Nikola Todorov Žekov (Sliven, 6. siječnja 1865. – Füssen, 1. studenog 1949.) je bio bugarski general i vojni zapovjednik. Tijekom Prvog svjetskog rata bio je vrhovni zapovjednik bugarske vojske.

Vojna karijera
Nikola Žekov je rođen 6. siječnja 1865. u Slivenu. Sin je Todora i Irine Žekov. Osnovnu školu pohađa u rodnom Slivenu, nakon čega je nekoliko godina prisiljen odustati od daljnjeg školovanja zbog loših materijalnih prilika koje su uzrokovane bankrotom oca koji se bavio trgovinom. Godine 1881. odlazi na školovanje u Sofiju gdje 1883. završava srednju školu. Te iste godine upisuje Vojnu školu u Sofiji. Pred izbijanje Srpsko-bugarskog rata bugarski ministar obrane Mihail Kantakuzin ukazom je dozvolio se da pripadnici druge generacije vojne škole kao dragovoljci mogu pridružiti pričuvnim jedincima bugarske vojske. Žekov se dobrovoljno javio, ali je odbijen iz psihofizičkih razloga. Uz dozvolu nadređenih odlazi u Plovdiv gdje se pridružuje 2. slivenskoj pričuvnoj pukovniji gdje zapovijeda satnijom. Zajedno s pukovnijom upućen je u Elhovo, te nakon toga prema Pirotu. Međutim, ubrzo je potpisano primirje, tako da pukovnija nije sudjelovala u ratnim operacijama, već se vratila u Sliven gdje je raspuštena, nakon čega je Žekov nastavio školovanje u Vojnoj školi u Sofiji.

U kolovozu 1886. Žekov sudjeluje u pokušaju svrgavanja kneza Aleksandra I. Battenberga. Puč nije uspio, te je Žekov zbog sudjelovanja u istom kao obični vojnik upućen na službu u 12. balkansku pješačku pukovniju u Staru Zagoru. Ubrzo je međutim, amnestiran, te se ponovno vraća na školovanje u Vojnu školu u Sofiji gdje diplomira u travnju 1887. godine. Nakon toga služi u 5. topničkoj pukovniji u Šumenu, a potom u 2. topničkoj pukovniji u Vraci. U kolovozu 1894. promaknut je u čin satnika, te upućen na školovanje u Vojnu akademiju u Torinu. Nakon što je istu uspješno završio 1898., vraća se u Bugarsku gdje preuzima zapovjedništvo nad 3. topničkom pukovnijom. Seli se u Plovdiv, a 1900. u Sofiju.

U siječnju 1901. unaprijeđen je u čin bojnika, a te iste godine postaje predavačem u vojnoj školi. Od 1903. zapovjednik je Škole za pričuvne časnike u Knjaževu. U siječnju 1905. promaknut je u čin potpukovnika, dok čin pukovnika dostiže u svibnju 1909. godine. U ožujku 1910. imenovan je zapovjednikom 1. pješačke sofijske pukovnije koju dužnost obnaša do veljače 1912. kada postaje zapovjednikom Vojne škole.

Na početku Prvog balkanskog rata Žekov je imenovan načelnikom stožera 2. armije. Žekov je zajedno sa zapovjednikom 2. armije Nikolom Ivanovim zagovarao da se djeluje u smjeru Edirnea, te da se zauzme tvrđava Odrin. Nakon određenog oklijevanja, opsada je započela 3. studenog 1912., te je okončana zauzimanjem Edirnea što je predstavljalo odlučujući udarac osmanskoj vojsci. Nakon završetka rata u svibnju 1913. imenovan je načelnikom stožera okupacijskih snaga u Zapadnoj Trakiji.

Tijekom Drugog balkanskog rata Žekov je ostao na položaju načelnika stožera 2. armije. Armija je držala liniju bojišta duž obale Egejskog mora i donjeg toka rijeke Strume. Napadnuta od strane grčkih snaga armija je pružala jak otpor organizirano se povlačeći prema sjeveru, te kasnije sudjelujući u pokušaju okruživanja istih što je zaustavljeno zbog potpisivanja primirja i kraja rata.

Tijekom 1913-14. nalazi se u diplomatskoj misiji u Konstantinopolu pokušavajući dogovoriti vojni sporazum između Bugarske i Osmanskog carstva. Nakon povratka iz diplomatske misije tijekom 1914. obnaša dužnost pomoćnika načelnika Glavnog stožera, a od svibnja 1915. zapovijeda 8. tundžanskom pješačkom divizijom. U čin general bojnika promaknut je 2. kolovoza 1915., nakon čega je 5. kolovoza 1915. imenovan ministrom rata u vladi Vasila Radoslavova. Navedenu dužnost obnaša do 24. rujna 1915. kada je pred ulazak Bugarske u rat na strani Centralnih sila imenovan vrhovnim zapovjednikom bugarske vojske.

Prvi svjetski rat
Bugarska je u rat na strani Centralnih sila ušla 1. listopada 1915. napadom na Srbiju. Tijekom dva iduća mjeseca u suradnji s njemačkom i austrougarskom vojskom bugarska vojska je uspjela u potpunosti poraziti srpsku vojsku koja je bila prisiljena povući se preko Albanije na obalu Jadranskog mora nakon čega je prebačena na Krf. Nakon formiranja Solunskog bojišta Žekov pokušava kod njemačkog Glavnog stožera dobiti odobrenje za napad na Solun smatrajući da je to potrebno s obzirom na to da Grčka koja je proklamirala neutralnost to u stvarnosti nije bila. U tome nije uspio budući je njemačka vojska u tom vrijeme planirala ofenzivu kod Verduna.

Nakon ulaska Rumunjske u rat na strani Antante u rujnu 1916. bugarska vojska pod njemačkim zapovjedništvom uspijeva ponovno zauzeti južnu Dobrudžu koju je izgubila u Drugom balkanskom ratu, te veći dio Rumunjske. Na Solunskom bojištu Žekovljeve snage uspijevaju pobijediti kod Florine i zauzeti Kavallu. U listopadu 1916. unaprijeđen je u čin general poručnika.

Tijekom ljeta 1918. Žekov se teško razbolio, te je 8. rujna 1918. prisiljen otići u Beč na liječenje ostavljajući zapovjedništvo vojske svome zamjeniku Georgi Todorovu. Na liječenju u Beču dočekuje i slom bugarske vojske i potpisivanje Solunskog primirja.

Između dva rata
Nakon završetka rata Žekov je kao germanofil 4. listopada 1918. otpušten iz vojske. Nakon nekoliko mjeseci boravka u Beču, pokušao se vratiti u Bugarsku, ali mu je ulaz u istu zabranjen od strane bugarske vlade. Vratio se i to u Budimpeštu gdje je bio prihvaćen od strane mađarske vlade i francuske vojne misije. U jesen 1919. prisiljen je napustiti Budimpeštu koju su zauzele jedinice rumunjske vojske, te se ponovno vratio u Beč. U međuvremenu, bugarska je vlada podigla optužnicu protiv cjelokupnog Radoslavovljevog kabineta zbog ulaska u rat Bugarske na strani Centralnih sila i poraza u ratu. Spreman da se suoči s optužnicom vraća se u Bugarsku gdje je 21. listopada 1921. osuđen na kaznu zatvora u trajanju od 10 godina uz oduzimanje svih građanskih i političkih prava. Pritom nije osuđen zbog toga što je za vrijeme rata bio zapovjednikom vojske, već stoga što je bio ministar rata 43 dana u vladi Vasila Radoslavova.

Nakon tri godine izdržane kazne, 1924. godine je amnestiran, te pušten iz zatvora. Po otpuštanju iz zatvora posvetio se znanstvenom radu vezano uz vojnu tematiku i pisanju memoara. Od 1931. predaje i na vojnoj akademiji, a u svibnju 1936. je promaknut u čin generala pješaštva. Od 1937. glavni je urednik časopisa Bugarska vojna misao.

Drugi svjetski rat
Tijekom Drugog svjetskog rata Žekov je uspostavio prisne odnose s Adolfom Hitlerom. Nakon poraza Francuske, u srpnju 1940. na poziv njemačkog Glavnog stožera posjećuje Pariz, te obilazi bojišta na kojima su se vodile borbe. Počasni je predsjednik nacionalističkog i pro-njemačkog Saveza bugarskih nacionalnih legija. U ožujku 1942. od strane Adolfa Hitlera dodijeljena mu je nagrada od 500.000,00 reichmaraka zbog njegovih zasluga u Prvom svjetskom ratu koju nagradu je donirao zakladi namijenjenoj vojnoj obuci bugarskih časnika.

Nakon rata
U rujnu 1944. Žekov je emigrirao u Njemačku. Od strane Narodnog suda 1. veljače 1945. osuđen je na smrt koja kazna međutim, nikad nije izvršena s obzirom na to da nije bio dostupan.

Nikola Žekov preminuo je 1. studenog 1949. godine u 86. godini života u Füssenu u Njemačkoj. Njegovi posmrtni ostaci su 7. studenog 1992. premješteni u Vojni mauzolej u Sofiji.

Literatura
Spencer C. Tucker, World War I: A Student Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO ltd, 2006., str. 1996.

Vanjske poveznice
    Nikola Žekov na stranici First World War.com
     Nikola Žekov na stranici Bulgarianhistory.org
     Nikola Žekov na stranici Boinaslava.net
     Nikola Žekov na stranici Encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net
     Nikola Žekov na stranici Boiniznamena.com
     Nikola Žekov na stranici Valka.cz
     Nikola Žekov na stranici Hrono.ru

Bugarski vojni zapovjednici u Prvom svjetskom ratu

Nikola Žekov


Chadinga Conservation Park, formerly the Chadinga Conservation Reserve, is a protected area in the Australian state of South Australia located in the Chadinga Dunes on the western side of Lake MacDonnell, in the locality of Penong. The park is classified as an IUCN Category VI protected area.

The conservation park covers  of coastal dunes, containing a lake and areas of Mallee scrub. It is commonly called "Tuckamore" by local people. The dunes extend up to 3 km inland and form a habitat for the spinifex hopping mouse. The conservation park has no visitor facilities, although bush camping is permitted.

The Dinosaur Ant (Nothomyrmecia macrops), noted as a "living fossil", is found within the conservation park. The lake is the largest of several salt lakes in the area - others include Red Lake (a small section of Lake MacDonnell cut off by the Penong to Point Sinclair/Cactus Beach road) and Blue Lake, a smaller lake to the south of Lake MacDonnell.

References

Further reading
Baroni Urbani C. 2008.  Orthotaxonomy and parataxonomy of true and presumed bulldog ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae).  Doriana 8, N. 358: 1–10.

External links
Chadinga Conservation Park webpage on protected planet

Conservation parks of South Australia
Protected areas established in 1993
1993 establishments in Australia

Chadinga Conservation Park


Skipá er to elve som løber gennem bygden Sørvágur på øenn Vágar i Færøerne. Navnet kan oversættes til Skibselven. Begge elve løber i nærheden af havnen i Sørvág, deraf navnet.

Elve på Færøerne

Skipá


علامة الاستفهام أو علامة السؤال (؟)، هي علامة رمزية من علامات الترقيم، توضع في نهاية الجملة الاستفهامية. مثل :
 متى تذهب إلى العمل؟
 كم تبعد مدينتك عن العاصمة؟

ولا يوضع نقطة بعد علامة الاستفهام (وعلامة التعجب أيضا)، فهي تعدّ إنهاء للجملة.

مراجع

ترقيم
رموز مطبعية
علامات ترقيم

علامة استفهام


Obliq is an interpreted, object-oriented programming language designed to make distributed, and locally multithreaded, computing simpler and easier to program, while providing program safety and an implicit type system. The interpreter is written in Modula-3, and provides Obliq with full access to Modula-3's network objects abilities. A type inference algorithm for record concatenation, subtyping, and recursive types has been developed for Obliq. Further, it has been proved to be NP-complete
and its lowest complexity to be  or if under other modeling up to certain conditions down to   and its best known implementation runs in .
Obliq's syntax is very similar to Modula-3, the biggest difference being that Obliq has no need of explicit typed variables (i.e., a variable can hold any data type allowed by the type checker and if does not accepts one, i.e., a given expression execution error will display) although explicit type declarations are allowed and ignored by the interpreter. The basic data types in the language include booleans, integers, reals, characters, strings, and arrays. Obliq supports the usual set of sequential control structures (conditional, iteration, and exception handling forms), and special control forms for concurrency (mutexes and guarded statements). Further, Obliq's objects can be cloned and safely copied remotely by any machine in a distributed network object and it can be done safely and transparently.

Obliq's large standard library provides strong support for mathematical operations, input/output (I/O), persistence, thread control, graphics, and animation. Distributed computing is object-based: objects hold a state, which is local to one process. Scope of objects and other variables is purely lexical. Objects can call methods of other objects, even if those objects are on another machine on the network. Obliq objects are simply collections of named fields (similar to slots in Self and Smalltalk), and support inheritance by delegation (like Self).

The common uses of Obliq involve programming over networks, 3D animation, and distributed computing, as occurs over a local area network (LAN) such as Ethernet. Obliq is included free with the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) Modula-3 distribution, but other free versions exist elsewhere including precompiled binaries for several operating systems.

Projects using Obliq
The Collaborative Active Textbooks (CAT) developed using Obliq applets and the Zeus algorithm animation System (written in Modula-3).
Obliq applets (Oblets) special web browser (written in Modula-3) Obliq web page embedded applications.

References

External links

Luca Cardelli's Obliq Quick Start page (archived on 2008-10-17)

Modula programming language family
Oberon programming language family
Prototype-based programming languages
Procedural programming languages
Systems programming languages
Programming languages created in 1993
Dynamically typed programming languages

Obliq


ديفيد رايفرز  ولد في (21 نوفمبر 1958) في كينغستون في جمايكا, هو الممثل الجامايكي والد المغني والممثل (كوربن بلو)، وقام بالتمثيل في عدة أفلام مع أبنه في قناة (ديزني) الأصل الفيلم في فيلم (جامب إن!) و(هاي سكول ميوزيكال 3: سينيور يير)، وأيضًا في فيلم (النمط الحر), ولعب أيضًا بدور شخصية بايج ماثيوز في سلسلة مسلسلات المسحورات.

