عصام العطار داعية إسلامي سوري ومراقب عام سابق لجماعة الإخوان المسلمين في سورية. ولد في عام 1927 في أعقاب الثورة السورية. وهو شقيق الدكتورة نجاح العطار نائبة الرئيس السوري للشؤون الثقافية والإعلامية.

عائلته
عائلة العطار عائلة عريقة من أهل العلم والفقه والمحدثين توارثت التدريس والخطابة في المسجد الأموي في دمشق لعدة قرون خَلَتْ ولها غرفة مكتبة في المسجد، ونسب العائلة الأصلي هو لجدها الحسني الحسيني الهاشمي ولُقِّبَ بالعطار لعلمه الفقهي واللغوي وأسلوب محاضراته الجميل في المسجد الأموي. والده الشيخ محمد رضا العطار كان عالما ومن رجال القضاء الشرعي والعدلي، وكان رئيسا لمحكمة الجنايات ومحكمة التمييز. وكان من محبي ومناصري السلطان عبد الحميد، وقد شارك في محاربة الاتحاديين، فحكم عليه جمال باشا والي سوريا بالإعدام مع من حكم عليهم وأعدمهم من الوطنيين فيما عرفوا بشهداء 6 أيار 1911، فهرب وعاش سنوات بين القبائل العربية في حوران في جبل العرب جبل الدروز. ثم نفي أخيرا بعد اعتقاله إلى استانبول أثناء الحرب العالمية الأولى، ثم عاد إلى البلاد، كان من أبرع من ركب الخيل ويجيد استخدام السلاح، ويحب سير الفروسية ويحفظ سيرة ابن هشام وكثير من كتب الفقه والحديث. وكان قوي الذاكرة وحلو الحديث.

كان القرآن الكريم جزءا من تربية عصام العطار وثقافته، وقد حفظ بعض المتون مثل ألفية ابن مالك ومتن الزُبد (حيث كان أجداده من أئمة الشافعية في بلاد الشام).

وقد كان لنشأته في أسرة علم سببا في لسانه العربي الرصين بدون تكلف، وقد قرأ في صغره لكبار الأدباء العرب مثل مصطفى صادق الرافعي، وطه حسين، وعباس محمود العقاد، وأحمد حسن الزيات، وزكي نجيب محمود، وساطع الحصري، وأحمد أمين، وعلي عبد الواحد وافي (عميد علم الاجتماع)، وقسطنطين زريق، وسلامة موسى، وعبد الرحمن بدوي.

في المدرسة الابتدائية كانت المدارس تزور المدارس، فيطلب من عصام العطار الطالب أن يجيب، فكان يرتفع التصفيق لبيانه ولسانه العربي السليم. وقد حاز العديد من الجوائز في المدرسة الابتدائية.

أول صلة له كانت بشباب محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم وهي جمعية من الجمعيات التي كونت الأخوان المسلمين. وكانوا يقومون بتعليم أسس الإسلام، وكانوا يعيشون سوية، فيأكلون، ويقومون مع بعضهم، ويخرجون إلى القرى يخطبون الجمعة.

وكان في المدن الأخرى شيئا مشابها ففي حلب كان هناك دار الأرقم وفي حمص وحماة، وكان هناك تعارف بين هذه الجمعيات. حتى عاد مصطفى السباعي من مصر الذي كان يتابع ما يجري في سورية، وكان له فضل كبير في تقوية ارتباط الجمعيات مع بعضها، وأن تأخذ هذه الجمعيات اسم الأخوان المسلمين، وانتخب أمينا عاما للأخوان المسلمين.

تعرف عصام العطار على مصطفى السباعي سنة 1945-1946م.

1947 م جرت انتخابات شديدة، وكان في السلطة شكري القوتلي، أصدرت رابطة العلماء قائمة منفصلة عن الحزب الوطني.

1952 م ساءت العلاقات بين المشايخ والأستاذ السباعي في قضية تتعلق بدين الدولة، حيث استغنى المشايخ عن نقطة أن دستور الدولة هو الإسلام مقابل تسميات في الدستور كتمسك الدولة بالإسلام ومبادئه ودين رئيس الدول هو الإسلام. فطلب من عصام العطار أن يصون العلاقة بين المشايخ والأستاذ السباعي وقد أصروا عليه برابطة العلماء أن يضموه إليهم، فتعرف إليهم وسمع مناقشاتهم وشارك في نشاطاتهم وكان معهم في بعض اللقاءات المهمة فكان محاورا عنهم.

1955 م عقد مؤتمر في دمشق ضم كل شيوخ سورية الكبار وكل السياسيين السوريين الإسلاميين ومنهم محمد المبارك، ومعروف الدواليبي، ومصطفى الزرقا، وكل الجمعيات الثقافية الإسلامية. وفي هذا المؤتمر اختير عصام العطار بالإجماع أمينا عاما لهيئة المؤتمر الإسلامي. وكان في وقتها في الهيئة التشريعية والمكتب التنفيذي للأخوان المسلمين وعضوا في مكتب دمشق للأخوان المسلمين.

كان هو الخطيب شبه الدائم في مسجد الجامعة مع علي الطنطاوي ومصطفى السباعي وآخرين. وكان المسجد يمتلئ بالألوف من الطلاب وأساتذة.

وقد هاجم عصام العطار الحكم الديكتاتوري للشيشكلي سنة 1951 هجوما شديدا فصدر أمر اعتقاله، فنصحه المقربون منه وأجبروه بالخروج إلى مصر.

إقامته في مصر
سبق اسم عصام العطار وصوله ونتيجة لعلاقته الجيدة مع الهضيبي وعبد القادر عودة تيسرت الأمور. تعاون مع الأخوان المسلمين في مصر في اللجنة التوجيهية للأخوان وكان مقرر اللجنة عبد العزيز كامل الذي وجد له بيتا يسكن فيه في نفس البناء الذي كان يسكن فيه. قابل في مصر العديد من الشخصيات منهم سيد قطب، والبشير الإبراهيمي شيخ علماء الجزائر، ومحمود محمد شاكر عالم العربية الكبير، وعبد الوهاب عزام أديب العربية الكبير. كانت الحياة في مصر غنية وكان لها أثر في حياته لما بعد.

عودته إلى سوريا
اشتد على أبيه المرض في سورية وكان يستحلف الناس الذين يزورونه ألا يخبروا عصام العطار في مصر إلى أن شارف على الوفاة فأبرق علي الطنطاوي (والد زوجته بنان) إلى خاله محب الدين الخطيب ( خال علي الطنطاوي) أن يترفق في إخباره. وعاد إلى الشام.

في عام 1954 جاء الهضيبي في زيارة إلى سوريا. واختير عصام العطار ليكون مرافقا له في هذه الرحلة. كما رافقه أيضا الشيخ محمد الحامد ومصطفى السباعي وسعيد رمضان. وكان يحضر له مئات الألوف وتخرج مئات السيارات في حضوره.

الانشقاق في صفوف الأخوان
قام انقلاب الشيشكلي على مرحلتين، فقد ترك الحكم المدني يستمر وكان معروف الدواليبي رئيسا للوزراء والذي لم يسارٍ الشيشكلي فتصادما وسُجن الدواليبي. قام مصطفى السباعي بمحاولات لرأب الصدع بين الطرفين إلا أن الشيشكلي حل المجلس النيابي واعتقل مصطفى السباعي نحو أربعة أشهر. وقد حل الشيشكلي جماعة الأخوان المسلمين. وقد أراد مصطفى السباعي أن يكون الحل حقيقيا. هنالك من أقنع مصطفى السباعي بأن تنحل الجماعة في الوضع الراهن نتيجة الظروف السياسية الحالية من انقلابات وديكتاتورية وإنشاء تنظيم سري بمن يمكن أن ينتظم من الأخوان في هكذا تنظيم سري. هذا الأمر حرر عصام العطار بحيث لا تؤثر مواقفه على الجماعة ولذلك تمادى في الهجوم على الشيشكلي.

وقد لعب نجيب جويفل وهو ضابط مخابرات مصري دورا هاما في حل الجماعة حيث اخترق النظام الخاص للأخوان المسلمين وحاول شق الصف بالدعوة إلى أن يكون هناك مرشدا واحدا في مختلف البلاد العربية من الكويت إلى الأردن وسورية ومصر وفلسطين، وقد انضم له بعض خيرة العناصر بمقاصدها الطيبة وبإمكاناتها وكان يغري كل فريق من الناس بما يطمحون إليه كمساعدة الفلسطينيين في حربهم. وقد كانت بعض هذه العناصر من المقربين لمصطفى السباعي، وقد كشف أمره لاحقا بعد قيام الوحدة بين سورية ومصر. خرج السباعي من المعتقل إلى لبنان مباشرة وبقي يعمل هناك في العمل الإسلامي.

خلال زيارة حسن الهضيبي أسس المكتب التنفيذي للأخوان المسلمين في البلاد العربية وكان يمثل سورية فيه بشكل طبيعي الأستاذ الدكتور مصطفى السباعي ومعه عصام العطار.

عند عودة الهضيبي إلى مصر اتخذ موقفا من المعاهدة المصرية البريطانية ونقدها في عدة جوانب فكانت طلائع المحنة بالسجن ثم التعذيب والإعدام لعدد من الأخوان مثل عبد القادر عودة ومحمد فرغلي ويوسف طلعت وهنداوي محمود عبد اللطيف، وكان لذلك رد فعل كبير في سورية. وفي ذلك الحين يقف الجمهور في مختلف توجهاته ضد عبد الناصر. ولكن بعد تأميم قناة السويس 1956، تراجع الصدام بين الأخوان وعبد الناصر وتجاوب الأخوان مع هذه الخطوة، وزادت الأحزاب من صلتها مع عبد الناصر. في حين استغلت الأحزاب غير الإسلامية من الشيوعيين والاشتراكيين في ضرب العمل الإسلامي وضرب الأخوان المسلمين.

في عام 1956 أوفدت الجامعة الأستاذ مصطفى السباعي إلى أوربة للاطلاع على مناهج الدراسات الإسلامية، فكانت هذه المرحلة من أخطر المراحل التي حمل فيها عصام العطار مسؤولية العمل الإسلامي.

