Baron Marchamley, of Hawkestone in the County of Salop, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1908 for the Liberal politician George Whiteley, who had previously represented Stockport and Pudsey in the House of Commons.  the title is held by his great-grandson, the fourth Baron, who succeeded his father in 1994.

The Conservative politician Sir Herbert Huntington-Whiteley, 1st Baronet, was the younger brother of the first Baron.

Barons Marchamley (1908)
George Whiteley, 1st Baron Marchamley (1855–1925)
William Tattersall Whiteley, 2nd Baron Marchamley (1886–1949)
John William Tattersall Whiteley, 3rd Baron Marchamley (1922–1994)
William Francis Whiteley, 4th Baron Marchamley (b. 1968)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, the Hon. Leon Whiteley (b. 2004)

Arms

See also
Huntington-Whiteley baronets

Notes

References

Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,

Baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1908
Noble titles created for UK MPs
Whiteley family

Baron Marchamley


Campionatul Mondial de Scrimă din 1955 s-a desfășurat la Roma în Italia.

Rezultate

Masculin

Feminin

Clasament pe medalii

1955
1955 în sport
Competiții de scrimă în Italia
scrima

Campionatul Mondial de Scrimă din 1955


ملعب أرتيميو فرانكي ملعب كرة قدم يقع في مدينة فلورنسا الإيطالية . يعتبر الملعب الرئيسي لمباريات نادي فيورنتينا . تم افتتاحه في 1931 ويتسع لحضور 47282 متفرج .

مراجع

تأسيسات سنة 1931 في إيطاليا
فيورنتينا
ملاعب اتحاد الرغبي في إيطاليا
ملاعب الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1960
ملاعب الدوري الإيطالي
ملاعب بطولة أمم أوروبا 1968
ملاعب رياضية اكتملت في 1931
ملاعب رياضية في فلورنس
ملاعب كأس العالم 1934
ملاعب كأس العالم 1990
ملاعب كرة قدم أمريكية في إيطاليا
ملاعب كرة قدم أولمبية
أ

ملعب أرتيميو فرانكي (فلورنسا)


Hun fik ham ikke er en dansk stumfilm fra 1920, der er instrueret af Lau Lauritzen Sr. efter manuskript af Kai Allen.

Handling

Medvirkende
 Lauritz Olsen - Rembrandt Hansen, kunstmaler
 Ragnhild Sannom - Wille Hansen, billedhuggerinde
 Carl Schenstrøm - Hans P. Langben
 Kate Fabian - Dyveke Hansen
 Frederik Buch - En tyveknægt

Eksterne henvisninger

Film instrueret af Lau Lauritzen Sr.
Stumfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1920

Hun fik ham ikke


Dr. Philip Kotler (d. 27 Mayıs 1931, Chicago), Northwestern Üniversitesi, Kellogg School of Management'da öğretim görevlisidir.

Financial Times tarafından tüm zamanların 4. önemli gurusu seçilmiştir (Jack Welch, Bill Gates ve Peter Drucker'ın ardından). "Avrupa Yöneticilik Merkezi tarafından pazarlamanın stratejik uygulaması konusunda dünyanın en önde uzmanı" olarak duyurulmuştur. Ayrıca dijital pazarlamanın en önemli öncülerinden biri olarak kabul edilir.

Dr. Kotler, 14. defa baskısı yapılmış olan Pazarlama Yönetimi kitabının yazarıdır. Bunun dışında pek çok diğer pazarlama kitabının yazarı ya da müşterek yazarıdır.

Bunların yanı sıra, Dr. Kotler'in, Harvard Business Review, Sloan Management Review, Business Horizons, California Management Review, ve the Journal of Marketing gibi tanınmış yayınlarda basılmış yüzlerce makalesi bulunmaktadır.

Danışmanlık şirketi, the Kotler Marketing Group (KMG) aracılığıyla, Dr. Kotler, "Pazarlama Starteji ve Planlaması", Pazarlama Organizasyonu" ve "Uluslararası Pazarlama" alanlarında, aralarında IBM, Michelin, Bank of America, Merck, General Electric, Honeywell, ve Motorola da bulunan pek çok tanınmış şirkete danışmanlık yapmıştır.

Amerika, Avrupa ve Asya'da, pazarlama kavramları üzerine verdiği seminerleri sürdürür.

Çocukluk ve gençlik yılları
Kotler'in ebeveynleri Betty ve Maurice, gençken Ukrayna ve Rusya'dan göç etti ve Chicago'ya yerleşti. Kotler, 27 Mayıs 1931'de Chicago'da doğan üç oğlun en büyüğüydü. DePaul Üniversitesi'nde iki yıl okudu ve lisans derecesi olmadan 1953'de Chicago Üniversitesi'ndeki Yüksek Lisans programına kabul edildi. 1956'da Massachusetts Institute of Technology'de doktorasını tamamladı ve ekonomi alanında her iki dereceyi de kazandı.

Ekonomi Bilimi'nde üç Nobel Ödüllü Milton Friedman, Paul Samuelson ve Robert Solow'un yanında çalıştı. 1960'da Harvard Üniversitesi'nde matematik ve 1961'de Chicago Üniversitesi'nde davranış bilimi'nde bir yıl doktora sonrası çalıştı.

Türkiye'de yayınlanmış kitapları
 A dan Z ye Pazarlama (kitap), Marketing Insights from A to Z: 80 Concepts Every Manager Needs to Know, MediaCat Kitapları, Mayıs 2006 (ISBN 975-6347-59-7)
 Kamu Sektöründe Pazarlama (kitap), MediaCat Kitapları, Haziran 2007 (ISBN 978-9944-383-75-2)
 Kurumsal Sosyal Sorumluluk (kitap), Corporate Social Responsability, MediaCat Kitapları, Mayıs 2006 (ISBN 975-6347-96-1)
 Soru ve Cevaplarla Günümüzde Pazarlamanın Temelleri (kitap), Optimist Yayın Dağıtım, Ocak 2006 (ISBN 975-6225-43-2)
 10 Ölümcül Pazarlama Günahı (kitap), The 10 Deadly Marketing Sins, MediaCat Kitapları, Temmuz 2005 (ISBN 975-6347-61-9)
 Kotler ve Pazarlama (kitap), Kotler on Marketing, Sistem Yayıncılık, Ekim 2000 (ISBN 975-322-178-9)
 Pazarlama Yönetimi (kitap), Marketing Management, Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım A.Ş. (ISBN 975-4869-37-4)
 Ulusların Pazarlanması (kitap), The Marketing of Nations, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, Aralık 2005 (ISBN 975-458-245-9)

Kotler'e göre İnternet'in Geleneksel Pazarlama Üzerine Etkileri
Günümüzün bilgi çağında alıcıların elde ettikleri yeni kapasitelerin ortaya çıkardığı gerçek şu: değiş-tokuş işlemini alıcılar başlatır ve kontrol eder. Pazarlamacılar ve onların temsilcileri, değiş-tokuş işlemine ancak alıcılar davet ettiklerinde katılabilirler. Hatta, pazarlamacılar değiş-tokuş sürecine girdikten sonra da, işlemlerin kurallarını alıcılar belirler, kendilerini aracılardan ayrı tutarlar. Ne tür bilgiye ihtiyaçları olduğunu, ne tür tekliflerle ilgilendiklerini ve ne gibi fiyatları ödemeye razı olduklarını alıcılar kendileri belirler. Alıcının başlattığı ve kontrol ettiği bu pazarlama uygulamaları, önceki zamanların pazarlama uygulamalarını ters yüz etmektedir.

A'dan Z'ye Pazarlama
Philip Kotler, A dan Z ye Pazarlama ya da özgün adıyla Marketing Insights from A to Z: 80 Concepts Every Manager Needs to Know kitabında, pazarlamanın sadece pazarlama departmanının işi olmadığını, bütün şirket çalışanları tarafından yerine getirilmesi gereken bir fonksiyon olduğunu iddia ediyor. Pazarlama profesyonellerinin yalnızca satışla değil, ürün veya hizmetin tüketiciyle temas ettiği her noktayla ilgilenmeleri gerektiği için, pazarlama dünyasına yön veren tüm temel kavramları bilmeleri gerektiğini söylüyor. Yazar, pazarlamanın temel, 80 kavramını ele alarak, marka, rekabetçi avantaj, yaratıcılık, CRM, veritabanı pazarlaması, farklılaşma, innovasyon, konumlanma ve bölümlenme gibi önemli konulara ışık tutuyor. Basit, akıcı ve hatta kavramların alfabetik sıraya dizili olduğu eser, kılavuz kaynak niteliği taşıyor.

Kaynakça

1931 doğumlular
Amerikalı akademisyenler
Pazarlama
Yaşayan insanlar

Philip Kotler


The National Defence Party () was an Icelandic political movement which operated from 1902 to 1912, founded because of discontentedness with a clause in the Icelandic constitution that stated that the Icelandic minister should bring up cases in the Danish Council of State. The clause was in the constitution from 1903 to 1915, at which point the Danish king ordered that it should be removed.

The founders of Landvarnarflokkurinn, who included Einar Benediktsson, Bjarni Jónsson and Jón Jensson, were the most radical fighters for Iceland's independence of that time.

References
 Íslenska Alfræðiorðabókin H-O. 1990. Editors: Dóra Hafsteinsdóttir and Sigríður Harðardóttir. Örn og Örlygur hf., Reykjavík.
 Íslenska Alfræðiorðabókin P-Ö. 1990. Editors: Dóra Hafsteinsdóttir and Sigríður Harðardóttir. Örn og Örlygur hf., Reykjavík.

Defunct political parties in Iceland
Political parties established in 1902
1902 establishments in Iceland
Political parties disestablished in 1912
1912 disestablishments in Iceland

National Defence Party (Iceland)


John Ellis may refer to:

Academics
John Ellis (scrivener) (1698–1791), English political writer
John Ellis (naturalist) (1710–1776), English botanical illustrator
John Ellis (physicist, born 1946), British theoretical physicist at CERN
John Millott Ellis (1831–1894), abolitionist and President of Oberlin College
R. John Ellis (born 1935), British biochemist
Sir John Ellis (physician) (1916–1998), Dean London Hospital Medical College 1968–1980 medical educationalist
John Ellis (media academic) (born 1952), British media theorist and TV producer
John Ellis (physicist, born 1963), British physicist at the University of Cambridge

Business
Alfred John Ellis (1915–2020), Canadian banker
John Ellis (businessman) (1789–1862), Director of the Midland Railway in the UK and MP for Leicester 1848–1852
John Devonshire Ellis (1824–1906), English steelmaker
John Prescott Ellis (born 1953), media consultant and first cousin of U.S. President George W. Bush
Dr. John Ellis (Valvoline founder) (1815–1896), founder of the motor oil company, Valvoline

Music
John Ellis (guitarist) (born 1952), founding member of the 1970s punk band The Vibrators
John Ellis (saxophonist) (born 1974), New Orleans jazz musician
John Ellis, member of the South African band Tree63

Politics
John Ellis (MP for New Romney)
John Ellis (Harwich MP) (1643–1738), English administrator and MP for Harwich 1702–08
John Ellis (Newry MP) (1812–?), Irish Member of UK Parliament for Newry
Sir John Whittaker Ellis (1829–1912), British Member of Parliament for Mid Surrey 1884–1885, Kingston 1885–1892
John Ellis (Fianna Fáil politician) (born 1952), Irish Fianna Fáil politician
John Ellis (Liberal politician) (1841–1910), British Liberal politician, MP for Rushcliffe 1885–1910
John Ellis (pastoralist) (1803–1873), "Captain Ellis" South Australian grazier and MLC
John Ellis (Australian politician) (1872–1945), Victorian state politician
John Ellis (Labour politician) (1930–2019), British Labour Party politician, MP for Bristol North West and for Brigg and Scunthorpe
John Valentine Ellis (1835–1913), Canadian MP and Senator
John William Ellis (1853–1918), New Zealand businessman and mayor of Hamilton
John Willis Ellis (1820–1861), North Carolina governor
E. John Ellis (1840–1889), U.S. Representative from Louisiana
John Ellis Martineau (1873–1937), governor of Arkansas then United States District Court judge
Johnny Ellis (1960–2022), Democratic member of the Alaska Senate

Religion
John Ellis (theologian) (1606?–1681), English priest
John Ellis (antiquarian) (1634–1735), Welsh priest, rector of Llanbedr-y-Cennin
John Ellis (religious writer) (1598/99–1665), Welsh priest
John Tracy Ellis (1905–1992), Catholic Church historian
John Ellis (chaplain) (born 1963), Chaplain in Chief of the Royal Air Force

Sports

Cricket
John Ellis (English cricketer) (1864–1927), English cricketer
John Ellis (Victoria cricketer) (1890–1974), Australian cricketer
John Ellis (Queensland cricketer) (1914–1994), Australian cricketer

Other sports
John Ellis (baseball) (1948–2022), American baseball player
John Ellis (footballer) (born 1948), Australian rules footballer
John Ellis (golfer) (born 1979), American golfer
Jonathan Ellis (wrestler) (born 1982), British professional wrestler

Others
John Ellis (executioner) (1874–1932), British executioner
John Ellis (trade unionist) (1939–2011), British trade union leader
John G. Ellis, English architect
John R. Ellis, American visual effects artist
J. Breckenridge Ellis (1870–1956), American writer

See also
John Allis (born 1942), American cyclist
Jack Ellis (disambiguation)
John Ellys (1701–1757), English portrait-painter
John Ellys (Caius) (1634?–1716), English academic, Master of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge from 1703
John Scott-Ellis, 9th Baron Howard de Walden (1912–1999), British peer, landowner, and thoroughbred racehorse owner and breeder

John Ellis


محمد الأمير (14 فبراير 1970  - 22 ديسمبر 2009 )، ممثل كويتي. بدأ مشواره كممثل في المسرح ثم إتجه إلى الدارما التلفزيونية وقدم عدداً من المسلسلات. كما إتجه إلى الإنتاج السينمائي وقدم فيلم الدنجوانة. توفي بسبب أزمة قلبية.

