Lieutenant General Sir Aylmer Gould Hunter-Weston,  (23 September 1864 – 18 March 1940) was a British Army officer who served in the First World War at Gallipoli in 1915 and in the very early stages of the Somme Offensive in 1916. He was also a Scottish Unionist MP.

Nicknamed "Hunter-Bunter", Hunter-Weston has been seen as a classic example of a "donkey" general; he was described by his superior, Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig, as a "rank amateur", and has been referred to by one modern writer as "one of the Great War's spectacular incompetents". However, another historian writes that although his poor performance at the battles of Krithia earned his reputation "as one of the most brutal and incompetent commanders of the First World War" "in his later battles (at Gallipoli) he seemed to hit upon a formula for success ...(but) these small achievements were largely forgotten".

Early life
Hunter-Weston was born at Hunterston, West Kilbride, on 23 September 1864, the son of Lieutenant-Colonel John Gould Read Hunter-Weston (1823–1904) and his second wife, who was the daughter and heir of the 25th Laird of Hunterston. He was educated at Wellington College 1875–82 and Woolwich in 1882, then was commissioned into the Royal Engineers in 1884.

Early military career
He was promoted captain in 1892. He served on the Indian North West Frontier and took part in the Miranzai Expedition of 1891 and was wounded during the Waziristan Expedition of 1894–95. He was promoted to brevet major in 1895.

Egypt and Boer War
He was on General Herbert Kitchener's staff on the Nile Expedition of 1896. He attended the Staff College, Camberley (where he was Master of Staff College Hounds) 1898–9.

He later took part in the Second Boer War in South Africa between 1899 and 1902 as a staff officer then as commander of the Mounted Engineers, then of the Royal Engineer Cavalry Division. He then became Deputy Assistant Adjutant-General (DAAG), then Chief of Staff, to Sir John French's Cavalry Division, then commanded a cavalry column. His mounted engineers cut Boer-controlled roads and railways, and cut the railway near Bloemfontein to prevent the Boers from reinforcing it. In 1900 he was promoted brevet lieutenant-colonel and awarded the Distinguished Service Order. He was described as having "reckless courage combined with technical skill and great coolness in emergency", was mentioned in despatches (including 31 March 1900) and received the Queen's South Africa Medal.

Hunter-Weston served on the Royal Engineers staff in London in late 1902, when he was appointed for duty at Shorncliffe Army Camp. He was a general staff officer in the Eastern Command from 1904 to 1908. He married Grace Strang-Steel in 1905. He was promoted colonel in 1908. He was a general staff officer in the Scottish Command from 1908 to 1911. In 1911 he succeeded his mother as the 27th Laird of Hunterston and was made a member of the Order of the Bath. He was Assistant Director of Military Training 1908–11 and his motto was "teach the trainers how to teach before they try to teach the Tommies".

In February 1914 he was made General Officer Commanding of the 11th Infantry Brigade at Colchester, as a brigadier-general.

First World War
A few weeks after the outbreak of the war in 1914, he led his brigade to France as part of 4th Division on the Western Front, including at the battles of Le Cateau and the Aisne, where he supervised his command from a motorbike (at a time when senior generals used cars and most other officers used horses). He "often appeared in the most surprising places" and his handling of the brigade was "skilful". His was the first British unit to cross the Aisne, on a damaged bridge. His bravery and determination marked him out for promotion. Hunter-Weston was one of the senior officers commanded to write regularly to the King to keep His Majesty informed of military developments. In October 1914 he was promoted major-general.

Gallipoli Campaign

Planning

When the Gallipoli campaign commenced in March 1915, Hunter-Weston was promoted to the command of the British 29th Division, which was to make the landing at Cape Helles near the entrance to the Dardanelles.

When asked for his advice before the landings, Hunter-Weston cautioned General Hamilton that the Turks had had ample time to turn the peninsula into "an entrenched camp", that Helles was less vulnerable to Turkish attack than Suvla Bay but conversely offered little room for manoeuvre and given Britain's lack of high explosive shells needed to cover attacks risked an Allied bridgehead being tied up in front of Kilitbahir Plateau and becoming "a second Crimea" which would damage Britain's standing with neutral Greece and Romania. He suggested that given the loss of surprise (because of the unsuccessful naval attack on 18 March) it might be better to call off the expedition.

Hunter-Weston wrote to his wife (7 April) "the odds against us are heavy. However, nothing is impossible". William Birdwood also privately wrote the same, and Travers suggests that, as British officers of the era were expected to remain cheerful and optimistic in public, this may have been "a safety outlet" to be pointed to if the operation went wrong.

Hunter-Weston, supported by Admiral Robeck, preferred a daylight landing at Helles (Hamilton and Birdwood preferred an attack just before first light – this was used for the ANZAC landing further north, which had been intended to land on the beach at Gaba Tepe).

Landings

Hunter-Weston concentrated on V, W and X Beaches at the tip on the peninsula, less on S and Y beaches (on the right and left flanks respectively), which were intended merely to threaten the Turkish retreat. No contingency plan had been made for S or Y beach forces to push ahead if the main forces at V, W and X were held up. Admiral Wemyss and Hunter-Weston spent 25 April, the day of the landings, on board HMS Eurylaus, the attendant ship at W beach, so were unable to inspect elsewhere – Hunter-Weston and his chief of staff Brigadier-General H. E. Street were on the bridge, where their papers were scattered every five minutes when the ship's 9.2-inch gun was fired. An angry Roger Keyes recorded that they "were in complete ignorance of what was going on anywhere except at W and possibly at X Beach" and was furious at Hamilton for adhering to Staff College doctrine by not interfering with "the man on the spot" (Hamilton claimed he was dissuaded by Braithwaite, even though he could see that V Beach was in trouble).

He diverted the Essex Regiment (part of 88th Brigade) from V to W Beach at 0830 hrs. Hunter-Weston's diary records that "V Beach is still hung up", suggesting that he thought the problems there temporary, although he was dissuaded from landing to take personal command at that beach.

For ten hours on 25 April Lt-Col Godfrey Matthews signalled to Hunter-Weston, demanding reinforcements of men and ammunition at Y Beach, but received no reply. Hunter-Weston did not reply to Hamilton's first offer (9.21am) to make more trawlers available to land more troops at Y Beach, where they had surprise and lack of opposition. After being ordered to reply to the second message (10:00 am) he only did so at 10.35 am after consulting Admiral Wemyss. He was still awaiting reports from V Beach at the time. At 6:00 pm Marshall, the commander at X Beach, asked permission to advance to assist Y Beach, but after a delay of two hours Hunter-Weston ordered him to stay put and advance the following day.

On the evening of 25 April Hunter-Weston boarded HMS "Queen Elizabeth" to confer with Hamilton, who recorded that he was "cheery, stout-hearted, quite a good tonic and – on the whole – his news is good".
After 25 April landings Hunter-Weston thought the bravery of the men at W Beach "a most marvellous feat".

Hunter-Weston appears to have little interest in Y Beach during the night of 25–26 April. He did not mention Y Beach in his diary, and later concealed the evidence about it from Hamilton until July 1915. When the force at Y Beach had to be evacuated on the morning of 26 April – a decision taken at the local level – Hamilton assumed that Hunter-Weston had ordered this without consulting him.

Robin Prior writes that Hunter-Weston "remained anchored off W beach.. He was out of contact with S and Y, neglected X and seemed determined to avoid any knowledge of V... (he) took no steps to gather information for himself. His one positive move (to shift troops from V to W beach) had nothing to do with the situation at V and only succeeded because the Turkish defence was stretched too thinly." Gordon Corrigan claims – without giving further detail – that his command of the division was "one of the more competent aspects" of the Helles landings and that "his handling of the division, once ashore, was thoroughly competent".

First Krithia

Because the French were taking time to get ashore, on 27 April Hunter-Weston postponed his advance until 4pm, with a view to taking the hill of Achi Baba the following day. The complex wheeling plan had neglected the effect of gullies and ravines on troop movements. Hunter-Weston, in response to a request for information at 3.30pm, reported that there was nothing to justify "alarmist" reports, but that his troops were exhausted, short of ammunition, had suffered too many casualties and were at risk from Turkish counter-attack. He declined Hamilton's request to attack that day.

Hunter-Weston wrote to his wife (27 April) "my men have effected the impossible … we have managed it, we have achieved the impossible!" Having believed that the landing had only a one in four chance of success, he now believed that getting ashore had solved half the problem, and that capturing the hill of Achi Baba would solve three-quarters, although he added that this would take some time. There was no time for conferences before the First Battle of Krithia, and the French commander, d'Amade, was confused as to what was expected of him.

Progress up from the bridgehead at Helles was severely hampered by lack of artillery: at First Krithia (28 April 1915) only 18 guns were available—a comparable division-sized assault on the Western Front at the time might have had 200—and there was a shortage of mules to pull them forward, and nobody was sure where the Turkish front line actually was.

The Turks attacked the French on the nights of 1–2 May and 3–4 May. On 2 May, seeking to exploit the repulse of a Turkish attack the previous night, he launched an attack across the line, despite his troops being tired and short of ammunition – the 86th Brigade, too tired even to attack, stayed completely stationary – Robin Prior writes "no ground was gained by this lamentable episode". Hunter-Weston lent the French, the morale of whose African troops was in difficulties, the Anson Battalion of the Royal Naval Division and some Worcesters. Milward, a British officer, wrote that Hunter-Weston was cheerful and firm with the French. By this time the 29th Division had suffered 4,500 casualties, leaving 6,000 effectives, although the French attacking on the right flank had suffered in similar proportion.

Second Krithia
The Second Battle of Krithia (6–8 May 1915) was probably the last chance to break through at Helles. 105 guns were available, of which probably 75 were used but this was still far fewer than would have been used on the Western Front and there was still a lack of H.E. shells (many guns were 18-pounders firing only shrapnel), mules and knowledge of the Turkish positions, whilst Hunter-Weston's plans were excessively detailed and complex, full of map references and complex wheeling manoeuvres. Hunter-Weston had around 25,000 troops, few of them fresh. Intelligence estimated Turkish numbers at around 15,000–20,000 which was broadly accurate.

Hunter-Weston planned a three-pronged assault: 125th Brigade (territorials), part of the newly-arriving 42nd Division, on the left, a composite 88th Brigade in the centre, and the French on the right. Hamilton would have preferred an attack just before dawn, but Hunter-Weston, citing the loss of company officers, did not, and it is unclear that he was wrong. D'Amade agreed and Hamilton deferred to their Western front experience, which he lacked.

Hunter-Weston persisted in his attacks on 7 and 8 May. Hunter-Weston issued a warning order to brigadiers at 23.35 on 7 May, but formal orders were not issued on the morning of 8 May until two hours before the attack was due to begin, giving brigadiers little time to locate and confer with battalion commanders.

Colonel Wolley Dod, a staff officer of 29th Division, later called Krithia "a mad adventure without the necessary artillery support" and "had some difference of opinion with Hunter-Weston" about using the 125th Brigade again after their initial defeat. In a letter to his wife, Hunter-Weston noted of 125th Brigade that "it was blooded today. It did fairly well, and will do better still as it gets more experience" and that the rattle of musketry "lull(ed) him to sleep". He also informed his wife that Hamilton thought him a great commander, worth a brigade of troops, which he explained to her was 4,000 men (Hamilton indeed thought he had "truly great qualities as a commander" but also that he was tiresome, grasping and talkative). Hunter-Weston also wrote to the King's adviser Clive Wigram about how detachment was a necessary quality in a commander. On 15 May he commented that 29th Division, whose severe casualties he had just listed, were "glorious fellows".

Hunter-Weston (15 May) proposed to break the stalemate by landing six New Army divisions at Enos on the west coast of Thrace. Hunter-Weston was advising Hamilton that another attack could deliver Achi Baba, with no need to wait for 52nd Division, due on 7 June. Aubrey Herbert wrote in his private diary that Hunter-Weston was "more hated than most of the generals".