وفرضت الظروف أن يتكون المكتب التنفيذي للأخوان المسلمين في حلب، وقد اختير عصام العطار ممثلا ومتحدثا باسم الأخوان المسلمين، فكان عصام العطار من الناحية الفعلية يحمل مسؤولية المراقب العام للأخوان المسلمين والمكتب التنفيذي في وقت واحد، فكان مصير الجماعة متوقف على موقفه.

قامت المقاومة الشعبية لأن سورية كانت مستهدفة وكانت هدفا لكثير من المؤامرات، من دول عربية وغربية. وكان قائدها في ذلك الوقت صلاح البزرة. وتكونت هذه المقاومة للتصدي لتركيا ودول حلف بغداد وهدفها غير المعلن هو القضاء على الأخوان المسلمين. وكان من ورائها الشيوعيون وبشكل خاص الجيش والمخابرات.

زار عصام العطار في إحدى المرات شكري القوتلي وكان رئيسا للجمهورية، ووضح له أمور المقاومة الشعبية ومقاصدها، ولكن لم يكن بيده من شيء. فأصدر العطار بيانا إلى الأخوان يشير إلى هذه المعاني. اجتمع عصام العطار مع صلاح البزرة قائد المقاومة الشعبية بحضور فخري البارودي وحذره من أي خطوة تقوم بها الشيوعية في سورية.

1957 م قبل الوحدة رشح فيها السباعي نفسه ومقابله كان رياض المالكي، كانت انتخابات تاريخية وكارثية، وكانت من أكبر الأخطاء التي وقع فيها الأخوان. انقسمت البلاد قسمين، الحكم القائم ومن ورائه الجيش والمخابرات وعبد الناصر، وفي المقابل الأخوان ومعهم بعض رجال الأحزاب، وفريق من أرباب المال والأعمال. فقد اسقطت نيابة أربع نواب من المجلس النيابي، وفتح الطريق لانتخابات تكميلية. وقد حضر العطار اجتماعا تمهيديا في بيت معروف الدواليبي، حضره عدة رؤساء للأحزاب ورجال الأعمال، ولقد أصر عصام العطار على رفض دخول الأخوان في هذه المواجهة، فصحة السباعي لا تساعده على هذه المواجهة، ولماذا يدخل الأخوان في مواجهة وهي حرب باسم الأخوان، وسيتخلى عنهم الجميع عند الخسارة. وكان من نتائج خسارة الانتخابات شلل الأستاذ السباعي.

الوحدة مع مصر
كان عصام العطار مع الوحدة على أساس ديمقراطي برلماني، لأن أوضاع القطرين متباينة في كثير من النقاط، فتبدأ الوحدة على الصعيد العسكري والخارجي وتعطى فترة حتى تهيئ الأسباب لما هو أكثر.

اشترط عبد الناصر أن تحل الأحزاب في سورية نفسها، فحلت. كان السباعي قد عاد من سفره، ولم يكن حل الجماعة موضع خلاف، فأعلن السباعي حل الجماعة.

كان الأخوان في سورية قد دعموا مصر أثناء العدوان الثلاثي على مصر. ولما حصلت الوحدة، كان الأخوان في وقاية مما كان مخططا لهم.

حلت الأحزاب السياسية كما هو معروف، وحلت جماعة الأخوان حلا حقيقيا، وانتهت كحركة منظمة، وذهبت معظم قيادات الأخوان إلى الاتحاد القومي الذي أقامه جمال عبد الناصر، وذلك لدوافع مختلفة.

وفي وقت كان الناس يقدسون ويمجدون عبد الناصر، أعلن عصام العطار في خطب يوم الجمعة في مسجد الجامعة أن طريقه طريق الوحدة وهو مخالف لطريق عبد الناصر والاتحاد القومي في الدكتاتورية وانتقاص حقوق الإنسان. ومع الزمان كانت خطب مسجد الجامعة هي الخيط غير الرسمي الذي كان يربط الأخوان مع بعضهم. وكان هذا الدور صدمة للسلطات، ولولا التأييد الشعبي والتاريخ والدور الذي كان يلعبه عصام العطار، لم يكن ليسمح له بذلك.

عند الانفصال
افترق موقف الأخوان عن موقف جميع الأطراف. فقد أراد العطار الاستمساك بأصل الوحدة مع التعديل في أساسها. ورفض العطار توقيع وثيقة الانفصال، ورفض معه الأخوان، ورفض التيار الإسلامي في البلاد الانفصال، في حين وقع القوميون والاشتراكيون الوثيقة.

أجمع الإسلاميون على ترشيح العطار بقائمة مصغرة من ثلاث أشخاص، ولم ينجح من قائمة الحزب الوطني إلا صبري العسلي. وتألفت أول حكومة، وانتخب ناظم القدسي رئيسا للجمهورية، وكلف معروف الدواليبي بتأليف الوزارة وطلب من العطار بالمشاركة في الوزارة، ولكنه رفض.

بعد عدة أشهر قام انقلاب، واعتقلوا رئيس الدولة، ورئيس الوزارة، ودعوا 13 شخص منهم عصام العطار من أجل أن يشاركوا في استلام الحكم في سورية. فرفض عصام العطار ذلك، ودعاهم إلى إعادة رئيس الجمهورية إلى مكانه، فأفرجوا عنه ورجع رئيسا للجمهورية. وأجبروه على تكليف بشير العظمة بتأليف الوزارة، فدعا عصام العطار إلى القصر الجمهوري وعرض عليه المشاركة في الوزارة، ولكنه رفض لأن بشير العظمة شيوعي ولا يصلح لتأليف الوزارة، وطلب حكومة ائتلافية يشارك فيها الجميع أو حكومة حيادية يطمئن إليها الجميع. فاتصل رئيس الجمهورية بعصام العطار وعرض عليه أن يسمي أربع وزارء، فرفض. فاضطرت حكومة بشير العظمة للاستقالة.

من أقواله
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يا إخوةَ الهدَفِ العتيدِ وإخوةَ الدّرْبِ العتيدِ

يا صَرْخَةَ الإسْلامِ والإسْلامُ مَطْوِيُّ الْبُنُودِ

يا ثَوْرَةَ الحقِّ المبينِ على الضَّلالةِ والْجُحُودِ

هيَّا فَقَدْ آنَ الأوانُ لموْلِدِ الْفَجْرِ الْجَدِيدِ

ويُشْرِقُ الحقُّ في قلبي فلا ظُلَمٌ ويَصْدُقُ العَزْمُ، لا وَهْنٌ ولا سَأَمُ

دَرْبٌ سَلَكْناهُ والرحمنُ غايتُنا مَا مَسَّنَا قَطُّ في لأْوائِهِ نَدَمُ

نَمْضي ونَمْضي وإن طالَ الطريقُ بنا وسَالَ دَمْعٌ على أطْرافِهِ ودَمُ

يَحْلُو العَذابُ وعَيْنُ اللهِ تَلْحظُنا ويَعْذُبُ الموتُ والتشريدُ والأَلَمُ

تَفْنَى الْحَياةُ ويَبْقَى مِنْ كَرامَتِنا مَا لَيْسَ يُفْنيهِ أسْقامٌ وأَعْمارُ

كنَّا مَعَ الْفَجْرِ أحْراراً وَقَدْ غَرَبَتْ شَمْسُ الشَّبَابِ، ونَحْنُ الْيَوْمَ أَحْرارُ

وقال عندما أصابه الشلل في بروكسل 1968م

يَا رَبِّ إِنّي فِي سَبِيلِكَ مُبْحِرٌ وَوَهَى الشِّراعُ وَدَمْدَمَ الإِعْصَارُ

والجِسمُ كَلَّ عن الْحِراكِ وخَانَنِي والْبَحْرُ حَوْلي مَارِدٌ جَبَّارُ

عَزَّ الْمُعينُ فلاَ مُعِينَ سِواكَ لي فَالْطُفْ بِما تَجْري بِهِ الأَقْدَارُ

إِمَّا كَتَبْتَ لِيَ الْحَيَاةَ أَوِ الرَّدَى فَأَنَا الَّذي أخْتَارُ مَا تَخْتَارُ

أَشْواقُ رُوحِيَ لا أَرْضٌ تُحَدِّدُهَا وَلا سَمَاءٌ وَلا شَمْسٌ وَلا قَمَرُ

أَشْواقُ رُوحِيَ تَطْوِي الدَّهْرَ سَابِحَةً فَلا يُحَدِّدُهَا عَصْرٌ وَلا عُصُرُ

أَشْواقُ رُوحِيَ وَجْهُ اللهِ وِجْهَتُهَا يَقُودُهَا الْحُبُّ إنْ لَمْ يُسْعِفِ النَّظَرُ
 نثرا :
 بعض الناس فقدوا نعمة الحرية، والشوق إِليها، والقدرة على الحياة بها، فهم يتنقلون من سيّد إِلى سيّد، ومن نِير إِلى نِير .. سيّدٍ يُسَخّرهم بالخوف والسوط، وسيدٍ يسخرهم بالطمع والفُتات، وهم عبيد، بل شرّ من العبيد، في كلتا الحالتين
 بعض الناس يخلطون بين الحكمة وبين الذِلَّةِ والخُنوع، فيسمّون ذُلَّهم وخنوعَهم، وإِيثارَهم السلامةَ على الواجب، والدنيا على الآخرة.. حكمة!! وما أبعدهم في ذلك عن الأمانة والصواب!!
 قد يفقد الإنسانُ منصبه، أو يفقد ماله، أو يفقد عزيزاً عليه، ويبقى الإنسان في جوهره شقيّاً كان أو سعيداً، غنيّاً كان أو فقيراً، هو الإنسان، أمّا إذا فقد ذاتيّته وشخصيّته ومبادئه، فقد فقد وجودَه نفسه ولم يبق منه شيء
 إِذا سرتَ في طريق الحقّ والواجب فلا تَسألْ: ما هو كَسْبِيَ الدُّنيويّ الشخصيّ؟! فَسَيْرُك في طريق الحقّ والواجب هو أعظم كسب، وثوابُ الله عزَّ وجلَّ أثمن من الدنيا ومن ألف دنيا
 أَمُدُّ نظري عشراتِ السّنينَ فَقَطْ إِلى الأمام، فأرى طواغيتَ العالمِ والعصرِ جُثَثاً مُتَفَسّخَةً يأكلُها الدّود، أو هياكلَ عاريةً من العظام، أو تراباً عاديّاً من تراب الأرض
 يجبُ أن نَمُدَّ أبصارَنا الحينَ بعد الحينِ في الزّمان والمكان، لتأخذَ الأشياءُ عندَنا حجمَها الحقيقيّ، ووزنَها الواقعيّ، ولِنُفَرّقَ بينَ الزّائلِ والخالد، والعَرَضِ والجوهر، ولنحرّرَ أنفسنا من كلِّ عبوديّةٍ لغيرِ الله الحيِّ الباقي الذي لا يزول، ولا نربِطَ قلوبَنا وعقولَنا بأحدٍ ولا بشيءٍ غيرِه عزَّ وجلَّ

العطار والثورة السورية

المصادر

 المراجعات في فضائية الحوار، أجرى الحوار د. عزام التميمي مع أ. عصام العطار في 17 حلقة و19 ساعة.

