In forensic science, questioned document examination (QDE) is the examination of documents potentially disputed in a court of law. Its primary purpose is to provide evidence about a suspicious or questionable document using scientific processes and methods. Evidence might include alterations, the chain of possession, damage to the document, forgery, origin, authenticity, or other questions that come up when a document is challenged in court.

Overview

Many QDE involve a comparison of the questioned document, or components of the document, to a set of known standards. The most common type of examination involves handwriting wherein the examiner tries to address concerns about potential authorship.

A document examiner is often asked to determine if a questioned item originated from the same source as the known item(s), then present their opinion on the matter in court as an expert witness. Other common tasks include determining what has happened to a document, determining when a document was produced, or deciphering information on the document that has been obscured, obliterated, or erased.

The discipline is known by many names including forensic document examination, 'document examination', 'diplomatics', 'handwriting examination', or sometimes 'handwriting analysis', although the latter term is not often used as it may be confused with graphology. Likewise a forensic document examiner (FDE) is not to be confused with a graphologist, and vice versa.

Many FDEs receive extensive training in all of the aspects of the discipline.  As a result, they are competent to address a wide variety of questions about document evidence. However, this "broad specialization" approach has not been universally adopted.

In some locales, a clear distinction is made between the terms 'forensic document examiner' and a 'forensic handwriting expert/examiner'. In such cases, the former term refers to examiners who focus on non-handwriting examination types while the latter refers to those trained exclusively to do handwriting examinations. Even in places where the more general meaning is common, such as North America or Australia, there are many individuals who have specialized training only in relatively limited areas. As the terminology varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, it is important to clarify the meaning of the title used by any individual professing to be a "forensic document examiner".

Scope of document examination
A forensic document examiner is intimately linked to the legal system as a forensic scientist. Forensic science is the application of science to address issues under consideration in the legal system.  FDEs examine items (documents) that form part of a case that may or may not come before a court of law.

Common criminal charges involved in a document examination case fall into the "white-collar crime" category. These include identity theft, forgery, counterfeiting, fraud, or uttering a forged document. Questioned documents are often important in other contexts simply because documents are used in so many contexts and for so many purposes. For example, a person may commit murder and forge a suicide note. This is an example where a document is produced directly as a fundamental part of a crime. More often a questioned document is simply the by-product of normal day-to-day business or personal activities.

For several years, the American Society for Testing and Materials, International (ASTM) published standards for many methods and procedures used by FDEs. E30.02 was the ASTM subcommittee for Questioned Documents. These guides were under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on Forensic Sciences and the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.02 on Questioned Documents. When the ASTM Questioned Document subcommittee was disbanded in 2012 the relevant standards moved under the Executive Subcommittee E30.90; however, those standards have all been withdrawn over time. Those standards are presently available from SWGDOC (The Scientific Working Group for Document Examiners).

In 2015, the AAFS Standards Board (ASB) was formed to serve as a Standards Developing Organization (SDO). The ASB is an ANSI-accredited subsidiary of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences and the Forensic Document Examination Consensus Body within the ASB has published several relevant Standards.

One of those is the Scope of Expertise in Forensic Document Examination document which states an examiner needs "discipline specific knowledge, skills, and abilities" that qualifies them  to conduct examinations of documents to answer questions about:
 the source(s) of writing;
 the source(s) of machine-produced documents;
 the source(s) of typewriting, impressions, and marks;
 the associations of materials and devices used to produce documents;
 the genuineness and authenticity of documents;
 the detection and decipherment of alterations, obliterations, and indentations, and;
 the preservation and restoration of legibility to damaged or illegible documents"

Some FDEs limit their work to the examination and comparison of handwriting; most inspect and examine the whole document in accordance with this standard.

Types of document examined
Documents feature prominently in all manner of business and personal affairs. Almost any type of document may become disputed in an investigation or litigation. For example, a questioned document may be a sheet of paper bearing handwriting or mechanically-produced text such as a ransom note, a forged cheque, or a business contract. It may be material not normally thought of as a "document"; FDEs define the word "document" very broadly, as any material bearing marks, signs, or symbols intended to convey a message or meaning to someone. This includes, for example, graffiti on a wall, stamp impressions on meat products, and covert markings hidden in a written letter.

Historical and Noteworthy cases

Pre-1900
 The Howland will forgery trial (1868)
 Although the crimes were committed before the discipline of document examination was firmly established, the letters of the Jack the Ripper case have since been examined in great detail
 The Dreyfus Affair (1894), involving non-FDE Alphonse Bertillon, although professional comparisons exonerating Dreyfus were ignored
 The James Reavis (Baron of Arizona) land swindle trial about forged documents involved in a Spanish barony and land grant (1895)
 The Adolf Beck cases (1896 and 1904) where handwriting expert Thomas H. Gurrin repeated an erroneous identification

1900-2000
 The Lindbergh kidnapping (1934) where comparison of the ransom note and Bruno Hauptmann's handwriting, by expert Albert S. Osborn, was crucial
 Operation Bernhard, a secret Nazi plan to destabilize the British economy through counterfeited banknotes (1939)
 Active measures, a Soviet-era political warfare program, led by the KGB, including the spreading of disinformation using falsified documents
 The Alger Hiss perjury appeal where the "fake typewriter hypothesis" saw expert Martin Tytell recreate a perfect replica typewriter (1952)
 The Zodiac Killer (1969)
 The Clifford Irving claim that Howard Hughes authorized his biography (1972)
 The Mormon Will that Melvin Dummar claimed left him part of Howard Hughes' fortune (1978)
 The Mark Hofmann forgeries and murders (1980–84)
 The Hitler Diaries printed by the magazine Stern and determined to be forgeries (1983)
 The Paul Jennings Hill murders (1994)
 The JonBenét Ramsey murder (1996)

Post-2000
 The anthrax attack mailings on the US Senate (2001)
 The Nina Wang case of the Teddy Wang wills (2002 and 2010)
 The Yellowcake Forgery (2003)
 The Killian memos (2004)
 The ImClone / Martha Stewart trial (2004)
 The National Archives forgeries (aka Martin Allen forgeries or Himmler forged documents) (2005)
 The Hassan Diab extradition hearing (2011)
 The Panama Papers document leak (2016) which led to numerous investigations world-wide, including the Panama Papers case (officially titled Imran Ahmed Khan Niazi v. Muhammad Nawaz Sharif) in which false documents were provided to the Supreme Court of Pakistan (2017)

Candidacy
A person who desires to enter a career of forensic document examination must possess certain traits and abilities. Requirements for the "Trainee Candidate" (Standard Guide for Minimum Training Requirements for Forensic Document Examiners) are listed in ASTM (E2388-11) which has been moved to SWGDOC (G02-13).

First and foremost, "an earned baccalaureate degree or equivalent from an accredited college or university" is required as it gives the aspirant a scientific background with which to approach the work in an objective manner, as well as bestowing necessary biological, physical, and chemical knowledge sometimes called upon in the work.

Second, excellent eyesight is required to see fine details that are otherwise inconspicuous. To this end, the aspirant must successfully complete:
 a form discrimination test to ensure that the aspirant is able to tell apart two similar-appearing yet different items,
 a color perception test, and
 near and distant visual acuity tests "with best corrected vision within six months prior to commencement of training."

Desirable skills also include knowledge of paper, ink, printing processes, and handwriting.

Training
There are three possible methods of instruction for an aspiring document examiner:
 Self-education is the way the pioneers of the field began, as there was no other method of instruction.
 Apprenticeship has become the widespread way many examiners are now taught. This is the method that is recommended by ASTM in Standard E2388-11 and SWGDOC G02-13. To conform with these standards such training "shall be the equivalent of a minimum of 24 months full-time training under the supervision of a principal trainer" and "the training program shall be successfully completed in a period not to exceed four years". The training program must also include an extensive list of specific syllabus topics outlined in the relevant Standards.
 College and university programs are very limited, due in part to the relatively limited demand for forensic document examiners. It also relates to the need for extensive practical experience, particularly with respect to handwriting examination. It is difficult to include this degree of practical experience in a normal academic program.

There are some distance learning courses available as well. These are taught through a virtual reality classroom and may include an apprenticeship program, a correspondence course, or both.

A trainee must learn how to present evidence before the court in clear, forceful testimony. Fledgling examiners in the later stages of training can get a glimpse into the legal process as well as a better sense of this aspect of their work through participation in a mock trial or by attending court hearings to observe the testimony of qualified examiners. These are guidelines and not requirements.

Examination

Examination types
Examinations and comparisons conducted by document examiners can be diverse and may involve any of the following:
Handwriting (cursive / printing) and signatures
Typewriters photocopiers, laser printers, ink-jet printers, fax machines
Chequewriters, rubber stamps, price markers, label makers
Printing processes
Ink, pencil, paper
Alterations, additions, erasures, obliterations
Indentation detection and/or decipherment
Sequence determination
Physical matching

Principle of identification
The concept of 'identification' as it is applied in the forensic sciences is open to discussion and debate. Nonetheless, the traditional approach in the discipline of forensic document examination is best expressed as follows:
"When any two items possess a combination of independent discriminating elements (characteristics) that are similar and/or correspond in their relationships to one another, of such number and significance as to preclude the possibility of their occurrence by pure coincidence, and there are no inexplicable disparities, it may be concluded that they are the same in nature or are related to a common source (the principle of identification)."

The evaluation of such characteristics is now predominantly subjective though efforts to meaningfully quantify this type of information are ongoing. Subjective evaluation does not mean that the results of properly conducted comparisons will be unreliable or inaccurate. To the contrary, scientific testing has shown that professional document examiners (as a group) out-perform lay-people when comparing handwriting or signatures to assess authorship.

However, this type of subjective analysis depends greatly upon the competence of an individual examiner.

It follows that
 an examiner should follow appropriate case examination protocols carefully and evaluate all possible propositions,
 an examiner should be properly trained and their training should include adequate testing of their abilities,
 the formal case examination procedure should incorporate some form of secondary review (ideally, independent in nature) and
 every examiner should make every effort to demonstrate and maintain their competency through professional certification and ongoing proficiency testing.

Handwriting examinations

The examination of handwriting to assess potential authorship proceeds from the above principle of identification by applying it to a comparison of samples of handwritten material. Generally known as ACE-V, there are three stages in the process of examination.

As Huber and Headrick explain in their text, these are as follows:
 Analysis or Discriminating Element Determination:The unknown item and the known items must, by analysis, examination, or study, be reduced to a matter of their discriminating elements. These are the habits of behaviour or of performance (i.e., features or characteristics and, in other disciplines, the properties) that serve to differentiate between products or people which may be directly observable, measurable, or otherwise perceptible aspects of the item.
 Comparison:The discriminating elements of the unknown, observed or determined through analysis, examination, or study, must be compared with those known, observed, or recorded of the standard item(s).
 Evaluation:Similarities or dissimilarities in discriminating elements will each have a certain value for discrimination purposes, determined by their cause, independence, or likelihood of occurrence. The weight or significance of the similarity or difference of each element must then be considered and the explanation(s) for them proposed.
 Optionally, the procedure may involve a fourth step consisting of verification/validation or peer review.

The authors note further that "This process underlies the identification of any matter, person, or thing, by any witness, whether technical, forensic, or not."  As such, it is not a formal method, but rather the elements that go into the method.

ASTM published a standard guide for the examination of handwriting titled "E2290-07a: Examination of Handwritten Items" which was withdrawn in 2016.  At that time, it was published as the
SWGDOC Standard for Examination of Handwritten Items. This was superseded in 2022 by the Academy Standards Board document Standard for Examination of Handwritten Items. Some of the guides listed under "Other Examinations" below also apply to forensic handwriting comparisons (e.g., E444 or E1658).

An alternative guide for the examination of handwriting and signatures has been developed by the Forensic Expertise Profiling Laboratory (School of Human Biosciences, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia).

The European Network of Forensic Science Institutes has also published a 'Best Practice Manual for the Forensic Handwriting Examination'.

Other examinations
Aside from E2290 mentioned above, many standard guides pertaining to the examination of questioned documents have been published by ASTM International. They include the following:
E0444-09 Scope of Work Relating to Forensic Document Examiners (Withdrawn 2018)
E2195-09 Terminology: Examination of Questioned Documents (Withdrawn 2018)
E1658-08 Terminology: Expressing Conclusions of Forensic Document Examiners (Withdrawn 2017)
E1422-05 Standard Guide for Test Methods for Forensic Writing Ink Comparison (Withdrawn 2014)
E1789-04 Writing Ink Identification (Withdrawn 2013)
E2285-08 Standard Guide for Examination of Mechanical Checkwriter Impressions (Withdrawn 2017)
E2286-08a Standard Guide for Examination of Dry Seal Impressions (Withdrawn 2017)
 E2287-09 Standard Guide for Examination of Fracture Patterns and Paper Fiber Impressions on Single-Strike Film Ribbons and Typed Text (Withdrawn 2018)
E2288-09 Standard Guide for Physical Match of Paper Cuts, Tears, and Perforations in Forensic Document Examinations (Withdrawn 2018)
E2289-08 Standard Guide for Examination of Rubber Stamp Impressions (Withdrawn 2017)
E2291-03 E2291-03 Standard Guide for Indentation Examinations (Withdrawn 2012)
E2325-05e1 Standard Guide for Non-destructive Examination of Paper (Withdrawn 2014)
E2331-04 Standard Guide for Examination of Altered Documents (Withdrawn 2013)
E2388-11 Minimum Training Requirements for Forensic Document Examiners (Withdrawn 2020)
E2389-05 Examination of Documents Produced with Liquid Ink Jet Technology
E2390-06 Examination of Documents Produced with Toner Technology
E2494-08 Standard Guide for Examination of Typewritten Items

Not all laboratories or examiners use or follow ASTM guidelines. These are guidelines and not requirements. There are other ASTM guides of a more general nature that apply (e.g., E 1732: Terminology Relating to Forensic Science). Copies of ASTM Standards can be obtained from ASTM International.

