The Tasmanian Legislative Council is the upper house of the Parliament of Tasmania in Australia. It is one of the two chambers of the Parliament, the other being the House of Assembly. Both houses sit in Parliament House in the state capital, Hobart. Members of the Legislative Council are often referred to as MLCs.

The Legislative Council has 15 members elected using preferential voting in 15 single-member electorates. Each electorate has approximately the same number of electors. A review of Legislative Council division boundaries is required every 9 years; the most recent was completed in 2017. Election of members in the Legislative Council are staggered. Elections alternate between three divisions in one year and in two divisions the next year. Elections take place on the first Saturday in May. The term of each MLC is six years.

The Tasmanian Legislative Council is a unique parliamentary chamber in Australian politics in that historically it is the only chamber in any state parliament to be majority non-partisan, with most of its members being independents. However as of the 2022 elections, the chamber is now majority-partisan with 8 of its 15 members affiliated with either the Liberal or Labor parties.

Unlike other Australian state legislatures, the House of Assembly is elected from multimember districts while the Legislative Council is elected from single-member districts. The reverse is the case in most of the rest of Australia; that is, the lower house is elected from single-member districts while the upper house is elected from multi-member districts.

Overview
The Council has the power to block supply and force a government to election but cannot itself be dissolved early, because there is nothing in the Tasmanian constitution to allow that. The constitution can only be altered by a vote in each house of parliament, so the Council's rights cannot be reduced, and it cannot be abolished, without its agreement.

The Tasmanian Legislative Council has never been controlled by a single political party, with voters in Tasmania tending to elect independents over candidates endorsed by political parties. The Labor Party endorses candidates in some Legislative Council elections, and is the most successful political party in the Council's history, having had a total of 20 members elected. The Liberal Party has maintained the view that the Legislative Council should not be a "party house", and has rarely endorsed candidates who have gone on to win a seat. However, the party has often tacitly backed independent conservatives, many of whom had previously been Liberal candidates or members at state or federal level.

A former Liberal member of the Council, Peter McKay, was first elected as an independent in 1976 but became a Liberal in 1991. Since 2009, the Liberal Party has endorsed candidates more frequently, but it has only ever had three endorsed members elected to the Legislative Council. At the 2009 Pembroke by-election, the endorsed Liberal candidate, Vanessa Goodwin, won the seat. The Tasmanian Greens endorse candidates in Legislative Council elections but have yet to win a seat.

Candidates for Legislative Council elections are required by law to restrict their expenditure to a specified limit ($10,000 in 2005; increasing by $500 per year). In addition, no other person or political party may spend money to promote a specific candidate. This requirement is almost unique in Australia. Other than at elections for the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly, no other jurisdiction imposes expenditure limits on candidates.

History
The New South Wales Act 1823, passed by the British Parliament, separated Van Diemen's Land from New South Wales, making it a penal colony under the British Crown and Privy Council. The Van Diemen's Land Legislative Council was created in 1825 as an advisory body to the Lieutenant-Governor of Van Diemen's Land. The Legislative Council consisted of six members chosen by the Lieutenant-Governor, who continued to report to the Governor of New South Wales. An Imperial Act in 1828 enabled its expansion to 15 members, with the Lieutenant-Governor as Presiding Officer.

The Council remained fully nominative until the Australian Colonies Government Act came into effect in Van Diemen's Land on 21 October 1851, when the Council was expanded to 24 members, with 16 elected by the voters and eight nominated by the Governor, who ceased to be a member. The franchise for these elections was extremely limited, with only men over 30 and who owned a certain amount of property eligible to vote. Former convicts, who made up a significant proportion of the colony's population, were not able to vote. The 1851 arrangements were a compromise struck by the Governor between the colonists' demands for representative government and the Colonial Office's wish to control the colony through the Governor.  The first Speaker of the new Council was Sir Richard Dry.

On 24 October 1856, an Act was proclaimed permitting the introduction of a bicameral, representative Parliament with the creation of the Tasmanian House of Assembly, where the power of the executive government resided, and the abolition of nominee positions on the Council. The Speaker's position was renamed President. A distinctive feature of the Act is that it did not enable the Governor to dissolve the Legislative Council.

Like other democratic upper houses of that period, it was established using single-member electorates elected using the first-past-the-post system, with Hobart and Launceston being multi-member electorates. Voters would simply cross off the names of those whom they did not wish to vote for. Members were elected for a six-year term, and terms were staggered in such a way that two or three members' terms expired each year and elections were held in the first week of May. In the event of resignation or death of a member during their term, a by-election would be held to complete their term.

Reforms in 1907 saw the House of Assembly switch to using the Hare-Clark system with multi-member seats, and introduced preferential voting to the Council. A redistribution in 1946 broke up Hobart and Launceston into single-member electorates.

Suffrage was gradually expanded from the late 19th century onwards, with the property franchise being first eased and then abolished; ex-convicts, ex-servicemen and then women being granted the vote; the age of majority being reduced; and finally, full adult suffrage in 1968. The first woman to sit on the Legislative Council was Margaret McIntyre in 1948; the first woman to chair the upper house was Phyllis Benjamin in 1956.

In the 1990s, various Tasmanian governments attempted to cut the size of parliament. Various reports proposed reducing the Tasmanian Legislative Council from 19 seats to 15. Others including the Morling Report proposed abolishing the Council and merging some of the electorates into the Tasmanian House of Assembly. However the council wouldn't agree to any of these proposals. During Tony Rundle's government the Legislative Council finally allowed passage of the Parliamentary Reform Bill 1998, reducing the number of seats in the chamber from 19 to 15, and redistributing all seats through an independent Distribution Tribunal, abolishing a previous rural bias which had led to unequal seats. However, the seats were not named after their geographic location, often using land district or county names unfamiliar to most residents, so considerable confusion for voters ensued in determining which seat they were located in.

Electorates

The 15 single-member electoral divisions of the Tasmanian Legislative Council are:

 Derwent
 Elwick
 Hobart
 Huon
 Launceston
 McIntyre
 Mersey
 Montgomery
 Murchison
 Nelson
 Pembroke
 Prosser
 Rosevears
 Rumney
 Windermere

Periodic review
A review of Legislative Council division boundaries is required every 9 years to maintain a population variation of less than 10% between the divisions. This ensures that each member of the Legislative Council represents approximately the same number of electors. Redistribution reviews also take into account the community interest of each division.

The most recent redistribution was completed in 2017 which saw the electorates of Apsley and Western Tiers abolished, and the establishment of the McIntyre and Prosser electorates.

Members

Current distribution of seats
The current distribution of seats (updated post May 2022 elections) is:

Positions

Presiding Officer

When the Legislative Council of Van Diemen's Land was created in 1825 it was a fully nominated body with the Lieutenant-Governor as Presiding Officer. Between 1850 and 1856 the Presiding Officer in the Legislative Council was known as the Speaker. Sir Richard Dry was the first elected to hold this position. As part of wider parliamentary changes the title was changed in 1856 to President.

The current President of the Legislative Council is Derwent MLC Craig Farrell.

Committees

Public Accounts Committee
The Public Accounts committee is a Joint Committee, meaning that it is composed of members from both houses of parliament. Currently, there are three Legislative Councilors and three Members of the House of Assembly on this committee. This composition is unique in Australia where most Public Accounts Committees are dominated by lower house members.
This committee is commonly referred to as the most powerful committee in an Australian Parliament. It has the power to look into any issue pertaining to the financials of the State, including government agencies, to ensure that money is going where it is intended. The committee can establish its own inquiries, without parliamentary authorisation.

The Committee is currently chaired by Independent member for Murchison, Ruth Forrest.

Subordinate Legislation Committee
One of the common functions of Australian upper houses is to scrutinise subordinate legislation. Subordinate legislation is necessary because the executive needs a means of creating rules more detailed than can be in legislation. The Subordinate Legislation Committee is established by statute in Subordinate Legislation Committee Act 1969. This is also a joint committee, composed of three members from each house.
The Subordinate Legislation Committee examines every regulation made by the executive. If the committee is of the view that the regulation does not comply with the Act under which it was made, it can refer the regulation to the parliament. Either the House of Assemble or the Legislative Council can pass a resolution that disallows the regulation. This disallowance is not retrospective and will not affect the actions taken while the regulation was in effect. If neither House is sitting, then the Committee can force the authority which made the regulation to; amend the regulation to make it consistent with a model suggested by the Committee, rescind the regulation completely, or suspend the regulation until both Houses of Parliament have dealt with the report of the Committee.
The Subordinate Legislation Committee is not intended to examine the political effect of the regulation, rather they simply examine whether the regulation is clear, conforms with the Act under which it was made, and does not impinge on judicial jurisdiction.

Public Works Committee
The Public Works committee is created under the Public Works Committee Act 1914 and is composed of four members, two from the HoA and two from the LC.  The function of the Public Works Committee is to examine any proposed public work in Tasmania that will cost more than $5,000,000. The work cannot commence until the committee has passed it. The PWC examines the public value of the work, the necessity of the work, and whether it will produce revenue as expected.

If the Committee decides that it does not meet these standards, then it has the power to prevent work going ahead. The Committee can also suggest changes to a project.

In 2015, the Committee examined the proposal to replace the St Pauls River Bridge outside Avoca. The committee recommended that the new bridge was built but suggested that the old bridge be retained for pedestrian access bridge.

Sessional Committees
There are two Legislative Council Sessional Committees, Government Administration A and Government Administration B  with half the MLCs on one Committee and half on the other. These are composed entirely of Legislative Councilors. Sessional Committees are always sitting and can examine any issue relating to the Ministry for which they are responsible, or any bill referred to it by the Legislative Council.

An example of a Sessional Committee is the 'Legislative Council Sessional Committee Government Administration A: Sub-Committee Fin Fish Farming in Tasmania' which held its first hearing on 11 February 2020. This Sessional Committee terms of reference indicate it was established to examine the implementation of the Sustainable Industry Growth Plan for the Salmon Industry in Tasmania.

Select Committees
Select Committees are established to conduct an inquiry on one specific issue and then normally cease to exist once they have tabled their final report. The Standing Orders of the LC governs these Committees and the LC can confer powers to examine witnesses or issue summons upon the committee.
Select Committees can be either Joint Committees or single house committees.

