John Wesley Hardin (May 26, 1853 – August 19, 1895) was an American Old West outlaw, gunfighter, and controversial folk icon. Hardin often got into trouble with the law from an early age. He killed his first man at the age of 15, claiming he did so in self-defense.

Pursued by lawmen for most of his life, in 1877 at the age of 23, he was sentenced to 24 years in prison for murder. At the time of sentencing, Hardin claimed to have killed 42 men, while contemporary newspaper accounts attributed 27 deaths to him. While in prison, Hardin studied law and wrote an autobiography. He was well known for exaggerating or fabricating stories about his life and claimed credit for many killings that cannot be corroborated.

Within a year of his 1894 release from prison, Hardin was killed by John Selman in an El Paso saloon.

Early life
Hardin was born in 1853 near Bonham, Texas, to James Gibson "Gip" Hardin, a Methodist preacher and circuit rider, and Mary Elizabeth Dixson. He was named after John Wesley, the founder of the Methodist denomination of the Christian church.

In his autobiography, Hardin described his mother as "blond, highly cultured ... [while] charity predominated in her disposition." Hardin's father traveled over much of central Texas on his preaching circuit until he settled his family in Sumpter, Trinity County, Texas, in 1859. There, Hardin's father established and taught at the school that John Hardin and his siblings attended. Hardin was the second surviving son of ten children. The Hardins were Southerners and politically prominent. His great-grandfather was North Carolina provincial Congressman Colonel Joseph Hardin, the cousin of Senator Martin D. Hardin of Kentucky and father of Congressman John J. Hardin; relatives included Congressman Benjamin Hardin, Revolutionary war Colonel John Hardin of Virginia, and opposing Civil war Generals Martin Davis Hardin and Benjamin Hardin Helm.
At the outbreak of Civil War, Hardin's father was elected a Confederate Captain; In 1862, at age nine, Hardin tried to run away from home and join the Confederate army.

Trouble at school
In 1867 while attending his father's school, Hardin was taunted by another student, Charles Sloter. Sloter accused Hardin of being the author of graffiti on the schoolhouse wall that insulted a girl in his class. Hardin denied writing the poetry, claiming in turn that Sloter was the author. Sloter charged at Hardin with a knife, but Hardin stabbed him with his own knife, almost killing him. Hardin was nearly expelled over the incident.

First killing
In November 1868, when he was 15, Hardin challenged his uncle Holshousen's former slave, Major "Maje" Holshousen, to a wrestling match, which Hardin won. According to Hardin, the following day, Maje "ambushed" him as he rode past shouting at him and waving a stick. Hardin drew his revolver and shot Maje five times. Hardin wrote in his autobiography that he rode to get help for the wounded man, but Maje died three days later. Hardin further wrote that his father did not believe he would receive a fair hearing in the Union-occupied state (where more than a third of the state police were former slaves), so he ordered him into hiding. Hardin claimed that weeks later the authorities eventually discovered his location, and three Union soldiers were sent to arrest him, at which time he "chose to confront his pursuers" despite having been warned of their approach by an older brother, Joseph:;at a creek crossing Hardin claimed to have killed two white men with a shotgun and killed a negro with a pistol:

 Locals hid the victims in the creekbed about 100 yards from the ambush.

Fugitive from justice
Hardin knew that he would be arrested if he returned home. As a fugitive, he initially traveled with outlaw Frank Polk in the Pisgah area of Navarro County, Texas. Polk had killed a man named Tom Brady, and a detachment of soldiers sent from Corsicana, Texas, were pursuing the duo. Hardin escaped, but the soldiers apprehended Polk and jailed him temporarily. Hardin also briefly taught school in Pisgah. While there, he claimed he shot a man's eye out to win a bottle of whiskey in a bet. Hardin also claimed that he and his cousin, "Simp" Dixon, encountered a group of soldiers and each killed a man. Allegedly, Hardin killed a black man in Leon County, Texas. On January 5, 1870, Hardin was playing cards with Benjamin Bradley in Towash, Hill County, Texas. Hardin was winning almost every hand, which angered Bradley, who threatened to cut out Hardin's liver if he won again. Bradley drew a knife and a six-shooter. Hardin said he was unarmed and excused himself but claimed that later that night, Bradley came looking for him. Bradley allegedly fired a shot at Hardin and missed; Hardin drew both his pistols and returned fire, one shot striking Bradley in the head and the other in his chest. Dozens of people saw this fight, and from them there is a good record of how Hardin had used his guns. His holsters were sewn into his vest so that the butts of his pistols pointed inward across his chest. He crossed his arms to draw. Hardin claimed this was the fastest way to draw, and he practiced every day. A man called "Judge Moore", who held Hardin's stakes of money and a pistol, refused to give them up without Bradley's consent and later "vanished". Hardin eventually admitted killing two men in Hill County.

After killing Bradley, Hardin claimed that when a posse of fifteen men came after him, he captured two of them and took a shotgun, two six-shooters, a rifle, and two derringers from his captives. He then ordered the two men to join the other members of the posse at Jim Page's and wait for him to come along, stating, "I reckon they are waiting for me yet."

Later that month, on January 20 in Horn Hill, Limestone County, Texas, Hardin claimed he killed a man in a gunfight after an argument at the circus. Less than a week after this incident, in nearby Kosse, Texas, Hardin was accompanying a prostitute home when they were accosted by her pimp, who demanded money. Hardin threw money on the ground and shot the would-be thief when he bent over to pick it up.

Arrest and escape
In January 1871, Hardin was arrested for the murder of Waco, Texas, city marshal Laban John Hoffman; however, he denied committing this crime. Following his arrest, he was held temporarily in a log jail in the town of Marshall, awaiting transfer to Waco for trial. While locked up, he bought a revolver from another prisoner. Two Texas state policemen, Captain Edward T. Stakes and an officer named Jim Smalley, were assigned to escort Hardin to Waco for trial. According to Hardin, they tied him on a horse with no saddle for the trip. While making camp along the way, Hardin escaped when Stakes went to procure fodder for the horses. He claims he was left alone with Smalley, who began to taunt and beat the then 17-year-old prisoner with the butt of a pistol. Hardin says he feigned crying and huddled against his pony's flank. Hidden by the animal, he pulled out a gun, fatally shot Smalley, and used his horse to escape. Hardin then claimed that while on the run he was "arrested" by three men named Smith, Jones, and Davis; but in Bell County, Texas, he killed all three with their own guns, after they became drunk and careless, and escaped again.

A Texas Historical Marker notes that in the 1870s, Hardin hid out in the vicinity of Pilgrim, Texas. After the Bell County shootings, Hardin found refuge with his cousins, the Clements, who were then living in Gonzales, in south Texas. They suggested he could make money by driving cattle to Kansas as a cowboy. Thinking he could get out of Texas long enough for his pursuers to lose interest, Hardin worked with his cousins, rustling cattle for Jake Johnson and Columbus Carol. Hardin writes that he was made trail boss for the herd. In February 1871, while the herd was being collected for the drive to Kansas, a freedman, Bob King, attempted to cut a beef cow out of the herd. When he refused to obey Hardin's demand to stop, Hardin hit him over the head with his pistol. That same month, Hardin may have wounded three Mexicans in an argument over a Three-card Monte card game, pistol-whipping one man over the head, shooting one man in the arm, and shooting the third man in the lung.

In the summer of 1871, while driving cattle on the Chisholm Trail to Abilene, Kansas, Hardin is reputed to have fought Mexican vaqueros and cattle rustlers. Towards the end of the drive, a Mexican herd crowded in behind Hardin's and there was some trouble keeping the two herds apart. Hardin exchanged words with the man in charge of the other herd; both men were on horseback. The Mexican fired his gun at Hardin, putting a hole through Hardin's hat. Hardin found that his own weapon, a worn-out cap-and-ball pistol with a loose cylinder, would not fire. He dismounted and managed to discharge the gun by steadying the cylinder with one hand and pulling the trigger with the other. He hit the Mexican in the thigh. A truce was declared, and both parties went their separate ways. However, Hardin borrowed a pistol from a friend and went looking for the Mexican, this time fatally shooting him through the head. A firefight between the rival camps ensued. Hardin claimed six vaqueros died in the exchanges (five of them reportedly shot by him), although this claim appears exaggerated—only three Mexican vaqueros were killed. Hardin also claimed to have killed two Indians in separate gunfights on the same cattle drive. The first instance was when an Indian tried to shoot an arrow at him on the South Canadian River. Hardin shot him and then had the body buried to avoid retribution from the man's tribe. The second incident, at Bluff Creek, Kansas, occurred when Indians wanted to collect a "tax" on the cattle. Hardin hit over the head an Indian who he claimed had stolen a silver bridle from him. He then forced a war party to flee after he shot a second Indian who had killed a beef cow.

After arriving in Abilene, Hardin claimed that he and a companion named Pain got into an argument in a restaurant with an anti-Texan, which left Pain wounded in one arm and the stranger shot in the mouth by Hardin's bullet. Hardin fled Abilene to the Cottonwood Trail.

On July 4, 1871, a Texas trail boss named William Cohron was killed on the Cottonwood Trail ( south of Abilene) by an unnamed Mexican, who "fled south" and was subsequently killed by two cowboys in a Sumner County, Kansas, restaurant on July 20. Hardin not only admitted to being involved in the shooting of the Mexican outlaw but also claimed to have been deputized as a law officer and received a reward from Texas cattlemen for helping to shoot the John Doe killer.

Encounters with "Wild Bill" Hickok

The Bull's Head Tavern, in Abilene, Kansas, had been established as a partnership between ex-lawman Ben Thompson and gambler Phil Coe. The two entrepreneurs had painted a picture of a bull with a large erect penis on the side of their establishment as an advertisement. Citizens complained to town marshal "Wild Bill" Hickok. When Thompson and Coe refused his request to remove the bull, Hickok altered it himself. Infuriated, Thompson tried to incite his new acquaintance, Hardin, by exclaiming to him: "He's a damn Yankee. Picks on Rebels, especially Texans, to kill." Hardin, then under the assumed name "Wesley Clemmons" (but better known to the townspeople by the alias "Little Arkansaw"), seemed to have had respect for Hickok, and replied, "If Bill needs killing why don't you kill him yourself?" Later that night, Hardin was confronted by Hickok, who told him that he was wearing guns in violation of town ordinance and ordered him to hand over his guns, which he did but in a quite surprising way: Hardin reached down, picked his revolvers up from the holsters, and handed the guns to Wild Bill butts forward, then swiftly rolled them over in his hands and suddenly Wild Bill was staring right into their muzzles. However, both men did back down. Hickok had no knowledge that Hardin was a wanted man, and he advised Hardin to avoid problems while in Abilene.

Hardin met up with Hickok again while on a cattle drive in August 1871. This time, Hickok allowed Hardin to carry his pistols into town—something he had never allowed others to do. For his part, Hardin (still using his alias) was fascinated by Wild Bill and reveled in being seen on intimate terms with such a celebrated gunfighter. Hardin alleged that when his cousin, Mannen Clements, was jailed for the killing of two cowhands (Joe and Dolph Shadden) in July 1871, Hickok—at Hardin's request—arranged for his escape.

Kills snoring man
Soon afterwards, on August 6, 1871, Hardin, his cousin Gip Clements, and a rancher friend named Charles Couger put up for the night at the American House Hotel after an evening of gambling. Clements and Hardin shared one room, with Couger in the adjacent room. All three had been drinking heavily. Sometime during the evening, Hardin was awakened by loud snoring coming from Couger's room. He first shouted several times for the man to "rollover" and then, irritated by the lack of response, drunkenly fired several bullets through the shared wall, in an apparent effort to awaken him. Couger was hit in the heart by one of the bullets as he lay in bed and was killed instantly. Although Hardin may not have intended to kill Couger, he had violated an ordinance prohibiting firing a gun within the city limits. Half-dressed and still drunk, he and Clements exited through a second-story window onto the roof of the hotel. He saw Hickok arrive with four policemen. "Now, I believed," Hardin wrote, "that if Wild Bill found me in a defenseless condition he would take no explanation, but would kill me to add to his reputation." A newspaper reported, "A man was killed in his bed at a hotel in Abilene, Monday night, by a desperado called Arkansas. The murderer escaped. This was his sixth murder." ("Monday night", as reported by the newspaper, would have been August 7, 1871, not August 6.) Hardin leapt from the roof into the street and hid in a haystack for the rest of the night. He then stole a horse and rode to a cow camp 35 miles outside town. Hardin claimed he ambushed lawman Tom Carson and two other deputies there. According to Hardin, he did not kill them but forced them to remove all their clothing and walk back to Abilene. The next day, Hardin left for Texas, never to return to Abilene.

The incident earned Hardin a reputation as a man "so mean, he once shot a man for snoring". Years later, Hardin made a casual reference to the episode: "They tell lots of lies about me," he complained. "They say I killed six or seven men for snoring. Well, it ain't true. I only killed one man for snoring." Later, in his contradictory 1896 autobiography, Hardin completely omitted the "snoring man" from the story, and he related not only a wrong date (July 7 instead of August 6) but claimed the shooting was a case of self-defense, saying that the man he killed had first tried to stab him with a dirk and was a burglar who tried to make off with his pants.

Gunfights 1871–1872
Following his escape, Hardin claimed to have been involved in the following gunfights:
 On October 6, 1871, Hardin was involved in a gunfight with two Texas Special Policemen, two freedmen, privates Green Paramore and John Lackey, during which Paramore was killed and Lackey wounded.
 After OCtober 1871, a black posse from Austin, Texas, came after him for killing Paramore but said that they returned "sadder and wiser" after he ambushed and killed three of them.
 In May 1872, about 45 miles outside Corpus Christi, Texas, after he was followed by two Mexicans, he shot one off his horse while the other "quit the fight."
 On June 19, 1872, Hardin was involved in a gunfight in Willis, Texas.
 On July 26, 1872, Hardin wounded Texas state policeman Sonny Speights in the arm with a derringer pistol, in Hemphill, Texas.