Common tools of the trade
Excellent eyesight
Handlens/loupe
Stereomicroscope
Electrostatic detection device (EDD)
Video spectral comparator (VSC)

Professional organizations
Links are provided below

Dedicated to questioned document examination
American Society of Questioned Document Examiners (ASQDE): USA and Canada
 Australasian Society of Forensic Document Examiners Inc. (ASFDE Inc): Australia/Asia (formerly the Australian Society of Forensic Document Examiners)
Associación Professional de Peritos Callígrafos de Cataluña (Spain)
European Network of Forensic Handwriting Experts (ENFHEX within ENFSI)
European Document Experts Working Group (EDEWG within ENFSI)
Southeastern Association of Forensic Document Examiners (SAFDE): Southeast USA
 Southwestern Association of Forensic Document Examiners (SWAFDE): Southwest USA
 Gesellschaft für Forensische Schriftuntersuchung (GFS): Frankfurt (Germany)
National Association of Document Examiners (NADE)
 Association of Forensic Document Examiners (AFDE)
 The International Association of Document Examiners (IADE)
The Scientific Association of Forensic Examiners (SAFE)
Sociedad Internacional de Peritos en Documentoscopia (SIPDO): Spain, Latin América

General forensic science associations with QDE sections
American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS): USA
Canadian Society of Forensic Science (CSFS): Canada
Australian and New Zealand Forensic Science Society (ANZFSS)
European Network of Forensic Science Institutes (ENFSI)
The Chartered Society of Forensic Sciences (formerly Forensic Science Society): United Kingdom
International Association for Identification (IAI)
Mid-Atlantic Association of Forensic Scientists (MAAFS)

Academic/research groups with interest in QDE
International Graphonomics Society
Center of Excellence for Document Analysis and Recognition (SUNY)
Purdue Sensor and Printer Forensics (PSAPF) Project
Dr. Mara Merlino at Kentucky State University

Certification
Due to the nature of certification, there are many bodies that provide this service. Most provide certification to individuals from a particular country or geographic area. In some places, the term accreditation may be used instead of certification. Either way, in the present context, it refers to the assessment of an examiner's competency and qualifications by an independent (third-party) organization of professionals.

Certifying bodies

Forensic Science Society (UK)
The Forensic Science Society (UK) provides its members, not limited to UK residents, with the opportunity to obtain a Professional Postgraduate Diploma in forensic disciplines, including Questioned Document Examination, and to use the postnominal 'FSSocDip'. The program is accredited by the University of Strathclyde.

American Board of Forensic Document Examiners
The American Board of Forensic Document Examiners, Inc. (ABFDE) provides third-party certification for professional forensic document examiners from Canada, Mexico, the United States of America, Australia and New Zealand. The ABFDE is accredited by the Forensic Specialties Accreditation Board.

Board of Forensic Document Examiners
The US Board of Forensic Document Examiners (BFDE) provides certification of forensic document examiners.  The BFDE is accredited by the Forensic Specialties Accreditation Board, which does not have any international affiliations.

See also

Images of signatures
Ontario Centre of Forensic Sciences
Canadian Identification Society
CEDAR-FOX

Notes

References

The literature relating to questioned document examination is very extensive. Publications in English, French, German, and other languages are readily available. The following is a very brief list of English-language textbooks:
Osborn, A.S. (1929). Questioned Documents, 2nd ed. Albany, New York: Boyd Printing Company. Reprinted, Chicago: Nelson-Hall Co.
Harrison, W.R. (1958). Suspect Documents: Their Scientific Examination. New York: Praeger.
Conway, J.V.P. (1959). Evidential Documents. Illinois: Charles C Thomas.
Hilton, O. (1982). Scientific Examination of Questioned Documents. New York: Elsevier Science Publishing Co.
Huber R.A. & Headrick A.M. (1999). Handwriting Identification: Facts and Fundamentals. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Ellen, D. (2005). Scientific Examination of Documents: Methods and Techniques, Third Edition. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Morris, R. (2000). Forensic Handwriting Identification: Fundamental Concepts and Principles. Academic Press.
Levinson, J. (2001). Questioned Documents: A Lawyer's Handbook. San Diego: Academic Press.

External links

Forensic techniques

Questioned document examination


Sin Prejuicios fue un programa de concursos en horario estelar de entretención y concursos chileno de TVN conducido por el animador Rafael Araneda.

El programa consta de cinco concursantes que serán gente común y corriente que antes de entrar al programa deben confesar qué harán con la plata si se la ganan. Los que se la juegan por la plata tienen que convencer al jurado y al público que se merecen ganar el dinero a través de la historia de sus vidas. Al principio de cada emisión uno de ellos será eliminado y cuatro quedarán en competencia. Los cuatro que quedan en carrera son sometidos a pruebas de honestidad. Cada uno de los participantes será apoyado por su familia, ya sea con móviles en sus casas o desde el mismo set. El ganador se lleva cinco millones de pesos.

Ante todo este panorama, Rafael Araneda será el encargado de darle la dinámica al programa, con su estilo propio que lo han llevado a convertirse en el animador ancla de los programas-concursos.

Referencias

Programas de televisión de TVN
Concursos televisivos de Chile
Televisión de Chile en 2004

Sin prejuicios


كرو (Guerou) هي أكبر وأهم مقاطعات ولاية لعصابة بوسط الشرق الموريتاني. تقع على بعد 60 كم غرب عاصمة الولاية مدينة كيفة. وتوجد في كرو أكبر واحة نخيل في شرق موريتانيا، كما أنها من أهم المدن الواقعة على طريق الأمل الذي يربط شرق موريتانيا مع غربها.
گرو هي أهم المدن الموريتانية وأكثرها عطاء وتميزا في المجال الثقافي والعلمي فقد اشتهرت المدينة قديما وحديثا بكونها مركز إشعاع علمي رائد كان للمدينة الدور البارز في رفع اسم موريتانيا حاليا شنقيط سابقا فكان علماء المدينة ملأ السمع والبصر أينما حلوا وحيثما ارتحلوا.
اشتهرت المدينة ببروز أسماء لامعة في مختلف العلوم..
فمن المدينة ينحدر العلامة محمد الأمين الشنقيطي الذي أشاع نوره في سماء المعاهد والجامعات السعودية. ومنها كذلك عدة شخصيات علمية وأدبية وسياسية كان لها الدور البارز في نشر الثقافة الشنقيطية في مختلف المحافل الدولية. أسست عام 1322-1333 (1914 مـ).

مشاكل المدينة
تعيش مشاكل يبدو أنها ماتزال مستعصية الحل من طرف الجهات المعنية.
إنها مدينة ذات حركية تجارية متميزة، وتتبع لها عدة قرى وبها أكبر واحة نخيل في الشرق الموريتاني، ورغم موقعها الإستيراتيجي، فإنها تعاني من أزمات في الكهرباء والماء والصحة، دون أن تلوح في الأفق بوادر حل لتلك المشاكل، كما تعاني المدينة من زحمة سير تتسبب فيه الشاحانات التي تتوقف على قارعة الطريق بالسوق لتفريغ حمولتها، دون أن تكون هناك إجراءات لحل القضية.

التعليم في كرو
يعتمد التعليم في كرو على تعليم المحاضر ومن أبرز المحاضر المشهور في كرو:
محظرة أهل ديدي: تأسست محظرة أهل ديدي منذ أكثر على ما يزيد على ثلاثة وسبعين سنة على يد الفقيه الصحة ولد ديدي وكان معه فقيه عصره العالم المصطفى ولد ديدي وكذلك محمد ولد ديدي...بعد ذلك تولى محمد ولد ديدي التدريس حتى وفاته...و قد خرجت هذه المحظرة الكثير من علماء هذا العصر وأطره.كما أن محظرة أهل ديدي تتكفل بجميع الطلاب على حساب القائمين على المحظرة ونظرا للضغط المتزايد على المحظرة يوما بعد يوم تم توسعة المحظرة إلى مقر آخر يسمى بالعريش يضم مسجدا وسكنا للطلاب.
وهذه المدينة مليئة بالمحاضر والعلماء فمثلا توجد في المدينة محظرة أهل آدو التي تاسست قبل قرن من الزمن علي يد العلامة محمدو ولد محمذا (آدو) ثم خلفه ابنه احمدفال بن آدو الذي درس العلم لعلماء تجكانت في عصره ومنهم العلامة محمد الأمين الشنقيطي المشار اليه اعلاه.ثم كان العلامة الفذ فريد عصره محمد يحي بن الحسين (يحيان)ومحمد عبد الله بن آدو القاضي في السعودية ويدرس في محظرة أهل آدو الآن في كرو العالم العبقري محمد العاقب بن آدو واخوه بابا بن آدو. ثم محظرة أهل الخراشي التي تاسست قبل قرن من الزمن علي يد محمد عبد الرحمان بن الخراشي صاحب النوازل والأحكام القضائية التي لا تزال موجودة بايدي الباحثين ثم ابنه محمدو بن الخراشي القاضي وابنه احمدو بن الخراشي وكان العالم الزاهد احمدو ولد محمد احيد بن الخراشي أحد افقه واورع علماء مدينة كرو شيخ هذه المحظرة في نهاية القرن العشرين.وتعتبره

كرو (Guerou) هي أكبر وأهم مقاطعات ولاية العصابة بوسط الشرق الموريتاني. تقع على بعد 60 كلم غرب عاصمة الولاية مدينة كيفة. وتوجد في كرو أكبر واحة نخيل في شرق موريتانيا، كما أنها من أهم المدن الواقعة على طريق الأمل الذي يربط شرق موريتانيا مع غربها. وأهم أحياء مدينة كرو (الكاف في اسم المدينة تنطق جيماً مصرية) عاصمة المقاطعة هي ملتقى الطرق، والسيف، والقديمة. كما تتبع المقاطعة العديد من البلديات أبرزها الغايرة، وكامور، وانتاكات، وحفرة أهل الشيخ، ووُدَيْ الجريد (ودي تصغير وادي) وغيرها. وتشتهر مدينة كرو بشكل خاص بانتشار الثقافة التعليمية المحظرية (الدينية) فيها.

يعتمد سكانها على التجارة والتنمية الرعوية، كما أن وجود عاصمة المقاطعة على طريق الأمل أنعش حركة المبادلات التجارية بينها وبين البلدات والقرى التابعة لها، وكذلك بينها وبين بقية مقاطعات الولاية. ويشتهر سكان كرو بوجود جاليات كبيرة من أبنائهم التجار في الدول الإفريقية مثل ساحل العاج، والكنغو، وأنغولة. وقد أنجبت مقاطعة كرو كثيراً من العلماء المشاهير مثل محمد الأمين الشنقيطي والصديق بن احريمو ومحمد الأمين بن أحمد زيدان ومحمدو ولد محمذا (آدو) واحمد فال بن آدو ويحيان بن آدو ومحمد العاقب بن آدو ومحمد عبد الله بن آدو وبابا بن آدو ومحمد السالم بن آدو ومن علماء المدينة الأفذاذ المرابط احمدو بن محمد احيد بن الخراشي ومحمد المختار بن أحمد مزيد وأحمد بن مودومحمد عبد الله بن الصديق وغيرهم كثير.ومن علماء المدينة الشيخ والأمام الجامع للمدية أحمد زيدان ولد الشواف ومنهم أبوه سيدي محمد ولد الشواف ومنهم عبد الله ولد الآمام ولد عبد الجليل وحسن ولد الطيب ومنهم الآمام والشيخ المحظرة الطيب ولد أحمد زيدان ولد الشواف بتاريخ 25 أبريل 2012.

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في موريتانيا
بلديات موريتانيا
بلديات ولاية العصابة
عواصم ولايات موريتانيا
مدن موريتانيا
ولاية العصابة

كرو (موريتانيا)


Esta é uma lista de deputados estaduais do Rio Grande do Sul da 56ª legislatura, que foram eleitos em 2 de outubro de 2022.

Composição das bancadas

Deputados Estaduais

Suplentes que assumiram

Ver também
 Rio Grande do Sul
 Assembleia Legislativa do Rio Grande do Sul
 Constituição do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul
 Lista de governadores do Rio Grande do Sul
 Deputado estadual
 Eleições estaduais no Rio Grande do Sul em 2022

Listas de deputados estaduais do Rio Grande do Sul

Lista de deputados estaduais do Rio Grande do Sul da 56.ª legislatura


Ryan Keith Whiting (* 24. November 1986 in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania) ist ein US-amerikanischer Kugelstoßer.

