Kimon Georgiev Stoyanov (; August 11, 1882 – September 28, 1969) was a Bulgarian general who was the Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Bulgaria from 1934 to 1935 and again from 1944 to 1946.

Born in Pazardzhik in a middle-class family, he would begin his military career in 1902 where he started from second-lieutenant and finished as a lieutenant colonel. He began his political career, playing an important role in the 1923 Bulgarian coup d'état and being a minister in Andrey Lyapchev's cabinet. He would leave it and create the political circle Zveno in which he committed the 1934 Bulgarian coup d'état with the help of the Military Union, in which he became Prime Minister and then counter-couped by Boris III in 1935. He has been characterized as an authoritarian and an anti-communist in his early political career life. After becoming loyal to the Bulgarian Communist Party, he would become Prime Minister once again from 1944 to 1946.

Early life and education
Kimon Georgiev Stoyanov was born on 11 August 1882 in the town of Tatar Pazardzhik, then part of Eastern Rumelia, into a middle-class family. His paternal grandfather, called Stoyan Balkachiyata, moved to the town from the village of Debrashtitsa in the early 19th century. His father was Georgi Stoyanov Krustyov, born around 1848. His maternal grandfather was Todor Bogdanov, who came to Pazardzhik from the village of Kalugerovo. His mother was Maria Bogdanova-Abadzhieva, born around 1858. He had an older brother and sister, so he was the youngest child in his family. At the time, his father died of tuberculosis only three months after his birth.

He graduated primary education in Pazardzhik in 1897. He was firstly interested in engineering, but his family couldn't afford to study abroad, so they later directed him into starting his military career, where he was accepted into the Military University in Sofia.

Military career

He graduated in 1902 and was promoted to second-lieutenant on 1 January 1902 at an official ceremony in the Tsar's Palace. He was also a commander in the 3rd Reserve Regiment of the 2nd Infantry Thracian Division in Peshtera, then moved to Pazardzhik. There, he was promoted to lieutenant in 1905 and then commander.

Balkan Wars
On mobilization on the eve of the First Balkan War, Kimon Georgiev became commander of the 2nd Company of the 27th Chepinski Infantry Regiment in Pazardzhik, which was shortly afterwards transferred to the frontier at Ladzhene. The regiment was part of the Rhodope detachment commanded by General Stiliyan Kovachev and after the outbreak of the war in early October advanced westwards towards Mehomiya. Georgiev's company was among the units that captured Predela and moved briefly into the Struma Valley, supporting the advance of the Seventh Rila Infantry Division, then returned via Bansko and continued south through Breznitsa, Nevrokop, Sadovo and Banitsa to Serres. From Serres, the Twenty-seventh Regiment advanced rapidly towards Salonika, but was halted after Xylopoli, as the Seventh Division and Greek troops were already in the city. He was then promoted to captain in 1913 and then appointed as a commander of an infantry regiment in Kardzhali.

World War I
During the mobilization when Bulgaria entered World War I, Kimon Georgiev became a company commander in the newly formed Forty-fourth Infantry Tundzhan Regiment and shortly after was appointed commander of its 2nd Troop. The regiment was part of the Second Infantry Thracian Division under the command of General Dimitar Geshov and fought on the Salonika front. Georgiev distinguished himself in the fighting at Kayali, where he would capture 316 British soldiers, in which became a major in 1916.

He participated in the Battle of the Crna Bend, where his detachment was in key positions at the village of Brod and the mouth of the Sakuleva River, which it occupied on 8 October. During the following days it was subjected to intense artillery shelling and repeated attacks by Entente forces, with Georgiev proving to be an effective field officer, holding off the enemy on the opposite bank of the Cherna. On 19 October, he lost one eye and severely wounded.

After recovering from his wound, Kimon Georgiev was appointed as an instructor and then as a member of the Ordnance Council at the headquarters of the army. On 27 February 1918, he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel. During demobilization after the Armistice of Salonica, he was transferred to the War Ministry, and from 26 October 1918 was head of the Inspectorate Section.

Kimon Georgiev became a member of the Military Union after the returning of headquarters of the army in Sofia and headed its organization for the Sofia garrison. He actively participated in the preparation of its Founding Congress, at which he was elected a member of the first Permanent Presence of the organization. On 2 November 1919, he was appointed commander of the sixth infantry regiment in Sofia.

Over 100 officers protested against the appointment of Gavril Lichev as head of the War Office on 9 September 1919. This action provoked a reaction from Prime Minister Aleksandar Stamboliyski, who also was Minister of War. The Supreme Military Council condemned the action and took measures to dissolute the Military Union. On the same day, Georgiev was appointed commander of the 39th regiment in Burgas on the pretext that he was unfit for enlistment. He went on leave, but the command wanted to remove him from Sofia and terminated his leave. On 12 October 1919, he submitted a request to be dismissed. On his dismissal from the army, he was promoted to colonel. He left the military in 1920.

Political career

Military Union and People's Alliance
The dismissal of Kimon Georgiev was followed by the purge of other key figures of the Union by the end of 1920. Despite the government's measures, the Military Union was gradually restored with the active efforts of Nikola Rachev, Damyan Velchev and Kimon Georgiev - the structure of the organization in the army was reorganized, with fewer people involved in its activities, but under a tighter conspiracy.

His political career started in 1921, where he was one of the founders of the organization People's Alliance and kept ties with the Military Union. He also participated in the negotiation ties between opposition parties to create the Constitutional Bloc in 1922.

1923 coup d'état

He was one of the main leaders of the Military Union, which took participation in the 1923 coup d'état. He was also in the home of Ivan Rusev during the night of the coup. He was an active role in the unification of parties to create the Democratic Alliance. In October, he participated in the negotiations for the creation of an electoral coalition with the Bulgarian Workers' Social Democratic Party (broad socialists), and in the elections of 18 November he was elected deputy from the Sofia Rural Collegium.

In April 1925, Georgiev attended the funeral of retired General Konstantin Georgiev, a deputy and chairman of the Sofia organization of the Democratic Union and garrison leader of the Military Union, and was wounded in the St Nedelya Church assault. In an article dedicated to Nikola Rachev, who died in the blast, he called the bombers "freaks" preparing a "death blow" against Bulgaria. Later that year, he was sent to Pirin as a government representative during the Incident at Petrich.

Andrey Lyapchev's cabinet
At the end of 1925 Kimon Georgiev actively participated in the events that led to the fall of Alexander Tsankov. He was one of the activists of the People's Congress who at that time advocated changes in the cabinet, and was charged by the leadership of the Democratic Congress to present its decision in this direction to Tsankov. Discussed as a possible interior minister in a new cabinet, on 4 January 1926 he became Minister of Railways, Posts and Telegraphs in Andrey Lyapchev's first cabinet.

After leaving the cabinet, Georgiev was among the members of the internal opposition in the Sgora, grouped around the newspaper "Luch" edited by Petar Todorov, which is why its representatives are often called racists. They advocate stronger state intervention in the economy, limiting partisan appointments in the administration and active action against IMRO. In response, Lyapchev made some concessions, such as the removal of war minister Ivan Valkov. A split occurred within the Radiationist group itself in 1930, when three of its members, including Alexander Tsankov, were given cabinet seats, and the more extreme opponents, led by Kimon Georgiev, continued to criticize the government. In September, Georgiev himself sharply attacked the war minister in parliament over the Spy Affair. In November, a final rift between the two groups occurred, with the extreme opposition increasingly distancing itself from the Democratic Alliance, consolidating around the Political Circle "Zveno".

Zveno

Kimon Georgiev established the political circle "Zveno" with Damyan Velchev in 1927, firstly as a non-partisan organization that aims to improve the socio-political climate in the country. It proclaimed its support for authoritarian power, raised above the strictly party interests, with national purpose. The fascists influence on the Zveno is undisputed, but its not characterized as fascist, but a corporate statism in which it mainly drew inspiration from Italian fascism. Georgiev ceased ties with the Democratic Alliance in 1930 and after the 1931 Bulgarian parliamentary election, he was no longer a deputy of his group. He became a leader of the Zveno and in the beginning of 1932, a newspaper Izgrev was published with one of the editors being Georgiev himself. He published articles in which he criticized communism and the Soviet Union, as well as declaring for a strong government "in the name of order and state intervention in economic life".

1934 coup d'état
The 1934 coup d'état was executed by the Military Union and the Zveno, who removed Nikola Mushanov from power. It reflected the authoritarian trend in Europe. In this coup, Kimon Georgiev played an important role. At a meeting of the Union's Central Government, held at the house of Kimon Georgiev, it was decided to stage a coup on 19 May. Damyan Velchev and Kimon Georgiev were at the head of the coup.

First Georgiev Cabinet
Kimon Georgiev became prime minister on 19 May 1934, after the coup d'état. He served as Minister of Foreign Affairs and Religious Affairs (19-23 May 1934) and Minister of Justice (23 May 1934 – 22 January 1935) and temporarily served as Minister of War on 19 May 1934.

The government dissolved the National Assembly in its first days and the cabinet ruled by ordinance-laws signed by the tsar, invoking Article 47 of the Tarnovo Constitution. On 14 June political parties and trade unions were banned and their property was nationalised. Counties and municipalities were clustered, their self-government abolished and replaced by government-appointed officials. Stricter qualification criteria for teachers were introduced, dozens of schools were closed and over 2,000 teachers were left unemployed. A campaign was organized to replace the traditional names of many villages in the country with Bulgarian ones. Strict censorship was introduced and many printed publications were banned.

In order to increase state revenues and subsidize agriculture, the government established state monopolies in the grain, alcohol, and tobacco trades, severely disrupting activity in these sectors. Up to 40% of debts that were difficult to service after the Great Depression were cancelled, the rest were rescheduled, and enforcement measures were limited. Several distressed private banks were consolidated and reactivated with state capital to form the Bulgarian Credit Bank. The two large state-owned banks were also merged into the Bulgarian Agricultural and Cooperative Bank. A Public Assistance Service was established under the Ministry of the Interior, financed by a special tax, and free treatment of the poor in public hospitals was introduced.

On 4 September, a Decree-Law on the Safety of the State was issued, practically outlawing the IMRO and assigning the investigation of its activities to the military courts, the police and the army. Mass arrests of IMRO activists and confiscations of weapons and property began. Over the next two years, the Sofia Military Field Court dealt with dozens of cases of murders, kidnappings and racketeering committed by IMRO activists in southwestern Bulgaria. Numerous heavy sentences were handed down, including 21 death sentences against the organization's leader, Ivan Mihailov.

The government made changes in foreign policy, in which it advocated continuity with the previous cabinets, strengthening good relations with neighbouring countries, which had concluded the Balkan Pact at the beginning of the year. With Yugoslavia a trade treaty was made and at the end of September, Alexander I made a visit to Sofia in which he was welcomed by thousands of people. Kimon intensified negotiations with the Soviet Union initiated by the previous cabinet and in July 1934, the first diplomatic relations were made between the two countries.

In the autumn of 1934, a pro-monarchist wing led by Pencho Zlatev and a pro-republican wing led by Damyan Velchev took shape in the ruling circles of the Zveno and Military Union. Kimon Georgiev began measures to remove Zlatev from his War Office, but its unsuccessful, due to the leadership of the Military Union resisting. Damyan Velchev remained in isolation after the Union's Congress in November with the organization rejecting much of the cabinet's policies.

On 22 January 1935, Boris III executed a counter-coup to strength his role in Bulgarian politics, in which Georgiev resigned and Pencho Zlatev took control as a pro-monarchist. Kimon Georgiev was given a chance to be Minister of Justice, but declined.

The end of the 30s
Kimon Georgiev was put under police surveillance after the removal from premiership in which he fell into political isolation. He still maintained active contacts of Damyan Velchev, members of the Zveno and foreign diplomats and journalists, including Soviet ambassador Fyodor Raskolnikov.

He gave an interview to the Yugoslav newspaper Pravda in which he rejected the new government's accusations against him and criticized it. The previous day, Aleksandar Tsankov was given a similar interview. On 18 April 1935, he was interned St. Anastasia Island. Many ministers resigned, in which the Military Union was stripped from leadership and a cabinet headed by Andrey Toshev was formed. The new government began measures to neutralize radical circles within the Military Union, which forced Kimon Georgiev to leave Sofia for Burgas.

He was arrested on 2 October in Yambol due to Velchev's coup d'état attempt. On 14 October, he was released but only after 3 days he was briefly arrest, but after no evidence founded of him participating in the plot, he was interned in Burgas. During the trial of Damyan Velchev, he was active in his support and during his time in prison, Georgiev was his legal guardian.

Zveno became more closer to the left wing opposition, which is the BZNS and Bulgarian Communist Party. Georgiev was constantly monitored by State Security, however he was not completey isolated from ruling circles and public events.