أعماله

المسلسلات
 1999: دروب الشك.
 1999: الدردور.
 2000: السرايات.
 2000: مطبات.
 2000: حكايات كويتية.
 2001: من يقتل الأحلام.
 2001: بيت بلا أبواب.
 2001: القدر المحتوم.
 2002: لعبة القدر.
 2002: الآهات.
 2002: سهم الغدر.
 2003: ناس وناس.
 2004: الدار.
 2004: دنيا القوي.
 2004: للحياة وجه آخر.
 2005: بلا قيود.
 2005: غربة مشاعر.
 2006: جادة 7.
 2007: بلاغ للرأي العام.
 2007: زهور عمري.
 2009: إمرأة وأخرى.
 2009؛ أسرار القلوب.

المسرحيات
 1992: سيف العرب.
 2005: جمعان والآمريكان.

السينما
 2005: جسوم أي شي. انتج ولم يعرض بعد
 2009: الدنجوانة.

روابط خارجية

المراجع

ممثلون كويتيون
مواليد 1389 هـ
مواليد 1970
وفيات 1431 هـ
وفيات 2009
وفيات بسبب أمراض قلبية وعائية

محمد الأمير


El Tour de Tracia  (oficialmente: Tour of Trakya, en turco: Trakya Turu Yarış Sonuçları) fue una carrera ciclista profesional por etapas turca que se disputaba en Tracia Oriental en el mes de mayo.

Se disputó en 2010, 2011 y 2012 formando parte del UCI Europe Tour, dentro la categoría 2.2 (última categoría del profesionalismo).

Siempre tuvo 4 etapas, la mayoría de ellas con inicio y final en Tekirdağ.

Palmarés

Palmarés por países

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Tour de Tracia (sitiodeciclismo.net)
 Tour de Tracia (cqranking.com)

Tracia
Tracia
Tracia
Marmara
Deporte en Edirne

Tour de Tracia


En triumfvæg er væggen mellem koret og skibet i romanske kirkebygninger. I denne stil anvendes rundbuer, og åbningen i triumfvæggen betegnes korbuen eller triumfbuen.

Triumfvæggen var i middelalderen ofte dekoreret med kalkmalerier, hvoraf nogle fortsat kan ses, helt eller delvist, i nogle danske kirker.

Referencer

Kirkearkitektur
Bygningskonstruktion

Triumfvæg


An Serapias vomeracea in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Nicolaas Laurens Nicolaus Laurent Burman, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni John Isaac Briquet. An Serapias vomeracea in nahilalakip ha genus nga Serapias, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Image gallery

Serapias

Serapias vomeracea


Craig Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Craig Township (Arkansas)
 Craig Township (Indiana)
 Craig Township (Nebraska)

Craig Township


An Najas wrightiana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Alexander Karl Heinrich Braun. An Najas wrightiana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Najas, ngan familia nga Hydrocharitaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Najas

Najas wrightiana


Sarayköy, Samsun ilinin Terme ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Mahallenin adının; Mahallede bulunan SARAYdan gelmektedir.
M.Ö. 2000 yıllarda yerleşim yerinde köşk varmış. Mahallede Amazonlardan kalma saray ve su kemeri kalıntıları var. Terme ilçesinin en eski yerleşim yeri Saray köy sayılır.

Coğrafya
Samsun il merkezine 60 km, Terme ilçesine 3 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Terme'nin mahalleleri

Sarayköy, Terme


Destiny Slocum, née le  à Boise, Idaho, est une joueuse de basket-ball américaine évoluant au poste d'intérieure.

Biographie

En 2015, elle est membre de l'équipe américaine U19 qui remporte invaincue (7-0) le championnat du monde en Russie à Tchekhov avec  en .

Sélectionnée au McDonald's High School All-American en 2016, elle est élue meilleure Freshman de l'année aux Terrapins du Maryland. Pourtant elle quitte le Maryland pour rejoindre Beavers d'Oregon State après une année redshirt. Après une saison 2018–2019 conclue par une mention honorable All-American par la WBCA et Associated Press, elle annonce un nouveau changement d'université en avril 2020 pour rejoindre les Razorbacks de l'Arkansas

Elle est choisie en  de la draft WNBA 2021 par les Aces de Las Vegas, avec lesquels elle a un rôle modeste de 21 rencontres disputées pour 1,0 point de moyenne. En janvier 2022, après avoir démarré la saison en Turquie avec Kayseri Kaski ( à 41,5% de réussite aux tirs, 4,2 rebonds et 5,2 passes décisives en  en Eurocoupe), elle rejoint l'équipe française de Landerneau Bretagne Basket.

Clubs
 2021- :  Aces de Las Vegas

 2021-2022 :  Kayseri Kaski
 2021-2022 :  Landerneau Bretagne Basket
 2022-2023 :  TMB

Palmarès

 Médaille d'or au Championnat du monde féminin de basket-ball des moins de 19 ans 2015.

Distinction personnelle
 Freshman de l'année de la Big Ten (2017)
 Deuxième meilleur cinq de la SEC (2021)

Notes et références

Liens externes

  Profil Razorbacks

Joueuse américaine de basket-ball
Joueuse des Aces de Las Vegas
Joueuse draftée par les Aces de Las Vegas
Joueuse de basket-ball de Kayseri Kaski
Joueuse de basket-ball de Landerneau
Joueuse de basket-ball des Terrapins du Maryland
Joueuse de basket-ball des Beavers d'Oregon State
Joueuse de basket-ball des Razorbacks de l'Arkansas
Naissance en septembre 1997
Naissance à Boise

Destiny Slocum


El lago Vichuquén, en Chile, está ubicado en la comuna del mismo nombre de la provincia de Curicó, en la región del Maule, en la zona central de Chile.

Ubicación y descripción

El lago tiene una longitud máxima de 7.1 km, con un perímetro aproximado de 36.3 km y una superficie aproximada de 12.96 km².

En los últimos años el lago ha destacado como lugar de veraneo, ya que alrededor suyo se han construido varias casas y otras instalaciones relativas a ello. Asimismo, es frecuente la práctica de deportes náuticos como el velerismo, el esquí acuático o la pesca deportiva.

Historia

Francisco Solano Asta-Buruaga y Cienfuegos escribió en 1899 en su obra póstuma Diccionario Geográfico de la República de Chile sobre el lago:
Vichuquén (Lago de).-—Extenso y pintoresco depósito de agua situado en el departamento de su nombre inmediato al Pacífico, cruzando su comedio el paralelo 34° 50' y el meridiano 72º 05'; dista su extremo sudeste seis kilómetros de la capital del departamento. Se extiende por unos ocho kilómetros de SE. á NO. con un ancho vario de poco menos de uno á más de dos, á causa de espolones y puntas de costa que internan en él, lo que le da contornos sinuosos en un circuito de 35 á 36 kilómetros y una superficie de unas 1,500 hectáreas. Su mayor hondura llega á 35 metros y por término medio á 16 á corto trecho de sus orillas. Sus aguas son algo salobres y abundan en peces, mariscos y diversas aves. Rodean sus márgenes pintorescas alturas, pobladas en mucha parte de árboles de construcción, de las cuales descienden pequeñas corrientes de agua que se echan al lago; siendo la mayor la de su mismo nombre que afluye en su extremidad sudeste y baja desde la expresada ciudad capital. Desagua al extremo nordeste por un emisario tortuoso de seis kilómetros, que descarga en el costado norte del puerto de Llico por una boca de 50 metros de ancho. Este emisario, cuyo cauce de abre en mayor anchura al interior con un fondo de tres metros, aunque obstruido por bancos someros, es susceptible de fácil canalización y rectitud para hacer la entrada en el lago más corta y cómoda. De este modo, conforme á la idea que tuvo en mira el Presidente Montt, ordenando su primer reconocimiento en 1855, se le haría servir de apostadero, para lo cual y el establecimiento de arsenales y de astilleros ofrece las mejores condiciones de defensa, recursos y abrigo. En 1872 fué también explorado por el ilustrado marino chileno Don Francisco Vidal Gormaz, y en 1888 por ingenieros encargados de llevar á efecto este elevado propósito del Presidente Balmaceda en unión con un ferrocarril desde la ciudad de Curicó hasta el puerto de Llico.

Población, economía y ecología

Estado trófico

La eutrofización es el envejecimiento natural de cuerpos lacustres (lagos, lagunas, embalses, pantanos, humedales, etc.) como resultado de la acumulación gradual de nutrientes, un incremento de la productividad biológica y la acumulación paulatina de sedimentos provenientes de su cuenca de drenaje. Su avance es dependiente del flujo de nutrientes, de las dimensiones y forma del cuerpo lacustre y del tiempo de permanencia del agua en el mismo. En estado natural la eutrofización es lenta (a escala de milenios), pero por causas relacionadas con el mal uso del suelo, el incremento de la erosión y por la descarga de aguas servidas domésticas entre otras, puede verse acelerado a escala temporal de décadas o menos. Los elementos y propiedades característicos del estado trófico son fósforo, nitrógeno, turbiedad, DBO5 y clorofila. Una medición objetiva y frecuente de esos elementos y características es necesaria para la aplicación de políticas de protección del medio ambiente.

La clasificación trófica nombra la concentración de esos elementos bajo observación (de menor a mayor concentración): ultraoligotrófico, oligotrófico, mesotrófico, eutrófico, hipereutrófico. Ese es el estado trófico del elemento en el cuerpo de agua. Los estados hipereutrófico y eutrófico son estados no deseados en el ecosistema, debido a que los bienes y servicios que nos brinda el agua (bebida, recreación, entre otros) son más compatibles con lagos de características ultraoligotróficas, oligotróficas o mesotróficas.

Según un informe de la Dirección General de Aguas del año 2018, el estado trófico estimado, clasifica al lago como eutrófico e hipereutrófico según sus niveles de transparencia y fósforo total, respectivamente, mientras que con clorofila muestra una condición de mesotrofía.

Referencias

Vichuquen
Vichuquen

Lago Vichuquén


سعد عطية (مواليد 26 فبراير 1987) لاعب كرة قدم يلعب كقلب دفاع عراقي يلعب في نادي القوة الجوية.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 The Saad Attiya Thread
 Iraqsport profiles

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في السودان
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في لبنان
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية عراقيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية عراقيون مغتربون
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون عراقيون مغتربون في لبنان
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لاعبو الدوري السوداني الممتاز لكرة القدم
لاعبو الدوري اللبناني لكرة القدم
لاعبو كأس آسيا 2004
لاعبو كأس آسيا 2011
لاعبو كرة قدم أولمبيون عراقيون
لاعبو كرة قدم عراقيون
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لاعبو كرة قدم في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2004
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في السودان
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في لبنان
لاعبو منتخب العراق لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي الأنصار (لبنان)
لاعبو نادي الزوراء
لاعبو نادي الشرطة (العراق)
لاعبو نادي الطلبة
لاعبو نادي القوة الجوية
لاعبو نادي المريخ (السودان)
لاعبو نادي الميناء
لاعبو نادي النفط
لاعبو نادي أربيل
لاعبو نادي زاخو
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
مواليد 1407 هـ
مواليد 1987
مواليد في العراق
لاعبو كرة قدم من بغداد

سعد عطية


درجة الحرارة المطلقة هي درجة الحرارة المقاسة على أساس الصفر المطلق ، ووحدتها كلفن. والعلاقة بين الصفر المطلق والصفر المئوي أن الصفر المطلق 273.15 يعادل درجة تحت الصفر المئوي. مثلاً، إذا كانت درجة حرارة الغرفة 20 درجة مئوية، تكون بالكلفن = 20 + 273 = 293 كلفن.

في الفيزياء والكيمياء يعتبر الصفر المطلق ثابتاً طبيعياً، وهو أقل درجة حرارة على الإطلاق. ومن المستحيل الوصول إليها تماماً، لأن القانون الثالث للديناميكا الحرارية ينص على عدم إمكانية الوصول إلى الصفر المطلق ، وذلك بسبب التناسب الطردي بين الحجم والحرارة. ونتيجة لهذه العلاقة الطردية، فإذا بلغ جسم ما درجة الصفر المطلق فسوف يكون حجمه صفر. وإضافة إلى ذلك فإن الوصول إلى درجة الصفر المطلق يستلزم شغلاً هائلاً جداً. لأن التبريد يحتاج إلى طاقة، أنظر إلى الثلاجة مثلا فهي تعمل بالطاقة الكهربية، وكلما رغبنا في درجة حرارة أقل، مثلا من -3 درجة مئوية إلى -11 أو -18 درجة مئوية فإن الثلاجة تستهلك طاقة أكبر، ويزداد هذا الشغل زيادة متزايدة الكبر كلما اقتربنا من «الصفر المطلق».

 تبلغ درجة حرارة الكون في الفراغ الخارجي 2.7 درجة كلفن. كما أجريت تجارب للتبريد وصلت إلى نحو 001و0 درجة كلفن.

مقدمة

تنشأ الحرارة من الاهتزاز العشوائي للجسيمات التحت مجهرية المكوّنة للمادة (مثل الجزيئات والذرات). تُشكّل هذه الحركات طاقة حركية في المادة. وعلى وجه الخصوص أكثر، درجة الحرارة المطلقة لأي مقدار من المادة هي قياس متوسط الطاقة الحركية لنوع محدد من الحركة التذبذبية والاهتزازية للجسيمات المكوّنة للمادة، وتسمى «الحركات الانتقالية». الحركات الانتقالية أمر عادي، فجسم كامل يتحرك في فضاء ثلاثي البعد تتحرك الجسيمات فيه وتتبادل الطاقة في اصطدامات. الصورة على اليمين تظهر الحركة الانتقالية في الغازات، وتحتها صورة أخرى تظهر الحركة الانتقالية في المواد الصلبة. نقطة الصفر في درجة الحرارة المطلقة (الصفر المطلق) هي درجة الحرارة التي تكون عندها الجسيمات المشكلة للمادة قريبة لدرجة أنها تتوقف تماماً عن الحركة، حيث تبقى الطاقة الحركية هي 0 عند درجة الصفر المطلق.