فيلموغرافيه
 1999 السنة الثالثة عشرة: فلم
 2003 24: مسلسل
 2006 جيلمور الفتيات: مسلسل
 2006 بوسيدون: فلم
 2001 المسحورات : مسلسل
 2007 جامب إن! : فلم
 2006 دريك آند جوش: مسلسل
 2008 هاي سكول ميوزيكال 3: سينيور يير: فلم
 2009 النمط الحر: فلم

وصلات خارجية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
كوربن بلو
ممثلو هاي سكول ميوزيكال
ممثلون جامايكيون
مواليد 1958
مواليد في كينغستون

ديفيد رايفرز


René Samuel Cassin (5. oktober 1887 – 20. februar 1976) var en fransk jurist og dommer.

Cassin arbejdede for FN's menneskerettighedskommission og Den Internationale Domstol i Haag. Desuden var han medlem af Den Europæiske Menneskerettighedsdomstol 1959-1965 og formand for denne 1965-1968. I 1968 modtog han Nobels fredspris for sit arbejde for FN's Verdenserklæring om Menneskerettighederne, som FN's generalforsamling vedtog 10. december 1948. I 1968 modtog han også FN's pris for menneskerettigheder.

Eksterne henvisninger

 Biografi på nobleprize.org

Justitsministre fra Frankrig
Jurister fra Frankrig
Modtagere af Nobels fredspris
Nobelprismodtagere fra Frankrig
Personer fra Bayonne

René Cassin


Gölköy, Sinop ilinin Ayancık ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1925 yılı kayıtlarında Gölkurusu olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya
Köy, Sinop il merkezine 70 km, Ayancık ilçe merkezine 15 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Ayancık belde ve köyleri

Gölköy, Ayancık


Ivan Kapistran Adamović (Pečuh, 21. listopada 1726. – Čepin, 4. prosinca 1808.), hrvatski veleposjednik i gospodarstvenik, ekonomski pisac, po struci pravnik Gospodarstvenik je na prijelazu s feudalnog na kapitalistički način poslovanja.

Životopis
Rodio se u Pečuhu u plemićkoj obitelji Adamovića Čepinskih. Djed Pavao Adamović u mađarskom dijelu Baranje stekao je plemićki naslov 6. studenoga 1714. godine. Sin Martin, otac Ivana Kapistrana, upravljao je beljskim dobrima. Oženio je Anastaziju Czindery de Nagy Atád iz tog braka rodio se Ivan Kapistran. Pretpostavlja se da je Ivan Kapistran osnovnu i srednju školu završio u Pečuhu. Izvjesno je da je završio studij prava.

Obnašao dužnost juratuša u Virovitičkoj županiji. Nakon dvije godine ušao u službu županijskih vlasti. Od 1754. godine je županijski ordinarius notarius (veliki bilježnik). Dok je bio na toj dužnosti kupio je iste godine početkom jeseni zemljište u osječkom Gornjem Gradu, na kojem je sagradio kuću, danas u Kapucinskoj ulici. Obnašao dužnost notara i poslije podžupana. Budući da je dobro pridonosio društvu, napredovao je na mjesto kraljevskog savjetnika početkom ljeta 1762. godine. Obnašao dužnost izaslanika u hrvatskom i zajedničkom ugarsko-hrvatskom saboru. Zaslužan kao vojni pozadinac u Sedmogodišnjem ratu, jer je kao podžupan redovno otpremao vojnike i namirnice za vojsku.

Oženio se s kćeri križevačkog podžupana Juditom Saić de Pernice. U miraz je donijela feudalne posjede Sveta Helena Majkovec, Imbrijovec, Djelekovec i Kaniža altier Lug. S Juditom je Ivan imao tri sina i dvije kćeri.

S državnih dužnosti postupno je prelazio na upravljanje posjedima stečenim mirazom u Križevačkoj županiji. Uskoro mu je carica Marija Terezija ustupila komorski zemljoposjed Čepin (1765.) zbog odanosti. Otkupio je i 1778. erdutski veleposjed, koji su činili Erdut, Aljmaš, Sarvaš i Tenja sa slavonske strane te Sveti Lovre i Novo Selo u Bačkoj. Transakcija je bila teška 340.000 forinta, zbog čega je radi namicanja novca prodao ubrzo dio imanja (Sarvaš, Novo Selo i Svetog Lovru), pola novca sam je skupio, a pribavio si je i dugoročni zajam od 120.000 forinti koji mu je dala nadvojvotkinja Marija Ana. Zakupio je valpovački posjed.

Posjedi su bili na močvarnom tlu, gdje je bilo najpovoljnije uzgajati konoplju. Zbog prerade konoplje je 1785. podigao prvu užarnicu u Slavoniji, u Čepinu.

Istaknut i kao pisac javnih i ekonomskih traktata. 1774. godine objavio je Gospodarski pravilnik (Adamovićev pravilnik), podnaslova "Kako se gospodarilo na feudalnom dobru". Djelo pokriva teme vinarstva i vinogradarstva; sijanja, kopanja i oranja; košnje, prijevoza i skladištenja; o konjima, kobilama i ždrijebljenju; o šumarstvu i ostalom. Sadrži i manje poglavlje koje je preteča upravljanju ljudskim potencijalima. Prvi je hrvatski pisani tekst o ekonomici krupnih poljoprivrednih gospodarstava. Priručnik je o upravljanju dobrima i nosi naslov Regulamentum domaniale (Privremeni naputak (za provizora), Regulamentum Iliti Dusnoszt, i Ravnijanje Pandursko i Pravilnik o ubiranju desetine; naslijeđenog Vlastelinstva Sveta Helena: Regulamentum domaniale ). Bio je namijenjen upravitelju posjeda Svete Helene. Sačuvan je u konceptu. Otkrio ga je i objavio hrvatski povjesničar Josip Bösendorfer.

Po Adamoviću se danas zovu ulice i građevine na području Osječko-baranjske županije te kulturno-umjetničko društvo iz Čepina.
Životopisnu studiju o Ivanu Kapistranu Adamović objavio je 1996. godine Ivan Erceg.

Izvori

Životopisi, Pečuh
Životopisi, Osijek
Životopisi, Čepin
Hrvatski poduzetnici
Hrvatski političari do 1918.
Hrvati u Mađarskoj
Hrvatsko plemstvo
Hrvatski pravnici

Ivan Kapistran Adamović


NGC 5866 (M102 ili Messier 102) je lećasta galaksija u zviježđu Zmaj. Otkrio ju je Pierre Méchain u ožujku 1781. godine. Méchain je prijavio svoje otkriće prijatelju i kolegi Charlesu Messieru bez provjere položaja. Kada je Messier kasnije određivao položaj galaktike napravio je grešku od 5° u rektascenziji. Zbog te greške pojavile su se sumnje da je M102 zapravo M101.

Svojstva

NGC 5866 je relativno sjajna lećasta galaksija. Nalazi se na udaljenosti do 50 milijuna ly i ima promjer od 60.000 ly, 60% veličine Mliječne staze. Neobičnost kod NGC 5866 je disk prašine koje lećaste galaktike u pravilu nemaju. U većini slučajeva, prašina se kod takvih galaktika nalazi u malim količinama u blizini središta. Postoji mogućnost da je NGC 5866 spiralna galaktika koja je krivo klasificirana zbog njene orijentacije prema nama. Sličan disk prašine primjećen je kod lećaste galaksije M104.

Grupa galaksija

NGC 5866 je najsjajnija galaktika u grupi NGC 5866, malenoj grupi galaktika koja još uključuje NGC 5879 i NGC 5907. Ova grupa je možda podgrupa velike izdužene grupe koja uključuje grupu M51 i grupu M101.

NGC 5866 ili M102?

Prilikom određivanja položaja M102, Charles Messier napravio je pogrešku od oko 5° u rektascenziji. Zbog toga su se pojavile sumnje da je M102 zapravo M101. Dvije godine nakon izdavanja druge inačice kataloga čak je i Pierre Méchain počeo tvrditi da sumnja u svoje otkriće. Zbog toga se dugo vremena otkriće NGC 5866 pripisivalo Williamu Herschelu koji je galaksiju otkrio 1788. godine i dao joj kataloški broj H I.125. Naknadni pregled dokumenata i pisama iz tog razdoblja pokazali su da je Méchain ipak otkrio NGC 5866. Unatoč greški pri određivanju položaja opisi koje je dao Méchain za M101 i M102 previše se razlikuju da bi se mogli smatrati istim objektom. Tako je Méchain M101 opisao sljedećim riječima:

Maglica bez zvijezda, veoma tamna i poprlično velika, između 6' i 7' u promjeru, između desne ruke Volara i repa Velikog Medvjeda. Teško ju je prepoznati kada se osvijetle niti (nitnog križa)

Méchain je M102 opisao sljedećim riječima:

Maglica između (zvijezde) Omikrona Volara i Jote Zmaja: veoma je tamna, blizu zvijezde 6. magnitude.

Povijesni dokazi idu u prilog tome da je NGC 5866 zapravo M102, ali još uvijek se mogu naći podatci da je M102 zapravo nepostojeći objekt.

Amaterska promatranja

U amaterskom teleskopu promjera 200 mm galaktika je vidljiva kao izduženi elipsasti oblačak svjetla.

Vidi također
NGC 3115, još jedna lećasta galaksija naziva Vretenasta galaksija.
NGC 4710, još jedna lećasta galaksija koju vidimo bočno

M102
Zmaj (zviježđe)
M102

NGC 5866


Berat Kandili (Arapça: ليلة منتصف شعبان, Şaban'ın yarısı), İslam dininde kutsal kabul edilen gecelerden biridir. Şaban ayının 14. gününü 15. gününe bağlayan gecesi, Berat gecesidir. 16. yüzyılda, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda II. Selim'den itibaren minarelerde kandil yakılmasıyla kandil adını almıştır.

Berat (Berâet), Arapçada ''temize çıkma'' anlamına gelir. İslam inancına göre bu gecenin bereketli ve feyizli bir gece olması sebebiyle Mübarek Gece, günahların affı ve kulların temize çıkarılması sebebiyle Berat Gecesi ve kulların ihsana kavuşmaları nedeniyle de Rahmet Gecesi gibi adlar da verilmiştir.

Bir kısım Müslümanlar, bu geceyi ibadetle geçirmenin pek çok sevabı ve feyzi olduğuna inanır. Bu konuda İslam Peygamberi Muhammed'in bir hadisi vardır:

Ayrıca Berat gecesi, Kur'an'ın Levh-i Mahfûz'dan Dünya semasına toptan indirildiği gecedir. Buna "inzâl" denir. Kadir Gecesi'nde ise Peygamber'e ilk kez ve parça parça indirilmeye başlanmıştır. Buna da "tenzîl" denir.

Ayrıca bakınız

 Miraç Kandili
 Kadir Gecesi
 Ramazan

Kaynakça

İslami gün, gece ve bayramlar
İslam mitolojisi

Berat Kandili


ධර්මදූතවරු සතරදෙනා අතුරින් එක් අයෙකු වන ධර්මදූත ලූක් තුමා (, Loukás) යනු ජේසුස් ක්‍රිස්තුස් වහන්සේගේ ධර්ම ග්‍රන්ථාත්මක සුබඅසුන් අතුරින් එකක කතුවරයා වෙයි. ලූක් තුමා ජීවත් වූයේ සිරියාවේ හෙලනිස්තික නගරයක් වූ  ඇන්ටියොක් හිදීය. මුලින් එක් සාහිත්‍යමය කෘතියක් ලෙසින් පැවති ශුද්ධවූ ලූක් තුමාගේ සුබ අස්න සහ  අපොස්තුළුවරුන්ගේ ක්‍රියා නමැති ග්‍රන්ථය යන දෙකෙහිම කතෘත්වය එතුමා වෙත පැවරීමට, මූල් සභා පිතෘවරුන් විසින් පෙළෙඹුණි.මෙම කෘතින් දෙකෙහි ම කර්තෘගේ නම සඳහන් නොකළ ද භාෂාව හා ශෛලිය සැලකිල්ලට ගත් විට එක ම ලේඛකයෙකුගේ බව තහවුරු වේ.  මුල් ක්‍රිස්තියානි ආගමෙහි ප්‍රමුඛ පුද්ගලයන්වූ ජෙරෝම් තුමා සහ යූසීබියස් තුමා වැන්නවුන් විසින්, මෙම කතෘත්වය යළි සහතික කර ඇති මුත්, මෙම කෘතින්හී නියම කතුවරයා පිළිබඳ සාක්ෂ්‍ය මඳ වීම නිසාවෙන්, අනාගාමික සහ ආගමික විද්වත් මණ්ඩල තුල, මෙම කරුණ පිළිබඳ සංවාද පැවතී ඇත.

නව ගිවිසුම තුල, ශුද්ධවූ ලූක් තුමා කිහිප විටක් සුළු වශයෙන් සඳහන් වෙමින් වෛද්‍යවරයෙකු ලෙසින් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ, ශුද්ධවූ පාවුළු තුමන් විසින් කොලොස්සිවරුන් වෙත යැවූ හසුනෙහිය; එවැවින් එතුමා වෛද්‍යවරයෙක් සහ  පාවුළු තුමාගේ ගෝලයෙක් ලෙසද සිටි බවට සැලකෙයි. මුල් ක්‍රිස්තියානිකරුවන් විසින් සාන්තුවරයෙක් ලෙසින් සැලකුනු මෙතුමා, ප්‍රාණපරිත්‍යාගවරයෙකු ලෙසින් මිය ගිය බවට විශ්වාස කෙරෙතත්, එම සිද්ධිය පිළිබඳ නිශ්චිත තොරතුරු නොමැත.

රෝමානු කතෝලික සභාව සහ අනෙකුත් ප්‍රධාන සභාවන් තුල එතුමාට ගරු බුහුමන් දැක්වෙන්නේ ධර්මදූත ශුද්ධවූ ලූක් තුමා ලෙසින් වන අතර, කලාශිල්පීන්, වෛද්‍යවරුන්,  ශල්‍ය වෛද්‍යවරුන්, ශිෂ්‍යයන් සහ  සතුන් මරන්නන්ගේ ආරක්ෂක සාන්තුවරයා ලෙසින් සැලකෙයි; එතුමාගේ  මංගල්‍යය දිනය ඔක්තොම්බර් 18 දිනදී යෙදෙයි.