After the parliament was formed, it had to approve the post-coup ordinance-laws, and during the debates the opposition, and especially Dimitar Gichev, harshly criticized Zveno, the Military Union, and Kimon Georgiev personally for their actions after the coup. He attempted to defend himself with the pamphlet "My Program", which was, however, seized by the authorities and Georgiev was put on trial, but the case was dropped in 1939.

Although from 1936 Georgiev and Zveno advocated the restoration of the Tarnovo Constitution, they maintained their foreign policy line. In March 1939, he published the pamphlet A View of Our Foreign Policy Situation (the first book of the Brazdy Library), in which he acknowledged Bulgaria's "indisputable rights", but expressed fears of possible international isolation and advocated the preservation of the Bulgarian-Yugoslav Pact of 1937.

World War II
Immediately after the start of World War II, Kimon Georgiev sent a letter to Prime Minister Georgi Kyoseivanov, advocating rapprochement with the Soviet Union, at the time an ally of Germany. During the changes in government in October 1939, Georgiev was received at a two-hour meeting by Tsar Boris III, with whom he discussed the political situation and tried unsuccessfully to secure the release of Damyan Velchev and the other convicted activists of the Military Union.

In November 1940, Georgiev supported the Soviet proposal for a mutual aid pact. Apart from the old activists of Zveno, the proposal for the pact is supported only by the Communists, the BZNS-Pladne and some radicals.

In January 1941, Kimon Georgiev was among the leaders of almost all the former parties who signed a joint request for an audience with the Tsar, insisting on the preservation of Bulgaria's neutrality. He also expressed this position in a long letter to Prime Minister Bogdan Filov on 11 February, but shortly afterwards the country joined the Tripartite Pact and allowed German troops into Greece.

The Communists contacted Kimon Georgiev through Racho Angelov, which resulted in the circles around Zveno joining the Fatherland Front. Initially, its activity consisted mainly in maintaining contacts between the activists of the different organizations and issuing common documents, and dozens of committees were established throughout the country. On 10 August 1943, a National Committee of the OF was established,[63] including Kiril Dramaliev, Nikola Petkov, Kimon Georgiev, Grigor Cheshmedjiev and Dimo Kazasov.

After the death of Tsar Boris III on 28 August 1943, Kimon Georgiev was among the opposition politicians with whom Prime Minister Bogdan Filov held consultations about the emerging crisis. On 1 September, Georgiev was among the ten opposition figures who signed a joint declaration to implement the Tarnovo Constitution and convene a Grand National Assembly to elect regents. They saw the situation as an opportunity to change the country's foreign policy course, but the government rejected their proposals.

In the autumn of 1943, the Fatherland Front suffered a severe crisis and was on the verge of splitting over the publication of its first official bulletin. Kimon Georgiev, actively supported by Nikola Petkov, drafted an article with the organization's position on the Macedonian question, advocating the creation of a united and independent Macedonian state. The Communists tried not to take a public position on the issue, as the Soviet Union was committed to restoring pre-war borders, and Georgi Dimitrov did not rule out the possibility of a Balkan federation including Bulgaria. Georgiev's main argument to the Communists was that without a clear position on the Macedonian question, Fatherland Front propaganda among the officers would be difficult. Eventually, in December, a compromise text was published avoiding the question of Macedonia's return to Yugoslavia.

At the beginning of 1944, Kimon Georgiev and Petko Stainov, a deputy close to Zveno, attempted to coordinate joint actions of the opposition parties, including those outside the Fatherland Front. Georgiev prepared an address to the government and parliament calling for the restoration of neutrality, the return of occupation troops from Yugoslavia and Greece to Bulgaria, and improved relations with the Soviet Union. It is to be discussed and signed by leaders of various opposition groups on 11 January, but heavy bombing the day before prevents the meeting and Kimon Georgiev sends the address on his own behalf.

After the bombing, Kimon Georgiev left with his family for Burgas, where he was placed under house arrest on 12 January. Initially living in his wife's hereditary house, he was then moved under permanent police surveillance to his villa in a vineyard outside the city, where he remained until the end of August. In the spring of 1944, the Fatherland Front leadership considered forming a clandestine government for Bulgaria, and he agreed to head it, preparing to go underground, but the partisans' inability to secure relatively safe territory for the government prevented its establishment.

From Burgas, Georgiev maintained active contacts with the capital, mainly through Hristo Stoykov. In April, he participated in a new appeal by opposition leaders to the regents and the prime minister to dissociate from Germany and change the government, also signed by Nikola Mushanov, Atanas Burov, Krustyo Pastukhov, Dimitar Gichev, Alexander Girginov, Petko Stainov, Vergil Dimov, Nikola Petkov and Konstantin Muraviev. On 6 August, he participated in a meeting of a wide range of opposition leaders in Sofia - at his insistence, communists also participated - which adopted the so-called Declaration of the 13.

1944 coup d'état
At the end of August, the parliament considered various options for forming a new government, including a Fatherland Front cabinet led by Kimon Georgiev. On 27 August he was sent with police guards to the regents in Chamkoria and they tried to persuade him to join a cabinet without the Communists, but Georgiev refused, after which he was released and returned to Sofia. On 30 August, he was among the 14 leaders of the Fatherland Front who issued a Manifesto to the Bulgarian People, the organization's first public document signed by specific individuals.

In the following days, Kimon Georgiev's house became the centre of the coup prepared by the Fatherland Front, visited daily by the leaders of the organisation. Damyan Velchev moved entirely into Georgiev's home. On 6 September, a permanent armed guard of several partisans, headed by Ivan Bonev, was posted there.

Following the failure of General Ivan Marinov's attempt to peacefully change the government, a narrowed-down National Committee of the Fatherland Front decided to carry out a military coup at a meeting at the home of Kimon Georgiev on 7 September. At ten o'clock on the same day, a meeting of activists of the Military Union, led by Damyan Velchev, was held to coordinate the actions of the Union to carry out the coup.

On the morning of 8 September, representatives of the Fatherland Front - Kimon Georgiev, Nikola Petkov, Dimitar Neykov, Kiril Dramaliev and Dimo Kazasov - met with the Prime Minister, protesting the dispersal of opposition demonstrations in the previous days and demanding that rallies be allowed in the major cities.

The composition of the future government and the new regents were specified at a meeting between Kimon Georgiev, Dobri Terpeshev, Nikola Petkov and Damyan Velchev at Georgiev's home at 4 pm on 8 September. It was agreed that the cabinet would include four representatives each of the BRP, Zveno and BZNS-Pladne, two of the BRSD and two independents, and that the prime minister would be Kimon Georgiev, a decision agreed with Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin.

Georgiev spent the night of the coup with Damyan Velchev, Nikola Petkov, and Traicho Dobroslavsky at the home of Yanko Antonov near the Eagles Bridge - he was a neighbor of Peter Vranchev, in whose apartment the Communist leaders - Dobri Terpeshev, Anton Yugov, Georgi Chankov, Angel Tsanev, and Katya Avramova were at the time.

The coup began at 2 a.m. on 9 September with the seizure of the War Ministry building. War Minister Ivan Marinov sided with the coup and issued the appropriate orders to the First Infantry Division and the School for Reserve Officers. Within 4 hours, the main administrative and communication nodes in the capital were brought under control and the political leaders of the coup moved to the War Ministry. At 6:25 a.m., Kimon Georgiev read a short Proclamation to the Bulgarian people over the radio and announced the composition of the new government, approved a short time later by decree of the regents Prince Kirill and Nikola Mihov.

Second and Third Georgiev Cabinet
The first step of the new government is to settle relations with the Soviet Union. On the evening of 9 September, a delegation including Dimitar Mikhalchev, Kiril Stanchev, Dimitar Ganev and Raicho Slavkov was sent to Marshal Fyodor Tolbukhin, commander of the Third Ukrainian Front, and at 10 p.m. Stalin issued an order to halt Soviet military action against Bulgaria. On 17 September, Kimon Georgiev announced the government's program at a rally in the Palace of Justice.

"Zveno" officially resumed its activities on 18 September, and on 1 October a national conference was held, at which the organization was transformed into a political party, the People's Union "Zveno", and Kimon Georgiev became chairman of its Executive Bureau. "Zveno" began to establish its own structures throughout the country, expanding its base among the middle class, but at the local level it met with resistance from the communists - people from local organizations were arrested, extorted for money by the militia, not allowed to join the local structures of the Fatherland Front, and declared "fascists".

The first months of the new government were accompanied by terror perpetrated by the communists controlling the interior and justice ministries. According to various estimates, between 2,000 and 30,000 people were killed by the end of November. In mid-November, the Council of Ministers publicly declared against the lynchings, but they were not stopped in practice.

At the insistence of the Soviet Union, on 10 October the withdrawal of Bulgarian troops from the parts of Macedonia and Thrace that had been in Greece and Yugoslavia until the war began. On 28 October 1944, a delegation led by Foreign Minister Petko Staynov and including Ministers Nikola Petkov, Dobri Terpeshev and Petko Stoyanov signed an armistice with the Allies. Bulgaria was forced to accept harsh conditions - maintenance of the Soviet troops stationed in the country, placing the government under the control of the Allied Control Commission, and involvement in the hostilities against Germany.

On 3 December, at the suggestion of Damyan Velchev, the Council of Ministers passed a decree enabling the military officers charged under the People's Court Act to go to the front and, if they showed bravery, be discharged. The next day the Communists declared the decree "counter-revolutionary" and organised demonstrations against it, and on 6 December, at the insistence of the head of the Union Control Commission, Sergei Biryuzov, the decree was revoked. In the following days, Communists and Soviet officers headed the General Staff and its Intelligence Department, and held two deputy ministerial posts in the War Ministry.

On 26 January 1945, the Council of Ministers approved the "Ordinance-Law for the Protection of People's Power", which contained 18 articles - 5 of them providing for the death penalty and 4 for life imprisonment. In the following years, it became the basis for the prosecutions of the opposition and the officers during the imposition of the totalitarian regime in the country.

Between 23 and 31 January, Kimon Georgiev visited Moscow, where he met Joseph Stalin and Georgi Dimitrov for the first time. The main purpose of the visit was the conclusion, with Soviet mediation, of an alliance treaty between Bulgaria and Yugoslavia. Secret letters to the treaty envisaged the future creation of a federation, without specifying whether on an equal basis between the two countries, which Bulgaria insisted on, or by incorporating Bulgaria into Yugoslavia as a sixth republic, which was the Yugoslav position. The treaty was never concluded because of the opposition of Great Britain and the United States, who believed that Bulgaria could not act independently until a peace treaty was concluded.

On 9 February 1945, Kimon Georgiev gave a report on the government's work to the First Congress of the Fatherland Front. Days after the first executions under the decision of the so-called People's Court, he deplored the "cases of self-destruction, arbitrariness and violence" that had been allowed to take place, claimed that they had been curbed quickly, and expressed satisfaction at their being channeled through the People's Court. He states that the constitution and "the rights and liberties of the Bulgarian people" have been restored, although the Council of Ministers rules by ordinance-laws and political organizations outside the Fatherland Front have not been legalized.

In the spring of 1945, tensions between communists and farmers in the Fatherland Front intensified and led to the split of the BZNS. The main part of the organization, headed by Nikola Petkov (BZNS - Nikola Petkov), went into opposition and was replaced in the government by representatives of the pro-communist wing (BZNS (Kazionen). In this environment, in June, Kimon Georgiev and Damyan Velchev met with Traicho Kostov and received assurances about the preservation of the Fatherland Front as a multi-party coalition, as well as for its own positions in the government. As a result, during the 1945 crisis, Zveno remained in the Fatherland Front, with Georgiev remaining fully loyal to the Communists and playing an important role in neutralizing opposition sentiment within Zveno itself.

Georgiev's government scheduled elections for 26 August 1945, despite the protests of the opposition, which had no right to exist legally. Bulgaria was under intense pressure from the United States and Britain to postpone the elections to allow them to be held freely, but the Communists firmly refused. Only a day before the date of the elections they were postponed until November on Stalin's personal instructions. In the following weeks the opposition parties were legalised and martial law was lifted. At the elections held on 18 November, which were boycotted by the opposition, Kimon Georgiev was elected as a deputy in Burgas.

In December, the United States and Britain made the inclusion of two opposition representatives in the Bulgarian government a condition for its recognition. On Stalin's instructions on 5 January 1946, Kimon Georgiev, Damyan Velchev and Anton Yugov met with opposition leaders Nikola Petkov and Kosta Lulchev, but they flatly refused to enter the government, rejecting the legitimacy of the elections and demanding an end to the Communists' terror. On 7 January Georgiev was summoned to Stalin, who sharply criticised him for his soft attitude towards the opposition. On 10 January, Soviet First Deputy Foreign Minister Andrei Vyshinsky met with Petkov and Lulchev in Sofia, but they did not change their position.