As the campaign proceeded and more reinforcements were dispatched to Helles, on 24 May he was promoted to acting lieutenant-general and placed in command of VIII Corps (29th Division, the Royal Naval Division, 42nd Division and the 29th Indian Infantry Brigade).

Third Krithia
Hunter-Weston thought the sinking of the battleship HMS Majestic (27 May) "a marvellous sight" and later thought the sinking of a French transport "a wonderful sight".

After Second Krithia Hunter-Weston still believed that the capture of Achi Baba was a realistic aspiration, as did Gouraud, who had replaced d'Amade in command of the French troops on 15 May. Hamilton, who would have preferred to wait for more troops and munitions, deferred to their judgement, and planning for Third Krithia began at a conference on 31 May.

Brigadier-General William Marshall recorded how Hunter-Weston insisted that the 127th Manchester Brigade sap forward during a full moon on the night of 2 June, despite his protests that they were advancing into a re-entrant. Visiting the troops afterwards to congratulate them, Hunter-Weston commented that it would have been worth doing even for 500 casualties (there had in fact been fifty).

At the Third Battle of Krithia (4 June), Hunter-Weston planned with more caution and realism, gaining better intelligence of Turkish positions (including aerial photography), ordering night digging to get the start-off point within  of the Turkish positions (it had been  the previous time) and ordering a lull in the bombardment in the hope that the Turkish guns might give away their positions by retaliating, thus enabling counter-battery fire.

A breakthrough towards Krithia was almost attained by the British infantry (88th brigade) in the centre – where the artillery fire had been concentrated – Hunter-Weston was concerned about an advance in the centre being trapped in a salient and so committed nine of his 18 reserve battalions (12 British, 6 French) not to the centre but to the unsuccessful attacks on the flanks (Indians on the left flank and the Royal Naval Division and the French on the right). This error of reinforcing failure rather than success made the battle, in Robin Prior's view, "not one of (his) finer moments". However, Steel & Hart to some extent defend this decision, taken after consultation with the French, on the grounds that he had very limited reserves and the weaker parts of the line had to be shored up (in the event the renewed attack was cancelled as the French were in no state to attack again). Afterwards he blamed wire, machine-gun fire and the French, lack of training stopping the Royal Naval Division holding onto captured trenches, and loss of officers.

He still thought that more men, guns and ammunition might enable him to win a "glorious victory" on 11 June, and after the event thought it had been "glorious in execution". Travers comments on Hunter-Weston's "mental and physical detachment" at this time, and on the romantic view of war and self-praise in his letters.
Hunter-Weston's dugout, dug in June 1915 as protection from Turkish guns firing from near Troy (on the east bank of the Dardanelles) was called "Baronial Hall".

Improved artillery concentration
In Prior's view "there is strong evidence that (Hunter-Weston) took to heart the lessons" that concentrated High Explosive bombardment by heavy howitzers was needed for success and held meetings with the French General Gouraud at which they agreed to cooperate with their artillery and adopt this method. Progress was made in some attacks in late June and early July, with one French attack using a density of shelling up to 20 times that of the early attacks. In some cases these inflicted greater casualties on the Turkish defenders than the attackers, as lack of space, reserves and guns did not allow the Turks to adopt the defensive tactics used by the Germans later in the war: holding the front line thinly, counter-attacking and counter-battery fire on Allied artillery. Travers attributes "bite and hold" to Hamilton, who proposed it, on Birdwood's suggestion on 10 May.

Having been discovered by the Allies, these "bite and hold" tactics were then abandoned and their discovery in Gallipoli largely forgotten by historians. This may be because Hunter-Weston and Gouraud were both soon invalided out of the peninsula or because the Allies had never intended Gallipoli to be about trench warfare and so were not interested in learning tactical land warfare lessons from it or because the development of artillery tactics throughout the war was not a clear-cut process, as is shown by the fact that similar tactics almost worked at Neuve Chapelle in March 1915 but were then not used for over a year afterwards.

Kereves Spur and Gully Spur, which had held up the advance on 4 June, were taken on 21 June and 28 June by limited advances under heavy artillery fire, whilst Hunter-Weston and Gouraud agreed that an attack on Fir Tree Spur on 28 June had failed because of lack of artillery there. Even in this period, attacks did not always turn out as hoped: during the Battle of Gully Ravine in late June he attacked with the inexperienced Scottish 52nd (Lowland) Division – the attack succeeded on the left, where artillery fire was concentrated (as the Indians had been thrown back there earlier in June) but the attack was over too wide a distance and half the 156th Brigade, attacking on the right with insufficient artillery support became casualties, of which over a third were killed (this was the attack of which Hunter-Weston claimed he was "blooding the pups").

On 3 July 1915 John Churchill reported "The 29th Div is down to small numbers now … These continual frontal attacks are terrible, and I fear the generals will be called butchers by the troops. HW already has that name with the 29th."

Departure

The next attack was scheduled for 12 July as the superior French artillery would not be available until then. Hunter-Weston aimed to use the relatively fresh 52nd Division as his main offensive force, as the other three divisions of IX Corps were too worn out for much more than line-holding operations. Hamilton had wanted to deploy 52nd Division to ANZAC Cove, but concurred as he accepted that the Turks at Helles needed to be pressed after their losses on 5 July.

The attack was renewed on 12–13 July, with 155th and 157th Brigade (both part of 52nd Division) committed for the first time. Maj-Gen Egerton, GOC 52nd division, later (in 1929) wrote that Hunter-Weston "simply enunciated" his "positively wicked" plan, but that there was little discussion. Colonel McNeile of the 4th KOSBs appears to have had a heated discussion with Hunter-Weston over the objectives: he was subsequently killed in the attack.
On 13 July, in an attempt to forestall a Turkish counterattack (there had been an incident of panic amongst the 7th Highland Light Infantry), Hunter-Weston ordered the Royal Marine Brigade to attack at 16.30. Owing to confusion, only two of the three battalions (Portsmouth, and Nelson but not Chatham) attacked, and incurred over 500 casualties advancing over open ground (although communication trenches had been dug) from the "original" British front line to a line already held by the 157th Brigade.

The journalist Ashmead-Bartlett wrote of how "a great number of the Brigadier-Generals openly refused to take any further orders from Hunter-Weston, who was responsible for the muddle … they all said that … he had been affected by the sun a little, and was incapable of giving orders". Hunter-Weston relieved Egerton of command of 52nd Division on 13 July, sending him to his ship for a night's rest. Orlo Williams, a cipher officer, wrote in his diary (21 July) of how Hamilton, the nominal commander-in-chief of the campaign, had little direct involvement and how Hunter-Weston and a few staff officers were running the show.

Hunter-Weston was himself relieved on 23 July, officially for enteric or sunstroke, and returned to England. Les Carlyon wrote "What was wrong with (Hunter-Weston) has never become clear. The explanations run from sunstroke and exhaustion to enteric fever and dysentery to a collapse and a breakdown. Hamilton ... saw him 'staggering' off to a hospital ship." Hamilton recorded "He is suffering very much from his head". Next day he recorded "Hunter-Weston has to go home" and a few days later he referred to "Hunter-Weston's breakdown". Hamilton later wrote to Aspinall of the Dardanelles Commission (July 1916) that Lady Hunter-Weston had been told that her husband was being "sent home", normally a euphemism for sacking. Travers argues that his illness was used as an excuse to relieve him of command. He was knighted after being invalided home.

Godley wrote (23 July) "with all his faults Hunter-Weston was a gallant soul … At the same time, one is rather thankful to think he will not be (as he calls it) "blooding" Freddie Stopford's reinforcements (IX Corps) against Achi Baba". Political leaders in London had agreed to commit a further five divisions to Gallipoli in July, but had decided instead that further attacks from the Helles bridgehead were too slow and costly and that a fresh landing at Suvla Bay offered a better chance of swift victory. Hunter-Weston wrote to Hamilton (11 August – after criticism had been made of Stopford's lack of initiative at Suvla) urging that he appoint commanders who would "push unrelentingly, push without ceasing, push without mercy", without regard to the "yelping" of subordinate commanders.

Seaborne Landing on Belgian Coast

At a meeting at Dover, Hunter-Weston was asked to lend his experience to discussions with Admiral Bacon, commander of the Dover Patrol, about Operation Hush a planned amphibious assault on the Belgian Coast (Haig diary 25 February 1916). After Haig had to abandon his plans for a Flanders Offensive in 1916, this landing was eventually scheduled to take place in the late summer or early autumn of 1917, to coincide with the Third Ypres Offensive, but in the end never took place.

The Somme

Planning

In March 1916 Hunter-Weston was again promoted to acting lieutenant-general and again placed in command of VIII Corps, which was re-established in France; he commanded it in the early months of the Somme Offensive. At a Fourth Army Conference 30 March 1916 Hunter-Weston told Rawlinson that he was "strongly opposed to a wild rush … for an objective 4,000 yards away" and that "to lose the substance by grasping at the shadow is a mistake that has been made too often in this war". Haig—who had recently rejected Rawlinson's initial proposal to concentrate on capturing the German First Line on the first day of the offensive, before bringing guns forward and attacking the Second Line several days later—was critical that Hunter-Weston "was only going to take the enemy first system to begin with, and proceed slowly stage by stage" which would give the Germans a chance to bring up reserves, like the French at Verdun (Haig Diary 7 and 8 April 1916) He urged Hunter-Weston that his men should push on as far as possible without consolidating, as far as artillery cover allowed (Haig Diary 10 May 1916).

VIII Corps consisted (from north to south) of 31st, 4th and 29th Divisions. The German front line was overlooked by their second line, and by the fortified villages of Serre and Beaucourt.

VIII Corps "were saturated with optimism over-emphasising the effect of the preliminary bombardment". Hunter-Weston "was extremely optimistic, telling everybody that the wire had been blown away" although "they could see it standing strong and well" and that the enemy front line "would be blown to pieces" and that the attackers would "walk into Serre" (testimony of various officers to Edmonds, 1929).

VIII Corps took an exceptionally prescriptive approach to planning the Somme attack. Conferences were held on 21 and 23 June for brigadiers to share ideas. A 70-page report was issued, whose 28 headings included orders for the formation to be adopted down to company level for the advance on the second and third objectives, details and map references for strong points to be constructed, artillery plans, water supply plans and plans for the handling of prisoners. A section entitled "all units must push on resolutely" was followed by detailed plans for the digging of burial pits. Andy Simpson comments that the plan "seems to have been constructed on the basis that nothing could or would go wrong". Hunter-Weston wrote to his wife that he and his "excellent staff (had) done all possible to ensure success … I have nothing more to do now but to rest until well after the attack has taken place".

Brigadier-General Hubert Rees, commander of 94th Brigade (part of the raw 31st Division) which was to attack at Serre, thought Hunter-Weston's plan "a terrible document" of 76 pages, to which division HQ added a further 365 pages of supplementary instructions. Rees spent three days condensing this to a summary of eight pages and five maps, before having "a severe argument" with Hunter-Weston to have the plan amended to allow his brigade an extra ten minutes to take an orchard just east of Serre.

Patrols
Prior to the main attack VIII Corps was the only corps of Fourth Army to produce far more negative than positive reports from patrols. Ten raids were conducted, and it was reported that the German wire was intact on 31 Division sector, well cut on 4th Division sector, and variably cut on 29 Division sector. Rawlinson was particularly concerned with the situation, to the point of discussing it with Haig (Haig Diary 28 June 1916).

Haig claimed (Diary 28 June) that VIII Corps had not carried out any successful raids, apparently forgetting 29th Division's raid on the night of 4/5 June, which had discovered the existence of deep enemy dugouts. Two days before the offensive began Haig had little confidence in VIII Corps trench raiding or counter-battery fire, and after talking to a VIII Corps artillery officer thought they were "amateurs in hard fighting" who thought they knew it all because of Gallipoli, unlike those who had learned from "adversity, shortage of ammunition, and fighting under difficulties against a superior European enemy".
One patrol—by a unit of Royal Dublin Fusiliers from 29th Division—managed to fight its way through the wire, and observed (report of 29 June) that the German front trench had been destroyed by the bombardment, but could not reach even that far as the area was swept by fire from the German second position. On the eve of battle Rawlinson noted (Rawlinson Diary 30 June) that "VIII Corps front … is somewhat behind-hand" at wire-cutting.