විද්වතුන්ගේ මතය අනුව ශුද්ධවර ලූක් තුමා ග්‍රීසියේ අන්ටියෝක් හී ජිවත් වූ ග්‍රීක ජාතික වෛද්‍යවරයෙකි. නමුත් සමහරක් විද්වතුන්ගේ මතය වන්නේ එතුමා හෙලනිස්ත ජුදෙව්වෙක් බවයි. බාට් කොයිට්ගේ පවසන්නේ ශුද්ධවර ලූක් තුමා සුභ අසන රචනා කරන්නේ ජුදා නොවන අන්‍ය ජාතිකයන් වෙත බවයි.

ධර්මදූත ලූක් තුමා


Željeznička pruga Podlugovi – Vareš bila je željeznička pruga uskog kolosijeka na jugu tadašnje Austro-Ugarske, a danas Bosne i Hercegovine. Bila je odvojak Bosanske pruge  (Bosnabahn) Bosanski Brod – Doboj – Zavidovići – Zenica – Lašva – Podlugovi – Vogošća – Sarajevo, postavljene u razdoblju od 1879. do 1898. godine. Vodila je do rudarskog središta, gradića Vareša, u kojem je industrijska željezara otvorena 1891. godine. U promet je pruga puštena 7. studenoga 1895. godine. Bila je dužine 24,557 km. Prugom su vozile parne lokomotive na pogon ugljenom. Poslije Drugoga svjetskog rata prelazilo se postupno na normalni kolosijek i ukidalo uskotračne pruge. Na ovoj se pruzi prometovalo do 28. ožujka 1953. godine, kad je ova pruga ukinuta. Njenu je ulogu preuzela željeznička pruga normalnog kolosjeka Podlugovi – Droškovac.

Izvori

Željezničke pruge u Bosni i Hercegovini
Uskotračna željeznica

Željeznička pruga Podlugovi – Vareš


Renée Reni-Gineste, née le  à Champigny-sur-Marne et morte le  à Thonon-les-Bains, est une joueuse de basket-ball française.

Biographie

Famille
Renée Reni est la sœur d'Arlette Reni, elle aussi joueuse internationale de basket-ball.

Carrière en club
Renée Reni évolue en club au CO Paris.

Carrière en sélection
Elle joue un seul match pour l'équipe de France le 16 février 1950 en amical contre la Yougoslavie.

Notes et références

Joueuse internationale française de basket-ball
Naissance en juin 1925
Naissance à Champigny-sur-Marne
Décès en juin 2005
Décès à Thonon-les-Bains
Décès à 79 ans
Naissance dans le département de la Seine

Renée Reni


Som følger solen er en dokumentarfilm fra 2013 instrueret af Frigge Volander Himmelstrup.

Handling
I "Som følger solen" opleves et liv igennem en kvinde, hendes krop og dens bevægelser. Det handler om at bryde ud, om at sanse og om at blive voksen. En skulpturel fortælling om at være i en krop i verden.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2013

Som følger solen


Frantz Sahuc, né le  à Marsoulas et mort le  à Montauban, est un joueur de rugby à XV  international français et de rugby à XIII, évoluant au poste d'arrière en XV et au poste d'arrière ou de centre en XIII.

Formé à Rieumes, il joue par la suite au Stade toulousain dans les années 1930 en y étant l'un des rares toulousains appelés en équipe de France avec Émile Fabre et Antonin Delqué. Il affronte lors d'un test-match l'Allemagne.

Il prend part aux débuts du club de rugby à XIII le Toulouse olympique XIII nouvellement créé à la fin des années 1930 en devenant le premier joueur à y signer et participant à la finale de Coupe de France en 1939 contre le XIII Catalan aux côtés de Raphaël Saris, Alexandre Salat et Sylvain Bès.

Après la guerre, il évolue de nouveau à Rieumes.

Son fils, Jean-Claude Sahuc, a été champion de France de rugby à XV avec Montauban en 1967

Biographie

Des débuts en rugby à XV à Rieumes puis arrivée au stade Toulousain

Il est l'un des rares Toulousains à devenir international français de rugby à XV dans les années 1930 aux côtés d'Émile Fabre et Antonin Delqué.

1937 : Passage au rugby à XIII au Toulouse olympique XIII

Le club du Toulouse olympique XIII est créé le . La première recrue est Frantz Sahuc, issu  Stade toulousain puis sont annoncés Sylvain Bès, Comte (Stade bordelais), Suarès et Alexandre Salat (T.O.E.C.), Jones (Bordeaux XIII), J. Stones (Salford), Bénazet (Stade toulousain), Cazal (Quillan). Le premier match du TO, avec en son sein Alexandre Salat, Sahuc, Benezet et André Gau, se déroule le  contre Albi pour une défaite 44-14, suivie d'une défaite 6-15 contre Bordeaux le .

Lors de la saison 1938-1939, Frantz Sahuc, placé au centre, est tout prêt de remporter le premier titre de l'histoire du Toulouse olympique XIII lors de la finale de la Coupe de France de rugby en 1939. Au stade Chapou de Toulouse, Toulouse affronte en finale le club de Perpignan le XIII Catalan. Toulouse mène à la mi-temps 3-2 sur un essai de Sylvain Bès ponctuant une action initiée par Labat et Frantz Sahuc. Dans une rencontre intense, le XIII Catalan finit par le remporter par l'intermédiaire de son arrière François Noguères, auteur de l'essai décisif pour porter le score à 7-3.

Palmarès

Rugby à XV
 Collectif :
 Vainqueur de la Challenge Yves du Manoir : 1934 (Stade toulousain).

Détails en sélection

Rugby à XIII
 Collectif :
 Finaliste de la Coupe de France : 1939 (Toulouse).

Références

Lien externe

Joueur français de rugby à XIII
Joueur français de rugby à XV
Naissance en novembre 1910
Décès en juillet 1970
Décès à 59 ans

Frantz Sahuc


Robert Jones "Rob" Portman (født 19. december 1955 i Cincinnati) er en amerikansk republikansk politiker. Han er medlem af USA's senat valgt i Ohio siden 2011 Han var medlem af Repræsentanternes Hus i perioden 1993–2005.

Eksterne henvisninger

Medlemmer af USA's kongres for det republikanske parti
Medlemmer af Senatet i USA
Personer fra Cincinnati

Rob Portman


José Euclimar Xavier de Menezes (Acajutiba, 10 de setembro de 1963) é um filósofo e professor universitário brasileiro, com relevante atuação acadêmica no campo da filosofia e dos Direitos Humanos, sendo Leitor de Cátedra UNESCO de Juventude, Educação e Sociedade e membro da Academia Latinoamericana de Derecho Penal y Penitenciario.

Formação e atividade acadêmica
Menezes graduou-se em filosofia e teologia pela Universidade Católica de Salvador em 1984 e 1987, respectivamente. Em 1997 concluiu o mestrado em filosofia na Universidade Estadual de Campinas, onde viria também a concluir, em 2003, o doutorado.

Em 2006 concluiu o pós-doutorado em filosofia contemporânea na Pontifícia Universidade Lateranense em Roma, com bolsa de financiamento da Fondazione Civitas Lateranensis.

Em 2019, realizou o seu research stay em filosofia dos Direitos Humanos com período na Universidade Portucalense Infante D. Henrique e na Universidade de Salamanca.

Foi visiting professor na Universidade Portucalense Infante D. Henrique entre os anos de 2018 a 2019. Também foi professor da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo e da Universidade Católica de Salvador, onde ocupou o cargo de Pró-reitor de Pesquisa e Pós-graduação entre os anos de 2013 a 2015.

Atualmente é professor permanente dos programas de pós-graduação Stricto Sensu em "Direito, Governança e Políticas Públicas" e em "Desenvolvimento Regional e Urbano" na Universidade Salvador. É líder do Grupo de Pesquisa Políticas e Epistemes da Cidadania/CNPq e coordenador científico do Projeto Internacional - Indicadores de Cidadania e Políticas Públicas, além de integrar o corpo de pesquisadores do Instituto Jurídico Portucalense vinculado a Universidade Portucalense Infante D. Henrique.

Obras e publicações selecionadas

Livros

 Fábrica de Deuses: a Teoria Freudiana da Cultura. São Paulo: Unimarco Editora, 2000.
 Família, População, Sexo e Poder. São Paulo: Edições Paulinas, 2009. (Organizador, junto com Mary Garcia Castro).
 Poética do Corpo. Salvador: UCSal, 2012. (Organizador, junto com Elaine Pedreira Rabinovich, Nelson Baltrusis, Ogvalda Devay de Sousa Torres e Marlene Brito de J. Pereira).
 Médicos e loucos no microscópio de Foucault. Curitiba: Editora CRV, 2016.
 Estudos Interdisciplinares sobre Políticas Públicas e Segurança. Porto: Universidade Portucalense, 2020. (Organizador, junto com María Esther Martínez Quinteiro).
 Direitos Humanos e Cárcere: sentidos de investigação sobre a cultura da violência. Curitiba: Editora CRV, 2022. (Organizador).

Capítulos de livros

 Usos foucaultianos da categoria família. In: JACQUET, C. e COSTA, LF. (Org.). Família em Mudança. São Paulo: Cia Ilimitada, 2005.
 Irrupções da família no pensamento freudiano. In: PETRINI, JC., e CAVALCANTI, VRS.. (Org.). Família, Sociedade e Subjetividade. Petrópolis: Vozes, 2005.
 La famiglia: ambito dell'educazione morale. In: Melina, L.. (Org.). Antropothes. Roma: Lateran University Press, 2007.
 Rumori ed dimenticanza: attegiamenti erotici. In: Nicola Reali. (Org.). L'amore tra filosofia e teologia: in dialogo con Jean-Luc Marion. Roma: Lateran University Press, 2007.
 Tornar-se sujeito: a leitura do Fedro de Platão cometida por Foucault?. In: Simanke, RT; Caropreso, F; Bocca, FC.. (Org.). O movimento de um pensamento: ensaios em homenagem a Luiz Roberto Monzani. Curitiba: CRV, 2011.
 O que pode o indivíduo contra a sociedade? Flerte de Freud com o mundo jurídico. In: Lúcia Vaz de Campos Moreira. (Org.). Psicologia, Família e direito: interfaces e conexões. Curitiba: Ed. Juruá, 2013.
 Qual o sentido da subjetividade para a psicanálise?. In: Gilfranco Lucena dos Santos e Moisés Rocha Farias. (Org.). Edith Stein: a pessoa na filosofia e nas ciências humanas. 1aed.São Paulo: Fonte Editorial, 2014.
 Direitos humanos em uma sociedade disciplinar?. In: PANDO BALLESTEROS, María de la Paz, GARRIDO RODRÍGUEZ, Pedro, MUÑOZ RAMÍREZ, Alicia. (Org.). El cincuentenario de los Pactos Internacionales de Derechos Humanos de la ONU. Salamanca: Ediciones Universidad Salamanca, 2018. (Em coautoria com Ana Campina).
 Tecnologia de confinamento em territórios e tempos da lepra, da loucura e do covid-19. In: Elvira Simões Barreto; Marias Adriana Torres; Maria Virgínia Borges Amaral.. (Org.). Crises da sociedade contemporânea agravadas pela COVID-19: cenários e perspectivas. Maceió: EDUFAL, 2021.

Artigos

 O Humanismo como Compreensão do Homem a partir da Natureza e da História: uma fértil tensão entre Foucault e Freud. Margem (PUCSP), São Paulo, v. 7, p. 77-102, 1998.
 Adequação e Inadequação em Psicanálise. Olhar (UFSCar), São Carlos, v. 2, p. 120-136, 1999.
 O Uso do Conceito de Representação na Psicanálise. Estudos Acadêmicos, Salvador, v. 2, p. 54-63, 2002.
 A família como alforje da subjetivação no discurso freudiano. Olhar (UFSCar), São Carlos, v. 8, p. 38-52, 2006.
 Da vociferação dissimulada do sexo. Revista Aulas (UNICAMP), Campinas, v. 3, p. 1-32, 2007.
 Eros amordaçado. MEMORANDUM, Belo Horizonte, v. 17, p. 88-97, 2009.
 Direitos psíquicos como direitos humanos: Pode a psicanálise conferir esta garantia?. Diálogos Possíveis, Salvador, v. 2, p. 78-97, 2014.
 A abordagem psicológica da sexualidade na história da sexualidade de Michel Foucault. Diálogos Possíveis, Salvador, v. 14, p. 56-69, 2015.
 Social responsibility and career education: an international case study. EDULEARN18, Palma (Spain), v. 1, p. 4672-4677, 2018. (Em coautoria com Cristina Costa-Lobo e Ana Campina).
 Mortality and Morbidity Among Persons Deprived of Liberty During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil. Health Equity, New York, v. 5, p. 534-535, 2021. (Em coautoria com Matheus Lins-Rocha, Liliane Lins-Kusterer e Ailton Melo).

Referências

Filósofos do Brasil

José Euclimar Xavier de Menezes


Colihaut ist ein Dorf an der Westküste des Inselstaates Dominica. Mit 773 Einwohnern ist es der größte Ort im Parish Saint Peter.

Weblinks

Ort in Dominica
Saint Peter (Dominica)

Colihaut


Osma (, ) er en biflod til Dnepr fra højre i Smolensk oblast i Rusland. Osma er 104 km lang og har et afvandingsareal på 1.530 km².

Bifloder til Dnepr
Floder i Smolensk oblast

Osma


Hiiemetsa ist ein Dorf (estnisch küla) in der Stadtgemeinde Narva-Jõesuu (bis 2017 Landgemeinde Vaivara). Es liegt im Kreis Ida-Viru (Ost-Wierland) im Nordosten Estlands.

Beschreibung und Geschichte
Das Dorf hat 15 Einwohner (Stand 1. Januar 2012). Bis 1939 (nach anderen Quellen bis 1975) trug das Dorf den Namen Repniku.

Der Ort wurde erstmals 1499 urkundlich erwähnt. Damals gehörte das Dorf zum Gut von Laagna (deutsch Kuydenurm, Alt-Waiwara oder Lagena). Während des Großen Nordischen Krieges wurde es vollständig zerstört. 1726 gab es bereits wieder zehn Familien, die aus Ingermanland zugewandert waren.

Gut
Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts wurde im Dorf das Gut von Repniku gegründet. 1827 kam es dort zu Unruhen der estnischen Bauern gegen die Großgrundbesitzer. Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts wurden auf dem Gut die ersten umfassenden Drainage-Arbeiten zur Landverbesserung unternommen. So konnten große Teile des Moors trockengelegt werden.