In March 1946, the government of Kimon Georgiev was reorganized - two ministries were added, the number of sub-chairmen was reduced, and there were personnel changes and changes in the proportions of the coalition parties. This was on the orders of Joseph Stalin, who criticised the Bulgarian communists for the slow imposition of the totalitarian regime in the country. He demanded the strengthening of the presence of the BPC and BZNS in the cabinet, the removal of the foreign minister Petko Staynov and a purge of the foreign ministry staff, and the replacement of the finance minister Stancho Cholakov. Despite the pressure against Zveno, Georgiev himself retained the confidence of Stalin and Georgi Dimitrov and remained at the head of the cabinet. Apart from being prime minister, he remained a minister without portfolio.

On Joseph Stalin's direct instructions to Georgy Dimitrov, a purge in the army began in the summer of 1946, accompanied by public show trials against alleged officer organizations - "Tsar Krum", "Neutral Officer" and others, as well as opposition leaders such as G. М. Dimitrov and Krustyo Pastukhov. These were coordinated with the parallel mounted trial in Yugoslavia against Draža Mihailović, during which Mihailović's links with Bulgarian public figures such as G. М. Dimitrov, Asen Stamboliyski and the war minister Damyan Velchev.

In this setting, Kimon Georgiev publicly spoke out in support of the Military Union and personally of Damyan Velchev, whom he called his "closest and most inseparable personal friend, political associate and comrade in the cabinet". However, Georgiev already has limited influence in the government and pressure against Velchev is increasing. On 2 July the Communists passed for one day a law on control of the army, seizing powers from the war minister at the expense of the Council of Ministers. On 2 August, Kimon Georgiev agreed to the removal of his close associates Kiril Stanchev (arrested and convicted in a show trial) and Damyan Velchev (effectively replaced as minister by Krum Lekarski and interned).

From 11 August to 3 September, Kimon Georgiev was in Paris at the head of a Bulgarian delegation preparing the Paris Peace Treaty. There he met with various politicians, including the foreign ministers of the Soviet Union, Vyacheslav Molotov, and the United States, James Burns. Bulgaria unsuccessfully insisted on being recognized as a country that had fought against Germany, but with the support of the Soviet bloc countries, it managed to significantly reduce the reparations demanded by Greece.

Upon his return to Bulgaria, Kimon Georgiev managed to personally solicit protections for Damyan Velchev from Georgi Dimitrov. On 25 September, Georgiev nominally became head of the War Ministry, and Velchev was sent as ambassador to Switzerland, avoiding for the moment a show trial. In September–November 1946, Georgiev was in charge of the War Ministry. During this period, he was promoted to the rank of colonel general.

On 5 October 1946, at a rally in Sofia, Kimon Georgiev opened the Fatherland Front's election campaign for the election of the Sixth Grand National Assembly. The Fatherland Front participated in the elections with a common list and separate ballots for the member parties. While the Communists obtained an absolute majority in the parliament, the People's Union "Zveno" had an extremely poor result of about 70,000 votes, and its leaders, including Georgiev himself, became deputies only thanks to the common list of the Fatherland Front.

Ministries held
After the elections to the Grand National Assembly and the declaration of Bulgaria as a republic, the post of prime minister was occupied by the Communist leader Georgi Dimitrov, and Kimon Georgiev became deputy prime minister and minister of foreign affairs in place of Petko Stainov, who had lost the confidence of the Soviet government. In this post he participated in the Bulgarian delegation and signed the Paris Peace Treaty of 10 February 1947.

In the second government of Georgi Dimitrov of 12 December 1947 he was removed from the Foreign Ministry and became Minister of Electrification and Land Reclamation, remaining in this post until 1959, after which he briefly served as Chairman of the Committee on Construction and Architecture. He was Deputy Prime Minister until 1950 and again in 1959–1962.

Kimon Georgiev was expelled from the country's political leadership, which was placed under the full control of the Bulgarian Communist Party. At the same time, as Minister of Electrification, he played an important role, as the construction of the power industry was key to the Communists' policy of massive industrialization. Between 1947 and 1959, electricity production increased more than sixfold, and numerous power plants, dams and transmission facilities were built.

In 1948, after the revocation of Damyan Velchev's Bulgarian citizenship, the State Security started a secret investigation against Georgiev. This took place in the context of growing tensions between Yugoslavia and the Soviet bloc, and Georgiev was known for his long-standing position in favour of friendly relations between Yugoslavia and Bulgaria. The investigation did not lead to public accusations, and Georgiev himself learned about it years later.

In September 1949, Stalin put an end to so-called "people's democracy" in Eastern Europe, beginning the final formation of totalitarian regimes in the region. Those closest to the communists, the Zveno activists, such as Traicho Dobroslavsky, Trifon Trifonov, and Kiril Shterev, demanded a public stand against the disgraced Damyan Velchev, Vasil Yurukov, and Petko Stainov. In a conference held on February 19, 1949, the People's Union "Zveno" accepted that it had fulfilled its role and decided to dissolve itself and join the Fatherland Front in full. With this act, Zveno ceased to exist as an independent political organization.

Personal life
During this period Kimon Georgiev married Veselina Rodeva from the prominent Rodeva family of Burgas, they had two daughters - Maria (1928–1986) and Kornelia (b. 1931). Maria became an agronomist and university lecturer and was married to the Fatherland Front functionary Ginyo Ganev.

Kimon Georgiev during his non-political time, he would engage in public work, in which he supported himself from his wife's large vineyards. This brought him a considerable income, in which he earned about 4-5 million leva from the production of wine and grapes in the 1940s.

Death
Kimon Georgiev died suddenly of a stroke at around 1 pm on 28 September 1969 at the rest station of the Council of Ministers in Varna, shortly after visiting the Varna TPP, which had opened a month earlier. He was buried on 30 September in the Central Sofia Cemetery with state honours, with Prime Minister Todor Zhivkov attending the ceremony.

Awards
From 1962 until his death in 1969 Kimon Georgiev was a member of the Presidium of the National Assembly. Twice, in 1962 and 1967, he received the title "Hero of Socialist Labour".

References

Bibliography
 Tasho Tashev, The Ministers of Bulgaria 1879–1999, Sofia, AI "Prof. Marin Drinov"/Publishing house of the Ministry of Defense, 1999, / (in Bulgarian).

External links

1882 births
1969 deaths
People from Pazardzhik
Prime Ministers of Bulgaria
Deputy prime ministers of Bulgaria
Members of the National Assembly (Bulgaria)
World War II political leaders
Bulgarian military personnel of World War I
Bulgarian military personnel of the Balkan Wars
Bulgarian generals
Politicians with disabilities
Bulgarian people with disabilities
Defence ministers of Bulgaria

Kimon Georgiev


Tratatul Gruber-De Gasperi a fost un tratat bilateral semnat de către Karl Gruber (ministrul de externe al Austriei) și Alcide De Gasperi (prim-ministrul Italiei) la 5 septembrie 1946. Recunoscut de legislația internațională, tratatul a acordat populației germane a Provinciei Autonome Bolzano dreptul la autonomie și la păstrarea identității și obiceiurilor sale culturale. De asemenea, a recunoscut limba germană și limba italiană ca limbi oficiale.

Locuitorilor le-a fost acordat dreptul de a se întoarce la numele inițiale de familie, care au fost abandonate de mulți cetățeni ca urmare a programului de asimilare forțată din timpul fascismului italian.

Note

Legături externe
 Acordul Austro-italian, 5 septembrie 1946: versiunea originală în limba engleză și anexele ulterioare

Tratate ale Austriei
Tratate ale Italiei
5 septembrie
1946

Tratatul Gruber-De Gasperi


Regine Kahmann (* 20. Oktober 1948 in Staßfurt, Sachsen-Anhalt) ist eine deutsche Mikrobiologin und Direktorin am Max-Planck-Institut für terrestrische Mikrobiologie in Marburg. Sie erforscht molekulare Grundlagen von Pflanzenkrankheiten und entschlüsselte unter anderem, wie die Inversion bestimmter bakterieller DNA-Abschnitte die Infektion von Bakterien durch den Phagen Mu beeinflusst.

Beruflicher Werdegang
Nach dem Abitur an der Lessingschule in Uelzen im Jahre 1967 studierte Kahmann bis 1972 an der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Biologie mit Schwerpunkt Mikrobiologie. Im Anschluss promovierte sie von 1972 bis 1974 am Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Genetik und der Freien Universität Berlin mit dem Thema Die Struktur von SPP1 DNA nach Transfektion von B. subtilis. Als Postdoc ging sie ans bekannte Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in den USA und wurde dort 1976 Junior Group Leader. Von 1980 bis 1982 arbeitete sie als wissenschaftliche Assistentin am Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie in Martinsried. Danach übernahm sie von 1982 bis 1986 die Leitung einer selbstständigen Arbeitsgruppe am Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Genetik in Berlin und dann von 1987 bis 1992 die Leitung einer selbstständigen Arbeitsgruppe am Institut für Genbiologische Forschung in Berlin. 1992 kehrte sie nach München zurück und wurde Professorin für Genetik am Institut für Genetik und Mikrobiologie der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität. Seit Januar 2000 ist Prof. Kahmann wissenschaftliches Mitglied der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft und Direktorin am Max-Planck-Institut für terrestrische Mikrobiologie in Marburg, seit April 2001 auch Professor für Genetik an der Philipps-Universität Marburg.

Forschungsschwerpunkte
Kahmann arbeitet auf dem Gebiet der molekularen Grundlagen von Pflanzenkrankheiten. Sie untersucht u. a., wie Mikroben und Viren andere Zellen infizieren und welche Gene diese Attacken beeinflussen. "In ihren Arbeiten zum Phagen Mu – einem Virus, der eine ganze Reihe Bakterienspezies befällt – konnte Regine Kahmann unter anderem zeigen, dass die Entscheidung, welcher Wirt infiziert werden kann, durch Inversion eines bestimmten DNA-Abschnitts reguliert wird. Die Inversion wird durch sogenannte ortsspezifische Rekombination bewerkstelligt. Regine Kahmann konnte zeigen, dass dieser Prozess neben der eigentlichen Rekombinase durch das FIS-Protein des Bakterienwirts stimuliert wird. Die Aufklärung des Stimulationsmechanismus gilt international als wissenschaftliche Meisterleistung."

Der zweite große Forschungsschwerpunkt ist die Untersuchung des Infektionsmechanismus eines parasitären Pilzes (Maisbeulenbrand (Ustilago maydis)), der Tumoren auf Maispflanzen hervorruft. Ihre Forschungen machen "Hoffnung, in Zukunft zu neuen Strategien bei der Bekämpfung von Pflanzenschädlingen zu gelangen".

Ehrungen und Auszeichnungen

Akademie-Mitgliedschaften
 1991 European Molecular Biology Organisation
 1995 Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften (seit 2001 als korrespondierendes Mitglied)
 1998 Academia Europaea
 2001 Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften
 2008 Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina
2020 Royal Society (auswärtiges Mitglied)
2021 National Academy of Sciences (auswärtiges Mitglied)
2023 American Academy of Arts and Sciences (internationales Ehrenmitglied)

Preise und Auszeichnungen
 1993 Leibnizpreis der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft
 1997 Dannie-Heineman-Preis der Göttinger Akademie der Wissenschaften
 1998 Verdienstkreuz am Bande der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
 1999 Bayerischer Maximiliansorden für Wissenschaft und Kunst
 2011 Gregor-Mendel-Medaille der Leopoldina
 2011 TUM Distinguished Affiliated Professor (Ehrenprofessor) der TU München

Literatur
 R. Dean, J. A. L. van Kan, Z. A. Pretorius, K. E. Hammond-Kosack, A. Di Pietro, P. Spanu, J. J. Rudd, M. Dickman, R. Kahmann, J. Ellis, G. Foster: The Top 10 fungal pathogens in molecular plant pathology. In: Mol Plant Pathol. 2012 Mar 6. doi:10.1111/j.1364-3703.2012.2011.00783.x.
 A. Fernandez-Alvarez, M. Marin-Menguiano, A. Jimenez-Martin, A. Elias-Villalobos, A. J. Perez-Pulido, D. Lanver, S. Reissmann, R. Kahmann, J. I. Ibeas: Identification of O-mannosylated Virulence Factors in Ustilago maydis. In: PLoS Pathog. 8(3), 2012, S. e1002563. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002563
 A. Djamei, K. Schipper, F. Rabe, A. Ghosh, V. Vincon, J. Kahnt, S. Osorio, T. Tohge, A. R. Fernie, I. Feussner, K. Feussner, P. Meinicke, Y. Stierhoff, H. Schwarz, B. Macek, M. Mann, R. Kahmann: Metabolic priming by a secreted fungal effector. In: Nature. 478, 2011, S. 395–398.
 L. M. Voll, R. J. Horst, A. M. Voitsik, D. Zajic, B. Samans, J. Pons-Kühnemann, G. Döhlemann, S. Münch, R. Wahl, A. Molitor, J. Hofmann, A. Schmiedl, F. Waller, H. B. Deising, R. Kahmann, J. Kämper, K.-H. Kogel, U. Sonnewald: Common motifs in the response of cereal primary metabolism to fungal pathogens are not based on similar transcriptional reprogramming. In: Frontiers in Plant Sci. 2, 2011, S. 39. doi:10.3389/fpls.2011.00039.
 G. Doehlemann, S. Reissmann, D. Aßmann, M. Fleckenstein, R. Kahmann: Two linked genes encoding a secreted effector and a membrane protein are essential for Ustilago maydis-induced tumour formation. In: Mol. Microbiol. 81(3), 2011, S. 751–766.
 L. Wang, P. Berndt, X. Xia, J. Kahnt, R. Kahmann: A seven-WD40 protein related to human RACK1 regulates mating and virulence in Ustilago Maydis. In: Mol Micro. 81, 2011, S. 1484–1498.

