HMS Neptune was a dreadnought battleship built for the Royal Navy in the first decade of the 20th century, the sole ship of her class. She was the first British battleship to be built with superfiring guns. Shortly after her completion in 1911, she carried out trials of an experimental fire-control director and then became the flagship of the Home Fleet. Neptune became a private ship in early 1914 and was assigned to the 1st Battle Squadron.

The ship became part of the Grand Fleet when it was formed shortly after the beginning of the First World War in August 1914. Aside from participating in the Battle of Jutland in May 1916, and the inconclusive action of 19 August several months later, her service during the war generally consisted of routine patrols and training in the North Sea. Neptune was deemed obsolete after the war and was reduced to reserve before being sold for scrap in 1922 and subsequently broken up.

Background and description

The launch of  in 1906 precipitated a naval arms race when Germany accelerated its naval construction plans in response. Despite this sudden expansion of another nation's fleet, the British Admiralty felt secure in the knowledge that Germany would have only four modern capital ships in commission by 1910, while the Royal Navy would have eleven. Accordingly, they proposed the construction of only a single battleship and a battlecruiser in the 1908–1909 naval budget that they sent to the government in December. The Liberals, committed to reducing military expenditures and increasing social welfare spending, wished to cut the budget by £1,340,000 below the previous year's budget, but were ultimately persuaded not to do so after the Prime Minister, Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, was thoroughly briefed on each part of the budget in February 1908. The debates over the budget in March were heated; critics were dissatisfied with the number of ships being built, arguing that the Government was too complacent about the superiority of the Royal Navy over the Imperial German Navy, but they were satisfied when H. H. Asquith, Chancellor of the Exchequer, filling in for the fatally ill Prime Minister, announced that the government was prepared to build as many dreadnoughts as required to negate any possible German superiority as of the end of 1911.

Neptune was an improved version of the preceding  with additional armour and the armament rearranged for greater efficiency. She was the first British dreadnought that differed in her gun turret layout from Dreadnought. Unlike the earlier ships, her wing turrets were staggered "en echelon" so all five turrets could shoot on the broadside, although in practise the blast damage to the superstructure and boats made this impractical except in an emergency. This was done to match the 10-gun broadside of the latest foreign designs like the American , although the all-centreline turret configuration of the American ships eliminated the blast problems that compromised the effectiveness of the "en echelon" arrangement. Neptune was also the first British dreadnought to be equipped with superfiring turrets, in an effort to shorten the ship and reduce costs. A further saving in length was achieved by siting the ship's boats on girders over the two wing turrets to reduce the length of the vessel. The drawback to this arrangement was that if the girders were damaged during combat, they could fall onto the turrets, immobilising them. The bridge was also situated above the conning tower, which similarly risked being obscured if the bridge collapsed.

Neptune had an overall length of , a beam of , and a deep draught of . She displaced  at normal load and  at deep load. The ship had a metacentric height of  at deep load. Her crew numbered about 756 officers and ratings upon completion and 813 in 1914.

The ship was powered by two sets of Parsons direct-drive steam turbines, each of which was housed in a separate engine room. The outer propeller shafts were coupled to the high-pressure turbines and these exhausted into low-pressure turbines which drove the inner shafts. The turbines used steam from eighteen Yarrow boilers at a working pressure of . They were rated at  and gave Neptune a maximum speed of . She carried a maximum of  of coal and an additional  of fuel oil that was sprayed on the coal to increase its burn rate. This gave her a range of  at a cruising speed of .

Armament

Neptune was equipped with ten 50-calibre breech-loading (BL)  Mark XI guns in five hydraulically powered twin-gun turrets, three along the centreline and the remaining two as wing turrets. The centreline turrets were designated 'A', 'X' and 'Y', from front to rear, and the port and starboard wing turrets were 'P' and 'Q' respectively. The guns had a maximum elevation of +20° which gave them a range of . They fired  projectiles at a muzzle velocity of  at a rate of two rounds per minute. The ship carried 100 shells per gun.

Neptune was the first British dreadnought with her secondary armament of sixteen 50-calibre BL four-inch (102 mm) Mark VII guns installed in unshielded single mounts in the superstructure. This change was made to address the problems that plagued the turret-roof locations used in earlier battleships. Notably, the exposed guns were difficult to work when the main armament was in action as was replenishing their ammunition. Furthermore, the guns could not be centrally controlled to coordinate fire at the most dangerous targets. The guns had a maximum elevation of +15° which gave them a range of . They fired  projectiles at a muzzle velocity of . They were provided with 150 rounds per gun. Four quick-firing three-pounder () Hotchkiss saluting guns were also carried. The ships were equipped with three 18-inch (450 mm) submerged torpedo tubes, one on each broadside and another in the stern, for which 18 torpedoes were provided.

Fire control

The control positions for the main armament were located in the spotting tops at the head of the fore and mainmasts. Data from a  Barr and Stroud coincidence rangefinder located at each control position was input into a Dumaresq mechanical computer and electrically transmitted to Vickers range clocks located in the transmitting station located beneath each position on the main deck, where it was converted into elevation and deflection data for use by the guns. The target's data was also graphically recorded on a plotting table to assist the gunnery officer in predicting the movement of the target. The turrets, transmitting stations, and control positions could be connected in almost any combination.

Neptune was the first British dreadnought to be built with a gunnery director, albeit an experimental prototype designed by Vice-Admiral Sir Percy Scott. This was mounted on the foremast, underneath the spotting top and electrically provided data to the turrets via pointer on a dial, which the turret crewmen only had to follow. The director layer fired the guns simultaneously which aided in spotting the shell splashes and minimised the effects of the roll on the dispersion of the shells. The ship's director was later replaced as a new one was ordered in 1913 and installed by May 1916.

Additional nine-foot rangefinders, protected by armoured hoods, were added for each gun turret in late 1914. Furthermore, the ship was fitted with Mark I Dreyer Fire-control Tables by early 1916 in each transmission station that combined the functions of the Dumaresq and the range clock.

Armour
Neptune had a waterline belt of Krupp cemented armour that was  thick between the fore and aftmost barbettes that reduced to  before it reached the ships' ends. It covered the side of the hull from the middle deck down to  below the waterline where it thinned to  amidships. Above this was a strake of 8-inch armour. The forward oblique  bulkheads connected the amidships portion of waterline and upper armour belts once they reached the outer portions of the forward barbette. Similarly the aft bulkhead connected the armour belts to the rearmost barbette, although it was 8 inches thick. The three centreline barbettes were protected by armour  thick above the main deck and thinned to  below it. The wing barbettes were similar except that they had 10 inches of armour on their outer faces. The gun turrets had  faces and sides with 3-inch roofs.

