Boumerdès (, Kabyle: Tanebḍit n Bumerdas) is a province (wilaya) of northern Algeria, located in the Kabylia region, between Algiers and Tizi-Ouzou, with its capital at the coastal city of Boumerdès (formerly Rocher-Noir) just east of Algiers.

Administrative divisions

It is made up of 9 districts and 32 communes or municipalities.

Districts

 Baghlia
 Bordj Ménaïl
 Boudouaou
 Boumerdès
 Dellys
 Isser
 Khemis El Khechna
 Naciria
 Thénia

Communes

 Aafir
 Ammal
 Baghlia
 Ben Choud
 Beni Amrane
 Bordj Menaiel (Bordj Ménaïl)
 Boudouaou
 Boudouaou-El-Bahri
 Boumerdès
 Bouzegza Keddara
 Chabet el Ameur
 Corso
 Dellys
 Djinet
 El Kharrouba
 Hammedi
 Issers
 Keddara
 Khemis El-Khechna
 Larbatache
 Legata
 Naciria
 Ouled Aissa
 Ouled Hedadj
 Ouled Moussa
 Si-Mustapha
 Sidi Daoud
 Souk El-Had
 Taourga
 Thenia
 Tidjelabine
 Timezrit
 Zemmouri

Neighbourhoods
The neighbourhoods of Boumerdès Province are:

Villages
The villages of Boumerdès Province are:

Geology

Several mountain peaks are found in this province:
  (1032 m)
  (740 m)
  (630 m)
  (467 m)
  (452 m)
  (444 m)
  (430 m)
  (420 m)

Geography
The province is largely mountainous, with a long coastline and a number of rivers, notably the Isser, Meraldene and Sebaou. Its western edges have in effect become suburbs of Algiers as the capital has expanded.

History

The three towns of Zemmouri El Bahri (Rusubbicari), Djinet (Cissi), and Dellys (Rusucurium), all of Phoenician foundation, were the province's principal ancient sites, although smaller Roman towns existed inland, as at Thenia called , at Taourga; at none do any significant classical ruins remain. Zemmouri El Bahri (under the name of Marsa-d-Dajaj) and Dellys both attained some significance in the Islamic period, beginning with Hammadid times; the largely Ottoman-era casbah of Dellys remains an attraction. Boumerdès itself, called Rocher-Noir in the colonial period, was expanded substantially following the establishment of the new wilaya in 1984.

2003 earthquake

The province was very hard hit by the 2003 Boumerdès earthquake, whose epicentre was near Zemmouri.

Since the occurrence of the El Asnam earthquake on October 10, 1980, this province has not ceased to feel minor earthquakes.

The occurrence of weak tremors was further accentuated in the aftermath of the Chenoua earthquake of October 29, 1989.

From the earthquake of Wednesday May 21, 2003, telluric aftershocks lasted for years before stabilizing at low magnitudes.

Since 2003, the area encompassing this province has been classified as a high seismic risk region to make adequate technical provisions during the construction of houses and buildings.

The technical control of buildings in this province has become more rigorous and strict with regard to construction materials and construction.

The victims of this earthquake, who were housed in chalets and prefabricated houses, were still in 2020 in the process of being relocated to new apartments.

Resistance against French invasion

During the French conquest of Algeria, the region of the current Boumerdès Province in Lower Kabylia was the scene of several battles of  against French Troupes coloniales:

French invasion (1830–1870)
 Shipwreck of Dellys, which took place on May 15, 1830, as part of the .

The region of the current Boumerdès Province was the first bulwark that faced from 1837 against the French invasion of Kabylia and eastern Algeria through several battles under the banner of the  and the :

 Expedition of the Col des Beni Aïcha, which took place on May 18, 1837, as part of the .
 First Battle of Boudouaou, which took place on May 25, 1837, as part of the Algerian resistance against French invasion.
 First Battle of the Issers, which took place on May 27, 1837, as part of the Algerian resistance against French invasion.
 First Assault of Dellys, which took place on May 28, 1837, as part of the Algerian resistance against French invasion.
 , which took place on April 18, 1840, as part of the Algerian resistance against French invasion.
 , which took place on September 18, 1840, as part of the Algerian resistance against French invasion.
 Second Assault of Dellys, which took place on May 12, 1844, as part of the Algerian resistance against French invasion.
 Battle of the Col des Beni Aïcha (1846), which took place on February 3, 1846, as part of the Algerian resistance against French invasion.

Mokrani Revolt (1871)

This region was the scene of the last battles of the Mokrani Revolt during the month of April 1871 at the gate of Algiers against the French invasion:

 , which took place on April 17, 1871, as part of the Mokrani Revolt.
 , which took place on April 18, 1871, as part of the Mokrani Revolt.
 , which took place on April 18, 1871, as part of the Mokrani Revolt.
 Battle of the Col des Beni Aïcha, which took place on April 19, 1871, as part of the Mokrani Revolt.
 Battle of Alma, which took place on April 19, 1871, as part of the Mokrani Revolt.

Independence Revolution (1954–1962)

This province saw the creation of several clandestine torture centers during the Algerian revolution:
 Ferme Gauthier in Titouna within the commune of Souk El Had.
 Ferme Moll in the commune of Legata.
 Ferme Sabatier in the commune of Si Mustapha.
 Ferme Errol in the commune of Tidjelabine.
 Camp Bastos in the commune of Bordj Menaïel.
 Camp Cortès in the commune of Bordj Menaïel.
 Camp des Sénégalais in the commune of the Zemmouri.
 Camp Germain in the commune of Legata.
 Camp Gualota in the commune of Dellys.
 Camp Ouriacha in the commune of Naciria.
 Camp Stora in the commune of Kharrouba.

Resistance against Salafist terrorism

This province has suffered the horrors of dozens of terrorist attacks perpetrated by the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC):
 List of terrorist incidents in 2005
 2005 Tidjelabine bombing (July 29, 2005)
 List of terrorist incidents in 2006
 2006 Tidjelabine bombing (June 19, 2006)
 2006 Boudouaou bombing (August 8, 2006)
 List of terrorist incidents in 2007
 2007 Souk El Had bombing (February 13, 2007)
 2007 Dellys bombing (September 8, 2007)
 List of terrorist incidents in 2008
 2008 Naciria bombing (January 2, 2008)
 2008 Thénia bombing (January 29, 2008)
 2008 Beni Amrane bombings (June 9, 2008)
 2008 Zemmouri bombing (August 9, 2008)
 2008 Issers bombing (August 19, 2008)
 List of terrorist incidents in 2010
 2010 Tidjelabine bombing (April 7, 2010)
 2010 Ammal bombing (June 11, 2010)
 August 2010 Baghlia bombing (August 18, 2010)
 2010 Bordj Menaïel bombing (September 21, 2010)
 List of terrorist incidents in 2012
 2012 Thénia bombing (January 11, 2012)
 2012 Baghlia bombing (April 29, 2012)

Walis

Many Walis have passed through Boumerdès Province since its creation on February 4, 1984, through Executive Decree No. 84-09 that organizes the Algerian national territory within the framework of forty-eight wilayates.

Deputies

The deputies of this province during the legislative elections of May 4, 2017, are:
 Abdelkrim Djanati (Democratic National Rally)
 Ali Laskri (Socialist Forces Front)
 Belkacem Benamar (Socialist Forces Front)
 Hacene Bouzad (Independent)
 Mansour Abdelaziz (Movement of Society for Peace)
 Menouar Djaadi (National Liberation Front)
 Nadia Iheddadene born Amroune (Socialist Forces Front)
 Saliha Mekharef (Democratic National Rally)
 Salima Othmani (National Liberation Front)
 Yahia Mahsas (National Liberation Front)

Religion

Mosques

 Al-Fath Mosque
 Jabir ibn Hayyan Mosque
 Uthman ibn Affan Mosque
 Abderrahmane ibn Khaldoun Mosque
 Al-Baraka Mosque

Zawiyas

Zawiya Thaalibia in the Issers.
Zawiyet Sidi Amar Cherif in Sidi Daoud.
Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi in Tidjelabine.
Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki in Thenia.
 in Aafir.
 in Beni Amrane.
 in Khemis El-Khechna.
 in Boudouaou.

Education

 University of Boumerdès
 Faculty of Boudouaou
 Institut National de la Productivité et du Développement Industriel (INPED)
 Touzout brothers Lyceum
 Ahmed Rahmoune Lyceum
 Mohamed Bouchatal College
 Mohamed Boushaki School
 Draoui brothers Lyceum
 Emir Khaled Lyceum
 Mohamed Laïd Al-Khalifa Lyceum
 Frantz Fanon Lyceum

Health

Mohamed Bouyahiaoui Hospital

Boumerdès Orthopedic Emergency Hospital
Boumerdès Hospital

Tourism

Hotels

Albatros Beach Hotel
El Amir Hotel
La Villa Hotel
Le Rocher Hotel
Leïla Hotel
Medina Hotel
Soummam Hotel
Timezrit Hotel

Beaches

El Karma Beach
Nakhlat Beach
Miflah Beach
Echatt Beach
Corso Beach
Souanine Beach
Leghata Beach
Aafir Beach

Transport

Transport accidents

 2011 Boudouaou rail accident (August 22, 2011)

Ports

This province is home to the structures of several fishing ports:

Al-Qaous fishing shelter

Rivers

This province is crossed by dozens of rivers:

 Isser River

 Meraldene River

 Sebaou River

Dams

This province is home to the structures of several hydraulic dams:
 Keddara Dam
 Meraldene Dam

Sport

The municipalities of this province are home to several sports clubs, especially football, including:
 CMB Thénia
 IB Khemis El Khachna
 JS Bordj Ménaïel
 RC Boumerdes
 CR Issers
 ES Baghlia
 ESM Boudouaou
 JS Naciria
 US Dellys

Notable people

References

Provinces of Algeria
States and territories established in 1984

Boumerdès Province


est un shōnen manga écrit et dessiné par Shuhei Miyazaki. Il est prépublié depuis le  dans le Weekly Shōnen Jump, puis publié en volumes reliés par l'éditeur japonais Shūeisha. Une adaptation en anime est diffusée depuis le .

Synopsis
Au cours du XXIe siècle, des robots humanoïdes ultra perfectionnés ont vu le jour, et de jolies maids mécaniques équipent la plupart des foyers.

Le jeune Bondo, lassé par ses amis, rêve d'en avoir une à son service, et a enfin réussi à convaincre sa mère d'en acheter une. Mais quelle n'est pas sa surprise quand il reçoit Roboko, une maid hors-norme, au comportement imprévisible et qui n'a pas l'apparence escomptée... Ses capacités surpuissantes pourraient cependant bien s'avérer utiles dans certaines situation, et, Roboko se révélant attachante malgré tout, Bondo va vite la considérer comme faisant partie de sa famille.

Personnages

Un robot, autoproclamée femme de ménage, qui sert Bondo. Elle a une structure corporelle lourde et des jambes masculines. Lorsqu'elle sa batterie faibli, son corps se transforme en celui d'une petite fille mince.

Bondo est un garçon ordinaire de 10 ans. Il supporte Roboco malgré ses pitreries, mais il les tolère et il se sent seul quand elle n'est pas avec lui. Il est obsédé par le Weekly Shōnen Jump.

Gachi Gorilla est l'un des meilleurs amis de Bondo. Gachi Gorilla n'hésite pas à aider ses amis lorsqu'ils ont des problèmes. Lorsqu'il ne joue pas avec ses amis, il aide sa mère à garder sur ses frères et sœurs.

Motsuo est le meilleur ami de Bondo et possède également une servante nommée Meico. Il est le plus riche et le plus intelligent de ses amis. Son père voulait l'inscrire dans une école primaire à l'étranger, mais il a refusé, et à la place, il a passé un accord avec son père indiquant qu'il doit être le meilleur à chaque examen national pour pouvoir rester avec ses amis jusqu'à ce qu'il obtienne son diplôme.

Madoka est une jeune fille de 11 ans qui travaille également comme idole à temps partiel. Bondo a le béguin pour elle et fait tout pour l'impressionner. Madoka a une humeur changeante : quand elle est sérieuse elle devient très masculine.

Il s'agit de la mère de Bondo. On la voit souvent porter un couteau, même lorsqu'elle n'en a pas besoin...

Manga
Me and Roboco est dessiné par Shuhei Miyazaki. La série débute dans le  numéro de l'année 2020 du Weekly Shōnen Jump paru le . Depuis, la série est éditée sous forme de volumes reliés par Shūeisha et compte 10 tomes en . L'auteur, Shuhei Miyazaki, parodie des mangas célèbres, comme Demon Slayer, Jujutsu Kaisen ou Doraemon, sur les couvertures des volumes.

Liste des volumes

|}

Adaptations

Anime
En mai 2022, il a été annoncé que la série serait adaptée en série télévisée animée. Initialement annoncé pour l'hiver sur TV Tokyo, l'anime est diffusé depuis le  sous forme d'épisodes courts de cinq minutes.

Autres adaptations
En juillet 2022, un projet avec prises de vues réelles a été annoncé. Il a ensuite été révélé qu'il s'agissait d'une collaboration avec le cosplayer Enako et d'une figurine à l'effigie de Roboco produite par Sentinel Co., Ltd. dans le cadre de sa série de figurines Riobot.

Réception
Me and Roboco a été nommé dans la catégorie du meilleur manga imprimé lors des Next Manga Awards 2021 et s'est classé  sur 50 nominés. La série s'est classée au  rang des bandes dessinées recommandées par les employés de librairie de Nationwide en 2022.

Notes et références

Édition japonaise

Liens externes
  sur Weekly Shōnen Jump
  de l'anime

Série manga
Manga d'action
Manga humoristique
Manga paru dans le Weekly Shōnen Jump
Manga des années 2020
Série d'animation japonaise
Animation réalisée par Gallop
Série télévisée se déroulant dans une ville fictive
Série télévisée se déroulant dans le futur
Série télévisée créée en 2022

Me & Roboco


Eruh, Siirt ilinin bir ilçesidir. Nüfusu 19.084 kişidir.