Später ging das Gut in das Eigentum der Familie des Naturforschers Karl Ernst von Baer (1792–1876) über. In Repniku lebte und starb Baers Sohn, der Rechtswissenschaftler Alexander Andreas Ernst von Baer (1826–1914). Letzter deutschbaltischer Eigentümer vor der Enteignung im Zuge der estnischen Landreform 1919 war der Jurist Karl Alfred von Baer.

Alle Gebäude fielen den schweren Kämpfen während des Zweiten Weltkriegs zum Opfer.

Heidnische Kultstätte
Den Ort durchquert die Landstraße zwischen der estnischen Hauptstadt Tallinn und der russischen Metropole Sankt Petersburg.

Im Ort wurde auf einer Anhöhe eine ehemalige Kultstätte der heidnischen Esten, ein hiiemägi, nachgewiesen. Daher stammt der heutige Name des Dorfes. Hiiemetsa bedeutet etwa "Heiliger Hain".

Weblinks
 Beschreibung und Geschichte (estnisch)

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Estland
Vaivara
Ersterwähnung 1499
Geographie (Narva-Jõesuu)

Hiiemetsa


هامينلينا (بالفنلندية Hämeenlinna، بالسويدية Tavastehus) مدينة فنلندية يقطنها حوالي 66.645 ساكن، في قلب مقاطعة هامي التاريخية في جنوب البلاد وهي مسقط رأس الموسيقار جان سيبليوس.

تتبع اليوم إقليم كانتا هامي. من المدن القريبة العاصمة هلسنكي (105 كم) ، تامبيري (73 كم) لهتي (72 كم).

تقع في المدينة قلعة هامي القروسطية .

دمجت بلديات: هاوهو وكالفولا و لامي ورنكو و تولوس مع هامينلينـّا في 1 يناير 2009.

التاريخ
تواجدت مستوطنة تدعى فانايا على بحيرة فانايافيسي حيث المدينة قائمة اليوم منذ عصر الفايكنغ. بنيت القلعة أواخر القرن الثالث عشر لتأمين الهيمنة السويدية في فنلندا الوسطى . قرية ولد بالقرب من قلعة هامي لتوفير الخدمات والسلع للسكان.

منحت القرية حقوق المدينة عام 1639 و بعد فترة وجيزة من ذلك أقام ملك السويد على بعد كيلومتر جنوباً بالتلة حيث هي قائمة الآن.

تشتهر المدينة بالمدارس والأكاديميات حيث درس بها العديد من مشاهير الفنلنديين . أوسمت المدارس والحكومة و الجيش حياة هامينلينا على مر التاريخ.

أول خط سكة حديد بفنلندا افتتح بين هامينلينا وهلسنكي في عام 1862. أنشأت محطة قطارات هامينلينا الحالية (بالفنلندية Rautatieasema) في عام 1921.

شخصيات بارزة
ولد الملحن جان سيبيليوس ونشأ في هامينلينا. وتخرج من مدرسة هامينلينا سنة 1885.

تخرج الشاعر إينو لينو من ثانوية هامينلينـّا العليا.

تخرج يوهو كوستي بآسيكيفي (رئيس فنلندا السابع) من ثانوية هامينلينـّا العليا.

فرقة الميتال توريساس من هامينلينا.

ولد أنتوني هامالاينن (مطرب بفرقة الميتال اليونانية السويدية نايتريج) في هامينلينا.

ولد القوي والفاعل يوكو أهولا في هامينلينا. وفاز عامي 1997 و 1999 أقوى رجل في العالم ، ويشغل الآن منصب أحد القضاة في المسابقة.

و لد لاعب مينيسوتا لهوكي الجليد أنتي مييتينن في هامينلينا في عام 1980 ويعود هناك في غير موسمها.

تزوج كيمي رايكونن (سائق الفورمولا واحد) و ييني دالمان في هامينلينا سنة 2004.

فرقة البونك بوهاكولو من هامينلينا.

التوأمة
هامينلينا مـُتوأمة مع:
  باروم، النرويج
  تسيليه، ألمانيا
  فريدركسبيرغ، الدنمارك
  كيكرتارسواتسيات، غرينلاند
  هافنارفيوردور، أيسلندا
  تفير، روسيا
  بوشبوكلاداني، المجر
  تورون، بولندا
  أوبسالا، السويد
  فايمار، ألمانيا
  تارتو، إستونيا

الرياضة
 نادي هامينلينا لهوكي الجليد
 فريق كرة القدم هامينلينا
 استضافت المدينة منافسات الخماسي الحديث ضمن ألعاب أولمبية صيفية 1952 بجوار هلسنكي.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 تقرير دورة الألعاب الأولمبية سنة 1952. pp. 60–2.
 مدينة هامينلينا – الموقع الرسمي
 قلعة هامي

أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1639
بلديات كانتا هامي
تأسيسات سنة 1639 في السويد
دوقية فنلندا الكبرى
مدن فنلندا
ملاعب أولمبية للخماسي الحديث
ملاعب الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1952

هامينلينا


An Pachyphyllum mexicanum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Robert Louis Dressler ngan Eric Hágsater. An Pachyphyllum mexicanum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pachyphyllum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pachyphyllum

Pachyphyllum mexicanum


Sitopati bir hücrenin veya bir hücrenin içerdiği yapıların hastalığı veya bozukluğudur. Sitopati Yunanca "kytos" (boş hücre, oyuk) ve "pathos" (acı, eziyet) kelimelerinden türemiştir.

Sitopati


ألياف كيفلار (Kevlar) هي علامة تجارية لألياف اصطناعية من البارا أراميد، قوية وخفيفة، وتشبه ألياف الأراميد الأخرى مثل نومكس وتكنورا. من الناحية العلمية فإن الكيفلار هو في الأساس بولي بارا فينيلين تيريفثالاميد. طورت شركة دو بونت في عام 1965 ألياف كيفلار، واستخدم تجارياً لأول مرة في بدايات 1970 كبديل للفولاذ في دواليب سيارات السباق. استخدامه النموذجي يتم بغزله إلى حبال أو نسجه إلى أقمشة، ثم استخدامه كمكون أساسي في المواد المركبة. يوجد الآن عدة تطبيقات لألياف كيفلار، من دواليب الدراجات الهوائية، وزوارق السباق الشراعية، وتقوية هياكل الأجسام، وذلك لخصائصه المميزة مقارنة بوزنه، حيث يعتبر أقوى بخمسة أضعاف من الفولاذ بنفس الوزن.
يوجد نوع آخر من الألياف يسمى تويرون بنفس البنية الكيمائية تقريباً، يصنع الآن من قبل شركة تايجين (Teijin).

خصائصه
عندما تغزل ألياف كيفلار تنتج ألياف ذات مقاومة شد كبيرة (3000 ميجاباسكال)، ذات كثافة نسبية (1.44)، وعند استخدامه كمواد منسوجة، فإنه مناسب لحبال إرساء السفن، وتطبيقات أخرى تحت الماء.

يوجد ثلاثة أنواع من ألياف كيفلار: كيفلار، كيفلار-29، كيفلار-49. تستخدم ألياف كيفلار بشكل أساسي لتدعيم الدواليب. تستخدم ألياف كيفلار-29 في صناعة الكابلات، وكبديل للأسبستوس، وبطانة المكابح، وتصنيع السترات الواقية. تتميز ألياف كيفلار-49 بأكبر مقاومة شد بين أنواع ألياف الأراميد، وتستخدم كمواد بلاستيكية داعمة لهياكل القوارب والطائرات والدرّاجات. إن الأشعة فوق البنفسجية لضوء الشمس تحلل وتفكك ألياف كيفلار، بما يعرف بالانحطاط بالأشعة فوق البنفسجية. ولذلك لا تستخدم ألياف كيفلار في الاستخدامات الخارجية بدون حماية من ضوء الشمس.

خصائصه الكيميائية
تتألف ألياف الكيفلار من سلاسل جزيئية طويلة مصنّعة من PPTA (poly-paraphenylene terephthalamide). تكمن قوة ألياف كيفلار في الروابط الكيميائية المتعددة بين السلاسل الجزيئية. كما يأتي جزء من قوة ألياف كيفلار العالية من الروابط الهيدروجينية لسلاسل البوليمير المتجاورة المتشكلة بين زمرة زمر الكاربونيل والبروتونات من سلاسل البوليمير المجاورة وروابط تكدس الحلقات العطرية للبنزينوئيد بين الفروع المتراصة. إن لهذه الروابط تأثير أكبر على ألياف كيفلار من قوى فان دير فالس وطول السلسلة الذي يؤثر على خصائص بوليميرات وألياف تركيبية أخرى مثل داينيما. إن وجود بعض الأملاح والشوائب، وخصوصاً الكالسيوم أثناء التصنيع، يمكن أن يؤدي لدخولها في الروابط بين السلاسل الجزيئية، لذلك تؤخذ الحيطة أثناء إنتاجه. تتألف بنية كيفلار من جزيئات صلبة نسبياً تميل لتشكيل بنى مسطحة صفائحية تشبه البروتين في الحرير.

الخصائص الحرارية
إن المقاومة الحرارية للكيفلار عالية مقارنة بالبوليمرات الأخرى، كما أنه يحافظ على قوة الشد ورجوعيته في درجات حرارة منخفضة تصل إلى -196°م. ومن الملاحظ أن قوة الشد له تزداد بشكل طفيف في درجات الحرارة المنخفضة.
عند ارتفاع درجة الحرارة عن حد معين، تبدأ مقاومة الشد في الانخفاض بما يصل إلى 10-20%، وتزداد هذه النسبة عند التعريض للحرارة العالية لعدة ساعات. على سبيل المثال فإن الكيفلار يفقد 10% من قوة الشد عند تعريضه لدرجة حرارة 160°م لمدة 500 ساعة، أما عند تعريضه لـ260°م فإنه يفقد 50% من مقاومة الشد بعد 70 ساعة فقط.

يتسامى الكيفلار عند درجة 450°م.

اقرأ أيضا

 أراميد
 صدرة ضد الرصاص
 دو بونت (الشركة التي اخترعت وصنّعت ألياف كيفلار)
 نومكس
 حرير العنكبوت
 توارون

وصلات خارجية

 الموقع الرسمي لكفلر
 ألياف الأراميد
 براءة اختراع
 تركيب كيفلار

المراجع

أقمشة تقنية
ألياف اصطناعية
اختراعات أمريكية
بوليمرات عضوية
درع شخصي
دو بونت
علامات تجارية للمواد
منتجات عرضت في 1965

كيفلار


Christus und die Ehebrecherin  ist der Titel von Kunstwerken:

 Cristo e l´adultera, Gemälde von Johannes Rottenhammer
 Christus und die Ehebrecherin (Bruegel), Gemälde von Pieter Bruegel dem Älteren
 Christus und die Ehebrecherin (Hans Kemmer), Gemälde von Hans Kemmer
 Gemälde von Giovanni Francesco Barbieri
 Gemälde von Lucas Cranach dem Älteren

Siehe auch:
 Jesus und die Ehebrecherin, Erzählung aus dem Johannesevangelium

Christus und die Ehebrecherin (Begriffsklärung)


IUPAC vísar hingað. Fyrir nafnakerfið sjálft, sjá IUPAC-nafnakerfið.

Alþjóðasamtök um hreina og hagnýta efnafræði eða IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) eru alþjóðleg samtök 54 efnafræðifélaga frá hinum ýmsu löndum. Samtökin halda utan um staðla í efnafræði, svo sem nafnakerfi og skilgreiningar. Þau voru stofnuð árið 1919.

Alþjóðastofnanir
Stofnað 1919


Yağlıkçızade Derviş Mehmed Paşa (1735(?) İstanbul - 1777 Sakız Adası) I. Abdülhamid saltanatı döneminde 6 Temmuz 1775 - 5 Ocak 1777 tarihleri arasında bir yıl altı ay sadrazamlık yapmış bir Osmanlı devlet adamıdır.

Hayatı
Türk asıllıdır. Babası "Yağlıkçı Kadri Ağa"'dır ve bu nedenle "Yağlıkçızade" lakabı ile bilinmektedir.  İstanbul'da doğmuştur.

Devlet memuriyetine defterdar Behçet Efendi'nin mŭhŭrdar yardımcısı olarak başlamıştır. Sonra sırasıyla Naili Abdullah Paşa, Silahdar Bıyıklı Ali Paşa ve Yirmisekizzade Mehmed Said Paşa yanında "dividdar" olarak görev yapmıştır. Sonra "defterdar kesedarı" ve 1768'de "maliye tezkerecisi"  görevlerine yükselip devlet ricali arasına girmiştir. Şubat 1772'de, 1768-1774 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı sırasında ordunun Şumnu'da bulunduğunda maliye tezkereciliğinden defterdarlığa getirilip bu devlet dairesinin en önemli rütbelerinin birine erişmiştir. 1773-1774'te ordu Istanbul'a geri dönünce bu görevden azledilmiştir. Ama Kasım 1774'te tekrar başdefterdarlığa getirilmiş ve  5 Nisan 1775'te Sadrazam Kethudası görevine yükselmiştir.

Bu görevde iken, 7 Temmuz 1775'te Sultan I. Abdülhamit verilen bir resmi ziyafette şeyhülislamla tartıştığı için Sadrazam İzzet Mehmed Paşa'yı görevinden azletmiş ve yerine Yağlıkçızade Derviş Mehmed Paşa'yı sadrazam atamıştır. Sadrazamlık dönemi 1774'te imzalanan Küçük Kaynarca Antlaşması'ndan sonra barış içinde geçen 13 yıla rastlamıştı ve devletin dış politikası ancak sadrazamlığının sonuna doğru Rusya'nın Kırım Hanlığına Şahin Giray'ın adaylığını desteklemesinden dolayı önem kazanmaya başladı. Fakat 5 Ocak 1777'de, devlet işlerini ihmal edip özelikle Küçük Kaynarca'dan sonra çözümlenmesi gerekli meselelerle ilgilenmediği nedeniyle Sultan I. Abdülhamit tarafından sadrazamlıktan azledildi.