Rawlinson also noted that counter-battery fire had not worked well on VIII Corps sector, although in fact, largely owing to shortage of artillery, the problem was more widespread across other sectors than Rawlinson realised.

1 July 1916
Across the entire British front, 19 mines had been dug by Royal Engineer tunnelling companies to weaken enemy defences. The northernmost mine of  of explosives was under the Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt, a front-line fortification west of the village of Beaumont Hamel in the VIII Corps sector. Hunter-Weston wished to detonate the mine four hours early, but this was vetoed by the Inspector of Mines at BEF GHQ, who pointed out that the British had a poor record of seizing craters before the Germans got there. As a compromise Hunter-Weston was allowed to detonate at 07:20. The explosion was filmed by British cinematographer Geoffrey Malins, who was recording the 29th Division attack. The other mines were detonated at 7:28 am, two minutes before Zero hour when the infantry advance would begin. In many cases, including Hawthorne Ridge, the Germans were able to seize the craters before the British troops crossed No Man's Land.

The Hawthorne Crater was to be seized by two companies. Artillery fire was lifted ten minutes before zero hour so as not to hit them, and field artillery two minutes before. In a blunder this was applied across the whole of VIII Corps sector, allowing the Germans ample time to man their parapets. Gallipoli veteran Major J.H.Gibbon of 460th Battery wrote to Hunter-Weston to protest that this was unwise, but received no reply.

On 1 July 1916 it was Hunter-Weston's divisions, attacking in the northern sector between the Ancre and the Serre, that suffered the worst casualties and failed to capture any of their objectives. Artillery fire was weaker here and the Germans had the advantage of high ground, whereas in the southern sector the opposite was true, but the decision had been made by senior generals (Haig and Rawlinson) to launch the attack over a wide front. His corps suffered 14,581 casualties on the first day. Only a few small sections of enemy line were gained, and these had to be abandoned within a day or two. Of the three corps which tried a creeping barrage on the day of the attack, only VIII Corps was completely unsuccessful.

Under Gough
Haig commented in his diary (1 July) that given their lack of progress VIII Corps men could not have left their trenches, and placed VIII and X Corps under Gough's command, commenting that "The VIII Corps seems to need looking after!" Reports of the slaughter in that sector had not yet reached him. After 1 July it was impossible to renew the attack in this sector as the trenches were clogged with dead and dying men. Andy Simpson compares Hunter-Weston's command style at this time to that of "a sleepwalker". Hunter-Weston's own writings show that he regarded this as the modern managerial approach to fighting larger battles, and Simpson also points out that in practice he did direct his divisions actively on 1 July and he was "very busy" on 2 and 3 July as he tried to salvage the disaster which had befallen his corps.

After the event, Hunter-Weston (to the Chief of the Imperial General Staff, Robertson, 2 July) blamed the failure on the ineffective artillery bombardment, including lack of howitzer shells. Much later (in 1929) he blamed the premature detonation of the mine and claimed that failure had been inevitable and foreseen at the time because of the poor artillery preparation. However, at the time he had refused to alter the artillery scheme. Replying to Robertson's inquiries, Hunter Weston wrote (2 July) "It is inadvisable to give currency to such unpleasant and dangerous facts". In the following weeks he visited every battalion that had attacked, thanking the soldiers and telling them that they had made a necessary sacrifice so that advances could be made elsewhere on the front. On one of these occasions he narrowly escaped death from a German shell.

With the BEF having recently expanded tenfold in size, able officers were in short supply and were often poached by units higher up the chain of command. Hunter-Weston's senior artillery officer Brig-Gen Tancred was removed to Reserve Army while Hunter-Weston was away visiting his dentist in Boulogne (Gough was keen to centralise control of artillery at army rather than corps level). A letter to his wife (3 August 1916) expresses his dissatisfaction at staffwork in Gough's Reserve Army and his gladness that VIII Corps was moving to the Ypres Salient. Hunter-Weston protested that he had not been "Stellenbosched" (a Boer War term for moving generals to unimportant duties back at the base). He may well have been saved from the sack because, owing to the shortage of competent senior generals, British corps commanders were seldom sacked at this stage of the war.

1917
In an October 1916 by-election, he was elected to the House of Commons as the Unionist member for North Ayrshire, defeating a pro-peace clergyman, Reverend Chelmers, by 7,419 votes to 1,300. Hunter-Weston, who was the first Member of Parliament to simultaneously command an army corps on the field, continued to command VIII Corps but was not involved in another offensive. He had Plumer's permission to attend the Irish Home Rule debate in March 1917.

At the Battle of Messines (in which VIII Corps did not directly participate), he suggested that he launch a feint attack on his front five minutes before the main attack. This was vetoed by Plumer. Hunter-Weston's VIII Corps was moved again, this time out of the Ypres salient, as he had not been selected to command in the upcoming Third Ypres offensive. He handed over his sector to Maxse, Cavan, Watts and Jacob in May 1917 (three corps—Jacob took over only a small part of VIII Corps sector—replacing one, due to the greater density of troops needed for a major offensive). VIII Corps returned to the Ypres Salient after the main offensive ended and took part in a local operation on the night of  Hunter-Weston was deeply concerned at the problem of defending the ground which had been gained and wrote claiming that he would resign for the good of the Empire if Haig attempted to renew the offensive (7 December 1917).

Hunter-Weston unjustifiably (in Simon Robbins' view) sacked two divisional commanders, Philip. R. Wood (33rd Division, in November 1917) and P. S. Wilkinson (50th Division, in February 1918) for lack of aggression. Hunter-Weston spoke to subordinate generals "as if he was teaching a class of NCOs" (according to Major-General Sir Reginald Pinney, 24 December 1917)

1918

After three weeks' home leave for preparation, he delivered his House of Commons maiden speech on the Manpower Bill on 24 January 1918 (at a time of much dispute over the manpower requirements of the army relative to agriculture, munitions, shipbuilding and ship-crewing and open warfare in the press between allies of the Prime Minister and of the CIGS William Robertson over the deployment of troops between fronts). It was praised by his army commander, and the Daily Sketch described it as the "Greatest Speech of the War". Hunter-Weston warned Haig (Haig Diary 25 February 1918) that some of his men had asked some visiting MPs if they were "Labour MPs" and had complained to them about the horrors of war and asked what they were fighting for.

In May 1918, during the reshuffling of Allied units, now under the Supreme Command of General Ferdinand Foch, to meet the German spring offensives, VIII Corps was at one point on the verge of being sent to join French Fourth Army. Hunter-Weston held a horseshow in August 1918, whilst the Battle of Amiens was in progress. Although he has been ridiculed for this, it has also been pointed out that VIII Corps was not involved in fighting at the time and that such events boosted morale and encouraged care of horses, which were still extensively used for transport and hauling equipment. He played an active role leading his corps in the Hundred Days Offensive, revisiting the battlefield of Le Cateau (11 October) and recollecting his successful handling of his brigade there.

Command style
Hunter-Weston was a regular inspector of trenches and machine gun positions. He reconnoitred positions personally and on one occasion (1 November 1918) climbed into a fort on a rope ladder. Aged in his early fifties, he took great pride in his physical fitness and was proud of reducing more junior officers, including on one occasion a battalion commander in his mid-thirties, to breathlessness whilst out walking. In his autobiography Bonham-Carter recorded that Hunter-Weston devoted too much time to minor details which should have been left to junior staff officers. He thought him "a mountebank" and self-important, with the brain of an inexperienced boy and with a penchant for heroics. He was also notorious for his interest in inspecting latrines.

Hunter-Weston seems to have been regarded by his superiors as a "safe pair of hands" for receiving visiting dignitaries. He frequently visited Belgian divisional and corps HQ, as well as, on occasion, Belgian GCQ, the Belgian Prime Minister, and once took the King of the Belgians on a tour of the British lines. He received the Apostolic Delegate and Doyen of Ypres to dinner. He laid on a lavish lunch for the Portuguese President Machado in October 1917, taking his party on a tour of the Messines battlefield, where the ground had been carefully seeded with interesting souvenirs for them to "find". He had French President Poincaré to lunch twice and in late 1918 accompanied him on a visit to recently liberated towns and villages. At other times he received the Siamese, Italian and Romanian military attaches. He also used to take visiting British politicians to a vantage point on Hill 63 to see the Ypres Battlefield.

Post-military life
Hunter-Weston married Grace Strang Steel on 5 December 1905 at Selkirk; they had no children.

Hunter-Weston continued in politics after the war, being elected again for Bute and Northern Ayrshire in 1918. He resigned from the Army in 1919. He was promoted to Permanent Lieutenant-General that year. After the war his Who's Who entry filled an entire column. He retired from Parliament in 1935 and died, aged seventy-five, on 18 March 1940 following a fall from a turret at his ancestral home in Hunterston; he was survived by his wife. His wealth at death was £41,658 11s (around £2m at 2016 prices) as of 23 August 1940.

His diaries, typed up and accompanied by letters and newspaper cuttings, were deposited in the British Museum after his death. Andy Simpson writes of these documents that "self-congratulation was one of his favourite activities".

Assessments
Hunter-Weston acquired a reputation as an eccentric man, prone to laughter.

Hamilton called him "an acute theorist". Compton Mackenzie, author of Gallipoli Memories, comments on the way in which he was regarded as a "butcher" but wrote that "Actually no man I have met brimmed over more richly with human sympathy. He was a logican (sic) of war and as a logican he believed and was always ready to contend in open debate that, provided the objective was gained, casualties were of no importance".

W. B. Wood, one of the Official History writing team, wrote (in 1944) "my own blood had boiled as I read of the … results of Hunter-Weston's pig-headed tactics at Gallipoli".

Les Carlyon comments that he "threw away men the way other men tossed away socks" and writes "One cannot condemn (him) for failing to understand the new warfare of the twentieth century; few generals did in 1915. One can, however, condemn (him) for faults that are timeless. (He was) careless and arrogant and not very good".

Travers comments that VIII Corps staff work was poor, Hunter-Weston had too much freedom at Krithia and attacks became "ritualistic". He comments on his time as a Western Front commander that he was "an officer of intelligence, but lacking mental balance, given to extravagant and flamboyant gestures, and far too interested in irrelevant detail".

Gordon Corrigan claims that Hunter-Weston's performance at Gallipoli was "competent" but that he is unfairly vilified for his premature blowing of the Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt on 1 July 1916.

See also
 Landing at Cape Helles
 Battle of Gallipoli
 First Battle of Krithia
 Second Battle of Krithia
 Third Battle of Krithia
 Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt
 First day on the Somme

Footnotes

References

 , essay on Hunter-Weston by J Lethbridge

External links

 First World War who's who
 Centre for First World War Studies, Birmingham University
 Royal Engineers Museum Royal Engineers and the Gallipoli Expedition (1915–16)
 Europeana Collections 1914–1918 makes 425,000 First World War items from European libraries available online, including manuscripts and photographs by or relating to Hunter-Weston

 King's College London Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives WESTON, Sir Aylmer Hunter- (1864–1940), Lieutenant General

|-

1864 births
1940 deaths
Bailiffs Grand Cross of the Order of St John
Royal Engineers officers
British Army personnel of the Second Boer War
British Army generals of World War I
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Scottish constituencies
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Unionist Party (Scotland) MPs
UK MPs 1910–1918
UK MPs 1918–1922
UK MPs 1922–1923
UK MPs 1923–1924
UK MPs 1924–1929
UK MPs 1929–1931
UK MPs 1931–1935
People educated at Wellington College, Berkshire
Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley
British Army lieutenant generals
Gallipoli campaign
People from West Kilbride
British military personnel in colonial India

Aylmer Hunter-Weston


Ashton Dearholt (né le , mort le ), parfois crédité sous le nom de Richard Holt, est un acteur américain du cinéma muet et producteur. Il apparaît dans 75 films entre 1915 et 1938.