The three armoured decks ranged in thickness from  with the greater thicknesses outside the central armoured citadel. The front and sides of the conning tower were protected by 11-inch plates, although the rear and roof were 8 inches and 3 inches thick respectively. The torpedo control tower aft had 3-inch sides and a 2-inch roof. Neptune had two longitudinal anti-torpedo bulkheads that ranged in thickness from  and extended from the forward end of 'A' barbette to the end of 'Y' magazine. She was the first British dreadnought to protect her boiler uptakes with 1-inch armour plates. The compartments between the boiler rooms were used as coal bunkers.

Modifications
Gun shields were fitted to the forward four-inch guns after September 1913 and the upper forward four-inch guns were enclosed. In 1914–1915, the upper amidships four-inch guns were enclosed, the forward boat girder was removed and a three-inch (76 mm) anti-aircraft (AA) gun was added on the quarterdeck. Approximately  of deck armour was added after the Battle of Jutland in May 1916. By early 1917, four guns had been removed from the aft superstructure and a single four-inch AA gun had been added, for a total of a dozen four-inch guns. The stern torpedo tube was removed in 1917–1918 as was the aft spotting top. A high-angle rangefinder was fitted on the remaining spotting top and a flying-off platform was installed on the 'A' turret in 1918.

Construction and career

Neptune, named after the Roman god of the sea, was ordered on 14 December 1908. She was laid down at HM Dockyard, Portsmouth on 19 January 1909, launched on 30 September and completed in January 1911 at the cost of £1,668,916, including her armament. The ship was commissioned on 19 January 1911 for trials with Scott's experimental gunnery director that lasted until 11 March and were witnessed by Rear-Admiral Sir John Jellicoe, commander of the Atlantic Fleet. Neptune relieved Dreadnought as the flagship of the Home Fleet and of the 1st Division on 25 March and then participated in the Coronation Fleet Review at Spithead on 24 June. On 1 May 1912, the 1st Division was renamed the 1st Battle Squadron (BS); Neptune was relieved as the squadron's flagship on 22 June. The ship participated in the Parliamentary Naval Review on 9 July at Spithead. Neptune became a private ship on 10 March 1914 when she was replaced by  as the flagship of the Home Fleet and rejoined the 1st BS.

First World War
Between 17 and 20 July 1914 Neptune took part in a test mobilisation and fleet review as part of the British response to the July Crisis. Arriving in Portland on 27 July, she was ordered to proceed with the rest of the Home Fleet to Scapa Flow two days later to safeguard the fleet from a possible German surprise attack. In August 1914, following the outbreak of the First World War, the Home Fleet was reorganised as the Grand Fleet, and placed under the command of Admiral Jellicoe. Most of it was briefly based (22 October to 3 November) at Lough Swilly, Ireland, while the defences at Scapa were strengthened. On the evening of 22 November 1914, the Grand Fleet conducted a fruitless sweep in the southern half of the North Sea; Neptune stood with the main body in support of Vice-Admiral David Beatty's 1st Battlecruiser Squadron. The fleet was back in port in Scapa Flow by 27 November and the ship began a refit on 11 December.

Neptunes refit had concluded by the evening of 23 January 1915 as she joined the rest of the Grand Fleet when it sailed in support of Beatty's battlecruisers, but the fleet was too far away participate in the ensuing Battle of Dogger Bank the following day. On 7–10 March, the Grand Fleet made a sweep in the northern North Sea, during which it conducted training manoeuvres. Another such cruise took place on 16–19 March; while returning home after the conclusion of the exercises, Neptune was unsuccessfully attacked by the German submarine . While manoeuvring for another attack, the submarine was spotted by Dreadnought which rammed and cut it in half. There were no survivors. On 11 April, the Grand Fleet, including Neptune, made a patrol in the central North Sea and returned to port on 14 April; another patrol in the area took place on 17–19 April, followed by gunnery drills off the Shetland Islands on 20–21 April.

The Grand Fleet conducted sweeps into the central North Sea on 17–19 May and 29–31 May without encountering any German vessels. During 11–14 June the fleet practised gunnery and battle exercises west of Shetland, and trained off Shetland three days later. On 2–5 September, the fleet went on another cruise in the northern end of the North Sea, conducting gunnery drills, and spent the rest of the month performing numerous training exercises. The ship, together with the majority of the Grand Fleet, made another sweep into the North Sea from 13 to 15 October. Almost three weeks later, Neptune participated in another fleet training operation west of Orkney during 2–5 November.

The fleet departed for a cruise in the North Sea on 26 February 1916; Jellicoe had intended to use the Harwich Force to sweep the Heligoland Bight, but bad weather prevented operations in the southern North Sea. As a result, the operation was confined to the northern end of the sea. Another sweep began on 6 March, but had to be abandoned the following day as the weather grew too severe for the escorting destroyers. On the night of 25 March, Neptune and the rest of the fleet sailed from Scapa Flow to support Beatty's battlecruisers and other light forces raiding the German Zeppelin base at Tondern. By the time the Grand Fleet approached the area on 26 March, the British and German forces had already disengaged and a strong gale threatened the light craft, so the fleet was ordered to return to base. On 21 April, the Grand Fleet conducted a demonstration off Horns Reef to distract the Germans while the Imperial Russian Navy relaid its defensive minefields in the Baltic Sea. During the night of 22/23 April, Neptune was accidentally rammed by the neutral merchant ship  in thick fog, but the battleship was only lightly damaged. The fleet returned to Scapa Flow on 24 April and refuelled before proceeding south in response to intelligence reports that the Germans were about to launch a raid on Lowestoft, but arrived in the area only after the Germans had withdrawn. On 2–4 May, the fleet made another demonstration off Horns Reef to keep German attention focused on the North Sea.

Battle of Jutland

The German High Seas Fleet, composed of sixteen dreadnoughts, six pre-dreadnoughts and supporting ships, departed the Jade Bight early on the morning of 31 May in an attempt to lure out and destroy a portion of the Grand Fleet. The High Seas Fleet sailed in concert with Rear Admiral Franz von Hipper's five battlecruisers. The Royal Navy's Room 40 had intercepted and decrypted German radio traffic containing plans of the operation. In response the Admiralty ordered the Grand Fleet, totalling some 28 dreadnoughts and 9 battlecruisers, to sortie the night before to cut off and destroy the High Seas Fleet.

On 31 May, Neptune, under the command of Captain Vivian Bernard, was assigned to the 5th Division of the 1st BS and was the nineteenth ship from the head of the battle line after deployment. During the first stage of the general engagement, the ship fired two salvos from her main guns at a barely visible battleship at 18:40. Around the time that the High Seas Fleet was reversing course beginning at 18:55 to re-engage the Grand Fleet, Neptune fired one salvo at the crippled light cruiser  with unknown effect. After the turn the ships of the 1st BS were the closest ones to the Germans and, at approximately 19:10, she fired four salvos at the battlecruiser , claiming two hits, although neither can be confirmed. Shortly afterwards, the ship fired her main and secondary guns at enemy destroyers without result and then had to turn away to dodge three torpedoes. This was the last time Neptune fired her guns during the battle. She expended a total of 48 twelve-inch shells (21 high explosive and 27 common pointed, capped) and 48 shells from her four-inch guns during the battle.