وصلات خارجية
 موقع عصام العطار
 موقع عصام العطار على موقع خيمة

 عصام العطار ضيف برنامج مراجعات .. قناة الحوار 12 حلقة
 عصام العطار من موقع رابطة أدباء الشام.
 بعد ردود الفعل الواسعة على مقابلته مع «العربية.نت»: عصام العطار يوضح علاقته مع جماعة الإخوان المسلمين في سوريا، العربية نت، 17 مايو 2006
 الزعيم الإخواني السابق عصام العطار يكشف أسرار ابتعاده عن الجماعة، العربية نت، 10 مايو 2006

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من دمشق
إخوان مسلمون سوريون
دعاة سوريون
سوريون مغتربون في ألمانيا
شخصيات تمرد الأخوان المسلمين (سوريا)
مراقبو الإخوان المسلمين
مسلمون إصلاحيون
مسلمون سنة سوريون
معارضون سوريون
منفيون سوريون
مواليد 1927

عصام العطار


Gregory LeNoir Allman (December 8, 1947 – May 27, 2017) was an American musician, singer and songwriter. He was known for performing in the Allman Brothers Band. Allman grew up with an interest in rhythm and blues music, and the Allman Brothers Band fused it with rock music, jazz, and country at times. He wrote several of the band's most popular songs, including "Whipping Post", "Melissa", and "Midnight Rider". Allman also had a successful solo career, releasing seven studio albums. He was born and spent much of his childhood in Nashville, Tennessee, before relocating to Daytona Beach, Florida and then Macon, Georgia.

He and his brother Duane Allman formed the Allman Brothers Band in 1969, which reached mainstream success with their 1971 live album At Fillmore East, but shortly thereafter, Duane was killed in a motorcycle crash. The band continued, and released  Brothers and Sisters, which became their most successful album, in 1973. Allman began a solo career with Laid Back the same year. He gained some additional fame for his 1975 to 1978 marriage to pop star Cher. He had an unexpected late-career hit with his cover of the song "I'm No Angel" in 1987, and his seventh solo album, Low Country Blues (2011), saw the highest chart positions of his career. Throughout his life, Allman struggled with alcohol and substance abuse, which formed the basis of his memoir My Cross to Bear (2012). His final album, Southern Blood, was released posthumously on September 8, 2017.

Allman performed with a Hammond organ and guitar, and was recognized for his soulful voice. For his work in music, Allman was referred to as a Southern rock pioneer and received numerous awards, including one Grammy Award; he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the Georgia Music Hall of Fame. His distinctive voice placed him 70th in the Rolling Stone list of the "100 Greatest Singers of All Time".

Early life

Gregory LeNoir Allman was born on December 8, 1947, at Saint Thomas Hospital in Nashville, Tennessee to Geraldine Robbins Allman (1917–2015) and Willis Turner Allman (1918–1949). The couple had met during World War II in Raleigh, North Carolina when Allman was on leave from the U.S. Army, and were later married. Their first child, Duane Allman, was born in Nashville in 1946. On December 26, 1949, Willis offered a ride home to a hitchhiker, who shot and killed him in Norfolk, Virginia. Geraldine moved to Nashville with her two sons and never remarried. Lacking money to support her children, she enrolled in college to become a Certified Public Accountant (CPA)—state laws at the time, according to her son, required students to live on-campus.

As a result, Gregg and his older brother were sent to Castle Heights Military Academy in nearby Lebanon. A young Gregg interpreted these actions as evidence of his mother's dislike for him, though he later came to understand the reality: "She was actually sacrificing everything she possibly could—she was working around the clock, getting by just by a hair, so as to not send us to an orphanage, which would have been a living hell." While his brother adapted to his surroundings with a defiant attitude, Allman felt largely depressed at the school. With little to do, he studied often and developed an interest in medicine—had he not gone into music, he hoped to become a dentist. He was rarely hazed at Castle Heights as his brother protected him, but often suffered beatings from instructors when he received poor grades. The brothers returned to Nashville upon their mother's graduation, and moved to Daytona Beach, Florida in 1959. Allman would later recall two separate events in his life that led to his interest in music. In 1960, the two brothers attended a concert in Nashville with Jackie Wilson headlining alongside Otis Redding, B.B. King, and Patti LaBelle. Allman was also exposed to music through Jimmy Banes, a mentally handicapped neighbor of his grandmother in Nashville, who introduced him to the guitar.

Gregg worked as a paper boy to afford a Silvertone guitar, which he purchased at a Sears when he saved up enough funds. Like his brother, he was left-handed, but played the guitar right-handed. He and his brother often fought to play the instrument, though there was "no question that music brought" the two together. In Daytona, they joined a YMCA group called the Y Teens, their first experience performing music with others. He and Duane returned to Castle Heights in their teen years, where they formed a band, the Misfits. Despite this, he still felt "lonesome and out of place", and quit the academy. He returned to Daytona Beach and pursued music further, and the duo formed another band, the Shufflers, in 1963. He attended high school at Seabreeze High School, where he graduated in 1965. However, he grew undisciplined in his studies as his interests diverged: "Between the women and the music, school wasn't a priority anymore."

Musical beginnings

First bands (1960–1968)

The two Allman brothers began meeting various musicians in the Daytona Beach area. They met a man named Floyd Miles, and they began to jam with his band, the Houserockers. "I would just sit there and study Floyd ... I studied how he phrased his songs, how he got the words out, and how the other guys sang along with him", Gregg would later recall. They later formed their first "real" band, the Escorts, which performed a mix of top 40 and R&B music at clubs around town. Duane, who took the lead vocal role on early demos, encouraged his younger brother to sing instead. He and Duane often spent all of their money on records, as they attempted to learn songs from them. The group performed constantly as music became their entire focus; Gregg missed his high school graduation because he was performing that evening. In his autobiography, Gregg recalls listening to Nashville R&B station WLAC at night and discovering artists such as Muddy Waters, who later became central to his musical evolution. He avoided being drafted into the Vietnam War by intentionally shooting himself in the foot.

The Escorts evolved into the Allman Joys, the brothers' first successful band. After a successful summer run locally, they hit the road in fall 1965 for a series of performances throughout the Southeast; their first show outside Daytona was at the Stork Club in Mobile, Alabama, where they were booked for 22 weeks straight. Afterwards, they were booked at the Sahara Club in nearby Pensacola, Florida, for several weeks. Allman later regarded Pensacola as "a real turning point in my life", as it was where he learned how to capture audiences and about stage presence. He also received his first Vox keyboard there, and learned how to play it over the ensuing tour. By the following summer, they were able to book time at a studio in Nashville, where they recorded several songs, aided by a plethora of drugs. These recordings were later released as Early Allman in 1973, to Allman's dismay. He soon grew tired of performing covers and began writing original compositions. They settled in St. Louis, Missouri for a time, where in the spring of 1967 they began performing alongside Johnny Sandlin and Paul Hornsby, among others, under various names. They considered disbanding, but Bill McEuen, manager of the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band, convinced the band to relocate to Los Angeles, giving them the funds to do so.

He arranged a recording contract with Liberty Records in June 1967, and they began to record an album under the new name the Hour Glass, suggested by their producer, Dallas Smith. Recording was a difficult experience; "the music had no life to it—it was poppy, preprogrammed shit", Allman felt. Though they considered themselves sellouts, they needed money to live. At concerts, they declined to play anything off their debut album, released that October, instead opting to play the blues. Such gigs were sparse, however, as Liberty only allowed one performance per month. After some personnel changes, they recorded their second album, Power of Love, released in March 1968. It contained more original songs by Allman, though they still felt constricted by its process. The band broke up when Duane explicitly told off executives at Liberty. They threatened to freeze the band, so they would be unable to record for any other label for seven years. Allman stayed behind to appease the label, giving them the rights to a solo album. The rest of the band mocked Allman, viewing him as too scared to leave and return to the South. Meanwhile, Duane began doing session work at FAME Studios in Muscle Shoals, Alabama, where he began putting together a new band. He phoned his brother with the proposition of joining the new band—which would have two guitarists and two drummers. With his deal at Liberty fulfilled, he drove to Jacksonville, Florida, in March 1969 to jam with the new band. He called the birth of the group "one of the finer days in my life ... I was starting to feel like I belonged to something again."

The Allman Brothers Band and mainstream success

Formation, touring, and Duane's death (1969–1971)
The Allman Brothers Band moved to Macon, Georgia, and forged a strong brotherhood, spending countless hours rehearsing, consuming psychedelic drugs, and hanging out in Rose Hill Cemetery, where they would write songs and more—"I'd be lying if I said I didn't have my way with a lady or two down there", said Allman. In addition to Gregg, the band included Duane, Dickey Betts on guitar, Berry Oakley on bass, and Jaimoe and Butch Trucks on drums. The group remade blues numbers like "Trouble No More" and "One Way Out", in addition to improvising jams. Gregg, who had struggled to write in the past, became the band's main songwriter, composing songs such as "Whipping Post" and "Midnight Rider". The group's self-titled debut album was released in November 1969 through Atco and Capricorn Records, but suffered from poor sales. The band played continuously in 1970, performing over 300 dates on the road, which contributed to a larger following. Their second record, Idlewild South, was issued in September 1970, and also received a muted commercial response.