Biographie
Né à Milwaukee dans le Wisconsin et mort à Los Angeles en Californie, il est parfois crédité sous le nom de Richard Holt.

Il fonde la société  Ashton Dearholt Productions en 1924. Dix ans plus tard, Dearholt et Edgar Rice Burroughs fondent ensemble la compagnie de production  Burroughs-Tarzan Enterprises. Il arrête sa carrière d'acteur avec l'arrivée du cinéma parlant pour devenir producteur. Pendant le tournage des Nouvelles Aventures de Tarzan au Guatemala alors qu'il était marié avec l'actrice Florence Gilbert, il tombe amoureux de l'actrice Ula Holt et se marie avec elle, alors que Burroughs divorce de sa première femme pour se marier avec Florence Gilbert, l'ancienne femme de Dearholt.

Filmographie partielle
 1915 : To Melody a Soul Responds
 1916 : Purity
 1916 : L'Innocence de Lizette
 1916 : The Love Hermit
 1917 : Souls in Pawn
 1917 : Charity Castle
 1917 : The Bride's Silence
 1917 : Her Country's Call
 1918 : The Bride's Awakening
 1918 : The Two-Soul Woman
 1918 : The Brass Bullet
 1919 : Pitfalls of a Big City
 1920 : The Luck of Geraldine Laird
 1921 : A Yankee Go Getter
 1923 : At Devil's Gorge
 1923 : Battling Bates
 1923 : The Santa Fe Trail
 1924 : Cupid's Rustler
 1924 : Lash of the Whip
 1924 : Western Yesterdays
 1924 : The Diamond Bandit
 1925 : Easy Going Gordon
 1925 : Once in a Lifetime
 1925 : The Canvas Kisser
 1925 : Going the Limit
 1925 : Too Much Youth
 1926 : The Baited Trap
 1926 : Wolves of the Desert
 1926 : In Search of a Hero
 1926 : The Boaster
 1926 : A Captain's Courage
 1927 : A Racing Romeo
 1935 : Les Nouvelles Aventures de Tarzan () - producteur

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en avril 1894
Naissance à Milwaukee
Acteur américain
Producteur américain
Décès en avril 1942
Décès à Los Angeles
Décès à 48 ans

Ashton Dearholt


Casper de Fønss Gandrup Hansen (født 12. august 1999 i Viborg) er en dansk fodboldspiller, der spiller på midtbanen for Viborg FF.

Karriere
Gandrup er opvokset i Bruunshåb, og som 3-årig begyndte han at spille fodbold i Bruunshåb/Tapdrup IF. Senere rykkede han ind til FK Viborg. I september 2015 underskrev han en 3-årig kontrakt med Viborg FF, og fik han debut for Viborg FFs hold i Reserveligaen. Næsten samtidig var han startet i 'Talentklassen' på Viborg Katedralskole.

Han fik debut for Viborg FFs førstehold 23. august 2017 i en hjemmekamp mod FC Fredericia.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Casper Gandrups personlige hjemmeside

Personer fra Viborg
Fodboldspillere fra Danmark
Fodboldspillere fra Viborg FF

Casper Gandrup


Penoyre House, Battle, Powys, Pays de Galles est une maison de campagne du . Conçue par Anthony Salvin pour le colonel John Lloyd Vaughan Watkins, elle est construite entre 1846 et 1848. De style italianisant, elle est décrite par Mark Girouard comme « la maison classique la plus ambitieuse de Salvin » . Le coût énorme de la maison a failli mettre la famille en faillite et elle n'est vendue que 3 ans après la mort du colonel Watkins. À partir de 1947, la maison est à usage institutionnel et transformée en appartements au début du . Le bâtiment est classé Grade II* .

Histoire
John Lloyd Vaughan Watkins (1802-1865) est un homme politique libéral gallois du  qui siège au Parlement pour Brecon  et est Haut Shérif de Brecknockshire et Lord-lieutenant du Brecknockshire . Watkins hérite d'une maison de la fin du  de son père, le révérend Thomas Watkins  et engage Salvin pour entreprendre une reconstruction complète de 1846 à 1848 . Le coût de la maison seule est de plus de   et Allibone rapporte que Watkins est obligé de « la fermer et de vivre à bon marché dans un hôtel local » . Trois ans seulement après sa mort en 1865, la maison est vendue. Propriété privée de 1868 à 1947 , la maison sert ensuite d'école, de club-house à un club de golf, de maison de repos, d'hôtel et de centre de rééducation . Au début du , la maison est transformée en appartements .

Architecture
La maison est conçue dans un style à l'italienne, faisant écho au Trentham Park de Charles Barry  et à l'Osborne House de Thomas Cubitt . Girouard l'appelle "la maison classique la plus ambitieuse de Salvin" . Elle a un bloc principal de trois étages  une tour d'entrée "colossale"  avec un sommet en belvédère  et une aile de véranda en équilibre qui a un toit en dôme de verre, bien que cela ait été remplacé en 1899 .

Références

Notes et références

Monument classé de Grade II

Penoyre House


(1973) Colocolo es un asteroide perteneciente al cinturón de asteroides descubierto el 18 de julio de 1968 por Carlos Torres y S. Cofré desde la estación de Cerro El Roble, Chile.

Designación y nombre
Colocolo se designó al principio como .
Más tarde fue nombrado en honor del líder mapuche Colo Colo.

Características orbitales
Colocolo está situado a una distancia media de 3,181 ua del Sol, pudiendo acercarse hasta 2,92 ua y alejarse hasta 3,443 ua. Su inclinación orbital es 10,6° y la excentricidad 0,08223. Emplea 2073 días en completar una órbita alrededor del Sol.

Véase también
 Lista de asteroides del (1901) al (2000)
 Cuerpo menor del sistema solar

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Asteroides del cinturón principal
Objetos astronómicos descubiertos por Carlos Torres
Objetos astronómicos descubiertos desde la Estación Astronómica de Cerro El Roble
Objetos astronómicos descubiertos en 1968
Wikiproyecto:Asteroides/Artículos de asteroides
Epónimos de Colo Colo

(1973) Colocolo


Une division légère d'infanterie (DLI) est un type d'unité créée par l'Armée française pendant la bataille de France. Créées à partir de la fin , les DLI sont des divisions d'infanterie de format réduit.

Historique
Les DLI se caractérisent par une organisation à deux régiments d'infanterie et un seul régiment d'artillerie (au lieu de trois régiments et deux régiments d'artillerie dans une division classique). Leurs éléments sont issus des rescapés de divisions anéanties dans les combats de mai 1940, des unités d'instruction et des rapatriés venus d'outre-mer.

Les DLI étaient mal équipées, en particulier du point de vue de la motorisation.

L'historien militaire Robert Forczyk considère qu'il s'agit d'une tentative d'entretenir l'illusion d'une quantité importante de divisions et, selon lui, les ressources disponibles auraient été mieux employées à combler les pertes des divisions déjà engagées au combat.

Liste

  légère d'infanterie
  légère d'infanterie
  légère d'infanterie
  légère d'infanterie
  légère d'infanterie
  légère d'infanterie
  légère d'infanterie
  légère d'infanterie
  légère d'infanterie
  légère d'infanterie
  légère d'infanterie
  légère d'infanterie
  légère d'infanterie
  légère d'infanterie nord-africaine
  légère d'infanterie coloniale
  légère d'infanterie coloniale

Références

Voir aussi

 Liste des divisions françaises de la Seconde Guerre mondiale
 Division d'infanterie d'Afrique
 Volksgrenadier

Unité militaire française de la Seconde Guerre mondiale
Unité d'infanterie française dissoute

Division légère d'infanterie


Die Spanish International 2008 im Badminton fanden vom 22. bis zum 25. Mai 2008 im Polideportivo Municipal Marqués de Samaranch in der Paseo Imperial 18 in Madrid statt. Es war die 29. Auflage des Turniers.

Sieger und Platzierte

Weblinks
 http://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/tournament.aspx?id=80510FDF-6280-448A-B872-B8B3FF8B5F1C

2008
Badminton 2008
Badmintonwettbewerb in Madrid
BE Circuit 2008/09

Spanish International 2008


الشلن الصومالي، هو العملة الرسمية للصومال. يصدره منذ 1962 البنك المركزي الصومالي. ينقسم الشلن إلى 100 سنت.

نظرة عامة
كان شلن شرق أفريقيا هو عملة في أجزاء من الصومال منذ عام 1921، عندما أُدخل إلى الصومال البريطاني. بعد الاستقلال في عام 1960، استبدال شلن شرق افريقيا بالشلن الصومالي.

الأوراق النقدية
في 15 أكتوبر 1962، أصدر البنك الوطني الصومالي أوراق نقدية من فئات 5 و 10 و 20 و 100 شلن. وفي عام 1975، أصدر البنك الوطني أوراق نقدية بقيمة 5 و 10 و 20 و 100 شلن. وتبع ذلك إصدار سلسلة جديدة في عام 1978. أصدر 50 شلن في عام 1983، تلتها 500 شلن في عام 1989 و1000 شلن في عام 1990. وفي عام 1990 أيضًا، كانت هناك محاولة لإصلاح العملة، مع عملات ورقية جديدة فئات 20 و 50 جديدًا.  اوتسعى لحكومة الصومالية لاستبدال الأوراق النقدية بأخرى عالية الجودة من أجل تجديد الاقتصاد والتعاون بشكل فعال مع صندوق النقد الدولي والبنك الدولي.

العملات المعدنية
في عام 1967، أصدرت عملات معدنية باسم الجمهورية الصومالية من فئات 5 و10 و50 سنت وشلن واحد. وفي عام 1976، أصدرت عملات معدنية باسم جمهورية الصومال الديمقراطية من فئات 5 و 10 و 50 سنت وشلن واحد.

عدم التنظيم
في أعقاب انهيار السلطة المركزية الذي صاحب الحرب الأهلية، التي بدأت في أوائل التسعينيات، هبطت قيمة الشلن، وأغلق البنك المركزي الصومالي، السلطة النقدية في البلاد، عملياته. وظهر فيما بعد منتجو العملة المحلية المتنافسون، بما في ذلك الكيانات الإقليمية المستقلة مثل إقليم أرض البنط.

في أواخر العقد الأول من القرن الحالي، أعادت الحكومة الفيدرالية الانتقالية الصومالية المنشأة حديثًا إحياء البنك المركزي الصومالي. فيما يتعلق بالإدارة المالية، فإن السلطة النقدية في طور تولي مهمة صياغة وتنفيذ السياسة النقدية. ونظرًا لانعدام الثقة في الشلن الصومالي، فإن الدولار الأمريكي مقبول على نطاق واسع كوسيلة للتبادل إلى جانب الشلن الصومالي. ومع التحسن الكبير في الأمن، بدأ المغتربون الصوماليون بالعودة إلى البلاد بحثًا عن فرص الاستثمار. وإلى جانب الاستثمار الأجنبي المتواضع، ساعد تدفق الأموال على زيادة قيمة الشلن الصومالي بشكل كبير. وبحلول مارس 2014، ارتفعت قيمة العملة بحوالي 60٪ مقابل الدولار الأمريكي. وكان الشلن الصومالي هو الأقوى من بين 175 عملة عالمية تم تداولها من قبل بلوم إل بي.

سعر الصرف

المراجع

وصلات خارجية
 معرض صور للأوراق النقدية الصومالية العتيقة والحديثة
 معرض صور للقطع والأوراق النقدية الصومالية
 صوماليلاند

أيزو 4217
تسميات عملات
عملات إفريقية
عملات استحدثت في 1962
عملات الصومال
عملات عربية
عملات متداولة

شلن صومالي


The red-chested swallow (Hirundo lucida) is a small non-migratory passerine bird found in West Africa, the Congo Basin and Ethiopia. It has a long, deeply forked tail and curved, pointed wings.

