The World Fellowship of Buddhists (WFB) is an international Buddhist organization. Initiated by Gunapala Piyasena Malalasekera, it was founded in 1950 in Colombo, Ceylon (present-day Sri Lanka), by representatives from 27 nations. Although Theravada Buddhists are most influential in the organization, (its headquarters are in Thailand and all of its presidents have been from Sri Lanka or southeast Asia), members of all Buddhist schools are active in the WFB. It now has regional centers in 40 countries, including India, the United States, Australia, and several nations of Africa and Europe, in addition to traditional Buddhist countries.

The aims and objectives of the World Fellowship of Buddhists are:
To promote among the members strict observance and practice of the teachings of the Buddha
To secure unity, solidarity, and brotherhood amongst Buddhists
To propagate the sublime doctrine of the Buddha
To organize and carry on activities in the field of social, educational, cultural and other humanitarian services
To work for happiness, harmony and peace on earth and to collaborate with other organizations working for the same ends.

The current president is Phan Wannamethee of Thailand serving since 1999, while Venerable Hsing Yun of the Republic of China (Taiwan) served as honorary president.

Affiliates

Australia
Buddhist Council of New South Wales
Buddhist Discussion Centre (Upwey)
The Buddhist Federation of Australia
The Buddhist Foundation
United Vietnamese Buddhist Congregation in Australia & New Zealand

Austria
Osterrichische Buddhistische Union (Austrian Buddhist Union)

Bangladesh
 Agrasara Memorial Society of Bangladesh
 Anoma Cultural Association
 Bangladesh Bouddha Kristi Prachar Sangha
 Bangladesh Buddhist Association
 Bangladesh Buddhist Federation
 Bangladesh Rakhaing-Marma Sangha Council
 Parbatya Bouddha Sangha, Sakyamuni Bouddha Sangha
  The Supreme Sangha Council of Bangladesh

Belgium
Buddhist Study Centre of Belgium

Bhutan
Dratshang Lhentshog (National Council of Sangha Communities)

Brazil
Federacao das Seitas Buddhists do Brasil
Sociedade Budista do Brasil

Burma (see Myanmar)

Cambodia
Buddhism Community for Development of Cambodia
Buddhist Association Khmer Republic

Canada
Buddhist Church of Canada
International Buddhist Friends Association (IBFA)
True Faith Buddhism Association of Canada Inc.
Universal Buddhist Temple
Vietnamese Buddhist Association of Canada

China
Buddhist Association of China

Czechoslovakia
Dr. Dusan J. Kafka

Finland
Buddhismin Ystavat

France
Association Cultuelle Bouddhique De Marseille (Vallondes Tuves)
Association Zen International (AZI)
French Regional Centre of WFB
French-Vietnamese Buddhist Association
World Linh-Son Buddhist Congregation

Germany
Deutsche Buddhistische Union (DBU)
European Buddhist Union
Order Arya Maitreya Mandala (AMM)

Ghana
The Maha Bodhi Society of Ghana

Great Britain
Amaravati Buddhist Centre
The Buddhist Society

Hong Kong
Hong Kong Buddhist Sangha Association
The Hong Kong Buddhist Association
WFB Hong Kong and Macau Regional Centre

India
All Assam Buddhist Association
All India Buddhist Mission
Ambedkar Buddhist Academy
Asoka Mission
Bhikkhu Sangha's United Buddhist Mission
Bouddhjan Panchayat Samiti, "Panchayatan" Dr. Ambedkar
Buddhist International Centre
Buddhist Society of India
Buddhist Society Service Centre
Department of Ecclesiastical Affairs - Sikkim
Department of Religion and Culture
Dharma Chakra Centre
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Samarak Samiti
Indian Buddhist Society
International Brotherhood Mission
International Buddha Education Institute
International Meditation Centre
Kalimpong Dharmodaya Sabha
Ladakh Buddhist Association
Maha Bodhi Asoka Mission
Maha Bodhi Society of India
Pali Bhasha Adhyayan Parishad
Pradnya Karuna Vihar Samiti, Nanded
Shri Dadasaheb Gawai Charitable Trust, Amravati, "Kamal Pushpa"
The Bengal Buddhist Association
The Karmapa International Buddhist Institute
The Sangha Mitra
The South India Buddhist Association
Triloka Buddha Mahasangha Sahayak Gana
Vishwa Buddha Parishad
Yashodhara Mahila Vikas Manda

Indonesia
Buddha Dharma Indonesia Institution Foundation
Gabungan Tridharma Indonesia (GTI)
Jakarta Dhammacakka Jaya Foundation
Perwakilan Umat Buddha Indonesia 1978 (Walubi 1978)

Japan
Japan Buddhist Federation

South Korea
The Korea Fellowship of Buddhists
WFB Korea Regional Centre
Won Buddhism

North Korea
Korea Buddhist Federation

Laos
WFB Regional Centre

Malaysia
Buddhist Missionary Society Malaysia
WFB Penang Regional Centre
WFB Selangor Regional Centre

Mongolia
Tashi Choi Ling Monastery
The Centre of Mongolian Buddhists

Myanmar
Sayadaw U Thittila
The Buddhist Discussion Group
The Chittagong Buddhist Association

Nepal
Dharmodaya Sabha

Netherlands
International Zen Institute Netherlands

Philippines
WFB Philippines Regional Centre

Singapore
The Buddhist Union
The Singapore Regional Centre of WFB

Sri Lanka
All-Ceylon Buddhist Congress
German Dharmaduta Society
Sri Lanka Regional Centre of WFB

Sweden
Buddhismens Venners
Svenska Buddhistiska Samfudes

Taiwan
Chinese Buddhist Temple Association
Fo Guang Shan Monastery
Han Tzang Cultural Association
The Buddhist Association
The Lay Buddhist Association

Tanzania
The Buddhist Association

Thailand
Buddhadhamma Foundation
Dhammapradipa Association
Luang-Poh Viriyoung Sirintharo Foundation (LVS)
The Buddhist Association of Chon Buri Province
The Buddhist Association of Nakhon Pathom Province
The Buddhist Association of Thailand
The Thai-Chinese Buddhist Association of Thailand
The Young Buddhist Association of Thailand

United States
Association of Vietnamese Buddhist Nuns in America
Buddha's Universal Church
Buddhist Churches of America
Buddhist Sangha Council of Southern California
Congregation of Vietnamese Buddhist in the USA
Friends of Buddhism
International Buddhist Meditation Centre
International Zen Institute of America
Khmer Buddhist Society of New England
Los Angeles Buddhist Church Federation
Mook Rim Buddhist Society International
Pureland Lotus Community
Sambosa Buddhist Temple of California
San Francisco Zen Center
Shasta Abbey
Sonoma Mountain Zen Center
The Buddhist Temple of Chicago
Tibetan Nyingma Meditation Centre
Union of Vietnamese Buddhist Churches in the United States of America
Universal Buddhist Fellowship
Vajradhatu Buddhist Meditation Centre (former)
Vietnamese Buddhist Renovation Committee
Vietnamese Theravada Buddhist Sangha Congregation
WFB Hawaii Regional Centre
Young Buddhist Association

USSR
Central Spiritual Board of Buddhists of the USSR (former)

Vietnam
Theravadin Buddhist Association

See also
 Buddhist councils
 Index of Buddhism-related articles
 International Buddhist Confederation
 Maha Bodhi Society
 Pre-sectarian Buddhism
 World Buddhist Sangha Council

References

External links
World Fellowship of Buddhists homepage

International Buddhist organizations
Religious organizations established in 1950
1950 establishments in Ceylon
International organizations based in Thailand

World Fellowship of Buddhists


Olaylar
 1453 - Fatih Sultan Mehmet'in donanması, İstanbul sularına geldi.
 1614 - Pocahontas ile John Rolfe evlendi. Powhatan adlı Kızılderili kabilesinin reisinin kızı, İngilizlere esir düşünce, tütün yetiştiricisi Rolfe ile tanışmıştı.
 1804 - Kayıtlara geçen ilk meteor, İskoçya'ya düştü.
 1909 - Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda İttihad-ı Muhammedi Fırkası kuruldu.
 1925 - Kahramanmaraş, İstiklal Madalyası aldı.
 1930 - Hindistan'da 300 millik yürüyüşünü tamamlayan Mahatma Gandhi, Dandi sahiline ulaştı.
 1936 - Mississippi'de meydana gelen bir kasırgada 233 kişi öldü.
 1941 - Anıtkabir için açılan proje yarışması sonuçlandı; Emin Onat ve Orhan Arda'nın teklif ettikleri proje seçildi.
 1944 - II. Dünya Savaşı: Yunanistan'ın bir kasabasında 270 kişi, Naziler tarafından öldürüldü.
 1945 - II. Dünya Savaşı: Tito, Sovyetler Birliği ile dostluk anlaşması imzaladı.
 1946 - Missouri Zırhlısı, ABD'de ölen Türkiye'nin Washington Büyükelçisi Münir Ertegün'ün naaşını İstanbul'a getirdi.
 1949 - Illinois'de bir hastanede çıkan yangında 77 kişi öldü.
 1951 - Ethel ve Julius Rosenberg, Sovyetler Birliği için casusluk yapma suçundan idama mahkûm edildiler.
 1973 - Pierre Messmer, Fransa Başbakanı oldu.
 1983 - CHP eski Genel Başkanı Bülent Ecevit'e, yurt dışına çıkış izni verildi. Ecevit, Sosyalist Enternasyonal toplantısı için Portekiz'e gitti.
 1984 - Cidde-Şam seferini yapan bir yolcu uçağı, Suriye uyruklu bir hava korsanı tarafından kaçırılarak Yeşilköy'e indirildi.
 Türkiye Emekli Subaylar Derneği kuruldu.
 1992 - Bosna-Hersek Hükûmeti bağımsızlığını ilan etti.
 1994 - Kurt Cobain'in öldüğü gün olarak belirlendi. 8 Nisan'da cesedi Seattle'daki evinin garajında bulundu.
 1994 - 5 Nisan Ekonomik Önlemler Paketi uygulamaya konuldu.
 1996 - Agos, İstanbul'da yayın hayatına başladı.
 1998 - Japonya'daki Şikoku ve Honşu adalarını birbirine bağlayan, dünyanın en uzun asma köprüsü Akaşi Kaikyo Köprüsü hizmete açıldı.
 2002 - Alice in Chains grubunun solisti Layne Staley aşırı doz  dan öldü. 15 gün sonra evinde bulunduğunda, cesedi tanınmaz haldeydi. Yapılan otopsiyle, cesedi ve ölüm sebebi tanımlanabildi. Ölümü, Kurt Cobain ile aynı güne denk düşmektedir.
 2009 - Türkiye'de Sağlık Bakanlığı, 40 işçinin silikozis hastalığından ölmesinin ardından, kot taşlama için kullanılan insan sağlığına zararlı maddelerin kullanımını yasakladı.