Eruh ilçesi 42. Doğu boylamı, 38. kuzey enlemi üzerinde yer almaktadır. Doğusunda Şırnak, batısında Siirt, kuzeyinde Pervari güneyinde Güçlükonak ilçeleri ile çevrilidir. İl merkezine 53 km uzaklıktadır. Eruh'un kuruluş tarihi kesin olarak bilinmemekle birlikte MÖ 1000 yıllarından itibaren Urartu, daha sonra Med, Pers, Selçuklu ve Osmanlı İmparatorlukları hakimiyetinde kalmış olup Yavuz Sultan Selim zamanında bölge ile birlikte Osmanlı topraklarına katılmıştır. Eruh'un, Siirt'in en eski ilçelerinden biri olduğu tarihsel kayıtlarla sabittir: Hicri 1288, Miladi 1872 tarihli Diyarbekir Salnamesinde (Yıllıkta) Siirt Sancağı'na bağlı dört kaza arasında Eruh Kazası da sayılmakta; Hicri 1315, Miladi 1899 tarihli Bitlis Salnamesi'nde ise yine Eruh'un Siirt Sancağı'na bağlı bir kaza olduğu ve Dergül, Lodi ve Fındık adlarında üç nahiyesinin bulunduğu kaydedilmekte olup, her iki tarih arasında Pervari Nahiyesi'nin Eruh'tan ayrılarak ayrı bir ilçe haline geldiği anlaşılmaktadır. Bazı köyleri Garisi (Garisan) olup Kuzey Irak Zaho şehrindeki Sindi aşiretinin liderleriyle akrabadırlar. Eruh, Cumhuriyetin kuruluşu ile birlikte il olan Siirt'e bağlı ilçe statüsüne kavuşturulmuştur.

Coğrafya
Siirt ile Şırnak illerini birbirine bağlayan anayolun (98 km) ortasında yer alan Eruh ilçesi; doğusu Şırnak, batısı Siirt illeri, kuzeyi Pervari, güneyi Güçlükonak ilçeleri ile çevrilidir. Eruh ilçe merkezinin nüfusu 10.720, köyleri ile birlikte toplam nüfusu 20.257'dır. İlçe il merkezine 53 km uzaklıkta olup, rakımı 1.125 m. Yüzölçümü 1.215 km2'dir.

Topraklarının büyük bir bölümü dağlarla kaplı olup, arazi dalgalı ve engebeli bir yapıya sahiptir. Eruh ilçesi güneyinde ve kuzeyinde Güneydoğu Torosları'nın uzantısı olan sıra dağlar arasında bulunmaktadır, ki bu dağlar da güneyden ve kuzeyden Şırnak ve Hakkâri dağları ile birleşirler. İlçenin en yüksek dağları 2265 m yüksekliğindeki Tarti Dağı (Terazin) ile 2100 m yüksekliğindeki Tünek (Avâl) Dağı'dır. Eruh'un kuzeyinde bulunan Tarti (Terazin) Dağı'nda Terazin ve Çirav, Cevizlik vadisinde Gerî ve Qısa çeşme yaylaları mevcut olup, bu yaylalar hayvancılık açısından büyük önem arz etmektedir.

İlçeye bağlı Kuşdalı Köyü, Tatlıpınar mezrası yakınındaki kaynaktan çıkan Zorava çayı; Siirt il merkezine bağlı Sağlarca köyü sınırlarında bulunan Botan köprüsünde, Botan Irmağı ile birleşir. Görendoruk köyü Mir suyu kaynağından çıkıp, Bilgili köyü Mergi mezrası yakınlarında Zorava çayı ile birleşen Şikefta çayı da Botan ırmağına akmaktadır. Irmakların debisi özellikle yaz aylarında düşmektedir.

Eruh hem Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi, hem de Güneydoğu Anadolu bölgelerinde yer aldığından ilçede her iki bölgenin de iklimi yaşanmakta olup, genel olarak karasal iklim hüküm sürmekte; kışları sert ve yağışlı, yazları sıcak ve kurak geçmektedir. Ortalama yıllık sıcaklık 14–31 derece, yıllık yağış miktarı ise 67.401 m3'tür.

Nüfus

Yerel yönetim

Eylül 2016'da "PKK-KCK'ya yardım ve destek verdiği gerekçesiyle  2 yıl hapis cezasına çarpıtılan ve sonrasında görevden alınan belediye başkanı Eda Kilis'in yerine 1 Eylül 2016 tarihinde yürürlüğe giren 674 sayılı Kanun Hükmünde Kararname uyarınca kaymakam Murtaza Dayanç kayyum olarak atandı.
31 Mart 2019 tarihindeki yerel seçimleri ise AK Partili Cevher Çiftçi kazanmıştır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Eruh Kaymakamlığı
 Eruh Belediyesi

Eruh


Carlos A. Ryder (nacido Charles A. Ryder) fue un arquitecto inglés que trabajó en Buenos Aires a fines del .

A pesar de la falta de datos biográficos sobre Ryder, se conocen un conjunto de obras de su autoría, entre las cuales se destacan grandes residencias para las familias de la clase alta porteña, y templos para la comunidad británica. Se sabe que en 1874 proyectó junto a su compatriota Edwin Merry la Primera Iglesia Metodista en Buenos Aires, aún en pie en la Avenida Corrientes. También en equipo con Merry, diseñaron la Iglesia Anglicana de la Santísima Trinidad, en terrenos de la actual localidad bonaerense de Lomas de Zamora, inaugurada en 1873.

Por otro lado, fue proyectista del Palacio Miraflores, construido en 1886 para la familia Dorrego-Ortiz Basualdo en el pueblo de San José de Flores, actual barrio de Flores, que permanecería como décadas transformado en sede del Club de Flores y luego la Junta de Estudios Históricos, hasta su demolición en 1946. Para el ingeniero Alejandro Hume, diseñó hacia 1890 la lujosa casona hoy conocida como Residencia Maguire, que sigue en pie en la esquina de Avenida Alvear y Rodríguez Peña. En el ángulo opuesto sobrevive otra mansión adjudicada a Ryder, el viejo Palacio Casey, hoy Casa Nacional de la Cultura.

Arquitectos de Argentina del siglo XIX
Emigrantes ingleses hacia Argentina

Carlos Ryder


Dakhla-Oued Ed Dahab é uma das 12 regiões administrativas Marroquinas de primeiro nível, criada pela reforma administrativa de 2015. A sua capital administrativa é a cidade de  Dakhla. A totalidade da região pertence ao Saara Ocidental, um território onde a legitimidade da administração marroquina não é reconhecida pela maioria dos países, nem pela Organização das Nações Unidas. Em 2014 tinha 142.955 habitantes distribuídos por 130.898 km².

Organização Administrativa
Administrativamente a região está dividida em 2 províncias , 4 círculos e 13 comunas.

Províncias
As províncias da região são:

Regiões de Marrocos
Saara Ocidental
Dakhla-Oued Ed Dahab

Dakhla-Oued Ed Dahab


The contrabass clarinet (also pedal clarinet, after the pedals of pipe organs) and contra-alto clarinet are the two largest members of the clarinet family that are in common usage. Modern contrabass clarinets are transposing instruments pitched in B♭, sounding two octaves lower than the common B♭ soprano clarinet and one octave below the bass clarinet. Some contrabass clarinet models have extra keys to extend the range down to low written E♭, D or C. This gives a tessitura written range, notated in treble clef, of C – F, which sounds B♭ – E♭. Some early instruments were pitched in C; Arnold Schoenberg's Fünf Orchesterstücke specifies a contrabass clarinet in A, but there is no evidence such an instrument has ever existed.

The smaller E♭ contra-alto clarinet is sometimes referred to as the "E♭ contrabass clarinet" and is pitched one octave lower than the E♭ alto clarinet.

Two models of subcontrabass clarinet (the octocontralto and octocontrabass), lower in pitch than the B♭ contrabass, were built as prototypes by Leblanc in the 1930s and survive only as museum items.

History

Contrabass
The earliest known contrabass clarinet was the contre-basse guerrière invented in 1808 by a goldsmith named Dumas of Sommières; little else is known of this instrument.  The batyphone (also spelled bathyphone, Ger. and Fr. batyphon) was a contrabass clarinet which was the outcome of W. F. Wieprecht's endeavor to obtain a contrabass for the reed instruments. The batyphone was made to a scale twice the size of the clarinet in C, the divisions of the chromatic scale being arranged according to acoustic principles. For convenience in stopping holes too far apart to be covered by the fingers, crank or swivel keys were used. The instrument was constructed of maple-wood, had a clarinet mouthpiece of suitable size connected by means of a cylindrical brass crook with the upper part of the tube and a brass bell. The pitch was two octaves below the clarinet in C, the compass being the same, and thus corresponding to the modern bass tuba. The tone was pleasant and full, but not powerful enough for the contrabass register in a military band. The batyphone had besides one serious disadvantage: it could be played with facility only in its nearly related keys, G and F major. The batyphone was invented and patented in 1839 by F.W. Wieprecht, director general of all the Prussian military bands, and E. Skorra, the court instrument manufacturer of Berlin. In practice the instrument was found to be of little use, and was superseded by the bass tuba.

A batyphone bearing the name of its inventors formed part of the Snoeck collection which was acquired for Berlin's collection of ancient musical instruments at the Hochschule für Musik.  Soon after Wieprecht's invention, Adolphe Sax created his clarinette-bourdon in B.

In 1889, Fontaine-Besson began producing a new pedal clarinet (see photograph).
This instrument consists of a tube  long, in which cylindrical and conical bores are combined.
The tube is doubled up twice upon itself.
There are 13 keys and 2 rings on the tube, and the fingering is the same as for the B clarinet except for the eight highest semitones.
The tone is rich and full except for the lowest notes, which are unavoidably a little rough in quality, but much more sonorous than the corresponding notes on the contrabassoon.
This is an octave lower than a bass clarinet and two octaves lower than a B♭ clarinet.
The upper register resembles the chalumeau register of the B clarinet, being reedy and sweet.
None of these instruments saw widespread use, but they provided a basis for contrabass clarinets made beginning in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by several manufacturers, notably those designed by  for Leblanc, which were more successful.

Contra-alto

The contra-alto clarinet is higher-pitched than the contrabass and is pitched in the key of E rather than B. The unhyphenated form "contra alto clarinet" is also sometimes used, as is "contralto clarinet", but the latter is confusing since the instrument's range is much lower than the contralto vocal range; the more correct term "contra-alto" is meant to convey, by analogy with "contrabass", that the instrument plays an octave lower than the alto clarinet. It is also referred to as the E contrabass clarinet. It is the second-largest member of the clarinet family in regular use, larger than the more common bass clarinet but not as large as the B contrabass clarinet.

Like other clarinets, the contra-alto clarinet is a wind instrument that uses a reed to produce sound.  The keys of the contra-alto are similar to the keys on smaller clarinets, and are played in the same way.  Some contra-alto clarinet models have a range extending down to low (written) E, sounding as the lowest G on the piano (aka G1), while others can play down to low (written) C, sounding E1.

The earliest contra-alto clarinets were developed in the first half of the nineteenth century; these were usually pitched in F and were called contrabasset horns, being an octave lower than the basset horn.  Albert (probably E. J. Albert, son of Eugène Albert) built an instrument in F around 1890.  In the late 19th and early 20th century contra-alto clarinets in E finally attained some degree of popularity.

The contra-alto clarinet is used mostly in concert bands and clarinet choirs, where it usually, though not always, plays the bass line of a piece of music.  While there are few parts written specifically for it, the contra-alto can play the baritone saxophone part and sounds the same pitch; it is also possible to read parts written in the bass clef for instruments pitched in C (such as bassoon or tuba) as if the part were in the treble clef, while adjusting the key signature and any accidentals as necessary by adding three sharps to the music.   It is occasionally used in jazz, and a few solo pieces have been written for it.  The contra-alto clarinet is also used in a few Broadway pit orchestras, with its parts being written in reed books as a doubled instrument (e.g. with soprano clarinet and bass clarinet). The contra-alto clarinet can also be used in marching bands where it shares the parts of the sousaphone or baritone saxophone. However, because of its size and weight, many bands choose not to march them in parades.

Subcontrabass

In 1935, Belgian instrument maker  at Leblanc built a single prototype B♭ octocontrabass, a full octave below the B♭ contrabass and standing  high. It was exhibited at the World's Fair that year. Its lowest note, C (written D), is the lowest note on a 32′ pedal organ stop. This instrument survives in non-playable condition in the Leblanc musical instrument museum,  in La Couture-Boussey, France.

Houvenaghel also built two slightly smaller prototype octocontralto clarinets in E♭ for Leblanc in the 1930s, pitched a fifth below the B♭ contrabass and one octave below the E♭ contra-alto clarinet. Only one was ever finished with key work, in 1971 to low C (sounding E♭). This instrument was restored to playable condition in 2011 by Cyrille Mercadier, and is also on permanent exhibit in the Leblanc museum.

Although these enormous "octo" clarinets are mentioned in some texts (e.g. Baines, 1991) neither were manufactured by Leblanc beyond the prototype stage. There are some contemporary efforts to recreate them using modern plastics and 3D printing technology. In 2023, German instrument maker Foag Klarinetten developed a fully working all-metal B♭ octocontrabass clarinet, with range to low C.

At least three pieces of music have been written specifically for octocontrabass by Norwegian composer Terje Lerstad (Trisonata, Op. 28; De Profundis, Op. 139; and Mirrors in Ebony for clarinet choir, Op. 144). There are no known recordings of these pieces.

Manufacturers

France:
 Henri Selmer Paris
 Contrabass (Model 41- pictured in the info box above) to low C in bass clarinet-shape with rosewood body.
 Contra-alto (Model 40) to low E♭ in bass clarinet-shape with rosewood body.
 Buffet Crampon makes a contra-alto clarinet, grenadilla body in bass clarinet-shape, pictured in the info box above.

USA:
 Conn-Selmer has one model of each of the two clarinets under its brand Leblanc.
 Contrabass: Leblanc L7182, to low E-flat, ABS body.
 Contra-alto: Leblanc L7181, to low E-flat, ABS body.
Germany:
 Benedikt Eppelsheim still produces the already presented metal contrabass clarinet with Boehm or German system.
 Fritz Wurlitzer contrabass clarinet with German system
Italy:
 Ripa Musical Instruments distributes a double bass clarinet made of metal in paperclip form.