Their fortunes began to change over the course of 1971, where the band's average earnings doubled. "We realized that the audience was a big part of what we did, which couldn't be duplicated in a studio. A lightbulb finally went off; we needed to make a live album", said Gregg. At Fillmore East, recorded at the Fillmore East in New York, was released in July 1971. At Fillmore East peaked at number thirteen on Billboard Top Pop Albums chart, and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America that October, becoming their commercial and artistic breakthrough. Although suddenly very wealthy and successful, much of the band and its entourage now struggled with addiction to numerous drugs; they all agreed to quit heroin, but cocaine remained a problem. His last conversation with Duane was an argument over cocaine: Gregg took some of his brother's supply, and later denied it when accused. In his memoir, My Cross to Bear, Gregg wrote: "I have thought of that lie every day of my life ... told him that lie, and he told me that he was sorry and that he loved me."

Duane was killed in a motorcycle accident on October 29, 1971, in Macon. At his funeral, Gregg performed "Melissa", which was his brother's favorite song. "I tried to play and I tried to sing, but I didn't do too much writing. In the days and weeks that followed, ... I wondered if I'd ever find the passion, the energy, the love of making music", he remembered. As the band took some time apart to process their loss, At Fillmore East became a major success domestically. "What we had been trying to do for all those years finally happened, and he was gone," Gregg remembered. He later expanded upon his brother's passing in his memoir:

Mainstream success and fame (1972–1976)
After Duane's death, the band held a meeting on their future; it was clear all wanted to continue, and after a short period, the band returned to the road. They completed their third studio album, Eat a Peach, that winter, which raised each member's spirits: "The music brought life back to us all, and it was simultaneously realized by every one of us. We found strength, vitality, newness, reason, and belonging as we worked on finishing Eat a Peach", said Allman. Eat a Peach was released the following February, and it became the band's second hit album, shipping gold and peaking at number four on Billboard album chart. "We'd been through hell, but somehow we were rolling bigger than ever", Allman recalled. The band purchased 432 acres of land in Juliette, Georgia, which became a group hangout. Berry Oakley, however, was visibly suffering from the death of his friend, and in November 1972 he too was killed in a motorcycle crash. "Upset as I was, I kind of breathed a sigh of relief, because Berry's pain was finally over", Allman said.

The band unanimously decided to carry on, and enlisted Lamar Williams on bass and Chuck Leavell on piano. The band began recording Brothers and Sisters, their follow-up album, and Betts became the group's de facto leader during the recording process. Meanwhile, after some internal disagreements, Allman began recording a solo album, which he titled Laid Back. The sessions for both albums often overlapped and its creation caused tension within the rest of the band. Both albums were released in late 1973, with Brothers and Sisters cementing the Allman Brothers' place among the biggest rock bands of the 1970s. "Everything that we'd done before—the touring, the recording—culminated in that one album", Allman recalled. "Ramblin' Man", Betts' country-infused number, rose to number two on the Billboard Hot 100 and gave the band their biggest hit. The group returned to touring, and played arenas and stadiums almost solely. Privately, the group was dealing with miscommunication and spiraling drug problems. In 1974, the band was regularly making $100,000 per show, and was renting the Starship, a customized Boeing 720B used by Led Zeppelin and the Rolling Stones. "When [we] got that goddamn plane, it was the beginning of the end", said Allman.

Band member relationships became increasingly frustrated, amplified by heavy drug and alcohol abuse. In January 1975, Allman began a relationship with pop star Cher—which made him more "famous for being famous than for his music", according to biographer Alan Paul. The sessions that produced 1975's Win, Lose or Draw, the last album by the original Allman Brothers Band, were disjointed and inconsistent. Upon its release, it was considered subpar and sold less than its predecessor; the band later remarked that they were "embarrassed" by the album. Though their relationships were fraying, the Allman Brothers Band went on tour for some of the biggest crowds of their career. Allman later pointed to a benefit for presidential candidate Jimmy Carter as the only real "high point" in an otherwise "rough, rough tour". The "breaking point" came when Allman testified in the trial of security man Scooter Herring, who was arrested and soon convicted on five counts of conspiracy to distribute cocaine. Bandmates considered Allman a "snitch", and he received death threats, leading to law-enforcement protection. Herring received a 75-year prison sentence, but he only served eighteen months. The band refused to communicate with Allman after the ordeal and finally broke up. Leavell, Williams, and Jaimoe continued playing together in Sea Level, Betts formed Great Southern, and Allman founded the Gregg Allman Band.

Mid-career and struggles

Marriages, breakups, and music (1975–1981)

Allman married Cher in June 1975, and the two lived in Hollywood during their years together as tabloid favorites. Their marriage produced one son, Elijah Blue Allman, who was born in July 1976. He recorded his second solo album, Playin' Up a Storm, with the Gregg Allman Band, and it was released in May 1977. He also worked on a collaborative album with Cher titled Two the Hard Way, which, upon its release, was a massive failure. The couple went to Europe to tour in support of both albums, though the crowd reception was mixed. With a combination of Allman Brothers fans and Cher fans, fights often broke out in venues, which led Cher to cancel the tour. Turmoil began to overwhelm their relationship, and the two divorced in 1978. Allman returned to Daytona Beach to stay with his mother, spending the majority of his time partying, chasing women, and touring with the Nighthawks, a blues band.

The Allman Brothers Band reunited in 1978. Allman remembered that each member had his own reasons for rejoining, though he surmised it was a combination of displeasure with how things ended, missing each other, and a need for money. The band's reunion album, Enlightened Rogues, was released in February 1979 and was a mild commercial success. Betts's lawyer, Steve Massarsky, began managing the group, and led the band to sign with Arista, who pushed the band to "modernize" their sound. Drugs remained a problem with the band, particularly for Betts and Allman. The band again grew apart, replacing Jaimoe with new guitarist Dan Toler's brother Frankie. The band considered their post-reunion albums—Reach for the Sky (1980) and Brothers of the Road (1981)—"embarrassing", and subsequently broke up in 1982. "It was like a whole different band made those records ... In truth, though, I was just too drunk most of the time to care one way or the other", Allman would recall.

Downtime, a surprise hit, and another reformation (1982–1990)

Allman spent much of the 1980s adrift and living in Sarasota, Florida with friends. His alcohol abuse was at one of its worst points, with Allman consuming "a minimum of a fifth of vodka a day." He felt the local police pursued him heavily; during this time, he was arrested and charged with a DUI. While he did not consider himself "washed up", he noted in his autobiography that he kept a "fear of everybody forgetting about you." Southern rock had faded from view and electronic music formed much of the pop music of the decade. "There was hardly anybody playing live music, and those who did were doing it for not much money, in front of some die-hard old hippies in real small clubs", he later recalled. Nevertheless, he reformed the Gregg Allman Band and toured nationwide. At one point, he attempted to reconnect with his children, though, according to him, "it just wasn't a good situation".

By 1986, having grown tired of financial instability, Allman approached Betts for a co-headlining tour, a sort-of Allman Brothers reunion. After recording several demos, Allman was offered a recording contract by Epic Records. His third solo release, I'm No Angel (1987), sold well; its title track became a surprise hit on radio. Allman released another solo album the following year, Just Before the Bullets Fly, though it did not sell as well as its predecessor. In the late 1980s, he moved to Los Angeles. He married Danielle Galliano in what he dubbed midlife crisis. The marriage began with Allman overdosing—"so [it] started off with a bang", he said. He dabbled in acting starting in 1989, taking several small parts. His largest (and final) role was criminal Will Gaines in the 1991 crime drama Rush. Allman greatly enjoyed the experience: "It was a different facet of the entertainment industry, and I wanted to see how those people worked together." The Allman Brothers Band celebrated its twentieth anniversary in 1989, and the band reunited once more for a summer tour, with Jaimoe again on drums. They featured guitarist Warren Haynes and pianist Johnny Neel, both from the Dickey Betts Band, and bassist Allen Woody. The band returned to the studio with longtime producer Tom Dowd for 1990's Seven Turns, which was considered a return to form. "Good Clean Fun" and "Seven Turns" each became big hits on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. The addition of Haynes and Woody had "reenergized" the ensemble.

Reforming the band and breaking addictions (1991–2000)
The newly reformed Allman Brothers began touring heavily, which helped build a new fan base: "We had to build a fan base all over again, but as word of mouth spread about how good the music was, more and more people took notice. It felt great, man, and that really helped the music", Allman recalled. Neel left the group and the band added percussionist Marc Quiñones, formerly of Spyro Gyra, the following year. They recorded two more studio albums—Shades of Two Worlds (1992) and Where It All Begins. In 1993 his youngest daughter Layla Brooklyn Allman was born while Gregg was living in Novato, California. When his relationship with Shelby Blackburn ended, Layla and Shelby moved back to Los Angeles. Allman's older daughter, Island, came to live with him in Novato, and despite early struggles, they eventually grew very close. "Island is the love of my life, she really is", he would later write. The band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in January 1995; Allman was severely inebriated and could barely make it through his acceptance speech. Seeing the ceremony broadcast on television later, Allman was mortified, providing a catalyst for his final, successful attempt to quit alcohol and substance abuse. He hired two in-home nurses that switched twelve-hour shifts to help him through the process. He was immensely happy to finally quit alcohol, writing later in his autobiography: "Did I get any positive anything out of all that? And you've got to admit to yourself, no, I didn't. You can see what happened and that by the grace of God, you finally quit before it killed you."

For much of the 1990s, Allman lived in Marin County, California, spending his free time with close friends and riding his motorcycle. He recorded a fifth solo album, Searching for Simplicity, which was quietly released on 550 Music in 1997. The album's title reflected his search "for a more simple life" following his rehabilitation from drugs and alcohol. Despite positive developments in his personal life, relationships began declining in the band yet again. Haynes and Woody left to focus on Gov't Mule, feeling as though a break was imminent. The group recruited Oteil Burbridge of the Aquarium Rescue Unit to replace Woody on bass, and Jack Pearson on guitar. Concerns arose over the increasing loudness of Allman Brothers shows, which were largely centered on Betts. "It had ceased to be a band—everything had to be based around what Dickey was playing", said Allman. Pearson, struggling with tinnitus, left as a result. Butch Trucks phoned his nephew, Derek Trucks, to join the band for their thirtieth anniversary tour. Anger boiled over within the group towards Betts, which led to all original members sending him a letter, informing him of their intentions to tour without him. All involved contended that the break was temporary, but Betts responded by hiring a lawyer and suing the group, which led to a permanent divorce. That August, Woody was found dead in a hotel room in New York, which hit Allman particularly hard. In 2001, Haynes rejoined the band, setting the stage for over a decade of stability within the group.

