The University of Pisa (, UniPi) is a public research university in Pisa, Italy. Founded in 1343, it is one of the oldest universities in Europe.

History

The Origins

The University of Pisa was officially founded in 1343, although various scholars place its origins in the 11th century. It is certain, however, that from the middle of the 12th century Pisa had a "Universitas" in the original sense of the word, that is, a group of students who gathered around masters. It was during this period that Leonardo Fibonacci was born and worked. He was one of the greatest mathematicians in history who, through his work, synthesized the spirit and processes of Greek geometry and the tools of Arabic mathematics for the first time in Europe.

The papal seal "In Supremae dignitatis", issued by Pope Clement VI on 3 September 1343, granted the Studium in Pisa the title of Studium Generale with various exclusive privileges, making it universally recognised. In medieval times, the Studium Generale was a higher institute of education founded or confirmed by a universal authority, namely the papacy or the empire. Pisa was among the first European cities to vaunt a papal attestation, followed by Prague in 1347 and Heidelberg in 1386. At the outset in Pisa, lessons in Theology, Civil Law, Canon Law and Medicine were established.

The first years of the new Studium were particularly difficult, although there is documentary evidence that shows persistent academic activity with a slow recovery starting in 1355.

The end of the 14th century and the beginning of the 15th century saw Pisa and its Studium heading towards a slow death. The war, which had allowed the Florentines to conquer the city, was so socially and economically damaging that it made preserving even the most essential academic activity impossible.

The Medicis and Galileo

During the first few days of November 1473, the Studium in Pisa began to develop systematically at the request of Lorenzo dei Medici. In 1486, the construction of a building specifically for lessons was commissioned: the building, the future Palazzo della Sapienza, still the centre of the present-day University, was placed in the 13th century Piazza del Grano, which could be reached through the gateway dell'Abbondanza. The image of the Cherub was placed above this gateway. In the Christian tradition, the Cherub represents an angelic being with a clearer vision of God, who in turn represents absolute knowledge. Since then, the Cherub has become the iconographic symbol of the University of Pisa and, in more recent times, the Order of the Cherub is awarded to members of the university teaching staff who have contributed to enhancing its prestige.

In 1497, the Pisan institute suffered a new period of decline and was moved to Florence for nine years. The rise to the throne of Duke Cosimo I dei Medici marked the beginning of a new era. The formal reopening of the university on 1 November 1543 was, in fact, considered to be a second founding. With the 1545 Statute, Cosimo managed to raise the quality of the teaching, making the University of Pisa one of the most important in Europe for both teaching and research. The Duke established the Chair of Simples (Semplici in Botany) and appointed Luca Ghini: between 1543 and 1544 the Garden of Simples was founded. This was the first botanical garden in the world annexed to a university Studium. A few decades later, the garden was moved to its present position a few dozen metres from Piazza dei Miracoli, covering an area of around three hectares with 6,000 cultivated plants and seeds exchanged with other 400 structures in the world. Ghini was succeeded by the philosopher and scientist Andrea Cesalpino, who created the first scientific method for the classification of plants and can be considered the forerunner of the discovery of the cardiovascular system.

Cosimo I was still ruling when Galileo Galilei was born on 15 February 1564 in Pisa. Galileo Galilei is universally thought of as the founder of modern science and the modern experimental method. He was initially a student and then a teacher of Mathematics at the University of Pisa before moving to Padova. It was in the city in Tuscany that he began the studies and experiments which were the basis of his revolutionary theories.

The house of Lorraine
The decline of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Medici), in the middle of the 18th century, saw the downfall of the Studium in Pisa, which only picked up again with the Lorraine dynasty. It was thanks to these enlightened innovators and reformers that numerous works and the establishment of the new Chairs of Experimental Physics and Chemistry were created.

The annexation of Tuscany to the Napoleonic Empire at the beginning of the 19th century brought about the transformation of the Studium into an imperial Academy: the university became a subsidiary of the University of Paris, even though it managed to retain a certain degree of autonomy. At that time, five faculties (Theology, Law, Medicine, Science and Arts), exams, different academic qualifications (bachelor, master and doctoral degrees) and degree theses came into being. The Scuola Normale Superiore was established between 1810 and 1813. It started out as a subsidiary of the École Normale in Paris and closed immediately to be reopened in 1846 with the inauguration of its present seat at Palazzo della Carovana in Piazza dei Cavalieri.

Restoration and Risorgimento

The period of the Restoration led to a reconsideration of the organisation within the Studium, but not to the complete revocation of the Napoleonic experience. In 1826, lessons on Egyptology were introduced at the University of Pisa. This was a first in Europe and the world in general, leading to the renowned French-Tuscan expedition to Egypt between 1828 and 1829. In 1839, Pisa hosted the first congress of Italian scientists, which saw the participation of over 400 scholars and 300 experts in the various branches of knowledge from different states of the peninsula. It was during this period that the university was at the centre of the reform called for by Provveditore Gaetano Giorgini, which saw the faculties increase in number to six (Theology, Law, Arts, Medicine, Mathematics and Natural Sciences) and for the first time in the world, the Chair of Agriculture and sheep-farming was created and entrusted to Cosimo Ridolfi.

In the university and in the city, liberal and patriotic ideals were coming to the fore and these reached their peak when teachers and students formed a university battalion and joined the battle of Curtatone and Montanara in 1848. This was one of the most significant battles in the Italian Risorgimento. A memorial plaque in Palazzo della Sapienza commemorates the volunteers who "died fighting for the rebirth of Italy", while the Italian flag used by the university battalion was honoured with the gold military medal by the Italian Republic in 1948.

The kingdom of Italy
With the creation of the Kingdom of Italy, the University of Pisa, which now counted around 560 matriculated students, re-emerged with all the faculties then present in the regulations and was acknowledged through the university reform of 1862, as one of the six principal national universities together with Turin, Pavia, Bologna, Naples and Palermo. The consolidation and expansion of the university, above all in the years straddling the 1800s and the 1900s, had a direct impact on the urban fabric development of the city even though the number of students increased only moderately (891 in 1912). The university gradually welcomed female students and in 1877, Ernestina Paper graduated in Medicine. She was the first woman to graduate from an Italian university and was followed by Cornelia Fabri in Mathematics and Erminia Pittaluga in Arts.

The reform called for by the minister Giovanni Gentile in 1923, further confirmed the university's prominent position at national level when it was placed among the ten universities totally funded by the state. Notwithstanding the aim to make Pisa a great "centre of university fascist culture" antifascist unrest was still alive, both in the academic community and among students. The application of racial laws, the first of which were signed by King Vittorio Emanuele III in 1938 at San Rossore, near Pisa, affected foreign and Italian students and university teachers severely, as was the case throughout Italy. It was not until 2018, in Pisa, 80 years after the signature, that there was an official and public admission of responsibility on behalf of the Italian universities (on the University of Pisa's own initiative).

The Republic

The physical and moral destruction caused by the Second World War was soon overcome and the University of Pisa, whose matriculated students passed from 768 in 1945 to 1,292 in 1950, was able to lead the field in many areas of knowledge, adapting to the new demands of social, civil and economic life. The faculties of Economics and Business Studies (1948), and later Foreign Languages and Literature (1969) and Political Science (1970) joined the faculties present before the conflict – Engineering and Pharmacy –  and accompanied the arrival of the university for the masses (between 1961 and 1972 student numbers in Pisa went from around 9,000 to 27,000). At the start of the sixties, the University of Pisa established the first Italian Chair of Film History and Criticism. In 1969, the degree course in Computer Science (Informatics) was set up. It was the first in Italy and followed the creation of the Pisan Electronic Calculator (CEP), designed in the mid-1950s and sponsored by Nobel Prize winner and graduate of the University of Pisa, Enrico Fermi, which was the basis for other firsts in Italy in its field. In 1986, for example, the first Italian link to the Internet originated in Pisa.

In 1967, the merger of the pre-existing colleges led to the creation of the Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies and the Scuola Normale Superiore, forming a system of further education which is of the highest prestige at international level.

Also in 1967, during a period of protests, the "Tesi della Sapienza", one of the milestones of the 1968 student movement in Italy, were compiled in Pisa. This phase of the unrest was particularly animated in the city with some dramatic moments.

From the end of the 1970s, the University's Natural History Museum moved to the enchanting 14th century Charterhouse of Calci, a building of priceless historic and architectural worth. The museum houses numerous rooms dedicated to zoology, mineralogy and palaeontology as well as Italy's largest freshwater aquarium and Whale gallery with more than thirty whale skeletons exhibited in an ancient portico.

UniPi today

The Ruberti reform of 1989, which envisaged the statutory autonomy of universities, forced the university to approve a new Statute, whose overall structure was only called into question with the so-called "Gelmini reform" in 2010. This led to the adoption of the 2012 Statute and the organizational layout which excluded the 11 Faculties in favour of 20 Departments.

At present, the university is divided into 20 Departments, with around 150 first and second level degree courses, and single cycle degree courses, more than 20 doctoral courses, 50 schools of specialisation and more than 60 postgraduate courses. There are more than 1,500 members of teaching staff and a slightly higher number of administrative personnel, technicians, foreign language assistants and librarians. There are around 50,000 students enrolled, and in a city with a population of approximately 90,000 inhabitants, this makes Pisa a true city campus. The students come mainly from Tuscany and Liguria, with a significant intake from many other regions, above all from the south of Italy. A sizeable number of the students are also foreign, contributing to the open, lively, multicultural nature of the city.

Thanks to the traditions and high quality of studies, the vocation for research and innovation, the presence of a system formed by the Scuola Normale Superiore, the Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies and important research centres, the University of Pisa boasts an excellent reputation both in Italy and in Europe, as can be seen in the various international rankings which place it among the best universities in the world and at the top in Italy.

Among the many graduates of the University of Pisa are the Nobel Prize winners Giosuè Carducci, Enrico Fermi and Carlo Rubbia, holders of the Field Medal for Mathematics, Enrico Bombieri and Alessio Figalli, Presidents of the Republic, Giovanni Gronchi and Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, film directors Mario Monicelli and Paolo and Vittorio Taviani and writers Tiziano Terzani and Antonio Tabucchi. Pisa's most famous graduate in the world today is the tenor Andrea Bocelli.

Organization and administration

The University of Pisa consists of 20 departments. These departments offer several courses in their related field of study:
 Civil and Industrial Engineering
 Economics and Management
 Energy, Systems, Territory and Construction Engineering
 Information Engineering
 Mathematics
 Physics
 Computer Science
 Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry
 Biology
 Earth Sciences
 Clinical and Experimental Medicine
 Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine
 Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery
 Pharmacy
 Humanities Civilisations and Forms of Knowledge
 Philology, Literature and Linguistics
 Law
 Political Science
 Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences
 Veterinary Sciences

PhD studies are usually offered and arranged by the departments. The lectures are mostly given in Italian, except for a number of courses at the faculty of foreign languages and literature, some scientific programmes, such as the international MSc in aerospace engineering (EuMAS), Master in Business Informatics, the Master of Science in Space Engineering and the Master in Computer Science and Networking, jointly offered with Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna. Students also have at their disposal a language centre, where they can attend courses in foreign languages, a sports centre (Cus Pisa) that arranges for many sports intramural leagues and allows sports practice in almost all the disciplines available in Italy, and six university refectories (Mense universitarie). The University of Pisa is not organized in the form of one unique campus, but rather its many buildings are scattered throughout the whole Pisa area, especially in the city centre.

Libraries

The University Library System (Italian: Sistema Bibliotecario di Ateneo, SBA) consists of 15 libraries and the General Archive of the University.

 Polo 1: Agriculture (AGR)
 Polo 1: Economics (ECO)
 Polo 1:Veterinary Medicine (VET)
 Polo 2: Law (IUS)
 Polo 2: Political Science (SPO)
 Polo 3: Chemistry (CHI)
 Polo 3: Mathematics, Computer Science, Physics (MIF)
 Polo 3: Natural and Environmental Sciences (SNA)
 Polo 4: Medicine and Surgery, Pharmacy (MED)
 Polo 5: Engineering (ING)
 Polo 6: English Studies (LM2)
 Polo 6: Ancient Cultures, Linguistic, Germanic and Slavic Studies (ANT)
 Polo 6: Philosophy and History (FIL)
 Polo 6: Italian studies and Romance Philology (LM1)
 Polo 6: History of Arts (STA).

Museums

The "Museums of University of Pisa" (Italian: Sistema Museale d'Ateneo, SMA) is a network of nine structures in addition to the Natural History Museum which is located in Calci, a few kilometers from Pisa.