Sportliche Laufbahn
Whiting wurde 2005 panamerikanischer Juniorenmeister im Diskuswurf und im Kugelstoßen. Bis 2010 studierte er Bauingenieurwesen an der Arizona State University. Dort gewann er fünf NCAA-Meisterschaften: 2009 und 2010 im Kugelstoßen (jeweils Halle und Freiluft) sowie 2010 mit dem Diskus.

2011 siegte Whiting bei den US-amerikanischen Hallenmeisterschaften im Kugelstoßen. Bei den Leichtathletik-Weltmeisterschaften in Daegu belegte er den siebten Platz. Im folgenden Jahr gewann er bei den Hallenweltmeisterschaften in Istanbul mit einer Weite von 22,00 m den Titel vor dem Freiluftweltmeister David Storl aus Deutschland und dem Olympiasieger Tomasz Majewski aus Polen. Dagegen enttäuschte er bei den Olympischen Spielen in London mit einer Weite von 20,64 m, die nur zum neunten Platz reichte.

Bei den Weltmeisterschaften 2013 in Moskau wurde er mit einer Weite von 21,57 m Zweiter hinter Storl. Im folgenden Jahr kam es bei den Hallenweltmeisterschaften in Sopot erneut zum Duell mit Storl. Dieses Mal konnte sich Whiting mit einer Weite von 22,05 m wieder durchsetzen und so seinen Titel erfolgreich verteidigen.

Whiting ist 1,92 m groß, wiegt 134 kg und wird von Dave Dumble trainiert. Er wendet die Drehstoßtechnik an.

Bestleistungen
 Kugelstoßen: 22,28 m, 10. Mai 2013, Doha
 Halle: 22,23 m, 23. Februar 2014, Albuquerque
 Diskuswurf: 61,11 m, 29. März 2008, Tempe (Arizona)

Weblinks

 Athletenporträt von Ryan Whiting auf der Website des US-amerikanischen Leichtathletikverbands (englisch)
 Athletenporträt von Ryan Whiting auf der Website der Sun Devils (englisch)
 Athletenporträt von Ryan Whiting auf der Website der Global Athletics & Marketing Inc. (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2012
Kugelstoßer (Vereinigte Staaten)
Olympiateilnehmer (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1986
Mann

Ryan Whiting


Azay-le-Rideau () is a commune in the Indre-et-Loire department in the Centre-Val de Loire region in central-west France.

Château

The château of Azay-le-Rideau was built from 1515 to 1527, one of the earliest French Renaissance châteaux. Built on an island in the river Indre, its foundations rise straight out of the water. It is one of the best known of the châteaux of the Loire valley.

Church

There is a church dedicated to Saint Symphorien near the château that is interesting for the number of architectural periods incorporated in its design. While the newest portion dates from 1603, the current façade incorporates an older 9th century façade in the Carolingian style. The original carved figures are still visible, though an added window destroyed part of the second row. The rest of the church is of a Romanesque style.
It was built between 1518 and 1527.

Wine
Azay-le-Rideau is the centre of the Touraine Azay-le-Rideau AOC for white and rose wine.

Population

Twin towns
Azay-le-Rideau is twinned with Croston in Lancashire, England.

In popular culture
The exterior design of the château d'Azay-le-Rideau's main building (as well as its surrounding area, for the most part) was used by Konami video game developing company as the prime inspiration and a direct structural base of the "Villa" location in the video games Castlevania 64 (appears during "Stage 03" of the game) and Castlevania: Legacy of Darkness (appears during "Stage 04" of the game), both of which were released for Nintendo 64 home TV video gaming platform during January and November 1999 respectively.

See also
Communes of the Indre-et-Loire department

References

External links

Centre des Monuments Nationaux
Office de Tourisme
Pays d'Azay Le Rideau
Vins d'Azay-le-Rideau
Photos of the chateau

Monuments historiques of Indre-et-Loire
Communes of Indre-et-Loire
Touraine

Azay-le-Rideau


An Gahnia sinuosa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jean Raynal. An Gahnia sinuosa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Gahnia, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha New Caledonia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Gahnia

Gahnia sinuosa


Harvey Doolittle Colvin (né le 18 décembre 1815 dans le comté de Herkimer - mort le 16 avril 1892 à Jacksonville en Floride) était un homme politique américain, membre du Parti républicain. Colvin est surtout connu pour avoir été maire de Chicago de 1873 à 1875. en tant que membre du Parti populaire, une ramification factionnelle pro-alcool du Parti républicain centrée dans la ville de Chicago.

Biographie
Harvey Doolittle Colvin est né le 18 décembre 1815 dans le comté de Herkimer, dans le nord de l'État de New York.

Harvey Doolittle Colvin épousa Nancy Churchill, originaire de Little Falls (État de New York). Ensemble ils eurent cinq enfants. Colvin travailla pendant 38 ans avec la United States Express Company. Par la suite, il déménagea avec sa famille et s'installa à Chicago.

Après son mandat de maire de Chicago, Colvin fut blessé dans une chute de téléphérique. Il déménagea avec sa famille pour vivre dans le nord de la Floride.

Carrière politique
Juste avant de devenir maire de Chicago, Colvin a été trésorier de la ville. Lors de l'élection du maire de Chicago en 1873, il s'est présenté contre le maire par intérim Lester L. Bond et l'a emporté avec 60 % des voix.

Colvin a été assermenté maire le 1er décembre 1873. Un mois après avoir pris ses fonctions de maire, Colvin a été accueilli par une manifestation de masse à l'hôtel de ville de Chicago lorsque plus de 12 000 chômeurs ont manifesté pour des emplois et des secours.

L'administration de Colvin a abrogé une interdiction dominicale sur les ventes d'alcool que son prédécesseur, Joseph Medill (et son remplaçant Bond), soutenait. En 1874, l'administration de Colvin est secouée par des allégations de favoritisme et un scandale au bureau du trésorier de la ville.

Colvin était maire au moment de l'incendie de Chicago de 1874, qui s'est produit le 14 juillet, et son administration a dû coordonner les réponses à la fois aux dégâts matériels et économiques causés par l'incendie et aux assurances indignées qui ont blâmé la ville à la suite de l'incendie, relevant des négligences dans la coordination de la prévention des incendies. L'incendie de 1874 eut lieu seulement trois ans après le Grand incendie de Chicago qui détruisa 1/3 de la ville.

En 1876, un juge d'État a ordonné la tenue d'élections spéciales plus tard dans l'année. Monroe Heath, le candidat républicain pour la mairie de Chicago a battu ses deux rivaux, James J. McGrath du Parti démocrate et Mark Kimball du Parti populaire. Heath a prêté serment en tant que successeur de Colvin le 24 juillet 1876.

Fin de vie

Colvin est décédé le 16 avril 1892 à Jacksonville, dans l'État de Floride. Son corps a été enterré au cimetière de Rosehill à Chicago.

Sources
Andreas, A.T. History of Chicago: From the Earliest Period to the Present Time. A.T. Andreas, 1884–86.
Grossman, James R., Ann Durkin Keating and Janice L. Reiff, editors. Encyclopedia of Chicago. University of Chicago Press, 2004.
H. D. Colvin is Dead. Chicago Daily Tribune, April 17, 1892, p. 3.
Washburne, Hempstead. "Received by Many Friends. Chicago Daily Tribune, April 20, 1892, p. 6.

Références

Voir aussi
Liste des maires de Chicago

Colvin
Colvin
Colvin
Colvin
Colvin
Colvin
Abolitionniste américain
Colvin
Colvin

Harvey Doolittle Colvin


David Gill ist der Name folgender Personen:

* David Gill (Astronom) (1843–1914), britischer Astronom
 David Gill (Filmhistoriker) (1928–1997), britischer Filmhistoriker und Produzent
 David Gill (Fußballfunktionär) (* 1957), britischer Fußballfunktionär
David Gill (Diplomat) (* 1966), deutscher Verwaltungsjurist
 David Macinnis Gill (* 1963), US-amerikanischer Autor

David Gill


Iton Linggwahe hin Sinyales Inolandes in uska linggwahe nga sinyas, usa linggwahe kun diin iton mga kamot, butkon, ulon, kiwa hit nawong, ngan kiwa hit lawas in gingagamit magyakan hin waray tingog.

Inolandes

Linggwahe hin Sinyales Inolandes


Der Wangener Bach entspringt nordwestlich von Regglisweiler im Gewann Holzkrähe, einem Teilort der Stadt Dietenheim im Alb-Donau-Kreis in Oberschwaben.

Verlauf

Er entwässert einen Teil der Holzstöcke in Richtung Osten in die Iller. Er fließt  südlich den Kreuthöfe in die Gemarkung des Illerriedener Ortsteils Wangen ein. Von hier fließt er durch das Kreutfeld nach Wangen, wo er kanalisiert durch das Dorf fließt und nördlich davon wieder an die Oberfläche tritt. Nun fließt er durch das Gewann im Tale in den Illerauwald wo er den Russenweiher durchfließt und bei Flusskilometer 16,2 in die Iller mündet.

Weblinks
  Weitere Informationen

Illertal
Illerrieden
1Wangener Bach
Gewässer im Alb-Donau-Kreis
Geographie (Dietenheim)

Wangener Bach


A 17.ª etapa da Volta a Espanha de 2022 teve lugar a 7 de setembro de 2022 entre Aracena e Monastério de Tentudía sobre um percurso de 162,3 km. O vencedor foi o colombiano Rigoberto Urán do EF Education-EasyPost e o belga Remco Evenepoel conseguiu manter a liderança.

Classificação da etapa

Classificações ao final da etapa

Classificação geral

Classificação por pontos

Classificação da montanha

Classificação dos jovens

Classificação por equipas

Abandonos
Primož Roglič, como consequência de uma queda no dia anterior, Filippo Conca, depois de ter dado positivo em COVID-19, e Bryan Coquard, fatigado, não tomaram a saída. Por sua vez, Rein Taaramäe não completou a etapa.

Referências

Ligações externas

 Página oficial

Etapas da Volta a Espanha de 2022

17.ª etapa da Volta a Espanha de 2022


Alexandre Nikolaïevitch Varchenko (en ), né le  à Krasnodar, est un mathématicien soviétique puis russe et naturalisé américain, qui s'illustre dans les domaines de la géométrie, de la topologie, du combinatoire et de la physique mathématique.

Biographie
De 1964 à 1966, Varchenko étudie à Moscou dans une école spéciale pour lycéens doués, où Andreï Kolmogorov et Ya. A. Smorodinsky enseignent alors les mathématiques et la physique. Varchenko est diplômé de l'université d'État de Moscou de Moscou en 1971. Il est élève de Vladimir Arnold. Varchenko soutient sa thèse de doctorat   (kandidat nauk)  intitulée Théorèmes sur l'équisingularité topologique des familles d'ensembles et d'applications algébriques en 1974 et sa thèse d'habilitation( doktor nauk) Asymptotique des intégrales et invariants algébro-géométriques des points critiques des fonctions en 1982. De 1974 à 1984, il est chercheur à l'université d'État de Moscou, de 1985 à 1990, professeur à l'université d'État du pétrole et du gaz. Depuis 1991, il est professeur, sur la chaire Ernest Eliel, à l'université de Caroline du Nord à Chapel Hill.

Il est professeur ou chercheur invité, entre autres, à l'université de Bonn (1977) und au Max-Planck-Institut für Mathematik à Bonn (1992, 1998, 2001, 2002), au IHÉS, au RIMS de Kyōto, à l'EPFZ, au Massachusetts Institute of Technology, aux universités de Tokyo, de Paris et de Leiden.

Recherche

Élève de Vladimir Arnold, Varchenko a travaillé dans le domaine exploré par ce dernier, à savoir la théorie des singularités des applications  différentiables. Il s'est également intéressé à l'application de la théorie des représentations (des groupes de Lie et des groupes quantiques) et à la géométrie algébrique, aux fonctions spéciales et à des équations de la physique mathématique pouvant être résolues avec précision.

Varchenko est parmi les créateurs de la théorie des polygones de Newton dans la théorie des singularités, en particulier, il a donné une formule reliant les polygones de Newton et l'asymptotique des intégrales oscillatoires associées à un point critique d'une fonction. En utilisant cette formule, il a construit un contre-exemple à la conjecture de semi-continuité de Vladimir Arnold selon laquelle la luminosité de la lumière en un point sur un caustique n'est pas inférieure à la luminosité aux points voisins.

Prix et distinctions
 En 1973, Varchenko  a reçu le prix de la Société mathématique de Moscou.
 Il est conférencier invité au Congrès international des mathématiciens en 1974 à Vancouver (Algebro-geometrical equisingularity and local topological classification of smooth mappings) et conférencier plénier en 1990 à Kyoto (Multidimensional hypergeometric functions in Conformal Field Theory, Algebraic K-Theory, Algebraic Geometry).
 Chaire d'Excellence Pierre de Fermat 2008
  Simons Fellow en mathématiques 2015
 Une conférence intitulée  Representation theory and integrable systems a été organisée au EPFZ en août 2019 pour célébrer le  anniversaire de  Vitaly Tarasov et le  nniversaire de Alexander Varchenko.