Estimates Committee is considered to be a select committee. The Estimates committees are established by the Legislative Council Standing Orders as a way to 'examine and report' on the proposed expenditure in an appropriation (money) bill. It allows the executive to be scrutinised as Independent MLCs can gather facts, consult with the public and hold the executive accountable for the actions they are taking in their budgets. This is especially important as the LC cannot amend money bills.

See also

Parliaments of the Australian states and territories

Notes

External links
 Tasmanian Electoral Commission - Legislative Council
 Tasmanian Parliament website
 List of members of the Tasmanian Legislative Council
 Tasmania Parliament History
Tasmanian Parliamentary Committees

References

Further reading

Parliament of Tasmania
Tasmania
1825 establishments in Australia

Tasmanian Legislative Council


Stoyanka (en ukrainien : , en russe : ) est un village situé dans l'oblast de Kiev, en Ukraine.

Historique

Le , les soldats russes  quittent le village après 14 jours d'occupation et de bombardements, laissant derrière eux les cadavres de civils.

Notes et références

Village dans l'oblast de Kiev
Commune rurale dans l'oblast de Kiev

Stoyanka


66. festival igranog filma u Puli je godišnji filmski festival održan u Puli, Hrvatska. Trajao je od 13. srpnja 2019. do 21. srpnja 2019. godine.

Programi

Hrvatski program
 Dnevnik Diane Budisavljević, Dana Budisavljević
 Dopunska nastava, Ivan-Goran Vitez
 General, Antun Vrdoljak
 F20, Arsen Anton Ostojić
 Koja je ovo država, Vinko Brešan
 Moj dida je pao s Marsa, Marina Andree Škop, Dražen Žarković
 Posljednji Srbin u Hrvatskoj, Predrag Ličina
 Sam samcat, Bobo Jelčić

Popularni program
 Bijela vrana (engl. The White Crow) Ralph Fiennes
 Kralj lavova (engl. The Lion King) Jon Favreau
 Posljedice (engl. The Aftermath) James Kent
 Tolkien, Dome Karukoski
 Tuga i slava (engl. Dolor y gloria) Pedro Almodóvar
 Vjeran čovjek (fra. L'Homme fidèle) Louis Garrel

Nagrade
 Velika zlatna arena za najbolji film : Dnevnik Diane Budisavljević, Dana Budisavljević
 Zlatna arena za režiju : Dana Budisavljević, Dnevnik Diane Budisavljević
 Zlatna arena za scenarij : Mate Matišić, Koja je ovo država
 Zlatna arena za najbolju glavnu žensku ulogu : Hristina Popović, Posljednji Srbin u Hrvatskoj
 Zlatna arena za najbolju glavnu mušku ulogu : Krešimir Mikić, Koja je ovo država
 Zlatna arena za najbolju sporednu žensku ulogu : Olga Pakalović, Posljednji Srbin u Hrvatskoj
 Zlatna arena za najbolju sporednu mušku ulogu : Borko Perić, General
 Zlatna arena za kameru : Sven Pepeonik, Moj dida je pao s Marsa
 Zlatna arena za glazbu : Nenad Sinkauz Alen Sinkauz, Dnevnik Diane Budisavljević
 Zlatna arena za scenografiju : Jana Piacun, Dnevnik Diane Budisavljević
 Zlatna arena za kostimografiju : Selena Orb, Dnevnik Diane Budisavljević

Izvori

Više informacija
 Festival igranog filma u Puli

Vanjske poveznice
 službeno mrežno mjesto

 Pulski filmski festival

66. Pulski filmski festival


Aroa danva este o specie de molie din familia Lymantriinae.

Răspândire
Specia se găsește în Camerun și Sierra Leone.

Referințe

Legături externe

  Baza de date a genului Lepidoptera la Muzeul de istorie naturală

Lymantriidae
Molii
Insecte din Africa

Aroa danva


Kreis Samter () was a district in Regierungsbezirk Posen, in the Prussian Province of Posen from 1818 to 1918. Its territory presently lies in the north-western part of Polish region of Greater Poland Voivodeship.

History
The Samter district was formed on January 1, 1818, with its capital at Samter. As part of the Province of Posen, the Samter district became part of the newly founded German Empire on January 18, 1871.

On December 27, 1918, the Greater Poland uprising began in the province of Posen, and on the same day the district town of Samter came under Polish control. On February 16, 1919, an armistice ended the Polish-German fighting, and on June 28, 1919, the German government officially ceded the Samter district to the newly founded Poland with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles.

Elections
In the German Empire, the district of Samter, together with the districts of Birnbaum, Obornik and Schwerin belonged to the Posen 2 Reichstag constituency. The constituency was won by the following candidates in the Reichstag elections:

 1871:  Ludwig von Rönne, National Liberal Party
 1874:  Ludwig Zietkiewicz, Polish Party
 1877:  Stephan von Kwilecki, Polish Party
 1878:  Stephan von Kwilecki, Polish Party
 1881:  Stephan von Kwilecki, Polish Party
 1884:  Stephan von Kwilecki, Polish Party
 1887:  Hector von Kwilecki, Polish Party
 1890:  Hector von Kwilecki, Polish Party
 1893:  Hector von Kwilecki, Polish Party
 1898:  Hector von Kwilecki, Polish Party
 1903:  Mathias von Brudzewo-Mielzynski, Polish Party
 1907:  Mathias von Brudzewo-Mielzynski, Polish Party (52.3% of the vote)
 1912:  Mathias von Brudzewo-Mielzynski, Polish Party (52.7% of the vote)

Demographics
The district had a majority Polish population, with a significant German minority.

Towns
The five towns in the district were Obersitzko, Pinne, Samter, Scharfenort and Wronke.

References

Districts of the Province of Posen

Kreis Samter


În gramatică, adjectivul nehotărât este o specie de adjectiv pronominal corespunzător pronumelui nehotărât, dar nu tuturor pronumelor le corespunde un adjectiv, și nici tuturor adjectivelor un pronume.

Asemănări și deosebiri între adjective și pronume

Unele cuvinte sunt folosite cu aceeași formă și ca adjective și ca pronume nehotărâte. Exemple:
  Am vorbit cu fiecare student în parte – Am vorbit cu fiecare în parte;
  J'ai un autre livre "Am altă carte" – J'en ai un autre "Am alta";
  Svaki početak je težak "Orice început e greu" – Svaki je težak "Oricare e greu";
  Van néhány kérdésem "Am câteva întrebări" – Van néhány "Am câteva".

În limbile din diasistemul slav de centru-sud (bosniacă, croată, muntenegreană, sârbă, prescurtat BCMS), toate adjectivele se folosesc ca atare și ca pronume.

Alte adjective nehotărâte au o formă puțin diferită de cea a pronumelui corespunzător. În română este cazul unor pronume la genitiv-dativ, care primesc un a final, ex. Visul oricărei femei este să fie iubită – Visul oricăreia... Alte pronume au forme diferite de cele ale pronumelor corespunzătoare din cauza prezenței articolului hotărât, acesta fiind enclitic: alt, un, vreun vs. altul, unul, vreunul.

În limba franceză, existența unor pronume diferite de adjectiv este cauzată de proveniența primelor din cele din urmă, prin compunere cu alt cuvânt: Nous avons passé quelques jours de vacances à Rome "Am petrecut câteva zile de concediu la Roma" – Nous en avons passé quelques-uns... "Am petrecut câteva..."

În limba maghiară, deosebirea de formă se datorează faptului că adjectivele nu primesc desinețe cazuale și alte sufixe, nefiind acordate cu regentul lor, dar folosite ca pronume primesc sufixe precum substantivele: Valamilyen tanfolyamot végzett "A terminat un curs (oarecare)" – Valamilyet végzett "A terminat unul (oarecare)". Aici, adjectivul nu are desinența de acuzativ -t, spre deosebire de substantivul determinat, care o are.

Există și cuvinte nehotărâte care sunt numai adjective:
  un oarecare tânăr;
  avoir quelque peine à faire quelque chose "a avea o oarecare dificultate în a face ceva";
  Némi habozás után igent mondott "După oarecare ezitare a spus da".

 Formarea adjectivelor nehotărâte

Unele adjective nehotărâte, în același timp cu pronumele corespunzătoare, s-au format prin gruparea unor cuvinte în locuțiuni:
  Cunosc mai multe poezii de Eminescu;
  Vous pouvez passer me voir à n'importe quelle heure "Puteți trece pe la mine la orice oră";
  Samo da naiđemo na budi kakvu vodu "Numai de-am da de orice fel de apă".

Alte cuvinte nehotărâte s-au format prin compunere de cuvinte dintre care unul sau fiecare este un cuvânt interogativ. În unele compoziții, componentul neinterogativ a devenit în limba actuală un prefix sau un sufix. Exemple:
  oarecare, câtva, fiecare, orice;
  quelque (< quel? "ce fel de?" + que? "ce?") "câtva, oarecare"; quelconque (< quel? + que? + onques "cândva");
  nekakav (< ne "nu" + kakav? "ce fel de?") "de oarecare fel"; ikoji (< i "și" + koji? "care?") "vreun"; svačiji (< sve "tot" + čiji? "al/a/ai/ale cui?") "oricui" (în sintagme în care "oricui" este atribut);
  valamennyi (< vala- + mennyi? "cât?") "toți, toate"; néhány (< né- + hány? "cât?") "câțiva, câteva"; akármekkora (< akár "fie" + mekkora? "de ce dimensiune?"), sinonim cu bármekkora (< bár "deși" + mekkora?) "de orice dimensiune, oricât de mare/mic".