 Egyptological Collections "Edda Bresciani"
 Collection of Plaster Casts and Antiquities
 Museum of Pathological Anatomy
 Museum of Human Anatomy "Filippo Civinini"
 Veterinary Anatomy Museum
 Museum of Graphics
 Museum of Computing Machinery
 Museum of Physics Instruments
 Botanic Garden.

Rankings

In 2011, the University of Pisa came in first place among the Italian universities, according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities and within the best 30 universities in Europe.
Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranks University of Pisa among the 350 best world universities.
Times Higher Education Europe Teaching Rankings ranks University of Pisa among the top 100 European Universities for teaching.
QS World University Rankings ranks University of Pisa in the world's top 100 for Computer Science & Information Systems, Physics & Astronomy, Mathematics, Classics & Ancient History, Library & Information Management.
The U.S. News & World Report places the University of Pisa among the world's 300 best universities.
 The European Research Ranking, a ranking based on publicly available data from the European Commission database, puts the University of Pisa among the best in Italy and the best performing European research institutions.

Notable people

Alumni
Notable people who have attended the University of Pisa include:

In politics and government:
 Italian political leaders
 Giacomo Acerbo
 Giuliano Amato
 Sandro Bondi
 Maria Chiara Carrozza
 Carlo Azeglio Ciampi
 Massimo D'Alema
 Giovanni Gronchi
 Guido Buffarini Guidi
 Enrico Letta
 Antonio Maccanico
 Fabio Mussi
 Alessandro Natta
 Marcello Pera
 Enrico Rossi
 Carlo Sforza
 Sidney Sonnino
 Paolo Emilio Taviani
 Foreign political leaders
 Deputy Prime Minister of Albania Spiro Koleka
 Ambassador Marcello Spatafora
 Prime Ministers of Greece Ioannis Kolettis and Diomidis Kyriakos
 Haitian President René Préval
 Nicaraguan President Adan Cardenas
 Prime Minister of Somalia Ali Mohammed Ghedi

In theology:
 Archbishop Giovanni Battista Rinuccini
 Cardinals
 Benedetto Accolti the Younger
 Pietro Accolti
 Francesco Barberini
 Cesare Borgia
 Giovanni Antonio Guadagni
 Francisco de Remolins
 Francesco Martelli
 Bandino Panciatici
 Raffaele Riario
 Giovanni Battista Tolomei
 Popes
 Clement IX
 Clement XII
 Leo X
 Paul III
 Urban VIII
 Chief Rabbi Elio Toaff
 Minister Angus Morrison

In science:
 Astrophysicists
 Paolo Farinella
 Franco Pacini
 Viviana Acquaviva
 Biophysicist Clara Franzini-Armstrong
 Botanist Giovanni Arcangeli
 Geneticist Guido Pontecorvo (1907–1999)
 Mathematicians
 Aldo Andreotti
 Enrico Betti
 Vincenzo Brunacci
 Cesare Burali-Forti
 Bonaventura Cavalieri
 Guglielmo Libri Carucci dalla Sommaja
 Giovanni Ceva
 Luigi Fantappiè
 Alessio Figalli, winner of the 2018 Fields Medal
 Guido Fubini
 Christopher Hacon
 Giuseppe Lauricella
 Salvatore Pincherle
 Ferdinando Pio Rosellini
 Giovanni Salvemini
 Carlo Somigliana
 Vito Volterra
 Guido Zappa
 Neuroscientist Emilio Bizzi
 Physicians
 Vincenzo Chiarugi
 Paolo Macchiarini
 Francesco Redi
 Physicists
 Adolfo Bartoli
 Temistocle Calzecchi-Onesti
 Ennio Candotti
 Nello Carrara
 Enrico Fermi (1901–1954), winner of the 1938 Nobel Prize in Physics
 Galileo Galilei
 Luca Gammaitoni
 Antonio Pacinotti
 Eligio Perucca
 Luigi Puccianti
 Franco Rasetti
 Vasco Ronchi
 Carlo Rubbia (1934–), co-winner of the 1984 Nobel Prize in Physics

In other fields:
 Egyptologists Sergio Donadoni, Edda Bresciani, Gianluca Miniaci and Ippolito Rosellini
 Fashion model Tania Bambaci
 Film directors Mario Monicelli, Paolo Virzì and Simone Rapisarda Casanova
 Historians Carlo Ginzburg, Camillo Porzio, and Mario Rosa
 Librettist Giacinto Andrea Cicognini
 Philologist Gian Biagio Conte
 Philosophers
 Francesco Cattani da Diacceto
 Aldo Gargani
 Giovanni Gentile
 Anna Camaiti Hostert
 Eufrosin Poteca
 Jiyuan Yu
 Physiologist Hugo Kronecker (1839–1914)
 Tenors Andrea Bocelli and Francesco Rasi

Notable people who have attended the University of Pisa include:

 Agronomist Nazareno Strampelli
 Anatomist Atto Tigri
 Art historian and curator Carolyn Christov-Bakargiev
 Civil engineer Henry Willey Reveley
 Civil servant Bruno Ferrante
 Computer scientists
 Elisa Bertino
 Luca Cardelli
 Roberto Di Cosmo
 Diplomat Carlo Andrea Pozzo di Borgo
 Economists Luigi Bodio and Paolo Malanima
 Engineer Giacinto Morera
 Intellectual Adriano Sofri
 International civil servant Francesco Cappè
 Journalists Lando Ferretti and Tiziano Terzani
 Jurists
 Giuseppe Averani
 Piero Calamandrei
 Francesco Carrara
 Antonio Cassese
 Italian Constitutional Court Judge Sabino Cassese
 Giovanni Lami
 Remus Opreanu
 Linguists Stefano Arduini and Luigi Rizzi
 Nobel Laureate in Literature Giosuè Carducci
 Managers Pier Francesco Guarguaglini, Luca Desiata
 Naturalist Gaetano Savi
 Physician François Carlo Antommarchi
 Poets
 Vincenzo da Filicaja
 Giovanni Battista Guarini
 Mauro Nervi
 Psychiatrist Silvano Arieti
 Racing car and engine designer Carlo Chiti
 Surgeon Andrea Vaccá Berlinghieri
 Writers
 Pietro Citati
 Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi
 Margaret King
 Antonio Tabucchi
 Zoologist Enrico Hillyer Giglioli

Faculty and staff
Prominent scholars who have taught at the University of Pisa include:

In science:
 Anatomists Lorenzo Bellini and Marcello Malpighi
 Chemist Robert Schiff
 Computer scientist Egon Börger
 Engineer
Corradino D'Ascanio
 Mathematicians
 Eugenio Beltrami
 Enrico Bombieri
 Giovanni Alfonso Borelli
 Sergio Campanato
 Benedetto Castelli
 Corrado De Concini
 Ennio De Giorgi
 Luigi Guido Grandi
 Alessandro Marchetti
 Claudio Procesi
 Leonida Tonelli
 Pathologist Angelo Maffucci
 Physicians Pietro Grocco and Paolo Mascagni
 Physicists
 Bernard H. Lavenda
 Carlo Matteucci
 Roy McWeeny
 Giulio Racah
 Gian-Carlo Wick
 Zoologist Enrica Calabresi

In other fields:
 Economist Giuseppe Toniolo
 Egalitarian Philippe Buonarroti, 18th century utopian socialist, revolutionary, journalist, writer, agitator, and freemason, mainly active in France
 Historians
 Jože Pirjevec, Slovene historian from Italy, one of the most prominent diplomatic historians of the west Balkans region, and member of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
 Pasquale Villari
 Journalist Luciano Bianciardi, translator and writer of short stories and novels
 Jurists
 Francesco Accarigi
 Carlo Costamagna
 Bartolus de Saxoferrato
 Baldus de Ubaldis
 Linguist Mauro Cristofani, researcher in Etruscan studies
 Philosophers
 Armando Carlini
 Arnold Davidson
 Dominic of Flanders
 Lorenzo Magalotti, author, diplomat and poet
 Ugo Spirito
 Poets
 Italian-Jewish poet & patriot David Levi
 Valerio Magrelli
 Giovanni Pascoli
 16th-century scholar Girolamo Maggi
 Writer Bernard Comment

In popular culture
The University of Pisa is mentioned in the film Don Juan (1926).
The central character in the TV series My Brilliant Friend (based on the novel by Elena Ferrante) attends and graduated from the university.

See also
 Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa
 Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies
 Pisa Charterhouse Natural History Museum
 Pisa University System
 École Normale Supérieure
 Superior Graduate Schools in Italy
 List of Italian universities
 List of medieval universities
 Pisa
 ICoN Interuniversity Consortium for Italian Studies

References

External links

 University of Pisa website

University
Educational institutions established in the 14th century
1343 establishments in Europe
Universities in Tuscany

University of Pisa


Sedgley is a town in the north of the Metropolitan Borough of Dudley, in the West Midlands, England.

Historically part of Staffordshire, Sedgley is on the A459 road between Wolverhampton and Dudley, and was formerly the seat of an ancient manor comprising several smaller villages, including Gornal, Gospel End, Woodsetton, Ettingshall, Coseley, and Brierley (now Bradley). In 1894, the manor was split to create the Sedgley and Coseley urban districts, the bulk of which were later merged into the Dudley County Borough in 1966.

Most of Sedgley was absorbed into an expanded County Borough of Dudley in 1966, with some parts being incorporated into Seisdon and Wolverhampton. Since 1974 it has been part of the Metropolitan Borough of Dudley.

History

The place name Sedgley was first mentioned in a 985 charter from King Æthelred to Lady Wulfrūn, when describing the Wolverhampton border. The original Old English place name was 'Secg's lēah' – Secg being a personal name (meaning sword-bearing man or warrior) and lēah meaning wood, glade or woodland clearing. Sedgley was also mentioned in the Domesday Book, as an estate held by William Fitz-Ansculf, Lord of Dudley.

Originally dotted with farming communities in the middle-ages, the village became industrialized as natural resources such as coal and limestone were exploited, and by the 18th century it was producing goods such as iron and brick.

Sedgley expanded rapidly during the early part of the 20th century, partly in response to the development of the nearby Baggeridge Colliery, despite a depletion in raw materials and a general decline in industry. As industry continued to decline, much of the area became redeveloped, with residential suburbs now dominating the landscape.

Many pre-1900 buildings in Sedgley survive to this day. They include Queen Victoria Primary School (1897), All Saints' Church (1805) and the early 19th century courthouse, now used as a public house.

Civic history
The ancient Manor of Sedgley consisted of nine villages; Sedgley, Gospel End, Cotwall End, Upper Gornal, Lower Gornal, Woodsetton, Coseley, Ettingshall and Brierley. In 1897, the villages of Coseley, Ettingshall and Brierley broke away from the Manor of Sedgley to form the Coseley Urban District, while Sedgley itself, Gospel End, Cotwall End, Upper Gornal, Lower Gornal, and Woodsetton were formed into the Sedgley Urban District. The entire area was part of the Wolverhampton Parliamentary Borough, created in 1832.

The east of the Sedgley district was transferred into Dudley as long ago as 1926, to allow for the development of the Priory and Wrens Nest Estates, where new council housing was built to rehouse families from the slum clearances in central Dudley in the 10 years leading up to the outbreak of World War II in 1939. The Old Park Farm Estate was added in the early 1950s.

Sedgley Urban District Council survived until 1966, when the majority of the area was merged into the Dudley County Borough, along with the Coseley and Brierley Hill districts. The Gospel End area, however, was merged into the Seisdon Rural District (later South Staffordshire), and the Goldthorn Park estate in the extreme north of the area was transferred into Wolverhampton.

The Gornal villages are generally not considered part of modern-day Sedgley, nor is the bulk of Woodsetton. Gospel End is no longer even in the same county as Sedgley, having remained in Staffordshire.

Neighbourhoods

Bull Ring
The central area of Sedgley, so named because it was originally the site of bull baiting before the sport was declared illegal in 1835. All signs of the actual ring were destroyed in about 1930 on the construction of a traffic island, but the traffic island is still known as the Bull Ring.

The current Bull Ring is surrounded by a number of notable buildings. The Court House, built in the early 19th century, was originally the law court for Sedgley but is now empty despite their attempts of a succession of owners to keep in competitive with other local pubs. These law courts were relocated to a building at the nearby police station until the town's courts were declared redundant in 1988. The Red Lion is approximately the same age as the Court House, and was once the village prison. It is still connected to the Court House by a passageway, though this has long fallen into disuse. The Clifton was opened in 1937 as Sedgley's first cinema, and remained open until 1978, when it closed and was converted into a bingo hall before being taken over by JD Wetherspoon and converted into a public house in 1998. The White Horse was built in the 19th century and was refurbished in 2014. Since then it has been the liveliest pub in Sedgley. Monty's wine bar also opened in 1998 in what was once a food store.