It was formerly considered a subspecies of the closely resembling barn swallow. However, the adult red-chested swallow differs in being slightly smaller than its migratory relative, in addition to having a narrower blue breast band and shorter tail streamers. Juveniles are more comparable to barn swallow chicks.

References

red-chested swallow
Birds of West Africa
Birds of Central Africa
Birds of the Horn of Africa
red-chested swallow

Red-chested swallow


Die Stiftung Centralbibliothek für Blinde und Norddeutsche Blindenhörbücherei e. V. im Stadtteil Hamburg-Altstadt der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg ist eine Einrichtung, die Blindenschriftbücher und DAISY-Hörbücher unentgeltlich an sehbehinderte und blinde Menschen verleiht.

Geschichte
Die Blindenbücherei wurde im Jahr 1905 gegründet. 1983 entstand aus dieser die privatrechtliche Stiftung Centralbibliothek für Blinde. Der gemeinnützige Verein Norddeutsche Blindenhörbücherei besteht seit 1958. Gegründet wurde der Verein vom Bund der Kriegsblinden Deutschlands und den norddeutschen Vereinen im Deutschen Blindenverband. Stiftung und Verein arbeiten zusammen.

Literatur
  Elke Dittmer: 100 Jahre Wissen – Eine Bibliothek feierte Geburtstag. In: Kriegsblinden-Jahrbuch 2006, herausgegeben vom Bund der Kriegsblinden Deutschlands e. V., Bonn (Selbstverlag) o. J., S. 119–122.

Weblinks
 Norddeutsche Hörbücherei e. V., abgerufen am 12. Januar 2020.

Blindenbibliothek
Bibliothek in Hamburg
Hamburg-Altstadt
Gegründet 1905


Carl Gustav Patrik de Laval (født 9. maj 1845 i Orsa i Dalarnas län, død 2. februar 1913 i Stockholm) var en svensk ingeniør, opfinder og industrimand. Gustaf de Laval hører til en af 1800-tallets mest produktive opfindere i Sverige, han regnes som opfinderen af dampturbinen bygget på impulsprincippet og malkemaskinen, samt forbedring og masseproduktion af separatorer. Laval giftede sig den 10. november 1895 med Isabel Amalia Grundahl.

Laval stod bag flere opfindelser indenfor mejeriproduktion, og firmaet som i dag bærer hans navn (Alfa Laval), er blandt andet kendt for separatorer og malkemaskiner. Han havde interesser indenfor mange forskellige felter, som stålfremstilling, elektroteknik, fly og skipsbygning. Dysen som bruges i raketmotorer, dampturbiner og supersoniske jetmotorer er en af hans opfindelser, og bærer hans navn. Til trods for hans mange patenter, etablerede virksomheder og geniale opfindelser døde han som en gældstynget mand.

Litteratur
 Svensk Adelskalender - 1900, Karl Karlsson Leijonhufvud, 1900
 Oscar II och hans tid - 1872-1907, Erik Lindorm, 1936
 Tidens kalender 1954, Tidens förlag, 1953
 Sveriges historia, Ingvar Andersson år 1960
 Svenska krönikan, Åke Ohlmarks/Nils Erik Baehrendtz, 1981

Kilder og henvisninger

Eksterne henvisninger

Opfindere fra Sverige

Gustaf de Laval


Seria  James Bond este o serie de filme de spionaj britanice, avându-l ca personaj principal pe agentul MI6, James Bond, nume de cod "007", care inițial a apărut în seria de cărți scrisă de Ian Fleming. Această serie numără printre seriile cu cea mai lungă durată de viață continuă din istorie, filmele fiind create încontinuu încă din 1962 (având o pauză de 6 ani între 1989 și 1995). În tot acest timp Eon Productions a produs 25 de filme, majoritatea la Pinewood Studios.

Dr. No (1962)

Primul film din seria James Bond, regizat de Terrence Young, îl găsește pe agentul britanic James Bond, cunoscut și ca 007 în Jamaica pentru a investiga circumstanțele morții șefului departamentului jamaican MI6. În timpul anchetei sale, Bond îl întâlnește pe Quarrel, un pescar din Cayman, care lucra cu Strangways în jurul insulelor din apropiere pentru a colecta probe de minerale din apă. Crab Key era insula unde Dr. No s-a stabilit. Bond vizitează insula, unde întâlnește un scafandru local, Honey Ryder. Cei trei sunt atacați de oamenii lui No, Quarrel fiind ucis; Bond și scafandrul sunt luați prizonieri.

În continuare Dr. No le dezvăluie că este membru SPECTRE și planul său este să oprească proiectul Cape Canaveral. James Bond și Honey Ryder scapă de pe insulă după ce îl ucid pe Dr. No și îi aruncă în aer buncărul.

From Russia with Love (1963)
Kronsteen, expertul SPECTRE dezvoltă un plan pentru a fura dispozitivul criptografic Lektor de la ruși și pentru a-l vinde ulterior înapoi cu scopul de a se răzbuna pe James Bond pentru uciderea agentului Dr. No . Conducătorul misiunii, Rosa Klebb îl recrutează pe Donald Grant ca asasin și pe Tatiana Romanova ca momeală.

James Bond ajunge în Turcia și se întâlnește cu Ali Kerim Bey, ofițer MI6 turc. În continuare ei ajung în posesia dispozitivului dar sunt urmăriți de Grant. Kerim Bey moare și Grant se dă drept alt agent MI6 și se întâlnește cu Bond. De asemenea, o droghează pe Romanova și apoi îl abordează pe James Bond, care îl duce de nas pe Grant să-i deschidă servieta care s-a dovedit a fi o bomba cu fum. James Bond profită de această ocazie să îl omoare pe Grant. Cei doi, James Bond și Romanova ajung în Veneția cu dispozitivul Lektor, dar Rosa Klebb încearcă să îl fure deghizată în camerista și sfârșește împușcată de către Tatiana Romanova.

Goldfinger (1964)
Al treilea film din seria James Bond, îl poziționează pe agentul 007 în mijlocul unei misiuni de investigare a  operațiunii de contrabandă a aurului de la Goldfinger și îl urmărește până în Elveția. Aici James Bond este capturat când descoperă fabrica lui Goldfinger și este lăsat inconștient; Goldfinger îl duce pe James Bond la herghelia sa din Kentucky, unde îl ține captiv. James Bond scapă pentru a asista la întâlnirea lui Goldfinger cu mafioatele americane, observând în secret că Goldfinger prezintă gangsterilor planurile sale de a jefui Fort Knox folosind materiale pe care le-a luat prin contrabandă.

James Bond este recapturat după ce a auzit detaliile operațiunii, dar apoi seduce pilotul privat al lui Goldfinger, Pussy Galore,  și o convinge să informeze autoritățile americane. Armata privată a lui Goldfinger intră în Fort Knox și accesează seiful, unde Bond se luptă și îl ucide pe  Oddjob, în timp ce trupele americane se luptă cu armata lui Goldfinger afară. Planul lui James Bond este deturnat de Goldfinger, dar Bond se luptă cu el și trage într-o fereastră, creând o decompresie explozivă, ucigându-l pe  Goldfinger.

Thunderball (1965)
James Bond investighează deturnarea unui avion Avro Vulcan încărcat cu două bombe atomice, care au fost furate de SPECTRE. Organizația cere o răscumpărare pentru returnarea bombelor, dar Bond urmează o pistă către Bahamas, unde se întâlnește cu prietenul său Felix Leiter, agent CIA. Perechea suspectează un playboy bogat, Emilio Largo, investighează zona din jurul iahtului său și apoi zona unde crede că iahtul poate călătorise. După ce a găsit avionul - dar fără dispozitivele nucleare aflate la bord - cei doi agenți au pus la cale urmărirea și prinderea în flagrant a iahtulului lui Largo în timp ce bombele erau mutate.

Casino Royale (1967)
James Bond este scos din pensie pentru a se ocupa de SMERSH și este promovat ca șef MI6 după moartea lui M. El îl recrutează pe jucătorul de baccarat Evelyn Tremble pentru a-l învinge pe agentul SMERSH Le Chiffre. După ce a deturnat banii lui SMERSH, Le Chiffre este disperat să facă rost de bani pentru a-și acoperi furtul. Tremble oprește înșelăciunea lui Le Chiffre și îl bate la un joc de baccarat. Apoi Tremble este capturat, torturat și ucis. Bond stabilește că acel cazino se află pe un sediu gigantic subteran condus de doctorul rău Noah; el și Moneypenny se duc acolo pentru a investiga. Dr. Noah se dovedește a fi nepotul lui Sir James Jimmy Bond, care intenționează să folosească războaie biologice pentru a fînfrumuseța toate femeile și a ucide toți bărbații înalți, lăsându-l ca "omul mare" care cucerește toate femeile. Cazinoul este apoi umplut de agenți secreți și o luptă survine, dar clădirea explodează, ucigând pe toți cei aflați înăuntru.

You Only Live Twice (1967)
007 este trimis în Japonia pentru a investiga deturnarea unei nave spațiale americane de către o navă spațială neidentificată. La sosirea sa, Bond este contactat de Aki, asistent al liderului serviciului secret japonez Tiger Tanaka. James Bond a stabilit că mintea din spatele deturnării este Ernst Stavro Blofeld și SPECTRE, în colaborare cu Osato, un industrialist local. James Bond urmărește traseul și descoperă că sediul central este insula lui Blofeld.

Tanaka și trupele ninja  atacă insula, în timp ce Bond reușește să-i distragă atenția lui Blofeld și să creeze o diversiune care să-i permită să deschidă trapa, lăsând trupele ninja să intre în sediu. În timpul bătăliei, Osato este ucis de Blofeld, care activează sistemul autodistructiv al bazei și scapă. Bond, Kissy, Tanaka și cei din trupele ninja care au supraviețuit scapă prin tunelul de peșteră înainte să explodeze și sunt salvați de un submarin.

On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969)
În timp ce îl cauta Ernst Stavro Blofeld, șeful SPECTRE, Bond o salvează pe Tracy di Vicenzo de pe plajă înainte de a se sinucide prin înec și mai târziu o întâlnește într-un cazinou. Bond primește apoi informații de la Marc-Ange Draco, șeful sindicatului european al criminalității, Unione Corse și tatăl lui Tracy, despre solicitantul elvețian al lui Blofeld. Bond se intră în biroul solicitanților și stabilește că Blofeld corespunde Colegiului londonez de arme. Pretinzând că este emisar al colegiului, îl întâlnește Blofeld, care a înființat un institut clinic de cercetare alergică la vârful Piz Gloria din Alpii elvețieni. Bond își dă seama foarte repede că Blofeld spală creierii pacienților săi și îi transformă în agenți de război bacteriologici prin expedierea lor în diferite părți ale lumii.

James Bond scapă din clinică după ce Blofeld îl identifică ca agent britanic. Bond aranjează un raid al clinicii folosind oameni din organizația lui Draco. Raidul este un succes, deși Blofeld scapă. Bond se căsătorește cu Tracy, dar este ucisă în scurt timp de Irma Bunt, partenerul lui Blofeld.