Doğumlar
 1170 -  Hainault'lu Isabella Fransa Kralı II. Philip'in karısı ve 1190 yılındaki ölümüne kadar Fransa Kraliçesi. VIII. Louis'in annesi.
 1288 - Go-Fushimi, Japonya'nın geleneksel veraset düzenine göre 93. imparatorudur (ö. 1336)
 1521 - Francesco Laparelli, İtalyan mimar, asker ve askeri mühendis (ö. 1570)
 1533 - Giulio della Rovere, İtalyan kardinal ve della Rovere ailesinin üyesi (ö. 1578)
 1568 - VIII. Urbanus, 6 Ağustos 1623'ten 29 Temmuz 1644'teki ölümüne kadar papa (ö. 1644)
 1588 - Thomas Hobbes, İngiliz felsefeci (ö. 1679)
 1622 - Vincenzo Viviani, İtalyan matematikçi ve bilim insanı (ö. 1703)
 1784 - Ludwig Spohr, Alman besteci, keman virtüözü ve orkestra şefi, müzikolog (ö. 1859)
 1793 - Félix de Muelenaere, Belçikalı Roma Katolik politikacı (ö. 1862)
 1799 - Jacques Denys Choisy, İsviçreli Protestan din adamı ve botanikçi (ö. 1859)
 1812 - Vahtang Orbeliani, Gürcü romantik şair ve asker (ö. 1890)
 1816 - Samuel Freeman Miller, Amerikalı tıp doktoru ve avukat (ö. 1890)
 1827 - Joseph Lister, İngiliz doktor (ö. 1912)
 1832 - Jules Ferry, Fransa eski Başbakanı (ö. 1893)
 1853 - Howard Pyle, Amerikalı çizer (ö. 1911)
 1857 - I. Aleksandır, Bulgaristan Prensliği'nin ilk prensi (ö. 1893)
 1869 - Albert Roussel, Fransız besteci (ö. 1937)
 1871 - Glenn Scobey Warner, Amerikan futbolu koçu (ö. 1954)
 1876 - Behiç Erkin, Türk asker, siyasetçi ve diplomat (ö. 1961)
 1877 - Glenn Scobey Warner, Amerikalı genetik bilimci ve tıp doktoru (ö. 1916)
 1881 - Noe Ramişvili, Gürcü siyaset adamı (ö. 1930)
 1882 - Natalya Sedova, Rus devrimci Lev Troçki'nin ikinci eşi (ö. 1962)
 1883 - Walter Huston, Kanada doğumlu Amerikalı oyuncu (John Huston'ın babası) (ö. 1950)
 1887 - Hedwig Kohn, Alman fizikçi (ö. 1964)
 1898 - Ömer Asım Aksoy, Türk dil bilimci (ö. 1993)
 1899 - Alfred Blalock, Amerikalı bilim insanı ve hekim (ö. 1964)
 1900 - Spencer Tracy, Amerikalı oyuncu ve En İyi Erkek Oyuncu Akademi Ödülü sahibi (ö. 1967)
 1908 - Bette Davis, Amerikalı aktris ve En İyi Kadın Oyuncu Akademi Ödülü sahibi (ö. 1989)
 1908 - Herbert von Karajan, Avusturyalı orkestra şefi (ö. 1989)
 1916 - Gregory Peck, Amerikalı oyuncu ve En İyi Erkek Oyuncu Akademi Ödülü sahibi (ö. 2003)
 1917 - Robert Bloch, Amerikalı yazar (ö. 1994)
 1920 - İlhan Arsel, Türk akademisyen, yazar, araştırmacı ve senatör (ö. 2010)
 1920 - Arthur Hailey, İngiliz-Kanadalı yazar (ö. 2004)
 1923 - Ernest Mandel, Belçikalı marksist teorisyen (ö. 1995)
 1923 - Nguyen Van Thieu, Vietnamlı asker ve siyaset adamı (ö. 2001)
 1925 - Sadri Alışık, Türk sinema ve tiyatro oyuncusu (ö. 1995)
 1926 - Ömer Faruk Akün, Türk yazar ve akademisyen (ö. 2016)
 1926 - Roger Corman, Amerikalı yönetmen
 1926 - Süleyman Seba, Türk futbolcu ve BJK'nin 31. Başkanı (ö. 2014)
 1928 - Haldun Dormen, Türk tiyatrocu
 1929 - Hugo Claus, Flaman romancı, şair, oyun yazarı, ressam ve film yönetmeni (ö. 2008)
 1929 - Ivar Giaever, Norveçli fizikçi ve Nobel Fizik Ödülü sahibi
 1929 - Nigel Hawthorne, İngiliz aktör (ö. 2001)
 1931 - Genival Lacerda, Brezilyalı forró şarkıcısı ve söz yazarı (ö. 2021)
 1933 - Feridun Buğeker, Türk millî futbolcu (ö. 2014)
 1937 - Colin Powell, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri eski Dışişleri Bakanı (ö. 2021)
 1942 - Pascal Couchepin, İsviçreli politikacı
 1942 - Peter Greenaway, Galli yönetmen, ressam ve roman yazarı
 1945 - Cem Karaca, Türk müzisyen ve besteci (ö. 2004)
 1945 - Steve Carver, Amerikalı film yapımcısı, yönetmen ve fotoğraf sanatçısı (ö. 2021)
 1946 - Björn Granath, İsveçli oyuncu (ö. 2017)
 1946 - Yavuz Turgul, Türk sinema filmi yönetmeni, senarist ve gazeteci
 1949 - Judith Resnik, Amerikalı mühendis ve NASA astronotu (ö. 1986)
 1949 - Dominique Rouits, Fransız müzisyen, orkestra şefi
 1950 - Ann C. Crispin, Amerikalı yazar (ö. 2013)
 1950 - Agnetha Fältskog, İsveçli pop şarkıcısı, besteci ve yapımcı (ABBA)
 1950 - Toshiko Fujita, Japon oyuncu, seslendirme sanatçısı ve şarkıcı (ö. 2018)
 1950 - Nihat Özdemir, Türk iş insanı
 1951 - Nedim Gürsel, Türk yazar
 1952 - Mitch Pileggi, İtalyan asıllı Amerikalı oyuncu
 1955 - Charlotte de Turckheim, Fransız oyuncu
 1956 - Diamond Dallas Page, Amerikalı güreşçi ve oyuncu
 1961 - Andrea Arnold, İngiliz film yapımcısı ve eski aktör
 1961 - Lisa Zane, Amerikalı oyuncu ve şarkıcı
 1962 - Lana Clarkson, Amerikalı oyuncu (ö. 2003)
 1965 - Aykut Kocaman, Türk eski futbolcu ve teknik direktör
 1968 - Barış Özatman, Türk atlet
 1969 - Diamond D, Amerikalı prodüktör ve rapçi
 1970 - Aylin Arasıl, Türk oyuncu
 1970 - Yaşar, Türk pop şarkıcısı
 1970 - Teresa Tease, Amerikalı pornografik film oyuncusu
 1971 - Krista Allen, Amerikalı oyuncu ve manken
 1973 - Élodie Bouchez, Fransız sinema ve dizi oyuncusu
 1973 - Pharrell, Amerikalı prodüktör, şarkıcı ve rapçi (The Neptunes)
 1974 - Sandra Bagarić, Hırvat opera sanatçısı ve oyuncusu
 1975 - Juicy J, Amerikalı rapçi, söz yazarı ve yapımcı
 1975 - Caitlin Moran, İngiliz yazar, akademisyen, televizyoncu
 1976 - Sterling K. Brown, Amerikalı bir oyuncu
 1976 - Simone Inzaghi, İtalyan futbolcudur
 1976 - Fernando Morientes, İspanyol futbolcu
 1976 - Henrik Stenson, İsveçli golfçü
 1976 - Valeria Straneo, İtalyan uzun mesafeci
 1977 - Daniel Majstorović, İsveçli futbolcudur
 1979 - Vlada Avramov, Sırp millî futbolcudur
 1979 - Timo Hildebrand, Alman futbolcu
 1979 - Mitsuo Ogasawara, Japon eski millî futbolcudur
 1979 - Chen Yanqing, Çinli halterci
 1980 - Matt Bonner, Amerikalı profesyonel eski basketbolcudur
 1980 - Thomas Hitzlsperger, Alman futbolcu
 1980 - Mario Kasun, Hırvat millî basketbolcudur
 1980 - Joris Mathijsen, Hollandalı futbolcudur
 1981 - Marissa Nadler, Amerikalı müzisyen, söz yazarı ve ressam
 1981 - Tom Riley, İngiliz oyuncu ve yapımcıdır
 1982 - Hayley Atwell, İngiliz-Amerikalı oyuncu
 1984 - Marshall Allman, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1984 - Dejan Kelhar, Sloven millî futbolcudur
 1984 - Shin Min Ah, Güney Koreli oyuncu
 1984 - Aram MP3, Ermeni şarkıcı-şarkı yazarı, komedyen, şovmen ve oyuncu
 1984 - Cristian Săpunaru, Rumen millî futbolcudur
 1984 - Kisho Yano, Japon millî futbolcudur
 1985 - Daniel Congré, Fransız futbolcudur
 1986 - Charlotte Flair, Amerikalı profesyonel güreşçi
 1986 - Eetu Muinonen, Fin futbolcudur
 1987 - Fyodor Kudryaşov, Rus millî futbolcudur
 1988 - Alisha Glass, Amerikalı voleybolcudur
 1988 - Matthias Jaissle, Alman futbolcu ve teknik direktör
 1988 - Jon Kwang-ik, Kuzey Koreli millî futbolcudur
 1989 - Emre Güral, Türk futbolcu
 1989 - Justin Holiday, Amerikalı profesyonel basketbolcu
 1989 - Lily James, İngiliz aktris
 1990 - Haruma Miura, Japon aktör ve şarkıcı (ö. 2020)
 1990 - Rhianna Ryan, Amerikalı pornografik film oyuncusu
 1990 - Sercan Yıldırım, Türk eski millî futbolcu
 1993 - Scottie Wilbekin, Amerikalı asıllı Türk profesyonel basketbol oyuncusu
 1994 - Sei Muroya, Japon milli futbolcu
 1995 - Oğuzhan Kayar, Türk futbolcu
 1996 - Uğurcan Çakır, Türk milli futbolcu
 1997 - Borja Mayoral, İspanyol futbolcu

Ölümler
 828 - I. Nikeforos, 806 ile 815 yılları arasında Rum Ortodoks Patrikhanesi, 268. patriği olarak görev yapmıştır
 1205 - I. İsabella, Kudüs Krallığı 12. Kraliçesi (d. 1172)
 1684 - Karl Eusebius, Lihtenştayn Prensi (d. 1611)
 1697 - XI. Karl, 1660'tan ölümüne kadar İsveç kralı (d. 1655)
 1794 - Georges Danton, Fransız avukat ve Fransız ihtilali'nin liderlerinden (d. 1759)
 1794 - Camille Desmoulins, Fransız gazeteci ve politikacı (d. 1760)
 1794 - Fabre d'Églantine, Fransız şair, oyuncu, dramaturg ve devrimci (d. 1750)
 1794 - François Joseph Westermann, Fransız devrimci ve komutan (d. 1751)
 1825 - Vasili Çiçerin, Rus general (d. 1754)
 1846 - Clotilde de Vaux, Fransız şair ve yazar (d. 1815)
 1866 - Thomas Hodgkin, İngiliz doktor (d. 1798)
 1882 - Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play, Fransız maden mühendisi ve sosyolog (d. 1806)
 1900 - Gazi Osman Paşa, Osmanlı Paşası (d. 1832)
 1923 - George Herbert de Carnarvon, İngiliz mısırbilimci ve koleksiyoncu (d. 1866)
 1932 - María Blanchard, İspanyol bir ressam (d. 1881)
 1941 - Pervin İtisami, İran edebiyatının Meşrûtiyet Devri kadın şairidir (d. 1907)
 1945 - Heinrich Borgmann, İkinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında bir Alman subayıydı (d. 1912)
 1945 - Karl Otto Koch, II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Nazi Almanyası'nda Albay (d. 1897)
 1945 - Heinrich Krippel, Avusturyalı heykeltıraş (d. 1883)
 1954 - Märtha, 1929'dan 1954'teki ölümüne kadar gelecekteki Kral V. Olav'ın eşi ve Norveçli kraliçe (d. 1901)
 1964 - Douglas MacArthur, Amerikalı general (d. 1880)
 1967 - Hermann Joseph Muller, Amerikalı genetik bilgini (d. 1890)
 1969 - Rómulo Gallegos, Venezuelalı romancı ve politikacı (d. 1884)
 1975 - Victor Marijnen, Hollandalı siyasetçi (d. 1917)
 1975 - Çan Kay-Şek, Tayvan'ın ilk Devlet Başkanı (d. 1887)
 1976 - Howard Hughes, Amerikalı havacı ve iş insanı (d. 1905)
 1987 - Leabua Jonathan, Lesotholu siyasetçidir (d. 1914)
 1992 - Takeshi Inoue, Japon eski millî futbolcudur (d. 1928)
 1992 - Sam Walton, Amerikalı iş insanı (d. 1918)
 1993 - Feyyaz Kayacan, Türk yazar (d. 1919)
 1994 - Kurt Cobain, Amerikalı müzisyen (Nirvana üyesi) (d. 1967)
 1997 - Allen Ginsberg, Amerikalı yazar (d. 1926)
 1998 - Cozy Powell, İngiliz baterist (d. 1947)
 1998 - Frederick Charles Frank, İngiliz teorik fizikçi (d. 1911)
 2002 - Layne Staley, Amerikalı müzisyen (d. 1967)
 2005 - Saul Bellow, Amerikalı yazar (d. 1915)
 2007 - Werner Maser, Alman tarihçi, gazeteci ve profesör (d. 1922)
 2008 - Charlton Heston, Amerikalı sinema ve tiyatro oyuncusu (d. 1923)
 2011 - Ange-Félix Patassé, Orta Afrikalı siyasetçi (d. 1937)
 2011 - Baruch Samuel "Barry" Blumberg, Amerikalı doktor ve 1976 yılı Nobel Fizyoloji veya Tıp Ödülü sahibi (d. 1925)
 2012 - Bingu wa Mutharika, Malavili ekonomist ve siyasetçi (d. 1934)
 2012 - Ferdinand Alexander Porsche, Alman mühendis ve otomobil tasarımcısı (d. 1935)
 2013 - Regina Bianchi, İtalyan dizi ve sinema oyuncusu (d. 1921)
 2014 - John Pinette, Amerikalı stand-up komedyen ve oyuncu (d. 1964)
 2015 - Francesco Smalto, İtalyan modacı ve iş insanı (d. 1927)
 2016 - Kostas "Koço" Kasapoğlu, Rum asıllı Türk futbolcu (d. 1935)
 2017 - Arthur Bernard Bisguier, Amerikalı satranç oyuncusu (d. 1929)
 2017 - Paul O'Neill, Amerikalı besteci, söz yazarı, yapımcı ve şarkı yazarı (d. 1956)
 2017 - Margaret Kenyatta, Kenyalı siyasetçi ve diplomat (d. 1928)
 2017 - Reginald Harold Haslam "Tim" Parnell, İngiliz Formula 1 yarışçısı (d. 1932)
 2017 - Maria Luisa Ozaita, İspanyol piyanist, müzisyen, müzikolog, şef ve besteci (d. 1939)
 2017 - Amelio "Memè" Perlini, İtalyan oyuncu ve film yönetmeni (d. 1947)
 2018 - Yuri Abramoçkin, Sovyet-Rus fotoğrafçı ve foto muhabiri (d. 1936)
 2018 - Eric John Bristow, İngiliz profesyonel dart oyuncusu (d. 1957)
 2018 - Mete Sözen, Türk bilim insanı, profesör ve inşaat mühendisi (d. 1930)
 2018 - Isao Takahata, Japon anime yönetmeni (d. 1935)
 2019 - Sydney Brenner, Güney Afrikalı biyolog (d. 1927)
 2019 - Ib Glindemann, Danimarkalı caz müzisyeni (d. 1934)
 2019 - Nina Lagergren, İsveçli iş insanı ve radyocu (d. 1921)
 2019 - Lasse Pöysti, Fin oyuncu, yönetmen, tiyatro eğitimcisi ve yazar (d. 1927)
 2020 - Honor Blackman, İngiliz oyuncu (d. 1925)
 2020 - Eleanor Margaret Burbidge, İngiliz-Amerikalı astrofizikçi, akademisyen ve eğitimci (d. 1919)
 2020 - Mahmud Cibril, Libyalı siyasetçi (d. 1952)
 2020 - Shirley Douglas, Kanadalı aktivist ve oyuncu (d. 1943)
 2020 - Lee Fierro, Amerikalı aktris ve tiyatro yönetmeni (d. 1929)
 2020 - John Laws, Britanyalı temyiz adaleti yargıcı (d. 1945)
 2020 - Michel Parisse, Fransız tarihçi ve akademisyen (d. 1936)
 2021 - Joye Hummel, Amerikalı çizgi roman sanatçısı ve yazar (d. 1924)
 2021 - Lefteris Mytilineos, Yunan şarkıcı ve müzisyen (d. 1946)
 2021 - Paul Ritter, İngiliz tiyatro, sinema ve dizi oyuncusu (d. 1966)
 2022 - Sidney Altman, Kanadalı-Amerikalı biyokimyacı ve Nobel Kimya Ödülü sahibi (d. 1939)
 2022 - Nehemiah Persoff, Amerikalı aktör ve sanatçı (d. 1919)

Tatiller ve özel günler
 Avukatlar Günü
Filistin Çocuklar Günü

0405
05

5 Nisan


Agrilus cupriventris é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Gory & Laporte, 1837.