Presto opened a large supermarket on High Holborn in the town centre in 1987, on the site of a former filling station – with a former public car park being incorporated into the supermarket. A year later it was re-branded Safeway, and in 2004 it was taken over by the Midcounties Co-Operative. This in turn closed in the April 2017 and was re-opened in August 2017 as an Asda following a major refurbishment.

High Arcal Estate
Situated to the south of the town centre. It was developed in phases on part of a large field between 1992 and 1996; part of the field has been retained as a public open space and play area. The estate consists of around 300 Housing Association houses, flats and bungalows. Three-bedroom houses are the most frequent type of property in the area. Most residents on the estate are tenants of their homes, while some have shared ownership or full ownership. High Arcal is the largest post-1970s housing development in Sedgley.

Cotwall End
Cotwall End is situated around the rural Cotwall End Valley, and is one of the nine historic villages of the Sedgley manor.

A few pre-1900 buildings still exist, but the face of the area has changed dramatically since the Second World War by the construction of mostly upmarket detached houses in Cotwall End Road and Catholic Lane. Cotwall End Primary School has served the area since 1962, by which time most of the current surrounding houses had been built.

The Sandyfields Estate between Cotwall End Road and Sandyfields Road was built in the late 1950s, and is similar in style and layout to the nearby Brownswall and Straits Estates.

One of the few surviving buildings from the historic village of Cotwall End is Spout House Farm, which was built in the 18th century and remained in use for some 200 years, finally being abandoned during the 1970s. The farm house and buildings fell into disrepair over the next two decades but were restored in 2001 and converted into apartments.

A nature reserve, Cotwall End Valley, was opened in the area by Dudley council in 1969. Since 2005 the Brockswood Animal Sanctuary, a non-profit making company caring for rescued animals, has operated from the nature reserve.

Brownswall Estate
Situated to the north of Cotwall End Valley, this private housing estate was developed by Coseley-based builders Joseph Webb between 1956 and 1959, consisting of semi-detached and detached houses and bungalows with either two or three bedrooms. Most of the homes on the estate are three-bedroomed semi detached houses. It is also served by a recreation ground which includes a large football pitch and at one stage also a playground. However, the playground was dismantled in 2000 after more than 10 years of continued vandalism and gradual loss of playing equipment, which had reduced its popularity with local children.

Northway
Situated north of Cotwall End towards the border with Wolverhampton. The development began in the mid 1950s on land to the north of Gospel End Road, gathered pace in the 1960s and was mostly completed in the 1970s (by which time some 1,000 houses had been built) to join up with Wolverhampton Road.

Alder Coppice Primary School was opened on the Northway estate in 1967.

Alder Coppice, designated a local nature reserve in November 2019, is next to the estate. Also adjoining the estate is Sedgley Hall Park, built in the grounds of Sedgley Hall, a 15th-century house which was demolished in 1966. The park includes playing facilities for children, although some of the playing equipment was dismantled in the 1990s and 2000s due to vandalism.

The centre of the Northway Estate features shops, a medical centre and public house called "The Cabin", which was part of the late 1960s phase of the estate.

Beacon Estate
The Beacon Estate was built by Sedgley UDC in the shadow of Beacon Hill during the 1920s and 1930s, with two small sections being added in the 1940s and 1950s. Some of the first houses built by Sedgley UDC were on the estate.

During the early hours of 28 July 2012, Shane Watson, a 23-year-old man who lived on the estate, was found murdered in an alleyway on the estate. Two local men, Shylon Wishart and James Cartwright, were later convicted of Mr Watson's murder and sentenced to life imprisonment.

Places of interest

All Saints' Church

All Saints' Church is a parish church situated in the centre of Sedgley. The first records of the church date back to the Domesday Survey of 1086, but the current structure dates to the early 19th century. Paid for by the Earl of Dudley, the Neo-Gothic building, completed in 1829, originally had a seating capacity of over 1,000, but was later re-seated to hold 850. The church is located on the corner of Vicar Street and Dean Street, with the modern vicarage and church hall on the opposite side of Vicar Street.

At the time, it was the only parish church in the large but relatively lightly populated parish of Sedgley, but the parish was later divided into five ecclesiastical districts, to cover the nine villages of the Manor.

Baggeridge Park

Baggeridge Park is a country park located 1.5 miles south-west of Sedgley in Gospel End. Originally part of the Earl of Dudley's Himley estate, coal mining operations began on the site in 1902, with the opening of the Baggeridge Colliery. After its closure in 1968 the colliery was bought by Seisdon Rural District Council, and later granted country park status in 1970. Full reclamation of the land commenced in January 1981, with the park officially opened by Princess Anne in June 1983. It has so far been largely free of many of the problems which have become increasingly common across the rest of Sedgley since then.

Sedgley Beacon

Beacon Hill, one of several Beacon hills in England, is  above sea level, one of the highest points in the West Midlands. It is well known for fossils. The hill was once the site where beacons were lit to warn local people of invaders. Sedgley Beacon Hill provides views across the Black Country, Cannock Chase and Birmingham to the east, and to the Wrekin, Clee Hills and Malvern Hills to the west; on very clear days it is possible to see the hills of North Staffordshire and Derbyshire, as well as the mountains of both North and South Wales. It is also possible to see another Beacon hill – Barr Beacon, some 15 miles away.

Sarah Hughes Brewery
The Sarah Hughes Brewery founded in 1921 in a Victorian brew house and pub is situated in Bilston Street, Sedgley, attached to the Beacon Hotel.

Education

Primary schools
 Queen Victoria Primary School – built in 1897, situated in the town centre. The school was one of the first to take part in a government-sponsored initiative to extend school hours with additional programs beyond the traditional school day, aimed at making better use of public resources for community benefit. New classrooms were built in 2006 to replace mobile classrooms that had been at the school since the 1970s. The original 1897 building is still in existence, and an extension dating from 1931 is also still standing. Students from Queen Victoria mostly transfer to The Dormston School; situated adjacent to the Queen Victoria school site. The two schools often collaborate in enrichment programs for younger students such as the JSLA (Junior Sports Leaders Award) students attending the primary school to teach younger students. Queen Victoria students often use the Mill Theatre for school productions, notably the first production to take place under such circumstance was "A Spaceman Came Travelling" for the Millennium production. The school is a 3–11 school which includes a nursery unit which opened in the 1970s, when the school also opened to 12-year olds as part of a local education reorganisation. However, the school lost a significant number of its pupils to the new Alder Coppice and Cotwall End schools during the 1960s, which were built to accommodate Sedgley's rapidly growing population in the postwar years. There was also a senior school at Queen Victoria for pupils aged over 11 years until 1937, by which time Dormston School had opened nearby. The first and middle school buildings were connected in the early 1980s with the construction of a new administration area. The age range was altered to 3–11 from September 1990.
 Cotwall End Primary School – built in 1962, situated about half a mile west of the town centre. It provides a two-form entry for pupils aged 3–11 years. Originally a one-form entry school, it became a two-form entry school in 1971 following the completion of a new infant school building. Cotwall End originally had separate infant and junior schools (becoming a first and middle school in 1972), but merged in 1981 to form a single primary school, with the first and middle school departments reverting to infant and junior school when the leaving age was reduced from 12 to 11 after July 1990.
 Alder Coppice Primary School was opened in 1967 and situated about a mile north-west of the town centre on the Northway Estate. The current headteacher is Dr Duncan Jones, who arrived in January 2006 to replace the retiring Mr David Cox, who had been at the school since April 1999. His predecessor was Mrs Barbara Carter. The school's previous headteacher, Mr Colin Gould, left in October 1995 for disciplinary reasons. Alder Coppice was put into special measures in December 1999 after OFSTED inspectors criticised the school's weak management of resources and lack of direction, but it came out of special measures 18 months later and is successful again. Doctor Duncan Jones took over from David Cox in January 2006. It was originally two separate infant and junior schools (5–7 and 7–11 respectively), with a nursery unit being added in the 1970s around the same time that the infant and junior schools became first and middle schools in September 1972. However, the first and middle schools merged to form a primary school in September 1988, and the two departments reverted to infant and junior in September 1990 when the age of secondary transfer was reduced from 12 to 11.
 St Chad's Catholic Primary School is a Catholic primary school, although non-Catholic children are permitted to attend. The school opened in 1870 in a building attached to the church. Two teachers taught approximately 70 children. In 1876, the Victorian School was completed, but eventually became overcrowded. In 1954, work started on the New School. The first three classrooms opened in 1956. Later in 1962 the hall was added. After 1969, the old school became the Dining Room. Further classrooms were added in 1969 and 1973. All three school buildings remain on site, as does the church. It is situated about a quarter of a mile south of the town centre.
 Straits Primary School – built in 1968 to serve the (then) new Straits housing estate. It is situated about two miles south-west of the town centre. The current headmaster is Mr Len Haslehurst, who has there since April 2012. His predecessor was Mr Adrian Slack, who was at the school for 15 years. On Adrian Slack's arrival, the school had been placed into special measures by OFSTED inspectors who had criticised the school heavily under its previous management. It came out of special measures in 1999 and is now one of the strongest performing primary schools in the whole Dudley Borough. In September 1989, mobile buildings in the school grounds were used as accommodation for pupils who were starting the new Milking Bank Primary School just over the border in Dudley, as the new school building was not ready in time for the 1989/90 academic year. However, the Milking Bank pupils left the Straits site on 27 November 1989 when their new school buildings was opened.

Secondary schools
 Dormston School –  built in 1935, situated in the centre of Sedgley. Has expanded greatly since the late 1960s, and since 1996 has included a sixth form centre in partnership with Dudley College. Its status changed from secondary modern to comprehensive in 1975. The age range on its opening was 11+, before changing to 12–16 in 1972 and 11–16 in 1990.
 High Arcal School – built in 1961, situated about half a mile east of Sedgley in Woodsetton, and was a grammar school until becoming comprehensive in 1975. It had a sixth form until 1990. Sixth form facilities returned to the school in 2002, when the sixth form being run in partnership with Dormston School and Dudley College was extended to High Arcal.

Former schools
 Flax Hall Primary School – opened in the 1950s but closed in 1989 due to falling pupil numbers. The school buildings survive and are now used as a community centre.
 Tudor County Primary School – opened in the late 19th century, served the community of Upper Gornal until its closure in July 1986. The school buildings were used as an adult education centre until their demolition in 1996, when the site was redeveloped for housing.

Transport
Due to its hilly geography Sedgley has never had a rail or canal link, although near its historic border with Kingswinford there was a halt on the railway between Stourbridge and Wolverhampton known as Gornal Halt which opened in 1925 and closed in 1932 after just seven years in use, although the line on which it was situated survived into the 1960s.

However, it is served by bus routes to neighbouring areas such as Wolverhampton, Dudley, Bilston and Tipton.

Crime
Crime in Sedgley increased significantly during the 1990s and early 2000s, but has fallen in more recent years. In the ward of Sedgley (which includes the town centre, Brownswall, Northway and Beacon estates as well as some of the High Arcal Estate) it was not uncommon for more than 100 crimes to be reported in a single month – with anti-social behaviour by teenagers being particularly rife, more often than not fuelled by alcohol or drugs. The police regularly had to deal with incidents at Dormston School involving pupils. However, by 2014 the number of reported crimes in the Sedgley ward has regularly fallen to less than 50 crimes in a month, with the final two months of 2013 seeing less than 40 crimes reported each month.

References

External links
The Ancient Manor of Sedgley – Local History website
Sedgley Local History Society website

Towns in the West Midlands (county)
Areas of Wolverhampton
Areas of Dudley

Sedgley


Los ammoxénidos (Ammoxenidae) son  una familia de arañas araneomorfas, que forman parte de los gnafosoideos (Gnaphosoidea), una superfamilia formada por siete familias entre las que destacan por su número de especies Gnaphosidae y Prodidomidae.

Distribución
Dos de sus géneros, Ammoxenus y Rastellus, son  de África y los otros dos, Austrammo y Barrowammo, de Australia.

Sistemática
Con la información recogida hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2011, Ammoxenidae cuenta con 18 especies descritas comprendidas en 4 géneros:
Ammoxenus Simon, 1893
Austrammo Platnick, 2002
Barrowammo Platnick, 2002
Rastellus Platnick & Griffin, 1990

Referencias
 Platnick, N.I. (2002): "A revision of the Australasian ground spiders of the families Ammoxenidae, Cithaeronidae, Gallieniellidae, and Trochanteriidae (Araneae, Gnaphosoidea)". Bulletin of the AMNH 271 PDF (26Mb) Abstract
 Platnick, Norman I.</span> (2012): The world spider catalog, version 12.5. American Museum of Natural History.
 Texas A&M University, Department of Entomology - Synopsis of the described Araneae of the World.