Weblinks
 Profil auf den Seiten des Max-Planck-Institut für terrestrische Mikrobiologie (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Mikrobiologe
Genetiker
Hochschullehrer (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München)
Hochschullehrer (Philipps-Universität Marburg)
Ehrenprofessor einer Hochschule in Deutschland
Mitglied der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
Mitglied der Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
Mitglied der Leopoldina (21. Jahrhundert)
Mitglied der Academia Europaea
Auswärtiges Mitglied der Royal Society
Mitglied der National Academy of Sciences
Wissenschaftliches Mitglied der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Mitglied der European Molecular Biology Organization
Mitglied der American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Leibnizpreisträger
Träger des Bayerischen Maximiliansordens für Wissenschaft und Kunst
Träger des Bundesverdienstkreuzes am Bande
Deutscher
Geboren 1948
Frau

Regine Kahmann


Bruno Nicolini (born 16 June 1969), better known by his stage name Bénabar, is a French songwriter and singer, who could be compared to Vincent Delerm and other singers from his generation. As many of them he was influenced by Georges Brassens, Renaud, Jacques Higelin and also Tom Waits. His songs describe day-to-day life events with humour and a tender cynicism. His songs are influenced by French chanson and a heavy influence is placed on the piano or the accordion and on typical French fanfare (brass band) for the most upbeat of them. This genre of music is very typically French and differs from most in that emphasis is placed on appreciation of the lyrics and that it is linked to a specific culture of modern "guinche" (slang for "guinguette") appreciated a lot by Bobos among others.

Biography

Bénabar began his career in the cinema, working as an assistant on Le Brasier (1991) before directing three short subjects: Nada Lezard (1991), José Jeannette (1992) and Sursum corda (1994). He then turned to music, working for some time with his friend Patchol who gave him his nickname (Bénabar being the "verlan" of Barnabé, the name he was using on stage). With "Les associés" he sang for several years in small places in France, Belgium, and Switzerland before the release of Bénabar (2001), which raised his profile sufficiently to make him the opening act for Henri Salvador. He was nominated as a Revelation for the "Victoires de la musique 2003" but did not win it. In 2004, after the successful release of Les risques du métier, he won the award for "album "chanson/variété" of the year". His next album Reprise des négociations sold better than the previous ones: according to Le Figaro, Bénabar reached number 4 for CD sales in France, with 2.18 million euros sales in 2006. In 2007 he won the awards for "Male group or artist of the year" and "original song of the year" (for Le dîner).

Personal life

He has two brothers named Patrick and Sébastien. He has a son born in 2004 named Manolo and a daughter born in 2009.

Philanthropy
Bénabar has been a member of the Les Enfoirés charity ensemble since 2007.

Discography

Studio albums

Live albums

Compilations

Singles

A Chart peak for Ultratip.

Other singles

Filmography
 2009 : Incognito
 2015 : The Night Watchman
 2019 : Beaux-parents

References

External links

Official French site
Biography of Bénabar on the RFI musique Website (in English)

1969 births
Living people
French male singers
French male songwriters
French songwriters
Male songwriters
French people of Corsican descent
French people of Italian descent

People from Thiais

Bénabar


Minerydning er arbejdet med at fjerne og uskadeliggøre landminer af forskellig art. Fjernelse af søminer betegnes minestrygning. Ud over fjernelse af egentlige miner, vil mineryddere kunne komme ud for at skulle fjerne f.eks. improviserede sprængladninger ("vejsidebomber"), terrorbomber og ueksploderet ammunition (forsagere).

Miner i dag
Efterladte miner i tidligere konfliktområder udgør et stort problem. Da mange minetyper stadig fungerer efter mange årtier, kan de dræbe og lemlæste civile, der bevæger sig ind i et område, der indeholder miner. Ud over belastningen fra de mange lemlæstede, der skal behandles og genoptrænes, kan efterladte miner gøre store områder umulige eller risikable at opdyrke, hvilket yderligere vil belaste et land efter en væbnet konflikt.

Militær minerydning

Minerydning under krig udføres som regel af ingeniørtropperne. Den første prioritet er at rydde et minefelt eller en vej gennem et minefelt hurtigt. Det skal kunne gøres ret hurtigt, dels af taktiske hensyn (muliggøre hurtig fremrykning), dels fordi man kan være under fjendtlig beskydning under minerydningen. Både panserminer og antipersonelminer skal ryddes. Det er ikke altid nødvendigt at rydde hele minefeltet, at skabe en sikker og afmærket vej gennem minefeltet, hvor fodfolk og køretøjer kan trænge frem, er ofte tilstrækkeligt. Risikoen for de personer, der skal foretage minerydningen, er betydelig, dels på grund af tidspresset og evt. krav om at foretage minerydningen i mørke eller dårligt vejr, dels fordi mandskabet kan komme under beskydning. Den militære ledelse må i så fald kalkulere med tab under rydningen. Yderligere kan man ikke være sikker på, at man får fjernet eller uskadeliggjort samtlige miner i det ryddede område, så yderligere tab under den følgende fremrykning må påregnes. Minerydningen foregår med andre metoder, end når man har god tid og skal være sikker på at få fundet samtlige miner. Der kan anvendes mekanisk minerydning med mineplejl eller mineplov fra pansrede køretøjer, eller man kan rydde en vej gennem feltet ved at sprænge sig vej (f.eks. brug af "Bangalore torpedoer" eller andre rækkeformede sprængladninger), brænde minefeltet af eller tæppebombe feltet.

Civil minerydning
I perioder med relativ fred, kaldes processen med at fjerne miner demining på engelsk (den danske betegnelse er stadig minerydning). Det er en grundig, tidskrævende proces, der søger at lokalisere og fjerne alle miner, således at det pågældende landområde eller havområde sikkert kan benyttes på normal vis. Det er vigtigt, at denne proces gennemføres fuldstændigt. Selv om kun en håndfuld miner undgår rydningen, kan en ufuldstændig minerydning faktisk medføre en stigning i antallet af civile ofre, efterhånden som de lokale igen tager områder, de tidligere undgik, i brug i den tro, at de nu er sikre.

I områder, der tidligere har været præget af væbnede konflikter, er minefelterne ofte desuden forurenet med forskellige eksplosive efterladenskaber herunder også ueksploderet ammunition. I denne sammenhæng betegnes rydningen området ofte som battle area cleareance.

I nogle situationer er en omhyggelig minerydning en forudsætning for, at andre humanitære programmer kan gennemføres. En stor international indsats er blevet gennemført for at teste og evaluere eksisterende og nye metoder til civil minerydning. Her kan nævnes EU, den amerikanske, canadiske og japanske regering og organisationer i de lande, der er berørt af efterladte minefelter.

Minerydningsteknik
Minerydningen består af tre opgaver. Lokalisering af minerne, fjernelse af dem og endelig destruktion af de opsamlede miner.

De klassiske teknikker består i brug af en minesøger, dvs. en metaldetektor, der reagerer på det metal, der måtte være i minen (og på andet metal der måtte findes i området. Og på brug af minesonder/minespyd, hvor man forsigtigt mærker efter ved at føre sonden skråt fremad gennem jorden. Man går omhyggeligt området igennem, små felter ad gangen, idet man med plastikstrimler og flag markerer de områder, man har ryddet. Samtidig er alle de mistænkte områder afmærket med strimler og skilte for at holde uvedkommende borte. Arbejdet er ganske risikabelt.

Efter 2. Verdenskrig brugte man bl.a. i Danmark tyske soldater til arbejdet. Efter at et område var ryddet, blev de sat til at marchere og køre (normalt med kampvogne) gennem området for at garantere, at det var ryddet korrekt. Der skete en del ulykker under dette arbejde.

Beskyttelsesudstyr

Mineryddere er i dag ofte iført beskyttelsesdragter herunder hjelme med ansigtsskærme. Dette øger deres chance for at overleve, hvis en mine skulle eksplodere, men der er stadig en stor risiko for alvorlige læsioner og invaliditet. Dragterne er tunge og ubehagelige at bære i et varmt klima.

Komplikationer
Minerydning kompliceres af mange forhold. Allerede under 2. Verdenskrig fremstilledes miner med et minimalt indhold af metal, således at de var vanskelige eller umulige at opdage med en metaldetektor. Disse typer var fremstillet delvist af træ eller glas. Senere blev plastik anvendt.

For at forsinke minerydningen, kan enkelte miner være forsynet med en form for lureminering, således at minen eksploderer, når den tages op.

Evt. kort over de udlagte miner kan være fejlagtige eller helt mangle eller ikke være tilgængelige. I nogle tilfælde kan miner have flyttet sig som følge af havets indvirkning eller større mængder nedbør og jordskred.

Selvdestruerende miner
Visse moderne miner er således konstrueret, at de ødelægger sig selv efter et bestemt tidsrum. Derved kan egne tropper passere et område, som man selv tidligere har mineret. Disse miner er dog betydeligt dyrere end de mere almindelige miner.

Se også
Ottawa-konventionen
Antipersonelmine
Landmine
Vejsidebombe
Minestrimmel

Landminer

Minerydning


Istarska Danica, hrvatski katolički kalendar.

Povijest
Pokrenuli su ga u Trstu 1924. godine Josip Grašić, Ivan Pavić, najplodonosniji hrvatski crkveni pisac iz područja katehetike početkom dvadesetoga stoljeća, Vladimir Sironić, Marko Zlatić i Božo Milanović, utemeljitelji Društva svetog Mohora za Istru.

Društvo sv. Mohora za Istru bilo je prvim izdavačem Istarske Danice. Prvotno je kalendar tiskan u 3200 primjeraka. Naklada se povećala na više od 10000 primjeraka. Izlazio je s prekidima od 1940. do 1947. godine. Prekidi su uslijedili nakon što su ga zabranile talijanske okupacijske vlasti, kao i ostali hrvatski i slovenski tisak. Izlazio je s prekidima od 1954. do 1971., kad su ga zabranjivale jugoslavenske komunističke vlasti. Između tih dviju zabrana počeo je izlaziti u Pazinu, kamo se preselio Božo Milanović i Društvo svetog Mohora za Istru (od 1947. Istarsko književno društvo sv. Ćirila i Metoda). Ponovno ga je pokrenuo Antun Hek s mladim intelektualcima 1971. u Zagrebu, pripremivši ga za 1972., ali i taj su broj vlasti zabranile i zaplijenile. No, od 1973. izlazi redovito, na oko 250 str. veličine 14cm×20cm, i tiska se u više tisuća primjeraka. Osim što je kalendar i što donosi astronomske i vremenske podatke, vrelo je različitih informacija: opisuje crkvenu i društvenu stvarnost i povijesne trenutke, osobe, velikane Crkve i naroda, kulturnu baštinu, jednostavnim jezikom govori o gospodarskim i inim temama, pruža liječničke savjete, informacije ratarima, uzgajivačima stoke, ljubiteljima prirode, umjetnosti, folklora i dr.

Izvori

Hrvatski katolički tisak
Trst
Pazin
Zagrebački tisak

Istarska Danica


Horní Kněžeklady (deutsch Ober Kniescheklad) ist eine Gemeinde in Tschechien. Sie liegt sechs Kilometer südöstlich von Týn nad Vltavou in Südböhmen und gehört zum Okres České Budějovice.

Geographie

Horní Kněžeklady befindet sich rechts der Moldau auf einer Anhöhe in der Lischauer Schwelle. Gegen Süden liegen an der Talsperre Hněvkovice die Wüstungen Buzkov, Jaroslavice und Pardovice.

Nachbarorte sind Kozlovák, Branovice und Dobšice im Norden, Bečice und Dolní Kněžeklady im Nordosten, Sobětice, Dubové Mlýny und Štipoklasy im Osten, Červený Dvůr, Modrá Hůrka und Pořežánky im Südosten, Pořežany und Hroznějovice im Süden, Litoradlice im Südwesten, Hněvkovice na pravém břehu Vltavy und Zvěrkovice im Westen sowie U Bulků, Čihovice, Břehy, Třitim und Předčice im Nordwesten.

