Hypoventilation (also known as respiratory depression) occurs when ventilation is inadequate (hypo meaning "below") to perform needed respiratory gas exchange. By definition it causes an increased concentration of carbon dioxide (hypercapnia) and respiratory acidosis. Hypoventilation is not synonymous with respiratory arrest, in which breathing ceases entirely and death occurs within minutes due to hypoxia and leads rapidly into complete anoxia, although both are medical emergencies. Hypoventilation can be considered a precursor to hypoxia and its lethality is attributed to hypoxia with carbon dioxide toxicity.

Causes
Hypoventilation may be caused by:
A medical condition such as stroke affecting the brainstem
Voluntary breath-holding or underbreathing, for example, hypoventilation training or the Buteyko method.
Medication or drugs, typically when taken in accidental or intentional overdose. Opioids and benzodiazepines in particular are known to cause respiratory depression. Examples of opioids include pharmaceuticals such as oxycodone and hydromorphone and examples of benzodiazepines include lorazepam and alprazolam.
Hypocapnia, which stimulates hypoventilation
Obesity; see Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
Chronic mountain sickness, a mechanism to conserve energy.

Medications
As a side effect of medicines or recreational drugs, hypoventilation may become potentially life-threatening. Many different central nervous system (CNS) depressant drugs such as ethanol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, GHB, sedatives, and opioids produce respiratory depression when taken in large or excessive doses, or mixed with other depressants. Strong opiates (namely fentanyl, heroin, and morphine), barbiturates, and certain benzodiazepines (such as alprazolam) are known for depressing respiration. In an overdose, an individual may cease breathing entirely (go into respiratory arrest) which is rapidly fatal without treatment. Opioids, in overdose or combined with other depressants, are notorious for such fatalities.

Treatment
Respiratory stimulants such as nikethamide were traditionally used to counteract respiratory depression from CNS depressant overdose, but offered limited effectiveness. A new respiratory stimulant drug called BIMU8 is being investigated which seems to be significantly more effective and may be useful for counteracting the respiratory depression produced by opiates and similar drugs without offsetting their therapeutic effects.

If the respiratory depression occurs from opioid overdose, usually an opioid antagonist, most likely naloxone, will be administered. This will rapidly reverse the respiratory depression unless complicated by other depressants. However an opioid antagonist may also precipitate an opioid withdrawal syndrome in chronic users. Mechanical ventilation may still be necessary during initial resuscitation.

Associated conditions
Disorders like congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) and ROHHAD (rapid-onset obesity, hypothalamic dysfunction, hypoventilation, with autonomic dysregulation) are recognized as conditions that are associated with hypoventilation. CCHS may be a significant factor in some cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), often termed "cot death" or "crib death".

The opposite condition is hyperventilation (too much ventilation), resulting in low carbon dioxide levels (hypocapnia), rather than hypercapnia.

See also
 Bradypnea
 Dyspnea
 Hyperventilation
 Hypopnea
 List of terms of lung size and activity

References

Breathing abnormalities

Hypoventilation


An Crepidium szlachetkianum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Marg.. An Crepidium szlachetkianum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Crepidium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Crepidium

Crepidium szlachetkianum


Anutun Šimčik (Zářičí u Chyropyně kod Kroměříža, 27. siječnja 1893. – Zagreb, 27. rujna 1970.) bio je hrvatski filolog, arhivist, knjižničar, leksikograf, jezikoslovac, slavističar, kroatist, latinist, romanist, prevoditelj, etnograf, novinar i književnik češkog podrijetla.

Životopis

Mladost i obrazovanje
Rođen je 27. siječnja 1893. u malom mjestu Zářičí u Chyropyně kod Kroměříža, u povijesnoj pokrajini Moravskoj. Kada mu je bilo tri godine, roditelji su mu se preselili u Ivanovčane kod Bjelovara. Tamo je odrastao i pohađao osnovnu školu i živio do kraja niže gimnazije, nakon čega se 1906. preselio u Zagreb. Sudjelovao je u Prvom svjetskom ratu boreći se u Bosni i Južnom Tirolu, u redovima Austro-ugarske vojske.

Završetkom Prvog svjetskog rata, 1919. konačno završava Klasičnu gimnaziju te 1924. upisuje slavistiku, romanistiku i latinski jezik na Filozofskom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu te se zaposlio kao pomoćni knjižničar i arhivar u Jugoslavenskoj akademiji znanosti i umjetnosti. Sva tri smjera diplomirao je tijekom 1928., a i nakon studija je sve do 1943. godine radio kao arhivar.

Leksikografsko-izdavački rad
Tijekom Drugog svjetskog rata, Šimčik je radio u Hrvatskom izdavačkom bibliografskom zavodu na izradi Hrvatske enciklopedije i drugih leksikogarfskih i enciklopedističkih izdanja pod vodstvom dr. Mate Ujevića. Nakon rata radio je u Nakladnom zavodu Hrvatske. Kao ni tadašnji djelatnici Petar Bakula, Sida Košutić, Valentin Putanec, Nikola Šop i Novak Simić, nije htio staviti potpis da se zagrebačkom nadbiskupu blženom Alojziju Stepincu dosudi najstroža kazna. Zbog toga je bio meta jugokomunističkih vlasti, koje nisu mogle opovrgnuti njegov znanstveni, kulturni i književni rad. Iako je dobio otkaz u Nakladnom zavodu, ponovno se zaposlio u JAZU-u (danas HAZU-u) te od 1949. u državnom poduzeću »Zora«.

Osim Hrvatske enciklopedije, surađivao je i na izradi Rječnika hrvatskoga jezika, Rječniku stranih riječi, Rječniku hrvatskoga jezika (JAZU) i Enciklopediji Jugoslavije.

Književno stvaralaštvo
Na poticaj Josipa Andrića poečtkom 1921. započeo je pisati u katoličkom časopisu »Narodna politika«, gdje se potpisivao pod pseudonimom Vuk Koprivica. Nakon toga objavljivao je članke, studije i rasprave u brojnim hrvatskim periodičkim izdanjima; dnevnicima »Obzoru« i »Hrvatskoj straži«, časopisima »Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja u BiH«, »Novom Beharu«, »Hrvatskoj reviji«, »Jeziku«, »Zborniku za narodni život i običaje JAZU« i »Narodnoj starini«. Svoje članke objavljivao je i u katoličkim kalendarima »Danici« i »Napretku«, almanahu »Selu i gradu«, listovima »Obitelj«, »Hrvatskoj prosvjeti«, »Kršćanska škola«, »Katolički list«, »Seljačke novine« i drugima (poput »Nastavnog vjesnika«).

Prevodio je djela s francuskog, češkog, poljskog i slovačkog jezika. Najpoznatiji je njegov prijevod Sienkiewiczeva romana »Qou vadis?« u izdanju HKD-a sv. Jeronima. Također preveo je i »Anđelina i druge pripovijesti« Jozefa Cigera Hronskoga, »Božji put svete Brigite« Carla Gustafa Venera von heidenstama, »Kuća na obronku« Martina Kukučina, »Sanguis martyrium« Louisa Bertranda i djela »Komad šećera« Petera Jilemnickoga.

Etnografski rad
U tridesetim godinama 20. stoljeća surađivao je s Domoljubnim muzejskim društvom iz Olomouca, za čiji je časopis pisao. Brojne etnografske radove objavio je u »Zborniku za narodni život i običaje Južnih Slavena«. Posebno se rado bavio proučavanjem narodnih izreka i anegdota. Tako je u muslimanskom časopisu »Novom beharu« objavio o tome brojne članke u rubrici »Male priče i dosjetke«, priredivši dva izdanja knjige »turske šale i katurske podvale« 1936. i 1939.

Objavio je i »Bunjevačke narodne poslovice« Blaška Rajića, koje je tisako u svojem Zborniku 1964.

Od siječnja 1932. do siječnja 1941. objavio je u »Hrvatskoj straži«, u rubrici »Jezične bilješke«, više od 200 kroatističkih članaka, često humoristički napisanih, većinom savjetodavnih i povijesno-onomastičkih, čime je tu rubriku učinio najdugovječnijom u hrvatskom novinarstvu. Svojim zalaganjem za čistoću hrvatskog jezika uspio je zasutaviti prodiranje nekih tuđica (posebno iz srpskog jezika) u hrvatski jezik.

Zanimljivo, za svoj iznimni rad nije dobio niti jednu jedinu nagradu.

Preminuo je u Zagrebu 27. rujna 1970. Pokopan je nekoliko dana kasnije na zagrebačkom groblju Mirogoju.

Izvori

 Katalog Knjižnica Grada Zagreba - popis djela i prijevoda Antuna Šimčika

Česi u Hrvatskoj
Hrvatski filolozi
Hrvatski jezikoslovci
Hrvatski prevoditelji
Hrvatski novinari
Hrvatski leksikografi
Hrvatski književnici
Hrvatski etnografi
Hrvatski kroatisti

Antun Šimčik


Sabir Kamalowitsch Kamalow (; ; *  in Taschkent; † 6. Juni 1990 ebenda) war ein sowjetisch-usbekischer Politiker. Von 1957 bis 1959 war er Erster Sekretär der Usbekischen SSR.

Leben
Sabir Kamalow wurde 1910 in Taschkent geboren, das damals noch zum Russischen Reich gehörte. Er stammte aus einer Arbeiterfamilie und war zunächst als Bauarbeiter und Gelegenheitsarbeiter tätig. Schließlich schloss er sich dann aber der Kommunistischen Partei im nun sowjetischen Usbekistan an. Von 1930 bis 1936 war er in der Komsomol tätig, der Jugendorganisation der KPdSU. Von 1933 bis 1936 war er zudem Vorsitzender des Regionalkomitees der Komsomol in der Region Karakalpakstan und begann auch ein Studium am Taschkenter Institut für Marxismus-Leninismus. Von 1941 bis 1946 war er schließlich erster Sekretär des Regionalkomitees der KP in Karakalpakstan, wo er zuvor einige Jahre zuvor bereits die Komsomol geleitet hatte. In der Hierarchie der Kommunistischen Partei stieg Kamalow in der Folge immer weiter auf. 1946 wurde er Abgeordneter im Obersten Sowjet der UdSSR und verblieb dort bis 1962. Vom 28. Dezember 1957 bis zum 15. März 1959 war er schließlich Sekretär des Zentralkomitees der KP in Usbekistan, de facto also Regierungschef der Usbekischen Sowjetrepublik. 1959 wurde er jedoch auf Initiative von Nikita Chruschtschow wieder aus diesem Amt enthoben. Anschließend übte Kamalow nur noch einige kleinere politische Funktionen in Usbekistan aus und starb schließlich am 6. Juni 1990 in seiner Geburtsstadt Taschkent.

Einzelnachweise

KPdSU-Mitglied
Person (Usbekische Sozialistische Sowjetrepublik)
Usbeke
Sowjetbürger
Geboren 1910
Gestorben 1990
Mann

Sabir Kamalow


AIR-2 Genie, Nükleer savaş başlığı ile teçhiz edilmiş, havadan havaya güdümsüz roket. F-89, F-101 ve F-106 uçakları için tasarlanmıştır.  AIR-2 olarak isimlendirilir.

Füzeler

AIR-2 Genie


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පළමු වන පරාක්‍රමබාහු රජතුමා ශ්‍රී ලංකා ඉතිහාසයේ ස්වාධිපත්‍යය පැතිර වු දෙවැනි රජතුමා ලෙස ඉතිහාසයේ සඳහන් වේ. එතුමන්ගෙන් පසුව එතුමන්ගේ බිරිඳ වූ  ලීලාවතී රැජන කිහිප වරක් සිංහාසනය දැරූ ලංකාවේ එකම රැජිනයි.  පළමු වතාවට ක්‍රී.  ව.  1197 සිට 1200 දක්වා වසර තුනක් පොළොන්නරුවේ පාලනය කළ ඔහු දෙවන වරටත් 1209 සිට 1210 දක්වා දෙවසරක් සිංහාසනයේ සිටියේය.  තුන්වන වරටත් නැවත සිහසුනට පත් වූ ඇයට පාලනය කිරීමට හැකි වූයේ මාස හතක් පමණි.

උපත හා ළමා කාලය
ලීලාවතිගේ උපත හා ළමා කාලය ගැන තොරතුරු ඇත්තේ අල්ප වශයෙනි. එහෙත් ඇයගේ තරුණ කාලයේ ලංකාවේ පැවති දේශපාලන තත්වය ඇයගේ ජීවිතයට බලපාන්නට ඇත. පළමු වැනි විජයබාහු (1055-1100) ඔහුගේ පාලනය ආරම්භයේදි බලවත් චෝල අධිරාජ්‍යය ලංකාවෙන් පලවා හැර රජරට රාජධානිය පුනරුත්ථාපනය කළේය. අනුරාධපුරයේ පැවති අගනගරය පුලත්ති නගරයට ගෙන ගියේය. සමගිය ටික කාලයක් පැවතියේ වුවද පළමු වැනි වික්‍රමබාහු රජුගේ පාලන සමයේ (1111-1132) දිවයින රජරට, දක්ඛිණදේශ සහ රුහුණ වශයෙන් වෙන වෙනම කොටස් තුනකට වෙන් විය. කෙසේ වෙතත් දක්ඛිණ දේශයේ උප රජු මානාභරණ, සහ ඔහුගේ සහෝදරයන් වූ රුහුණු රටේ උප රජවරුන් දෙදෙනා වූ සිරි වල්ලභ සහ කිත්තිසිරි මේඝ සමග වික්‍රමබාහු සිහසුන සඳහා අති දරුණු තරඟයක යෙදු‍නේය. තවදුරටත් කියතොත් ඒ සහෝදරයන් තිදෙනාම විජයබාහු රජුගේ සොහොයුරියගේ පුතුන් ය. එමෙන්ම පාණඩ්‍ය රජ පෙළපතටද සම්බන්ධයක් තිබුණු බැවින් සිහසුන සඳහා විශාල උරුමයක්ද තිබුනි.

ලීලාවතී යනු ශ්‍රී වල්ලභගේ සහ සුගලා නම් වූ ඔහුගේ බිරිඳගේ දියණිය බව ප්‍රකටය. ඇයට සහෝදරයෙකු සිටියේය. ඔහුද මානාභරණ නම් විය. ඇයට ඇගේ අනාගත සැමියා මෙන්ම මස්සිනා ද වූ මානාභරණගේ පුත් පරාක්‍රමබාහු ඇගේ තරුණ කාලයේදීම මුණ ගැසුනේය. කිත්තිසිරි මේඝගේ ඇවෑමෙන් පසු ඔහු දක්ඛිණ දේශයේ රජු විය. මානාභරණගේ පවුලේ අය රුහුණේ සිරි වල්ලභ සමග වාසයට පැමිණියහ. ඇය පරාක්‍රමබාහු සමග විවාහ වූයේ කුමන අවස්ථාවකද යන්න ගැන කරුණු හෙළි නොවේ.