Véase también
 Anexo:Especies de Ammoxenidae
 Anexo:Taxonomía de las arañas

Enlaces externos

Ammoxenidae

Ammoxenidae


ලුවී කුමරු තෙවන චාල්ස් රජතුමාගේ වැඩිමහල් පුත් කුමරු වන විලියම්, වේල්සයේ කුමරුගේ දෙවන පුත්‍රයා හා තෙවන දරුවා වේ.දෙවන එලිසබෙත් රැජිනගේ මී මුණුබුරෙකුද වේ.

වේල්සයෙහි ලුවී කුමරු


Aderus revoili é uma espécie de inseto besouro da família Aderidae. Foi descrita cientificamente por Maurice Pic em 1915.

Distribuição geográfica
Habita no arquipélago de Zanzibar.

Referências

revoili
Insetos descritos em 1915
Espécies descritas por Maurice Pic

Aderus revoili


Los Coronas es un grupo madrileño de surf rock y rock instrumental de España.

Desarrollo
Fundados por Fernando Pardo y David Krahe en 1991, su nombre está tomado de Corona, localidad californiana donde Fender ubicó su fábrica de producción de guitarras hasta el 1991, año en el que la trasladó a Arizona. Los orígenes del grupo se remontan a 1989, cuando Fernando Pardo -Sex Museum- intenta poner en marcha un proyecto rock'n'roll "con mucho reverb y el puro ritmo surfero de Dick Dale". Y esta es la principal influencia de la banda, grupos como el citado Dick Dale, The Ventures, Link Wray o Jerry Cole. En 1991 la formación se consolida, cuando Fernando Pardo se une a David Krahe, miembro de No Wonder, y este dúo, que aún se mantiene en la actualidad, será el núcleo del grupo. En su web afirman lo siguiente: "elegimos el surf como estilo para doctorarnos en rock n' roll.. Y con un nivel de autoexigencia casi enfermizo -"llevábamos tocando desde el 91 y hasta el 95 no creíamos que estábamos preparados para grabar un disco". "Nuestras aspiraciones siempre han sido muy grandes en lo musical y muy pequeñas en cuestión de éxito".

En 1992 publican "Tormenta" (Animal, 1992), un EP con tres canciones del que no quedaron muy contentos, por lo que pasarían tres años, de trabajo duro y largos ensayos, con el propósito firme de mejorar su sonido, hasta que sale a la luz "Los Coronas" (Tritone, 1995). El disco tiene una muy buena acogida dentro de la escena, y sus temas comienzan a aparecer en recopilatorios de R 'n' R y surf instrumental de los EE. UU., Japón, Alemania y Suecia. Incluso Phil Dirt, durante varios años los situó en la lista de las diez primeras de bandas de surf en su web. Apenas un año después, sale al mercado "Gen-U-Ine Sounds" (Tritone, 1996), su sonido va ganando solvencia y también sus labores compositivas, de hecho, los diez cortes del disco son propios. Es un momento de auge para el surf, debido en gran medida al revival que trajo consigo la banda sonora de "Pulp Fiction" (Quentin Tarantino, 1994), e incluso el grupo participa como teloneros del maestro Dick Dale en su gira española.

La formación sufrió varios cambios a lo largo de su historia. Así pasaron por la batería José Bruno El Niño, su hermano Kiki Tornado y Roberto Lozano -Loza- que es el actual batería de la banda. Por el bajo pasaron Pablo Rodas -Sex Museum-, Javi Polo -The Winnerys- y el actual Javi Vacas -La Vacazul-. Las guitarras siempre estuvieron en las manos de Fernando Pardo y David Krahe.

En el 2003 participan en el Wipe-Out Weekend Festival 2003 de Calella (Barcelona) y la organizadora del evento, El Toro, decide poner en circulación sus dos primeros discos que se encontraban descatalogados, editándose "The Vivid Sounds of…" (El Toro, 2003). Fueron años en los que el grupo estuvo alejado de un estudio de grabación, pero eso no les impidió hacer largas giras por el país y gran parte del extranjero, convirtiéndose en grupo de culto dentro de la escena del rock instrumental. Casi inmediatamente tras la gira lanzan "Caliente Caliente" (Tritone, 2004), en el cual su sonido los convierte en una de las bandas españolas con mayor proyección internacional. Con la presentación del disco, comienza una larga gira por la que recorren prácticamente toda la geografía española, siendo el momento culminante su participación en el Festimad '04.

En noviembre del 2005 desembarcan en Méjico, en una gira exitosa que los acerca a la discográfica Isotonic Records, que decide editar "Surfin' Tenochtitlan" (Isotonic, 2006), disco recopilatorio en el que el grupo regresaba a los estudios Heatroom de Madrid sus canciones favoritas, repasando la historia del grupo desde sus orígenes hasta el presente. El disco será reeditado por Gaztelupeko Hotsak, "Surfin' Tenochtitlan" (Gaztelupeko Hotsak, 2006), en edición de CD y doble LP y manteniendo el diseño realizado por Isotonic.

En el 2009, y está vez como cuarteto tras la pérdida de Óscar Ybarra -responsable de las trompetas de su último largo-, vuelven a la carga con "El Baile Final…" (Bittersweet, 2009), su particular homenaje al western y al universo musical cinematográfico con vocación surfista. No faltan los guiños a Fernando Fernán Gómez -"Alamerde"- y a Kraftwerk, atreviéndose a realizar una versión customizada del "Radioactivity" de los alemanes, aderezada con el "Ghost riders in the sky" de Stan Jones. Para su presentación, gira multitudinaria por España y participación en el South by Southwest Festival de Austin.

La formación se consolida con la entrada de Yahven Reichkalov a la trompeta y lo celebra lanzando un split en 10″ con la banda neoyorquina The Hi-Risers, "Have a Cocktail with… Los Coronas & The Hi-Risers" (Bloody Hotsak, 2009). Los Coronas incluyen dos versiones, "Flamenco" de Los Brincos y "Take Five", un tema célebre del jazz que hizo famoso Dave Brubeck. En México, Isotonic prepara la edición de "El Baile Final…" con portada nueva a cargo de Jorge Alderete y los dos cortes del split como extras, su lanzamiento coincide con una gira de dos semanas de la banda por el país azteca.

En el 2010 se asocian con los vallisoletanos Arizona Baby y deciden dar una gira juntos bajo el lema de Dos Bandas y un Destino. Para conmemorar la reunión, ambas bandas publican en primera instancia el EP "Dos Bandas y un Destino" (Subterfuge, 2010) en vinilo de 7″ con doble portada y cuatro de las versiones que ofrecen en sus shows. Cuatro cortes entre los que nos encontramos con las versiones del "Wish you were here" de Pink Floyd, "Too drunk to fuck" de Dead Kennedys, "Runaway" de Del Shannon y "La cárcel de Sing Sing" de Alci Acosta. A continuación lanzan "Dos Bandas y un Destino. El Concierto" (Subterfuge, 2011), CD+DVD que recoge la actuación que ofrecieron el 18 de noviembre de 2010 en la sala Joy Eslava de Madrid. Poco después las dos bandas se fusionan bajo un mismo nombre, Corizonas, y entregan el largo "The News Today" (Subterfuge, 2011). Un trabajo en el que generan un universo propio en el que tienen cabida grupos de ayer, de hoy y de siempre como The Jayhawks, Fleet Foxes, Wilco o My Morning Jacket.

En 2013, vuelve a ver la luz un nuevo disco de estudio de Los Coronas. Tras una exitosa gira por Australia, publican "Adiós Sancho" (Tritone, 2013), producido por Craig Schumacher conjuntamente con Los Coronas, grabado por Chris Schultz en WaveLab Studio en Tucson (Arizona) y masterizado por JJ Golden en California. Sin olvidarse de sus sonidos fronterizos, se atreven a experimentar en nuevos sonidos que les llevará a una extensa gira por toda España.

Temas suyos han aparecido en películas como Airbag, Abre los ojos y Lena así como en varios cortos.

Se ha anunciado la publicación de su nuevo disco que lleva por título "Señales de humo" para el día 29 de septiembre de 2017, disco compuesto por diecisiete temas instrumentales.

Componentes

La composición actual la conforman:
 Fernando Pardo: guitarra
 David Krahe: guitarra
 Roberto Lozano Loza: batería
 Javier Vacas: bajo
 Yevhen Riechkalov: trompeta

Antiguos miembros

 José Bruno El Niño, batería
 Kiki Tornado, batería
 Pablo Rodas de Sex Museum, bajo
 Javi Polo de The Winnerys, bajo

Discografía

Los Coronas tienen los siguientes discos editados:
 Señales de Humo (Tritone Records, 2017)
 Nueva Dimensión Vital (Subterfuge Records ,2016) CORIZONAS
 El Extraño Viaje (EP) (Tritone Records, 2013)
 Adiós Sancho (Tritone Records, 2013)
 The News Today (Subterfuge Records, 2011) CORIZONAS
 Dos Bandas Y Un Destino. El Concierto (Subterfuge Records, 2011) LOS CORONAS & ARIZONA BABY
 Dos Bandas Y Un Destino (EP) (Subterfuge Records, 2010) LOS CORONAS & ARIZONA BABY
 Have A Cocktail With... Los Coronas & The Hi-Risers (10') (Gaztelupeko Hotsak, 2009)
 El Baile Final... de los Locos y los Cuerdos (Bittersweet Recordings, 2009) (Tritone Records,2010)
 Surfin' Tenochtitlan (Recopilatorio) (Gaztelupeko Hotsak -Edición española-, Isotonic Records-Edición mexicana-, 2006)
 Caliente Caliente (Tritone Records, 2004)
 The Vivid Sounds Of (Recopilatorio) (El Toro Records, 2003)
 Gen-U-Ine Sounds (Tritone Records, 1996)
 Los Coronas (Tritone Records, 1995)
 Tormenta (EP) (Animal, 1992)

Véase también
 Música surf
 Sex Museum
 Sobrinus

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Los Coronas en la fonoteca
 Página oficial de Los Coronas
 Los Coronas llegan a Castellón con su música surf

Grupos de rock de la Comunidad de Madrid
Grupos de música surf
Grupos de música de los años 1990
Grupos de música de los años 2000
Grupos de música de Madrid

Los Coronas


Jack Steinberger (Bad Kissingen, Bavarska, Njemačka, 25. svibnja 1921. – Ženeva, 12. prosinca 2020.), američki fizičar njemačkog podrijetla. Doktorirao je (1948.) na Sveučilištu u Chicagu. Radio je na Sveučilištu Columbia u New Yorku (od 1950. do 1971.) i na CERN-u u Ženevi (od 1968. do 1986.). U Nacionalnom laboratoriju u Brookhavenu pridonio je razvoju komore s mjehurićima (od 1954. do 1955.). Surađujući s L. Ledermanom i Melvinom Schwartzom (od 1960. do 1962.) dobio je neutrinski snop koji se sastojao od nekoliko stotina milijardi neutrina i omogućio otkriće mionskoga neutrina. Bavio se istraživanjem narušenja CP-simetrije. Za istraživanja u području fizike neutrina, metodu neutrinskih snopova i demonstraciju parne strukture leptona na temelju otkrića mionskoga neutrina podijelio je 1988. s Ledermanom i Schwartzom Nobelovu nagradu za fiziku.

Problem Sunčevih neutrina

Znanstvenike je oduvijek zanimalo odakle silna Sunčeva energija. H. von Helmholtz je prvi pred oko 140 godina pokušao znanstveno protumačiti izvor Sunčeve energije pomoću gravitacije i došao je do spoznaje da bi time energija Sunca trajala najviše oko 30 milijuna godina. Za fizičare 19. stoljeća bilo je to dovoljno, ali ne i za biologe, koji su pokušavali vremenski odrediti nastanak života na Zemlji. Danas je poznato da Sunce zrači energiju već 5 milijardi godina. Tek šezdesetih godina 20. stoljeća je H. A. Bethe uspio zahvaljujući prijedlogu fizičara von Weizsäckera protumačiti proces energije na Suncu. Neutrino je bitan za taj proces dobivanja energije koja kompenzira gravitacijsku energiju i time sprječava gravitacijsko urušavanje (kolabiranje) Sunca. U središtu Sunca, preko složenih lančanih reakcija u takozvanom Sunčevom standardnom modelu (SSM), dolazi do nuklearne fuzije protona u helij. Tim nuklearnim vezanjima bariona pretvara se masa m u energiju E prema poznatoj jednadžbi:

gdje je: c - brzina svjetlosti. Svake sekunde Sunce kroz taj složeni proces fuzije "izgori" u sekundi gotovo 600 milijuna tona vodika u teže atomske jezgre. Pri tome nastaje Sunčevo svjetlo (fotoni) i Sunčevi neutrini. Neutrino neposredno napusti gusti centar Sunca, dok foton treba 100 tisuća godina dok dođe na površinu koju mi opažamo.