Geschichte
Die erste schriftliche Erwähnung von Knyezie clada erfolgte im Jahre 1318, als Jindřich von Žimutice das Dorf zusammen mit Žimutice seiner Frau Anka überschrieb. Der Ortsname wird von Profous zum einen (kněz/Priester) als ehemaliger Besitz des Erzbistums Prag und zum anderen (kláda/Baumstamm) als Hinweis auf einen markanten Baum gedeutet. Seit 1396 wird zwischen den zwei Dörfern Kniezekladie superiori (Horní Kněžeklady) und Kniezekladie inferiori (Dolní Kněžeklady) unterschieden. Horní Kněžeklady blieb nachfolgend immer mit Žimutice verbunden. Im Jahre 1661 kaufte Johann Adolf I. von Schwarzenberg die Herrschaft Žimutice und schloss sie an die Herrschaft Wittingau an. Nachdem er 1672 auch die Herrschaft Bzí erworben hatte, vereinigte er beide Güter. Im Jahre 1840 bestand Ober Knjžeklad / Hornj Knjížeklada bzw. Hořegsska aus 9 Häusern mit 67 Einwohnern. Pfarrort war Schimutitz. Bis zur Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts blieb das Dorf immer dem an die Herrschaft Wittingau angeschlossenen Gut Bzy untertänig.

Nach der Aufhebung der Patrimonialherrschaften bildete Horní Knížeklady/Ober Knescheklada ab 1850 einen Ortsteil der Gemeinde Štipoklasy in der Bezirkshauptmannschaft und dem Gerichtsbezirk Týn nad Vltavou/Moldauthein. 1910 lebten in Horní Knížeklady/Ober Knižeklad 147 tschechischsprachige Einwohner. Der heutige Ortsname Horní Kněžeklady wird seit 1924 verwendet. Auf Anordnung der Besatzungsmacht wurde 1943 in der Gemeinde Štipoklasy/Stipoklas eine Freiwillige Feuerwehr gebildet, die 50 Mitglieder hatte. Die erste Feuerspritze wurde jedoch erst nach Kriegsende im Jahre 1946 geliefert. 1950 erfolgte in Horní Kněžeklady der Bau eines Spritzenhauses mit angeschlossenem Kulturzentrum. Nach der Aufhebung des Okres Týn nad Vltavou wurde der Ort 1961 dem Okres České Budějovice zugeordnet. Ab dem 1. Januar 1976 bildete Horní Kněžeklady einen von 17 Ortsteilen der Großgemeinde Žimutice. Nach einem Referendum löste sich Horní Kněžeklady zusammen mit Dolní Kněžeklady und Štipoklasy zum 24. November 1990 von Žimutice los und bildete erstmals eine eigene Gemeinde.

Von den Einwohnern wird Horní Kněžeklady zumeist kurz als Horejška und Dolní Kněžeklady als Dolejška bezeichnet.

Gemeindegliederung
Die Gemeinde Horní Kněžeklady besteht aus den Ortsteilen Dolní Kněžeklady (Unter Kniescheklad), Horní Kněžeklady (Ober Kniescheklad) und Štipoklasy (Stipoklas) sowie der Einschicht Červený Dvůr (Roter Hof).

Das Gemeindegebiet bildet den Katastralbezirk Štipoklasy.

Sehenswürdigkeiten
 Kapelle in Horní Kněžeklady, errichtet 1916
 Kapelle in Dolní Kněžeklady, erbaut 1939 am Platz einer seit 1318 nachweisbaren hölzernen Wasserfeste, wegen der deutschen Besetzung wurde sie nie geweiht
 Denkmal für Jan Hus in Horní Kněžeklady, geschaffen zwischen 1915 und 1921 vom örtlichen Maurermeister Matěj Nekola nach Plänen des Bildhauers Václav Švec. Die feierliche Enthüllung erfolgte 1921 nach der Rückkehr des Bildhauers aus den Tschechoslowakischen Legionen in Russland.
 Gehöfte im Blatastil des südböhmischen Bauernbarock

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Geschichte des Dorfes
 Präsentation auf municipal.cz
 Präsentation auf selskebaroko.cz

Ersterwähnung 1318

Horní Kněžeklady


Mændenes barre under sommer-OL 2016 i Rio de Janeiro blev afholdt 16. august 2016 på HSBC Arena. Medaljerne blev overrakt af Sergey Bubka, IOC medlem, Ukraine og Georges Guelzec, FIG eksekutivkomité medlem.

Barre (herrer)

Gymnastik under sommer-OL 2016 – Barre (herrer)


Schloss Entenstein ist ein Wasserschloss im Ortskern von Schliengen, im Landkreis Lörrach in Baden-Württemberg.

Geschichte
Die Ursprünge des Schlosses können nicht zweifelsfrei rückdatiert werden. Die erste Nutzung eines Gebäudes an dieser Stelle geht auf Walter von Schliengen im Jahr 821 zurück. Eine Nutzung des Wohnturms könnte bereits um das Jahr 1000 möglich gewesen sein. Im 13. Jahrhundert gilt Rudolf von Üsenberg (1207–1231) als Besitzer von Entenstein.
1525 wurde die Anlage durch das Geschlecht der Nagel von der Alten Schönstein zu einem Schloss ausgebaut. 1725 wurde das Schloss vom Fürstbischof von Basel, Johann Konrad II. von Reinach-Hirtzbach, gekauft und als Sitz der Obervogtei Schliengen des Fürstbistums Basel genutzt. 1805 wurde das Schloss zu einem Oberamtssitz des Landes Baden. Nach 1857 erfolgte ein weiterer Umbau durch die Grafen von Andlau. Der letzte Eigentümer aus dem Geschlecht der von Andlau, Graf Oktav von Andlau, verstarb 1961 und vermachte das Schloss dem Jesuitenorden, der aber keine Verwendung für den Bau hatte.

Die Gemeinde Schliengen pachtete das Schloss zunächst und verlegte einen Teil der Gemeindeverwaltung dorthin. 1965 wurde eine Zentralheizung eingebaut. 1970 wurde das Schloss samt Schlosspark und Kanzleigebäude durch die Gemeinde Schliengen erworben und renoviert. Zunächst wurde der verwilderte Schlosspark hergerichtet und der Öffentlichkeit zugänglich gemacht. 1975 wurde das Schloss außen vollständig renoviert und das Dachgeschoss ausgebaut. Der Wassergraben war um 1850 zugeschüttet worden und es begann eine Diskussion um dessen Wiederherstellung, die dann auch erfolgte. Hierfür musste eine 200 Meter lange Zuleitung vom Maucherner Bach erstellt werden. Beim Aushub des Wassergrabens beteiligten sich die Mitarbeiter des Fördervereins. Um den Bau vor Wasserschäden zu schützen wurde eine Betonwand vor die Fundamentmauern gesetzt.
Die Finanzierung der gesamten Renovierung wurde aus Mitteln eines Konjunkturprogramms, der Denkmalspflege und durch den Förderverein sichergestellt.

Heutige Nutzung
Seit seiner Renovierung und Wiederherstellung als Wasserschloss in den Jahren 1975 bis 1977 wird das Schloss als Rathaus genutzt.

Literatur
 Franz Josef Mayer: Vom Weiherhaus zum Rathaus. Aus der noch nicht veröffentlichten Chronik der Gemeinde Schliengen. In: Das Markgräflerland, Heft 3/4, 1980, S. 289–291 Digitalisat der UB Freiburg
 Klaus Mannhardt: Restauration Schloß Entenstein. In: Das Markgräflerland, Heft 3/4, 1980, S. 291–299 Digitalisat der UB Freiburg

Weblinks

 Wasserschloss Entenstein

 Wasserschloss Entenstein auf der Homepage der Gemeinde Schliengen
 Eintrag auf Landeskunde entdecken online leobw

Einzelnachweise

Entenstein
Entenstein
Rathaus im Landkreis Lörrach
Bauwerk in Schliengen
Entenstein
Kulturdenkmal in Schliengen

Schloss Entenstein


Ovo je popis gradova u američkoj saveznoj državi New York.

B
Beacon (New York)
Binghamton (New York)

C
Canandaigua (New York)
Cohoes (New York)
Corning (New York)
Cortland (New York)

D
Dunkirk (New York)

E
Elmira (New York)

G
Geneva (New York)
Glen Cove (New York)
Glens Falls (New York)
Gloversville (New York)

H

Hornell (New York)

J
Johnstown (New York)

K
Kingston (New York)

L
Lackawanna (New York)
Little Falls (New York)
Lockport (New York)
Long Beach (New York)

M
Mechanicville (New York)
Middletown (New York)
Mount Vernon (New York)

N
North Tonawanda (New York)
Norwich (New York)

O
Ogdensburg (New York)
Olean (New York)
Oneonta (New York)
Oswego (New York)

P
Peekskill (New York)
Plattsburgh (New York)
Port Jervis (New York)
Poughkeepsie (New York)

R
Rensselaer (New York)
Rome (New York)
Rye (New York)

S
Salamanca (New York)
Sherrill (New York)

T
Tonawanda (New York)
Troy (New York)

W
Watertown (New York)
Watervliet (New York)

 New York (savezna država)
 Popisi

Popis naselja u New Yorku


Lucius Bentinck Cary, 10th Viscount Falkland GCH, PC (5 November 1803 – 12 March 1884), styled Master of Falkland until 1809, was a British colonial administrator and Liberal politician.

Background
Falkland was the son of Charles John Cary, 9th Viscount Falkland, and his wife, Christiana. He succeeded as tenth Viscount Falkland in 1809 at the age of five after his father was killed in a duel.

He was educated at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst and on 21 April 1821, purchased an ensigncy in the 22nd Regiment of Foot. He exchanged from the half-pay of that regiment to the 63rd Regiment of Foot on 13 December 1821, and then to the 71st Regiment of Foot on 20 December 1821. Falkland purchased a lieutenancy in the 7th Regiment of Foot on 6 January 1825, and a captaincy on 9 December 1826. He retired from the Army in November 1830.

Political and administrative career
A reformer, Lord Falkland was elected to the House of Lords as a Scottish representative peer in 1831. However, already on 15 May 1832, he was created Baron Hunsdon, of Scutterskelfe in the County of York, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. This title gave him a seat in the House of Lords. Five years later he was admitted to the Privy Council.

Falkland became Governor of Nova Scotia in 1840 after the recall of Sir Colin Campbell. He opposed the movement led by Joseph Howe for responsible government leading to Howe threatening to horsewhip him. He restructured the colony's Executive Council by including reformers in the body which had previously been a Tory domain but resisted the demand that the majority party in the legislature be permitted to form a government.

Falkland's term ended in 1846. He then returned to England and held office in the Whig government of Lord John Russell as Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard from 1846 to 1848. The latter year he was appointed Governor of Bombay, in which post he remained until 1853. He returned to England the same year and later served as a magistrate in Yorkshire.

Marriage and family
Lord Falkland married Lady Amelia FitzClarence (21 March 1807 – 2 July 1858 London), the last unmarried illegitimate daughter of King William IV and his mistress, Dorothy Jordan, on 27 December 1830 at the Royal Pavilion. The King gave away the bride and the ceremony was performed by the Bishop of Winchester; they spent their honeymoon at Cumberland Lodge. The couple lived at Rudby Hall, North Yorkshire. They had one son, Lucius William Charles Frederick Cary, Master of Falkland (24 November 1831 – 6 August 1871), who married Sarah Christiana Keighly (d. 4 October 1902), but died childless. Lord Falkland died in Montpellier in March 1884, aged 80. As his only son had predeceased him, he was succeeded in his titles (except for the barony of Hunsdon) by his younger brother Admiral Plantagenet Pierrepont Cary.

Legacy
 Namesake of Falkland Ridge, Nova Scotia, Canada

References

External links

1803 births
1884 deaths
Governors of the Colony of Nova Scotia
Governors of Bombay
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Scottish representative peers
Earls in the Jacobite peerage
Viscounts Falkland
Peers of the United Kingdom created by William IV
Cheshire Regiment officers
Royal Fusiliers officers
43rd Regiment of Foot officers
71st Highlanders officers
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
Barons Hunsdon

Lucius Cary, 10th Viscount Falkland


La Carretera de Nebraska 97, y abreviada NE 97 (en inglés: Nebraska Highway 97) es una carretera estatal estadounidense ubicada en el estado de Nebraska. La carretera inicia en el Sur desde la  norte de North Platte hacia el Norte en la  en Valentine. La carretera tiene una longitud de 226,6 km (140.78 mi).

Mantenimiento
Al igual que las autopistas interestatales, y las rutas federales y el resto de carreteras estatales, la Carretera de Nebraska 97 es administrada y mantenida por el Departamento de Carreteras de Nebraska por sus siglas en inglés NDOR.