Günümüzde tarihçiler I. Abdülhamit'in seçtiği ve çok geçmeden azlettiği sadrazamlar hakkında gayet tenkitçilerdir.<ref name="sakaoğlu">Örneğin Sultan biyografilerini yazan Sakaoğlu:I. Abdülhamit bu dönemde yeni önlemler almayıp sadece sudan sebeplerle sık sık değiştirme politikası gütmekte idi. Geleneksel kurumlar oldukça yetersizlikleriyle aynen korundu. Abdülhamit sudan bahanelerle sık sık sadrazam değiştirdi. Seçtiği sadrazamlar ise dünya görüşü kıt, sorunları kavramaktan uzak kişilerdi. Bu sadrazamların ilk yedisinin seçimlerinde İslam peygamberi ile adaş olmalarından uğur beklemekteydi. Bunların ortak özellikler adlarının "Mehmed" (Muhammed) olmasıydı. Sakaoğlu, Necdet (1999), "Bu Mülkün Sultanları, İstanbul:Oğlak say.176</ref>

Azlinden sonra Yağlıkçızade Derviş Mehmet Paşa Gelibolu'ya sürgüne gönderildi. Ama sürgünde fazla kalmayıp affedildi ve 10 Şubat 1777'de Hanya Valisi olarak Girit'e tayin edildi. Bu göreve gitmekte iken hastalandı. Sakız Adası'na varıp burada mola verdiği sırada öldü.

Eserleri
Mısır'da Seyyidü's-aâdat türbesini ve camiini yeniden inşa ettirmiştir. Bursa Mevlevihanesini ve Üskuűdar Nasuhîzade Tekkesi'ni tamir ettirmiştir. Eyüp'te bir çeşme yaptırmıştır.

 Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Sakaoğlu, Necdet (1999), Bu Mülkün Sultanları, İstanbul:Oğlak, say 176 ISBN 9753292996.
 Mehmed Süreyya (haz. Nuri Akbayar) (1996), Sicill-i Osmani, İstanbul:Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları ISBN 975-333-0383 C.IV s.
 Koç, Havva "Mehmed Paşa (Derviş, Yağlıkçızade)" (1999), Yaşamları ve Yapıtlarıyla Osmanlılar Ansiklopedisi, İstanbul:Yapı Kredi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık A.Ş. C.2 s.157-158 ISBN 975-08-0072-9
 Buz, Ayhan, (2009) Osmanlı Sadrazamları, İstanbul: Neden Kitap, ISBN978-975-254-278-5, .
 Danişmend, İsmail Hami, (2011), İzahlı Osmanlı Tarihi Kronolojisi 6 Cilt, İstanbul:Doğu Kütüphanesi, ISBN 9789944397681
 Tektaş, Nazim (2002), Sadrâzamlar Osmanlı'da İkinci Adam Saltanatı'', İstanbul:Çatı Yayınevi (Google books:

Osmanlı sadrazamları
Doğum tarihi bilinmeyenler
1777 yılında ölenler
İstanbul doğumlu devlet görevlileri

Yağlıkçızade Derviş Mehmed Paşa


Le gouvernement Abazović (en monténégrin  / ) est le gouvernement du Monténégro du  au , sous la  du Parlement.

Il est dirigé par le libéral Dritan Abazović. Il est composé de membres du Parti socialiste populaire du Monténégro (SNP), de l'Action réformiste unie (URA), du Parti social-démocrate du Monténégro (SDP), du Parti bosniaque (BS), de l' (AA/AS) et du  (DP/PD). Il succède au gouvernement de Zdravko Krivokapić.

Historique

Ce gouvernement minoritaire est dirigé par le nouveau Premier ministre libéral Dritan Abazović, précédemment vice-Premier ministre. Il est composé de membres du Parti socialiste populaire du Monténégro (SNP),  de l'Action réformiste unie (URA), du Parti social-démocrate du Monténégro (SDP), du Parti bosniaque (BS), de la  (FORCA), du  (DP/PD) et de . Ensemble, ils disposent de  sur 81, soit 19,75 % des sièges du Parlement. Le gouvernement bénéfice également du soutien sans participation du Parti démocratique des socialistes du Monténégro (DPS), qui possède de  sur 81, soit 37 % des sièges.

Il succède donc au gouvernement de Zdravko Krivokapić, renversé par une motion de censure et composé de technocrates et soutenu par une coalition entre Pour le futur du Monténégro (ZBCG), La paix est notre nation (MNN) et l'Action réformiste unie (URA).

Formation
Le , l'Action réformiste unie annonce le dépôt d'une motion de censure conjointement avec les partis de l'opposition parlementaire, officiellement dans le but de vérifier si le gouvernement Krivokapić dispose toujours d'une majorité au Parlement. La motion est soumise au vote le  et est adoptée par  pour et  contre, tandis que le principal groupe parlementaire de l'ex-majorité gouvernementale préfère boycotter le scrutin. Le vice-Premier ministre Dritan Abazović annonce son intention de mener des négociations afin d'établir un gouvernement minoritaire, auquel toutes les formations d'opposition  promettent leur soutien.

Formellement chargé de former le nouvel exécutif monténégrin le  suivant, Abazović obtient le  la confiance des députés par 45 voix favorables, lors d'un vote boycotté par Pour le futur du Monténégro et La paix est notre nation.

Renversement
Le , le gouvernement perd sa majorité avec l'adoption d'une motion de censure par le parlement à la suite de la signature d'un accord entre l'État et l'Église orthodoxe.

Composition

Références

Articles connexes
 Politique au Monténégro
 Élections législatives monténégrines de 2020

Gouvernement du Monténégro
2022 en politique
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Gouvernement Abazović


Lanilist (lanak, klobučac lat. Linaria), rod od preko 190 vrsta jednogodišnjeg i dvogodišnjeg raslinja, trajnica i polugrmova iz porodice trpučevki (Plantaginaceae). Desetak vrsta raste i u Hrvatskoj: planinski lanilist (L. alpina),  uski lanilist (L. angustissima), šareni klobučac ili poljski lanilist (L. arvensis) i druge.

Obični lanilist, lančić ili gospin lan (L. vulgaris) ima žute cvjetove od kojih se dobiva žuta boja. Obični lanilist je ljekovit, ali među travarima nije popularan.

Ime roda Linaria dolazi od riječi linum (lan), zbog sličnosti listova s listovima lana.

Vrste

 Linaria accitensis L.Sáez, Juan, M.B.Crespo, F.B.Navarro, J.Peñas & Roquet
 Linaria acutiloba Fisch.
 Linaria aeruginea (Gouan) Cav.
 Linaria afghanica Podlech & Iranshahr
 Linaria alaica Junussov
 Linaria albifrons (Sm.) Spreng.
 Linaria algarviana Chav.
 Linaria alpina (L.) Mill.
 Linaria altaica Fisch.
 Linaria amethystea (Vent.) Hoffmanns. & Link
 Linaria amoi Campo ex Amo
 Linaria angustissima (Loisel.) Borbás
 Linaria antilibanotica Rech.f.
 Linaria arcusangeli Atzei & Camarda
 Linaria arenaria DC.
 Linaria arenicola Pau & Font Quer
 Linaria argillicola Juan, Blanca, Cueto, J.Fuentes & L.Sáez
 Linaria armeniaca Chav.
 Linaria arvensis (L.) Desf.
 Linaria atlantica Boiss. & Reut.
 Linaria azerbaijanensis Hamdi & Assadi
 Linaria badachschanica Junussov
 Linaria badalii Willk.
 Linaria bamianica Patzak
 Linaria becerrae Blanca, Cueto & J.Fuentes
 Linaria bessarabica Kotov
 Linaria biebersteinii Besser
 Linaria bipartita (Vent.) Willd.
 Linaria bipunctata (L.) Dum.Cours.
 Linaria bordiana Santa & Simonn.
 Linaria boushehrensis Hamdi & Assadi
 Linaria brachyphylla Delip.
 Linaria bubanii Font Quer
 Linaria bungei Kuprian.
 Linaria buriatica Turcz. ex Ledeb.
 Linaria caesia (Lag. ex Pers.) F.Dietr.
 Linaria capraria Moris & De Not.
 Linaria cavanillesii Chav.
 Linaria chalepensis (L.) Mill.
 Linaria clementei Haens. ex Boiss.
 Linaria confertiflora Benth.
 Linaria corifolia Desf.
 Linaria × cornubiensis Druce
 Linaria cossoniana Braun-Blanq. & Maire
 Linaria cossonii Bonnet & Barratte
 Linaria cretacea Fisch. ex Spreng.
 Linaria dalmatica (L.) Mill.
 Linaria damascena Boiss. & Gaill.
 Linaria decipiens Batt.
 Linaria depauperata Leresche ex Lange
 Linaria diffusa Hoffmanns. & Link
 Linaria dissita Pomel
 Linaria × dominii Druce
 Linaria dumanii A.Duran & Menemen
 Linaria elegans Cav.
 Linaria elymaitica (Boiss.) Kuprian.
 Linaria fallax Coss. ex Batt.
 Linaria farsensis Hamdi & Assadi
 Linaria fastigiata Chav.
 Linaria faucicola Leresche & Levier
 Linaria fedorovii Kamelin
 Linaria ficalhoana Rouy
 Linaria flava (Poir.) Desf.
 Linaria genistifolia (L.) Mill.
 Linaria gharbensis Batt. & Pit.
 Linaria glacialis Boiss.
 Linaria glauca (L.) Cav.
 Linaria golestanensis Hamdi & Assadi
 Linaria grandiflora Desf.
 Linaria griffithii Benth.
 Linaria grjunerae Knjaz.
 Linaria guilanensis Hamdi & Assadi
 Linaria haelava (Forssk.) Delile
 Linaria hepatica Bunge
 Linaria heratensis Podlech & Iranshahr
 Linaria hirta (L.) Moench
 Linaria hohenackeri Tzvelev
 Linaria huteri Lange
 Linaria × hybrida Schur
 Linaria iconia Boiss. & Heldr.
 Linaria ikonnikovii Stasiak
 Linaria imzica Gómiz
 Linaria incarnata (Vent.) Spreng.
 Linaria incompleta Kuprian.
 Linaria intricata Coincy
 Linaria iranica Hamdi & Assadi
 Linaria × jalancina Gómez Nav., R.Roselló, A.Guillén, P.P.Ferrer, E.Laguna & Per
 Linaria japonica Miq.
 Linaria jaxartica Levichev
 Linaria joppensis Bornm.
 Linaria kavirensis Hamdi & Assadi
 Linaria khalkhalensis Hamdi & Assadi
 Linaria khorasanensis Hamdi & Assadi
 Linaria × kocianovichii Asch.
 Linaria kokanica Regel
 Linaria kulabensis B.Fedtsch.
 Linaria kurdica Boiss. & Hohen.
 Linaria latifolia Desf.
 Linaria laxiflora Desf.
 Linaria leptoceras Kuprian.
 Linaria lineolata Boiss.
 Linaria loeselii Schweigg.
 Linaria longicalcarata D.Y.Hong
 Linaria macrophylla Kuprian.
 Linaria macroura (M.Bieb.) M.Bieb.
 Linaria maroccana Hook.f.
 Linaria maymanica Wendelbo
 Linaria mazandaranensis Hamdi & Assadi
 Linaria melampyroides Kuprian.
 Linaria melanogramma Rech.f., Aellen & Esfand.
 Linaria meyeri Kuprian.
 Linaria michauxii Chav.
 Linaria micrantha (Cav.) Hoffmanns. & Link
 Linaria microsepala A.Kern.
 Linaria multicaulis (L.) Mill.
 Linaria munbyana Boiss. & Reut.
 Linaria musilii Velen.
 Linaria nachitschevanica Tzvelev
 Linaria nigricans Lange
 Linaria nivea Boiss. & Reut.
 Linaria nurensis Boiss. & Hausskn.
 Linaria nuristanica Patzak
 Linaria oblongifolia (Boiss.) Boiss. & Reut.
 Linaria odora (M.Bieb.) Fisch.
 Linaria oligantha Lange
 Linaria × oligotricha Borbás
 Linaria onubensis Pau
 Linaria orbensis Carretero & Boira
 Linaria ordubadica Tzvelev
 Linaria pamirica (Junussov) Stasiak
 Linaria paradoxa Murb.
 Linaria parviracemosa D.A.Sutton
 Linaria pedicellata Kuprian.
 Linaria pedunculata (L.) Chaz.
 Linaria pelisseriana (L.) Mill.
 Linaria peloponnesiaca Boiss. & Heldr.
 Linaria peltieri Batt.
 Linaria pinifolia (Poir.) Thell.
 Linaria platycalyx Boiss.
 Linaria polygalifolia Hoffmanns. & Link
 Linaria popovii Kuprian.
 Linaria propinqua Boiss. & Reut.
 Linaria pseudolaxiflora Lojac.
 Linaria pseudoviscosa Murb.
 Linaria purpurea (L.) Mill.
 Linaria pyramidalis (Vent.) F.Dietr.
 Linaria qartobensis Blanca, Cueto, J.Fuentes, L.Sáez & Tarifa
 Linaria quasisessilis Levichev
 Linaria reflexa (L.) Desf.
 Linaria remotiflora Patzak
 Linaria repens (L.) Mill.
 Linaria ricardoi Cout.
 Linaria riffea Pau
 Linaria × rocheri P.Fourn.
 Linaria rubioides Vis. & Pancic
 Linaria sabulosa Czern. ex Klokov
 Linaria salangensis Podlech & Iranshahr
 Linaria salzmannii Boiss.
 Linaria saposhnikovii Nikitina
 Linaria saturejoides Boiss.
 Linaria saxatilis (L.) Chaz.
 Linaria schelkownikowii Schischk.
 Linaria schirvanica Fomin
 Linaria semialata D.López, Sánchez-Gómez, J.F.Jiménez, J.B.Vera & Güemes
 Linaria × sepium G.J.Allman
 Linaria sessilis Kuprian.
 Linaria simplex Desf.
 Linaria spartea (L.) Chaz.
 Linaria striatella Kuprian.
 Linaria supina (L.) Chaz.
 Linaria tarhunensis Pamp.
 Linaria tenuis (Viv.) Spreng.
 Linaria thibetica Franch.
 Linaria thymifolia (Vahl) DC.
 Linaria tingitana Boiss. & Reut.
 Linaria tonzigii Lona
 Linaria triornithophora (L.) Cav.
 Linaria triphylla (L.) Mill.
 Linaria tristis (L.) Mill.
 Linaria tursica Valdés & Cabezudo
 Linaria unaiensis Patzak
 Linaria × valdesiana Socorro & Aroza
 Linaria venosa Lindl.
 Linaria ventricosa Coss. & Balansa
 Linaria veratrifolia Patzak
 Linaria verticillata Boiss.
 Linaria virgata (Poir.) Desf.
 Linaria viscosa (L.) Dum.Cours.
 Linaria volgensis Rakov & Tzvelev
 Linaria vulgaris Mill.
 Linaria warionis Pomel
 Linaria weilleri Emb. & Maire
 Linaria yunnanensis W.W.Sm.
 Linaria yusufeliensis A.Galán, Makbul & Hamzaoglu
 Linaria × zaborskiana Emb.
 Linaria zaissanica Semiotr.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Antirrhinoideae

Lanilist


Eduard Amandus Lippert (* 8. Januar 1844 in Hamburg; † 19. November 1925 ebenda) war ein Hamburger Kaufmann, Finanzier und Politiker, der vielfältige Spuren im südlichen Afrika hinterlassen hat.