ලීලාවතියගේ පවුලේ අය විශේෂයෙන් ඇගේ සහෝදරයා වූ රුහුණේ මානාභරණ (මොහු පරාක්‍රමබාහුගේ සොහොයුරියන් වූ මිත්තා සහ පබාවතී දෙදෙනාම විවාහ කර ගත්තේය) සහ මව් රැජින වූ සුගලා යන අය පරාක්‍රමබාහු සමග තිබුනේ හොඳ සම්බන්ධයක් නොවේ. මානාභරණ පරාක්‍රමබාහු සමග අවස්ථා කීපයකදී සටන් වැදුනේය. මෙවැනි අවස්ථා වල ලීලාවතී කුමන ක්‍රියා මාර්ගයක් ගත්තේදැයි යන්න එළිදරව් නොවේ.

රාජ්‍ය කාලය සහ මරණය
ඇයගේ බලපරාක්‍රමයෙන් යුත් ස්වාමි පුරුෂයාගේ පාලන කාලය තුළ ලීලාවතී බිසවගේ ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ගැන තොරතුරු අප්‍රකටය. අග මෙහෙසිය වශයෙන් ඇයට රජ මාළිගය තුළ තිබුණේ උසස් තත්වයකි. සිහසුන ඊළඟට උරුම විය යුත්තේ ඇගේ දරුවන්ටය. ඇය රජතුමා සමග සංග්‍රාම චාරිකාවල පවා යෙදෙන්නට ඇත. කෙසේ වෙතත් චූලවංශය ඒ ගැන සඳහන් නොකරන අතර පරාක්‍රමබාහු රජතුමාට දාව ඇයට දරුවන් සිටි බව අනුමාන වශයෙන්වත්  සඳහන් කර නැත.

පරාක්‍රමබාහු රජතුමාගේ මරණයෙන් පසු ඇය නැවතත් ඉතිහාස මූලාශ්‍රවල පෙනී සිටින්නීය. කවිකාර රජු ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන දෙවැනි විජයබාහු, ඔහු රජ වී අවුරුද්දකින් පසු කුලින්ග වර්ගයේ මහින්ද නම් එදිරිවාදියෙකු අතින් මරු මුවට පත් විය. කිත්තිනිශ්ශංක විසින් මහින්ද බලයෙන් පහ කළේය. ඔහු කාලිංග කුමාරයෙකි. ඔහු විජයබාහුගේ ප්‍රධාන ඇමතිව සිටියේය. මෙම කිත්තිනිශ්ශංක, නිශ්ශංකමල්ල නමින් "1187" සිට "1196" දක්වා රජ කළේය.

නිශ්ශංක මල්ලගේ අභාවයෙන් පසු ඔහුගේ බාල සොහොයුරු වික්‍රමබාහු රජ විය. මාස කිහිපයකින් පසු ඔහුගේ බෑණා කෙනෙකු වූ චෝඩගංග විසින් ඔහු බලයෙන් පහ කරන ලදී. එවකට බලවත්ව සිටි කිත්ති සෙනෙවියා විසින් චෝඩගංග බලයෙන් පහ කරන ලදී. කිත්ති සෙනෙවියා තමන් රාජ්‍ය බලය ලබා ගන්නවා වෙනුවට ලීලාවතී බිසව රැජිණ ලෙස අභිෂේක කරවූයේය.

ලීලාවතී රැජිණගේ පාලන කාලයේ මුල් වර්ෂ තුන අත් වැරදි නොවුන කාලයක් ලෙස චූලවංශයේ සඳහන්වේ. පරාක්‍රමබාහු රජුගේ අග මෙහෙසිය ලෙසට ලීලාවතී බිසවට සිහසුනට උරුම කම් කියූ අනිත් පුද්ගලයන්ට නොතිබුණු අයිතියක් ඒ සඳහා තිබෙන්නට ඇත. තව දුරටත් කියතොත් කිත්ති හෝ නිශ්ශංක මල්ල පරපුරේ අනික් අයට වඩා ඇයගේ කුලපරම්පරාව ගරු කටයුතු එකක් වන්න‍ට ඇත. ඇයට පුද කරන ලද ගෞරවය ගැන පැහැදිලි වන්නේ, ඔක්කාක වංශයේ කුමාරයෙක් වූ සහස්සමල්ල විසින් '1200 අගොස්තු 23" දින ඇය රජකමෙන් නෙරපීමෙන් පසුවද, ඇය නිරුපද්‍රිතව සිටීමෙනි. අයස්මන්න නම් වූ හමුදා ප්‍රධානියා සහස්මල්ල රජ කමෙන් නෙරපීය. ඔහුද කිත්ති මෙන් රජකම ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කොට නිශ්ශංකමල්ලගේ අග මෙහෙසිය කල්‍යාණිවතීට එය පැවරුවේය. අයස්මන්ත කිත්ති මෙන් නොව කිසියම් සාධාරණ බලයක් තමා වෙත තබා ගත්තේය. කල්‍යාණවතීගෙන් පසු ළමා ධම්මාසෝක රජු බවට පත් වූයේද අයස්මන්තගේ භාරකාරත්වය, සහ පාලනය යටතේය. කෙසේ වුවද "1209" දී අනිකන්ග මහාදීපාද යටතේ පැමිණි චෝල ආක්‍රමණික හමුදාව අයස්මන්ත සහ ධම්මාසෝක මරා දමන ලදී.

මෙයින් දින දාහතරකට පසු ලීලාවතී බිසව නැවත ප්‍රසිද්ධියට පත් වූයේ වික්කන්ත සමුනක්ක නම් හමුදා ප්‍රධානියා විසින් අනිකංග මරා දැමීම හේතුවෙනි. සැලකිය යුතු කාරණයක් වන්නේ චූලවංශය මෙම හමුදා ප්‍රධානියා "දුෂ්ඨයෙකු" ලෙස හැඳින්වීමයි. "දුෂ්ඨයා විසින් අනිකංග නම් රජතුමා මරා දමන ලදී. ඉන් අනතුරුව මීට කලින්ද රජ කළ පරාක්‍රමබාහුගේ අග මෙහෙසිය වූ ලීලාවතී නම් දේවිය අවුරුද්දක් රට කළාය". කලින් මහත් ගෞරවයෙන් සඳහන් කල ලීලාවති රැජිණ නැවත රාජ්‍ය පාලනයට දුෂ්ඨයෙකු හවුල් කර ගැනීම ගැන සඳහන් වන්නේ මක් නිසාද සහ අනිකංග නම් චෝල ආක්‍රමණිකයා ගැන ගෞරවනීය හැඳින්වීමක් කරන්නේ ඇයිද යන්න පැහැදිලි නැත.

අනතුරුව තවත් දකුණු ඉන්දීය සේනාවක් ("විරුද්ධ පැත්තේ වෙරළෙන් මහා දෙමළ හමුදාවක්") පැමිණ 1210 දී ලීලාවතී සිහසුනෙන් පහ කළහ. එහි ප්‍රධානියා ලෝකිස්සර "මුළු ලංකාවම සිය අණසක යටතට ගෙන පුලත්තිනගරයේ සිට මාස නමයක් රට පාලනය කළේය". අනතුරුව හමුදා නායක පරාක්‍රම විසින් ඔහු බලයෙන් පහ කරන ලදී. පරාක්‍රම නම් "මහා බලපරාක්‍රමයෙන් යුත් පුද්ගලයා" ලීලාවතී බිසව නැවතත් 1211 දී රැජිණ ලෙසට සිහසුනෙහි තැබුවේය. මෙම විස්තරය කිරීමේදී රැජිණ චූලවංශ කතුවරුන්ගේ මනාපයට පාත්‍ර වී තිබෙන්නට ඇතැයි සිතිය හැක්කේ "ඉර හඳ පවතිනතාක් කල් රාජ වංශය රාජශ්‍රීයෙන් බැබළුනාය" යනුවෙන් සඳහන් කර තිබීමෙනි.

ඇයගේ මෙම අන්තිම රාජ්‍ය පාලන කාලය මාස හතකට සීමා විය. ඇයගේම ලේ නෑයෙකු වූ පරාක්‍රම පාණ්ඩ්‍ය විසින් ඇය බලයෙන් පහ කර රජරට රජු බවට පත් විය. මෙම ආක්‍රමණයට පසු ඓතිහාසික වාර්තාවල ලීලාවතී ගැන කිසිවක් සඳහන් නොවේ. පරාක්‍රම පාණ්ඩ්‍ය ඇය මැරවූ බවක් සඳහන් නොවෙතත් ඔහුගෙන් පසු 1215 දී ආක්‍රමණිකයෙකු ලෙස පැමිණි කෲර දුෂ්ඨ පාලකයෙකු ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන මාඝ විසින් ඒ දේ කරන්නට ඇත.

විශේෂත්‍වය
මධ්‍යකාලීන සිංහල රාජ්‍ය බලයේ පිරිහීම සහ ඇද වැටීම අතර කාලය ලීලාවතී රැජිණගේ ජීවිතය සහ රාජ්‍ය කාලය හා සමගාමීය. ඇයගේ ස්වාමි පුරුෂයාගේ ඇවෑමෙන් පසු ගත වූ අවුරුදු විසි හයක කාලය තුළ වෙන් වෙන් වශයෙන් පාලකයින් නම දෙනෙක් වූ අතර දකුණු ඉන්දීය චෝල හා පාණ්ඩ්‍ය ආක්‍රමණ තුනක් ද සිදු විය. ලීලාවතීගේ රජ පරම්පරාව විසින් චෝලයින් පන්නා දමා ස්වදේශික රාජ්‍යයක් බිහි කිරීමෙන් ලබා තිබූ ගෞරවය සහ අභිමානය ඉහත කී ආක්‍රමණ වලින් බිඳ වැටුනේය.

මෙම අවස්ථාවේදී රජරට, රුහුණ සහ දක්ඛිණ දේශයේ ක්‍රියාකාරී සටන් තිබුනේද යන්න ගැන අදහසක් ඇති කර ගැනීමද අසීරුය. විජයබාහුද අයිති සිංහල පාණ්ඩ්‍ය වංශයට ලීලාවතීද, පැහැදිළිවම අයිති වූ අතර, නිශ්ශංකමල්ල, වික්‍රමබාහු, චෝඩගංග, කල්‍යාණවතී රැජිණ සහ ධම්මාශෝක කාලිංග පරපුර නියෝජනය කළහ. කෙසේ වෙතත් තත්වය අවුල් කරන ලද්දේ අනිකංග වැනි ආක්‍රමණිකයින් (වෙනස් මූලාශ්‍රවල දැක්වෙන්නේ අනිකංග ධර්මාශෝකගේ පියා වශයෙනි.) සහ ඔවුනොවුන්ගේ වරිගයා අතරම තිබුණු බෙදීම්ය. (උදාහරණ වශයෙන් දෙවැනි  වික්‍රමබාහු සහ චෝඩගංග එකානෙකා සමග සටන් කිරීම දැක්විය හැක.)

ලංකාව එක්සේසත් කොට ස්වදේශික බලය නැවත ගොඩ නැංවූ මහා සිංහල -  පාණ්ඩ්‍ය රජ පරම්පරාවේ අන්තිමයා ලෙස ලීලාවතී රැජිණ ඉහළින්ම සඳහන් වේ. පළමුවැනි පරාක්‍රමබාහු, නිශ්ශංකමල්ල, දෙවැනි විජයබාහු, සහ ලෝකිස්සර ආදී රජවරු සමස්ත ලංකාවම (මෙම කාලය තුළ) පාලනය කළ අය වශයෙන් චූලවංශය පැහැදිළිවම කියයි. එහෙත් කෲර පාලක මාඝ (1215 - 1236) ගෙන් පසු දිවයින කොටස් කීපයකින් යුත් තරඟකාරී රාජ්‍යයන් කීපයකට බෙදී ගියේය.එතැන් සිට 1815 දක්වා ශ්‍රී ලංකාව එකම භූගෝලීය කලාපයකින් යුතු රටක් වශයෙන් පැවතුනේ නැත. අන්තිමට එසේ වූයේ යටත් විජිත පාලකයින් වූ බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් යටතේය.

සත්ත්ව විද්‍යාවෙහි
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවට ආවේණික ටෙට්‍රාබ්ලෙමිඩේ කුලයට අයත් සන්නාහ මකුළුවකු Shearella lilawati ලෙස නම්කෙරිණි.

මේවාත් බලන්න
 මහාවංසය
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ රජවරුන්ගේ ලැයිස්තුව
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ඉතිහාසය
 පළමුවන පරාක්‍රමබාහු රජ

මූලාශ්‍ර

බාහිර සබැඳි
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ රජවරුන් සහ පාලකයින්
 කොඩ්‍රිංටන්ගේ සිලෝන්හි කෙටි ඉතිහාසය
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ඉතිහාසය පිළිබඳ ප්‍රභවයකි. මෙයට මහාවංසයෙන් සහ චූලවංසයෙන් උපුටාගත් මාර්ගස්ථ පාඨ සහ ලීලාවතී රැජිනගේ සමයයට අයත් කාසිවල රූප ද ඇතුළත් ය.

සිංහලේ රැජිනියන්
13වන සියවසේ මරණ
පොළොන්නරුවේ රජවරුන්
උපන් වර්ෂ නොදන්නා පුද්ගලයින්
විජයබාහු ගෘහය
12වන සියවසේ සිංහලේ රජවරුන්
13වන සියවසේ සිංහලේ රජවරුන්

ලීලාවතී රැජින


An Paepalanthus leiseringii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Wilhelm Willy Otto Eugen Ruhland. An Paepalanthus leiseringii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Paepalanthus, ngan familia nga Eriocaulaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 P. l. kleinii
 P. l. leiseringii

Mga kasarigan

Paepalanthus

Paepalanthus leiseringii


Heckler & Koch AG36 je 40 mm podcijevni bacač granata kojeg je dizajnirala njemačka vojna industrija Heckler & Koch primarno za potrebe svojih automatskih pušaka H&K G36/G36K. Izvorno se pojavio kao tvrtkin model koji je ponuđen na američkom javnom natječaju za bacač granata na njihovim puškama FN SCAR i XM8. Osim što se može montirati ispod cijevi puške, bacač se može koristiti i individualno, bez nje. Kako bi se povećala preciznost njegovog korištenja na taj način, na AG36 se može montirati kundak i nišanska sprava LLM01.