Livres
 . — Réimprimé en 2012.
 . — Réimprimé en 2012.
 .
 .

 .

Notes et références

Liens externes
 « Varchenko, Aleksandr Nikolaevich » sur Math-net.ru

 Page d'accueil de Varchenko sur le site Web de l'Université de Caroline du Nord

Mathématicien soviétique
Mathématicien russe du XXe siècle
Mathématicien russe du XXIe siècle
Mathématicien américain du XXe siècle
Mathématicien américain du XXIe siècle
Naissance en février 1949
Naissance à Krasnodar
Étudiant de l'université d'État de Moscou

Alexandre Varchenko


Aircheck is the radio industry term for a recording that has dual meanings: a demonstration to show off the talent of an announcer or programmer to a prospective employer, and an archival record of content broadcast over-the-air made for legal archiving purposes. With evolving technology, the term came to be applied in the television industry as well.

A scoped (short for "telescoped"—by analogy with pressing the ends of a hand-held telescope to reduce its size) aircheck usually contains only segments where the announcer is actually talking, along with a bit of the music or commercial on either side. In an unscoped aircheck, all programming is left intact and unedited, including music, commercials, newscasts, jingles and other on-air events.

The term is also applied by some to recordings made "off-the-air" by listeners, using consumer or semi-professional equipment. These airchecks became more common with the advent of commercial cassette recorders.

History

One of the oldest known surviving airchecks consists of a 15-minute broadcast by Bing Crosby on Los Angeles station KHJ and the CBS network from September 2, 1931. It was recorded by the RCA Victor company of Hollywood and is fully documented in the Victor files at the National Archives. The recordings were made by RCA Victor at the request of rival network NBC, which apparently wanted to monitor the then-rising young singer. The sound of the recording suggests that it was made by placing an open microphone before a high-quality radio (a method known in the radio trade as a "mic-feed").

Methods
Airchecks can be recorded directly off the air (from a tuner or modulation monitor), from the pre-air feed that goes into the transmitter (which has usually been modified by the station's processing), or directly from before the station's processing has been applied.

Some radio stations used "logger reels" for airchecks. On these large reels of tape would be recorded the air signal at super-slow speeds. These reels were kept by the station for regulatory purposes (e.g. to provide an audio record that commercials ran as logged or to confirm aired content after allegations of inappropriate content). After a time, normally around 30 days for most stations, these logger reels would be reused or discarded.

Many airchecks are made by the announcers themselves on a recorder that begins recording when the microphone is turned on and then goes into pause when the microphone goes off. In the 1960s and 1970s reels of tape were used for these "skimmer" airchecks. Later it was cassettes. Today most stations use computer digital recordings (usually MP3 or WAV) for aircheck creation.

Airchecks made by listeners, generally with consumer-grade equipment, are often lost to poor quality copies made with tape playback machines that are not aligned to the recording machine. Many airchecks were made to record DXing reception, which often included fading, static and interference.

Uses
DJs use airchecks to critique themselves, sometimes with the Program Director listening along with them to provide suggestions for improvements. Announcers keep some of their airchecks as "audio snapshots" of their career.

Airchecks are also recorded at radio stations to send to clients to show how their live commercials, remote breaks or contests sounded.

Some airchecks of older radio programs are highly prized by collectors, due to their nostalgia value. For example, baby boomers often enjoy listening to airchecks recorded from Top 40 radio stations in the 1960s and 1970s, particularly if they are airchecks of the same stations that the person listened to when they were a teenager or young adult. Many such airchecks were made in the 1960s by DJs who then sent them to troops in the Vietnam War, and a surprising number have survived. Another class of aircheck has to do with transitions between programming formats on a given station, where recordings are made of the final hours of an old format or early beginnings of a new format.

A large number of airchecks have survived from listeners during the Top 40 era, many of whom recorded talented DJs to learn how to be DJs, and many who recorded Top 40 music because it was cheaper than buying the 45s.  Still others were, and still are, recorded by radio personalities themselves for archiving their own work.  Many have been donated to online aircheck "museums", such as Reelradio, Airchexx.com by Archivist Steve West in Connecticut, and Rock Radio Scrapbook by Dale Patterson in Canada.

An example of the high quality of many of these archived broadcasts is a recording of Dan Taylor on 66 WNBC New York during the station's weekend "Time Machine" format from January 16, 1988, the final year of WNBC's existence as a radio station from Airchexx.com.

For television
Airchecks are also used in the television industry, mostly for billing purposes. An aircheck is the only accurate record of what aired on a TV station. Stations generally retain airchecks for one year.

Generally, airchecks are recorded by the master control department of most TV stations, and for decades were recorded on VHS tapes, although today recordings are often made digitally. The standard is three 8-hour tapes per day, one per shift. On this tape is the video of the off-air receiver at the station recording what was actually broadcast; usually there is a time-of-day graphic superimposed over the video to keep track of what aired and when it aired.

Most local TV programs (and network TV broadcasts on local affiliated stations) were not recorded until the early 1970s, when video tape became available to consumers. With the advent of video sharing websites such as YouTube, video airchecks have been posted, and made viewable by the public, of TV programs (including news programs, sporting events, short-lived sitcoms and game shows) not seen since their original broadcast, or otherwise previously considered rare or even lost.

References

Radio broadcasting
Radio hobbies
Audiovisual ephemera

Aircheck


Jason Victor Smith (* 2. März 1986 in Greeley, Colorado) ist ein US-amerikanischer Basketballspieler, der zuletzt bei den New Orleans Pelicans in der NBA unter Vertrag stand.

Karriere

College
Smith spielte für die Colorado State University. Dort konnte er in seiner Freshman-Saison 10,5 Punkte und 5,8 Rebounds in 24,4 Minuten pro Partie erreichen. In seinem Sophomore-Jahr konnte er dies noch einmal steigern und erzielte 16,2 Punkte in 28,7 Minuten pro Spiel, während er dazu noch 2,1 Blocks aufweisen konnte.

In seiner Junior-Saison und gleichzeitig seiner letzten am College spielte er rund zwei Minuten mehr und erreichte 0,6 Punkte pro Spiel mehr als im Vorjahr, dazu kamen 10,1 Rebounds pro Partie. Als Smith das College verließ und in die NBA wechselte, hatte er die sechstmeisten Rebounds, die fünftmeisten Blocks und die zweitmeisten Double-Doubles in der Geschichte der Colorado State University erzielt.

NBA
Smith wurde im NBA-Draft 2007 an 20. Stelle von den Miami Heat ausgewählt und kurz darauf zu den Philadelphia 76ers transferiert. In seiner ersten Saison für die Sixers spielte er in 76 Spielen mit und erzielte durchschnittlich 4,5 Punkte und 3 Rebounds pro Spiel. Die Saison 2008/09 musste er verletzungsbedingt aussetzen.

Die folgende Spielzeit war für Smith solide, wenn auch unspektakulär. Er erzielte 3,4 Punkte und 2,4 Rebounds pro Spiel. Nach der Saison wurde er gemeinsam mit Willie Green im Austausch für Craig Brackins und Darius Songaila an die New Orleans Hornets abgegeben.

Seine erste Saison bei den Hornets verlief ähnlich wie die zwei vorherigen; er konnte im Schnitt 4,3 Punkte pro Spiel erzielen. In seiner zweiten Spielzeit bekam er jedoch von Anfang an mehr Spielzeit und wurde so schnell zu einem wichtigen Bestandteil seines Teams. Smith konnte eine Wurfquote von 52 % vorweisen und erzielte 9,9 Punkte pro Spiel. Er kam in 40 Spielen zum Einsatz, von denen er in 29 in der Starting Five stand.

Zur Saison 2014/15 wechselte Smith innerhalb der Liga und unterzeichnete einen Vertrag bei den New York Knicks. Nach einem Jahr in New York unterschrieb er im Sommer 2015 einen Einjahresvertrag bei den Orlando Magic. Nach einem Jahr bei den Magic, wechselte Smith im Sommer zu den Washington Wizards.

Im Dezember 2018 wurde Smith in einem Drei-Team-Deal zu den Milwaukee Bucks transferiert. Nach einer Saison bei den Bucks war Smith im Frühjahr 2019 noch kurze keit für die New Orleans Pelicans aktiv.

Weblinks

 Jason Smith – Spielerprofil auf NBA.com (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Basketballspieler (Orlando Magic)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1986
Mann

Jason Smith (Basketballspieler, 1986)


La temporada 2012 de GP3 Series es la tercera temporada del campeonato de GP3 Series. La temporada incluye como novedad la ronda del Circuito de Mónaco, dando soporte así a todas las rondas europeas de la Fórmula 1.

Cambios en el reglamento
 Las escuderías sólo están obligadas a inscribir 2 monoplazas por ronda, con opción de inscribir a un tercero.
 Se adopta un nuevo sistema de puntuación, calcado al usado en la GP2 Series en la misma temporada.

Escuderías y pilotos

Calendario
El calendario para el 2012 fue anunciado el 16 de diciembre de 2011. La temporada constará de 8 rondas, con una ronda en Mónaco que fue confirmada el 26 de enero de 2012.

Resultados

Temporada

Clasificaciones

Sistema de puntuación
Los puntos se otorgaron a los 10 primeros clasificados en la carrera larga, y a los primeros 8 clasificados en la carrera corta. El piloto que logró la pole position en la carrera principal también recibió cuatro puntos y dos puntos fueron entregados al piloto que marcó la vuelta rápida entre los diez primeros, tanto en la carrera larga como en la corta. No hubo puntos extras otorgados a la pole en la carrera corta.

Puntos de carrera larga

Puntos de carrera corta
Los puntos se otorgarán a los primeros 8 clasificados.

Campeonato de Pilotos

Campeonato de Escuderías

Referencias

Deportes de motor en 2012
2012

Temporada 2012 de GP3 Series


Remzi Oğuz Arık (15 Temmuz 1899 - 3 Nisan 1954), Türk arkeolog, yazar ve politikacı.

1930'lu yıllarda Anadolu'nun birçok yerinde arkeolojik kazılarda yer aldı, 1939 yılında arkeoloji profesörü unvanını aldı. Anadolu'yu Türk vatanı olarak kabul eden Anadolu milliyetçiliğinin öncülerindendi. Türkiye'de 1940'ların milliyetçi yayın organları arasında bulunan Millet Dergisi'ni 23 sayı yayımladı.  1950'de Demokrat Parti'den Seyhan milletvekili seçildi. 1952'de Türkiye Köylü Partisi'ni kurdu. Seçim çalışmaları sırasında Adana-Ankara yolculuğu için bindiği uçağın havada infilak etmesi sonucu hayatını kaybetti.

Yaşamı
Adana'nın Kozan ilçesinin Kabaktepe orman köyünde 15 Temmuz 1899 tarihinde ailenin üçüncü çocuğu olarak doğdu. Babası, Feke Sandık Emini (veznedar) olan baba Mehmet Ferit Bey, annesi Zekiye Hanım'dır.  Kozan mahalle mektebinde başladığı eğitimini devam ettirmek için annesi ile önce Selanik'teki ablasının yanına gitti. Selanik'te Yâdigâr-ı Terakki Rüştiyesi'ni bitirdi ve Ticaret Lisesi'''ne kaydoldu.  Ablasının ölümü üzerine İşkodra'da subay olan ağabeyinin yanına gitti.  Balkan Savaşı'nda İşkodra'nın işgali üzerine İstanbul'a geldi; İstanbul Mercan İdadisi, İzmit Sultanisi ve İstanbul Muallim Mektebi'nde okudu. Bu yıllarda dönemin milliyetçilerinin toplandığı Türk Ocakları'nı düzenli olarak ziyaret etti, Turancılık fikrinden etkilendi.  Türk Ocakları'nın yayın organı olan Türk Yurdu'nun 26 Eylül 1917 tarihli sayısında ilk eseri olan "Sancağım" başlıklı bir şiiri yayımlandı. I. Dünya Savaşı sırasına gönüllü olarak İhtiyat Zabitleri Talimgâhı'na katıldı. Burada geçirdiği bir kaza sonucu yaralandı ve cepheye gidemedi.

Savaştan sonra İstanbul'da Kadıköy ve Yedikule darüleytamlarında (yetimler evinde) öğretmenlik ve idarecilik,  Adana'da Zafer-i Millî İlkokulu'nda öğretmenlik, Numune Okulu'nda öğretmen ve müdürlük yaptı. İlkokul seviyesindeki çocuklara ders materyali teşkil etmesi için Fransızca'dan hikâyeler çevirdi. İlk kitabı  Adana'da öğretmenlik yaptığı sırada Türkçe ve Fransızca olarak hazırlayıp yayımladığı Adana Ticaret Rehberi (1924) idi. İlkokul çocukları için Jean Meret'den çevirdiği hikâyeleri Küçük Borçlu  adıyla 1926'da yayımladı.

