Diese Diskografie ist eine Übersicht über die musikalischen Werke der US-amerikanischen Girlgroup The Shangri-Las.

Alben

Studioalben

Kompilationen (Auswahl)
 1966: Golden Hits, Mercury Records (Wiederveröffentlichung 1973 auf Philips)
 1978: Teen Anguish Vol. 2, Charly Records
 1984: Leader of the Pack, Topline (UK) / Astan (US)
 1987: Greatest Hits, Topline (UK, CD)
 1987: Shangri-Las, The Collection (UK, CD)
 1988: Greatest Hits, Spectrum (UK, CD)
 1989: Leader of the Pack, Crusader (UK, CD)
 1990: Remember, Instant (UK, CD/LP)
 1995: Myrmidons of Melodrama, RPM (UK, CD)

EPs
 1965: The Shangri-Las (Red Bird)

Singles

Weitere Singles (Auswahl)
 1967: The Sweet Sound of Summer / I'll Never Learn (Mercury)
 1967: Take Your Time / Footsteps on the Roof (Mercury)
 1973: Give Him a Great Big Kiss // New York Is a Lonely Town / The Boy from New York City (Buddah)
 1976: Remember (Walking in the Sand) / Leader of the Pack // Give Him a Great Big Kiss / Past, Present and Future (Charly)
 1976: Past, Present and Future // Give Him a Great Big Kiss / Remember (Walking in the Sand) (Philips)
 1978: Leader of the Pack / The Boy from New York City (Charly)
 1989: Leader of the Pack / Remember (Walking in the Sand) / Chapel of Love (Old Gold) (CD-Single)

Statistik

Chartauswertung

Literatur
 M.C. Strong: The Great Rock Discography. 3. Auflage. Edinburgh/Ffm. 1996, ISBN 0-86241-604-3, S. 736 f.

Quellen

Weblinks
 [ The Shangri-Las] bei Allmusic (englisch)

ShangriLas #The

The Shangri-Las/Diskografie


පයි දිනය යනු  π (පයි)  ගණිතමය නියතය සිහිකෙරෙමින දිනයකි.  මාර්තු 14 (හෝ මාසය/දිනය දින ආකෘතියෙහි 3/14 ) දිනදී පයි දිනය උත්සවාකාරයෙන් පවත්වනුයේ , π යන්න දශම රූපාකාරයෙන් දැක්වූ විට වඩාත්ම සාර්ථක සංඛ්‍යාංකයන් තුන වන්නේ 3, 1 සහ 4 නිසාවෙනි. පයි දිනය එලෙසින් නම් කිරීමට, 2009 දී, එක්සත් ජනපද නියෝජිත මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලයේ සහයෝගය ලැබිණි.

සටහන්

මාර්තු

පයි දිනය


El Campeonato FIBA Américas de 1992 fue la 5.ª edición del campeonato de baloncesto del continente americano y se celebró entre del 27 de junio y el 5 de julio de 1992 en Portland, Oregón. Este torneo fue clasificatorio para los Juegos Olímpicos de Barcelona 1992, para el cual otorgó 4 plazas. Este torneo quedó en la historia por ser el debut internacional del llamado Dream Team, donde por primera vez, el seleccionado estadounidense convocó a las estrellas de la NBA a una competencia oficial de la FIBA.

Equipos participantes
Compitieron 10 selecciones nacionales, divididas en los siguientes grupos:

Primera fase

Grupo A

27 de junio, 1992

28 de junio, 1992

29 de junio, 1992

30 de junio, 1992

1 de julio, 1992

Grupo B

27 de junio, 1992

28 de junio, 1992

29 de junio, 1992

30 de junio, 1992

1 de julio, 1992

Fase Final
En la ronda reclasificatoria se enfrentaron los segundos con los terceros de cada grupo, cuyo vencedor se enfrentó al primero de cada grupo en semifinales.

Clasificación final

Enlaces externos
 Sitio oficial de la FIBA (en inglés)

Referencias

1992
Baloncesto en Estados Unidos
Baloncesto
Baloncesto en  1992
Deporte en Estados Unidos en 1992

Campeonato FIBA Américas de 1992


لواء بحري أو أميرال خلفي أوRear admiral هو ضابط يحمل رتبة عقيد في سلاح البحرية يحمل رتبة أعلى من العميد والنقيب، ورتبة ادنى من اللواء أي نائب أميرال. يُعتبر عمومًا أدنى صفوف «الأدميرال». في العديد من القوات البحرية تتكون شارة الرتبة التي يحملها من نجمتين.

نشأت من أيام الأسراب البحرية ويمكن أن تجد أصولها تنبع من البحرية الملكية. يخصص لكل أميرال سرب بحري يتولى امر قيادته وإدارة شؤونه من سفينة مركزية. ويساعد الأدميرال نائب أميرال برتبة لواء، الذي يتولى السفن الرائدة التي تتحمل العبء الأكبر من المعارك البحرية. في الجزء الخلفي من السرب البحري، سيتولى أميرال ثالث قيادة السفن المتبقية، وبما أن قيادة هذا الجزء من السرب يعتبر الأقل خطورة فإن الأدميرال الذي يقوده سيكون الأصغر بين الأدميرالات.

في بعض الأساطيل الأوروبية (مثل فرنسا) تُعرف رتبة العقيد البحري باسم Contre-amiral. أما في البحرية الألمانية فتُعرف الرتبة بكونتريميرال، وتعتبر رتبة أعلى من رتبة أدميرال الأسطول. في البحرية الملكية الهولندية، تُعرف هذه الرتبة باسم schout-bij-nacht (مشرف أثناء الليل).

أستراليا

كندا

ألمانيا

كونتريميرال هي OF-7 بتصنيف الناتو وشكلها عبارة عن نجمتين رتبة وتعادل Generalmajor (عربي: لواء) في الجيش الألماني والقوات الجوية الألمانية.

غانا

الهند
تضع البحرية الهندية هذه الرتبة أعلى من رتبة العميد والنقيب وأقل من رتبة نائب أميرال والأميرال نفسه.

إيران

باكستان

هولندا

نيوزيلاندا

سنغافورة

المملكة المتحدة

الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية

فيتنام

المراجع والملاحظات

رتب البحرية
رتب عسكرية في أستراليا
رتب عسكرية في باكستان
رتب عسكرية في كندا
شارات عسكرية

لواء (بحرية)


Splatbooks are sourcebooks devoted to a particular facet, character class, or fictional faction in a role-playing game, providing additional background details and rules options. For example, a "swords and sorcery" fantasy game might offer splatbooks for each of the races in the setting: humans, dwarves, elves, and others.

The first game to use such books was Dungeons & Dragons, though not described as "splatbooks". The term originally rose to describe the sourcebooks published by White Wolf Game Studio for its World of Darkness games. Many of these books were titled using similar patterns: clanbooks in Vampire: The Masquerade, tribebooks for Werewolf: The Apocalypse, tradition books for Mage: The Ascension, and so forth. In newsgroups, these were called *books (the asterisk on a computer keyboard being used as a wildcard character). Since the asterisk is also known as a "splat", this gave rise to the term "splatbook".

This term was subsequently used retrospectively for Advanced Dungeons & Dragons books such as The Complete Book of Dwarves and Complete Arcane, or the numerous Codices for Warhammer Fantasy Battle and Warhammer 40,000. By extension, the term "splat" is used for the character class described in a splatbook.

See also
 Power creep

Notes

Role-playing game terminology

Splatbook


El comando date es un comando existente en sistemas Unix y tipo unix que muestra la hora y la fecha del sistema y el administrador también puede cambiarla.

Este comando apareció en la primera versión de Unix.

También cabe destacar que, debido al método de contar el tiempo, las versiones de este programa de 32 bits sufren del error del año 2038. Las versiones de 64 bits no sufren este problema.

Uso
date [OPCIÓN]... [+FORMATO]

Opciones
La única opción que reconoce la Single Unix Specification es -u, que sirve para mostrar o establecer la hora en UTC.

Otras opciones son -d, -f, -r, -R, -s y -u que son reconocidas en la mayoría de las implementaciones.

Formato
El formato se realiza anteponiendo + a la opción de formato.

 %c representación local fecha (martes 27 de enero 19:24:43 CET 2015)
 %d día del mes (01 .. 31)
 %D fecha (dd / mm / aa)
 %m Indica el mes (01). También puede escribirse en mayúsculas.
 %j días del año (001 .. 366)
 %p indicador AM y PM en mayúsculas (en blanco en muchas configuraciones locales)
 %r tiempo de 12 horas (hh: mm: ss [AP] M)
 %R tiempo de 24 horas (hh: mm)
 %s segundos desde unix epoch
 %S segundos (00 .. 60), el 60 si es necesario para un segundo intercalar
 %t un tabulador horizontal
 %T hora en formato 24 horas (hh: mm: ss)
 %y año en 2 dígitos (00 .. 99)
 %Y año (2012)
 %Z zona horaria (ejemplo GMT), o nada si no se puede determinar la zona horaria

Supongamos que deseo obtener esto
17:21:54	27/01/2015	CET

Si escribimos  date +%T     obtendremos la hora con el formato 17:21:54
Veamos que hemos hecho en nuestro terminal.
Pepe-MacBook-Air:~ pepe$ date +%T
17:21:54
Si escribimos date +%T%t%d/%m/%Y     obtendremos la hora con el formato 17:21:54 del paso anterior, al que hemos agregado una tabulación ( %t ), y después hemos incluido la fecha con el formato 27/01/2015, a continuación lo explicaré, pero antes veamos que hemos hecho en nuestro terminal.
Pepe-MacBook-Air:~ pepe$ date +%T%t%d/%m/%Y
17:21:54        27/01/2015
La fecha que hemos obtenido es 27/01/2015, que se compone de  %d, el día  / nuestro separador entre día y mes  %m es el mes / separador de mes y año %Y que es el año en formato 2015

Finalmente, y para los más puntillosos o para quienes así lo piden sus circunstancias, haremos que nuestro terminal indique también la franja horaria, y por una mejor estética estará separada por una tabulación %t, y por supuesto añadimos %Z, que es la instrucción final que daremos para que muestre la franja horaria
Veamos ahora todo en nuestro terminal...
Pepe-MacBook-Air:~ pepe$ date +%T%t%d/%m/%Y%t%Z
17:36:43         27/01/2015	CET

Ejemplos
Mostrar la fecha:
Pepes-MacBook-Air:~ pepe$  date
Tue Jan 27 21:21:51 CET 2015

Mostrar la fecha en UTC:
Pepes-MacBook-Air:~ pepe$  date -u
Tue Jan 27 20:22:08 UTC 2015

Mostrar los segundos transcurridos entre unix epoch:
Pepes-MacBook-Air:~ pepe$  date +%s
1422390213

Mostrar la fecha como en el procedimiento de la explicación anterior.
Pepes-MacBook-Air:~ pepe$ date +%T%t%d/%m/%Y%t%Z
21:17:23	27/01/2015	CET

Enlaces externos
en Linux
Implementaciones para otros sistemas operativos.

Software para Unix
Programas del estándar Unix

Date


Veliko kazalište u Varšavi (polj. Teatr Wielki w Warszawie) je kulturni kompleks na Kazališnom trgu u sklopu kojeg djeluju Narodno kazalište, Poljski nacionalni balet, Nacionalna opera i Kazališni muzej. Zdanje je veličinom jedno od najvećih takve vrste u Europi, s više od dvije tisuće sjedećih mjesta. Svečano je otvoreno 24. veljače 1833. izvedbom Rossinijevog Seviljskog brijača. Nakon teških oštećenja uzrokovanih bombardiranjima u Drugom svjetskom ratu, zdanje je obnovljeno i ponovno otvoreno 1965. godine, nakon dvadesetogodišnje stanke.