Oznaka AG36 označava A (nje. Anbaugranatwerfer; hrv. bacač granata) te G36 (nje. Gewehr 36; hrv. puška 36) odnosno bacač granata za pušku G36. Efektivni domet iznosi 150 a maksimalni 350 metara (ovisno o streljivu). Također, kompatibilan je sa svim streljivom koje je namijenjeno američkim bacačima M203 i MM1.

Na temelju AG36 razvijen je AG-C/EGLM.

Opis
AG36 je dizajniran kao zamjena za stariji HK 79 te je kao platforma uzeta puška G36 koja je u to vrijeme bila u službi njemačke i španjolske vojske (koje su kasnije postale prvi korisnici tog bacača). Kasnije je bacač uveden u britansku službu za puške L85A2 a prihvatili su ga i Nizozemci na svojem Diemaco C7A1. Kasnije je napravljen model AG-C/EGLM koji koristi picatinny šine te je kompatibilan s američkim M16A4 i M4. Također, model AG-C poznat i kao XM320 je u američkoj vojsci na razmatranju kao zamjena za stariji M203.

Tijelo bacača je građeno od polimera i očvršćenog aluminija što mu omogućava malu težinu i dužu trajnost. Bacač može izbacivati sve granate kalibra 40×46mm od plastičnih patrona za obuku, gumenih metaka, plinskih patrona, HE granata i granata s bijelim fosforom.

Oružje odlikuje ergonomski dizajn, kompaktnost, okidač dvostruke akcije, mogućnost individualnog korištenja te mogućnost uporabe različitih patrona.

Korisnici

: oružane snage Njemačke postale su primarni i prvi korisnik ovog bacača.
: Vojska Crne Gore.
: francuska vojska koristi AG-C inačicu pod oznakom HK2969F na H&K 416 puškama. Time su se tamošnje oružane snage odmaknule od svoje tradicije korištenja tromblona (MAT-49 i FAMAS) u korist 40 mm granata.
: kosovske sigurnosne snage.
: oružane snage Latvije.
: litavska vojska.
: PASKAL (specijalne snage Kraljevske malajske mornarice).
: nizozemska vojska koristi AG36 na puškama Diemaco C7NLD.
: norveška vojska koristi AG36 na puškama H&K 416.
: portugalska vojska koristi AG36 na puškama H&K 416.

: turska vojska.
: AG je ponuđen britanskoj vojsci 1995. za njihove puške L85/SA80 te je program uvođenja započeo 2002. AG36 ondje nosi oznaku L17A2 a uvođen je i na karabin Diemaco C8 koji je u službi specijalnih snaga. Ondje pak nosi oznaku L17A1 te je u koliziji s američki M203 koji je također u uporabi.

Vidjeti također
Heckler & Koch AG-C/EGLM
M203
M320
Hawk MM-1
GP-25

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Heckler & Koch HK AG36

AG36

Heckler & Koch AG36


The Wings of War devetnaesti je studijski album američkog thrash metal sastava Overkill. Album je objavljen 22. veljače 2019. godine, a objavila ga je diskografska kuća Nuclear Blast.

Prvi je album sastava na kojem bubnjeve svira Jason Bittner, što ga čini prvim albummom bez bubnjara Rona Lipnickija od albuma ReliXIV iz 2005. godine, pošto je napustio sastava kratko nakon objave prijašnjeg albuma The Grinding Wheel iz 2017. godine.

Popis pjesama

Osoblje
DD Verni – bas-gitara, inženjer zvuka
Bobby "Blitz" Ellsworth – vokali
Dave Linsk – glavna gitara, inženjer zvuka
Derek Tailer – ritam gitara
Jason Bittner – bubnjevi
Dodatni glazbenici
Ron Lipnicki – bubnjevi (na pjesmi 11)
Ostalo osoblje
Dan Korneff – uređvianje
Andy Sneap – miksanje, mastering
Joe DeMaio – snimanje (bubnjeva)
Stephanie Cabral – fotografija
Chris "Zeuss" Harris – miksanje, mastering
Travis Smith – ilustracije

Izvori

Albumi sastava Overkill
Albumi iz 2019.

The Wings of War


Hythe () is a town in Hampshire, England. It is located by the shore of Southampton Water, and has a ferry service connecting it to Southampton. Hythe has a shopping area, a pier, and a marina for yachts.

History
The name Hythe means landing-place or haven. Hythe is recorded in a Parliamentary roll from 1293. The Hythe ferry ("Hitheferye") to Southampton is marked on a map by Christopher Saxton of 1575, and on a map by John Harrison in 1788. Hythe was part of the parish of Fawley, although it became a separate ecclesiastical parish in 1841. The current church, of Saint John the Baptist, was erected in 1874. It is of red brick with Bath Stone dressings. The design was by John Oldrid Scott and replaced an earlier church dating from 1823. There were at one time stocks in the village.

The Hampshire Advertiser, 23 Dec 1837, reports the death of John Richards of Hythe (1764-1837) and notes 'the father of the deceased founded the neat little village of Hythe: previous to his time there was no building there of greater pretensions than the huts of a few fishermen.  The elder Mr Richards, when he established a shipbuilding yard at Heath (as it was then called) built houses for his workmen and the village soon sprang up.'

At the beginning of the 20th century, Hythe was a "little fishing village"; with an hourly steamboat service to Southampton, and with the clubhouse of Hythe Yacht Club at the end of the pier. Hythe remained part of the civil parish of Fawley until 1913, when it became part of the parish of Dibden.

Thanks in part to the British Power Boat Company and its excellent access to the English Channel, during World War II Hythe was used as a port for the "little ships" of the Royal Navy, the Motor Torpedo Boats and the RAF Air/Sea Rescue Boats. In 1960, The Hovercraft Development Company and Sir Christopher Cockerell, its founder, moved to Hythe. There was also a small Royal Air Force base in Hythe known as RAF Hythe. Until its closure in September 2006 it was used by the United States Army to service and maintain watercraft. Part of the site is now used by the local Air Training Corps squadron.

Hythe was a village up to the 1950s, but the expansion of Fawley Refinery led to a demand for more houses for workers, and Hythe and Dibden Purlieu were allowed to expand into a small town. In 1983, following the growth of Hythe, the parish of Dibden was renamed to Hythe and Dibden, to reflect the importance of Hythe as a new focal point of the Parish. Construction of Hythe Marina began in 1985.

Geography
Hythe has a small shopping area clustered around the High Street, which includes two supermarkets (a Waitrose and a Lidl), a public library, several charity shops, and small independent shops. The Hythe Pier, Railway and Ferry operates across Southampton Water to Southampton, and is the oldest working pier train in the world.

Hythe's position makes it a good vantage point for viewing ocean liners arriving and departing at the port of Southampton, which attracts ship-watchers to the area. Hythe has a marina, at which a large number of yachts and boats are moored. Large and expensive houses are situated around the marina, overlooking the waterside.

Ewart Recreation Ground on Jones Lane in Hythe is home to Hythe and Dibden Cricket Club. The club was formed in 1948 with the amalgamation of The Hythe Club and The Dibden Purlieu Club. The Hythe club was formed in 1860.

Hythe was home to the US Army between 1968 and 2006 at RAF Hythe. Following its closure, RAF Hythe was bought by the South East England Development Agency (SEEDA), who turned the site into a marine business park, Hythe Marine Park. Every year, usually around August, the marina hosts the RNLI (Royal National Lifeboat Institution) Great Waterside Raft Race, where teams race rafts in the Solent Estuary to raise money in support of the nearby Calshot RNLI station.

British Power Boat Company

The British Power Boat Company, which manufactured racing boats and later military patrol boats, was formed on 30 September 1927 when Hubert Scott-Paine bought and renamed Hythe's shipyard, with the intention of transforming it into one of the most modern mass production boat building yards in the country. Together with his chief designer, Fred Cooper, the company produced many racing boats which won numerous awards around Europe, including Miss England II and Miss Britain III.

From 1930 the British Power Boat Company supplied seaplane tenders to the Air Ministry, commencing with RAF200, a -footer. In 1931 the Royal Air Force seconded T. E. Lawrence – better known as "Lawrence of Arabia" – in his service name of T. E. Shaw, to liaise with Scott-Paine on the design, trials and operations of the boat. Lawrence lodged in the village from 1931 to 1932, in Myrtle Cottage at the junction of St John Street and Shore Road. The tenders were initially powered by twin 100bhp Meadows petrol engines giving a maximum speed of 29 knots, with some later versions fitted with Perkins S6M diesels.

Thermionic Products and RACAL Recorders
Thermionic Products, acquired by RACAL Electronics plc to become RACAL Recorders, was established in Hythe in the 1950s, moving to a large facility at the nearby Hardley Industrial Estate.  RACAL Recorders produced a wide range of specialist magnetic tape recorders for recording multiple channels of voice, as used by air traffic control and the emergency services, and also instrumentation recorders.  The company was awarded a number of patents. RACAL Recorders won several Queen's Awards for innovation and export.

Sport and leisure
Hythe has a non-League football club Hythe & Dibden FC, which plays at Clayfields Sports Ground, as well as Southern Premier League cricket club Hythe & Dibden Cricket Club.

Not far away is Applemore Recreation Centre, near Applemore College, where the New Forest District Council supplies facilities, which include swimming, archery, basketball, tennis, squash and more.

Hythe's proximity to Southampton Water makes water sports easily accessible, via Hythe Marina, Hythe Marina's slipway or Hythe Sailing Club. The slipway is used for the annual RNLI Raft Race.

Hythe Sea Scouts also have good access to the water – their hut adjacent to Hythe Sailing Club. As a Royal Navy recognised group, the group has acquired a variety of kayaks, canoes and dinghies through funding. The building is currently undergoing maintenance due to erosion of the coastline putting the group at threat of being 'washed away'. A significant funding campaign, led by Chris Godfrey, raised over £80,000 to secure the ground beneath the scout hut.

Notable residents
Sir Christopher Cockerell, the inventor of the hovercraft, lived and died in Hythe.
T. E. Lawrence, the famed British archaeologist, army officer, diplomat, and writer lived in the area as a child, before returning to Hythe between 1931 and 1932, living at Myrtle Cottage in Shore Road.
William Scammell, an English poet, critic and biographer of Keith Douglas, was born in Hythe in 1939. A commemorative plaque, provided by the Parish Council, can be seen on the house in Alexandra Road, where he was born and lived until 1953. He died in 2000, aged 60.
David Ellery, the TV producer, presenter and author (programmes such as Home Movie Roadshow and books such as RMS Queen Mary – 101 Q&As), is based at Hythe.
Bruce Parry, the adventurer and TV presenter of shows such as Amazon with Bruce Parry, was born 17 March 1969, in Hythe.
Rik Young (born 1978), actor and dancer, grew up in Hythe.

References

External links

Hythe and Dibden Parish Council
Hythe's website for residents and visitors
Article on the history of Hythe
Hythe virtual High Street

Hythe
New Forest District

Hythe, Hampshire


Salona () was an ancient city and the capital of the Roman province of Dalmatia. Salona is located in the modern town of Solin, next to Split, in Croatia.

Salona was founded in the 3rd century BC and was mostly destroyed in the invasions of the Avars and Slavs in the seventh century AD.

Many Roman characteristics can be seen such as walls, a forum, a theatre, an amphitheatre, public baths and an aqueduct.

History
Salona grew in the area of the Greek cities of Tragurian and Epetian on the river Jadro in the 3rd century BC. It was the birthplace of Roman Emperor Diocletian. In the first millennium BC, the Greeks set up a marketplace. Salona had also been in the territory of the Illyrian Delmatae, before the conquest of the Romans. Salona became the capital of the Roman province of Dalmatia, because it sided with the future Roman Dictator Gaius Julius Caesar in the civil war against Pompey. Martia Iulia Valeria Salona Felix (the full name of the ancient city) was founded probably after the Roman civil wars under Julius Caesar. The early Roman city encompassed the area around the Forum and Theatre, with an entrance, the Porta Caesarea, on the north-east side. The walls were fortified with towers during the reign of Augustus. The early trapezoidal shape of the city was transformed by the eastern and western expansion of the city.

The city quickly acquired Roman characteristics: walls, a forum, a theatre, an amphitheatre which are the most conspicuous above-ground remains today, public baths, and an aqueduct. Many inscriptions in both Latin and Greek have been found both inside the walls and in the cemeteries outside, since Romans forbade burials inside the city boundaries. Several fine marbles sarcophagi from those cemeteries are now in the Archaeological Museum of Split. All this archaeological evidence attests to the city's prosperity and integration into the Roman Empire. Salona had a mint that was connected with the mint in Sirmium and gold and silver mines in the Dinaric Alps through Via Argentaria.

When the Roman Emperor Diocletian retired, he erected a monumental villa (palace) in a suburban location (6 km away). This massive structure, known as Diocletian's Palace, after Salona's fall became the core of the city of Split (Spalatum). Diocletian's tomb was reportedly also somewhere near Salona.

Salona's continuing prosperity resulted in the extensive church building in the fourth and fifth centuries, including an episcopal basilica and a neighboring church and baptistery inside the walls, and several shrines honoring martyrs outside. These have made it a major site for studying the development of Christian sacred architecture. The Salonitan bishop held the position of metropolitan bishop of Dalmatia. After the fall, bishopric and other remains were transferred to Split (see Archbishopric of Spalathon). The borders and influence of Salonitan Archdiocese included almost all of today's Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina south of river Sava and west of river Drina.

Salona was the only Eastern Adriatic port-city listed in Diocletian's Edict on Maximum Prices, and out of all listed port-cities it had most maritime connections (those being with Alexandria, Ephesus, Nikomedia, Seleucia Pieria, and Carthago). The connection with Ravenna was also prominent. The connections were not only about exchange of goods and monuments, prominent individuals also traveled, remained to live and die at Salona (especially from Syria). Seemingly it was a big port as for the Battle of Sena Gallica (551), Byzantine general Jon sailed from it with 38 ships (compared to Ravenna's 12).

Salona is the largest archaeological park in Croatia. According to Constantine VII's De Administrando Imperio (10th century), Salona was "half as large as Constantinople". Initially believed that grew to over 60,000 inhabitants, recent excavations found it was for one third larger than originally thought by the archaeologists.