Sutton–Taylor feud

In early 1872, Hardin was in south–central Texas, in the area around Gonzales County. It was about this time that Hardin married Jane Bowen and started to keep regular company with her brother, cattle rustler Robert Bowen. While in the area, he also renewed his acquaintance with some of his cousins who were allied with a local family, the Taylors, who had been feuding with the rival Sutton faction for several years.

On August 7, 1872, Hardin was wounded by a shotgun blast in a gambling dispute at the Gates Saloon in Trinity, Texas. He was shot by Phil Sublett, who had lost money to him in a poker game. Two buckshot pellets penetrated Hardin's kidney and for a time it looked as if he would die.

While recuperating from his wounds, Hardin decided he wanted to settle down. After surrendering to Sheriff Reagan (brother of John Henninger Reagan) of Cherokee County, Texas, he was wounded in the right knee by an accidental gunshot from a nervous deputy. Hardin made a sick-bed surrender to authorities, handing over his guns to Sheriff Reagan and asking to be tried for his past crimes in order "to clear the slate". However, when Hardin learned of how many murders Reagan was going to charge him with, he changed his mind. A relative smuggled a hacksaw to Hardin, who escaped after cutting through the bars of a prison window. In November 1872, Hardin escaped from the Gonzales County, Texas, jail despite a guard of six men; a $100 reward was offered for his arrest.

On May 15, 1873, Jim Cox and Jake Christman were killed by the Taylor faction at Tumlinson Creek. Hardin, having by then recovered from the injuries sustained in Sublett's attack, admitted that there were reports that he had led the fights in which these men were killed but would neither confirm nor deny his involvement: "...as I have never pleaded to that case, I will at this time have little to say..."

Hardin's main notoriety in the Sutton–Taylor feud came from his part in the killing of two lawmen known to be Sutton family allies. On July 18, 1873 in Cuero, Texas, Hardin killed DeWitt County Deputy Sheriff J.B. Morgan, who served under County Sheriff Jack Helm (a former captain in the Texas State Police and leader of the Sutton force at that time). Later that day, Hardin killed Helm in the town square of Albuquerque, Texas.  On the run again in June 1873, Hardin assisted in the escape of his brother-in-law, Joshua Bowen, from the Gonzales County, Texas, jail where he was imprisoned on an 1872 murder charge.  Allegedly, Hardin was also involved in this killing of Thomas Holderman.

On March 11, 1874, the Sutton–Taylor feud intensified when Jim and Bill Taylor gunned down Billy Sutton and Gabriel Slaughter as they waited on a steamboat platform in Indianola, Texas. Tired of the feuding, the two were planning to leave the area for good. Hardin admitted that he and his brother Joseph had been involved (along with both Taylors) in the killings.

After a brief visit to Florida—where he claimed to have been involved in three incidents against Negroes, including a lynching—Hardin met with his wife, Jane, and their young daughter, with whom he had relocated under the assumed name "Swain". Hardin then met up with his "gang" on May 26, 1874, in a Comanche, Texas, saloon to celebrate his 21st birthday. Hardin spotted Brown County Deputy Sheriff Charles Webb entering the premises. He asked Webb if he had come to arrest him. When Webb replied he had not, Hardin invited him into the hotel for a drink. As Webb followed him inside, Hardin claimed Webb drew his gun. One of Hardin's men yelled out a warning, and in the ensuing gunfight, Webb was shot dead. It was reported at the time that Webb was shot as he was pulling out an arrest warrant for one of Hardin's group. Two of Hardin's accomplices in the shooting were cousin Bud Dixon and Jim Taylor.

The death of the popular Webb resulted in the quick formation of a lynch mob.  Hardin's parents and wife were taken into protective custody, while his brother Joe and two cousins, brothers Bud and Tom Dixon, were arrested on outstanding warrants.  A group of local men broke into the jail in July 1874 and hanged Joe and the two Dixon boys.  After this, Hardin and Jim Taylor parted ways for good. Hardin would claim that he twice drove away men connected to the feud who had come after him, killing a man in each encounter.  On November 18, 1875, the leader of the Suttons, ex-Cuero, Texas, town marshal Reuben Brown was shot and killed by five men in Cuero along with a negro named Tom Freeman, with another negro being wounded. In his autobiography, Hardin made only two references to Brown: that "Rube" Brown had arrested William Taylor before sending him to Galveston, Texas, for trial, and that Brown had been among the leaders of a Sutton "posse" that had been out to "get" him in Gonzales County, Texas. It is not known if Hardin was directly or indirectly involved in the killing of Reuben Brown, as he makes no further mention of the incident in his life story.

Captured and tried

On January 20, 1875, the Texas Legislature authorized Governor Richard B. Hubbard to offer a $4,000 reward for Hardin's arrest. An undercover Texas Ranger named Jack Duncan intercepted a letter sent to Hardin's father-in-law by Hardin's brother-in-law, Joshua Robert "Brown" Bowen. The letter mentioned that Hardin was hiding out at a lumber yard on the Alabama-Florida border using the name "John (or James) W. Swain". In his autobiography, Hardin admitted that he had "adopted" this alias from Brenham, Texas, Town Marshal Henry Swain, who had married a cousin of Hardin's named Molly Parks.

In March 1876, Hardin wounded a man, in Florida, who had tried to mediate a quarrel between him and another man. In November 1876, in Mobile, Alabama, Hardin was arrested briefly for having marked cards. In mid-1877, two former slaves of his father's, "Jake" Menzel and Robert Borup tried to capture Hardin in Gainesville, Florida. Hardin killed one and blinded the other.

On August 24, 1877, Rangers and local authorities confronted Hardin on a train in Pensacola, Florida. He attempted to draw a .44 Colt cap-and-ball pistol but it got caught up in his suspenders. The officers knocked Hardin unconscious. They arrested two of his companions, and Ranger John B. Armstrong killed a third, a man named Mann, who had a pistol in his hand. Hardin claimed that he was captured while smoking his pipe and that Duncan found Hardin's pistol under his shirt only after his arrest.

Trial and imprisonment
Hardin was tried for Webb's killing, and on June 5, 1878, was sentenced to serve 25 years in Huntsville Prison. In 1879, Hardin and 50 other convicts were stopped within hours of successfully tunneling into the prison armory. Hardin made several attempts to escape. On February 14, 1892, during his prison term, he was convicted of another manslaughter charge for the earlier shooting of J.B. Morgan and given a two-year sentence to be served concurrently with his unexpired 25-year sentence.

Hardin eventually adapted to prison life. While there, he read theological books, becoming the superintendent of the prison Sunday School, and studied law. He was plagued by recurring poor health, especially when the wound he had received from Sublett became re-infected in 1883, causing him to be bedridden for almost two years. In 1892, Hardin was described as  tall and , with a fair complexion, hazel eyes, dark hair, and wound scars on his right knee, left thigh, right side, hip, elbow, shoulder, and back. On November 6, 1892, during Hardin's stay in prison, his first wife, Jane, died.

While in prison, he wrote an autobiography. He was well known for fabricating or wildly exaggerating stories about his life. He claimed credit for many murders that cannot be corroborated. Hardin wrote that he was first exposed to violence in 1861 when he saw a man named Turner Evans stabbed by John Ruff. Evans died of his injuries and Ruff was jailed. Hardin wrote, "... Readers you see what drink and passion will do. If you wish to be successful in life, be temperate and control your passions; if you don't, ruin and death is the result."

After prison
On February 17, 1894, Hardin was released from prison, having served seventeen years of his twenty-five-year sentence. He was forty years old when he returned to Gonzales, Texas. Later that year, on March 16, Hardin was pardoned, and, on July 21, he passed the state's bar examination, obtaining his license to practice law. According to a newspaper article in 1900, shortly after being released from prison, Hardin committed negligent homicide when he made a $5 bet that he could "at the first shot" knock a Mexican man off the soapbox on which the man was "sunning" himself, winning the bet and leaving the man dead from the fall and not the gunshot.

On January 9, 1895, Hardin married a 15-year-old girl named Callie Lewis. The marriage ended quickly, although it was never legally dissolved. Afterward, Hardin moved to El Paso, Texas.

Death

An El Paso lawman, John Selman Jr., arrested Hardin's acquaintance and part-time prostitute, the "widow" M'Rose (or Mroz), for "brandishing a gun in public". Hardin confronted Selman and the two men argued. Some accounts state that Hardin pistol-whipped the younger man. Selman's 56-year-old father, Constable John Selman Sr. (himself a notorious gunman and former outlaw), approached Hardin on the afternoon of August 19, 1895, and the two men exchanged heated words.

That night, Hardin went to the Acme Saloon where he began playing dice; his last words were "Four Sixes to Beat". Shortly before midnight, Selman Sr. entered the saloon, walked up to Hardin from behind, and shot him in the head, killing him instantly. As Hardin lay on the floor, Selman fired three more shots into him. Hardin was buried the following day in Concordia Cemetery, in El Paso.

Selman Sr. was arrested for murder and stood trial. He claimed self-defense, stating that he witnessed Hardin attempting to draw his pistol upon seeing him enter the saloon, and a hung jury resulted in his being released on bond, pending a retrial. However, before the retrial could be organized Selman was killed in a shootout with US Marshal George Scarborough on April 6, 1896, during an argument following a card game.

Reburial controversy

A century later, on August 27, 1995, there was a confrontation between two groups at the site of Hardin's grave. One group, representing several of Hardin's great-grandchildren, sought to relocate his body to Nixon, Texas, to be interred next to the grave of his first wife, Jane. The other group, consisting of locals from El Paso, sought to prevent the move. At the cemetery, the group representing Hardin's descendants presented a disinterment permit for the body, while the El Pasoans presented a court order prohibiting its removal. Both sides accused the other parties of seeking the tourist revenue generated by the location of the body. A subsequent lawsuit ruled in favor of keeping the body in El Paso.

Known contacts with the law
Hardin had numerous confirmed clashes with the law:
 January 9, 1871: Arrested by Constable E.T. Stakes and 12 citizens in Harrison County, Texas, on a charge of four murders and one horse theft. It is alleged that Hardin was an accomplice in the killing of ex-Texas State Policeman and Waco Texas Town Marshal Laban John Hoffman on January 6, 1871. Hardin claimed not to have been involved in Hoffman's murder.
 January 22, 1871: Hardin killed Texas State Police officer Jim Smalley and escaped. Up to November 13, 1872, the Grand Jury of Freestone County, Texas had not filed an indictment against Hardin for Smalley's killing.
 August 6, 1871: In Abilene, Dickinson County, Kansas, Charles Couger was killed in the American House Hotel. Hardin, aka "Wesley Clemens", was found guilty by a coroner's jury of the killing.
 October 6, 1871: Texas Special Policemen Green Paramore and John Lackey were killed and wounded, respectively, by Hardin in Gonzales, Texas.
 July 26, 1872: Texas State Policeman Sonny Speights was wounded in the shoulder by Hardin in Hemphill, Texas
 September 1872: Hardin surrendered to Sheriff Reagan, but escaped in October 1872.
 November 19, 1872: Hardin mysteriously escaped from the sheriff of Gonzales County, Texas, despite a guard of six men. A reward of $100 was offered for his re-capture.
 June 17, 1873: Hardin assisted in the escape of his brother-in-law, outlaw Joshua "Brown" Bowen, from the Gonzales County, Texas, jail. Bowen had been charged with the December 17, 1872, killing of Thomas Holderman. After Bowen's execution in the summer of 1878, Hardin was implicated in Holderman's death as well.
 July 18, 1873,: Hardin killed Dewitt County Texas ex-{?}Deputy Sheriff Morgan and later killed Dewitt County Sheriff Jack Helm.
 August 26, 1873: Cuero Texas Sherriff D.J. Blair prevented a gunfight between two well-armed parties, one of which was headed by John Hardin and the other headed by Capt. Joe Tomlinson.
 October 1873: Hardin was indicted in Hill County, Texas, for the 1870 death of Benjamin Bradley, but was never tried.
 May 26, 1874: Hardin killed Brown County Deputy Sheriff Charles Webb in Comanche, Texas.
 November 1876: Hardin (under the alias of "Swain") and Gus Kennedy were arrested in Mobile, Alabama, for having a deck of marked cards, and ordered to leave town. A police Sgt was wounded in the arm
 August 1877: Reported to have been under indictments in five Texas counties: Trinity County, Texas; Comanche County, Texas; Wilson County, Texas (the last was in July 1873 for the killing of Sheriff Jack Helm) on three separate murder charges; Navarro County, Texas; and Smith County, Texas, on two separate charges of assault with intent to murder.
 May 1, 1895: Hardin used a pistol to get back money that he lost in gambling at El Paso's Gem Saloon. Hardin would later publish a defense of his action.
 July 1895: Fined $25 for gaming, relating to the May 1 incident, where he lost and took back $100 at the Gem Saloon. His gun was confiscated.