Vanjske poveznice
 Službene stranice

Varšava
Kazalište

Veliko kazalište u Varšavi


Kondovázena, en , est un village et un ancien dème du  district régional d'Arcadie, en Grèce. Depuis 2010, il est fusionné au sein du dème de Gortynie.

Selon le recensement de 2011, la population du dème compte  tandis que celle du village s'élève à .

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Dème dans le Péloponnèse
Village dans le Péloponnèse (périphérie)
Ancien dème en Grèce
Arcadie

Kondovázena


Martin Bastkjær (født 1987) er en dansk forfatter og kritiker. Han er uddannet på Forfatterskolen i 2013 og debuterede i 2015 med romanen Det nye hav (Forlaget Arena). Siden 2015 har han desuden anmeldt bøger på Dagbladet Information.

Bastkjær har udgivet tekster i tidsskrifterne Hvedekorn, Standart og Trappe Tusind, samt i antologierne FS 25 – Forfatterskolens 25 år jubilæumsskrift og Forfatterskolens afgangsantologi 2013.

Udgivelser
 Det nye hav (Forlaget Arena 2015) – roman
 De andres geometri (Forlaget Arena 2018) – essaysamling

Eksterne henvisninger
Forfatterens hjemmeside

Politiken anmeldelse af Det nye hav

Romanforfattere fra Danmark

Martin Bastkjær


Matthew Parker (født 22. december 1980) er en australsk stand-up komiker, forfatter, youtubepersonlighed og matematikformidler. Parker er Public Engagement in Mathematics Fellow på Queen Mary University of London. Han er tidligere matematiklærer og har hjulpet med at udbrede kendskabet til matematik og gøre det mere populært via sine turneer og videoer. Han har bl.a. medvirket i videoer på Numberphile-kanalen.

Han har også været vært ved videnskabs-standup arrangementet An Evening of Unnecessary Detail, hvor bl.a. Sally Le Page har optrådt.

Bidrag til rekreationel matematik

Parker introducerede konceptet grafting number til rekreationel matematik, hvor et heltal med den egenskab at kvadratroden af heltallet, når det udtrykkes i base b, vil indeholde det oprindelige heltal eller direkte efter kommaet.

Parker forsøgte at skabe et 3×3 magisk kvadrat kun ved brug af kvadrattal. Hans forfejlede forsøg nedenfor er ikke helt et magisk kvadrat, da nogle af tallene optræder mere end én gang, og fordi diagonalen 23-37-47 ikke giver en sum på 3051, ligesom de andre rækker, kolonner og diagonal. Den kaldes Parker Square, hvilket blev kendt som en "maskot for folk der giver det et forsøg, men ender med at fejle". Det er også en metafor for noget der er udført næsten korrekt, men ikke er helt rigtigt.

Ved 2016 MathsJam Conference talte Parker om hvad han kaldte "letterwise magic squares". Han mente, at han var den første der fandt dette magiske kvadrat, men den 5. maj 2017 uploadede han video, hvor han forklarede at hans magiske kvadrat var mere kendt som alfamagiske kvadrater.

Sammen med matematikeren Hannah Fry har Parker fremstillet en algoritme, der optimerer vinderchancerne i brætspillet matador.

Bibliografi

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Youtubere fra Australien
Matematikere fra Australien

Matt Parker


Tvrđava Todorovo nastala je za razdoblje srednjeg vijeka na području općine Velika Kladuša, Bosna i Hercegovina. Tvrđava, zajedno s džamijom, proglašena je za nacionalni spomenik Bosne i Hercegovine

Lokacija
Od Velike Kladuše naselje Todorovo udaljeno je 12 km a od Cazina 22 km. Tvrđava nalazi se na niskom brijegu uz cestu.

Povijest

Tvrđava Todorovo bila je jedna od važnijih starih gradova zapadne Bosne. Sagrađena je krajem 15. i početkom 16. stoljeća. Grad je bio samostalan, ali pod zaštitom grada Krupe i knezova Babonjića Blagajskih. Godine 1531. dolazi u posjed knezova Zrinjskih. Kapetan Mihajlo Deli Todor upravljao je gradom do 1560. godine, kada je osmanska vojska napala grad i tom prilikom ga razorila. U spomen na kapetana Deli Todora, koji je tom prilikom ubijen, grad dobiva naziv – Novi Todor, a kasnije Todorovo. Osmanska vojska je zauzela Todorovo 1578. godine, a grad stalno nastanjen je tek od 1635. godine. Za vrijeme osmanske vlasti Todorovo postaje utvrđeni centar stalne vojne posade. Gradskom vojnom posadom zapovijedao je dizdar. Više puta ovaj grad opsjedala je austro-ugarska vojska (1682., 1684., 1685., 1696.  godine).
Džamija u Todorovu sagrađena je 1868. godine i služila je svojoj namjeni sve do 1973. godine kada je napravljena nova potkupolna džamija izvan starog grada.

Opis
Tvrđava građena je u dvije faze. Srednjovjekovna građevina obuhvaćala je veliku kulu i vanjski bedem  i građena je u gotskom stilu. Druga faza izgradnje potječe iz Osmanskog perioda kada je na zapadnoj strani dograđen novi veliki bedem u obliku nepravilnog jednakostraničnog šesterougla. Tlocrtna osnova ovog dijela tipična je za osmanske utvrde u dolini rijeke Une, što je razlikuje od osnova utvrđenih gradova u drugim dijelovima Bosne.

Džamija u Todorovu predstavljala je jednu od arhitektonski najvrednijih džamija s drvenom munarom  u Bosni i Hercegovini i drvenim mahfilom  postavljenim na dvije razine.

Dijelovi kamenog zida okrugle branič kule i dijelovi zidova istočnog bedema jedino preostali su od Starog grada Todorova. Ostali zidovi su utonuli ili su razneseni i korišteni za novu gradnju.

Objekt džamije u Todorovu nema krovne konstrukcije, niti prozora i vrata. Kameni zidovi džamije su gotovo u cijelosti sačuvani.

Literatura
 Hamdija Kreševljaković, Naše starine 1953 -Stari bosanski gradovi
 Husref Redžić, 2009 -Srednjovjekovni gradovi u Bosni i Hercegovini
 Madžida Bećirbegović, Publishing, Sarajevo, 1999. -Džamije s drvenom munarom u Bosni i Hercegovini

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Općina Velika Kladuša

Velika Kladuša
Utvrde u Bosni i Hercegovini

Tvrđava Todorovo


المتهمة فيلم مصري تم إخراج هنري بركات وبطولة آسيا داغر وزكي رستم.

قصة الفيلم
يحكى الفيلم قصة وكيل نيابة كامل يقوم بارسال تاجر مخدرات إلى السجن 15 عام فتحاول زوجته الانتقام من كامل بايهامه ان زوجته تخونه فيقع في شركهم ويصدق ان زوجته خائنة ويقوم بطردها وتتوالى الأحداث.

فريق العمل
إخراج: هنري بركات
تأليف:
 فتوح نشاطي (قصة)
 هنري بركات (سيناريو)
 يوسف جوهر (حوار)
إنتاج: لوتس فيلم (آسيا داغر)

بطولة
 آسيا داغر
 زكي رستم
 زينب صدقي
 عبد الفتاح القصري
 فردوس محمد
 عبد العزيز خليل
 أشرف أباظة
 أمينة نور الدين

روابط خارجية

 المتهمة على الدهليز
 المتهمة على كاروهات

مراجع

أفلام إنتاج لوتس فيلم
أفلام مصرية بالأبيض والأسود
أفلام زكي رستم
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 1942

المتهمة (فيلم 1942)


In commutative algebra, a Gorenstein local ring is a commutative Noetherian local ring R with finite injective dimension as an R-module. There are many equivalent conditions, some of them listed below, often saying that a Gorenstein ring is self-dual in some sense.

Gorenstein rings were introduced by Grothendieck in his 1961 seminar (published in ). The name comes from a duality property of singular plane curves studied by  (who was fond of claiming that he did not understand the definition of a Gorenstein ring). The zero-dimensional case had been studied by .  and  publicized the concept of Gorenstein rings.

Frobenius rings are noncommutative analogs of zero-dimensional Gorenstein rings. Gorenstein schemes are the geometric version of Gorenstein rings.

For Noetherian local rings, there is the following chain of inclusions.

Definitions

A Gorenstein ring is a commutative Noetherian ring such that each localization at a prime ideal is a Gorenstein local ring, as defined below. A Gorenstein ring is in particular Cohen–Macaulay.

One elementary characterization is: a Noetherian local ring R of dimension zero (equivalently, with R of finite length as an R-module) is Gorenstein if and only if HomR(k, R) has dimension 1 as a k-vector space, where k is the residue field of R. Equivalently, R has simple socle as an R-module. More generally, a Noetherian local ring R is Gorenstein if and only if there is a regular sequence a1,...,an in the maximal ideal of R such that the quotient ring R/( a1,...,an) is Gorenstein of dimension zero.

For example, if R is a commutative graded algebra over a field k such that R has finite dimension as a k-vector space, R = k ⊕ R1 ⊕ ... ⊕ Rm, then R is Gorenstein if and only if it satisfies Poincaré duality, meaning that the top graded piece Rm has dimension 1 and the product Ra  × Rm−a → Rm is a perfect pairing for every a.

Another interpretation of the Gorenstein property as a type of duality, for not necessarily graded rings, is: for a field F, a commutative F-algebra R of finite dimension as an F-vector space (hence of dimension zero as a ring) is Gorenstein if and only if there is an F-linear map e: R → F such that the symmetric bilinear form (x, y) := e(xy) on R (as an F-vector space) is nondegenerate.

For a commutative Noetherian local ring (R, m, k) of Krull dimension n, the following are equivalent:
 R has finite injective dimension as an R-module;
 R has injective dimension n as an R-module;
 The Ext group  for i ≠ n while
  for some i > n;
  for all i < n and
 R is an n-dimensional Gorenstein ring.

A (not necessarily commutative) ring R is called Gorenstein if R has finite injective dimension both as a left R-module and as a right R-module. If R is a local ring, R is said to be a local Gorenstein ring.

Examples

 Every local complete intersection ring, in particular every regular local ring, is Gorenstein.
The ring R =  k[x,y,z]/(x2, y2, xz, yz, z2−xy) is a 0-dimensional Gorenstein ring that is not a complete intersection ring. In more detail: a basis for R as a k-vector space is given by:  R is Gorenstein because the socle has dimension 1 as a k-vector space, spanned by z2. Alternatively, one can observe that R satisfies Poincaré duality when it is viewed as a graded ring with x, y, z all of the same degree. Finally. R is not a complete intersection because it has 3 generators and a minimal set of 5 (not 3) relations.

The ring R = k[x,y]/(x2, y2, xy) is a 0-dimensional Cohen–Macaulay ring that is not a Gorenstein ring. In more detail: a basis for R as a k-vector space is given by:  R is not Gorenstein because the socle has dimension 2 (not 1) as a k-vector space, spanned by x and y.

Properties
A Noetherian local ring is Gorenstein if and only if its completion is Gorenstein.

The canonical module of a Gorenstein local ring R is isomorphic to R. In geometric terms, it follows that the standard dualizing complex of a Gorenstein scheme X over a field is simply a line bundle (viewed as a complex in degree −dim(X)); this line bundle is called the canonical bundle of X. Using the canonical bundle, Serre duality takes the same form for Gorenstein schemes as in the smooth case.

In the context of graded rings R, the canonical module of a Gorenstein ring R is isomorphic to R with some degree shift.