China:
 Tianjin Frater Musical Instrument Co. produces a double bass clarinet made of metal in paperclip form.

Development

Since 2012, a research team led by Ernesto Molinari (professor at the Bern University of the Arts), Jochen Seggelke (clarinet maker) and Daniel Debrunner (mechatronics engineer) has been developing various prototypes of a new double bass clarinet called CLEX' (Contrabass Clarinet Extended) as a mechatronic solution. The motorised keys are remotely controlled by the musician's fingers via keys equipped with electronic sensors. This type of instrument opens up new musical perspectives for instrumentalists and composers. The positioning of the holes on the clarinet body is completely free of traditional mechanical constraints.

In June 2016, Molinari presented the first of three working prototypes at two concert events.

Performers

Probably the best-known musician who has made significant use of the contrabass clarinet as a solo instrument is Anthony Braxton. Other performers (most of whom use the instrument in the genres of jazz and free improvised music) include James Carter, Brian Landrus, Douglas Ewart, Vinny Golia, Mwata Bowden, Ernst Ulrich Deuker, Paolo Ravaglia, Hamiet Bluiett, Edward "Kidd" Jordan, and Jason Alder. Leroi Moore of the Dave Matthews Band played a contrabass clarinet on the song "So Right" from the 2001 album Everyday and John Linnell of They Might Be Giants utilizes the contra-alto clarinet on their 2013 album Nanobots, as well as subsequent releases by the band. Colin Stetson makes use of the instrument on his 2015 collaboration album Never Were the Way She Was with violinist Sarah Neufeld.

 Ernesto Molinari, Swiss, CLEX
 Jochen Seggelke, Germany, CLEX
Performers in composed classical music:

Harry Sparnaay (NL), Ernesto Molinari (CH), Armand Angster (F), Theo Nabicht (D),

Fie Schouten (NL), Sarah Watts (UK), Jason Alder (UK), Heinz-Peter Linshalm (AT),

Marco Antonio Mazzini (PE), Andrea Nagy (HU/D).

References

Sources

External links
Contrabass clarinet page at contrabass.com.
Photos and audio example of a Leblanc paper clip model instrument.
CLEX in action

Contrabass instruments
Clarinets
B-flat instruments

Contrabass clarinet


Aes Sedai, Robert Jordan tarafından kaleme alınmış olan Zaman Çarkı isimli fantastik roman serisinin karakterleridir. Aes Sedailer "Tek Güç" şeklinde tabir edilen evrenin yaşam ve zamanın yaşam kaynağı olan olguyu yönlendirirler.

Tek Güç
Evrenin merkezinde olan ve aslında Zaman Çarkının (kader ve zamanın bağlı olduğu olgu) devamlılığını sağlayan güçtür. İki kısımdan meydana gelir: Saidin ve Saidar. Biri olmadan bir diğeri olmaz. İkisi "Tek Güç"ü meydana getirir.

Saidin
Gücün eril kısmıdır. Saidin ateşten bir nehir gibidir ve zapt edilmesi çok güçtür. Eskiden var olan gücü yöneten tariflerine göre Saidin'ini kullanabilmek için ona hükmetmek gerekirmiş. Ancak Saidin artık kullanılamaz durumdadır. Ateşten nehrin üzeri siyah bir leke ile örtülmüştür. Bunu yapan Shai'tan adındaki varlıktır. Saidin'e uzanan erkek önce bu siyah lekeye temas eder ve gücü kullanır. Gücü kullanan ya da yönlendiren erkek yavaşça delirmeye başlar. Ardından güçle dünyaya, kendine veya çevresinde yıkımlar yapmaya başlar çünkü artık kontrolünü kaybetmiştir.

Saidar
Gücün dişi kısmıdır. Saidin'in aksine Saidar sakin, duru ve parlayan bir göl gibidir. Bir Aes Sedai ("Tek Güç"ü kullanan kadın) gücü kullanmak için tamamen kendini ona bırakır ve bir olur. Shaitan gücün bu kısmına uzanamaz daha doğrusu hiçbir erkek uzanamaz. Kadınlar da Saidin'e uzanamaz. Bu yüzden Saidar tamamıyla temiz kalmıştır.

Gücü kullanabilmek
Gücü herkes kullanamaz. Bu doğuştan var olan ya da gelen bir yetenektir. Ancak eğitim almadan güç öldürücüdür. Yönlendirebilen kişi o kadar büyük bir gücün karşısında tek başınadır ve annesini kaybeden çocuk gibidir. Gücü yönlendirdiğinin farkında olmaz. Bu sebepten ya güç onları öldürür ya da başkalarına zarar verir. %80 ya da %90'lık bir kısmı ölür. Bazı durumlarda ise gücün bilinçsiz kullanımı sonucunda kişi kendini "yalıtma" olarak tabir edilen bir duruma düşer ve hayatının geri kalan kısmında bir daha gücü kullanamaz. Bu Aes Sedai olan kişiler için çok büyük bir tehlikedir. Eğitim alan kişiler bu tip tehlikeler ile karşı karşıya gelmez. Ancak her ne kadar eğitim almış olursa olsun "Yalıtma" çok büyük güç kullanımında ortaya çıkabilir Erkeklerde ise güç kullanma durumu biraz daha farklıdır. Erkekler güç ile başa çıkabilmektedir ancak Saidin kirlendikten sonra gücü yönlendirebilen erkeklerin sayısı parmakla sayılacak kadar azdır. Hatta yok denecek kadar. Olanlar ise Aessedailerin Kızıl Ajahları tarafından güçten kesilir. Bu ölümden beter ya da ölüm demektir. Gücü yönlendiren kadının çevresinde bir ışık halesi oluşur ve bu hale başka bir yönlendirebilen kadın tarafından görülebilir. Yönlendiren erkekler ise bir kadın yönlendirirken vücutlarında karıncalanma hisseder. Erkek "Aes Sedai" lerin güçten kesilmesi Saidin'in kirlenmesinden ve gücü kullanan erkeği delirtmesinden kaynaklanmaktadır.

Aes Sedai gücü yönlendiren kadınlara ve erkeklere (erkeklerin kullandığı kısım kirlenmiştir) verilen isimdir. Üç aşamadan oluşur:
 Çömez
 Kabul edilmiş
 Aes Sedai
Bu eğitimleri tamamlayan genç ya da küçük yaştaki kızlar Aes Sedai olur ve isimlerinin sonuna Sedai ekini alır. Ayrıca bir de Aes Sedai olduğunu belirten bir tekerlek (çark) üzerinde yılan motifi olan bir yüzük takarlar. Örneğin Moiraine sedai ismini alan Aes Sedai zaten çoktan eski hayatına ve ismine de veda etmiştir. Aes Sedailerin şehri ve eğitimlerinin yapıldığı yer TarValon'dur. Merkezleri ise TarValon'daki Beyaz Kule'dir.

Ajah
Güç belli amaçlar doğrultusunda yönlendirilir. Bir kabul edilmiş kadın Aes Sedai olmadan önce Ajah seçimi yapmak zorundadır. Ajahlar gücü en iyi hangi doğrultuda kullanılacağını belirler ve Aes Sedai bu yönde ilerler. Diğer ajahların yaptıklarını yapabilirler ancak uzmanlık alanı Ajah seçimi ile belirlenir.

1: Mavi Ajah
Mavi Ajah kız kardeşler genellikle keskin zekalıdır. Tarih boyunca Mavi Ajah üyeleri diğer Ajahlara oranla az sayıda olmuştur. Liderlik ve yönetim konusunda ayrıca politik manevra konularında yetenekleri iyi düzeydedir. Uluslararasında ve ilişkilerde ayrıca olaylarda Mavi Ajah önem taşır. Genel olarak Aes Sedai yöneticileri Mavi Ajahtan çıkar.

2: Kahverengi Ajah
Kahverengi Ajah üyeleri kendilerini bilgi ve araştırmaya adar. Bilginin korunması, bulunması geliştirilmesi Kahverengi Ajah üyelerinde öneme sahiptir. Gerek Aes Sedai gerekse birçok alanda araştırma yaparlar. Kayıp olan sırları bulurlar. Ayrıca Kahverengi Ajahların diğer hiçbir Ajahta olmayan kendi iç yönetim mekanizmalara vardır. Ancak sonuçta onlar da Beyaz Kule'ye bağlıdır. Genelde kitaplara gömülen kız kardeşlerdir. Sınırsız denilecek bilgiye sahiptir.

3: Gri Ajah
Gri Ajah üyeleri genelde çözümleri arayan, arabulucu, adaleti, dengeyi, düzeni sağlama üzerinde uzmanlaşan ve derinleşen Ajahlardır. Birçok sorunu büyümeden çözebilir hatta savaşları bile engelleyebilirler. Aes Sedailerin çıkarlarını kollayan Ajahtır.

4: Yeşil Ajah
Yeşil Ajah ya da Savaş Ajahı (Battle Ajah olarak geçer), kendilerini "Tarmon Gai'don"a yani Karanlıkla-Işığın-İyilikle-Kötülüğün son savaşına hazırlar. Yeşil Ajahlar gücü saldırı ve savunma konusunda kullanan en güçlü Ajahlardır. Diğer Ajahlar erkeklerle pek anlaşamaz. Kırmızı ise nefret eder. Yeşil ise tam tersine erkeklerle geçinen bir Ajahtır. Hatta Bazı Yeşil kız kardeşler Warderları (yanlarında olan koruycuları, bunlar erkektir, fiziksel güç kullanırlar) ile evlenmiştir. Bir Aes Sedai çok nadir evlenir. Dreadlordları ve Trollocları öldürmek için gücü en iyi şekilde kullanacaklarından şüphe yoktur. Ancak onun dışında genelde uyumlu bir Ajahtır.

5: Kırmızı Ajah
Kendinden başka diğer Ajahlarla anlaşamayan tek Ajahtır. Genelde üyeleri sert ve duygusuz bir yapıdadır. Tek amaçları yönlendirebilen erkekleri bulup onların güçle bağlantısını koparmaktır. Genel tabirle ehlileştirmektir. Aslında bu gereklidir çünkü erkekler Saidin'i lekeleyen pislikten dolayı delirip birçok yıkım getiriyorlar. Ehlileştiren erkekler hayattan kopar veya ölür. Ölmez ise hayat ona boş ve işkence gibi gelir. Gücü hisseder ama güce uzanamaz. Ancak gücü yönlendirebilen erkekler çok nadir olur.

6: Beyaz Ajah
Beyaz Ajah üyeleri kendini felsefe ve mantığa adar. Genelde sürekli düşünür bir halde olurlar. Her şeyi mantık çerçevesinde sorgularlar. Hayatı sorgulayan, gücü sorgulayan, kısacası her şeyi sorgulayan Ajahtır. Onlar için felsefe her şeyden önce gelir.

7: Sarı Ajah
Dünya kırılmadan önce İyileştirme konusunda hem erkek hem de yönlendire bilen kadınlar çok güçlüydü. Öyle ki; birçok hastalık, yarayı veya birçok sağlık problemine karşı şifa verbiliyordu. Ancak kırılışla birçok bilgi yok oldu. Sağlık konusunda tüm Aes Sedailer yetenekli değildi. Bunun için Sarı Ajahlar gücü sağlık konusunda en iyi şekilde kullanmayı öğrendiler. Şu an Sarı Ajah üyesi kız kardeşler (ölüm dışında) birçok yarayı veya hastalığı birkaç saniye içinde iyileştirebilir.

Yedi Ajah farklılıkları da olsa bir bütündür. Hepsi Aes Sedaileri oluşturur.

Hiyerarşi
Aes Sedai topluluğunu yöneten kişiye "Amyrlin" denir. Bu unvan isim yerine kullanılır. Vakunivis; ise Amyrlin yanında bulunan bir danışman gibidir. Amyrlin her ne kadar tek başına, karar verme hakkına sahip olsa da Vakunivis geçmişten süre gelen, gerekli bir konumdur. Ajah Liderleri; Her Ajahın doğrudan Amyrlinin yönetiminde olduğunu belirtmiştik. Ancak, her Ajah'ın kendi içerisinde bir de lideri bulunmaktadır. Bu lider sadece o ajah üyeleri tarafından bilinir. Ajah dışında kimse bilmez.

Amyrlin
Amyrlin Aes Sedailerin yöneticisi ya da en üst mertebedeki kişisidir. Amyrlin çok farklı bir durumdadır, 7 Ajahtan hiçbirinin üyesi değildir aynı anda 7 Ajahında üyesi durumundadır. Amyrlin statüsü gereği 7 Ajahın tümünüde temsil etmektedir. Yetki ve konumunu çok doğru ve stratejik kullanmak zorundadır. Amyrlin Aes Sedailerin merkezi olan TarValon şehrinde Beyaz Kule isimli yerde bulunmaktadır. Kimileri burayı ülkelerin, kişilerin, kral ve kraliçelerin yönetildiği ya da iplerinin çekildiği yer olarak tanımlamaktadır. Amyrlin olan Aes Sedai bu makam yükselince Ajahı ile tüm bağlantısını keser. Bu adalet ve doğru karar verebilmek için şarttır. 7 Ajah ve Aes Sedailer için ciddi karar almak durumunda olması bunu gerekli kılmaktadır. Tarihi kayıtlara (Kitap İçerisinde) bakıldığında bir iki kez Amyrlinlerin konumundan indirildiğini görüyoruz. Ancak bu çok sıradışı bir olay olup bunu gerektirecek çok önemli olaylar olması gerektiğinide belirtmekte fayda var. Aes Sedailer Amyrlin'e mutlak saygı duymak ve itaat etme durumundadırlar. Aes Sedai olan kişi Amyrlin'e "Anne" şeklinde hitap eder.
Ayrıca her Ajah'ın kendine has rengi olmasına karşın, Amyrlin ise 7 Ajahı temsilen 7 renkten oluşan bir Şal takar. Bu ona özgü bir şeydir.