 Note

 Surse bibliografice

 Avram, Mioara, Gramatica pentru toți, ediția a II-a, București, Humanitas, 1997, ISBN 973-28-0769-5

  Barić, Eugenija et al., Hrvatska gramatika (Gramatica limbii croate), ediția a II-a revăzută, Zagreb, Školska knjiga, 1997, ISBN 953-0-40010-1 (accesat la 12 aprilie 2019)

 Bărbuță, Ion et al. Gramatica uzuală a limbii române, Chișinău, Litera, 2000, ISBN 9975-74-295-5 (accesat la 12 aprilie 2019)

  Čirgić, Adnan; Pranjković, Ivo; Silić, Josip, Gramatika crnogorskoga jezika (Gramatica limbii muntenegrene), Podgorica, Ministerul Învățământului și Științei al Muntenegrului, 2010, ISBN 978-9940-9052-6-2 (accesat la 12 aprilie 2019)

  Cojocaru, Dana, Romanian Grammar (Gramatică română), SEELRC, 2003 (accesat la 12 aprilie 2019)

  Delatour, Yvonne et al.'', Nouvelle grammaire du français (Noua gramatică a francezei), Paris, Hachette, 2004, ISBN 2-01-155271-0 (accesat la 12 aprilie 2019)

  Erdős, József (coord.), Küszöbszint. Magyar mint idegen nyelv (Nivel-prag. Maghiara ca limbă străină), Universitatea Politehnică din Budapesta, Institutul lingvistic, Grupul pentru limba maghiară, 2001 (accesat la 12 aprilie 2019)

  Kalmbach, Jean-Michel, La grammaire du français langue étrangère pour étudiants finnophones (Gramatica limbii franceze ca limbă străină pentru studenți vorbitori de finlandeză), versiunea 1.5., Universitatea din Jyväskylä (Finlanda), 2017, ISBN 978-951-39-4260-1 (accesat la 12 aprilie 2019)

  Klajn, Ivan, Gramatika srpskog jezika  (Gramatica limbii sârbe), Belgrad, Zavod za udžbenike i nastavna sredstva, 2005, ISBN 86-17-13188-8 (accesat la 12 aprilie 2019)

 Moldovan, Victoria; Pop, Liana; Uricaru, Lucia, Nivel prag pentru învățarea limbii române ca limbă străină, Strasbourg, Consiliul Europei (Consiliul de Cooperări Culturale), 2001 (accesat la 12 aprilie 2019)

  Szende, Thomas și Kassai, Georges, Grammaire fondamentale du hongrois (Gramatica fundamentală a limbii maghiare), Paris, Langues et mondes – l'Asiathèque, 2007 ISBN 978-2-91-525555-3 (accesat la 12 aprilie 2019)

Vezi și

 Adjectiv pronominal
 Pronume nehotărât
 Pronume negativ

Părți de vorbire flexibile

Adjectiv nehotărât


Duloxetine, sold under the brand name Cymbalta among others, is a medication used to treat major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, fibromyalgia, neuropathic pain and central sensitization. It is taken by mouth.

Duloxetine is a serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). Similarly to SSRIs and other SNRIs, the precise mechanism for its antidepressant and anxiolytic effects is not known.

Common side effects include dry mouth, nausea, feeling tired, dizziness, agitation, sexual problems, and increased sweating. Severe side effects include an increased risk of suicide, serotonin syndrome, mania, and liver problems. Antidepressant withdrawal syndrome may occur if stopped. There are concerns that use during the later part of pregnancy can harm the developing fetus.

Duloxetine was approved for medical use in the United States and in the European Union in 2004. It is available as a generic medication. In 2020, it was the 27th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 22million prescriptions.

Medical uses
The main uses of duloxetine are in major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, neuropathic pain, chronic musculoskeletal pain, and fibromyalgia.

Duloxetine is recommended as a first-line agent for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced neuropathy by the American Society of Clinical Oncology, as a first-line therapy for fibromyalgia in the presence of mood disorders by the German Interdisciplinary Association for Pain Therapy, as a Grade B recommendation for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy by the American Association for Neurology and as a level A recommendation in certain neuropathic states by the European Federation of Neurological Societies.

A 2014 Cochrane review concluded that duloxetine is beneficial in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy and fibromyalgia but that more comparative studies with other medicines are needed. The French medical journal Prescrire concluded that duloxetine is no better than other available agents and has a greater risk of side effects.

Major depressive disorder
Duloxetine was approved for the treatment of major depression in 2004. While duloxetine has demonstrated improvement in depression-related symptoms compared to placebo, comparisons of duloxetine to other antidepressant medications have been less successful. A 2012 Cochrane Review did not find greater efficacy of duloxetine compared to SSRIs and newer antidepressants. Additionally, the review found evidence that duloxetine has increased side effects and reduced tolerability compared to other antidepressants. It thus did not recommend duloxetine as a first line treatment for major depressive disorder, given the (then) high cost of duloxetine compared to inexpensive off-patent antidepressants and lack of increased efficacy. Duloxetine appears less tolerable than some other antidepressants. Generic duloxetine became available in 2013.

Generalized anxiety disorder
Duloxetine is more effective than placebo in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). A review from the Annals of Internal Medicine lists duloxetine among the first line drug treatments along with citalopram, escitalopram, sertraline, paroxetine, and venlafaxine.

Diabetic neuropathy
Duloxetine was approved for the pain associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), based on the positive results of two clinical trials. The average daily pain was measured using an 11-point scale, and duloxetine treatment resulted in an additional 1–1.7 points decrease of pain as compared with placebo. At least 50% pain relief was achieved in 40–45% of the duloxetine patients vs. 20–22% of placebo patients. Pain decreased by more than 90%, in 9–14% of duloxetine patients vs. 2–4% of placebo patients. Most of the response was achieved in the first two weeks on the medication. Duloxetine slightly increased the fasting serum glucose; this effect was deemed to be of "minimal clinical significance", however.

The comparative efficacy of duloxetine and established pain-relief medications for DPN is unclear. A systematic review noted that tricyclic antidepressants (imipramine and amitriptyline), traditional anticonvulsants and opioids have better efficacy than duloxetine. Duloxetine, tricyclic antidepressants and anticonvulsants have similar tolerability while the opioids caused more side effects. Another review in Prescrire International considered the moderate pain relief achieved with duloxetine to be clinically insignificant and the results of the clinical trials unconvincing. The reviewer saw no reason to prescribe duloxetine in practice. The comparative data collected by reviewers in BMC Neurology indicated that amitriptyline, other tricyclic antidepressants and venlafaxine may be more effective. The authors noted that the evidence in favor of duloxetine is much more solid, however. A Cochrane review concluded that the evidence in support of duloxetine's efficacy in treating painful diabetic neuropathy was adequate, and that further trials should focus on comparisons with other medications. A crossover trial found that duloxetine, pregabalin, and amitripyline offered similar levels of pain relief. Combination treatment of duloxetine and pregabalin offered additional pain relief for people whose pain is not adequately controlled with one medication, and was safe.

Fibromyalgia and chronic pain
A review of duloxetine found that it reduced pain and fatigue, and improved physical and mental performance compared to placebo.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the drug for the treatment of fibromyalgia in June 2008.

It may be useful for chronic pain from osteoarthritis.

On 4 November 2010, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved duloxetine to treat chronic musculoskeletal pain, including discomfort from osteoarthritis and chronic lower back pain.

Stress urinary incontinence
Duloxetine failed to receive US approval for stress urinary incontinence amid concerns over liver toxicity and suicidal events; it was approved for this use in the UK, however, where it is recommended as an add-on medication in stress urinary incontinence instead of surgery.

The safety and utility of duloxetine in the treatment of incontinence has been evaluated in a series of meta analyses and practice guidelines.

 A 2017 meta-analysis found that harms are at least as great if not greater than the benefits.
 A 2013 meta-analysis concluded that duloxetine decreased incontinence episodes more than placebo with people about 56% more likely than placebo to experience a 50% decrease in episodes. Adverse effects were experienced by 83% of duloxetine-treated subjects and by 45% of placebo-treated subjects.
 A 2012 review and practice guideline published by the European Association of Urology concluded that the clinical trial data provides Grade 1a evidence that duloxetine improves but does not cure urinary incontinence, and that it causes a high rate of gastrointestinal side effects (mainly nausea and vomiting) leading to a high rate of treatment discontinuation.
 The National Institute for Clinical and Health Excellence recommends (as of September 2013) that duloxetine not be routinely offered as first line treatment, and that it only be offered as second line therapy in women wishing to avoid therapy.  The guideline further states that women should be counseled regarding the drug's side effects.

Contraindications
The following contraindications are listed by the manufacturer:
 Hypersensitivity: duloxetine is contraindicated in patients with a known hypersensitivity to duloxetine or any of the inactive ingredients.
 Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs): concomitant use in patients taking MAOIs is contraindicated.
 Uncontrolled narrow-angle glaucoma: in clinical trials, Cymbalta use was associated with an increased risk of mydriasis (dilation of the pupil); therefore, its use should be avoided in patients with uncontrolled narrow-angle glaucoma, in which mydriasis can cause sudden worsening.
 Central nervous system (CNS) acting drugs: given the primary CNS effects of duloxetine, it should be used with caution when it is taken in combination with or substituted for other centrally acting drugs, including those with a similar mechanism of action.
 Duloxetine and thioridazine should not be co-administered.

In addition, the FDA has reported on life-threatening drug interactions that may be possible when co-administered with triptans and other drugs acting on serotonin pathways leading to increased risk for serotonin syndrome.

Adverse effects
Nausea, somnolence, insomnia, and dizziness are the main side effects, reported by about 10% to 20% of patients.

In a trial for major depressive disorder (MDD), the most commonly reported treatment-emergent adverse events among duloxetine-treated patients were nausea (34.7%), dry mouth (22.7%), headache (20.0%) and dizziness (18.7%), and except for headache, these were reported significantly more often than in the placebo group. In a long-term study of fibromyalgia patients receiving duloxetine, frequency and type of adverse effects was similar to that reported in the MDD trial above. Side effects tended to be mild-to-moderate, and tended to decrease in intensity over time.

Sexual dysfunction
In four clinical trials of duloxetine for the treatment of MDD, sexual dysfunction occurred significantly more frequently in patients treated with duloxetine than those treated with placebo, and this difference occurred only in men. Specifically, common side effects include difficulty becoming aroused, lack of interest in sex, and anorgasmia (trouble achieving orgasm). Loss of or decreased response to sexual stimuli and ejaculatory anhedonia are also reported. Frequency of treatment-emergent sexual dysfunction were similar for duloxetine and SSRIs when compared in a 6-month observational study in depressed patients. Rates of sexual dysfunction in MDD patients treated with duloxetine vs escitalopram did not differ significantly at 4, 8, and 12 weeks of treatment, although the trend favored duloxetine (33.3% of duloxetine patients experienced sexual side effects compared to 43.6% of those receiving escitalopram and 25% of those receiving placebo).

