The New Zealand Division was an infantry division of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force raised for service in the First World War. It was formed in Egypt in early 1916 when the New Zealand and Australian Division was renamed after the detachment of its Australian personnel left the New Zealand Infantry Brigade, together with reinforcements from New Zealand, as the basis of the division. It was commanded by Major General Andrew Hamilton Russell for the duration of the war.

The division saw service on the Western Front in France and Belgium, fighting in major battles at the Somme, Messines and Broodseinde Ridge throughout 1916 and 1917. All were notable successes for the New Zealanders but the division suffered a serious defeat at Passchendaele on 12 October 1917, its most costly day of the war.

In early 1918, the division helped blunt the German spring offensive at the Somme, before the Allies went on the offensive in August. During the Hundred Days' Offensive that followed, it was one of the lead divisions of the Third Army and advanced  in 75 days. The division's last major engagement of the war was at Le Quesnoy in early November 1918. During the latter stages of the war, the New Zealand Division was one of the strongest divisions of the Dominion serving on the Western Front. After the armistice, it served on occupation duties in Germany before being disbanded in 1919.

Background
Following the outbreak of the First World War, the New Zealand government authorised the formation of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force (NZEF), under the command of Major General Alexander Godley, for service abroad.  By October 1914, there were sufficient volunteers to form two brigades, the New Zealand Infantry Brigade and the New Zealand Mounted Brigade.  These two formations formed the main body of the NZEF and, together with the Australian 4th Infantry Brigade and the 1st Light Horse Brigade, were the basis of the New Zealand and Australian Division, which fought in the Gallipoli campaign against the Turks.

In December 1915, the much depleted New Zealand and Australian Division was evacuated from Gallipoli, and was placed in reserve near the Suez Canal.  Although there were concerns that the Turks might attack the canal, it was envisaged that the division would soon be called upon to serve elsewhere. Commanded by Major General Andrew Hamilton Russell, it was replenished with reinforcements from Australia and New Zealand and began a program of intensive training.

Since the deployment of the main body of the NZEF, the numbers of volunteers had steadily increased to the point that they could no longer be integrated into either of the two existing brigades.  In January 1916, the commander of the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force in Egypt, Lieutenant General Sir Archibald Murray, proposed the number of available New Zealand personnel warranted the establishment of two new brigades which, together with the existing brigade, would form a New Zealand infantry division for service on the Western Front.  The New Zealand government, initially concerned by the prospect of maintaining three infantry brigades, concurred after Murray reassured it that the number of personnel in Egypt were sufficient to keep the new division up to strength in the short term.

Formation

The New Zealand Division officially came into being at Moascar, Egypt, on 1 March 1916, when the New Zealand and Australian Division was so renamed. Russell, a well regarded senior officer of the Territorial Force who had performed well during the Gallipoli Campaign, was appointed the commander of the new formation.

The former New Zealand Infantry Brigade was to be the first of three infantry brigades of the division.  The 1st Brigade was commanded by Brigadier General Francis Earl Johnston, who had led the original brigade at Gallipoli.  The 2nd Brigade was formed from reinforcements currently in Egypt; this was commanded by another Gallipoli veteran, Brigadier General William Garnett Braithwaite.  The third infantry brigade, known as the Rifle Brigade, was commanded by Brigadier General Harry Fulton. The division also included the Otago Mounted Rifles Regiment; one squadron was designated as the Divisional Mounted Troops while the remaining two squadrons were integrated into a pioneer battalion alongside Māori personnel.  There were also three brigades of field artillery and one of howitzers. In total, the division had some 15,000 men in its ranks.

Along with the Australian 1st and 2nd Divisions, the New Zealand Division was to form part of I ANZAC Corps, under the command of Godley.  In early March, the New Zealand Division assumed responsibility for the section of the Suez Canal guarded by the 2nd Division, which began to embark for France.  After three weeks of sentry duty, the New Zealand Division returned to its Moascar base before it too was shipped to France in early April.

Western Front

The divisions of I ANZAC Corps, now commanded by Lieutenant General William Birdwood with Godley taking over II ANZAC Corps, were initially based in the Armentières sector where they would undergo intensive training in trench warfare on the Western Front. The Armentières front line was regarded by the Allies as a nursery sector where new units could undergo familiarisation without being called upon for intensive offensive operations.

Nevertheless, it was not an easy introduction to the front for the New Zealanders. On arriving in their sector, they found the defensive arrangements to be poor and immediately set about improving the trenches and wire emplacements. Although the bulk of the division's personnel manned secondary defences rearward of the front line to avoid the German artillery, the forward areas had to be constantly patrolled as a deterrent to an attack and to give the impression they were fully manned. The static nature of the war meant that the Divisional Mounted Troops, intended to be used as scouts, were redundant and, along with two Light Horse squadrons from the Australian infantry divisions, were soon transferred to a new formation designated 1st ANZAC Light Horse Regiment. In July, the New Zealand Division was transferred to the newly arrived II ANZAC Corps while I ANZAC moved south to the Somme.

The New Zealanders would follow in due course but in the meantime, General Sir Douglas Haig, the commander of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), called for diversionary actions to attract the attention of the German High Command away from the Allied preparations for the forthcoming offensive on the Somme. To achieve this, the New Zealanders mounted several trench raids. By the time the New Zealand Division was relieved in August, it had incurred 2,500 casualties, including 375 dead.

Battle of the Somme

After a period of refit and training, in September 1916 the New Zealand Division was assigned to XV Corps which, at the time, was participating in the Somme Offensive. On 15 September, the 2nd Brigade and the Rifle Brigade, with the 1st Brigade in reserve, participated in the Battle of Flers-Courcelette.  The attack, as planned, was to capture a number of German-held trench systems in successive advances by alternating battalions; the first objective was the Switch trench complex, designated as the Green Line, with the next two being the Brown and Blue Lines. The Blue Line included the Flers trench network. The final objective was the Grove Alley trench complex, designated Red Line. The attack was to be preceded by a three-day preparatory bombardment and the division was also to be supported by tanks, which were being used for the first time. Four tanks were assigned to the division's sector. The advance of the New Zealanders was to be flanked by corresponding movements of the neighbouring British 41st and 47th Divisions.

At 6:20 am, following the creeping artillery barrage that had been laid down by the divisional guns, the 2nd Brigade's Auckland and Otago Battalions advanced on their first objective, the Switch trench complex, and seized it within an hour.  Losses were heavy on the left side of the advance; the forward movement of the 47th Division was held up and this exposed the 2nd Otago Battalion to enfilade fire as they continued onto Switch trench.

It was planned for the 4th Battalion of the Rifle Brigade, with the benefit of tank support, to leapfrog the 2nd Brigade and move onto the next objective. However, the tanks suffered mechanical problems and failed to arrive on time. The battalion moved on regardless and secured the Brown Line by 7:50 am. The tanks followed on, and one was knocked out of action by artillery fire. The remaining tanks moved onto the Blue Line. The advance, now led by the 2nd and 3rd Battalions of the Rifle Brigade, was beginning to slow. The preparatory bombardment had failed to clear barbed wire ahead of the Flers trench and the infantry had gone to ground to await the tanks.  Arriving at 10:30 am, they crushed the wire and allowed the 3rd Battalion to clear the trenches of its garrison, the 5th Bavarian Regiment; 145 were taken prisoner.

Efforts were made to consolidate the newly captured positions. The 41st Division, on the right flank, had reached its portion of the Blue Line and captured Flers but the 47th Division lagged behind. The New Zealanders remained exposed to enfilade fire along their left flank and German artillery fire also hampered attempts to shore up their positions. The 1st Battalion of the Rifle Brigade began an attack on the final objective, Red Line, at 10:50 am and secured a portion of the Grove Alley trenches by midday despite heavy casualties. However, the 47th Division had still not been able to secure its first objective while the 41st Division had to withdraw from Flers village. This left the New Zealanders in a salient exposed to heavy machine gun fire on both flanks. At 2:00 pm Germans were spotted advancing from the northeast. Captain Lindsay Inglis, the senior surviving officer in this area of Grove Alley, gave orders to strengthen the corresponding section of the line. When a platoon began moving to effect the order, this was misinterpreted as a withdrawal and the remaining elements of the battalion began to pull out to Flers village. Inglis was able to check the withdrawal, but with only 120 men, he opted to dig in where they were rather than try to reoccupy Grove Alley.

Despite several counterattacks during the afternoon, the New Zealanders managed to hold their front line, including the village of Flers, although both flanks remained exposed due to the failure of 41st and 47th Divisions to reach or hold their frontage of the Blue Line. It was a successful day for the division; it had captured the most ground of all the divisions of XV Corps involved in the battle. It had also reached all four of its objectives although it ended the day in possession of three plus Flers itself, which was actually in 41st Division's sector.

To strengthen the division's positions, the 1st Brigade was brought forward into the front lines overnight. The next day, an attack was launched by the brigade's 1st Wellington Battalion. Supported by artillery, which suppressed an attack made by the Germans minutes before the start of the battalion's advance from Flers Village, Grove Alley was captured. That evening the weather deteriorated and over the next few days rain filled trenches and shell holes, and turned the ground to thick mud. The New Zealanders were continually harassed by German artillery and localised attacks from the spur overlooking Grove Alley. Despite the conditions, the 1st Brigade carried out operations to strengthen the division's exposed left flank, but it remained vulnerable to enfilade fire from the German positions.

An attack had been planned for 18 September but was postponed due to the poor weather. On 25 September, the attack went ahead. It was intended to extend the front to high ground that was known as Factory Corner. The high ground was undefended, and the 1st Brigade easily captured it under the cover of a creeping barrage. Two days later, Factory Corner formed the launchpad for a further attack by the brigade and the neighbouring 55th Division on two more trenchlines, designated Gird Trench and Gird Support. This time, the attack was not as straightforward and it took an extra day before the entire objective was in New Zealand hands. On 1 October, as a preliminary to the Battle of Le Transloy, 2nd Brigade's Otago and Canterbury battalions captured strongpoints near Eaucourt L'Abbaye, which fell to the 47th Division two days later.

By the time of its withdrawal from the front lines on 4 October, the New Zealand Division had suffered 7,000 casualties (killed in action, wounded and missing), 1,500 of them fatal, since 15 September. On the opening day of the battle alone, there were 2,050 casualties from the 6,000 men who joined the fighting.

Restructuring
The division, now reattached to II ANZAC Corps, moved north in mid-October and replaced the 5th Australian Division at Sailly. It remained here, patrolling the sector and mounting raids, into February 1917. The men of the division had become fatigued through their service on the Western Front. While the 2nd and Rifle Brigades soon recovered, the 1st Brigade, having many Gallipoli veterans, continued to struggle as did Johnston, its commander. Consequently, Russell sent him on leave and reorganised the brigades.

The 1st Brigade swapped its two South Island battalions (1st Canterbury and 1st Otago) with the two North Island battalions (2nd Auckland and 2nd Wellington) of the 2nd  Brigade. This placed all the North Island battalions in the 1st Brigade while all the South Island formations were in the 2nd Brigade. The four artillery brigades were reduced to three by distributing the batteries of the fourth amongst the others, one of which came under the direct control of II ANZAC Corps.

This period also saw the formation of the 4th Brigade in England, in response to a request made by the British War Office to the New Zealand government for another infantry division. Although their numbers were insufficient for a new division, personnel from New Zealand were arriving in the various NZEF depots in Europe at a much higher rate than they were being lost from the division due to casualties and attrition. By early 1917, there was a reserve of around 10,000 men available with which to draw upon for the new brigade without adversely affecting the ability to replace existing troops in the field, in the short term at least. The brigade's core units were four infantry battalions designated as the 3rd Battalions of the Auckland, Wellington, Canterbury and Otago Regiments. Newly promoted Brigadier General Herbert Ernest Hart was appointed by Godley as the brigade's commander, and after a rigorous training programme, curtailed by orders to report to France, it embarked for the front on 29 May 1917. With four infantry brigades, the New Zealand Division was now the strongest Dominion formation fighting in France with 20,000 personnel. However, Russell did not like his division's four-brigade structure (the remainder of the British and Dominion infantry divisions had three brigades) as he continually had to fend off requests to use the extra brigade for labouring work in the corps rear area.

In the meantime, the division had been moved to Flanders in February 1917. Initially based at Steenwerck, the following month it shifted north to the Messines area, which was south of Ypres, to relieve the 36th Division.

Battle of Messines

By mid-1917, Haig was planning an offensive in the heavily defended Ypres region of Flanders. His plan involved a series of steps, the first of which was the capture of Messines Ridge by II ANZAC Corps. The New Zealand Division, already in the Messines sector, was given the task of capturing Messines Village and it began intensive training for the forthcoming battle under the close supervision of Russell. Extensive preparatory work was carried out, with transportation infrastructure laid down and ample supplies of shells brought forward for the artillery.

The plan of attack, broken into three phases, called for the 2nd and Rifle Brigades to carry out an initial advance to the trenches on the western slopes of the Messines ridge as well as the village itself. The 1st Brigade was then to take over for the second phase and advance to the eastern slope of the ridge, an objective designated the Black Line. The final phase was also to involve the 1st Brigade, which was to push the front line out  via a series of outposts, designated the Dotted Black Line. This outpost line would serve as the starting point for the advance of the 4th Australian Division, which was to continue the attack to what was designated as the Green Line, a mile from the crest of the ridge.