Adana'dan sonra İstanbul'a tayin oldu ve Galatasaray Lisesi'nin ilkokul kısmında Türkçe öğretmenliği yaptı.  Galatasaray Lisesi'nde öğretmenliği sırasında bir yandan da Edebiyat Fakültesi'nde felsefe öğrenimi gördü. Bu yıllarda gerçekleşen Kurtuluş Savaşı, Anadoluculuk fikrinin temellerini atmasında etkili oldu. 1926'da Maarif Vekâletinin açtığı sınavı kazarak Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin yurt dışına göndereceği öğrenciler arasında girdi.  Kimi kaynaklara göre arkeoloji ve sanat tarihi dalında Avrupa'ya gönderilen ilk Türk öğrenci idi. 1926-1931 yılları arasında Sorbonne Üniversitesi'nde sanat tarihi, Louvre Arkeoloji Enstitüsü'nde arkeoloji öğrenimi gördü. Paris'teki öğrencilik yıllarında Avrupa'da eğitim gören yaklaşık 200 Türk öğrenciyi 1929 yılında Paris'te bir araya getirerek Türk Talebe Cemiyetini kurdu. Bu cemiyet, Avrupa'daki ilk Türk öğrenci birliği idi.

1931'de yurda döndükten sonra İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri'nde arkeoloji uzman yardımcısı oldu ve ilk kazısını Yalova'da yaptı. Ertesi yıl Alişar kazısında devlet komiseri olarak bulundu.  1933'te  Maarif Vekaleti arkeoloğu olarak Ankara'da görevlendirildi ve Kazan ilçesinin Karalar köyündeki kazıya başkanlık etti. Cumhuriyet döneminde Türk bilim insanlarının yaptığı ikinci kazı olmasından dolayı da önem taşıyan bu kazıda Galatlar'ın antik bir şehrini ortaya çıkardı ve II. Dieotauros'un kitabesini dünyaya tanıttı.

1933 yılında Türkan Hanım ile evlendi. Mehmet Oluş ve İsmail Alev adını verdikleri iki çocukları oldu.  1934'te Gazi Eğitim Enstitüsü'nde Sanat Tarihi dersleri vermeye başladı. 1942 yılına kadar Göllü Dağ, Alacahöyük, Çankırıkapı, Karaoğlan Höyüğü, Hacılar Höyüğü, Alâeddin Tepesi ve Bitik Höyüğü kazılarına katıldı.  Troya'da  ABD'li arkeolog Carl W. Blegen başkanlığında devam eden kazılara  bir süre devlet komiseri olarak katıldı (1935).  Alacahöyük kazısı sırasında daha sonra Ankara'nın ve Ankara Üniversitesi'nin amblemi olan Hitit Güneşi çıkarıldı. 1935 yılında Türk Tarih Kurumu üyesi oldu. 1937'de açılan Manisa Müzesi'ni kurdu.

Bir süre Ankara Dil-Tarih Coğrafya Fakültesi Arkeoloji bölümünde akademisyenlik yaptı ve 1939 yılına profesör unvanını aldı. Dönemin Millî Eğitim Bakanı Hasan Âli Yücel ve Şevket Aziz Kansu ile arasında çıkan tartışma sonucu üniversitedeki görevinden istifa etti.

1942'nin Mayıs ayından itibaren Hüseyin Avni Göktürk ile birlikte  Millet Mecmuası'nı çıkardı. Bu dergi, Anadolucu milliyetçiliğin temel dergisi idi. Dönüm, Çığır, Millet, Hareket gibi  dönemin milliyetçi dergilerinde yazılar yayımladı. Yazılarını sağlığında "Köy Kadını"  (1943) ve "İdeal ve İdeoloji" (1947) adlı kitaplarda toplamıştır. 1944 yılında başlayan Irkçılık-Turancılık Davası sırasında kısa bir süre gözaltına alındı.

1945 yılında  Ankara Etnografya Müzesi müdürü olarak atandı. Akademik çalışmalarına 1947'de Ankara İlâhiyat Fakültesi İslam Sanatları Tarih kürsüsünü kurarak devam etti. Ancak 1950 genel seçimlerine milletvekili adayı olarak katılmak için bu görevi bıraktı.

1950'de Demokrat Parti'den Seyhan milletvekili seçildi. Kırsala dair politikalarını yetersiz gördüğü Demokrat Parti'den 1952'de ayrılıp Türkiye Köylü Partisi'ni kurdu ve genel başkanı seçildi.  Adana'dan Ankara'ya gitmek için bindiği uçağın havada infilak etmesiyle 3 Nisan 1954'te öldü. Kabri Ankara'da Asrî Mezarlık'taki şehitliktedir.

Remzi Oğuz Arık'ın adı; Adana'nın Sarıçam, Ceyhan ve Kozan ilçelerinde, İzmir'de ilköğretim okullarına ve Ankara'nın  Çankaya ilçesindeki bir mahalleye verilmiştir.

 Eserleri

 Adana Ticaret Rehberi, 1924
 Küçük Borçlu,  ilkokul çocukları için Jeanne Meret'den çeviri öyküler, 1926
 Alacahöyük Hafriyatı, 1937
 Karaoğlan Kazıları, 1938
 Köy kadını - Memleket Parçaları, 1944
Halkevlerimizde Müze, Tarih ve Folklor Çalışmaları Kılavuzu (1947)
 İdeal ve İdeoloji, 1947.
Les Fouilles Archeologiques En Turquie (1950)
L'Organisation des Musees en Turquie (1950)
Türk Müzeciliğine Bakış (İki ayrı cilt, Türkçe ve Fransızca,1953)Truva Klavuzu, 1953
 Coğrafyadan Vatana, 1956.
 Veraset ve Cemiyet, 1957
 Türk İnkılabı ve Milliyetçiliğimiz, 1958
 Türk Gençliğine, 1968
 Gurbet-İnmeyen Bayrak, 1968
 Meseleler, 1974
 Türk Sanatı'', 1976

Dış bağlantılar
 Turan'dan Anadolu'ya: Remzi Oğuz Arık

Kaynakça

1899 doğumlular
Kozan doğumlular
Adana doğumlu siyasetçiler
1954 yılında ölenler
20. yüzyıl Türk yazarları
Resim aranan yazarlar
Türk arkeologlar
Anadolucular
Türkiye'deki siyasi parti genel başkanları
TBMM 9. dönem Adana milletvekilleri
Resim aranan siyasetçiler
Türkiye'deki uçak kazalarında ölen kişiler
Demokrat Parti (1946) mensubu siyasetçiler
20. yüzyıl Türk siyasetçileri
Cebeci Askerî Şehitliği'ne defnedilenler
Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi dekanları
Adana doğumlu yazarlar

Remzi Oğuz Arık


Maria Solheim (født 2. maj 1979) er en tidligere norsk håndboldnålmand. Hun har tidligere spillet for Gjerpen Håndball.

Hun har spillet tolv kampe for det norske juniorslandshold og seks kampe for det norske ungdomslandshold. Hun har spillet i Cup Winners' Cup 2005-06 og 2006-07

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

 Maria Solheims profil hos altomfotball.no

Håndboldspillere fra Norge
Håndboldspillere fra Gjerpen Idrettsforening

Maria Solheim (håndboldspiller)


Kare veya dördül, bütün kenarları ve açıları birbirine eşit olan düzgün dörtgendir. Matematiğin en temel geometrik şekilleri arasındadır. Aynı zamanda dikdörtgendir ve eşkenar dörtgendir. Bu iki özel dörtgenin tüm özelliklerini taşır. Eski adı ise murabbadır.

Özellikleri
 Dört kenarının da uzunluğu birbirine eşittir.
 Karşılıklı kenarları birbirine paraleldir.
 Dört açısı da 90 derecedir.
 İç açılarının toplamı 360 derecedir.
 İki adet köşegeni vardır. Bu köşegenler aynı zamanda açıortaylardır ve uzunlukları birbirlerine eşittir.
 Köşegenlerin kesişme noktası 90 derecedir.
 Köşegenlerin kesiştikleri nokta karenin ağırlık merkezidir.
 Köşegenleri birbirini dik ortalar.

Çevre ve alan
Kenar uzunluğu  olan karenin çevresi

alanı

Köşegen uzunluğu d olmak üzere

Çevrel çemberin yarıçapı R ise alan

İç teğet çemberin yarıçapı r ise alan

Kaynakça

Dörtgenler
Temel şekiller
Matematik terimleri
Fransızcadan Türkçeye geçen sözcükler

Kare


An Steudnera henryana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Adolf Engler. An Steudnera henryana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Steudnera, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Steudnera

Steudnera henryana


Celaliye, Kırklareli ilinin Lüleburgaz ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün eski adı, 1901 yılı kayıtlarında Yuvan Köyü olup, Bulgarcada "Yovan" anlamına gelmektedir.

Coğrafya
Köy, Kırklareli il merkezine 47 km, Lüleburgaz ilçe merkezine 13 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Lüleburgaz belde ve köyleri

Celaliye, Lüleburgaz


An Pleurothallis ascendens in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Leslie Andrew Garay. An Pleurothallis ascendens in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pleurothallis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pleurothallis

Pleurothallis ascendens


Argumentum ad nauseam/Argumentum ad Infinitum
(ya da sıklıkla sadece Ad nauseam), bir iddianın-argümanın aksi ispatlanamadığı için o iddianın doğru olduğunun savunulmasıdır. Latince bir safsatadır. Türkçe yaklaşık karşılığı "bunaltana kadar" dır. Argumentum ad infinitum ("sonsuza kadar argüman") ile aynı safsatayı belirtir.

Bu tip safsatalar bir argümanın (genellikle farklı kişiler tarafından) çok defa tekrar edilmesi ile inandırıcılık oluşturulması şeklinde yapılır. İddia-argüman sahibi, her zaman iddiasını-argümanını ispatlama sorumluluğuna sahiptir. Aksi takdirde ortaya konulan argüman geçersiz sayılır. Hiç kimse, ispatı ortaya konmaksızın ileri sürülen bir argümanın yanlış olduğunu savunmak için, argümanın aksini ispatlamak yükümlülüğünde değildir. Carl Sagan'dan bir alıntı olarak "Kanıtın yokluğu, yokluğun kanıtı değildir." Ancak kanıt noksanlığı bir şeyi reddetmek için "yeterli" olmasa da, doğal olarak "geçerli" bir sebeptir. Daha açıklayıcı olarak: "Kanıtın yokluğu, yokluğun kanıtı değildir; ancak varlığın kanıtı hiç değildir!"

Bu safsata diğer safsatalar ile birlikte politikacılar tarafından sıkça kullanılır. Israrlı bir şekilde yapıldığında beyin yıkama ya da kandır(ıl)ma olarak da tanımlanabilir.

Örnek
Eskiden bilimin olmadığı yahut yeterince gelişmediği zamanlarda Dünya hakkında yapılan tartışmalardan biri olarak:

 Dünya öküzün boynuzlarında, öküz kaplumbağanın sırtında, o kaplumbağa başka bir kaplumbağanın sırtında ve o kaplumbağa da başka bir kaplumbağanın sırtında. Böylece sonsuza kadar giden kaplumbağalar...

Başka bir tartışma; Tanrı:

 Seni kim yarattı? Annem ve babam. Onları kim yarattı? Onların anne ve babası. En nihayetinde onları kim yarattı? Tanrı yarattı. Tanrı'yı kim yarattı? Başka bir Tanrı... görüleceği gibi söz konusu olan Tanrı argümanı için bir kanıta ihtiyaç var. Çünkü ortaya konan her kanıt kendisinin doğruluğu için de başka bir kanıta gereksinim duyuyor. Söz konusu olan bu tartışma için ana konu Tanrı olduğundan Tanrı'nın kanıtlanması yalnızca Tanrı'nın kendi kendisini aşikar, belirgin kılmasıyla olur. Sonuç olarak herhangi bir bilgi ve kanıt sağlayamayan bu mantıksal safsata din meselelerinde çok kullanılır.

"İspatlanmadan ileri sürülen bir argüman, ispatsız olarak çürütülebilir." deyimi ile bu safsata kolayca tespit edilebilir.

Genellikle bu mantık hatası bir "şey"in varlığının iddiası üzerine olan tartışmalarda çıkar ve çoğu zaman da fark edilmemesi, tartışmaların gereksiz uzamasına sebep olur. Örneğin en başta Tanrı olmak üzere, Koca ayak, Tuz Gölü Canavarı, Loch Ness Canavarı gibi bir sürü canavar, Çupakabra gibi çoğaltılabilecek efsaneler, psişik güçler, astral seyahat, UFO'lar, astroloji, vb. bu mantık hatasının çok sık görüldüğü tartışma başlıklarıdır ve mantık hatası görülürse, aslında ortada tartışılacak hiçbir konunun olmadığı fark edilebilir.

Bu durum, matematikçi Bertrand Russell'ın şu meşhur örneği ile izah edilebilir: Eğer Dünya ve Mars arasında eliptik bir yörüngede Güneş'in etrafında dönen Çin seramiğinden bir çaydanlık olduğunu öne sürseydim ve bu çaydanlığın en güçlü teleskoplarımızla bile tespit edilemeyecek kadar küçük olduğunu ekleyecek kadar da dikkatli olsaydım, kimse bu görüşümün aksini kanıtlayamazdı...

Burada gösterilmek istenilen; böyle bir çaydanlığın var olduğunu ispatlama yükünün argüman sahibinin kendisinde olduğudur. Zira bilimin boş hipotezi, bir argümana yönelik kanıt bulunana kadar o argümanı yok saymamız gerektiğini söylemektedir.