في كل مكان في العالم يقوم العلماء بالقياس بواسطة وحدات "Si" (نظام الوحدات الدولي)، وفي نظام الوحدات هذا تقاس درجة الحرارة المطلقة بوحدة «الكلفن» ورمزها هو «ك» (K). لكن بالرغم من ذلك، ففي الولايات المتحدة يستخدم «مقياس رانكين» لقياس درجة الحرارة المطلقة في العديد من مجالات الهندسة.

تم باتفاق دولي تعريف مقياس الكلفن بنقطتين: الصفر المطلق والنقطة الثلاثية للماء. الصفر المطلق هو أخفق حرارة في الطبيعة، وهو يُمثل درجة 0 ك أو 273.16ْ- مئوية. أما النقطة الثلاثية للماء فهي درجة 273.16 ك أو 0.01ْ مئوية. يُحقق هذا التعريف ثلاثة أشياء:

1. يُثبّت مقدار وحدة الكلفن بأنها جزء من 273.16 بالضبط من النقطة الثلاثية للماء.

2. يُحدد مقدار درجة الكلفن بأنه مساوٍ تماما للدرجة المئوية الواحدة (من حيث زيادة الحرارة بزيادة كل درجة).

3. يُحدد الفرق بين نقطة الصفر في كل من المقياسين، حيث تبلغ درجة الصفر المئوي 273.16 بالضبط على مقياس الكلفن.

جدول درجة الحرارة المطلقة

اقرأ أيضاً

 درجة حرارة مئوية
 مقياس رانكين

المراجع

درجة الحرارة

درجة حرارة مطلقة


Karabük, Türkiye'nin kuzeyinde Karadeniz Bölgesi'nde il. 2020 yılı sonu TUİK verilerine göre nüfusu 243.614'dür.

Karabük, 1937 yılına kadar, Safranbolu'ya bağlı Öğlebeli Köyü'nün 13 hanelik bir mahallesiydi. 1935 yılında açılan Ankara-Zonguldak demiryolunun üzerinde yer alıyordu. Demiryolu ile taşıma imkânının varlığı ve kömür yataklarının yakınlığı nedeniyle, burada bir demir çelik fabrikası kurulması kararlaştırıldı. 3 Nisan 1937'de Atatürk'ün talimatıyla, İsmet İnönü, hâlâ Karabük'ün en önemli geçim kaynağı olan Karabük Demir Çelik Fabrikası'nın temellerini attı.

Karabük, 6 Haziran 1995'te, Çankırı'nın Ovacık ve Eskipazar ilçeleri ile Zonguldak'ın Yenice, Safranbolu ve Eflani ilçelerinin birleştirilmesiyle Türkiye'nin 78. ili oldu.

Tarihçe
Karabük adını, üzerinde yaşadığı coğrafi ortamdan almıştır. "Kara" ve "Bük" sözcükleri, kara çalılık yer anlamında, Karabük adının oluşumuna kaynaklık yapmıştır. Bu topluluklarda yaşayan Türkmen toplulukları, Karabük cemaati adını bu biçimde almışlardır. Türkiye'de 14 yer ve mevki adının bugün Karabük şeklinde geçmesi, cemaatlerin bu topraklardan diğer yerlere göç ettiği görüşünü kuvvetlendirir.

Tarih öncesi dönemde Karabük ve çevresi
Karabük ve çevresinde, yörenin yazısız kültür dönemini aydınlatacak çok sayıda höyük ve tümülüs olmasına karşın, bilimsel anlamda herhangi bir arkeolojik kazıya konu olmaması bu konudaki açıklamalarda bir bilgi boşluğu yaratmaktadır. Ancak, Ovacık ve Eskipazar ilçelerinde yapılan arkeolojik yüzey araştırmalarına bakılacak olursa, Karabük ve çevresinin en eski yerleşmesi Eskipazar İlçesindeki "Yazıboy" köyüdür. Burada bulunan bir höyüğün, ilk Tunç Devri (MÖ 2500) olarak yerleşmeye konu olması, İl sınırları içinde Eskipazar'ın önemini artırmaktadır.

İlk Çağda Karabük ve çevresi
İlk Çağda Karabük, Hititlerden başlamak üzere Frig, Helenistik Krallıklar ve Roma döneminde geniş çaplı olarak yerleşmeye konu olmuştur. Karabük'ün, Hititler döneminde yerleşmeye konu olan ilçesi; Eflani'dir. Hitit metinlerinde kentin en eski adının Haluna (Yün) olarak geçtiği bilinmektedir. Ovacık'ın Kışlaköy'ü, Frigler döneminde yerleşmeye konu olmuştur. Burada bulunan Hesem Değirmeni'nin kapısındaki yapıtaşının Frigler dönemine ait olduğu sanılmaktadır. Helenistik Krallıklar döneminde özellikle Eflani, yerleşmeye konu olmuştur. Helenistik Krallıklardan Bitinler, Roma'nin Batı Karadeniz Bölgesini (Paflagonya) ele geçirmesini önlemek için Eflani'de üs oluşturulmuş ve bölgenin savunmasını buradan gerçekleştirmişlerdir (MÖ 70). Eflani'nin tarihte bilinen ikinci adı Bitinya Kralı Nikomedes'in oğlu Phylomenes'ten dolayı, "Phylomenes Yurdu" olarak bilinmektedir. İlkçağın son Devleti olan Roma, MÖ 1. yüzyılda Anadolu'ya girince önem verdiği yerlerden birisi de Batı Karadeniz Bölgesi olmuş, bölgenin ormanları ve madenlerini emperyalist bir politika izleyerek kendi çıkarları doğrultusunda kullanmayı bilmiştir. Roma'nın bu amaçlarla Karabük İli sınırları içinde kurduğu en önemli kentler Eskipazar sınırları arasında yer almaktadır. Bunlar, Hadrianapolis ve Kimistene adı ile anılan yerleşme alanlarıdır. Bunun yanı sıra Karabük'te Bürnük Köyü, Üçbaş Köyü, Bulak Köyü; Ovacık'ta Pürçükören Köyü ve Ganibeylerin 1 km mesafe uzaklıktaki Karakoyunlu köyünde  Roma Dönemi kalıntıları ile adeta tarihi tanıklık yapmaktadırlar.

Malazgirt Savaşı öncesi Türk yerleşmesi
Türkler, 1071 Malazgirt Meydan Muharebesi öncesinde de Anadolu'ya değişik amaçları gözeterek gelmişler ve yerleşmişlerdir. Özellikle, Kuzey Türklüğü olarak tarihte bilinen bu Türk kitleleri içinde Oğuzlar olduğu gibi Kıpçak, Peçenek gibi diğer Türk kavimleri yer almaktadır. Daha sonra çeşitli nedenlerle Bizans'ın emrine giren bu Türk kavimleri, bu devletin izlediği iskan siyasetiyle Anadolu'nun çeşitli kısımlarına yerleştirilmişlerdir. Yer adlarından (Toponimi) yola çıkarak yapılan yorumlamalar sonucunda Eskipazar'da Tamışlar Köyü'ne adını veren Tamış, Bizans'ın emrinde bir Oğuz Beyi olup, saptamalara göre, Malazgirt Savaşı'nda Selçuklu ordusuna karşı savaşırken, giysilerde kullanılan renk ve dil benzerliklerinden dolayı kısa zamanda saf değiştirmiş, Selçukluların tarafına geçmiştir. Malazgirt Muharebesi öncesinde yöremizde görünen ve yerleşen ikinci Türk kavimi Kıpçaklar oldu. Kıpçaklar kitleler halinde Safranbolu ile Eflani arasındaki topraklara yerleşmişlerdir. Fatih Sultan Mehmet, 15. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Amasra'yı fethedince, kentte bulunan Cenevizlileri İstanbul'a gönderirken, Eflani'de yaşayan Kıpçakları da Amasra kentine sürmüştür. Bugün Amasra'da özellikle ağaç işlemeciliğinde çok ünlü olan bu insanlar, Kıpçak Türklerinin torunlarıdır. Kıpçak lehçesi ile ilgili araştırma yapacaklar için Eflani-Bartın arası ve Amasra bu açıdan önemli araştırma malzemesi sunmaktadır.

Karabük'ün il oluşu
Karabük 1937 yılında Safranbolu'ya bağlı Öğlebeli Köyü'nün bir mahallesi iken 1935 yılında açılan Ankara-Zonguldak demiryolu ile önemini arttırmıştır.

3 Nisan 1937 yılında Atatürk'ün yönlendirmesi ile İsmet İnönü tarafından Karabük Demir Çelik Fabrikası'nın temelleri atılır.

Nüfus yoğunluğunun artmaya başladığı Karabük'te 25 Haziran 1939'da belediye teşkilatı kurulmuştur. 1941 yılında Safranbolu ilçesine bağlı bucak olan Karabük 3 Mart 1953 tarihinde 6068 sayılı kanunla Zonguldak İline bağlı bir ilçe haline gelmiştir.

Karabük, 6 Haziran 1995 gün ve 22305 sayılı Resmi Gazete'de yayınlanan 550 sayılı Kanun Hükmünde Kararname ile Çankırı'dan; Ovacık ve Eskipazar ilçeleri ile Zonguldak'tan; Safranbolu, Yenice ve Eflani ilçelerinin birleştirilmesiyle Türkiye'nin 78. ili olmuştur.

Coğrafya
Karabük ilinin topraklarında çeşitli iklim türlerine rastlanmaktadır. Bu farklılıkların meydana gelmesinde ilin coğrafi özellikleri ve konumu rol oynamıştır. Karabük, Karadeniz Bölgesi'nde yer almasına karşın dağların Karadeniz'e paralel uzanmasından dolayı Karadeniz üzerinden gelen nemli ve yağışlı havanın etkilerinden tam olarak yararlanamamaktadır. Yenice ilçesinde tam Karadeniz iklimi yaşanırken; İl merkezinde, Eskipazar, Ovacık ilçelerinde Karadeniz iklimi ile karasal iklim arasında bir geçiş ikliminin özelliklerine rastlanmaktadır. Orman varlığı açısından Türkiye'nin % 68 oranı ile en zengin ilidir. Yenice ilçesinde tropikal bölgelerde görülebilen yoğun ve çeşitli orman örtüsü ve kendi sınıfında rekor düzeyde boya ve çapa ulaşmış ağaç türleri vardır. Geniş yapraklı türlerden kayın birinci, meşe ikinci ağaç türü iken; iğne yapraklı ağaçlarda göknar, sarıçam ve karaçam baskın ağaç türleridir. Havası demir çelik fabrikaları nedeniyle kötüdür.

Yönetim

İllerde protokolde ilk sırada yer alan Vali, merkezi yönetimi temsil eder ve Cumhurbaşkanı tarafından atanır. Büyükşehir dışındaki illerde yerel yönetim, şehirler düzeyindedir. Belediye Başkanı, belediye sınırları içinde kalan seçmenin oy çokluğu ile seçilir. Ayni seçmen İlçe Belediye Meclisi için de oy kullanarak ilçelerin belediye meclislerini oluşturur. İldeki bütün seçmenler ayrıca il genel meclisi için de oy kullanarak, İl Genel Meclisinin oluşumunu sağlarlar.

İl genel meclisi ve belediye meclisi üyelikleri için yapılan seçimlerde, onda birlik baraj uygulamalı nispi temsil sistemi, belediye başkanlığı seçiminde ise çoğunluk sistemi uygulanır. İl genel meclisi ve belediye meclisi üye sayıları ilçe nüfusuna göre, kontenjandan kalan sayıların partilere dağılımı ise D'Hondt Sistemine göre belirlenir (Kanun:2972-Madde:23)

İl Genel Meclisi, İl Özel İdaresinin karar organıdır, başkanını üyeleri arasından gizli oyla seçer. Ayrıca, İl Genel Meclisi kendi içinden gizli oyla bir yıl görev yapacak 5 kişilik İl Encümenini seçer.

Merkezi yönetim, Vali ve İl Müdürlerinden oluşur. İl Özel İdaresi (İl Genel Meclisi ve İl Encümeni) seçilmişlerden oluşur, ancak Vali başkanlığında görev yapar. Yerel yönetim ise belediye başkanları ve belediye meclislerinden oluşur.

Karabük Valisi, 1967-Orhaneli doğumlu Mustafa YAVUZ'dur. Ağustos 2023 tarihinde Seyhan Kaymakamı iken atanmıştır.

Karabük Belediye Başkanı, 1959-Araç doğumlu Rafet Vergili (MHP), 31 Mart 2019 seçimlerinde %39,83 oy oranıyla seçilmiştir.

2019 Türkiye yerel seçimleri sonuçlarına göre Karabük İl Genel Meclisi üye sayısı, 12 AK PARTİ, 4 MHP ve 1 CHP olmak üzere 17'dir.. Karabük Belediye meclisi ise 16 AK PARTİ, 11 MHP ve 4 İYİ P. olmak üzere 31 üyeden oluşur.

2018 Genel seçimleri sonucu, Karabük'ü temsilen TBMM'e AKP'den 2 milletvekili (Cumhur Ünal ve Niyazi Güneş), CHP'den 1 milletvekili (Hüseyin Avni Aksoy) seçilmiştir.