Following a preparatory artillery barrage which began on 3 June, the battle commenced in the early hours of 7 June with the explosion of several mines which had been dug under the German lines. Over a million pounds (about 450 tonnes) of explosive were used, and the tremors were felt as far away as London. The New Zealanders were in the centre of the II ANZAC front, flanked by the British 25th Division and the 3rd Australian Division. This marked the first time the Australians and New Zealanders had fought alongside each other in a major engagement on the Western Front. The 2nd and Rifle Brigades quickly moved forward; the surviving German soldiers encountered initially were still dazed from the detonation of the mines and were quickly subdued and made prisoners of war. They continued to advance into stiffening resistance, but these opponents, soldiers of the 40th (Saxon) and 3rd (Bavarian) Divisions, were soon dealt with and the outskirts of Messines village were within sight. The Rifle Brigade's 3rd Battalion was attacking the village when it was slowed by two machine gun posts. Corporal Samuel Frickleton led his section on a successful foray to deal with them for which he was later awarded the VC.

As planned, the 1st Brigade reached the Black Line shortly after 5:00 am and began preparing for the next phase of the advance, the establishment of the Dotted Black Line. By 9:00 am, under the cover of a creeping artillery barrage, platoons from the brigade's 2nd Auckland Battalion moved forward and formed a series of outposts, some of which were close to the Green Line. They were well dug in by midday, and handily placed to fend off German counterattacks. At 3:00 pm, the advance was continued by the 4th Australian Division, supported by the New Zealand artillery. The 1st Brigade in the meantime consolidated its positions. That evening, aware that the Germans were likely to lay down a retaliatory artillery barrage, Russell ordered that only a minimum number of troops were to remain in Messines and most personnel moved back to their original positions.  The next day, the expected barrage began. The New Zealanders remained in position until 9 June, when they were relieved by the 4th Australian Division.

It was a successful operation for the division; all objectives were achieved on schedule, with over 400 Germans, several field guns, and numerous machine guns and trench mortars being captured. Losses in the division amounted to 3,700 casualties, most of which were actually incurred while holding the captured ground. These casualties were inflicted despite Russell's attempts to keep the number of soldiers in the front line defences to a minimum and to rely on artillery and machine guns as his primary means for defending against counterattacks. The day after the battle, Russell was visiting the Le Moulin de l'Hospice, captured by 1st Brigade, when an artillery barrage opened up. This killed the brigade's commander, Brigadier General Charles Brown, the first general officer of the NZEF to be killed in action. On 12 June, the division was back manning the front lines to the southeast of Messines, mounting raids and pushing outposts forward into German territory and generally consolidating their positions. It was finally withdrawn from the sector at the end of the month for rest and recuperation.

The division returned to the area in mid-July, tasked with minor operations intended to keep German attention away from the sector north of Ypres, which was to be the focus of renewed fighting as Haig continued with his planned offensive. Russell had his brigades man the division's section in rotation; those not in the trenches spent their time training. During this period, the New Zealanders captured the village of La Basseville but subsequently lost it to a German counterattack. At the end of the month, 2nd Wellington Battalion, 1st Brigade, retook the village with Lance-Corporal Leslie Andrew playing a key role in the action; he was later awarded the VC for his efforts. Over the following few weeks the men of the division worked to consolidate their positions in waterlogged trenches, rain having set in. Casualties were still incurred during this period including Brigadier General Johnston, killed by a sniper on 7 August while inspecting his new command, the Rifle Brigade. His replacement, Brigadier General Robert Young, was severely wounded by another sniper just two days later.

Ypres Offensive
In September, II ANZAC Corps was detailed for the ongoing offensive in Ypres, the Battle of Passchendaele (also known as the Third Battle of Ypres). Haig wanted Passchendaele Ridge in British hands by winter through a series of limited actions to be carried out across September and October.  The initial role of the New Zealand Division was to launch an attack on Gravenstafel Spur, running off the Passchendaele Ridge, as part of what would become known as the Battle of Broodseinde.  The attack was part of an overall strategy to capture the ridges running in front of Passchendaele, prior to an attack on the village itself.

Battle of Broodseinde

In the weeks leading up to the battle, the division repeatedly practiced the tactics it would employ in its attack on Gravenstafel Spur. When it moved into the front line, its frontage was approximately . The 4th Brigade moved into the southern portion of the line on 2 October.  On its right was the 3rd Australian Division, while on its left flank was the 1st Brigade.  The 48th Division (of XVIII Corps) was to the left of the 1st Brigade. Together with the 1st Brigade, the 4th Brigade was tasked with two objectives, the Red Line and the Blue Line.  The 1st Auckland and Wellington battalions of 1st Brigade, together with the 3rd Auckland and Canterbury battalions of 4th Brigade, were to advance to and secure the Red Line, running along the crest of the ridge.  The other two battalions of the respective brigades would then leapfrog their predecessors through the Red Line to take the Blue Line, at the bottom of the Belluvue Spur.

On 4 October, preceded by an artillery barrage beginning at 6:00 am, the division began its offensive with the infantry advancing behind a creeping barrage, which caught a mass of German troops, preparing for their own attack, out in the open.  The German infantry, battered by the artillery fire, were swiftly dealt with by the advancing New Zealanders.  Despite the presence of pillboxes, the Red Line was reached on schedule, with some limited mopping up operations conducted forward of the line by parties from the advancing battalions.  Having moved up to the Red Line behind the attacking forces, at 8:10 am, the next phase of the advance began as infantry from the remaining battalions of 1st and 4th Brigades moved forward to the Blue Line.  Despite some resistance from machine gun nests and pockets of infantry sheltering in shell holes, the Blue Line was reached at 9:30 am. Rain began to fall later that afternoon, and the ground quickly became boggy.  For the next two days, under the protection of heavy artillery support, both brigades consolidated their positions and established trench lines.  The Germans mounted some small-scale counterattacks but these were easily dealt with.  From 5 October, the rain began to set in, making movement of men and equipment to the front line difficult.  On 6 October, the New Zealanders were relieved by the 49th Division.

The attack was a success with the brigades taking all their objectives on schedule. The 4th Brigade captured 700 prisoners of war, for the loss of 130 men killed, and over 600 wounded. In the 1st Brigade, 192 were killed along with 700 wounded. From its starting positions, the division made gains of around 1,000 metres. Both Godley and Russell were pleased with the outcome and pushed for further involvement by the New Zealand Division in the ongoing offensive.

Buoyed by the success of 4 October, Haig brought forward the next phase of the offensive, the Battle of Poelcappelle, by a day, to 9 October. The British divisions of Godley's II ANZAC Corps were to be involved in the initial attack, which was to be followed by an advance on Passchendaele by the New Zealand Division on 12 October.

First Battle of Passchendaele

Godley's II ANZAC Corps had limited time to prepare for the Battle of Poelcappelle, which was intended to set a good base for an attack on Passchendaele itself by capturing the Belluvue Spur. Its attack proved to be a failure, with no significant advancement of the front lines made by the two British divisions involved, the 49th and 66th Divisions. Several battalions were unable to reach their starting positions by the scheduled time and, once the attack began, they were held up by the mud and German defensive positions. For the sake of a few hundred metres, there were 5,700 casualties.  Despite this, Godley, keen for Passchendaele to fall to his II ANZAC Corps, pushed ahead with the 12 October attack. Haig, misled by erroneous reports from Godley's headquarters that the Poelcappelle attack had achieved similar gains to those made on 4 October, concurred. Once Haig discovered the error, Godley reassured him that Passchendaele could still fall to his corps. Needing to restore Haig's faith in his leadership, Godley disregarded the warnings of his senior artillery and engineer officers that ground conditions were not favourable; the winter rain had set in following Broodseinde and, together with the time constraints, had been a key factor in the compromised preparations for the Poelcappelle attack. The Passchendaele attack, scheduled for 12 October, would likewise be hampered by limited preparation time and boggy terrain.

The attack was to involve the New Zealand Division's 2nd and Rifle Brigades, with 4th Brigade in reserve, attacking along Belluvue Spur and onto Goudberg Spur while the 3rd Australian Division, on the right of the New Zealanders, attempted to take Passchendaele itself. On the division's left was the 9th (Scottish) Division. The plan required both New Zealand brigades to advance with a one-battalion frontage, with three battalions of each brigade leapfrogging each other in sequence to capture objectives designated Red, Blue and Green lines, the last of which was Goudberg Spur.

The New Zealanders had a number of preparatory hurdles to overcome before the battle. The men of the Rifle Brigade had, for the previous few weeks, been carrying out engineering work for II ANZAC Corps and were fatigued. The ongoing rainfall affected both the roads by which the division had to move to its starting positions and the placement of the supporting artillery. The muddy ground did not provide a stable platform for the guns and howitzers. Furthermore, the artillery barrage targeting the barbed wire emplacements protecting the strongpoints on the slopes of Belluvue Spur failed to destroy them, a fact determined by scouts on 11 October. Once this information reached the brigade commanders, Braithwaite and A. E. Stewart, the commander of the Rifle Brigade following Young's wounding, they pressed Russell for cancellation of the attack; this was refused.

Early in the morning of 12 October, the Germans, already on the alert, bombarded the areas where the New Zealand infantry were assembling prior to commencing their advance.  This, along with several rounds of New Zealander artillery that fell short, inflicted numerous casualties until the New Zealanders completed their barrage at 5:25 am and began moving forward. Their advance was slowed by ground conditions and machine gun fire from both their front and flanks. They stalled after reaching the wire, arranged in two belts. The following battalions began to catch up to the leading unit, the 2nd Otago Battalion, filling its depleted ranks, but were also held up by the wire. Some parties, led by subalterns and non-commissioned officers, managed to breach the wire and attack the German pillboxes beyond, but when their leaders were killed, the survivors began to dig in. It was 8:00 am and the front line had been advanced by barely .

By mid-morning, it was apparent that the failure of the New Zealanders to advance their section of the front exposed the left flank of the neighbouring 3rd Australian Division, which had secured its first objective and was pushing on to its second. Likewise, on the New Zealand Division's left, the 9th (Scottish) Division had managed to reach its final objective. Godley issued new instructions to the New Zealand Division; abandoning any hope of getting to the Green Line, it was to push on to the Blue Line in an attack timed for 3:00 pm. However, by the early afternoon the flanking Scots had been pushed back while the Australians had failed to make further gains and were withdrawing due to enfilade gunfire on the flanks. Braithwaite, warned by his battalion commanders that capturing the Blue Line was impossible, twice pushed Russell for a cancellation of the attack. Russell's initial response was to instruct the Rifle Brigade to continue, but shortly before the attack was to begin, it was abandoned.

The 4th Brigade moved up to the line to relieve the 2nd and Rifle Brigades and remained there until the division was withdrawn to a training area in late October, following the relief of II ANZAC Corps by the Canadian Corps. The division suffered heavy losses on 12 October: about 845 men were killed and a further 1,900 wounded in the worst defeat in New Zealand military history. Although Russell blamed himself for the outcome of the attack and wrote to politicians in New Zealand stating so, in his private correspondence he made it clear that planning and preparation by Godley and his staff at II ANZAC Corps was inadequate and did not take into account the poor ground conditions at Passchendaele.

Winter 1917–18

On 1 November 1917, II ANZAC Corps' 3rd Australian Division was transferred to I ANZAC Corps.  As this left the New Zealand Division as the sole representative of the ANZAC divisions in II ANZAC Corps, it was renamed to XXII Corps. The renamed corps returned to the Ypres salient in mid-November 1917, holding a five-mile front along Broodseinde Ridge from the village of Tiber to the Reutelbeek stream.  The New Zealand Division took the right sector of this front which was overlooked by a spur topped by the ruined Polderhoek Chateau, occupied by the Germans. On 3 December, the 1st Canterbury and 1st Otago Battalions of the 2nd Brigade mounted an attack against the chateau. The attack, launched at midday in an attempt to surprise the Germans, proved a relative failure; although some ground was taken, the chateau remained in enemy hands. During this action, Private Henry James Nicholas dealt with a machine gun post that was holding up the advance of his company, and won the VC. Having advanced its front by , the brigade consolidated its positions until it was withdrawn two days later and replaced by units from IX Corps.

At this stage of the war, Braithwaite, a popular commander, was temporarily in charge of the division while Russell was on leave. The last of the brigade commanders who had embarked with the NZEF in 1914, he was worn out and in January was evacuated to England for treatment. On recovery, Braithwaite rejoined his original British Army regiment rather than returning to the division. There were rumours amongst the soldiers of the division that this was a punishment for his refusal to carry on with the 12 October attack at Passchendaele.

By February 1918, the losses in the New Zealand Division resulted in the disbandment of the 4th Brigade. When it was originally formed, New Zealand's prime minister, William Massey, felt that New Zealand was already contributing more than its fair share to the war effort, and he determined that no additional reinforcements would be sent to maintain the brigade; if needed, it would be broken up to supply divisional replacements. Consequently, the brigade's personnel were redistributed amongst the remaining formations to bring them up to strength. The surplus troops formed the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Entrenching Battalions, one for each brigade, and this provided a pool of trained reinforcements for the division. In other organisational changes, a divisional machine gun battalion was formed from the companies belonging to each brigade while the New Zealand Pioneer Battalion divested itself of its squadron of Otago Mounted Rifles to leave a unit with solely Māori personnel, apart from its senior officers.  This was designated the New Zealand Māori (Pioneer) Battalion.