Cruces
La Carretera de Nebraska 97 es atravesada principalmente por la  este de Tryon en Mullen.

Véase también

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial de NDOR

 Lista de Autopistas por estado
 Lista de sitios web de carreteras para cada estado

Carreteras estatales de Nebraska

Carretera de Nebraska 97


Alice Schanzer Galimberti (née Schanzer, née à Vienne (Autriche), le  et morte à Coni le , est une poétesse, traductrice et critique littéraire italienne.

Elle remporte le prix Rose Mary Crawshay de la British Academy en 1927 pour son étude de Algernon Swinburne.

Biographie
Alice Schanzer est née à Vienne, troisième des quatre enfants de Luigi Schanzer, un financier, et d'Amalia Grunberg, une pianiste. L'un de ses frères est Carlo Schanzer, un homme politique et un juriste. Polyglotte, elle parle couramment l'allemand, l'italien, le français et l'anglais dès son enfance. Elle vit à Trieste, à Milan et à Rome, où elle fréquente le lycée et l'université. À La Sapienza, elle étudie la littérature. En 1902, elle épouse Tancredi Galimberti, alors ministre des Postes du gouvernement Zanardelli. L'année suivante, elle s'installe avec lui à Coni, où naissent leurs fils, Carlo Enrico et Tancredi (Duccio).

En 1901, paraît son premier recueil de vers Motivi e Canti, loué par Giosuè Carducci. Elle commence à étudier la littérature anglaise, en particulier la poésie de Swinburne, Watts-Dunton et Spenser. En 1919, elle commence à enseigner la langue et la philosophie anglaise à la Faculté des Lettres de l'Université de Messine. Ses travaux sur le Risorgimento et Giuseppe Mazzini sont bien accueillis. Elle écrit également sur les préraphaélites et la famille Rossetti. Elle contribue à de nombreux essais à l'Histoire de l'art italien d'Adolfo Venturi. Elle publie également des articles sur les artistes piémontais - Bistolfi, Delleani, Grosso, Gaidano, Olivero - dont elle et son mari collectionnent les œuvres. Son important ouvrage sur Edmund Spenser est publié à titre posthume en 1938 par son fils Duccio.

Galimberti tient plusieurs séries de journaux intimes, couvrant non seulement sa vie personnelle et ses humeurs, mais aussi le point de vue de ses enfants. Elle tient des carnets de voyage, en particulier celui de son unique voyage en Angleterre - en 1933 - après une vie passée à étudier la littérature anglaise, qui détaille ses itinéraires et les personnes qu'elle rencontre - dont certaines avec lesquelles elle correspond depuis des années mais qu'elle ne connait pas personnellement.

Les archives familiales Galimberti de Coni, dont elle est la principale responsable de la constitution, conservent la documentation de son activité critique et littéraire et de son dense réseau de relations avec des intellectuels italiens et étrangers.

Alice Galimberti meurt le , après une brève maladie.

Œuvres choisies

Références

Bibliographie
 .
 .

Liens externes

Naissance en novembre 1873
Naissance à Vienne (Autriche)
Décès en janvier 1936
Décès à Coni
Étudiant de l'université de Rome « La Sapienza »
Professeur à l'université de Messine
Poète italien du XXe siècle
Poétesse italienne
Décès à 62 ans
Naissance en Autriche-Hongrie

Alice Galimberti


An Tillandsia zarumensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Amy Jean Gilmartin. An Tillandsia zarumensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Tillandsia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo nangangarat-an. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Tillandsia

Tillandsia zarumensis


Peter James Blake (født 1. oktober 1948, død 6. december 2001) var en newzealandsk sejlsportsmand, som vandt America's Cup i 1995 og 2000. Blake vandt også 1989/90-udgaven af Whitbread Round the World Race (i dag Volvo Ocean Race) med båden Steinlager 2. I 1995 blev Peter Blake udnævnt til Knight Commander af Order of the British Empire. Han fik også et æredoktorat ved Auckland University of Technology i 2000.

Under en ekspedition for FN udenfor Brasilien i 2001 blev Blake skudt og dræbt af pirater, der gik ombord på skibet "Seamaster". To af besætningen i båden blev såret. En domstol dømte de brasilianske pirater til mellem 20 og 30 år i fængsel.

Den 23. oktober 2002 blev Blake tildelt Olympiske Orden posthumt af Den Internationale Olympiske Komité.

Kilder

Personer tildelt Order of the British Empire
Personer der er blevet myrdet
Personer fra Auckland
Sejlsportsfolk fra New Zealand
Volvo Ocean Race sejlere

Peter Blake (sejler)


John Philip Baxter (* 31. Dezember 1896 in Foots Cray, Kent; † 15. Februar 1975 in London) war ein britischer Filmregisseur und -produzent.

Leben
Baxter war zunächst als Eisenbahner eingestellt und startete nach Erfahrungen als Truppenbetreuer im Ersten Weltkrieg nach dessen Ende eine Karriere als Sänger. Nach Erfahrungen als Manager von Kollegen und Schauspielern bekam er mit dem Beginn der Tonfilmzeit die Gelegenheit, beim Film zu wirken. Für die Shepperton Studios war er zunächst als Casting-Leiter, dann als Regisseur beschäftigt. Sein Debütfilm Taking Ways bestand aus zahlreichen Music-Hall-Nummern, die die kurze Handlung auf abendfüllende Länge brachten. Bereits sein zweiter Film brachte ihm aufgrund des ungewöhnlichen Schauplatzes Aufmerksamkeit; Doss House war ein in einem Obdachlosenasyl spielendes Melodram.

Er drehte nun Film auf Film. Nach einem Wechsel zu den Twickenham Studios gründete er mit einem Geschäftspartner "Baxter and Barter Productions", aus denen später "UK Films" erwuchsen. Nach dem Zusammenbruch des englischen Quoten-Systems, das einen bestimmten Prozentsatz britischer Filme bestimmt hatte, gingen viele Produktionsgesellschaften bankrott; Baxter wechselte zur British National, wo er bis 1943 verweilte. Nach Erfahrungen mit unabhängigen Firmen und einigen Filmen mit der britischen Antwort auf Shirley Temple, Hazel Ascot, kümmerte sich Baxter ab den 1950er Jahren – er hatte noch den Debütfilm der Group 3, The Second Mate, und nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg einige auf Kinder zugeschnittene Werke inszeniert – vornehmlich um die Produktion. Von 1960 bis 1968 war er Programmleiter der Television Wales and the West (TWW).

Seine Filme sind wenig beeindruckend, oftmals sentimental und mit melodramatischen Tönen versehen; sie wirken heute sehr antiquiert. Eine Ausnahme ist Love on the Dole, der das Thema Armut in vorher selten zu sehender Weise darstellte (und Deborah Kerrs Debüt war); dieses Thema wird in seinem Schaffen wiederholt thematisiert, wenn er sich nicht, wie v. a. während des Zweiten Weltkrieges und der Inszenierung der Bud Flanagan/Chesney-Allen-Filme und einigen der Serie um Arthur Lucans "Old Mother Riley", der puren Unterhaltung verschrieben hatte.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 1931: Taking Ways
 1932: Doss House
 1941: Love on the Dole
 1947: Kalle räumt auf (Bothing venture)
 1949: Freunde durch dick und dünn (Three Bags Full)
 1950: Das Drachenschloß (The Dragon of Pendragon Castle)
 1951: The Second Mate
 1956: Ramsbottom Rides Again

Weblinks

 ausführliche Biografie beim  British Film Institute

Einzelnachweise

Filmregisseur
Filmproduzent
Drehbuchautor
Brite
Geboren 1896
Gestorben 1975
Mann

John Baxter (Regisseur)


القش منتجٌ زراعي ثانوي، حيث يتكون القش من السيقان الجافة الباقية من محاصيل الحبوب، بعد إزالة الحبوب والبذور منها. القش يشكل نحو نصف إنتاج المادة الجافة لمحاصيل الحبوب مثل الشعير الشوفان والأرز و القمح.

استخدامات القش
 يستخدم أحياناً كعلف للحيوانات.
 يستخدم القش أحياناً في صناعة الوقود الحيوي مثل الإيثانول السليولوزي.

انظر أيضًا
 دريس

مراجع

تعرية التربة
زراعة
كتلة حيوية
مواد تغليف
مواد طبيعية
مواد عزل البناء
مواد قابلة للتحلل

قش


Die 17. Ski-Orientierungslauf-Weltmeisterschaften fanden vom 23. Februar bis 3. März 2007 in der Gegend um Moskau, Russland statt.

Herren

Sprint

Titelverteidiger:  Matti Keskinarkaus
Länge: 3,84 km
Höhenmeter: 90
Posten: 16
Teilnehmer: 70

Mitteldistanz

Titelverteidiger:  Ruslan Grizan
Länge: 11,48 km
Höhenmeter: 265
Posten: 29
Teilnehmer: 71

Langdistanz

Titelverteidiger:  Eduard Chrennikow
Länge: 24,81 km
Höhenmeter: 325
Posten: 48
Teilnehmer: 69

Staffel

Titelverteidiger:  Andrei Gruzdew, Ruslan Grizan, Eduard Chrennikow
Länge: 3 Runden à 8,29 km
Höhenmeter: jew. 220
Posten: jew. 19
Teilnehmer: 19 Staffeln

Damen

Sprint

Titelverteidigerin:  Stine Hjermstad Kirkevik
Länge: 2,79 km
Höhenmeter: 55
Posten: 14
Teilnehmerinnen: 48

Mitteldistanz

Titelverteidigerin:  Tatjana Wlassowa
Länge: 7,45 km
Höhenmeter: 220
Posten: 20
Teilnehmerinnen: 49

Langdistanz

Titelverteidigerin:  Tatjana Wlassowa
Länge: 13,91 km
Höhenmeter: 205
Posten: 31
Teilnehmerinnen: 49

Staffel

Titelverteidigerinnen:  Kjersti Reenaas, Marte Reenaas, Stine Hjermstad Kirkevik
Länge: 3 Runden à 5,65 km
Höhenmeter: jew. 145
Posten: jew. 14
Teilnehmer: 12 Staffeln

Medaillenspiegel

Erfolgreichste Teilnehmer

Weblinks
 Ergebnisse auf lazarus.elte.hu
 Ergebnisse auf orienteering.org

Sportveranstaltung 2007
2007
Sportveranstaltung in Moskau

Ski-Orientierungslauf-Weltmeisterschaften 2007


En Wallace-vandpost er en offentlig vandpost, som er designet af Charles-Auguste Lebourg og konstrueret i støbejern. Der er opstillet en lang række Wallace-vandposter rundt omkring i Paris i Frankrig, hovedsageligt på de mest befærdede fortove. Vandposterne er opkaldt efter Richard Wallace, der bekostede fremstillingen af dem. Posterne blev rost for deres æstetik og nævnes blandt de symboler, der karakteriserer byen. Der findes et eksemplar af en Wallace-vandpost uden for Wallace Collection, som er det London-galleri, der huser de kunstværker, som Wallace, der var en stor kunstmæcen, samlede.

Der findes en lang række Wallace-vandposter i byen, heriblandt 67 store modeller. Senere er de også introduceret andre steder, både i andre franske byer som Nantes, Toulon og Clermont-Ferrand og i byer andre steder i verden som Barcelona, Zürich, Rio de Janeiro, Montreal, Jerusalem og Macau.

Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Paris

Wallace-vandpost


Pyralidae (eller Pyralider) er en familie af sommerfugle (Lepidoptera) i overfamilien Pyraloidea. I mange (især ældre) klassifikationer er familien Crambidae (græsmøl) inkluderet som en underfamilie i Pyralidae, hvilket gjorde den kombinerede gruppe til en af de største familier i Lepidoptera. Nyere klassifikationer placerer Crambidae som en familie for sig selv i overfamilien Pyraloidea.

Det er en mangfoldig familie med mere end 6.000 arter beskrevet på verdensplan. Omtrent 81 arter er registreret i Danmark De er fordelt på 3 underfamilier: Gallerinae (voksmøl), Pyralinae og Phycitinae, med mange arter der er sværtbestemmelige. Vingefanget for små og mellemstore arter er normalt mellem 9 og 37 mm med variable morfologiske træk.

Biologisk nedbrydning af plast

Mikrober fundet i pyraliders fordøjelsessystem er i stand til at fordøje polyetylen (fx plastposer) - og kan derfor hjælpe med at afhænde plast.

To bakteriestammer; Enterobacter asburiae (YT1) og Bacillus sp. (YP1), som er i stand til at nedbryde polyethylen, er blevet fundet i larvernes fordøjelsessystem.
Halvmøl er i stand til at tygge og æde polyethylenfilm. En test med en 28-dages rugningsperiode af disse to bakteriestammer på polyethylenfilm fik filmenes hydrofobicitet til at mindskes. Desuden blev en ødelæggelse af filmene med fordybninger og hulrum (0,3-0,4 μm i dybde) observeret på overfladen af polyethylenfilmene ved at anvende scanning-elektronmikroskop og atomart kraftmikroskop.