Leben
Lippert wuchs in Hamburg auf und machte dort eine kaufmännische Ausbildung. Nach mehrjährigen Tätigkeiten für Handelshäuser in London, New York und Hamburg trat er Mitte der 1860er Jahre in die von seinem Vater gegründete und von seinem Bruder Ludwig geführte Firma David Lippert & Co. ein. Lippert war anfangs in Hamburg, später in Port Elizabeth tätig.
Nach Ausbruch des Deutsch-Französischen Krieges kehrte Lippert nach Deutschland zurück, um als freiwilliger Krankenpfleger am Krieg teilzunehmen. Nach dem Krieg war Lippert wieder in Hamburg tätig. Das Geschäft war sehr angesehen und erreichte für die damalige Verhältnisse die große Summe eines Jahresumsatzes von 40 Millionen Mark im Export und fast die gleiche Summe für den Import in Südafrika.

Lippert heiratete Maria Anna Zacharias (7. September 1854 – 18. Juni 1897), eine Schwester von Adolf Nicolaus Zacharias und Eduard Zacharias, die 1890 an Krebs erkrankte und später daran starb.

Ende des Jahres 1882 machte die Firma David Lippert & Co. in Kapstadt große Verluste und wurde im Januar 1883 zahlungsunfähig. Die Firma wurde im folgenden Jahr aufgelöst. Eduard Lippert übernahm dabei die Geschäfte im südlichen Afrika, wohin er 1884 übersiedelte. Lippert nahm seinen Wohnsitz in Pretoria, war in den folgenden Jahren vor allem in Barberton tätig, wo er sehr erfolgreich an der Finanzierung von Goldminen beteiligt war. Er erlangte 1887 von der Regierung der Südafrikanischen Republik das Monopol für die Dynamitherstellung. Dieses De-facto-Importmonopol war infolge der Intensivierung der bergbaulichen Aktivitäten im Transvaal sehr lukrativ und dementsprechend sehr umstritten.
Gegen Lipperts Monopol arbeiteten die im Generalkartells deutscher und britischer Pulverfabriken zusammengeschlossenen Firmen, die Julius Scharlach mit der Wahrung ihrer Interessen betrauten. Ab 1893 wurden die Firmen des Kartells an dem Monopol beteiligt. Lippert verkaufte seine Anteile an der Gesellschaft, die das Monopol hielt, 1897.

In Hamburg zurückgekommen, suchte Lippert die Ruhe und Natur in Poppenbüttel und kaufte dort, 1896 das Landgut Hohenbuchen, das aufwändig umgebaut wurde. Es gab dort sogar eine eigene Sternwarte. Aufgrund seiner Zuwendung zur Astronomie, stifte er für die Sternwarte in Bergedorf (heute Hamburger Sternwarte) ein leistungsfähiges fotografisches Fernrohr, das dort unter dem Namen Lippert-Teleskop in Betrieb ist. Weiterhin wandte er sich unterschiedlichen wohltätigen Aktivitäten zu.

Lippert Concession
Lippert spielte eine Rolle bei der Entstehung von Südrhodesien. Ursprünglich als Konkurrent von Cecil Rhodes, der sich mit der Rudd Concession die Recht gesichert hatte, Bodenschätze im Matabele-Königreich abzubauen, hatte Lippert über einen Agenten mit dem König Lobengula Verhandlungen über die Gewährung von Landrechten geführt. Rhodes war alarmiert, da seine Rechte dann weniger wert gewesen wären. Rhodes verhandelte über Charles Rudd mit Lippert und sie einigten sich am 12. September 1891 darauf, dass Lippert die ihm gewährten Rechte weitergeben werde.
Lippert reiste dann selbst zusammen mit seiner Frau Marie zu Lobengula, um die Verhandlungen abzuschließen. Lobengula unterzeichnete die Lippert Concession, die beinhaltete, dass Lippert, gegen jährliche Zahlungen das Recht hatte, Landrechte "im Namen des Königs" weiterzuverkaufen.
Die Lippert Concessions wurde von Lippert vertragsgemäß am 11. Februar 1892 an die Britische Südafrika-Gesellschaft weitergeben.

Sonstiges
Von 1879 bis 1883 gehörte Lippert der Hamburgischen Bürgerschaft an, er war Mitglied der Deputation für Handel und Schifffahrt.

Zu Ehren Lipperts wurde der von der Hamburger Sternwarte entdeckte Asteroid (846) Lipperta nach ihm benannt.

1890 kaufte Lippert eine Farm im Umland von Johannesburg, er baute auf einem Teil eine Villa Marienhof, die noch erhalten ist. Auf dem restlichen Gelände ließ er Bäume anpflanzen und nannte die Gegend Sachsenwald, in Anlehnung an den deutschen Sachsenwald, der Otto von Bismarck gehörte. Heute ist Saxonwold ein Vorort von Johannesburg.

Die Grabanlage von Marie und Eduard Lippert auf dem Friedhof Ohlsdorf wurde vom Bildhauer Johannes Schilling gefertigt und ist wegen ihres besonderen Schmuckes mehrfach beschrieben. Das Grab befindet sich in Planquadrat U 23, 21-35 / V 23, 17-25.

Zum Andenken an seine Frau stiftete Lippert 1898 das Säuglingsheim Mariensruh in Groß Borstel, in dem sich heute eine Schule befindet.

Auch gehörte Eduard Lippert zum Zirkel der Initiatoren des Bismarck-Denkmal-Comités und war einer der Großspender des seit 1898 geplanten und letztendlich 1906 eingeweihten Bismarck-Denkmals im Alten Elbpark oberhalb der Landungsbrücken am Hamburger Hafen.

Literatur
 Henning Albrecht: Diamanten, Dynamit und Diplomatie: Die Lipperts. Hamburger Kaufleute in imperialer Zeit (= Mäzene für Wissenschaft, Bd. 20), Hamburg University Press 2018<<. ISBN 978-3-943423-45-7 (Volltext online)
 Mitgliederverzeichnis der Hamburgischen Bürgerschaft 1859 bis 1959 – Kurzbiographien. Zusammengestellt und bearbeitet von Franz Th. Mönckeberg, gebundenes Schreibmaschinenmanuskript Nr. 986.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Die Sonne und der Kaufmann retten die Sternwarte, www.friedensblitz.de
 Nachruf nach Eduard Lipperts Tod, Anhang zum Jahresbericht der Hamburger Sternwarte 1925

Mitglied der Hamburgischen Bürgerschaft
Geschichte (Simbabwe)
Person als Namensgeber für einen Asteroiden
Deutscher
Geboren 1844
Gestorben 1925
Mann

Eduard Lippert


Nehmten er en by og kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Großer Plöner See under Kreis Plön. Kreis Plön ligger i den østlige/centrale del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Nehmten har navn efter godset af samme navn, og er beliggende cirka 12 km syd for Plön. Delstatshovedstaden Kiel ligger omkring 35 km mod nordvest. Nehmten grænser op til Kreis Segeberg og Østholsten.

I kommunen ligger ud over Nehmten, landsbyerne og bebyggelserne Bredenbek, Godau, Sepel, Vogelsang, Sande, Pehmen, Pehmerhörn, Pehmerfelde og Stadtbek.

Nehmten er beliggende i Naturpark Holsteinische Schweiz ved Stocksee og ved sydenden af Großer Plöner See. I kommunen er der er et naturgenopretningsprojekt af 116 hektar eng langs Tensfelder Au.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens websted.
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2013 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Kommuner i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Plön

Nehmten


الدولة الزندية هي دولة أسسها كريم خان زند في فارس عام 1750 حتى سقوطها في 1794 اتخذ كريم خان من مدينة شيراز عاصمة لدولته.

ينحدر الزند من إحدى القبائل الكردية الفيلية التي استوطنت منطق جنوب إيران. سنة 1731 م قام نادر شاه بطردهم من مناطقهم إلى خراسان . عاد الزند مجددا إلى منطقة الجنوب يقودهم كريم خان زند . استولى كريم خان (1750- 1779 م) على مناطق جنوب إيران ثم تلقب بالوكيل . بعد فتح مازندران (1759 م) ثم أذربيجان ( 1762 م ) أصبح يملك مناطق واسعة في إيران باستثناء منطقة خراسان، وحاصر البصرة حتى خرج أعيانها إلى القائد صادق خان وطلبوا منه الأمان، ولكنه دخلها فأباحها أياماً وعمل فيها من الهتك ما لم يُسمع به في ملة قطّ، وسُبّ أصحاب محمد على المنابر. وفي هذه الفترة برز القائد محمد خان الزندي الذي حافظ على حدود إيران الغربية وهزم الجيش المملوكي في معركة وأجبر قائد الجيش المملوكي على الانسحاب إلى كركوك ولم يستطع القائد المملوكي بعدها على مواصلة حربه وأُرغم على الرجوع إلى مقره في جولان . قاد دولته إلى أوجها الاقتصادي (ازدهار التجارة مع الهند ، التحكم في مداخيل الضرائب، تطوير نظام الري) كما جعل من عاصمته ( شيراز ) مركزا ثقافيا مهما . بعد وفاته دخلت البلاد في حالة فوضى . استمرت الحروب حتى سقوط آخر الزند سنة 1794 م في كرمان على يد القاجار ، والذين خلفوهم في إيران.

التاريخ

كريم خان زند
نشأت الأسرة الحاكمة على يد كريم خان زند، زعيم قبيلة زند، واحدة من عشائر اللاكي، وطائفة من شعب اللور، الذين ربما ينحدرون من أصل كردي. نقل نادر شاه قبيلة زند من موطنهم في جبال زاغروس إلى سهوب خراسان الشرقية. بعد موت نادر، عادت قبيلة زند، بتوجيه من كريم خان، إلى أرضها الأصلية. بعد تنصيب عادل شاه ملكًا، انشق خان وجنوده عن الجيش، وانضم إليهم علي مراد خان بختياري وأبو الفتح خان حفت لانغ، وهما زعيمان محليان آخران، ليصبحا خصومًا بارزين، ولكنهم بالمقابل لقوا عددًا من الخصوم الآخرين. كان أبو الفتح خان مسؤولًا أعلى، وأصبح كريم خان قائدًا للجيش وعلي مراد خان هو الحاكم.

أعلن كريم خان عاصمته شيراز، وفي عام 1778 أصبحت طهران العاصمة الثانية. تمكن من السيطرة على الأجزاء الوسطى والجنوبية من إيران. من أجل إضفاء الشرعية على حكمه، وضع كريم خان الطفل الشاه إسماعيل الثالث، حفيد آخر ملك صفوي، على العرش في عام 1757. كان إسماعيل مجرد ملك رمزي، في حين تركزت السلطة كلها في يد كريم خان. اختار كريم خان أن يكون القائد العسكري، وكان علي مردان خان هو الحاكم المدني. سرعان ما تمكن كريم خان من القضاء على شريكه وعلى الملك الدمية، وأسس في عام 1760 سلالته الحاكمة. رفض قبول لقب الملك، وأطلق على نفسه اسم «وكيل الرعايا» (حماة الشعب).

بحلول عام 1760 هزم كريم خان جميع منافسيه وسيطر على أنحاء إيران فيما عدا خراسان في شمال شرق البلاد التي حكمها شاهرخ ميرزا. أفضت حملاته الخارجية ضد آزاد خان في أذربيجان وضد العثمانيين في بلاد ما بين النهرين إلى جعل كل من آذربيجان ومقاطعة البصرة تحت سيطرته. إلا أنه لم يتوانى عن حملاته ضد عدوه اللدود محمد حسن خان قاجار، زعيم فصيل قاجار قویونلو. هزم الأخير على يد كريم خان، وأحضر ولداه آغا محمد خان وحسين قولي خان قاجار إلى شيراز رهينتين.

من المعالم الأثرية لكريم خان في شيراز قلعة كريم خان زند وبازار وكيل وعدد من المساجد والحدائق. تكفل أيضًا ببناء قصر في مدينة طهران، العاصمة المستقبلية لسلالة القاجار.

التراجع والانهيار
أدى مقتل كريم خان في عام 1779 إلى جعل أراضيه عرضة لتهديدات أعدائه. كان نجله وخليفته أبو الفتح حاكمًا غير كفء متأثرًا بعمه (وقائد كريم خان)، زكي خان. فضل حكام آخرون أيضًا، مثل علي مراد وجفار خان، في اتباع سياسات كريم خان، وسرعان ما تعرضت البلاد لهجوم من جميع الجهات.

كان الأعداء الألداء للزند، زعماء القاجار، بقيادة الرهينة السابق آغا محمد خان، متقدمين ضد المملكة المنحدرة. في نهاية المطاف، أعلن لطف علي خان، ابن أخ كريم خان، نفسه الملك الجديد سنة 1789. قضى فترة حكمه (التي استمرت حتى عام 1794) في معظمها يخوض حربًا ضد قاجار خان. ألقي القبض عليه في النهاية وقتل بوحشية في قلعة بام، الأمر الذي أنهى فعليًا وجود الأسرة الزندية.

من الأهمية بمكان من الناحية السياسية ذكر أن الزنديين، وعلى الأخص كريم خان، أطلقوا على أنفسهم مسمى «وكل الرعايا» (أي حماة الشعب) بدلاً من الملوك. بخلاف القيمة الدعائية الواضحة التي يتسم بها اللقب، إلا أنه يمكن أن يكون انعكاسًا للمطالب الشعبية في ذلك الوقت، الذين ترقبوا حكامًا ذوي ميول شعبية بدلاً من الزعامة المطلقة للملوك الذين كانوا منفصلين تمامًا عن واقع الشعب، مثل السلالة الصفوية التي سبقتهم.