Increased sweating
Duloxetine may also cause sweating more than usual (hyperhidrosis).
The exact mechanism behind why duloxetine increases sweating is still not fully understood. However, there are a few possible explanations based on current understanding:
 Duloxetine affects the sympathetic nervous system: Sympathetic nerves control thermoregulation and sweating in humans; when increased levels of norepinephrine are present (as seen with SNRIs like duloxetine), this can stimulate sweat gland activity, leading to an increase in perspiration.
 Dosage: The degree of noradrenergic "tone" determined by the interaction between noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons may determine the amount of sweating experienced; therefore, at higher doses or concentrations, serum resulting from therapeutic antidepressant treatment patients may show excess perspiration than usual as compared to low doses
 Noradrenaline release: Increased serotonin availability that results from inhibiting reuptake enhances and further facilitates the activation of post-synaptic α-adrenoceptors by norepinephrine, which can stimulate sweat gland activity, leading to more significant amounts of copious liquid secretion mainly at higher duloxetine dosages above certain thresholds.

Discontinuation syndrome

During marketing of other SSRIs and SNRIs, there have been spontaneous reports of adverse events occurring upon discontinuation of these drugs, particularly when abrupt, including the following: dysphoric mood, irritability, agitation, dizziness, sensory disturbances (e.g., paresthesias such as brain zap electric shock sensations), anxiety, confusion, headache, lethargy, emotional lability, insomnia, hypomania, tinnitus, and seizures. The withdrawal syndrome from duloxetine resembles the SSRI discontinuation syndrome.

When discontinuing treatment with duloxetine, the manufacturer recommends a gradual reduction in the dose, rather than abrupt cessation, whenever possible. If intolerable symptoms occur following a decrease in the dose or upon discontinuation of treatment, then resuming the previously prescribed dose may be considered. Subsequently, the physician may continue decreasing the dose but at a more gradual rate.

In placebo-controlled clinical trials of up to nine weeks' duration of patients with MDD, a systematic evaluation of discontinuation symptoms in patients taking duloxetine following abrupt discontinuation found the following symptoms occurring at a rate greater than or equal to 2% and at a significantly higher rate in duloxetine-treated patients compared to those discontinuing from placebo: dizziness, nausea, headache, paresthesia, vomiting, irritability, and nightmare.

In 2012 The Institute for Safe Medical Practices (ISMP) published a report: "Duloxetine and Serious Withdrawal Symptoms". The report highlights early clinical studies which found "abrupt discontinuation showed that withdrawal effects occurred in 40-50% of patients, that 10% of those were severe and approximately half were not resolved when side effects monitoring had ended after one or two weeks".

Withdrawal symptoms listed in 48 case reports (in the first quarter of 2012) included anger, crying, dizziness and suicidal ideation.

The report concluded there was insufficient information and a lack of clear warnings about the effects of discontinuing Duloxetine and that in many cases withdrawal symptoms may be "severe, persistent, or both", adding "the prescribing information for physicians and pharmacists does not provide realistic schedules for tapering or a clear picture of the likely incidence of these reactions".

Suicidality
In the United States all antidepressants, including duloxetine carry a black box warning stating that antidepressants may increase the risk of suicide in persons younger than 25. This warning is based on statistical analyses conducted by two independent groups of the FDA experts that found a 2-fold increase of the suicidal ideation and behavior in children and adolescents, and 1.5-fold increase of suicidality in the 18–24 age group.
To obtain statistically significant results the FDA combined the results of 295 trials of 11 antidepressants for psychiatric indications. As suicidal ideation and behavior in clinical trials are rare, the results for any drug taken separately usually do not reach statistical significance.

In 2005, the United States FDA released a public health advisory noting that there had been eleven reports of suicide attempts and three reports of suicidality within the mostly middle-aged women participating in the open label extension trials of duloxetine for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUI). The FDA described the potential role of confounding social stressors "unclear". The suicide attempt rate in the SUI study population (based on 9,400 patients) was calculated to be 400 per 100,000 person years. This rate is greater than the suicide attempt rate among middle-aged U.S. women that has been reported in published studies, i.e., 150 to 160 per 100,000 person years. In addition, one death from suicide was reported in a Cymbalta clinical pharmacology study in a healthy female volunteer without SUI. No increase in suicidality was reported in controlled trials of Cymbalta for depression or diabetic neuropathic pain.

Postmarketing reports
Reported adverse events that were temporally correlated to duloxetine therapy include rash, reported rarely, and the following adverse events, reported very rarely: alanine aminotransferase increased, alkaline phosphatase increased, anaphylactic reaction, angioneurotic edema, aspartate aminotransferase increased, bilirubin increased, glaucoma, hepatotoxicity, hyponatremia, jaundice, orthostatic hypotension (especially at the initiation of treatment), Stevens–Johnson syndrome, syncope (especially at initiation of treatment), and urticaria.

Pharmacology

Mechanism of action

Duloxetine inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine (NE) in the central nervous system. Duloxetine increases dopamine (DA) specifically in the prefrontal cortex, where there are few DA reuptake pumps, via the inhibition of NE reuptake pumps (NET), which is believed to mediate reuptake of DA and NE. Duloxetine has no significant affinity for dopaminergic, cholinergic, histaminergic, opioid, glutamate, and GABA reuptake transporters, however, and can therefore be considered to be a selective reuptake inhibitor at the 5-HT and NE transporters. Duloxetine undergoes extensive metabolism, but the major circulating metabolites do not contribute significantly to the pharmacologic activity.

In vitro binding studies using synaptosomal preparations isolated from rat cerebral cortex indicated that duloxetine was approximately 3 fold more potent at inhibiting serotonin uptake than norepinephrine uptake.

The analgesic properties of duloxetine in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy and central pain syndromes such as fibromyalgia are believed to be due to sodium ion channel blockade.

Pharmacokinetics
Absorption: Duloxetine is acid labile, and is formulated with enteric coating to prevent degradation in the stomach. Duloxetine has good oral bioavailability, averaging 50% after one 60 mg dose. There is an average 2-hour lag until absorption begins with maximum plasma concentrations occurring about 6 hours post dose. Food does not affect the Cmax of duloxetine, but delays the time to reach peak concentration from 6 to 10 hours.

Distribution: Duloxetine is highly bound (>90%) to proteins in human plasma, binding primarily to albumin and α1-acid glycoprotein. Volume of distribution is 1640L.

Metabolism: Duloxetine undergoes predominately hepatic metabolism via two cytochrome P450 isozymes, CYP2D6 and CYP1A2. Circulating metabolites are pharmacologically inactive. Duloxetine is a moderate CYP2D6 inhibitor.

Elimination: Administered in healthy young male subjects at doses between 20 and 40 mg twice a day,  had a half-life of 12.5 hours and its pharmacokinetics are dose proportional over the therapeutic range. Steady-state is usually achieved after 3 days. Only trace amounts (<1%) of unchanged duloxetine are present in the urine and most of the dose (approx. 70%) appears in the urine as metabolites of duloxetine with about 20% excreted in the feces.

Smoking is associated with a decrease in duloxetine concentration.

Research
Major depressive disorder is believed to be due in part to an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines within the central nervous system. Antidepressants including ones with a similar mechanism of action as duloxetine, i.e., serotonin metabolism inhibition, cause a decrease in proinflammatory cytokine activity and an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines; this mechanism may apply to duloxetine in its effect on depression but research on cytokines specific to duloxetine therapy is insufficient. Cytokines are immunoregulatory molecules that play a key role in the human immune response. Some cytokines are proinflammatory and contribute to the development of inflammation, while others are anti-inflammatory and help to control the proinflammatory response. Duloxetine can reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) and may increase the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 10 (IL-10), however, mechanisms behind these effects are not well elucidated, there have been mixed findings regarding duloxetine's impact on cytokine production in different contexts, and the results are inconclusive.

History

Duloxetine was created by Eli Lilly and Company researchers. David Robertson; David Wong, a co-discoverer of fluoxetine; and Joseph Krushinski are listed as inventors on the patent application filed in 1986 and granted in 1990.  The first publication on the discovery of the racemic form of duloxetine known as LY227942, was made in 1988. The (+)-enantiomer, assigned LY248686, was chosen for further studies, because it inhibited serotonin reuptake in rat synaptosomes to twice the degree of the (–)-enantiomer. This molecule was subsequently named duloxetine.

In 2001, Lilly filed a New Drug Application (NDA) for duloxetine with the US Food and Drug Administration. In 2003, however, the FDA "recommended this application as not approvable from the manufacturing and control standpoint" because of "significant cGMP (current Good Manufacturing Practice) violations at the finished product manufacturing facility" of Eli Lilly in Indianapolis. Additionally, "potential liver toxicity" and QTc interval prolongation appeared as a concern. The FDA experts concluded that "duloxetine can cause hepatotoxicity in the form of transaminase elevations. It may also be a factor in causing more severe liver injury, but there are no cases in the NDA database that clearly demonstrate this. Use of duloxetine in the presence of ethanol may potentiate the deleterious effect of ethanol on the liver." The FDA also recommended "routine blood pressure monitoring", since there was a dose-dependant increase in elevated blood pressure readings, including at the new highest recommended dose of 120 mg "where 24% of patients had one or more [elevated] blood pressure readings of 140/90 vs. 9% of placebo patients."

After the manufacturing issues were resolved, the liver toxicity warning included in the prescribing information, and the follow-up studies showed that duloxetine does not cause QTc interval prolongation, duloxetine was approved by the FDA for depression and diabetic neuropathy in 2004. In 2007, Health Canada approved duloxetine for the treatment of depression and diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain.

Duloxetine was approved for use of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in the EU in 2004. In 2005, Lilly withdrew the duloxetine application for stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in the U.S., stating that discussions with the FDA indicated "the agency is not prepared at this time to grant approval ... based on the data package submitted." A year later Lilly abandoned the pursuit of this indication in the U.S. market.

The FDA approved duloxetine for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder in February 2007.

Cymbalta generated sales of nearly  in 2012, with  of that in the U.S., but its patent protection terminated 1 January 2014. Lilly received a six-month extension beyond 30 June 2013, after testing for the treatment of depression in adolescents, which may produce  in added sales.

The first generic duloxetine was marketed by Indian pharmaceutical company Dr. Reddy's Laboratories.

Explanatory notes

References

External links

Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
CYP2D6 inhibitors
Eli Lilly and Company brands
Thiophenes
Naphthol ethers
Secondary amines
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate
Antidepressants

Duloxetine


Carijona (Karihona), indijanski narod karipske porodice iz jugoistočne Kolumbije. Sastoje se od nekoliko podskupina, koje se ponekad nazivaju plemenima ili klanovima, od kojih su se neki izgleda osamostalili. Među tim plemenima ili klanovovima postoji više dijalekata kojima oni govore.