Vakunivis
Amyrlin'in danışmanı olan kişi bu unvanı alır. Vakunivis olan kişi Amyrlin'in hemen altında yer almaz,
ancak o şekilde saygı görür. Bunun sebebi Amyrlin'in unvanının, merkezinde bulunmasından ve Amyrlin'in
danışmanı olmasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Ayrıca Vakunivis olan bir Aes Sedai halen kendi Ajahına bağlıdır.
Bunun aksine Amyrlin tüm Ajahlardan gibidir.

Çömez
Aes Sedai'lerin yönlendirme yetisine sahip olan kişiler yine Aes Sedailer tarafından bulunur
ve kuleye davet edilir. (Bu davetten çok bir dayatma gibidir)Kuleye gelen yönlendirme yetisine sahip
kişi eğitem başlar ve o andan itibaren bir çömezdir. (Çömez şeklinde hitap edilebilinir.)

Kabul Edilmiş
Çömezlikten bir sonraki aşamadır. Burada çömez güçlerini biraz idare etmeyi öğrenmiş.
Gücün biraz daha farkında ve daha mantıklı bir durumdadır. Kuralları biraz daha
iyi anlayan çömez bir üst seviye olan Kabul Edilmişliğe yükseltilir.

Aes Sedai
Uzun süren çalışmalar, eğitimler ve terbiyeden sonra, Kabul Edilmiş artık bambaşka bir kişi
gibidir. Gücü ve yönlendirmeyi tam anlamıyla idare edebilen. Durması ve başlaması gerekn noktayı bilen.
Fikren olgunlaşmış bir kişidir. İşte bu ya da benzer şartlar yerine geldiği zaman Beyaz Kulede, Aes Sedai'leri
hayatları boyunca bağlıyacak 3 aşamalı bir sınav bekler. Bu sınav çok zor bir sınavdır. Ölüm ve kayboluş gibi
sonuçları vardır. Kabul edilmiş bu sınavlara girer. Başarılı olup, hayatta kaldığı ya da sağlam bir şekilde
sınavları geçerse her Aes Sedai'nin ettiği ve onları hayatları boyunca bağlayan ve asla bozulamayan bir yemin eder.
Yemini eden kişi artık bir Kabul Edilmiş değil, bir Aes Sedaidir.

Kurgusal kuruluşlar

Aes Sedai


Gladius (latin glădĭus) var det sværd, som Romerrigets fodsoldater primært benyttede. Tidlige romerske sværd mindede meget om sværd fra Grækenland. Fra omkring år 200 f.v.t. gik romerne over til at fremstille sværd, som mindede mere om keltiberernes og andre fra deres område, under erobringen af Hispania. Det sværd var kendt som gladius hispaniensis eller et hispanisk sværd.

En fuldt udstyret romersk legionær var efter Gaius Marius' reformer udstyret med et skjold (scutum), et eller to kastespyd (pila), et sværd (gladius), ofte en daggert (pugio) og i den senere romerske periode også kastepile (plumbatae). Normalt kastede soldaterne deres spyd for at bryde fjendens formation og få dem i nærkamp, hvor romerne kunne bruge deres gladius. En soldat brugte skjoldet til at beskytte sig og stak med sværdet. Alle typer gladius har tilsyneladende kunnet bruges til at hugge og stikke med.

Referencer

Litteratur
 Significant Contributions in the Study of European Arms and Armor, bibliography by the Arms and Armor Society of America.
 Armamentarium: subject bibliographies: swords
 John William Humphrey, John Peter Oleson, Andrew Neil Sherwood, Greek and Roman Technology: a sourcebook

Eksterne henvisninger

Sværd fra Europa
Romerriget

Gladius


Sou Point 44, amor, um arco-íris multicor, também conhecido como Sou Point 44, é um documentário de curta-metragem brasileiro de 2022, dirigido por Márcio Paixão. O filme mostra início do movimento LGBTQIA+ em Cabo Frio através da história do bar Point 44. Exibido no Festival do Filme Documentário e Etnográfico de Belo Horizonte.

Enredo
Fundado por David Araújo, o "Point 44" marcou a noite e o carnaval de Cabo Frio. O bar era um local de confraternizações políticas, onde eram oferecidas palestras e debates sobre questões de gênero e sexualidade, se tornando um lugar de resistência e pioneirismo em pleno ano de 1995, e que depois veio a se tornar bloco e escola de samba.

Curtas-metragens do Brasil
Curtas-metragens com temática LGBT
Curtas-metragens em língua portuguesa
Curtas-metragens da década de 2020
Curtas-metragens com temática LGBT do Brasil

Sou Point 44


NGC 3299 es una galaxia espiral barrada (SBdm) localizada en la dirección de la constelación de Leo. Posee una declinación de +12° 42' 26" y una ascensión recta de 10 horas, 36 minutos y 23,9 segundos.

La galaxia NGC 3299 fue descubierta  el 19 de marzo de 1784 por William Herschel.

Véase también
 Astronomía extragaláctica
 Lista de galaxias
 Lista de objetos NGC
 New General Catalogue

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 SIMBAD: UGC 12099 -- Datos de NGC 3299.

NGC 3299
Constelación de Leo
Galaxias espirales barradas
Grupo M96

NGC 3299


Noritaka Fujisawa (født 23. august 1988) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Kagoshima United FC.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Noritaka Fujisawa


Deschampsia antarctica er en flerårig og urteagtig græsart. Ud over den tokimbladede Colobanthus quitensis er arten den eneste oprindelige karplante i Antarktis.

Beskrivelse
Deschampsia antarctica er en staude med tuedannende til tæppeformig vækst. Bladene er linjeformede og helrandede med indrullet rand. Begge bladsider er hårløse og græsgrønne. Blomstringen foregår i den sydlige halvkugles korte sommer (januar-februar), hvor man finder blomsterne samlet i løse, endestillede stande på 5-20 cm lange, dunhårede stængler. De enkelte blomster er 3-tallige og typiske, reducerede græsblomster. Frugterne er bittesmå, mørkebrune nødder ("korn")

Rodnettet består af trævlede finrødder og korte jordstængler.

Arten bliver 0,25 m høj under gunstige betingelser, men betydeligt bredere på egnede voksesteder.

Hjemsted
Deschampsia antarctica har sin naturlige udbredelse i den sydligste del af Sydamerika (Argentina og Chile), på det antarktiske fastland, samt på antarktiske og subantarktiske øer: Crozetøerne, Falklandsøerne, Heard- og  McDonaldøerne, Kerguelen, South Georgia og de sydlige Sandwichøer.. Planten danner grønsvær sammen med Colobanthus quitensis på beskyttede og havpåvirkede flader, hvor ekskrementer fra pingviner og havpattedyr er vigtige kilder til mineraler.

Galleri

Noter

Eksterne links
 W. D. Clayton, M. Vorontsova, K. T. Harman og H. Williamson: Deschampsia antarctica  i RBG Kew: GrassBase – The Online World Grass Flora.
 Plejeplan for Biscoe Point på øen Anvers i Palmer øgruppen nær den Antarktiske halvø  (64°48'47"S, 63°47'41"W)

Litteratur
 Irena Giełwanowska, Ewa Szczuka, Józef Bednara og Ryszard Górecki: Anatomical Features and Ultrastructure of Deschampsia antarctica (Poaceae) Leaves from Different Growing Habitats, i Annals of Botany, 2005, 96, 6 side 1109–1119. Se artiklen online

Græsser
Chiles flora

Deschampsia antarctica


IFOR je akronim za "Implementation FORce" (hr. Snage za provedbuZaštitne snage). Riječ je o operaciji NATO-pakta uz mandat Ujedinjenih Naroda radi održavanja trajnog mira u Bosni i Hercegovini nakon sklapanja Daytonskog sporazuma u kojem je Savezna Republika Jugoslavija priznala neovisnost i teritorijalni integritet BiH. Operacija trajala od 20. prosinca 1995. do 20. prosinca 1996. godine; NATO kodni naziv operacije je bio Operation Joint Endeavour (hr. Operacija zajednički poduhvat).

Snage IFOR-a su bile dosta snažne, te su imale do 60.000 pripadnika. Među njima su kao najznačajniji garant provedbe trajnog mira bili uključene i oružane snage SAD-a, čija je 1. oklopna divizija predstavljala glavninu Multi-nacionalnu divizije Sjever sa stožerom u Tuzli.

Multi-nacionalna divizija Jugozapad sa sjedištem u Banja Luci bila je pod britanskim zapovjedništvom, a Multi-nacionalna divizija Jugoistok sa sjedištem u Mostaru bila je pod francuskim zapovjedništvom.

Svoje su vojne postrojbe na raspolaganju IFOR-u dala većina članica NATO-a, tako da su u njemu djelovale postrojbe iz Belgije, Danske, Francuske, Kanade, Nizozemske, Norveške, Njemačke, Italije, Luxemburga, Portugala, Sjedinjenih Američkih Država, Španjolske, Turske, Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva. Pridružile su svoje postrojbe i brojne druge zemlje: Australija, Austrija, Bangladeš, Češka Republike, Egipat, Estonija, Finska, Latvija, Litva, Mađarska, Malezija, Novi Zeland, Pakistan, Poljska, Rumunjska, Rusija, Slovačka i Ukrajina.

Od 21. prosinca 1996. godine snage NATO-a su nastavile djelovati pod imenom SFOR (gdje je prvo slovo akronima promijenjeno u "Stabilization", kako bi se označila djelomična promjena mandata), a od 2004. godine je manje-više isti personal, i dalje pod okriljem NATO-pakta nastavio djelovati pod imenom EUROFOR. Ovo zadnje ime naznačilo je vrijeme kada je situacija u BiH i susjednim zemljama bila dovoljno stabilna da su snažne američke vojne snage mogle pripremiti svoj odlazak, ostavivši naposljetku manji kontingent od oko 900 vojnika iz različitih europskih zemalja kao trajniji znak međunarodne vojne prisutnosti.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Vojska SAD u Bosni i Hercegovini, prezentacija Zapovjedništva Vojske SAD-a za Europu i Sedme armije, 7. listopad 2003.

Povezani članci

 UNPA
 UNCRO
 UNPROFOR
 UNTAES

Ujedinjeni narodi
Rat u Bosni i Hercegovini

IFOR


عدنان أكبر، هو أول مصمم أزياء سعودي كان من أشهر المصممين العالمين في نهاية القرن العشرين، ومن أوئل المصممين السعوديين. كان أول تصميم له في عام 1969. أقام معارض كثيرة عالمية خارج وداخل السعودية وكسب من خلالها أكبر جوائز عالمية على مستوى القارات الخمس.

عندما كان في العاشرة من عمره، كان يمسك بالعرائس الصغيرة يصنعها لإخواته الصغار، ولم يخطر في ذهنه آنذاك أنه سيكون في يوم من الأيام أحد النجوم في عالم الموضة والأزياء.

قام بتصميم العديد من التصميمات التي بلغت تكلفتها في التصميم الواحد حوالي ثلاثمائة ألف ريال صمم الكثير من التصاميم لسيدات المجتمع وزوجات رؤساء الدول منهم سوزان مبارك وساجدة خير الله طلفاح، ومن الشخصيات العالمية الأميرة ديانا زوجة ولي عهد بريطانيا وزوجة جاك شيراك الرئيس الفرنسي السابق.

البداية
بدأ مصمم الأزياء عدنان سراج أكبر تصميم أزياء الأفراح من مسقط رأسه مكة معتمداً على عاملات تطريز أفريقيات، قبل ان يرحل إلى كراتشي لتعلم العلوم السياسية وتصميم الأزياء. وفي عام 1968 حطّ متدرباً في دار مدام سيلفيا في بيروت أشهر مصممات أزياء زمانها. ذهب بعدها إلى باريس وقضى اياما وليالي في مكتبة فوج، وحين عاد من فرنسا إلى جدة في 1970، افتتح اولى متاجره في حي الرويس، كأول محلي يصمم فساتين هوت كوتور في البلاد. ثم بدأ يتعامل مع الديوان الملكي والنخب التجارية.
كتبت عنه أكثر صحف الموضة شهرة منها صحيفة فرنسية قالت عن أحد عروضه: تفرق الحضور، وبقيت في باريس رائحة السعودية.

قال عدنان أكبر لهاربرز بازار السعودية في عدد سبتمبر 2023: " لم أكن أهتم للجانب التجاري بصراحة، على خلاف الكثيرين، بل كان يؤرقني سؤال واحد وهو لماذا تتفوق علينا أوروبا في هذا المجال؟ وكيف يمكن أن نصل إلى مستوى المنافسة؟"

لقب مصمم

عام 1979، كان عدنان متواجدا في روما في زيارة عمل، وهناك التقى بأحد مصممي الأزياء المعروفين في إيطاليا وهو السنيور "كتالدو"، ولم يكن اللقاء في البداية حارا، لعدم اطلاع الأوروبيين آنذذاك بالحضارة والثقافة العربية، ولكن ما أن إطلع السنيور كتالدو على نماذج من أزياء أكبر، حتى تملكته الدهشة وتغير موقفه وإسلوب تعامله، وبادر بإجراء اتصالات فورية بالمهتمين بالأزياء في روما ليخبرهم بوجود مصمم أزياء عربي نادر في ذوقه وتصاميمه. وكانت هذه هي البداية مع لقب مصمم، وأخذت بيوت الأزياء والصحافة العالمية منذ ذلك الحين تطلق لقب مصمم على عدنان أكبر، وبذلك يكون هذا اللقب قد منح له من قبل كبرى بيوت الأزياء في العالم ولم يطلق عليه جزافا، علاوة على كونه من الأصل رائدا لفنون الأزياء في المنطقة لأكثر من عشرين عاما آنذاك، إلا أن هذا اللقب الذي منح له، يعتبر اعترافا وشهادة من بيوت الأزياء والموضة في العالم.

الإنطلاق للعالمية

مع عام 1982 كانت عروضه قد وصلت إلى ميلان، كان، امستردام، القاهرة، جدة والرياض. وفي يوليو 1988 بدأت تصماميه في احداث صرعة في عالم الهوت كوتور، وسمّته دار كريستيان لاكروا المرموقة مُصمم العام، وتعاقد حصرياً مع دار "بيانشيني فييرر"، وهي دار أقمشة فاخرة، مقرها ليون وتمد دور شانيل ولاكروا وارماني بالأقمشة الفاخرة الحصرية كأول عربي يحوز على تلك الريادة.