Confirmed shootings
 November 1868 Prior to December 9, 1868: Hardin shot and mortally wounded "Maje" (Major) Holshousen near Moscow, Polk County, Texas.
 January 5, 1870: Hardin killed Benjamin Bradley and claimed to have brought about the "disappearance" of a "Judge Moore." in Hill County, Texas.
 January 22, 1871: Hardin killed Texas State Policeman John Smalley.
 June 1, 1871: Hardin killed three Mexican cowboys in Park City, Kansas.
 July 20, 1871: Hardin was involved in the killing of Mexican outlaw in Sumner City, Kansas.
 August 6, 1871: Hardin killed Charles Couger in Abilene, Kansas.
 October 6, 1871: Hardin killed Texas Special Policeman Green Paramore and wounded policeman John Lackey.
 June 19, 1872: Hardin is wounded in a gunfight in Willis, Texas.
 July 26, 1872: Hardin wounded Texas State Policeman Sonny Speights in Hemphill, Texas.
 July 17, 1873: Hardin killed J.B. Morgan in Cuero, Texas.
 July 18, 1873: Hardin killed Dewitt Sheriff Jack Helm in Albuquerque, Texas.
 March 11, 1874: Hardin was involved in Jim Taylor and William Taylor's killing of William Sutton and Gabriel Slaughter
 May 26, 1874: Hardin killed Deputy Sheriff Charles Webb in Comanche, Texas.
 March 1876: Hardin shot and wounded W.C. Overbey in Gainesville, Florida.
November 1876:Hardin and Joe Kennedy arrested for having marked cards in Mobile Alabama;Mobile policeman Sgt Ryan was shot in the arm.
 Mid 1877: "Jake" Menzel and Robert Borup tried to capture Hardin in Gainesville, Florida; Hardin killed one and blinded the other.
 1894: After his release from prison, Hardin won a $5.00 bet when he used a pistol shot to knock a sleeping Mexican off a box (victim was killed by the fall).

Unconfirmed claims
Hardin's autobiography is filled with statements which can either not be confirmed independently from his book, or differ wildly from the historical record:
 Hardin claimed that after killing Maje, he shot three Union soldiers of the U.S. 4th Cavalry Regiment at a creek crossing at Logallis Prairie (now Nogalus Prairie, Trinity County, Texas). None of the military records name Hardin as a suspect, nor do any facts agree with his claims. Circumstantial evidence is that a murder was committed here, but the names and number of victims are unknown.
In Pisgah, Texas Hardin claimed he shot a man's eye out to win a bottle of whiskey in a bet.
 Hardin said he shot one of the two soldiers killed in 1869 in "Richland Bottom", the other having been shot by his cousin, Simpson "Simp" Dixson, a member of the Ku Klux Klan (and the Bob Lee outlaw gang) who hated Union soldiers.  Records indicate that a Sgt. J.F. Leonard of Company B, 6th U.S. Cavalry, was wounded at Livingston, Texas, on May 7, 1869. "Simp" Dixson/Dickson was killed by US soldiers In February 1870.
Allegedly, Hardin killed a black man in Leon County, Texas.
 In January 1870, Hardin claimed he killed a circus hand at Horn Hill, Texas. A contemporary newspaper account did report a fight in Union Hill, Texas, between circus "canvasmen" and "roughs" who tried to get in without paying, although the outcome did not conclude the way Hardin claimed it did.
 A few days later, Hardin killed a man in Kosse, Texas; there are no contemporary newspapers to confirm this shooting. Author Charles Adkins—in his 1970 book Texas, Guns & History—claimed the victim was named Alan Comstock; however he did not furnish any references to back up his claim.
 Hardin claimed that, following his January 1871 escape from Stakes and Smalley, he killed a Mr. Smith, a Mr. Jones, and a Mr. Davis in Bell County, Texas. No contemporary newspaper accounts from Bell County confirm these additional killings.
In February 1871, Hardin claimed that a freedman, named Bob King, attempted to cut a beef cow out of the herd. When he refused to obey Hardin's demand to stop, Hardin hit him over the head with his pistol. That same month, Hardin claimed to have been involved in a shooting incident in which he wounded three Mexicans in an argument over a Three-card Monte card game, pistol-whipping one man over the head, shooting one man in the arm, and shooting the third man in the lung.
 Hardin made the claim to have outdrawn "Wild Bill" Hickok. No contemporary newspaper accounts confirm this, but another report suggests that it was Hickok who made Hardin put up his guns.
 Another claim was that he killed a man in Abilene, Kansas, in the summer of 1871. No contemporary newspaper accounts with evidence of such a killing exist, although a 1924 account does report a saloon shooting in some respects similar to Hardin's version.
As noted above, Hardin claimed to have captured Abilene law officer Tom Carson and other officers and humiliated them sans clothing. Although Carson was a law officer, he did not have any interactions with Hardin
 Hardin claimed that after killing Green Paramore in October 1871, he forced an African-American posse to flee after killing three of them. There are no contemporary accounts to confirm this claim.
 At an unknown date in May 1872, Hardin claimed that 45 miles outside Corpus Christie, Texas, he was followed by two Mexicans; that he killed one and the other fled.
 Hardin claimed that on June 19, 1872, in Willis, Texas, some men tried to arrest him for carrying a pistol, "... but they got the contents instead". Hardin was wounded in a gunfight around this time, but records indicate the fight occurred with just one other man.
 After being wounded by Sublett in August 1872, Hardin claimed that in September he either killed or drove off one or two members of the Texas State Police in Trinity, Texas. Hardin gave different versions of the event at different times. Although during his career he had killed two and wounded two of the Texas State policemen, these shootings did not occur in Trinity County.
 September 1873, in Brooksville, Hernando County, Florida, a former slave named Allen May was shot and killed. A Savannah newspaper claimed the killer was John Wesley Hardin on a cattle drive in central Florida but offered no proof Hardin was involved.
 In May 1874, while in Gainesville, Florida, Hardin confessed to having knocked down a black man and shooting another during a disturbance outside the Alachua County jail. A black prisoner named "Eli", was lynched when the jail was burned down by a mob. Hardin claimed to have been part of the mob. No contemporary newspaper accounts support this, except one suggesting that the first Alachua County jail building suffered a "demise".
 Hardin claimed that on July 1, 1874, he drove off 17 Texas Rangers who had been trailing him, and killed one of them. This alleged shooting happened after a triple lynching of Hardin's cousin and two ranch hands during the Sutton–Taylor Feud. He also claimed to have driven off another group of men after killing one of them. There are no contemporary reports to confirm these stories. However, on June 1, 1874, a Texas Ranger's company did kill Hardin's cousins, Alexander Barekman and Alexander Anderson, in a gunfight and claimed to have wounded Hardin as well. Hardin wrote about his cousins' killings but does not confirm that he was wounded at all, and claimed to have heard about their deaths later.
 Later, Hardin and Mac Young were supposedly stopped near Bellville, Texas, by a posse under Sheriff Charles Langhammer of Austin on suspicion of being horse thieves. Hardin pulled his guns on Langhammer but did not shoot him, fleeing instead; Young was arrested and fined $100 for having a concealed pistol.
 Hardin claimed to have been involved in the killing of two Pinkerton agents on the Florida–Georgia border sometime between April and November 1876, after a gunfight with a "Pinkerton Gang" who had been tracking him from Jacksonville, Florida. This confrontation is pure fiction, as the Pinkerton Detective Agency never pursued Hardin. However, in March 1876 it was alleged Hardin,  "Swain", who had wounded W.C. Overbey, who had tried to act as a mediator between Hardin and another person.
 Hardin claimed that in a saloon on election night in November 1876, he and a companion, Jacksonville policeman Gus Kennedy, were involved in a gunfight with Mobile policemen in which one person was wounded and two killed. He further claims that he and Kennedy were arrested and later released. This appears to be another case of an exaggerated encounter. Hardin and Kennedy were simply arrested and driven out of town for cheating at cards. Again Hardin's version does not fit with contemporary records which tell that nobody was killed and the only person injured was a Mobile policeman Sgt Ryan who was shot in the arm.
 Hardin claimed to have met two notorious fellow outlaws during his life: in 1870, he supposedly gambled with Bill Longley. It is possible they met after both were sentenced for their crimes, Hardin receiving 25 years and Longley execution. Longley, who boasted of having killed as many men as Hardin, was outraged at the different degrees of sentencing. After being sentenced in September 1878, Hardin supposedly met Johnny Ringo, a fellow convict, in an Austin, Texas jail; in fact, Ringo had been acquitted and freed in May 1878.

At least two other relatives of Hardin were also killers:
James "Gip" Hardin—his brother—killed Deputy Sheriff John Turman March 28, 1898, for which he served a jail term
"Deacon" Jim Miller (outlaw)—a cousin by marriage—killed Officer Ben C. Collins August 1, 1906 and was later lynched April 16, 1909
One relation was a law officer killed in the line of duty:
James Burch killed October 10, 1897

Legacy

The memorable circumstances and the sheer number of Hardin's life events, real or exaggerated, made him a legend of the Old West and an icon of American folklore. His autobiography was published posthumously in 1925 by Bandera publisher, historian, and journalist J. Marvin Hunter, who founded both the Frontier Times magazine and the Frontier Times Museum.

Firearms and effects
Hardin's weapons of choice, and several of his personal effects, have been well documented and auctioned to private collectors. Court records show that Hardin carried a Colt "Lightning" revolver at the time of his death. He also carried an Elgin watch when he was shot and killed. The revolver and the watch had been presented to Hardin in appreciation for his legal efforts on behalf of Jim Miller at Miller's trial for the killing of ex-sheriff George "Bud" Frazer. The Colt, with a .38-caliber " barrel, is nickel-plated, with blued hammer, trigger, and screws. It features mother-of-pearl grips, and the back-strap is hand-engraved "J.B.M. TO J.W.H.". This gun and its holster were once sold at auction for $168,000. Another Colt revolver (known as a .41-caliber "Thunderer"), which was owned by Hardin and used by him to rob the Gem Saloon, was sold at the same auction for $100,000.

In 2002, an auction house in San Francisco, California, auctioned three lots of John Wesley Hardin's personal effects. One lot—containing a deck of his playing cards, a deck of his business cards, and a contemporary newspaper account of his death—sold for $15,250. The bullet that killed Hardin sold for $80,000.

References

Notes

Sources
 The Life of John Wesley Hardin As Written by Himself; Hardin, John Wesley; reprint Jun 1977; University of Oklahoma Press; . (Note: Internet Archive digitized 1896 edition is available)
 "Cases argued and Adjudged in the Court of Appeals of the State of Texas, Volume 4", during ...1878... by the Texas Court of Appeals –as reported by Jackson, Alexander M., Jr. & Jackson, A. M. Jackson; 1879; F.H. Thomas & Co.; St. Louis, MO.
  John Wesley Hardin Handbook of Texas, Texas State Historical Association.
 "The Hardin Collection" at Texas State University, online.
 The Feud that Wasn't; Smallwood, James; 31 Mar 2008; Texas A&M University Press; College Station, TX; .

Further reading
 Bourne, McNeal. "Keeping Score on John Wesley Hardin." NOLA Quarterly, Vol. X, No. 4, Spring 1986.
 DeMattos, Jack. "Gunfighters of the Real West: John Wesley Hardin." Real West, April 1984.
 Ellison, Douglas W. "Rivals in Texas: Hardin and Longley." NOLA Quarterly, Vol. XII, No. 4, Spring 1988.
 Hardin, John Wesley, The Life of John Wesley Hardin, from the Original Manuscript as Written by Himself. Seguin, Texas: Smith & Moore, 1896.
 Marohn, Richard C., The Last Gunfighter: John Wesley Hardin. College Station, Texas: Creative Publishing Company, 1995.
 Metz, Leon, John Wesley Hardin: Dark Angel of Texas. El Paso, Texas: Mangan Books, 1996.
 Nordyke, Lewis, John Wesley Hardin: Texas Gunman. New York: William Morrow & Company, 1957.
 Parsons, Chuck. "John Wesley Hardin and the Texas Rangers." NOLA Quarterly, Vol. II, No. 1, Spring 1975.
 Parsons, Chuck, The Capture of John Wesley Hardin. College Station, Texas: Creative Publishing Company, 1978 .
 Parsons, Chuck. "Destroying the Hardin Gang." NOLA Quarterly, Vol. V, No. 4, April 1980.
 Parsons, Chuck and Brown, Norman Wayne, A Lawless Breed: John Wesley Hardin, Texas Reconstruction, and Violence in the Wild West. Denton, Texas: University of North Texas Press, 2013. .
 Whittington, Michael. "Six Telegrams That Tell a Story: The Arrest of John Wesley Hardin." NOLA Quarterly, Vol. XI, No. 2, Fall 1986.

External links

1853 births
1895 murders in the United States
American folklore
American lawyers
American people convicted of murdering police officers
Cowboys
Deaths by firearm in Texas
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Gunslingers of the American Old West
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Outlaws of the American Old West
People convicted of murder by Texas
People from Bonham, Texas
People from El Paso, Texas
People shot dead by law enforcement officers in the United States
Recipients of American gubernatorial pardons
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John Wesley Hardin


مقياس الأبخرة أو الأتموميتر هو أداة علمية تستخدم لقياس معدل التبخر من السطحوح الرطبة أو الجو ، واخترعت من قبل مهندس وعالم الرياضيات الاسكتلندي السير جون ويزلي.

ويمكن انشاؤها عن طريق استخدام لوحة مسطحة مسامية (باستخدام ورق ترشيح ، على سبيل المثال) التي يمكنها امتصاص المياه من مصدر يمكن فيه قياس الحجم ( أسطوانة مدرجة ، على سبيل المثال).عندما يتبخر الماء من على السطح، فإنها تميل إلى جذب مزيد من المياه من المياه بها من خلال الخاصية الشعرية لتحل محل المياه المفقودة عن طريق التبخر. و بقياس كمية المياه المتبقية في الاسطوانة يمكن تحديد نسبة التبخر.و باستخدام مساحة اللوحة، ويمكننا أيضا تحدي معدل التبخر في وحدة المساحة.

مقياس بيشي للتبخر
مقياس بيشي للتبخر (Piche evaporimeter) هو جهاز يستخدم لمعرفة كمية المياه المفقودة بالتبخر من سطح مبلل بالماء, ويتألف هذا الجهاز من أنبوبة زجاجية مدرجة طولها 22.5 سم مملؤة بالماء، طرفها العلوي مغلق، وطرفها السفلي مفتوح ومنكس فوق ورقة نشاف، وتدل سرعة انخفاض الماء في الانبوبة على نشاط عملية التبخر وكمية المياه المتبخرة.