Spring Offensive

On 21 March, the Germans launched their Spring Offensive which involved 60 divisions advancing across a front of . The Allies were quickly pushed back and a gap formed between the Third and Fifth Armies through which the Germans penetrated. The New Zealand Division was out of the line, recuperating following its tour of duty in the trenches over the winter months, and was deployed to cover a gap which had developed between IV and V Corps at the old Somme battlefield. After moving rapidly to the front, it was positioned at Hamel by 26 March and from there linked up with the 4th Australian Division. For the next several days, the New Zealanders dug in while fending off multiple advances by the Germans. They were initially without artillery support; the infantry had been able to move much more quickly to the front. The artillery began arriving by the evening of 27 March. Supplies took longer to arrive and as rain began to fall on 28 March, many soldiers were without wet weather gear.

The New Zealanders' defensive positions had been improved despite the weather and the harassment from German artillery, which killed Fulton, the original commander of the Rifle Brigade, when a barrage targeted his headquarters. The division undertook the first offensive action by the British forces during the Spring Offensive when three battalions seized the high ground of La Signy farm on 30 March. This success, although relatively trivial to the New Zealanders, was a morale booster for the rest of the beleaguered Third Army.

The Germans launched a renewed effort to push through to Amiens on 5 April, two armies attacking across the front of the British Third Army. The New Zealanders experienced a heavy bombardment which began at 5:00 am which cut off communications and later that day suffered two separate but disorganised attacks by infantry. The first was fended off but the second recaptured La Signy farm. An attempt to push on to the main trenches of the New Zealanders was rebuffed with heavy losses inflicted by the Wellington Company of the Machine Gun Battalion.

By 9 April, the pressure was decreasing on the New Zealand positions as the Germans shifted their offensive north to the area around Armentières. While the bulk of the New Zealand Division remained on the Somme and consolidated its defences, some of its artillery went to reinforce the British forces bearing the brunt of the renewed German attacks. Casualties for this period of the war were high; nearly 1,000 of the division's personnel were killed through March and April and almost 2,700 were wounded.

The New Zealand Division continued to man its trenches along its section of the Somme front and regularly mounted trench raids. To the amusement of the New Zealanders, the German soldiers manning the trenches opposite were warned to avoid being captured because they might be eaten. In June, the division was withdrawn to Authie. The New Zealanders returned to the Somme front in early July, and settled into a sector east of Hébuterne that included Rossignol Wood. As with the division's previous stint on the Somme, trench raids were often carried out. During a raid mounted on 23 July, Sergeant Richard Travis performed actions that led to a posthumous award of the VC; he was killed the next day. A prominent soldier and renowned for his scouting skills, his death was mourned across the division.

Hundred Days' Offensive

On 8 August 1918, the last major offensive of the Western Front commenced. It began with an attack by the Canadian and Australian Corps at Amiens, which rolled the German lines back  that day. The advance petered out after four days after the Germans began to regroup and shore up their defences. Haig recognised that it was time to put pressure elsewhere on the German front and for this, decided to use General Julian Byng's Third Army. The New Zealand Division would continually be at the forefront of the advance of the Third Army for the remainder of the offensive.  At this stage of the war, the New Zealand Division was still one of the strongest infantry divisions of the Dominion serving on the Western Front.  It numbered 12,243 men and there were 15,000 reinforcements in England. Aided by the fact that New Zealand introduced conscription in August 1916, the continuous supply of reinforcements prevented it from suffering the reduction in the number of battalions that affected the British and Australian divisions as their manpower reserves dried up. As the division advanced, it usually did so along a brigade-sized front, with three battalions forward of a field artillery brigade. This allowed for rapid artillery support as the need arose. The brigades would leapfrog each other as they moved forward.

The New Zealand Division's initial involvement in the offensive was on 21 August, when it joined four other divisions of the Third Army in an attack across a  front from Puiseux towards the Albert-Arras railway. Its role was relatively minor in this action but a few days afterwards, the division played a significant part in what is now known as the Second Battle of Bapaume. The battle began on 24 August with a nighttime advance by the 1st and 2nd Brigades to clear the approaches to Bapaume, including Loupart Wood and Grévillers. Progress was delayed by heavy machine gun fire and artillery took its toll on supporting tanks. On 29 August, Bapaume itself was captured by the New Zealanders when, after a heavy artillery barrage, they attacked into the town at the same time the Germans were withdrawing. The village of Frémicourt fell the following day.

The New Zealand Division continued to advance, with the 2nd Brigade capturing Haplincourt on 3 September following a failed attempt the previous day. It moved onto the outer defences of the Hindenburg Line, including Trescault Spur, which overlooked the German positions. In conjunction with 37th Division and elements of the 38th Division, the New Zealanders attacked the spur on 12 September. The crest of the spur was captured, although not the trench system on the far side.

After two weeks out of the line, the division attacked the Hindenburg Line itself on 29 September, easily achieving its objectives and capturing 1,000 prisoners. With the New Zealanders on the St. Quentin Canal and the adjacent Scheldt River, a platoon had managed to cross it and reach the village of Crèvecœur. However, it became pinned down until the 1st Auckland and 2nd Wellington Battalions of the 1st Brigade managed to cross the next day and capture the village.

On 8 October, IV Corps attacked Cambrai, to which the Germans had withdrawn after they abandoned their defences along the St. Quentin Canal. The New Zealand Division's contribution was from the 2nd and Rifle Brigades, both of which easily achieved their objectives. In advance of their flanking units, they were handily placed to intervene when the Germans mounted a counterattack against the adjacent British 2nd Division. By 12 October, the division had advanced nearly , including a crossing of the Selle River, and had captured 1,400 prisoners and 13 field guns. Its own casualties amounted to 536 men. It withdrew from the front line for a brief rest before returning to the front on 20 October.

By the end of October, the New Zealand Division was positioned to the west of the fortified town of Le Quesnoy. On 4 November, the next phase of the Allied advance began with the Battle of the Sambre. The division was tasked with the capture of Le Quesnoy and extending the front line past the town. The Rifle Brigade encircled and, through the achievement of its 4th Battalion in scaling the ramparts that surrounded the town, pushed into Le Quesnoy by the close of the day while the 1st Brigade had established a line to the east. This was the division's most successful day on the Western Front.

The day after the fall of Le Quesnoy, elements of the division moved through the Mormal Forest with the 1st Canterbury and 2nd Otago Battalions of the 2nd Brigade leading the way. As well as covering over , they attacked and captured two houses occupied by German forces. Twenty men were killed in this last contact with the enemy, which marked the last offensive action of the division; it was relieved that night. During the Hundred Days' Offensive, it had advanced  in 75 days.  It was moving into reserve at Beauvois-en-Cambrésis, in the rear area of IV Corps, when the Armistice was signed on 11 November.

Occupation duties and disbandment

The New Zealand Division was chosen to form part of the Allied occupation force in Germany, to the displeasure of some personnel who had expected to return home.  By mid-December it had begun moving through Belgium towards Cologne where it arrived on 20 December. Billeted in the city's suburbs, the division remained on active duty when not sightseeing.  Educational programs were also implemented. Demobilisation began towards the end of December with the departure of those who had enlisted in 1914 or 1915.  The first unit to leave the division was the Pioneer Battalion, and additional men were sent to England on leave. They remained there until transportation to New Zealand could be arranged.  Russell had taken ill in late January and departed for the warmer climate of Southern France, leaving the division's artillery commander, Brigadier General G. Johnston, in charge of the division.  The artillery was demobilised on 18 March 1919, with the division formally disbanded on 25 March 1919.  Its occupation duties were taken up by the British 2nd Division.

Memorials

After the war, the New Zealand government instituted four national battlefield memorials to honour the New Zealand soldiers who died on the Western Front. The overwhelming majority of these fatalities, around 12,400, were men from the New Zealand Division. The memorials, designed by Samuel Hurst Seager, are located at Passchendaele, Messines, Le Quesnoy and the Somme. Each memorial includes the words "From the Uttermost Ends of the Earth". In contrast to other Dominions, the names of New Zealand soldiers with no known grave, of which there are about 4,180, are not listed on the Memorials to the Missing at Menin Gate and Thiepval. Instead, it was the policy of the New Zealand government to establish smaller Memorials to the Missing in cemeteries near where the soldiers went missing, one of which is at the Buttes New British Cemetery while another is at the Messines Ridge British Cemetery.

Notes

 Footnotes

Citations

References

 (has detailed drawings of uniforms)

Divisions of New Zealand in World War I
Military units and formations of New Zealand in World War I
Military units and formations established in 1916
Military units and formations disestablished in 1919

New Zealand Division


Ignorantia iuris non excusat (del latín 'la ignorancia del derecho no excusa') o ignorantia iuris neminem excusat (del latín 'la ignorancia del derecho no excusa a nadie') es un principio de derecho que indica que el desconocimiento o ignorancia de la ley no sirve de excusa, porque rige la necesaria presunción o ficción jurídica de que, habiendo sido promulgada, han de saberla todos. (promulgación y publicación). Los países de derecho europeo con una tradición del derecho romano también pueden usar una expresión de Aristóteles traducida al latín: ignorantia iuris nocet ('La ignorancia del derecho perjudica').

En cuanto a la ignorancia del derecho subjetivo y propio admitieron los romanos ciertos casos en que producía determinados efectos. Los autores suelen distinguir la ignorancia del error de derecho diciendo que la primera es falta total de conocimiento del derecho y el segundo un conocimiento falso e incompleto; pero la distinción carece de trascendencia en la práctica.

En general, no eran alegables cuando pudieran haberse evitado consultando a un jurisconsulto; pero sí cuando esto no había sido posible, como en el caso de verdadera ignorancia o en el de que por una u otra causa hubiera sido imposible la consulta. En estos casos se distinguía: el error o la ignorancia no eran alegables cuando solo hacían perder una ventaja o lucro; mas cuando produjeran un daño o sea la pérdida de bienes adquiridos, el que lo sufría, si bien no podía repetir lo que hubiese pagado (damnum rei amisae) tampoco estaba obligado a dar lo que por error o ignorancia del derecho hubiese prometido (damnun rei amittendae). Todavía era más generoso el derecho romano tratándose:
 de menores, de soldados o de campesinos, a los que jamás perjudicaba la ignorancia, aun cuando hubiese podido ser evitada y ya hubiese producido pérdidas, ya originado beneficios
 de mujeres, a las que no podía oponerse la ignorancia culpable, sino solamente cuando se tratase de dar lo prometido o cuando lo pagado a ellas lo hubiese sido en virtud de una obligación radicalmente nula.

En todo caso el que invocaba la ignorancia o el error debía probarlos, salvo que fuesen menores, soldados o campesinos, en favor de los cuales se presumía.

Derecho eclesiástico
El Derecho eclesiástico admitió y admite la ignorancia del derecho. El principio general es que la ignorancia de las leyes no se presume pero puede admitirse en casos particulares, con tal que sea inculpable y probada (como ya admitía el Decreto de Graciano, parte 1ª, dist. 82, c.2) pero ni aun esto se admite tratándose de leyes irritantes o inhabilitantes, salvo que ellas mismas dispongan expresamente otra cosa. Es de advertir que si bien la promulgación es necesaria para que obliguen las leyes eclesiásticas, basta que éstas se publiquen en Roma en las Acta Apostolicae Sedis y que transcurra el plazo de tres meses o el especial que la misma ley establezca; no siendo nunca necesaria la divulgación, como ya lo declaró terminantemente Inocencio III en una decretal de 1198 dirigida al deán y Cabildo de Siena (cap I, ti. 5º, ti. 1º de las Decretales). En cuanto a los actos, la ignorancia no se presume respecto al hecho propio ni respecto al hecho ajeno que sea notorio, pero sí respecto al ajeno que no sea notorio, mientras no se pruebe lo contrario.

Véase también

 Diario oficial
 Promulgación y publicación

Referencias

Brocardos
Principios del derecho
Ignorancia

Ignorantia iuris non excusat


Omar Israel Jaime Vera (n.Monterrey, México, 20 de abril de 1981) es un futbolista mexicano.

Selección nacional
Ha sido internacional con la Selección de fútbol de México Sub-17.

Participaciones en Copas del Mundo

Clubes

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 https://web.archive.org/web/20131202222131/http://delapatada.com/perfil/ver/o-jaime

 http://www.soccerway.com/players/omar-isreal-jaime/41706/

Nacidos en Monterrey
Futbolistas de Nuevo León
Futbolistas del Cruz Azul Hidalgo
Futbolistas del Cruz Azul Oaxaca
Futbolistas de los Jaguares de Tapachula
Futbolistas del Chiapas Fútbol Club
Futbolistas de los Petroleros de Salamanca
Futbolistas de los Reboceros de La Piedad
Futbolistas del Altamira Fútbol Club
Futbolistas del Correcaminos de la UAT
Futbolistas del Deportivo Coatepeque

Omar Israel Jaime


Harakat Ahrar al-Sham al-Islamiyya (în ), cunoscută în general ca Ahrar al-Sham, este o coaliție a mai multor unități islamiste și salafiste reunite într-o singură brigadă, ulterior într-o divizie, cu scopul de a lupta împotriva guvernului sirian condus de Bashar al-Assad, în timpul Războiului Civil Sirian.