Najvažnije podskupine su im Hianacoto (orao) s rijeke Cunare, za koje se kažu da su imali osam kuća; Tsahatsaha, na rijekama Cunary i Mesay, s tri kuće; Mahotoyana (vatra), na rijeci Macaya; Caicuchana ili Caikuchana, (jaguar), s četiri kuće na rijeci Apaporis.

Njihova populacija (1915, kada ih je studirao Whiffen) iznosila je 25 000, a to su posljednji izvještaji objavljeni o njima. Poznati su po tome što su s plemenom Huitoto trgovali s otrovom kojim se premazuju strelice puhaljke.

Oni su navodno bili ratoborni nomadski ljudožderi, ali je za njih poznato da su sjedilačko pleme koje živi u velikim komunalnim nastambama za više obitelji i bavi se uzgojem gorke manioke, i drugogga bilja koje su sadili po vrtovima dobivenim metodom posijeci-i-spali. Ostale kulture su banana, slatki krumpir, tikve, ananas, jam, mango, kukuruz, papaja, šećerna trska, duhan, koka, čili papričice.

Lov je također najvažnija akrtivnost muškaraca i važan u prehrani. Lovi se puhaljkama i lukom i strijelom, a nazastupljenija lovina su pekari, tapiri, kajmani, majmuni, razne vrste ptica, aguti i pasanci (armadilo). Nakon što su dobili puške počeli su i njih koristiti u lovu.

Ribolov je također od velike važnosti. I tu se koriste raznim metodama, uz luk s dugim strijelama i račvasta koplja, upotrebi su i otrovi, i u novije vrijeme metalne udice i ručne mreže.

Od domaćih životinja imaju pse, od kojih neke drže kako ljubimce, a druge za lov. Imaju i udomaćene majmune i papige, a danas drže uz njih i kokoše, patke, svinje i drugo, ali nijednu od tih životinja ne koriste za jelo.

U vrijeme studije ovog plemena, i muškarci i žene hodali su goli, izuzetak je pojas koji su nosili muškarci.

Izvori

Cariban
Kolumbijski Indijanci
Indijanska plemena

Carijona


Carlos Antonio Ávila IVE (* 12. August 1964 in Comodoro Rivadavia) ist emeritierter Apostolischer Superior von Tadschikistan.

Leben
Carlos Ávila trat der Ordensgemeinschaft vom Institut des fleischgewordenen Wortes bei und empfing am 8. Dezember 1990 die Priesterweihe. Papst Johannes Paul II. ernannte ihn am 29. September 1997 zum Apostolischen Superior von Tadschikistan. Papst Franziskus nahm am 19. September 2013 sein Rücktrittsgesuch an und ernannte Pedro Ramiro López zu seinem Nachfolger.

Weblinks

Römisch-katholischer Geistlicher (20. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Geistlicher (21. Jahrhundert)
Ordensangehöriger (römisch-katholisch)
Argentinier
Geboren 1964
Mann

Carlos Ávila


North American Racing Team (NART) je bila momčad koju je osnovao Luigi Chinetti 1958., kako bi promovirao Ferrarijev brend u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama.

Momčad se natjecala u Formuli 1, kao i na utrkama 24 sata Daytone i 24 sata Le Mansa.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Momčadi Formule 1
Formula 1 u SAD-u

North American Racing Team


Chigrina  es un jútor del raión de Krasnoarméiskaya, en el sur de Rusia. Está situado en el delta del Kubán, en la orilla derecha de su distributario Protoka, frente a Slaviansk-na-Kubani, 15 km al sur de Poltávskaya y 70 km al noroeste de Krasnodar, la capital del krai. Tenía 409 habitantes en 2010

Pertenece al municipio Trudobelikovskoye.

Enlaces externos y referencias

 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde este enlace.
 Este artículo es una traducción de su correspondiente en la edición en ruso de Wikipedia, Чигрина.
 El municipio en el sitio web del raión
 Mapa topográfico soviético en maps.vlasenko.net
 El Protoka en Chigrina en Panoramio

Localidades del raión de Krasnoarméiskaya del krai de Krasnodar

Chigrina


බහිෂ්-සෞර ග්‍රහ ලෝකයක් හෝ   බහිෂ් ග්‍රහ ලෝකයක් යනු,  සෞර ග්‍රහ මණ්ඩලයෙන් පිටත පිහිටි ග්‍රහ ලෝකයකි.

සටහන්

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 නාසා බහිෂ්-සෞර ග්‍රහ ලෝක Archive

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බහිෂ්-සෞර ග්‍රහලෝක


Fizička meteorologija proučava fizikalna svojstva i procese Zemljine atmosfere kao sastav zraka i oblaka, zračenja, akustiku, optiku i elektricitet atmosfere.

Osnovni procesi u atmosferi

Meteorološki su procesi određeni osnovnim zakonima dinamike fluida i termodinamike. Pri tom se atmosfera smatra kontinuumom, što omogućuje da se umjesto promatranja elementarnih čestica (atoma i molekula), koje se nalaze u neprestanom kaotičnom gibanju (Brownovo gibanje), promatraju makroskopske veličine, svojstva stanja atmosfere, kao što su temperatura, gustoća, tlak i brzina gibanja zraka (vjetar), jer se za te veličine mogu odrediti jednadžbe koje opisuju njihove promjene u vremenu i prostoru. Na visinama iznad 100 kilometara atmosfera se više ne može smatrati kontinuumom.

Toplinski procesi u atmosferi

Atmosferski zrak je smjesa suhog zraka i vodene pare. Sadržaj vodene pare i promjene koje nastaju pri prijelazu vodene pare u tekuće i kruto stanje, odnosno pri prijelazu iz tih stanja u vodenu paru, imaju osobito značenje u atmosferskim procesima. Budući da je količina vodene pare u zraku uvijek malena, to se u mnogim termodinamičkim procesima u atmosferi ne uzima vodena para u obzir, nego se zrak smatra plinskim medijem jedne faze sve dok ne dođe do zasićenja vodenom parom (kondenzacija). Zato se odvojeno razmatra suhi zrak i vlažni zrak koji je zasićen vodenom parom.

Procesi u suhom zraku
Zrak se u meteorologiji smatra idealnim plinom, to jest plinom u kojemu ne djeluju nikakve kohezijske sile. Za takav plin vrijedi osnovni izraz:

gdje je: p - tlak (Pa), V - volumen (obujam u m3) mase m (kg), T - temperatura (K), R - plinska konstanta koja za suhi zrak pri standardnim uvjetima iznosi 287 J/(kg∙K). Nadalje se pretpostavlja da su procesi kvazistatički, to jest da je tlak unutar volumena jednak vanjskom tlaku (što se ostvaruje ako se procesi odvijaju dovoljno polagano).

Prema prvom zakonu termodinamike vrijedi da je promjena unutrašnje energije Eu zbog dovoda topline dQ:

Već prema tome koje se veličina pri tom ne mijenja, naziva se proces izobarnim (dp = 0), izohornim (dV = 0) ili izotermičkim (dT = 0). U atmosferi su, međutim, najvažniji adijabatski procesi za koje je dQ = 0, to jest nema razmjene topline između promatranog volumena zraka i okoliša. Za adijabatski proces vrijedi:

odnosno:

gdje su: cp i cV specifične topline zraka uz konstantan tlak, odnosno uz konstantni volumen.

Adijabatski proces se ostvaruje kad se čestica zraka zagrijana prema okolišu slobodno uzdiže u atmosferi. Njena temperatura se mijenja prema gornjem izrazu. Čestica zraka dolazi dizanjem u slojeve nižeg tlaka i manje gustoće, gdje se rasteže, a za savladavanje sila troši svoju unutrašnju energije, što se očituje u smanjenju njezine temperature. Pri tom nema razmjene topline s okolišem. Promjena temperature takve čestice zraka s promjenom visine z određena je izrazom:

gdje je: g - ubrzanje zemljine sile teže, a γa = 0,98 °C/100 m suhoadijabatski temperaturni gradijent. Analogno se čestica zraka spuštanjem za 100 metara zagrijava za istu temperaturu.

U meteorologiji je važan parametar potencijalna temperatura Θ, određena kao temperatura koju bi imala čestica zraka kad bi se adijabatski dovela na standardni tlak od 1000 mbar. Prema gornjem izrazu za T0 = Θ i p0 = 1000 mbar slijedi da je potencijalna temperatura:

Za suhi je zrak potencijalna temperatura jednoznačna funkcija entropije. Procesi u kojima se ne mijenja potencijalna temperatura (dakle, ne mijenja se ni entropija) nazivaju se izentropskim procesima, a površine konstantne potencijalne temperature u atmosferi nazivaju se izentropskim površinama.

Promjena potencijalne temperature s visinom z određena je izrazom:

Pri suhoadijabatskim procesima (dQ = 0) potencijalna se temperatura čestica ne mijenja s visinom.

Stabilnost atmosfere
Razdioba temperature okoliša Te po visini z u različitim slojevima atmosfere prikazuje se okomitim temperaturnim gradijentom :. Stabilnost atmosfere na nekoj razini određuje se prema ponašanju čestice zraka. Ona se, naime, podignuta na neku razinu može kretati ubrzano ili usporeno, a može ostati na nekoj visini, već prema tome da li se, zbog razlike temperatura čestice zraka i njena okoliša, pojavljuje sila uzgona ili ne. Kad se čestica zraka podiže uvis ili pada, temperatura joj se mijenja prema temperaturnom gradijentu γa, dok u okolišu promjena temperature može biti posve drugačija. Moguća su tri slučaja:
 γ > γa, to jest temperatura u okolišu s visinom z opada više od 0,98 °C/100 m. Ako čestica zraka na ishodnoj razini ima istu temperaturu kao i okoliš, tada će podizanjem na višu razinu temperatura čestice polaganije opadati nego temperatura okoliša, pa će njena gustoća biti manja od gustoće okoliša i čestica će dobiti ubrzanje:

gdje je: Ti - temperatura čestice, Te - temperatura okoliša, a g - ubrzanje zemljine sile teže. Na slici čestica zraka na početnoj razini gdje djeluje tlak p0 ima temperaturu tA. S podizanjem čestice mijenja joj se temperatura adijabatski (grafički prikaz te promjene je takozvana suha adijabata, pravac II). Na razini s tlakom p1 temperatura je čestice tB, a temperatura okolišnog zraka tC, tako da će se temperaturna razlika (tB - tC) zbog ubrzanja sve više povećavati, pa će u atmosferi postojati povoljni uvjeti da nastanu uzlazne struje koje su tipične za konvekciju (toplinsko strujanje). Ako se čestica premješta prema dolje, njena će temperatura na razini s tlakom p2 biti pD, dok će u okolišnoj atmosferi vladati viša temperatura tE. Takva atmosfera ima svojstvo ubrzanja čestica zraka u smjeru njena početnog gibanja, bilo da se uzdiže bilo da pada, pa se onda govori o labilnoj atmosferi.