Subsequent activity
After the battle, the ship was transferred to the 4th Battle Squadron. The Grand Fleet sortied on 18 August to ambush the High Seas Fleet while it advanced into the southern North Sea, but a series of miscommunications and mistakes prevented Jellicoe from intercepting the German fleet before it returned to port. Two light cruisers were sunk by German U-boats during the operation, prompting Jellicoe to decide to not risk the major units of the fleet south of 55° 30' North due to the prevalence of German submarines and mines. The Admiralty concurred and stipulated that the Grand Fleet would not sortie unless the German fleet was attempting an invasion of Britain or there was a strong possibility it could be forced into an engagement under suitable conditions.

On 22 April 1918, the High Seas Fleet sailed north for the last time in an unsuccessful attempt to intercept a convoy to Norway, and had to turn back two days later after the battlecruiser  suffered engine damage. The Grand Fleet sortied from Rosyth on the 24th when the operation was discovered, but was unable to catch the Germans. Neptune was present at Rosyth when the German fleet surrendered on 21 November and was reduced to reserve there on 1 February 1919 as she was thoroughly obsolete in comparison to the latest dreadnoughts. The ship was listed for disposal in March 1921 and was sold for scrap to Hughes Bolckow in September 1922. She was towed to Blyth, Northumberland on 22 September to begin demolition.

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

External links

 HMS Neptune on the Dreadnought Project Technical material on the weaponry and fire control for the ships
 Battle of Jutland Crew Lists Project – HMS Neptune Crew List

Neptune-class battleships
Ships built in Portsmouth
World War I battleships of the United Kingdom
1909 ships

HMS Neptune (1909)


Shlomo Gronich (în ebraică:שלמה גרוניך , născut la 20 ianuarie  1949) este un compozitor, pianist și cantautor israelian de muzică ușoară, aranjor și dirijor de cor.

Biografie
Shlomo Gronich s-a născut în 1949 și a crescut la Hadera în Israel, ca fiul mijlociu dintre trei frați, într-o familie muzicală. Numele de Shlomo l-a primit dupa bunicul sau Solomon. Tatăl său, Aharon Otto Gronich, cânta la o mare varietate de instrumente (clarinet, trompeta, flaut etc) a fost cel dintâi dirijor al Fanfarei Armatei israeliene, a dirijat fanfara ostașilor evrei la Alexandria in Egipt, a fondat fanfara pompierilor din Hadera și a fost cunoscut în orașul Hadera ca un profesor de canto și instrumente muzicale foarte exigent. Mama, Geula, era educatoare. Sub influența tatălui, Shlomo Gronich a învățat să cânte la pian și la acordeon de la vârsta de 6 ani, iar la 7 ani a dat prima performanță în public. Fratele său mai mare, Ilan, a învățat vioara, iar mezinul, Yaron, trompeta. Din copilărie au cântat împreună muzică evreiască populară din estul Europei. La 14 ani Gronich a învățat la internatul Hadassim, școală care devenise cunoscută pentru încurajarea creativității, și a început să cânte improvizații la pian. În perioada liceului a fost impresionat și influențat în mod deosebit de muzica formației Beatles. În 1968, la insistențele tatălui său, Gronich a amânat serviciul militar si s-a înscris la studii de pedagogie muzicală la Seminarul Levinski din Tel Aviv, unde a terminat licența.
În anul 1970 Gronich s-a înrolat in armată ca muzician, interpret la synthetizer in cadrul Ansamblului forțelor blindate și ca aranjor muzical pentru mai multe ansambluri militare. În această perioadă la cunoscut pe cantautorul Matti Caspi, care l-a angajat ca pianist în mai multe producții muzicale pe care le-a condus.

Ulterior a terminat și licența în compoziție la Colegiul de muzică Mannes din New York. Soția lui Gronich este Michal Adler, interpretă la muzicuță , și cei amândoi sunt părinții a două fete gemene - Shahar și Yam.
Gronich este cunoscut în Israel pentru compozițiile și interpretările sale în domeniul muzicii pop, folk și rock. Stilul său deosebit îmbină genuri muzicale, de la cântecul israelian "zemer ivrí" sau "Shirey Eretz Israel" (stilul muzical dominant în Israel între anii 1940-1980), rock progresiv, cu influențe din rhythm and blues, jazz, muzică etnică, genuri "orientale", klezmer etc
În 1991 el a înființat corul Sheba alcătuit din tineri din familii Beta Israel imigrate din Etiopia.

Fratele mai mare al lui Gronich, Ilan Gronich, este profesor la clasa de vioară la Universitatea de arte UDK din Berlin.
Fratele cel mic, Yaron, a căzut în luptele de la izbucnirea Războiului de Yom Kipur (octombrie 1973).

Creații muzicale

Discografie
Gronich a compus peste 15 albume, incluzând:
1971 Why Didn't You Tell Me?! (versiune re-masterată în 2003)
1973 Behind the Sounds (cu Matti Caspi) (versiune re-masterată în 2002)
1979 Concert LIVE
1981 Cotton Candy (versiune re-masterată 2004)
1988 Moonlight Walker
1991 Neto LIVE
1993 Shlomo Gronich & The Sheba Choir –  premiat cu Gold Album award
2003 On the Way to the Light
2008 Journey to the Source

Muzică de film
Gronich a compus banda sonoră pentru peste 15 filme:
1981 - Thousand Small Kisses – a obținut Premiul I la Cognac film festival, Premiul Oscar israelian pentru bandă sonoră
1991 - Beyond the Sea - Premiul Oscar israelian pentru bandă sonoră
1998 - Circus Palestine - Premiul Oscar israelian pentru bandă sonoră

Muzică de scenă
El a compus muzica de scenă pentru peste 20 spectacole de teatru și musicals:
1976 - America – un musical, reprezentat la Kennedy Center, Washington DC
1983 - America (versiune revizuită) – reprezentat la Festivalul de la Santa Fe, New Mexico
1991 - The Dream Pilot – musical reprezentat la Tokyo, în Japonia
2002 -  The Golem – musical reprezentat la Praga, în Republica Cehă

Muzică de balet
1983 - Cântarea cântărilor - la Teatrul de dans Inbal din Tel Aviv, premiat cu Premiul Harpa lui David
1986 - Looking for Jerusalem - pentru Compania de dans Bat Sheva, producție la deschiderea Festivalului Israel

Alte piese de muzică cultă
Gronich a compus peste o sută de compoziții de muzică cultă, unele din ele fiind interpretate de orchestre însemnate ca, de pildă, Orchestra Filarmonică din Berlin