Nüfus

Güncel Nüfus Değerleri(TÜİK 6 Şubat 2023 verileri )

Karabük ili nüfusu: 252.058'dir. Bu nüfusun % 78,74'ü şehirlerde yaşamaktadır (2022 sonu). İlin yüzölçümü 4.142  km2'dir. İlde  km2'ye 61 kişi düşmektedir. (Bu sayı Merkezde  171'dir.) İlde yıllık nüfus artış oranı % 1.11 olmuştur.  Nüfus artış oranı en yüksek ve en düşük ilçeler: Eskipazar (%1,52), Yenice (% -2,46)

06 Şubat 2023 TÜİK verilerine göre merkez ilçeyle beraber 7 İlçe, 7 belediye, bu belediyelerde 80 mahalle ve ayrıca 277 köy vardır.

İlin yıllara göre nüfusları

Konum

Spor

2018-2019 Sezonu sonunda, futbol 1.ligde Karabükspor, BAL'da Safranbolu Bld.spor, futbol kadın 2.liginde Ovacık Gençlikspor küme düşmüşlerdir. Futbol kadın 3.ligi ile voleybol ve hentbol bölgesel liglerinde toplam 3 takımı daha yer almıştır.

Ziraat Türkiye Kupası'nda  Karabükspor, 4.turda Darıca Gençlerbirliği'ne elenmiştir.

Önemli spor tesisleri: Necmettin Şeyhoğlu Stadyumu (16.000), Merkez Spor Salonu (2.500) ve 100.yıl Kapalı Yüzme Havuzu (500) dur.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Karabük Valiliği
 Karabük Belediyesi

Karabük (il)


Valgarðr á Velli o Valg fue un escaldo de origen incierto aunque presuntamente se le considera islandés, activo en el , presente en Skáldatal y que estuvo al servicio de la corte del rey Harald Hardrada de Noruega. Se ha preservado buena parte de su obra, sobre todo versos de alabanza para ensalzar el reinado de Harald III en Fagrskinna (estrofas completas) y Skáldskaparmál (medias estrofas). Según Finnur Jónnson su origen islandés se puede rastrear por su nombre y apodo hasta una granja al sur de la isla, en la región de Rangárvallasýsla y para ser más precisos como miembro del clan familiar de Mord Sighvatsson. De su obra se desprende que desarrolló un estilo muy vivo, resaltando aspectos individuales.

El contenido de sus poemas se puede resumir en las aventuras del rey Harald en Sicilia, su regreso a Noruega desde Gardariki con Ellisif la hija del rey Yaroslav en 1045, así como las incursiones en Skåne, así como batallas y hazañas en Dinamarca.

Referencias

Bibliografía
The 14th International Saga Conference, Uppsala, 9th–15th August 2009, edited by Agneta Ney, Henrik Williams and Fredrik Charpentier Ljungqvist (Gävle University Press, 2009) Vol. 1 ISBN 978-91-978329-0-8

Enlaces externos
Valg en Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages (en inglés)
The 14th International Saga Conference

Escritores de Islandia
Poetas del siglo XI
Escaldos vikingos
Vikingos de Islandia
Islandeses del siglo XI

Valgarðr á Velli


{{Ficha de taxón
| name = Haworthia cooperi
| image = Gardenology-IMG 5346 hunt10mar.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| regnum = Plantae
| subregnum = Tracheobionta
| divisio = Magnoliophyta
| classis = Equisetopsida
| subclassis = Magnolidae
| ordo = Asparagales
| familia = Asphodelaceae
| subfamilia = Asphodeloideae
| genus = Haworthia
| species = H. cooperi
| binomial = Haworthia cooperi
| binomial_authority = Baker
}}Haworthia cooperi es una especie de planta suculenta perteneciente a la familia Asphodelaceae. Es originaria de Sudáfrica.

 Descripción
Es una planta suculenta perennifolia con 30-40 hojas dispuestas en forma de roseta, oblongo-lanceoladas, de color verde claro, diáfano en la parte superior con líneas verticales, planas en el haz, convexa en la parte posterior provista de una arista pelúcida grande, márgenes y quilla ciliada. La inflorescencia en forma de simple racimo, con pedicelos muy cortos,y  brácteas deltoides.Haworthia cooperi en Jstor

Distribución
El área de distribución natural de esta especie se encuentra en la Provincia Cabo Oriental, Sudáfrica. Aquí crece aproximadamente entre Port Elizabeth y East London en el este.

El àrea de distribución de esta especie coincide con el de su pariente, Haworthia cymbiformis, y las dos especies interactúan, con H.cymbiformis creciendo en los acantilados, y H.cooperi creciendo en las llanuras de tierras bajas. En ciertos puntos, las dos especies se fusionan.

Se trata de una región de precipitaciones estivales.

Esta es también una especie muy variable, con varias variedades diferentes.Haworthia cooperi on SANBI Redlist

 Taxonomía Haworthia cooperi fue descrita por Baker y publicado en Refug. Bot. 4: t. 233, en el año 1870.
Variedades aceptadas

 Haworthia cooperi var. cooperi
 Haworthia cooperi var. dielsiana (Poelln.) M.B.Bayer
 Haworthia cooperi var. doldii M.B.Bayer
 Haworthia cooperi var. gordoniana (Poelln.) M.B.Bayer
 Haworthia cooperi var. leightonii (G.G.Sm.) M.B.Bayer
 Haworthia cooperi var. pilifera (Baker) M.B.Bayer
 Haworthia cooperi var. truncata (H.Jacobsen) M.B.Bayer
 Haworthia cooperi var. venusta (C.L.Scott) M.B.Bayer

Sinonimia
 Catevala cooperi'' (Baker) Kuntze

Referencias

Enlaces externos

cooperi

Haworthia cooperi


Zlatni buzdovan (lat. Orontium aquaticum), vrsta vodenih trajnica u monotipskom rodu zlatni buzdovan (Orontium). Raširena je po mnogim državama SAD-a gdje je vernakularno poznata kao 'golden club' i 'never-wets'.

Zlatni buzdovan pripada porodici kozlačevki, pa su joj omiljena staništa plitka jezera, potoci i ribnjaci. U stara vremena Indijanci su njezino sjeme i rizom sušili i mljeli te je koristili za hranu, a Cherokee su kupali bebe u uvarku (dekoktu) od zlatnog buzdovana prilikom ceremonija New Moon-a.

Listovi biljke su vodonepropusni, narastu do 25 cm, a mogu biti potopljeni, plutajući ili da izrastu iznad površine vode. U proljeće i ljeto na vrhu vitkog bijelog spadiksa dobije sićušne svijetložute cvjetove.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Orontioideae
Flora SAD-a

Zlatni buzdovan


Republika Hrvatska i Republika Azerbajdžan održavaju diplomatske odnose od 26. siječnja 1995. Sjedište veleposlanstva je u Bakuu.

Veleposlanici

Vidi još
Ministarstvo vanjskih i europskih poslova Republike Hrvatske

Vanjske poveznice
 Azerbajdžan na stranici MVEP-a

Izvori

Azerbajdžan
Hrvatski veleposlanici

Popis hrvatskih veleposlanika u Azerbajdžanu


بلدية يوساجري , هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة بطليوس, التي تقع في منطقة إكستريمادورا, والتي تقع في غرب إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 2.072 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2002).

أعلام

 خوان رامون روانو

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في بطليوس
بلديات بطليوس

يوساجري


The mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) is a large Old World monkey native to west central Africa. It is one of the most colorful mammals in the world, with red and blue skin on its face and posterior. The species is sexually dimorphic, as males have a larger body, longer canine teeth and brighter coloring. It is the largest monkey in the world. Its closest living relative is the drill with which it shares the genus Mandrillus. Both species were traditionally thought to be baboons, but further evidence has shown that they are more closely related to white-eyelid mangabeys.

Mandrills mainly live in tropical rainforests but will also travel across savannas. They are active during the day and spend most of their time on the ground. Their preferred foods are fruit and seeds, but mandrills will consume leaves, piths, mushrooms, and animals from insects to juvenile antelope. Mandrills live in large, stable groups known as "hordes" which can number in the hundreds. Females form the core of these groups, while adult males are solitary and only reunite with the larger groups during the breeding season. Dominant males have the most vibrant colors and fattest flanks and rumps, and have the most success siring young.

The mandrill is classified as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. Its biggest threats are habitat destruction and hunting for bushmeat. Gabon is considered the stronghold for the species. Its habitat has declined in Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea, while its range in the Republic of the Congo is limited.

Etymology
The word mandrill is derived from the English words man and drill—the latter meaning  or  and being West African in origin—and dated to 1744. The name appears to have originally referred to chimpanzees. The first scholar to record the name for the colorful monkey was Georges-Louis Buffon in 1766. It was called the "tufted ape", "great baboon" and "ribbernosed baboon" by Thomas Pennant in A Synopsis of Quadrupeds (1771) and A History of Quadrupeds (1781).

Taxonomy
The mandrill was first scientifically depicted in Historia animalium (1551–1558) by Conrad Gessner, who considered it a kind of hyena. The species was formally classified by Carl Linnaeus as Simia sphinx in 1758. Its current generic name Mandrillus was coined by Ferdinand Ritgen in 1824.

Historically, some scientists placed the mandrill and the closely related drill (M. leucophaeus) in the baboon genus Papio. Morphological and genetic studies in the late 20th and early 21st centuries found a closer relationship to white-eyelid mangabeys of the genus Cercocebus. Some have even proposed that the mandrill and drill belong to Cercocebus. Two genetic studies in 2011 clarified Mandrillus and Cercocebus as separate sister lineages. The two genera split around 4.5 million years ago (mya) while the mandrill and drill split approximately 3.17 mya. Fossils of Mandrillus have not been found.

Some authorities have divided mandrill populations into subspecies: the northern mandrill (M. s. sphinx) and the southern mandrill (M. s. madarogaster). A proposed third subspecies, M. s. insularis, was based on the mistaken belief that mandrills are present on Bioko Island. The consensus is that mandrills belong to one subspecies (M. s. sphinx).

Cytochrome-b sequences suggest that mandrill populations north and south of the Ogooué River split 800,000 years ago and belong to distinct haplogroups. This divergence appears to have also led to the splitting of the mandrill strain of the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). The draft (incomplete) genome of the mandrill was published in 2020, with a reported genome size of 2.90 giga–base-pairs and high levels of heterozygosity.

Appearance

The mandrill has a stocky body with a large head and muzzle, as well as a short and stumpy tail. The limbs are evenly sized and the fingers and toes are more elongated than those in baboons, with a more opposable big toe on the feet. The mandrill is the most sexually dimorphic primate, and it is the largest monkey. Females are less stocky and have shorter, flatter snouts. Males have a  head-body length and weigh  while females have a  head-body length and weigh . Most of the teeth are larger in males and the canine teeth reach up to  and  long for males and females respectively. Both sexes have  long tails.

The coat of the mandrill is primarily grizzled or banded olive-brown with a yellow-orange beard and sparse, light hairs on its underside. The lips are surrounded by stiff white whiskers, and white bare skin exists behind the ears. Male mandrills have a "crest" of long hairs on the head and neck, while both sexes have chest glands which are covered by long hairs. The face, rump and genitals have less hair.

Mandrills have a red line running down the middle of their face which connects to their red nose. On either side of the line, the skin is blue and grooved. In males, the blue skin is supported by ridged bone swellings. Females have more subdued facial coloring, but this can vary between individuals with some having stronger red and blue hues and others being darker or almost black. In males, the rump and areas around the genitals are multi-colored, consisting of red, pink, blue and purple skin, with a red penis shaft and violet scrotum. The genital and anal areas of the female are red.

Mandrills are noted for being among the most colorful mammals. Charles Darwin wrote in The Descent of Man: "no other member of the whole class of mammals is coloured in so extraordinary a manner as the adult male mandrill". The red coloration is created by blood vessels near the surface of the skin, while the blue is a form of structural coloration caused by parallel arrangements of collagen fibers. The blue ridges on males contrast with both the red facial hues and the green foliage of their environment, helping them stand out to other individuals. The darker and more subdued coloring of female faces is caused by melanin.

Ecology

The mandrill lives in west-central Africa, including southern Cameroon, mainland Equatorial Guinea (Río Muni), Gabon and parts of the Republic of the Congo. Its range is bounded by the Sanaga River to the north and the Ogooué and Ivindo Rivers to the east. It does not appear to share habitat with the drill, as the two species are separated by the Sanaga River. Mandrills live in tropical rainforests, generally preferring primary forests over secondary forests. They also live in patchy gallery forests surrounded by savanna and travel across grass areas within their forest habitats. They have also been recorded in mountainous areas, near rivers and in cultivated fields.

Mandrills prefer thick bush dominated by perennial plants like gingers and plants of the genera Brillantaisia and Phaulopsis. They mainly dwell on the ground, but feed as high as the canopy. Both mandrills and drills are more arboreal than baboons. Mandrills may aggregate or compete with other primates such as talapoins, guenons, mangabeys, black-and-white colobuses, chimpanzees and gorillas.

Feeding
The mandrill is an omnivore. The core of its diet consists of plants, of which it eats over a hundred species. One study found the mandrill's diet was composed of fruit (50.7%), seeds (26.0%), leaves (8.2%), pith (6.8%), flowers (2.7%), and animal matter (4.1%), with other foods making up the remaining 1.4%. During the wet season, mandrills forage in continuous forest, when fruit is most available, while during the dry season they feed in gallery forests and at the borders of savannas and forests.

The mandrill's preferred fruits include those of the cashew species Pseudospondias microcarpa, the coffee species Nauclea diderrichii and the wort species Psorospermum febrifugum. Mandrills consume more seeds than many other primate species. Adult male mandrills are one of the few primates capable of biting through the hard shell of Detarium microcarpum seeds. For vegetation, they mostly eat the young leaves, shoots and piths of monocot plants. In particular, mandrills consume leaves from the arrowroots Haumania liebrechtsiana and Trachyphrynium braunianum, as well as the piths of ginger plants like Renealmia macrocolia and species in the genus Aframomum. They are also known to consume mushrooms.