Referências

cupriventris

Agrilus cupriventris


FC Kupiškis er en litauisk fodboldklub fra Kupiškis.

Holdets farver er sort og blå. Klubben har hjemmebane på Kupiškio central stadion (kapacitet 1.000).

Historiske slutplaceringer

Klub farver
 Blå og sort (2019).

Nuværende trup
Pr. 26. juni 2019.

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Trænere
  Leonardo Iparraguirre (2018)
  Eduards Štrubo (2019)

Noter

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger
 Facebook
 Pirma lyga pirmalyga.lt

Fodboldklubber i Litauen
Etableret i 2017

FC Kupiškis


La roya o roya negra (Puccinia graminis) es una especie de hongo que produce una enfermedad que afecta a diversos granos de cereal. Una epidemia de roya en el trigo causada por la raza Ug99 se encuentra actualmente en dispersión a través de África, Asia y más recientemente el Medio Oriente y es motivo de gran preocupación a causa del gran número de personas que dependen del trigo para su subsistencia. La cepa fue designada por el país en la cual se la identificó (Uganda) y el año de su descubrimiento (1999). Se propagó por Kenia, Etiopía, Sudán, Yemen y luego Irán, volviéndose cada vez más contagiosa. Los científicos están trabajando en el desarrollo de cepas de trigo que sean resistentes al UG99.  Sin embargo, el trigo es cultivado en un rango muy variado de medios ambientes.  Lo cual significa que los programas de desarrollo aún tienen por delante un gran desafío en obtener cepas que sean resistentes a los germoplasmas con adaptaciones regionales.

Biología
Existe una considerable diversidad genética entre las especies de P. graminis y se han identificado varias formas especiales, forma specialis, que dependen de la naturaleza del grano afectado.

 Puccinia graminis f. sp. avenae, avena
 Puccinia graminis f. sp. dactylis
 Puccinia graminis f. sp. lolii
 Puccinia graminis f. sp. poae
 Puccinia graminis f. sp. secalis, centeno, cebada
 Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, trigo, cebada

Patología
El hongo de la roya ataca las partes de la planta que se encuentran por encima del suelo. Las esporas se depositan en las plantas de trigo verde donde forman una pústula que invade las capas exteriores del tallo. El sitio infectado es un síntoma visible de la enfermedad. En aquellos casos en que la enfermedad se ha manifestado sobre el tallo o la hoja, se desarrollan ampollas o pústulas elípticas denominadas uredia. Las plantas infectadas producen menor cantidad de tallos secundarios y consecuentemente menos semilla, y en casos de infecciones severas la planta puede llegar a morir.

Los picnios o espermagonios por lo general se forman en la cara superior de las hojas de Berberis vulgaris, y la aecia se forma entre 5 a 7 días luego de la fertilización de los mismos en la cara inferior de la hoja, directamente debajo de cada espermagonio fertilizado.

Ug99

Ug99, la designación de TTKS, es una raza de la roya negra (Puccinia graminis tritici).
Es del tipo virulento en la gran mayoría de las variedades de trigo.
A diferencias de otras royas, que solo afectan de manera parcial el rendimiento de las cosechas, el UG99 puede afectar la totalidad de una cosecha y resultar en la pérdida total de la misma, por ejemplo en Kenia recientemente esta roya destruyó el 80% de la cosecha.

El brote fue detectado inicialmente en Uganda en 1999 y se ha diseminado a través de las tierras altas del Este de África.  En enero del 2007, las esporas volaron hasta Yemen, y hacia el norte hasta Sudán. En marzo del 2007, la FAO anunció su preocupación por la llegada de la enfermedad a Irán de acuerdo a lo que informaron las autoridades iraníes.

Historia
Los hongos antecesores de la roya negra han infectado a los pastos por millones de años y a las cosechas de cereales desde que el hombre comenzó a cultivar. Según Jim Peterson, profesor de cultivo del trigo y genética en la Universidad Estatal de Oregón, "La roya negra destruyó más del 20% de las cosechas de trigo de Estados Unidos varias veces entre 1917 y 1935, y las pérdidas durante la década de  1950 dos veces alcanzaron al 9% de la cosecha," la última infección en Estados Unidos ocurrió en  1962 destruyendo el 5.2% de la cosecha.

Nombres comunes
 anublo, niebla de los cereales.
 chahuiztle.

Referencias

Véase también

 Bomba M115 - Una bomba norteamericana tipo racimo diseñada para diseminar la roya negra

Bibliografía
Schumann, G.L. and K.J. Leonard. 2000. Stem rust of wheat (black rust) . The Plant Health Instructor. DOI: 10.1094/PHI-I-2000-0721-01
Leonard, K.J. Black stem rust biology and threat to wheat growers, USDA ARS
Index Fungorum
USDA ARS Fungal Database

Cereales
Pucciniaceae
Fitopatología
Armas biológicas

Puccinia graminis


John Francis McFall, Baron McFall of Alcluith  (born 4 October 1944) is a British politician and life peer who has served as Lord Speaker since 2021. He was a member of Parliament for the Labour and Co-operative Party from 1987 to 2010, first for Dumbarton and then from 2005 for West Dunbartonshire. He also served as Chairman of the House of Commons Treasury Committee. Following his appointment to the House of Lords, McFall served as Senior Deputy Speaker from 2016 to 2021 before succeeding Lord Fowler as Lord Speaker.

Early life
McFall went to a boys' school, St Patrick's Secondary School (since merged with Notre Dame High School to form Our Lady & St Patrick's High School), on Hawthornhill Road in Castlehill, Dumbarton, leaving without any qualifications at 15. His father was a school caretaker and his mother had a newsagents shop, which sparked his (later) interest in how to run businesses. He worked for the local Parks Department in Dumbarton and then in a factory.

At the age of 24, he studied at Paisley College of Technology (now the University of the West of Scotland) receiving a BSc in Chemistry. In 1977, he wanted to widen his knowledge away from science and obtained a BA from the Open University in Education and Philosophy. He was a chemistry and maths teacher from 1974–1987 in Dumbarton, Kirkintilloch and Glasgow, becoming a deputy-head in Glasgow and Secretary of his Constituency Labour Party before he entered Parliament. Whilst a teacher he completed a part-time course over three years at the University of Strathclyde for an MBA. In 1994, he became a Visiting Professor at Strathclyde University Business School, and now is a member of the Strategic Advisory Board at the University of Glasgow Business School. He is a member of the GMB Union.

Political career
He was first elected for the Dumbarton constituency, Scotland, at the 1987 general election, after the previous MP, Ian Campbell retired. His original majority was a little over 2,000. Dumbarton constituency was replaced with the new West Dunbartonshire constituency for the 2005 general election, which McFall won with a majority over 12,500.

In 1995 he introduced a private member's bill, the Wild Mammals (Protection) Bill which, although unsuccessful, informed the Hunting Act 2004 outlawing the hunting of mammals by dogs in England and Wales.

He was a whip and junior minister (for Education, Training and Employment, Health and Community Relations, then in 1999 for Economy and Education) at the Northern Ireland Office from 1998–99.

In 2001 he was appointed Chair of the Treasury Select Committee, and reappointed for a second term in this position in 2005. The committee conducted inquiries into the banking crisis, producing evidence of the bonus culture, the lack of banking qualifications among many top bankers and poor oversight of the industry by the Financial Services Authority.

On 29 January 2010, McFall announced his intention to stand down as an MP at the 2010 general election.

House of Lords
On 17 June 2010, he was created a life peer as Baron McFall of Alcluith, of Dumbarton in the County of Dunbartonshire, and was introduced in the House of Lords on 6 July 2010.

He is currently the Vice-Chair of the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Overseas Development (Apgood).

In July 2016, he was appointed as Chairman of Committees of the House of Lords with effect from 1 September 2016. He was known as Senior Deputy Speaker while holding the office.

In the 2021 Lord Speaker election, McFall was elected as Lord Speaker, succeeding Lord Fowler.

In 2023 he suggested the House of Lords needs more independent, expert peers. Lord McFall stated he was making no direct criticism of recent peerage choices, but the upper house was in danger of becoming "out of sync" with its balance of legislators. McFall plans to meet Rishi Sunak to lift a cap limiting the number of new, non-party expert peers that can be created by the House of Lords Appointments Commission, currently set at a maximum of two a year.

Other activities
He is Chair of the Scotch Whisky and Spirits All-Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) and of the Royal Navy APPG.

He was Chairman of Strathleven Regeneration Company and of Clydebank re-built, two development companies based in his constituency.

He gave his backing to Dumpster Kids, a not-for-profit organisation aimed at rescuing abandoned children, in January 2011.

Personal life
McFall's family lived in Bellsmyre, Dumbarton, where he met and married Joan Ward. They have three sons and a daughter.

Publications
Workplace Retirement Income Commission, Building a Strong, Stable and Transparent Pension System: Final Report (August 2011)

See also
 2008 United Kingdom bank rescue package

References

External links
 Official Website
 Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle: John McFall MP
 TheyWorkForYou.com – John McFall MP

 Treasury Select Committee

News items
 4 May 2008 – Treasury hard man is really a softy at heart
 19 April 2008 – John McFall urges clarity on tax rates
 7 April 2008 – Government must gauge effect of winter heating payments on fuel poverty
 10 March 2008 – Added value
 5 March 2008 – Helping people back into work
 3 March 2008 – Banks "refused to believe the good times were about to end"
 Telegraph interview December 2007
 Criticising banks in 2006 for being unsympathetic
 Advising that bank ATMs should explicitly mention charges in 2005
 Little praise for the savings industry in 2004
 High credit card charges in 2003
 Confusing bank charges in 2002
 New Economy minister in Northern Ireland in 1999
 Wanting lifelong learning in Northern Ireland in 1998

Video clips

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1944 births
Living people
Scottish people of Irish descent
Alumni of the Open University
Alumni of Strathclyde Business School
Alumni of the University of the West of Scotland
Labour Co-operative MPs for Scottish constituencies
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
People from Dumbarton
Scottish Roman Catholics
Scottish schoolteachers
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
Labour Co-operative life peers
Life peers created by Elizabeth II
Lords Speaker

John McFall, Baron McFall of Alcluith


جزيرة كارولاين، أو كارولاين اتول، وتعرف أيضا بـ(جزيرة الألفية) هي جزيرة تقع تقريبا في منتصف المحيط الهادي.

أول مرة تمت فيها رؤية هذه الجزيرة كانت في عام 1606 عن طريق الأوروبيين. طالبت بها إنجلترا عام 1868، وأصبحت جزء من جمهورية كيريباس بعد استقلالها عام 1979. تكثر بها النباتات الاستوائية، وتجمعات سرطان جوز الهند، ويعيش بها الكثير من الطيور المائية، كما أنها كانت مركز كبير للاحتفال بمجيء القرن الحادي والعشرين، وتجمع بها الكثير من الناس لرؤية سطوع شمس القرن الحادي والعشرين.

الموقع والتضاريس

تقع جزيرة كارولاين بالقرب من نهاية الجزء الجنوبي الشرقي من جزر لاين، وهي تقع تقريبا في منتصف المحيط الهادي على بعد حوالي 1500 كيلو متر جنوب جزر الهاواي.

يتكون الجزء الأكبر من كارولاين من 3 جزر صغيرة، وعادة لا توجد هناك مياه جارية دائمة، لذا فإن المياه ليست متجددة دائما هناك، وتعتبر تلك الجزيرة من أبعد الجزر عن معظم قارات العالم.