Concerte notabile
1986 - alături de Astor Piazzolla și Orchestra Filarmonică Israeliană
1994 - cu corurile Sheba și Moran la ceremonia semnării Acordului de pace dintre Israel și Iordania
2000 - cu corurile Sheba și Harlem Boys Choir la Festivalul Israel

Colaborări evreo-arabe
Gronich a compus și aranjat un cântec blingv în limbile ebraică și arabă, dedicat aspirațiilor de pace și coexistență dintre evrei și arabi în Palestina-Israel:Hevenu Shalom Aleinu (Am adus pace asupra noastră)- Ma Ana Ajmal Min Salam (Nimic nu e mai frumos decât pacea), într-un stil imbinând rockul israelian, muzica pop arabă și elemente din genuri orientale populare din Israel și țările din zona Orientului Apropiat. Cântecul a devenit un fel de imn al organizației israeliene Peace Child Israel, care l-a comandat. Refrenul este interpretat simultan în ebraică și arabă. În aranjamentul cântecului, Gronich a introdus și instrumentul tradițional arab 'ud și cornul antic evreiesc Shofar. Lucrarea a câștigat Premiul al III-lea la concursul Call for Music Videos of Palestinian-Jewish Duos or Groups, în cadrul programului "Jewish-Palestinian Living Room Dialogue".

Premii și distincții
2001 - Premiul Hadassa pentru activitatea sa împreună cu Corul Sheba

Legături externe
Situl oficial
Cântec israelian - Shlomo Gronich cu corul Sheba pe situl YouTube, muzica:Shlomo Gronich, text:Ehud Manor
Album de familie - momente fermecate din viața lui Grunich - pe situl NRG 29 octombrie 2014 (în ebraică)
interviu luat de Liat Ron lui Gronich în ziarul economic israelian "Globes" 15 septembrie 2013  (în ebraică)

Compozitori israelieni
Cantautori israelieni
Dirijori
Oameni în viață
Nașteri în 1949

Shlomo Gronich


Trahom, konjonktivayı, korneayı ve gözkapaklarını saran, genellikle süreğen bir çeşit göz hastalığıdır; gözde kesecikler ve bir kornea yastıkçığının oluşmasına ve tipik nedbe benzeri lezyonlara sebep olur.  Granüler konjonktivit, Mısır oftalmisi ve kör edici trahom olarak da adlandırılan trahom bulaşıcı bir hastalıktır ve nedeni Chlamydia trachomatis adlı bir bakteridir. Enfeksiyon, göz kapaklarının iç yüzeyinde pürüzlenmeye neden olur. Bu pürüzlenme gözlerde ağrıya, korneanın dış yüzeyinin bozulmasına ve körlüğe yol açabilir.

Sebebi
Bu hastalığa neden olan mikrop Chlamidya trachomatis'tir. Hastalık göz konjunktivasını kaplayan yaygın folliküler tarzda  konjuktuvit ve  skar oluşumuyla karakterize olur. Zamanla kornea ülserasyonları ve pannus denilen lezyonla körlük oluşur. Hastalığa neden olan bakteri, hastalık bulaşmış kişinin gözleri veya burnuyla doğrudan veya dolaylı yollardan temas edilmesiyle yayılabilir. Dolaylı yollardan temas ifadesi, hastalık bulaşmış kişinin gözleri veya burnuyla temas etmiş kıyafet veya karasinekleri içerir. Göz kapağındaki skarlaşma kirpiklerin göze sürtünmesine yol açacak kadar büyümeden önce, yıllar içerisinde birçok kez enfeksiyon geçirilmiş olması gerekmektedir. Çocuklar hastalığı yetişkinlere göre daha sık yayarlar. Yetersiz kişisel temizlik, kalabalık yaşam koşulları ve yeterli olmayan temiz su ve tuvalet hastalığın yayılmasını artırır.

Önleme ve Tedavi
Hastalığın önlenmesi için atılan adımlar temiz suya erişimin artırılması ve hastalık bulaşmış kişi sayısının antibiyotik tedavisi ile azaltılmasını içerir. Bu adımlar, hastalığın yaygın olduğunun bilindiği tüm insan gruplarının hep birden tedavi edilmesini içerebilir. Yıkama işlemi hastalığın önlenmesinde tek başına yeterli olmayabilir ancak diğer önlemlerle birlikte faydalı olabilir. Tedavi seçenekleri, oral (ağız yoluyla alınan) azitromisin veya topikal (belirli bir yere sürülen) tetrasiklindir. Azitromisin, tek oral doz olarak kullanılabildiği için tercih edilmektedir. Göz kapağında skarlaşma meydana geldikten sonra, kirpik pozisyonunun düzeltilmesi ve körlüğün önlenmesi için ameliyat gerekebilir.

Epidemiyoloji
Dünya çapında yaklaşık 80 milyon kişide aktif enfeksiyon bulunmaktadır. Bazı bölgelerde, çocukların %60-90'ında enfeksiyon olabilir ve çocuklarla daha yakın temas kurma ihtimallerinden dolayı kadınlar erkeklere nazaran daha sık etkilenir. Hastalık, 1,2 milyonu tamamen kör olmuş 2,2 milyon kişide görme becerisinin yetersiz olmasına yol açmaktadır. Genel olarak Afrika, Asya Orta ve Güney Amerika'da bulunan 53 ülkede meydana gelir ve bu bölgelerde yaşan yaklaşık 230 milyon kişi risk altındadır. Hastalık her yıl 8 milyar USD'lik ekonomik kayba neden olmaktadır. Trahom, ihmal edilen tropikal hastalıklar diye bilinen bir hastalık grubuna aittir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
Trahom nedir

Göz hastalıkları
Tropikal hastalıklar

Trahom


Peter Deunov ( født 11. juli 1864, død 27 december 1944) var en bulgarsk filosof, der betragtes som en af den vigtigste intellektuelle i Bulgariens historie. Han regnes for at være den mest solgte forfatter i Bulgarien nogensinde..

Deunov udviklede sin egen filosofiske tilgang til kristendommen. Hans mål var at vise mennesket en vej til at kunne leve i harmoni med sig selv, andre og universet. Han forstår Gud som kærligheden slet og ret.

Referencer

Litteratur
 Deunov, Peter (2013). Harmonizing of the Human Soul. Bialo Bratstvo Publishers

Se også
 Filosofi

Eksterne henvisninger

Religionsfilosoffer
Kristen mysticisme
Spiritualitet
Okkulte forfattere

Peter Deunov


{| class="infobox vcard" style="font-size:90%; width:21em; text-align:left;"
Muslimanska zajednica Albanije

Veliki muftijaBujar Spahiu
|-
!
!Osnovana1923.
SjedišteTirana
Jurisdikcija Albanija
Službena stranica:      https://kmsh.al/
|}

Muslimanska zajednica Albanije (alb.:  Komuniteti Mysliman i Shqipërisë) je vjerska organizacija muslimana u Albaniji.