For a Gorenstein local ring (R, m, k) of dimension n, Grothendieck local duality takes the following form. Let E(k) be the injective hull of the residue field k as an R-module. Then, for any finitely generated R-module M and integer i, the local cohomology group  is dual to  in the sense that:

Stanley showed that for a finitely generated commutative graded algebra R over a field k such that R is an integral domain, the Gorenstein property depends only on the Cohen–Macaulay property together with the Hilbert series

Namely, a graded domain R is Gorenstein if and only if it is Cohen–Macaulay and the Hilbert series is symmetric in the sense that

for some integer s, where n is the dimension of R.

Let (R, m, k) be a Noetherian local ring of embedding codimension c, meaning that c = dimk(m/m2) − dim(R). In geometric terms, this holds for a local ring of a subscheme of codimension c in a regular scheme. For c at most 2, Serre showed that R is Gorenstein if and only if it is a complete intersection. There is also a structure theorem for Gorenstein rings of codimension 3 in terms of the Pfaffians of a skew-symmetric matrix, by Buchsbaum and Eisenbud.

Notes

References

See also
 Commutative algebra
 Ring theory
 Wiles's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem

Commutative algebra

Gorenstein ring


أكاديمية الشروق هي من المعاهد العالية الخاصة المصرية وفقا لقانون تنظيم المعاهد العالية الخاصة ومعادلة من قبل المجلس الأعلى للجامعات وفقا لقانون تنظيم الجامعات مما يتيح التسجيل بالدراسات العليا (ماجستير/ دكتوراة) بالجامعات الحكومية والحاصلة على شهادة الاعتماد وفقا لقانون الهيئة القومية لضمان جودة التعليم والاعتماد، وقد أنشئت عام 1995، وتتضمن تخصصات هندسة وحاسبات ونظم المعلومات وإعلام ونظم معلومات ادارية ومحاسبة.

مقرات الأكاديمية
 المقر الرئيسي، يتضمن:
 المعهد العالي للهندسة بمدينة الشروق.
 المعهد العالي للحاسبات وتكنولوجيا المعلومات بمدينة الشروق.
 المقر الفرعي، يتضمن:
 المعهد الدولي العالي للإعلام بمدينة الشروق.

المعاهد

المعهد العالي للهندسة بمدينة الشروق
أنشئ بتاريخ .

لغة الدراسة بالمعهد هي اللغة الإنجليزية، ومدة الدراسة بالمعهد 5 سنوات دراسية للحصول على درجة البكالوريوس في الهندسة والتسجيل في القسم في الفرقة الأولى بعد الفرقة الإعدادية.

حيث يمنح الخريج شهادة الدرجة العلمية (بكالوريوس) من الإدارة المركزية للتعليم الخاص بوزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي وذلك بعد قرار إعتماد نتيجة امتحانات الفرق النهائية من وزير التعليم العالى والبحث العلمى

ويمنح الخريج أيضا قرار معادلة الدرجة العلمية (بكالوريوس) من المجلس الأعلى للجامعات

ويمنح الخريج أيضا قرار الاعتماد من الهيئة القومية لضمان جودة التعليم والاعتماد.

الأقسام
 قسم هندسة الاتصالات والحاسبات (شعبة الحاسبات والتحكم/ شعبة الالكترونيات والاتصالات).
 قسم هندسة القوى والآلات الكهربية.
 قسم هندسة كيميائية.
 قسم هندسة حيوية طبية ومنظومات.
 قسم هندسة مدنية.
 قسم هندسة معمارية.

المعهد العالي للحاسبات وتكنولوجيا المعلومات بمدينة الشروق
أنشئ بتاريخ .

لغة الدراسة بالمعهد هي اللغة الإنجليزية لقسم حاسبات ونظم المعلومات واللغة العربية والإنجليزية لقسم نظم معلومات إدارية واللغة العربية لقسم محاسبة.
مدة الدراسة بالمعهد 4 سنوات دراسية للحصول على درجة البكالوريوس في الحاسبات ونظم المعلومات المعادل ببكالوريوس حاسبات ومعلومات تخصص علوم الحاسب ودرجة البكالوريوس في نظم المعلومات الادارية أو المحاسبة المعادل ببكالوريوس تجارة تخصص نظم المعلومات الادارية أو المحاسبة والتسجيل في القسم في الفرقة الأولى.

حيث يمنح الخريج شهادة الدرجة العلمية (بكالوريوس) من الإدارة المركزية للتعليم الخاص بوزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي وذلك بعد قرار إعتماد نتيجة امتحانات الفرق النهائية من وزير التعليم العالى والبحث العلمى

ويمنح الخريج أيضا قرار معادلة الدرجة العلمية (بكالوريوس) من المجلس الأعلى للجامعات

ويمنح الخريج أيضا قرار الاعتماد من الهيئة القومية لضمان جودة التعليم والاعتماد.

الأقسام
 قسم حاسبات ونظم المعلومات.
 قسم نظم معلومات إدارية.
 قسم محاسبة.

المعهد الدولي العالي للإعلام بمدينة الشروق
أنشئ بتاريخ .

لغة الدراسة بالمعهد هي اللغة العربية. مدة الدراسة بالمعهد 4 سنوات دراسية للحصول على درجة البكالوريوس في الإعلام والتسجيل في القسم في الفرقة الثالثة.

حيث يمنح الخريج شهادة الدرجة العلمية (بكالوريوس) من الإدارة المركزية للتعليم الخاص بوزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي وذلك بعد قرار إعتماد نتيجة امتحانات الفرق النهائية من وزير التعليم العالى والبحث العلمى

ويمنح الخريج أيضا قرار معادلة الدرجة العلمية (بكالوريوس) من المجلس الأعلى للجامعات.

الأقسام

 قسم صحافة.
 قسم إذاعة وتليفزيون.
 قسم علاقات عامة وإعلام.

إدارات
 وحدة الجودة.
 مركز التنمية المستدامة.
 شئون الخريجين.
 وحدة  إدارة الازمات والمخاطر.
 إدارة الأمن والخدمات.
 إدارة الشئون الإدارية.
 إدارة الشئون القانونية.
 إدارة الشئون المالية.
 إدارة الامتحانات.
 إدارة نظم المعلومات.
 إدارة المشتريات والمخازن.
 إدارة تداول المعلومات.
 إدارة رعاية الطلاب.
 إدارة المتابعة.
 إدارة العلاقات العامة.
 قسم الورش والصيانة.
 إدارة  النقل.
 إدارة المكتبات.
 وحدة البحث العلمي والدراسات العليا.
 وحدة دعم الطلاب.
 إدارة شئون الطلاب.
 إدارة خدمة المجتمع وشئون الخريجين.
 إدارة التدريب.
 إدارة الإسكان الطلابي.
 الإدارة الطبية.
 إدارة شئون المقر.

انظر أيضًا
 قائمة جامعات مصر.
 إحصائيات القبول بالجامعات المصرية.

المراجع

التعليم في القاهرة
تأسيسات سنة 1995 في مصر
جامعات خاصة في مصر
جامعات مصر
هيئات تعليمية أسست في 1995

أكاديمية الشروق


The Soap Box Derby is a youth-oriented soap box car racing program which has been running in the United States since 1934. Proclaimed "the greatest amateur racing event in the world," the FirstEnergy All-American World Championship is held each July at Derby Downs in Akron, Ohio with winners from their local communities travelling from across the US, Canada, Germany and Japan to compete. 2023 marks the 85th running of the All-American since its inception in 1934 in Dayton, OH, having missed four years (1942-1945) during World War II and one (2020) during the COVID pandemic. Cars competing in this and related events race downhill, propelled by gravity alone.

The Soap Box Derby expanded quickly across the US from the very beginning, bolstered largely by a generous financial campaign by its national sponsor, Chevrolet Motor Company. At the same time there was enthusiastic support from coast to coast of numerous local newspapers that published aggressively during the summer months when races were held, with stories boasting of their own community races and of their Champion travelling to Akron with dreams of capturing a National title and hometown glory. In 1936 the All-American had its own purpose-built track constructed at what is now Derby Downs, with some communities across America following suit with tracks of their own.

Its greatest years occurred during the Fifties and Sixties when viewer turnout at the All-American reached 100,000 spectators, and racer participation was at an all-time high. From the very beginning, technical and car-design innovation happened rapidly, so Derby officials drafted ways of governing the sport so that it did not become too hazardous as speed records were being challenged. At Derby Downs the track length was shortened twice to slow the cars down.

The seventies brought significant changes, beginning with the introduction of girls to the sport in 1971. The following year Chevrolet dropped its sponsorship, sending Derby Downs into a tailspin that threatened its very future. Racer enrollment plummeted the following year. In 1973 a scandal hit Derby Downs with the discovery that their World Champion had cheated, and was thus disqualified, further exacerbating an uncertain future. In 1975 Karren Stead won the World Championship, paving the way for more girls to get involved. Today they excel at the sport. Finally there was Derby's decision to divide the competition with the introduction of the Junior Division kit cars in 1976.

As fiscal challenges continued, the Derby instituted new guidelines by redrafting the Official race divisions into three: Stock, Super Stock and Masters. With it came the availability of the prefabricated fiber glass kit racers which kids could now purchase, this to appeal to a new generation of racers uncomfortable with constructing their own cars from scratch, as well as to help Derby effectively meet its financial obligations. Leading into the 21st Century it has continued to expand with the inclusion of the Rally Program racers at the All-American in 1993, the creation of the Ultimate Speed Challenge in 2004 and the Legacy Division in 2019.

Introduction

The Soap Box Derby, promoted as "the greatest amateur racing event in the world," is a largely volunteer-driven, family-oriented sporting activity for youth conducted across the US and around the world. Local or regional races are held yearly, with winners from each sent to compete at the All-American Soap Box Derby World Championship, officially the FirstEnergy All-American Soap Box Derby World Championship, which occurs every July at Derby Downs in Akron, OH. Oversight is by the All-American Soap Box Derby organization, or AASBD, run by a paid administrative staff headquartered at Derby Downs.

The name Soap Box Derby is a registered trademark, and used to identify the sport overall, with those actively involved referring to it simply as "Derby." The official name FirstEnergy All-American Soap Box Derby is used solely to identify the annual World Championship race itself, and referred to similarly as "the All-American."

Eligibility to race in the Soap Box Derby is open to anyone aged 7 through 20, with participants divided by age into three Divisions, with a specific car design assigned for each: Stock, the entry level Division for ages 7–13, Super Stock, for mid-level kids ages 9–18, and Masters, the senior level for ages 10–20 and a design where the occupant rides in the fully reclined position. Cars come un-assembled in kits purchased from the AASBD, the only visibly common component of all three designs being the Official wheels sets which are available for purchase as well.

While working with a mentor is permitted, kids are expected to assemble the cars themselves in order to develop the skills necessary for the car to pass inspection before they are qualified to race.

Beginnings

Kids playing on home-made scooters and go karts in the 1930s was not an unfamiliar sight in the streets of America, and racing in organized events was an inevitable outcome of it. As early as 1904 Germany conducted its first soapbox race for kids, and in 1914 there was the Junior Vanderbilt Cup in Venice, CA that held a kids race as well.

The Soap Box Derby story began on June 10, 1933 when six boys were racing homemade push carts in Dayton, OH, among them William Condit whose father suggested they have a race and that he would contact the local newspaper to have them cover it. The other participants were Dean Gattwood, Tracey Geiger, Jr., Robert Gravett, James P. Hobstetter and William Pickrel, Jr.. Of the six, Condit won that race, with Gravett taking second.