Se også
 Melorm

Kilder

Møl
Skadedyr
Mad til kæledyr
Fiskegrej
Recirkulering

Pyralider


Calculatorul electronic DACICC-200 (Dispozitiv Automat de Calcul al Institutului de Calcul Cluj)
 a fost conceput și realizat între anii 1964-1968 la Institutul de Calcul (Academia Română, Filiala Cluj-Napoca) condus pe atunci de directorul acad.Tiberiu Popoviciu. Pentru partea hardware, echipa care l-a construit a fost condusă de inginerii Mircea Bocu și Gheorghe Farkas, fiind formată din ing. Bruno Azzola, Daniel Beloiu, Juhasz Iolanda, Tudor Mureșan, Mihai Mușteanu și Mircea Pătru (la care s-au alăturat spre sfârșit, în 1968, inginerii Petre Soreanu, Dan Cigmăian și Mircea Corpadea pentru testări). Pentru partea de software, echipa a fost coordonată de matematicienii Emil Muntean și Teodor Rus, fiind formată din Liviu Negrescu, Stefan Nițchi, Stein Hannes, Werner Schuster, Stela Laslău-Popescu și Mircu Mitrov.
 a avut la bază experiența dobândită în conceperea și construirea calculatorului electronic precedent, DACICC-1;
 a fost un calculator original, conceput și fabricat "la comandă", pentru Institutul Central de Cercetări Agricole din București; contractul a fost în valoare de 3.482.000 lei (echivalentul a 580.000 $, raportat la cursul din 1964  ); a funcționat la capacitate maximă între anii 1968-1973;
 a fost un calculator de generatia a doua, fiind complet  tranzistorizat , și având trăsături "revoluționare" pentru acea vreme: aritmetică flotantă cablată hard, memorie modulară, cu simultaneități precum overlap (suprapunerea în timp a pregătirii unei instrucțiuni cu execuția precedentei) și simultaneitatea funcțională a blocurilor de memorie (întâlnită azi doar la calculatoarele paralele multiprocesor);
 a fost cel mai performant calculator construit în țară cu proiect și materiale autohtone în perioada anilor '50-'60;
 pentru el au fost dezvoltate următoarele componente soft:

 asamblorul PAS (Program de Asamblare Simbolică), realizat de mat. Teodor Rus, mat. Stein Hannes și, ceva mai la urmă, mat. Viorel Costea;
 monitorul, realizat de mat. Emil Muntean și Stefan Nițchi;
 supervizorul de intrări/ieșiri, realizat de mat. Werner Schuster;
 ansamblul de programe pentru testare BTH (Baterie de Teste Hard), la realizarea cărora o contribuție importantă au avut mat. Stela Laslău-Popescu și mat. Mircu Mitrov;
 programul MOL (Machine Oriented Language), asimilat unui asamblor, realizat de mat. Werner Schuster;
 compilatorul FORTRAN-2, scris în MOL de către mat. Liviu Negrescu. A fost primul compilator românesc, scris și realizat în țară;

 împreună cu DACICC-1, a constituit baza formării a numeroși matematicieni de la Institutul de Calcul, de la  Universitatea "Babeș-Bolyai" și de la Universitatea Tehnică Cluj-Napoca ca specialiști în analiză numerică; aici s-a format ceea ce e cunoscută în țară și peste hotare ca "Școala Clujeană de Analiză Numerică și Teoria Aproximării";
 împreună cu DACICC-1, a constituit baza formării informaticienilor care au constituit (prin transfer de la Institutul de Calcul), Institutul de Tehnică de Calcul (ITC) Cluj, în 1968, și Centrul Teritorial de Calcul Cluj, în 1970;
 împreună cu DACICC-1, a constituit baza formării profesorilor de informatică de la  Universitatea "Babeș-Bolyai" (de ex. prof. dr. Grigor Moldovan, ș.a.), care s-au instruit pe acest calculator iar apoi au predat cursuri la facultate, Clujul începând astfel să genereze absolvenți în domeniul IT.

Ca o recunoaștere a meritelor specialiștilor de la Cluj, Mircea Bocu, Gheorghe Farkas și Emil Muntean (alături de alți câțiva pionieri ai informaticii românești) au fost recompensați în anul 2003 de către  președinția României cu  Ordinul Național Serviciul Credincios în grad de Cavaler.

Institutul de Calcul, prin acest calculator și prin precedentul, DACICC-1, poate fi considerat ca "leagănul informaticii clujene", precum și un important jalon în istoria informaticii românești. Institutul are de asemenea un rol recunoscut în dezvoltarea analizei numerice românești.

Caracteristicile calculatorului
DACICC-200 era un calculator binar care lucra cu virgulă fixă sau mobilă. Lungimea unui cuvânt era de 24 de biți. Reprezentarea numerelor era realizată în cod complementar, pentru virgulă fixă 1 bit semn, 23 de biți mantisă; pentru virgulă mobilă 1 bit semn, 37 de biți mantisă, 10 biți exponent. Numerele în virgulă mobilă se păstrau în două adrese consecutive din memorie. Instrucțiunile în virgulă mobilă erau cablate hard. Instrucțiunile erau cu o adresă.  Calculatorul avea viteza de calcul de 200 000 de operații/secundă. Dispozitivele periferice erau cuplate la unitatea centrală prin 7 canale pe care puteau fi montate până la 64 de periferice prin interfața standard. Canalele funcționau independent unul față de celălalt, în regim de simultaneitate cu unitatea centrală. Dispecerul pentru multiprograme asigura funcționarea a 4 programe simultan și conversația între om și calculator prin mașina de scris de la pupitrul de comandă. Pentru a suprapune în timp pregătirea unei instrucțiuni cu execuția precedentei(overlap) au fost create în unitatea centrală două dispozitive: lansatorul și executorul de instrucțiuni, cu funcționalitate simultană și independentă  .

Memoria internă
Memoria internă este concepută modular, cu blocuri de câte 4096 adrese, capacitate maximă 8 blocuri.  Blocurile de memorie sunt realizate pe inele de ferită, au timp de acces 1,5 μs și ciclul 4μs. Blocurile funcționează independent unul față de celălalt. Accesul la memoriese face prin circuite de apel prioritar

.

Sistemul de instrucțiuni
Dispune de 78 instrucțiuni dintre care 49 cu adresă. Repartiția pe categorii a instrucțiunilor e următoarea:
 operații aritmetice în virgulă fixă
 operații aritmetice în virgulă mobilă
 operații logice
 operații de transfer de informație
 operații de salt
 operații cu regiștri de index
 operații de deplasare
 operații cu caractere
 operații pentru dispozitivele periferice
 operații diverse
Calculatorul realizează în medie peste 200 000 operații de tip adunare pe secundă.

Periferice
Dispozitivele periferice sunt cuplate la unitatea centrală prin 7 canale pe care pot fi montate până la 64 periferice prin interfața standard. Canalele funcționează independent unul față de celălalt. Aparatura periferică poate face schimb cu unitatea centrală pe caractere sau pe blocuri de caractere. Schimburile pe blocuri ocupă canalul permițând numai unui singur aparat să lucreze pe canal; schimburile pe caractere permit funcționarea simultană a mai multor periferice pe același canal.

Programare
Utilizarea rațională a calculatorului, din punct de vedere al eficienței timpului de lucru se realizează prin multiprogramare. Din punct de vedere constructiv pentru a asigura posibilitatea multiprogramării sunt prevăzute următoarele:
 Un sistem de întreruperi prioritare care servește la utilizarea dispozitivelor periferice;
 Posibilitatea de blocare și deblocare a regimului de întreruperi prin program;
 Instrucțiuni speciale pentru tratarea întreruperilor și a folosirii progrmului dispecer;
 Posibilitatea de a realiza adresări relative pentru alocări dinamice, controlul domeniului de adresare în regim de program și acționarea perifericelor numai de către dispecer;
Dispecerul pentru multiprogramare asigură funcționarea a 4 programe simultan și conversația între om și calculator prin mașina de scris de la pupitrul de comandă.
.

Una dintre principalele componente soft era asamblorul PAS (Program de Asamblare Simbolică),  folosit la scrierea de programe în cod mașină. La realizarea lui au contribuit Teodor Rus, Stein Hannes și Viorel Costea. Monitorul a fost realizat de Emil Muntean și Ștefan Nițchi, iar  supervizorul de intrări-ieșiri de Werner Schuster, care a dezvoltat și MOL (Machine Oriented Language), un asamblor care utiliza și adrese simbolice. Pentru testarea implementării hard a aritmeticii în virgulă mobilă s-a realizat un ansamblu de programe numit BTH (Baterie de Test Hard), la care au contribuit Stela Laslău-Popescu și Mitrov Mircu.

Folosind MOL, Liviu Negrescu a dezvoltat pentru DACICC-200 primul compilator FORTRAN-2 din România. Sistemul de programare automată DACICC-FORTRAN, cum îl numește creatorul, cuprinde un limbaj deprogramare de tip FORTRAN și compilatorul, precum și o librărie de subprograme în cod mașină. Compilatorul realiza traducerea într-un singur pas în cod mașină a programelor din limbajul sursă, putând genera programul obiect în două moduri: în octal sau în binar.

Utilizări
Una dintre primele probleme rezolvate cu DACICC-200 a fost o problemă de calcul propusă spre rezolvare Institutului de calcul de acad. Cristofor Simionescu, președintele Filialei din Iași a Academiei. Problema respectivă a intervenit într-un studiu de chimie privind structura unor substanțe complexe(polimeri) și din punct de  vedere matematic, ea s-a redus la calculul valorilor proprii și a vectorilor proprii ale unei matrici de ordinul 32. Au fost utilizate două variante ale metodei iterative Jacobi, metoda de calcul a fost transcris în limbajul DACICC-FORTRAN, pe baza programului întocmit mașina a rezolvat problema în 5 minute.

De asemenea s-au rezolvat probleme de optimizare cu 3 000 de elemente, s-au efectuat tabelări de funcții, rezolvări de sisteme de ecuații liniare etc.

Colectiv de ingineri
La conceperea și realizarea calculatorului au contribuit inginerii: Mircea Bocu, Gheorghe Farkas, Iolanda Juhasz, Tudor Mureșan, Daniel Beloiu, Mihai Mușteanu, Mircea Pătru. În 1968 li s-au alăturat, mai ales pentru testare, reglare și elaborarea de manuale Dan Cigmăian, Mircea Corpadea și Petre Soreanu.

Referințe

Legături externe
Calculatorul DACICC-200 - Institutul de Calcul T. Popoviciu

Istoricul Institutului de Calcul T. Popoviciu

Calculatoare românești

DACICC-200


İstanbul Kültür Sanat Vakfı (kısaca İKSV), Nejat Eczacıbaşı önderliğinde kurulmuş kâr amacı gütmeyen ve kamu yararına çalışan bir kültür kurumudur. Vakfın temel amaçları İstanbul'u dünya kültür-sanat başkentleri arasında ön sıralara taşımak, kültür ve sanat yoluyla ulusal ve evrensel, geleneksel ve çağdaş değerler arasında sürekli ve kalıcı bir etkileşim sağlamak ve kültür politikalarının oluşturulmasında etkin rol oynamaktır.

Bu amaçlar doğrultusunda her biri uluslararası nitelikteki İstanbul Müzik, Film, Tiyatro ve Caz Festivalleri, İstanbul Bienali, İstanbul Tasarım Bienali, Leyla Gencer Şan Yarışması ve Filmekimi'nin yanı sıra yıl boyunca özel etkinlikler düzenleyen vakıf, Nejat Eczacıbaşı Binası'nda yer alan Salon ile etkinliklere ev sahipliği de yapar.

Venedik Bienali'ndeki Türkiye Pavyonu'nun organizasyonunu ve Fransa'daki Cité International des Arts sanatçı atölyesindeki bir misafir sanatçı programının koordinasyonunu da üstlenen İKSV ayrıca kültür politikalarının geliştirilmesine katkıda bulunmak amacıyla araştırmalar yürütüyor ve raporlar hazırlıyor.

Vakıf ayrıca festivallerinde sunduğu ödüller, verdiği eser siparişleri ve yer aldığı yerel ve uluslararası ortak yapımların yanı sıra her yıl klasik müzik alanında çalışan bir gence sunduğu Aydın Gün Teşvik Ödülü ve yine her yıl üstün başarılı bir edebiyat çevirisinin çevirmenine sunduğu Talât Sait Halman Çeviri Ödülü ile güncel kültür-sanat üretimini desteklemek yolundaki çalışmalarını da sürdürüyor.