النباتات والحيوانات

على الرغم من تعرض جزيرة كارولاين للاستيطان البشري لأكثر من ثلاث قرون إلا أنها ما زالت تحتفظ بكونها جزيرة استوائية وتحتفظ بنقائها، ولوحظ أنها أيضا إحدى أكثر جزر المحيط الهادي مرجانية، كما أنها تعرضت للمسح الإيكولوجي لتوثيق النباتات والحيوانات فيها وكان ذلك يتم في فترات بشكل متقطع خلال القرن العشرين، كما زارها (برنامج المسح البيولوجي للمحيط الهادي) عام 1965، ثم لاحقا زاد الاهتمام بمظاهر الحياة البرية فيها.

تحتوي تلك الجزيرة على العديد من أنواع الغابات والغطاء النباتي والنباتات والأعشاب، وتختلف كثافة تلك النباتات من مكان لآخر على الجزيرة.

تعتبر الجزيرة مكان هام لمعيشة العديد من أنواع الطيور المائية، كما أنها وجزيرة فلينت المقابلة لها يوجد بهما أكبر التجمعات لأكبر سرطانات جوز الهند وسرطانات السواح حجما، ويوجد بها أيضا العديد من أنواع عظايات البحر الخضراء المهددة بالانقراض، كما أدخل لتلك الجزيرة العديد من أنواع النباتات، ويعيش بها العديد من الحيوانات، وإن كان بعد زيادة بعض أعدادها بدأت بعض الطيور المائية بالمغادرة، وهناك أيضا بعض التقارير عن الصيد الجائر هناك.

التاريخ

ما قبل التاريخ

يعتقد أن جزيرة كارولاين نشأت من نقطة بركانية فعالة، والتي أصبحت بعد ذلك موطنا للشعاب المرجانية، ويعتقد أنها شكلت منذ أكثر من 40 مليون عام أي قبل تغيير صفيحة المحيط الهادي.

هناك دليل على وجود حضارة تم تشييدها بواسطة البولينيزين على أكبر جزيرة من الثلاث جزر الصغيرة وذلك قبل مجيء الأوروبيين، وقد عثر على بعض التحف والآثار في الجانب الغربي من الجزيرة.

من القرن السابع عشر إلى القرن التاسع عشر

تجمعت بعثات فرنسية وأمريكية على جزيرة كارولاين في عام 1883 لمراقبة كسوف للشمس استمر لفترة طويلة على نحو غير عادي، ومن هنا أدلى أحد أفراد البعثة بملاحظة وهي أن أول مشاهدة لجزيرة كارولاين كانت في 21 فبراير عام 1606 بواسطة بيدرو فيرنانديز دي؛ وهو بحار برتغالي كان يبحر نيابة عن أسبانيا، وسميت الجزيرة سان بيرناردوK ثم في 16 ديسمبر 1795 أعطاها الكابتن ويليام روبرت بروتون اسم كارولاينا والذي أصبح فيما بعد كارولاين. شوهدت تلك الجزيرة مرة أخرى بواسطة سفينة إمدادات إنجليزية عام 1821، ثم بعد ذلك شوهدت أكثر من مرة حتى طالبت بها إنجلترا.

أحداث مهمة

 1846: حاولت شركتي تاهيتي كولي ولوسيت تربية مواشي صغيرة بتلك الجزيرة ونجح ذلك المشروع.
 1872: أجرت الحكومة البريطانية الجزيرة للأخوة هودر والذين قاموا بالتعدين فيها.
 1883: سافرت حملة من علماء الفلك الأمريكيون من بيرو إلى كارولاين على متن حاملة الطائرات هارتفورد لمشاهدة كسوف الشمس في يوم 6 مايو.

القرن العشرين

ظلت جزيرة كارولاين غير مأهولة حتى الحرب العالمية الثانية وظلت تحت الولاية القضائية البريطانية حتى استقلت عام 1979 وأصبحت تابعة لجمهورية كيريباس، وفي التسعينيات بدأت خطط التنمية للجزيرة من جميع النواحي خاصة السياحة والآثار والحفاظ على الحياة البرية ولكنها تعتبر حتى الآن غير مأهولة.

أحداث مهمة

 1916: تأجير س. ماكسويل مستعمرة لزراعة نخيل جوز الهند.
 1971: أصبحت كارولاين وعدة جزر أخرى ذاتية الحكم.
 1979: أصبحت كارولاين تابعة لجمهورية كيريباس.

القرن الحادي والعشرين والمستقبل

هناك الآن خطط تنمية كثيرة لتلك الجزيرة، إلا أنها معرضة للدمار والهلاك بسبب خطر ارتفاع مستوى سطح البحر مما سيؤدي لإغراقها فهي على ارتفاع 6 أمتار فقط عن مستوى سطح البحر، لذا فإن الجهات المعنية تعمل حاليا على تفادي ذلك.

انظر أيضا

 المحيط الهادي
 كيريباس

معرض الصور

مصادر

 Island /مصدر
 /مصدر

  (Text of "Caroline Island" profile online at: )

أماكن مأهولة سابقا في أوقيانوسيا
جزر المحيط الهادئ
جزر غير مأهولة في كيريباتي
جغرافيا كيريباتي
مناطق غير مأهولة

جزيرة كارولاين


PalaSharp ou Palatrussardi est une salle actuellement fermée qui sera reconstruite en arène de hockey pour les Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2026.

Notes et références

Stade multifonction en Italie
Patinoire de hockey en Italie
Site des Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2026
Stade portant le nom d'un lieu
Équipement sportif à Milan
Basket-ball en Lombardie

PalaSharp


El Templo de Augusto de Barcelona (España) fue un templo romano dedicado al culto imperial a César Augusto construido en Barcino, colonia fundada con el permiso de Augusto, que sería con el paso del tiempo la ciudad de Barcelona. Fue la parte central del Foro en la cima del monte Táber, en la actualidad situada en el barrio gótico barcelonés. Se derrumbó con el paso del tiempo y a finales del  se encontraron cuatro columnas durante las obras de construcción de la sede del Centro Excursionista de Cataluña. Una cuarta estaba expuesta en la plaza del Rey de la ciudad condal y fue incorporada al conjunto que se puede visitar. Es probable que se iniciara la construcción del templo en época de Tiberio, que fue quien instituyó el culto a Augusto. Actualmente es un espacio dependiente del Museo de Historia de Barcelona.

Descubrimiento y recuperación

Según relata Josep Puig i Cadafalch, el arquitecto Antoni Cellers habría redactado una memoria descriptiva y un mapa de la planta del templo tras diversas excavaciones en 1830, pagadas por la Junta de Comercio de Barcelona. Parece que la hipótesis de que el templo estaba dedicado a Augusto es reafirmada por el mismo Puig i Cadafalch, que también lo describe como de tipo períptero y hexástilo, con once columnas en cada ala contando las esquinas, seis en la parte frontal y seis más en el posticum.

El conjunto estaría levantado en un podio de un tercio de la altura de las columnas.

El estudio realizado por Cellers, por encargo de la Junta de Comercio, se realizó, al derribarse unos edificios entre la calle Paradís y la calle Llibreteria que dejaron al descubierto las columnas que  eran anteriormente ya conocidas, Parcerisas se dibujó a sí mismo en la planta que existía a la altura de los capiteles y por cuya ventana se veía otro más, en el exterior. El propio Antoni Cellers, que identificó erróneamente como cartaginés el templo, adjunta en la memorias, un alzado del lateral del mismo, en él se observan seis de las columnas de las que solamente cuatro se conservan hoy. Cinco en el lateral y dos en la trasera (una común en la esquina) Tres de ellas fueron derribadas para proseguir con la construcción.

Alumnos de la escuela de oficios, con los fragmentos de fuste, el capitel en mejor estado y la basa de una de ellas, reconstruyeron en la Plaza del Rey una de las columnas junto a la capilla de Santa Águeda, en su tiempo utilizada como almacén-museo de arqueología. Esa columna, trasladada de nuevo es la que aparece a la derecha de lo que hoy se puede visitar, junto a las dos originales.

Véase también
 Anexo:Bienes de interés cultural de la comarca del Barcelonés (provincia de Barcelona)
 Anexo:Bienes de interés cultural de la provincia de Barcelona
 Arquitectura de Barcelona

Referencias

Enlaces externos

  MUHBA Templo de Augusto

Arquitectura de Barcelona
Barrio Gótico
Augusto
Estructuras a nombre de Augusto
Historia de Barcelona
Bienes culturales de interés nacional de la provincia de Barcelona
Arquitectura de la Antigua Roma en Cataluña
Arquitectura de España del siglo I a. C.
Bienes culturales de interés nacional de Barcelona
Monumentos histórico-artísticos de España declarados en 1924
Augusto

Templo de Augusto (Barcelona)


Der halbkreisförmige Orleansplatz befindet sich im Münchner Stadtteil Haidhausen gegenüber vom Bahnhof München Ost.

Lage
Auf dem Platz halten die S-Bahn München, die U-Bahn-Linie 5 sowie verschiedene Buslinien. Die Trambahnlinie 21 hat eine Haltestelle auf dem Orleansplatz.

Der Orleansplatz ist an seiner Stirnseite von einem länglichen Brunnen geprägt, der parallel zur Orleansstraße verläuft. Darüber hinaus finden sich Bäume und Bänke auf dem Platz. Hier finden regelmäßig Feste und Märkte statt – wie etwa der Original Hamburger Fischmarkt. Im Orleansplatz 11 befindet sich ein Sozialbürgerhaus und in unmittelbarer Nähe zum Platz ein Bürgerbüro des Kreisverwaltungsreferats (Orleansstraße 50). Darüber hinaus befinden sich rund um den Orleansplatz Lebensmittelmärkte, ein Kaufhaus, Fast-Food-Restaurants etc.

Vom Orleansplatz ausgehend erschließen drei Straßenzüge wie Strahlen das sogenannte Franzosenviertel, das seinen Namen der Tatsache verdankt, dass nach dem deutschen Sieg im Deutsch-Französischen Krieg die Stadtplaner 1872 entschieden, hier die Straßen und Plätze nach französischem Muster anzulegen und die Straßen sternförmig auf Plätze zulaufen zu lassen. Darüber hinaus wurden als Namen Orte gewählt, wo deutsche Armeen im Deutsch-Französischen Krieg Schlachten für sich entschieden hatten – wie in der Schlacht von Orléans (Département Loiret).

Auf dem Orleansplatz befand sich einst der "Glaspalastbrunnen", den 1853 August von Voit für den Glaspalast entworfen hatte. Er wurde Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts an den Orleansplatz verlegt. Als der Umbau des Ostbahnhofs anstand, wurde der Brunnen an den Weißenburger Platz verlegt und es entstand ein neuer, länglicher Brunnen.

Galerie

Weblinks

 Orleansplatz auf www.muenchen.de

Einzelnachweise

Platz in München
Platz in Europa
Bauwerk in Haidhausen

Orleansplatz


Articles with hCards
ලිවි විජේමාන්න (1917-2002) රේඩියෝ සිලෝන් හි පුරෝගාමියෙකු ලෙස. ඔහු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ විශිෂ්ඨතම විකාශකයෙකු විය. 1948 ඔක්‌තෝබර් 31 වැනිදා තැපැල්පති (විකාශන අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා ද වූ) තරුණ නිවේදකයා සහකාර වැඩසටහන් පාලකවරයකු ලෙස පත් කළේය. මෙය දකුණු ආසියාවේ පැරණිතම ගුවන් විදුලි නාලිකාව වන රේඩියෝ සිලෝන්හි කළමනාකාරිත්වයේ ඔහුගේ වෘත්තීය ජීවිතය ආරම්භ කිරීමකි.

කොළඹ සැලසුම් විශාරද
කොළඹ රාජකීය විද්‍යාලයෙන් ද්විතීයික අධ්‍යාපනය හැදැරූ ලිවි විජේමාන්න 1953 මුල් භාගයේදී කොළඹ සැලසුම් ශිෂ්‍යත්වයක් මත එක්සත් රාජධානියට පැමිණි අතර, ඔහු ලංකාවෙන් කොළඹ සැලසුම් විද්වතුන්ගේ පළමු කණ්ඩායමේ සාමාජිකයෙකි. ඔහු ස්කොට්ලන්තයේ, වේල්සයේ සහ ලන්ඩනයේ සුප්‍රසිද්ධ ජෝන් ආර්ලට් සමඟ වැඩ කළේය. 1953 ජූනි 2 වන දින වෙස්ට්මිනිස්ටර් ඇබේ හි පැවති එලිසබෙත් රැජිනගේ රාජාභිෂේකයේදී පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය විකාශකයෙකුට පවරන ලද අසුනක වාඩි වීමට බීබීසීය විජේමාන්න තෝරා ගත්තේය. නෝර්ත් ගාර්නට් හි පැවති රාජාභිෂේක සිවිල් රාත්‍රී භෝජන සංග්‍රහයේදී මහා භාණ්ඩාගාරයේ චාන්සලර් රිචඩ් මෝල්ඩ්ලිං මහතා විසින් යෝජනා කරන ලද පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලයේ සව්දියට පිළිතුරු දීමට බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය කවුන්සිලය විසින් විජේමාන්නට ආරාධනා කරන ලදී.