Kaynakça

Latince mantık deyişleri
Safsatalar

Argumentum ad nauseam


Air France Flight 296 var en chartret flyvning af en ny Airbus A320-111 ,der var drevet af Air France. [1] Den 26. juni 1988 styrtede flyet, mens det lavede et lavt pass over Mulhouse-Habsheim Lufthavn (ICAO Lufthavnskode LFGB) som en del af Habsheim Air Show. Det meste af nedbrudssekvensen, der opstod foran flere tusinde tilskuere, blev fanget på video. Årsagen til ulykken har været kilden til stor konflikt.

Alle passagererne overlevede styrtet, men en kvinde og to børn døde af røgforgiftning, før de kunne flygte.

Dette var det første flystyrt med et A320-fly.

Eksterne henvisninger

Flyulykker og -hændelser i 1988
Flyulykker og -hændelser i Frankrig
Airbus

Air France Flight 296


Acer wilsonii er lauftré af ættkvísl hlyna (Acer) sem er frá Kína.  Hann verður um 10 til 15 m hár.

Tilvísanir

Hlynir

Acer wilsonii


El Intel 8284 es un generador de reloj (clock generator) para los procesadores Intel 8086/8088, Intel 8087 e Intel 8089. Puede usar un circuito oscilador regulado por un cristal de cuarzo o una señal TTL como frecuencia de referencia, que debe ser tres veces superior a la frecuencia que se desea corra el microprocesador. La frecuencia para el microprocesador, CLK, es derivada de la frecuencia de referencia dividida entre tres, ya que éste usa un ciclo de trabajo de 33% (33% del tiempo la señal está alta y 66% del tiempo la señal está baja). Adicionalmente, el 8284 genera una frecuencia (PCLK) a 50% de la que envía al procesador, con un ciclo de trabajo de 50%, usada para la sincronización de los periféricos. El 8284 también expone la señal de frecuencia del circuito oscilador (OSC) de referencia con un ciclo de trabajo de 50%. El 8284 puede sincronizarse con otros.

Además de las señales de reloj, el 8284 también genera una señal de READY que encenderá de acuerdo al estado de algunas señales de entrada, y una señal de RESET para el microprocesador y demás componentes del sistema.

Uso en el IBM PC

El 8284 fue usado como generador de reloj en el IBM PC. Se usaba para generar la frecuencia de 4.77 MHz para el microprocesador del IBM PC, otra de 3.58 MHz para la tarjeta de video y una de 1.19 MHz para los tres temporizadores, de los cuales salían otras frecuencias (ver abajo)..

Aunque el microprocesador 8088 del computador soportaba una frecuencia de hasta 5 MHz, necesitando un cristal de 15 MHz para el 8284 (3 veces la frecuencia del procesador), IBM decidió usar una frecuencia de cristal ligeramente menor, a 14.31818 MHz, que al dividirla entre 3 resultaba en el microprocesador del IBM PC corriendo a 4.7727267 MHz. Este pequeño cambio permitía dividir la frecuencia base del cristal entre cuatro y generar una frecuencia de 3.579545 MHz usada por la tarjeta de video Color Graphics Adapter (CGA) para generar el burst de color en el estándar de televisión NTSC, ahorrándose así algunas piezas que hubieran sido necesarias para generar esa frecuencia independientemente.

La frecuencia PCLK de 2.3863633 que generaba el 8284 (la mitad de los 4.77 MHz para el procesador), era dividida entre 2 para generar una señal de reloj de 1.1931817 MHz para los tres contadores del temporizador programable de intervalos Intel 8253.

 El contador 0 del 8253 dividía esa frecuencia en 65536 y generaba la señal de 18,2065 ticks (por segundo). La salida del contador estaba conectada al IRQ 0 del controlador de interrupciones 8259. Al finalizar el intervalo de tiempo (18.2065 veces por segundo) se disparaba una interrupción que era procesada por el IBM PC ROM BIOS para mantener un contador del tiempo transcurrido desde el encendido del computador, que podía usarse para calcular la hora del día.
 El contador 1 del 8253 dividía la frecuencia en 18 y enviaba una señal de 66287.87 Hz al canal 0 del controlador DMA Intel 8237 para el refrescamiento de la memoria RAM.
 El contador 2 del 8253 podía usarse con cualquier divisor entre 1 y 65536 y generar una frecuencia desde 18,2 Hz hasta 1.1931817 MHz que podía usarse para generar tonos por el altavoz del computador y también para generar los tonos que representaban el 1 y el 0 para almacenar datos y archivos en el grabador de casetes.

Referencias

Véase también
 Intel 8086 y 8088. Primeros microprocesadores de la arquitectura x86
 Intel 8087. Coprocesador de punto flotante
 Intel 8089. Coprocesador de entrada/salida

 Intel 8282. Octal Latch
 Intel 8286. Octal Bus Transceiver
 Intel 8288. Controlador de bus
 Intel 8289. Árbitro de bus
 Intel 8237. Controlador programable de DMA
 Intel 8259. Controlador programable de interrupciones (PIC)
 Intel 8253. Temporizador programable de intervalos (PIT)
 Intel 8250 UART. Comunicaciones seriales, RS-232
 Intel 8255. interfaz programable de periféricos (PPI)

Chips de soporte
Chipsets x86
Circuitos integrados de Intel

Intel 8284


El distrito de Leilek (en kirguís: Лейлек району) es uno de los rayones (distrito) de la provincia de Batken en Kirguistán. Tiene como capital la ciudad de Isfana.

En 2009 tenía 116 861 habitantes.

Subdivisiones
El distrito incluye la ciudad de Isfana y 9 comunidades locales o aiyl okmotus. Isfana, que no pertenece a ningún aiyl okmotu, tiene como pedanías los pueblos de Myrza-Patcha, Samat, Chimgen, Taylan, Ak-Bulak y Golbo. Los aiyl okmotus y los pueblos que los forman son los siguientes:
 Ak-Suu aiyl okmotu (centro administrativo Ak-Suu; otros pueblos Alga, Jenish y Suu-Bashi)
 Beshkent aiyl okmotu (centro administrativo Beshkent; otros pueblos Imeni Karla Marksa, Kayragach, 50 Let SSSR y Eski Oochu)
 Margun aiyl okmotu (centro administrativo Margun; otros pueblos Churbek, Darkhum y Dargaz)
 Jangy Jer aiyl okmotu (centro administrativo Tsentralnoye; otros pueblos Arka, Dostuk y Jashtyk)
 Leilek aiyl okmotu (centro administrativo Korgon; otros pueblos Kara-Suu, Leilek, Chuyanchy y Ak-Terek)
 Katran okmotu (centro administrativo Katran; otros pueblos Jangy-Turmush y Özgörüsh)
 Kulundu aiyl okmotu (centro administrativo Kulundu; otros pueblos Bulak-Bashy, Internatsional'noye, Kommunizm e Imeni Lenina)
 Sambula aiyl okmotu (centro administrativo Andarak; otros pueblos Iskra, Kök-Tash y Kommuna)
 Toguz-Bulak aiyl okmotu (centro administrativo Toguz-Bulak; otros pueblos Aykol, Kara-Bulak, Aybike, Min-Jigach y Gordoy)

Referencias

L

Distrito de Leilek


Dneprreservoiret (, ) er et vandreservoir på, og opkaldt efter Dnepr-floden i Ukraine, som er beliggende i Dnipropetrovsk og Zaporizjzja oblast. Reservoiret blev skabt i 1932 ved opførelsen af Dnepr vandkraftværket.

Reservoiret har et areal på 410 km², er 129 km langt, har en gennemsnitlig bredde på 3,2 km (7 km på det bredeste), og har en gennemsnitlig dybde på 8 meter (53 m på det dybeste sted). Den samlede vandmængde er 3,3 km³.

Lenin Søen, der strækker sig cirka ti kilometer fra mundingen af Samara-floden, grænser op til nordlige ende af reservoiret. Oprettelsen af reservoiret oversvømmede de historiske Dnepr Strømfald, og besejlingen af hele reservoiret blev muligt. Reservoiret har muliggjort besejling af Dnepr hele vejen fra udmundingen i Sortehavet til Kyiv og videre.

Vandkraftværket har en installert effekt på 1 569 MW og producerer 3,6 TWh per år. Gennem tiden blev dæmningen hyldet som et af de største resultater af de sovjetiske industrialiseringsprogrammer. Efter sovjetumionens opløsning blev vandkraftværket privatiseret.

Billeder

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Reservoirer på Dnepr
Etableret i 1932
Dnipropetrovsk oblast
Zaporizjzja oblast

Dneprreservoiret


Jaime Ángel Morera y González (Ciudad de México) es un abogado, historiador, catedrático y académico mexicano. Se ha especializado en la historia del arte del período colonial en México.

Semblanza biográfica
Estudió su bachillerato en Gerona, España. A su regreso a México, cursó la licenciatura en Derecho y una maestría con mención honorífica en Historia del Arte en la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Es catedrático en la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de su alma máter. Tomó cursos bíblicos en el Legion of Christ Novitiate and College of Humanities en Irlanda.

Es miembro titular del Seminario de Cultura Mexicana, como tal, ha impartido cursos y conferencias acerca del arte e iconografía de la Nueva España. Fue curador de la exposición "Parábola novohispana. Cristo en el arte virreinal", la cual fue patrocinada por la Fundación Banamex.

Obras publicadas
Librero conmemorativo de la presentación de la Catedral de Puebla
Parábola novohispana
"La ecuaristía, símbolo y síntesis del dogma cristiano"
Las pinturas novohispanas de ánimas del Purgatorio. Iconografía de una creencia

Referencias

Alumnado de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Profesores de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Historiadores de México
Curadores de arte
Historiadores del arte de México

Jaime Ángel Morera González


Fagus engleriana, conocida como haya china, es una especie de árbol de la familia de las fagáceas originria del centro de China. Puede llegar a medir 17 metros de altura.

Descripción
Los brotes son de color marrón oscuro y sin pelo. Las hojas contienen de 10 a 14 pares de venas, el margen es sin pelo y apenas dentada.

Taxonomía
Fagus engleriana fue descrita por Seemen ex Diels y publicado en Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 29(2): 285–287, f. 1 A–D. 1900.
Etimología
Fagus: nombre genérico latíno que se remonta a una antigua raíz indoeuropea que encuentra parentesco en el griego antiguo φηγός phēgós "tipo de roble"

engleriana: epíteto otorgado en honor del botánico Adolf Engler.
Sinonimia
 Fagus sylvatica var. chinensis Franch.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Fagus engleriana at NC State University

engleriana
Árboles de China
Plantas descritas en 1900
Plantas descritas por Seemen
Plantas descritas por Diels

Fagus engleriana


Achrik Sokratowitsch Zweiba (; ; * 10. September 1966 in Gudauta, Abchasische ASSR) ist ein ehemaliger Fußballspieler abchasischer Herkunft.

Zweiba spielte sowohl für die sowjetische Nationalmannschaft, für die Auswahl der GUS, wie auch für die ukrainische und die russische Nationalmannschaft.

Zweiba begann seine Karriere in der Jugendmannschaft des  FK Dinamo Suchum, nach einem kurzen Gastspiel bei SKA Chabarowsk spielte der Verteidiger von 1985 bis 1989 mit Dinamo Tiflis in der höchsten Spielklasse der Sowjetunion, der Wysschaja Liga. 1990 wechselte Zweiba zum Spitzenteam Dynamo Kiew und gewann mit Kiew in dieser Saison die sowjetische Meisterschaft sowie den sowjetischen Pokal. Im Pokalendspiel, welches Dynamo mit 6:1 gegen Lokomotive Moskau gewann, kam Zweiba zum Einsatz. 1991 wurde er zum ukrainischen Fußballer des Jahres gewählt.

Zweiba spielte 1993 für einige Monate in der russischen Obersten Liga für Kamas Nabereschnyje Tschelny, dann wechselte er 1994 zu Gamba Osaka nach Japan, für dieses Team bestritt er insgesamt 75 Spiele. Nachdem er 1997 für Alanija Wladikawkas in der höchsten russischen Spielklasse angetreten war, wechselte Zweiba 1998 für ein Jahr nach China zu Qianwei (Vanguard) Huandao. Die Spielzeiten 1999 und 2000 absolvierte er für den FC Uralan Elista wieder in der russischen Premjer-Liga. Nach der Saison 2001, die Zweiba für Dynamo Moskau spielte ging er noch kurz zum zypriotischen Club AEK Larnaka, beendete dann aber seine aktive Karriere.

Zweiba spielte im Februar 1990 erstmals für die sowjetische Nationalmannschaft. Er stand auch im sowjetischen Aufgebot bei der Weltmeisterschaft 1990 in Italien kam während dieses Turniers allerdings zu keinem Einsatz. 1992 nahm er mit dem Team der GUS  an der EM in Schweden teil und spielte in den Vorrundenbegegnungen gegen Deutschland und gegen die Niederlande. Obwohl er im November 1992 bereits ein Länderspiel für die Ukraine absolviert hatte, kam Zweiba 1997 noch insgesamt achtmal für die russische Nationalmannschaft zum Einsatz.