 U okolišnoj je atmosferi γ = γa, pa je na svakoj razini na kojoj se nađe čestica zraka: Ti = Te i ρi = ρe, gdje je ρi gustoća čestice zraka, a ρe gustoća okoliša. Stoga čestica ne dobiva nikakvo ubrzanje, pa se govori o suhoindiferentnoj ili neutralnoj atmosferi, odnosno stratifikaciji.

 U okolišnoj je atmosferi γ < γa, to jest temperatura opada za manje od 0,98 °C/100 m. Tada čestica podignuta uvis ima nižu temperaturu od svoga okoliša (tB < tF), a temperatura je čestice spuštene ispod početne razine viša od temperature okoliša (tD > tG), pa se čestica usporuje i nakon prestanka djelovanja vanjskih sila vraća se u početni položaj, bez obzira da li je pomaknuta uvis ili prema dolje. To je suhostabilna stratifikacija atmosfere.

Posebno su važne pojave izotermije (γ = 0) i inverzije (γ < 0). Tada stabilna stratifikacija praktički onemogućuje okomita gibanja u atmosferi i premještanje zračnih slojeva. U dane sa stabilnom stratifikacijom nakupljaju se u najdonjim slojevima atmosfere onečišćenja nastala emisijom zagađivača (polutanata) s tla (štetni plinovi, krute čestice), što pri tlu može znatno povećati koncentraciju onečišćenja. Obrnuta pojava nastaje pri labilnoj stratifikaciji.

Procesi u vlažnom zraku

Vlažni zrak je smjesa suhog zraka i vodene pare, te za njega vrijedi jednadžba stanja:

što se svodi na jednadžbu stanja suhog zraka, ako je plinska konstanta vlažnog zraka određena izrazom:

gdje je: s - specifična vlaga. U vezi s faktorom (1 + 0,608∙s) određuje se takozvana virtuelna temperatura Tv:

gdje je: ΔTv - virtuelni dodatak. Budući da je plinska konstanta za vlažni zrak veća nego za suhi, pri istoj je temperaturi i tlaku vlažni zrak rjeđi od suhoga. Virtuelna temperatura je ona temperatura pri kojoj je pri istom tlaku gustoća suhog zraka jednaka gustoći vlažnog zraka.

Ako je zrak vlažan i nije zasićen vodenom parom, promjene će temperature praktički biti jednake kao i u suhom zraku, pa će se temperatura čestice zraka i tada mijenjati po suhoj adijabati.

Temperatura vlažnog zasićenog zraka mijenja se mokroadijabatski, što se bitno razlikuje os suhoadijabatskog procesa. Nakon što se pri dizanju čestice zraka, zbog hlađenja, vodena para kondenzira (zasićenje vodenom parom), na kondenzacijskoj se razini, pri daljem dizanju čestice, oslobađa latentna toplina kondenzacije (oko 2 500 kJ pri kondenzaciji 1 kg vodene pare), pa se temperatura čestice zraka sporije smanjuje. Tada se krivulja promjene temperature čestice zraka naziva mokrom adijabatom, a gradijent γma mokroadijabatskim gradijentom. Vrijednost mokroadijabatskog gradijenta zavisi od temperature i tlaka: na primjer na razini s tlakom od 600 mbar za temperature od - 30 °C do + 30 °C iznosi od 0,882 do 0,303 °C/100 m.

Ako je čestica zraka zasićena vodenom parom, iznad kondenzacijske razine valja stabilnost atmosfere promatrati s obzirom na γma. Pri tom su moguća također 3 slučaja:
 γ > γma vlažnolabilna,
 γ = γma vlažnoindifirentna ili vla\nostabilna i
 γ < γma vlažnostabilna atmosfera.

Izvori

Meteorologija
Fizika

Fizička meteorologija


Kannan Soundararajan (Chenai, ) é um matemático estadunidense nascido na Índia, professor de matemática na Universidade Stanford. Antes de se mudar para Stanford em 2006 foi membro do corpo docente da Universidade de Michigan, onde fez seus estudos de graduação. Seu principal interesse de pesquisa é em teoria analítica dos números, particularmente nos subcampos das funções L automórficas e teoria multiplicativa dos números.

Vida pregressa
Soundararajan cresceu em Chenai. Em 1989 frequentou o prestigiado Research Science Institute. Representou a Índia na Olimpíada Internacional de Matemática em 1991 e ganhou uma medalha de prata.

Formação
Soundararajan ingressou na Universidade de Michigan, Ann Arbor, em 1991 para estudos de graduação, e graduou-se com as maiores honras em 1995. Soundararajan ganhou o Prêmio Morgan inaugural em 1995 por seu trabalho em teoria analítica dos números enquanto estudante de graduação na Universidade de Michigan, onde mais tarde atuou como professor. Ingressou na Universidade de Princeton em 1995 e obteve um Ph.D. sob a orientação de Peter Sarnak.

Prêmios
Recebeu o Prêmio Salem de 2003 "por contribuições para a área de funções L de Dirichlet e somas de caracteres relacionadas". Em 2005 ganhou o Prêmio SASTRA Ramanujan de US$ , compartilhado com Manjul Bhargava, por suas excelentes contribuições à teoria dos números. Em 2011 recebeu o Infosys science foundation prize. Foi premiado com o Prêmio Ostrowski em 2011, compartilhado com Ib Madsen e David Preiss, por uma cornucópia de resultados fundamentais nos últimos cinco anos para acompanhar seu brilhante trabalho anterior.

Apresentou uma palestra convidada no Congresso Internacional de Matemáticos em 2010, sobre o tema "Teoria dos Números". Foi eleito para a classe de 2018 de fellows da American Mathematical Society. Kannan Soundararajan foi convidado como palestrante plenário do Congresso Internacional de Matemáticos de 2022, que acontecerá em São Petersburgo.

Publicações selecionadas
R. Holowinsky and K. Soundararajan, "Mass equidistribution for Hecke eigenforms," 	arXiv:0809.1636v1
K. Soundararajan, "Nonvanishing of quadratic Dirichlet L-functions at s=1/2" arXiv:math/9902163v2
K. Soundararajan, "Moments of the Riemann zeta function" https://annals.math.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/annals-v170-n2-p17-p.pdf

Ligações externas
Homepage at Stanford University
Making Waves

Infosys Prize 2011
Videos of Kannan Soundararajan no AV-Portal da Technische Informationsbibliothek

Membros da American Mathematical Society
Teoristas dos números
Professores da Universidade de Michigan
Matemáticos dos Estados Unidos do século XXI
Matemáticos da Índia do século XXI
Alunos da Universidade de Michigan
Participantes da Olimpíada Internacional de Matemática
Naturais de Chenai
Pessoas vivas

Kannan Soundararajan


Adeganha Portekiz'de Torre de Moncorvo belediyesine bağlı olan, 48,96 km² yüzölçümüne sahip, 447 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Portekiz'in freguesiaları
Torre de Moncorvo

Adeganha


El lago de Nangbéto () es un embalse o lago artificial en el país africano de Togo. Se formó por la construcción de la represa de Nangbéto en 1987 y se encuentra a lo largo del río Mono aproximadamente a la mitad de su curso, en la región central a unos 90 km en línea recta desde la capital nacional, la ciudad de Lomé.

La presa es producto de una alianza para generar electricidad entre Togo y Benín. La construcción se llevó a cabo principalmente por la empresa alemana Hochtief AG y se financió con créditos internacionales.

Véase también
 Geografía de Togo
 Geografía de África

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Embalses de África
Lagos de Togo

Lago de Nangbéto


Yeni Zelanda'daki şehirler listesi:

Yeni Zelanda, 1989 yerel yönetim reformları sonrasında "şehir" kavramını iki farklı anlamda kullanmaya başladı. 1989'dan önce, 20.000 'den fazla nüfusu olan yerler belediye meclisi tarafından bir şehir olarak deklare edilebilirdi. Meskûn alanın olduğu yer şehir sınırları olarak belirlenirdi. Bu nedenle şehir alan ile yerel yönetim sınırlarını belirlemek güçtü.

1989'da, Yeni Zelanda'da yerel yönetimlerin yapısı önemli ölçüde yeniden organize edildi. Şehirler ve bölgeler coğrafi olarak artık daha büyük olduğundan, şehirsel alan dışında kalan kırsal alan da kapsama alanına girdi.
Bir zamanlar "şehir meclisi" tarafından idare edilen yerler belediye meclisi tarafından idare edilmeye başlandı.

 North Shore
 Waitakere
 Auckland
 Manukau
 Hamilton
 Tauranga
 Napier
 Palmerston North
 Porirua
 Upper Hutt
 Lower Hutt
 Wellington
 Nelson
 Christchurch
 Dunedin
 Invercargill

İlgili bağlantılar
 Nüfuslarına göre Yeni Zelanda'daki şehirler listesi

Ülkelerine göre şehir listeleri

Yeni Zelanda'daki şehirler listesi


Papiro 74 (en la numeración Gregory-Aland), designado como 74, es una copia del Nuevo Testamento en griego. Es un manuscrito papiro del los Hechos de los Apóstoles y las Epístolas católicas con lacunae. Los manuscritos paleográficamente han sido asignados al siglo VII.

Descripción

 Contenido
Los textos sobrevivientes son los versículos:
Hechos 1:2-28:31 †; Santiago 1:1-5:20 †; 1 Pedro 1:1-2,7-8,13,19-20,25; 2:6-7,11-12,18,24; 3:4-5; 2 Pedro 2:21; 3:4,11,16; 1 Juan 1:1,6; 2:1-2,7,13-14,18-19,25-26; 3:1-2,8,14,19-20; 4:1,6-7,12,18-19; 5:3-4,9-10,17; 2 Juan 1,6-7,13; 3 Juan 6,12; Judas 3,7,11-12,16,24.

 Texto
A pesar de la fecha tardía, es un manuscrito importante y un excelente testimonio para el libro de los Hechos.