المراجع

أجهزة قياس
المياه والبيئة
علم الإنتاج النباتي
اختراعات إسكتلندية

مبخار


A planície europeia setentrional é uma planície localizada no norte da Europa, parte da grande planície europeia. Cobre o oeste e o norte da França, Bélgica, Holanda, norte da Alemanha, maior parte da Polônia e sul da Escandinávia. Delimitada ao norte pelos mares Norte e Báltico até o planalto da Europa Central no sul.

Planícies da Europa

Planície europeia setentrional


Salinae je bilo rimsko naselje u antici na mjestu današnje Tuzle. Seobu naroda nije preživjelo i stradalo je najkasnije tijekom dolaska Avara i Slavena u 6. stoljeću.

Izvori

Povijest Tuzle
Rimski gradovi
Rimski arheološki lokaliteti u Bosni i Hercegovini

Salinae (Tuzla)


Hiperber es una cadena española de supermercados cuya sede central está ubicada en la ciudad española de Elche. La cadena Hiperber está constituida por más de 70 supermercados situados en la provincia de Alicante.

La primera superficie con la marca Hiperber se abrió en Petrel en el año 1992 y contaba con una superficie de 3.500 metros cuadrados. En 1994, se produjo la compra del edificio de 2.500 metros cuadrados que por aquel entonces ocupaba una de las mayores cadenas comerciales del momento, Simago. La adquisición de este espacio supuso un salto notable en la estrategia empresarial de la compañía.Al mismo tiempo que llegó el siglo XXI, la imagen de supermercados Hiperber se consolidó en el mercado. En concreto fue en el año 2000 cuando se cambió la imagen de la marca, haciéndola más clara y sencilla. Desde entonces, la firma ha mantenido un crecimiento estable que en la actualidad se ha traducido en más de 70 establecimientos comerciales a lo largo de la provincia de Alicante. Esta expansión se inició en los años 80 con la incorporación de tiendas en diversos municipios como Aspe, Santa Pola, Crevillente, San Juan o Almoradí.

Las superficies de los supermercados varían entre 600 metros cuadrados y más de 2500 (Elche, Santa Pola, Crevillente, Alcoy, Pinoso, Petrel, Aspe, San Juan de Alicante, Jijona, Benidorm, Altea, Villena, etc.). Las gamas blancas ofrecidas por la cadena llevan las etiquetas Alteza, Tandy, Crowe, Centra-line y Selex, las cuales son producidas por Euromadi Ibérica.

Referencias

Distribución comercial
Empresas de la provincia de Alicante
Supermercados de España

Hiperber


Heinrich Schütz (; ) a fost un compozitor și organist german, unul din cei mai importanți compozitori ai secolului al XVII-lea, considerat pe larg a fi cel mai important compozitor german de până la Johann Sebastian Bach.

Lucrări
Principalele lucrări publicate (din cele peste 500 care au supraviețuit):
 Il primo libro de madrigali (opus 1, Veneția, 1611)
 Psalmen Davids (Cartea 1) (opus 2, Dresda, 1619)
 Historia der ... Aufferstehung ... (Învierea) (opus 3, Dresda, 1623)
 Cantiones sacrae (opus 4, Freiberg, 1625)
 Becker Psaltirea (opus 5, Freiberg, 1628, revizuit 1661)
 Sacrae Symphoniae (Cartea 1) (opus 6, Veneția, 1629)
 Musikalische Exequien (opus 7, Dresda, 1636)
 Kleine geistliche Konzerte (Cartea 1) (opus 8, Leipzig, 1636)
 Kleine geistliche Konzerte (Cartea 2) (opus 9, Leipzig, 1639)
 Sacrae Symphoniae (Cartea 2) (opus 10, Dresda, 1647)
 Geistliche Chor-Muzica (opus 11, Dresda, 1648)
 Sacrae Symphoniae (Cartea 3) (opus 12, Dresda, 1650)
 Zwölf geistliche Gesänge (opus 13, Dresda, 1657)
 Historia der ... Geburt ... Jesu Christi (Poveste De Crăciun; Dresda, 1664)
 Lukas-Passion (Patimile lui St. Luke) (Dresda, 1665)
 Johannes-Passion (Patimile După Ioan) (Dresda, 1666)
 Matthäus-Passion (Patimile dupa Matei) (Dresda, 1666)
 Königs und Propheten 119er Psalm ... (Psalmul 119, Psalmul 100) (opus ultimum, Dresda, 1671)

Referințe

Bibliografie
 Manfred Bukofzer, Muzica în Epoca Barocă. New York, W. W. Norton & Co., 1947. ISBN 0-393-09745-5
 Wolfram Steude, Zum gegenwärtigen Stand der Schütz-Ikonographie., în: Schütz-Jahrbuch 1985/86. Kassel, Bärenreiter, 1986, p. 50-61. ISBN 3-7618-0778-3
 Vasile Smallman: Heinrich Schütz, Maestrul Muzicieni, 2000.
 Tamsin (născută T. D.) Jones, "Pasiunile în Perspectivă: O Analiză Discuție a celor Trei Patimi de Heinrich Schütz (1585-1672) împotriva lor Istorice și Stilistice Medii" (Ph. d. thesis, University of Birmingham, 2000)
 Heinrich Schütz: "Geistliche Chor-Muzica, Op. 11." Editat de Andrew Thomas Kuster. Ann Arbor, MI, 2005. ISBN 1-4116-4243-0.

Lectură suplimentară
 Hoffer, Brandi (2012). "Sacră Muzică germană în Războiul de Treizeci de Ani", Oferte Muzicale: Vol. 3: Nr. 1, Art.1.
Elena Maria Șorban, Procedee componistice în liedurile și madrigalurile de Heinrich Schütz. In: Studii de muzicologie, vol. XX, Editura Muzicală, București, 1987, p. 171-190.

Legături externe

 Germania Fed. Rep. 1972 timbru dedicat Heinrich Schütz

Nașteri în 1585
Decese în 1672
Germani din secolul al XVII-lea
Compozitori germani de muzică cultă
Compozitori de operă germani
Eponime ale asteroizilor

Heinrich Schütz


1928 කටුකුරුන්ද දුම්රිය අනතුර යනු එම වසරේ මාර්තු 12 වන දින, පුද්ගලයින් 28 දෙනෙකුට මරු කැඳවා තවත් 50 කට වැඩි පිරිසකට තුවාල සිදුකල, කටුකුරුන්දේදී සිදුවූ මගී දුම්රිය දෙකක සිදුවූ ඝට්ටනයකි. එකිනෙකා දෙසට ධාවනය වූ දුම්රියන් දෙකක්, මුහුණට මුහුණ ගැටීම නිසා මෙම අනතුර සිදුවිය.

සිදුවීම
1928 මාර්තු 12 වන දින, කොළඹ සිට අලුත්ගම දක්වා ධාවනය වීමට නියමිතව තිබූ අංක 547 දරණ දුම්රිය සුපුරුදු පරිදි සවස 6 ට පමණ කොළඹ දුම්රිය ස්ථානයෙන් පිටත්වී, සවස 7.42 පමණ වන විට දකුණු කළුතර දුම්රිය ස්ථානය වෙත සේන්දු වීමට නියමිතව තිබුණි. නමුත් දුම්රියේ සිදුවූ ප්‍රමාදවීම් නිසා එය දකුණු කළුතර දුම්රිය ස්ථානය වෙත පැමිණෙන විට සවස 7.57 පමණ (මිනිත්තු 20 ක් පමණ ප්‍රමාද වී) වී තිබිණි.

එදිනම පස්වරුවේදී ගාල්ලෙන් පිටත් වූ අංක 250 දරණ දුම්රිය, රාත්‍රී 8:06 පමණ වන විට දකුණු කළුතර දුම්රිය ස්ථානය වෙත පැමිණීමට නියමිතව තිබූ අතර, මෙම දුම්රිය ද්විත්වය නියමිත කාල සටහනට අනූව පයාගලදී මාරු වීමට නියමිතව තිබුණි. නමුත් අලුත්ගම දෙසට ධාවනය වූ දුම්රිය ප්‍රමාද වී පැමිණීම නිසා, මෙම දුම්රිය ද්විත්වය දකුණු කළුතරදී මාරුකිරීමට දුම්රිය ස්ථානාධිපතිවරු තීරණය කලහ.

ඒ අනූව අලුත්ගම දක්වා ධාවනය වෙමින් පැවැති දුම්රිය, ගාල්ලේ සිට එමින් තිබූ දුම්රියට ඉඩදෙමින්, කළුතරදී වෙනත් දුම්රිය පීල්ලකට මාරුවීමට නියමිතව තිබුණත්, අදාල දුම්රිය ස්ථානාධිපතිවරයා, දුම්රිය නියාමකවරයා සහ දුම්රිය රියදුරු අතර නිසි සන්නිවේදනයක් සිදු නොවීම හේතුවෙන්, කොළඹ සිට පැමිණි දුම්රිය අලුත්ගම දක්වා දිගටම ධාවනය කෙරුණි.

කරුණු මෙසේ සිදුවීම නිසා දුම්රිය දෙක, අලුත්ගම දිසාවට වන්නට වූ 58 කණුව අසල වංගුවේ බෝක්කුව මතදී වේගයෙන් එකිනෙක ගැටුණි.

අනතුරට ලක්වූ දුම්රියන්
අලුත්ගම දක්වා ධාවනය වෙමින් පැවැති දුම්රිය, මගී මැදිරි 8 ක්, මළු ප්‍රවාහන ගැලක් සහ රෝද හතරේ බඩු පෙට්ටි 3 කින් සමන්විත දුම්රියක් වූ අතර, කොළඹ බලා ධාවනය වූ දුම්රිය මගී මැදිරි 8 කින් සහ එක් මළු ප්‍රවාහන ගැලකින් සමන්විත දුම්රියක් වූ බව පැවසෙයි.

අනතුර සිදුවන අවස්ථාවේ මින් එක් දුම්රියක් පැයට සැතපුම් 20කද, අනෙක පැයට සැතපුම් 35 කද වේගයෙන් ධාවනය වෙමින් පැවැති බව සඳහන්ය.

හානිය
මෙම දුම්රිය අනතුරින්, දුම්රිය දෙකෙහි ඒ මෙහොතේ සිටි කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයේ සියළු දෙනා ඇතුළුව පුද්ගලයෝ 28 දෙනෙකු ජීවිතක්ෂයට පත්වූ අතර, තවත් 52 දෙදෙනෙකුට තුවාල සිදුවිය. ඉන් 40 දෙනෙකු කළුතර හා ඒ අවට පදිංචි පුද්ගලයෝ වූ අතර ඉතිරි පිරිස කොළඹ ප්‍රදේශවාසීහූ වූ බව සඳහන් වෙයි.

ගැටීම නිසා අංක 250 දරණ දුම්රිය (කොළඹ දක්වා ධාවනය වූ දුම්රිය) ඇන්ජිම සම්පූර්ණයෙන් පීලි පැන උඩුයටිකුරු වී ගොස් තිබූ අතර, අංක 547 දරණ දුම්රිය (අලුත්ගම දක්වා ධාවනය වූ දුම්රිය) ඇන්ජිම පොඩි පට්ටම් වී පීලී මතම රැඳී තිබුණි.

පරීක්ෂණ
1928 මාර්තු 14 දිනදී, එවක පොලිස් නඩුකාරවරයා විසින් මෙම දුම්රිය අනතුර පිළිබඳව පරීක්ෂණ ආරම්භ කරන කලත්, අනතුර සම්බන්ධයෙන් එවක ඉංග්‍රීසි රජයේ ක්‍රියාමාර්ග පිළිබඳව ජනයා සෑහීමකට පත් නොවූ බැවින්, පොලිස් නඩුකාරවරයාගේ පරික්ෂණ වාර්ථාව ජනයා සෑහිමකට පත් කිරීමට තරම් අපොහොසත් වුණි.

මේ නිසා ආණ්ඩුව විසින්, දුම්රිය අනතුර විභාගය කිරීම සඳහා ධූමරථ උපදේශක මණ්ඩලයක් පත් කරනු ලැබූ අතර, එම මණ්ඩලය විසින් පොලිස් නඩුකාරවරයාගේ පරික්ෂණය අවසන් වූ පසුව සිය පරික්ෂණ ආරම්භ කිරීමට සූදානම්ව සිටින ලදී.

පොලිස් නඩුකාරවරයාගේ වාර්ථාව
එවක පොලිස් නඩුකාරවරයාගේ පරීක්ෂණ වාර්ථාව අනූව, මෙම සිදුවීමට හේතුව වී තිබුනේ දුම්රිය බලධාරීන්ගේ අකාර්යක්ෂමතාවයයි. ඒ අනූව දකුණු කලුතර දුම්රිය ස්ථානාධිපතිවරයා ඇතුළු කිහිපදෙනෙකුගේ වැඩ තහනම් කිරීමට, ඉන් පියවර ගැණුනි.

ධූමරථ මණ්ඩලයේ පරීක්ෂණය අවලංගු වීම
පොලිස් නඩුකාරවරයාගේ පරීක්ෂණ වාර්ථාව නිකුත් වීමේන් පසු, ධූමරථ උපදේශක මණ්ඩලය සිය පරික්ෂණ ආරම්භ කිරීමට සූදානම් වූවත්, මෙම සිදුවීම විදේශීය විශේෂඥයෙකුගේ සහය සහිතව පරික්ෂා කල යුතු බවට ඉංග්‍රීසි ආණ්ඩුව තීරණය කිරීම නිසා, උපදේශක මණ්ඩලයේ පරික්ෂණය අවලංගු විණි.

