmsall in February 1692.
 Hon. Elizabeth Lowther, who married Sir William Ramsden, 2nd Baronet on 6 August 1695.
 Hon. Margaret Lowther (d. 1728), who married Sir Joseph Pennington, 2nd Baronet on 20 April 1706.
 Hon. Barbara Lowther (d. 1716), who married Thomas Howard of Corby (d. 1740), a direct descendant of Lord William Howard.
 Hon. Anthony Lowther (d. 1741)
 Hon. Jane Lowther (d. 1752), who died unmarried.

He died at Lowther on 10 July 1700 and was buried in Lowther churchyard. His wife Katherine Lowther took over his political influence and she was eventually buried at Lowther in 1713. The tomb is by William Stanton.

His branch of the Lowther family became extinct when his son Henry, the 3rd viscount, died unmarried in March 1751, and the baronetcy and estates went to his cousin, James Lowther, later the first Earl of Lonsdale.

References

External links

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1655 births
1700 deaths
People from Westmorland
Fellows of the Royal Society
Lord-Lieutenants of Cumberland
Lord-Lieutenants of Westmorland
Lords Privy Seal
Members of the Privy Council of England
John
English MPs 1661–1679
English MPs 1679
English duellists
English MPs 1681
English MPs 1685–1687
English MPs 1689–1690
English MPs 1690–1695
English MPs 1695–1698
1
Peers of England created by William III

John Lowther, 1st Viscount Lonsdale


Gonnoscodina (sardinski: Gonnoscodìna) je grad i općina (comune) u pokrajini Oristanu u regiji Sardiniji, Italija. Nalazi se na nadmorskoj visini od 112 metara i ima 477 stanovnika. Prostire se na 8,82 km². Gustoća naseljenosti je 54 st/km².Susjedne općine su: Baressa, Gonnostramatza, Masullas, Siddi i Simala.

Izvori

Općine u pokrajini Oristano

Gonnoscodina


Kuća Machiedo u gradiću Hvaru, Riva 15, zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis
Barokna trokatnica sagrađena na hvarskoj rivi u 17. stoljeću na mjestu ranijih kuća o čemu svjedoče gotički otvori u punoj visini istočnog i u prizemlju zapadnog pročelja. Kuća se ističe terasom u visini drugog kata što je jedinstveni primjer u stambenoj arhitekturi Hvara. Otvori glavnog pročelja ukrašeni su bogatom kasnorenesansnom dekoracijom.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-5109 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "stambene građevine".

Izvori

Zaštićene stambene građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Građevine u Hvaru

Kuća Machiedo u Hvaru


أَسْكارِس أو ثُعْبَانُ البَطْنِ جنس من الديدان الطفيلية من شعبة الخيطيات، ويعيش في الأمعاء الدقاق، ويسلب المصاب به كثيراً من
غذائه.

انظر أيضاً

 داء الأسكارس

المراجع

أصنوفات سماها كارولوس لينيوس
ديدان أسطوانية
صفريات
علم الأحياء
علم التصنيف

أسكارس


Scherenschnitte (que en alemán significa «corte con tijeras» y también puede traducirse como «silueta») designa al método artesanal consistente en cortar con tijeras u otros elementos cortantes papel u otros materiales para generar siluetas vívidas y realistas, aunque esquemáticas, de diferentes tipos de figuras y formas.

Esta técnica artesanal se originó en Alemania y Suiza en el , aunque reconoce antecedentes en las técnicas de papel cortado de China, muy anteriores.

La silueta clásica parte de una hoja de papel, o varias superpuestas, generalmente de colores contrastantes con el fondo. También es común una técnica de doblado y posterior cortado de diferentes temas geométricos, que -al desdoblarse la hoja- resulta en figuras polisimétricas, en las que cada doblez genera un eje de simetría.

Bibliografía
 Ernst Biesalski: Scherenschnitt und Schattenrisse. Kleine Geschichte der Silhouettenkunst. Ed. Callwey, Múnich 1964.
 Kirchner, Ursula / Kirchner, Otto (Hrsg.): Unterwegs Wie und Wohin? Das Motiv der Fortbewegung im Scherenschnitt. Ed. August Dreesbach V, Múnich 2010. ISBN 978-3-940061-40-9
Gilpin, Sandra. "Scherenschnitte and Fraktur." Pennsylvania Folklife 37.4 (Verano 1988): 190-192.
Hopf, Claudia. Papercutting: Tips,Tools, and Techniques for Learning the Craft. Mechanicsburg, PA Stackpole Books, 2007. (ISBN 9780811732697 ISBN 081173269X)
Schaffer, Sharon A. "Scherenschnitte de los alemanes de Pensilvania." Pennsylvania Folklife 29.4 (1980): 14-16.
Schläpfer-Geiser, Susanne. Scherenschnitte: Designs and Techniques for the Traditional Craft of Papercutting. Asheville, NC: Lark Books, 1996. (ISBN 1887374183, ISBN 9781887374187)

Enlaces externos

 Artesanos del papel de Alemania
 Siluetas de Goethe-Silhouette
 Scherenschnitte en China
 Historia del Scherenschnittes  (en alemán)
 Scherenschnitts en Suiza.
 Museo Scherenschnitt en Vreden

Artesanía de Alemania
Artesanía de Suiza

de:Scherenschnitt

Scherenschnitte