රේඩියෝ සිලෝන් හි අධ්‍යක්ෂ වාණිජ සේවය
1955 දී ලංකා රජය ලිවි විජේමාන්න ගුවන්විදුලි සිලෝන්හි වාණිජ සේවයේ සහකාර අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා බවට පත් කළ අතර, ඔහු ක්ලිෆර්ඩ් ආර්. ඩොඩ්ගෙන් පසුව 1956 දී රේඩියෝ සිලෝන් හි පළමු ලංකා අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා බවට පත් විය. විජේමාන්න කොළඹ සැලැස්ම යටතේ රේඩියෝ සිලෝන් වෙත පැමිණි ඕස්ට්‍රේලියානු පරිපාලක ක්ලිෆර්ඩ් ඩොඩ් සමඟ ඉතා සමීපව කටයුතු කළේය. ඩොඩ් විසින් රේඩියෝ සිලෝන් හි වාණිජ සේවය ජාත්‍යන්තර සන්නාමයක් බවට පත් කරමින් එහි මුහුණුවර වෙනස් කළේය - ඔහුට ලිවී විජේමාන්නගේ සහය ලබා දුන් අතර ඔහු ලංකාවේ හොඳම දක්ෂතා කිහිපයක් බඳවා ගත්තේය - ඔවුන් ඩොඩ් සහ විජේමාන්න විසින් පුහුණු කරන ලද අතර ඔවුන් ලංකාවේ පුරෝගාමී වෘත්තීය විකාශකයින් විය. මිලියන ගණනක් ශ්‍රාවකයින් රේඩියෝ සිලෝන් වෙත සුසර කළහ. මෙම මධ්‍යස්ථානය 1950 සහ 1960 ගණන් වලදී දකුණු ආසියාවේ ජනප්‍රියම ගුවන් විදුලි මධ්‍යස්ථානය විය. රේඩියෝ සිලෝන් දකුණු ආසියාවේ ගුවන් තරංග පාලනය කළේය, මෙම විකාශන ස්ථානය මෙතෙක් ආසියානු කලාපයේ වඩාත්ම ජනප්‍රිය වෙළඳ නාමය වූ අතර මිනිසුන් පාකිස්තානයේ සිට බුරුමය දක්වා රේඩියෝ සිලෝන් වෙත සවන් දුන්හ - සමහර විට මෙම ස්ථානය ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදය දක්වා ශ්‍රාවකයින් විසින් ලබා ගන්නා ලදී. .

ශ්‍රී ලංකා ගුවන් විදුලි සංස්ථාව
1984 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී ශ්‍රී ලංකා ගුවන්විදුලි සංස්ථාවේ සභාපතිවරයා ලෙස ලිවී පත් කරන ලදී. ලිවි විජේමාන්න 2002 නොවැම්බර් 24 ඉරිදා කොළඹදී මිය යන විට 85 වැනි වියේ පසුවිය. ඔහු ශ්‍රී ලංකා දිවයිනේ පුරෝගාමී විකාශකයෙක් විය. ඔහු "FM 99" ආරම්භ කිරීමට මූලික විය.

මේකත් බලන්න

 රේඩියෝ සිලෝන්
 ශ්‍රී ලංකා ගුවන් විදුලි සංස්ථාව
 ක්ලිෆර්ඩ් ඩොඩ්
 ශ්‍රී ලංකා විකාශකයින්ගේ ලැයිස්තුව

බාහිර සබැඳි

 SLBC-ඉතිහාසයේ නව රැල්ලක් නිර්මාණය කරයි
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ විකාශනයට වසර අසූවක්
 ඇගයීම: ලිවි විජේමාන්න
 ශ්‍රී ලංකා ගුවන් විදුලි සංස්ථාව
සිංහල ජනයා
2002 මරණ
1917 උපත්

ලිවි විජේමාන්න


الموجة المستعرضة هي موجة متحركة تتكون من ترددات عمودية على اتجاه انتشار الموجة. تتكون الموجة العرضية من قمم وقيعان. أشهر الموجات العرضية هي الموجات المائية والموجات الكهرومغناطيسية.
الطول الموجي للموجة المستعرضة هو المسافة بين قمتين متتاليتين أو قاعين متتالين أو بين أي نقطتين متتاليتين لهما نفس الطور(نفس السرعة ونفس السعة ونفس الاتجاه)
الخواص الموجية للموجة المستعرضة:
قمة و قاع :هي النقاط المرتفعة و المنخفضة
السعة :هي أقصى ازاحة من حالة السكون
الطول الموجي :هو المسافة بين قمتين أو بين قاعيين متتاليين أو المسافة بين أي نقطتين لهما نفس الطور
0
التردد :هو عدد الموجات الكاملة المنتجة لكل ثانية ، أمثلة على الموجات المستعرضة : رفرفة الأعلام ، وحركه نفض الغبار عن البطانية .

موجة زلزالية وهي موجة مستعرضة

انظر أيضا
 موجة
 موجة طولية
 قياس الاستقطاب

المصادر

استقطاب
علم الصوت
موجات
ميكانيكا موجية

موجة عرضية


Kundağı Motorlu Silah (KMS), herhangi bir tür tekerleği ya da paleti olan motorlu şase üzerine yerleştirilmiş obüs, tanksavar silahı ya da uçaksavar silahıdır. Çatışma esnasında başka bir aracın onu çekmesi yerine kendi motor gücü ile manevra yapabilirler. Kundağı motorlu silahlar çatışmalarda piyade veya zırhlı birliklere destek amacıyla üretilmişlerdir.

Kundağı motorlu silahları tanklardan ayırtan en önemli özellikler başlıca hafif zırhlı olmaları ve taretlerinin bulunmamasıdır. Tank lar tamamen düşman tanklarını yok etmek amacı ile üretilmişken kundağı motorlu silahlardan sadece üzerinde tanksavar topu taşıyanlar bu iş için kullanılmıştır.

Türleri
4 türü bulunmaktadır

Obüs

Taarruz topu

Tanksavar

Uçaksavar

Örnekler
 Kundağı motorlu obüs:
 Gun Carrier Mark I, İngiliz I. Dünya Savaşı
 Skoda 100 mm Model 16/19 Çek ordusu, II. Dünya Savaşı
 M7 Priest, II. Dünya Savaşı
 M-109,ABD 155 mm obüs
 G6 Obüs, Güney Afrika 155 mm obüs
 M107 Kundağı motorlu obüs, uzun menzilli top
 SSPH Primus, modern 155 mm obüs
 T-155 Fırtına,Türk modern 155 mm obüs
 Taarruz topu
 Sturmgeschütz III, Almanya II. Dünya Savaşı
 Tanksavar topu
 Deacon, İngiltere II. Dünya Savaşı
 Uçaksavar topu
 Möbelwagen, Almanya II. Dünya Savaşı
 ZSU-23-4, Sovyet 4 namlulu (23 mm) top

Zırhlı muharebe araçları

Kundağı motorlu silah


Lidia Buble (n. 9 iunie 1993, Deva, Hunedoara) este o cântăreață română de muzică pop.

Biografie

Lidia a început să cânte, copil fiind, în corul bisericii penticostale "Emanuel" din Deva, la care tatăl ei este pastor (slujitor de ceremonii religioase). Solista a crescut într-o familie numeroasă, având zece frați. Familia este compusă din mulți muzicieni.

Începuturile artistei în industria muzicii
Buble a cunoscut celebritatea atunci când Adrian Sînă de la trupa Akcent a ales-o să cânte două piese celebre cu el. Piesele "Kamelia" și "Noi simțim la fel" se auzeau pe toate radiourile din România și din străinătate, având împreună peste 11 milioane de vizualizări pe YouTube, astfel că, în doar câteva luni de zile, dintr-o necunoscută, Lidia Buble a devenit vedetă la vârsta de 21 de ani.

Discografie
 Noi simțim la fel (feat. Adrian Sina) (2014)
 Kamelia (feat. Akcent & DDY Nunes) (2014)
 Forever love (feat. Direcția 5) (2014)
 Le-am spus și fetelor (feat. Amira) (2015)
 Inima nu știe (2015)
 Mă cerți (2016)
 Mi-e bine (2016)
 Eu voi fi (2017)
 Secrete (2017)
 Cămașă (2017)
 Sârut mâna, Mamă ! (2018)
 Sub apă (2018)
 Tu (2018)
 Asta sunt eu! (feat. What s up) (2019)
 Undeva la mijloc (2019)
 Margarita (feat Descemer Bueno) (2019)
 Lacătul și femeia (2019)
 La Luna  (feat Jay Maly x Costi Ioniță) (2020)
 Cu ochii ăia verzi (2020)
Intens (2021)
Extrapolăm (2021)
Draga mea (2022)
Por Amor (feat. Mabel Yeah) (2022)
Ochii Tăi (feat. DJ Project) (2022)
If You Love Me (feat. Direcția 5) (2022)
Tatoué (feat. Havana) (2023)

Referințe

Legături externe
Biografie
 Lidia Buble pe CatMusic
 Enciclopedia Muzicala a Romaniei

Interviu
 Lidia Buble isi dedica succesul familiei 30 octombrie 2014, tonica.ro
 Interviu cu Lidia Buble: "Cred in dragostea pana la adanci batraneti !" 29 octombre 2015, Kfetele.ro

Nașteri pe 9 iunie
Nașteri în 1993
Cântărețe române
Cântărețe din secolul al XXI-lea
Deveni
Cântăreți români în viață
Cântăreți români de pop

Lidia Buble


An Monstera cenepensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Thomas Bernard Croat. An Monstera cenepensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Monstera, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Monstera

Monstera cenepensis


Ruth Halbsguth (* 9. Dezember 1916 in Eckernförde; † 12. Oktober 2003 ebenda) war eine deutsche Schwimmerin, die bei den Olympischen Spielen 1936 Silber mit der Staffel gewann.

Ruth Halbsguth schwamm für Nixe Charlottenburg. Von 1933 bis 1938 gewann sie sechsmal in Folge die deutsche Meisterschaft im 400-Meter-Freistilschwimmen; während ihrer Karriere stellte sie zehn deutsche Rekorde auf. Bei den Schwimmeuropameisterschaften 1934 in Magdeburg belegte sie mit der 4-mal-100-Meter-Freistilstaffel in der Besetzung Ruth Halbsguth, Ingrid Ohliger, Hilde Salbert und Gisela Arendt den zweiten Platz hinter den Niederländerinnen. Bei den Olympischen Spielen 1936 unterlag die Freistilstaffel mit Ruth Halbsguth, Leni Lohmar, Ingeborg Schmitz und Gisela Arendt erneut den Niederländerinnen.

Literatur
 Bodo Harenberg (Red.): Die Stars des Sports von A–Z. Habel, Darmstadt u. a. 1970.

Weblinks

 Deutsche Schwimmmeisterschaften 400 Meter Freistil

Schwimmer (Deutschland)
Deutscher
Olympiateilnehmer (Deutschland)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 1936
Deutscher Meister (Schwimmen)
Sportler (Eckernförde)
Geboren 1916
Gestorben 2003
Frau

Ruth Halbsguth


Manuel Dionysios Díaz Martínez () a fost un scrimer cubanez specializat pe sabie, laureat cu aur la sabie individual și la floretă pe echipe la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1904.

Doar unsprezece trăgători din trei țări (Cuba, Germania și SUA) s-au prezentat la probele de scrimă din cadrul Jocurilor din 1904, care ele însene au avut parte de o participare foarte slabă. În timpul respectiv era Díaz un student la Universitatea Harvard. Proba de sabie individual s-a tras la sistemul grupelor cu meciuri în 7 tușe. Díaz a câștigat cele trei meciuri și s-a clasat pe locul întâi din cinci scrimeri, cucerind medalia de aur. Proba de floretă pe echipe, singura probă disputată pe echipe, a atras doar două loturi: Statele Unite și o echipă mixtă, care includea cubanezii Manuel Díaz și Ramón Fonst, și americanul Albertson Van Zo Post. Aceasta a trecut de Statele Unite, cucerind medalia de aur.

Referințe

Scrimeri olimpici cubanezi
Scrimeri la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1904
Medaliați olimpici cu aur cubanezi
Sabreri

Manuel Díaz


Ana (bugarski Анна) bila je bugarska plemkinja te kći bugarskog kana. Živjela je u 9. stoljeću.

Biografija
Ana je bila kći kana Presijana I. Bugarskog (Персиян), koji je bio pagan. Ime Anine majke nepoznato je, dok se Anin djed zvao Zviniča. Anino je izvorno ime također nepoznato — bila je isprva paganka, ali se preobratila na kršćanstvo. Prema kronici, zarobili su ju Bizantinci te se preobratila na carevu dvoru, ali se vratila u Bugarsku nakon što je redovnik Teodor Koupharas poslan u Bizant.

Brat ili polubrat gospe Ane bio je knez Boris I. Bugarski, koji je također prihvatio kršćanstvo te je slavljen kao svetac u Bugarskoj. Svoju je kćer nazvao po Ani.

Nepoznato je kada je Ana umrla. Pokopana je u Bugarskoj.

Izvori i bilješke

Bugarske princeze

Ana, kći Presijana I.


Časna službenica Edel Quinn (Greenane, Irska, 14. rujna 1907. – Nairobi, Kenija, 14. svibnja 1944.) je irska katolička aktivistica, članica katoličke marijanske organizacije Marijine legije i utemeljiteljica brojnih podružnica te organizacije u Africi.