Fall

In the early 7th century the Roman limes on river Danube and Sava fell and was militarily abandoned, leaving Roman province of Dalmatia open for conquest. The events of the fall of the city because to its location are relevant to the understanding when the province and coastal cities periphery succumbed to barbaric invasion. Pope Gregory I in July 600 wrote to the archbishop of Salona, Maximus, in which he expresses concern about the arrival of the Slavs ("de Sclavorum gente quae vobis valde imminet et affligor vehementer et conturbor"). According to De Administrando Imperio (10th century) and Thomas the Archdeacon's Historia Salonitana (13th century), Salona was largely destroyed in the seventh century invasions of the Avars and Slavs (more specifically the Croats per Thomas the Archdeacon who also identified them with Goths and Slavs). In the DAI'''s chapters 29 and 30 on the history of Dalmatia and fall of Salona, the terms Avars and Slavs were interchangeably used but, most probably, generally meant the Slavs. The city was reportedly conquered by trickery when the Avar-Slavs, previously defeating at the river Danube or Sava (possibly also near Cetina) a Roman army dispatched from Salona/Klis, in disguise passed the frontier castrum of Klis and expelled the Romans from the city. When it became their possession, they "settled and thereafter began gradually to make plundering raids and destroyed the Romani who dwelt in the plains and on the higher ground and took possession of their lands". Refugees from Salona settled in other coastal and island cities (Decatera, Ragusa, Spalato, Tetrangourin, Diadora, Arbe, Vekla and Opara) and inside Diocletian's Palace.

The exact date of destruction and fall is uncertain. Pope John IV sent abbot Martin (possibly future Pope Martin I) to Dalmatia in 641 to redeem captives, which was interpreted that Salona must have been destroyed before that date. As Salona's refugees are also said by Thomas the Archdeacon to have founded Ragusa around 625 it meant that Salona had to be destroyed around 625 or before. In the scholarship, it was traditionally dated to 614, although opinions varied between 608 and 639. The last dated inscription, reflecting existence of life in the city, in the ruins is dated to 12 May 612. However, 1970s were found many coins, out of which few were of Heraclius and youngest minted in 630/631. It is interpreted as evidence that the city was rather becoming steadily abandoned after 614 and probably destroyed in 639. Some other archaeological excavations probably show a small group of people continued to live with newcomers until mid-7th century when it became abandoned. Tibor Živković argued that the attack happened in the early 630s and became abandoned after that time.

The new Slavic population settled outside the ruins to the East near river Jadro, where are found Old-Croat graves. In the 10th and 11th centuries, Croatian kings founded and rebuilt three churches, of which of St. Stephen was used as a royal mausoleum of Croatian Kings (with found sarcophagus of Croatian Queen Helen of Zadar), while of St. Peter and Moses (so-called Hollow Church) was crowned king Demetrius Zvonimir. The archaeologically confirmed information is found in Historia Salonitana''.

Architecture
Various town structures have been excavated.

Manastirine
These are the remnants of the Basilica and cemetery outside of the town. The earliest parts of the complex date back to the second century BC. The bishop and martyr Domnio was buried here after being executed in the arena of the amphitheater on 304AD.

At the end of the fourth century, the complex was partly destroyed during the German incursions, and in the mid-fifth century, a three-nave basilica was constructed on top of the ruins. Many sarcophagi can be found here. in the early seventh century, the  cemetery was looted and partly destroyed.

The cemetery exhibits a feature of Christian cemeteries at that time to have deceased buried as close as possible to the martyr or Ad sanctos.

Tusculum
Architectural and ornamental fragments, capitals inscriptions, and columns from the area were replaced in a building built in 1898. It was restored in 2008.

City walls

The construction of the Salonitan city walls took several centuries. The earliest part of the city was surrounded by walls as early as the second century BC. During the Pax Romana the city expanded to both east and west.

During the reign of Emperor Marcus Aurelius around 170 A.D., under the constant threat of Germanic tribes, the east and west suburbs were included in the walls, which were fortified with at least 90 towers. Some parts of existing buildings were used in the extensions to the walls, thus making them integral. The total circumference of the elliptical shape of the walls was approximately , with varying width from .

During the reign of Emperor Theodosius II in the early fifth century, all the towers were reconstructed, as witnessed by an inscription on the walls. Furthermore, in the first half of the sixth century, triangular-shaped endings were added to some square-shaped towers to improve the city's security and defense system. Such examples are visible today on the northern side of the Urbs orientalis.

Episcopal center
The center of Christian Salona is in the northwest part of the eastern city. Here is an Episcopal center with twin lengthways basilicas, a baptistery, and Bishop's Palace were built in the fifth century A.D.

This Basilica is the largest in the entire area of Dalmatia. The best-preserved part of the oldest part of the city (Urbs vetus) is the eastern wall and Porta Caesarea with two octagonal towers and three passages; one for cart traffic and two for pedestrians on each side of the wider passage. The central passage was probably equipped with a movable grid, as indicated by grooves on side pylons.

Aqueduct

Emperor Augustus built an aqueduct to supply the city with water from the river Jadro. It was  in length, and the best-preserved part is north of the episcopal center.   Calculations show that the aqueduct could supply enough water for about 40,000 people.

Thermae

The thermae were typical buildings of Roman civilization and an indispensable part of Roman urban life. Although the city of Salona had multiple baths, the best-preserved and largest ones are those in the eastern part of the city called the Great Thermae, built in the second or beginning of the third century A.D. This building is rectangular, with three symmetrically arranged apses in the north and one in the west. There was an adjoining elongated spacious room to the north, housing a semicircular pool, the piscina, filled with cold water, the frigidarium. There were two dressing rooms to the left, with benches for sitting and openings in the wall for clothes. The room to the west was also used as a massage room, the unctorium. The room ending with an apse served both as a lounge and an exercise room. To the right there were hot baths and sauna: caldarium, tepidarium and sudatorium.

Bridge of Five Arches
In the eastern suburb of Salona, five arches spanned the westernmost backwater of the river Jadro. The bridge carried one extension of Decumanus Maximus which branched into two roads, one of which led north-east to the Porta Andetria gate, while the other one led across the bridge to Epetium, today's city of Stobreč.

Porta Caesarea
The Porta Caesarea is a well-preserved gate with two octagonal towers and three passages, one for cart traffic and two for pedestrians on each side of the wider passage. The central passage was probably equipped with a movable grid, as indicated by grooves on side pylons. Porta Caesarea was constructed using large regular stones primarily for fortification purposes. After eastern and western expansion had occurred, the gate lost its primary purpose and became carrying construction of the aqueduct. According to Kähler's reconstruction, the gate had two floors, of which the top one was very elaborately decorated with half columns, composite capitals, and window openings. Within the gate, there was a small courtyard for defense purposes.

Praetorium
Southeast of the ports Caesarea, a luxurious villa has been uncovered, which was probably the palace of the Roman governor of Dalmatia.   Several mosaics depicting mythological figures such as Apollo Orpheus and Triton I've been transferred to the archaeological museum in Split.

Forum
The center of the town's public life was in the southeast part of the old town. It is  in size. After the fourth century A.D., as the town became more Christian, the forum started to lose its role as the city center.

Theatre
A theater  in size was built in the first century A.D.

Temple
South of the theater, there is a temple that was dedicated to either Dionysus or Liber.

Kapljuc
These ruins are the remnants of the oldest cemetery basilica. It was built in the middle of the fourth century above the graves of four Praetorian guards who were executed in the arena during Diocletian's persecution of Christians.

Amphitheatre

At the westernmost point of Salona, in the second half of the second century A.D., under the influence of Flavian architectural style, a monumental building was erected.  The presence of a Roman amphitheater indicates that gladiator fights were held in the city of Salona until the fifth century, when they were finally banned. The building was ellipsoidal in shape, with three floors on the south side and one floor on the north side, conveniently laid down on a natural hillside. Despite its relatively small size ( outer shell and  the arena), the Salonitan amphitheater could have been occupied by 15,000 up to 18,000 spectators. The auditorium was divided into three tiers, the lower two with seats and the upper one for standing. In Diocletian's time, the top tier was covered with a porch. Through poles attached to the outer shell of the building, the whole arena could be covered with canvas, giving protection from the sun and rain. There was a state box for the Province governor on the south side and opposite it seats of honor for the city magistrates. In the center of the arena, an opening led into an underground corridor whose purpose was the disposal of dead gladiators' bodies. On the south side of the amphitheater, beneath the auditorium, there were two vaulted rooms where gladiators worshipped Nemesis, the goddess of revenge and destiny. During Diocletian's persecutions of Christians, the amphitheater was used as a site of executions.

Only parts of substructures of this monumental building, as well as some fragments of architectural decoration and stone sculpture, have been preserved. The amphitheater was most severely damaged during the wars against the Turks in the 17th century when Venetians had it demolished for strategic reasons.

Marusinac
This cemetery complex has the martyr Anastasios thrown into the bay with the grindstone around his neck in 304 AD. The mausoleum was built in the early fourth century. In the fifth and sixth centuries, other bishops and priests were buried here.

Gradina
Gradina means a medieval hill fort built on the east walls by the Turks after capturing Klis.

City necropolises

 Burying the dead inside the city was against Roman law, so Romans buried their dead on the roads leading out of the city.

References

Further reading

External links
Virtual museum of the city of Solin - Everyday life in Salona

Former populated places in the Balkans
Illyrian Croatia
Archaeology of Illyria
Greek colonies in Illyria
Byzantine Dalmatia
Tourist attractions in Split-Dalmatia County
Roman towns and cities in Croatia

Salona


Placetas ist eine kubanische Stadt und Municipio in der Provinz Villa Clara. Sie ist auch unter dem Namen La Villa de los Laureles (Die Stadt der Lorbeeren) aufgrund der Anwesenheit von Lorbeerbäumen in verschiedenen Teilen der Stadt bekannt. Placetas liegt im Zentrum Kubas, in der Nähe der Stadt Santa Clara. Die Stadt ist ein wichtiger Eisenbahnknotenpunkt und liegt an der Carretera Central.

Geographie
Placetas liegt im relativen geographischen Zentrum Kubas, im Südwesten befindet sich Santa Clara. Mit seiner Fläche von 600,59 km² liegt die Stadt an sechster Stelle unter den 13 Municipios der Provinz.
Die Böden in Placetas sind aus vulkanischem Sedimentgestein. In der Nähe der Stadt wurden mehrere Höhlen gefunden. Die höchste Erhebung in der Umgebung sind die Hügel von Güiros mit einer Höhe von 457,2 m.
Durch die Außenbereiche der Stadt fließt der Río Zaza.

Klima
Das Klima umfasst die allgemeinen Merkmale des tropischen Gürtels auf dem kubanischen Archipel, allerdings mit lokalen Einflüssen durch die Entfernung zur Küste und die Höhe. Durch die Höhe von etwa 200 Metern beträgt die relative Luftfeuchte im Durchschnitt 78 % im April und Mai. Im Oktober werden Werte von 87 % erreicht. Die durchschnittliche Lufttemperatur liegt bei 19,4 °C. Das Bioklima ist ziemlich trocken, mit 3 bis 4 Monaten Trockenheit im Jahr.

Bevölkerung
Die Gemeinde Placetas stellt 8,8 % der Gesamtbevölkerung der Provinz und ist ihre drittgrößte Gemeinde. 19,2 % der Bevölkerung ist über 60 Jahre alt, 78,6 % ist im erwachsenen Alter. 50,1 % der Bevölkerung ist männlich, 49,9 % ist weiblich. 77 % der Bevölkerung von Placetas leben in urbanen Verhältnissen.

Mit einer Bevölkerungsdichte von 118,6 Einwohner pro km² ist Placetas eine der am dichtesten besiedelten Gemeinden von Santa Clara, nach Caibarién.

Geschichte
Die ersten Informationen über Placetas reichen bis ins späte 17. Jahrhundert zurück. Auf dem Gebiet des heutigen Placetas hat bereits damals eine Kirche bestanden, die im Jahre 1804 zu einem Ort namens Guaracabulla wurde. Im Jahr 1815 wurde ein Friedhof errichtet, 1842 bestanden bereits zwei Wirtshäuser und über 70 Menschen lebten dort.

Infolge des kubanischen Unabhängigkeitskrieges 1868 wurde das Dorf Guaracabulla niedergebrannt und die Menschen zogen ins nahe gelegene Las Placetas, wo sich auch eine Festung befand. In den darauffolgenden Jahrzehnten wuchs die Infrastruktur und schließlich wurde Placetas im Jahr 1879 eine eigene Gemeinde, 1881 eine Kleinstadt und 1925 eine Stadt.

Im Jahr 1958 lebten in Placetas etwa 30.000 Menschen.

Politik
Placetas gliedert sich in 15 Stadträte:

Consejo Popular Pujol-Los Chinos
Consejo Popular Plazoleta-Las Minas
Consejo Popular Frigorífico Cumbre
Consejo Popular Vigía-Copey
Consejo Popular Miller
Consejo Popular Falcón
Consejo Popular Guaracabulla
Consejo Popular Báez
Consejo Popular Nazareno
Consejo Popular Benito Juárez
Consejo Popular Hermanos  Ameijeiras
Consejo Popular Carbó Serviá
Consejo Popular Falero - Sabanilla
Consejo Popular Manzanares (Placetas)
Consejo Popular Suazo (Placetas)

Wirtschaft
Die Wirtschaft Placetas ist traditionell durch die Zuckerproduktion geprägt. Außerdem wird in der Stadt Schnupftabak produziert. In Placetas gibt es eine Fabrik für Baumaterialien, in der Fliesen, Blöcke und Ton hergestellt werden. Des Weiteren existiert ein Dienstleistungssektor, bestehend aus Wäschereien, Friseurbetrieben, Barbieren, Fotografen und Reinigungskräften.

Auch eine Milchfabrik besteht seit 1895 in Placetas, welche sich heute auf die Produktion von Milch und Milchprodukten wie Joghurt, Müsli, Eis, Käse, Sahne spezialisiert hat.

Seit Mitte der 1990er Jahre gibt es die Schweißanlage Carilles in Placetas, welche für die Instandhaltung des Schienennetzes zuständig ist und auch über Einrichtungen zur Ultraschallkontrolle von Bruchstellen verfügt.

Infrastruktur

Bildung
Die erste Schule wurde 1871 gegründet und war eine private Jungenschule. Im Jahr 1893 hatte Placetas zwei Schulen für Jungen und eine für Mädchen. Die Alphabetisierungskampagne wurde in Placetas bereits 1961 abgeschlossen.