Later life

Touring and health problems (2000–2011)

Allman moved to Richmond Hill, Georgia, in 2000, purchasing five acres on the Belfast River. The last incarnation of the Allman Brothers Band was well-regarded among fans and the general public, and remained stable and productive. The band released their final studio album, Hittin' the Note (2003), to critical acclaim. Allman co-wrote many songs on the record with Haynes, and he regarded it as his favorite album by the group since their earliest days. The band continued to tour throughout the 2000s, remaining a top touring act, regularly attracting more than 20,000 fans. The decade closed with a successful fortieth anniversary celebration at the Beacon Theatre, where the band would hold residencies most years during their reunion. In 2014, the Allman Brothers Band performed their final concerts, as Haynes and Derek Trucks desired to depart the group.

Allman struggled with health problems during the last years of his life. He was diagnosed with hepatitis C in 2007, which he attributed to a dirty tattoo needle. By the next year, three tumors were discovered within his liver. He went on a waiting list and after five months, he underwent a successful liver transplant in 2010.

In 2011, Allman went public about his battle with hepatitis C. He headlined Merck and the American Liver Foundation's "Tune In to Hep C Campaign" to raise awareness and urge baby boomers to get tested and treated. As part of Tune In to Hep C, The Allman Brothers Band headlined a hepatitis C fundraiser and awareness concert at the Beacon Theatre in New York. The concert raised $250,000 to benefit the National Viral Hepatitis Roundtable and the American Liver Foundation for education and awareness efforts. The National Viral Hepatitis Roundtable in October 2017 created the Gregg Allman Hepatitis C Leadership Award – an annual award to posthumously honor Allman and others who work on behalf of people living with hepatitis C. Michael Lehman, Allman's longtime manager, accepted the award on his behalf.

Allman's seventh album, Low Country Blues, was produced by T-Bone Burnett. Upon its release in January 2011, it represented Allman's highest-ever chart peak in the U.S., debuting at number five. He promoted the album heavily in Europe, until he had to cancel the rest of the trip due to an upper respiratory infection. This led to lung surgery later in 2011, and rehab in 2012 for addiction following his treatments. That year, Allman released his memoir, My Cross to Bear, which was 30 years in the making. In 2014, a tribute concert was held celebrating his career; it was later released as All My Friends: Celebrating the Songs & Voice of Gregg Allman.

Final years and death (2012–2017)

After the dissolution of the Allman Brothers, Allman kept busy performing music with his solo band, releasing the live album Gregg Allman Live: Back to Macon, GA in 2015. In 2016, he received an honorary doctorate from Mercer University in Macon, presented by former President Jimmy Carter. However, his health problems remained; he had atrial fibrillation, and though he kept it private, his liver cancer had returned. "He kept it very private because he wanted to continue to play music until he couldn't", his manager Michael Lehman said. He attempted to keep a light schedule at the advice of doctors, who warned that too many performances might amplify his conditions. His last concert took place in Atlanta at his own Laid Back Festival along with ZZ Top at Lakewood Amphitheatre on October 29, 2016  (the 45th anniversary of his brother's death), and he continued to cancel concerts citing "serious health issues". He denied reports that he had entered hospice care, but was resting at home on doctor's orders.

Allman died at his home in Richmond Hill, Georgia, on May 27, 2017, due to complications from liver cancer at the age of 69. His funeral took place at Snow's Memorial Chapel in Macon on June 3, and was attended by once-estranged bandmate Dickey Betts, his ex-wife Cher, and former President Carter, among others. According to Rolling Stone, the mourners dressed casually in jeans per Allman's request, and "hundreds of fans, many wearing Allman Brothers shirts and listening to the band's music, lined the route along the funeral procession." He was buried at Rose Hill Cemetery in Macon, beside his brother Duane, and fellow band member Berry Oakley.

Before his death, Allman recorded his last album, Southern Blood, with producer Don Was at FAME Studios in Muscle Shoals, Alabama. The album was recorded with his then-current backing band. The album was released on September 8, 2017, and received critical acclaim.

In My Cross to Bear, Allman reflected on his life and career:

Musical style and songwriting

Allman's style was rooted in rhythm and blues music. He characterized his work with the Allman Brothers Band as "playing some blues with some jazz mixed in." He was introduced to blues music through musician and childhood friend Floyd Miles, who later toured with Allman as a part of his solo band. He also gave him advice on how to sing from his stomach, as opposed to his chest. Allman was inspired by "Little Milton" Campbell, who "inspired me all my life to get my voice crisper, get my diaphragm harder, use less air, and just spit it out. He taught me to be absolutely sure of every note you hit, and to hit it solid." After his death, many outlets credited Allman as among the greatest white blues vocalists of his time. Many close to Allman disputed this, with son Devon Allman commenting, "My dad didn't see color. ... I know people mean well when they say the best white blues singer, but I say take white off of there, because he was just one of the best ever. He just channeled so much feeling." Jaimoe called the label "straight bullshit. He's a great blues singer. A great singer, period." An editorial published in The Roanoke Times questioned that while Allman could rightfully be considered a cultural appropriator, "Is that not the nature of music, or art in general, that it borrows from different cultures to create something new?" Likewise, a Newsweek tribute to Allman noted that "Ray Charles took grief for making a country and western album, too."

As a songwriter, Allman wrote several famous songs, including "Whipping Post", "Melissa", and "Midnight Rider", which he dubbed the "song I'm most proud of in my career." He could be a very slow songwriter, writing only when inspiration struck. If the song was forced, he felt it could end up contrived. In My Cross to Bear, his 2012 memoir, he laid out his approach to songwriting: the first verse introduces a story, it is expounded upon in the second, and the third may serve as an epilogue. Allman credited singer-songwriter John D. Loudermilk, whom he first met while touring with the Allman Joys, as an influence on his writing. "[He] taught me to let the song come to me, not to force it, not to put down a word just because it might rhyme or fit. He taught me to let the feeling come from your heart and go to your head." Allman received the Songwriter Award from the Georgia Music Hall of Fame in the last year of his life.

On 28 October 2021, Sony Music Publishing announced it had signed a global agreement with Gregg Allman's estate to administer its catalog of songs. The deal covered many of Allman's compositions from his time as a member of the Allman Brothers Band, as well as songs written throughout his solo career.

Personal life
Allman was married seven times:
 He married Shelley Kay Jefts in 1971; they divorced the following year. They had a son, Devon.
 He married Janice Blair in 1973; they divorced in 1974.  She is pictured on the sleeve of Laid Back.
 His most well-known relationship was with Cher, whom he married in 1975. They had a son, Elijah Blue, and divorced in 1978.
 He wed Julie Bindas in 1979; they had a daughter, Delilah Island, and divorced in 1981.
 He married Danielle Galliano in 1989; they divorced in 1994.
 His longest marriage was to Stacey Fountain, from 2001 to 2008—"seven out-of-sight years," he remarked.
 In 2012, he announced his engagement to Shannon Williams, who was 40 years his junior. They were quietly married in February 2017.

In My Cross to Bear, he writes that "Every woman I've ever had a relationship with has loved me for who they thought I was." At the time of its writing, he noted that he only spoke to two out of his then-six ex-wives, including Cher.

Allman had five children, three with various wives and two with other women he had relationships with:
 son Michael Allman was born on July 3, 1966. He was raised in Daytona Beach, Florida. From his relationship with go-go dancer Mary Lynn Sutton.
 son Devon Allman (born 1972), lead singer of Honeytribe and The Allman Betts Band, from his marriage to Shelley Kay Jefts;
 son Elijah Blue Allman (born 1976), lead singer of Deadsy, from his marriage to Cher;
 daughter Delilah Island Allman (born 1980) from his marriage to Julie Bindas; and
 daughter Layla Brooklyn Allman (born 1993), lead singer of Picture Me Broken, from a relationship with radio journalist Shelby Blackburn

Allman was averse to organized religion for many years, but claimed he always believed in a God. Following his health ailments in the latter stages of his life, he came around to his own form of Christianity, and began wearing a cross necklace. In his memoir, he stated: "As long as you have spirituality, you're never alone. It's sort of like my mother said all those years ago: now I have my own kind of faith, just like other people. They take what they want of faith, and they leave the rest alone, and I do the same. That's the way it should be." He credited his sixth wife, Stacey Fountain, with helping him increase his faith.

Discography

Studio
 Laid Back (1973)
 Playin' Up a Storm (1977)
 Two the Hard Way (1977) (with Cher)
 I'm No Angel (1987)
 Just Before the Bullets Fly (1988)
 Searching for Simplicity (1997)
 Low Country Blues (2011)
 Southern Blood (2017)

Live
 The Gregg Allman Tour (1974)
 Gregg Allman Live: Back to Macon, GA (2015)

Filmography

Film

Television

See also
 List of Hammond organ players
 Midnight Rider (film)

References

Sources

Further reading

External links

Michael Lehman, Gregg's Manager sits down with Ira Haberman of The Sound Podcast shortly after Gregg's passing

1947 births
2017 deaths
American baritones
Christians from Tennessee
American country singer-songwriters
American rock singers
American rock guitarists
American blues singers
American rock keyboardists
The Allman Brothers Band members
Delaney & Bonnie & Friends members
Musicians from Nashville, Tennessee
Musicians from Daytona Beach, Florida
Capricorn Records artists
Seabreeze High School alumni
Liver transplant recipients
Deaths from liver cancer
American male organists
American blues guitarists
American male guitarists
American blues pianists
American male pianists
American rock pianists
Guitarists from Tennessee
American Southern Rock musicians
Deaths from cancer in Georgia (U.S. state)
20th-century American guitarists
21st-century American keyboardists
21st-century American guitarists
20th-century American keyboardists
Allman family
Singer-songwriters from Tennessee
Singer-songwriters from Florida
Blues rock musicians
American organists

Gregg Allman


A Ilha Dawson (denominada Isla de San Pablo em 1580 por Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa) é uma ilha do Chile situada no arquipélago da Terra do Fogo. Possui uma superfície de 129 mil hectares. Está situada a 100 quilômetros ao sul de Punta Arenas, na Magalhães e Antártica Chilena e é administrada pela Armada do Chile.

Infraestrutura e patrimônio cultural
Atualmente, a ilha serve como base naval e é um assentamento de um regimento de infantaria da Armada do Chile, por se localizar em um ponto estratégico no Estreito de Magalhães.