Njeni su roditelji bili Charles Quinn i Luise Burke Brown. Trebala je dobiti ime Adele. Edel je izvorno željela biti redovnica, ali njezino slabo zdravlje to nije dopuštalo. U dobi od 20 godina pridružila se katoličkoj marijanskoj organizaciji Marijina legija i pomagala je ljudima u potrebi u irskom glavnom gradu Dublinu. Godine 1936. otišla je kao izaslanica Marijine legije u istočnou i središnju Afriku, gdje je osnovala stotine podružnica Marijine legije u državama kao što su: Tanzanija, Kenija, Uganda, Malavi i Mauricijus. Umrla je od tuberkuloze u Nairobiju u Keniji i bila je pokopana na misionarskom groblju.

Postupak njene beatifikacije pokrenut je 1956. godine. Papa Ivan Pavao II. priznao je njene herojske vrline 15. prosinca 1994. godine, što je korak u beatifikaciji onih koji nisu umrli kao mučenici.

Irski katolički aktivisti
Marijina legija

Edel Quinn


The Gaussian integral, also known as the Euler–Poisson integral, is the integral of the Gaussian function  over the entire real line. Named after the German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss, the integral is

Abraham de Moivre originally discovered this type of integral in 1733, while Gauss published the precise integral in 1809. The integral has a wide range of applications.  For example, with a slight change of variables it is used to compute the normalizing constant of the normal distribution.  The same integral with finite limits is closely related to both the error function and the cumulative distribution function of the normal distribution. In physics this type of integral appears frequently, for example, in quantum mechanics, to find the probability density of the ground state of the harmonic oscillator. This integral is also used in the path integral formulation, to find the propagator of the harmonic oscillator, and in statistical mechanics, to find its partition function.

Although no elementary function exists for the error function, as can be proven by the Risch algorithm, the Gaussian integral can be solved analytically through the methods of multivariable calculus. That is, there is no elementary indefinite integral for

but the definite integral

can be evaluated. The definite integral of an arbitrary Gaussian function is

Computation

By polar coordinates
A standard way to compute the Gaussian integral, the idea of which goes back to Poisson, is to make use of the property that:

Consider the function on the plane , and compute its integral two ways:
 on the one hand, by double integration in the Cartesian coordinate system, its integral is a square:
 on the other hand, by shell integration (a case of double integration in polar coordinates), its integral is computed to be

Comparing these two computations yields the integral, though one should take care about the improper integrals involved.

where the factor of  is the Jacobian determinant which appears because of the transform to polar coordinates ( is the standard measure on the plane, expressed in polar coordinates Wikibooks:Calculus/Polar Integration#Generalization), and the substitution involves taking , so .

Combining these yields

so

Complete proof
To justify the improper double integrals and equating the two expressions, we begin with an approximating function:

If the integral

were absolutely convergent we would have that its Cauchy principal value, that is, the limit

would coincide with

To see that this is the case, consider that

So we can compute

by just taking the limit

Taking the square of  yields

Using Fubini's theorem, the above double integral can be seen as an area integral

taken over a square with vertices  on the xy-plane.

Since the exponential function is greater than 0 for all real numbers, it then follows that the integral taken over the square's incircle must be less than , and similarly the integral taken over the square's circumcircle must be greater than . The integrals over the two disks can easily be computed by switching from Cartesian coordinates to polar coordinates:

(See to polar coordinates from Cartesian coordinates for help with polar transformation.)

Integrating,

By the squeeze theorem, this gives the Gaussian integral

By Cartesian coordinates
A different technique, which goes back to Laplace (1812), is the following. Let

Since the limits on  as  depend on the sign of , it simplifies the calculation to use the fact that  is an even function, and, therefore, the integral over all real numbers is just twice the integral from zero to infinity. That is,

Thus, over the range of integration, , and the variables  and  have the same limits. This yields:

Then, using Fubini's theorem to switch the order of integration:

Therefore, , as expected.

By Laplace's method

In Laplace approximation, we deal only with up to second-order terms in Taylor expansion, so we consider .

In fact, since  for all , we have the exact bounds:Then we can do the bound at Laplace approximation limit:

That is,

By trigonometric substitution, we exactly compute those two bounds:  and

By taking the square root of the Wallis formula, we have , the desired upper bound limit. Similarly we can get the desired lower bound limit.
Conversely, if we first compute the integral with one of the other methods above, we would obtain a proof of the Wallis formula.

Relation to the gamma function

The integrand is an even function,

Thus, after the change of variable , this turns into the Euler integral

where  is the gamma function. This shows why the factorial of a half-integer is a rational multiple of . More generally,

which can be obtained by substituting  in the integrand of the gamma function  to get .

Generalizations

The integral of a Gaussian function

The integral of an arbitrary Gaussian function is

An alternative form is

This form is useful for calculating expectations of some continuous probability distributions related to the normal distribution, such as the log-normal distribution, for example.

n-dimensional and functional generalization

Suppose A is a symmetric positive-definite (hence invertible)  precision matrix, which is the matrix inverse of the covariance matrix. Then,

This fact is applied in the study of the multivariate normal distribution.

Also,

where σ is a permutation of  and the extra factor on the right-hand side is the sum over all combinatorial pairings of  of N copies of A−1.

Alternatively,

for some analytic function f, provided it satisfies some appropriate bounds on its growth and some other technical criteria. (It works for some functions and fails for others. Polynomials are fine.) The exponential over a differential operator is understood as a power series.

While functional integrals have no rigorous definition (or even a nonrigorous computational one in most cases), we can define a Gaussian functional integral in analogy to the finite-dimensional case.  There is still the problem, though, that  is infinite and also, the functional determinant would also be infinite in general. This can be taken care of if we only consider ratios:

In the DeWitt notation, the equation looks identical to the finite-dimensional case.

n-dimensional with linear term
If A is again a symmetric positive-definite matrix, then (assuming all are column vectors)

Integrals of similar form

where  is a positive integer and  denotes the double factorial.

An easy way to derive these is by differentiating under the integral sign.

One could also integrate by parts and find a recurrence relation to solve this.

Higher-order polynomials

Applying a linear change of basis shows that the integral of the exponential of a homogeneous polynomial in n variables may depend only on SL(n)-invariants of the polynomial. One such invariant is the discriminant,
zeros of which mark the singularities of the integral. However, the integral may also depend on other invariants.

Exponentials of other even polynomials can numerically be solved using series. These may be interpreted as formal calculations when there is no convergence. For example, the solution to the integral of the exponential of a quartic polynomial is

The  mod 2 requirement is because the integral from −∞ to 0 contributes a factor of  to each term, while the integral from 0 to +∞ contributes a factor of 1/2 to each term. These integrals turn up in subjects such as quantum field theory.

See also

 List of integrals of Gaussian functions
 Common integrals in quantum field theory
 Normal distribution
 List of integrals of exponential functions
 Error function
 Berezin integral

References

Citations

Sources

Integrals
Articles containing proofs
Gaussian function
Theorems in analysis

Gaussian integral


Nicolás García Hemme (* 20. Juni 1988) ist ein spanischer Taekwondoin. Er startet in der Gewichtsklasse bis 80 Kilogramm.

García wurde im Jahr 2005 in Baku Junioreneuropameister. Im Erwachsenenbereich errang er seine erste Medaille bei der Europameisterschaft 2008 in Rom, wo er das Finale erreichte und Silber gewann. Ebenfalls Silber gewann er im folgenden Jahr bei der Weltmeisterschaft in Kopenhagen, García verlor erst im Finale gegen Steven Lopez. Eine weitere Medaille konnte er mit Bronze bei der Europameisterschaft 2012 in Manchester gewinnen.

García gewann im Januar 2012 beim europäischen Olympiaqualifikationsturnier in Kasan in der Gewichtsklasse bis 80 Kilogramm den entscheidenden Kampf um den dritten Platz und qualifizierte sich für die Olympischen Spiele 2012 in London. Dort gewann er die Silbermedaille, wobei er im Finale knapp mit 0:1 Punkten gegen den Argentinier Sebastián Crismanich verlor. Bei den Mittelmeerspielen 2013 in Mersin gewann er die Bronzemedaille in der Gewichtsklasse bis 80 Kilogramm.

Weblinks

Taekwondoin (Spanien)
Olympiateilnehmer (Spanien)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2012
Teilnehmer der Mittelmeerspiele 2013
Spanier
Geboren 1988
Mann

Nicolás García


Ned Thomas Beatty (July 6, 1937 – June 13, 2021) was an American actor. In a career that spanned five decades, he appeared in more than 160 films. Throughout his career, Beatty gained a reputation for being "the busiest actor in Hollywood". His film appearances included Deliverance (1972), White Lightning (1973), All the President's Men (1976), Network (1976), Superman (1978), Superman II (1980), Back to School (1986), Rudy (1993), Shooter (2007), Toy Story 3 (2010), and Rango (2011). He also had the series regular role of Stanley Bolander in the first three seasons of the hit NBC TV drama Homicide: Life on the Street.

Beatty was nominated for an Academy Award, two Emmy Awards, an MTV Movie Award for Best Villain, and a Golden Globe Award; he also won a Drama Desk Award.

Early life
Beatty was born on July 6, 1937, in Louisville, Kentucky, to Margaret (née Fortney) and Charles William Beatty. He had an older sister, Mary. In 1947, Beatty began singing in gospel and barbershop quartets in St. Matthews, Kentucky, and at his local church. He graduated from Eastern High School and subsequently received a scholarship to sing in the a cappella choir at Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky; he attended but did not graduate.

In 1956, Beatty made his stage debut at age 19, appearing in Wilderness Road, an outdoor-historical pageant located in Berea, Kentucky. During his first ten years of theater, he worked at Barter Theatre in Abingdon, Virginia, the State Theatre of Virginia. Returning to Kentucky, Beatty worked in the Louisville area through the mid-1960s, at the Clarksville Little Theater (Indiana) and the newly founded Actors Theater of Louisville. His time at the latter included a run as Willy Loman in Death of a Salesman in 1966.

Career
Throughout his career, Beatty had no regrets about mostly only playing supporting roles: "[Leading roles] are more trouble than they're worth. I feel sorry for people in a star position. It's unnatural".

1970s

In 1972, Beatty made his film debut as Bobby Trippe in Deliverance, starring Jon Voight and Burt Reynolds, and set in northern Georgia. Beatty's character is forced to strip at gunpoint by two mountain men who humiliate and rape him, a scene so shocking that it is still referred to as a screen milestone. Beatty admitted that most of the people who worked on the film did not want to do that scene, but it was an important one. The film was the fifth highest grossing that year, and also featured Duelling Banjos as its theme tune, which went on to be a number one hit record. In 1972, he also appeared in The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean, a western with Paul Newman.

In 1973, Beatty had roles in The Thief Who Came to Dinner, The Last American Hero, and White Lightning. The latter film reunited Beatty with his Deliverance co-star Burt Reynolds. He also appeared in an episode of the TV series The Waltons that year, as well as the TV movie The Marcus-Nelson Murders, which was the pilot for the series Kojak. The next year, he appeared in the television miniseries The Execution of Private Slovik and in the two-part episode of The Rockford Files, "Profit and Loss". In 1975, he appeared in W.W. and the Dixie Dancekings, in Robert Altman's Nashville, and as Colonel Hollister in the M*A*S*H episode, "Dear Peggy". He appeared in the NBC-TV movie Attack on Terror: The FBI vs. the Ku Klux Klan as Deputy Sheriff Ollie Thompson (1975). Beatty also made an appearance on Gunsmoke in "The Hiders" episode in 1975.

Beatty received his only Academy Award nomination, for Best Supporting Actor category for the acclaimed film Network (1976), portraying a television network's bombastic but shrewd chairman of the board who convinces the mad Howard Beale character (portrayed by Peter Finch) that corporation-led global dehumanization is not only inevitable, but is also a good thing. Neither Beatty nor William Holden, who shared the lead role with Finch, won an Oscar. The other three acting awards besides the best supporting actor category were swept by Network performers: Best Actor for Peter Finch, Best Actress for Faye Dunaway, and Best Supporting Actress for Beatrice Straight. The Best Supporting Actor award went to Jason Robards for his role in All the President's Men, which also starred Beatty.

In 1976, he also appeared in The Big Bus, Silver Streak,  and Mikey and Nicky. In 1977, he returned to work with John Boorman in Exorcist II: The Heretic (1977), and appeared in "The Final Chapter", the first episode of the television series Quinn Martin's Tales of the Unexpected. During 1977-78, he starred in the short-lived sitcom Szysznyk on CBS.

In 1978, Beatty appeared in Gray Lady Down (1978), a drama aboard a submarine starring Charlton Heston. The film is significant chiefly for being the screen debut of Christopher Reeve, Beatty's future costar. Later that year, Beatty was cast by Richard Donner to portray Lex Luthor's inept henchman Otis in Superman: The Movie (1978), as he would in the 1980 sequel, where we see his character being left behind in prison. He received his first nomination for Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Special for the television series Friendly Fire (1979). In 1979, he was also seen in Wise Blood, directed by John Huston, and 1941, directed by Steven Spielberg.

1980s
In 1980, Beatty appeared in Ronald Neame's film Hopscotch with Walter Matthau. In 1981, Beatty appeared in the comedy/science fiction film The Incredible Shrinking Woman, directed by Joel Schumacher and starring Lily Tomlin. In 1982, Beatty returned to work with Richard Donner and Richard Pryor in the comedy The Toy. Beatty worked with Burt Reynolds again in the auto-racing farce Stroker Ace (1983).