The rest of a mandrill's diet is largely made up of invertebrates, particularly ants, termites, crickets, spiders, snails, and scorpions. They also eat birds and their eggs, frogs and rodents. Mandrills have been recorded preying on larger vertebrates such as juvenile bay duikers. Such prey is killed with a bite to the head followed by pulling off the hind limbs and tearing open the belly. Individuals may cooperate during hunting and share kills.

Predators, parasites and pathogens
Leopards may prey on mandrills, as traces of mandrill have been found in their feces. Other potential predators include African rock pythons, crowned eagles and chimpanzees. Leopards are a threat to all individuals, while eagles are only threats to the young. In a study where a mandrill group was exposed to models of leopards and crown eagles, the leopard models tended to cause the mandrills to flee up trees while the eagles were more likely to drive them to take cover. The dominant male did not flee from either model types; in the case of the leopards, he paced around while looking in their direction. Alarm calls were more commonly heard in response to leopards than eagles.

Mandrills can become infected with gastrointestinal parasites, such as nematodes and protozoa. Tumbu fly larvae may live under the skin and individuals that walk though grassland can get infested with ticks. Blood parasites include the malaria-causing Plasmodium and the nematode Loa loa, which is transmitted by bites from deer flies. Wild mandrills have tested positive for SIV, enteroviruses of the species EV-J and astroviruses, including a human variant.

Behavior and life history

Mandrills are mostly diurnal and are awake around 10 hours per day from morning to dusk. They often pick a new tree to sleep in every night. Mandrills have been observed using tools; in captivity, they use sticks to clean themselves. In the wild, mandrills appear to live 12–14 years, but captive individuals can live 30–40 years.

Social structure
Mandrills live in large "supergroups" or "hordes" that can contain hundreds of individuals. These large groups are fairly stable and do not appear to be gatherings of smaller ones. At Lopé National Park, Gabon, mandrill hordes were found to have an average of 620 individuals, and some groups were as large as 845, making them possibly the largest cohesive groups of wild primates. Another study in Lopé found that a horde of 625 mandrills consisted of 21 dominant males, 71 less dominant and subadult males, 247 adult and adolescent females, 200 juveniles, and 86 dependent infants. A mandrill horde of around 700 individuals in northern Lopé had a total home range of ,  of which was suitable habitat. The supergroup would occasionally diverge into two to four subgroups before reuniting. Another 15-month long study of a 120 member group found a home range of  with an average traveling distance of  per day.

Hordes consist of matrilineal family groups, and females are important for maintaining social cohesion. Strong connections with their relatives may lead to support during conflicts, higher survival rate of offspring and a longer lifespan for females. Dominant females are at the center of the group network and their removal leads to fewer social connections in the group. The social rank of a mother mandrill can contribute to the social rank of both her female and male offspring. Mature males are not permanent members of hordes but join as females become sexually receptive and leave as their sexual cycle ends. As a result, the coloration of the male mandrill may be intended to attract attention in a social structure with no long-term relationships between mates. Higher ranking males are found in the center of a social group while lower ranking males are more likely to occupy the periphery. Females have some control over the males and coalitions can expel an unwanted male from a group.  Outside the breeding season, males are believed to lead a solitary life and all-male bachelor groups are not known to exist.

Both male and female mandrills rub and mark trees and branches with secretions from their chest glands, though males (and especially dominant males) mark more than females. The chemicals in the secretions signal the individual's sex, age and rank. Scent-marking may also serve a territorial function, captive alpha males will mark enclosure boundaries. Mandrills will groom one another, even when there is no benefit to be gained from doing so. During grooming, subordinates prefer to pick at other mandrills from behind, in order to minimize eye contact and give them more time to flee if the more dominant individual attacks. The recipients of grooming will try to maneuver the groomer to pick at more "risky" areas.

Reproduction and development

Dominant or alpha male mandrills have the most mating success. Upon gaining alpha status, males develop larger testicles, redder faces and posteriors, more secretion from the chest glands and fatter sides and rumps. When a male loses dominance, these physiological changes are at least partially reversed. The blue facial skin is more consistent in brightness. Higher ranking males tend to have more contrast between red and blue facial coloring. Due to their distribution of fat, dominant males are also known as "fatted" males while subordinate males are known as "non-fatted" males. Canine length also correlates with dominance, and males are less likely to sire offspring when their canines are under . In some individuals, the development of secondary sexual characteristics is suppressed in response to competition from other males. Male mandrills tend to establish dominance with vocalizations and facial expressions, rather than fighting.

Mating occurs mostly during the dry season, with female ovulation peaking between June and September. Receptive females have sexual swellings on their posteriors, and the red facial coloration can communicate age and fertility. Males also appear to detect a female's reproductive state using the vomeronasal organ (known as the flehmen response). Dominant males try to monopolize access to females by mate guarding, which involves the male tending to and copulating with a female for days. Dominant males tend to sire most of the offspring, but they are less able to monopolize access to the females when many females reach estrus at the same time. A subordinate male is also more likely to have reproductive success if he is closely related to an alpha male. An ovulating female tends to allow the brightest colored males to come near her and touch her perineum, and is more likely to groom and solicit them. The female signals her willingness to mate by positioning her posterior towards the male. Intercourse lasts no more than 60 seconds, with the male mounting the female and making pelvic thrusts.

Mandrill gestation lasts an average of 175 days with most births taking place between January and March, during the wet season. Gaps in between births range from 184 to 1,159 days with an average of 405 days. and tend to be shorter in higher ranking females. Infants are born at an average weight of , and mostly bare-skinned with some white hair and a tuft of dark hair on the head and along the spine. Over the next two or three months, they develop their adult hair color on the body, limbs and head while the flesh-colored face and snout darken. Dependent infants are carried on their mothers' bellies. Young are typically weaned at around 230 days old. Males become more sexually dimorphic between four and eight years old, at which point females are already beginning to give birth. Males start leaving their horde after they reach six years old. Females reach their adult size around seven years while males do so at ten years.

Communication

Mandrills communicate with various facial expressions and postures. Threat displays involve open mouth staring, usually in combination with head bobbing, ground slapping and raised hair. These gestures are usually performed by dominant individuals towards subordinates, who respond with bared teeth grimaces, signaling fear and aggression. Both young and low-ranking females show submission and anxiety with a pouting "duck face". Playful intentions are communicated with a relaxed open-mouth face. Males approaching females display a "grin" or silent bared-teeth face and make lip-smacks. This display may also occur with teeth-chattering. Mandrills can develop and pass on new gestures; captive individuals at the Colchester Zoo, England facepalm to discourage being disturbed, particularly while resting.

Mandrills also produce several vocalizations, for both long and short distances. During group movements, adult males produce two-phase grunts and one-syllable roars, both of which are equivalent to the "wahoo" bark of baboons. Other group members produce "crowings", which last almost two seconds and start as a vibration and transition into a longer harmonic sound. Short distance vocals include the "yak", a sharp, repeating, pulse-like call produced by all individuals except for adult males and made in tense situations. Mandrills may also grunt during aggressive encounters. Growls are used to express mild alarm while intense alarms come in the form of a short, two-syllable sharp call known as the "k-alarm". A sharp, loud "K-sound" is produced for unknown reasons. Screaming is a signal of fear and made by individuals fleeing, while the girney, a type of moan or purr, is made as a form of appeasement or frustration among females and young.  Individual voices are more similar among related animals, but unrelated mandrills can have similar voices if they regularly interact.

Threats and conservation
As of 2019, the IUCN Red List lists the mandrill as vulnerable. Its total population is unknown but is suspected to have decreased by more than 30 percent over the last 24 years. Its main threats are habitat destruction and hunting for bushmeat. The mandrill appears to have suffered massive habitat loss in Equatorial Guinea and southern Cameroon, while its range in the Republic of the Congo is limited and its status is unknown. In addition, while mandrills live in groups numbering in the hundreds, hunting in Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea appears to have led to smaller group sizes. Gabon is seen as the most important remaining refuge for the species, and the country's low population density and vast rainforests make it a good candidate for mandrill conservation. Surveys have shown high population numbers for other primate species like chimpanzees and gorillas. A semi-wild population exists at the International Centre of Medical Research of Franceville.

The mandrill is listed under Appendix I by CITES, banning commercial trade in wild-caught specimens, and under Class B by the African Convention, which provides them protection but allows special authorization for their killing, capturing or collecting. There is at least one protected area for mandrills within each of the countries they inhabit. In Gabon, most of the rainforests have been leased to timber companies but around 10 percent is part of a national parks system, 13 of which were established in 2002.

References

Works cited

External links

 ARKive – images and movies of the mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx)
 Mandrillus Porject – a research and conservation organization

Articles containing video clips
Fauna of Central Africa
Mammals described in 1758
Mammals of Cameroon
Mammals of Equatorial Guinea
Mammals of Gabon
Mammals of the Republic of the Congo
Mandrillus
Primates of Africa
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Tool-using mammals
Vulnerable animals
Vulnerable biota of Africa

Mandrill


Forsøg om Mennesket i IV. breve til Lord Bolingbroke () er fire epistler udgivet af Alexander Pope i 1733-1734, oversat til dansk af Christian Carl Lous i 1759. Epistlerne er et forsøg på at rationalisere eller snarere "stræbe ud i alting Guds ære at forøge" (s. 6 l. 3), en variant af John Miltons påstand i de første linjer af Paradise Lost, at han vil "retfærdiggøre Guds veje til mænd". Det beskæftiger sig med den naturlige orden, som Gud har forordnet for mennesket. Fordi mennesket ikke kan kende Guds formål, kan det ikke klage over sin position i Scala naturae og må acceptere, at "Hvad end der er, er rigtigt", et tema, der blev satiriseret af Voltaire i Candide (1759). Epistlerne havde stor betydning i udbredelsen af den "optimistiske filosofi" i hele England og resten af Europa.

Epistlerne kan findes som et samlet værk på Det Kongelige Bibliotek, både fysisk og digitalt.

Noter

Filosofiske skrifter
Litteratur fra England

Forsøg om Mennesket


مذابح ضد الفلسطينيين هي مجموعة من المذابح وأعمال التصفية التي نُفذت ضد الشعب الفلسطيني في القرن العشرين والممتدة حتى القرن الحادي والعشرين.

أبرز المذابح التي ارتكبت بحق الفلسطينيين
 مذبحة بلدة الشيخ 1947
 مذبحة دير ياسين 1948
 مذبحة قرية أبو شوشة 1948
 مذبحة الطنطورة 1948
 مذبحة قبية 1953
 مذبحة قلقيلية 1956
 مذبحة كفر قاسم 1956
 مذبحة خان يونس 1956
 مذبحة تل الزعتر 1976
 مذبحة صبرا وشاتيلا 1982
 مذبحة المسجد الأقصى 1990
 مذبحة الحرم الإبراهيمي 1994
 مذبحة مخيم جنين 2002

تنفيذها
نُفذت هذه المذابح في مناطق فلسطين 48 والضفة الغربية وقطاع غزة.

المنفذون
نُفذت هذه المذابح على أيدي العديد من الجهات المختلفة مثل:
 الهاجاناه
 منظمة شتيرن
 الإرجون
 الجيش الإسرائيلي
 جيش الاحتلال الإسرائيلي في مناطق الضفة الغربية وقطاع غزة

علاقتها بالتطهير العرقي لفلسطين
تُربط هذه الأحداث من قبل بعض الباحثين وبالأخص العرب أو التاريخيين الجدد الإسرائيليين بعملية التطهير العرقي في فلسطين والذي ينفذه اليهود ممثلين إما بدولة إسرائيل أو الحركة الصهيونية أو المنظمات العسكرية التابعة للحركة الصهيونية أو حتى المنشقة عنها لإفراغ فلسطين من أهلها وإجبارهم على ترك وطنهم.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 المذابح الإسرائيلية في فلسطين، ملفات خاصة 2002، الجزيرة نت
 المجازر الإسرائيلية، مركز المعلومات الوطني الفلسطيني

مذابح ضد الفلسطينيين
إرهاب في فلسطين تحت الانتداب البريطاني

مذابح ضد الفلسطينيين


Park i kupalište u Kaštel Lukšiću, uređena parkovna i kupališna površina.

Opis dobra
Građena je od 1590. do 1910. godine.
Predstavlja prostornu cjelinu unutar predjela Brca. Krajnja točka parka i kupališta na zapadu je kaštel Rušinac (kraj 15. st.). Na istoku cjelina završava koritom bujice Majurine. Jedan od ogranaka potoka Rušinca presijeca park i kupalište u zapadnom dijelu. Na sjeveru je kaštel Tartaglia (početak 17. st.), poslije poznat kao pansion Šoulavy po češkome liječniku koji ga je kupio i prenamijenio u pansion, prvi u Kaštelima. Dr Henrik Šoulavy je pred njim uredio prvu turističku plažu (1910. – 1912.), betonirao plato i pristanište, izgradio kabine i uveo razne rekreacijske sadržaje za turiste. Drvored topola je posađen uz put koncem 19. stoljeća te je uređeno poznato šetalište Rampada (danas dio ulice Miljenka i Dobrile). Među betonskim gatovima koje je sagradio Šoulavy formirale su se dvije šljunčane plaže.

2002. godine park koji je formiran uz kupalište predložen je za spomenik prirode. 2012. godinu kupalište i park dočekali su prilično zapušteni.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom P-5594 zavedeni su kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa preventivno zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "ostalo".

Izvori

Građevine u Kaštel Lukšiću
Zaštićena kulturna dobra u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji

Park i kupalište Šoulavy u Kaštel Lukšiću


Greatest Hits es un recopilatorio doble de grandes éxitos del grupo Aerosmith, publicado en 2008.