Myron Scott, a 25-year-old photojournalist for the Dayton Daily News looking for ideas for its Sunday Picture Page, was one of two photographers that got the call, and accepting the assignment ventured out to investigate. Seeing the appeal of a kids story like this he asked the boys to return in two weeks with more of their friends so he could host a race of his own. When they did nineteen showed up, bringing with them racers made of packing crates and soap boxes, sheets of tin and whatever else they could find. The race was held on Big Hill Road in Oakwood, a south-side neighborhood of Dayton, with a crowd of onlookers coming to watch. Seizing on a publicity opportunity, Scott decided to plan an even bigger city-wide event with the support of his employer, the Dayton Daily News, which recognized the hope-inspiring and goodwill nature of the story—especially during the Depression. It posted advertisements of it almost daily to stir interest, and included an application which stipulated "for anything on four wheels that will coast" for the kids to fill out. A date was set for August 19, 1933 to host a parade, the race to occur a day after, and the location chosen as Burkhardt Hill, a straight, westbound slope on Burdhardt Ave east of Downtown Dayton.

On the appointed weekend a turnout of 460 kids along with 40,000 onlookers caught everyone by surprise, and Scott knew he was onto something big. From the original 460 cars, 362 were deemed safe enough to participate, including Robert Gravett, the only boy from the original Oakwood six that made an appearance. At day's end sixteen year old Randy Custer (pictured), who also hailed from Oakwood, took the championship in his "slashing yellow comet" on three wheels, with eleven year old Alice Johnson—who shocked many when they saw she was a girl after removing her helmet—taking runner-up.

Scott immediately set about making the race an All-American event the following year, and sought a national sponsor, selling the idea successfully to the Chevrolet Motor Company to co-sponsor with the Dayton Daily News. He was also able to induce many newspapers from coast to coast to sponsor local races on the merits that the story would increase circulation. From the photographs taken at the very first race of the six boys, he selected runner-up Robert Gravett's entry as the archetypal soap box car, and designed it into the national logo along with the now official name, Soap Box Derby, which became a registered trademark.

First All-American

The very first All-American Soap Box Derby race was held on August 19, 1934 at the same location as the Dayton city-wide race in 1933, on a track that measured out at 1,980 feet. Watched by a crowd estimated at 45,000, boys from 34 cities compete in the all day affair, with Robert Turner of Muncie, Indiana, piloting a car riding on bare metal wheels with no bearings, becoming the first All-American Champion. Charles Baer of Akron won the All-Ohio Championship, and in a separate race category called Blue Flame for boys aged 16 to 18, Eugene Franke of Dayton, piloting a scaled-down version of a professional motorized racer, took the crown.

In 1935 Akron civic leaders convinced program organizers to move the event to Akron, OH due to its central location and hilly terrain. A long, eastbound grade on Tallmadge Ave. located at the east end of the city, and the site of 1934 Akron local race, was used for this year's national event, and a date was set for August 11, 1935.  Scott decided to discontinue the Blue Flame race category as turnout last year was low. Fifty-two champs from across the nation made the trip to Akron, greeted by a throng of 50,000 on race day, with Maurice Bale of Anderson, IN in a sleek, metal-clad racer taking the top prize. One mishap was an accident that captured the public's interest, even boosting the event's profile worldwide, when a car piloted by Oklahoma City's Paul Brown went off the track and struck NBC's Graham McNamee and Tom Manning while they were broadcasting, an incident that continued being described live on the air as it happened.

Marketing the Derby

The Soap Box Derby swept across America quickly during the Depression when dreams of winning the All-American became quite popular with boys. Within a year of its inauguration, tens of thousands of them were constructing racers for a chance to travel to Akron for fame and glory. The added inducement of winning a college scholarship was also a chance at a more promising future, something any parent would want for their child during a time when life was a challenge. Print media made celebrities of winners in Derby events at the local and national level, with world champs having their faces show up on the front page of every newspaper covering the event.

Chevrolet's campaign in promoting the Derby promulgated these ideas, something America needed at the time. However Chevrolet's sponsoring of the Derby was ostensibly a money-making enterprise, and with the Depression well underway by 1934 and programs like the WPA being implemented to bolster the economy, the idea of a kids' recreational program like the Derby—boys in cars—seemed an excellent marketing opportunity to sell its main product—cars—to their parents. During the Depression kids had little access to organized activities like team sports or television, so getting them get behind a singular national event like Derby was an easy sell with an undeniable appeal. Chevrolet dealerships acted as agents for the Derby, where kids would sign up and purchase wheels and axles to get started on their cars, and since a child was usually accompanied by a parent, what better way to get mom or dad—who waited patiently while their child filled out an application—to check out the latest models in the showroom.

Awards

Awards at the All-American started with the first-place silver trophy and a four-year college or university scholarship of their choice. Second and third place were awarded a brand new Chevrolet and a smaller silver trophy similar in design to the first place award. Technical awards went to the best constructed (C.F. Kettering Trophy) and best upholstered entries, as well as the car with the best brake. At the local level, boys that won and qualified to attend the All-American were awarded the M. E. Coyle (silver) Trophy, named after Chevrolet General Manager (1933-1946) M. E. Coyle (1888-1961), and a cash prize. Beginning in 1950, they received the T. H. Keating Award plaque, named after Chevrolet Sales Manager T. H. Keating. Technical honors for cars with best construction, best upholstery and best brake were awarded as well.

Derby Downs

Because of the growing popularity of the event, a larger and more permanent home was needed, and a dedicated track was constructed in 1936. Chief among those that spearheaded the project were Bain "Shorty" Fulton, manager of Akron's Fulton Airport, and Jim Schlemmer, sports editor of the Akron Beacon Journal. A site was chosen by the airport, a tract of land occupied at the time by a ski slope, which the City of Akron agreed to lease to the Soap Box Derby organization for $1 per year. Following its announcement on July 29, 1936, construction began on a  paved track with landscaping, installation of the rented grandstands and bleachers, and the erection of a wooden, two-deck bridge over the finish line, all by WPA workers. Of the 1,600 feet,  of it was the race course, with the top staging area and bottom run-out comprising the remainder. Extensive infrastructural provisions were made for the expected media as well.

Exactly three weeks later, on August 16, 1936, the first All-American at Derby Downs (officially the 3rd All-American) was run. A pre-race parade with 11 bands entertained a throng of nearly 100,000 who were welcomed officially by Governor Martin L. Davey and Mayor Lee D. Schroy. Competing in the race were 116 boys from across America and one from South Africa, making this the first World Championship. Witnessed by a cadre of 500 media personal from around the globe was 3rd All-American Champion Herbert Muench, Jr. 14, of St. Louis, MO taking home the top prize of a $2,000 four-year college scholarship.

Now that Derby had a home it was able to cater to the increasing participation of still more communities organizing additional local races and sending champs of their own. At the Inaugural All-American the number of boys that entered was 34, but by 1936 that number had exploded to 116. In 1939 there were 176 cities that wanted to participate, but due to Derby Downs' limit to just 120 cars at the time, some communities had to double up or hold regional races in order to send just one boy representing multiple communities instead of two or more. Even by 1935 there were an estimated 50,000 boys across America that were already building cars in order to participate.

In 1940 the popularity of the sport meant that the All-American would accommodate 130 cars from around the world, increasing to 148 by the end of the decade. In 1959 that number was raised to 170, and by 1969 a total of 257 cars came to Akron. Today the All-American comprises three Official Divisions across multiple categories, and in 2023 reached 320 participants.

The Golden Years

Following WWII and a return home of its service personnel, America embraced a new optimism and chance for greater prosperity, thanks partly to the G.I. Bill introduced in 1944. In 1946 the Soap Box Derby returned as well, and Chevrolet wasted no time in marketing the Derby with the same amount of pomp and pageantry it lavished upon the boys half a decade earlier. By now the Derby was a national obsession for many boys who thought of nothing better than to construct their cars in the hopes of making it to Akron. Considered to be Soap Box Derby's heyday or "golden age," attendance at the All-American reached its peak at 100,000 each year. When two or three cars were raced neck and neck, or the hometown boy took his turn down the hill, the cheers from the grandstand would drown out the race announcer over the loudspeaker.

Part of the attraction of the All-American was the parade of celebrities that made appearances annually at the All-American every summer. Names like Abbot and Costello, the cast from TV's Bewitched, Lorne Greene and the cast from Bonanza, Rock Hudson, Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, Roy Rogers, Dinah Shore, Jimmy Stewart, and Adam West were promoted by Chevrolet leading up to the annual race. Jimmy Stewart made the most appearances in Akron, six in all—1947-1950, 1952 and 1957. Into the 1970s, other celebrities included Peter Fonda, George Takei and Tom Hanks

The Derby family

This period witnessed the growth of the Derby family (pictured), with fathers who were once racers themselves now putting their own sons into cars to compete. Often with mom's help or support, even sister, an uncle or cousin  throwing in, Derby became a family enterprise where two or more brothers would possibly compete against one another in their local race, or a boy would build a car for each year he competed, passing it down to a younger sibling as he outgrew it. Soap Box Derby's "boy built" rule was understood—albeit frivolously—to mean that dad could help to some degree with his son's construction of the car, which was most often the case, but the outcome meant that father and son worked together, forging a healthy and long lasting relationship that became the backbone of the Soap Box Derby. As with any sport involving family participation, there were parents wanting nothing more than to win at all cost, particularly since the stakes were so high, with a kid acting simply as jockey, piloting a car that was built by an adult or hired professional. This became a growing concern and constant complaint heard around various races, with officials eventually taking measures to guard against such occurrences.

With each year, Derby regulations were amended and standardized to ensure the safety of drivers. After the war the use of windscreens on cars were still allowed, but by 1948 they were banned outright. Wheels were also standardized with the introduction of the Official Soap Box Derby Tire and axle set that a boy could purchase at his neighborhood Chevy dealership. Weight and dimension restrictions of the car remained generally the same during this time, but as more subtle rules changes were being introduced by the late Sixties, car designs became more creative and even outlandish in response.

The Seventies

In the late Sixties enrollment at the Soap Box Derby was at an all-time-high, with craftsmanship and car design exploring innovative new concepts that favored drivers in a full lay-down position instead of the standard sit-up configuration. At the onset of the 1970s Derby Downs was confronted with social pressure brought on by the Women's Liberation Movement demanding that institutions like the Soap Box Derby embrace more modern trends. In 1971 it was announced therefore that girls would be allowed to race for the first time.

Girls join Derby

In 1933 Alice Johnson (1921-1985) was one of two girls to race at the very first city-wide soap box race in Dayton, having constructed her car with the help of her father, Dayton aviator Edward "Al" Johnson. Taking second, she was awarded a bouquet of flowers from winner Randall Custer, and a boy's bike.  The following year she raced again in the Dayton local race, taking third.

No Derby Rule Book ever stated that girls were unable to compete officially, but it was suggested in the language of promotional material and newspaper advertisements, with Chevrolet dealerships even refusing to accept girl applicants or sell them wheels and axles. There was also resistance from many, including its founder Myron Scott, who stated that he devised the sport to be exclusively 'boys only' from the start. Counter to this, popular opinion was positing a more liberal stance, with Chevrolet receiving legal pressure from local Derby organizations wishing to enter girls. This coupled with that fact that former racers that were now dads wanted to participate in Derby once more by putting their child into a car, but only had daughters. Mason Bell, general manager of the Soap Box Derby from 1964 to 1972, knew that it was only a matter of time before girls be let in.

Unlike most organized sports, the Soap Box Derby chose not to split competition along gender lines by creating a separate category for each, meaning that girls would go up against boys on an equal footing. At the 34th All-American, Rebecca Carol Phillips was the very first girl to take a run down the track at Derby Downs, racing the first heat in lane 1, and winning it. The following year two girls cracked the top ten in a field of 236 entries: Priscilla Freeman of Chapel Hill, NC, who took 5th, and Karen Johnson of Suburban Detroit, MI, who came 7th. In no time the girls equaled the boys, and in 1975 the first female World Champion honor fell to Karren Stead, 11, (her car pictured) of Lower Bucks County, PA., who not only won but did so in an arm cast she acquired a few days earlier after an injury at Derby Camp.