Diamonds Are Forever (1971)
James Bond are sarcina de a investiga un important lanț de contrabandă cu diamante, care începe în Africa și trece prin Olanda și Marea Britanie și ajunge în Statele Unite. Deghizat ca un contrabandist profesionist și criminal, Peter Franks, James Bond călătorește la Amsterdam pentru a se întâlni cu Tiffany Case: el primește diamante și călătorește în Statele Unite, unde este se întâlnește cu Felix Leiter. Infiltrându-se mai adânc în lanț, Bond ajunge la Casa Whyte, un cazino-hotel exclusiv deținut de miliardarul  Willard Whyte. Bond urmărește diamantele preluate de către șeful de securitate Bert Saxby,  și apoi într-un laborator de cercetare deținut de Whyte, unde constată că un satelit este construit de un specialist în refracție cu laser, profesorul Dr. Metz. Suspectându-l pe Whyte, Bond încearcă să se confrunte cu el, dar în schimb îl întâlnește pe Blofeld, care îl capturează pe agent și îi explică că satelitul poate arunca în aer rachete nucleare. Blofeld admite că intenționează să o liciteze ofertantului cel mai mare, dar Bond scapă și îl eliberează Whyte care era captiv și stabilesc că Blofeld folosește o platformă petrolieră offshore ca bază. James Bond atacă platforma, oprește funcționarea lui Blofeld și dispersează organizația sa.

Live and Let Die (1973)
James Bond este trimis să investigheze uciderea a trei agenți britanici MI6, care au fost uciși în doar 24 de ore. Descoperă că victimele au investigat separat operațiunile lui Dr. Kananga, dictatorul unei mici insule din Caraibe, San Monique. El stabilește, de asemenea, că acest Kananga acționează și ca domnul Big, un gangster nemilos și viclean. Atunci când vizita San Monique, Bond stabilește că Kananga produce două tone de heroină și protejează câmpurile de mac, exploatând teama localnicilor de cultura voodoo. Prin alter ego-ul său, domnul Big, Kananga intenționează să distribuie heroina gratuit la restaurantele Fillet of Soul, ceea ce va spori numărul de dependenți. James Bond este capturat de Kananga, dar el scapă, omorându-l pe Kananga și distrugând cultura de mac.

The Man with the Golden Gun (1974)
După ce a primit un glonț de aur cu codul lui James Bond 007 gravat pe suprafața sa, M amână misiunea lui James Bond de localizare a unui om de știință britanic, Gibson, care a inventat "agitatorul Solex", un dispozitiv de valorificare a energiei solare. Glonțul înseamnă că Bond este o țintă a asasinului Francisco Scaramanga și Bond se ambiționează neoficial pentru a-l găsi. Dintr-un glonț de aur uzat, Bond urmărește pe Scaramanga în Macao, unde vede amanta lui Scaramanga cu gloanțe de aur la un cazinou. Bond o urmează în Hong Kong, unde asistă la uciderea lui Gibson și la furtul agitatorului Solex. James Bond este apoi repartizat pentru a prelua agitatorul și a-l asasina  pe Scaramanga. James Bond se întâlnește cu Hai Fat, un antreprenor thailandez bogat suspectat de aranjarea asasinării lui Gibson, fiind capturat, dar ulterior scapă. El îl urmărește pe Scaramanga pe o insulă din apele roșii chineze, unde cei doi bărbați se luptă și Bond ucide asasinul.

The Spy Who Loved Me (1977)
James Bond are sarcina de a investiga dispariția submarinelor britanice și sovietice cu rachete balistice și oferta ulterioară de a vinde un sistem de urmărire submarin. Bond lucrează alături de maiorul Anya Amasova din KGB. Perechea urmărește planurile din Egipt și identifică persoana responsabilă de furturi ca magnat, om de știință și anarhist Karl Stromberg.

Bond și Amasova urmăresc un tanc suspect deținut de Stromberg și stabilesc că acesta este responsabil pentru submarinele dispărute; submarinul în care călătoresc este de asemenea capturat de Stromberg. Stromberg intenționează să distrugă Moscova și New York, declanșând un război nuclear ca apoi să stabilească o nouă civilizație. Bond scapă, eliberând submarinarii capturați din celelalte submarine și îl urmează pe Stromberg la sediul său, unde împușcă magnatul și o torpilă distruge baza.

Moonraker (1979)

O navetă de tip Drax Industries, Moonraker, este deturnată și Bond are obligația de a investiga această problemă. Bond se întâlnește cu proprietarul companiei, Hugo Drax și unul dintre oamenii de știință ai companiei, Dr. Holly Goodhead. James Bond urmărește traseul spre Veneția, unde stabilește că Drax fabrică un gaz  mortal care atacă terminațiile nervoase la oameni, dar este inofensiv pentru animale. Bond se întâlnește din nou cu Goodhead și află că este agent CIA. James Bond se îndreaptă spre Amazon în căutarea unei unități de cercetare a lui Drax, unde este capturat. El și Goodhead se prezintă ca piloți pe una dintre cele șase nave spațiale trimise de Drax într-o stație spațială ascunsă. Acolo, Bond descoperă că Drax intenționează să distrugă toată viața umană prin lansarea a cincizeci de bombe care conțin toxina în atmosfera Pământului. James Bond și Goodhead dezactivează jammer-ul de radar care ascunde stația de pe Pământ, iar SUA trimite un pluton de nave într-o navetă spațială militară. În timpul bătăliei, Bond îl omoară pe Drax, iar stația lui este distrusă.

For Your Eyes Only (1981)
După ce un vas spion britanic se scufundă, un arheolog marin, Sir Timothy Havelock, are sarcina de a recupera sistemul de comunicații automate de aterizare a atacurilor (ATAC) înaintea rușilor. După ce Havelock este omorât de Gonzales, un asasin cubanez, James Bond este obligat să afle cine l-a angajat pe Gonzales. În timp ce investighează, Bond este capturat, dar Gonzales este ulterior ucis de fiica lui Havelock Melina, iar ea și Bond scapă. James se dă drept unul dintre oamenii lui Gonzales, Emile Leopold Locque, urmând astfel o pistă spre Italia unde își întâlnește  omul de contact, Luigi Ferrara, și un om de afaceri grec și informator, Aris Kristatos. Kristatos îi spune lui Bond că Locque este angajat de Milos Columbo, fostul partener al crimei organizate de Kristatos. După ce  Ferrara a fost ucis - și dovezile ajung la Columbo - Bond este capturat de bărbații care lucrează pentru Columbo. Columbo explică apoi că Locque a fost, de fapt, angajat de Kristatos, care lucrează pentru ca KGB să recupereze ATAC-ul. James Bond și Melina recuperează ATAC, dar sunt capturați de Kristatos. Ei scapă și îl urmează pe Kristatos în Grecia, unde este ucis, iar Bond distruge ATAC.

Octopussy (1983)
James Bond investighează uciderea agentului 009, ucisă în Berlinul de Est, în timp ce era îmbrăcată ca un clovn de circ și purtând un ou Fabergé fals. Un ou identic apare la licitație și Bond identifică cumpărătorul, prințul afgan exilat, Kamal Khan care lucrează cu Orlov, un general sovietic renegat, acesta încearcă să extindă frontierele sovietice în Europa. James Bond se întâlnește cu Octopussy, o femeie bogată care conduce cultul Octopus. Bond descoperă că Orlov i-a furnizat lui Khan comori sovietice neprețuite, înlocuindu-le cu replici, în timp ce Khan a vândut prin contrabandă versiunile reale în Occident prin intermediul trupei lui Octopussy. Bond se infiltrează în cerc și constată că Orlov a înlocuit comorile sovietice cu o capcană nucleară, pregătită să explodeze la baza unei forțe aeriene a SUA în Germania de Vest. Explozia alarmează Europa în căutarea dezarmării, cu pretextul că bomba a fost una americană care a fost detonată accidental, lăsând frontierele Occidentului deschise invaziei sovietice. Bond dezactivează bomba și apoi se întoarce în India, alăturându-se unui atac asupra palatului lui Khan.

Never Say Never Again (1983)
James Bond investighează deturnarea a două rachete cu arme nucleare vii, care au fost furate de SPECTRE. Îl întâlnește pe Domino Petachi, sora pilotului și pe iubitul ei, Maximillian Largo, agent SPECTRE. Urmând-i în Franța, Bond îl informează pe Domino despre moartea fratelui său și, ulterior, își găsește colegul MI6 ucis de Fatima Blush, un alt agent SPECTRE: Bond o ucide. James Bond și Felix Leiter încearcă apoi să se îmbarcheze pe iahtul cu motor al lui Largo, Flying Saucer, în căutarea unor arme nucleare lipsă. James Bond este prins și este luat, împreună cu Domino, către Palmyra, baza de operațiuni a Largo în Africa de Nord, dar Bond scapă ulterior cu Domino. Cei doi agenți atacă Largo în timp ce el plasează una din bombe.

A View to a Kill (1985)
James Bond îl investighează pe milionarul Max Zorin, care încearcă să  încolțească piața mondială a microcipurilor. El stabilește că Zorin a fost anterior instruit și finanțat de KGB, dar acum au devenit escroci. Zorin dezvăluie unui grup de investitori planul său de a distruge Silicon Valley, plan care îi va oferi un monopol în fabricarea microcipurilor. Bond descoperă că planul lui Zorin este de a pune explozivi sub lacuri de-a lungul faliilor Hayward și San Andreas, ceea ce le va face să se înunde. De asemenea, o bomba mai mare este plasată în mină pentru a distruge o "blocare geologică" care împiedică cele două falii să se miște în același timp. James Bond distruge bomba, iar ulterior îl ucide pe Zorin.

The Living Daylights (1987)
James Bond ajută la înlăturarea ofițerului KGB, generalul Georgi Koskov, prin rănirea unei lunetiste KGB, Kara Milovy. În cursul dezbaterii sale, Koskov susține că vechea politică a KGB a lui Smiert Spionam, adică moartea spionilor, a fost revigorată de generalul Leonid Pușkin, noul șef al KGB. Koskov este ulterior răpit din casa de siguranță și lui Bond i sa ordonat să-l omoare pe Pușkin.

James Bond o urmărește pe Milovy și afltă că este prietena lui Koskov și că dezertarea a fost înscenată. El constată ulterior că Koskov este un prieten al dealerului de arme Brad Whitaker. După întâlnirea lui Pușkin și falsificarea asasinării sale de către Bond, James Bond investighează o înșelătorie a lui Koskov și Whitaker de fura fondurile KGB și de a le folosi pentru a cumpăra diamante, pe care apoi le folosesc pentru a cumpăra droguri. După ce Koskov cumpără drogurile, Bond le distruge. Koskov este ulterior arestat de Pușkin, în timp ce Bond îl ucide pe Whitaker.

Licence to Kill (1989)
James Bond îi ajută pe Felix Leiter să îl captureze pe regele drogurilor Franz Sanchez; Sanchez scapă și îl nenorocește pe Leiter, ucidându-i soția. Bond jură răzbunare, dar este obligat de către  M. să se întoarcă la datorie. James Bond refuză, iar M îi revocă permisul de a ucide, provocându-l pe Bond să devină un agent necinstit; deși oficial a renunțat la statutul său, el este informat neoficial de Q. Bond călătorește spre casa lui Sanchez din Republica Isthmus și este luat în echipa lui Sanchez, unde reușește să ridice suspiciunile lui Sanchez împotriva unor angajați. Când Bond este dus la baza principală a rafinăriei de droguri a lui Sanchez, el este recunoscut de unul dintre oamenii lui Sanchez și capturat. Dar James Bond scapă, distrugând rafinăria în acest proces și îl urmărește pe Sanchez, ucigându-l.

GoldenEye (1995)

În 1986 Bond și agentul Alec Trevelyan 006 - se infiltrează într-o instalație de armament chimic ilegal sovietică și fabrică de explozive. Trevelyan este împușcat, dar Bond scapă din clădire în timp ce aceasta explodează. Nouă ani mai târziu, Bond este martorul unui furt efectuat de către organizația criminală Janus a unui elicopter prototip Eurocopter Tiger care poate rezista unui puls electromagnetic. Janus folosește elicopterul pentru a fura discul de control al armelor duale GoldenEye, folosind GoldenEye pentru a distruge complexul cu un impuls electromagnetic; există doi supraviețuitori ai atacului, programatorii, Natalya Simonov și Boris Grishenko. Bond investighează atacul și călătorește în Rusia unde o  localizează pe Simonova și află că Trevelyan, care și-a înscenat propria moarte, era șeful lui Janus. Simonova urmărește traficul către Cuba , iar ea și Bond se duc acolo și îl găsesc pe Trevelyan, care își dezvăluie planul de a fura bani de la Bank of England înainte de a-și șterge toate înregistrările financiare cu GoldenEye, ascundând furtul și distrugând economia Marii Britanii. Bond și Simonova distrug instalația prin satelit, ucigându-i pe Trevelyan și Grishenko în acest proces.