Kroz stalna raspršenja foton izgubi svaku informaciju o središtu Sunca za razliku od neutrina. Na površini Zemlje dobivamo danju i noću preko 60 milijardi Sunčevih neutrina po cm2 u sekundi prema Betheovoj osnovnoj reakciji:

gdje je masa deuterija  manja od mase dvaju protona što odgovara energiji vezanja protona i neutrona u deuterij (defekt mase).

Zato proučavanje Sunčevih neutrina nije samo test SSM modela, nego dopušta direktno promatranje unutrašnjosti Sunca kod temperature od oko 15 milijuna stupnjeva Celzija. Dnevno svjetlo dolazi s površine Sunca, gdje je temperatura svega 5 505 ºC.

B. Pontecorvo, učenik E. Fermija, je predložio da neutrino može kod apsorpcije u atomskoj jezgri pretvoriti kemijski element s atomskim brojem X u element atomskog broja X+1. Na primjer, izotop klora () preko reakcije:

u izotop argona (). U tom slučaju broj atoma argona mjeri količinu Sunčevih neutrina. Otkriću Sunčevih neutrina pridonio je i mladi radiokemičar Ray Davis u novoosnovanoj grupi za kemiju u Brookhaven National laboratoriju. Kako nije dobio neki određeni radni zadatak, u biblioteci je pokušao naći neki interesantni problem za sebe. Tako je našao prijedlog talijanskog fizičara Pontecorva i odmah je razvio radiokemijski pilot projekt kako pronaći mali broj elemenata argona u tekućini klora. Nakon tog pilot projekta sagradio je ogromni rezervoar od 380 tisuća litara, ispunio ga tekućinom za kemijsko čišćenje perkloroetilenom, koji je bogat s klorom i jakom apsorpcijom neutrina.

Detektor je postavio u rudnik zlata 1 500 metara pod zemljom da bi smanjio utjecaj kozmičke pozadine (eng. background). Davis je razvio preciznu tehniku kako količinski (kvantitativno) izvući nekoliko atoma radioaktivnog argona proizvedenog apsorpcijom neutrina u kloru. Posao je bio vrlo težak, lakše bi bilo naći iglu u plastu sijena. Argon u tekućini klora je bio prvi dokaz Sunčevih neutrina. Svakih mjesec dana je Davis "ulovio" 17 radioaktivnih atoma argona. Nakon 6 mjeseci izmjereni broj atoma nije se podudarao s očekivanim brojem neutrina prema Sunčevom standardnom modelu. Ili je bila kriva SSM teorija ili je Davisov pokus bio pogrešan. Kako su mnogi daljnji pokusi, izvođeni na isti način, pokazali sličan rezultat, došlo se na ideju da su se elektronski neutrini na putu do Zemlje pretvorili u druge vrste neutrina koji ne mogu biti apsorbirani u tim kemijskim pokusima, koji reagiraju samo na νe, a ne na νμ ili ντ.

To otkriće vodilo je daljnjim pokusima. Tako je jedna japanska grupa pod vodstvom fizičara M. Koshiba blizu grada Kamioka u rudniku cinka, oko 600 metara ispod zemlje, sagradila rezervoar od 50 tisuća tona izuzetno čiste vode s 11 146 staklenih fotomultiplikatora, cijevi promjera 50 cm. Način detekcije u ovom pokusu je različit od kemijskih detektora. Detektor s vodom može detektirati sve vrste neutrina. Neutrino u sudaru s molekulama vode stvara razne elementarne čestice s električnim nabojem koji u vodi imaju brzinu veću od brzine svjetlosti u vodi i stvaraju takozvano Čerenkovljevo svjetlo (Čerenkovljevo zračenje) čime otkriju svoj identitet (kod posjeta nuklearnom reaktoru može se u skladištu uranijevih šipki u vodi vidjeti plavo Čerenkovljevo svjetlo kojeg stvaraju elektroni). Svjetlo je registrirano s panoramski raspodijeljenim fotomultiplikatora i izračunat je tip reakcije pomoću računala,čime se moglo identificirati neutrino.

S tim nešto poboljšanim detektorom je jedna japansko-američka grupa objavila 1998. da neutrino mijenja svoj identitet prolazom kroz svemir. Time je otkrivena oscilacija neutrina i pokazano da neutrino ima masu. To je također potvrdila i jedna kanadska grupa. Time je riješen problem manjka Sunčevih neutrina koji dolaze do Zemlje i potvrđen Sunčev standardni model. Davis i Koshiba su za svoja istraživanja Sunčevih neutrina bili nagrađeni Nobelovom nagradom 2002.

Dana 23. veljače 1987. dogodilo se duboko u svemiru nešto što je prostim okom zadnji vidio J. Kepler: zvjezdana, takozvana eksplozija supernove. Pred 180 tisuća godina u susjednoj galaksiji jedna je zvijezda iscrpila fuzioni materijal i time je nestala energija koja je davala otpor vlastitoj gravitaciji. U jednom trenu je nastala urušenjem gravitacijska eksplozija i emitirala energiju preko neutrina i svjetlosti veću od 1000 milijardi višu negoli naše Sunce izrači u godinu dana. Signal od 12 neutrina registrirao je Kamiokande detektor. Istodobno su i druga dva slična detektora u SAD-u registrirala neutrine. Tek nakon 2 sata je stigao i svjetlosni signal (neutrino je kroz svemirsku prašinu brži od svjetla). Time se potvrdilo pokusno predviđanje teorijskih modela o razvoju zvijezda i gravitacijskom kolapsu. Tako se može reći da je 1987. započela neutrinska astronomija izvan naše galaksije!

Izvori

Američki fizičari
Dobitnici Nobelove nagrade za fiziku

Jack Steinberger


Colombia Oro y Paz 2018 var den 1. udgave af det colombianske landevejscykelløb. Løbet foregik i perioden 6. til 11. februar 2018. Løbet var en del af UCI America Tour 2018 og var i kategorien 2.1. Den samlede vinder blev colombianske Egan Bernal fra .

Hold

Etaperne

1. etape

2. etape

3. etape

4. etape

5. etape

6. etape

Resultater

Samlede stilling

Pointkonkurrencen

Bjergkonkurrencen

Sprintkonkurrencen

Ungdomskonkurrencen

Holdkonkurrencen

Startliste

Eksterne henvisninger

2018
Cykelløb i 2018

Colombia Oro y Paz 2018


Kortright steht für:

 Kortright (New York), eine Stadt im Delaware County (New York)

Kortright ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Cornelius Hendricksen Kortright (1817–1897), britischer Gouverneur
 Elizabeth Kortright Monroe (1768–1830), First Lady der Vereinigten Staaten

Kortright


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Der Miracle Beach Provincial Park ist ein 137 Hektar großer Provincial Park in der kanadischen Provinz British Columbia. Er liegt etwa 22 Kilometer nördlich von Courtenay und 22 Kilometer südlich von Campbell River an der Ostküste der Insel Vancouver Island und ist über den Highway 19A zu erreichen. Der Park liegt im Comox Valley Regional District.

Anlage
Der Park liegt unmittelbar an der Straße von Georgia und wird im nördlichen Teil vom Black Creek durchflossen. Das Gelände im südlichen Parkteil gliedert sich in den etwas vom Ufer abgesetzten Campingbereich und den unmittelbar am Ufer liegenden Picknickbereich. Während der nördliche Teil mit dem Bach von Grasland beherrscht wird, ist der südliche Teil dicht bewaldet.Bei dem Park handelt es sich um ein Schutzgebiet der Kategorie II (Nationalpark).

Geschichte
Der Park wurde 1950 eingerichtet. Wie bei fast allen Provinzparks in British Columbia gilt aber auch für diesen, dass er lange bevor die Gegend von Einwanderern besiedelt oder sie Teil eines Parks wurde, Jagd- und Fischereigebiet verschiedener Stämme der First Nations war. Sein Name beruht auf einer Indianerlegende. Es war einmal – so lautet die Geschichte –, dass die ansässigen Cape Mudge Indianer angeschlagen und ängstlich waren, die Beute der umliegende kriegerischen Stämme. Eines Tages kam ein hungernder Fremder zu ihnen gestolpert. Er wurde von ihnen genährt, gekleidet und ein Freund. Der Fremde entpuppte sich dann als ein Bote des Großen Geistes.

Bevor der Park 1950 von der Provinz übernommen wurde, war er im Privatbesitz. Im Laufe der Jahre wurde der ursprünglich 57 Hektar dann noch mehrfach vergrößert.

Flora und Fauna
Der Park liegt im gemäßigten Regenwald. Das Ökosystem von British Columbia wird weiterhin in verschiedene biogeoklimatischen Zonen eingeteilt. Diese biogeoklimatischen Zonen zeichnen sich durch ein grundsätzlich identisches oder sehr ähnliches Klima sowie gleiche oder sehr ähnliche biologische und geologische Voraussetzungen aus. Daraus resultiert in den jeweiligen Zonen dann auch ein sehr ähnlicher Bestand an Pflanzen und Tieren. Innerhalb des Systems wird der Park der Dry Maritime Subzone innerhalb der Coastal Douglas-fir Zone zugeordnet.

Nach der letzten forstwirtschaftlicher Nutzung und Aufforstung Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts wachsen hier nun hauptsächlich Douglasien, westamerikanische Hemlocktannen und Riesen-Lebensbäume. Allerdings findet sich hier auch der Großblättrige Ahorn (im englischen Sprachraum "Bigleaf Maple" genannt) und die Rot- oder Oregon-Erle (engl. Red alder). Der Wald hat hier einen Unterwuchs aus Rippenfarnen, Prachthimbeeren, Shallon-Scheinbeeren und Kreuzdorn. Im Unterholz finden sich ebenfalls Nuttalls Blüten-Hartriegel auch Pazifischer Blüten-Hartriegel genannt (engl. Pacific Dogwood), die Wappenpflanze von British Columbia.

Der Tidenhub der Strait of Georgia ist auch hier deutlich spür- und sichtbar, er beträgt im Regelfall etwa 2 bis 3 Meter. Die dadurch entstehende Gezeitenzone ist reich an maritimen Leben. Bei Ebbe besteht die Möglichkeit am Strand Muschelbänke und andere maritime Lebewesen zu sehen. Die Muscheln locken Seeotter und Seehunde, verschiedene Fische auch Fischadler und Weißkopfseeadler an.

Der, den Park durchfließende, Black Creek ist Laichgebiet von Wildlachsen. An seinem Unterlauf befindet sich auch eine Zählstation um die Entwicklung der Population verfolgen zu können. An Fischen vertreten sind hier auch pazifische Lachse, vor allem der Silberlachs (engl. Coho Salmon), die Regenbogenforelle sowie die Cutthroatforelle.

Im Park lässt sich, neben dem Sumpfzaunkönig, auch der Diademhäher (engl. Stellar's Jay), der Wappenvogel British Columbias, beobachten.

Aktivitäten
Die touristischen Attraktionen des Parks stellt der Picknickbereich mit seinem Sandstrand und der Gezeitenzone dar. Der Park ist besonders bei Familien mit Kindern sehr beliebt.

Im Park befindet sich das von RLC Enterprize unterhaltene Miracle Beach Nature House, welches Veranstaltungen (die sogenannten "Interpretive Programs") durchführt. Diese Veranstaltung bietet Vorträge und Spiele, um dem Publikum die Natur nahezubringen sowie Ausstellungen zur Naturgeschichte des Parks.

Der Park verfügt über einen, mit Sanitäranlagen, ausgestatteten Campingbereich. Dieser bietet insgesamt 200, zum größten Teil reservierbare, Stellplätze für Wohnmobile und Zelte.

Weblinks

 Miracle Beach Provincial Park. In: Englischsprachige Internetpräsenz des Parks bei BC Parks
 Englischsprachige Internetpräsenz des Miracle Beach Nature House

Einzelnachweise

Gegründet 1950
Schutzgebiet (Umwelt- und Naturschutz) in Nordamerika
Provincial Park in British Columbia
Comox Valley Regional District
Geographie (Vancouver Island)
Regenwald der gemäßigten Breiten

Miracle Beach Provincial Park


خوان بونثي دي ليون إي فيغيروا (بالإسبانية: Juan Ponce de León y Figueroa، ولد في 1460، سانتيرفاس دي كامبوس، بلد الوليد، إسبانيا - توفي في يوليو 1521، هافانا، كوبا) مستكشف إسباني اكتشف فلوريدا في بحثه عن ينبوع الشباب.