Chevrolet bows out

By the Sixties there were concerns among Derby officials about Chevrolet's continued sponsorship of the Soap Box Derby, filling Derby Downs with a sense of uncertainty leading up to the Seventies. Till now Chevrolet was the Derby's sole national sponsor, and a generous one at that, but questions within the General Motors management was whether it was still benefiting from its investment. Derby general manager Mason Bell was aware of these concerns and worked tirelessly to keep Chevrolet on board as long as possible. GM general manager John DeLorean stated on record that he felt the Derby was outdated and too expensive to hold, so the hard decision fell to him, and on September 28, 1972 it was announced that Chevrolet would end its sponsorship. The Akron Chamber of Commerce stepped up to ensure that the World Championship race the following year would take place, but the budget could not come close to match Chevrolet's nearly $1 million annual budget, though Chevrolet did pledge a final $30,000 for the 1973 race. They also transferred all rights and chattels over to the new sponsor for a single settlement of $1, including the Soap Box Derby name and logo, and capital used in staging the All-American like structures, finish-line bridge, bleachers and equipment. The All-American was held successfully in 1973, but enrollment had dropped by almost half.

The cheating scandal

Following Chevrolet's stepping down as national sponsor, Derby Downs was beset by a cheating scandal that threatened to damage its credibility as a trusted American institution. In 1973, World Champion Jimmy Gronen, 14, of Boulder, Colorado was stripped of his title just two days after being crowned the winner after he was caught cheating. Unusual discrepancies surrounding Gronen's margins of victory and heat times tipped off Derby officials, and an investigation of his car (pictured left) was conducted using X-ray examination, which revealed an electromagnet in the nose of the car, along with electrical wires connected it to a battery. By Gronen leaning his helmet against a switch hidden in the helmet faring (pictured right) of the car's body, the electromagnet became charged, effectively making the nose of the car grab the steel plate of the starting gate. When the gate swung forward, freeing the cars so they could start their run, Gronen's car was pulled forward as well, giving it a boost. Videotape of the race showed a suspiciously sudden lead for Gronen just a few feet after each heat began. Other suspicions were Gronen's heat times progressively slowing down as the race wore on—heat times usually get faster each time a racer completes a heat—as the battery drained power each time the circuit was closed, reducing the effectiveness of the magnet. The margin of victory for a race heat is normally no more than . Gronen's early heat victories were in the  range.

Midway through the race, Derby officials also replaced Gronen's wheels after chemicals were found to be applied to the wheels' rubber. The chemicals caused the tire rubber to swell, which reduced the rolling resistance of the tire. In the final heat, Gronen finished narrowly ahead of Brent Yarborough, who was declared the 1973 champion two days later.

Gronen's uncle and legal guardian at the time, wealthy engineer Robert Lange, was indicted for contributing to the delinquency of a minor and paid a $2,000 settlement.

Derby rebuilds

By the end of the year the Akron Chamber of Commerce severed ties with the Derby Downs, which now needed a new sponsor. The next month the Akron Jaycees Junior Chamber of Commerce instituted the "Save the All-American Committee", which became the All-American Soap Box Derby, Inc. led by Ron D. Baker, general manager at Derby Downs from 1974 till 1977. In preparation for the 1974 season, new rules were instituted to govern against the possibility of a repeat of previous year's cheating scandal. The gates at the starting line were rendered magnet-proof, and pre-race inspections now involved questioning the boys to verify whether they did in fact construct their racers. The cars themselves had to be constructed in a way that judges could now inspect their interiors from front to back to uncover anything suspect, meaning access doors had to be designed into the car bodies, usually over the front and rear axles. Local sponsors sending a champion to the Akron had to sign an affidavit attesting to the legal compliance of the car being shipped.

The 1974 All-American race was a success, though again the attendance had dropped, and three cars were disqualified, receiving protests from parents, yet praise from others wanting to protect the integrity of the Derby. Curt Yarborough, 11, of Elk Grove, CA was crowned World Champion in a field of 99 entries, and claiming the first back-to-back win of siblings at the All-American, following his younger brother Brent Yarborough, who won the year prior.

New sponsor

As the 1975 season was winding down, the Soap Box Derby still had no sponsor. In late November Barberton, OH firm Novar Electronics pledged $165,000 for the All-American the following year, almost double what was spent on the previous two years combined. Novar president James H. Ott felt that loosing a popular institution like the Soap Box the Derby in Akron would be a tragedy, especially during America's bi-centennial, admitting that most of the management personal, including himself, were born in Akron. The agreement with Derby Downs was to continue with the annual contribution, stipulating that it would give a three-year lead time if Novar intended to end its sponsorship, avoiding the shock of Chevrolet's stepping down a few years prior. Novar's annual contributions continued until 1988 when a fiscal downturn forced them to withdraw.

Junior Division

Following the girl's entry into the sport that culminated in Karren Stead's World Championship win in 1975, Derby Downs implemented another big change to the All-American with the introduction in 1976 of a new race category, the Junior Division. Open to kids ages ten through twelve, it became an entry-level tier with an entirely new, "patterned" car design sold as a kit, with easy-to-follow instructions, and included everything except the wood and tools to build a complete racer. Kids ages twelve through fifteen, now identified as the Senior Division, would continue to construct cars from scratch. This now meant that the All-American would crown two champions, a Junior and Senior, making Karren Stead the last sole Champion at the All-American. Champions for 1976 were Joan Ferdinand of Canton, OH in the Senior Division and Phil Raber of New Philadelphia, OH in the Junior. 1976 also had the distinction of allowing the return of windscreens, permitted on Junior cars only—Raber's champ car had one—but this was discontinued the following year and has remained so ever since.

Expansion

The years leading into the 21st Century were occupied by administrative efforts of the Soap Box Derby to maintain fiscal solvency, with Derby Downs continuing to secure a national sponsor. In 1988 Novar's twelve-year financial campaign supporting the Derby ended, but First National Bank of Ohio  quickly stepped up with support of $175,000 per year for two years, plus $25,000 for promotions. This was followed by candy maker Leaf, Inc. from 1993 to 1994. In 1998 Goodyear made contributions as a national sponsor, with NASCAR partnering with Home Depot and Levi Strauss Signature from 2002 to 2007 in support of the Derby. In 2012 FirstEnergy joined the effort with continued support through 2023.

Following the creation of the second Junior Division in 1976, the names of the divisions were changed, with Senior becoming the Masters Division, and Junior becoming the Kit Car Division. Pursuant to that the first fully pre-fabricated kit racer, which meant that kid no longer had to build a car from scratch, was introduced. Designed by 1967 World Champion Ken Cline, it comprised a fiberglass body shell, floorboard, axles and hardware that a child could assemble in four hours.

A third division

To expand enrollment further, Derby introduced a third category in 1992, called the Stock Division, which now became the entry-level tier for drivers, with the Kit Car Division elevated to a new middle-category. This meant that there would be three champions at the All-American instead of two, each representing their division. The Masters racer remained the only non-kit car that racers had to fabricate from scratch until 1999, when a prefabricated Masters kit, called the "Scottie" was made available for sale.

Since 1976, the top-tier Senior/Master Division cars were fully-reclined lay-down designs, while the Junior and Kit cars remained sit-ups. In the mid-90s however, many Masters cars returned to the sit-up configuration, with James Marsh winning the 1998 Masters Division World Championship in a sit-up design. By the time the "Scottie" Masters Division kit, named after Derby creator Myron Scott, was introduced in 2001, the top-tier cars have remained full lay-downs ever since. Today the three Official Divisions of the Soap Box Derby are Stock (formerly Junior), Super Stock, (formerly Kit) and Masters.

Rally Division

In 1986 the Rally Division was introduced, created as a "grand-prix style" race to give competitors greater experience and the ability to race in more competitions outside their own local community. Racers would compete in a district, of which there were ten in all, amassing points while competing at several races in that district. The highest-scoring car from each district would compete at the Rally World Championship, inaugurated in 1993.

International Derby

In 1936 the Soap Box Derby became an international affair when cars from outside the US participated at the All-American National race in Akron, with a competitor from South Africa in 1936 and another from Canada in 1937. Three cars from abroad entered in 1938: Canada, Hawaii (not yet a US State) and Panama, although Hawaii was permitted to participate as an American entry. Other participants since then have included Germany, Guam, Ireland, Japan, New Zealand, the Philippines, Puerto Rico and Venezuela.

Canada

Canada was one of the earliest entries into organizing its own local races outside the US, chief among them the Kinsmen Coaster Classic, which debuted in Montreal in 1938. Two of Canada's most prominent entries were Mission City (now Mission, BC), and St. Catharines, ON, both of whom were affiliated with the  Soap Box Derby as official franchises and were qualified to sent champs to the All-American in Akron. Mission acquired the rights to the Western Canada Soapbox Derby Championships in 1946 and the Mission Regional Chamber of Commerce, previously named the Mission City & District Board of Trade, organized the event annually until 1973.  It resumed again in 1999. St. Catharines ran races from 1947 till 1972. From among Canada's many attempts at capturing a World Championship, St. Catharines fared the best at Derby Downs, with Andy Vasko taking third place at the 20th All-American in 1957 against 158 other competitors. In the non-competitive category honoring technical achievements, St. Catharines' Ken Thomas took home the Best Construction Award at the 30th All-American in 1967. Today Canada remains active in various communities across the nation and continues to send participants to Akron.

Germany

Germany, the most active member of the international Derby community, began races in 1949 in what was then the US-occupation zone of Germany and Berlin. Its national sponsor was Adam Opel Automobile Works, which took over from US Armed Forces in 1951, and supplied the official wheels used on the cars. Over the next ten years this led to 214 communities sending local champs to the German Nationals, its overall champion representing Germany at the All-American in Akron. Derby remains active in Germany.

Rules

One of Derby's first rules was that the car had to be "boy-built," without the assistance of an adult. This was seldom the case as most boys did require some help simply because they lacked the skills to perform such a feat, acquiring them eventually as the car was constructed while working with an adult. In the early days a boy was allowed assistance from a friend or other individual under the age of sixteen. To guarantee that boys strictly obeyed the rule, pre-race inspection of the car would have judges randomly ask that he demonstrate his knowledge of its construction if there was doubt about who actually built it. The rules also stipulated that the car must be driven by the boy that built it, though in the event that he came down with an illness or injury and was therefore unable to race, he was permitted to name a substitute driver to go in his place.

At Derby's inaugural race in 1934 as many as five or six cars raced at once in a single heat, but this ended for safety reasons with the introduction of lanes. Since then cars have raced in two or three lanes in single elimination heats. Once a contestant loses they are out of the race, though to make things fairer double elimination racing has become the norm to this day. Race contestants at the local level were divided into two classes based on age: 9-12 raced as class B, 13-15 as class A. Each class declared a winner, who then raced each other in the final. That winner would be declared the overall Champion and become eligible to compete at the All-American in Akron as a representative of their home town. The class distinctions was replaced eventually by the three official divisions.

Construction

Derby regulations regarding the construction of racers played an integral role in their design, since cars had to comply with size and weight restrictions. They included a maximum weight of  for both car and driver (verified during a weigh-in prior to the race), an overall length of no more than , a wheelbase of no less than , height not to exceed  and a wheel tread of between  and . The front axle was to be mounted on a single kingpin, and directional control governed by steel cables, a single steering column and wheel. No ropes were allowed. The brake was to be a friction or drag type, usually an armature through the floor that was activated by a foot pedal. Wheels were to be the solid rubber type, not pneumatic, and measure no more than  in diameter, a limit that began in 1937. Finally the driver was to be seated upright, though the practice was to crouch forward to minimize wind resistance. Pre-race inspections verified that the car was well constructed according to strict observance of the rules, and safe to drive.