Poglavar Muslimanske zajednice Albanije je veliki muftija. Trenutni veliki muftija je Bujar Spahiu, koji je na toj dužnosti od 2019. godine.

Sjedište Muslimanske zajednice Albanije je u Tirani.

Povijest
Organizovani islamski vjerski život u Albaniji postoji još od vremena kada je Osmansko Carstvo započelo s administracijom ovog regiona. Svi muslimani koji su živjeli u Osmanskom Carstvu bili su dio muslimanske zajednice na čelu sa sultanom, koji je vršio i ulogu kalife. Za vrijeme vladavine sultana Murat II., nadležnosti kalife prenesene su na velikog muftiju. Od tada, veliki muftija je nosio naziv šejh-ul-islam i smatran je najvišim vjerskim autoritetom unutar Osmanskog Carstva. Međutim, svaka regija u kojoj su muslimani živjeli imala je svoga muftiju, koji je bio u nižem položaju od šejh-ul-islama. Nakon neovisnosti Albanije 1912, Islamska zajednica Albanije nastavila je biti pod vlašću šejh-ul-islama u Istanbulu sve do 1923. Godine 1923. godine, nakon vladinog programa, albanski muslimanski kongres koji je sazvan u Tirani odlučio je raskinuti odnose s kalifom (šejh-ul-islam), te su tom prilikom stvorili Muslimansku zajednicu Albanije.

U periodu od 1941. do 1944. godine Islamska zajednica Kosova bila je organski dio Muslimanske zajednice Albanije. Muslimanska zajednica Albanije je bila aktivna do 1967. godine, kada je komunistički režim Envera Hoxhe proglasio Albaniju jedinom ateističkom zemljom na svijetu, zabranivši sve oblike vjerske prakse u javnosti. Nakon pada komunizma, 16. studenog 1990. godine, Muslimanska zajednica Albanije ponovo je uspostavljena pod velikim muftijom
šejh hfz. Sabrijem Koçijem Sabrijem Koçijem.

Velike muftije

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Službena stranica

Islamske organizacije
Islam u Albaniji

Muslimanska zajednica Albanije


Dydige digte er en digtsamling af Frank Jæger fra 1948 og var hans debut som digter. Samlingen indeholder 30 digte, hvoraf flere er sat i musik. Samlingen rummer også digtet "Sidenius i Kighavn" om figuren Sidenius, der er præget af sortsyn. Inspirationen til Sidenius-figuren er hentet i romanen Lykke-Per af Henrik Pontoppidan. Sidenius optræder også i senere digte af Frank Jæger.

Det første digt i samlingen, "Håndslag til Tony", er senere blevet kendt som sangen "Vi der valgte regnen" med musik af Tony Vejslev, som også har skrevet musik til et andet digt fra samlingen, "Kirsten og vejen til Gurre". Samlingen rummer bl.a. også digtene "Skovsol" og "Søndag i september".

Digtsamlingen er inkluderet i "Samlede digte" fra 2001.

Noter

Digtsamlinger

Dydige digte


La route départementale 12, ou RD 12, est une route départementale de la Haute-Garonne reliant Pujaudran (dans le Gers) à Saint-Quirc (en Ariège).

Descriptif
La D12 traverse le département en reliant la N124 à Pujaudran et l'A64 à Muret, puis en étant parallèle à la D820 après Muret.

Tracé

Court prolongement dans le Gers (D121)

  à Pujaudran
 Lias

Parcours

 Bonrepos-sur-Aussonnelle
 Saint-Lys (croisement avec la D632)
 Seysses

 Muret
 Eaunes
 Lagardelle-sur-Lèze
 Miremont
 Puydaniel
 Mauressac
 Grazac
 Caujac
 Route départementale 27 (Ariège)

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

 Routes de la Haute-Garonne

12

Route départementale 12 (Haute-Garonne)


Madabeno ist ein osttimoresischer Suco im Verwaltungsamt Laulara (Gemeinde Aileu). Madabeno ist der Verwaltungssitz des Verwaltungsamts Laulara.

Geographie

Der Suco Madabeno liegt im Zentrum des Verwaltungsamts Laulara. Östlich und nördlich liegt der Suco Cotolau und westlich der Suco Tohumeta. Im Süden grenzt Madabeno an das Verwaltungsamt Aileu mit seinen Sucos Seloi Craic und Aissirimou. Entlang der Nordgrenze fließt in der Regenzeit der Bemos, ein Quellfluss des Rio Comoro. Der Suco teilt sich in die sechs Aldeias Belumhatu (Belumhato), Desmanhata, Lismori (Licimori), Manehalo (Manahalu), Manufoni und Remapati.

2004 wurde der südlich gelegene Suco Maneluma an Madabeno angegliedert. Er entspricht grob den heutigen Aldeias Belumhatu und Remapati. 2015 kamen in einer Verwaltungsreform Gebiete im Nordosten von Cotolau zu Madabeno. Sie bilden den Großteil der Aldeia Manufoni. Heute hat der Suco Madabeno eine Fläche von  12,72 km².

Durch den Süden führt die Überlandstraße von der Landeshauptstadt Dili zur Gemeindehauptstadt Aileu. An ihr liegen die Dörfer Turiscai (Mambai für "Stamm des Turibaums"), Manehalo, Belumhatu und Kotehu. Etwas nördlich liegen die Orte Lisimu und Matapati (bestehend aus den Ortsteilen Desmanhata und Remapati) und an der Ostgrenze das Dorf Manufoni.

Im Ort Madabeno befinden sich der Sitz des Sucos, die Katholische Grundschule (Escolas Basicas Centrais EPC) Besilau und die Grundschule Madabeno. In Manehalo stehen die Kapelle San Miguel und die Zentrale Grundschule (EBC) Bessilau. Ein "Haus der Riten" (Uma Lisan) befindet sich in Malaeurhei und in Turiscai das Hauptquartier der Partei KOTA. Auch Lismori hat eine Grundschule.

Manehalo verfügt über eine medizinische Station und eine Grundschule, die Escola Primaria Catolica Madabeno. Eine weitere Grundschule gibt es in Manufoni.

Einwohner
Im Suco leben 1.688 Einwohner (2022), davon sind 834 Männer und 854 Frauen. Im Suco gibt es 249 Haushalte. Über 88 % der Einwohner geben Tetum Prasa als ihre Muttersprache an. Knapp 12 % sprechen Mambai.

Politik
Bei den Wahlen von 2004/2005 wurde Manuel Sarmento zum Chefe de Suco gewählt. Bei den Wahlen 2009 gewann Francisco Rodrigues Pereira und 2016 Afonso Hendrique.