El texto griego de este es una representación del tipo textual alejandrino. Aland lo atribuyó como un "texto estricto", y lo ubicó en Categoría I.

 En Hechos 12:25 se lee εξ Ιερουσαλημ (de Jerusalén) junto con el A, 33, 69, 630, 2127; en la mayoría se lee εις Ιερουσαλημ (a Jerusalén);

 No contiene Hechos 15:34 como los códices Sinaítico, Alejandrino, Vaticano, E, Ψ, Byz.

 En Hechos 20:28 se lee του κυριου (de el Señor) — A C* D E Ψ 33 36 453 945 1739 1891, sustituye en el alejandrino του Θεου (de el Dios), o el Byzantino του κυριου και του Θεου (de el Señor o Dios).
 En Hechos 27:16 — καυδα (nombre de isla), esta lectura es únicamente compatible con el Vaticano, 1175, Versión en latín-antiguo, Vulgata, y Peshitta.

 Ubicación actual
Actualmente se encuentra en la Biblioteca Bodmeriana (P. Bodmer XVII) en Cologny.

Referencias

Véase también

 Lista de papiros del Nuevo Testamento
 Papiros Bodmer

Para leer más

 Rudolf Kasser, Papyrus Bodmer XVII: Actes des Apôtres, Epîtres de Jacques, Pierre, Jean et Jude (Cologny/Geneva: 1961).

Enlaces externos

 236 imágenes del 74
 Robert B. Waltz. Manuscritos NT: Papiros, Papiro 74.

Libros del Nuevo Testamento
Libro de los Hechos de los Apóstoles

Papiro 74


Merrily We Roll Along est une comédie musicale américaine de 1981 avec la musique et les paroles de Stephen Sondheim, et un livret de George Furth. Il est basé sur la pièce de 1934 du même nom de George S. Kaufman et Moss Hart.

Merrily a été créée à Broadway le , dans une production mise en scène par Harold Prince, collaborateur fréquent de Sondheim, et mettant en vedette une distribution presque exclusivement d'adolescents et de jeunes adultes. Cependant, le spectacle n'a pas connu le succès des précédentes collaborations Sondheim/Prince : après une série chaotique de représentations en avant-première, le spectacle a été ouvert à des critiques largement négatives et a finalement été clôturé après une série de 16 représentations et 52 avant-premières.

Cependant, dans les années qui ont suivi, le spectacle a été largement réécrit et a bénéficié de plusieurs productions notables, dont une reprise Off-Broadway en 1994 et une première à Londres en 2000 qui a remporté le Laurence Olivier Award de la meilleure nouvelle comédie musicale.

Synopsis
Le spectacle raconte l'histoire de trois amis et comment leur vie et leur amitié ont changé en vingt ans ; il se concentre particulièrement sur Franklin Shepard, un compositeur de comédies musicales autrefois talentueux qui, au cours de ces vingt années, abandonne ses amis et sa carrière de compositeur pour devenir producteur de films hollywoodiens. À l'image de la pièce de théâtre sur laquelle elle est basée, l'histoire de la série recule dans le temps. Cela commence en 1976 et remonte progressivement jusqu'en 1957.

Contexte et production originale
L'idée de Merrily We Roll Along est née d'une suggestion de la femme de Harold Prince, Judy, qu'il fasse un spectacle sur les adolescents ; finalement, il décide qu'une version musicale de la pièce Merrily We Roll Along de George S. Kaufman/Moss Hart de 1934 serait un bon choix, et quand il appelle Stephen Sondheim à propos de l'idée, ce dernier lui dit oui par téléphone.

La pièce originale racontait l'histoire de Richard Niles, qui s'est révélé lors de la soirée d'ouverture de sa dernière pièce [en 1934] être un dramaturge prétentieux de comédies légères à succès, mais oubliables, et, au cours de la pièce, a progressivement remonté le temps jusqu'à ce l'époque de sa remise de diplôme universitaire [en 1916], citant avec toute la ferveur d'une jeunesse idéaliste les paroles de Polonius : . La pièce concernait, globalement, trois amis, leurs ambitions artistiques, le prix de la gloire et les changements de la société américaine de la Première Guerre mondiale à la grande dépression.

Pour l'adaptation musicale, l'histoire a été déplacée pour se dérouler entre 1955 et 1980, et les personnages ont été modifiés : Richard Niles, dramaturge, était désormais Franklin Shepard, compositeur ; Jonathan Crale, peintre, était maintenant Charley Kringas, parolier et dramaturge et Julia Glenn, une romancière, était maintenant Mary Flynn, une journaliste et critique.

George Furth a été amené à écrire le livret de la comédie musicale (c'est-à-dire son script). Dans le cadre de l'idée originale de faire un spectacle sur les adolescents, Prince a pris la décision de tourner le spectacle entièrement avec des adolescents et jeunes adultes, qui joueraient leurs personnages à la fois dans la jeunesse et dans la cinquantaine.

La conception de la production du spectacle était également influencée par cette notion : le décor se composait d'un groupe de gradins mobiles, bordés de casiers, et d'un écran sur lequel des images seraient projetées pour définir l'ambiance et la période. L'idée originale de Prince pour la mise en scène avait été de n'avoir aucun paysage, mais plutôt des portants de vêtements, mais cela a été rejeté en raison de la perception de ce que le public de Broadway, payant les prix de Broadway, accepterait d'un spectacle.

La partition de Sondheim était un mélange de traditionnel et de non conventionnel. Dans leur forme et leur son de base, les chansons ont été écrites dans le style de la musique traditionnelle des spectacles de Broadway des années 1950. Cependant, la partition a également été écrite pour incarner la structure à l'envers du spectacle dans son utilisation et la répétition de certaines sections de la musique. Par exemple, "Not a Day Goes By" est d'abord entendu dans sa "reprise", chanté amèrement par la femme de Frank Beth après leur divorce, avant d'être entendu dans sa forme "originale" à la fin du deuxième acte, chanté par Frank et Beth quand ils se marient. De plus, "Good Thing Going" est progressivement déconstruit tout au long de la comédie musicale avant d'atteindre sa forme finale - mais "initiale" - vers la fin du spectacle, en tant que "Who Wants to Live in New York?" Cette technique était parfois utilisée, dit Sondheim, pour montrer comment "La partition de Merrily a été l'une des plus difficiles de sa carrière à écrire.

Les essais, commençant le , ont été mal reçus par le public. Ce , le New York Times a rapporté que l'acteur principal d'origine, James Weissenbach, avait été remplacé par Jim Walton et que l'ouverture de Broadway avait été reportée. Field a été remplacé par le chorégraphe Larry Fuller. L'ouverture est repoussée une seconde fois, du 9 au .

La production de Broadway, mise en scène par Prince et chorégraphiée par Fuller, a débuté le  au Alvin Theatre. Le spectacle a été ouvert à des critiques majoritairement négatives. Alors que la partition a été largement saluée, les critiques et le public ont estimé que le livret était problématique et que les thèmes laissaient un goût amer dans leur bouche. Entravé par les nombreuses critiques publiées avant son ouverture officielle, ainsi que par des critiques plus négatives publiées par la suite, il a duré 16 représentations et 52 avant-premières.

Dans sa critique du New York Times, Frank Rich a écrit :  Clive Barnes a écrit :

Le casting comprenait Jim Walton (Franklin Shepard), Lonny Price (Charley Kringas), Ann Morrison (Mary), Terry Finn (Gussie), Jason Alexander (Joe), Sally Klein (Beth), Geoffrey Horne (Franklin Shephard 43 ans), David Loud (Ted), Daisy Prince (Meg), Liz Callaway (serveuse de boîte de nuit), Tonya Pinkins (Gwen), Abby Pogrebin (Evelyn) et Giancarlo Esposito (adjudant). Judith Dolan a conçu des costumes.

Le public avait du mal à suivre ce qui se passait dans l'histoire. Par conséquent, les acteurs ont tous fini par porter des sweat-shirts avec les noms de leurs personnages.

Productions
Au fil des ans, avec la permission de Furth et Sondheim, la comédie musicale a été mise en scène avec de nombreux changements. Sondheim a contribué de nouvelles chansons, notamment "Growing Up", ajoutée à la production de La Jolla 1985.

Off-Broadway
Une reprise « simplifiée » d'Off-Broadway, mise en scène par Susan H. Schulman, a débuté le  au York Theatre de l'église St. Peter, où elle a duré 54 représentations. Le casting comprenait Malcolm Gets dans le rôle de Franklin Shepard, Adam Heller dans le rôle de Charley Kringas et Amy Ryder dans le rôle de Mary Flynn. Un enregistrement est sorti chez Varèse Sarabande.

Un autre revival Off-Broadway, mis en scène par Noah Brody avec une chorégraphie de Lorin Latarro, a commencé le , ouverture le  et initialement prévu jusqu'au  (prolongé jusqu'au ), par la compagnie résidente du Roundabout Theatre, Théâtre Fiasco, au Théâtre Laura Pels. La distribution réduite comprend Manu Narayan, Brittany Bradford, Jessie Austrian, Ben Steinfeld, Paul L. Coffey et Emily Young.

San Diego et Washington DC
Une production mise en scène par James Lapine a ouvert le  à San Diego de La Jolla Playhouse, où il été joué 24 fois. Le casting comprenait John Rubinstein dans le rôle de Franklin Shepard, Chip Zien dans le rôle de Charley Kringas, Marin Mazzie dans le rôle de Beth et Heather MacRae dans le rôle de Mary Flynn.

Une production Arena Stage, mise en scène par Douglas C. Wager et chorégraphiée par Marcia Milgrom Dodge, a débuté le  au Kreeger Theatre de Washington, où elle a duré un peu plus de deux mois. Le casting comprenait Victor Garber, David Garrison, Becky Ann Baker et comme à San Diego Marin Mazzie dans le rôle de Beth.

Royaume-Uni
La première britannique de Merrily We Roll Along a eu lieu à la Guildhall School of Music and Drama le . La première production professionnelle au Royaume-Uni a été réalisée par la Library Theatre Company à Manchester en 1984, mise en scène par Howard Lloyd Lewis et chorégraphiée par Paul Kerryson.