حياته
كان ينحدر من عائلة قديمة ونبيلة، واكتسب اسم ليون من زواج آل بونثي من دونيا ألدونثا دي ليون، وهي ابنة الملك ألفونسو التاسع. وفي صباه خدم بونثي دي ليون كوصيف الفارس بيدرو نونييث دي غوثمان، والذي أصبح لاحقاً معلم شقيق الملك كارلوس الخامس، وهو الطفل دون فرناندو.

رحلاته
أبحر مع كريستوفر كولومبوس عام 1493 هيسبانيولا (ساندومينغو) مع كولومبوس في رحلته الثانية، وهي حملة ضمت العديد من الشبان الأرستقراطيين، والعديد من النبلاء المغامرين الذين أصبحوا دون مناصب بعد سقوط غرناطة. وفي عام 1502 م أبحر نحو جزر الهند الغربية مع نيكولاس دي أوفاندو حاكم هيسبانيولا، وعندما كان السكان الأصليون قد أعلنوا تمردهم، قدم بونثي خدمات ثمينة فتم تعيينه كأحد ملازمي أوفاندو في مركزه في المدينة شرق الجزيرة. وساعد في استيطان بورتو ريكو بالنيابة عنه عام 1508 م، حيث كان قد سمع من الهنود عن الثروات الموجودة في الجزيرة المجاورة لهم (وسموها بوريكيين) وأقام أول مستعمرة فيها وهي كابارا قرب سان خوان عاصمة الجزيرة. واكتشف العديد من الكنوز، وتقديرا لخدماته في الجزيرة تم تعيينه أديلانتادو Adelantado أو حاكم عليها. وبعد أن تسبب في تقليص أعداد الهنود في الجزيرة تمت إقالته من منصبه، ولكنه تمكن قبل هذا من جمع ثروة طائلة.

في هذا الوقت سادت الحكايات في شرق آسيا عن ينبوع شهير كانت به خاصية عجيبة ألا وهي إعادة الشباب والنشاط لمن يشرب منه. وربما سمع الإسبان حكايات من الهنود ذكرتهم ينبوع الشباب هذا، وجاءتهم فكرة أن هذا الينبوع موجود في جزيرة تدعى بيميني، وهي تقع شمال هيسبانيولا.

حصل بونثي على وثيقة امتياز من الملك كارلوس الخامس في 23 فبراير 1512 م تفوضه لاستكشاف واستيطان جزيرة بيميني، ومنحه صلاحيات حكم هذه الجزيرة مدى الحياة، ومنحه لقب أديلانتادو (حاكم). في 3 مارس 1513 م انطلق بونثي من سان خرمان في بورتوريكو مع ثلاثة سفن جهزها على نفقته الخاصة. حدد بونثي مساره نحو الشمال الغربي، وبعد أحد عشر يوماً وصل إلى غواناهاني (سان سلفادور، وتسمى الآن جزيرة واتلينغ) حيث رأي كولومبوس الأرض الجديدة أول مرة.

اكتشاف فلوريدا
عندما استمر في طريقه في عام 1513 م وصل إلى فلوريدا يوم عيد الفصح في 27 مارس (فأعطاها اسمها باسكوا فلوريدا أي عيد الفصح المزهر وكذلك بسبب غطائها النباتي الكثيف) فحط في 2 أبريل قرب الموقع الحالي لسان أغسطين دون أن يدرك أنها جزء من القارة ووضع ملكها رسمياً ضمن أملاك التاج، وعاد في طريق عودته حذو الساحل إلى أقصي الجنوب ثم الغرب عبر كي ويست وممر تشارلوت المائي ويحتمل أنه مر على يوكاتان عند عودته إلى بورتو ريكو، وخلال هذه الرحلة تواجه بونثي في مرات عديدة مع الهنود الذين أظهروا شجاعة وتصميما في هجماتهم، وربما يرجع هذا إلى أنه لم يحاول تأسيس مستوطنة أو التوغل في الداخل بحثاً عن أي كنز يعتقد وجوده هناك. فعين بعدها بسنة كحاكم لفلوريدا وحارب بعدها هنود الكاريب واحتل ترينيداد.

رغم أن رحلته الأولى لم تكن ذات نتائج مرجوة فيما يتعلق بتحصيل الذهب والعبيد واكتشاف ينبوع الشباب، فقد صمم بونثي على تأمين امتلاك اكتشافه الجديد. واستطاع، عن طريق نفوذ صديقه بيدرو نونييز دي غوزمان، أن يحصل على منحة ثانية بتاريخ 27 سبتمبر 1514 م، ما منحه المقدرة لتنظيم استيطان جزيرة بيميني وفلوريدا. عاد إلى فلوريدا مع 200 رجل وسفينتين في رحلة ثانية عام 1521 م ومات من جراء جرح قاتل أصابه بسبب سهم أطلقه عليه أحد هنود السيمينول بينما كان يبني بيتاً للمستوطنين، لكن الحادثة في مجملها غير معلومة، وكانت وفاته في هافانا ومدينة بونثي في بويرتو ريكو مسماة عليه.

مصادر
  موسوعة بريتانيكا
 The Times Atlas of World History, Edited By Geoffrey Barraclough Book Club Association, London 1983.
 هذه المقالة تحوي معلومات مترجمة من دائرة المعارف الكاثوليكية للعام 1913، وهي الآن تحت إطار الملكية العامة.

بورتوريكو في القرن 16
إسبان في القرن 16
تاريخ مقاطعة بريفارد (فلوريدا)
جزر الهند الغربية الأسبانية
مستكشفون إسبان لأمريكا الشمالية
مستكشفون من الولايات المتحدة
مواليد 1460
وفيات 1521
وفيات في هافانا

خوان بونثي دي ليون


Måske uskyldig er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 2009 instrueret af Nagieb Khaja.

Handling
"Måske uskyldig" skildrer en kvindes kærlighed til sin terrormistænkte mand og hendes kamp for hans løsladelse. En mand som siden har lagt navn til tuneser-loven.
I februar 2008 slår PET døren ind til Hafsas hjem og fængsler hendes tunesiske mand, Karim, mistænkt for at ville dræbe tegneren Kurt Westergaard. Med en ny terrorlov i hånden kan PET udvise Karim uden rettergang, uden at fremlægge beviser og uden, at Karim har mulighed for at forsvare sig ved en domstol.
Debatten om de administrative udvisninger rasede i månedsvis. Hvordan sikrer man statens sikkerhed uden at gå på kompromis med borgernes retssikkerhed? Er man altid uskyldig, til det modsatte er bevist?
Overbevist om Karims uskyld gør Hafsa alt, hvad hun kan for at hjælpe sin mand, der i offentlighedens øjne allerede er dømt som terrorist.

"Måske uskyldig" stiller skarpt på terrorlovgivningen og dens konsekvenser for de involverede mennesker. Hafsas historie giver et usædvanligt indblik i, hvordan pårørende til terrormistænkte mærker konsekvenserne af de nye love.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2009

Måske uskyldig (dokumentarfilm)


ألكساندر نيغرايو هو سائق سيارات سباق برازيلي.

وصلات خارجية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
سائقو سباقات برازيليون
سائقو سباقات جي بي 2
سائقو فورمولا 3
سائقو لو مان 24 ساعة
مواليد 1985
مواليد في البرازيل

ألكساندر نيغرايو


Gnitz er en halvø på øen Usedom mellem bugten  Krumminer Wiek i Peenestrom mod vest og Achterwasser mod øst, syd for kommunen Zinnowitz. Halvøen er identisk med kommunen  Lütow  i Amt Am Peenestrom i  Landkreis Vorpommern-Greifswald i  den tyske delstat Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.

Geografi
Mod nord afgrænses halvøen af  "Großen Strumminer See" der er omgivet af moseområder, hvilket giver halvøen karakter af en ø. Mod vest er der højdedrag med klitter og klinter, enebær og fyrreskove. Mod sydvest ligger det 32. meter høje Weißer Berg og på sydenden ligger det 61,3 hektar store Naturschutzgebiet Südspitze Gnitz som også kaldes "Möwenort". Ud for østbredden ligger  den 99,14 ha store ø  Görmitz i Achterwasser, der  er forbundet med Gnitz med en dæmning. Øen er også et  naturschutzgebiet.

Eksterne kilder og henvisninger

Landkreis Vorpommern-Greifswald
Halvøer i Tyskland

Gnitz


Chad Hurley (født 24. januar 1977) grundlægger og tidligere administrerende direktør af Youtube.

Personer fra USA

Chad Hurley


An Orchis willingiorum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Brigitte Baumann ngan Helmut Baumann. An Orchis willingiorum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Orchis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Greece. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Orchis

Orchis willingiorum


Miguel Esguelha (* 1878; † 1938) war ein portugiesischer Politiker.

Er war von 1928 bis 1934 Präsident der Câmara Municipal von Vila Franca de Xira. In der Stadt sind eine Straße und ein Platz nach ihm benannt.

Quelle
 Straßenschild

Kommunalpolitiker (Portugal)
Person (Vila Franca de Xira)
Portugiese
Geboren 1878
Gestorben 1938
Mann

Miguel Esguelha


එක්සත් ජනපද ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව ඇමරිකානු එක්සත් ජනපදයෙහි උත්තරීතර නීතිය වෙයි. ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවෙහි පළමු වගන්ති තුන විසින් ෆෙඩරල් රජයෙහි ශාඛා තුනෙහි නීතිරීති හා බලතල වෙන් කොට තහවුරු කරයි: ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකයක්, එනම් ද්වි-මණ්ඩල කොංග්‍රස් මණ්ඩලය; ජනාධිපති විසින් නායකත්වය සපයන විධායක ශාඛාවක්; සහ ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණය විසින් නායකත්වය සපයන ෆෙඩරල් අධිකරණයක්. අවසන් වගන්ති සතර විසින් ෆෙඩරල් වාදයෙහි මූලධර්ම හුවා දක්වයි. දසවන සංශෝධනය විසින් ෆෙඩරල් ක්‍රමයෙහි ලක්ෂණ තහවුරු කර දක්වයි.

සටහන්

උපන්‍යාස

ඇමරිකාව

එක්සත් ජනපද ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව


An Pelexia sancta in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach ngan Johannes Eugen ius Bülow Warming, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Leslie Andrew Garay. An Pelexia sancta in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pelexia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pelexia

Pelexia sancta


Latrodectus hurtadoi est une espèce d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Theridiidae.

Distribution
Cette espèce est endémique du département de Santander en Colombie. Elle se rencontre vers Los Santos.

Description
Le mâle paratype mesure .

Étymologie
Cette espèce est nommée en l'honneur d'Andrés Hurtado García (1941-).

Publication originale
 Rueda, Lozano, Muñoz-Charry, Velásquez-Vélez, Amézquita, Parra & Realpe, 2021 : « Phylogeny of the genus Latrodectus (Araneae: Theridiidae) and two new species from the dry forests in the Magdalena Valley-Colombia. » Species, , , .

Liens externes

Notes et références

Theridiidae
Espèce d'araignées (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique de Colombie

Latrodectus hurtadoi


Pietro Torretta (ca. 1912 - 3 de octubre de 1975) fue un mafioso siciliano . Era el jefe de la familia mafiosa en el distrito de Uditore de Palermo y uno de los protagonistas en la Primera guerra de la mafia. Fue considerado el hombre que planeó la Masacre de Ciaculli.

Los inicios
Pietro Torretta provenía de una larga serie de mafiosos. Probablemente era hijo de Francesco Torretta, quien es mencionado en el informe policial de Sangiorgi a finales del  calificado como un mafioso de relieve. Fue miembro de la banda de Salvatore Giuliano. Fue detenido por primera vez en 1948 por cargos de extorsión, pero quedó en libertad por falta de pruebas.

Inicios en la mafia
Entre los años 1950 y 1960, Torretta, junto con otros advenedizos jefes mafiosos como los hermanos la Barbera y sus secuaces, eran vistos como integrantes de una "nueva mafia" que adoptaron nuevas técnicas de gánsteres. Otras cosche más pequeñas llegaron a reconocer la supremacía de estos jefes – una supremacía basada en la pura violencia. Hombres que estaban comenzando su "carrera" en su sombra se estaban formando en la nueva generación de mafiosos; tenían iniciativa, y el camino hacia el liderazgo de una cosca se vislumbró, por tanto, más fácil y accesible para aquellos que hubieran pretendido escalar posiciones a base de actos violentos. Algunos de ellos eran Tommaso Buscetta, y también Gerlando Alberti.