විදෙස් පරීක්ෂණයක්
ඒ අනූව කටයුතු සිදු වෙමින්, මෙම අනතුර ගැන පරික්ෂණයක් සිදු කිරීම සඳහා ඉන්දියාවේ මදුරාසි ආණ්ඩුවෙන්, පරික්ෂකයෙකු (එෆ්. ආර්. එච්. ඉයුස්ටස් මහතා) ගෙන්වීමට ලංකා ආණ්ඩුව කටයුතු කරන ලදී. ඔහු සිය විභාග කටයුතු 1928 අප්‍රියෙල් 20 වැනි දිනදී ආරම්භ කල බව පැවසෙයි.

වන්දි ගෙවීම්
1928 අප්‍රියෙල් 23 වනදා වන විට එවක ආණ්ඩුව අනතුරට ලක්වූවන්ට වන්දි ගෙවීම පිණිස කාරක සභාවක් පත් කල අතර, එම කාරක සභාව විසින් වන්දි ගෙවීමේ කටයුතු 1928 අප්‍රියෙල් 26 දින වන විට ආරම්භ කරන ලදී.

මහජන උද්ඝෝෂණ
මෙම සිදුවීම සම්බන්ධයෙන්, ලංකා දුම්රිය මගීන්ගේ සංගමය, ලංකා මන්ත්‍රණ සභාව වෙතට දෝෂාරෝපණ එල්ල කරමින්, පොලිස් නඩුකාරවරයා සහ ඉන්දියානු පරික්ෂකයා යන දෙපාර්ශවයම විසින් ඉදිරිපත් කල පරික්ෂණ වාර්ථා ද්විත්වයම දෝෂ සහගත බවටද චෝදනා කරන ලදී.

මෙවැනි අනතුරක් වලක්වා ගැනීමට අසමත් වීම හේතුවෙන්, දුම්රිය දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව වෙතටද දැඩි විවේචන එල්ල වූ අතර, මේ සිදුවීම මත 1928 අප්‍රියෙල් 28 වන දිනදී දුම්රිය මගීන්ගේ විරෝධතා රැළියක් ටවර්හෝල් ශාලාවේදී පැවැත්වුණි.

මේවාද බලන්න
2011 අලව්ව දුම්රිය අනතුර
2004 ශ්‍රී ලංකා සුනාමි-දුම්රිය ව්‍යසනය

මූලාශ්‍ර
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දුම්රිය ගමනාගමනය. සිරිසේන රාජපක්ෂ (2000)
සුන්දර කළුතර මාසික සඟරාව. සමරපාල රණවීර (2013)

ආශ්‍රිත

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දුම්රිය අනතුරු

1928 කටුකුරුන්ද දුම්රිය අනතුර


Damude est un patronyme pouvant désigner:

Arthur Damude (1889-1941), homme politique canadien en Ontario
Nicola Correia-Damude (née en 1981), actrice canadienne

Homonymie de patronyme

Damude


Asmapınar, Samsun ilinin Yakakent ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Mahallenin adı içinden geçen pınardan alınmış olup üzüm asmaları çok olduğu için bu isim verilmiştir. mahallenin eski adı congara olarak bilinmektedir.

Mahallede bazı gelenek devam etmektedir örneğin bayramlarda köy odalarında köye gelen misafirlere ve köy halkına yemek verilmektedir, her yıl Ağustos ayının ilk haftası yayla şenliği yapılmaktadır.

Coğrafya
Samsun iline 95 km, Yakakent ilçesine 13 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar

Yakakent'in mahalleleri

Asmapınar, Yakakent


Derek Reginald Bell (Middlesex, Engleska, 31. listopada 1941.) je bivši britanski vozač automobilističkih utrka.

Britanski vozači Formule 1

Derek Bell


Adio, domnule Chips! (Goodbye, Mr. Chips) se poate referi la:

 Adio, domnule Chips! (roman), un roman din 1934 de James Hilton
 Adio, domnule Chips! (film din 1939), un film britanic din 1939 regizat de Sam Wood, cu vedetele Robert Donat și Greer Garson.
 Adio, domnule Chips! (film din 1969), un film american din 1969 regizat de Herbert Ross, cu vedetele Peter O'Toole și Petula Clark.

Adio, domnule Chips! (dezambiguizare)


Endurance In Christmas Time er det andet studiealbum fra det danske indie/folk-band Hymns from Nineveh. Albummet, der indeholder julesange, blev udgivet den 21. november 2011 og fik gode anmeldelser. Det toppede som nummer 33 på den danske Album Top 40.

Spor
 "Endurance In Christmas" - 4:22
 "Anywhere With You" - 3:40
 "Christmas Is Here" - 4:14
 "The Boy In The Manger" - 2:30
 "These Same Old Snow Covered Grounds" - 2:36
 "Who Can Make A Woeful Heart To Sing" - 1:55
 "Colour Bird" - 3:04
 "Immanuel" - 2:33
 "The Groaning Creation" - 3:52
 "A Silent Asylum" - 1:50
 "Uncomplicated Christmas Song" - 3:19
 "Winterfire" - 4:54
 "It's December Again" - 2:47

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Album fra 2011
Hymns From Nineveh-album
Julealbum

Endurance In Christmas Time


Memleketim, Ayten Alpman tarafından 1972 yılında pop tarzında seslendirilmiş Türkçe aranjman şarkıdır. Uyarlamanın sözlerini Fikret Şeneş yazmıştır. Şarkının müziği Mireille Mathieu'nün Fransızca L'aveugle şarkısından alınmıştır, bu şarkının da müziği aslen Klezmer tarzında söynenen Rabbi Elimelekh adlı geleneksel bir Yahudi halk şarkısına aittir.

Geleneksel olarak Yidiş dilinde seslendirilen şarkının özgün sözleri ve düzenlemesi Moyshe Nadir takma adını kullanan Yitzchak Rayz (1885-1943) adlı Amerikalı bir yazara aittir ve başta Alan Scheer olmak üzere birçok şarkıcı tarafından defalarca seslendirilmiştir. Şarkıyı dünya çapında tanıtan şarkıcılardan biri de Fransız Mireille Mathieu'dür ve L'aveugle adını almış olan şarkıyı Fransızca sözlerle seslendirmiştir. 1905 Rusyasındaki Yahudi toplumunun yaşadığı zorlukları anlatan 1964 tarihli ünlü Damdaki Kemancı müzikalinde yer alan parçalardan biri de Rabbi Elimelekh'''tir.

Türkiye'de ise 1972 yılında caz şarkıcısı Ayten Alpman parçayı Fikret Şeneş'in yazdığı sözlerle ve "Bir Başkadır Benim Memleketim" adıyla Türkçe seslendirdi. B-Yüzünde de "Unutsana" adlı başka bir şarkının yer aldığı bu 45'lik vinil plâk ilk önceleri piyasada pek ilgi görmedi. 1974 yılında gereçekleştirilen Kıbrıs Harekâtı sırasında TRT'de "Memleketim" şarkısı sık sık çalınmaya başlayınca birdenbire şarkıya olan ilgi patladı. Şarkının özgün versiyonu ile hiç ilgisi olmayan Türkçe sözleri toplumun milli duygularıyla örtüşüyordu. Bunun üzerine o yıl şarkı "Memleketim" adıyla ikinci kez 45'lik plak olarak piyasaya sürüldü ve öncekinin aksine büyük satış rakamlarına ulaştı.

"Memleketim", 2008 yılında yeniden düzenlenerek "Bir Başkadır Benim Memleketim" adıyla yayımlandı.

 Bir Başkadır Benim Memleketim albümü
Seyhan Müzik şirketinin 1 Nisan 2008 tarihinde çıkardığı "Bir Başkadır Benim Memleketim" adlı albümde "Memleketim" şarkısının adı "Bir Başkadır Benim Memleketim" şeklinde değiştirilmiş ve dört ayrı versiyonda kaydedilerek CD formatında basılmıştı. Yaklaşık 15 dakika çalma süresi olan albümdeki dört parçanın düzenlemeleri farklı aranjörler tarafından yapılmıştı. Bu şarkılar şunlardır:
 "Bir Başkadır Benim Memleketim" (Bayram Versiyon), Düzenleme: Can Hatipoğlu, Murat Tunalı
 "Bir Başkadır Benim Memleketim" (Intizam Versiyon), Düzenleme: Gökhan Ketenci
 "Bir Başkadır Benim Memleketim" (Hars Versiyon), Düzenleme: Orhan Şallıel
 "Bir Başkadır Benim Memleketim" (Hüzün Versiyon), Düzenleme: Murat Usanmaz
 "Bir Başkadır Benim Memleketim" (Umut Versiyon), Düzenleme: Melih Hakan Pektaş

 Albümlerinde yer alması
Ayten Alpman'ın önce 45'lik vinil plak olarak çıkan şarkısı daha sonra hem LP albümü hem de Audio CD formatlarında çıkan üç albümde daha yer aldı.
 "Memleketim",vinil LP, Ses Plak, B-Yüzünün ilk şarkısı.
 "Ayten Alpman" (Ayten Alpman Klasikleri), Audio CD, Ada Müzik, 1999, (1. Parça)
 "Bir Başkadır Benim Memleketim"'', Seyhan plak, 2008 (dört değişik versiyonuyla yer aldı)

Kaynakça

Ayten Alpman şarkıları
Türkçe şarkılar
Aranjmanlar
Yurtseverlik şarkıları
Yahudi halk müziği
Müzik düzenlemeleri
Fikret Şeneş tarafından yazılan şarkılar

Memleketim (şarkı)


is a town located in Kani District, Gifu Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 18,363 and a population density of 330 persons per km2, in 7,348 households. The total area of the town was .

Geography
Mitake is located at the edge of the Nōbi Plain in south-central Gifu Prefecture.  The Kiso River runs through the town. The town has a climate characterized by characterized by hot and humid summers, and mild winters  (Köppen climate classification Cfa).  The average annual temperature in Mitake is 14.9 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1986 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 27.5 °C, and lowest in January, at around 3.0 °C.

Neighbouring municipalities
Gifu Prefecture
Kani
Minokamo
Toki
Mizunami
Yaotsu

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Mitake peaked around the year 2000 and has declined slightly since.

History
The area around Mitake was part of traditional Mino Province. During the Edo period, Fushimi-juku and Mitake-juku prospered as post stations on the Nakasendō highway connecting Edo with Kyoto. During the post-Meiji restoration cadastral reforms, the area was organised into Kani District, Gifu Prefecture. The town of Mitake was formed in 1889 with the establishment of the modern municipalities system. On February 1, 1955, Mitake absorbed the neighbouring towns on Fushimi and Naka, and the village of Kaminogo.

Economy
Mitake was once a major producing area of lignite coal, with more than 100 coal mines operating during its peak around 1947, producing more than a quarter of the nation's output; however by 1968 the last mines closed. Land subsidence is now a growing problem in the town.

Education
Mitake has three public elementary schools and three public middle school operated by the town government and one public junior high school operated by neighbouring Kani city. The town has two public high schools operated by the Gifu Prefectural Board of Education.

Transportation

Railway
 Meitetsu - Hiromi Line
  -  -

Highway
The town is not located on any national highways.

References

External links

Mitake official website

Towns in Gifu Prefecture

Mitake, Gifu


Andrija Henjak je izvanredni profesor i dekan Fakulteta političkih znanosti Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, od travnja 2022. u drugom mandatu.

Nositelj je nekoliko preddiplomskih i diplomskih predmeta na hrvatskom i engleskom jeziku.

Izvori

Hrvatski znanstvenici

Andrija Henjak


The Issaquah Alps is the unofficial name for the highlands near Issaquah, Washington, a suburb of Seattle, including Cougar Mountain, Squak Mountain, Tiger Mountain, Taylor Mountain, Rattlesnake Ridge, Rattlesnake Mountain, and Grand Ridge. The term was invented in 1977 by noted nature author Harvey Manning within the pages of his trail guidebook Footsore 1, elevating their status from foothills to "Alps" to advocate preservation.  Manning himself lived on a developed section of Cougar Mountain in his "200 meter hut".

In 1979, Harvey Manning helped to found the Issaquah Alps Trails Club to care for the trails and to push for public ownership of the Alps. The IATC, which is headquartered in Issaquah (nicknamed "Trailhead City"), conducts frequent guided hikes throughout the Alps.

The Issaquah Alps follow Interstate 90 from the shore of Lake Washington almost to the western face of the Cascade Range. The hills are composed of andesitic volcanic rock lying on top of older tightly folded rocks from the coastal plain of the North Cascade subcontinent that docked with Washington about 50 million years ago as the entire continent of North America moved west across the ocean. The Alps were heavily eroded by glaciers in the last ice age. The Vashon lobe of the ice sculpted Rattlesnake Ledge, steeply carved the east and west sides of Squak Mountain, and deposited a large erratic on Cougar Mountain, Fantastic Erratic.

Cedar Butte rises abruptly from the moraine between Rattlesnake Ledge and the absolute front of the Cascades. It is sometimes considered part of the Issaquah Alps but it is a relatively young symmetrical volcanic cone and is therefore more closely related to neighboring Mount Washington to the east than the old weathered hills of the majority of the Alps.

Summits
 Cougar Mountain, elevation
 Squak Mountain, elevation
 Taylor Mountain, elevation
 Tiger Mountain
 Middle Tiger Mountain, elevation
 East Tiger Mountain, elevation
 South Tiger Mountain, elevation
 West Tiger #1, elevation
 West Tiger #2, elevation
 West Tiger #3, elevation

 Rattlesnake Ridge
 Rattlesnake Ledge, elevation
 Rattlesnake Mountain (East Peak), elevation
 Rattlesnake Mountain (West Peak), elevation

References

External links
Issaquah Alps Trails Club
Trail reviews of hikes in the Issaquah Alps at Hiking with my Brother

Cascade Range
Mountain ranges of Washington (state)
Landforms of King County, Washington

Issaquah Alps


Kuća nogometa u Osijeku, športska zgrada u Osijeku.