توجّ نجاحاته بدعوته لعرض تصماميه في الحفل الفرنسي الشهير International Fashion Festival في ساحة برج ايفيل في عام 1989 امام 200 ألف مشاهد، في عرض اسطوري قدمت فيه 25 عارضة تشكيلته الذهبية تحت انعكاس الألعاب النارية الذهبية، مع 40 جملاً تهيم في الخلفية كناية عن الطابع العربي. واطلقت الصحافة الفرنسية عليه من حينها لقب إيف سان لوران''''' الشرق.

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من مكة
سعوديون في القرن 20
سعوديون في القرن 21
مصممو أزياء سعوديون

عدنان أكبر


රාම් මන්දිර්, (ඔඩියා: ରାମ ଦେଉଳ) යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ රාම දෙවියන්, ලක්ෂ්මණ දෙවියන් සහ සීතා දෙවඟනගේ අලංකාර ප්‍රතිමා තැන්පත් කොට ඇති දේවාලයකි. මෙය ඉන්දියාවේ භුබනේස්වර් මධ්‍යයේ ඛාරවේල් නගර්වලට ආසන්නව ජන්පත් නම් ප්‍රදේශයේ ය. ප්‍රධාන දේවාලයේ ඉහළ නැගි ශිඛරය ප්‍රධාන නගරයේ බොහෝ ප්‍රදේශවල සිට දිස්වනු දැකිය හැකි ය. මෙය නගරයේ ප්‍රධාන සංචාරක ආකර්ෂණයක්ව පවතියි. පෞද්ගලික භාරයක් මගින් ඉදි කරන ලද සහ නඩත්තු කිරීම් සිදු කෙරෙන මෙම දේවාල සංකීර්ණය හනුමාන් දෙවියන්, ශිව දෙවියන් ඇතුළු අනෙකුත් දෙවිවරුන් සඳහා ඉදි කළ හිරියල් පැහැයෙන් වර්ණ ගැන්වූ කිරිගරුඩ දේව ප්‍රතිමා ඇතුළත් කුඩා දේවාලවලින් ද සමන්විත ය.

උත්සව
වර්ෂය පුරාම හින්දු බැතිමතුන්ගේ සෑම උත්සවයක් පාහේම මෙහි සමරනු දක්නට ලැබේ. මේ අතරින් ප්‍රධාන ස්ථානයක් හිමිවන්නේ රාම් නවාමි, විවාහ පංචමි, ජන්මාෂ්ටමි, දුස්සේහ්රා, ශිවරාත්‍රී, පාන සංක්‍රාන්ති යන උත්සව අවස්ථාවලටයි. උදෑසන සහ සවස් කාලයේ දක්නට ලැබෙන අලංකාර වූ ආරථී බැතිමතුන් රැසකගේ ආකර්ෂණයට ලක්ව ඇත. රක්ෂා බන්ධන් හෙවත් රාඛි යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන් උත්සවයේ දී මෙහි වාර්ෂික පොළක් ද සංවිධානය කෙරේ.

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

බාහිර සබැඳි
භුබනේස්වර්හි රාම දේවාලය සඳහා wikimapia
රාම් මන්දිර් චතුරස්‍රය

භුබනේස්වර්හි හින්දු දේවාල
රාම දේවාල

රාම් මන්දිර්, භුබනේස්වර්


George Platt Brett ist der Name folgender Personen:

*George Platt Brett Sr. (1859–1936), britisch-amerikanischer Verleger
George Platt Brett Jr. (1893–1984), britisch-amerikanischer Verleger

George Platt Brett


Le Cellier () ist eine französische Gemeinde im Département Loire-Atlantique in der Region Pays de la Loire. Sie gehört zum Kanton Nort-sur-Erdre (bis 2015: Kanton Ligné) im Arrondissement Châteaubriant-Ancenis.

Seit 1989 besteht eine Gemeindepartnerschaft zu Langförden.

Geografie
Der westfranzösische Ort mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) liegt am nördlichen Ufer der Loire 27 Kilometer östlich von Nantes. Er ist sehr ländlich geprägt.

Geschichte
Der Ursprung des Namens Le Cellier leitet sich vermutlich aus dem Lateinischen Cellarium ('Keller') ab und bezieht sich wohl auf einen Weinkeller, den es früher vor Ort gab.

Der Legende nach tötete der bretonische heilige Méen bei seiner Rückkehr aus Rom im 7. Jahrhundert in Le Cellier einen Drachen und gründete darauf eine Abtei. Die Existenz des Priorats ist verbrieft. Die dazugehörige Abtei wurde von den Wikingern zerstört, später im 12. Jahrhundert aber wieder aufgebaut. Vermutlich profitierte Le Cellier seit dem 9. Jahrhundert von einer Maut, welche die Schiffer der Loire zu entrichten hatten. An der Stelle, an der sich heute der Park Folies-Siffait ausbreitet, bestand eines Festung, die Château-Guy hieß und nach dem Namen des Grafen Guido von Nantes benannt war. Ende des 14. Jahrhunderts wurde die Erhebung der Maut nach Champtoceaux verlegt und die Burg Château-Guy verlor ihre Bedeutung.

Im 17. Jahrhundert herrschte die Familie Chenu de Clermont, die mit den Fürsten von Condé verbunden war, über die Städte und Burgen von Champotoceaux und Oudon. Einer ihrer Vertreter ließ das Schloss Clermont errichten. Dieses ging im 18. Jahrhundert zuerst an die Familie De Claye und anschließend an die Familie De La Bourdonnaye von Liré. Unter König Ludwig XVI. wurde das Anwesen zu einer königlichen Merinoschafzucht. Diese existierte noch bis zur Restauration, ihr Leiter Jean-François Le Masne wurde 1820 Bürgermeister der Kommune. 1793 ging das Anwesen an die Familie Juchault des Jamonières.

Während des Aufstandes der Vendée gegen die Französische Revolution wurde das Anwesen von der republikanischen Armee besetzt und zum Überwachungsposten der Loire. 1816 kaufte der aus der Somme kommende Maximilien Siffait (* 1780; † 1861) den Ortsteil La Gérardière, der auch die Burg Château-Guy umfasst. Unter seiner Führung entstand bis zum Jahre 1830 der Park Les Folies Siffait. Maximilien Siffait war zwischen 1822 und 1830 auch Bürgermeister der Kommune. Er verließ dann Le Cellier, aber sein Sohn Oswald kehrte später zurück und war Bürgermeister von 1841 bis 1847. Nachzureichen ist, dass Maximilien Siffait während seiner Amtszeit im Streit mit Baron des Jamonières, der das Schloss Château de Clermont weiterhin für sich reklamierte, im Streit stand. In der übernächsten Generation kam es aber zur großen Versöhnung: 1870 heiratete Arthur Antonin Juchault des Jamonières Anna Siffait, die Tochter von Oswald.

Noch bis zum Eintreffen der Eisenbahn Ende der 1840er-Jahre war Le Cellier ein bedeutender Flusshafen. Die Bahnstrecke Tours–Saint-Nazaire wurde auf dem Treidelpfad errichtet und auf der Höhe des Anwesens von Siffait erfolgte ein Tunneldurchstich für die Bahn.

Wappen
Blasonierung: In Rot eine güldene Weintraube beflankt von zwei silbernen Pilgerstäben, darunter ein Wellenband derselben Farbe. Im Schildhaupt Hermelin.

Die Pilgerstäbe symbolisieren die beiden Priorate, welche in der früher Wein produzierenden Gemeinde existiert haben. Hermelin ist typisch für das Herzogtum Bretagne, zu welchem Le Cellier einst gehörte.

Bevölkerungsentwicklung

Sehenswürdigkeiten
 Das Schloss Château de Clermont aus dem 17. Jahrhundert war der letzte Wohnsitz des französischen Filmschauspielers Louis de Funès und ist seit 1941 ein französisches Kulturdenkmal. Auch das Grab von Louis de Funès befindet sich in der Nähe des Schlosses.

 Das klassizistische Lustschloss Château de La Forêt wurde in den Jahren 1812–1814 erbaut.

 Les Folies Siffait nennt sich ein architektonischer Garten über der Loire. Es handelt sich dabei um ein Labyrinth von in der Landschaft angelegten Treppen und Terrassen, das zwischen 1820 und 1830 von den Amateuren Maximilien Siffait und seinem Sohn Oswald angelegt wurde. Die Anlage, die seit 1992 als ein französisches Kulturdenkmal gilt, ist zwischenzeitlich überwuchert und befindet sich heute in Restauration.

 Die Villa Roy ist eine repräsentative Villa am Ufer der Loire, die Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts für die Familie Pichery erbaut wurde. Letzte Nachkomme der Familie war Augustine Roy, die Haus und Park ihrer Nichte vererbte, welche die Anlage ihrerseits an die Gemeinde verkaufte. Gebäude und Garten sollen nach der Renovierung öffentlich genutzt werden.

 Die Chapelle Saint-Méen ist eine kleine Kapelle aus dem 17. Jahrhundert, welche dem mythischen Rompilger Méen aus dem 7. Jahrhundert geweiht ist. Pilgerfahrten aus der Umgebung sind bis ins 18. Jahrhundert nachgewiesen, als die Stätte von Leprakranken und an anderen Hautkrankheiten Leidenden, aufgesucht wurde.

 Die Kirche L'Église Saint-Martin ist seit 2008 ein französisches Kulturdenkmal.

Persönlichkeiten
 Überregionale Bekanntheit erlangte die Gemeinde durch das dort gelegene Grab des französischen Schauspielers Louis de Funès.

Literatur
 Le Patrimoine des Communes de la Loire-Atlantique. Flohic Editions, Band 1, Charenton-le-Pont 1999, ISBN 2-84234-040-X, S. 503–509.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Pays de la Loire
Ort an der Loire
Weinbauort in Frankreich

Le Cellier


Robin Corbett, Baron Corbett of Castle Vale (* 22. Dezember 1933 in Fremantle, Western Australia, Australien; † 19. Februar 2012) war ein britischer Journalist und Politiker der Labour Party, der sowohl Mitglied des House of Commons als auch des House of Lords war.

Leben
Nach dem Besuch der Holly Lodge Grammar School in Smethwick leistete er 1951 seinen Wehrdienst in der Royal Air Force und begann danach eine Tätigkeit als Journalist. Zunächst war er Mitarbeiter der Birmingham Evening Mail und danach des Daily Mirror, ehe er 1968 stellvertretender Herausgeber der Wochenzeitung Farmer's Weekly wurde.

Bei den Unterhauswahlen im Oktober 1974 wurde er erstmals als Kandidat der Labour Party zum Mitglied des House of Commons gewählt und vertrat dort bis zu seiner Wahlniederlage bei den Unterhauswahlen vom 3. Mai 1979 den Wahlkreis Hemel Hempstead. Während dieser Zeit war er Sprecher der Opposition für Innenpolitik.

Bei den Wahlen vom 9. Juni 1983 wurde er wiederum zum Abgeordneten des Unterhauses gewählt und gehörte diesem als Vertreter des Wahlkreises Birmingham Erdington bis zu seinem Verzicht auf eine erneute Kandidatur bei den Unterhauswahlen am 7. Juni 2001 an. Corbett war zunächst zwischen 1984 und 1987 Whip der Labour-Fraktion, danach bis 1992 wiederum innenpolitischer Sprecher sowie von 1992 bis 1995 Sprecher der Opposition für das nationale Erbe, Rundfunk und Presse. Zuletzt fungierte er zwischen 1999 und 2001 als Vorsitzender des Unterhausausschusses für Innere Angelegenheiten (Home Affairs Select Committee).

Nach seinem Ausscheiden aus dem Unterhaus wurde er 2001 als Life Peer mit dem Titel Baron Corbett of Castle Vale, of Erdington in the County of West Midlands in den Adelsstand erhoben und gehörte fortan bis zu seinem Tod dem House of Lords an. Zuletzt war er von 2005 bis 2007 Vorsitzender der Gruppe der Labour-Peers im Oberhaus.

Zeitweise war er darüber hinaus Vorsitzender des überpartlichen "Parlamentarischen Komitees für die Freiheit des Iran" (British Parliamentary Committee for Iran Freedom), der "Freunde von Zypern" (Friends of Cyprus) sowie der überparteilichen "Gruppe zur Reform des Strafrechts" (All Party Penal Reform Group).

Veröffentlichungen
 On the Campaign Trail, 1987

Weblinks
 Labour peer Lord Corbett dies, age 78. In: The Daily Telegraph vom 19. Februar 2012

Life Peer
Labour-Mitglied
Abgeordneter des House of Commons (Vereinigtes Königreich)
Mitglied des House of Lords
Journalist (Vereinigtes Königreich)
Brite
Geboren 1933
Gestorben 2012
Mann


An Oryticum oryzoides in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Chao Pin Wang ngan S.H.Tang. An Oryticum oryzoides in nahilalakip ha genus nga Oryticum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Oryticum

Oryticum oryzoides


Der Bahnhof Biasca ist der einzige Bahnhof der Schweizer Gemeinde Biasca im Kanton Tessin. Er liegt an der Gotthardbahn der Schweizerischen Bundesbahnen (SBB) und war zwischen 1911 und 1973 Ausgangspunkt der meterspurigen Biasca-Acquarossa-Bahn.

Geschichte
Das Zeitalter des Bahnverkehrs in Biasca begann am 6. Dezember 1874, als die Tessiner Talbahnen von Biasca nach Bellinzona ihren Betrieb aufnahmen, welche zwei Wochen später um die Strecke Giubiasco-Locarno verlängert wurden. In Biasca wurde auch das erste Lokomotivdepot der Strecke errichtet, weil man in Bellinzona noch nicht so weit war. Am 1. Juni 1882 wurde mit den Eröffnungen der Tunnels am Gotthard und am Monte Ceneri die durchgehende Streckenführung der Gotthardbahn von Immensee nach Chiasso möglich.