Ahrar al-Sham a fost condusă de Hassan Aboud până la moartea sa, în 2014. În iulie 2013, Ahrar al-Sham dispunea de un efectiv cuprins între 10.000 și 20.000 de luptători, ceea ce o poziționa la acea vreme drept a doua cea mai puternică unitate care lupta împotriva regimului al-Assad, după Armata Siriană Liberă. Ahrar al-Sham era principala organizație care opera sub umbrela Frontului Islamic Sirian și era o componentă majoră a Frontului Islamic.
Cu un efectiv estimat la circa 20.000 de luptători în 2015, Ahrar al-Sham a devenit cel mai numeros grup rebel din Siria după ce Armata Siriană Liberă a pierdut din influență. Ahrar al-Sham și Jaysh al-Islam sunt principalele grupări siriene de opoziție sprijinite de Turcia și Arabia Saudită. Pe 18 februarie 2018, Ahrar al-Sham s-a unit cu Mișcarea Nour al-Din al-Zenki pentru a forma Frontul de Eliberare a Siriei. Facțiunile Ahrar al-Sham care operează în afara regiunii metropolitane Idlib par să nu fie incluse în această uniune, ele acționând încă sub drapelul și denumirea de Ahrar al-Sham.

Grupul urmărește să creeze un stat islamic guvernat de legea Șaria, iar în trecut a cooperat cu Frontul al-Nusra, un afiliat al al-Qaeda. Deși amândouă sunt puternice grupări islamiste rebele, Ahrar al-Sham nu trebuie confundat cu Tahrir al-Sham (urmașul Frontului al-Nusra), principalul său rival și fost aliat.

Ideologie
Ahrar al-Sham s-a autodefinit în următorul fel:

Note

Legături externe

Facțiuni antiguvernamentale ale Războiului Civil Sirian
Fondări în 2011
Grupări salafiste

Ahrar al-Sham


Carl Nick Ciarfalio (født 12. november 1953 i Alhambra, Californien, USA) er en amerikansk stuntmand og skuespiller.

Priser og nomineringer
 Stuntman Award (1985) for Best Fight Sequence on Television
 Nominering: Screen Actors Guild Awards (2013) for Outstanding Action Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Officiel hjemmeside (eng.)

Skuespillere fra Californien

Carl Ciarfalio


Das LAV III (Light Armoured Vehicle) ist die dritte Generation von leichtgewichtigen bewaffneten Radschützenpanzern, die von General Dynamics Land Systems Canada entwickelt und gebaut wurden und 1999 in den operativen Dienst aufgenommen wurden. Die Fahrzeuge basieren auf dem Schweizer Mowag Piranha IIIH 8×8. Es ist das primäre Kampffahrzeug der Infanterie des kanadischen und des neuseeländischen Heeres. Die USA nutzen die gleichen Fahrzeuge des Typs, jedoch in etwas veränderter Ausstattung und mit niedrigerem Gewicht unter der Bezeichnung Stryker.

Entwicklung
Im Juli 1991 wurde in den kanadischen Streitkräfte der Bedarf an neuartigen leichtgewichtigen bewaffneten Kampffahrzeugen festgestellt, um damit die bisher älteren Modelle aus den 1960er- und 1970er-Jahren zu ersetzen. Das Ergebnis war ein 2,8 Milliarden Dollar teueres Beschaffungsprojekt der damaligen konservativen Regierung für eine Serie des Multi-Role Combat Vehicle (MRCV), welches die alten M113-Panzerfahrzeuge, das Lynx reconnaissance vehicle, Grizzly armoured personnel carrier und den Bison armoured personnel carrier ablösen sollte. Das Projekt wurde als zu teuer angesehen und 1992 endgültig gestrichen.

Als 1994 eine liberale Partei die Regierung bildete, benötige das kanadische Heer noch immer neue Fahrzeuge. Um der Forderung der Army nachzukommen, wurde das Projekt in mehrere Phasen eingeteilt. Die erste Phase sah den Ersatz der Lynx-Panzer durch das Coyote Reconnaissance Vehicle vor.

Am 16. August 1995 wurde bekanntgegeben, dass General Motors Diesel Division, später in GM Defense und danach aufgekauft von General Dynamics Land Systems of Ontario, den Auftrag erhalten hatte, Fahrzeuge des Typs LAV III zu bauen. Diese Fahrzeuge sollen die alten Grizzly- und auch größtenteils die M113-Panzer ersetzen.

Einsätze
Die Fahrzeuge wurden bisher in folgenden militärischen Operationen eingesetzt:

 United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea
 United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo
 Stabilisierungsstreitkräfte NATO-Schutztruppe für Bosnien und Herzegowina (SFOR)
 Krieg in Afghanistan (ISAF)
 United Nations Mission in Haiti

Betreiber

 Irakische Streitkräfte

 Canadian Army – 651 Fahrzeuge, davon wurden 2022 39 Stück an die Ukraine im Kampf gegen Russland geliefert.

 New Zealand Army – 105 Fahrzeuge

 Saudi Arabian National Guard – 19 Fahrzeuge

Weblinks

 Neuseelands Army-LAV-III-Webseite (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Canadian Army
Schützenpanzer
Kanadisches Militärfahrzeug
Militärisches Radfahrzeug (8×8)

LAV III


ديكسون  هي إحدى مدن مقاطعة سولانو، كاليفورنيا. تم إعطاءها لقب مدينة في 30 مارس، 1878.

أعلام
 زاك ناش
 جون كوري
 جيري هورتون

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1878
تأسيسات سنة 1878 في كاليفورنيا
مدن منطقة خليج سان فرانسيسكو
مدن كاليفورنيا

مدن في مقاطعة سولانو (كاليفورنيا)

ديكسون (كاليفورنيا)

ديكسون (كاليفورنيا)


Die isländische Fußballmeisterschaft 1960 war die 49. Spielzeit der höchsten isländischen Fußballliga.

Der Titel ging zum insgesamt sechsten Mal an ÍA Akranes. Keflavík ÍF musste als letztplatzierte Mannschaft absteigen und wurde in der nächsten Saison durch ÍB Hafnarfjörður ersetzt.

Abschlusstabelle

Kreuztabelle
Die Kreuztabelle stellt die Ergebnisse aller Spiele dieser Saison dar. Die Heimmannschaft ist in der ersten Spalte aufgelistet, die Gastmannschaft in der obersten Reihe. Die Ergebnisse sind immer aus Sicht der Heimmannschaft angegeben.

Weblinks und Referenzen

Fußballsaison 1960
1960

Isländische Fußballmeisterschaft 1960


Juliusburg Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Herzogtum Lauenburg iline bağlı bölge. 6,04 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 31 Aralık 2005 itibarıyla yaklaşık 188 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Eckhard Porth tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.lauenburg.de

Herzogtum Lauenburg iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Juliusburg


Meretz (în , trad. "Vigoare") este un partid politic liberal de stânga, social-democrat și ecologist din Israel.

Partidul a fost format inițial în 1992, prin uniunea dintre Ratz, Mapam și Shinuy, și a obținut cele mai bune rezultate electorale în alegerile din 1992 pentru cel de-al 13-lea Knesset (între 1992 și 1996), în care a ocupat 12 fotolii. La alegerile legislative din 2015 partidul a câștigat 5 locuri.

Meretz este un partid secular care susține soluția celor două state pentru conflictul israeliano-palestinian, justiția socială, drepturile omului (în special pentru minoritățile etnice și sexuale), libertatea religioasă și ecologismul.

Partidul este membru al Alianței Progresive și al Internaționalei Socialiste și este membru observator al Partidului Socialiștilor Europeni.
La alegerile parlamentare din 2 martie 2020 s-a prezentat in coaliție cu Partidul Muncii (aflat în decădere) si cu lista Gesher, toate cele trei partide împreună obținând numai 6 locuri în Parlament.

Principii declarate
Partidul pune accentul pe următoarele principii:
Pacea între Israel și palestinieni pe baza soluției celor două state stipulate de Acordul de la Geneva.
Înghețarea construcției implantărilor evreiești în Cisiordania.
Apărarea drepturilor omului:
Lupta pentru apărarea drepturilor omului în teritoriile palestiniene ocupate de Israel.
Drepturile minorităților din Israel (precum arabii israelieni și muncitorii străini), lupta împotriva discriminării și sprijinul pentru acțiunea afirmativă.
Drepturile femeilor și feminismul.
Drepturile minorităților sexuale LGBT din Israel.
Lupta pentru justiție socială:
Transformarea Israelului într-un stat social-democratic al bunăstării.
Protejarea drepturilor muncitorilor și lupta împotriva exploatării lor (mai ales, dar nu exclusiv, în cazul muncitorilor străini și imigranților).
Separația între religie și stat și apărarea libertății religioase.
Educația seculară liberală.
Securitatea Israelului.
Apărarea mediului înconjurător.

Președinți
Șulamit Aloni (1993–1996)
Yossi Sarid (1996–2003)
Yossi Beilin (2004–2008)
Haim Oron (2008–2011)
Zehava Gal-On (2012–2018)
Tamar Zandberg (2018–2019)
Nitzan Horovitz (din 2019)

Membri în Knesset

Note

Partide politice din Israel
Partide social democrate
Fondări în 1992

Meretz


An Opizia stolonifera in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jan Svatopluk Presl. An Opizia stolonifera in nahilalakip ha genus nga Opizia, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Opizia

Opizia stolonifera


පළමුවන රාජසිංහ රජතුමා  සීතාවක රාජධානියේ රජතුමෙකි. එතුමාගේ මහත් එඩිතර බව හා දේශප්‍රේමීත්වය පිළිබඳව ඉතිහාසයේ සඳහන් වේ. සීතාවක රාජධානියේ මායාදුන්නේ රජතුමාට දාව ටිකිරි බණ්ඩාර නමින් උපත ලැබූ මෙතුමාට පෘතුගීසි හමුදා සමඟ සිදු කළ බිහිසුණු සටන් වලින් පසුව "රාජසිංහ" යන නාමය ලැබිණි. එහි සිංහයන්ගේ රජු හෝ රාජකීය සිංහයා යන තේරුම ඇත.

සිහසුනට පත්වීම
සාමාන්‍යයෙන් මෙතුමා 1433 සිට 1544 දක්වා රජකම් කළ බවට වාර්තා වේ. නමුත් ද ක්වේරෝස්ට අනුව මායාදුන්නේ රජතුමා විසින් 1578 දී තම රාජධානිය රාජසිංහ රජතුමාට පවරන ලදී. 1581 දී මායාදුන්නේ රජතුමා මරණයට පත් විය. ඉන් පසු රාජසිංහ රජතුමා සිංහාසනයට පත් විය. තම පියා වන මායාදුන්නේ රජතුමාගේ මරණය සමඟ රාජසිංහ රජතුමාගේ සම්බන්ධයක් ඇති බවට එකිනෙකට පරස්පර තොරතුරු විවිධ මූලාශ්‍රවල ඇත. කීර්ති ශ්‍රී රාජසිංහ රාජ සමයේදී තිබ්බොටුවාවේ බුද්ධරක්ඛිත ස්ථවිරයන් වහන්සේ විසින් ලියන ලද මහාවංසයේ 4වන පරිච්ඡේදයේ දී රාජසිංහ රජු විසින් මායාදුන්නේ පියරජුව ඝාතනය කළ බව සඳහන් වෙයි. චූල රාජාවලිය ද රජුගේ පීතෘ ඝාතනය ආනන්තරීය පාප කර්මයක් ලෙස බෞද්ධ භික්ෂූන් වහන්සේලා විසින් සැලකීම නිසා රජු සහ භික්ෂූන් වහන්සේ අතර ගැටුම් හට ගත බවත් එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස රජු බෞද්ධ විරෝධී පිළිවෙතක් අනුගමනය කළ බවත් සඳහන් කරයි. කෙසේ නමුත් ඉතිහාස විචාරකයන් විශ්වාස කරන්නේ රාජාවලිය හා අලකේශ්වර යුද්ධය වැනි වැදගත් මූලාශ්‍රවල මෙම පීතෘ ඝාතන සිද්ධිය සඳහන් නො වීම නිසා රජු විසින් තම පියරජුව ඝාතනය කිරීම සැක සහිත සහ මතභේදාත්මක කරුණක් බවයි. රෙබෙයිරෝ පවා රජුගේ පීතෘ ඝාතනයක් ගැන වාර්තා කර නැත. සෙංකඩගල රාජධානියට පැමිණි ලන්දේසී දූතයකු වන ස්පිල්බර්ජන් විසින් කන්ද උඩරට රාජධානියේ පමණක් රාජසිංහ රජුගේ පීතෘ ඝාතනයක් පිළිබඳ කට කතාවක් පැතිර යමින් තිබූ බව වාර්තා කර ඇත. ක්වේරෝස් යනු සීතාවක රාජසිංහ රජු කෙරෙහි නුරුස්නා ගතියක් තිබූ අයෙකු බව බොහෝ ඉතිහාසඥයන් දන්නා කරුණකි. මේ අනුව රාජසිංහ රජු පීතෘ ඝාතනයක් කළේ නම් ක්වේරෝස් විසින් අනිවාර්යයෙන්ම එය වාර්තා කරනු ඇත. ක්වෙරෝස්ගේ දීර්ඝ විස්තරය අනුව මායාදුන්නේ පියරජු මරණයට පත් වී ඇත්තේ 85වැනි වියේදී ස්වභාවික හේතුවකින් ය. ක්වෙරෝස්ට අනුව රාජසිංහ රජතුමා තම පිය රජුගේ අභාවය දැනගත් විට චිරප්‍රසිද්ධ කොළඹ කොටුව වටලා සිටි අතර තුර ආපසු සීතාවක බලා පැමිණ ඇත.