Lista de canciones

Disco uno

 Devil's Got a New Disguise
 Falling in Love (Is Hard on the Knees)
 I Don't Want to Miss a Thing [Pop Mix]
 Jaded
 Janie's Got a Gun
 Walk This Way [Run-D.M.C. With Tyler,perry]
 Crazy
 Hole in My Soul
 Love in an Elevator
 Pink
 Cryin'
 Rag Doll
 The Other Side
 Amazing
 Livin' on the Edge
 Girls of Summer
 Lay It Down
 Just Feel Better (Santana Feat. Steven Tyler)

Disco dos

 Baby, Please Don't Go
 Just Push Play (Radio Remix)
 Sedona Sunrise
 Nine Lives
 Angel's Eyee
 Sunshine
 Full Circle
 Can't Stop Messin'
 Dude (Looks Like a Lady)
 Fly Away from Here
 Theme from Spider Man (Álbum Versión)
 What Kind of Love Are You On
 What It Takes
 Walk on Water
 Deuces Are Wild
 Dream On
 Hangman Jury
 Blind Man
 Angel

Álbumes de 2008
Álbumes recopilatorios de Aerosmith
Álbumes de hard rock
Álbumes de rock
Álbumes en inglés

Greatest Hits (álbum de Aerosmith de 2008)


Eleodor Focșeneanu (n. 17 februarie 1925, Câmpina – d. 22 aprilie 2015, București) a fost un jurist român, avocat și om de litere, membru al baroului București, traducător și cercetător cu preocupări în domeniul dreptului constituțional.

În perioada 1992, în preajma adoptării Constituției de atunci, a publicat în ziarul România Liberă o serie de articole în foileton, în care a argumentat temeinic, pe baze juridice, faptul că forma de guvernământ republicană nu putea fi impusă arbitrar, printr-o simplă decizie politică, fără consultarea națiunii.

În lucrarea sa "Istoria constituțională a României", apărută în două ediții (cu adăugiri și completări succesive) la Editura Humanitas (1992 și 1998) și într-o a treia ediție (exclusiv în format electronic) la Google Books, 2008, Eleodor Focșeneanu face (printre altele) demonstrația juridică riguroasă, bazată pe documente certe, a abuzurilor constituționale din perioada comunistă și a neregulilor de fond survenite în regimul constituțional de după Revoluția Română din 1989: Constituția din 1991 care nu a intrat niciodată în vigoare (nefiind publicată în "Monitorul Oficial"), abuzurile asupra regimului de proprietate, contradicții în texte, etc.

Eleodor Focșeneanu a fost și primul avocat al Majestății Sale Regelui Mihai I după Revoluția Română din 1989.

Maestrului Eleodor Focșeneanu i-a fost acordată, în anul 2008, decorația Crucea Casei Regale a României.

Lucrări
 Dreptul de traducere (teză de doctorat, finalizată dar nesusținută din motive politice)
 Dicționar de buzunar spaniol-român. 20 000 de cuvinte, Editura Științifică, București, 1968
 Herberto Sales, căutătorii de diamante, traducere din limba portugheză și postfață de Eleodor Focșeneanu, Editura pentru Literatură Universală, București, 1969
 Falsul, frauda și escrocheria, articol apărut în revista Lumea liberă românească din New York, No. 153 din 7 septembrie 1991
 Legea prin care s-a proclamat republica este un fals! — Ea n-a fost adoptată de Adunarea Deputaților!, în ziarul România liberă No. 507 de marți, 15 octombrie 1991
 Senzaționala dezvăluire a celei mai cumplite minciuni din istoria României, în ziarul Momentul No. 61 de marți, 15 octombrie 1991
 Istoria constituțională a României (1859-1991), Editura Humanitas, 1992
 Dicționar spaniol-român. 17 000 de cuvinte, Editura Teora, 1995
 Constituția Japoniei, prezentare istorică, traducerea textelor din limba japoneză și îngrijirea ediției de Eleodor Focșeneanu, Editura All, București, 1997
 Două săptămâni dramatice din istoria României (17-30 decembrie 1947), Editura All, 1997
 Constituția Spaniei (traducere de Mihaela Prisăcaru - judecător). Prezentare a evoluției ordinii constituționale în Spania, de Eleodor Focșeneanu, Editura All, 1998
 Dicționar spaniol-român. 25 000 de cuvinte, Editura Teora, București, 1998
 Dumitru Brezulescu. O viață închinată țărănimii, Editura Vremea, 1998
 Istoria constituțională a României (1859-1991), Editura Humanitas, 1998, ediția a II-a revăzută, ISBN 973-28-0796-2
 Legea fundamentală pentru Republica Federală Germania, prezentare istorică, traducerea textelor din limba germană și îngrijirea ediției de Eleodor Focșeneanu, Editura All, 1998
 Care este numele complet al Constituției României?, în ziarul Lumea liberă românească din New York, No. 585 din 18 decembrie 1999
 Istoria constituțională a României (1859-2003), ediția a III-a revizuită și completată, 2008, publicată doar în format electronic la Google Books
 Două săptămâni dramatice din istoria României (17-30 decembrie 1947), Editura Curtea Veche, 2014, ediția a III-a, ISBN 978-606-588-638-4

Note

Bibliografie
 Eleodor Focșeneanu, In Memoriam, articol de Ioan-Luca Vlad pe blogul oficial al Familiei Regale a României
 Istoria constituțională a României (1859-2003) (volum disponibil integral public prin dorința autorului)
 Eleodor Focșeneanu - Istoria constituțională a României (1859-2003), ediția a IV-a, Editura EIKON, București, 2018, ISBN 978-606-711-830-8

Referințe

Nașteri în 1925
Decese în 2015
Avocați români
Juriști români
Câmpineni
Nașteri pe 17 februarie
Decese pe 22 aprilie

Eleodor Focșeneanu


Macaduma este un gen de insecte lepidoptere din familia Arctiidae.

Specii

 Macaduma albata
 Macaduma aroa
 Macaduma biangulata
 Macaduma bipunctata
 Macaduma castanea
 Macaduma castaneofusca
 Macaduma castaneogriseata
 Macaduma corvina
 Macaduma costimacula
 Macaduma cristata
 Macaduma feliscaudata
 Macaduma foliacea
 Macaduma fuliginosa
 Macaduma fusca
 Macaduma indistincta
 Macaduma indistinctilinea
 Macaduma irrorella
 Macaduma lichenia
 Macaduma macrosema
 Macaduma medioumbra
 Macaduma micans
 Macaduma montana
 Macaduma nigripuncta
 Macaduma pallicosta
 Macaduma picroptila
 Macaduma postflavida
 Macaduma quercifolia
 Macaduma recurva
 Macaduma reducta
 Macaduma rufa
 Macaduma rufoumbrata
 Macaduma samoënsis
 Macaduma sericeoides
 Macaduma sordidescens
 Macaduma striata
 Macaduma subfoliacea
 Macaduma tortricella
 Macaduma tortricoides
 Macaduma toxophora

Referințe

Legături externe

Galerie

Macaduma

Macaduma


Molza est un nom propre italien et polonais qui peut faire référence à :

Patronyme

 Francesco Maria Molza (1489-1544), poète latin et italien ;
 Tarquinia Molza (1542-1617), compositrice, musicienne, poétesse et naturaliste italienne.

Toponyme

 Molza, village polonais de la voïvodie de Varmie-Mazurie, dans le powiat d'Ostróda.

Patronyme italien
Toponymie polonaise

Molza


Die Copa del Rey 1919 war die 17. Austragung des spanischen Fußballpokals.

Der Wettbewerb startete am 13. April und endete mit dem Finale am 18. Mai 1919 im Estadio del Paseo Martínez Campos in Madrid. Titelverteidiger des Pokalwettbewerbes war Real Unión. Den Titel gewann Arenas Club durch einen 5:2-Erfolg nach Verlängerung im Finale gegen den FC Barcelona.

Teilnehmer

Konnten die im Viertel- bzw. Halbfinale aufeinandertreffenden Mannschaften jeweils eines der Spiele gewinnen, wurde nicht das Torverhältnis zur Bestimmung des Siegers herangezogen, sondern ein Entscheidungsspiel ausgetragen.

Viertelfinale
Die Hinspiele wurden am 30. März und 13. April, die Rückspiele am 6. und 20. April 1919 ausgetragen.

|}

Entscheidungsspiele

|}

Halbfinale
Die Hinspiele wurden am 27. April und 4. Mai, die Rückspiele am 30. April und 11. Mai 1919 ausgetragen.

|}

Finale

Durch diese – wenn auch durch eine Verlängerung begünstigte – überaus hohe 5:2-Gala konnte Arenas Club de Getxo seinen ersten und bis heute einzigen spanischen Pokal bei bisher insgesamt vier Endspielteilnahmen gewinnen.

Siegermannschaft

Weblinks
 Spielplan und Ergebnisse bei RSSSF (englisch)
 Spielplan und Ergebnisse auf linguasport.com (spanisch)

1919
Fußballsaison 1919

Copa del Rey 1919


දමස්කස් ( ) යනු සිරියාවේ අගනුවර වන අතර එය අලෙප්පෝ වලට පසු සිරියාවේ දෙවන විශාලතම නගරය ද වෙයි. සිරියාව තුළ එය බහුලව හැඳින්වෙන්නේ අශ්-ෂාම් ( ) යන නමින් වන අතර ජැස්මින් නගරය ( ) යන අන්වර්ථ නාමයෙන් ද හැඳින්වෙයි. අඛණ්ඩව ජනාවාසව පැවති      ලොව පැරණිතම නගරයක් වන දමස්කස්, ලෙවන්තයේ ප්‍රධාන ආගමික සහ සංස්කෘතික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් වෙයි. ඇස්තමේන්තුගත 1,711,000 ක ජනගහණයක් (2009 est.). වාසය කරයි.

දමස්කස් පිහිටන්නේ සිරියාවේ නිරිතදිග ප්‍රදේශයේ ය. මිලියන 2.6 ක ජනතාවක් වාසය කරන පරිපාලන කලාපයක කේන්ද්‍රය දමස්කස් වෙයි. භූගෝලීය වශයෙන් Anti-Lebanon කඳුකරයේ නැගෙනහිර පාමුල, මධ්‍යදරණී මුහුදු වෙරළේ සිට කිලෝමීටර් 80 (සැතපුම් 50) ක් රට තුළට වන්නට, මුහුදු මට්ටමේ සිට මීටර් 680 (2,230 ft) ක් ඉහළින් පිහිටි සානුවක පිහිටන දමස්කසයේ පවතින්නේ අර්ධ ශුෂ්ක දේශගුණයකි. එයට හේතු වන්නේ කඳුකරය මගින් වර්ෂාව ආවරණය කිරීම යි. බරදා නදිය දමස්කසය හරහා ගලා බසී.

ආශ්‍රිත

ආසියාව
සිරියාව
අගනගර
බටහිර ආසියාව
ලෝක උරුම අඩවි

දමස්කස්


Gorky Park is a 1981 crime novel written by American author Martin Cruz Smith.

Set in the Soviet Union during the Cold War, Gorky Park is the first book in a series featuring the character Arkady Renko, a Moscow homicide investigator. Two subsequent books, Polar Star and Red Square, are also set during the Soviet era. Seven further books starring Renko take place after the fall of the Soviet Union. These are Havana Bay, set in  communist Cuba; Wolves Eat Dogs, which follows Renko in the disaster of Chernobyl; Stalin's Ghost, in which Arkady returns to a Russia led by Vladimir Putin; Three Stations; Tatiana; The Siberian Dilemma; and Independence Square.

Gorky Park was a major best-seller, vaulting Smith to fame after a decade as a moderately successful professional author. The novel was praised for the authenticity with which it depicted life in the Soviet Union during the Cold War. It was adapted into a successful 1983 film of the same name.

Plot
The story follows Arkady Renko, a chief investigator for the Moscow militsiya, who is assigned to a case involving three corpses found in Gorky Park, a large urban park in Moscow. The victims - two men and a woman - were shot, and have had their faces and fingertips cut off by the murderer to prevent identification.

Ice skates found on the woman's body lead Arkady to Irina Asanova, a wardrobe girl at a movie studio, who claims that she reported them stolen, and has no idea how they ended up with the victims.  However, Arkady tentatively identifies the three bodies as known associates of Irina: her friend Valerya Davidova, Valerya's boyfriend Kostia Borodin, and an American expatriate student named James Kirwill.  Arkady gives the woman's skull to Professor Andreev, an anthropologist at Moscow University, who specializes in reconstructing whole faces from bone structure.

At a bathhouse, Arkady's superior, Chief Prosecutor Iamskoy, introduces Arkady to an American fur millionaire, John Osborne, who regularly visits Russia.  When Arkady begins to suspect a connection between Osborne and the murders, he is warned by his associate, Mendel, a junior official in the Soviet Trade Ministry, that Osborne is an informant for the KGB, and thus regarded as a "friend" by all of Arkady's superiors.

Arkady's problems escalate when his partner is shot to death investigating Davidova's apartment, and Kirwill's elder brother William, a detective with the New York City Police Department who speaks fluent Russian, arrives in Moscow intending to find and kill his brother's murderer.  Arkady tries to discover as much as he can from Kirwill to confirm the corpse's identity, without admitting that he suspects Osborne.

When Irina is attacked on the Moscow underground, Arkady hides her in his own apartment, vacant since his wife, Zoya, left him for one of her colleagues at the school where she teaches.

Arkady reluctantly pays a visit to his father, retired Red Army General Renko, a.k.a. "Stalin's Favorite General", a.k.a. "The Butcher of Ukraine".  The elder Renko remembers that Osborne was an O.S.S. officer attached to the Red Army during the Nazi invasion, tasked with interrogating three captured S.S. officers.  Thanks to his charm and fluent German, Osborne got the information he needed from the officers over a friendly picnic in the countryside, then shot all three of them dead - almost exactly the manner in which the three bodies in Gorky Park were killed.