Restrictions

As governance increased and each year's Official Rules Book was updated, restrictions were implemented to maintain safety. Windscreens were popular design features used since 1934 that helped improve streamlining and thus overall speed, so to limit that they were banned in 1948. They were permitted again in 1976 when they could be fitted on the new Junior-Division racers, but were dropped a year later. Between 2004 and 2014 they re-emerged at Ultimate Speed Challenge races, but have since been banned outright, no longer being permitted at any sanctioned Soap Box Derby race. In 1953 use of vertical-mounted steering columns was cut from the rule book, allowing horizontal columns only, though today's modern kits all run with standardized, pre-fabricated vertical steering columns. In 1965 lead and steel were permitted in the construction of the car, which was an asset in being able to add weight. In 1979 the rules stipulated that axles remain exposed on the Senior Division cars like they were on the Juniors. In response, builders installed taught wires between the nose of the car and the front wheels, called "Kite steering" to improve aerodynamics that were lost when airfoils over the axles were disallowed.

Car design

Design and construction of a Soap Box Derby car usually reflected the skills of the kid that built it, and as time passed each iteration with each new generation benefited from the previous on how a car would look. Before the introduction of kit cars in 1976, all cars were one-of-a kind creations, some looking outlandishly unique in their experimentation with form and function. Like any evolutionary process (pictured), if innovations were successful at the track they were passed on.

Sit-up cars

The majority of Soap Box Derby cars were—and remain—piloted by occupants in the sit-up position, and before 1964 was the only method allowed by the rules. Having not yet acquired the skills, boys usually learned as they went, building simple-to-construct, boxy designs—plywood or metal skin, even fabric, over a bulkhead/floorboard framework. As cars became more aerodynamic and curvy, other techniques were used such as papier-mâché and chicken wire, which were among the many options suggested in the Official Rules Book. Construction of this type produced cars that performed well at races including the All-American, with some taking World Champion.

Examples of basic sit-ups that won in Akron are Derwin Cooper of Williamsport, PA who took the All-American in 1951, and Harold "Bo" Conrad from Duluth, MN who did the same in 1963.

Laminate cars

Boys learned to build more sophisticated racers that took streamlining into consideration, with the result being more curvaceous designs. To achieve this the more skillful entries were made from laminate construction, sandwiching multiple layers of lumber laid horizontally or vertically and held together with fasteners or glue. The intent was to create a sturdy hollow shell in the shape a car, the hollow cavity meant to accommodate the driver and various control mechanisms like the brake and steering. Once the glue had cured the outside of the shell had to be hewn into a more precise aerodynamic shape, using a hand plane or saw, then sanded smooth until the final form was achieved. With floorboards as thick as four inches, these cars ended up being considerably heavy, which was a useful advantage when smaller drivers needed the additional weight. Though time-consuming it was a technique used successfully by skilled builders, but "next to impossible," as stated by Myron Scott in 1950, for most boys. Derby Downs felt that its use placed an unfair advantage over other kids building the more common, boxy designs, so in 1950 banned its use. The following year the rule was rescinded, and laminates continued being built as late as 1970.

Examples of laminate construction are found in cars piloted by Thomas Fisher of Detroit, MI who won the All-American in 1940,  Garland Ross, Jr.(pictured) of Muncie, IN who raced as a class B entry from 1949 to 1951, Donald Klepsch of Detroit, MI who won his local in 1949, and William Smith who took the Mobile, AL championship in 1964.

Sight grooves and other Sixties innovations

Peculiar innovations appearing from the late-Fifties to the late-Sixties were cars fitted with clefts (pictured) or depressions running axially along the fore-deck, called 'sight-grooves', through which drivers could see ahead while slumped low in the cockpit. Other innovations saw the front axles being placed further aft in an attempt to place as much weight of the car rearward, meaning as high up the hill from the finish line, to gain even a hundredth of a second advantage. 1967 World Champion Ken Cline's low-profile racer, called the "Grasshopper", was the first World Champion with a car configured in this way. Cockpit tonneau covers were also being added to enclose the boy's shoulders, which usually protruded slightly outside the car body, in an attempt to improve aerodynamics. With boys that raced for more than one year and began to outgrow their cars, side blisters would sometimes be fitted to accommodate shoulders or elbows that were becoming cramped. An unusual innovation came in 1968 with "shotgun steering," a design solution in response to a regulation stipulating that the steering column be situated  above the floor of the car. Many cars by then were being built lower than that, so the column had to be placed above and outside the car body, which ended up looking like a machine gun on a WWI fighter, and thus its name. 1970 World Champion Sam Gupton's car had this design, but its use was banned after 1971.

Lay-down cars

In 1964 the first lay-back or lay-down designs were appearing on the track, this to improve performance by minimizing aerodynamic drag, and by the early Seventies had become the status-quo for the most competitive cars, with 1969 being the first year that a lay-down design won the World Championship, piloted by Steve Souter of Midland, Texas.

Stick cars

With the lay-downs came composite materials being incorporated into their construction, quite similar to wooden strip-built canoes laminated with fiberglass, called "stick car" construction. Though a challenge to undertake because of the complex curvature of the body shell, rounded bottom and headrest faring, this technique became quite popular with experienced build-teams wanting to create small aerodynamic body shells that snugly enclosed the driver. Beginning in the Seventies it was used almost exclusively to build the Senior and later Masters Division racers, and is still being used today to construct Legacy Division entries at the All-American, praised for its emphasis on individuality, innovation and creativity.

Examples of stick-cars are found in those piloted by Craig Kitchen from Akron, OH who was crowned World Champion in 1979, and Amanda Baker (pictured) who won the Akron (Metro), OH Masters Championship in 1991.

Kit cars

Wood kits

Kits debuted with the introduction of Junior Division in 1976 when Novar Electronics became the new sponsor. Purchased from the AASBD, they came with instructions and hardware only, with the builder supplying their own construction material, which was wood. This gave kids an easier way to construct a car, a "back-to-basics" initiative that held firm to Derby Down's "kid-built" rule while benefiting financially from their sale. They retailed for $36.95. Measurement remained roughly the same, with an overall length of . Unlike previous racers, the axles were kept exposed—without aerodynamic airfoils—and came with stabilizer braces or radius rods for the rear axle. The kit instructions offered several body designs from which to choose, but the general configuration was a flat-top car with a teardrop-shaped floor board, to which were affixed squared wooden bulkheads enclosed in a plywood skin. A standardized steering wheel was included in the kit. Windscreens were also permitted in 1976 on the kits only, but were discontinued the following year.

Examples of wood kits are racers piloted by Suzanne Miller (pictured) who won the Flint, MI Fall Junior Rally Championship in 1976, and Phil Raber who was the first Junior World Champion in a kit car the same year.

Fiberglass shell kits

In 1981 the first fiber glass "shell" kits arrived, which were complete pre-fabricated cars that required assembly only and, according to its designer Ken Cline, 1967 World Champ, could be performed by a kid in as little as four hours. Examples are Carol Ann Sullivan of Rochester, NH, who won the Junior World Championship in 1982 in a fiber glass kit, and Danielle DelFarraro of Akron (Suburban), OH, who took the Kit Car World Championship in 1993.

In 1992 the first shell kits were renamed Stock, followed in 1995 by the debut of the Super Stock Division car, a two-piece fiber glass shell of a completely new design replacing the previous Kit Car Division design. The final kit intended for the Masters Division, the "Scottie," debuted in 1999 as a full lay-down design with flat bottom and headrest faring. The three official kits, Stock, Super Stock and Masters have remained official issue since then.

Masters sit-ups

From 1992 to 1998 many Masters Division competitors were building stick cars in sit-up configurations, which up to this point were dominated by lay-down cars. The last sit-up that won the All-American before this was Branch Lew in 1968.

Examples are Bonnie Thornton of Las Vegas, NV who was the first Masters World Champion in a sit-up car in 1992, and James Marsh of Cleveland, OH who was the last in 1998, and last to ever win in a sit-up as of 2023. Danielle DelFarraro of Akron, OH, who took the Masters World Championship in 1994 in a sit-up car, was the first back-to-back winner at the All-American in 1994 after her 1993 world title in the Kit Division.

Wheels

Wheel history

The first years of the Derby saw any sort of running gear (wheels, bearings and axles) that a boy could get his hands on in order to complete his car, since rules did not stipulate restrictions before 1937.

Pneumatic wheel (1936)

In 1936 wheels, bearing and axles were the first components of the car to become standardized with the introduction of the Goodrich Silvertown steel wheel. Purchased as a set, the two-part bolted wheels came with ball-type bearings and dust caps and were fitted with a pneumatic tire measuring  x . Though they were not required on the car to compete—as many boys still used wagon or baby-carriage wheels of various dimensions and styles, they were used successfully by Herbert Muench of St. Louis, MO, who won the 1936 World Championship.

Riveted steel wheel (1937-1941)

In 1937 the official rule book stipulated a limit on wheel size of no more than —a standard still used to this day—and a requirement that the tire be solid, not pneumatic. In compliance Goodrich Silvertown introduced Derby's first official-issue wheel, made available for sale to within the $4-$6.00 budget set by Derby officials. Like the previous year they comprised two steel halves—this time riveted together, soon to be replaced by welds—and came in a kit that included axles measuring . Wheel-sets were often in short supply in the early years, and many suppliers took advantage of this by advertising after-market "Derby-type" wheels for sale in newspapers at a cheaper price, or to fill the gap when official issue were unavailable.

Red steel wheel (1951-1981)

In 1946 a new wheel, the Firestone Champion, was introduced that measured the same 12" diameter and was painted yellow with green dust cap. The following year they were painted gold, with the dust caps being dropped. In 1948 the popular red wheel was introduced, and by 1950 the rules stated that all cars had to use them, with nothing prior to 1948 being allowed. In 1951 it was re-branded the "Official Soap Box Derby Tire", becoming the official issue at all Derby events until 1981.

Z-glass nylon (1982-2022)

In 1982 a new official issue was introduced, the white Z-Glas wheel, designed by Derby's national sponsor Novar Electronic Corporation, and was used for forty-one years.

UniGrip one-piece (2023- )

In 2023 the Z-glass was replaced by new the UniGrip, a black plastic, all-in-one-piece molded wheel and tire measuring the standard , and was used as official issue at the 83rd All-American.

Wheel performance

It was quickly understood that the way to victory relied largely on the wheels, and several clever means, some legal, some not, were used to exploit this. Wheel and axle sets came new out of the box when purchased, and competitors quickly learned ways to break in the bearings to make them roll smoothly, or drill small holes in the metal fascia to balance a wheel out. Various lubricants were also experimented with, and other more interesting ways of improving performance involved the rubbing of dry ice on the rubber tire to harden it and thus lower its rolling resistance. Derby Downs quickly identified these techniques, accepting some but banning others.

Suspension

Cars had axles assemblies running through the car body, bolted inside of the car to the topside of the floorboard rather than underneath. This meant that the weight of the car and its occupant were suspended from the axles by kingpins, with the axles relied upon for their flexibility to act like springs, mitigating the effects from imperfections of the track's surface like cracks and undulations of the pavement. To this day various tightness settings of the kingpins, such as allowing no vertical play whatsoever (called solid), a little play (tight) or free movement (loose), continue to be experimented with to achieve maximum performance of the car in dealing with such imperfections.