Cavataio participó activamente en lo que se conoce como el 'saqueo de Palermo' cuando Salvo Lima era alcalde de Palermo. Los jefes de la mafia obtenían licencias de construcción a través de contactos con los políticos. El auge de la construcción provocó la destrucción del cinturón verde de la ciudad y de las villas que habían simbolizado un gusto por la arquitectura, para dar paso a una invasión de cemento y de bloques de apartamentos de mala calidad.

Primera Guerra de la Mafia
Torretta fue uno de los protagonista de la Primera guerra de la mafia. Se puso del lado de los hermanos La Barbera contra un grupo rival encabezado por Salvatore "Ciaschiteddu" Greco. Cuando Angelo La Barbera fue tiroteado y detenido en Milán en mayo de 1963, Torretta y Buscetta se consideraron los sucesores de Angelo La Barbera. Torretta se propuso para ser jefe de Palermo Centro y Buscetta como su segundo. Sin embargo, los Greco creían que la promoción de Buscetta era particularmente un peligro. La disputa gradualmente reavivó las hostilidades entre Torretta, Buscetta y los Greco. Torretta y Buscetta dieron el primer golpe emboscando a dos enemigos en casa de Torreta.

El 30 de junio de 1963, un coche bomba en Ciaculli mató a siete policías y militares enviados para desactivarla después de una llamada telefónica anónima. La indignación por la Masacre de Ciaculli cambió lo que hasta entonces había sido una guerra entre clanes mafiosos en una guerra contra la mafia. Ello llevó al surgimiento de los primeros indicios de lucha contra la mafia por parte del Estado. La Comisión fue disuelta y muchos de los mafiosos que habían escapado del arresto huyeron al extranjero. Torretta era sospechoso de ser el hombre que estaba detrás del atentado, pero con el tiempo se supo que el verdadero instigador había sido Michele Cavataio.

Arresto y condena
El 9 de febrero de 1964, fue arrestado Torretta. Fue uno de los principales acusados en el procesamiento sobre la guerra mafiosa que llevaba su nombre (Pietro Torretta + 121 acusaciones por el magistrado de investigación Cesare Terranova) en mayo de 1965. Se le atribuían 14 asesinatos, ya fueran ordenados o ejecutados personalmente. Entre éstos se encontraban las víctimas de la Masacre de Ciaculli.

Fue uno de los pocos mafiosos que recibió una dura sentencia en el proceso de Catanzaro en diciembre de 1968. Fue condenado a 27 años. Mientras duraba la apelación, quedó en libertad bajo una fianza de 1.400 dólares y bajo la condición de que se exiliara a Cittadella, una ciudad del norte de Italia.

Desterrados de Sicilia, Torretta murió el 3 de octubre de 1975, de insuficiencia renal en la isla de Asinara. Fue un estereotipo de gangster-mafioso de los años 60. Hombres como Torretta, Angelo La Barbera, Rosario Mancino y Tommaso Buscetta entre otros, fueron figuras controvertidas, desorganizadas en sus actividades que evidenciaban un momento de transición y crisis de la Cosa Nostra.

Referencias

Fuentes
 Arlacchi, Pino (1988). Mafia Business. The Mafia Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Oxford: Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-285197-7
  Caruso, Alfio (2000). Da cosa nasce cosa. Storia della mafia del 1943 a oggi, Milan: Longanesi ISBN 88-304-1620-7
 Dickie, John (2004). Cosa Nostra. A history of the Sicilian Mafia, London: Coronet, ISBN 0-340-82435-2
 Lupo, Salvatore (2009). History of the Mafia, New York: Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0-231-13134-6
 Servadio, Gaia (1976), Mafioso. A history of the Mafia from its origins to the present day, London: Secker & Warburg ISBN 0-436-44700-2

Mafiosos de Italia
Nacidos en Palermo
Fallecidos en la provincia de Sassari

Pietro Torretta


Jacques Destrées (1700-1788), écrivain français ;
 Charles Destrées (1834-1904), diplomate français.

Destrées


Yukarıçirişli, Samsun ilinin Kavak ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Samsun iline 53 km, Kavak ilçesine 3 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kavak'ın mahalleleri

Yukarıçirişli, Kavak


Constantia oder Vin de Constance ist ein süßer Dessertwein, der mit Unterbrechungen seit dem 18. Jahrhundert auf den Constantia-Weingütern in der Kapregion Südafrikas hergestellt wird. Er wurde immer als unverstärkter, nicht botrytisierter Wein aus spät gelesenen, teils bereits am Weinstock rosinierten Trauben aus verschiedenen weißen und roten Muskattrauben unter Beimengung geringer Mengen von Mosten von Chenin Blanc, Muscat d'Alexandrie sowie der in Südafrika Pontac genannte Färbertraube Teinturier du Cher ausgebaut. Der Wein aus Constantia zählte zu den bekanntesten Süßweinen des 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts. Er soll der Sterbetrunk Napoleons gewesen sein, der jährlich beträchtliche Mengen nach St. Helena importieren ließ. Nach einer fast hundertjährigen Produktionspause, bedingt durch die Reblauskatastrophe und den allgemeinen Nachfragerückgang nach Süßweinen, werden wieder zwei Constantia-Süßweine produziert: der Vin de Constance vom Gut Klein Constantia und der Grand Constance vom Gut Groot Constantia.

Herkunft und Charakteristik
Das ursprünglich 750 ha umfassende Gut Constantia wurde im Jahr 1685 vom Gouverneur Simon van der Stel gegründet. Nach van der Stel's Tod im Jahr 1712 zerfiel der Constantia-Besitz in drei Teile: Groot Constantia; Klein Constantia sowie Bergvliet, wovon das letztere heute nicht mehr als Weingut besteht. Hendrik Cloete erwarb Groot Constantia im Jahr 1778, erweiterte die Rebanpflanzungen erheblich und führte das Gut vor allem durch die Produktion von Süßweinen zu einer neuen Blütezeit.

Die Weingüter liegen etwa 20 Kilometer südlich des Stadtzentrums Kapstadts, an der Wurzel der Kap-Halbinsel. Die Weinberge erstrecken sich an den steilen Osthängen des Constantia-Berges, einer Verlängerung des Tafelberges. Das Weinbaugebiet zählt zur Costal Region. Beide Weingüter haben ein großes Portfolio an Rot- und Weißweinen, Groot Constantia erzeugt auch einen dem Portwein nachempfundenen verstärkten Wein. Die Rebfläche, die Klein Constantia zur Gewinnung des Lesegutes für den Vin de Constance verwendet, beträgt 7,5 Hektar, für den Grand Constance liegen keine Angaben vor.

1986 begann Klein Constantia mit der Produktion des Vin de Constance. Es ist ein unverstärkter Weißwein, der aus am Weinstock getrockneten, zum Teil bereits rosinierten, erst Ende März gelesenen Trauben des Gelben Muskatellers gewonnen wird. Botrytis spielt bei den hartschaligen Muskatellertrauben keine Rolle. Nach der sehr späten Lese maischt das sorgfältig entrappte Lesegut in offenen Maischebottichen bis zu fünf Tage bevor es gepresst wird. Die Alkoholische Gärung und erste Entwicklung des Weines erfolgt in Stahltanks, bevor er auf 500 Liter-Eichenfässer gezogen wird, um sich zumindest noch weitere zwei Jahre zu entwickeln, bis die Flaschenabfüllung erfolgt. Der Vin des Constance ist hell bernsteinfarben. Sein Alkoholgehalt schwankt je nach Jahrgang zwischen 13 und 14 Volumenprozent, bei etwa 150–170 Gramm/Liter Restzucker und 6–8 Gramm/Liter Säure.

Nach einigen, nicht befriedigenden Versuchen kam 2003 auch das Weingut Groot Constantia mit einem Süßwein auf dem Markt, den es, da Klein Constantia die Rechte an dem ursprünglichen Namen hatte, Grand Constance nannte. Die Herstellung entspricht weitgehend dem des Vin de Constance, doch verwendet Groot Constantia auch Trauben eines rötlichen Mutanten des Gelben Muskatellers, sodass das Produkt etwas dunkler bernsteinfarben mit einem leicht rötlichen Hauch ist. Auch in Bezug auf Alkoholgehalt, Restzucker und Säure sind sich die beiden Weine sehr ähnlich. Der Grand Constantia wird neuerdings in Flaschen abgefüllt, die dem Aussehen der Originalflaschen nachempfunden sind oder ihm sogar entsprechen, nachdem 2004 Scherben einer Constantia-Flasche in einem Schiffswrack im Mündungsgebiet des Delaware gefunden wurden.

Beide Constantia-Süßweine sind Weine von außerordentlicher Qualität; sie zählen weltweit zu den besten ihrer Art. Die Weine sind exzellent lagerfähig, doch ist die Haltbarkeit eines jeden Jahrgangs unterschiedlich zu bewerten. Gute Jahrgänge der Süßweine aus beiden Kellereien sollten bei fachgerechter Lagerung ihre optimale Trinkreife zumindest für 15–20 Jahre erhalten. Bis in die 1980er Jahre wurden noch Constantia-Weine aus der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts auf Weinauktionen gehandelt. Als herausragender Jahrgang gilt 2007, der von Robert Parker The Wine Advocate mit 97/100 Punkten bewertet wurde.

Sonstiges

Für den gehobenen Bedarf im Inland und für den Export produzierte Constantia von seinen Anfängen in der zweiten Hälfte des 17. Jahrhunderts bis gegen Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts vor allem Süßweine und verstärkte Weine im Stile eines Portweins oder eines Sherrys. Dies entsprach einerseits dem Zeitgeschmack einer sehr zahlungskräftigen Käuferschicht, andererseits ließen sich nur alkoholstarke und süße Weine lange ohne Qualitätsverlust lagern oder in weit entfernte Länder exportieren. 1860 trat der Cobden-Vertrag in Kraft, der die Vorzugskonditionen für den Export in das United Kingdom beseitigte und die Einfuhr vergleichbarer Produkte aus Frankreich stark verbilligte, 1866 erreichte die Reblaus Südafrika und der Konsumentengeschmack begann sich zunehmend von süßen Weinen abzuwenden, sodass beide Constantia-Güter mit starken wirtschaftlichen Problemen zu kämpfen hatten und schließlich die Produktion des Constantia gegen Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts völlig einstellten.

Der Constantia wurde an den Fürstenhöfen Europas und in den Salons des gehobenen Bürgertums getrunken und galt als Zeichen eines erlesenen Geschmacks. Entsprechend erscheint der Wein aus Constantia in der Literatur des 19. Jh. gelegentlich als Synonym für Exklusivität. Ludwig Tieck erwähnt in dem großen Weinexkurs in seiner vor 1821 verfassten Novelle Die Gemälde Kap-Weine mit enthusuastischen Worten, und in dem Gedicht Sed non satiata vergleicht Baudelaire die Verheißungen seiner Geliebten mit Constantia-Wein, Opium und einem Wein aus Nuits-Saint-Georges im Weinbaugebiet Burgund. Als bekanntester Genießer von Constantia-Wein gilt Napoleon. Während seines Exils wurden beträchtliche Mengen dieses Weines auf St. Helena eingeführt. Allerdings ist unbekannt, ob Napoleon schon vor seiner Exilierung diesen Wein schätzte, er könnte auch wegen der vergleichsweise leichten Verfügbarkeit auf St. Helena zu seinem Lieblingswein geworden sein.

Literatur

 Steven Brook: Liquid Gold. Dessert Wines of the World Constable London 1987; Appendix I, ISBN 0094669201
;
;

Einzelnachweise

Wein
Südafrikanische Küche

Constantia (Wein)


مَارِدَة  بلدية تقع بمقاطعة ليتة بالفلبين. بلغ عدد سكانها 25.326 عام 2000.

مراجع

بلديات مقاطعة ليتة
قوالب الفلبين

ماردة (الفلبين)


Schwarze Puppen ist ein deutsches Hard-Trance-Projekt bestehend aus Andreas Krämer und Thomas Pogadl. Das Duo ist auch bekannt als Russenmafia, Solid Sleep und einer Reihe weiterer Pseudonyme.

Geschichte
Andreas Krämer und Thomas Pogadl begannen beide in den frühen 1990er Jahren Musik zu produzieren. Krämer gründete das Label Thai Records im Alter von 16 Jahren. Später veröffentlichte er bei einer Vielzahl von weiteren Musiklabels wie Construct Rhythm, Overdose und Universal Records. Thomas Pogadl veröffentlichte seine erste Single bei Tetsuo Records und arbeitete später eine lange Zeit bei Drizzly Records. Dort trafen sich die beiden erstmals.

Das Duo hatte mit "Schwarze Puppen" einen Track (der ein Sample aus Klaus Kinskis gleichnamigen Sprachsong enthält), der in den deutschen Singlecharts Platz 49 erreichte. Auch die Nachfolgesingle "Tanz!" mit der Stimme von Nina Hagen war erfolgreich.