Weblinks

 Biografie bei rusteam (russisch)

Fußballnationalspieler (Sowjetunion)
Fußballnationalspieler (Ukraine)
Fußballnationalspieler (Russland)
Fußballspieler (Dinamo Suchum)
Fußballspieler (FC Dinamo Tiflis)
Fußballspieler (Dynamo Kiew)
Fußballspieler (Kamas Nabereschnyje Tschelny)
Fußballspieler (Gamba Osaka)
Fußballspieler (Chongqing Lifan)
Fußballspieler (AEK Larnaka)
Fußballspieler (Alanija Wladikawkas)
Fußballspieler (FK Dynamo Moskau)
Fußballspieler (FK SKA-Chabarowsk)
Fußballspieler (Uralan Elista)
Sowjetischer Meister (Fußball)
Teilnehmer an einer Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft (Sowjetunion)
Teilnehmer an einer Fußball-Europameisterschaft (GUS)
Russe
Sowjetbürger
Ukrainer
Abchase
Geboren 1966
Mann

Achrik Sokratowitsch Zweiba


Çengdu (Çince: 成都; pinyin: Chéngdū; Wade-Giles: Ch'eng-tu,
), Çin'in Siçuan eyaletinin başkenti.

Çinliler tarafından kısaca Róng (蓉) olarak da adlandırılır. 1 Ocak 2005 itibarıyla 10.440.000'i aşan nüfusu var.

Tarih boyunca şiddetli depremlerle sarsılmıştır. Almanya'nın Bonn kentiyle çevre ve doğal felaketlerle mücadele kapsamında "proje bazında ortaklık" faaliyetleri yürütmektedir.

İklim

Ekonomi

Çin eyalet konseyi, Çengdu'yu ülkenin batıdaki lojistik, ticaret, finans, bilim ve teknoloji merkezinin yanı sıra bir ulaşım ve iletişim merkezi olarak belirledi. Aynı zamanda imalat ve tarım için önemli bir üstür.

Dünya Bankası'nın küresel yatırım ortamlarıyla ilgili 2007 anket raporuna göre, Çengdu "Çin'in iç kesimlerinde yatırım ortamı için örnek şehir" ilan edildi.

Ayrıca, Nobel ekonomi ödüllü Dr. Robert Mundell ve ünlü Çinli ekonomist Li Yining tarafından 2010 yılında Devlet Enformasyon Merkezi tarafından yayınlanan bir araştırma raporuna dayanarak, iç Çin'de yatırım ortamına referans şehir ve yeni kentleşmede önemli bir lider olan Çengdu, Batı Kalkınma Programının "motoru" oldu.

2010 yılında ANZ Bank, Nippon Steel Corporation ve Electricité de France dahil olmak üzere Fortune 500 şirketlerinden 12'si Çengdu'da son yıllardaki en büyük sayıdaki ofis, şube veya operasyon merkezi açtı. Bu arada, JP Morgan Chase, Henkel ve GE dahil olmak üzere Çengdu'da ofis açan Fortune 500 şirketleri yatırımlarını artırdı ve Çengdu'daki şubelerinin katılımını artırdı. 2010'un sonunda, 200'den fazla Fortune 500 şirketi Çengdu'da şubeler açarak Orta ve Batı Çin'deki Fortune 500 şirketlerinin sayısı açısından birinci sırada yer aldı. Bunların 149'u yabancı, 40'ı yerli şirkettir.

Çin'deki Amerikan Ticaretinin Durumuna İlişkin 2010 AmCham Çin Beyaz Kitabına göre Çengdu Çin'deki en önemli yatırım yerlerinden biri oldu.

Makine, otomobil, ilaç, gıda ve bilgi teknolojisi dahil olmak üzere Çengdu'daki ana endüstriler çok sayıda büyük ölçekli işletme tarafından desteklenmektedir. Ayrıca, Çengdu dışından artan sayıda yüksek teknoloji işletmesi de buraya yerleşti.

Çengdu, Orta ve Batı Çin'de yatırım için gözde şehirlerden biri haline gelmektedir. Dünyanın en büyük 500 şirketi arasında, 133 çok uluslu kuruluşun Ekim 2009 itibarıyla Çengdu'da yan kuruluşları veya şubeleri vardır. Bu ÇUİ'ler arasında montaj ve üretim üsleri bulunan Intel, Cisco, Sony ve Toyota ile Çengdu'da Ar-Ge merkezleri bulunan Motorola, Ericsson ve Microsoft vardır.

Ulusal Kalkınma ve Reform Komisyonu, Çengdu'nun buradaki ulusal biyo-sanayi üssü kurma teklifini resmen onayladı. Çengdu hükümeti 2012 yılına kadar 90 milyar CNY'lik bir biyo ilaç sektörü yaratma planı açıkladı. Çin'in havacılık endüstrileri, şehirde uzay ve havacılık teknolojisine sahip olacak yüksek teknolojili bir endüstri parkı inşaatına başladılar. Yerel yönetim, denizaşırı ve yerli şirketleri hizmet dış kaynak kullanımı için çekmeyi ve Çin'de ve dünyada iyi bilinen bir hizmet dış kaynak kullanımı üssü olmayı planlamaktadır.

Elektronik ve BT endüstrileri
Çengdu, uzun süredir yerleşik bir ulusal elektronik ve BT endüstrisi merkezi olmuştur. Çengdu'nun büyümesi, Hindistan'la birlikte dünya telekomünikasyon pazarının yüzde 70'inden fazlasını oluşturan Çin'in yerel telekom hizmetleri sektörünün büyümesiyle birlikte hızlandı. Çengdu'da birkaç önemli ulusal elektronik Ar-Ge enstitüsü bulunmaktadır. Çengdu Yüksek Teknoloji Sanayi Geliştirme Bölgesi, Intel, IBM, Cisco, Nokia, Motorola, SAP, Siemens, Canon, HP, Xerox, Microsoft, Tieto, NIIT, MediaTek ve Wipro ve ayrıca Lenovo gibi yerli şirketler dahil olmak üzere en az 30 Fortune 500 şirketi ve 12.000 yerli şirket olmak üzere çeşitli çok uluslu şirketleri cezbetti. Dell, Xiamen'deki merkezi büyürken, ikinci büyük Çin operasyon merkezini 2011'de Çengdu'da açmayı planladı.

Intel Capital, 2001 yılında Çengdu'nun ilk yabancı teknoloji şirketi olan Primetel'de stratejik bir hisse satın aldı. Intel'in 2005 yılında kurulan Çengdu fabrikası, Şanghay fabrikasından sonra Çin'deki ikinci fabrikası ve Çin anakarasının iç bölgelerindeki elektronik endüstrisindeki bu tür ilk büyük ölçekli yabancı yatırımdır. Dünyanın en büyük çip üreticisi Intel, Çengdu'daki iki montaj ve test tesisine 525 milyon ABD doları yatırım yaptı. Dünyanın üçüncü büyük dökümhanesi olan Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation (SMIC), Intel'in izinden giderek Çengdu'da bir montaj ve test tesisi kurdu. Intel'in rakibi AMD de aynı şekilde bu şehirde bir Ar-Ge merkezi açmaya hazırlanmaktadır.

Kasım 2006'da IBM, Çengdu Tianfu Yazılım Parkı içinde  Dalian, Şanghay ve Shenzhen'den sonra Çin'deki dördüncü Küresel Teslimat Merkezini kurmak için Çengdu Yüksek Teknoloji Bölgesi ile bir anlaşma imzaladı. Şubat 2007'de faaliyete geçmesi planlanan bu yeni merkez, dünya çapındaki müşterilere İngilizce, Japonca ve Çince dillerinde ve Çin'in güneyindeki Shenzhen şehrinde bulunan IBM Küresel Tedarik Merkezine çok dilli uygulama geliştirme ve bakım hizmetlerini sağlayacaktı. 23 Mart 2008'de IBM, "West China Excellent Enterprises CEO Forumu"nda IBM Global Business Services'ın güneybatı çalışma ekibinin artık resmi olarak Çengdu'da görevlendirildiğini duyurdu. 28 Mayıs 2008'de IBM China başkanı Zhou Weikun, IBM Çengdu'nun mevcut 600 olan personel sayısını yıl sonuna kadar yaklaşık 1.000'e çıkaracağını açıkladı.

Temmuz 2019'da bulut bilişim şirketi Amazon Web Services, bir inovasyon merkezi kurmak için Çngdu High-Tech Zone ile bir anlaşma imzaladı. Bu proje, uluslararası iş ve işletmeleri bölgeye çekmeyi, Çin'de bulut bilişimi teşvik etmeyi ve yapay zeka teknolojileri geliştirmeyi amaçlıyordu.

Son birkaç yılda, Çengdu'nun ekonomisi hızla gelişti. Çengdu, Çin'in dokuz üst düzey posta merkezinden biri ve altı ulusal telekom değişim merkezinden biri ile iletişim altyapısı için önemli bir üstür.

2009'da Çengdu, Dünya Siber Oyunlar Büyük Finallerine (11-15 Kasım) ev sahipliği yaptı. Çin ilk kez dünyanın en büyük bilgisayar ve video oyunu turnuvasına ev sahipliği yaptı.

Uluslararası ilişkiler

Diplomatik temsilcilikler

Çengdu'da 13 farklı ülkenin konsolosluğu bulunmaktadır. Bunlar:
  Almanya Federal Cumhuriyeti Başkonsolosluğu
  Kore Cumhuriyeti Başkonsolosluğu
  Tayland Krallığı Başkonsolosluğu
  Singapur Cumhuriyeti Başkonsolosluğu
  Fransa Başkonsolosluğu
  Pakistan İslam Cumhuriyeti Başkonsolosluğu
  Avustralya Başkonsolosluğu
  Yeni Zelanda Başkonsolosluğu
  İsrail Başkonsolosluğu
  Polonya Başkonsolosluğu
  Çekya Başkonsolosluğu
  İsviçre Başkonsolosluğu
  Avusturya Başkonsolosluğu

Kardeş şehirler

Çengdu'nun kardeş şehirleri şunlardır. Bu kardeş şehir anlaşmalarının girildiği tarihler de gösterilmektedir:

 22 Haziran 1981
 25 Ekim 1981
 6 Temmuz 1983
 27 Eylül 1984
 13 Mart 1987
 25 Şubat 1988
 25 Eylül 1993
 3 Aralık 1999
 7 Kasım 2000
 17 Aralık 2002
 27 Nisan 2004
 10 Eylül 2009
 23 Mart 2010
 24 Kasım 2010
 27 Mayıs 2011
 27 Mayıs 2011
 14 Eylül 2011
 13 Eylül 2012
 2013
 5 Ağustos 2013
 23 Ekim 2013
 25 Kasım 2013
 2014
 26 Ağustos 2014
 Nisan 2015
 29 Haziran 2015
 16 Ekim 2015
 10 Kasım 2015
 29 Aralık 2015
 29 Nisan 2016
 30 Eylül 2016
 27 Ekim 2016
 31 Ocak 2018
 27 Mart 2018
 30 Ağustos 2018
 2019

Galeri

Ayrıca bakınız

 Çengdu Shuangliu Uluslararası Havalimanı
 Çengdu Spor Merkezi
 Siçuan Stadyumu

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

  (Çince, Fransızca ve İngilizce)

Çengdu


Lahn nehri, Almanya'da Ren Nehri'nin 242 km uzunluğundaki doğu koludur. Kuzey Ren-Vestfalya, Hessen, Renanya-Palatina eyaletlerinin topraklarından akar. Doğuda Rothaargebirge (Kızılsaç Sıradağları)'den doğar, batıda Lahnstein'da Ren Nehri'ne kavuşur.

Lahn boyunca önemli şehirler; Marburg an der Lahn, Giessen, Wetzlar, Weilburg ve Limburg an der Lahn'dır.

Almanya'daki nehirler

Lahn


Le vol British Eagle International Airlines 802 est un accident aérien de type impact sans perte de contrôle, survenu le  à l'approche d'Innsbruck, en Autriche.

Caractéristiques

Avion
Le Bristol Britannia série 312 portant le numéro constructeur 13423 et l'immatriculation G-AOVO a fait son premier vol en . Il a été livré à la BOAC, qui l'a utilisé pendant un peu plus de cinq ans. À partir de , il est loué par British Eagle International Airlines, compagnie privée britannique.

Vol
Le , il effectuait un vol régulier depuis Heartow vers Innsbruck. Tous les passagers étaient britanniques à deux exceptions près (un Autrichien et un Canadien). La grande majorité d'entre eux se rendaient en Autriche pour un séjour de sport d'hiver.

Contexte et déroulement
L'aéroport d'Innsbruck est profondément encaissé dans les montagnes et, à l'époque, ne possédait pas d'équipement d'approche aux instruments. Selon le magazine Flight, son approche était l'une des plus difficiles d'Europe. Les conditions météorologiques étaient désastreuses le jour de l'accident, et l'équipage du Britannia a perdu le contact visuel avec le sol. Pénétrant dans la masse nuageuse, il a fini par percuter une montagne, le mont Glungezer. Il n'y a eu aucun survivant parmi les  et  d'équipage.

Conséquences
L'accident est le plus meurtrier jamais survenu en Autriche. L'enquête a donné lieu à quelques frictions entre les officiels britanniques et autrichiens.