Commemorative Champion Wheels

In 1958 Derby Downs began issuing the commemorative All-American Champion wheel, painted gold, at its World Championship race (pictured), meaning every car had their original wheels swapped with a brand new set, ostensibly to make races more evenly matched at the finish line. This practice continued from 1959 to 1972, with each year's wheel being painted a unique color—silver (1959), robin-egg (1960), blue (1961), silver (1962-25th anniversary) and gold (1962-1972)—with matching water-slide decals on the obverse and reverse side, each year bearing a unique commemorative design. When Chevrolet dropped its sponsorship in 1972, the wheel continued to be painted gold but no longer had the decal. In 1982 the decals began appearing again at the All-American, this time on the obverse side only of the new Z-glas wheel, and again with a design unique to a particular year, but ended in 2001. Further commemorative wheels were issued at the 70th (2007) and 75th (2012) All-American.

Wheel swaps

To make things as fair as possible for racers, i.e. putting "the fate of the race in the driver's hands," the practice of wheel swapping continues to this day in concert with lane swapping in double-elimination races. Wheel swaps involve two competitors each selecting two wheels from their opponents car and having them put on their own, called a two-wheel "swap-off," eliminating the advantage of any one car having the better wheels. The initiative has received criticism for making races take too long.

Modern Derby

Using standardized wheels with precision ball bearings, modern gravity-powered racers start at a ramp on top of a hill, attaining speeds of up to 35 miles per hour.  Rally races and qualifying races in cities around the world use advanced timing systems that measure the time difference between the competing cars to the thousandth of a second to determine the winner of a heat. Each heat of a race lasts less than 30 seconds. Most races are double elimination races in which a racer that loses a heat can work their way through the Challenger's Bracket in an attempt to win the overall race. The annual World Championship race in Akron, however, is a single elimination race which uses overhead photography, triggered by a timing system, to determine the winner of each heat. Approximately 500 racers compete in two or three heats to determine a World Champion in each divisions.

There are three racing divisions in most locals and at the All-American competition. The Stock division is designed to give the first-time builder a learning experience. Boys and girls, ages 7 through 13, compete in simplified cars built from kits purchased from the All-American. These kits assist the Derby novice by providing a step-by-step layout for construction of a basic lean forward style car. The Super Stock Car division, ages 9 through 18, gives the competitor an opportunity to expand their knowledge and build a more advanced model. Both of these beginner levels make use of kits and shells available from the All-American. These entry levels of racing are popular in race communities across the country, as youngsters are exposed to the Derby program for the first time. The Masters division offers boys and girls, ages 10 through 20, an advanced class of racer in which to try their creativity and design skills. Masters entrants may purchase a Scottie Masters Kit with a fiberglass body from the All-American Soap Box Derby.

In 2021, Johnny Buehler, from Warrensburg, Missouri, became at the time the youngest racer to win the All-American Soap Box Derby Local Stock Division. He was eight years old at the time of his win.

Ultimate Speed Challenge

The Ultimate Speed Challenge is an All American Soap Box Derby sanctioned racing format that was developed in 2004 to preserve the tradition of innovation, creativity, and craftsmanship in the design of a gravity powered racing vehicle while generating intrigue, excitement, and engaging the audience at the annual All-American Soap Box Derby competition.  The goal of the event is to attract creative entries designed to reach speeds never before attainable on the historic Akron hill. The competition consists of three timed runs (one run in each lane), down Akron's  hill. The car and team that achieve the fastest single run is declared the winner. The timed runs are completed during the All American Soap Box Derby race week.

The open rules of the Ultimate speed Challenge have led to a variety of interesting car designs.  Winning times have improved as wheel technology has advanced and the integration between the cars and wheels has improved via the use of wheel fairings.  Wheels play a key role in a car's success in the race. Wheel optimization has included a trend towards a smaller diameter (to reduce inertial effects and aerodynamic drag), the use of custom rubber or urethane tires (to reduce rolling resistance), and the use of solvents to swell the tires (also reducing rolling resistance).   There is some overlap in technology between this race and other gravity racing events, including the buggy races race at Carnegie Mellon University.

In 2004, during the inaugural run of the Ultimate Speed Challenge, the fastest time was achieved by a car designed and built by the Pearson family, driven by Alicia Kimball, and utilizing high performance pneumatic tires. The winning time achieved on the  track was 27.190 seconds.

Jerry Pearson returned to defend the title with driver Nicki Henry in the 2005 Ultimate Speed Challenge beating the 2004 record time and breaking the 27.00 second barrier with an elapsed time of 26.953 seconds. Second place went to the DC Derbaticians with a time of 27.085 while third went to Talon Racing of Florida with a time of 27.320.

John Wargo, from California, put together the 2006 Ultimate Speed Challenge winning team with driver Jenny Rodway.  Jenny set a new track record of 26.934 seconds.  Jenny's record stood for 3 years as  revisions to the track and ramps after the 2006 race caused winning times to rise in subsequent races.  Team Pearson finished 2nd with a time of 26.999 seconds and team Thomas finished 3rd with a time of 27.065.

Team Eliminator, composed of crew chief and designer Jack Barr and driver Lynnel McClellan, achieved victory with a time of 27.160 in the 70th (2007) All-American Soap Box Derby Ultimate Speed Challenge. Jenn Rodway finished 2nd with a time of 27.334 while Hilary Pearson finished 3rd with a time of 27.367.

Jack Barr returned in 2008 with driver Krista Osborne for a repeat team win with a 27.009 second run.  Crew chief Tom Schurr and driver Cory Schurr place second with a time of 27.023 while crew chief Mike Albertoni and driver Danielle Hughes were 3rd after posting a time of 27.072.

In the 72nd (2009) AASBD Ultimate Speed Challenge, Derek Fitzgerald's Zero-Error Racing team, with driver Jamie Berndt, took advantage of a freshly paved track, and set a new record time of 26.924 seconds.  Cory Schurr placed second with a time of 26.987.  Laura Overmyer of clean sheet racing finished third with a time of 27.003.

In 2010, Mark Overmyer's Clean Sheet/Sigma Nu team (CSSN) and driver Jim Overmyer set the track record at 26.861 seconds in the first heat of the opening round. Several minutes later, driver Sheri Lazowski, also of CSSN, lowered the record to 26.844 seconds, resulting in victory by 0.005 seconds over 2nd-place finisher Jamie Berndt of Zero Error. Competition was tight in 2010, with the top 3 cars finishing within a span of 0.017 seconds.

In 2011, advancements in wheel technology and car design, coupled with ideal track conditions, lead to significantly lower times in the Ultimate Speed Challenge.  Driver Kayla Albertoni and crew chief Mike Albertoni broke the record in heat 2 or the opening round with a 26.765, taking 0.079 seconds off the 2010 record.     One heat later, driver Jim Overmyer and crew chief Mark Estes of team CSSN racing lowered the record a further 0.133 with a 26.632 run.  Jim improved to 26.613 in round 2 to secure 2nd place.  In heat 5, of the opening round, driver Kristi Murphy and crew chief Pat Murphy secured 3rd place with a run of 26.677.   In the next heat,  driver Sheri Lazowski (pictured) and crew chief Mark Overmyer (of CSSN racing) took the victory with a blistering run of 26.585 seconds.  Sheri's record time was 0.259 seconds under her 2010 record and 0.339 seconds below the 2009 record.  Her improvement in 2011 is the largest year-to-year change in the record in the history of the AAUSC race.  By winning in both 2010 and 2011, Sheri became the first repeat USC winner.

In 2012, revised starting ramps and a re-sealed track with a softer road surface, led to significant increases in finishing times.  The 2012 winner, Laura Overmyer of CSSN racing, with crew chief Mark Estes, posted a winning time of 26.655 seconds, 0.070 seconds slower than the track record set by her team the prior year.  Kristi Murphy, of Zero Error racing, finished in 2nd with a time of 26.769, 0.114 seconds back. Jamie Berndt, also of Zero Error racing, finished in 3rd place with a time of 26.827.  Competition was not as close as in recent years, with the top 3 cars covering a span of 0.172 seconds.  This is roughly double the span in 2009 and 2011 and 10 times the span in 2010.  The 2012 results mark the 3rd consecutive win by CSSN racing and the 4th consecutive win by wheel expert Duane Delaney.

The 2013 race was run under wet conditions which necessitated a format change. Each car was given a single run from lane 2 to determine the winner.  The running  order was randomly determined.   CSSN Racing's Anne Taylor with crew chief Jerry Pearson won with a time of 26.929.  Jillian Brinberg and crew chief Mark Estes, also of CSSN Racing,  finished 2nd with a time of 26.978.  Catherine Carney with crew chief Lee Carney finished 3rd with a time of 27.162.

In 2014, CSSN's Anne Taylor with crew chief Jerry Pearson won with a time of 26.613. Anne's time improves on the prior best time for the new gate configuration but falls short of the 2011 record.  This marks Anne's 2nd consecutive win and the 5th consecutive win for CSSN racing in this event. CSSN's Tucker McClaran with crew chief Mark Estes finished second with a time of 26.667. Catherine Carney with crew chief Lee Carney finished 3rd with a time of 26.750.

Derby Heritage

Soap Box Derby's greatest and most cherished legacy is each participant's memory of their experience when racing and working in a supportive parent/child environment. One of its more visible legacies however is the assortment of kid-built cars that still exist, now retired to the attics, basements and garages of uncounted American households. Most of these one-of-a-kind creations are each quite unique, and over time have become collectible items that end up on display in private residences or public venues like bars and restaurants as examples of American memorabilia to be cherished and preserved. Equally visible and even more numerous is the plethora of programs, buttons, flags, jerseys, banners, posters and a countless assortment of keepsakes and take-away items found on eBay.

Derby cars on public display

Museums and historical societies have or are currently exhibiting Derby cars or adding them to their permanent collections, usually acquired via donation by the cars' original owners. Examples of such collections are the All-American Soap Box Derby Hall of Fame Museum in Akron, OH; the Museum of American Speed in Lincoln, NE; the Vortaunus Museum in Oberursel (Taunus), Germany; the Virginia Museum of Transportation (pictured to the right) in Roanoke, VA; Memory Lane Museum in Mooresville NC; and the Lancaster Soap Box Derby Hall of Fame Museum (pictured below), though many more have as few as a single car. Presently the St. Catharines Museum & Welland Canals Centre in St. Catharines, ON, Canada is hosting an exhibit on the Soap Box Derby through 2023. The gallery below features examples of cars that have been exhibited or are in permanent collections.

Annual Vintage Derby Car Show

In 2022 the Inaugural Vintage Derby Car Show was held in Akron, OH, the first of its kind to showcase extant vintage racers. This was an open invitation to any and all Derby alumni that wished to attend with their old car or cars and keepsakes like trophies, pins and jerseys. Headed by 1967 All-American World Champion and 2017 AASBD Hall of Fame inductee Ken Cline, the one day event comprised twenty seven cars during Soap Box Derby Race Week, one day prior to the All-American World Championship. The following year the 2nd Annual Vintage Car Show displayed thirty one cars in a larger venue, with ten trophies hand crafted by Mr. Cline awarded to the best presentations that day.

Notes, citations and sources

Notes

Citations

Sources

Books

News

Websites

Further reading
"Soap Box Racers Test Skill Of Boy Engineers" Popular Mechanics, July 1935 photos and drawing of original official rules and specification of racers
"How To Win the Soap Box Derby" Popular Mechanics, April 1936, pp. 540–543 articles by VP of General Motors and by engineer for B.F. Goodrich

External links

Racing
Recurring events established in 1934
1934 establishments in Ohio

Soap Box Derby


Znamia (în , lit. "Drapelul") este o revistă literară rusă, care a fost fondată la Moscova în 1931 și are o apariție lunară. În 1931-1932, revista a fost publicată sub numele Lokaf ("Локаф", care era o abreviere a "Литературное объединение писателей Красной Армии и флота" sau Asociația Literară a Scriitorilor din Armata și Flota Roșie). În perioada sovietică, Znamia a dedicat cele mai multe dintre paginile sale povestirilor și romanelor despre militari, publicând scrierile lui Konstantin Simonov, Vasili Grossman, Pavel Antokolski și alții. Znamia are diferite secțiuni dedicate prozei, poeziei, eseurilor, criticii literare, bibliografiei etc. În 1972, revista avea un tiraj de circa 160.000 de exemplare.