الحكام

انظر أيضًا
 مسجد الوكيل
 قائمة السلالات الإسلامية الشيعية

مراجع

أنظمة ملكية سابقة في غرب آسيا
أنظمة ملكية سابقة في آسيا
الحقبة الحديثة المبكرة لإيران
العراق العثماني
أذربيجان في القرن 18
أرمينيا في القرن 18
إيران في القرن 18
جورجيا في القرن 18
انحلالات سنة 1794 في آسيا
انحلالات عقد 1790 في إيران
تأسيسات سنة 1751 في آسيا
تأسيسات سنة 1751 في إيران
دول سابقة
دول سابقة في إيران
دول وأقاليم انحلت في 1794
دول وأقاليم انحلت في 1795
دول وأقاليم أسست في 1750
دول وأقاليم أسست في 1751
سلالات حاكمة إيرانية مسلمة
سلالات حاكمة شرق أوسطية
سلالات حاكمة مسلمة شيعية
ملوك إيران

الدولة الزندية


Cephissus (; , Kifisos) is a river in the vicinity of Athens, Greece. Together with the neighbouring river Ilisos, it drains a catchment area of .

The Bibliotheca (3.15.1) states that the legendary Erechtheus' wife Praxithea was daughter of Phrasimus (otherwise unknown to us) by Diogenia (otherwise unknown to us) daughter of Cephissus.

The source of the river is in the saddle depression between the Parnitha and Penteli mountains. From there it flows generally southwest until it reaches the Phaleron Bay between Neo Faliro and Moschato.  Presently the river flows near or under the Motorway 1 linking Athens and Thessaloniki for much of its length. This section of Motorway 1 is named Avenue Kifissou, near which is the Kifissos Bus Terminal.

References

Rivers of Greece
Rivers of Attica
Landforms of East Attica
Landforms of North Athens (regional unit)
Landforms of South Athens (regional unit)
Drainage basins of the Aegean Sea
Potamoi

Cephissus (Athenian plain)


Edgar Reimers (* 22. Oktober 1924 in Libau, Lettland; † 11. September 2011) war ein deutscher Pädagoge und Hochschullehrer.

Der Sohn eines Lehrers diente im Zweiten Weltkrieg als Soldat und geriet in Kriegsgefangenschaft. Einer Landwirtschaftslehre schloss Reimers ein Studium in Lüneburg an der dortigen Pädagogischen Hochschule sowie an der Universität Göttingen an. 1957 erfolgte dort seine Promotion, deren Gegenstand die Arbeit Recht und Grenzen einer Berufung auf Luther in den neueren Bemühungen um eine evangelische Erziehung war. Einer zweijährigen Tätigkeit als Lehrer folgten Dozentenstellen in Hannover und Münster. Seit 1964 war er Professor für Pädagogik an der Pädagogischen Hochschule in Siegen. Im Rahmen der Neugründung der Universität-Gesamthochschule Siegen hatte er ab 1972 das Konrektorat inne und war Vorsitzender der Kommission für Lehre und Studium. Diese Funktionen übte er rund eine Dekade lang aus. Im Jahre 1990 folgte schließlich seine Emeritierung. Reimers war gemeinsam mit Hans Hermann Groothoff Herausgeber eines pädagogischen Lexikons.

Veröffentlichungen
 Recht und Grenzen einer Berufung auf Luther in den Bemühungen um die evangelische Erziehung, 1956
 Recht und Grenzen einer Berufung auf Luther in den neueren Bemühungen um eine evangelische Erziehung, 1958
 Ausgewählte Schriften zur Pädagogik und ihrer Begründung – Immanuel Kant von Hans-Hermann Groothoff unter Mitwirkung von Edgar Reimers, 1963
 Das Fischer-Lexikon / 36. Pädagogik, Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, 1964
 Pädagogik zwischen Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaft von Bernd Fichtner – Festschrift zum 60. Geburtstag Edgar Reimers', 1985
 Zur Geschichte der Schulen im Siegerland, Verlag Die Blaue Eule, Essen, 1992

Weblinks
 Nachruf auf Prof. Dr. Edgar Reimers auf www.uni-siegen.de, abgerufen am 23. März 2012

Hochschullehrer (Universität Siegen)
Pädagoge
Deutscher
Geboren 1924
Gestorben 2011
Mann

Edgar Reimers


Onthophagus luismargaritorum é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus da família Scarabaeidae da ordem Coleoptera.

História
Foi descrita cientificamente pela primeira vez no ano de 1995 por Delgado.

Referências

Ligações externas

luismargaritorum
Coleópteros descritos em 1995

Onthophagus luismargaritorum


Boksee er en by og kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Preetz-Land i den sydvestlige del af Kreis Plön. Kreis Plön ligger i den østlige/centrale del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Boksee er beliggende i landskabet Barkauer Land, ved Bundesstraße 404 mellem Kiel og Bad Segeberg cirka på højde med Preetz. Fra 1911 til 1961 havde Boksee jernbanestation på Kleinbahn Kiel–Segeberg.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens side  på amtets websted].
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2014 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Kommuner i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Plön

Boksee


An Fingerhuthia sesleriiformis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck. An Fingerhuthia sesleriiformis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Fingerhuthia, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Fingerhuthia

Fingerhuthia sesleriiformis


Effleurage, a French word meaning "to skim" or "to touch lightly on", is a series of massage strokes used in Swedish massage to warm up the muscle before deep tissue work using petrissage.

This is a soothing, stroking movement used at the beginning and the end of the facial and/or body massage. It is also used as a linking move between the different strokes and movements. Effleurage is basically a form of massage involving a circular stroking movement made with the palm of the hand.

Effleurage can be firm or light without dragging the skin, and is performed using either the padded parts of the finger tips or the palmar surface of the hands. Lotion may or may not be used. The process works as a mechanical pump on the body to encourage venous and lymphatic return by starting at the bottom of the limb and pushing back towards the heart. This will have more success with this once all the muscles in the area are warmed up and loose. It consists of four sub-categories:

 Ethereal or aura strokes
 Feathering, or nerve-stroking
 Superficial effleurage
 Deeper effleurage

Usage
Effleurage is one of the five components of Swedish massage and is used at the beginning and end of a massage session, as well as between other massage techniques. Regardless of the reason for use, effleurage is always performed in a circular motion from light to medium pressure. The effleurage may vary in speed, direction, and time of the procedure. Effleurage is part of a type of massage called myofascial relaxation, which is used for carpal tunnel syndrome. In some cases, effleurage can be used to reduce labor pain. Clinical studies have shown that Swedish massage can reduce chronic pain, fatigue, joint stiffness. However, the effect of effleurage in relieving muscle fatigue or during recovery from sports injuries is insignificant.

See also
 Massage
 Gua sha
 Petrissage
 Tapotement

References

Massage

Effleurage


تنورية هي إحدى القرى المحتلة والمدمرة التابعة لمركز الخشنية التابع لمحافظة القنيطرة في هضبة الجولان بجنوب غرب سوريا.

تتبع ناحية الخشنية وكان عدد سكانها 959 ن عام 1967 وترتفع 610 م، وتقع في أرض بركانية منبسطة، تنحدر نحو الجنوب الغربي، شمال وادي الفحام وجنوب غرب خط أنابيب التابلاين، على بعد 5 كم إلى الجنوب الغربي من بلدة الخشنية، عثر في القرية على حجارة منحوتة مزخرفة، وقواعد وأعمدة. وقبور كثيرة، تعود إلى عصور ما قبل التاريخ، وعثر على فخاريات في مقبرة القرية تعود إلى العهود الكنعانية والرومانية والبيزنطية والعربية والإسلامية.
تزرع فيها الحبوب والبقول بعلاً، والأرز والخضار ريّاً. وتربى فيها الأغنام والأبقار، تشرب من مياه الينابيع المحلية، ومن أهمها : عين التنورية، وفاطمة، وهليل، وتتبعها مزرعة دير مفضل.

احتلال إسرائيلي
قرى الجولان المحتلة
قرى الجولان المدمرة
قرى محافظة القنيطرة

تنورية


Lazăr Vraciu (n. 1870, Vălișoara, județul Hunedoara – d. 1964, Brad, județul Hunedoara) a fost un deputat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia , organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918  .

Biografie
A făcut școala primară, după care a urmat cursurile Gimnaziului de la Brad, ale Școlii Superioare de Comerț de la Brașov, dar și ale Facultății de Teologie de la Arad. Devine contabil la Banca Granițerul din Dobra, activând intens în timpul alegerilor de deputați din anul 1903. În anul 1908  înființează Banca Orientul din Dobra, pe care o conduce până în anul 1920, când se stabilește la Brad .

Activitatea politică
Ca deputat în Adunarea Națională din 1 decembrie 1918, Lazăr Vraciu a fost delegat al Cercului electoral Dobra .
"

Recunoașteri

Note

Bibliografie
 Ioan I. Șerban, Dorin Giurgiu, Ionela Mircea, Nicolae Josan, Dicționarul personalităților Unirii. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Muzeul Național al Unirii, Alba Iulia, 2003, ISBN 973-8 8141-90-7.

Lectură suplimentară
 Gelu Neamțu, Mircea Vaida-Voevod, 1 decembrie 1918. Mărturii ale participanților, vol. I-II, Editura Academiei Române, București, 2005, ISBN 973-27-1258-9 (vol. I); ISBN 973-27-1264-3 (vol. II)
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu-Mureș, 1993.
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998.
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015.

Legături externe
  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918
 1 decembrie 1918, Marea Unire de la Alba Iulia. Mărturii, documente și semnificații
http://centenarulromaniei.ro/delegatii-alesi-ai-romanilor-din-transilvania-adunarea-nationala-1-decembrie-1918-alba-iulia

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
 Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1870
Decese în 1964
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Lazăr Vraciu


Arverniler Kelt medeniyetine bağlı Galyalı bir halk olarak biliniyor. Bu Galya halkının en tanınmış ismi Roma işgaline karşı en son büyük ayaklanmayı başlatan ama Alesia'da MÖ 52 yılında yenilen Vercingetorix'tir.

Auvergne (Occitan: Auvèrnhe ya da Auvèrnha) Fransa'nın 26 bölgesinden biridir. Fransa'nın merkezinin güneyinde, Massif Central üzerinde bulunur. Bölge adını Galyalı bir halk olan Arverniler'den almaktadır.

Ünlü Arverniler
 Bituitus: Arverni kralı MÖ 2. yüzyıl, Luernius'un oğlu
 Luernius: Arverni kralı MÖ 2. yüzyıl, Bituitus'un babası
 Celtillus: Vercingetorix'ın babası, Gobannitio'nun babası MÖ 1. yüzyıl.
 Gobannitio: 1. yüzyıl, Vercingétorix'in amcası
 Vercingetorix MÖ 52 tüm Galyada yaşayan Kelt kavimleri (Remer ve Trevererlerden başka) Julius Caesara karşı birleştirdi. Yine de, Roma Cumhuriyeti ordularına karşı Kelt yenilgesini durduramadı.

Keltler
Auvergne
Antik Galya'daki kabileler
Antik Galya
Antik Galyalılar

Arverniler


Jean-Drapeau ist eine U-Bahn-Station in Montreal. Sie befindet sich im Arrondissement Ville-Marie, genauer am südlichen Ende der Île Sainte-Hélène, einer vorgelagerten Insel im Sankt-Lorenz-Strom. Es handelt sich um die einzige Zwischenstation an der gelben Linie 4, welche die Innenstadt von Montreal mit dem Vorort Longueuil verbindet. Im Jahr 2019 nutzten 1.703.636 Fahrgäste die Station, was dem 59. Rang unter den insgesamt 68 Stationen der Metro Montreal entspricht.

Bauwerk

Die von Jean Dumontier entworfene Station liegt weit abseits jeglicher Wohnbebauung, wurde aber großzügig konzipiert, sodass sie in kurzer Zeit große Menschenmengen bewältigen kann (hauptsächlich Touristen und Veranstaltungsbesucher). Die architektonischen Elemente besitzen überwiegend die Form von Trichtern, wodurch auch visuell der Eindruck von Effizienz und Räumlichkeit entsteht. Die Bahnsteigebene mit den zwei Seitenbahnsteigen liegt 4,6 Meter unter der Erdoberfläche. Die tiefste Stelle der Metro Montreal (55 Meter) befindet sich westlich der Station unter der Rue Bonsecours; die große Höhendifferenz ergibt sich aus der notwendigen Unterquerung des Flusses. Die Entfernungen zu den benachbarten Stationen, jeweils von Stationsende zu Stationsanfang gemessen, betragen 2362,10 Meter bis Berri-UQAM (längster Stationsabstand der gesamten Metro) und 1572,10 Meter bis Longueuil–Université-de-Sherbrooke.

Es bestehen Anschlüsse zu zwei Buslinien der Société de transport de Montréal. Sehenswürdigkeiten in der Nähe sind die Biosphère, der Parc Jean-Drapeau, der Freizeitpark La Ronde, das Fort de l'Île Sainte-Hélène mit dem David M. Stewart Museum, das Casino de Montréal und die Rennstrecke Circuit Gilles-Villeneuve.

Kunst
Dumontier gestaltete auch die künstlerische Ausstattung der Bahnsteigebene. Ihre Wände werden von vier identischen Reliefs geschmückt. Die abstrakten Figuren stellen Atlas dar, der das Himmelsgewölbe stützt. Sie nehmen damit Bezug auf Terre des Hommes ("Der Mensch und seine Welt"), das Motto der Weltausstellung Expo 67, die unter anderem auf der Île Sainte-Hélène stattfand. Ein weiteres Kunstwerk, La ville imaginaire des portugiesischen Künstlers João Charters de Almeida, befindet sich unweit des Stationseingangs. Es besteht aus abstrakten Kalksteinsäulen, die bis zu 19 Meter hoch ragen. Dabei handelt es sich um ein Geschenk der Metro Lissabon zum 30-jährigen Bestehen der Metro Montreal im Jahr 1997.

Geschichte
1962 erhielt Montreal den Zuschlag für die Ausrichtung der Expo 67. Um das weitläufige Ausstellungsgelände auf der Île Sainte-Hélène und der benachbarten Île Notre-Dame zu erschließen, wurde der Bau der Linie 4 beschlossen. Die Eröffnung der Linie erfolgte am 31. März 1967, die Zwischenstation auf der Île Sainte-Hélène folgte am 28. April 1967, am Tag nach der offiziellen Expo-Eröffnung. In den vier Wochen dazwischen diente sie zunächst lediglich den Bauarbeitern auf dem Weltausstellungsgelände. Mehr als drei Jahrzehnte lang hieß die Station Île-Sainte-Hélène. Am 10. Mai 2001 erhielt sie ihren heutigen Namen – zu Ehren des Montrealer Bürgermeisters Jean Drapeau, der den Bau der Metro entscheidend vorangetrieben hatte.