In the middle of the 1980s, Beatty appeared in the comedy film Restless Natives (1985), directed by Michael Hoffman. By the end of the 1980s, Beatty appeared in another comedy film, as the academic "Dean Martin" in Back to School (1986), starring Rodney Dangerfield. He played a corrupt cop in the 1987 American neo-noir crime film The Big Easy, directed by Jim McBride and starring Dennis Quaid, and continued with a spy drama, The Fourth Protocol (1987), opposite Michael Caine and Pierce Brosnan.

In 1988, Beatty appeared with the main character Thelonious Pitt in Shadows in the Storm, and reunited with Burt Reynolds and Christopher Reeve for the comedy film Switching Channels, his fifth time in a movie with Reynolds. He appeared in Purple People Eater (1988), portraying a simple grandfather. In 1989, Beatty made Chattahoochee, portraying Dr. Harwood. He had a recurring role as the father of John Goodman's character Dan Conner on the TV comedy series Roseanne (1989–1994).

1990s

Entering the 1990s, Beatty gained his third nomination for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Special category for Last Train Home (1990). A year later, he appeared in the British film Hear My Song (1991), in which he portrayed tenor Josef Locke, for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture.

In 1990, Beatty worked again with Linda Blair in Repossessed (1990), a spoof of The Exorcist. He appeared in the Marvel Comics superhero adventure Captain America (1990). He portrayed the father of the bride in Prelude to a Kiss (1992), opposite Meg Ryan and Alec Baldwin. In 1993, he appeared in the true story based film Rudy, playing a Notre Dame Fighting Irish football fan whose son, against all odds, makes the school's football team. In 1992, he played Blanche Devereaux's developmentally disabled older brother in the TV show The Golden Palace. Beatty starred in the television series Homicide: Life on the Street as Detective Stanley Bolander for its first three seasons (1993–1995).

Beatty made the 1994 science-fiction film Replikator (1994) and mystery-comedy Radioland Murders. In 1995, he worked with Sean Connery and Laurence Fishburne in the thriller Just Cause. He appeared as Judge Roy Bean in the TV miniseries adaptation of Larry McMurtry's western novel, Streets of Laredo (1995). David Fincher and Andrew Kevin Walker wanted Beatty to play John Doe in Seven (1995), because of his resemblance to the 1969 composite sketch of the Zodiac Killer; Beatty declined, describing the script as the "most evil thing I've ever read." He appeared in a 1998 sports-drama film written and directed by Spike Lee and starring Denzel Washington, He Got Game. In 1999, Beatty returned to work with Cookie's Fortune, Life, and Spring Forward.

2000s
In the beginning of the 2000s, he was a member of the original cast of the television police drama reunion film Homicide: The Movie (2000), reprising his role of Detective Stanley Bolander. In 2002, he appeared in Peter Hewitt's film Thunderpants. In 2003, he portrayed a simple sheriff in Where the Red Fern Grows.

Beatty also enjoyed a career as a stage actor, including a run in the Broadway and London productions of Cat on a Hot Tin Roof with Brendan Fraser and Frances O'Connor. He won a Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play for playing Big Daddy in a production of Cat on a Hot Tin Roof.

In the middle of the 2000s, Beatty appeared in the television film The Wool Cap (2004) with William H. Macy, and in 2005, in an American independent film directed and written by Ali Selim, Sweet Land. In March 2006, Beatty received the RiverRun International Film Festival's "Master of Cinema" Award (the highest honor of the festival), in Winston-Salem, North Carolina.

At the end of the 2000s, Beatty portrayed a corrupt U.S. Senator in the film version of Stephen Hunter's novel Point of Impact retitled Shooter (2007), directed by Antoine Fuqua and starring Mark Wahlberg, Michael Peña, and Danny Glover; in a drama film written and directed by Paul Schrader, The Walker (2007), and as the honorable U.S. Congressman Doc Long in the true story Charlie Wilson's War (2007), with Tom Hanks and Julia Roberts, directed by Mike Nichols. He also worked with Tommy Lee Jones in the thriller In the Electric Mist (2009).

2010s
In 2010, Beatty starred in the thriller The Killer Inside Me (2010), which was part of the Sundance Film Festival. He also voiced Lots-O'-Huggin' Bear in the 2010 Disney/Pixar film Toy Story 3 (2010) opposite Charlie Wilson's War costar Tom Hanks, who was reprising his role of Woody from the first two films. In 2011, Beatty worked with actor Johnny Depp and director Gore Verbinski in the computer-animated film Rango (2011), playing the role of Tortoise John. He appeared briefly in the film Funny Guy and in the film Rampart (2011), opposite Woody Harrelson, which is set in 1999 Los Angeles. Beatty's final television appearance was in sitcom television series Go On (2013), starring Matthew Perry.

Beatty's next film was The Big Ask (2013), a dark comedy about three couples who head to the desert to help their friend heal after the death of his mother. The film featured Gillian Jacobs, Zachary Knighton, David Krumholtz, Melanie Lynskey, Ahna O'Reilly, and Jason Ritter, and was directed by his son Thomas Beatty and Rebecca Fishman. His other next movie was Baggage Claim (2013), an American comedy film directed by David E. Talbert and written by Talbert based on his book of the same name, opposite Paula Patton, Adam Brody, Djimon Hounsou, Taye Diggs, Christina Milian and Derek Luke, which was also Beatty's final film role before his retirement.

Personal life
Beatty was married four times. His first wife was Walta Chandler; they were married from 1959 until 1968 and had four children. His second wife was actress Belinda Rowley; they were married from 1971 to 1979 and had two children. His third wife was Dorothy Adams "Tinker" Lindsay; they were married from June 28, 1979, to March 1998 and had two children. His fourth wife was Sandra Johnson; they were married on November 20, 1999, and lived in Los Angeles, California. They also maintained a residence in Karlstad, Minnesota.

Beatty was not related to fellow Hollywood star Warren Beatty, also born in 1937. When asked if they were related, Beatty had been known to joke that Warren was his "illegitimate uncle".

On June 29, 2012, Beatty attended a 40th anniversary screening of Deliverance at Warner Bros., with Burt Reynolds, Ronny Cox and Jon Voight.

He supported Jesse Jackson's 1988 presidential campaign.

Death
Beatty died of natural causes at his home in Los Angeles, on June 13, 2021, at the age of 83.

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

Theater

Awards and nominations

See also
 List of people from the Louisville metropolitan area

References

External links

 Ned Beatty Interview by Beth Stevens on Broadway.com

1937 births
2021 deaths
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
Drama Desk Award winners
Leo Ryan
Male actors from Louisville, Kentucky
People from Kittson County, Minnesota
People from Tulare County, California
Transylvania University alumni
Eastern High School (Louisville, Kentucky) alumni

Ned Beatty


John Skinner Wilson (* 1888; † 1969) war ein schottischer Wegbereiter der Pfadfinderbewegung.

Leben

Wilson erfuhr seine Ausbildung am Watson College und in  Glenalmond. Er diente 1908 in der indischen Polizei und war Chief Commissioner in Kalkutta. Im Jahr 1917 wurde er Assistent der Pfadfindergruppe an der Old Mission Church. Als District Commissioner wollte er im Jahr 1919 junge Inder zu den Pfadfindereinheiten bringen. 1922 half er Baden Powell dessen Texte über das Pfadfindertum in indisch zu verfassen. Im Jahr 1923 avancierte er zum zweiten Camp Chef des Gilwell Park und blieb auf diesem Posten bis 1939. Im Jahr 1937 erhielt er den Bronze Wolf. Er wurde von Robert Baden-Powell in das Boy Scouts International Bureau berufen, aus dem später  das World Scout Bureau der World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM) hervorging. Vier Jahren war er Ehrenpräsident der WOSM.

1959 veröffentlichte er als Autor das Buch Scouting round the world, eine Sammlung von Geschichten und Notizen und während seiner Reisen mit Pfadfindern aus verschiedenen Ländern der Welt. Im Scouting war sein Spitzname "Belgier".

Werke

 Scouting Round the World. Blandford Press, London 1959.

Einzelnachweise

Geboren 1888
Gestorben 1969
Schotte
Brite
Mann
Person der Pfadfinderbewegung

John Skinner Wilson


Nikos Christodoulides (Geroskipou, 6 de dezembro de 1973) é um político cipriota grego, que é o atual presidente de Chipre desde 28 de fevereiro de 2023. Anteriormente, atuou como Ministro das Relações Exteriores, de 2018 a 2022, e Porta-voz do Governo, de 2014 a 2018. Antes de entrar na política, foi diplomata acadêmico e de carreira.

Christodoulides renunciou ao segundo governo de Nicos Anastasiades em janeiro de 2022, em meio a especulações de que concorreria à presidência em 2023. Em junho, ele confirmou que concorreria à presidência como independente, sem o apoio de seu partido DISY. Desde então, ele foi endossado pelos partidos DIKO, EDEK, DIPA e Solidariedade.

Ele venceu o primeiro turno das eleições presidenciais com 32,04% dos votos e, posteriormente, foi apoiado pelo atual presidente Nicos Anastasiades. Christodoulides venceu o segundo turno com 51,92% dos votos, contra 48,08% de Andreas Mavroyiannis, apoiado pelo AKEL, para se tornar presidente de Chipre.

Início de vida
Christodoulides nasceu em Geroskipou, Pafos, em 6 de dezembro de 1973, em uma família de etnia cipriota grega. Seu pai era da aldeia de Choulou, na montanhosa Pafos, enquanto sua mãe era de Geroskipou. Ele se formou no liceu Archbishop Makarios em Pafos em 1991, e seguiu carreira em Ciência Política.

Carreira

Educação
Ele é bacharel em ciência política, economia, estudos bizantinos e gregos modernos pela Faculdade de Queens da Universidade da Cidade de Nova Iorque; tem um mestrado em ciência política pela Universidade de Nova Iorque e outro em estudos diplomáticos pela Universidade de Malta na Academia Mediterrânea de Estudos Diplomáticos e, finalmente, um doutorado pelo Departamento de Ciência Política e Administração Pública da Universidade de Atenas.

Diplomata
Christodoulides começou sua carreira como diplomata em 1999, exercendo o cargo até 2013. Nesse período, atuou como diretor do Gabinete do Ministro das Relações Exteriores da República de Chipre, porta-voz da Presidência cipriota do Conselho da União Europeia em Bruxelas, subchefe de missão da Embaixada de Chipre na Grécia, diretor do Gabinete do Secretário Permanente do Ministério dos Negócios Estrangeiros e cônsul-geral no Alto Comissariado da República de Chipre no Reino Unido.

Nomeações da universidade e do governo
Além disso, entre os anos de 2007 e 2010, Christodoulides lecionou e atuou como pesquisador associado no Departamento de História e Arqueologia da Universidade de Chipre. Especificamente, ele ensinou a matéria de "História do mundo pós-guerra". Finalmente, antes de sua nomeação como Ministro das Relações Exteriores em 1 de março de 2018, ele atuou como diretor do Gabinete Diplomático do Presidente da República de Chipre entre 2013 e 2018, e porta-voz do governo entre 2014 e 2018.

Ministro das Relações Exteriores

Após a reeleição em fevereiro de 2018, o Presidente da República do Chipre, Nicos Anastasiades, nomeou Christodoulides como chefe do Ministério das Relações Exteriores, entre várias novas nomeações para seu governo. Ele assumiu o cargo em 1 de março de 2018.

Christodoulides, como Ministro das Relações Exteriores, visitou Israel em junho de 2018 e se reuniu com o primeiro-ministro Benjamin Netanyahu e o presidente Reuven Rivlin para discutir os desenvolvimentos regionais e o fortalecimento dos laços bilaterais em situações de energia e emergência. Além das incursões turcas, eles falaram sobre a cooperação estratégica no planejado oleoduto EastMed.

Com relação às provocações da Turquia em desrespeito à Zona Econômica Exclusiva reivindicada pela República de Chipre, Christodoulides observou que a Nicósia não será influenciada pelas ações da Turquia. Durante uma reunião sobre a cooperação greco-cipriota com o primeiro-ministro grego, Alexis Tsipras, ele disse que o "objetivo número um é a reunificação do país".

Em maio de 2018, Christodoulides pediu oficialmente às Nações Unidas que se preparassem para uma rápida reabertura do processo de reunificação. Depois de se encontrar com o ministro das Relações Exteriores da Grécia, Nikos Kotzias, em 7 de maio de 2018, ele elogiou o secretário-geral António Guterres por ter enviado um representante especial para sondar a atmosfera para a reabertura das negociações.

Christodoulides saudou um anúncio dos representantes da Exxon em junho de 2018 para acelerar seu cronograma para iniciar as operações de perfuração no Bloco 10 da Zona Econômica Exclusiva. As operações estavam planejadas para começar no quarto trimestre de 2018.

Em 17 de julho de 2018, Christodoulides se encontrou com a Alta Representante Federica Mogherini em Bruxelas. Eles falaram sobre "o papel crucial que a União Europeia pode desempenhar nos esforços para retomar as negociações de paz paralisadas em Chipre". Durante sua visita, Christodoulides afirmou que Chipre "não pode se dar ao luxo de fracassar em novas negociações". Mas ele também insistiu que "a Turquia deve cumprir os padrões europeus e a lei internacional".