Am 6. Juli 1911 eröffnete die meterspurige Stichbahn von Biasca nach Acquarossa. Sie wurde für die Erschliessung des Bleniotals errichtet, nachdem der Bund und das Königreich Italien in den 1860er-Jahren vom ursprünglichen Plan einer Nord-Süd-Alpenbahn via Lukmanierpass zugunsten der Gotthardbahn Abstand genommen hatten. Die Biasca-Acquarossa-Bahn fuhr ab dem Bahnhofplatz und hatte in der Nachbarschaft auch ihre Depotanlagen. Am 29. September 1973 wurde der Betrieb aufgegeben und die Anlagen abgebrochen, nachdem bereits 1969 die Depotanlagen verkauft worden waren. Seither wird die Strecke mit Autobussen bedient.

Mit der Einführung der S-Bahn Tessin wurde Biasca, abgesehen von einigen nach Airolo verlängerten Zügen zur Hauptverkehrszeit, zum Regionalbahnhof und zum nördlichen Endpunkt des TILO-Netzes.

Gleisanlage und Gebäude
Das zweiflügelige Empfangsgebäude mit Annex an der Nordseite, ist im selben Stil wie andere Gotthardbahnhöfe, z. B. in Arth-Goldau, Brunnen, Bellinzona oder Lugano gehalten. Im Gebäude befanden sich einst zwei Ticketschalter der SBB, Dienstwohnungen für Bahnbeamte und die Räume eines längere Zeit leerstehenden Bahnhofbuffets, das zu einem Bahnhofsladen umgebaut wurde. Parkplätze und einige zum Teil historische Betriebs- und Administrationsgebäude ergänzen die Infrastruktur. 2019 bis 2022 wurde das Hauptgebäude renoviert.

Für den Personenverkehr stehen drei Gleise an einem Seiten- und einem Mittelbahnsteig zur Verfügung. Es existieren noch weitläufige Abstellanlagen, die aus der Zeit des Depots stammen. Das Depot war 1874 das Erste auf der Gotthardachse, verlor aber mit der Elektrifizierung der Strecke zugunsten der nur 19 Kilometer entfernten Hauptwerkstätte in Bellinzona stark an Bedeutung. Gegen Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts war das Depot Biasca zunächst Aussenstelle des Depots Bellinzona, dann wurden zuerst das Lokdepot und später die Wagenwerkstätte geschlossen.  Auf dem Bahnhofsgebiet von Biasca waren zeitweise etliche Ae 6/6 abgestellt, die hier auf den Schrottplatz oder ihre Rettung durch historische Eisenbahnvereine warteten.

Verkehr
Buslinien von Postauto Schweiz in die Riviera und Leventina und von Autolinee Bleniesi S.A. ins Bleniotal binden das Umland von Biasca ans Bahnnetz an. Die Haltestellen befinden sich vor dem Bahnhofsgebäude.

Eisenbahn
TILO ist der ÖV-Regionalverband Tessin-Lombardei. Der Bahnhof Biasca ist seit dem Fahrplanwechsel im Dezember 2020 mit dem Treno Gottardo der Südostbahn wieder regelmässig an das Fernverkehrsnetz der Schweiz angeschlossen. Ausserdem hält eine S-Bahn-Linie in Biasca.

Am Morgen und Abend halten auch einzelne via Gotthard-Basistunnel verkehrende Züge in Biasca:

Weblinks

 TILO Regionalzüge Tessin Lombardei

Einzelnachweise

Biasca
Biasca
Kulturgut von regionaler Bedeutung im Kanton Tessin
Biasca
Gotthardbahn

Bahnhof Biasca


Alexandru Mugurel Dedu ()  un fotbalist român, care evoluează pe postul de mijlocaș ofensiv la clubul din Liga a II-a, Gloria Buzău.

Legături externe
Profile at Romaniansoccer.ro

Fotbaliști români
Români în viață
Sportivi români în viață
Fotbaliști ai CSM Politehnica Iași
Fotbaliști ai FCM Câmpina
Câmpineni

Mugurel Dedu


Talija (srcolist, preloj; lat. Parnassia), rod vodenih trajnica iz porodice Celastraceae, nekada uključivan u vlastitu porodicu Parnassiaceae. Postoji između pedesetak
 i sedamdesetak vrsta
, uglavnom na sjevernoj polutki (Euroazija i Sjeverna Amerika). U Hrvatskoj raste vodeni srcolist ili močvarna talija (P. palustris)

Opis
To su niske višegodišnje biljke ponekad svrstavane u porodicu Parnassiaceae, ponekad u Celastraceae. Rasprostranjene su diljem sjeverne hemisfere. Biljke rastu u čupercima i nose bijele, zelenkasto bijele ili žute cvjetove. Pet sterilnih prašnika koji nose nektarske žlijezde izmjenjuju se s pet plodnih prašnika u svakom cvijetu. "Parnassova trava" povremeno se sadi na vlažnim, sjenovitim mjestima u blizini vode.

Vrste

 Parnassia alpicola Makino
 Parnassia amoena Diels
 Parnassia asarifolia Vent.
 Parnassia bifolia Nekr.
 Parnassia cabulica Planch. ex C.B.Clarke
 Parnassia cacuminum Hand.-Mazz.
 Parnassia caroliniana Michx.
 Parnassia chinensis Franch.
 Parnassia cirrata Piper
 Parnassia cooperi W.E.Evans
 Parnassia crassifolia Franch.
 Parnassia davidii Franch.
 Parnassia delavayi Franch.
 Parnassia epunctulata J.T.Pan
 Parnassia esquirolii H.Lév.
 Parnassia faberi Oliv.
 Parnassia farreri W.E.Evans
 Parnassia filchneri Ulbr.
 Parnassia fimbriata K.D.Koenig
 Parnassia foliosa Hook.f. & Thomson
 Parnassia gansuensis T.C.Ku
 Parnassia glauca Raf.
 Parnassia grandifolia DC.
 Parnassia guilinensis G.Z.Li & S.C.Tang
 Parnassia kotzebuei Cham. ex Spreng.
 Parnassia kumaonica Nekr.
 Parnassia labiata Z.P.Jien
 Parnassia laxmannii Pall. ex Schult.
 Parnassia longipetala Hand.-Mazz.
 Parnassia lutea Batalin
 Parnassia monochorifolia Franch.
 Parnassia mysorensis B.Heyne ex Wight & Arn.
 Parnassia nubicola Wall. ex Royle
 Parnassia obovata Hand.-Mazz.
 Parnassia omeiensis T.C.Ku
 Parnassia oreophila Hance
 Parnassia ovata Ledeb.
 Parnassia palustris L.
 Parnassia parviflora DC.
 Parnassia perciliata Diels
 Parnassia procul H.Turner & Veldkamp
 Parnassia pusilla Wall.
 Parnassia scaposa Mattf.
 Parnassia siamensis T.Shimizu
 Parnassia submysorensis J.T.Pan
 Parnassia tenella Hook.f. & Thomson
 Parnassia tibetana Z.P.Jien ex T.C.Ku
 Parnassia townsendii B.L.Rob.
 Parnassia trinervis Drude
 Parnassia vanensis Azn.
 Parnassia wightiana Wall. ex Wight & Arn.
 Parnassia xinganensis C.Z.Gao & G.Z.Li
 Parnassia yui Z.P.Jien
 Parnassia yunnanensis Franch.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Kurikovke

Talija (biljni rod)


مهن الخدمات هي المهن التي يقوم العاملين فيها بأداء مهمات في أو حول الشركات التجارية أو المؤسسات أو الأسر، أو بإمكاننا القول هي المهن التي تعنى بأداء الخدمات للغير بدل القيام بإنتاج أو تصنيغ غرض ما. تختلف ماهية هذه الخدمات وتكثر الوظائف التي تنتدرج أسفلها وللحصر يمكن تقسيم هذه المهن إلى:
 المهن التي تعنى بتقديم الخدمات الصحية.
 المهن التي تعنى بتقديم الحماية والأمن.
 المهن التي تعنى بإعداد الطعام وتقديمه.
 المهن التي تعنى بتقديم خدمات البناء والتنظيف والصيانة.
 المهن التي تعنى بتقديم الخدمات الشخصية.
 خدمات أخرى.

أمثلة على هذه المهن
 وكلاء السفر
 أمناء صندوق البنك

 الممرضون
 مساعدوالصحة المنزلية
 ضباط السجون
 رجال الإطفاء
 مترجموا لغة الإشارة
 حراس الأمن
 الطهاة
 عمال النظافة
 مكافحو الحشرات
 الحلاقون
 العاملون في خدمة رعاية الحيوان
 العاملون في مجال رعاية الأطفال
 المضيفات
 مساعدوالعلاج الطبيعي
 الشرطيون
 المحققون

المراجع
 E-COMMERCE Business.Technology.Society.2009,Kenneth C.Laudon، Carol Guercio Traver

علم الاقتصاد
مهن

مهن الخدمات


Yoğunpelit, Samsun ilinin Alaçam ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Mahalle, 1837 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır. Yoğunpelit; daha önceleri bir köy iken, 12 Kasım 2012'de TBMM'de kabul edilen 6360 sayılı kanun ile mahalle oldu.

Coğrafya
Mahalle, Samsun il merkezine 95 km, Alaçam ilçe merkezine 15 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Alaçam'ın mahalleleri

Yoğunpelit, Alaçam


El Torneo de la División Intermedia de Paraguay 2008 del fútbol de la segunda categoría de la Asociación Paraguaya de Fútbol, fue la 91.ª edición de un campeonato de Segunda División y la 12.ª edición de la División Intermedia, desde la creación de la división en 1997, comenzó el domingo, 25 de mayo, y finalizó el sábado, 5 de octubre.

Se coronó campeón el Club Rubio Ñu, por séptima vez en la historia de este campeonato, y consiguió su ascenso a la Primera División. Asimismo, el General Caballero en su calidad de subcampeón se clasificó para disputar la Promoción del año 2008 por un cupo en la máxima categoría ante el penúltimo de esta, el 3 de Febrero. Posteriormente, en dicha instancia, el conjunto de Ciudad del Este logró su permanencia en el círculo privilegiado del balompié paraguayo.

Sistema de competición

El modo de disputa fue el de todos contra todos a partidos de ida y vuelta, es decir a dos rondas compuestas por nueve jornadas cada una con localía recíproca. Se consagró campeón el club que sumó la mayor cantidad de puntos al cabo de las 18 fechas. Éste ascendió automáticamente a la Primera División, ocupando en la temporada siguiente el lugar del equipo que finalizó último en la tabla de promedios. En tanto que el subcampeón jugará la promoción contra el penúltimo. En caso de haberse producido igualdad entre dos contendientes, habrían definido sus posiciones en dos partidos extra. Si hubiesen sido más de dos, se resolvía según los siguientes parámetros:

1) saldo de goles;
2) mayor cantidad de goles marcados;
3) mayor cantidad de goles marcados en condición de visitante;
4) sorteo.

Equipos participantes

Posiciones

 Pos=Posición; Pts=Puntos; PJ=Partidos jugados; G=Partidos ganados; E=Partidos empatados; P=Partidos perdidos; GF=Goles a favor; GC=Goles en contra; DIF=Diferencia de gol

</center>

Promoción

Promoción por el ascenso
El subcampeón General Caballero ZC tuvo la opción de jugar la promoción por el ascenso contra el penúltimo en la tabla de promedios de la Primera División, en este caso el club 3 de Febrero de Ciudad del Este. La promoción se jugó a partidos de ida y vuelta. Finalmente el club 3 de Febrero mantuvo la categoría por diferencia de goles, ya que cada equipo ganó un partido.

Promoción por la permanencia
Fernando de la Mora al terminar en el penúltimo lugar del campeonato debió jugar partidos de ida y vuelta por la permanencia en la categoría contra el perdedor de la promoción entre subcampeones de la Tercera División, en este caso el Deportivo Capiatá. Inicialmente el Deportivo Capiatá logró el ascenso por medio del gol de visitante tras el global de 2 a 2. Pero días después Fernando de la Mora presentó protesta por la inclusión antirreglamentaria de dos jugadores del Deportivo Capiatá en el partido de vuelta y solicitó la anulación del partido y que se repita el encuentro, además la Asociación Paraguaya de Fútbol informó que un jugador del Deportivo Capiatá dio positivo al control antidopaje del partido de ida, pero esto implicaba sanciones para el jugador y no afectaba al resultado del partido. Tras dar la razón al club Fernando de la Mora la A.P.F. anuló el partido de vuelta y determinó que se volviera a repetir el encuentro. El nuevo problema que surgió fue que el Deportivo Capiatá a esas alturas ya no contaba con jugadores, ya que la habilitación del plantel había fenecido, ante esta situación el club apeló la resolución del Tribunal de la A.P.F. pero esta fue rechazada. Al final la solución salomónica de la A.P.F. ante la imposibilidad de repetir el partido de vuelta de la promoción fue que el club Fernando de la Mora mantenga la categoría en la Segunda División y que el Deportivo Capiatá ascendería recién a la Segunda División para la temporada 2010.

Campeón

Referencias

Campeonato 2008
Paraguay en 2008
Fútbol en 2008

División Intermedia 2008


7813 Anderserikson este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
7813 Anderserikson este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Kvistaberg de Claes-Ingvar Lagerkvist. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,60 ua, o excentricitate de 0,17 și o înclinație de 12,5° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 7001-8000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1985
Centura de asteroizi

7813 Anderserikson


سيغنال هيل  هي إحدى مدن مقاطعة لوس أنجليس، كاليفورنيا. تم إعطاءها لقب مدينة في 22 أبريل، 1924.

التركيبة السكانية
حدّد مكتب تعداد الولايات المتحدة بيانات التركيبة السكانية لسيغنال هيل في تعداد الولايات المتحدة. في ما يلي، التركيبة السكانية حسب تعدادي 2000 و2010.