සංග්‍රාම
රජතුමාගේ මූලික යුද්ධය සිංහල රාජ්‍යත්වයේ ස්වෛරීබව ආරක්ෂා කිරීම උදෙසා පෘතුගීසීන්ට එරෙහිව සිදු කළ ද එතුමාට අනේක විධ ප්‍රාදේශීය නායකයන්ගේ අභ්‍යන්තර සේනා සමඟ සටන් කිරීමට ද සිදු විය. එම ප්‍රාදේශීය නායකයන්ට ඍජුව හෝ වක්‍රව පෘතුගීසි සේනාවල සහය ලැබිණි.

ටිකිරි බණ්ඩාර කුමරුගේ එවැනි එක් වික්‍රමයක් වූයේ එතුමාගේ මස්සිනා වූ වීදියේ බණ්ඩාර කුමරු සමඟ ඇති වූ සංග්‍රාමයයි. මායාදුන්නේ රජු විසින් එම යුධ ව්‍යාපාරය වීදියේ බණ්ඩාර කුමරු විනාශ කිරීම සඳහා ආරම්භ කරන ලද්දේ (1) මායාදුන්නේ රජුගේ දියණිය වූ ටිකිරි කුමරියට ඇගේ සැමියා වූ වීදියේ බණ්ඩාර කුමරු විසින් සිදු කළ අවමානය සහ (2) සෙංකඩගල පාලකයාට එරෙහිව මායාදුන්නේ රජු විසින් ඇරඹි යුද්ධයට උපකාර නො කිරීම යන හේතු නිසාය. සීතාවක සහ පෘතුගීසි ඒකාබද්ධ හමුදා විසින් පැලන්දේ පිහිටි වීදියේ බණ්ඩාර කුමරුගේ බලකොටුවට පහර දුන් අතර කුමරුව දෙවුන්දර දක්වා පළවා හැරීමටත් ටිකිරි කුමරියව අල්වා ගැනීමටත් ඔවුන්ට හැකි විය. සීතාවක හමුදාව මෙහෙයවන ලද්දේ දොළොස් වන වියේ පසු වූ ටිකිරි බණ්ඩාර කුමරු විසිනි. වීදියේ බණ්ඩාර කුමරු තම ඉතිරි හමුදාව සෙංකඩගල හමුදාව සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ කර සීතාවක හමුදාවන්ට පහර දීම උදෙසා සල්පිටි කෝරළයට ළඟා විය. එහිදී ටිකිරි බණ්ඩාර කුමරු විසින් වීදියේ බණ්ඩාර කුමරුව නැවතත් පරාජයට පත් කරන ලදී. වීදියේ බණ්ඩාර කුමරු කන්ද උඩරටට පලා ගිය අතර සෙංකඩගල හමුදා සමඟ නැවත අලුත් නුවරට පැමිණියේ ය. අලුත්නුවර දී බිහිසුණු සංග්‍රාමයකින් පසු ටිකිරි බණ්ඩාර කුමරු විසින් වීදියේ බණ්ඩාර කුමරුව තීරණාත්මකව පරාජය කරන ලදී. අලකේශ්වර යුද්ධය කෘතියට අනුව මෙම සංග්‍රාමය අති බිහිසුණු සහ ඓතිහාසික වූ අතර මෙම සංග්‍රාමයෙන් පසු ටිකිරි බණ්ඩාර කුමරුට "රාජසිංහ" යන නාමය යෙදිණි. රාජාවලිය සඳහන් කරන්නේ රජුන්ගේත් රජු වූ සිංහයා යන අරුත ඇති රාජසිංහ යන විරුද නාමය මෙම සුප්‍රසිද්ධ සංග්‍රාමයෙන් පසු ටිකිරි බණ්ඩාර කුමරුට ලැබුණු බව ය.

රාජසිංහයන් විසින් පෘතුගීසින්ට එරෙහි තම යුද්ධය කරන අතර තුර දී කරලියද්දේ බණ්ඩාර රජු විසින් තම සෙංකඩගල රාජධානිය ආරක්ෂා කිරීම උදෙසා පෘතුගීසි හේවායන් යොදා ගන්නා ලදී. මෙම පෘතුගීසි ආක්‍රමණිකයන් සමඟ වූ සම්බන්ධතාවයෙන් කෝපාවිෂ්ට වූ රාජසිංහ රජතුමා පේරාදෙණියේ වීරසුන්දර මුදලිගේ උපකාර ඇතිව තම හමුදාව 1583 දී බලන කපොල්ල දක්වා මෙහෙයවා කරලියද්දේ බණ්ඩාරව පළවා හරින ලදී.

පෘතුගීසීන් සමඟ වූ මුල්ලේරියාව සටන අද දක්වාම ඇති අතිශය බිහිසුණුම සංග්‍රාමය වේ. සිංහල හමුදා විසින් මුළු පෘතුගීසි හමුදාවම පරාජය කරන ලදී. විස්තරයන්ට අනුව මුල්ලේරියාව වෙල් යාය පෘතුගීසි හේවායන්ගේ ලෙයින් රත් පැහැ ගැන් වී තිබී ඇත. යුරෝපීය හමුදාවක් ආසියා භූමියක දී ලැබූ දරුණුම පරාජය මෙය ලෙස සඳහන් වේ. ක්වෙරෝස්ට අනුව රජු විසින් කේරල හෙවත් මලබාර් හමුදාවන්ගේ සහය ඉල්ලා සිටිය ද රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවක් නොමැති වීම නිසා සිංහල තොටුමුණු පෘතුගීසි ප්‍රහාරයන්ට නිරතුරුව ලක් විය. එනිසා කොළඹ කොටුවට 1581 දී හා 1587 දී එල්ල කළ වටලෑම් ප්‍රහාරයන් විශිෂ්ට ලෙස සිදු කළ ද තම අරමුණ වූ ආක්‍රමණිකයන් රටින් තුරන් කිරීම අත්හැර දැමීමට රජතුමාට සිදු විය.

සීතාවක රාජධානියේ බිඳ වැටීම
රාජසිංහ රජු විසින් අරිට්ඨ කීවෙණ්ඩු නම් දකුණු ඉන්දීය සම්භවයක් ඇත්තෙකු තම අග්‍ර පුරෝහිත ලෙස පත් කළ අතර ඉන් අනතුරුව ඔහුගේ උපදෙස් අනුව කටයුතු කළේය. ඔහුට රජු විසින් මාන්නම්පෙරුම මොහට්ටාල නම් නම්බු නාමය ද ප්‍රදානය කරන ලදී. රජු විසින් තම යකඩ දෝලියේ උප බිසවකගේ දියණියක් මොහුට ආවාහ කර දීමට ද කටයුතු කරන ලදී. රජු හින්දු ආගම වැළඳ ගත බව ද සඳහන් වේ. රජු විසින් සීගිරිය, ශ්‍රී පාදස්ථානය ආදී වැදගත් බෞද්ධ සිද්ධස්ථාන ආශ්‍රිතව බ්‍රාහ්මණයන් පදිංචි කර වූ බවට ද වාර්තා වේ. එමෙන්ම මාන්නම්පෙරුම මොහට්ටාලගේ උපදෙස් පරිදි රජු බෞද්ධ සිද්ධස්ථාන ගණනාවක්ම විනාශ කළ බව ද සඳහන් වේ. සංඝනායක හිමිපාණන් වහන්සේලා සහ බෞද්ධ ජනයා අතර වූ අතෘප්තිය රාජධානියේ බිඳ වැටීමට බල පෑ ප්‍රධාන හේතුවක් විය. සෙංකඩගල රාජධානිය අත්පත් කර ගැනීම හා රාජකීයයන් විශාල ප්‍රමාණයක් මරා දැමීම ද රාජධානියේ පරිහානියට බල පෑ බව විශ්වාස කෙරේ. බුද්ධ ශාසනයට එරෙහිව රජුගේ කෲර ක්‍රියා නිසා සංඝනායක හිමිපාණන් වහන්සේලාගේ ද මැදිහත්වීමෙන් රාජ විරෝධී කැරලි පවා ඇති විය. මෙනිසා රජු සහ භික්ෂූන් වහන්සේලා අතර ගැටුම් ඇති විය. සත් කෝරලේ ප්‍රදේශයේ දී පොතුපල බණ්ඩාර කුමරු විසින් පෘතුගීසීන්ගේ ද සහය ඇතිව රජුට විරුද්ධව කැරැළි ගසන ලදී. මෙම කැරැල්ල මැඩපවත්වන ලද අතර කැරැල්ලට නායකත්වය දුන් සියල්ලන්ගේම හිස් ගසා දමන ලදී. මන්දාරම්පුර පුවත කෘතියට අනුව කොනප්පු බණ්ඩාර කුමරුවා සෙංකඩගල රජ කරවීම සඳහා භික්ෂූන් වහසේලා ද මැදිහත් වී ඇත. මෙම කුමන්ත්‍රණය එළිවීමෙන් පසු සිය ගණනක් භික්ෂූන් වහන්සේලා ඝාතනය කර ඇත. මන්දාරම්පුර පුවතට අනුව එක් අවස්තාවක දී භික්ෂූන් වහන්සේලා 121නමක් රාජසිංහ රජු විසින් ඝාතනය කර ඇත. ඒ අතර සීතාවක මහනායක ස්වාමීන් වහන්සේ ද සිටි බව එම කෘතිය සඳහන් කරයි. මායාදුන්නේ රජුට හා ටිකිරි බණ්ඩාර කුමරුට ලැබුණු ශක්තිමත් මහජන සහයට ප්‍රධාන හේතුවක් වූ මහා සංඝ රත්නයේ ආශීර්වාදය හා අනුශාසනාව මේ අනුව ඉතා ඉක්මනින් නැති විය.

මන්නාරම සිට සෙංකඩගලට පැමිණි කොනප්පු බණ්ඩාර කුමරු විසින් එහිදී කැරැල්ලක් මෙහෙයවන ලදී. පළමුව කොනප්පු බණ්ඩාර විසින් අරිට්ඨ කීවෙණ්ඩු යටතේ එවන ලද සේනාංකය ද දෙවනුව රාජසිංහ රජු විසින්ම මෙහෙයවන ලද සේනාංකය ද පරාජයට පත් කරන ලදී. රාජාවලියට අනුව රාජසිංහ රජු විසින් එකොළොස්වන වියේ පටන් මෙලෙස වික්‍රමාන්විත ලෙස සටන් කළ කිසිදු රජෙක් නොමැති වූ බව සඳහන් කරමින් තම සේනා සමඟ පසු බසින ලදී. රජු තවදුරටත් ප්‍රකාශ කර ඇත්තේ මේ පුද්ගලයාට බොහෝ කුසලතා ඇතිමුත් දැන් මාගේ හැකියාවන් සියල්ල අහිමි වී ඇති බවය. බලන කපොල්ලේදී සිදු වූ පරාජයෙන් පසු පසු බසින් සිටි රජු 1592 මාර්තු මාසයේ දී මරණයට පත් විය. අභාවයට හේතුව වී ඇත්තේ ආපසු සීතාවක බලා එන විට පෙතන්ගොඩ දී උන කටුවක් ඇනීමෙන් ඇති වූ තුවාලයක් නිසා ය. රාජාවලිය තවදුරටත් වාර්තා කරන්නේ දොඩම්පේ ගණිතයා විසින් රජුට හූනියමක් ද කළ බව ය. අලකේශ්වර හටනට අනුව රජුගේ දේහය මහනුවර හෙවත් එවක අගනුවර වූ සීතාවක දී භූමිදානය කර ඇත.

සීතාවක පරපුර

පිය රජු වූ මායාදුන්නේ රජු විසින් සීතාවක රාජසිංහ රජුට උරුම කරවූ සීතාවක රාජධානිය පළමුවන රාජසිංහ රජුට පසු නිශ්චිත උරුම කරුවෙකු නොමැති කම නිසා ව්‍යකූල විය. රජුට යකඩ දෝලි කුමර කුමරියන් රාශියක් වුවද රාජසිංහ රජුට පසු වැඩිම කළක් බලය පිහිටවාගන සිටියේ ලදරු නිකපිටියේ බණ්ඩාර කුමරුය. පෘතුගීසි සහයෙන් ඈඳාගත් රයිගම කුඩා රයිගම බණ්ඩාර කුමරුගේ බිරිඳ වූ තම්මිට කුඩා බිසෝ (පසුව ධර්ම කුමරු(ධර්මසූරිය) ගේ බිරිඳ වූ අතර ධර්මසේන කුමරු ට උප්පත්තිය දුන්නේය) සීතාවක රාජ්‍යයේ පහළ කොටස් රයිගම වීදාගම වස්කඩුව ප්‍රදේශ පාලනය කළ බව මහාචාර්ය රිසිමන් අමරසිංහ මහතා ප්‍රකාශ කරයි. සීතාවක රාජ්‍යත්වය ගෙන ගිය රාජසූරිය කුමරු සහ ජයසූරිය කුමරුවන්ගේ පසු පෙළපත් අප්‍රකටයි. යකඩ දෝලි කුමරියක් මාන්නප්පෙරුම මුදලිට විවාහ කර දුන් අතර ඔවුනට ලැබුණේ ආබාධිත දරුවෙකු බව සඳහන් වේ.වර්ශකණ්ඩරාෂ්ටයට අනුව ධර්ම කුමරු ගේ (තම්මිට පෙරුමාල් බිසෝ බණ්ඩාර ගේ පුතු) පෙළපත රයිගම යකුන්දූවේ හිටිරාළලලාගේ නමින් තවමත් පැවතෙන බව කියැවේ. මඩුවන්වෙල විජයසුන්දර ඒකනායක මුදලි විවාහ පත් කරගත්තේ එම පෙළපතේ කුමාරිහාමි කෙනෙක් බව මඩුවන්වෙල පුරාණයේ සඳහන් වේ. කෝට්ටේ රජුට බිසවුන් සැපයූ කළුතර තුඩුගල මුඩිත්ත තෙන්නකෝන් පරපුර සමඟ සබඳතා පැවැත්වූ ධර්මසේන  රජ පෙළ පතක් පිළිබඳ තොරතුරු රැස්කල මහාචාර්ය රිසිමන් අමරසිංහ මහතා කළ සොයාබැලීම් වලට අනුව(සිතාවක රාජධානිය පුස්කොල පොත)ට අනුව ධරධර්මසූරිය කුමරුගේ පෙළපත උණම්බුවේ ,තුඩුගලගේ ,හිටිගේ,මැස්ටිය්ගේ,සුසෙව්හේවගේ ආදීනාමයන් ගෙන් තවමත් පැවතෙන බව කියැවේ.