Images

Références

British Eagle International Airlines 802
British Eagle International Airlines 802
Février 1964
1964 en Autriche

Vol British Eagle International Airlines 802


The Karachays or Karachai  ( or таулула,  ,  'Mountaineers') are an indigenous Caucasian-Turkic ethnic group native to the North Caucasus. They are primarily located in Karachay–Cherkess Republic, a republic of Russia in the North Caucasus.

History
Research by Boulygina et al. (2020) shows Karachays' genetic connection to the pre-historic Koban culture. A recent genetic study states the following: "Balkars and Karachays belong to the Caucasian anthropological type. According to the results of craniology, somatology, odontology, and dermatoglyphics, the native (Caucasian) origin of the Balkars and Karachays and their kinship with the representatives of neighboring ethnic groups and a minor role of the Central Asian component in their ethnogenesis were concluded."

The state of Alania was established prior to the Mongol invasions and had its capital in Maghas, which some authors locate in Arkhyz, the mountains currently inhabited by the Karachay, while others place it in either what is now modern Ingushetia or North Ossetia. In the 14th century, Alania was destroyed by Timur and the decimated population dispersed into the mountains.

In the nineteenth century Russia took over the area during the Russian conquest of the Caucasus. On October 20, 1828 the  took place, in which the Russian troops were under the command of General Georgy Emanuel. The day after the battle, as Russian troops were approaching the aul of , the Karachay elders met with the Russian leaders and an agreement was reached for the inclusion of the Karachay into the Russian Empire.

After annexation, the self-government of Karachay was left intact, including its officials and courts. Interactions with neighboring Muslim peoples continued to take place based on both folk customs and Sharia law. In Karachay, soldiers were taken from Karachai Amanat, pledged an oath of loyalty, and were assigned arms.

From 1831 to 1860, the Karachays were divided. A large portion of Karachays joined the anti-Russian struggles carried out by the North Caucasian peoples; while another significant portion of Karachays, due to being encouraged by the Volga Tatars and Bashkirs, another fellow Turkic Muslim peoples that have long loyal to Russia, voluntarily cooperated with Russian authorities in the Caucasian War.  Between 1861 and 1880, to escape reprisals by the Russian army, some of the Karachays migrated to Turkey although the main part of Karachays still remain in modern territory.

All Karachay officials were purged by early 1938, and the entire nation was administered by NKVD officers, none of whom were Karachay. In addition, the entire intelligentsia, all rural officials and at least 8,000 ordinary farmers were arrested, including 875 women. Most were executed, but many were sent to prison camps throughout the Caucasus.

During the parade of sovereignties and the collapse of the USSR on November 30, 1990, KCHAO withdrew from the Stavropol Territory and became the Karachay-Cherkess Soviet Socialist Republic (KChSSR) as part of the RSFSR, which was approved by a resolution of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR on July 3, 1991.

In 1989-1997, the Karachay national movements appealed to the leadership of the RSFSR with a request to restore a separate autonomy of Karachay.

On November 18, 1990, at the congress of Karachay deputies of all levels, the Karachay Soviet Socialist Republic (since October 17, 1991 — the Karachay Republic) was proclaimed as part of the RSFSR, which was not recognized by the leadership of the RSFSR. On March 28, 1992, a referendum was held in which, according to the official results, the majority of the population of Karachay-Cherkessia opposed the division. The division was not legalized, and a single Karachay-Cherkessia remained.

Deportation

In 1942 the Germans permitted the establishment of a Karachay National Committee to administer their "autonomous region"; the Karachays were also allowed to form their own police force and establish a brigade that was to fight with the Wehrmacht. This relationship with Nazi Germany resulted, when the Russians regained control of the region in November 1943, with the Karachays being charged with collaboration with Nazi Germany and deported.  Originally restricted only to family members of rebel bandits during World War II, the deportation was later expanded to include the entire Karachay ethnic group. The Soviet government refused to acknowledge that 20,000 Karachays served in the Red Army, greatly outnumbering the 3,000 estimated to have collaborated with the German soldiers. Karachays were forcibly deported and resettled in Central Asia, mostly in Kazakhstan and Kirghizia. In the first two years of the deportations, disease and famine caused the death of 35% of the population; of 28,000 children, 78%, or almost 22,000 perished.

Diaspora
Many Karachays migrated to Turkey after the Russian annexation of the Karachay nation in the early 19th century. Karachays were also forcibly displaced to the Central Asian republics of Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Kirghizia during Joseph Stalin's relocation campaign in 1944. Since the Nikita Khrushchev era in the Soviet Union, the majority of Karachays have been repatriated to their homeland from Central Asia. Today, there are sizable Karachay communities in Turkey (centered on Afyonkarahisar), Uzbekistan, the United States, and Germany.

Geography
The Karachay nation, along with the Balkars occupy the valleys and foothills of the Central Caucasus in the river valleys of the Kuban, Big Zelenchuk River, Malka, Baksan, Cherek and others.

The Karachays are very proud of the symbol of their nation, Mount Elbrus, the highest mountain in Europe, with an altitude of 5,642 meters.

Culture
Like other peoples in the mountainous Caucasus, the relative isolation of the Karachay allowed them to develop their particular cultural practices, despite general accommodation with surrounding groups.

Karachay people live in communities that are divided into families and clans (tukums). A tukum is based on a family's lineage and there are roughly thirty-two Karachay tukums. Prominent tukums include: Abayhan, Aci, Batcha (Batca), Baychora, Bayrimuk (Bayramuk), Bostan, Catto (Jatto), Cosar (Çese), Duda, Hubey (Hubi), Karabash, Laypan, Lepshoq, Ozden (Uzden), Silpagar, Tebu, Teke, Toturkul, Urus.

Language
Karachays speak the Karachay-Balkar language, which comes from the northwestern branch of Turkic languages. The Kumyks, who live in northeast Dagestan, speak a closely related language, the Kumyk language.

Religion
The majority of the Karachay are followers of Islam. Some Karachays began adopting Islam in the 17th and 18th centuries due to contact with the Nogais, the Crimean Tatars, and most significantly, the Circassians. The Sufi Qadiriya order has a presence in the region.

See also
Karachay horse
Balkars
Khazars
Balkar and Karachay nationalism
Deportation of the Karachays

References

External links
American Karachai Benevolent Association
I. Miziev. The history of Karachays from ancient times.

Turkic peoples of Europe
Ethnic groups in Russia
Ethnic groups in Turkey
Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan
Karachay-Cherkessia
Peoples of the Caucasus
Muslim communities of Russia
Muslim communities of the Caucasus
Turkic peoples of Asia
Indigenous peoples
Ethnic groups in Central Asia

Karachays


Sociofysik eller socialfysik er et tværfagligt område, der undersøger sociologiske systemer, såsom grupper af mennesker, ved brug af metoder fra fysikken. Sociofysik er således typisk udført af fysikere snarere end af sociologer. Da grupper kan ses som bestående af mange individer, trækker sociofysik ofte på resultater fra statistisk mekanik - et eksempel herpå er Sznajd-modellen.

Relateret til sociofysik er økonofysik, der bruger fysiske metoder til at beskrive økonomi. Mindre kendt er kærlighedsdynamik, der beskriver romantiske forhold.

Yderligere eksempler på sociofysik
 Fodgængerdynamik
 Køteori
 Opinionsdynamik

Litteratur
 Econophysics and Sociophysics: Recent Progress and Future Directions,
 Galam, Serge: Sociophysics - A Physicist's Modelling of Psycho-Political Phenomena',
 Econophysics and Sociophysics: Trends and Perspectives,
 Social Physics: How Social Networks Can Make Us Smarter'',

Eksterne henvisninger
 Artikel om den seneste udvikling inden for sociofysik (2018)

Sociofysik


La casa de los Mur de Morillo de Monclús es un conjunto fortificado, ubicado en el extremo SO de la plataforma superior del tozal sobre el que se asienta la localidad oscense, compuesto por la iglesia, la casa de los Mur y por otras edificaciones secundarias.

La casa fuerte consta de dos pisos elevados sobre un sótano y está alineada con el muro de los pies de la iglesia, de forma que ofrece un largo frente fortificado colgado sobre el corte abrupto que conforma el promontorio en el lado oeste.

Al norte de ambas se extiende una explanada flanqueada por los restos de una antigua torre medieval y otro edificio anexo que sirvieron de acceso al conjunto y de cerramiento defensivo por el lado norte.

Lo más llamativo del conjunto es un arco rebajado de 7.70 m de luz y 32 dovelas de arista biselada, que se ha conservado estabilizado a pesar de su escasa curvatura. El que se distribuyan varias aberturas sobre él incrementa la tensión visual, aunque en realidad aligera el peso que tiene que soportar.

En los años 70 se realizó la compra de la Casa de los Mur por un particular y en el 2008 terminaron las obras de restauración y rehabilitación como vivienda.
Con estas obras de restauración se han solucionado los problemas que el arco rebajado comenzaba a ocasionar tras la restauración de la cubierta.

En el interior, grabado en un dintel de piedra sobre una puerta, figura el escudo de los Mur en el que se puede leer "Morillo".

Historia
Al igual que en otros casos, la familia Mur construyó su Casa Fuerte sobre restos de construcciones fortificadas medievales.
El edificio anexo a la iglesia fue concebido como residencia. En siglos posteriores, se utilizó como abadía.
Los restos de la torre medieval y el edificio anexo fueron utilizado en época contemporánea como casa consistorial.

Galería

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Geoparque de Sobrarbe.
  (SIPCA)
 Románico aragonés
 Ruta de los BICs de Sobrarbe* Ruta de los BICs de Sobrarbe.

Morillo de Monclús
Casas torreadas del Alto Aragón
Bienes de interés cultural de la provincia de Huesca

Casa de los Mur (Morillo de Monclús)


Lumina palidă a durerii este un film românesc din 1980 regizat de Iulian Mihu. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Liliana Tudor, Gheorghe Marin, Violeta Andrei, Florina Luican și Siegfried Siegmund. A câștigat Diploma Specială la Festivalul Internațional de Film de la Moscova (a 12-a ediție).

Rezumat

Acțiunea filmului are loc în anul 1913 înainte de Primul Război Mondial, într-un sat de lângă Buzău.

Distribuție

 Liliana Tudor — Lina, țărancă tânără și frumoasă
 Gheorghe Marin — Ionică, ful învățătorului
 Violeta Andrei — Florența, soția învățătorului, bolnavă de tuberculoză
 Florina Luican — Marița, tânăra văduvă care ară pământul în ziua de Florii
 Siegfried Siegmund — Nicolae Paramon, învățătorul satului, mobilizat la război (menționat Siegfrid Siegmund)
 Emanoil Petruț — Petre, preotul satului, care-i șantajează pe enoriași pentru a plăti dania către biserică
 Florin Băbău
 Andrei Finți — călugărul tânăr Atanasie, care o iubește pe Lina
 Mária Bodor — preoteasa (menționată Maria Bodor)
 Ana Stoica
 Ioana Popescu
 Alida Colceag
 Alexandru Racoviceanu — Muran, morarul și cârciumarul satului
 Ruxandra Macovescu
 Gerhard Kwanka — Hans Dietrich, militarul german care ocupă satul și omoară câinii
 Coca Enescu — prietena preotesei
 Gheorghe Bedivan
 Gheorghe Novac — Dumitru Bănică, țăranul care știe limba germană
 Andrei Șonea — Tilică, gornistul satului
 Savel Știopul — călugărul bătrân Iosaf
 Geo Saizescu — Fotache, directorul exploatării petroliere
 Maria Negoiță — dada Ana, bătrâna aflată pe moarte (nemenționată)
 Eugenia Șonea — Savasta, bătrâna care o veghează pe Ana (nemenționată)
 Constantin Vârtejan — Tudor Mușat, țăran bătrân (nemenționat)
 Catinca Ralea — nevasta lui Muran, care-și iubește pământurile (nemenționată)
 Eugen Popescu — șeful postului de jandarmi (nemenționat)
 Marietta Rareș — Tudora, bătrâna care-i spune povești lui Ionică (nemenționată)
 Flavius Constantinescu (nemenționat)
 Rodica Mureșan (nemenționată)
 Vasile Popa — muncitor la sondele de petrol (nemenționat)

Dublaj de voce
 Catrinel Dumitrescu — Lina
 Adrian Pintea — Ionică
 George Oancea — Nicolae Paramon
 Tamara Buciuceanu — preoteasa
 Petre Gheorghiu — Muran
 Jana Gorea — prietena preotesei
 Corado Negreanu — Tudor Mușat
 Chiril Economu — Tilică
 Marga Anghelescu — Ana
 Telly Barbu — Savasta

Note

Legături externe
 Călin Căliman - Lumina palidă a durerii, Istoria Filmului Romanesc › 1971-1980

 Fișă de film la All about Romanian Cinema (site dedicat filmului românesc)

Vezi și
 Listă de filme românești despre Primul Război Mondial

Filme din 1980
Filme regizate de Iulian Mihu
Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme dramatice
Filme istorice românești
Filme de război
Filme despre Primul Război Mondial
Filme românești despre Primul Război Mondial

Lumina palidă a durerii