تعداد عام 2000
بلغ عدد سكان سيغنال هيل 9,333 نسمة بحسب تعداد عام 2000، وبلغ عدد الأسر 3,621 أسرة وعدد العائلات 2,095 عائلة مقيمة في المدينة. في حين سجلت الكثافة السكانية . وبلغ عدد الوحدات السكنية 3,797 وحدة بمتوسط كثافة قدره .
وتوزع التركيب العرقي للمدينة بنسبة 45.48% من البيض و12.99% من الأمريكيين الأفارقة و0.59% من الأمريكيين الأصليين و16.49% من الأمريكيين ذوي الأصول الآسيوية و2.08% من سكان جزر المحيط الهادئ و16.18% من الأعراق الأخرى و6.19% من عرقين مختلطين أو أكثر و29% من الهسبانيون أو اللاتينيون من أي عرق.

بلغ عدد الأسر 3,621 أسرة كانت نسبة 34.6% منها لديها أطفال تحت سن الثامنة عشر تعيش معهم، وبلغت نسبة الأزواج القاطنين مع بعضهم البعض 36.8% من أصل المجموع الكلي للأسر، ونسبة 14.5% من الأسر كان لديها معيلات من الإناث دون وجود شريك،  بينما كانت نسبة 6.6% من الأسر لديها معيلون من الذكور دون وجود شريكة وكانت نسبة 42.1% من غير العائلات. تألفت نسبة 30.6% من أصل جميع الأسر من عدة أفراد يعيشون في نفس المنزل ونسبة 5.2% كانت تتألف من شخص يعيش بمفرده يبلغ من العمر 65 عاماً أو أكثر. وبلغ متوسط حجم الأسرة المعيشية 2.56، أما متوسط حجم العائلات فبلغ 3.34.

بلغ العمر الوسطي للسكان 33.4 عاماً. وكانت نسبة 26.4% من القاطنين تحت سن الثامنة عشر، وكانت نسبة 9.1% بين الثامنة عشر والرابعة والعشرين عاماً، ونسبة 35.3% كانت واقعةً في الفئة العمرية ما بين الخامسة والعشرين والرابعة والأربعين عاماً، ونسبة 21.9% كانت ما بين الخامسة والأربعين والرابعة والستين، ونسبة 6.8% كانت ضمن فئة الخامسة والستين عاماً فما فوق. يوجد لكل 100 أنثى 97.4 ذكر، ويوجد لكل 100 أنثى في الثامنة عشر من عمرها فما فوق 96.5 ذكر.

بلغ متوسط دخل الأسرة في المدينة 48,938 دولارًا، أما متوسط دخل العائلة فبلغ 46,439 دولارًا. وكان متوسط دخل الذكور 41,487 دولارًا مقابل 36,460 دولارًا للإناث. وسجل دخل الفرد الخاص بالمدينة 24,399 دولارًا. وكانت نسبة 13.6% من العائلات ونسبة 17.2% من السكان تحت خط الفقر، وكان من هؤلاء نسبة 31.7% تحت سن الثامنة عشر ونسبة 3.9% في الخامسة والستين من العمر وما فوق.

تعداد عام 2010
بلغ عدد سكان سيغنال هيل 11,016 نسمة بحسب تعداد عام 2010، وبلغ عدد الأسر 4,157 أسرة وعدد العائلات 2,498 عائلة مقيمة في المدينة. في حين سجلت الكثافة السكانية . وبلغ عدد الوحدات السكنية 4,389 وحدة بمتوسط كثافة قدره .
وتوزع التركيب العرقي للمدينة بنسبة 42.21% من البيض و13.63% من الأمريكيين الأفارقة و0.75% من الأمريكيين الأصليين و20.38% من الأمريكيين ذوي الأصول الآسيوية و1.23% من سكان جزر المحيط الهادئ و16.14% من الأعراق الأخرى و5.66% من عرقين مختلطين أو أكثر و31.52% من الهسبانيون أو اللاتينيون من أي عرق.

بلغ عدد الأسر 4,157 أسرة كانت نسبة 34.1% منها لديها أطفال تحت سن الثامنة عشر تعيش معهم، وبلغت نسبة الأزواج القاطنين مع بعضهم البعض 38% من أصل المجموع الكلي للأسر، ونسبة 15.9% من الأسر كان لديها معيلات من الإناث دون وجود شريك،  بينما كانت نسبة 6.2% من الأسر لديها معيلون من الذكور دون وجود شريكة وكانت نسبة 39.9% من غير العائلات. تألفت نسبة 27.1% من أصل جميع الأسر من عدة أفراد يعيشون في نفس المنزل ونسبة 5.9% كانت تتألف من شخص يعيش بمفرده يبلغ من العمر 65 عاماً أو أكثر. وبلغ متوسط حجم الأسرة المعيشية 2.64، أما متوسط حجم العائلات فبلغ 3.33.

بلغ العمر الوسطي للسكان 36.0 عاماً. وكانت نسبة 23.8% من القاطنين تحت سن الثامنة عشر، وكانت نسبة 9.4% بين الثامنة عشر والرابعة والعشرين عاماً، ونسبة 31.6% كانت واقعةً في الفئة العمرية ما بين الخامسة والعشرين والرابعة والأربعين عاماً، ونسبة 27% كانت ما بين الخامسة والأربعين والرابعة والستين، ونسبة 8.3% كانت ضمن فئة الخامسة والستين عاماً فما فوق. وتوزع التركيب الجنسي للسكان بنسبة 49.3% ذكور و50.7% إناث.

مراجع

سيغنال هيل (كاليفورنيا)
أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1924
النفط في كاليفورنيا
تأسيسات سنة 1924 في كاليفورنيا
مدن كاليفورنيا
مدن لوس أنجلوس (كاليفورنيا)

سيغنال هيل (كاليفورنيا)


Kriza u Albaniji, Piramidska kriza ili Oružana pobuna 1997. godine, (siječanj 1997. -  kolovoz 1997.) nastala je nakon razotkrivanja masovnih gospodarskih prijevara u kojima su brojni građani Albanije izgubili svoje ušteđevine. U neredima koji su uslijedili opljačkana su vojna skladišta iz kojih su odnesena oružja. Na vrhuncu krize, vlada je izgubila kontrolu nad dijelom teritorija države. Ponovna uspostava poretka dogodila se je nakon intervencije UN-a i izvanrednih izbora, no do tada je u neredima i anarhiji živote izgubilo 2000 ljudi.

Uzroci
Kada se 1991., nakon pada komunizma u Albaniji počelo stvarati tržišno gospodarstvo, većina siromašnog stanovništva zbog dugogodišnjeg komunističkog uređenja, nije bila upoznata s principima funkcioniranja tržišnog gospodarstva. Na tržištu su se pojavile neformalne tvrtke-kreditori (VEFA, Sude, Populli itd.), koje su naizgled imitirale banke, ali su zapravo su funkcionirale po principu ponzijevih shema. Zbog visokih kamatnih stopa koje su nudile, te su institucije ubrzo postale jako popularne, pa su ljudi masovno počeli prodavati svoju imovinu radi, kako se kasnije pokazalo, lažnog investiranja, želeći brzo zaraditi u novom kapitalističkom sustavu. Svjetska banka i MMF su 1996. godine poslale su upozorenje Vladi Albanije vezano za pupanje ponzijevih shema po njihovoj državi, no na njega nisu reagirali ni vlast ni opozicija, štoviše tijekom parlamentarnih izbora koji su se održali iste godine, neke od ovih kvazi-kompanija izdavale su donacije vladajućoj stranci. Do početka 1997. godine, prve su se sheme počele urušavati, zbog čega su ljudi masovno ostajali bez svojih novaca. U konačnici je 95% stanovništva Albanije ostalo na neki način involvirano s ovim shemama.

Kriza

U siječnju 1997. godine nakon što su se urušile sheme Sude i Gjallica na ulicama su počeli izbijati prosvjedi. Kada je u siječnju 1997. albanska vlada zamrznula bankovne račune shema Xhaferri i Populli, otkriveno je da se na njima nalazi 250 milijuna američkih dolara (10% tadašnjeg državnog BDP-a). Prosvjedi koji su se poput požara proširili zemljom ubrzo su dobili nasilan karakter a prosvjednici su počeli paliti upravne zgrade, zgrade sudova, policijske stanice itd. Vlada je na to odgovorila masovnim uhićenjima, represijom i zabranom javnog okupljanja. U ožujku 1997., vlada je objavila izvanredno stanje, nakon čega su prosvjednici opljačkali vojna skladišta. Ishod toga je bio da je gotovo svaki čovjek u Albaniji dobio oružje u ruke. Do sredine ožujka, država je praktički potonula u bezakonje a vlada je izgubila kontrolu nad južnim dijelom Albanije, gdje su gradovi uspostavili vlastite vlade pod nazivom "Odbori narodnog spasa". Jedno od glavnih žarišta pobune bilo je u gradu Vlori na jugu Albanije. Ovakva situacija dodatno je naglasila tradicionalnu podjelu Albanaca na klan Gega na sjeveru, gdje je većina ljudi podržavala Demokratsku stranku predsjednika Salija Berishe (tada bila na vlasti) i Toska na jugu gdje je većina podržavala oporbene socijaliste. Također, na dijelovima države, posebice na jugu, kontrolu su preuzele do zuba naoružane bande.

U ožujku 1997. Vijeće sigurnosti UN-a donijelo je rezoluciju koja je predviđala dolazak UN-ovih snaga. U travnju su u sklopu "Operacije Alba" snage UN-a stigle u Albaniju kako bi zaštitile humanitarnu pomoć i nadgledale provedbu izbora.

Izvanredni izbori
9. ožujka 1997. albanski političari formirali su "Vladu nacionalne pomirbe", koja je odredila da će se do lipnja 1997. održati novi parlamentarni izbori pod međunarodnim monitoringom. Paralelno s izborima, održavao se je i referendum o tome, žele li glasači Albanija bude parlamentarna monarhija, kao što je to bila u ranijem razdoblju svog postojanja. Na izborima koji su se održali u lipnju i srpnju 1997., pobjedu je odnijela Socijalistička stranka a građani su odbacili ideju monarhije.

Izvori

Povijest Albanije
Financije
Kriminal

Kriza u Albaniji 1997.


Giorgio Mariuzzo (* 14. Juli 1939 in Venedig) ist ein italienischer Drehbuchautor und Filmregisseur.

Leben
Mariuzzo begann beim Film als Regieassistent im Jahr 1968 und wandte sich ab Mitte der 1970er Jahre dem Schreiben von Drehbüchern zu. Zahlreiche Werke zu Gebrauchsfilmen entstanden, von denen er eine Handvoll auch in eigener Regie verfilmte. Mehrere Male arbeitete er mit Lucio Fulci bei dessen Splatterfilmen zusammen; ab 1985 war er fast ausschließlich für das Fernsehen tätig. Ein Pseudonym Mariuzzos ist George McRoots.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 1976: Apache Woman (Una donna chiamata Apache) (& Regie)
 1980: Das Syndikat des Grauens (Luca il contrabbandiere)
 1981: Das Haus an der Friedhofsmauer (La villa accanto al cimitero)
 1981: Hilfe, meine Frau geht wieder zur Schule (Mia moglie torna a scuola)
 1981: Über dem Jenseits (E tu vivrai nel terrore – L'aldilà)
 1987: Dämonia (Aenigma)
 1995: Weihnachtsfest mit Hindernissen (Natale con papà) (Fernsehfilm)
 1997: Der Mädchenmord (In fondo al cuore) (Fernsehfilm)
 2000: Der Weg des Herzens (Qualcuna da amare) (Fernsehfilm)
 2004: Liebe geht durch den Magen (Mai storie d'amore in cucina) (Fernsehfilm)

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Drehbuchautor
Filmregisseur
Italiener
Geboren 1939
Mann

Giorgio Mariuzzo


Skyforger is a heavy metal band from Latvia which was formed in 1995 out of the remains of doom metal band Grindmaster Dead.

Musical style and lyrical themes
Most of their songs are about Baltic mythology and warfare; they also play Latvian folk songs and their metal arrangements. Although Skyforger is known for their folk metal, the style on their demo  is essentially black metal. The band also has performed and recorded a number of folk songs, including the entirety of their acoustic fourth album , released in 2003. Folk elements can be found on all of their albums. In December 2005, during the presentation of their album, Semigalls' Warchant, the band announced their next album would be experimentation with thrash metal. They later pointed out that Latvian history still has enough untold stories, meaning their lyrics will retain their folk/pagan fashion.

History
In 2010, Skyforger signed with American label Metal Blade Records and released their 5th studio album Kurbads about the deeds of mythical Latvian warrior , son of mare. The album received 2010 Annual Latvian Music Recording Award as the best rock album, as well as the 2010 Latvian Metal Music Award as the best metal album with Skyforger also winning the "Best Metal Band" category. Skyforger was featured on BBC's series "Close-Up" episode on Latvian folk music.

In 2015, the band released their 6th studio album titled  dedicated to the now extinct Baltic people Old Prussians. Two of the album's songs are sung in Old Prussian (Ei skīja, skīja and Rāmava), while the rest are in Latvian. For the writing of the album, Skyforger recruited historian Agris Dzenis as a historical consultant. After releasing the album, the band embarked on a European tour on April 8. In 2016, Senprūsija received the Annual Latvian Music Recording Award as the best hard rock/heavy metal album of 2015. In 2016, Skyforger also re-issued their 2003 album Zobena dziesma with 2 additional songs.

On June 3, 2017, Skyforger performed a one-time multi-media concert – metal opera "Kurbads. The Son of The Mare" – at Lielezers open-air stage in Limbaži as a part of a programme for 100th Anniversary of the Latvian Republic. On February 14, 2018, the performance was awarded Kilogram of Culture award as the "Surprise of the Year". On June 17, 2018, Skyforger played a special concert at the festival Zobens un Lemess commemorating the 20th anniversary since the release of their first full-length album  in 1998. On 18 November 2018, the centenary for the proclamation of Latvia, Skyforger released a video directed by Kristīne Neikena and starring actress  for their song Nekas nav aizmirsts from album Senprūsija.