Monumentos e patrimônio histórico
Puerto Harris fica no mesmo local onde, no final do século XIX, havia um campo de trabalho forçado de indígenas. Eles eram principalmente do povo Selknam, embora inicialmente a maioria fosse Kawéskar. Lá eles foram confinados, submetidos à reeducação e aculturação por meio de trabalho forçado não remunerado, por religiosos católicos da congregação salesiana, que receberam uma concessão de terras do Estado chileno e um pagamento (uma libra esterlina) por cada indígena confinado. Como resultado, a população praticamente sucumbiu no local à exposição a doenças contagiosas ocidentais, superlotação, falta de assistência médica e choque cultural.

Vinte e nove sítios arqueológicos associados aos habitantes originais da ilha foram encontrados em Dawson, nas proximidades da Ilha Wickham, e na ilhota Offing de Puerto Harris, que são protegidos por lei para esses locais.

História

Registros arqueológicos
Os registros arqueológicos mais antigos de habitação humana em Dawson datam de cerca de 4.500 a 4.100 anos atrás. Consistem em grandes pontos líticos bifaciais, por vezes denticulados (com arestas serrilhadas). De qualquer forma, apenas os povos canoeiros tiveram acesso a Dawson durante o Holoceno.

Navegadores ocidentais
Desde a expedição de Magalhães em 1520, a ilha começou a ser avistada e mapeada por vários navegadores europeus, principalmente das colônias espanholas. Durante a expedição de Magalhães, o extremo norte da ilha (Punta Valentín) foi avistado pela primeira vez em 1º de novembro, razão pela qual ele chamou o estreito que hoje leva seu nome de "Canal de Todos los Santos". Em seguida, foram exploradas as costas leste e oeste da ilha, já que João Serrão, no comando da caravela Concepción, entrou entre Dawson e Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, reconhecendo o canal hoje conhecido como Fiorde Almirantazgo, que descartou como uma saída para o Pacífico, enquanto a frota de Magalhães ancorou e navegou ao lado do Estreito, de onde continuaram juntos em sua circum-navegação da Terra.

Notas

De tradução

Referências

Ilhas do Chile
Estreito de Magalhães
Terra do Fogo
Acidentes geográficos do Chile

Ilha Dawson


Thomas Craig (nacido el 4 de diciembre de 1962, como Craig Thomspon) es un actor británico conocido por su trabajo en series como Where the Heart Is y en Coronation Street, y también en la película The Navigators, dirigida por Ken Loach en 2001.

Craig era un fontanero antes de ir al cine en la década de 1980. Su nombre es tomado del nombre del exjugador de Sheffield Wednesday Tommy Craig.

Tuvo un breve papel en la película I.D. También apareció en EastEnders y en El próximo enemigo (1994).

Actualmente es el Inspector Brackenreid en la serie canadiense Murdoch Mysteries.

Referencias

Actores de cine de Inglaterra
Actores de televisión de Inglaterra
Nacidos en Sheffield

Thomas Craig (actor)


سوم  هو إقليم فرنسي تابع لمنطقة بيكاردي حيث أخذ اسمه من نهر سوم، أهم نهر يمر في الإقليم. ينسب كل من البريد الفرنسي والمعهد الوطني للإحصاء والدراسات الاقتصادية إلى هذا الإقليم بالترميز 80.

أعلام

 فريديريك بيتي
 إدوارد بيل
 تومي فاريل
 تشارلز راندال
 آرشي ويلسون
 ألفريد ليشتنشتاين

معرض صور

مراجع

أقاليم فرنسا
سوم

سوم (إقليم فرنسي)


Las noches que no mueren es la quinta canción del álbum Cometas Por El Cielo, y fue la tercera en ser emitida, después de Día cero y del sencillo de La niña que llora en tus fiestas, a través del programa de radio Del 40 al 1 de Los 40 Principales el 6 de septiembre.

Acerca de la canción

Según el grupo: "Sentimos que es la canción que más nos transporta a nuestros comienzos. El sonido y los arreglos podían estar en cualquier disco nuestro anterior. Un amor con fecha límete o como en esta historia, con el límite de la salida de un autobús, se vive con una intensidad que colorea los sentimientos y las sensaciones. Luchar el resto de tu vida contra lo que pudo ser y no fue convertirá aquel amor en un mito y contra los mitos, es muy difícil luchar.
Esta canción es la elegida por la consejería de turismo de Cancún para que seamos embajadores del estado de Quintana Roo y de todo México en España. Algo que nos llena de orgullo porque México es y será siempre nuestra segunda casa".

Es además una canción al más puro estilo de 'La Oreja de Van Gogh' en la que intervienen un paraguas, un autobús y una fecha: el 3 de diciembre.

Videoclip
La canción cuenta con un videoclip grabado en Cancún, México. En el video se ven muestran imágenes del grupo conviviendo en diferentes situaciones y sobre todo, disfrutando el hermoso Cancún. Aunque la canción tiene un videoclip, el mismo grupo ha dejado claro que esta canción no es un sencillo del disco, sino que es para promocionar México en España.

Canciones de España de 2011
Canciones de La Oreja de Van Gogh

Las noches que no mueren


An Cyrtostylis robusta in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni David Lloyd Jones ngan Mark Alwin Clements. An Cyrtostylis robusta in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cyrtostylis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cyrtostylis

Cyrtostylis robusta


Le parc historique Blackfoot Crossing est un complexe de sites historiques situé sur la réserve indienne Siksika 146 en Alberta au Canada. Il s'agit d'un gué ( en anglais) de la rivière Bow qui était traditionnellement utilisé pour la chasse au bison et comme lieu de rassemblement par les Siksikas et leurs alliés de la Confédération des Pieds-Noirs ( en anglais).

Géographie
Le complexe de sites historiques Blackfoot Crossing se situe dans la réserve indienne Siksika 146 en Alberta. Les villes les plus proches sont Cluny et Gleichen dans le comté de Wheatland.

Histoire
En 1877, ce lieu a été l'endroit où le Traité numéro 7 a été signé entre plusieurs Premières Nations et le monarque.

Notes et références

Annexes

Article connexe
 Siksika 146

Lien externe

Musée des Premières nations
Confédération des Pieds-Noirs
Musée en Alberta
Lieu historique national en Alberta
Site archéologique au Canada

Blackfoot Crossing


This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 2004.

Events
January
The poet Jang Jin-sung, in trouble with the North Korean authorities, defects to South Korea.
The Richard & Judy Book Club is launched on UK daytime television.
February – Canada Reads selects Guy Vanderhaeghe's The Last Crossing to be read across the nation.
February 16 – Edwin Morgan becomes Scotland's first official national poet, the Scots Makar, appointed by the Scottish Parliament.
May 23 – Seattle Central Library, designed by Rem Koolhaas, opens to the public.
June 1 – Controversy surrounds Battle Royale by Koushun Takami (高見広春), when an 11-year-old fan of the story in Sasebo, Nagasaki, murders her classmate, 12-year-old Satomi Mitarai, in a way that mimics a scene from the story.
October 14 – Edinburgh becomes UNESCO's first City of Literature.
October 31 – Denoël in Paris publishes Irène Némirovsky's Suite française, consisting of two novellas, Tempête en juin and Dolce, written and set in 1940–1941, from a sequence left unfinished on the author's death in Auschwitz concentration camp in 1942.
December 18 – The première of Gurpreet Kaur Bhatti's play Behzti (Dishonour) at England's Birmingham Repertory Theatre is cancelled after violent protests by members of the Sikh community.
unknown dates
Kansas City Public Library's Community Bookshelf is built.
The typeface Calibri, designed by Luc(as) de Groot, is introduced.

New books

Fiction
Cecelia Ahern – PS, I Love You
C. C. Allentini – Dead of Winter
Germano Almeida – O mar na Lajinha
John Ames – Wake Up Sir!
R. Scott Bakker – The Darkness That Comes Before
Blue Balliett – Chasing Vermeer
Iain M. Banks – The Algebraist
Steven Barnes – The Cestus Deception
Alistair Beaton – A Planet for the President
Thomas Berger – Adventures of the Artificial Woman
Louis de Bernières – Birds Without Wings
Roberto Bolaño (posthumous) – 2666
Xurxo Borrazás – Ser ou non
T. C. Boyle – The Inner Circle
Anthony Cartwright – The Afterglow
Gennifer Choldenko – Al Capone Does My Shirts
Kate Christensen – The Epicure's Lament: A Novel
Stephen Clarke – A Year in the Merde
Susanna Clarke – Jonathan Strange and Mr Norrell
Wendy Coakley-Thompson – Back to Life
Allison Hedge Coke – Rock, Ghost, Willow, Deer
Suzanne Collins – Gregor the Overlander
J. J. Connolly – Layer Cake
Afua Cooper – The Hanging of Angelique
Bernard Cornwell
Sharpe's Escape
The Last Kingdom
Douglas Coupland – Eleanor Rigby
Stevie Davies – Kith & Kin
L. Sprague de Camp, Lin Carter and Björn Nyberg – Sagas of Conan
Michel Déon – Your Father's Room
Cory Doctorow – Eastern Standard Tribe
Ben Elton – Past Mortem
Gustav Ernst – Grado. Süße Nacht
Giorgio Faletti – Niente di vero tranne gli occhi
Jon Fosse – Det er Ales (Aliss at the Fire)
Karen Joy Fowler – The Jane Austen Book Club
Ge Fei (格非) – 人面桃花 (Renmian Taohua, Peach Blossom Beauty)
Robert Goddard – Play to the End
Adrien Goetz – La Dormeuse de Naples
Helon Habila – Waiting for an Angel
Margaret Peterson Haddix – Among the Brave
Elisabeth Harvor, All Times Have Been Modern (Canada)
Michael Helm – In the Place of Last Things
Carl Hiaasen – Skinny Dip
Alan Hollinghurst – The Line of Beauty
Jiang Rong – Wolf Totem
Cynthia Kadohata – Kira-Kira
Mitsuyo Kakuta (角田 光代) – Woman on the Other Shore
Peg Kehret – Escaping the Giant Wave
Thomas Keneally – The Tyrant's Novel
Stephen King
The Dark Tower VI: Song of Susannah
The Dark Tower VII: The Dark Tower
John Kiriamiti – My Life in Prison
Karl Ove Knausgård – A Time to Every Purpose Under Heaven (En tid for alt)
László Krasznahorkai – Destruction and Sorrow Beneath the Heavens (Rombolás és bánat az Ég alatt)
Thor Kunkel – Endstufe
David Leavitt – The Body of Jonah Boyd
Tanith Lee – Piratica
David Lodge – Author, Author
Andreï Makine – The Woman Who Waited (La femme qui attendait)
Henning Mankell – Depths
David Michaels – Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell
David Mitchell – Cloud Atlas
Aka Morchiladze – Santa Esperanza
Bharati Mukherjee – The Tree Bride
Alice Munro – Runaway
V. S. Naipaul – Magic Seeds
Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o – Mũrogi wa Kagogo (Wizard of the Crow)
Garth Nix – Grim Tuesday
Cees Nooteboom – Lost Paradise (Paradijs verloren)
Daniel Olivas – Devil Talk: Stories
Linda Sue Park – When My Name Was Keoko
Jodi Picoult – My Sister's Keeper
Terry Pratchett
A Hat Full of Sky
Going Postal
Michael Reaves and Steve Perry – MedStar I: Battle Surgeons and MedStar II: Jedi Healer
Marilynne Robinson – Gilead
Philip Roth – The Plot Against America
Edward Rutherfurd – Dublin: Foundation
Nick Sagan – Edenborn
Andrzej Sapkowski – Warriors of God
David Sherman and Dan Cragg – Jedi Trial
Kyle Smith – Love Monkey
David Southwell – Conspiracy Files
Muriel Spark – The Finishing School
Olen Steinhauer – The Confession
Neal Stephenson
The Confusion (Vol. II of the Baroque Cycle)
The System of the World (Vol. III of the Baroque Cycle)
Sean Stewart – Yoda: Dark Rendezvous
Thomas Sullivan – Dust of Eden
Michel Thaler – Le Train de Nulle Part
Colm Tóibín – The Master
Zlatko Topčić – Bare Skin
Karen Traviss – Star Wars Republic Commando: Hard Contact
Jonathan Trigell – Boy A
Andrew Vachss – Down Here
Vivian Vande Velde – Heir Apparent
Bob Weltlich – Crooked Zebra
A. N. Wilson – My Name Is Legion
Michael Winter – The Big Why
Carlos Ruiz Zafon – The Shadow of the Wind
Juli Zeh – Gaming Instinct
Florian Zeller – La Fascination du pire (The Fascination of Evil)