සීතාවක රාජසිංහ රජු අරබයා කෙරුණු කෘතීන්

මේවාත් බලන්න
 මහාවංසය
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ රජවරු
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ඉතිහාසය
 සීතාවක රාජධානිය

ප්‍රභව
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ රජුන් සහ පාලකයන්

සීතාවක රාජධානිය
මායාදුන්නේ හා රාජසිංහ රජවරු

ආශ්‍රේය

ලාංකික සිංහලයෝ
සිංහලේ රජවරු
රජවරු
චරිත කතා
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ රජවරු

සීතාවක පළමුවන රාජසිංහ රජු


Joe Satriani, Amerikalı gitar ustası ve besteci Joe Satriani'nin beşinci özgün stüdyo albümüdür.

Parçalar

Notlar

Dış bağlantılar

Joe Satriani
Joe Satriani
Joe Satriani
Joe Satriani

Joe Satriani (albüm)


Suchen und Ersetzen bezeichnet eine Funktion, die in vielen Editoren und Textverarbeitungsprogrammen vorhanden ist. Sie sucht nach einem oder mehreren Vorkommnissen eines Musters (meist einer Zeichenkette) und ersetzt es nach Vorgaben des Benutzers.

Anwendung
Suchen-und-Ersetzen-Funktionen werden meist auf Zeichenketten in Textdateien angewendet und ersparen dem Benutzer zeitintensives manuelles Durchsuchen eines Dokumentes sowie das jeweilige Überschreiben der Fundstellen. Bereits O26, einer der ersten bildschirmorientierten Texteditoren, verfügte über eine einfache Funktion für das Suchen und Ersetzen von Zeichenketten.

In Textverarbeitungsprogrammen wie OpenOffice Writer oder Microsoft Word können darüber hinaus auch Formatierungen gesucht bzw. ersetzt werden.

Das Prinzip des automatisierten Suchens und Ersetzens wird auch auf andere Software übertragen, zum Beispiel bietet manche Grafiksoftware die Möglichkeit zur Farbersetzung in Bildern.

Optionen
Da es keine einheitlichen Standards für Software gibt, kann die Gestaltung und der Umfang der Funktion von Programm zu Programm erheblich abweichen. Es gibt jedoch gewisse Optionen, die in den meisten Fällen bei Nutzung der Funktion suchen und ersetzen im Kontext von Zeichenketten zur Verfügung stehen:

 Einzel- oder vollständige Suche/Ersetzung
 Hier kann entschieden werden, ob die Suche zunächst zur nächsten Fundstelle gehen und dort ggf. die gewünschte Ersetzung vornehmen soll oder ob das Programm alle Fundstellen komplett markiert bzw. jeweils durch den eingegebenen Inhalt ersetzt. Bei der Einzelsuche oder -ersetzung kann nach dem Finden oder Ersetzen meist durch einen Schalter oder eine Taste zur nächsten Fundstelle gesprungen werden.
 Suchrichtung
 Die Suchfunktion beginnt üblicherweise an dem Ort des Dokuments, wo sich der Cursor befindet. Mit dieser Einstellung kann festgelegt werden, ob man zum Anfang oder zum Ende des Dokumentes hin suchen will und – wenn die Funktion dort angekommen ist – ob sie von dort von der gegenüberliegenden Seite wieder zum Cursor hin suchen soll.
 Groß-Kleinschreibung (Case sensitivity)
 Legt fest, ob die Groß- und Kleinschreibung Teil des Suchmusters sein (case sensitive) oder bei der Suche ignoriert werden (case insensitive) soll. So findet zum Beispiel eine Suche nach abc bei Nichtbeachtung der Groß-/Kleinschreibung auch ABC und Abc.
 Regulärer Ausdruck
 Reguläre Ausdrücke erlauben die Angabe sehr flexibler Zeichenkettenmuster als Suchausdrücke, sodass damit zum Beispiel nach Wörtern gesucht werden kann, deren Anfang und Ende vorgegeben ist. Durch Rückreferenzierung können mit regulären Ausdrücken beispielsweise Vertauschungen (Klaus Müller → Müller, Klaus) durchgeführt werden. Die Syntax der regulären Ausdrücke zeigt je nach Programm unterschiedlichen Umfang und unterschiedliches Verhalten.

Verwandte Themen
 Mit Suchen und Ersetzen lassen sich einfache Refactoring-Maßnahmen durchführen, beispielsweise das Umbenennen von Variablen.
 Eine weitere Standardfunktion in Textverarbeitung und Editoren ist Kopieren und Einfügen.

Einzelnachweise

Benutzerschnittstelle
Textverarbeitung

Suchen und Ersetzen


الطريق الوطنية رقم 11 أو ط و11 طريق رئيسية تونسية تصل بين مدينة بنزرت والحدود التونسية الجزائرية قرب مدينة ببوش، وهي تمرّ بالمدن التالية على التوالي:
 بنزرت،
 منزل بورقيبة،
 ماطر،
 باجة،
 عين دراهم،
 ببوش.

الطرقات الوطنية - تونس

الطريق الوطنية رقم 11 (تونس)


Un film de groază psihologic este un subgen al filmului de groază ale cărui întâmplări se rotesc în jurul unui caz psihologic. Personajele trebuie să lupte adesea cu idei/obsesii ale subconștientului. Printre primele filme de acest gen se numără The Black Cat (1934) și Cat People (1942).

Exemple
Psycho (1960)
Copilul lui Rosemary (1968)
Strălucirea (1980)
Tăcerea mieilor (1991)
Destinație mortală (1997)
 Dincolo de aparențe (2000)
Puzzle mortal (2004)
Liniște mortală (2007)
 Jocul lui Gerald

Note

Bibliografie

 Genuri de filme
psihologic

Film de groază psihologic


Kentaro Moriya (født 21. september 1988) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Yokohama F. Marinos og Kawasaki Frontale.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Kentaro Moriya


Der Stadtpark ist eine innerstädtische Grünanlage in der ostsächsischen Stadt Görlitz.

Lage
Die Grünanlage befindet sich südlich des Stadtzentrums und wird durch den Lindenweg im Norden, die Lausitzer Neiße im Osten, die Straße Am Stadtpark im Süden und die Doktor-Kahlbaum-Allee und die Joliot-Curie-Straße im Westen begrenzt. Ausläufer des Parkes erstrecken sich jedoch auch westlich über die Doktor-Kahlbaum-Allee und die Joliot-Curie-Straße hinaus.

Am Rand des Parkes befinden sich mehrere bedeutende Bauwerke, darunter die Stadthalle im Südosten, das Ständehaus im Südwesten sowie die Synagoge im Nordwesten und das Parkhotel im Osten.

Geschichte

Bereits im 18. Jahrhundert begann die Stadt die Wege vor den Stadtmauern mit Bäumen zu bepflanzen. Auch der Weg, der durch das Webertor (auch Pforte genannt) in Richtung Süden verläuft, wurde ab 1829 angelegt. Er trug lange Zeit den Namen Promenade und führte zwischen der Viehweide – dem heutigen Stadtpark – und Gärten wohlhabender Görlitzer Bürger entlang bis zu den Obermühlbergen am Blockhaus. Im Jahr 1830 begann man mit der Anlage eines Parkes auf der einstigen Viehweide. Aus dem Jahr 1834 stammen die ersten Pläne eines Görlitzer Kunstgärtners. Im Mai 1855 besuchte der preußische General-Gartendirektor aller königlich-preußischen Gärten Peter Joseph Lenné Görlitz. Er gab der Stadt Hinweise zur Änderung einiger Parksituationen. Der von Lenné dafür anfertigte Plan ist nicht mehr auffindbar.

Damals fehlte jedoch das Geld für die Umsetzung des Lennéschen Plans. Die Anlage des Stadtparks zog sich je nach Verfügbarkeit der städtischen finanziellen Mittel Jahre hin. Der über die Jahre entstandene Landschaftspark ist reich an Laub- und Nadelgehölzen und großen Rasenflächen, die bis heute erhalten blieben. Im Jahr 1910 legte man am südöstlichen Zugang des Parkes die Rosenterrasse (auch: Rosengarten) nach Plänen des Gartendirektors Schneider an. Er wurde 1962 vom Gartenbaudirektor Henry Kraft neu gestaltet und 1995 nochmals erneuert. Hinter dem Rosengarten befindet sich das Parkhäuschen. Es wurde 1845 als Wohnung für den Parkgärtner erbaut und war später Sitz der Parkverwaltung. Heute befindet sich in dem Haus das Café Parkhäuschen.

Im Stadtpark findet jährlich die Eröffnung des Straßentheaterfestivals ViaThea statt. Die Künstler nutzen den Park als Freilichtbühne.

Brunnen, Denkmale, Skulpturen und Wasserspiele im Park

Im Stadtpark wurden im Laufe der Jahrzehnte mehrere Denkmale und Wasserspiele aufgestellt bzw. installiert. Neben Humboldtbrunnen, Humboldt-Denkmal, Kugeldenkmal, Meridianstein und Skulptur Verzweiflung befinden sich in der Parkanlage mehrere kleine Kunstwerke, wie z. B. das Mädchen mit Hase am Parkhäuschen und die Sonnenuhr im Rosengarten. Das dem Botaniker, Naturforscher und Afrikareisenden Hermann Steudner 1874 geweihte Denkmal wurde 1942 abgebaut, die Bronzebüste für Rüstungszwecke eingeschmolzen und das Postament auf den Städtischen Friedhof gestellt. Der Verein HISTORICA e.V. setzt sich für einen originalgetreuen Wiederaufbau des Denkmals bis zum Jahr 2013 ein.

Auf Höhe der Einmündung der Schützenstraße stand einst der hölzerne Portikus. Er wurde 1815 aufgestellt, 1840 umgestaltet und wurde schließlich im ersten Nachkriegswinter 1945/1946 abgebaut, um das verbaute Holz als Brenn- bzw. Heizmaterial zu nutzen.
In unmittelbarer Nähe der Skulptur Verzweiflung befindet sich der sogenannte Goldfischteich. Der Teich soll seine einstige Fontäne im Rahmen von Sanierungsarbeiten im Park im Jahr 2012 zurückerhalten.

Die Abdichtung des Teichbeckens und die Installation einer sechs bis acht Meter hohen Fontäne sind nur einige der Vorhaben im Rahmen der Parksanierung. Durch Baumfällarbeiten und Neupflanzungen soll der Park sein einstiges Aussehen wieder zurückerhalten. Neben der Auslichtung um einige ältere Bäume, wie im angrenzenden Parkteil vor der Synagoge ist unter anderem die Wiederherstellung der Allee entlang des Schützenweges vorgesehen. Auch der Rundweg um das Humboldt-Denkmal und den benachbarten Brunnen soll wiederhergestellt werden.

Humboldtbrunnen & Humboldt-Denkmal

Der Zierbrunnen wurde 1875 errichtet. Damals befand sich in der Mitte des steinernen Brunnenbeckens eine Zinkgussplastik. Im Jahr 1929 wurde die ursprüngliche Zinkgussplastik inmitten des Brunnens schließlich durch die Brunnenfigur Fischende Knaben ersetzt. Die neue Plastik stiftete der Görlitzer Kunstglas-Kaufmann Ewald Schneider. Im Jahr 2004 wurde die Brunnenplastik unter finanzieller Mithilfe des Görlitzer Lions-Clubs und der Altstadtstiftung (aus Mitteln der Altstadtmillion) restauriert. Im Jahr 2011 folgt die Restaurierung des Brunnenbeckens.

Nördlich des Brunnens befindet sich das Humboldt-Denkmal mit dessen Büste. Es erinnert an den Naturforscher Alexander von Humboldt. Die Inschrift auf dem Sockel lautet: "Dem Andenken an Alexander von Humboldt 1769–1859". Es stammt von Daniel Christian Rauch und wurde 1871 aufgestellt.

Kugeldenkmal

Das Kugeldenkmal erinnert an die 1813 in Görlitzer Lazaretten an Typhus gestorbenen Soldaten. Berichten zufolge soll es sich vorrangig um französische und unter russischen Kommando stehende bayrische Soldaten gehandelt haben, die auf der ehemaligen Viehweide – dem heutigen Stadtpark – begraben wurden.