Em julho de 2020, reagindo aos confrontos armênio-azerbaijano, Christodoulides condenou a "violação do cessar-fogo pelo Azerbaijão" e pediu "contenção das partes para diminuir a tensão na região".

Em 5 de abril de 2021, Christodoulides foi premiado com a Ordem da Bandeira da Sérvia pelo presidente sérvio Aleksandar Vučić.

Renúncia ao cargo de ministro e campanha presidencial
Após meses de especulação sobre se ele seria candidato nas eleições presidenciais cipriotas de 2023, Christodoulides expressou seu interesse em uma coletiva de imprensa realizada no Ministério das Relações Exteriores em 9 de janeiro de 2022. No dia seguinte, ele renunciou ao cargo de ministro, e foi substituído pelo veterano político Ioannis Kasoulidis em 11 de janeiro.

Em junho de 2022, anunciou formalmente sua candidatura como candidato independente, apesar de ser membro do DISY. Ele foi endossado por DIKO e EDEK, o terceiro e quarto maior partido da ilha, respectivamente. Em 5 de janeiro de 2023, após a apresentação de sua candidatura, ele foi formalmente expulso do DISY pelas autoridades do partido. Em 2022, pesquisas de opinião sugeriram que ele mantinha uma vantagem confortável sobre os outros candidatos.

Em 2023, Christodoulides venceu o primeiro turno das eleições presidenciais com 32,04% dos votos. Ele também venceu o segundo turno com 51,92% dos votos, contra 48,08% de Andreas Mavroyiannis, apoiado pelo AKEL, para se tornar presidente do Chipre.

Publicações
Entre as contribuições para vários periódicos nacionais e internacionais, Christodoulides também é autor de dois livros. Em 2009, publicou Plans for Solution of the Cyprus Problem 1948-1978, e em 2013, publicou Relations between Athens and Nicosia and the Cyprus Problem, 1977-1988.

Vida pessoal
Christodoulides é casado com Philippa Karsera, e têm quatro filhos. Sua esposa também é uma diplomata cipriota. Eles se conheceram em 1999 como adidos diplomáticos recém-nomeados no Ministério de Relações Exteriores. Entre outros cargos importantes, ela também atuou como vice-diretora do Gabinete Diplomático do Presidente no Palácio Presidencial. Desde fevereiro de 2022, ela lidera o departamento de gerenciamento de crises no Ministério das Relações Exteriores do Chipre.

Presidentes do Chipre
Políticos de Chipre
Naturais de Chipre
Alunos da Universidade da Cidade de Nova Iorque
Alunos da Universidade de Nova Iorque
Nascidos em 1973

Nikos Christodoulides


An Graphorkis concolor in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Louis Marie Aubert Du Petit-Thouars, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Carl Ernst Otto Kuntze. An Graphorkis concolor in nahilalakip ha genus nga Graphorkis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 G. c. alphabetica
 G. c. concolor

Mga kasarigan

Graphorkis

Graphorkis concolor


Suzanne de Dietrich (* 29. Januar 1891 in Bad Niederbronn, Elsaß-Lothringen; † 24. Januar 1981 in Straßburg) war eine protestantische Theologin elsässischer Herkunft, die sich in Bibelstudiengruppen und der Ökumenischen Bewegung engagierte.

Leben
Suzanne de Dietrich kam am 29. Januar 1891 als Tochter des Industriellen Charles de Dietrich und seiner Frau Anne von Türcke in Niederbronn-les-Bains zur Welt. Die Familie war durch die erweckliche Frömmigkeit, die die evangelischen Pfarrer Johann Friedrich Oberlin und Tommy Fallot des Steintals (französisch: Ban de la Roche) verbreitet hatten, geprägt worden. Sie litt an einer angeborenen Gehbehinderung, die ihr das Laufen stark erschwerte. 1900 starb ihre Mutter und sechs Jahre später ihr Vater. Suzanne de Dietrich wurde von einer französischen Lehrerin unterrichtet und besuchte von 1907 bis 1909 das Gymnasium in Lausanne.

Nach der Matura studierte Suzanne de Dietrich Ingenieurwesen in Lausanne und machte 1913 den Studienabschluss als Diplomingenieurin. Während ihrer Studienzeit engagierte sie sich in der Association chrétienne d'étudiants (ACE) und förderte das weitgehend unbekannte gemeinsame Lesen der Bibel, indem sie Bibelstudiengruppen einführte. Im Februar 1914 nahm sie an dem Kongress der Fédération française des associations chrétiennes d'étudiants (Fédé) teil, deren Generalsekretär Charles Grauss war.

1916 wurde sie auch ein aktives Mitglied der von Charles Grauss geleiteten Bewegung Volontaires du Christ, der vor allem Studenten der Theologie angehörten. Von 1914 bis 1935 übernahm Suzanne de Dietrich in Genf das Amt des Sekretärs in der Fédération Universelle des Associations Chrétiennes d'Étudiants (FUACE), dem Allgemeinen Dachverband der Vereinigungen Christlicher Studenten. Während dieser Amtszeit förderte sie weiter das gemeinschaftliche Bibelstudium und gründete auch konfessionsübergreifende Bibelstudiengruppen. 1929 wurde sie zur Vizepräsidentin der FUACE ernannt. Zur gleichen Zeit entdeckte sie das Werk von Karl Barth, das in Frankreich durch den Pfarrer Pierre Maury (1890–1956) und die Zeitschrift Foi et Vie bekannt wurde.

Im September 1939 half Suzanne de Dietrich zusammen mit Madeleine Barot beim Aufbau der Cimade (Comité inter-mouvements auprès des évacués). Die erste Aufgabe der Cimade bestand darin, die durch den Einmarsch deutscher Truppen aus Elsass-Lothringen vertriebenen Menschen materiell und geistlich zu unterstützen. Am 16. und 17. September 1941 war sie bei dem von Willem Adolf Visser 't Hooft und Madeleine Barot einberufenen Treffen von 16 Personen in Pomeyrol anwesend, bei dem die Thèses de Pomeyrol aufgestellt wurden, die einen geistlichen Wegweiser gegen die nationalsozialistische Rassenideologie bildeten. Die Thesen von Pomeyrol stützten sich auf die Barmer Theologische Erklärung. Während der Kriegszeit schrieb Suzanne de Dietrich in Genf auch ihr Buch Le dessein de Dieu (deutsch: Was Gott mit uns vorhat), das 1945 veröffentlicht und in 13 Sprachen übersetzt wurde.

Nach dem Krieg war sie vor allem in der Ökumenischen Bewegung tätig. Sie wirkte 1946 an der Schaffung des Ökumenischen Instituts Bossey in der Nähe von Genf mit, wo sie bis 1954 mitarbeitete und auch stellvertretende Leiterin wurde. Daraufhin zog sie nach Paris, und sie war seit 1958 im Vorstand der Cimade. 1962 wurde sie Mitglied der Équipes de recherche biblique und setzte ihre Bibelstudien fort. Sie unternahm mehrere Vortragsreisen in Europa und unterrichtete in den USA und Kanada. Von mehreren europäischen und nordamerikanischen Universitäten erhielt sie einen Ehrendoktortitel in Theologie.

1979 zog sie in das Diakonissenhaus in Straßburg ein, wo sie bis zu ihrem Tod am 24. Januar 1981 lebte.

Werke
 Les paraboles: études bibliques, Paris 1922.
 Je suis la verité, Fédération française des étudiants chrétiens, Paris 1923.
 L'apôtre Paul: études bibliques, Paris 1924.
 C'était l'heure de l'offrande: Notes en marge de l'Évangile, Éditions du Semeur, 1935.
 La croix: trois meditations, Éditions du Semeur, Cahors 1941.
 Le prophète Jérémie, Fédération française des étudiants chrétiens, Paris 1941.
 Le Renouveau biblique: principes, méthodes, applications, 1945 (32 Auflagen bis 1969, zuletzt unter: hier et aujourd'hui. Tome 1: Qu'est-ce que la Bible?; Tome 2: Comment lire la Bible?, Collection Foi vivante, Delachaux & Niestlé).
 Le Dessein de Dieu: Itinéraire biblique, Delachaux & Niestlé, Paris, 1945, 1948, dernière réédition: Éditions du Cerf, 1992 (51 Auflagen).
 Toward fullness of life; studies in the letter of Paul to the Philippians, 1946 und 1966.
 The witnessing community, the Biblical record of God's purpose, 1952 (13 Auflagen bis 1991).
 God's unfolding purpose : a guide to the study of the Bible, 1957 und 1974.
 This is a devotional study. The reader sees the history of salvation in Christ for what it truly is: something to be known and experienced, not merely understood. He worships as he reads free men, 1961 und 1964.
 The Gospel according to Matthew, 1961 und 1982.
 Les Lettres Johanniques, Labor et Fides, 1964.
 And he is lifted up; meditations on the Gospel of John, 1966 und 1969.
 God's word in today's world, 1967 und 1969

Literatur

 Margaret Howlett: The Bible study method of Suzanne de Dietrich
 Hans-Rudi Weber: Suzanne de Dietrich 1891–1981, la passion de vivre. Éditions Olivétan, 1995.
 Hans-Ruedi Weber: The courage to live: a biography of Suzanne de Diétrich
 Hans-Ruedi Weber: Susanne De Dietrich (1891-1981): a creative lay theologian

Weblinks

 Suzanne de Dietrich (1891-1981) auf Website museeprotestant.org
 Elizabeth Peters: Guide to the Suzanne de Dietrich Papers, Website Archives at Yale, 2019 (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Person (Ökumenischer Rat der Kirchen)
Reformierter Theologe (20. Jahrhundert)
Sachbuchautor (Theologie)
Sachliteratur (Religion)
Franzose
Geboren 1891
Gestorben 1981
Frau
Person des Christentums (Frankreich)
Deutscher

Suzanne de Dietrich


{{Otomatik taksokutu
| ad = Eklem bacaklılar
| en_eski_fosil = 540
| en_genç_fosil = 0
| fosil_kaynak =
| resim = Arthropoda.jpg
| resim_genişliği =
| resim_bilgisi = Zehirli bir eklem bacaklı:Akrep
| takson = Arthropoda
| sıralama = Gravenhorst, 1843
| altbölüm_sıra = Alt şubeler ve Sınıflar
| altbölüm = * Takım Radiodonta
 Sınıf Megacheira (muhtemelen parafiletik)
 Alt şube Trilobitomorpha
 Trilobita
 Alt şube Chelicerata
 Merostomata
 Arachnida - örümceğimsiler
 Pantopoda - deniz örümcekleri
 Alt şube Crustacea - Kabuklular
 Branchiopoda - dallı bacaklılar
 Remipedia
 Cephalocarida
 Maxillopoda
 Ostracoda
 Malacostraca
 Alt şube Myriapoda - çok bacaklılar
 Chilopoda - çıyanlar
 Diplopoda - kırkayaklar
 Pauropoda
 Symphyla
 Alt şube Hexapoda - Altı ayaklar
 Insecta - Böcekler
 Takım Diplura
 Takım Collembola
 Takım Protura
| dış_bağlantılar =
}}Eklem bacaklılar  ya da Arthropoda', omurgasızların en büyük şubesidir.

Arthropoda (arthros: eklem, podos: ayak), "eklemli ayaklılar" anlamına gelmektedir.  Vücutları; baş (caput veya cephalo), göğüs (thorax) ve karın (abdomen) olmak üzere üç bölgeden meydana gelir. Her bölge çeşitli sayıda segmentten (parçadan) ibarettir. Vücudun her bir segmenti esnek bir deriyle birbirine bağlanmıştır. Vücut yüzeyi, sert bir madde olan kitinden meydana gelen bir dış iskeletle örtülüdür. Kitin, dış epitelin salgısıdır ve hayvanların büyümesi için zaman zaman değiştirilerek atılır. Ekstremiteler (bacak, kanat, duyarga ve ağız parçaları gibi hareket edebilen çıkıntılar) daima eklemli parçalardan meydana gelmiştir. Sindirim sistemi ön, orta ve arka bağırsak olmak üzere üç bölümden ve bunların çeşitli kalınlıktaki kısımlarından meydana gelir. Kan dolaşımı açıktır. Kan oksijen taşımayıp, besin maddeleri, artık maddeler ve hormonları taşır. Dolaşım sistemi, sırtta bir yürek ve ana damardan meydana gelir. Bazılarında sırt damarından kollar da çıkar. Sinir sistemi, birbirine bağlantısı bulunan gonglion'' adı verilen boğumlardan ibarettir.

Ayrı eşeylidirler. Karada, havada ve suda yaşarlar. İnce derililer vücut yüzeyiyle, sudakiler solungaçla, karadakiler de trakealarla (borular sistemi) solunum yaparlar.

Yaklaşık 800.000 kadar türü bulunmaktadır.

Duyarga
Eklem bacaklılar şubesinin altı bacaklılar (Hexapoda), çok bacaklılar (Myriapoda), kabuklular (Crustacea) ve soyu tükenmiş trilobitler (Trilobitomorpha) alt şubelerinde görülen, duyu organı olarak gelişmiş hareketli baş uzantısı olan duyargalar, diğer alt şubesi olan ve akrep, kene ve örümceklerin yer aldığı keliserliler (Chelicerata) alt şubesinde yoktur. Kabuklularda iki çift, diğer gruplarda bir çift duyarga bulunur.

Ayrıca bakınız
Tırnaksıllar

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Eklem bacaklılar