Arkady and Irina become lovers after admitting their mutual attraction, but Arkady is convinced that she knows about Osborne's connection with the three victims, except she believes that Osborne has helped Valerya and Kostia to defect to America, with their friend Kirwill, a radical anti-Soviet, hoping to claim a publicity victory for having facilitated their escape.  To convince Irina that Valerya is dead, Arkady sets up a situation in which he is going to show her Professor Andreev's reconstruction, even though by this point the reconstruction has been destroyed by Renko's higher-ups. The ruse works, and she admits that her friend is dead rather than have to look at the reconstructed head.

Despite being born into the nomenklatura himself, Arkady exposes corruption and dishonesty on the part of influential and well-protected members of the elite, regardless of the consequences.  This rebounds on him when his own superior, Iamskoy, and his best friend, a lawyer named Misha, are both revealed to be working with Osborne.  Arkady flees a meeting with Misha before a gang of killers arrive, but is too late to prevent Iamskoy from appropriating the reconstructed head and destroying it.
Arkady confronts Osborne at gunpoint as he is about to leave the country, but Osborne informs him that Iamskoy has already kidnapped Irina, and if Arkady lets Osborne go and rushes to the university campus, he might be just in time to save her.  Arkady does so, killing Iamskoy and Osborne's chief henchman, but suffering a near fatal stomach wound.

He recuperates in the custody of the State, being regularly interrogated by the KGB and watched over by his old antagonist, KGB Major Pribluda.  In spite of his weakened state, Arkady laughs when he realizes from his interrogators' questions that Iamskoy was himself a high-ranking KGB officer, planted as a spy in the militsiya, and his superiors were badly embarrassed to find that he betrayed them to help Osborne.

Months later, Arkady is brought before a KGB General who confirms what Arkady already suspected: that Kostia Borodin (an expert hunter) and Valerya helped Osborne to trap and smuggle live sables - the only high-quality fur-bearing animal on which the Soviet Union enjoys a monopoly - out of Russia.  They believed Osborne would help them defect in exchange, but instead he killed them.  Now, after several months of negotiations, Osborne has agreed to return the sables in exchange for Arkady being released and brought to America.

Arkady's brief trip to New York City reunites him with Osborne, Irina, and Kirwill in succession.  Arkady is outraged when Osborne tells him that he and Irina are lovers, but Irina swears that she only slept with Osborne twice - once to convince him to help her defect, and once more to convince him to bring Arkady to America.

FBI agents escort Arkady and Irina to Osborne's ranch on Staten Island where the exchange is supposed to take place. During the trip Arkady realizes that, to avoid a diplomatic incident, the FBI agents plan to let Osborne kill him and Irina before allowing KGB agents, who are tailing them, to kill Osborne. When they arrive at the ranch the group finds Kirwill, shot and disemboweled.  He finally identified Osborne as his brother's killer, but was overcome by Osborne's attack dogs when he came to confront him.

Osborne appears, armed with a hunting rifle, and Arkady convinces him that the FBI is planning a betrayal. Osborne shoots two of the FBI agents as two KGB agents arrive, and the KGB and FBI agents are killed in the chaotic firefight that ensues.  Osborne finally corners and wounds Arkady in the sable pens. Arkady gains the upper hand by releasing several of the sables, causing Osborne to rush recklessly into the pen where Arkady is able to shoot and kill him. Irina arrives and says that she wants to stay in America, but Arkady, finding America to be as corrupt as the Soviet Union, chooses to return to the latter; he also knows that if he does return home, the Soviet authorities will be less inclined to demand Irina's return.

Realizing that the only way to reduce his superiors' ire is to kill all the illicit sables, Arkady picks up Osborne's hunting rifle, but instead he decides to break open their cages and release them into the forest.

Pathoheterodoxy Syndrome
Pathoheterodoxy Syndrome is a fictional mental illness. It is the idea of a misguided arrogance. The syndrome was said to be contracted by Chief Investigator Renko, who was thus described by a KGB agent:

Ideas and influences
Smith satirically created the concept of "Pathoheterodoxy" to show the way that the Soviet Union would have characterised Soviet dissidents and their failure to obey and conform. While the syndrome itself is fictional, the incident also alludes to the very real Soviet practice of diagnosing  dissidents with "sluggish schizophrenia", and of forcibly treating them with psychotropic drugs.  Renko's love interest, Irina, was likewise revealed to have been institutionalized for similarly false "psychiatric problems" and forcibly treated at some earlier time, resulting in a tumor that left her with a severe facial blemish and blind in one eye.

Critical reception
Smith returned to the U.S. after a visit to the Soviet Union in 1971 with the idea for a novel about a Russian detective, but his publisher was unimpressed. He continued work on Gorky Park for a decade before the novel was finally published in 1981.

The Washington Post said of Gorky Park that "More perhaps than any other recent work of American fiction, this one conveys a feeling for the Soviet Union, its capital, its moods ands its people." The New York Times said the Gorky Park "reminds you just how satisfying a smoothly turned thriller can be."
In 2016, the Strand Magazine named Gorky Park one of the top five Cold War spy novels. The Guardian said that "the book's depiction of contemporary Soviet life was so alarmingly accurate, it was soon banned in the Soviet Union" and "became popular with dissident [Soviet] intellectuals." Gorky Park was awarded the Crime Writers Association's Gold Dagger award in 1981.

Although the authenticity of Gorky Park is often praised, Cruz Smith spent only two weeks in Russia researching the book, relying mostly on libraries and interviews with Russian immigrants in the United States for the details about life in Cold War Moscow.

Film Adaptation
In 1983 a film adaptation of the novel was released starring William Hurt as Arkady, Joanna Pacula as Irina, Lee Marvin as Osborne and Brian Dennehy as Kirwill.

See also
Child 44
Fatherland (novel)
Flower Net

References

External links
 Martin Cruz Smith official site
 Martin Cruz Smith discusses Gorky Park on the BBC World Book Club

1981 American novels
Arkady Renko
Novels by Martin Cruz Smith
American novels adapted into films
Soviet Union in fiction
Random House books
Novels set in Moscow
Novels set in the Commonwealth of Independent States

Gorky Park (novel)


Pentagonia costaricensis es una especie de arbusto en la familia de las rubiáceas. Se encuentra en Centroamérica.

Descripción
Es un arbusto o arbolito ramificado, que alcanza un tamaño de hasta 20 m de alto, pubérulo a glabrescente. Las hojas ampliamente elípticas, de 20–55 cm de largo y 10–20 cm de ancho, el ápice obtuso, con la base redondeada a truncada, cartáceas, nervios secundarios 8–11 pares; pecíolos 2.5–7 cm de largo; estípulas 30–80 mm de largo. Las inflorescencias son cimosas, de 7–12 cm de largo y 5–15 cm de ancho, con pedúnculo 5–10 mm de largo, pedicelos 0–7 mm de largo; limbo calicino 2–4 mm de largo, sinuado a brevemente lobulado; corola infundibuliforme, cremosa a amarilla, tubo 16–20 mm de largo, lobos 3–6 mm de largo. Frutos 1.5–2 cm de diámetro.

Distribución y hábitat
Se encuentra en los bosques húmedos en Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panamá y Colombia.

Taxonomía
Pentagonia costaricensis fue descrita por (Standl.) W.C.Burger & C.M.Taylor y publicado en Fieldiana, Botany New Series 33: 213, f. 14, en el año 1993.
Sinonimia
Nothophlebia costaricensis Standl.

Referencias

costaricensis

Pentagonia costaricensis


Regionalna liga Slavonije i Baranje je predstavljala 4. rang nogometnog natjecanja u SFRJ. Ovo je bila prva sezona kako je osnovana ova liga. Prvak bi se kvalificirao u Jedinstvenu republičku ligu, dok bi posljednjeplasirani ispadali u Slavonsku nogometnu zonu.

Izvori

 Dragutin Kerže: "Olimpija, simbol Donjega grada 1923. – 2003.", Nogometni klub Olimpija, Osijek, 2003.,

1979-80
1979-80
Slavonija

Regionalna nogometna liga Slavonije i Baranje 1979./80.


Ammopiptanthus,  biljni rod iz porodice mahunarki kojemu pripadaju dvije vrste trajnica (grmovi) iz Kine, Mongolije i Kirgistana

Rod je smješten u  tribus Sophoreae, dio potporodice Faboideae.

Vrste
 Ammopiptanthus mongolicus (Maxim. ex Kom.) S.H.Cheng
 Ammopiptanthus nanus (Popov) S.H.Cheng

Izvori

Sophoreae

Ammopiptanthus


Álvaro Thais (Indaial, Santa Catarina, 22 de marzo de 1948), más recordado por su personaje de líder religioso (Inri Cristo). Álvaro es un brasileño a veces excéntrico conocido en diversas partes de Brasil que se presenta como la reencarnación de Jesucristo desde hace mucho tiempo. Antes de seguir su carrera artística, Álvaro fue creado en el interior de Blumenau y tu hermano era operador de audio en una radio de la región. Posteriormente llegó en Curitiba cuando se hizo famoso por la actuación de su personaje en programas de televisión humorísticos, llegando a participar en una campaña publicitaria. El catarinense ya apareció en programa de Silvio Santos, Programa do Jô, Programa do Ratinho, Superpop, O Estranho Mundo de Zé do Caixão, Pânico, Pânico na TV, CQC y QG Podcast, donde él debate con otras personalidades, como el padre Óscar González Quevedo y el Toninho do Diabo.

Biografía

Inri Cristo fundó la institución Suprema Ordem Universal da Santíssima Trindade (Suprema Orden Universal de la Santísima Trinidad, SOUST) 28 de febrero de 1982, en la Catedral Metropolitana de Belém. SOUST se instaló  en Curitiba, hasta su instalación definitiva en Brasilia en 2006.

Inri Cristo siempre ha estado rodeado de mucha controversia y ha dado muchas entrevistas. Hijo de Magdalena y Wilhelm Thais, su apellido Thais es el resultado de un error tipográfico en el "Theiss" original en alemán.

En 1979, afirma haber tenido la revelación de su verdadera identidad, después de hacer un ayuno de unos días en Santiago, Chile. Antes de eso, él era conocido como Yuri de Nostradamus, el nombre que adoptó como vidente y consejero.

Entonces la supuesta revelación vino a predicar su doctrina, habiendo visitado varios países de América Latina y Europa. Fue expulsado de Gran Bretaña y EE. UU., pero fue acogido en Francia durante nueve meses. De regreso a Brasil, después de años de proceso por falsificación, la Corte del Estado de Paraná reconoció su derecho a utilizar el nombre de Cristo Inri junto con su nombre de pila en todos sus documentos.

La adopción del nombre «INRI» se produjo después de un periódico mexicano publicó este nombre. Esto sería considerado como la primera señal después de la revelación en Santiago, él era el Cristo "reencarnado". INRI, que significa «Jesús Nazareno Rey de los Judíos», sería de acuerdo con la revelación el nuevo nombre con el que regresó Cristo.

Inri ha hecho campañas para el público más joven mediante la creación de versiones "místicas" de las canciones de artistas tan populares como Justin Bieber, Britney Spears, PSY, entre muchos otros. Los clips, son siempre cantados por las inriquetes, el seudónimo con el que son conocidas las seguidoras de Inri Cristo.

No es el verdadero mesias:

"Mirad que nadie os engañe.

"Porque vendrán muchos en mi nombre, diciendo: Yo soy el Cristo; y a muchos engañarán.(Mateo 24,38)

Véase también
 SOUST
 Complejo de Mesías
 Síndrome de Jerusalén
 Narcisismo

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Inri Cristo: la revelación de un absurdo (análisis psicológico)
 Inri Cristo vs Sacerdote Quevedo
 É certo que riste: humor no Cristianismo

Religiosos de Brasil
Líderes de sectas
Adherentes a nuevos movimientos religiosos
Personas proclamadas mesías
Nacidos en Santa Catarina

Inri Cristo


Tina McElroy Ansa (nascida em 18 de novembro de 1949) é uma romancista afro-americana, cineasta, professora, empresária e jornalista. Seu trabalho apareceu no Los Angeles Times, Newsday, The Atlanta Constitution, Florida Times-Union, Essence Magazine, The Crisis, Ms. Magazine, America Magazine e Atlanta Magazine.

Vida pessoal
Nascida Tina McElroy, filha de Walter J. e Nellie McElroy em Macon, Geórgia, onde ela cresceu no bairro de Pleasant Hill. Ansa se formou no Spelman College e foi casada com Jonée Ansa, um cineasta, por 42 anos. Ansa mora em St. Simons Island, Geórgia, onde escreve, edita e publica por meio de sua DownSouth Press.

Carreira como escritora
Depois de se formar na faculdade e trabalhar por vários anos em vários cargos no Atlanta Constitution, Ansa escreveu vários romances e tem colaborado com frequência em vários periódicos, incluindo Los Angeles Times, Newsday e Atlanta Journal-Constitution.

A ficção de Ansa retrata uma variedade de mulheres negras no recente e moderno sul americano, com uma mistura do sobrenatural e da superstição tradicional. Seu primeiro romance, Baby of the Family, foi nomeado Livro Notável do Ano pelo The New York Times . Baby of the Family também estava na lista dos mais vendidos da América Africana para ficção de bolso. Em outubro de 2001, Baby of the Family foi escolhido pelo Georgia Center for the Book como um dos "25 melhores livros que todo georgiano deveria ler". O livro foi selecionado para os Melhores Livros para Jovens Adultos da American Library Association em 1990 e ganhou o Georgia Authors Series Award de 1989.

Ela ministra oficinas de redação no Spelman College, Emory University e Coastal Georgia Community College . Ansa e seu marido estão atualmente adaptando Baby of the Family para a tela em um longa-metragem estrelado por Alfre Woodard, Loretta Devine, Sheryl Lee Ralph, Vanessa A. Williams, Todd Bridges, Pam Grier.

Em março de 2007, a Ansa lançou uma editora independente, a DownSouth Press, com foco na literatura afro-americana.  Seu quinto romance, Taking After Mudear, foi o título principal na primeira lista da DownSouth Press no outono de 2007.