Heute gibt es in Placetas in jedem Klassenzimmer Fernseher und Computer. Die kleinsten Schulen im ländlichen Umfeld der Stadt verfügen über eigene Solarzellen zur autonomen Energieversorgung.
Die Vermittlung von richtiger Ernährung gehören ebenso zur Aufgabe der Schulen wie eine freie Schulspeisung.

Alle Klassenräume der Schulen haben Platz für bis zu 20 Schüler und verfügen über kleine Schulbibliotheken mit Wörterbüchern, Nachschlagewerken.

Kultur
Seit Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts werden in Placetas Zeitungen herausgegeben, seit 1894 gibt es eine Hochschule für Musik. Am 20. Mai 1937 wurde die kommunale Bibliothek Mimí Fortún eröffnet. In den Monaten Februar–April fand traditionell der Karneval statt, der heute, wie auch in Santiago de Cuba, im Juli zelebriert wird.

Am 23. Dezember 1981 wurde das städtische Museum eröffnet, es befindet sich heute auf der 1ra del norte zwischen Paseo Martí und 1ra del Oeste.
In Placetas gibt es ein Kulturhaus, das gemeinsam mit Schulen und anderen kulturellen Schaffenszentren der Förderung von Musik, bildender Kunst und Literatur dient.

In Placetas gibt es heute sechs öffentliche Bibliotheken:

Stadtbibliothek "Mimí Fortún"
Nebenstelle "Liberación" CAI Hnos Ameijeiras" (Granja)
Nebenstelle "Gerardo Abreu" (Fontán) Báez
Nebenstelle "Julio Pino Machado" Falcón
Nebenstelle "Jesús Suárez Gayol" CAI Benito Juárez
Nebenstelle "Carbó Serviá" (Granja)

Gesundheitswesen
1959 gab es in Placetas etwa 11 oder 12 medizinische Zentren. Heute existieren zusätzlich eine Poliklinik und mehrere Apotheken in der Stadt.

Söhne und Töchter der Stadt
 Miguel Díaz-Canel (* 1960), Kubas Präsident seit 2018
 Emilio Mola (1887–1937), General in Spanien

Weblinks
 Acontecer Cultural de Placetas – La Villa de los Laureles; CentroArte der Provinz Villa Clara
 Placetas auf EcuRed
 Placetas auf Guije.com

Ort in Kuba
Municipio in der Provinz Villa Clara

Placetas


Afrika Futbol Konfederasyonu (CAF) Afrika'da futbolu organize eden ve yöneten kuruluştur. 53 Afrika ülkesinin bağlı olduğu bu kuruluş Afrika Uluslar Kupası, CAF Konfederasyon Kupası, CAF Şampiyonlar Ligi'ni düzenler. Ayrıca CAF Afrika'da Yılın Futbolcusu ödülünü de verir.

CAF'a üye ülkeler listesi bu sayfadan görülebilir.

CAF Dünya Kupası elemeleri
 1930 - Katılamadı
 1934 - Mısır
 1938 - Katılamadı
 1950 - Katılamadı
 1954 - Katılamadı
 1954 - Katılamadı
 1958 - Katılamadı
 1962 - Katılamadı
 1966 - Katılamadı
 1970 - Fas
 1974 - Zaire
 1978 - Tunus
 1982 - Cezayir, Kamerun
 1986 - Cezayir, Fas
 1990 - Kamerun, Mısır
 1994 - Kamerun, Fas, Nijerya
 1998 - Kamerun, Fas, Nijerya, Güney Afrika, Tunus
 2002 - Kamerun, Nijerya, Senegal, Güney Afrika, Tunus
 2006 - Angola, Fildiişi Sahili, Gana, Togo, Tunus
 2010 - Güney Afrika*, Cezayir, Fildiişi Sahili, Gana, Kamerun, Nijerya
 2014 - Cezayir, Fildiişi Sahili, Gana, Kamerun, Nijerya

* Güney Afrika 2010 FIFA Dünya Kupası'nda ev sahibi

Katılma
 6 -
 4 - , ,
 3 - ,
 2 - ,
 1 - , , , ,

CAF Başkanları
  Abdel Aziz Abdallah Salem 1957 - 1958
  Abdel Aziz Mostafa 1958 - 1968
  Abdel Halim Mohamed 1968 - 1972
  Ydnekatchew Tessema 1972 - 1987
  Abdel Halim Mohamed 1987 - 1988
  Issa Hayatou 1988 - 2017
  Patrice Mostepe 2021-

CAF Genel Sekreterleri
  Youssef Mohamed 1957 - 1958
  Mustafa Kamel Mansour 1958 - 1961
  Mourad Fahmy 1961 - 1982
  Mustapha Fahmy 1982 - ...

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 Confederation Of African Football CAF Resmî Site

Afrika Futbol Konfederasyonu


Wolfgang Hans Böker (* 22. März 1933 in Jena) ist ein deutscher Psychiater.

Leben
Nach Besuch des Gymnasiums in Freiburg im Breisgau studierte Böker von 1952 bis 1957 Medizin an der Universität Freiburg und der Universität Innsbruck. Er schloss 1957 mit dem Staatsexamen ab und promovierte 1960 in Freiburg. Von 1960 bis 1967 absolvierte er die Ausbildung zum Facharzt für Psychiatrie, Neurologie und Psychotherapie in Freiburg im Breisgau, Zürich und Heidelberg. Ab 1968 war er Oberarzt der Sozialpsychiatrischen Universitätsklinik Mannheim und Lehrbeauftragter der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Mannheim, später Leiter der Poliklinik. 1972 wurde er an der Universität Heidelberg für das Fach Psychiatrie habilitiert und 1974 zum Wissenschaftlichen Rat und ausserplanmässigen Professor ernannt. Ab 1979 war er Direktor der Psychiatrischen Universitätsklinik Bern und ordentlicher Professor für Psychiatrie an der Universität Bern. 1998 wurde er pensioniert.

Als Leiter der Berner Klinik begann er 1987 die seit Jahren überfällig gewordenen Archivierungsarbeiten an der Sammlung von Walter Morgenthaler für das Psychiatrie-Museum und gründete er 1990 die «Stiftung Psychiatrie-Museum Bern», die Besitzerin des 1993 eröffneten Museums ist.

Schriften
 (mit Michele Risso) Verhexungswahn: Aus der Psychiatrischen Universitäts-Klinik, Bern. Ein Beitrag zum Verständnis von Wahnerkrankungen süditalienischer Arbeiter in der Schweiz (= Bibliotheca psychiatrica et neurologica. Bd. 124). Karger, Basel 1964.
 (mit Heinz Häfner) Gewalttaten Geistesgestörter: Eine psychiatrisch-epidemiologische Untersuchung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Springer, Berlin 1973, ISBN 3-540-06225-4.
 (mit Hans Dieter Brenner) Behandlung schizophrener Psychosen (= Klinische Psychologie und Psychopathologie. Bd. 64). Enke, Stuttgart 1997, ISBN 3-432-27731-8.
 (mit Jiří Modestin, Marianne Lerch) Burnout in der psychiatrischen Krankenpflege: Resultate einer empirischen Untersuchung (= Monographien aus dem Gesamtgebiete der Psychiatrie. Bd. 74). Springer, Berlin 1994, ISBN 3-540-57860-9.

Literatur
 Böker, Wolfgang Hans. In: Die Dozenten der bernischen Hochschule 1528–1984. Universität Bern, Bern 1984 (online).

Einzelnachweise

Psychiater
Mediziner (20. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (Universität Bern)
Deutscher
Geboren 1933
Mann

Wolfgang Böker


Olaylar
 25 Ekim – İngiltere kralı II. George öldü yerine torunu III. George geçti
 Safevi Devleti yıkıldı. İran'da istikrarsızlık oluştu.

Doğumlar
 26 Haziran- I. Johann, Lihtenştayn Prensi (ö. 1836)
 23 Kasım - François-Noël Babeuf, Fransız şair ve yazar (ö. 1797)

Ölümler
 ? - Çeteci Abdullah Paşa, Osmanlı Devleti vezir ve hattat (d. ?)
 25 Ekim - II. George, tam adı George Augustus, Cambridge Markisi ve Dükü, Büyük Britanya kralı ve Hannover elektörü (d. 1683).

1760


Spilt Milk is the second and last studio album by American rock band Jellyfish, released on February 9, 1993, by Charisma Records. It features a harsher and more ornate sound than their previous, Bellybutton (1990). As with Bellybutton, Spilt Milk was written and co-produced by founding members Andy Sturmer and Roger Manning. Albhy Galuten and Jack Joseph Puig also returned as producers.

Named for the hard work and turmoil surrounding its making, Spilt Milk was recorded after the departure of bassist Chris Manning (who was replaced by Tim Smith) and lead guitarist Jason Falkner. Guitar duties were instead handled by session musicians Jon Brion and Lyle Workman. Production lasted several months due to the record's complicated orchestrations, and ultimately ran over-budget.

The album was supported with a yearlong tour that introduced guitarist Eric Dover into the band's line-up. Spilt Milk performed below commercial expectations, peaking at number 164 on the Billboard 200 and number 21 on the UK Albums Chart. Singles "The Ghost at Number One" and "New Mistake" charted at numbers 43 and 55 in the UK, respectively. An expanded deluxe edition of the album was released by Omnivore Recordings in 2015.

Background

During the yearlong promotional tour for the band's debut Bellybutton, tensions arose amongst the band members. The band's bassist Chris Manning left the group at the end of the tour to pursue a quieter life as a producer. The band's lead guitarist Jason Falkner had grown increasingly frustrated with having his songwriting contributions ignored by Andy Sturmer and Roger Manning. He left the group after the tour. In regards to his departure, Falkner recalled being diagnosed with an ulcer due to his deteriorating relationship with Sturmer.

After the tour, Manning and Sturmer collaborated with Ringo Starr for his 1992 solo album Time Takes Time. They were then invited to work with Brian Wilson of the Beach Boys. Wilson and Jellyfish only had one songwriting session that was unproductive. Manning described the experience as "utterly surreal". After their sessions with Starr and Wilson, the band was dedicated to making their next album "their masterpiece".

Production

The songs were written in Los Angeles between October 1991 and March 1992. Manning would go over to Sturmer's home to work on the album for eight hours a day, six days a week. Production lasted from April to September 1992; recording sessions used massed choirs, strings, brass, flutes, wind chimes, harpsichords and other instruments. The album was produced by the same producers as their debut, Albhy Galuten (of Bee Gees fame) and Jack Joseph Puig alongside Manning and Sturmer themselves. Also featured on the album were guitarists Tom "T-Bone" Wolk, Lyle Workman, and Jon Brion (who soon formed the Grays with Falkner). Friend Andy Zax wrote of an anecdote in which he met Manning for a late-night meal at a delicatessen, only for Manning to excuse himself "back to the studio because everyone was still there working.  It was 3AM." Sturmer remembered: "Once I literally passed out doing a vocal and woke up in the next room. Making this record was like that Army commercial: 'The toughest job you'll ever love.'"

In reference to the band's influences on Spilt Milk, Sturmer denied that they were "over-the-top, like we have somehow created A Night at the Opera Part 2 or something, or Pet Sounds." Referencing comparisons to the Beach Boys on "The Ghost at Number One", Manning stated: "The Beach Boys would never have done it that way, with really hard verses surrounding it and a banjo at the end of the song. We really take pride in exploring the arrangements. Our strength is in incorporating a lot of different  things and twisting them in a way that they haven't been twisted before. Music critic Jon Pareles offered that the band distinguished itself from their influences by adding "a fondness for excess: more sudden shifts, pushier drums and guitars, more bursts of vocal harmony. ... The idea is to cram the music with ideas, turning each song into a Rube Goldberg contraption of pop, daring to incorporate the information overload that pop used to hold at bay."

The title was chosen in reference to the record going over-budget and behind schedule and the group turmoil that followed Bellybutton. The cover was designed by Charisma's staff creative director Mick Haggerty, known for also designing the cover of Supertramp's Breakfast in America and Hall and Oates' H2O. He later commented in an interview: "I can't remember where the little girl came in, but I do remember the casting call from hell. It's very uncomfortable to put out a call requesting lots of young girls in ballet tights and tiaras, knowing full well you're going to chose the saddest and most pathetic one you can find. ... I shot the studio interior first, then the little girl. We tried everything to make her cry, but in the end, used glycerin for her tears, although I know mine were real. The hand pulling back the curtain was to hint at the 'Greatest Show On Earth meets Sgt. Pepper' mood that prevailed in the studio."

Release
Spilt Milk was released on February 9, 1993, on Charisma Records and later peaked at No. 164 on the Billboard 200. Its poor sales were attributed to being released during the height of the popularity of grunge. The album also made an appearance on the Billboard Heatseekers Albums chart, peaking at No. 8. Internationally, the album peaked at No. 21 on the UK Official Albums Chart and No. 100 on the Japan Oricon charts.

The band embarked on a year-long tour in promotion of the album which included a new line up (Tim Smith on bass and Eric Dover on guitar). Two singles were also issued in support of the album. These were "The Ghost at Number One" (which reached No. 9 on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart and No. 43 on the UK Official Singles Chart) and "New Mistake" (which reached No. 55 on the UK Official Singles Chart).

Critical reception

Contemporary

In his review for Rocky Mountain News, Justin Mitchell called Spilt Milk a "lavishly produced album that begs comparisons to the best of Queen, Supertramp, Squeeze and Paul McCartney, remixed through Jellyfish's '90s sensibilities." He wrote that "what pulls the whole CD together is an unerring sense of superb melodies, harmonies and a lush wall of instruments ranging from basic guitars, bass and drums to the occasional banjo or woodwind section flying through the mix. ... symphonic but never pretentious, sweet but not cloying and crafted throughout with a sly, lyrical sense of humor." Jon Pareles, in The New York Times, said that the band "proudly join[ed] pop's lineage of tuneful tricksters." OffBeats Pete Fight wrote that the production was "superb, full of clever flourishes and turnarounds" and that "the songs themselves are great, full of memorable melodies, hooks and lyrics". Although he believed the album was less immediately accessible than Bellybutton, "the more complex arrangements hold promise for future endeavors."

Bruce Bitt of the San Jose Mercury News described Spilt Milk as being "as compelling a homage to the Beatles and the Beach Boys as there is", but one that is "so heavy on production sleight-of-hand that the melodies sometimes collapse beneath the weight of the sound." Though he criticized the album for being "frustratingly derivative", he praised its "sprawling production and loving performances". Spins Eric Weisbard said that "by pretending to emulate the past, Jellyfish obliterates it. ... When events of not-so-great importance occur twice, the first time it's a farce, the second time it's a dull tragedy."