Children and young people
David Almond – Kate, the Cat and the Moon
Mary Bartek – Funerals and Fly Fishing
John Fardell – The Seven Professors of the Far North
Mem Fox – Where Is the Green Sheep?
Cornelia Funke – When Santa Fell to Earth
Virginia Hamilton (with Barry Moser) – Wee Winnie Witch's Skinny: An Original African American Scare Tale
J. Patrick Lewis (with Gary Kelley) – The Stolen Smile
Robert Muchamore – The Recruit (first in the CHERUB series)
Jenny Nimmo – Charlie Bone and the Blue Boa
Liz Pichon – My Big Brother, Boris
Carlos Cuauhtémoc Sánchez – The Eyes of My Princess
Lemony Snicket – The Grim Grotto
Dugald Steer (with Nghiem Ta, etc.) – Egyptology: Search for the Tomb of Osiris

Drama
Alan Bennett – The History Boys
Gurpreet Kaur Bhatti – Behzti
Neil Brand – Stan (radio)
Bryony Lavery – Frozen
Brent Hartinger – Geography Club
Louis Nowra – The Woman with Dog's Eyes
John Patrick Shanley – Doubt
Florian Zeller – L'Autre (The Other)

Poetry

Seamus Heaney – Beacons at Bealtaine

Non-fiction
Steve Almond – Candyfreak
Thomas P.M. Barnett – The Pentagon's New Map
Ingmar and Ingrid Bergman and Maria von Rosen – Tre dagböcker (Three diaries)
T. Mike Childs – The Rocklopedia Fakebandica
Richard A. Clarke – Against All Enemies: Inside America's War on Terror
Jonathan Coe – Like A Fiery Elephant: The Story of B. S. Johnson
Allison Hedge Coke – Rock, Ghost, Willow, Deer
Anne Coleman – I'll Tell You a Secret
Flora Fraser – Princesses: The Six Daughters of George III
Leonie Frieda – Catherine de' Medici
Sheila Hancock – The Two of Us: My Life with John Thaw
Gareth Stedman Jones – An End to Poverty?
Pedro Lemebel – Adiós mariquita linda
Doris Lessing – Time Bites: Views and Reviews
Lawrence Lessig – Free Culture
Mario Vargas Llosa – The Temptation of the Impossible
Roger Lowenstein – Origins of the Crash
Hugh Masekela – Still Grazing (autobiography)
Predrag Miletić – Biciklom do Hilandara
Farah Pahlavi – An Enduring Love: My Life with the Shah
Chuck Palahniuk – Stranger Than Fiction: True Stories
Michael Palin – Himalaya
Sethy Regenvanu – Laef blong mi (From village to nation: an autobiography)
Anita Roddick – Take it Personally: How globalization affects you and powerful ways to challenge it
Miranda Seymour – The Bugatti Queen: In Search of a Motor-Racing Legend
Owen Sheers – The Dust Diaries
Rebecca Solnit – Hope in the Dark
Ben Stein – Can America Survive? The Rage of the Left, The Truth, and What to Do About It
Jon Stewart and writers of The Daily Show – America (The Book): A Citizen's Guide to Democracy Inaction
Milt Thomas – Cave of a Thousand Tales
J. Maarten Troost – The Sex Lives of Cannibals
United Kingdom Government – Delivering Security in a Changing World
Francis Wheen – How Mumbo-Jumbo Conquered the World (also Idiot Proof: A Short History of Modern Delusions)
Alford A. Young Jr. – The Minds of Marginalized Black Men

Films
 2046 - inspired by Liu Yichang's "The Drunkard"
 Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
 The Phantom of the Opera

Deaths
January 3 – Lillian Beckwith, English novelist (born 1916)
January 4
Joan Aiken, English novelist and children's writer (born 1924)
Jeff Nuttall, English poet, artist and activist (born 1933)
Dorota Terakowska, Polish writer and journalist, author of fantasy books for children and young adults (born 1938)
John Toland, American author and historian (born 1912)
January 10
Alexandra Ripley, American novelist (born 1934)
(or January 11) Spalding Gray, American writer and actor (born 1942)
January 13 – Zeno Vendler, American philosopher and linguist (born 1921)
January 14 – Jack Cady, American fantasy and horror novelist (born 1932)
January 15
Alex Barris, Canadian actor and writer (born 1922)
Olivia Goldsmith, American novelist (complications from cosmetic surgery, born 1949)
January 24 – Abdul Rahman Munif, Arab writer (born 1933)
January 29
Janet Frame, New Zealand novelist, poet and short story writer (born 1924)
M. M. Kaye, Indian-born English novelist (born 1908)
February 2 – Alan Bullock, English historian (born 1914)
February 4 – Hilda Hilst, Brazilian poet, playwright and novelist (born 1930)
February 5 – Frances Partridge, English diarist (born 1900)
February 7 – Norman Thelwell, English cartoonist (born 1923)
February 17 – Bruce Beaver, Australian poet and novelist (born 1928)
February 27 – Paul Sweezy, American economist and editor (born 1910)
February 28 – Daniel J. Boorstin, American historian (born 1914)
February 29 – Jerome Lawrence, American playwright (born 1915)
March 9 – Albert Mol, Dutch author, actor and dancer (born 1917)
March 27 – Robert Merle, French novelist (born 1908)
March 29 – Peter Ustinov, English actor, dramatist and memoirist (born 1921)
March 30
Alistair Cooke, English-born American journalist and broadcaster (born 1908)
Michael King OBE, New Zealand historian, author and biographer (born 1945)
April 19
Norris McWhirter, English writer and activist (born 1925)
John Maynard Smith, English evolutionary biologist and writer (born 1920)
April 25 – Thom Gunn, English poet (born 1929)
April 26 – Hubert Selby, Jr., American author (born 1928)
May 2 – Paul Guimard, French writer (born 1921)
May 12
Syd Hoff, American author and illustrator (born 1912)
Alexander Skutch, American scientific writer and naturalist (born 1904)
May 31 – Lionel Abrahams, South African novelist, poet and essayist (born 1928)
July 1 – Peter Barnes, English playwright (born 1931)
July 8 – Paula Danziger, American children's and young adult novelist (born 1945)
August 8 – Farida Diouri, Moroccan novelist (born 1953)
August 12 – Humayun Azad, Bangladeshi author, poet, scholar and linguist (born 1947)
August 14 – Czesław Miłosz, Polish writer and Nobel laureate (born 1911)
August 30 – Mario Levrero, Uruguayan novelist (born 1940)
September 18 – Norman Cantor, Canadian historian (born 1929)
September 24 – Françoise Sagan, French novelist (born 1935)
September 28 – Mulk Raj Anand, Indian novelist in English (born 1905)
October – Natalya Baranskaya, Russian short-story writer (born 1908)
October 8 – Jacques Derrida, Algerian-born French literary critic (born 1930)
October 13 – Bernice Rubens, Welsh-born novelist (born 1928)
October 16
Vincent Brome, English biographer and novelist (born 1910)
Harold Perkin, English social historian (born 1926)
October 20 – Anthony Hecht, American poet (born 1923)
November 9 – Stieg Larsson, Swedish journalist and crime novelist (heart attack, born 1954)
November 24 – Arthur Hailey, Canadian novelist (born 1920)
December 2 – Mona Van Duyn, American poet (born 1921)
December 8 – Jackson Mac Low, American poet (born 1922)
December 12 – Phaswane Mpe, South African novelist (born 1970)
December 13 – Jón frá Pálmholti (Jón Kjartansson), Icelandic writer and journalist (born 1930)
December 18 – Anthony Sampson, British journalist and biographer (born 1926)
December 28 – Susan Sontag, American novelist (born 1933)

Awards
Nobel Prize for Literature: Elfriede Jelinek
Camões Prize: Agustina Bessa-Luís

Australia
The Australian/Vogel Literary Award: Julienne van Loon, Road Story
Victorian Premier's Literary Award C. J. Dennis Prize for Poetry: Judith Beveridge, Wolf Notes
Kenneth Slessor Prize for Poetry: Pam Brown, Dear Deliria: New & Selected Poems
Mary Gilmore Prize: David McCooey, Blister Pack; Michael Brennan, Imageless World
Miles Franklin Award: Shirley Hazzard, The Great Fire
Victorian Premier's Literary Award Vance Palmer Prize for Fiction: Annamarie Jagose, Slow Water