Zgrada je osječki dom Hrvatskog nogometnog saveza, Županijskog nogometnog saveza Osječko-baranjskog te Nogometnog središta Osijek. Važna je razvitak nogometa u ovom dijelu Hrvatske.

Prostire se na četiri etaže i više od 600 četvornih metara, a gradnju je sufinancirao Hrvatski nogometni savez. Na prvom i drugom katu su prostorije namijenjene Hrvatskom nogometnom savezu, županijskom nogometnom savezu i Nogometnom središtu Osijek, uključujući i multifunkcionalnu prostoriju namijenjenu zajedničkim sastancima. Potkrovlje je predviđeno za iznajmljivanje pravnim subjektima, kako bi se kroz taj prihod mogao održavati hladni pogon zgrade. U prizemlju zgrade planira se uređenje Muzeja nogometa, koji bi trebao biti dovršen tijekom 2020. godine.

Svečano je otvorena 6. prosinca 2019. godine. Svečanom su otvaranju, uz prvog dopredsjednika HNS-a i predsjednika ŽNS Osječko-baranjskog Ante Vučemilović-Šimunovića, prisustovali izvršni direktor Marijan Kustić (sada predsjednik HNS), viši savjetnik predsjednika Zorislav Srebrić, dopredsjednici Tomislav Svetina i Ante Kulušić, članovi Izvršnog odbora Davor Ivić, Nenad Črnko, Drago Lucić i Josip Kuterovac i direktor Damir Vrbanović, kao i predsjednik Gradskog vijeća Grada Osijeka Željko Požega.

Izvori

Tekst i fotografija preuzeti uz dopusnicu Hrvatskoga nogometnog saveza.

Građevine u Osijeku
Nogomet u Osijeku

Kuća nogometa u Osijeku


Dette er en liste over øer i Middelhavet, et indhav mellem Europa og Afrika, med Vestasien i øst og Atlanterhavet i vest.

Efter areal og befolkning
Listen består af kolonner som kan sorteres efter behov ved at klikke på sorteringssymbolet i kolonneoverskriften.

Efter land

Albanien

 Sazan
 Kunë
 Ksamiløerne
 Franz Josef-øen
 Zvërnecøerne
 Tongoøen
 Stil

Frankrig
 Korsika
 Lavezziøerne
 Friouløerne
 Lerinsøerne

Grækenland

 Kreta
 Evvia
 Gavdos

 Kykladerne
 Amorgos
 Anafi
 Andimilos
 Antiparos
 Andros
 Delos
 Despotikó
 Donoúsa
 Folegandros
 Gyaros
 Ios
 Iraklia
 Kéa (normalt kaldt Tzia)
 Keros
 Kimolos
 Koufonisia
 Kythnos
 Makronisos
 Milos
 Mykonos
 Naxos
 Paros
 Polyegos
 Rinia
 Santorini
 Skhinousa
 Serifos
 Sifnos
 Sikinos
 Syros
 Thirasia
 Tinos

 Nordægæiske Øer
 Agios Efstratios
 Chios
 Fourni
 Ikaria
 Inousses
 Limnos
 Lesbos
 Psara
 Samos
 Samotrake
 Thassos
 Thymena
 Saroniske Øer
 Angistri
 Dokos
 Égina
 Hydra
 Poros
 Salamis
 Spetses

 Dodekaneserne
 Agathonisi
 Arki
 Armathia
 Astypalia
 Farmakonisi
 Gyali
 Kalolimnos
 Kalymnos
 Kárpathos
 Kasos
 Kastellórizo
 Halki
 Kos
 Leros
 Lipsi
 Nissiros
 Patmos
 Pserimos
 Rhodos
 Saria
 Simi
 Tilos

 Sporaderne
 Alónissos
 Gioura
 Kyra Panagia
 Peristera
 Piperi
 Skandzoura
 Skiathos
 Skíros
 Skópelos

 Ioniske Øer
 Andikythira
 Andipaxos
 Erikoussa
 Ithaka
 Kalamos
 Kastos
 Kefallonia
 Korfu
 Kithira
 Lefkas
 Meganisi
 Othonoi
 Paxi
 Petalas
 Zákynthos

Italien

 Campanoøerne
 Capri
 Ischia
 Nisida
 Procida
 Vivara

 Pontinske øer
 Gavi
 Palmarola
 Ponza
 Santo Stefano
 Ventotene
 Zannone
 Sardinien
 Asinara
 Grottaferrata
 La Maddalena
 Caprera
 Spargi
 Budelli
 Razzoli
 Santa Maria
 Santo Stefano
 Sant'Antioco
 San Pietro
 Tavolara

 Sicilien
 Ægadiske Øer
 Favignana
 Levanzo
 Marettimo
 Æoliske Øer
 Alicudi
 Filicudi
 Lipari
 Panarea
 Salina
 Stromboli
 Vulcano
 Pantelleria
 Pelagiske øer
 Lampedusa
 Lampione
 Linosa
 Ustica

 Tremitiøerne
 Caprara
 Cretaccio
 Pianosa (di Tremiti)
 San Domino
 San Nicola

 Toscanske arkipelag
 Capraia
 Elba
 Giannutri
 Giglio
 Gorgona
 Montecristo
 Pianosa
 Venetianske laguneøer
 Burano
 Lido
 Murano
 Pellestrina
 San Lazzaro degli Armeni
 Sant'Andrea
 Torcello

Kroatien

 Brijuni
 14 øer

 Brusnik
 Čiovo
 Cres
 Drvenik Mali
 Drvenik Veli
 Dugi Otok
 Elafitiøerne
 Goli Otok
 Hvar
 Iž
 Ilovik
 Ist
 Kaprije
 Koločep
 Korčula
 Kornati
 152 øer i Kornati-arkipelaget

 Krapanj
 Krk
 Lastovo
 Lokrum
 Lošinj
 Lopud
 Male Srakane
 Mljet
 Molat
 Murter
 Olib
 Pašman
 Pag
 Palagruža
 Plavnik
 Premuda
 Prvić
 Rab
 Rava
 Rivanj
 Sestrunj
 Silba
 Skarda
 Susak
 Svetac

 Sveti Andrija
 Šipan
 Šolta
 Ugljan
 Unije
 Vele Srakane
 Vir
 Vis
 Vrgada
 Zlarin
 Zverinac
 Žirje
 Žut

Malta

 De maltesiske øer
 Comino
 Cominotto
 Filfla
 Fungus Rock
 Gozo
 Malta
 Manoel
 St. Paulus-øen

Montenegro
 Ada Bojana

 Katič
 Stari Ulcinj
 Sveta Neđelja
 Sveti Nikola
 Sveti Stefan
I Kotorbugten:
 Gospa od Škrpjela
 Mamula
 Miholjska prevlaka
 Sveti Đorđe
 Sveti Marko
 Øen for Vor Frue af nåde

Spanien

 Alborán

 Baleariske Øer
 Cabrera-øgruppen
 Cabrera
 Mallorca
 Minorca
 Sa Dragonera
 Pityusiske øer
 Espalmador
 Es Vedrà
 Formentera
 Ibiza
 Columbretes-øerne
 Formigues
 Islas Chafarinas
 Isla del Congreso
 Isla del Rey
 Isla Isabel II
 Medes
 Peñón de Alhucemas
 Tabarca

Syrien
 Arwad

Tunesien
 Djerba
 Kerkennaøerne
 Chergui
 Gharbi
 Galite-øerne
 Zembra

Tyrkiet

 De tyrkiske ægæiske øer
 Baba Ada
 Bozcaada
 Büyükada
 Çatalada
 Fener Ada
 Gemiler Adası
 Gökçeada
 Hayırsız Ada
 Heybeliada
 İnce Ada
 İncir Ada
 Kara Ada
 Kargı Adası
 Köçek Adası
 Metalik Ada
 Orak Ada
 Salih Ada
 Yalıkavak
 Yassı Ada
 Yılancık Ada
 İkiz Adalar
 Pırasa adası
 Iç Ada
 Kiremitøerne
 Küçük Tavşan Adası
 Çavuş adası
 Kucukbu

 Andre tyrkiske middelhavsøer
 Kekova
 Sıçan Adası

Omstridte øer
 Imia/Kardak (Grækenland/Tyrkiet)
 Persilleøen (Marokko/Spanien)

Politisk delt ø

 Cypern
 Republikken Cypern
 Akrotiri og Dhekelia (to militærbaseområder under britisk suverænitet)
 Den Tyrkiske Republik Nordcypern (en de facto stat som kun er anerkendt af Tyrkiet, og som er skilt fra Republikken Cypern af en FN-kontrolleret bufferzone)

Fodnoter

Øer i Middelhavet


An Sagittaria kurziana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Christian Maximilian Hugo Glück. An Sagittaria kurziana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Sagittaria, ngan familia nga Alismataceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Sagittaria

Sagittaria kurziana


Islandske tørvehuse, blandt andet tørvekirker og tørvegårde, har rod i den traditionelle islandske byggestil og materialebrug tilbage fra 9. århundrede. På Island har træ været en mangelvare, da træer på Island sjældent bliver høje, og ofte er krogede og derfor ubrugelige til tømmer desuden vokser træ langsomt på Island. Drivtømmer har spillet en vigtig rolle som byggemateriale op gennem tiden.

Af disse grunde blev der sparet på træ, og man brugte andre materialer. Tørv var gratis. Tørv havde nogle kvaliteter som træ ikke besad. Et hus af tørv væltede ikke under en storm. De tykke mure isolerede bedre end trævægge og kunne holde fugten ude. Holdbarheden af tørv var i det sydlige Island kun 20-25 år, hvorimod de i det mere tørre klima mod nord kunne holde i 50-70 år.

I Island er der bevaret seks tørvekirker og nogle få tørvegårde.

Se også
 Nordisk arkitektur før år 1400

Eksterne henvisninger

Byggeri
Tørvehuse

Islandske tørvehuse


180141 Sperauskas este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
180141 Sperauskas este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Moletai de Kazimieras Černis și Justas Zdanavičius. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,99 ua, o excentricitate de 0,04 și o înclinație de 10,5° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 180001-181000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2003
Centura de asteroizi

180141 Sperauskas


Državna nagrada za znanost, državna nagrada Republike Hrvatske za znanost.

Republika Hrvatska ih dodjeljuje za iznimno važna dostignuća u znanstvenoistraživačkoj djelatnosti, za proširenje znanstvenih spoznaja i za znanstvena ostvarenja u primjeni rezultata znanstvenoistraživačkog rada, koja su postigli znanstvenici, istraživači i znanstveni novaci. Zakonom o hrvatskim državnim nagradama za znanost predviđena je dodjela četiriju vrsta državnih nagrada za znanost:
 Nagrada za životno djelo: Podjeljuje se istaknutim znanstvenicima za cjelokupan znanstvenoistraživački rad koji predstavlja osobni doprinos proširenju znanstvenih spoznaja i primjeni rezultata rada znanstvenoistraživačke djelatnosti. Svake godine može se podijeliti do šest nagrada za životno djelo.
 Godišnja nagrada za znanost: Podjeljuje se za osobito znanstveno dostignuće, znanstveno otkriće i primjenu rezultata znanstvenoistraživačkog rada. Svake godine mogu se podijeliti do tri godišnje nagrade za svako znanstveno područje.
 Godišnja nagrada za popularizaciju i promidžbu znanosti: Podjeljuje se za doprinos u širenju spoznaja o znanosti koja se očituje u popularnoj prezentaciji vrijednih stručnih i znanstvenih publikacija i drugim oblicima prezentacije. Svake godine može se podijeliti do šest nagrada za popularizaciju i promidžbu znanosti.
 Godišnja nagrada za znanstvene novake: Podjeljuje se mladim znanstvenicima za posebno isticanje u znanstvenom radu, za objavljivanje zapaženog članka u časopisima s međunarodno priznatom recenzijom ili s njima po vrsnoći izjednačenim časopisima ili za objavljenu knjigu. Svake godine može se podijeliti do šest nagrada znanstvenim novacima.

Nagrada je uspostavljena potkraj prosinca 1995. godine Zakonom o hrvatskim državnim nagradama za znanost.

Nagrade za životno djelo i godišnje nagrade podjeljuju se za znanstvena područja prirodnih znanosti,biomedicinskih znanosti, tehničkih znanosti, biotehničkih znanosti, društvenih znanosti i humanističke znanosti.

Poticaj za pokretanje postupka za podjelu nagrada mogu dati: znanstvenoistraživački instituti, sveučilišta, fakulteti, sveučilišni odjeli i centri, znanstvene udruge, druge pravne osobe koje su posebnim zakonom ovlaštene obavljati znanstvenoistraživačku djelatnost kao i skupine uglednih znanstvenih djelatnika.

Nagrade u ime Hrvatskoga sabora uručuje predsjednik Hrvatskoga sabora, a prema odluci Odbora za podjelu državnih nagrada za znanost koji imenuje Hrvatski sabor. Odbor čine: predsjednik Hrvatskoga sabora, koji je ujedno i predsjednik Odbora, ministar znanosti i obrazovanja i 12 članova iz reda istaknutih znanstvenih djelatnika. Mandat Odbora traje četiri godine.

Izvori

Hrvatske nagrade
Znanost i tehnologija u Hrvatskoj

Državna nagrada za znanost RH


Die St.-Marien-Kirche ist ein neugotisches Kirchengebäude in Selmsdorf. Sie ist die Kirche der Evangelisch-Lutherischen Kirchengemeinde Selmsdorf in der Propstei Wismar im Kirchenkreis Mecklenburg der Evangelisch-Lutherischen Kirche in Norddeutschland.