Weblinks

 Ergebnisse des Zensus 2010 für den Suco Madabeno (tetum; PDF; 8,3 MB)
 Ergebnisse des Zensus 2015 für den Suco Madabeno (tetum; PDF)
 Seeds of Life: Suco information sheets Laulara (tetum)

Einzelnachweise

Suco in Aileu (Gemeinde)

Madabeno


Richard James Overy  (born 23 December 1947) is a British historian who has published on the history of World War II and Nazi Germany. In 2007, as The Times editor of Complete History of the World, he chose the 50 key dates of world history.

Life and career
Overy, after being educated at Caius College, Cambridge, and becoming a research fellow at Churchill College, taught history at Cambridge from 1972 to 1979, as a fellow of Queens' College and from 1976 as a university assistant lecturer. He moved to King's College London, where he became professor of modern history in 1994. He was appointed to a professorship at the University of Exeter in 2004.

Overy's work on the Second World War has been praised as "highly effective [in] the ruthless dispelling of myths" (A. J. P. Taylor), "original and important" (The New York Review of Books) and "at the cutting edge" (The Times Literary Supplement).

In 2021, Overy helped to curate objects for displays in the Imperial War Museum's Second World War galleries. Some of these objects included flight goggles and a leather helmet once used by Billy Strachan.

Dispute with Timothy Mason

In the late 1980s, Overy was involved in a historical dispute with Timothy Mason that mostly played out over the pages of Past & Present over the reasons for the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939. Mason had contended that a "flight into war" had been imposed on Adolf Hitler by a structural economic crisis, which confronted Hitler with the choice of making difficult economic decisions or aggression. Overy argued against Mason's thesis by maintaining that though Germany was faced with economic problems in 1939, their extent cannot explain aggression against Poland and the outbreak of war was caused by the Nazi leadership. For Overy, the problem with Mason's thesis was that it rested on assumptions that were not shown by records, information that was passed on to Hitler about Germany's economic problems.

Overy argued that there was a difference between economic pressures induced by the problems of the Four Year Plan and economic motives to seize raw materials, industry and foreign reserves of neighbouring states as a way of accelerating the Four Year Plan. Overy asserted that the repressive capacity of the German state as a way of dealing with domestic unhappiness was somewhat downplayed by Mason. Finally, Overy argued that there is considerable evidence that Germany felt that it could master the economic problems of rearmament; as one civil servant put it in January 1940, "we have already mastered so many difficulties in the past, that here too, if one or other raw material became extremely scarce, ways and means will always yet be found to get out of a fix".

Awards and honours
1977: Fellow of the Royal Historical Society
2000: Fellow of the British Academy
2003: Fellow of King's College
2001: Samuel Eliot Morison Prize of the Society for Military History
2004: Wolfson History Prize, The Dictators: Hitler's Germany; Stalin's Russia
2005: Hessell-Tiltman Prize, The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia

In media
Overy was featured in the 2006 BBC docudrama Nuremberg: Nazis on Trial.
KGNU's Claudia Cragg – interview with Overy on "Countdown To War" for Remembrance Day (Veteran's Day) 2010.
Overy was a featured commentator in the 2018 series Hitler's Circle of Evil.

Publications
 William Morris, Viscount Nuffield (1976), .
 The Air War: 1939–1945 (1980), .
 The Nazi Economic Recovery, 1932–1938 (1982), .
 Goering: The "Iron Man" (1984), .
 All Our Working Lives (with Peter Pagnamenta, 1984), .
 The Origins of The Second World War, edited by Patrick Finney, London: Edward Arnold, Hodder Education Publishers (1997), Third Edition (2008) .
 Co-written with Timothy Mason: "Debate: Germany, 'Domestic Crisis' and War in 1939", pp. 200–240 in Past and Present, Number 122, February 1989; reprinted as "Debate: Germany, 'Domestic Crisis' and the War in 1939" in The Origins of The Second World War (1997).
 The Road to War (with Andrew Wheatcroft, 1989), .
 The Inter-War Crisis, 1919–1939 (1994), .
 War and Economy in the Third Reich (1994), .
 Why the Allies Won (1995), .
 The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Third Reich (1996), .
 The Times Atlas of the Twentieth Century (ed., 1996), .
 Bomber Command, 1939–45 (1997), .
 Russia's War: Blood upon the Snow (1997), .
 The Times History of the 20th Century (1999), .
 The Battle (2000),  (republished as The Battle of Britain: The Myth and the Reality).
 Interrogations: The Nazi Elite in Allied Hands, 1945 (2001),  (republished as Interrogations: Inside the Minds of the Nazi Elite).
 Germany: A New Social and Economic History. Vol. 3: Since 1800 (ed. with Sheilagh Ogilvie, 2003), .
 The Times Complete History of the World (6th ed., 2004), .
 The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia (2004), .
 Collins Atlas of Twentieth Century History (2005), .
 Imperial War Museum's Second World War Experience Volume 1: Blitzkrieg (2008), .
 Imperial War Museum's Second World War Experience Volume 2: Axis Ascendant (2008), .
 1939: Countdown to War (2009), .
 The Morbid Age: Britain Between the Wars (2009), .
 The Bombing War: Europe 1939–1945 (2013),  (later published as The Bombers and the Bombed: Allied Air War Over Europe, 1940–1945, ).
 A History of War in 100 Battles (2014), .
 RAF: The Birth of the World's First Air Force (2018),
 Blood and Ruins: The Great Imperial War, 1931–1945 (2021),

References

External links

 The British Academy, profile
 Official register of fellows of Queens' College, Cambridge
 Biography of Richard Overy, University of Exeter
 Google Scholar List of publications by Overy

1947 births
Living people
Academics of King's College London
Academics of the University of Exeter
Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
British military historians
British military writers
Fellows of Churchill College, Cambridge
Fellows of King's College London
Fellows of Queens' College, Cambridge
Fellows of the British Academy
Fellows of the Royal Historical Society
Historians of fascism
Historians of Nazism
Historians of World War II

Richard Overy


Crkva sv. Petra  je rimokatolička crkva u općini Petrovsko, zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Pravilno orijentirana župna crkva smještena je na uzvisini u središtu Petrovskog. Izvorno srednjovjekovna crkva s gotičkim poligonalnim svetištem poduprtim kontraforima, svođenim zvjezdastim svodom., kojemu je na prijelazu iz 18. u 19. st. prigrađen pravokutni barokni brod, a kasnije i masivni toranj nad samim ulazom u crkvu. Bočnim ulazima smještenim na pročelju dolazi se do plitkih bočnih kapela prigrađenih istovremeno kad i brod. Crkva je opremljena trima baroknim oltarima iz 18. st. od kojih su dva pandana smještena u bočnim kapelama, dok je glavni oltar u svetištu osobito vrijedan primjer barokne oltarne umjetnosti. Unutrašnjost crkve oslikana je freskama Lovre Sirnika 1943. godine.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-2495 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravnog statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralna graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Nepokretna pojedinačna kulturna dobra u Krapinsko-zagorskoj županiji
Katoličke crkve u Hrvatskoj

Crkva sv. Petra (Petrovsko)


NWSL Shield er en årlig hæder, der uddeles til det National Women's Soccer League (NWSL) hold, der har opnået flest point under selve fodboldsæsonen, før play-off blandt de fire øverste hold afgør hvilket hold der vinder mesterskabet. NWSL Shield er blevet uddelt årligt siden 2013 og anerkendes som en stor pokal i ligaen.