Tomorrow Never Dies (1997)

James Bond investighează scufundarea unei nave de război britanice în apele Chinei, furtul uneia dintre rachetele navei și împușcarea unui avion de luptă chinez. Descoperă o legătură cu mogulul media Elliot Carver, care sugerează că acest Carver a achiziționat un codificator GPS de pe piața neagră. Bond se confruntă cu agentul chinez Wai Lin, care investighează de asemenea această chestiune, iar cei doi sunt de acord să lucreze împreună. Ei descoperă că Carver folosea codificatorul GPS pentru a devia nava britanică de pe cursul său, în apele chineze pentru a incita un război. Cu flota britanică în drum spre China, James Bond și Wai Lin găsesc nava Stealth a lui Carver, urcă la  bord și o împiedică să tragă rachetă britanică  la Beijing. Ei fac o gaură în navă, expunând-o pe radar, ducând la  scufundarea năvii, așadar s-a ajuns la evitarea războiului dintre Marea Britanie și China.

The World Is Not Enough (1999)
James Bond recuperează bani pentru Sir Robert King, un magnat britanic de petrol și un prieten al lui M, dar banii sunt prinși în capcană și regele este ucis la scurt timp după aceea. Bond urmărește banii care îl duc la Renard, un agent KGB-terorist, care a răpit-o pe fiica lui King, Elektra. MI6 crede că Renard o vizează pe Elektra King a doua oară și că Bond este desemnat să o protejeze; perechea este atacată ulterior. Bond îl vizitează pe Valentin Zukovsky și este informat că șeful de securitate al lui Elektra, Davidov, se află în legătură cu Renard: James Bond îl ucide pe Davidov și urmează traseul la o bază rusească ICBM în Kazahstan. Prezentându-se ca om de știință rus, Bond întâlnește fizicianul american Christmas Jones. Cei doi sunt martori la furtul cardului de localizare GPS și o jumătate de cantitate de plutoniu de arme efectuat de Renard și declanșează o explozie de la care amândoi scapă. Elektra o răpește pe M după ce crede că Bond a fost ucis, iar Bond realizează că Elektra intenționează să creeze o explozie nucleară într-un submarin din Istanbul pentru a crește valoarea propriei sale conducte de petrol. Bond o eliberează pe M, o ucide pe Elektra și apoi dezarmează bomba pe submarin unde îl ucide pe Renard.

Die Another Day (2002)
James Bond îl investighează pe colonelul nord-coreean Tan-Sun Moon, care tranzacționează ilegal diamante din Africa pentru arme. Moon se pare că a fost ucis, iar Bond este capturat și torturat timp de 14 luni, după care este schimbat pentru asistentul lui Zao, Moon. În ciuda suspendării, la întoarcere, el decide să-și finalizeze misiunea și să-l urmeze pe Zao la o clinică de terapie genetică, unde pacienții pot suferii alterări ale aspectului prin modificarea ADN-ului. Zao scapă, dar traseul îl duce pe Bond la miliardarul britanic Gustav Graves.

Graves dezvăluie un satelit oglindă, "Icarus", care este capabil să concentreze energia solară pe o suprafață mică și să furnizeze lumina solară pe tot parcursul anului pentru dezvoltarea culturilor. Bond descoperă că Moon a suferit, de asemenea, terapia genetică însușindu-și identitatea lui Graves. Bond expune apoi planul lui Moon: să folosească Icarus pentru a tăia o cale prin zona demilitarizată coreeană cu lumină soarelui concentrată, permițând trupelor nord-coreene să invadeze Coreea de Sud și să reunească țările prin forță. James Bond dezactivează comenzile Icarus, îl ucide pe Moon și oprește invazia.

Casino Royale (2006)

Casino Royale urmărește începutul carierei lui James Bond. Prima sa misiune ca "agent 007" îl conduce la Le Chiffre (Mads Mikkelsen), un finanțator de teroriști. Pentru a-l opri și a distruge rețeaua teroristă, Bond trebuie să-l bată pe Le Chiffre la o partidă de poker cu miză mare, jucată la Casino Royale. La început Bond se simte deranjat când o frumoasă funcționară de la Trezoreria statului, Vesper Lynd (Eva Green) este însărcinată să-i înmâneze miza jocului și să supravegheze banii guvernului. Însă după ce Bond și Vesper reușesc să supraviețuiască unei serii de atacuri mortale ale lui Le Chiffre și acoliților săi, ei se simt atașați unul de altul, ceea ce multiplică seria de evenimente periculoase în care sunt prinși și care vor schimba pentru totdeauna viața lui Bond. La sfârșit se dovedește că Vesper era șantajată, de o organizație numită Quantum, ea alegând să moară decât să fie salvată de James Bond.

Quantum of Solace (2008)

Împreună cu M, James Bond îl interoghează pe dl White în legătură cu organizația sa, Quantum. Bodyguardul lui M, Mitchell, care era un agent dublu, o atacă pe M, dând-ui lui White posibilitatea de a scăpa. Bond urmărește organizația în Haiti și descoperă o legătură cu ecologistul Dominic Greene. Bond alfă despre un complot între Greene și un general bolivian exilat, Medrano, pentru a-l pune pe Medrano la putere în Bolivia, în timp ce Quantum primește un monopol în  asigurarea cu apă a întregii țări. James Bond constată că Quantum]forțează prețul alimentării cu apă a Boliviei. Atacă hotelul în care Greene și Medrano își finalizează planurile, lăsându-l pe Greene blocat în deșert, doar cu un vas de ulei de motor pentru a-i ține de sete. Bond îl descoperă apoi pe fostul iubit al lui Vesper Lynd, membru Quantum, Yusef Kabira.

Skyfall (2012)

După ce o operațiune din Istanbul se încheie dezastruos, Bond lipsește și se presupune că este mort. În consecință, se ridică întrebări cu privire la capacitatea lui M de a conduce serviciul secret și ea devine subiectul unei revizuiri de către guvern asupra modului în care se ocupă de situație. Serviciul în sine este atacat, determinând revenirea lui Bond în Londra. Prezența lui  ajută MI6 în descoperirea unei piste, iar James Bond este trimis în Shanghai și Macao în căutarea unui mercenar pe nume Patrice. Acolo, el stabilește o legătură cu Raoul Silva, un fost agent MI6, care a fost capturat și torturat de agenți chinezi. Învinuind pe M pentru timpul petrecut în închisoare, el pune în mișcare un plan pentru a-i distruge reputația ei înainte de a o ucide. Bond o salvează pe M și încearcă să-l ademenească pe Silva într-o capcană, iar în timp ce reușește să respingă asaltul lui Silva, M este rănită mortal. James Bond se întoarce la serviciu activ sub comanda noului M, Gareth Mallory.

Spectre (2015)

În urma atacului asupra lui MI6, un mesaj critic pune în mișcare evenimente care îl vor plasa pe James Bond față în față cu organizația sinistră cunoscută sub numele de "SPECTRE". După cum Gareth Mallory, noul M, continuă să lupte împotriva presiunilor politice care amenință viitorul MI6, Bond urmărește un traseu din Mexic în Austria și Maroc, În acest timp ce el este atras într-o confruntare cu un inamic din trecutul său; unul care deține un secret periculos care îl va forța să pună la îndoială valoarea tuturor lucrurilor pentru care a luptat să le protejeze.

No Time to Die (2021)

La cinci ani de la întemnițarea lui Blofeld, Bond s-a retras și trăiește în Jamaica, moment în care este abordat de către CIA prin Felix Leiter și colegul acestuia din Departamentul de Stat, Logan Ash pentru a-i ajuta în capturarea unui savant răpit, Valdo Obruchev, care lucra pentru MI6. Bond acceptă într-un final și se deplasează în Cuba, unde se infiltrează la o petrecere a celor din Spectre. Obruchev zădărnicește planurile lui Blofeld de a-l ucide pe Bond și utilizând secvențele genetice oferite de noul său angajator îi omoară pe toți membri Spectre. Bond îl predă pe Obruchev lui Leiter, moment în care Ash îi trădează și îl ajută pe Obrucev să scape iar pe durata confruntării îl omoară pe Leiter. Bond se întoarce la MI6 și îl confruntă pe M referitor la virusul cunoscut ca "Hercule", o suită de nanoboți care pot fi programați să atace oameni cu o anumită secvență genetică. Apoi îl vizitează pe Blofeld în închisoare și o reîntâlnește pe Madeleine Swann. Swann decide să plece chiar înainte ca Blofeld să ajungă. În urma altercației dintre Bond și Blofeld, ultimul moare la scurt timp. Se va descoperi că Bond a fost infectat cu "Hercule" și că virusul a fost programat să-l omoare pe Blofeld când Swann îl atinge. Bond dă de urma lui Swann și descoperă că aceasta are o fiică, Mathilde. Swann neagă că ar fi fiica lui Bond. Swann îi povestește lui Bond despre Lyutsifer Safin, omur care îl controlează pe "Hercule". Safin le capturează pe Madeleine și Mathilde și le duce pe insula unde are fabrica de "Hercule". Bond este reactivat în rândurile MI6 și conduce o operațiune de salvare a ostaticilor și de distrugere a fabricii. Pe durata operațiunii, Valdo Obruchev și Safin sunt omorâți, însă Safin îl infectează pe Bond cu "Hercule" care este programat să le ucidă pe Madeleine și Mathilde. Bond ia decizia să nu părăsească insula datorită infectării cu virusul și este omorât când rachetele distrug fabrica.

James Bond (serie de filme)

Lista filmelor cu James Bond


Die Polish International 2011 im Badminton fanden vom 24. März bis zum 27. März 2011 in Białystok, Polen, statt. Das Preisgeld betrug 15.000 US-Dollar. Das Turnier hatte damit ein BWF-Level von 4A.

Sieger und Platzierte

Finalresultate

Weblinks
http://badminton.de/10-11-BE-Circuit.1887.0.html

 2011
Badminton 2011
Badmintonwettbewerb in Białystok
BE Circuit 2010/11

Polish International 2011


Wrigley Rooftops is a name for the sixteen rooftops of residential buildings which have bleachers or seating on them to view baseball games or other major events at Wrigley Field. Since 1914 Wrigley roofs have dotted the neighborhood of Wrigleyville around Wrigley Field, where the Chicago Cubs play Major League Baseball. Venues on Waveland Avenue overlook left field, while those along Sheffield Avenue have a view over right field.

The rooftops had always been a gathering place for free views of the game, but until the 1980s, the observers were usually just a few dozen people watching from the flat rooftops, windows and porches of the buildings, with "seating" consisting of a few folding chairs, and with little commercial impact on the team. When the popularity of the Cubs began to rise in the 1980s, formal seating structures began to appear, and building owners began charging admission, much to the displeasure of Cubs management, who saw it as an unreasonable encroachment.

Various methods of combating this phenomenon were discussed. The idea of a "spite fence", as with Shibe Park in Philadelphia, or the Cubs' previous home, West Side Park, was discussed. The idea was not implemented, nor was it fully abandoned. Before Opening Day in 2002, a "wind screen" was temporarily erected on the ballpark's back screen behind the outfield wall, obscuring some of the view from Wrigley roofs.

When the majority were independent of Cub affiliate ownership prior to 2016, the Wrigleyville Rooftops Association's members were the 16 rooftop venues. Wrigley Rooftops is the Ricketts family's marketing arm and brand for their rooftop holdings through Greystone Sheffield Holdings  and Hickory Street Capital.

History

Soon after Wrigley opened in 1914, the rooftops sprung up around the ball field. In the 1938 World Series, when the Cubs played the Yankees, The Sheffield Baseball Club was the first to charge for admission.