Geschichte
Ein Pfarrer wird für Selmsdorf erstmals 1386 bezeugt. Die Gemeinde gehörte zum Bistum Ratzeburg, und die Pfarrherren waren meist Mitglieder des Ratzeburger Domkapitels. 1424 und 1426 wurden der Kirche zwei Vikarien gestiftet. 1493 ist eine Auseinandersetzung zwischen dem Domkapitel und dem Rat der Stadt Lübeck wegen des von den Schlutupern in einer Schlägerei profanierten Kirchhofs aktenkundig. Nach der Reformation fand 1599 eine Visitation durch Superintendent Nicolaus Peträus statt, eine weitere 1620. Bei dieser sah die Kirche wüste und unordentlich aus.

Über die backsteingotische Dorfkirche ist nur wenig bekannt ist. Sie hatte einen für diese Gegend Westmecklenburgs in gotischer Zeit typischen quadratischen Kastenchor. Der viereckige niedrige Turm war mit einem Ziegeldach versehen.

Die alte Kirche, die baufällig und für die wachsende Gemeinde zu klein war, wurde 1862 abgebrochen. An ihrer Stelle entstand bis 1864 ein neugotischer Neubau. Der Entwurf, der sich an Bauten Friedrich Wilhelm Buttels anlehnt, stammte von dem Schönberger Baumeister Fritz Rickmann. Er hatte auch die technische Bauleitung, während die verwaltungsmäßige Aufsicht in den Händen des Schönberger Landdrosten Fritz von Eyben lag. Die Marienkirche ist der einzige Kirchenneubau in der Geschichte des Fürstentums Ratzeburg.

Die Einweihung der neuen Kirche, deren Bau 11.165 Taler gekostet hatte, konnte am dritten Adventssonntag, den 11. Dezember 1864, gefeiert werden.

Baubeschreibung
Die Kirche ist aus gelblichem Backstein erbaut und hat ein rechteckiges Schiff mit einem eingezogenen, polygonalen Chorabschluss. Der schmalrechteckige Turmbau ist wie ein Westwerk dem Kirchenschiff querriegelartig vorgelagert. Das Hauptschiff ist durch Wandvorlagen in fünf Joche gegliedert. In jedem Joch finden sich in der durch einen Zickzackfries abgeschlossenen Erdgeschosszone zwei kleinere Spitzbogenfenster, darüber ein hohes zweigeteiltes Spitzbogenfenster. An beiden Seiten des Chores sind Portalvorbauten angebracht. Charakteristisch ist der aufwändig gestaltete Westvorbau. Über zwei dreigeschossigen, mit Eckpfeilern akzentuierten Seitenteilen erhebt sich der eigentliche Turm mit dem Uhr- und Glockengeschoss und einem achteckigen Spitzhelm. Über dem Westportal zwei Formstein-Felder mit Fischblasen-Ornamenten. Das Dach des Schiffes wurde mit roten Dachziegeln gedeckt, der Turm hingegen mit Schiefer.

Der Innenraum ist nicht gewölbt, sondern zeigt eine hölzerne Balkendecke, deren einziger Schmuck ein zusätzlicher Unterzug zwischen Schiff und Chorraum mit geschnitzter Masswerkornamentik ist. Hinter dem Altar befindet sich eine auch als Beichtraum zu nutzende Sakristei. Die Süd-, West- und Nordseite des Schiffes wurden mit Emporen versehen.

Ausstattung
St. Marien besitzt eine einheitliche neugotische Ausstattung aus der Erbauungszeit. Der Altar ist in neugotischen Architekturformen, mit Maßwerkdekor und Fialenbesatz gehalten; im Mittelteil das Altargemälde des segnenden Christus stammt von 1885.

Aus der Vorgängerkirche erhalten blieb die Kuppa einer Tauffünte aus gotländischem Kalkstein vom Ende des 13. Jahrhunderts, die mit kleeblattförmigen Arkaden geschmückt ist. Sie kam zunächst auf den Friedhof und später in Teile zerbrochen zurück in die Kirche. Im Winter 2011/2012 wurde sie mit Hilfe mehrerer Spender restauriert und erhielt einen neuen Platz im Chor der Kirche.

Ebenfalls aus der alten Kirche stammen einige Grabsteine, ein hölzernes Grabmal von 1658, sowie der 16-armige Lübecker Messing-Kronleuchter von 1653.

1869 erhielt die Kirche eine romantische Orgel des Stettiner Orgelbauers Barnim Grüneberg (op. 114, Schleiflade, II + P/13). 2009 wurde die Orgel und das Gehäuse durch die Firma W. Sauer Orgelbau vollständig restauriert.

Die Glasmalereien in den Chorfenstern wurden durch den Kunst- und Glasmaler Rudolf Carl Koenigsberg aus Schwerin ausgeführt. Stifterin war die Witwe des Pfarrpächters Hans Engell. Nach Aufzeichnungen in der Kirchenchronik wurden die Fenster am Erntedanksonntag 1910 eingeweiht. 1998/99 erfolgte durch die Wismarer Glaserei Thomas Biebernick in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Glaseratelier Wilfried Osten aus Schwerin-Wickendorf die Restaurierung mit großflächigen Ergänzungen.

Im Turm der Kirche hingen ursprünglich drei Bronzeglocken. Die größte mit einem Durchmesser von 1,32 m war vom Lübecker Ratsgießer Lorenz Strahlborn 1742 gegossen worden, die beiden anderen vom Lübecker Ratsgießer Johann Georg Wilhelm Landré. Diese wurden im Ersten Weltkrieg abgeliefert und eingeschmolzen. 1929 erhielt die Kirche eine neue Glocke.

Gemeinde
Nach Selmsdorf eingepfarrt waren früher die Ortschaften Bardowiek (heute Wüstung), Lauen, Schwanbeck (heute Ortsteil von Dassow), Sülsdorf, Teschow, Zarnewenz, das Dassower Siechenhaus und die Försterei Hohenmeile. Heute zählen zur Kirchgemeinde Selmsdorf neben Selmsdorf noch die inzwischen alle in die Kommunalgemeinde Selmsdorf eingemeindeten Ortsteile Zarnewenz, Sülsdorf, Teschow, Lauen und Hof Selmsdorf.

Die Gemeinde war zu DDR-Zeiten durch die Grenzlage massiv in ihrer Arbeit eingeschränkt. 1989 hatte sie noch ca. 200 Gemeindeglieder. Zuzüge nach Grenzöffnung und Wiedervereinigung, vor allem junger Familien, ließen die Kirchgemeinde auf fast 700 Mitglieder anwachsen. Heute wird die Kirchengemeinde von Herrnburg aus mitverwaltet.

Geistliche
 1706–1739 Christoph Wichmann
 1738–1767 August Friedrich Felbaum
 1767–1819 Jacob Friedrich Rüdinger
 1817–1823 Johann Christian Ludwig Christlieb
 1825–1848 Johann Georg Rußwurm
 1850–1851 Georg Hamann
 1851–1867 Karl August Rüdiger
 1868–1880 Hermann Ohl
 1880–1907 Alfred Horn

Literatur
 Alfred Horn: Zur Geschichte des Kirchspiels Selmstorf im Fürstentum Ratzeburg.
 Band 1, 1909
 Band 2, hrg. von Fritz Buddin 1925
 Band 3, hrg. von Heinrich Sterley 1934
 Gottlieb Matthias Carl Masch: Geschichte des Bisthums Ratzeburg. F. Aschenfeldt, Lübeck 1835 (Digitalisat).
 Johannes Rußwurm: Die neue Kirche zu Selmsdorf im Fürstentum Ratzeburg. In: Christliches Kunstblatt für Kirche, Schule und Haus 9 (1867), Nr. 11, S. 161–165 (mit 5 Holzschnitten) (Digitalisat).
 Georg Krüger (Bearb.): Kunst- und Geschichts-Denkmäler des Freistaats Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Band II: Das Land Ratzeburg, Neubrandenburg. 1934; Nachdruck Stock & Stein, Schwerin 1994, ISBN 3-910179-28-2, S. 319–323.
 Die Bau- und Kunstdenkmale in der mecklenburgischen Küstenregion (= Die Bau- und Kunstdenkmale in der DDR 5). Henschelverlag Kunst und Gesellschaft, Berlin 1990, ISBN 3-362-00457-1, S. 80–82.
 Reinhard Kuhl: Glasmalereien des 19. Jahrhunderts. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Leipzig 2001, S. 202–203.
 Beatrix Dräger: KulturERBE in Mecklenburg und Vorpommern. Kirche Selmsdorf, Orgel. Schwerin 2010, S. 176–177.

Weblinks

 Kirchengemeinde Selmsdorf auf der Website Evangelische Kirche in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

Einzelnachweise

Kirchengebäude im Landkreis Nordwestmecklenburg
Kirchengebäude der Propstei Wismar
Erbaut in den 1860er Jahren
Neugotisches Bauwerk in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Neugotisches Kirchengebäude
Marienkirche
Marien
Bauwerk in Selmsdorf
Selmsdorf

St.-Marien-Kirche (Selmsdorf)


Patronyme

 Adalbert Suchy (vers 1783-1849), miniaturiste ;
 Jan Suchý (1944-2021), joueur professionnel tchécoslovaque de hockey sur glace ;
 Jiří Suchý (1931-), acteur, écrivain et compositeur tchèque ;
 Marek Suchý (1988-), footballeur tchèque ;
 Radoslav Suchý (1976-), joueur professionnel slovaque de hockey sur glace.

Toponyme

 Suchy, ville de Suisse.

Suchy (homonymie)


حي الحرة الشرقية أحد أحياء المدينة المنورة وهي هضبة طويلة ممتدة شرقي المدينة، فيها مجموعة تلال، وفيها أراضٍ منبسطة، وسميت الحرة لأن جزءاً كبيراً من سطحها مغطى بالصخور والحجارة البركانية السوداء التي تجعلها شديدة الحرارة في الصيف. ويروى أنها سميت واقم نسبة إلى شخص أو جماعة من العماليق نزلوا فيها، كما يروى أن التسمية قصد بها الدلالة اللغوية لكلمة واقم وهي الحاجز، ففي القاموس وقمت الرجل عن حاجته إذا رددته. تشكل حرة واقم حاجزاً طبيعياً يحمي المدينة من شرقيها فمن الصعب إن لم يكن من المستحيل السير عليها. ولكنها لا تخلو من ممرات ضيقة وقابلة للحراسة.

ويرتبط اسم هذه الحرة بمعركة دامية وقعت عام 63هـ عندما خلع معظم أهل المدينة بيعة يزيد بن معاوية؛ فأرسل يزيد جيشاً بقيادة مسلم بن عقبة، وحفر الثائرون الخندق وتحصنوا خلفه، ونزل جيش عقبة في أدنى الحرة فأعطى الثائرين مهلة ثلاثة أيام ليعودوا إلى الطاعة ولهم الأمان، ولكنهم رفضوا واستطاعت مجموعة من فرسانه بقيادة مروان بن الحكم أن تتسلل من إحدى ثغرات الحرة غير المعروفة وتفاجئ المرابطين خلف الخندق، وكان هذا سبباً لانتصار جيش مسلم بن عقبة وحدوث مجازر دامية.

السكان
هناك تنوع كبير في السكان في الحرة الشرقية أو كما تعرف بحي بني ظفر لكن التركيبة العظمى من السكان هم من بادية بني عمرو والمهاجرين من وادي الفرع وشرق المدينة

مراجع

حرة

الحرة الشرقية


An Asphodelus acaulis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni René Louiche Desfontaines. An Asphodelus acaulis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Asphodelus, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Asphodelus

Asphodelus acaulis


الوذمة الدماغية  هي فرط تراكم السوائل (استسقاء) في المسافات داخل الخلوية وخارج الخلوية من الدماغ. يؤدي هذا نموذجيًا إلى تعطيل الوظيفة العصبية ورفع الضغط داخل الجمجمة، وقد يسبب في النهاية انضغاطًا مباشرًا للنسج والأوعية الدموية في الدماغ. تختلف الأعراض بناءً على موقع الاستسقاء وامتداده، وتشمل عمومًا الصداع، والغثيان، والتقيؤ، والنوبات، والنعاس، والاضطرابات البصرية، والدوخة إلى جانب الغيبوبة والموت في الحالات الشديدة.

تظهر الوذمة الدماغية بشكل شائع في العديد من إصابات الدماغ بما في ذلك السكتة الدماغية الإقفارية، ونزف تحت العنكبوتية، وإصابات الدماغ الرضية، والورم الدموي تحت الجافية، أو فوق الجافية أو داخل الدماغ، واستسقاء الرأس، وسرطان الدماغ، وعدوى الدماغ، ونقص صوديوم الدم، ووذمة الدماغ في المرتفعات والفشل الكبدي الحاد. يستند التشخيص إلى الأعراض ونتائج الفحوصات الجسمية ويُؤكد من خلال التصوير العصبي التسلسلي (التصوير المقطعي المحوسب والتصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي).

تعتمد معالجة الوذمة الدماغية على العامل المسبب وتشمل مراقبة كل من مجرى الهواء والضغط داخل القحف لدى المريض، والتأكد من الوضعية الملائمة، وضبط فرط التهوية، وإعطاء الأدوية، وتدبير السوائل والستيرويدات. قد يشمل تدبير الوذمة الدماغية الواسعة المعالجة الجراحية عبر قطع القحف المخفف للضغط. تُعد الوذمة الدماغية أحد الأسباب الرئيسية للتلف الدماغي وتساهم في نسبة كبيرة من معدل الوفيات الناجمة عن السكتة الدماغية الإقفارية وإصابات الدماغ الرضية.