Controversy
Skyforger was involved in some controversy with one of their former producers who believed they were affiliated with Neo-Nazism. The reason for this was the cover of their album Pērkoņkalve, which depicts Baltic god of thunder Pērkons wearing a belt buckle adorned with a swastika and striking an anvil, as well as the swastika incorporated in Skyforger's logo. Some websites had therefore listed Skyforger as a Neo-Nazi band. The band addressed the controversy on their website, writing:

Members
Current members
 – lead vocals, guitar, kokles, stabule (1995–present)
 ("Zirgs") – bass guitar, backing vocals, ģīga (1995–present)
Alvis Bernāns – guitar (2014–present)
Jānis Osis – drums, percussion (2022–present)

Former members
  – drums, backing vocals (1995–1998)
  – guitar, backing vocals (1996–2000, 2001–2004, 2006–2008)
  ("Mazais") – drums, percussion (1998–2015)
  – dūdas, kokles, backing vocals (2004–2012)
  – guitar, backing vocals (2000–2001, 2008–2010)
 Ģirts Kļaviņš ("Motors") – guitar, backing vocals (2004–2006)
 Egons Kronbergs – guitar (2010–2013)
 Artūrs Jurjāns – drums, percussion (2016–2022)

Timeline

Gallery

Discography
  (1997; demo)
  (1998)
  (2000)
 Pērkoņkalve (Thunderforge) (2003)
  (2003; acoustic album)
 Semigalls' Warchant (2005; expanded re-release)
 Zobena Dziesma (2006; expanded re-release)
 Kurbads (2010)
  (2015)
 Senprūsija Live (2015; live album)

References

External links

 Zobena dziesma

Latvian heavy metal musical groups
Black metal musical groups
Latvian folk metal musical groups
Latvian folk music groups
Metal Blade Records artists
Musical groups established in 1995

Skyforger


The Question is an album by the Slackers. It was released on November 20, 1998 (see 1998 in music), on Hellcat Records. The record is dedicated to Tommy McCook and Dick Qualiana.

Track listing
All songs written by Vic Ruggiero, except where noted.
 "Manuel"  – 2:42
 "Knowing"  – 2:53
 "Have the Time"  – 3:07
 "And I Wonder?"  (Dave Hillyard, Ruggiero) – 3:49
 "No More Crying"  – 4:32
 "Feed My Girl" (Marcus Geard, Marq Lyn)  – 3:39
 "Mountainside"  (Glen Pine) – 2:47
 "The Mummy"  – 3:21
 "Motor City"  (Hillyard, Ruggerio) – 4:00
 "Power"  (Hillyard, Ruggerio, Lyn) – 4:26
 "Keep Him Away"  – 2:49
 "The Question"  – 3:59
 "The Question (Version)"  – 4:04
 "Face in My Crowd"  (Hillyard, Ruggerio) – 3:13
 "Do You Know"  (Luis Zuluaga) – 3:10
 "Yes It's True"  – 4:16
 "Alone Again"  – 3:02
 "Make Me Smile"  (T.J. Scanlon) – 4:20
 "No Love"  (Hillyard) – 3:53

References

External links
 Audio

1998 albums
The Slackers albums

The Question (The Slackers album)


A Serra do Timóteo é uma formação geográfica localizada no município brasileiro de Timóteo, no estado de Minas Gerais. Embora esteja situada em uma região de relevo ondulado, a serra se destaca em relação às áreas vizinhas, com uma altitude máxima de 753 metros. Tem  de sua extensão protegidos por uma área de proteção ambiental (APA), denominada APA Serra do Timóteo, criada pela lei municipal nº 2.451 de 4 de junho de 2003 e regulamentada em 2015.

Descrição

A formação geográfica está situada entre a zona urbana de Timóteo e o Parque Estadual do Rio Doce (PERD), sendo considerada uma zona de amortecimento dessa reserva. Dentro do perímetro delimitado como área de proteção ambiental estão localizadas mais de 40 nascentes, que drenam as bacias principais do rio Piracicaba e do ribeirão do Belém. Destacam-se também as microbacias do ribeirão Timóteo e córregos Celeste, Limoeiro, Licuri, Seco e Alegre. O bioma original é a Mata Atlântica, com incidência de brejos formados pelos cursos hídricos.

Apesar de possuir uma considerável biodiversidade vegetal e animal, a APA possui ameaças diversas, sobretudo a ocorrência de incêndios e a expansão urbana das áreas vizinhas. Quando criada em 2003, a área protegida era de , abrangendo 32% do território do município. Com sua regulamentação aprovada pela Câmara Municipal em 2015, foi reduzida para , retirando de sua abrangência  já urbanizados e outros  de áreas passíveis à urbanização.

Há poucas áreas de visitação na serra, restritas a algumas trilhas e mirantes. Uma parte da APA é abrangida pelo Projeto Oikós, centro de educação ambiental da Aperam South America estruturado para visitas da comunidade cujo acesso se dá pelo bairro Primavera. No bairro Macuco há um centro de visitações gerido pelo Instituto Estadual de Florestas (IEF) para manutenção do Parque Estadual do Rio Doce.

Bibliografia

Geografia de Timóteo
Timoteo
Áreas protegidas de Minas Gerais
Áreas de proteção ambiental do Brasil

Serra do Timóteo


Kosmos 2382, ruski navigacijski satelit (globalno pozicioniranje) iz programa Kosmos. Vrste je GLONASS-M (Glonass br. 711, Uragan br. 711).
Lansiran je 1. prosinca 2001. godine u 18:04 s kozmodroma Bajkonura (Tjuratam) u Kazahstanu. Lansiran je u srednje visoku orbitu oko planeta Zemlje raketom nosačem Proton-K/DM-2 8K72K. Orbita mu je 19107 km u perigeju i 19126 km u apogeju. Orbitna inklinacija mu je 64,83°. Spacetrackov kataloški broj je 26987. COSPARova oznaka je 2001-053-A. Zemlju obilazi u 675,20 minuta. Pri lansiranju bio je mase kg.

Više dijelova iz ove misije odvojilo se od letjelice i vratilo se u atmosferu, a kružili su u niskoj, srednjoj, pa čak i u visokoj orbiti, a neki su dijelovi u orbiti i danas.
Ovaj je satelit lansiran u orbitu skupa s još dva iz istog programa. Dva su model iz klase Uragan i treći je poboljšana klasa, Uragan-M. Ovaj je trojac plasiran na Ravninu-1 (eng. Plane-1).

Izvori
Heavens-above (engl.)
NASA (engl.)
Planet4589.org Tablični prikaz podataka o satelitima (engl.)

Vanjske poveznice
N2YO.com Search Satellite Database
Celes Trak SATCAT Format Documentation (engl.)
Kunstman  Satellites in Orbit (engl.)

Sateliti Kosmos

Kosmos 2382


The Toronto School of Theology (TST) is an ecumenical consortium of seven theological colleges and is affiliated with the University of Toronto. TST is the largest ecumenical consortium for theological education in Canada. Its seven member schools are Emmanuel College, Knox College, Regis College, St. Augustine's Seminary, University of St. Michael's College Faculty of Theology, Trinity College Faculty of Divinity, and Wycliffe College.

Each of TST's member colleges are fully accredited by the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada. Academic standards are consistent with those of the University of Toronto, which holds TST accountable through a highly developed process of quality assurance.

The TST consortium offers a full range of professional and academic degrees, for different educational purposes. Some are primarily professional in character, while others are oriented to general theological studies or research. All degree programs operate at the post-baccalaureate level, and degrees are conferred conjointly by the University of Toronto.

History
In 1944, the Toronto Graduate School of Theological Studies (TGSTS) was formed to promote collaboration in the Doctor of Theology and Master of Theology programs at Emmanuel, Knox, Trinity, and Wycliffe Colleges. In 1964, the TGSTS was incorporated and this year is considered the official year when the current Toronto School of Theology was established. In 1966, the Graduate Theological Division of St. Michael's College joined TGSTS.

During 1969-70, the success of this venture led to the foundation of the current Toronto School of Theology (TST). Regis College and St. Augustine's Seminary entered into the consortium as member schools, and collaboration began in two professional programs, the MDiv and the MRE, supplementing the cooperation that already existed in the ThD and ThM programs. TST was incorporated in April 1970, by an amendment to the Letters Patent of the TGSTS.

In 1978, TST and its member schools entered into a Memorandum of Agreement with the University of Toronto, making possible the conjoint granting of degrees in theology by the University and the member schools of TST. TST committed itself to the University's academic standards, and began appointing the University's representatives to its Board of Trustees, its academic councils, and its faculty appointments committees. Finally, in 1979 a Memorandum of Agreement with the University of Toronto made it possible for the member schools to grant conjoint basic and advanced degrees in theology.

The Toronto School of Theology's Arms and Flag were registered with the Canadian Heraldic Authority on March 1, 2001. The school's motto is the Greek word  (), which is taken from 2 Corinthians 6:1 and means "We work together with Him" (or more loosely translates to "Co-worker").

Member Institutions
The Toronto School of Theology consists of seven member theological schools and is the largest ecumenical consortium for theological education in Canada.

Affiliated Institutions

Academics

Programs
The seven member colleges of the Toronto School of Theology (TST) offer several basic (entry-level) master's degrees in theology, which provide students with an introduction to theological study as well as preparation for professional ministry. Basic degree programs are first theological degrees taught at the post-baccalaureate level.

TST member colleges also offer a variety of academically focused advanced master's and doctoral degrees in accordance with the regulations of the Academic Council. As well, TST offers a Doctor of Ministry program offering advanced studies in the practice of professional ministry.

A majority of TST's degrees are awarded conjointly by a TST member college and the University of Toronto, while a few degrees, certificates and diplomas are solely awarded by a TST college.

Basic Degrees
The following degrees are offered conjointly by the Toronto School of Theology (TST) member colleges and the University of Toronto. Not all TST Colleges offer all degrees. The degrees are listed below according to the categories of the Association for Theological Schools.

 Master of Divinity (MDiv) - leading to ministerial leadership
 Master of Religious Education (MRE) - to prepare for educational ministries
 Master of Theological Studies (MTS) - a general introduction to theological scholarship
 Theology, Spirituality and the Arts Stream
 Urban Community Development Stream

To prepare for specialized ministries:

 Master of Pastoral Studies (MPS)
 Social Service Stream
 Worship and Preaching Stream
 Spiritual Care Stream - Certificate in Spiritual Care and Psychotherapy
 Master of Arts in Ministry and Spirituality (MAMS)
 Master of Sacred Music (MSMus)

The following certificates are offered conjointly by TST member colleges and the University of Toronto. Not all TST colleges offer all certificates.

 Certificate in Theological Studies (CTS)
 Certificate in Theology and Interreligious Engagement (CTIE)

Graduate Degrees
The Toronto School of Theology (TST) has the largest graduate program in theology in Canada, with nearly 400 students registered in TST's graduate degree programs. TST offers two advanced master's degrees, the Master of Theology (ThM) and the Master of Arts in Theology (MA). Both degrees are granted conjointly by the University of Toronto and the TST member school in which the student is registered. TST's doctoral program leads towards the Doctor of Philosophy in Theological Studies (PhD), granted conjointly by the University of Toronto and the TST member school in which the student is registered. The Doctor of Ministry (DMin) program is a professional doctoral degree granted conjointly by the University of Toronto and the TST member school in which the student is registered.

The following graduate degrees are awarded conjointly by a TST member college and the University of Toronto:

 Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Theological Studies
 Master of Arts (MA) in Theological Studies
 Master of Theology (ThM)
 Doctor of Ministry (DMin)

Reputation and Rankings

In the 2021 QS World University Rankings, the Toronto School of Theology/University of Toronto was ranked #1 in Canada and #11 in the world for Theology, Divinity & Religious Studies. The journal First Things, an organ of the Institute on Religion and Public Life in New York, ranked the Toronto School of Theology fourth among graduate programs in theology. The Toronto School of Theology was also ranked #3 for the number of doctoral students that have graduated and gone on to positions in fellow member schools of the Association of Theological Schools.

Toronto School of Theology libraries

Students have access to the libraries of every member school, including Knox's Caven Library, St. Michael's Kelly Library, Trinity and Wycliffe's John W. Graham Library, and the libraries of Emmanuel College, Regis College, and St. Augustine's Seminary. Students, moreover, have access to the library system of the University of Toronto, including Robarts Library, Canada's largest library and the fourth largest academic library system in North America.

Journals

The Toronto Journal of Theology is published semi-annually. It promotes progressive publication of current opinion on the full range of scholarship represented by diverse Christian traditions through the analysis of issues in Biblical Studies, History of Christianity, Systematic and Pastoral Theology, and Christian Ethics and engagement of cross-cultural perspectives in discussing theological issues.

See also
Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada
Higher education in Ontario

References

External links
Toronto School of Theology

Seminaries and theological colleges in Canada
University of Toronto

Toronto School of Theology


تصدير الثورة، ، هي إجراءات من قبل حكومة ثورية، منتصرة في بلد واحد، للترويج لثورات مماثلة في المناطق غير المحكومة، أو في بلدان أخرى، كمظهر من مظاهر الأممية الثورية من نوع معين..على سبيل المثال، الأممية البروليتارية، الماركسية.

يحلل فرد هاليداي، سمات «تصدير الثورة»، من خلال دراسات حالة الثورة الفرنسية، وروسيا السوفيتية، والاتحاد السوفياتي، وجمهورية الصين الشعبية، وكوبا فيديل كاسترو، وإيران آية الله الخميني.

إيران وتصدير الثورة
ظهر مصطلح تصدير الثورة في إيران، عقب نجاح الثورة الإيرانية الإسلامية، بقيادة الخميني في قلب النظام الملكي، بإدارة محمد رضا بهلوي، لتصبح إيران دولة دينية.
 ويقوم هذا المصطلح، على العمل من أجل قيام ثورات مشابهة للثورة الإسلامية في إيران، في جميع الدول ذات النظم الاستبدادية.
 ولكن حسب قول الخميني: لا يعني "تصدير الثورة، "أن نتدخل في شئون الدول الأخرى", ولكن "الإجابة عن أسئلتهم بشأن معرفة الله"

مصادر

أيديولوجيات سياسية
تدخل أجنبي
مصطلحات الثورة
نظريات سياسية

تصدير الثورة