David Barton of The Sacramento Bee wrote that the album "stoops beneath the Beatles to borrow from Supertramp and Queen at its most bombastic, which may be fascinating listening at first, but quickly grows irritating." He also criticized the lackluster songs and the band for failing to define their own "style and personality". Mark Caro of the Chicago Tribune praised the album's instrumentation, production, and Manning and Sturmer's songwriting, but asked, "Is it possible for "The Ghost at Number One" to cram in just a few more Beach Boys/"Pet Sounds" touches? Is there really a song here called "Too Much, Too Little, Too Late"?" He concluded that "Pop's greatest groups have been about more than just craftsmanship, and they didn't require the listener to expend so much energy discerning between the homage and the fromage."

Retrospective

Writing in Far Out magazine in 2015, Tony Curran wrote that Spilt Milk had improved with age and said it was a "wonderfully unpretentious homage to pop music in its essential form: catchiness and melody are the keynotes here. From the soaring 'Joining A Fan Club' ... to the psychedelic pop doodlings of 'Sebrina, Paste and Plato' the band explore a range of possibilities within the pop format—and well beyond." Jon Meyers of The Vinyl District said the album was "sharper and far more vibrant than its predecessor, with clever hooks galore." Reviewing the album's 2015 remaster, Alan Sculley of Florida Weekly wrote: "Spilt Milk was an excellent follow-up to the debut, rocking a bit harder without losing any hookiness." Also reviewing the remaster, John Borack of Goldmine opined that "Jellyfish [took] a great leap forward in songwriting, arranging and sonic sheen."

AllMusic's Mark Deming gave Spilt Milk a positive review, describing it as "conceived and executed on a grand scale". He noted that "Sturmer and Manning sound like joyous kids left in a toy shop and making splendid use of every plaything at their disposal." While Deming criticized the production for being "too big for its own good", he concluded that the album was a "a massive balancing act that Jellyfish miraculously pull off; it might seem like a power pop Spruce Goose, but in this case it not only takes off, it flies high as a remarkable experiment in pop-minded rock on the grandest scale."

In 2011, the album was included in a listicle by PopMatters of "The Best Music for Summer". It also appeared in a similar 2015 list by Newsweek of the "best summer albums (released between 1985 and 1997)". Contributor Zach Schonfeld decreed that Spilt Milk was a "lost power-pop masterwork" containing "12 unfashionably sunny and remarkably well-built pop gems about fan clubs, kindergarten classrooms and—in one less-than-subtle instance—the singer's penis. It's the colorfulness of it all that makes it such a great summer record." McFly took influence from Spilt Milk when recording their third album Motion in the Ocean (2006), having been introduced to it by Matt Willis of Busted. Tom Fletcher of McFly described Jellyfish's album as a "masterpiece".

Track listing

2015 Omnivore bonus tracks

Personnel
Jellyfish
 Andy Sturmer – vocals, drums, guitar, keyboards, producer
 Roger Joseph Manning, Jr. – keyboards, piano, vocals, producer
 Tim Smith – bass, vocals

Additional personnel
 Lyle Workman – guitar
 Jon Brion – guitar
 Tom "T-Bone" Wolk – bass

Charts

References

Further reading

External links

The Jellyfish homepage: fansite with complete discography, photos, chords, information

1993 albums
Jellyfish (band) albums
Charisma Records albums
Albums produced by Albhy Galuten
Albums produced by Jack Joseph Puig
Albums produced by Andy Sturmer

Spilt Milk (Jellyfish album)


Osmar Francisco (født 10. august 1987) er en brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Osmar Francisco


Alegerile parlamentare în România au fost scrutinul electoral pentru alegerea unui nou legislativ, care au avut loc pe 6 decembrie 2020. Următoarele alegeri vor avea loc în 2024.

Sistem electoral
Parlamentul României este bicameral, fiind format din Camera Deputaților cu 330 de membri și Senat cu 136 de membri. Mandatul este obținut pentru o durată de patru ani.

Membrii Camerei Deputaților sunt aleși prin mai multe metode: 308 sunt aleși din 42 de circumscripții constituite din cele 41 de județe ale României și municipiul București, prin reprezentare proporțională, iar patru sunt aleși, tot prin reprezentare proporțională, dintr-o circumscripție reprezentând diaspora română, rezultând un subtotal de 312 membri. Partidele trebuie să treacă un prag electoral care se calculează în două moduri: fie prin raportarea procentului de 5% la totalul voturilor valabil exprimate la nivel național, fie prin calcularea procentului de 20% din voturile valabil exprimate în cel puțin patru circumscripții electorale. Locuri suplimentare se adaugă pentru grupurile minoritare etnice care concurează în alegeri și trec un prag special (mai mic); în prezent, 17 minorități etnice sunt reprezentate în Parlament, rezultând un total de 329 de membri.

Cei 136 de membri ai Senatului sunt aleși din 43 de circumscripții constituite din 41 de județe (un total de 121 de locuri), municipiul București (13 locuri) și diaspora română (două locuri).

Preambul
În contextul pandemiei de coronavirus din România, Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu a propus pe 30 septembrie amânarea alegerilor până în martie 2021. În data de 2 octombrie 2020, deputatul Adrian Dohotaru a depus la Senat un proiect de lege menit să amâne alegerile pe 14 martie 2021. Proiectul are susținerea PSD. Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu și Victor Ponta au anunțat, într-o conferință de presă susținută pe 8 octombrie, fuziunea partidelor ALDE și PRO România pentru alegerile parlamentare în partidul PRO România Social-Liberal.

Reprezentantul României la OMS, Alexandru Rafila, va deschide lista deputaților PSD de București, iar Gabriela Firea, pe cea a senatorilor din această circumscripție.

În data de 29 octombrie, Alianța USR-PLUS și-a prezentat cele 40 de angajamente, printre care "Fără penali în funcții publice" și "Zero taxe pe salariul minim".

Campania electorală
Campania electorala din 2020 a fost una atipică, deoarece partidele au fost nevoite să își desfășoare activitățile online, din cauza pandemiei, .

Partide

Sondaje și predicții

Sondaje

Predicție locuri

Exit-poll (Camera Deputaților)

Exit-poll (Senat)

Rezultate

Național

Camera Deputaților

Senat

Pe județe

Camera Deputaților

Senat

Hărțile rezultatelor

Formarea majorității
În data de 21 decembrie 2020, 3 dintre cele 5 partide reprezentate în Parlament (PNL, USR-PLUS, UDMR) au semnat acordul de guvernare pentru următorii 4 ani. Premier va fi Florin Cîțu, iar 9 miniștri vor avea PNL, 6 miniștri USR-PLUS și 3 miniștri UDMR. Pentru alegerea președintelui Senatului și al Camerei Deputaților, alianța i-a propus pe Anca Dragu și pe Ludovic Orban, amândoi fiind aleși în funcție.
Pe 22 noiembrie 2021, în contextul demiterii guvernului Florin Cîțu, PSD, PNL și UDMR au fost desemnate să formeze noul guvern, așadar Guvernul Nicolae Ciucă a fost învestit la 25 noiembrie 2021.

Lipsa electoratului
PMP și alte partide mici precum ALDE, PRO România și PPU-SL nu au reușit să atragă îndeajuns de mult electorat cât să ajungă în Parlament.

Note

Referințe

Legături externe

 Parlamentare 2020 - Ordinea partidelor pe listele de la București, 9 noiembrie 2020, romania.europalibera.org
 Lista candidaților la Senat și Camera Deputaților - Harta interactivă, 2 decembrie 2020, stirileprotv.ro
 Lista semnelor electorale ale partidelor politice, ale alianțelor politice, ale alianțelor electorale și ale organizațiilor cetățenilor aparținând minorităților naționale care participă la alegerile pentru Senat și Camera Deputaților din anul 2020, 7 noiembrie 2020, Monitorul Oficial al României, Partea I, pag. 6-16 legislatie.just.ro

2020 în România
România
2020

Alegeri parlamentare în România, 2020


Floridsdorf, denumit și Sectorul 21, este un sector administrativ din Viena, situat în nordul orașului. Este unul din singurele două sectoare ce se află pe malul stâng al Dunării.

Referințe și note

Cartierele Vienei

Floridsdorf


(calcado como necrocalças, literalmente "calças de cadáver") são um par de calças feitas de pele de um homem ou mulher mortos, em quais são acreditados na bruxaria islandesa de ser capazes de produzir um suprimento infinito de dinheiro. É altamente improvável que essas calças tenham existido fora do folclore.

Ritual

O ritual para fazer necrocalças é descrito como está a seguir:

Ligações externas

 "Necropants", Eric Grundhauser, Atlas Obscura

Folclore da Islândia
Cultura da Islândia
Bruxaria
Calças

Nábrók


Hitomi Tanaka (; Yamaga, Prefectura de Kumamoto, 18 de julio de 1986) es una actriz pornográfica, AV Idol y modelo japonesa. Hizo su debut en 2007 como Gravure idol bajo la firma del grupo Asahi Entertainment,  con el nombre de Tanaka Hitomi; y en 2008, realizó su primera película pornográfica. Más adelante pasó a trabajar para Production Harvesters (conocida en ese entonces como Allure) en la cual cambió su nombre artístico a "HITOMI". El 28 de febrero de 2022 lanzó un comunicado donde mencionaba que se retiraría de la industria pornográfica mientras que su último video sería lanzado en abril de 2022.

Desde su debut, Hitomi se convirtió en una de las actrices más famosas de la industria del porno japonés gracias a sus grandes senos naturales, incluso llegando a trascender en el mercado extranjero por lo que se convirtió en una de las actrices porno japonesas más reconocidas a nivel mundial. El tamaño de sus pechos son de una talla de 116 (muy por encima del promedio de las mujeres japonesas).

Debido a su gran popularidad, Tanaka también ha participado en varios programas de radio y televisión, e incluso ha llegado a ser incluida como personaje en videojuegos o mangas.

Biografía
Tanaka nació en la Prefectura de Kumamoto, Japón el 18 de julio de 1986. Debutó como modelo en 2007 y su debut fue en el video Gravure (vestida solamente con diminutos bikinis) en noviembre de 2007. Como Gravure idol, fue comparada al principio con Harumi Nemoto, otra modelo prestigiosa.

Desde 2008, Tanaka empezó a trabajar en películas tipo porno softcore, y también apareció en las películas eróticas Bakunyu Sentai Fiber Star Parte 1 y Parte 2, ambas de la productora V-Cinema).

Comenzó su carrera en películas para adultos, como Hitomi, en noviembre de 2008 con el vídeo Hitomi para Adultos - AV Shock debut, para la compañía Soft On Demand (SOD) Su debut fue grande y suficientemente popular como para elevarla a la clasificación #6 en ventas para la segunda mitad de 2008.
Continúa así en el top de modelos en 2009, ocupa el #27 para la primera mitad del año y la # 42 en todo el año.
Hizo varios videos para SOD en 2008 y 2009. En agosto de 2010, la compañía publicó Hitomi Premium Collection 8 Hours que incluyó material de todos sus anteriores actuaciones.

Hizo varias películas en 2008 y 2009 para SOD, las que realzaron su fama.

Las películas de adultos en Japón la hicieron famosa, tanto en el país como fuera de éste, lo que le permitió viajar a Shanghái, China, a representar a la compañía SOD en marzo de 2009 en la exhibición Shanghái Adult Exhibition (上海成人展).

En agosto de 2009, Tanaka comenzó a trabajar con Arashi-Supergirl. Para principios de 2010, comenzó a trabajar para Hokuto, Oppai y Moodyz. En 2011 comenzó aparecer para la empresa estadounidense Scoreland.

En 2019, ganó el premio "Modelo de la Década" otorgado a la actriz más popular en la década de 2010-2019.
Se convirtió en modelo para Katana Tomie, un personaje del manga francés Lastman.
El 28 de febrero de 2022 anunció en su Twitter que se retiraría con la obra estrenada en abril del mismo año.

Fuentes

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Modelos femeninas de Japón
Actrices pornográficas de Japón
Gravure idol
Personas de la prefectura de Kumamoto
Nacidos en Osaka

Hitomi Tanaka


Un lucru ciudat s-a întâmplat pe drumul spre Lună (titlu original: A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Moon) este un film american documentar  din 2001 scris, produs și regizat de Bart Sibrel. Sibrel este un critic al programului Apollo și susținător al teoriei conspirației că cele șase aselenizări, între 1969 și 1972, au fost false elaborate de guvernul Statelor Unite, inclusiv NASA. Cu toate acestea, oamenii de știință, tehnicieni și cei interesați în istoria explorării spațiului au găsit explicații raționale la argumente lui Sibrel, respingând aceste afirmații ca fiind nefondate și neavând nicio rigoare științifică

Note

Legături externe
 Bart Sibrel at Sibrel.com
Bart Sibrel interviewed by host Chris Gerner on Amerikan Exposé, 9 decembrie 2005, MP3 audio
Lunar Legacy (2007) is Svector Studios' five-part web video documentary series that disputes Sibrel's claims
Moon Base Clavius is Jay Windley's website devoted to debunking the Moon landing hoax allegations
"Clavius: Bibliography - review: a funny thing happened on the way to the moon" is Windley's review of Sibrel's film
A critique of Bart Sibrel by Keith Mayes.

Vezi și
Teorii privind falsificarea aselenizării în programul Apollo
Dovezi independente privind aselenizările Apollo
Astronauts Gone Wild, film documentar din 2004 de Bart Sibrel
What happened on the Moon? (es), film documentar din 2000 de David S. Percy
 Listă de filme despre teorii conspirative
Bill Kaysing
Ralph René
 Misiunea Capricorn Unu (1977), film SF care prezintă o falsă "aterizare" pe planeta Marte, este scris și regizat de către Peter Hyams

Filme din 2001
Filme americane
Filme în limba engleză
Filme regizate de Bart Sibrel
Filme documentare
Filme AFTH, LLC
Programul Apollo
Teorii conspirative referitoare la aselenizări

filme despre teorii conspirative


Bring Me the Horizon (često skraćeno kao BMTH) je engleski rock sastav, osnovan u Sheffieldu 2004. godine. Sastav čine vokalist Oliver Sykes, gitarist Lee Malia, basist Matt Kean, bubnjar Matt Nicholls i klavijaturist Jordan Fish. Potpisani su za diskografsku kuću RCA Records za internacionalna izdanja, i za Columbia Records za izdanja u SAD-u.