Real estate investor Donal Barry, through an entity, purchased in 2000 1010 W. Waveland (Beyond the Ivy I) then 1048 W. Waveland (originally Beyond The Ivy III, then Sky Lounge Wrigley Rooftop now 1048 Sky Lounge) also in 2000. Barry's entity in 2004 purchased 1038 W. Waveland (Beyond The Ivy II).

In 2002, the Cubs organization filed a lawsuit against the different facilities for copyright infringement. Since operators charge admission to use their amenities and sell licenses to view Major League Baseball, the Cubs asserted that the facilities were illegally using a copyrighted game and sued for royalties. In 2004, 11 of the 13 roofs settled with the club out of court, agreeing to pay 17% of gross revenue in exchange for official endorsement. The city also began investigating the structural integrity of the roofs, issuing citations to those in danger of collapse.  With the Cubs and the neighbors reaching agreement, many of the facilities began to feature seating structures: some with bleachers, some with chair seats, and even one with a steel-girdered double deck of seats (see photo). The agreement was to last until 2023.

In 2013, principal owner Thomas S. Ricketts sought Commission on Chicago Landmarks  permission to build "additional seating, new lighting, four additional LED signs of up to  and a  video board in right field."  Ricketts said Wrigley has "the worst player facilities in Major League Baseball". When the roof owners threatened to sue he tempered the design to just "a sign in right field and a video board in left field."  After the roof owners did not rescind their threat to sue, Ricketts said in May 2014 that he would attempt to proceed with the original plan even if the matter was fought in court. The Wrigleyville Rooftop Association claim in 2014 that its members spend $50 million to renovate their venues to code after agreeing to revenue-sharing. On January 20, 2015, the roof owners filed a lawsuit in federal court against the Cubs and Ricketts, citing breach of contract.

The Ricketts family, owners of the Cubs, began purchasing the rooftop properties in order to control the marketable sight lines into the stadium and by the end of the 2016 season, owned (or controlled via agreement) 11 of the rooftop locations. This led to a dispute with the Major League Baseball Players Association and other MLB clubs, which argued that these acquisitions made the rooftops' receipts baseball-related revenue for the purposes of revenue sharing.

In 2015, a family venture bought 3643 N. Sheffield Ave. building, 3639 N. Sheffield and 1032 W. Waveland. A Jerry Lasky-managed entity sold 3617, 3619 and 3637 N. Sheffield to the Ricketts in May 2015. Hickory Street Capital, a venture of the Ricketts family, took a stake in the Down the Line Rooftop (3621-3625 Sheffield Ave.) along with right of first refusal in 2010. James and Camelia Petrozzini moved their share of Down the Line to a living trust then the Petrozzini died in 2014. Hickory Street sued that the trust transfer violated the right of first refusal. Ricketts family ventures outright purchased seven rooftop buildings while purchase the mortgages on three Sheffield rooftop properties in receivership. The Petrozzini Trust agreed to sell Down the Line Rooftop to Hickory Street in December 2016. Ricketts family's Greystone Sheffield Holdings bought the three W. Waveland rooftops from Donal Barry on January 13, 2016. Also in January, the Ricketts launched its Wrigley Rooftops marketing brand and arm. The Ricketts family add the Brixen Ivy located at 1044 W Waveland to its rooftop portfolio.

In May 2017, the Cubs and the Rickets family formed Marquee Sports & Entertainment as a central sales and marketing company for the various Rickets family sports and entertainment assets, the Cubs, Wrigley Rooftops and Hickory Street Capital. As part of this process, the Cubs agreed to count the rooftops' revenues along with regular Wrigley Field receipts for the purposes of revenue sharing.

Rooftop venues

Hickory Street Capital
Hickory Street Capital is a Wrigleyville development company owned by the Joe Ricketts family.

Hickory Street Capital, a venture of the Ricketts family, took a stake in the Down the Line Rooftop (3621-3625 Sheffield Ave.) along with right of first refusal in 2010. James and Camelia Petrozzini moved their share of Down the Line to a living trust then the Petrozzini died in 2014. Hickory Street sued that the trust transfer violated the right of first refusal. Ricketts family ventures outright purchased seven rooftop buildings while purchase the mortgages on three Sheffield rooftop properties in receivership. The Petrozzini Trust agreed to sell Down the Line Rooftop to Hickory Street in December 2016

In May 2017, the Cubs and the Rickets family formed Marquee Sports & Entertainment as a central sales and marketing company for the various Rickets family sports and entertainment assets, the Chicago Cubs, Wrigley Rooftops and Hickory Street Capital.

The Hotel Wrigley project was announced by Hickory Street Capital in 2013 for the northwest corner of Clark and Addison across from Wrigley Field with a faux-historic baseball theme. In September 2016, the project was rechristened Hotel Zachary after the 1914 ballpark's architect Zachary Taylor Davis with a new design by architect VOA Associates. Starwood Hotels & Resorts was brought on board to manage the hotel expect to open in 2018. On April  10, 2017, the Park at Wrigley outdoor plaza was opened to the public on the same day as the Chicago Cubs' home opener.

Portfolio
Down the Line Rooftop
Gallagher Way Plaza (April 10, 2017) and development
North Building, 1101 W Waveland
American Airlines Conference Center
Chicago Cubs Front Office
Marquee Sports & Entertainment
Motorola World Series Trophy Room
West Building, 3630 N Clark Street
Hotel Zachary (opened March 28, 2018) managed by Starwood Hotels & Resorts

Marquee Sports & Entertainment
Marquee Sports & Entertainment LLC (MSE) is a sales and marketing company for the various Rickets family sports and entertainment assets, the Cubs, Wrigley Rooftops and Hickory Street Capital. Marquee is headquartered in the Gallagher Way's North Building. Hickory Street properties included are the new Park at Wrigley, the American Airlines Conference Center in the new Cubs headquarters adjacent to the ballpark, and Hotel Zachary. The company was draws on the famous Wrigley Field marquee.

Marquee Sports & Entertainment was formed in May 2017. The Cubs' existing corporate partnerships and sales teams of 30 were transferred to Marquee.

Day-to-day operating heads are the two co-managing directors, Allen Hermeling, Cubs senior director of corporate partnerships, and Andy Blackburn, Cubs senior director of ticket sales. Also involved is  Crane Kenney, Cubs president of business operations, as MSE officer and Colin Faulkner, Cubs senior vice president of sales and marketing as senior vice president of MSE directly over the co-managing directors.

Notes

External links

Wrigley Rooftops, owned by Ricketts family businesses
Rooftops of Wrigley, review site

Chicago Cubs
Wrigley Field
Roofs
Buildings and structures in Chicago

Wrigley Rooftops


خالد زكي (22 فبراير 1950 -)، ممثل مصري حصل على بكاليورس المعهد العالي للفنون المسرحية  ، وجاءت انطلاقته الفنية في عام 1973، من خلال المشاركة في فيلم "مدرسة المراهقين" مع فؤاد المهندس وشويكار، شارك في العديد من الأعمال الدرامية سواء المسلسلات أو الأفلام ومن الأفلام التي شارك بالتمثيل فيها: طباخ الريس وفتح عينيك والشياطين العودة، و"عايشين للحب"، و"المنحرفون"، و"حبيبة غيري"، و"اذكريني"، ولعنة الزمن"، إلى جانب مسلسلي "الضباب"، و"طيور الصيف (مسلسل)".

تميز بأداء دور الشخصية القوية في كثير من أعماله ان لم يكن أغلبها وكان بعيد عن المبالغة أو الإسفاف في أعماله وقد اجاد كثيرا في تجسيده دور رجل الأمن أو المخابرات في فيلم السفارة في العمارة.

مارس في بداياته عدد من الرياضات منها: التنس والسباحة وكرة الطائرة والجمباز، ونال العديد من الجوائز، لكنه فضل التمثيل على الرياضة.

أعماله
 مسلسل المداح 3 2023
 مسلسل قوت القلوب 2 2020
 مسلسل قوت القلوب 2020
 مسلسل أنا شهيرة وأنا الخائن (2018)
 مسلسل القيصر (2016)
 مسلسل صاحب السعادة (2014)
مسلسل اغتيال شمس 2010-شمس
 مسلسل الشهد والدموع
 مسلسل رياح الغدر
 الهروب من القفص (2009) (تحت الاعداد)
 أرواح هادئة (2009) (تحت الاعداد)
 من أطلق الرصاص علي هند علام (2008)
 طباخ الرئيس (2008)....
 ذكريات العام الماضي (2008)
 الشياطين 2007 الشخصية كمال
 وش إجرام (2006)
مسلسل أحلام عادية2005
 فتح عينيك (2005)
 ملاكي إسكندرية (2005)
 السفارة في العمارة (2005)
 مشوار امرأة (مسلسل) (2004)
 الطارق (مسلسل)
 إحنا اللى سرقنا الحرامية (فيلم) (1989)
 قاهر الزمن (فيلم) (1987)
 مسلسل الحب في حقيبة دبلوماسية (1987)
مولود في الوقت الضائع (مسلسل 1988)
 القضية رقم 1 (فيلم) (1983)
 مع تحياتى لأستاذى العزيز (فيلم) (1981)
 طيور الصيف (1979)
 اذكريني (1978)
 مدرسة المراهقين (1973)
 الشاهد الأخرس (فيلم)
 فضحية في حارتنا
 حبيبي اصغر مني (فيلم)
 لعنة الزمن (فيلم)
 النجم الذي هوى (سهرة دراميه)
 الحب والظلال (سهرة درامية)
 لعبة الايام 1996 (مسلسل)
 الانسة كاف (مسلسل)
 هوانم جاردن سيتي _الجزء الثاني_(مسلسل)
 قدر من الرومانسية (سهره تلفزيونيه)
 بدارة (مسلسل)
 مسلسل الضباب 1977
 وكيل النائب العام

تكريمات
 : تكريم من مهرجان الأردن للإعلام بدورته الرابعة 2021

المراجع

 مسلسل بدارة 1990

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
ممثلون مصريون
مواليد 1369 هـ
مواليد 1950

خالد زكي


Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta (kurz: SVF) ist eine Sammlung von Fragmenten und Testimonien früher Stoiker. Sie wurde in den Jahren 1903–1905 von Hans von Arnim zusammengestellt. Sie enthält Fragmente von und Testimonien über Zenon von Kition, Chrysippos und einigen ihrer Schüler. Die Sammlung bestand aus drei Bänden, im Jahr 1924 fügte ihr Maximilian Adler einen vierten Band mit einem Index hinzu.

Weblinks
 Band 1 – Zenon von Kition und seine Schüler (altgriechisch, latein)
 Band 2 – Fragmente von Chrysippos zu Logik und Physik (altgriechisch, latein)
 Band 3 – Ethische Fragmente von Chrysippos und einige Fragmente seiner Schüler (altgriechisch, latein)
 Band 4 – Index der Wörter, Namen und Quellen (altgriechisch, latein)

Stoa
Quellenedition
Fragmentsammlung

Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta


La Rosinda (título original en italiano; en español, Rosinda) es una ópera en tres actos y un prólogo, con música de Francesco Cavalli y un libreto en italiano de Giovanni Faustini. Se estrenó en el año 1651 en el Teatro San Apollinare de Venecia y fue repuesta en Nápoles y/o Florencia en 1653 bajo el título Le magie amorose.

La ópera se ha representado en 2008 en Alemania (Potsdam y Bayreuth) con Francesca Lombardi Mazzulli en el rol titular.

Referencias
Fuente
Brenac, Jean-Claude, Le magazine de l'opéra baroque en línea en perso.orange.fr  Consultado el 9 de septiembre de 2011
Licencia

Enlaces externos

 - en a página web oficial de Francesca Lombardi Mazzulli.

Óperas de Francesco Cavalli
Óperas en italiano
Óperas estrenadas en Venecia
Óperas de 1653

Rosinda