Meridianstein

Über die Neißewiesen, zwischen der Stadthalle und der Neiße, verläuft nach aktuellen Berechnungen der 15. Meridian. Der die Erdkugel symbolisierende Meridianstein wurde 1961 im Gedenken an die erste bemannte Raumfahrt des sowjetischen Kosmonauten Juri Gagarins aufgestellt. Moderne Messverfahren haben ergeben, dass der Stein seinerzeit 137 m zu weit westlich platziert wurde. Der auf der runden Deckplatte eingelassene Bronzebügel zeigt die genaue Nord-Süd-Richtung an. Der Görlitzer Steinmetz und Bildhauer Carl Däunert erstellte und stiftete den Stein. Die Inschrift auf dem kugelrunden Stein lautet:

Verzweiflung

Die Skulptur befand sich einst in den Anlagen des Schlosses des Grafen Fritz von Hochberg im schlesischen Halbau. Der Reichsgraf Hans Heinrich XV. von Hochberg schenkte die Skulptur der Stadt Görlitz im Jahr 1919. Auf dem Sockel ist die nachträgliche Inschrift: "Vermächtnis eines Görlitzer Kindes, des Herrn Adolf Berthelmann 1919" zu lesen. Der Graf wollte wohl an seinen 1918 verstorbenen Sekretär Adolf Berthelmann erinnern, der in Görlitz geboren wurde. Das Denkmal besteht aus Kunststein – einem Betonguss und wird auf Grund der Witterungsempfindlichkeit in der kalten Jahreszeit mit einem Schutz umbaut. Die Skulptur stammt von dem Bildhauer Richard Engelmann.

Spielplatz
Bereits 1852 gab es im Stadtpark einen Spielplatz. Die Quellen berichten in diesem Jahr vom Bau einer Unterstellhalle für das Spielgerät. Im Mai 2010 wurde der Spielplatz zuletzt neugestaltet. Der Spielplatz greift die Thematik Stadt und Land auf. So wird die ringförmige Anlage durch einen angedeuteten Bach in zwei Hälften geteilt, wobei sich auf der einen Seite die Stadt und auf der anderen Seite eine Bachaue befindet. Auf der Stadtseite sollen die verschiedenen Spielgeräte einen Stadtturm, ein Gefängnis, eine Bäckerei, eine Post und das Rathaus darstellen. Auf der ländlichen Seite wiederum gibt es eine Mühle, ein Ochsenkarren, ein Kletterwald und eine Zollstation.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Erbaut in den 1830er Jahren
Innenstadt (Görlitz)
Parkanlage in Görlitz

Stadtpark (Görlitz)


Jesper Boqvist, né le  à Falun, en Suède, est un joueur professionnel suédois de hockey sur glace qui évolue à la position de centre.

Biographie

Vie privée
Il est le frère aîné d'Adam Boqvist qui joue avec les Blue Jackets de Columbus.

Statistiques
Pour les significations des abréviations, voir statistiques du hockey sur glace.

En club

|-
| 2014-2015 || Brynäs IF || J20 || 7 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| 2015-2016 || Brynäs IF || J20 || 38 || 23 || 35 || 58 || 8 || 3 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 0
|-
| 2015-2016 || Brynäs IF  || SHL || 8 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| 2016-2017 || Brynäs IF || J20 || 15 || 10 || 5 || 15 || 6 || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| 2016-2017 || Brynäs IF  || SHL || 16 || 0 || 6 || 6 || 2 || 10 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0
|-
| 2016-2017 || Timrå IK || Allsvenskan || 19 || 3 || 9 || 12 || 0 || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| 2017-2018 || Brynäs IF || J20 || 4 || 0 || 5 || 5 || 2 || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| 2017-2018 || Brynäs IF || SHL || 23 || 3 || 10 || 13 || 2 || 8 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 4
|-
| 2018-2019 || Brynäs IF || SHL || 51 || 13 || 22 || 35 || 14 || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| 2019-2020 || Devils du New Jersey || LNH || 35 || 4 || 0 || 4 || 8 || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| 2019-2020 || Devils de Binghamton || LAH || 19 || 8 || 3 || 11 || 12 || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| 2020-2021 || Timrå IK || Allsvenskan || 13 || 3 || 7 || 10 || 0 || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| 2020-2021 || Devils du New Jersey || LNH || 28 || 4 || 3 || 7 || 2 || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| 2020-2021 || Devils de Binghamton || LAH || 8 || 2 || 5 || 7 || 0 || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| 2021-2022 || Devils du New Jersey || LNH || 56 || 10 || 13 || 23 || 10 || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| 2021-2022 || Comets d'Utica || LAH || 7 || 2 || 6 || 8 || 2 || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| 2022-2023 || Devils du New Jersey || LNH || 70 || 10 || 11 || 21 || 2 || 6 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0

| 189 || 28 || 27 || 55 || 22 || 6 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0

En équipe nationale

|-
| 2015 ||  Suède || Ivan Hlinka -18 ans || 5 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 4 || Médaille d'argent
|-
| 2016 ||  Suède || Championnat du monde -18 ans || 7 || 2 || 1 || 3 || 2 || Médaille d'argent
|-
| 2018 ||  Suède || Championnat du monde junior || 6 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 2 || Médaille d'argent

Références

Naissance en octobre 1998
Naissance à Falun
Joueur international suédois de hockey sur glace
Attaquant de hockey sur glace
Joueur du Brynäs IF
Joueur du Timrå IK
Choix de repêchage des Devils du New Jersey
Joueur des Devils de Binghamton
Joueur des Comets d'Utica
Joueur des Devils du New Jersey

Jesper Boqvist


Nova Aurora es un municipio brasileño del estado de Paraná.

En la década de 1950 se inició el talamiento del oeste paranaense, en esta región llegaron los italianos, alemanes y brasileños.

En 1959 el poblado obtiene el nombre de Nova Aurora, después ya haber sido denominado Alto Iguaçuzinho, Encruzilhada, Tapejara y Hacienda Roda de Carro. En esa época los pioneros venían tras las fértiles tierras con el objetivo de cultivar café, frijol y maíz.

Nova Aurora fue creada a través de la Ley Estatal n° 5.643 del 25 de septiembre de 1967, e instalada el 11 de diciembre de 1968 separándose de Cascavel y Formosa del Oeste.

Enlaces externos

 Página de la prefectura

Referencias

Localidades de Paraná

Nova Aurora (Paraná)


Prince of Persia, 1989 yılında Jordan Mechner tarafından geliştirilen Platform türündeki oyun ve ondan türetilen diğer oyunlara verilen genel addır. 1989'da piyasa sürülen serinin ilk oyunu, insan vücudunun hareketlerinin ilkel tekniklerle bilgisayara aktarıldığı, Motion Capture (Hareket yakalama) tekniğinin atası sayılabilecek bir teknikle yapılan ilk oyun olma özelliğini taşır. Oyundaki karakteri Mechner'ın kardeşi canlandırmıştır, müzikler ise babası tarafından yapılmış ve kendisi de oyunun kodlamasını yapmıştır.

Mechner'ın 1984 yılında yaptığı oyun olan Karateka'nın bir sinema filmine benzetilmesi çok hoşuna gitmiştir. Böylece kardeşi ve babasını da ikna ederek Prince of Persia adlı oyunun yapımına başlar. Oyunun yapımı dört sene sürer ve 1989 yılında Apple bilgisayar için yayınlanır. Oyun iki milyon kopyadan fazla satar ve birçok uyarlaması yapılır. Oyun bilgisayar için bir devrim niteliği taşımaktadır. O güne kadar bilgisayar için görülmemiş derece iyi grafiklere ve gerçekçi bir oynanışa sahiptir. Daha sonradan yapılan Tomb Raider isimli oyun, bu oyundan etkilenilerek yapılmıştır.

Oyunun üç boyutlu ilk versiyonu Prince of Persia 3D adıyla çıkarılmıştır. Oyun çoğu eleştirmenden düşük not almış, beğenilmemiştir.

2003 yılında Ubisoft firması Prince of Persia serisinin telif haklarını alarak The Sands of Time, Warrior Within ve The Two Thrones adında oyunlardan oluşan Sands of Time üçlemesini piyasaya sürmüştür. Ubisoft, The Two Thrones oyununu Wii adlı oyun konsolu ve PSP adlı el konsoluna Prince of Persia: Rival Swords adıyla çıkartmıştır ve Ubisoft'un  resmi sitesinden açıkladığı yeni Prince of Persia oyunu Cell-Shade teknolojisi ile, 2008'in son aylarında piyasaya sürülmüştür. Ayrıca Mayıs 2010'da Sands of Time ile Warrior Within olaylarının arasında geçen Prince of Persia The Forgotten Sands çıkmıştır. Oyun Gamespot'dan 7.5 puan almış, God of War III gibi aksiyon oyunlarının gerisinde kalmış fakat bazı eleştirmenlere göre 2008'den sonra Prince of Persia toparlanma sürecine girmiştir. Konu ve oynanış yetersiz olmasına karşın hayranlar tarafından sevilerek oynanmıştır.

Geçmişi
Prince of Persia serisinin başlıkları:

Cep telefonu versiyonları

Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde geliştirilen video oyunları

Prince of Persia


Lenoir kan henvise til:

 Steder
 Lenoir, North Carolina, USA
 Lenoir County, North Carolina, USA
 Lenoir City, Tennessee

 Universiteter
 Lenoir-Rhyne University

 Navn
 Lenoir (eftername)

Se også
 Richard-Lenoir (Paris Metro)

Lenoir


4. ŽNL Koprivničko-križevačka je bila jedina liga osmog stupnja hrvatskog nogometnog prvenstva u sezoni 2021./22.

4. ŽNL Koprivničko-križevačka

 Izvori:
 rsssf.org
 ns-kckz.hr, 3. ŽNL
 ns-kckz.hr, 3. ŽNL, wayback
 ns-kckz.hr, "Službeni glasnik" br. 22/2022
 tipscore.com

Povezani članci
 1. HNL 2021./22.
 2. HNL 2021./22.
 3. HNL 2021./22.
 4. rang HNL-a 2021./22.
 5. rang HNL-a 2021./22.
 6. rang HNL-a 2021./22.
 7. rang HNL-a 2021./22.
 Hrvatski nogometni kup 2021./22.

Vanjske poveznice
  sofascore.com, Croatia Amateur
  tipsscore.com, Croatia Amateur

Izvori

  rsssf.org, Croatia 2021/22 - Seventh Level

2021-22
 8

8. rang HNL-a 2021./22.


Kiowa County is the name of several counties in the United States:

 Kiowa County, Colorado
 Kiowa County, Kansas
 Kiowa County, Oklahoma

Kiowa County


I sundhedens tjeneste 1-3 er en film instrueret af Jesper Heldgaard, Bo Illum Jørgensen.

Handling
Aldrig har verden været så rig. Alligevel dør millioner af mennesker hvert år i verdens fattige lande af sygdomme, som kan behandles. Det kunne være anderledes. Hvis vi vil. De to første programmer følger lægen Malan Soko i Zambia og beskriver, hvad der er muligt - og umuligt - i et sundhedsvæsen, der kun har 10 dollars om året pr. indbygger. Økonomer og sundhedseksperter fortæller om de forvandlinger, ganske få ekstra penge til sundhed kunne gøre i verdens fattige lande. Det tredje program undersøges Christian Medical College i Indien, som har udviklet en model, der sikrer både fattige og rige sundhedsydelser på et meget højt plan. Til inspiration for resten af verden.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2002

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

I sundhedens tjeneste 1-3


Grevinde Amalie Henriette Charlotte af Solms-Baruth (født 30. januar 1768 i Kliczków, død 31. oktober 1847 i Karlsruhe) var en grevinde ved fødslen af Solms-Baruth. Hun var det eneste barn af John Christian II, greve af Solms-Baruth og hans kone, Friederike Louise af Reuss-Köstritz.

Hun giftede sig den 30. januar 1789 med fyrst Karl Ludwig af Hohenlohe-Langenburg. De havde følgende børn:

 Prinsesse Louise af Hohenlohe-Langenburg
 Prinsesse Elisabeth af Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1790-1830); gift med Victor Amadeus, Landgreve af Hesse-Rotenburg, Hertug af Ratibór
 Prinsesse Constance af Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1792-1847); gift med Franz Joseph, 5. prins af Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst
 Prinsesse Emilie af Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1793-1859); gift med grev Friedrich Ludwig fra Castell-Castell; deres datter giftede sig med Julius, Greve af Lippe-Biesterfeld og fik børn med ham
 Prins Ernst fra Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1794-1860); gift i 1828 med prinsesse Feodora af Leiningen (1807-1872)
 Prins Frederick af Hohenlohe-Langenburg
 Prinsesse Marie Henriette af Hohenlohe-Langenburg
 Prinsesse Louise af Hohenlohe-Langenburg; gift Prins Adolf zu Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen
 Prinsesse Johanna af Hohenlohe-Langenburg; gift med grev Emil Christian af Erbach-Schönberg
 Prinsesse Maria Agnes af Hohenlohe-Langenburg ; gift med Konstantin, arvelig prins af Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg
 Prins Henrik Gustav af Hohenlohe-Langenburg
 Prinsesse Helene af Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1807-1880); gift med Hertug Eugen of Württemberg
 Prins Henrik af Hohenlohe-Langenburg

På grund af hendes børn og børnebørns ægteskaber er hun formoder til flere europæiske monarker:

 Prins Hans Adam II af Liechtenstein er barnebarn af Infanta Maria Theresa fra Portugal , hvis moder Adelaide var Amalie Henriettes barnebarn.
 Kong Philippe af Belgien er også en efterkommer af Adelaide gennem hendes datter Maria Josepha .
 Storhertug Henri af Luxembourg er også en efterkommer af Adelaide gennem hendes døtre Marie Anne og Maria Antonia .
 Kong Carl XVI Gustav af Sverige er en søn af Sibylla, som var tipoldebarn af Amalie Henriettes søn Ernst Christian .
 Dronning Beatrix af Holland er en datter af Bernhard, som var et oldebarn af Amalie Henriettes datter Emilie.
 Dronning Sophia af Spanien og Konstantin II af Grækenland er børn af Frederica of Hanover, hvis bedstemor kejserinde Augusta Victoria var barnebarn af Amalie Henriettes søn Ernst Christian.