Sastav je 2006. godine objavio debitantski studijski album Count Your Blessings. Nakon objave, album je šokirao slušatelje te naišao na veoma loše kritike. Ipak, sastav se makao od svog kontroverznog zvuka na idućem albumu Suicide Season (2008.), koji se smatra kreativnim, kritičkim i komercijalnim uspjehom sastava. Bring Me the Horizon objavili su treći album, There Is a Hell Believe Me I've Seen It. There Is a Heaven Let's Keep It a Secret. 2010. godine, koji ih je upoznao široj publici, pošto su u svoj zvuk dodali elemente klasične, elektroničke i pop glazbe. Prvi album pod većom diskografskom kućom bio je Sempiternal (2013.) koji je dobio zlatni certifikat u Australiji (35,000) i srebrni certifikat u UK-u (60,000). Peti studijski album That's the Spirit (2015.) dostigao je drugo mjesto na ljestvici britanskoj glazbenoj ljestvici i na američkoj Billboard 200. Njihov šesti studijski album Amo (2019.) postao im je prvi album koji je dostigao prvi mjesto na britanskim glazbenim ljestvicama. Osim šest studijskih albuma, objavili su dva EP-a i dva albuma uživo. Osvojili su čak četiri Kerrang! nagrade, što uključuje one za najbolji engleski sastav i najbolji sastav uživo, te su bili nominirani za dvije Grammy nagrade.

Stil njihova ranog rada, što uključuje debitantski album Count Your Blessings, primarno je opisan kao deathcore, no kasnije su se proširili i na metalcore. Nadalje, That's the Spirit označio je gotovo potpuno odbacivanje tih žanrova te adaptiranje nešto manje agresivnom rock zvuku. Amo je to adaptiranje proširio na žanrove kao što su elektronika, pop i hip hop.

Članovi sastava
Trenutačni članovi
 Oliver Sykes – glavni vokali ; klavijature, programiranje
 Matt Kean – bas-gitara
 Lee Malia – glavna gitara ; ritam gitara
 Matt Nicholls – bubnjevi
 Jordan Fish – klavijature, udaraljke, programiranje, prateći vokali

Trenutačni članovi uživo
 John Jones – ritam gitara, prateći vokali

Bivši članovi
 Curtis Ward – ritam gitara
 Jona Weinhofen – ritam gitara, klavijature, programiranje, prateći vokali

Bivši članovi uživo
 Dean Rowbotham – ritam gitara
 Robin Urbino – ritam gitara
 Tim Hillier-Brook – ritam gitara
 Brendan MacDonald – ritam gitara, prateći vokali

Vremenska crta

Diskografija
 Count Your Blessings (2006.)
 Suicide Season (2008.)
 There Is a Hell Believe Me I've Seen It. There Is a Heaven Let's Keep It a Secret. (2010.)
 Sempiternal (2013.)
 That's the Spirit (2015.)
 Amo (2019.)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Službena web stranica

Rock-sastavi
Elektronički glazbeni sastavi
Metalcore-sastavi
Sastavi alternativnog metala

Bring Me the Horizon


وحش جيفودان  هو الاسم التاريخي الذي ارتبط بذئب أو كلب كان يأكل الناس والذي أرهب محافظة جيفودان السابقة (مقاطعة لوزار في العصر الحديث وجزء من لوار العليا)، في جبال مارجيريد في جنوب وسط فرنسا بين عامي 1764 و 1767. يقال أن هذه الهجمات، التي غطت منطقة مساحتها 90 في 80 كيلومتر (56 في 50 ميل)، ارتكبها وحش أو عدة وحوش لها أسنان مخيفة وذيول هائلة وفقا لشهود العيان المعاصرين.

لقي أغلب الضحايا مصرعهم بأن نهش الوحش حناجرهم. وظفت الحكومة الفرنسية الكثير من المال والرجال لاصطياده. بما في ذلك العديد من النبلاء والجيش والمدنيين، وعدد من الصيادين الملكيين.

يختلف عدد الضحايا وفقا للمصادر. في عام 1987، قدرت دراسة أنه كانت هناك 210 هجمة. مما أدى إلى سقوط 113 قتيلا و 49 مصابا. 98 من الضحايا قتلوا أو تم أكلهم جزئيا. لكن تزعم مصادر أخرى أنه قتل ما بين 60 إلى 100 من البالغين والأطفال، فضلا عن إصابة أكثر من ثلاثين.

الوصف

تختلف الأوصاف بين المصادر، ولكن عموما قيل أن الوحش يبدو مثل الذئب ولكن حجمه كبير مثل العجل. وكان رأسه كبيرا يشبه الكلب مع آذان صغيرة مستقيمة، صدره واسع، وفمه الكبير يظهر أسنان كبيرة جدا. ويقال أن فراء الوحش كان أحمر اللون ولكن كان على ظهره خط أسود.

التاريخ

البدايات

تم تسجيل أول هجوم لوحش جيفودان في مطلع صيف 1764. كانت امرأة شابة ترعى الماشية في غابة ميركوار قرب لانغوني في الجزء الشرقي من جيفودان، ورأت الوحش يتجه نحوها. لكن الثيران في القطيع هاجمت الوحش وأبقته بعيدا، ثم طردته بعد أن عاود الهجوم. بعد ذلك بزمن قصير وقعت أول ضحية للوحش. حيث قتل جان بوليه ذو الأربعة عشر عاما بالقرب من قرية ليه أوباك قرب بلدة لانغوني.

خلال الأشهر الأخيرة من عام 1764، تم الإبلاغ عن مزيد من الهجمات في أنحاء المنطقة. أصاب الرعب السكان لأن الوحش يستهدف الرجال والنساء والأطفال الوحيدين الذين يرعون الحيوانات في الغابات حول جيفودان. تذكر التقارير أن الوحش كان يستهدف فقط رأس أو رقبة الضحية.

في أواخر ديسمبر 1764 حامت الشائعات أنه قد يكون هناك زوج من الوحوش وراء هذه الهجمات. ويرجع هذا لأن الهجمات تكررت في فترة زمنية قصيرة، وكثير منها تم تسجيلها والإبلاغ عنها في نفس الوقت. وتشير بعض الروايات المعاصرة ترى أن المخلوق شوهد مع حيوان آخر، في حين يرى آخرون أن الوحش كان مع صغاره.

في 12 يناير 1765، هوجم جاك بورتفيه وسبعة من أصدقائه من قبل الوحش، وتمكنوا من إبعاده عن طريق البقاء ومجتمعين معا. وصل الخبر إلى مسامع لويس الخامس عشر الذي منح 300 ليفر لبورتفيه و350 ليفر تقسم بين أصحابه. وأمر الملك أيضا أن يتم تعليم بورتفيه على نفقة الدولة. وأصدر مرسوما يقضي بأن تساعد الدولة الفرنسية على العثور على الوحش وقتله.

التدخل الملكي

بعد ثلاثة أسابيع أرسل لويس الخامس عشر اثنين من صيادي الذئاب المحترفين إلى جيفودان، جان شارل مارك أنطوان فوميل دينفال وابنه جان فرانسوا. وصلا إلى كليرمون فيران في 17 فبراير 1765، حاملين معهم ثمانية كلاب مدربة على صيد الذئاب. خلال الأشهر الأربعة التالية اصطاد الاثنان عدة ذئاب أوراسية ظنا منهم أنها الوحش. لكن الهجمات استمرت، فتم استبدالهما في يونيو 1765 من قبل فرانسوا أنطوان (ويسمى خطأ أنطوان ديبوتيرن)، وهو حامل قربينة وملازم في الجيش ووصل في لو مالزيو يوم 22 يونيو.

في 20 سبتمبر 1765، قتل أنطوان الذئب الثالث له وكان بقياس 80 سم (31 بوصة) وبارتفاع 1.7 متر (5 أقدام و 7 بوصات) لفترة طويلة، وزنها 60 كجم (£ 130). الذئب، الذي كان اسمه "ذئب شازيه" على اسم دير شازيه القريب، قيل أنه كان كبيرا جدا عن غيره من الذئاب. صرح أنطوان رسميا: "إننا نعلن من خلال هذا التقرير الموقع بأيدينا، أننا لم نر ذئبا يماثل هذا في الكبر. ولهذا السبب نظن أن هذا هو الوحش المخيف الذي تسبب بالضرر في المنطقة". تم التعرف على الحيوان من قبل الناجين من هجومه عندما رأوا الندوب على جسمه وذلك حين جرحوه دفاعا عن أنفسهم. تم تحنيط الذئب وإرساله إلى فرساي حيث تم استقبال أنطوان كبطل، وتلقي مبلغا كبير من المال كذلك الألقاب والجوائز.

إلا أنه في 2 ديسمبر 1765، هاجم وحش آخر رجلين وأصابهما بجروح خطيرة. وأتبع هذا عدة تقارير عن وفيات تبعت هجمات "وحش سانت ماري".

الهجمات الأخيرة

ينسب الفضل في قتل المخلوق الذي مثل نهاية الهجمات إلى صياد محلي يدعى جان شاستيل، والذي أطلق النار عليه خلال مطاردة نظمها أحد النبلاء المحليين، ماركيز دابشيه، في 19 يونيو 1767. قدم المؤلفون لاحقا فكرة أن شاستيل أطلق النار على مخلوق برصاصة فضية مباركة من صنعه، وعندما قام الرجال بفتح بطنه، عثروا في معدة الحيوان على بقايا بشرية.

نظريات

وفقا للباحثين الحديثين، فإن الهستيريا التي أصابت الناس وقت الهجمات ساهمت في انتشار الأساطير بأن وحوشا خارقة كانت تجوب جيفودان، ولكن يحتمل أن الوفيات التي نسبت إلى الوحش هي من عمل أكثر من ذئب أو قطيع من الذئاب. في عام 2001 اقترح عالم الطبيعة الفرنسي ميشيل لويس أن الدرواس الأحمر الذي يخص جان شاستيل انجب الوحش وأن مقاومته للرصاص قد ترجع لارتدائه جلد خنزير يافع وبالتالي أيضا يفسر لونه غير العادي.

في الواقع لم يكن وحش جيفودان واحدا، بل عدة ذئاب آكلة للبشر تصطاد في عزلة. عندما قتلت جميعها لم يعد هناك أي ضحايا من البشر. كانت مشكلة هجمات الذئاب في تلك السنوات خطيرة جدا، ليس فقط في فرنسا بل في جميع أنحاء أوروبا، حيث وقع عشرات الآلاف القتلى في القرن الثامن عشر فقط.

في الأدب
 أول مرجع أدبي عن «وحش جيفودان» كان في رواية ايلي بيرتيه عام 1858 بنفس الاسم، ونسب عمليات القتل إلى كل من الذئب ورجل يعتقد أنه مستذئب.
 في عام 1904، أعاد الكاتب والصحافي روبرت شيرارد النظر بفكرة شيرارد برواية «الذئاب: قصة قديمة تحكى مجددا». ظهرت فكرة الذئب والمستذئب مرة أخرى. وأشار شيرارد إلى رواية إيلي بريتيه في المقدمة باعتبارها مصدر القصة.
 سافر روبرت لويس ستيفنسون عبر المنطقة في عام 1878، ووصف الحادث في كتابه رحلات مع حمار في سيفين، وزعم أن واحدا من المخلوقات على الأقل كان ذئبا:

كانت هذه أرض الوحش الخالد، نابليون الذئاب. يالها من حياة هي حياته! عاش عشرة أشهر في الأماكن الخالية في جيفودان وفيفاريه؛ فأكل النساء والأطفال و«راعيات الغنم المعروفات بجمالهن»؛ كان يطارد الفرسان المسلحين؛ وشوهد في الظهيرة يطارد عربة على طريق الملك، وهم يفرون من أمامه. تم التبليغ عنه مثل مجرم سياسي، وعرضت جائزة عشرة آلاف فرنك على رأسه. ولكن عندما أطلقوه عليه النار وأرسلوه إلى فرساي، ها! ذئب عادي، وحتى أنه صغير على الذئاب.

في الثقافة الشعبية
 وفي رواية باتريشيا بريغز «الصيد البري»، الوحش هو مستذئب فرنسي يدعى جان شاستيل، ولديه ميل لصيد النساء والضعفاء.
 ظهر الوحش في حلقة من مسلسل «الحيوان إكس» أشاروا إلى أنه هجين ذئب وكلب تم تدريبه على مهاجمة على الناس.
 الفيلم الفرنسي التلفزيوني «وحش جيفودان» (2003)، أخرجه باتريك فولسون مستند على هجمات الوحش
 فيلم أخوة الذئاب (2001)،  أخرجه كريستوف غانس، وهو فيلم روائي طويل مستند على الأسطورة. تصرف الفيلم بحرية في القصة لجعل القصة أكثر إثارة للجمهور العام. وبدلا وضع ذئب أو هجين كلب وذئب، فإن الفيلم يصور المخلوق بأنه هجين نسل أسد مع سنور كبير آخر غير معروف، وعنده درع يجعله أكثر رعبا. الوحش هو أداة لدى تنظيم سري سمي عليه الفيلم، يسعى إلى تقويض الثقة العامة بالملك وأخذ البلاد بالقول إن الوحش هو عقاب إلهي على تساهل الملك للعلم الحديث على الدين.
 في الحلقة السادسة من دراما MTV عام 2011 ذئب مراهق، وتعلم الشخصية الرئيسية أليسون أن عائلتها من صيادي المستذئبين هم مسؤولون عن قتل وحش جيفودان.
 في فيلم الرجل الذئب عام 2010 فإن العصا برأس الذئب التي يملكها لورانس تالبوت قد أخذت من مدينة جيفودان.
 في لعبة أتموسفير، جيفودان هو اسم شخصية الذئب الأزرق «هاربنغر» والذي يستخدم كلاعب رمزي.
 في أكتوبر 2009، بثت قناة هيستوري فيلما وثائقيا بعنوان الرجل الذئب الحقيقي وجادل أن الوحش كان حيوانا غريبا في شكل ضبع آسيوي، وهو نوع من الضبعيات ذات الشعر الطويل انقرضت الآن في أوروبا.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 A comprehensive history on the Beast of Gévaudan
 Robert Darnton, The Wolf Man's Revenge, The New York Review of Books, June 9, 2011; review of Monsters of the Gévaudan: The Making of a Beast by Jay M. Smith (Harvard University Press, 2011).
 Multi language site of the Beast of Gévaudan.