Referințe

Legături externe

Reviste literare din Rusia
Reviste literare din Uniunea Sovietică
Fondări în 1931

Znamia


Agave avellanidens ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Agaven (Agave). Ein englischer Trivialname ist "Century Plant".

Beschreibung
Agave avellanidens bildet einen kurzen Stamm bis 0,5 m Höhe.
Die einzelnen Rosetten erreichen Wuchshöhen von 60 bis 120 cm mit einem Durchmesser von 100 bis 150 cm. Die variablen, fleischigen, linealisch bis lanzettförmigen, glatten, grünen Blätter sind 40 bis 70 cm lang und 9 bis 14 cm breit. Die welligen, manchmal hornigen Blattränder sind flexibel gezahnt. Der braune bis graue kräftige Enddorn ist 2,5 bis 4,5 cm lang.

Der rispige Blütenstand wird 4 bis 6 m hoch. Die kleinen, schlanken, hellgelben Blüten sind 25 bis 35 mm lang und erscheinen ab der Mitte des Blütenstandes und reichen bis zur Spitze an engen, schmalen, unregelmäßig angeordneten Verzweigungen. Die Blütenröhre ist 4 bis 6 mm lang.

Die dunkelbraunen, länglichen dreikammerigen Kapselfrüchte sind bis 35 mm lang und bis 20 mm breit.

Die Blütezeit reicht von April bis Mai.

Systematik und Verbreitung
Agave avellanidens wächst in Mexiko im Bundesstaat Baja California. Sie ist vergesellschaftet mit Sukkulenten- und Kakteenarten.

Die Erstbeschreibung durch William Trelease ist 1912 veröffentlicht worden.

Agave avellanidens ist ein Vertreter der Gruppe Deserticolae. Wenige Kolonien wachsen in einem limitierten Gebiet in Zentral Baja California. Sie ist nahe verwandt mit Agave gigantensis, jedoch sind Unterschiede in Form und Blattstruktur erkennbar. Die Art ähnelt Agave shawii der Gruppe Umbelliflorae, unterscheidet sich jedoch deutlich durch die Blüten.

Literatur
 Mary Irish, Gary Irish: Agaves, yuccas, and related plants. Timber Press. 2000, ISBN 0-88192-442-3, S. 101–102, Pl. 6.
 Howard Scott Gentry: Agaves of Continental North America. University of Arizona Press, 1982, ISBN 0-8165-0775-9, S. 360–363.
 J. Thiede: Agavaceae. In: Urs Eggli (Hrsg.): Sukkulenten-Lexikon. Einkeimblättrige Pflanzen (Monocotyledonen). Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3662-7, S. 15.

Einzelnachweise

Agaven
Avellanidens

Agave avellanidens


Campionatul Mondial de Scrimă pentru juniori din 1999 s-a desfășurat în perioada 30 martie–5 aprilie la Keszthely, Ungaria. Pentru prima dată la această competiție s-a tras o probă de sabie feminin, care s-a desfășurat pe 24–25 aprilie la Dijon, Franța.

Rezultate

Masculin

Feminin

Clasament pe medalii

Referințe

1999
1999 în scrimă
Competiții de scrimă în Franța
Competiții de scrimă în Ungaria


Le Honor Magic 4 Pro est un smartphone frabriqué par Honor, ancienne filiale de Huawei, dans la gamme Honor Magic, lancé en 2022 et fonctionnant sous Android.

Caractéristique

Stockage et mémoire
Honor Magic 4 Pro possède une mémoire de 256Go et 512Go avec une RAM de 8Go et 12Go.

Logiciel
Honor Magic 4 Pro dispose de la version Android 12, surcouche logicielle Magic UI. Ils est compatible avec Mega UI 6.

Notes et références

Appareil sous Android
Produit lancé en 2022
Smartphone

Honor Magic 4 Pro


Pizzeria lui Sal (titlu original: Do the Right Thing) este un film american de comedie și dramatic din 1989. Este scris, produs și regizat de Spike Lee. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Danny Aiello, Ossie Davis, Ruby Dee, Richard Edson, Giancarlo Esposito, Bill Nunn, John Turturro și Samuel L. Jackson. Filmul este notabil și pentru că în acesta debutează Martin Lawrence și Rosie Perez.

Filmul prezintă evoluția unor tensiune rasiale dintr-un cartier din Brooklyn care culminează într-o tragedie în cea mai fierbinte zi de vară.

În 1999, a fost ales pentru conservare de către Biblioteca Congresului în Registrul Național [American] de Film fiind considerat "de importanță culturală, istorică sau estetică".

A fost nominalizat la Premiul Oscar pentru cel mai bun actor în rol secundar (Danny Aiello) și la Premiul Oscar pentru cel mai bun scenariu original (Spike Lee). Este menționat uneori în liste de filme considerate cele mai bune din toate timpurile.

Prezentare

Distribuție

Producție
Spike Lee a terminat scenariul în două săptămâni. Filmările au avut în perioada 18 iulie - 9 septembrie 1988 în cartierul Brooklyn din New York NYC.
Cheltuielile de producție s-au ridicat la 6 milioane $.

Primire
A avut încasări 37,3 milioane $.

Premii și nominalizări

Listele Instituitului American de Film
 AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies – Nominalizare
 AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills – Nominalizare
 AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:
 "Fight the Power" – No. 40
 AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:
 "Always Do The Right Thing" - Nominalizare
 AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – Nominalizare
 AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – No. 96

Coloană sonoră

Controverse

Note

Legături externe

 Do the Right Thing at the Criterion Collection

Vezi și

Filme din 1989
Filme americane
Filme în limba engleză
Filme regizate de Spike Lee
Filme de comedie din anii 1980
Filme de comedie americane
Filme dramatice americane
Filme Universal Pictures
Filme din Registrul Național de Film (SUA)

Pizzeria lui Sal


Godmans Berggrubenotter (Cerrophidion godmani), auch Godman-Berggrubenotter, ist eine Grubenotter aus der Gattung der Berggrubenottern (Cerrophidion).

Taxonomie
Die wissenschaftliche Erstbeschreibung der Art erfolgte im Jahr 1863 durch den deutschen Zoologen . Er ordnete sie damals zunächst unter der Bezeichnung Bothriechis godmanni den Palmlanzenottern (Bothriechis), allerdings auch als Bothrops godmani den Amerikanischen Lanzenottern (Bothrops) zu.  &  überführten die Art im Jahr 1989 in die Gattung der Hakennasen-Lanzenottern (Porthidium) und 1992 dann unter der heute anerkannten Bezeichnung Cerrophidion godmani in die Gattung Cerrophidion. Unterarten sind nicht bekannt.

Merkmale
Godmans Berggrubenotter erreicht eine Gesamtlänge bis knapp 75 cm, ihr Körperbau wirkt leicht gedrungen. Der dreieckige, oberseits einfarbig braune Kopf, welcher zwischen Auge und Mundwinkel ein dunkles Band aufweist, setzt sich deutlich vom Hals ab und ist oberseits (hintere Hälfte) von vielen, kleinen Schuppen besetzt. Die Pupille des recht kleinen Auges ist bei Lichteinfall senkrecht geschlitzt. Die Art weist 7 bis 10 Oberlippenschilder (Scutum supralabiale), 8 bis 11 Unterlippenschilder (Scutum sublabiale), 21 Reihen von Rückenschuppen um die Körpermitte, 130 bis 138 Bauchschilder (Scutum ventrale) und 22 bis 36 ungeteilte Unterschwanzschilder (Scutum subcaudale) auf. Die Körperschuppen sind gekielt. Der Körper ist im Grunde grau bis bräunlich gefärbt und vom Hals an beginnend über die Rückenmitte bis zum Schwanz gezeichnet von dunkelbraunen, ovalen bis sattelförmigen und fein schwarz umrandeten Flecken, die in der vorderen Körperhälfte unter Umständen zu einem Zickzackband verschmolzen sind. Seitlich des Körpers zeigen sich in einer Reihe angeordnete, längliche Flecken. Die Bauchseite ist einfarbig braun gefärbt und dunkel gesprenkelt.

Lebensweise
Godmans Berggrubenotter ist gleichermaßen tag- wie nachtaktiv. Man kann sie unter Baumstämmen, zwischen Gestein oder in Gebüsch, zum Teil auch beim Sonnenbad,  beobachten, oft hält sie sich jedoch versteckt. Bei drohender Gefahr flieht sie, gegenüber Menschen ist sie nicht besonders aggressiv. Sie pflegt eine bodenbewohnende Lebensweise und erbeutet hauptsächlich Nagetiere, Heuschrecken und kleine Echsen. Die Art pflanzt sich durch Ovoviviparie fort, die Weibchen bringen also lebende Junge zur Welt. Der Wurf umfasst 2–12 Jungschlangen.

Toxikologie
Cerrophidion godmani besitzt als Viper röhrige, einklappbare Giftzähne im vorderen Oberkiefer (solenoglyphe Zahnstellung), durch welche ein in Giftdrüsen produziertes Schlangengift (Ophiotoxin) in die Bisswunde injiziert wird. Bissunfälle mit schwerem Verlauf traten auf, Todesfälle durch diese Art sind jedoch keine bekannt. Untersuchungen des Proteoms der Toxine von Cerrophidion godmani, Porthidium nasutum und Porthidium ophryomegas aus Costa Rica erwiesen für Cerrophidion godmani (bzw. Cerrophidion sasai nach neuerer Systematik*) das Vorhandensein neun verschiedener Proteinfamilien. Die Studie bewies zudem größere Parallelen in der Chemie und Pharmakologie der Gifte der beiden Porthidium-Arten und größere Unterschiede ihrer Toxine gegenüber dem Toxingemisch von Cerrophidion godmani. Diese Tatsache unterstützt die taxonomische Abtrennung von Cerrophidion godmani aus der Gattung Porthidium, zusammen mit bereits erfolgten genetischen Analysen. Das Gift weist im menschlichen Blutplasma prokoagulative Effekte auf die Hämostase auf (blutgerinnungsfördernd; ggf. Disseminierte intravasale Koagulopathie). Ein hoher Gehalt an Phospholipase A₂ hat starke myotoxische Wirkungen zur Folge, wie Untersuchungen an Mäusen verdeutlichten. Neben Prokoagulantien und Myotoxinen erwähnen einige Autoren weiterhin hämorrhagische Aktivität, woraus Blutungen resultieren können, und schließen außerdem auch Zytotoxine nicht aus.

* Infolge einer weiteren Aufspaltung der Gattung Cerrophidion sind die Populationen, welche den Untersuchungen von  et al. zugrunde liegen, vermutlich nun der Art Cerrophidion sasai zuzuordnen.

Vorkommen
Das Verbreitungsgebiet erstreckt sich in Mittelamerika im Südosten von Mexiko (Chiapas, Oaxaca) und Teilen Guatemalas. Südlichere Populationen, die ursprünglich dieser Art zugeordnet wurden, sind als eigene Art (Cerrophidion sasai) neu beschrieben worden. Es werden Gebiete zwischen 1600 und 3200 m über dem Meeresspiegel besiedelt. Zu den bewohnten Lebensräumen zählen sowohl trockene als auch feuchte Bergwälder, Regenwälder, Nebelwälder und Bergwiesen. Godmans Berggrubenotter kommt regional häufig vor.

Einzelnachweise

Literatur
 Ludwig Trutnau: Giftschlangen. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-8001-7371-9.

Weblinks

Godmans Berggrubenotter

Godmans Berggrubenotter