Weblinks

 [www.stm.info/fr/infos/reseaux/metro/jean-drapeau Seite der STM über die Station Jean-Drapeau] (französisch)
 Detaillierte Informationen zur Station Jean-Drapeau (französisch)

Einzelnachweise

Station der Metro Montreal
Erbaut in den 1960er Jahren

Jean-Drapeau (Metro Montreal)


جبل عيون السيمان هو أحد جبال سلسلة جبال لبنان الغربية. يتبع عقاريا لكفرذبيان من قضاء كسروان في محافظة جبل لبنان. وقممه المكللة بالثلوج في فصل الشتاء منطقة جذب لسياح التزلج الموسمية. وكان مركز عيون السيمان أول مركز للتزلج وتأسس باسم المزار عام 1957م. يمكن الوصول من عيون السيمان، إلى البقاع عبر الطّريق التي تخترق شرق الجبل وتؤدي إلى بعلبك.

ومن معالمه جسر حجري طبيعي، نقشته الطبيعة على شكل قوس بفتحه عرضها 38م وعلو 58م تسير من تحته مياه نبع اللبن، وتنحدر كشلال في واد سحيق.

المراجع

السياحة في لبنان
جبال لبنان

عيون السيمان


Maurice Rupert Bishop (29 May 1944 – 19 October 1983) was a Grenadian revolutionary and the leader of New Jewel Movement – a Marxist–Leninist party that sought to prioritise socio-economic development, education, and black liberation – that came to power during the 13 March 1979 revolution that removed Eric Gairy from office. Bishop headed the People's Revolutionary Government of Grenada from 1979 to 1983, when he was dismissed from his post and executed during the coup by Bernard Coard, leading to upheaval.

Early life
Maurice Rupert Bishop was born on 29 May 1944 on the island of Aruba, then a colony of the Netherlands as part of the Territory of Curaçao. His parents, Rupert and Alimenta Bishop, came from the northeast of Grenada, where his father earned only 5 British pence per day. At the end of 1930, to improve his financial position, he moved to work in the oil refinery on Aruba with his wife Alimenta.

Until the age of six, Maurice was raised in Aruba with two older sisters Ann and Maureen. In 1950 his father took the family back to Grenada and opened a small retail shop in the capital, St. George's. Maurice was sent to study at the Wesleyan elementary school, but after a year Maurice was transferred to the Roman Catholic St George primary and high school. At the age of nine Maurice was teased because of his height which made him look much older. As an only son, his father pushed his education and expected much of him. He expected perfect grades from him, not 95 but 100%, and when the family purchased a car his mother expected him to walk to school like the others.

For his secondary education, Bishop received one of the four government scholarships for study at the Roman Catholic Presentation Brothers' College. He was elected president of the Student Council, of the Discussion Club, and of the History Study Group, along with editing the newspaper Student Voice and participating in sports. He later recalled: "Here I had much interest in politics, history and sociology." He also established contacts with students from the Anglican Grenada Boys' Secondary School, his own school's competitors. He was an ardent supporter of the West Indies Federation established in 1958 and the ideas of Caribbean nationalism. He also recalled the great interest the 1959 Cuban Revolution aroused in him. Bishop recalled: "In fact, for us it did not matter what we heard on the radio or read in the colonial press. For us, it comes down to the courage and legendary heroism of Fidel Castro, Che Guevara. ...Nothing could overshadow this aspect of the Cuban Revolution."

In those same years Bishop and his colleagues became interested in reading the works of Julius Nyerere and Frantz Fanon. In 1962 Bishop graduated with a gold medal for his outstanding ability.

Shortly before graduation, in early 1962, Bishop and youth leader from Grenada Boys' Secondary School Bernard Coard, created the Grenada Assembly of Youth Fighting for Truth, designed to bring the island youth to political life in a debate over pressing issues. Members gathered on Friday in St. George's main square and arranged open political debates among the people. Both friends and enemies celebrated his charisma and good oratory skills, including his skilful use of humor in his speeches.

Political career

Education in England
The group's activities ended nine months later when Bishop and the other Assembly leaders left to study at universities in Europe and the United States. In December 1963 the 19-year-old Maurice Bishop arrived in London to study law at the University of London, and Coard travelled to the US to study economics at Brandeis University. In London, Bishop received a Bachelor of Law degree at Gray's Inn in 1966. He often worked in London as a postman or vegetable packer. In 1963–66, Bishop was president of the Students Association of Holborn College and in 1967 headed the association of students of the Royal College. While studying Grenadian history, Bishop focused on anti-British speeches and Julien Fédon, the head of the 1795 uprising. In 1964 he participated the UK's West Indian Standing Conference (WISC) and Campaign Against Racial Discrimination (CARD). He travelled from the UK to socialist Czechoslovakia and the German Democratic Republic. During this period he studied the works of Marx, Lenin, Stalin, and Mao Zedong. Bishop was particularly impressed by Julius Nyerere's Ujamaa: Essays on Socialism (published by Oxford University Press in 1968) and the Arusha Declaration of 1967.

From 1967 to 1969, Bishop worked on his thesis "Constitutional Development of Grenada", but left the job because of disagreements with the supervisor in assessing the 1951 disturbances. In 1969 he received a law degree and became one of the founders of the Legal Aid Office of the West Indies community in London's Notting Hill Gate. This was volunteer work, and his main source of income came from work as an auditor of additional taxes on the British Civil Service. During this period he corresponded with friends and developed a two-year plan of activities upon his return to Grenada. The plan called for temporary withdrawal from participation in political activities and his work as a lawyer to co-create an organization capable of taking power on the island.

Returning to Grenada in December 1970, Bishop gave legal defence to striking nurses at St. George's General Hospital, who hoped to improve the living conditions of patients. He was arrested along with 30 other protestors. All were acquitted after a seven-month trial. In 1972 Bishop helped organize a conference in Martinique that discussed and strategized actions for liberation movements. The philosophy of Julius Nyerere and Tanzanian socialism were guiding elements for the Movement for Assemblies of the People (MAP) which Bishop helped organize after the elections of 1972. Bishop and co-founders Kenrick Radix and Jacqueline Creft were interested in steering MAP toward construction of popular institutions centred in villages, to facilitate broad participation in the country's affairs.

In January 1973, MAP merged with the Joint Endeavor for Welfare, Education, and Liberation (JEWEL) to form the New Jewel Movement (NJM). Bishop shared the leadership as Joint Coordinating Secretary with Unison Whiteman.

"Bloody Sunday"
On 18 November 1973, Bishop and other leaders of the New Jewel Movement were driving in two cars from St George's to Grenville, where they were to meet with businessmen of the city. Security forces under Assistant Chief Constable Innocent Belmar overtook Bishop's motorcade. Nine people were captured, arrested, and beaten by the government. In prison they shaved their beards, revealing Bishop's broken jaw. These events became known in Grenada as "Bloody Sunday."

"Bloody Monday"
Bishop joined a mass demonstration against Grenadian Premier Eric Gairy on 21 January 1974. As Bishop's group returned to Otway House, they were pelted with stones and bottles by Gairy's supporters, and the security forces used tear gas. Rupert Bishop, Maurice's father, was leading women and children away from the danger, and was himself shot and killed at the door of Otway House. This became known in Grenada as "Bloody Monday." After this event, Bishop noted "we realized that we were unable to lead the working class," since the party had no influence in city workers' unions or among the rural folk loyal to Gairy. With his colleagues, he developed a new strategy, shifting focus from propaganda and mobilization for anti-government demonstrations toward the organization of party groups and cells.

Independence Day
On 6 February 1974, the day before the proclamation of the independent state of Grenada, Bishop was arrested on charges of plotting an armed anti-government conspiracy and taken to the Fort George prison. Police said that while searching his house they found weapons, ammunition, equipment, and uniforms, along with a plan to assassinate Eric Gairy in a night club, and a scheme for guerrilla camps. The day after Independence day, on 8 February 1974, Bishop was released on bail and soon after went to the United States. On 29 March 1974 he participated in a meeting of the Regional Steering Committee of the Pan-African Congress in Guyana. He also continued his law practice, in October 1974 defending Desmond "Ras Kabinda" Trotter and Roy Mason who were accused of murdering an American tourist.

In October 1975, Bishop spoke at a seminar on "Fascism: A Caribbean Reality?", organized by the Oilfields Workers' Trade Union in Trinidad, and represented the Nutmeg Board as solicitor in High Court. In November 1975, the NJM Political Bureau formed a Grenada-Cuba Friendship Association, with Bishop as one of the initial leaders.

Leader of the Opposition
In 1976, he was elected to represent St. George's South-East in Parliament. From 1976 to 1979 he held the position of Leader of the Opposition in the House of Representatives of Grenada, opposing the government of Prime Minister Eric Gairy and his Grenada United Labour Party (GULP), which maintained power by terrorism and fraudulent elections.  In May 1977 Bishop made his first visit to Cuba, with Unison Whiteman, as leaders of the NJM and guests of the Cuban Institute of Friendship with People (ICAP).

Premiership

In 1979 Bishop's party staged a revolution and deposed Gairy, who was out of the country addressing the United Nations. Bishop became Prime Minister of Grenada and suspended the constitution.

Bishop established a relationship with Cuba after he took power. He initiated a number of projects, most significantly, the building of a new international airport on the island's southern tip (renamed in his memory in May 2009). Financing and labour for the construction of the airport came from Cuba, although most of the airport's infrastructure was designed by European and North American consultants. American President Ronald Reagan accused Grenada of intending to use the new airport's long "airstrip" as a waypoint for Soviet military aircraft.

Among Bishop's core principles were workers' rights, women's rights, and the struggle against racism and apartheid. Under Bishop's leadership, the National Women's Organization was formed which participated in policy decisions along with other social groups. Women were given equal pay and paid maternity leave, and sex discrimination was made illegal. Organisations for education (Centre for Popular Education), health care, and youth affairs (National Youth Organization) were also established. Despite its achievements, Bishop's government would not hold elections and stifled the free press and the opposition.

The People's Revolutionary Army (PRA) was also formed during Bishop's administration. Critics claimed that the army was a waste of resources, and there were complaints that the PRA was used as a tool to commit human rights abuses, like detention of political dissidents. The establishment of voluntary mass organizations of women, farmers, youth, workers, and militia were presumed to make the holding of elections unnecessary. Moreover, it was believed that elections could be manipulated by the input of large sums of money from foreign interests.

Bishop has been quoted at length on the dynamics of democracy:
   There are those ... who believe that you cannot have a democracy unless there is a situation where every five years ... people are allowed to put an "X" next to some candidate's name, and ... they return to being non-people without the right to say anything to their government, without any right to be involved in running their country. ...Elections could be important, but for us the question is one of timing. ...We would much rather see elections come when the economy is more stable, when the Revolution is more consolidated. When more people have in fact had benefits brought to them. When more people are literate ...The right of freedom of expression can really only be relevant if people are not too hungry, or too tired to be able to express themselves. It can only be relevant if appropriate grassroots mechanisms rooted in the people exist, through which the people can effectively participate. ...We talk about the human rights that the majority has never been able to enjoy, ... a job, to decent housing, to a good meal. ...These human rights have been the human rights for a small minority over the years in the Caribbean and the time has come for the majority of the people to begin to receive those human rights for the first time."

While Bishop introduced free public health, illiteracy dropped from 35% to 5% and unemployment went from 50% to 14%, his weak point was tourism. He unpacked the old project of an international airport and asked his friend Fidel Castro for help.

When Bernard Coard arrested Bishop, protesters numbering 30,000 on an island of 100,000 gathered, and even the guards joined the protest, resulting in the release of Bishop. But Bishop, knowing the determination of the Coard faction, confided in a journalist: "I am a dead man."

Arrest and execution
In 1983, disputes among the party leadership occurred. A military junta group within the party tried to make Bishop either step down or agree to a power-sharing agreement with Deputy Prime Minister Bernard Coard. Bishop rejected these proposals and was eventually deposed and placed under house arrest during the first week of October 1983 by Coard. Large public demonstrations throughout the island demanded Bishop's freedom and restoration to power. During one demonstration, the crowd freed Bishop from house arrest. First in a truck, then by car, Bishop made his way to the army headquarters at Fort Rupert (known today as Fort George). After he arrived, a military force was dispatched from Fort Frederick to Fort Rupert. Bishop and seven others, including cabinet ministers, were captured. Then a four-man People's Revolutionary Army firing squad executed Bishop, three members of his Cabinet and four others by machine-gunning them. After he was dead, a gunman slit his throat and cut off his finger to steal his ring. The bodies were then transported to a military camp and partially burned in a pit. The location of their remains is still unknown. Also see 'The Empty Grave of Comrade Bishop' - https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/2023/10/23/empty-grave-comrade-bishop-podcast-guide/.

Partly as a result of Bishop's murder, the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) and the nations of Barbados and Jamaica appealed to the United States for assistance, as did Sir Paul Scoon, Governor-General of Grenada, and U.S. President Ronald Reagan launched an invasion.

Family
Maurice Bishop married nurse Angela Redhead in 1966. They had two children, John (born 1969) and Nadia (born 1971). Angela emigrated to Toronto, Ontario, Canada, with both children in 1981, while Bishop was still prime minister. He also fathered a son, Vladimir Creft (1978–1994), with his longtime partner Jacqueline Creft, who was Grenada's Minister of Education. Jacqueline Creft was killed alongside Bishop at the confrontation at Fort Rupert (known as Fort George today) on 19 October 1983. After his parents' deaths, Vladimir joined his half-siblings in Canada, but was stabbed to death in a Toronto nightclub at the age of 16.

Legacy
In 1983, he was awarded the Czechoslovak Order of the White Lion award. On 29 May 2009, Grenada's international airport (formerly Point Salines International Airport) was renamed Maurice Bishop International Airport. Speaking at the ceremony, St. Vincent and the Grenadines Prime Minister Ralph Gonsalves said: "This belated honour to an outstanding Caribbean son will bring closure to a chapter of denial in Grenada's history."

See also
 Grenada 17
 The Empty Grave of Comrade Bishop - website & podcast -https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/2023/10/23/empty-grave-comrade-bishop-podcast-guide/

References

External links

1944 births
1983 deaths
20th-century Grenadian politicians
Alumni of King's College London
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Anti-revisionists
Communism in Grenada
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Maurice Bishop