فرنسا في 1764
أحداث في حكم أترافي
تاريخ الأوكيتانية
ثدييات خفية
حيوانات برية شهيرة
علم دراسة الحيوانات الخفية
تراث شعبي
تراث شعبي فرنسي
قسطانية
لوزار (إقليم فرنسي)
مخلوقات خفية
مستذئبون
وفيات بسبب هجمات الذئب
حيوانات نفقت في 1767

وحش جيفودان


Die Ökumenische Kunstkapelle des Heiligen Henrik (finn. Pyhän Henrikin ekumeeninen taidekappeli) ist eine Holzkirche im Turkuer Stadtteil Kaistarniemi auf der Insel Hirvensalo. Eingeweiht wurde die Kapelle am Pfingstsonntag 2005 (15. Mai). Sie wurde von Matti Sanaksenaho und seiner Frau Pirjo geplant, die im Januar 1996 mit ihrem Entwurf einen Designwettbewerb gewonnen hatten. Dabei hatte dieses Projekt den Namen Ikthys, was sich auf das christliche Symbol des Fisches bezieht. Das Erscheinungsbild mit Spitzbogen ist gleichermaßen dem Aussehen eines Fisches nachempfunden.

Das Gebäude ist etwa 40 Meter lang und 13 Meter hoch. Es besteht aus Kiefernholz und ist außen mit Kupfer beschichtet. Das einzige Fenster befindet sich im Altarbereich und verläuft als Band an beiden Wänden entlang. Die Glasmalereien stammen von Hannu Konola.

Nutzung
Ursprünglich war die Kapelle als Andachtsraum für Angehörige und Patienten eines benachbarten Krankenhauses konzipiert. Heute wird sie jedoch als ökumenischer Raum der Besinnung verstanden. So ist es beispielsweise möglich, den Altar und Kerzen schnell zu entfernen. Sowohl die in Finnland vorherrschende Evangelisch-lutherische Kirche als auch die orthodoxe und katholische Kirche nutzen das Gebäude, darüber hinaus Gemeinden der Adventisten, Baptisten, Methodisten, der Freikirche, der Heilsarmee und die Pfingstgemeinde. Neben der sakralen Nutzung finden Kunstausstellungen, Konzerte und andere Veranstaltungen in den Räumlichkeiten statt.

Literatur
 Ökumenische Kapelle St. Henry, FI-Turku in Architektur & Technik 2/2007, S. 6–10.

Weblinks
 Webauftritt des Kirchenvereins

Henrikskirche
Turku
Turku
Kirchengebäude der Moderne
Kunstkapelle
Turku

Ökumenische Kunstkapelle Turku


Pokolj u Ivancima bio je nacistički ratni zločin potpunog uništenja naselja Ivanci u istočnoj Hrvatskoj 30. studenog 1943., pretežno naseljenoga Srbima. U razdoblju Drugog svjetskog rata u Jugoslaviji selo Ivanci postalo je jedno od važnih središte partizanskog djelovanja u Srijemu s mjesnim ograncima Antifašističkog fronta žena i SKOJ-a. Zločin u Ivancima organizirale su i izravno provele njemačke snage kao oblik kolektivnog kažnjavanja mještana. U pola sata ubijeno je 73 mještana dok je naselje u potpunosti uništeno. Preživjeli mještani Ivanaca pronašli su spas u Šidskim Banovcima, Tovarniku i Ilači.

Selo Ivanci poslije Drugog svjetskog rata nije ponovno naseljeno. 1956. godine sagrađeno je spomen-područje u starom selu, ali je uništeno 1991. u ranoj fazi Domovinskog rata. U selu Banovci 2012. godine je osnovana nevladina organizacija "Ivanci", radi rekonstrukcije spomenika u spomen-području, kao i prikupljanja materijala za objavljivanje monografije i organizaciju komemoracija. Danas se neobnovljeno spomen područje nalazi na području Općine Tovarnik.

Povezani članci
 Pokolj u Lidicama
 Pokolj u Tovarniku 22. rujna 1991.
 Spomen-park Dudik
 Pokolj u Gudovcu

Izvori

Njemački zločini u Drugom svjetskom ratu u Jugoslaviji
Hrvatska u Drugom svjetskom ratu
Srijem

Pokolj u Ivancima


Josiah Wedgwood (n. 12 iulie 1730, Burslem, Staffordshire – d. 3 ianuarie 1795, Etruria, England) a fost un ceramist englez, inovator al tehnicii industriale a ceramicii de artă.

Biografie

Wedgwood a fost cel mai mic dintre 12 copii. Familia lui a deținut Churchyard Pottery în Anglia. După moartea tatălui său a învățat meseria ceramicii. Lui îi este atribuită industrializarea muncii olăritului, iar el a fost unul dintre primii industriași, care au introdus marketingul strategic. Fabrica de porțelan  Wedgwood există ca parte a companiei consorțiului  WWRD United Kingdom Ltd. până în prezent.

Wedgwood nu a fost interesat numai de îmbunătățirea lutului, ci, a încercat de asemenea, să îmbunătățească modelarea prin leant la modelele antice. El a creat, de asemenea, așa-numitele reliefuri, numite Jasperware, realizate în două straturi colorate, de obicei, alb pe albastru, și făcute în stil antic. Un exemplu de astfel de vase este Portland Vase.

După ce Josiah Wedgwood, a avut un succes destul de mare cu fabricile sale din ceramică, arhitectul englez Joseph Pickford (1734-1782) a construit pentru el între anii 1767-1770 Etruria Works și Etruria Hall din Staffordshire, unde a trăit și lucrat până la moartea sa. În 1768 a inventat faianța, Wedgwoodware, numită după el, iar în 1782 un pirometru. Pentru pirometru a creat, de asemenea, o scală de temperatură adecvată, Scala Wedgwood.

Josiah Wedgwood a fost oponent al aboliționismului. El a fost prieten cu aboliționistul Thomas Clarkson. Pentru a pune în aplicare această mișcare umană, Wedgwood a prezentat medalion "Am I Not a Man and a Brother?" (Nu sunt eu un om și frate?), care arată pe un sclav negru, îngenunchiat în lanțuri, cu mâinile împreunate. Josiah Wedgwood  a fost bunicul lui Charles Darwin (1809–1882).

Legături externe

 Wedgwood Porzellan
 Scurtă biografie la 210 de ani de la ziua morții(WDR)

Referințe

Nașteri în 1730
Nașteri pe 12 iulie
Decese în 1795
Decese pe 3 ianuarie
Ceramiști
Inventatori
Fellows of the Royal Society
Englezi din secolul al XVIII-lea
Ceramiști englezi

Josiah Wedgwood


Valvulotomia er en medicinsk film instrueret af Poul Hjertholm efter manuskript af Erik Husfeldt.

Handling
Professor Erik Husfeldt, Rigshospitalet, København, viser sin metode til udførelse af valvulotomia ved congenit pulmonalstenose. Operation af 15-årig dreng lidende af medføldt pulmonalstenose.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1955

Kirurgi
Medicinske film fra Danmark

Valvulotomia


An Puccinellia arjinshanensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Da Fang Cui. An Puccinellia arjinshanensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Puccinellia, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Puccinellia

Puccinellia arjinshanensis


All England Open Badminton Championships 2017 var en badmintonturnering, der blev spillet i Barclaycard Arena i Birmingham, Storbritannien i perioden 7. - 12. marts 2016. Det var den 107. udgave af All England-mesterskaberne.

Herresingletitlen blev for fjerde gang i turneringens historie vundet af Malaysias Lee Chong Wei, der i finalen klart besejrede  kineseren Shi Yuqi med 21-12, 21-10. Til gengæld blev Tai Tzu-ying den første taiwanesiske vinder af en All England-titel nogensinde, der hun vandt damesingletitlen ved at vinde over Ratchanok Intanon fra Thailand i finalen med 21-16, 22-20.

I herredoublerækken sejrede indoneserne Marcus Fernaldi Gideon og Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo efter finalesejr på 21-19, 21-14 over Li Junhui og Liu Yuchen fra Folkerepublikken Kina. I damedouble havde Christinna Pedersen og Kamilla Rytter Juhl chancen for at blive de første danske vindere af titlen siden 1967, men parret tabte i finalen til sydkoreanerne Chang Ye-Na og Lee So-Hee med 18-21, 13-21. Endelig blev det kinesisk sejr i mixed double, hvor Lu Kai og Huang Yaqiong sikrede sig titlen ved at finalebesejrede Chan Peng Soon og Goh Liu Ying fra Malaysia med 18-21, 21-19, 21-16.

Præmier

Den samlede præmiesum for All England Open 2017 androg $ 600.000, hvilket var en stigning på $ 50.000 i forhold til det foregående år.

Resultater

Herresingle

I hovedturneringen deltog 32 spillere, hvoraf 28 havde kvalificeret sig til turneringen i kraft af deres verdensranglisteplacering, mens de sidste fire spillere havde spillet sig igennem kvalifikationsturneringen.

Damesingle

I hovedturneringen deltog 32 spillere, hvoraf 28 havde kvalificeret sig til turneringen i kraft af deres verdensranglisteplacering, mens de sidste fire spillere havde spillet sig igennem kvalifikationsturneringen.

Herredouble

Damedouble

Mixed double

Eksterne henvisninger
 All England Open Badminton Championships
 Tournament Software - All England Open 2017

Noter

Open 2017
Badminton i 2017

All England Open 2017


Kanun, Orta Doğu ve Kuzey Afrika'da yaygın olarak kullanılan bir telli çalgıdır. İsmi Arapça 'yasa ve yönetmek' manasındaki 'kanun' kelimesinden gelmektedir. Araplar ise kelimeyi Grekler'in 'κανών' (kanṓn) kelimesinden ödünç almışlardır. Kanun çalgısının bilinen tarihi MÖ. 19.yy'a dayanmaktadır. Bilinen en eski kanun Süryaniler'in Nimrud adlı şehrinde bulunmuştur.

Yapısı
24-27 perde arası bir müzik aletidir. Her bir perdedeki sesi 3 tel tınlatır. Bu yapısıyla klavsenin ses sistemine benzer. Telleri özel olarak müzik aletleri için üretilmiş naylon teldendir. İlk evrelerinde naylon tel yerine bağırsaktan yapılan kiriş teller kullanılmıştır.

Dik ve yamuk bir gövdeye sahip olan kanunun gövde tahtası çoğunlukla çınar ağacından, alt tabanı ıhlamur veya sıkıştırılmış kontrplaktan, burgu tahtası yumuşak bir ağaç olan ıhlamurdan, burgular gül, şimşir veya abanoz gibi sert ağaçlardan yapılır. Üç telden oluşan her perdede diyez, bemol ve koma sesleri ayarlayabilen mandallar vardır.

Türk sanat müziğinde kullanılan profesyonel kanun 26 perdeli olup her perdeye üçer tane tel takıldığı hesaplanırsa toplam 78 tellidir. Bu tellerin kalınlığı yukarıdan aşağıya doğru;
0.60 mm. 0.70 mm. 0.80 mm. 0.90 mm.
1.00 mm. 1.10 mm. 1.20 mm. çapındadır.

Kanunda kullanılan tel, petrokimya tesislerinin kuruluşuna kadar, kuzu bağırsağının kurutulup bir takım işlemlerden geçirilmesi sonucu değişik kalınlıklarda üretilmekteydi. Ancak petrokimyanın kuruluşundan sonra bu sanayi dalının üretimi olan 'naylon-6' hammaddesinden elde edilmektedir.

Kaynakça

Telli çalgılar
Müzik aletleri
Tasavvuf müziği
Azerbaycan halk müziği çalgıları
Türk halk müziği çalgıları

Kanun (çalgı)


An Eragrostis stapfii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni De Winter. An Eragrostis stapfii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eragrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eragrostis

Eragrostis stapfii


Achille Lauro, (önceki adı Willem Ruys), bir yolcu gemisidir. Daha çok 1985'teki kaçırılma olayı ile anılır.

Willem Ruys'un yapımı 1947'de tamamlandı ve ilk seyahatine 2 Aralık 1947'de çıktı. 192 m uzunluğunda, 25 m yüksekliğinde, 21.110 gross ton ağırlığında ve 900 yolcu kapasiteli idi. 1964'te "Lauro Line" şirketince satın alınmasının ardından adı Achille Lauro oldu. Yoğun bir bakım ve onarımdan sonra 1966'da tekrar sefere çıktı. 30 Kasım 1994 günü, Somali açıklarındayken çıkan bir yangın sonucu tahrip oldu ve üç gün sonra da battı.

Kaçırılması
7 Ekim 1985 tarihinde, Filistin Kurtuluş Cephesi (FKC) mensubu dört kişi, İsrail'in 1 Ekim tarihinde Tunus'taki FKÖ genel merkezini bombalamasına misilleme olarak, Achille Lauro gemisi Mısır'ın Aleksandria kentinden Port Said kentine gittiği sırada geminin kontrolünü ele geçirdiler.

Geminin, Suriye'nin Tartus limanına yanaşmasını ve o tarihte İsrail hapisanelerindeki 50 Filistinlinin serbest bırakılmasını talep ettiler. İsteklerinin reddedilmesi üzerine, felçli bir Yahudi yolcuyu (Leon Klinghoffer) öldürerek denize attılar. Gemi Port Said'e geri döndü ve iki gün süren pazarlıklardan sonra korsanlar, gemiyi terk etmeye razı oldular ve bir Mısır uçağı ile Tunus'a gitmelerine izin verildi.

Uçak Tunus'a gitmekte iken ABD savaş uçaklarınca Sicilya'daki bir NATO üssüne inmeye zorlandı ve korsanlar İtalyan makamlarınca tutuklandı. Büyük olasılıkla liderleri Ebu Abbas da dahil olmak üzere uçağın diğer yolcularının Tunus'a gitmelerine izin verildi. Ebu Abbas İtalyan makamlarınca gıyabında yargılandı ve suçlu bulundu. Abbas, kaçırma olayı ve öldürülen Klinghoffer için 1996'da özür diledi fakat bu özür ABD hükûmeti ve Klinghoffer'in ailesince kabul edilmedi. Abbas 2003 yılında Irak'ta yakalandı ve 8 Mart 2004'te hapiste öldü.

Ayrıca bakınız

 Ebu Abbas

Dış bağlantılar
 ss Willem Ruys / Achille Lauro'nun tarihçesi
 Achille Lauro'nun kaçırılması (BBC)
 Achille Lauro'nun kaçırılması (Special Operations.Com)

Yolcu gemileri
1985

Achille Lauro


Zagut steht für:
 Abraham Zacuto (1450–1510), sephardischer Astronom
 Zagut (Mondkrater), nach dem Astronomen benannt

Zagut