Paul Kerryson a mise en scène une production du spectacle au Haymarket Theatre de Leicester avec des orchestrations de Jonathan Tunick et une direction musicale de Julian Kelly. La production a débuté le  avec une distribution comprenant Michael Cantwell dans le rôle de Frank, Maria Friedman dans le rôle de Mary et Evan Pappas dans le rôle de Charlie. Un enregistrement de distribution de la production est sorti en 1994. Le spectacle a finalement reçu sa première dans le West End au Donmar Warehouse de Londres le  dans une production mise en scène par Michael Grandage, pour 71 représentations après huit avant-premières. Le casting était dirigé par Julian Ovenden dans le rôle de Frank, Samantha Spirocomme Mary et Daniel Evans comme Charley. Spiro et Evans ont reçu des Laurence Olivier Awards pour leurs performances, et la production a reçu l'Olivier de la meilleure comédie musicale.

La production de Karen Hebden pour Derby Playhouse en  mettait en vedette Glyn Kerslake dans le rôle de Frank, Glenn Carter dans le rôle de Charley, Eliza Lumley dans le rôle de Mary et Cheryl McAvoy dans le rôle de Beth.

Maria Friedman a mis en scène une reprise de la comédie musicale à la Menier Chocolate Factory de Londres, qui a ouvert ses portes le  et transférée au Harold Pinter Theatre dans le West End le . Les acteurs principaux de cette production étaient Mark Umbers, Jenna Russell et Damian Humbley. La reprise a remporté le prix Peter Hepple de la meilleure comédie musicale dans le cadre des Critics' Circle Theatre Awards de 2012. Il a été filmé et diffusé dans certains cinémas en 2013.

Concert réunion
La distribution originale de Broadway s'est réunie pour mettre en scène une version concert du spectacle pour une nuit le , en présence de Sondheim et de Prince.

Encores!
Une reprise a été mise en scène dans le cadre de la programmation Encores! à New York et s'est déroulée du  au . Cette production a été mise en scène par James Lapine et mettait en vedette Colin Donnell dans le rôle de Franklin Shepard, Celia Keenan-Bolger dans le rôle de Mary Flynn, Lin-Manuel Miranda dans le rôle de Charley, Elizabeth Stanley dans le rôle Gussie Carnegie et Betsy Wolfe dans le rôle de Beth. Cette version incorporait des modifications effectuées pour la production de 1985 à La Jolla Playhouse et les productions de 1990 et 1994. De nombreux membres de la production originale ont été invités à y assister le  et ont rejoint les acteurs et Stephen Sondheim sur scène après la représentation pour chanter "Old Friends".

Numéraux musicaux

Broadway (1981)
La production originale de Broadway de 1981.

 "The Hills of Tomorrow" - La troupe
 "Merrily We Roll Along" – La troupe
 "Rich and Happy" – Franklin Shepard et les invités
 "Merrily We Roll Along" – La troupe
 "Old Friends" - Mary, Charley
 "Like It Was" – Mary
 "Franklin Shepard, Inc." – Charley Kringas
 "Merrily We Roll Along," (Reprise) – La troupe
 "Old Friends" (Reprise) – Franklin, Charley et Mary
 "Merrily We Roll Along" (Reprise) – La troupe
 "Not a Day Goes By" – Franklin
 "Now You Know" – Mary et la troupe

 "It's a Hit!" – Franklin, Mary, Charley et Joe
 "Merrily We Roll Along" (Reprise) – La troupe
 "Good Thing Going" – Charley et Franklin
 "Merrily We Roll Along" (Reprise) – La troupe
 "Bobby and Jackie and Jack" – Charley, Beth, Franklin et Ted
 "Not a Day Goes By" (Reprise) – Franklin et Mary
 "Opening Doors" – Franklin, Charley, Mary, Joe et Beth
 "Our Time" – Franklin, Charley, Mary et la troupe
 "The Hills of Tomorrow" (Reprise) – La troupe

Off-Broadway revival (1994)
Reprise Off-Broadway de 1994 au York Theatre, qui est restée la version produite depuis.

 Overture – Orchestre
 "Merrily We Roll Along" – La troupe
 "That Frank" – Franklin Shepard, Mary Flynn et les invités
 "First Transition" – La troupe
 "Old Friends" (Part I) – Mary et Charley Kringas
 "Like It Was" – Mary
 "Franklin Shepard, Inc." – Charley
 "Second Transition" – La troupe
 "Old Friends" (Part II) – Mary, Franklin and Charley
 "Growing Up" – Franklin et Gussie
 "Third Transition" – La troupe
 "Not a Day Goes By" – Beth
 "Now You Know" – Mary et la troupe

 Entr'acte – Orchestre
 "Act Two Opening" – Gussie
 "It's a Hit" – Franklin, Charley, Mary, Joe et Beth
 "Fourth Transition" – La troupe
 "The Blob" – Gussie et la troupe
 "Growing Up" (Part II) – Gussie
 "Good Thing Going" – Charley
 "The Blob" (Part II) – La troupe
 "Fifth Transition" – La troupe
 "Bobby and Jackie and Jack" – Charley, Beth, Franklin et le pianiste
 "Not a Day Goes By" (Reprise) – Beth, Franklin et Mary
 "Sixth Transition" – La troupe
 "Opening Doors" – Franklin, Charley, Mary, Joe et Beth
 "Seventh Transition" – Franklin Shepard Jr., Beth et Mrs. Spencer
 "Our Time" – Franklin, Charley, Mary et la troupe
 Exit Music – Orchestre

Adaptation cinématographique

En 2019, il a été annoncé que Richard Linklater tournerait une adaptation de la comédie musicale. Comme le film Boyhood de Linklater en 2014, il sera tourné pendant plus d'une décennie, permettant aux acteurs de vieillir avec leurs personnages. Ben Platt, Blake Jenner et Beanie Feldstein jouent respectivement Charley Kringas, Franklin Shepard et Mary Flynn.

Récompenses et nominations

Production originale de Broadway

Production Off-Broadway  (1994)

Production originale de Londres

Production londonienne (2012)

2013 West End production

Références

Liens externes

 Merrily We Roll Along sur l'Internet Broadway Database
 Merrily We Roll Along sur The Stephen Sondheim Reference Guide
 Merrily We Roll Along sur Sondheim.com
 Merrily We Roll Along sur Music Theatre International

Comédie musicale des années 1980
Comédie musicale jouée à Broadway
Comédie musicale jouée à Londres
Adaptation d'une pièce de théâtre en comédie musicale

Merrily We Roll Along (comédie musicale)


Isabela de Savoia (11 martie 1591 – 28 august 1626) a fost fiica lui Carol Emanuel I de Savoia (1562–1630) și a Infantei Catalina Micaela a Spaniei. Bunicii materni au fost regele Filip al II-lea al Spaniei și Elisabeta de Valois, iar bunicii paterni au fost Emanuel Filibert, Duce de Savoia și Margareta a Franței. Isabela a fost prin căsătorie Prințesă Moștenitoare de Modena însă a murit cu doi ani înainte ca soțul ei să acceadă la tronul Modenei.

Copii

Cesare d'Este (1609–1613), a murit în copilărie;
Francesco d'Este (1610–1658), viitorul Duce de Modena; s-a căsătorit cu Maria Farnese, Vittoria Farnese și Lucrezia Barberini; a avut copii;
Obizzo d'Este (1611–1644), episcop de Modena;
Caterina d'Este (1613–1628), călugăriță;
Cesare d'Este (1614–1677), a murit celibatar;
Alessandro d'Este (1615), a murit în copilărie;
Carlo Alessandro d'Este (1616–1679), a murit celibatar;
Rinaldo d'Este (1618–1672) Cardinal;
Margherita d'Este (1619–1692), s-a căsătorit cu Ferrante al III-lea Gonzaga, Duce de Guastalla;
Beatrice d'Este (1620), a murit în copilărie;
Beatrice d'Este (1622–1623), a murit în copilărie;
Filiberto d'Este (1623–1645);
Bonifazio d'Este (1624), a murit în copilărie;
Anna Beatrice d'Este (1626–1690), s-a căsătorit cu Alessandro al II-lea Pico della Mirandola și a avut copii; mama ei Isabela a murit dându-i ei naștere.

Nașteri în 1591
Decese în 1626
Casa de Este
Prințese de Savoia
Oameni din Torino
Decese la naștere

Isabela de Savoia


إسماعيل يس في متحف الشمع فيلم مصري كوميدي إنتاج عام 1955 بطولة إسماعيل يس وعبد الفتاح القصري وسناء جميل وكيتي.

أحداث الفيلم
يعمل إسماعيل وعبد الفتاح في أحد دور الحانوتية، يتسببون في المشكلات فينتقلون للعمل في متحف الشمع، الذي تديره عصابة لتهريب المجوهرات الثمينة.

أفلام إسماعيل ياسين
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 1955
أفلام سناء جميل
أفلام كوميدية 1955
أفلام كوميدية مصرية

إسماعيل يس في متحف الشمع (فيلم)


මාත්‍රිකාවෝ (ඒක වචන මාත්‍රිකා, සංස්කෘත: मातृका, IAST: mātṝkā, සාහි. "දිව්‍යමය මාතාව") හෙවත් මාතාර් හෝ මාත්‍රී යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ හින්දු ආගමේ සැමවිටම එක්ව නිරූපණය කරනු ලබන මාතෘ දෙවඟනන් සමූහයකි.

මාත්‍රිකාවෝ විවිධ දෙවිවරුන්ගේ පුද්ගලීකෘත ශක්තීන් (ශක්ති) වෙත්. බ්‍රහ්මණී බ්‍රහ්මගෙන් පැනනැඟුණකි. වෛෂ්ණවී විෂ්ණුගෙන් ද, මහේශ්වරී ශිවගෙන් ද, ඉන්ද්‍රාණි ඉන්ද්‍රගෙන් ද, කෞමාරී ස්කන්දගෙන් ද, වරාහී වරාහගෙන් සහ චාමුණ්ඩා දේවීගෙන් ද පැනනැඟුණි.  මීට අමතරව නරසිංහී/ප්‍රත්‍යාංගීරා නම් අතිරේක සාමාජිකාවක ද සිටිය හැක.

මේවාත් බලන්න
 දේවී කන්‍යා කුමාරී
 කෞමාරී
 කුමාරී (දෙවඟන)
 කන්වාරී

සටහන්

බාහිර සබැඳි

හින්දු දෙවඟනෝ
මාතෘ දේවතාවියෝ
යුධ දෙවඟනෝ
ළමාවියේ දෙවඟනෝ
ශක්ති ආගම
නෙවාර්
හින්දු තන්ත්‍රික දෙවිවරු

මාත්‍රිකාවෝ