İKSV'nin düzenlediği festivaller ve etkinlikler
 İstanbul Film Festivali - Nisan ayında*
 İstanbul Tiyatro Festivali - Mayıs ayında**
 İstanbul Müzik Festivali - Haziran ayında*
 İstanbul Caz Festivali - Temmuz ayında*
 İstanbul Bienali - Eylül-Ekim aylarında**
 İstanbul Tasarım Bienali - Eylül-Ekim aylarında**
 Filmekimi - Ekim ayında*

* Her yıl düzenlenmektedir** Dönüşümlü olarak iki yılda bir düzenlenmektedirler

Ödüller
 1998: Cumhurbaşkanlığı Kültür ve Sanat Büyük Ödülü

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Türkiye merkezli kültürel kuruluşlar
Kültür sanat vakıfları

İstanbul Kültür Sanat Vakfı


Dilaver Paşa (ö.  19 Mayıs 1622) II. Osman saltanatı döneminde 17 Eylül 1621- 19 Mayıs 1622 tarihleri arasında sekiz ay iki gün sadrazamlık yapmış bir Osmanlı devlet adamıdır.

Hayatı
Hırvat asıllıdır. Enderun'da yetişti. Sırasıyla zuluflu, baltacı ve casnigar oldu. Bir süre Mısır'da kullarağası, Desise nazırı ve çizye emini görevlerinde bulundu. Daha sonra İstanbul'a getirilerek sarayda çaşnigarbaşılığa tayin edildi. Bu görevde iken 1610'da Kırım Hani Selamet Giray'ın ölümü üzerine, İstanbul'da bulunan CaniBeg Giray'la birlikte Kırım'a giderek, onun han olmasında rol oynadı.

Dilaver Paşa, 1613 yılında Kıbrıs Beylerbeyiliği, ardından Bağdat beylerbeyliğine getirildi. Revan Seferine katıldı. 1616'da vezir unvanıyla Diyarbakır beylerbeyliğine getirildi. Bu görev sırasında vakıf ve timar meselelerindeki haksızlıkları, eyaleti dahilindeki isyan hareketlerini ve bazı anlaşmazlıkları halletti. Sultan II. Osman'ın tahta çıkışından sonra Rumeli beylerbeyliğine getirilen Dilaver Paşa, beraberindeki kuvvetlerle İran seferine katıldı. Osmanlı Ordusunu yenilgisiyle sonuçlanan Serav Savaşı'ndan sonra imzalanan Serav Antlaşması'nın akdinde önemli rol oynadı.

Daha sonra ikinci kez Bağdat beylerbeyliği görevine tayin edilen Dilaver Paşanın görevi kısa bir süre sonra Diyarbakır beylerbeyliği'ne çevrildi. Lehistan savaşında, Hotin Seferi sırasında Dinyester nehrine dayanan sağ kolda yer aldı. 17 Eylül 1621'de Ohrili Hüseyin Paşanın yerine sadrazam oldu.

18 Mayıs 1622 günü Sultan II. Osman Kabe'yi ziyaretle hac yapmak ve bu arada yolda Celali eşkıya tenkil etmek olarak açıklanan niyetle otağ-ı humayun İstanbul'dan Üsküdar'a geçirilecekti ve Dilaver Paşa ve Nişancı ve Defterdar paşalara bu görev verilmişti. II. Osman kendine hac seferinde refakat etmek için sadece 1.000 sipahi ve 500 yençeri seçilmesini ve kapıkulu ordusunun İstanbul'da kışlalarında kalmasını planlamıştı. Bu haber ve Üsküdar'a geçiş kapıkulu kışlalarında tepki uyandırdı ve kazan kaldırdılar.  Bu isyan haberi Paşakapısı'na yetişdiğinde Dilaver Paşa Çavuşbaşı Halıcizade'yi askere nasihat vermeye yolladı. Asi askerlere ulema sınıfı mensupları da katıldı. Büyük bir asker ve sivil kalabalık Süleymaniye Camii'nde toplandılar ve kapıkulları ise Etmeydanı'nda ve Atmeydanı'nda Sultan Ahmet Camii'nde toplandılar. İstanbul çarşıları kapandı. Bu arada Saraya asi kapıkullarının isteklerini Sultan'a anlatmak için gönderdikleri ulema heyetini Sultan azarlayıp asileri ölümle tehdit etti. Asiler Saraya doğru yürüyüşe geçtiler.  Dilaver Paşa'nın gönderdiği Çavuşbaşı asilerin tam yola çıkacakları sırada önlerine çıktı; asilerin kendini taşlamaları üzerine nasihat veremeden saraya döndü.

Ayaklanmacılar Şeyhülislam'a bir heyet gönderip padişahı kötü işlere sevkedenlerin idam edilmesi için bir fetva aldılar. Bu fetvayı Sultan Osman'a göstermek için bir ulema heyeti saraya gönderildi. Fetvayı okuyan Sultan onu yırtıp bir kenara attı ve böylece asileri iyice tahrik edecek ve onları çileden çıkaracak bir harekette bulundu. O gün silahsız olan bir grup ayaklanmacı Paşakapısına gitti. Dilaver Paşa'nın kapı halkı savunmaya geçip attıkları oklardan eylemcilerden bazılarını öldürdüler ve epey yaralı oldu. Bu silahlı savunma ertesi gün ayaklanmacıların silahlı olarak hareketlerine devam etmelerine bir vesile yarattı.

19 Mayıs Perşembe günü seher vakti silahlanmış kapıkulu eylemcileri Odalar Meydanı'nda toplanıp Fatih Camii'ne yürüdüler ve orada büyük bir ulema kalabalığı onlara katıldı. Atmeydanı'na gidildi ve burada Sultanahmet Camii'nde büyük bir toplantı yapıldı. Ayaklanmacılar burada idamını istedikleri devlet erkanının bir listesini çıkardılar ve bu listenin başında sadrazam Dilaver Paşa, kızlar ağası, Rumeli kazaskeri, defterdar, İstanbul kadısı'nın isimleri  bulunmaktaydı. Ulemadan bir grup Saraya istekleri bildirmek üzere gönderildi. Sultan Osman idamlara razı olmadı ve istekleri getiren ulema temsilcilerini de tutuklattı.

Kendilerine katılan büyük halk kitleleri ile birlikte heyeti Sultanahmet'te boşuna bekleyen ayaklanmacılar sonunda Saraya yürümeye karar verdiler. Saray avlusunda bir direnme  hazırlığı olmadığı Ayasofya minarelerine çıkarılan gözcüler tarafından bildirilince çoğu silahlı asi kalabalık saray avlusuna; oradan da Orta Kapı'dan geçerek değişik bölüklere ayrılarak Kubbealtı'na, mutfaklara ve Babüsaade'ye yöneldiler.  Asi kapıkulu askerleri Babussade'yi de geçip Arzodasına zarar verdikten sonra Endürün avlusuna doluştular. Vezirler ve ulema önce Hastalar Sarayı önünde  "tanıklık etmek üzere" toplandılar. Sonra asiler Endurun avlusunda beklerken vezirler ve ulema arka Hasbahçe'den dolaştırılıp Sofay-ı Humayun'da bir sedefkar tahta oturmuş II. Osman ile karşikarşıya görüşmeye başladılar. . II. Osman haca gitmekten vazgeçtiğini tekrar belirtti. Ama vezirler asilerin listede ismi bulunan devlet ricalinin idamında gayet kararlı olduklarını ve asilerin artık önlerinin alınmasının imkânsız olduğunu Sultan'a inandırıcı olarak ifade ettiler.

Avluda üç saattir bekleyen silahlı kapıkulu ayaklanmacılarını eylemden caydırmak için öğüt vermek hedefi ile Sadrazam Dilaver Paşa ile ulemadan bir grup arka yollardan geçerek bekleyen asilerin önüne çıktılar. Fakat asiler kılıçlarını çıkarıp bu nasihatları dinlemekten kaçındılar ve Dilaver Paşa burada tartaklandı. Hayatlarından korkan heyet geri kaçtı. Asiler Hırkay-ı Saadet ve Sofay-ı Humayun kapılarını zorlamaya başladılar ve Arzhane'ye girip kutsal emanetleri yağmaladılar. II. Osman korumalı bir kasra sığındı. Bir kısım kapıkulu I. Mustafa'yı haremdeki tutuklu olduğu dairesinden çıkartıp Divanhane'ye gördüler.

Sultan Osman sonunda asilere karşı duramayacağını anladı ve başta Sadrazam Dilaver Paşa ve Kızlarağası Süleyman Ağa agakapısından dışarı çıkartılıp avluda kalan asilere teslim edildi. Asiler Dilaver Paşa'yı ve Süleyman Ağa'yı katlettiler.

Dilaver Paşa'nın naaşı Mayıs 1622'de Üsküdar'daki Miskinler Mezarlığı'na gömüldü.

Popüler kültürdeki yeri
Muhteşem Yüzyıl: Kösem adlı Türk dizisinde Oğuz Okul tarafından canlandırılmıştır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Uzunçarsılı, İsmail Hakkı, (1954) Osmanlı Tarihi III. Cilt, 2. Kısım , XVI. Yüzyıl Ortalarından XVII. Yüzyıl Sonuna kadar), Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu (Altıncı Baskı 2011 ISBN 978-975-16-0010)  say.373
 Danişmend, İsmail Hâmi (1971), Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı,  İstanbul:Türkiye Yayınevi.
 Sakaoğlu, Necdet (1999), Bu Mülkün Sultanları, İstanbul:Oğlak ISBN 975-329-6 say.227
 Tektaş, Nazım (2002), Sadrâzamlar Osmanlı'da İkinci Adam Saltanatı, İstanbul:Çatı Yayınevi (Google books:
 Buz, Ayhan, (2009) Osmanlı Sadrazamları, İstanbul: Neden Kitap, ISBN978-975-254-278-5

Osmanlı sadrazamları
1622 yılında ölenler
Osmanlı Hırvatları
Osmanlı Kıbrıs valileri
17. yüzyılda Osmanlılar
Cinayet kurbanları
Suikast sonucu ölen Osmanlılar
Suikast sonucu ölen vezirler
Suikast sonucu ölen siyasetçiler
İstanbul'da ölenler
İstanbul'da defnedilenler
Doğum tarihi bilinmeyenler

Dilaver Paşa


تي-62 دبابة قتال رئيسية سوفيتية محدثة عن الدبابة السوفيتية تي-55 ، دخلت التي-62 الخدمة في الجيش السوفيتي سنة 1961، يتألف طاقم الدبابة من 4 أفراد آمر وسائق ومدفعي وسادن وهي مسلحة بمدفع رئيسي عيار 115 ملم ورشاش آلي عيار 7.62، تبلغ وزن الدبابة 40 طن فيما تبلغ سرعتها القصوى 50 كم/س بالطريق المعبد وقد زودت بمحرك ديزل بقوة 581 حصان.

صنعت في الاتحاد السوفيتي بين عامي (1961-1979) وفي تشيكوسلوفاكيا(1975-1978) وفي كوريا الشمالية في الثمانينات. المصنع الرئيسي للدبابة مصنع (اورالفجونرافود) في الاتحاد السوفييتي.

المستخدمون الحاليون

  2000 دبابة في الخدمة
  قرابة 1800 دبابة
  1400 مصنفة كدبابات صف ثاني
  500 دبابة مؤكدة في الخدمة
  380 دبابة مؤكدة في الخدمة
  250 دبابة مؤكدة في الخدمة
  200 دبابة في الخدمة
  200 دبابة
  170 دبابة في الخدمة
  100 دبابة مؤكدة في الخدمة
  50 دبابة مؤكدة في الخدمة
  65 دبابة مؤكدة في الخدمة
 40 دبابة تدريب
  18 دبابة مؤكدة في الخدمة

المستخدمون السابقون

  عدد محدود للتدريب في الثمانينيات.

الحروب
 حرب الحدود الصينية السوفييتية (1969).
 حرب أكتوبر.
 الحرب الاهلية الإثيوبية.
 حرب الصحراء الغربية.
 الحرب الاهلية الانغولية.
 الحرب الليبية التشادية.
 الحرب السوفييتية في أفغانستان.
 الحرب العراقية الإيرانية.
 الحرب الاهلية اللبنانية.
 الحرب الاهلية الجورجية.
 الحرب الروسية الجورجية عام 2008.
 حرب الخليج الثانية.
 الحرب الاهلية الطاجيكية.
 حرب الشيشان الأولى.
 حرب الشيشان الثانية.
 غزو العراق 2003.
 الثورة الليبية عام 2011.
 حرب سوريا (2011-إلى الآن).

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

دبابات الاتحاد السوفيتي
دبابات قتال رئيسية روسية
دبابات قتال رئيسية في الحرب الباردة
دبابات قتالية رئيسية في الاتحاد السوفيتي
عتاد عسكري استحدث في عقد 1960
مركبات عسكرية 1960–1969

تي-62