يصعب تحديد وبائيات المرض نظرًا إلى ظهور الوذمة الدماغية في العديد من الحالات المرضية الدماغية الشائعة. يجب النظر إلى معدل وقوع المرض من ناحية أسبابه المحتملة، إذ يحدث في معظم حالات إصابات الدماغ الرضية، وأورام الجهاز العصبي المركزي، ونقص التروية الدماغية والنزف داخل الدماغ. على سبيل المثال، ظهرت وذمة الدماغ الخبيثة في 31% تقريبًا من الأشخاص المصابين بالسكتة الدماغية الإقفارية خلال 30 يوم من ظهور الأخيرة.

العلامات والأعراض
تعتمد شدة أعراض الوذمة الدماغية وامتدادها على أسباب المرض الدقيقة، إلا أنها تتعلق عمومًا بارتفاع الضغط الحاد داخل الجمجمة. وفقًا لمذهب مونرو-كيلي، قد يؤدي تراكم الوذمة الدماغية إلى ضغط النسج الدماغية الحية، والسائل الدماغي الشوكي والأوعية الدماغية وإزاحتها، نظرًا إلى ثبات الجمجمة وانعدام مرونتها.

يُعد ارتفاع الضغط داخل القحف (آي سي بّي) حالة طارئة جراحية مهددة للحياة، إذ تشمل أعراضها المميزة الصداع، والغثيان، والتقيؤ ونقص الوعي. تترافق الأعراض في العديد من الحالات مع اضطرابات بصرية مثل شلل الحملقة الجزئي، وانخفاض الرؤية والدوخة. قد يسبب ارتفاع الضغط داخل الجمجمة ارتفاعًا تعويضيًا في ضغط الدم من أجل المحافظة على التدفق الدموي الدماغي، الذي يسبب منعكس كوشينغ عند ترافقه مع التنفس غير المنتظم ومعدل ضربات القلب المنخفض. غالبًا ما يشير منعكس كوشينغ إلى انضغاط النسج الدماغية والأوعية الدموية في الدماغ، ما يؤدي إلى انخفاض التدفق الدموي إلى الدماغ وفي النهاية الموت.

التشخيص
تظهر الوذمة الدماغية بشكل شائع في مجموعة متنوعة من الإصابات العصبية. يصعب بالتالي تحديد مقدار المساهمة النهائية للوذمة الدماغية في الحالة العصبية للمصاب. تُعد المراقبة الدقيقة لمستوى إدراك المريض طريح الفراش ووعيه أمرًا شديد الأهمية من أجل كشف أي عجز عصبي بؤري جديد أو متفاقم، لكن يُعد هذا الأمر متطلبًا للغاية وقد يستلزم إدخال المريض إلى وحدة العناية المركزة (آي سي يو) في كثير من الأحيان.

قد تشكل الوذمة الدماغية المترافقة مع ارتفاع الضغط المستديم داخل القحف وفتق الدماغ دلالة على أحداث عصبية كارثية وشيكة الحدوث، ما يتطلب كشف الحالة وإعطاء العلاج الفوريين لمنع الإصابة أو حتى الموت. بالتالي، يمكن للتشخيص المبكر للوذمة الدماغية إلى جانب التدخل السريع تحسين النتائج السريرية، بالإضافة إلى خفض معدل الوفاة أو خطر الموت.

يعتمد تشخيص الوذمة الدماغية على ما يلي:

التصوير
يمكن استخدام التصوير العصبي التسلسلي (تصوير «سي تي» والتصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي) في تشخيص حدوث كل من الوذمة الدماغية، أو الكتل الكبيرة، أو استسقاء الرأس الحاد أو فتق الدماغ أو استبعادها، بالإضافة إلى توفير المعلومات اللازمة حول نوع الوذمة الملاحظة وامتداد المنطقة المصابة. يُعتبر تصوير «سي تي» وسيلة التصوير المفضلة نظرًا إلى توفرها على نطاق واسع، وسرعتها ومخاطرها القليلة. مع ذلك، يُعتبر تصوير «سي تي» محدودًا فيما يتعلق بتحديد السبب الدقيق للوذمة الدماغية، إذ من الضروري اللجوء إلى تصوير الأوعية «سي تي» (سي تي إيه)، أو «إم آر آي» أو تصوير الأوعية بالطرح الرقمي (دي إس إيه) من أجل هذه الغاية. يلعب تصوير «إم آر آي» على وجه التحديد دورًا مفيدًا في التفريق بين الوذمة السامة للخلايا والوذمة وعائية المنشأ، ما من شأنه توجيه قرارات العلاج المستقبلية.

مراقبة الضغط داخل القحف
يُعد الضغط داخل القحف (آي سي بّي) إلى جانب تدبيره مفهومًا جوهريًا في إصابات الدماغ الرضية (تي بي آي). توصي إرشادات مؤسسة رضوض الدماغ بإجراء مراقبة «آي سي بّي» لدى مرضى إصابات الدماغ الرضية ممن أظهروا درجات منخفضة على مقياس غلاسكو للغيبوبة (جي سي إس)، أو تصوير «سي تي» غير طبيعي أو عوامل خطر إضافية مثل التقدم في السن وضغط الدم المرتفع. مع ذلك، لا توجد إرشادات مماثلة لمراقبة «آي سي بّي» بالنسبة لإصابات الدماغ الأخرى مثل السكتة الدماغية الإقفارية، والنزف داخل القحف والأورام الدماغية.

أوصت الأبحاث السريرية بإجراء مراقبة «آي سي بّي» وضغط التروية الدماغية (سي بّي بّي) لدى أي شخص مصاب بإصابة دماغية ومعرض لخطر ارتفاع الضغط داخل القحف استنادًا إلى السمات السريرية والتصوير العصبي. يمكن إجراء المراقبة المبكرة من أجل توجيه القرارات الطبية والجراحية وكشف احتمال حدوث فتق الدماغ المهدد للحياة. مع ذلك، ظهرت دلائل متعارضة حول قيم «آي سي بّي» الحدية التي تستلزم التدخل. أوصت الأبحاث أيضًا باتخاذ القرارات الطبية بشكل مخصص لتشخيص محدد (مثل نزف تحت العنكبوتية، أو «تي بي آي» أو التهاب الدماغ)، وبوجوب استخدام ارتفاع الضغط داخل القحف بالترافق مع التصوير العصبي والعلامات السريرية عوضًا عن استخدامه كعلامة إنذارية منفردة.

الأنواع
هناك أربعة أنواع للوذمة الدماغية:

(1) وذمة سببها خلل في الأوعية الدموية
وتحدث نتيجة لانهيار التقاطعات الضيقة الغشائية التي تشكل حاجزاً بين الدم وخلايا المخ وهذا يسمح للبروتينات السوائل داخل الأوعية الدموية في الدماغ للنفاذ إلى المساحات بين الخلايا.

(2) وذمة سببها تسمم الخلايا
في هذا النوع يظل الحاجز بين الدم وخلايا المخ متصل وبحالة جيدة ولكن ما يحدث هو خلل في الأيض الخلوي فيحدث تسرب للمياه داخل خلايا المخ وتكبر في الحجم.

(3) وذمة سببها خلل في الضغط التنافذي
سبب هذا النوع هو نقص مصادر الطاقة في الخلية الناتج عن نقص توصيل الاكسجين وهذا بدوره يأثر على مضخة الصوديوم والبوتاسيوم مما يؤدي إلى ارتفاع نسبة الصوديوم في الخلايا أيضاً وكنتيجة لاحقة ارتفاع نسبة الكلورلمعادلة زوال الاستقطاب، بسبب ارتفاع الضغط الاسموزي في الخلايا تتضخم خلايا الدماغ نتيجة لسحبها السوائل من الوسط بين الخلوي.

الخلل في الضغط التنافذي ممكن ان يحدث أيضاً في أعضاء أخرى من جسم الإنسان لكن خطره على الدماغ أكبر ما يمكن بسبب نقص امكانية التمدد كما في الاعضاء الأخرى.

(4) وذمة دماغية نسيجية

العلاج
يتضمن العلاج :-
 مانيتول.
 مدرات للبول.
 الجراحة.

المراجع

طب الجهاز العصبي
ماء الجسم
مخ

وذمة دماغية


متحف الآثار الوطني (باليونانية:Εθνικό Αρχαιολογικό Μουσείο) هو متحف للآثار في العاصمة اليونانية في أثينا يضم بعضاً من أهم القطع الأثرية المتنوعة من مواقع أثرية من مختلف أنحاء اليونان، من عصور ما قبل التاريخ إلى أواخر العصر القديم. ويعد المتحف واحداً من أضخم المتاحف في العالم ويحتوي على مجموعة تعد من أغنى محتويات التحف اليونانية في العصور القديمة عالمياً.
يقع المتحف في حي إكزاركيا وسط العاصمة اليونانية.

تاريخ
تأسس أول متحف للآثار في اليونان في إيجينة عام 1829 من قبل رئيس الوزراء اليوناني آنذاك إيوانيس كابوديسترياس ومنذ ذلك الحين تم نقل المجموعات المعروضة إلى عدة معارض وذلك حتى العام 1858 حين تم الإعلان عن مسابقة معمارية دولية لتصميم وموقع المتحف الجديد.

بدأ البناء في المتحف الحالي عام 1866 وانتهى العمل فيه عام 1889، بتمويل من الحكومة اليونانية والجمعية الأثرية اليونانية وسكان ميكناي.

أول اسم لهذا المتحف كان المتحف المركزي، ثم تم تغييره لاسمه الحالي في 1881 من قبل رئيس الوزراء آنذاك كاريلاوس تريكوبوس.
أثناء الحرب العالمية الثانية تم اغلاق المتحف وتم وضع محتوياته في صناديق خاصة وختمها ودفنها تجنباً لتدميرها ونهبها. وفي عام 1945 تم إعادة عرض محتويات المتحف حيث خصص الجناح الجنوبي ليكون «متحف الإبيغرافيا» ليضم مجموعة من أهم النقوش في العالم.
تم توسعة وتجديد متحف النقوش بين عامي 1953-1960 تحت إدارة المهندس المعماري باتروكولوس كارانتينوس.

المعروضات
تقسم معروضات المتحف إلى عدة أقسام وهي:
 مجموعة ماقبل التاريخ (العصر الحجري الحديث، كيكلادس، الفترة الهيلينية)
 مجموعة المنحوتات.
 مجموعة المزهريات والمحتويات الصغيرة.
 نفائس سانتوريني
 مجموعة المسبوكات.
 مجموعة ستاثاتوس
 مجموعة فلاستوس
 مجموعة الفن المصري
 مجموعة آثار الشرق الأدنى.

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي للمتحف.

مراجع

إيوانيس كابودستردياس
بنية تحتية اكتملت في 1889
تأسيسات سنة 1829 في اليونان
عمارة كلاسيكية جديدة في اليونان
متاحف أثرية في أثينا
متاحف أثينا
متاحف أسست في 1829
متاحف فنية ومعارض في اليونان
متاحف في اليونان القديمة في اليونان
أثينا
مجموعات مصريات
يونان الموكيانية

متحف الآثار الوطني (أثينا)


El lord alto condestable de Inglaterra es séptimo de los grandes oficiales de Estado, después del lord gran chambelán y antes del conde mariscal. El cargo solo se utiliza en las coronaciones. El lord alto condestable en un principio era comandante de los Ejércitos Reales y jefe de la Caballería. También era, junto al conde mariscal, jefe del Tribunal de Caballería y del Tribunal de Honor. En la época feudal, la justicia marcial era administrada en el Tribunal del lord alto condestable.

El cargo fue concedido con las propiedades del condado de Hereford por la emperatriz Matilde a Milo de Gloucester, y fue transmitido por su heredera a los Bohuns, condes de Hereford y Essex. Fue concedido ilegalmente a los Stafford, duques de Buckingham, y después de la condena de Edward Stafford,  duque de Buckingham, en el reinado de Enrique VIII, el cargo devolvió a la Corona. Desde ese momento, no ha existido como cargo independiente, salvo como nombramiento temporal en la coronación del monarca, en circunstancias distintas, el conde mariscal ejerce los deberes tradicionales del cargo.

Los Lacys y los Verduns fueron condestables hereditarios de Irlanda del  al , y los Hays, condes de Erroll, han sido lores altos condestables hereditarios de Escocia desde principios del .

Lord alto condestable en coronaciones, 1547-presente

 Henry Grey, III marqués de Dorset, 1547.
 Henry FitzAlan, XIX conde de Arundel, 1553, 1559.
 Edward Somerset, IV conde de Worcester, 1603.
 George Villiers, I duque de Buckingham, 1626.
 Algernon Percy , X conde de Northumberland, 1661.
 Henry Fitzroy, I duque de Grafton, 1685.
 James Butler, II duque de Ormonde, 1689.
 Wriothesley Russell, I duque de Bedford, 1702.
 John Montagu, I duque de Montagu, 1714.
 Charles Lennox, II duque de Richmond, 1727.
 John Russell, I duque de Bedford, 1761.
 Arthur Wellesley, I duque de Wellington, 1821, 1831, 1838.
 Alexander Duff, I duque de Fife, 1902, 1911.
 Robert Crewe-Milnes, I marqués de Crewe, 1937.
 Alan Francis Brooke, I vizconde Alanbrooke, 1953.

Políticos de Inglaterra
Tratamientos de la jerarquía nobiliaria
Protocolo en Reino Unido

Lord alto condestable de Inglaterra


Aydon est un village du Northumberland en Angleterre, situé à environ  au nord-est de Corbridge et à  de Newcastle upon Tyne.

Voir aussi

 Château d'Aydon

Liens externes
  https://getoutside.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/local/aydon-northumberland?v=2021

Village dans le Northumberland

Aydon