Bibliografia

 O Bebê da Família (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1989. )
 Maneiras feias (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Co., 1995.)
 A mão com a qual abano (Nova York: Doubleday, 1998.)
 Você sabe melhor (Nova York: William Morrow, 2002.)
 "Rachel" em Mending the World: Stories of Family by Contemporary Black Writers, Rosemarie Robotham, editora (New York: BasicCivitas Books, 2003.)

Referências

Ligações externas

 Website oficial
 Papéis de Tina McElroy Ansa no Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Arquivos e Biblioteca de Livros Raros

Mulheres romancistas dos Estados Unidos
Pessoas vivas
Nascidos em 1949
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Negres)
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Mais Pretas)

Tina McElroy Ansa


Armanas ist ein männlicher litauischer Vorname.

Personen
Armanas Abramavičius (* 1962), Strafrechtler, Richter des Obersten Gerichts Litauens, ehemaliger Verfassungsrichter und Verwaltungsjurist (Präsidentenberater)

Männlicher Vorname
Litauischer Vorname

Armanas


يشير مصطلح المجتمع المدني إلى كل أنواع الأنشطة التطوعية التي تنظمها الجماعة حول مصالح وقيم وأهداف مشتركة. وتشمل هذه الأنشطة المتنوعة الغاية التي ينخرط فيها المجتمع المدني تقديم الخدمات، أو دعم التعليم المستقل، أو التأثير على السياسات العامة. ففي إطار هذا النشاط الأخير مثلا، يجوز أن يجتمع مواطنون خارج دائرة العمل الحكومي لنشر المعلومات حول السياسات، أو ممارسة الضغوط بشأنها، أو تعزيزها (معاقبة صانعي السياسات أو مكافأتهم).

يضم المجتمع المدني مجموعة واسعة النطاق من المنظمات غير الحكومية والمنظمات غير الربحية التي لها وجودٌ في الحياة العامة وتنهض بعبء التعبير عن اهتمامات وقيم أعضائها أو الآخرين، استناداً إلى اعتبارات أخلاقية أو ثقافية أو سياسية أو علمية أو دينية أو خيرية.

و من ثم يشير مصطلح منظمات المجتمع المدني إلى جمعيات ينشئها أشخاص تعمل لنصرة قضية مشتركة. وهي تشمل المنظمات غير الحكومية، والنقابات العمالية، وجماعات السكان الأصليين، والمنظمات الخيرية، والمنظمات الدينية، والنقابات المهنية، ومؤسسات العمل الخيري. أما الميزة المشتركة التي تجمع بين منظمات المجتمع المدني كافة، على شدة تنوعها، فهي تتمثل باستقلالها عن الحكومة والقطاع الخاص أقله من حيث المبدأ. ولعل هذا الطابع الاستقلالي هو ما يسمح لهذه المنظمات بأن تعمل على الأرض وتضطلع بدور هام في أي نظام ديمقراطي.

تعريف المصطلح

ثمة اجتهادات متنوعة في تعريف مفهوم المجتمع المدني تعبر عن تطور المفهوم والجدل حول طبيعته وأشكاله وأدواره. فالمعنى المشاع للمفهوم هو «المجتمع السياسي» الذي يحكمه القانون تحت سلطة الدولة. لكن المعنى الأكثر شيوعاً هو تمييز المجتمع المدني عن الدولة، بوصفه مجالاً لعمل الجمعيات التطوعية والاتحادات مثل النوادي الرياضية وجمعيات رجال الأعمال وجماعات الرفق بالحيوان، وجمعيات حقوق الإنسان، واتحادات العمال وغيرها. أي أن المجتمع المدني يتكون مما أطلق عليه إدموند بيرك الأسرة الكبيرة.

في المقام الأول يهتم المرء بسبل عمله ومعيشته، ليكفي حاجته وحاجة أفراد أسرته بالغذاء والسكن وغير ذلك من لوازم الحياة. ولكن يوجد بجانب ذلك أشخاص كثيرون يهتمون بالمجتمع الذي يعيشون فيه، ويكونون على استعداد للتطوع وإفادة الآخرين. أي أن المجتمع المدني ينمو بمقدار استعداد أفراده على العطاء بدون مقابل لإفادة الجماعة. هذا يعتبر من «الإيثار العام». وفي المجتمعات الديموقراطية تشجع على ذلك النشاط الحكومات.

قضايا مثارة حول المفهوم ومصداقيته

يستخدم المجتمع المدني عادة كمفهوم وصفي لتقييم التوازن بين سلطة الدولة من جهة، والهيئات والتجمعات الخاصة من جهة أخرى فالشمولية مثلاً تقوم على إلغاء المجتمع المدني، ومن ثم يوصف نمو التجمعات والأندية الخاصة وجماعات الضغط والنقابات العمالية المستقلة في المجتمعات الشيوعية السابقة بعد انهيار الحكم الشيوعي، توصف هذه الظواهر بعودة المجتمع المدني.

ومع ذلك، يلتصق مفهوم المجتمع المدني في أغلب الحالات بدلالات معيارية وأيديولوجية. فوفقاً للرؤية الليبرالية التقليدية، يتسم المجتمع المدني بأنه مجال  تطوع  الاختيار ، والحرية الشخصية ، و المسئولية الفردية ، تجاه المجتمع الذي يعيش فيه المرء ويريد العطاء له بما لديه من إمكانيات معرفة أو أمكانيات مادية. أي أن المجتمع المدني يتيح للأفراد المجال لتشكيل مصائرهم الخاصة ومساعدة الآخرين. ويفسر ذلك أهمية وجود مجتمع مدني قوى متسم بالحيوية في صورة تأسيس جمعيات تطوعية ومنتديات وجمعيات خيرية كملمح أساسي للديموقراطية الليبرالية، والتفضيل الأخلاقي لدى الليبراليين التقليديين للمجتمع المدني، وهو ما يظهر في الرغبة في تعضيد عمل الأجهزة التنفيذية في الدولة عن طريق النشاط في المجال الخاص.

وعلى النقيض من ذلك، يوضح الاستخدام الهيجلي للمفهوم أبعاده السلبية حيث يضع أنانية المجتمع المدني في مواجهة الإيثار المعزز في إطار كل من الأسرة والدولة، من ناحية ثالثة، فإن الماركسيين والشيوعيين عادة ما ينظرون إلى المجتمع المدني بصورة سلبية حيث يربطونه بالهيكل الطبقي غير المتكافئ والمظالم الاجتماعية. وتبرر مثل هذه الآراء التخلص من الهيكل القائم للمجتمع المدني كلية، أو تقليص المجتمع المدني من خلال التوسع في قوة الدولة ودورها التنظيمي. ولكن التاريخ يبين أن تلك السياسات الماركسية والشيوعية والاستبدادية قد فشلت.

المجتمع المدني والاقتصاد

لا يقتصر المجتمع المدني على التطوع الفردي فقط بغرض تحقيق فائدة اجتماعية للناس أو تكوين اتحادات مع أناس يشتركون في ممارسة رياضة أو هواية مشتركة في أوقات الفراغ، بل تشمل أيضا حرية تأسيس شركات ومؤسسات أهلية للتجارة أو الإنتاج الصناعي. فبتزايد الشركات المساهمة التي تنشؤها الأهالي تزداد فرص العمل، ويقل العبء على الدولة لتوفير عمل لكل مواطن، ويتيح للحكومة أن تهتم بالتعليم من المدرسة الابتدائية إلى الدراسة الجامعية والتأهيل الجيد للشباب ليقوم بعد ذلك بالمشاركة الفعالة في الإنتاج. ومن واجبات الدولة بناء البنية التحتية ومثلا الاهتمام بالمواصلات وتسيير السكك الحديدية، والبريد. فالمجتمع المدني هو تضامن اجتماعي يشمل الجميع، يشمل الترابط بين صاحب العمل والعمال، ويكون للدولة والجهاز التشريعي فيها باصدار القوانين التي تحدد علاقة صاحب العمل بالعامل والعمال، كما تصدر القوانين الخاصة بالتأمين الصحي للعمال والموظفين.

تتبع النمسا وألمانيا مفهوم المجتمع المدني على هذا المفهوم الموسع، حيث تتيح الدولة للاهالي إنشاء شركات ومؤسسات تساهمية إلى أبعد الحدود. وفي الوقت التي تقوم فيه الدولة بإنشاء المقومات الأساسية مثل بناء البنية التحتية، وتشغيل السكك الحديدية والمواني، والبريد، فهي تهتم أيضا بأن تقوم الأجهزة التشريعية بتحديد العلاقة بين صاحب العمل والعامل والعمال. فمثلا يقرر المشرع بأن يكون التأمين الصحي للعامل وذويه من القصر مناصفة بين صاحب العمل والعامل. كما ينظم المشرع تأمين العامل ضد البطالة إذا ما ساء حال شركة ما واضطرت لتسريح بعضا من عمالها. فالدولة هي التي تقوم بتحصيل تأمين البطالة من المنبع (أي من الشركة أو المؤسسة مباشرة) وتحدده وترفعه بحسب نقص أو غلاء الأسعار، وهي التي تقوم بعد ذلك بدفع إعانة البطالة للعامل بالقدر وللمدة التي حددها القانون.

معظم الشركات الألمانية والنمساوية الكبيرة، مثل سيمنز ودايملر بنز وكروب للحديد والصلب، وباير للصناعات الكيميائية وصناعة الدواء هي شركات مساهمة تمتلكها الأهالي.
فهي أدوات إنتاجية وتوفر فرص العمل والعلاقة بينها وبين العملين فيها ينظمها المشرع، فهي منظومة نشطة للتضامن الاجتماعي وتحقيق الرخاء.

انظر أيضا
 اقتصاد السوق
 حقوق الإنسان
 قانون الحفاظ على الحيوان
 جمعية رعاية
 جمعية تطوعية
 ديموقراطية حديثة
 تعددية هيكلية

مصادر

 ترجمة لتعريف مفهوم «المجتمع المدني» من:

Heywood,Andrew.(2000).''Key Concepts In politics".Basingstoke,England: Palgrave,P.17.

وصلات خارجية
 نظرة شاملة عن المجتمع المدني في العالم العربي 2007 من موقع انتراك
 مصطلحات المشاركة المدنية -المعهد الديمقراطي الوطني - 2009
 موقع لتطوير قدرات المجتمع المدني أنا ديجيتال
 أدلة بالعربية لتطوير قدرات المجتمع المدني على موقع سيفيكس
 قائمة بالمنشورات العربية للمعهد الديمقراطي الوطني
 أدلة ومطبوعات حول تعزيز المجتمع المدني من موقع شبكة الديمقراطيين في العالم العربي
 مكتبة معهد الرواد

بالإنجليزية:
 ActNow Toolkit
 Action Tips on dosomething.org

مجتمع مدني

اقتصاد اجتماعي
بناء المجتمعات
ديمقراطية
منظمات

مجتمع مدني


Flirt Rocks dva su nenaseljena stjenovita otočića u blizini otoka Anguille, u Karipskim Zavjetrinskim otocima. Nalaze se 1.21 km sjeverno od Prickly Pear Caysa. Seal Reef se nalazi istočno od Flirt Rocks.

Dva su otočića u skupini: Great Flirt Rock i Little Flirt Rock. Great Flirt Rock () je otprilike 6.1 m iznad razine mora dok je Little Flirt () visine otprilike 2.5 m do 3.0 m.

Izvori

Otoci Angvile

Flirt Rocks


Jesús Vázquez Alcalde, né le  à Mérida, est un footballeur espagnol. Il évolue au poste d'arrière latéral gauche au Valence CF.

Biographie
Jesús Vázquez Alcalde nait le  à Mérida, ville où son père  évoluait comme au CP Mérida. En 2008, son père devient membre du secrétariat technique du Valencia Club de Fútbol, et à l'âge de cinq ans, il entre à l'académie de football du club. Au sein de l'équipe des jeunes, il impressionne tous ses entraîneurs. Il se positionne au poste d'arrière gauche, poste occupé précédemment au club par Jordi Alba ou Juan Bernat.

En septembre 2018, à l'âge de 15 ans, il fait ses débuts, sous la direction de Mista, dans la Ligue de la jeunesse de l'UEFA et dispute quatre rencontres contre les équipes de jeunes de la Juventus Turin, de Manchester United et des Young Boys de Berne. La saison suivante, il dispute trois rencontres dans la même compétition et, est appelé pour la première fois avec Valencia Mestalla, l'équipe réserve du Valencia CF. Il fait ses débuts senior avec la réserve le  novembre 2020, dans une rencontre de Segunda División B contre le Hércules CF, les deux équipes se séparent sur un match nul sans buts.

Il intègre le groupe professionnel dès 2020 a à peine 17 ans, pour pallier le manque de remplaçants lors des séances d'entraînement. Avec la blessure de José Gayà, le titulaire du poste, il s'entraîne encore plus avec l'équipe première,6 et, à la suite du résultat positif au COVID-19 de Toni Lato, il fait ses débuts en équipe première, le 16 décembre, dans une rencontre du premier tour de la Copa del Rey au stade olympique de Terrassa contre le Terrassa FC. Il reste un titulaire indiscutable du Valencia Mestalla tout au long de la saison, jouant un total de 22 matchs et marquant un but lors de la  journée, le 21 mars 2021, contre le CD Alcoyano à stade El Collao, mais ne peut empêcher la relégation de l'équipe en Tercera División.

Le 31 mai 2021, il est confirmé qu'il prolonge son contrat avec le club jusqu'en 2025. Il fait ses débuts en championnat le 28 août, remplaçant tardivement Denis Cheryshev lors d'une victoire trois buts à zéro à domicile contre le Deportivo Alavés.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Footballeur espagnol
Joueur du Valence CF
Naissance en janvier 2003
Naissance à Mérida (Espagne)

Jesús Vázquez (football, 2003)