Canada
Giller Prize: Alice Munro, Runaway
Governor General's Awards: See 2004 Governor General's Awards
Griffin Poetry Prize: Anne Simpson, Loop and August Kleinzahler, The Strange Hours Travelers Keep
Edna Staebler Award for Creative Non-Fiction: Andrea Curtis, Into the Blue

Sweden

Astrid Lindgren Memorial Award: Lygia Bojunga Nunes

United Kingdom
Caine Prize for African Writing: Brian Chikwava, "Seventh Street Alchemy"
Carnegie Medal for children's literature: Frank Cottrell Boyce, Millions
Cholmondeley Award: John Agard, Ruth Padel Lawrence Sail, Eva Salzman
Eric Gregory Award: Nick Laird, Elizabeth Manuel, Abi Curtis, Sophie Levy, Saradha Soobrayen
James Tait Black Memorial Prize for biography: Jonathan Bate, John Clare: A Biography
James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction: David Peace, GB84
Man Booker Prize: Alan Hollinghurst, The Line of Beauty
Orange Prize for Fiction: Andrea Levy, Small Island
Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry: Hugo Williams
Whitbread Best Book Award: Andrea Levy, Small Island

United States
Aiken Taylor Award for Modern American Poetry: Henry Taylor
Agnes Lynch Starrett Poetry Prize: Aaron Smith, Blue on Blue Ground
Bernard F. Connors Prize for Poetry: Jeremy Glazier, "Conversations with the Sidereal Messenger"
Bobbitt National Prize for Poetry: B.H. Fairchild, Early Occult Memory Systems of the Lower Midwest
Brittingham Prize in Poetry: John Brehm, Sea of Faith
Compton Crook Award: E. E. Knight, Way of the Wolf
Frost Medal: Richard Howard
Hugo Award for Best Novel: Lois McMaster Bujold, Paladin of Souls
Lambda Literary Awards: Multiple categories; see 2004 Lambda Literary Awards.
National Book Award for Fiction: to The News from Paraguay by Lily Tuck
National Book Critics Circle Award: to Gilead by Marilynne Robinson
PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction: to The Early Stories: 1953–1975 by John Updike
Wallace Stevens Award: Mark Strand
Whiting Awards:
Fiction: Daniel Alarcón, Kirsten Bakis, Victor LaValle
Nonfiction: Allison Glock, John Jeremiah Sullivan
Plays: Elana Greenfield, Tracey Scott Wilson
Poetry: Catherine Barnett, Dan Chiasson, A. Van Jordan

Elsewhere
Premio Nadal: Antonio Soler, El camino de los ingleses

See also
List of years in literature
Literature
Poetry
List of literary awards
List of poetry awards
The Best American Short Stories 2004
2004 in Australian literature

Notes

References

Years of the 21st century in literature

2004 in literature


Gårdmøllen fra Læsø er en stubmølle erhvervet 1951 til Frilandsmuseet.
Den lille vindmølle har været brugt til formaling af mel på Dethsgård i Bangsbo, Hals Sogn på Læsø, en gård der var den østre halvdel af en større tvillingegård nu også på Frilandsmuseet som "Gård fra Læsø".

Disse små stubmøller blev kun brugt til at male mel for en enkelt gård. De var små og enkle at betjene for én person, bekvemt for kvinderne der på Læsø stod for pasning af gårddriften, da mændene især tog sig af fiskeriet og ofte var længe på havet.

Galleri

Noter

Se også
 Gård fra Læsø (Frilandsmuseet) hvorfra møllen kommer
 Frilandsmuseets bygninger

Eksterne henvisninger
  Wikimedia Commons har flere filer relaterede til Læsøgården, Frilandsmuseet og Gårdmølle fra Læsø
 Om stubmøllen  hos Mølleordbog.dk/ med illustration der tydeligt viser 'stubben' som møllen kan drejes om efter vindretningen
 "Læsømøllen på Frilandsmuseet i Lyngby", lille film med møllen i bevægelse ("Den lille stubmølle fra Læsø vises frem for gæsterne ...")

Frilandsmuseet
Læsø
Vindmøller i Danmark

Gårdmølle fra Læsø (Frilandsmuseet)


Malé Kozmálovce este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Levice din regiunea Nitra, pe malul râului Hron. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 328 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Malé Kozmálovce este atestată documentar din 1332.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Malé Kozmálovce


Rasim Karaca [Rasim Qaraca] (d. 18 Şubat 1960, Azerbaycan / Ali Bayramlı) - Azeri gazeteci, yazar.

1985 yılında Azerbaycan Devlet Üniversitesi gazetecilik bölümünden mezun oldu. Bir müddet Komünist Partisi'ne bağlı "Mayak" ve "İşık" gazetelerinde çalıştı. 1990 yılında Ali Bayramlı'da Azad Yaşar ve İsmail Bayramoğlu'yla birlikte ilk bağımsız edebiyat derneği "BACA"yı kurdu. Bu kurumun matbu organı olan gayriresmî "Yaşıl Söz" bültenini yayınladı.

1994-2000 yılları arasında Rusya'da yaşadı. Burada inşaat sektöründe iş yapan Türk firmalarında tercüman olarak görev yaptı. 2000 yılında memlekete döndükten sonra Bakü'ye yerleşti. 2001 yılında yeni kuşak yazarlardan oluşan Azad Yazarlar Ocağını kurdu. 2002 yılında Rasim Karaca'nın editörü olduğu "Alatoran" haftalık edebiyat sanat bülteni "Adalet" qazetesinin eki olarak yayınlanmaya başladı, 31 sayı çıktı.

Özgür içerikli yazılardan dolayı bülten kapanınca, 2004 yılından itibaren "Alatoran" 3 aylık bağımsız edebiyat dergisi olarak yayınlanmaya başladı. Nisan 2011'e dek 16 sayı yaynlandı.

2003 ylılında yeni kuşak yazarların şiir ve hikâyelerinden oluşan "Yaguar yerişli zaman" antalojisini yayınladı.

2005-2006 yıllarında tekrar Adalet qazetesinde "Nar" edebiyyat ekininin editörlügünü yaptı.

Bu arada "Gündelik Azerbaycan" qazetesinde köşe yazarlığını sürdürdü.

2006'da Krım'da, 2008'de Kıprısta düzenlenen şiir şölenlerine katıldı.

Kosova ve İzmir'de yapılan Şiir şölenlerinde Azerbaycanı temsil etti.

Rasim Karaca'nın şiirleri Türk ve Rus dergilerinde yayınlandı.

Bunlarla yanaşı olarak Rasim Karacanın yayıncılık faaliyeti de vardır. Bu günedek "Alatoran Yayınları" olarak 30un üzerinde kitap yayınlandı.

Kitapları

 "Ölüm Hakkında Güneş" - 2002 (şiirler)
 "Türkün Meseli" - 2005 (Azerbaycan argo deyimleri)
 "R harfi olmayan aylar" - 2006 (şiirler)
 "Əyri evin qadını" - 2010 (öyküler)

Ayrıca bakınız
 Azeri yazarlar listesi

Kaynakça

1960 doğumlular
Azeri gazeteciler
20. yüzyıl Azeri yazarları
21. yüzyıl Azeri yazarları
Yaşayan insanlar

Rasim Karaca


Dwars door Vlaanderen 2015 var den 70. udgave af cykelløbet Dwars door Vlaanderen. Det var en del af UCI Europe Tour-kalenderen og blev afviklet 25. marts 2015. Løbet blev vundet af belgiske Jelle Wallays fra .

Hold og ryttere

Danske ryttere
Matti Breschel kørte for
Michael Mørkøv kørte for
Lars Bak kørte for
Martin Mortensen kørte for
Mads Pedersen kørte for
Rasmus Quaade kørte for
Michael Reihs kørte for
Troels Vinther kørte for

Resultater

Eksterne henvisninger

2015
UCI Europe Tour 2015

Dwars door Vlaanderen 2015


Paul Nahman Shulman (, Schaul Ben-Tzvi; * 1922 in Connecticut; † 16. Mai 1994 in Haifa) war 1949 der 2. Befehlshaber der israelischen Marine.

Leben
Shulman wurde 1922 im US-Bundesstaat Connecticut geboren und wuchs in New York auf. Später machte er einen Abschluss an der United States Naval Academy in Annapolis. Während des Zweiten Weltkriegs kämpfte er an der Pazifikfront; nach der Kapitulation Japans 1945 schied er aus dem Dienst für die US-Marine aus. Nach dem Krieg und dem Holocaust half er dabei, Juden aus Europa in das Britische Mandatsgebiet Palästina zu schmuggeln. 1948 emigrierte er in den damals proklamierten Staat Israel.

Im November desselben Jahres wurde er von Premierminister David Ben-Gurion darum gebeten, bei der Schaffung einer israelischen Marine mitzuwirken. Während des Palästinakrieges 1948 kommandierte er bei der Blockade des Gaza-Streifens sowie der Einnahme von En Gedi am Toten Meer. 1949 wurde er zweiter Befehlshaber der Marine, nachdem sich sein Vorgänger Gershon Zak dafür entschieden hatte, sich wieder seinen Lehrtätigkeiten zu widmen. Jedoch schied er schon 1949 wieder aus dem Flottendienst aus und wurde ein Berater Ben-Gurions für Fragen zur Marine.

Einzelnachweise

Konteradmiral (Israel)
Person im Zweiten Weltkrieg (Vereinigte Staaten)
Militärperson (United States Navy)
Absolvent der United States Naval Academy
Emigrant
Israeli
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1922
Gestorben 1994
Mann

Paul Shulman


Et multi-system lokomotiv, også kendt som et multi-system elektrisk lokomotiv, multi-system Electric Multiple Unit (multi-system EMU) eller multi-systemstogsæt er et ellokomotiv eller elektrisk togsæt, som kan operere på tværs af jernbaner med flere forskellige elsystemer.
Øresundstoget er et eksempel for dette da det kører både i Danmark og Sverige. Toget kan således optage både dansk og svensk kørestrøm.

Eksterne henvisninger

Elektrisk traktion

Multi-system


Kik Messenger er en chat-software primært beregnet til blandt andet smartphones.

Noter

Mobilapplikationer
C

Kik Messenger