Diskographie

Singles
als Schwarze Puppen
 2001: Schwarze Puppen
 2001: Tanz!
 2002: Tokyo (als Three Kings / DJ Sakin meets Schwarze Puppen)

als Russenmafia
 2000: Go!
 2001: Alarm
 2002: Waves to Die
 2002: Afraid of Us
 2003: Back on Track
 2007: My House / Dakrapo
 2007: The Journey / Magnesia

andere Pseudonyme
 1996: Junk Project – Volume III
 1997: Solid Sleep – The Pulse of Vision
 1997: Solid Sleep – Trancemission
 1997: Solid Sleep – Ocean of Joy
 1998: Solid Sleep – Cosmic Orgasm
 1999: Junk Project – Control '99
 2000: Skysurfer – Colors
 2001: Solid Sleep – Clubattack
 2001: S.O.D. – State Control
 2001: S.O.D. – Stormtrooper
 2001: Soulfighter – Soulfighter
 2002: Soulfighter – Brainbow
 2002: Rockshock – Rockshock / Soundcraft
 2002: Deluxe DJ Team – Anesthesia
 2003: Thomas Rubin – Cold Night
 2003: Deep Space Project – Deep Space
 2003: Digital DNA – Stage One!
 2004: Lovebase Project – We Love Base
 2009: Talla 2XLC feat. Skysurfer – Terra Australis
 2011: Talla 2XLC feat. Skysurfer – Buenos Aires
 2011: Solid Sleep & Talla 2XLC – Visions of a Better Tomorrow

Remixe
 2001: Hypetraxx – Paranoid (Schwarze Puppen Remix)
 2002: Da Rogue – Die Ankunft (Schwarze Puppen Remix)
 2001: DJ Sakin & Friends – Miami (Russenmafia Remix)
 2006: Sakin & Friends – For the Love of a Princess (Braveheart 2006) (Solid Sleep Remix)

Weblinks

 Krämer & Pogadl bei Myspace

Einzelnachweise

Trance-Projekt
Deutsche Band

Schwarze Puppen


La villa Perrotte est une maison située à Dieppe, en France.

Localisation
La villa Perrotte est située dans le département français de la Seine-Maritime, sur la commune de Dieppe, au 9 rue Jules Ferry.

Historique
L'édifice est construit en 1928 par Georges Feray et Louis Filliol.

La façade est inscrite au titre des monuments historiques le .

Description
L'édifice est construit en syle Art déco.

Notes et références

Sources
Dieppe : la villa Perrotte a besoin d'être sauvegardée, france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr, Sylvie Callier, 17 juin 2018
À Dieppe, la villa Perrotte va être mise en vente, actu.fr, 9 novembre 2018

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Liste des monuments historiques de la Seine-Maritime
 Liste des monuments historiques de Dieppe

Bibliographie
 .

Liens externes

Monument historique à Dieppe
Monument historique inscrit en 2012
Maison dans la Seine-Maritime
Maison monument historique (France)

Villa Perrotte


La reducción de Luche es una reducción selectiva de cetonas α,β-insaturada a alcoholes empleando para ello cloruros de lantánidos, principalmente CeCl3, y NaBH4. La reducción de Luche puede ser conducida de manera quimioselectiva a la cetona en presencia de un aldehído o hacia cetona α,β-insaturada en presencia de cetonas no conjugadas.

Una enona forma un alcohol alílico por una adición 1,2. La adición 1,4 no ocurre. El disolvente es un alcohol tal como metanol o etanol.

La selectividad puede ser explicada en términos de la teoría de los ácidos y bases duros y blandos: los grupos carbonilo requieren nucleófilos duros para la adición 1,2. La dureza del borohidruro de sodio se incrementa por reemplazo de los grupos hidruro con los grupos alcóxido. Esta reacción es catalizada por la sal de cerio por el incremento de la  electrofilicidad del grupo carbonilo.

Existen aplicaciones en donde una cetona es reducida en presencia de un grupo aldehído. Actualmente, en presencia de metanol como disolvente, el aldehído forma el dimetoxiacetal el cual es inactivo en condiciones reductoras.

Referencias

Reacciones orgánicas

Reducción de Luche


An Tillandsia selleana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Hermann August Theodor Harms. An Tillandsia selleana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Tillandsia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Tillandsia

Tillandsia selleana


La  (en français La Chambre de technologie) était une organisation de la République démocratique allemande, dont la tâche était de rassembler des ingénieurs, des techniciens et des scientifiques dans des activités techniques. Fondée en 1946 dans la zone d'occupation soviétique en Allemagne par le Freier Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund, la KdT correspond sur le plan technique à l' (VDI), reconstituée en Allemagne de l'Ouest, et peut conserver une certaine indépendance vis-à-vis du SED dans la mesure de ses possibilités. Elle offrait aux ingénieurs, techniciens et économistes d'entreprise l'opportunité de travailler ensemble au-delà de toutes les limites fixées par la planification et d'échanger des expériences au niveau international. Elle fait partie du Front national de la République démocratique allemande.

Structure
Le siège social est l'ancien Dorotheenblock au 27 Ebertstraße à Berlin. L'immeuble de bureaux est construit de 1912 à 1914 comme siège pour et par le VDI.

La KdT est un membre indépendant et égal de dix organisations internationales dans des domaines et un membre fondateur de la Fédération mondiale des organisations d'ingénieurs. Elle a des relations particulièrement étroites avec les associations d'ingénieurs des pays socialistes. La KdT possède l'une des plus grandes bibliothèques scientifiques et techniques de la RDA.

La KdT est structurée selon les principes du centralisme démocratique. L'organe suprême est le congrès, composé de délégués des différentes branches. Les sociétés scientifiques et techniques, les associations professionnelles et les associations régionales sont subordonnées au Comité exécutif.

Les plus petites unités organisationnelles de la KdT sont les sections d'entreprise, environ  fin 1989. Les 15 organisations de district sont subdivisées en 12 centrales syndicales auxquelles sont rattachées plusieurs centaines de commissions spécialisées, de sous-commissions spécialisées et de groupes de travail régionaux. A la fin des années 1980, la KdT compte environ  membres.

Elle a sa propre maison d'édition, qui publie notamment le magazine mensuel Technische Gemeinschaft (organe du présidium de la KdT). Le magazine est publié de 1953 à . Les cotisations des membres sont perçues par la Postzeitungsvertrieb qui livre le magazine et reversées à l'association. Par ailleurs, la KdT est l'éditeur de 26 revues techniques, par exemple Kraftfahrzeugtechnik: Technische Zeitschrift des Kraftfahrwesens, publiée par Verlag Technik (Berlin) de 1951 jusqu'en .

La Société de normalisation est une société scientifique et technique de la KdT pour la promotion de la normalisation, l'assurance qualité et l'amélioration de la qualité basée à Berlin.

Missions
 Promotion du travail communautaire socialiste
 Promotion de la concurrence
 Diffusion et développement ultérieur des expériences des "Neuerer" (employés ayant participé à des inventions industrielles en RDA)
 "Soutenir l'organisation de la défense nationale", notamment en "équipant la NVA des dernières technologies"
 Formation d'une nouvelle intelligentsia technique issue des rangs des jeunes et des militants
 Mesures de planification pour la jeunesse
 Promotion de la qualification
 Éveiller l'intérêt des femmes pour les métiers techniques
 Participation à l'évaluation et à la diffusion de la littérature technique, en particulier de l'URSS
 Participation à l'élaboration des réglementations de normalisation, de typification et de qualité
 "L'illumination de l'intelligence technique de l'Allemagne de l'Ouest"

Présidents
 1946–1949 : Enno Heidebroek
 1949–1959 : Hans Heinrich Franck
 1959–1974 : Horst Peschel, à partir de 1974 président émérite de la KdT
 1974–1987 : Manfred Schubert
 1987–1992 : Dagmar Hülsenberg

Distinctions
 Membre honoraire
 Oberingenieur
 Médailles d'honneur en bronze, argent et or
 Médaille Ernst Abbe (plus haute distinction de la KdT)

Dissolution
Les tentatives au moment de la réunification allemande pour restructurer la KdT en association générale ou pour l'intégrer dans la VDI échouent. La KdT est dissoute avec ses filiales fin 1995.

En , la division "Aviation" de la KdT déclare qu'elle rejoindra la "Lilienthal-Oberth-Gesellschaft", alors en préparation, avec effet au . Les entreprises concernées devant encore se coordonner en interne, l'effet est retardé. Elle aboutit à la restructuration de la Deutsche Gesellschaft für Luft- und Raumfahrt au .

Le centre de microélectronique de Francfort-sur-Oder, ouvert en 1985 en tant que centre de formation en microélectronique et opère sous le nom de KKDT Fortbildungs- und Umschulungs-GmbH depuis 1991 et possède des succursales à Schwedt, Potsdam, Cottbus, Neubrandenburg, Rostock, Erfurt, Strausberg et Müllrose, utilise les noms et l'emblème de la KdT à ce jour.

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Organisation professionnelle
Ingénierie
Organisme fondé en 1946
Organisme disparu en 1990
République démocratique allemande

Kammer der Technik


Yak Loum es un lago y un popular destino turístico en la provincia de Ratanakiri en el noreste de Camboya. Está ubicado aproximadamente a 3 millas (5 km) de la capital provincial, Banlung, el hermoso lago ocupa un cráter volcánico de 4.000 años de antigüedad. Debido a la gran profundidad del lago (157 pies o 48 metros), el agua es excepcionalmente limpia y clara. El lago es casi perfectamente redondo y mide alrededor de 0,45 millas (0,72 km) de diámetro. Está rodeado de grandes árboles y bosques ricos, con lluvia abundante, que son el hogar de muchas aves exóticas y loros.

Véase también
 Geografía de Camboya
 Geografía de Asia

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Fotos del Lago en Flickr

Lagos de Camboya
Volcanes de Camboya

Yak Loum


فرقة الشمس الموسيقي هي فرقة غنائية تونسية تؤدي الأغاني الملتزمة، ظهرت في الثمانينات. وكان يقودها عبد اللطيف النجار. كانت تحيي حفلاتها في الأوسط الطالبية، وكانت تجد حظوة بين الإسلاميين. وقد أفلت منذ مطلع التسعينات. إلا أن عناصرها عادوا لينتجوا مؤخرا قرصا جديدا، تحت تسمية موسيقى الشمس.
 عاصرت هذه الفرقة فرقا موسيقية أخرى من بينها عشاق الوطن والبحث الموسيقي والحمائم البيض وأصحاب الكلمة.

من أشهر أغانيها
 خيوط الشمس

خيوط الشمس دايمة المد

والحصّادة ما تتحد بعد

يسلم يَامَّا رحمك اللي يمد

بالرجّآلة زنودي ما تترد

سد يَامَّا بيديك الملاح

نجمة حمرة وهليل الذباح

سدّ يَامَّا بيديك الملاح

نجمة حمرة وهليل الذباح

أنا وليدك تحتهم نرتاح

هُمّ الخيمة واسعة ونمراح

خيوط الشمس دايمة المد

والحصّادة ما تتحد بعد

يسلم يَامَّا رحمك اللي يمد

بالرجّآلة زنودي ما تترد

سد يَامَّا رصي عالخلالَ

ما تخلي ثلة للبدالة

سد يَامَّا رصي عالخلالَ

ما تخلي ثلة للبدالة

ياما ركبوا الشمس والعدالة

شرقي وغربي.. ناصبين ذلاله

شرقي وغربي.. ناصبين ذلاله

خيوط الشمس دايمة المد

والحصّادة ما تتحد بعد

يسلم يَامَّا رحمك اللي يمد

بالرجّآلة زنودي ما تترد

نادي يَامَّا لصبايا الكل

يغزلولك خيوط من غزل

نادي يَامَّا لصبايا الفل

يغزلولك خيوط من غزل

في المسيرة إيد واحدة الكل

يخف الكيل يتوزع الحمل

خيوط الشمس دايمة المد

والحصّادة ما تتحد بعد

يسلم يَامَّا رحمك اللي يمد

بالرجّآلة زنودي ما تترد

الغناء الملتزم
فرق موسيقية تونسية

فرقة الشمس الموسيقي


Ecosistemul acvatic "Lebăda albă" este o rezervație naturală mixtă în raionul Leova, Republica Moldova. Este amplasată la nord-vest de orașul Leova. Are o suprafață de 30 ha. Obiectul este administrat de Primăria orașului Leova.

Referințe

Legături externe

Lebăda albă, ecosistemul acvatic
Raionul Leova

Ecosistemul acvatic „Lebăda albă”