Seattle Reign FC har to gange vundet NWSL Shields siden etableringen i 2013, og har vundet flest af alle hold i NWSL pr. 2016.

North Carolina Courage er forsvarende holdere af hæderen (2017 sæsonen).

Danske vindere af NWSL Shield
Katrine Veje vandt hæderen i 2015 med Seattle Reign FC. Nadia Nadim vandt hæderen i 2016 med Portland Thorns FC.

Referencer

Kvindefodbold i USA

NWSL Shield


Stenkusten er en 34 kilometer lang kyststrækning mellem Äleklinta og Byrum i Borgholms kommune på Øland. Stenkusten ligger i sognene Alböke, Föra, Persnäs, Källa og Högby.

På bakketoppen går der en lille grusvej, langs med hvilken der ligger nogle fiskeboder, rester fra et gammelt stenbrud, et igangværende stenbrud og udgravninger. De industrier, der prægede udviklingen på det nordlige Øland, var husdyrbrug, fiskeri og skibsfart samt brydning af ølandskalksten. Stenbrydningen har foregået siden middelalderen ved Stenkusten. Stenkusten har traditionelt stort set været græsgange, som stadig i høj grad holdes i hævd.

Ved kysten ligger Bruddesta fiskerleje, der er erklæret bevaringsværdig. Der er også ældre fiskeboder under skrænterne i Grönvik og Djupvik. I Lofta er der store stenbrud, der fortsat er i drift. Naturreservatet Knisa Mosse er en af tidligere vig, der er blevet afsnøret af landhævningen efter seneste istid.

Det tidligere fiskerleje, Sandvik, med stenudskibningshavnen er den største by på Stenskusten. Der er også stenforarbejdning, som udføres af Ölandssten AB. Nord for Grytehamn har landsbyerne Gillberga og Hagelstad fiskeboder på en fælles placering.

Ud over Knisa Mosse naturreservat grænser Stenkusten op til naturreservaterne Horns Kungsgård, Byrums raukar og Bödakustens västra.

Eksterne henvisninger
Länsstyrelsen i Kalmar län informerar: Stenkustens kulturlandskap' – En utredning av kulturmiljön utmed norra Ölands västra kust samt gällande lagskydd, Meddelande 2005:19,
Om Stenkusten på alltpaoland.com
 Åge Myrhøj Vestergård: Ølandskalk i Den Store Danske, Gyldendal. Hentet 25. august 2017

Öland
Seværdigheder i Kalmar län

Stenkusten


Oliver Tobias (d. 1947, Zürih), İsviçre asıllı İngiliz tiyatro, sinema, televizyon oyuncusu ve yönetmeni.

1972'de BBC'de yayınlanan "Arthur of The Britons" adlı dizi filmdeki Arthur rolü ile İngiltere'de ünlü oldu. Londra'da "Hair" başta olmak üzere birçok önemli tiyatro oyununda ve müzikalde sahneye çıktı. 1978 yılında Joan Collins ile baş rolünü paylaştığı The Stud (Türkiye'de "Çivi" adıyla gösterildi) adlı erotik filmdeki patronunun karısıyla ilişki yaşayan, çapkın ve hırslı gece kulübü yöneticisi rolüyle bütün dünyada popüler oldu. 1970'lerin sonunda ve 1980'lerin başında sinemanın en yakışıklı ve en seksi erkeklerinden biri olarak anılmaya başlandı. Tobias önceleri seks sembolü olarak anılsa da ilerleyen yıllarda yüksek oyunculuk yeteneği ve karizmasıyla önemli tiyatro aktörlerinden biri olarak kabul görmüştür.

Dış bağlantılar
 Oliver Tobias Resmî İnternet Sitesi

İngiliz film yönetmenleri
1947 doğumlular
İngiliz erkek dizi oyuncuları
İngiliz erkek oyuncular
İngiliz erkek tiyatro oyuncuları
Yaşayan insanlar

Oliver Tobias


සම්ප්‍රප්පලාපය යනු මෙලොව, පරලොව යහපත සඳහා හේතු නොවන, කෙලෙස් වැඩි වීමට හා කාලය නාස්ති කිරීමට හේතු වන වචන ය.

සම්ප්‍රප්පලාප අකුසලය සඳහා සම්පූර්ණ විය යුතු අංග:
 කියන්නාට හා අසන්නන්ට ප්‍රයෝජයක් නොවන කථාවක් වීම
 එබඳු කථාවක් කීම

සම්ඵප්‍ර‍ලාප කියන තැනැත්තේ අනුන්ගේ කාලය නසන්නෙකි. අන්‍යයන් කෙරෙහි කෙලෙස් වැඩි කරන්නෙකි. එබැවින් සම්ඵප්‍ර‍ලාප කීම පාපයකි. ඇතැමුන් කාලය ගත කරනු පිණිස තැන් තැන්වලට එක් වී කරන්නා වූ නිෂ්ඵල කතාවෝ ද, අසන කියන කාහටවත් අවැඩක් මුත් වැඩක් නොවන, බොරු සැබෑ දෙවර්ගය ම මිශ්‍ර කර ගොතා තිබෙන "රාම-රාවණා" කථාව වැනි කථාවෝ ද, අල්පමාත්‍ර සත්‍යකුදු නැති සාවාගේ හා නරියාගේ කථාව වැනි කථාවෝ ද සම්ඵප්‍ර‍ලාපයේ ය. යම් කිසි උපදේශයක් උගැන්වීම සඳහා ගොතා තිබෙන කථා අසත්‍ය වුව ද, ප්‍ර‍යෝජනයක් ඇති බැවින් සම්ඵප්‍ර‍ලාප සංඛ්‍යාවට නො ගැනේ. කියන ලද සම්ඵප්‍ර‍ලාපය අන්‍යයන් පිළිගත හොත් කර්මපථයක් වේ. කිසිවකු නො පිළිගත හොත් කර්මපථ නො වේ. සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සම්ඵප්‍ර‍ලාප කීම අල්පසාවද්‍ය වේ. නැවත නැවත වර්ණනා කර රසවත් කර කීම මහා සාවද්‍ය වේ. අසන්නවුන්ට වන්නා වූ අර්ථ හානියේ කුඩා මහත් බවේ සැටියට ද එහි අල්පසාවද්‍ය මහා සාවද්‍ය භාවය කිය යුතු ය.