Tyskere i 1800-tallet
Tyskere i 1700-tallet

Grevinde Amalie Henriette af Solms-Baruth


Aeroportul Paris-Beauvais (Franceză: Aéroport de Beauvais-Tillé) (IATA: BVA, ICAO: LFOB) este cunoscut ca fiind al 3-lea aeroport al capitalei Franței iar acesta este situat in Nordul Franței la 85 km de Paris.

Facilități

Turnul de control
Un nou turn de control este în construcție pentru al înlocui pe cel vechi din 1962. Acesta va fi funcțional la sfârșitul lui 2017.

Pista
Pista principală, 12/30, are un Sistem de aterizare instrumentală de categoria a III-a pentru pista 12 și unul de categoria I pentru pista 30 plus un indicator de precizie pentru traiectoria de apropiere. Acesta ajută avioanele să aterizeze dacă este vreme rea cu vizibilitate sub 200m.

Companii aeriene

Aeroporturi din Franța

Aeroportul Paris-Beauvais


In category theory, two categories C and D are isomorphic if there exist functors F : C → D and G : D → C which are mutually inverse to each other, i.e. FG = 1D (the identity functor on D) and GF = 1C. This means that both the objects and the morphisms of C and D stand in a one-to-one correspondence to each other. Two isomorphic categories share all properties that are defined solely in terms of category theory; for all practical purposes, they are identical and differ only in the notation of their objects and morphisms.

Isomorphism of categories is a very strong condition and rarely satisfied in practice. Much more important is the notion of equivalence of categories; roughly speaking, for an equivalence of categories we don't require that  be equal to , but only naturally isomorphic to , and likewise that  be naturally isomorphic to .

Properties
As is true for any notion of isomorphism, we have the following general properties formally similar to an equivalence relation:
 any category C is isomorphic to itself
 if C is isomorphic to D, then D is isomorphic to C
 if C is isomorphic to D and D is isomorphic to E, then C is isomorphic to E.

A functor F : C → D yields an isomorphism of categories if and only if it is bijective on objects and on morphism sets. This criterion can be convenient as it avoids the need to construct the inverse functor G.

Examples
  Consider a finite group G, a field k and the group algebra kG. The category of k-linear group representations of G is isomorphic to the category of left modules over kG. The isomorphism can be described as follows: given a group representation ρ : G → GL(V), where V is a vector space over k, GL(V) is the group of its k-linear automorphisms, and ρ is a group homomorphism, we turn V into a left kG module by defining  for every v in V and every element Σ ag g in kG.  Conversely, given a left kG module M, then M is a k vector space, and multiplication with an element g of G yields a k-linear automorphism of M (since g is invertible in kG), which describes a group homomorphism G → GL(M). (There are still several things to check: both these assignments are functors, i.e. they can be applied to maps between group representations resp. kG modules, and they are inverse to each other, both on objects and on morphisms). See also .
 Every ring can be viewed as a preadditive category with a single object. The functor category of all additive functors from this category to the category of abelian groups is isomorphic to the category of left modules over the ring.
 Another isomorphism of categories arises in the theory of Boolean algebras: the category of Boolean algebras is isomorphic to the category of Boolean rings. Given a Boolean algebra B, we turn B into a Boolean ring by using the symmetric difference as addition and the meet operation  as multiplication. Conversely, given a Boolean ring R, we define the join operation by ab =  a + b + ab, and the meet operation as multiplication. Again, both of these assignments can be extended to morphisms to yield functors, and these functors are inverse to each other.
 If C is a category with an initial object s, then the slice category (s↓C) is isomorphic to C. Dually, if t is a terminal object in C, the functor category (C↓t) is isomorphic to C. Similarly, if 1 is the category with one object and only its identity morphism (in fact, 1 is the terminal category), and C is any category, then the functor category C1, with objects functors c: 1 → C, selecting an object c∈Ob(C), and arrows natural transformations f: c → d between these functors, selecting a morphism f: c → d in C, is again isomorphic to C.

See also

 Equivalence of categories

References

Adjoint functors
Equivalence (mathematics)

Isomorphism of categories


Further Confusion, or Furcon, is an annual furry convention held in San Jose, California each January, celebrating the anthropomorphics genre or furry fandom, including charitable benefits, educational seminars, art shows, panels and general social activities. It was the first event sponsored by Anthropomorphic Arts and Education (Furcon is its registered service mark) and continues to be its largest.

Beginning in 1999 with the attendance of 691 individuals, Further Confusion has grown rapidly. In 2023, its record attendance was 5,388 individuals from around the world. Further Confusion donated over $100,000 to various charitable beneficiaries (including animal shelters, rescue groups, and the Comic Book Legal Defense Fund) in the period 1999–2008. Its art show sales routinely exceed $50,000.

Guests of honor

Until 2017, Further Confusion invited significant artists, writers, or other creative workers as guests of honor.  The guests of honor were:

 Ed Kline, Ken Mitchroney and Michael H. Payne (1999)
 C. J. Cherryh, Shawn Keller, John Nunnemacher, Karen Prell, Mike Quinn and Jane Fancher (2000)
 Diane Duane, Christina Hanson, Peter Morwood, Felorin and Talzhemir (2001)
 David Brin and Kevin Palivec (2002)
 Karen Anderson and Toby Bluth (2003)
 Heather Alexander, Grant Freckelton and Larry Niven (2004)
 Alan Dean Foster and Walter Crane (2005)
 Eric Elliott and Jane Lindskold (2006)
 Baron Engel and Jerry Pournelle (2007)
 David Alan Barclay, Rodney Haley, and Alexander James Adams (2008)
 Jeff Pidgeon, Anita Coulter and Clare Bell (2009).
 Michael Fry, T. Lewis, and Ursula Vernon (2010)
 Blotch (artist) (2011)
 E. E. Knight and Matthew Ebel (2012)
 Ursula Vernon and Chris Savino (2013)
 Mandi Tremblay (2014)
 Andy Heath, Warrick Brownlow-Pike and Lex Rudd (2015)
 Dana Simpson, fursuit maker Syber, and artists: Fox Amoore and Pepper Coyote (2016)

Anthropomorphic Arts and Education

Anthropomorphic Arts and Education, Inc. (AAE) is a non-profit corporation that supports educational and charitable activities of interest to furry fans. AAE is primarily involved with organizing Further Confusion, as an activity that raises funds and donations on behalf of charities, conducts seminars, and provides a gathering place for the furry fandom.

References

External links

Furry conventions
San Francisco Bay Area conventions
Recurring events established in 1999

Further Confusion


Jean Weiller, né à Saint-Dié-des-Vosges le 26 juillet 1905 et mort en 2000, est un économiste français spécialiste de l'économie internationale.

Biographie

Après des études menées avec aisance, sa thèse soutenue en 1929 et portant sur l'influence du change sur le commerce extérieur lui vaut d'être employé avant la Seconde Guerre mondiale à la division économique de la Société des Nations sous l'égide d'Alexander Loveday. Dans cette institution, il travaille au côté d'économistes de premier ordre tels que James Meade, Jan Tinbergen, Gottfried Haberler, Ragnar Nurkse, Charles Kindleberger et d'autres.

Après avoir été professeur à Poitiers, il est nommé en 1955 à Paris. Il prend alors la direction de la série P, « Commerce mondial et conditions internationales de la Croissance » des Cahiers de l'ISEA de François Perroux.

Après guerre, il travaille sur la Charte de La Havane puis participe aux négociations du GATT. En 1958, il contribue au Traité de sociologie publié par Georges Gurvitch.
Jean Weiller est pour la coopération économique inter-gouvernementale qu'il voit comme un moyen de lutter contre les inégalités de développement, les dominations et les subordinations.

Jean Weiller a aussi consacré du temps à réhabiliter la pensée de Sismondi.

Bibliographie

 Emile James eds (1985). Croissance, échange et monnaie en économie internationale : mélanges en l'honneur de Monsieur le Professeur Jean Weiller. Paris: Économica.
.

Références

Économie politique
Économiste français du XXe siècle
Sociologue de l'économique

Jean Weiller


Madamina, il catalogo è questo (tal. Draga gospođo, popis je sljedeći) arija je iz 5. scene prvog čina Mozartove opere Don Giovanni po libretu Lorenza da Pontea na talijanskom jeziku. Pjeva je Don Giovannijev sluga Leporello (bas-bariton), nabrajajući 2065 osvajanja svog gospodara.

Kontekst i sadržaj
Don Giovanni je talijanski oblik imena Don Juan, čuvenog španjolskog literarnog zavodnika i razvratnika, kod nas poznatog kao "donžuan" prema francuskom izgovoru imena.

Opera "Don Giovanni" naručena je za izvođenje 14. listopada 1787. godine povodom posjeta nadvojvotkinje Marije Terezije od Austrije i njenog supruga Antona Saskog Pragu. Međutim, djelo nije završeno na vrijeme, pa je zamjenski izvedena opera "Figarov pir". Mozart je u svom katalogu zabilježio da je operu "Don Giovanni" završio 28. listopada 1787. godine. Premijera opere održana je 29. listopada u Pragu, a za premijeru u Beču 7. svibnja 1788. godine Mozart je operu djelomično preradio.

U petoj sceni prvog čina na sceni su Don Giovanni i njegov sluga Leporello, te Donna Elvira koja se želi osvetiti Don Giovaniju što ju je obljubio i ostavio. Don Giovanniju je naporna i šmugne iz sobe, ostavljajući Leporella da se s njom raspravlja.

Leporello joj objašnjava da nije ni prva ni posljednja koju je zaveo i ostavio, a zatim to ilustrira arijom Madamina, il catalogo è questo u kojoj nabraja 2065 osvajanja Don Giovannija, prvo prema državama, a zatim po staležu i osobinama.

Stihovi
Stihovi iz da Ponteovog libreta su isprepletani, a dolje su prikazani kako su uglazbljeni u partituri (po kojima možete pratiti priloženi zvučni zapis).

O glazbi

U partituri i u Köchelovom katalogu ova je skladba označena kao No 4 Aria (četvrta glazbena numera, arija).

Orkestracija: 2 flaute, 2 oboe, 2 fagota, 2 horne, gudači

Tonalitet: D-dur

Skladba ima 172 takta posložena u dvije cjeline. Prvih pet strofa u partituri (prve tri u libretu) je u 4/4 taktu u tempu allegro, a ostale četiri strofe, počev od 85. takta, su u 3/4 taktu u tempu andante con moto.

Trajanje je oko 5'45".

Utjecaj
Izvan opere, arija je često samostalno izvođena na koncertima i zapisana na nosačima zvuka i u svom repertoaru imaju je mnogi pjevači koji su u operi nastupali u ulozi Leporella. U navedenom izvoru pobrojana su 392 zapisa od 1899. do 2019. godine koji se nalaze u bazi muzeja Mozarteuma u Salzburgu, a osam zapisa dostupno je za slušanje. Među poznatijim izvođačima iz 20. stoljeća su na primjer basovi Fjodor Šaljapin i Boris Hristov ili bas-bariton Bryn Terfel iz novije generacije.

Vidi još
 Glosar klasične glazbe

Izvori
 Partitura No4 Aria (s mogućnošću slušanja 8 zapisa) iz V. scene na stranicama 76 – 90 na mrežnom izdanju Neue Mozart-Ausgabe, dme.mozarteum.at  (pristupljeno: 24. lipnja 2020.)
 Pregled 392 zapisa arije u bazi Mozarteuma i 8 snimaka za preslušavanje, mrežno izdanje Neue Mozart-Ausgabe, dme.mozarteum.at  (pristupljeno: 24. lipnja 2020.)
 Popis scena i glazbenih numera, 3. i 4. stranica na mrežnom izdanju Neue Mozart-Ausgabe, dme.mozarteum.at  (pristupljeno: 24. lipnja 2020.)
  Stranice 7 i 8 Mocartovog tematskog kataloga, Mozart's Thematic Catalogue, u galeriji Virtual books na stranici British Library  (pristupljeno: 24. lipnja 2020.]
 Köchelov katalog iz 1862. godine, str. 416   sa stranice za preuzimanje IMSLP  (pristupljeno: 24. lipnja 2020.)
 Libreto opere Don Giovanni s usporednim prikazom talijanski-engleski, stranica "DM's opera site", www.murashev.com  (pristupljeno: 24. lipnja 2020.)
 Metropolitan u Lisinskom: Sezona 2011./2012., programski vodič za operu Don Giovanni, www.lisinski.hr (pristupljeno: 24. lipnja 2020.)

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Madamina, il catalogo è questo