සම්ඵප්ප්‍රලාපය


دوفهي (Довге) هي مدينة في مقاطعة كولاسين في أوكرانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 6,710 نسمة.

مراجع

مدن أوكرانيا

دوفهي (كولاسين)


Come Swim é um curta-metragem independente americano de 2017 escrito e dirigido por Kristen Stewart. Foi exibido na seção Eventos do 70º Aniversário no Festival de Cinema de Cannes de 2017.

Visão geral
O filme foi inspirado uma pintura impressionista criada por Stewart, que posteriormente foi co-autora de um artigo que descreve uma técnica inovadora para integrar elementos da mesma pintura no filme, baseada numa técnica criada por Gatys, Ecker & Bethge (2015, Universidade de Tubinga). A transferência inicial da ideia da pintura para o conceito de um filme foi a de um homem que está despertando do seu sono. O Festival de Cinema de Cannes descreveu o filme como: "um díptico do dia de um homem; retratos meio impressionistas e meio realistas".

Elenco
Josh Kaye é o único elenco de atuação do filme. Sydney Lopez fornece locução.

Conceito do filme
A ideia do filme se originou em ("está fundamentado em") uma pintura de Stewart de "um homem acordando do sono". Em um artigo de autoria de Stewart, uma descrição da reação à pintura "impressionista" afirma que ela "evoca os pensamentos que um indivíduo tem nos primeiros momentos de vigília, (desvanecendo-se entre os sonhos e a realidade)... " Uma exploração subsequente correspondente a esse elemento temático pictórico é explorada dentro do filme durante as cenas introdutórias e finais.

Além disso, de acordo com a pintura, o conceito original do filme veio de uma imagem na mente de Stewart de "... uma pessoa dormindo contente no fundo do oceano e obtendo tanta satisfação com esse isolamento. .." Para Stewart, seu filme é, entre outras coisas, sobre uma experiência de desgosto (de outra forma expressa por ela como um "mundo inferior existencial").

Produção

Para criar a peça, Stewart, junto com o produtor de cinema David Ethan Shapiro, da Starlight Studios, e Bhautik Joshi da Adobe Inc., inovou uma técnica descrita como transferência de estilo neural; uma técnica detalhada em um artigo enviado em 18 de janeiro de 2017 para a Cornell University Library online e posteriormente classificada na biblioteca como visão computacional e reconhecimento de padrões. Também tendo trabalhado juntamente com o co-produtor Anthony M. DiGiacomo da qual era membro de uma equipe que incluía onze produtores executivos ou associados.

Kristen Stewart fez parceria com a Refinery29 na produção da obra. David Ethan Shapiro, o CEO da Starlight Studios, situado em Los Angeles, foi o produtor.

O filme usa uma partitura composta por St. Vincent.

Stewart usou John Guleserian para a cinematografia, e Framestore para produzir os efeitos visuais.

Liberação e recepção
O filme foi exibido pela primeira vez no Festival de Cinema de Sundance de 2017 em 19 de janeiro de 2017. A nextprojection identificou o filme como retratando em parte algo descrito como "pesadelo". Robbie Collin, do The Telegraph, concedeu-lhe quatro estrelas de cinco, dizendo: "É um trabalho sério, sombrio e muitas vezes nada sutil - mas também é disciplinado, extremamente coerente e cine-literado de uma forma surrealista antiquada."

Matt Hoffman, da revista Little White Lies, encontrou pequenos problemas com o roteiro, mas mesmo assim elogiou o curta: "Come Swim é um belo trabalho. Com a ajuda do diretor de fotografia John Guleserian, Stewart criou uma maravilha visual arrebatadora que supera em muito as deficiências do roteiro."

Em um artigo publicado sobre uma técnica desenvolvida especialmente para a criação do filme, o filme é descrito como "um retrato poético e impressionista de um homem com o coração partido debaixo d'água… o filme é baseado na pintura de um homem despertando do sono".

Ligações externas
 K J Stewart (2017) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u37GTEjnQv4 (YouTube), https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2017/11/180481/come-swim-full-movie-kristen-stewart

Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 2017
Curtas-metragens de 2017
Filmes em língua inglesa
Curtas-metragens de drama
Curtas-metragens dos Estados Unidos

Come Swim


විමර්ශන වලදී හා වාර්තා කරනයේ දී පත්‍රකලාවේදීන් විසින් පිළිපැදිය යුතු පත්‍රකලාවේදී සම්මතයන් ඇත. මේවා ලිකිතව හෝ චාරිත්‍රානු කැබලිව විය හැක.  බොහෝ විට අවංක බව,, මාධ්‍ය වේදීන් නැඔුරුවෙන්  තොරවීම, වගකිම, පුද්ගලකත්වය සහ මහජන අවශ්‍යතාව අතර තූලනනය ෙෙනයතික මූලාස්ත්‍ර භාවිතය ආදිය මෙයට අයත්වේ.

  පත්‍රකලාවේදය අපරාචරය යනු පත්‍රකලාවේදීන් මෙම සම්මතයන් කඩ කල ඇතැයි යම් පාර්ශවයකට හැගෙන  ඇතිවන අපචාරිත තත්වයය. බොහෝ විට පිළිගත් සම්මතයන්ට හා සදාචාරයන්ට පරිභාහර ක්‍රියාවන් හෝ පත්‍රකලාවේදයේ පරමාදර්ශි කරුනු කඩකරන ක්‍රීරිකයාවන් නිසා නිවෙරදි හා සාදාරන ලෙස වාර්තා කිරීමට නොහැකවීමෙන් මෙවෙන තත්වණ ඇතවේ.

පොදුලක්ෂණ.

රචනා සොරකම ,මිත්‍යා ගෙතිම, තොරතුරු මග හැරීමවැනි නිතිය හෝ සධාචාරය කඩකරන ක්‍රියාවන් , ලේඛණයට කෙරෙන සිදුවීමක් වෙනස් කිරීම , වාර්තා කරනයේ හෝ පරීක්ෂනයේ දී සිදුවන විශාල දෝශ , අප කිරීර්තය වඩවන දෝශ ආදිය මේ යට ගෙනේ.

මෙම අපචාර වල පොදු ලක්ෂණය නම් අවංකව හා සත්‍ය වාදීව ප්‍රශ්න කිරීමය. මේවා නිසා ජනතා අවදානය මාධ්‍ය වෙත යොමුවේ. අවංක බාවය පත්‍රකලාවේදනණ සදහා අත්්‍යඅවශ්‍ය බැවින් බොහෝ ජනමාධ්‍ය දැඩි විනය නීති හරහා සිය පත්‍රකලාවේදීන් ගේ හැසිරීම පාලනය කරන අතර, කර්තෘ සුපරීක්ෂනය විවිධ මට්ටම්  වලදී ක්‍රියාවට නන්වයි.

එහෙත් පහස සදහන් බොහෝ අවස්ථා වලදී එහි වී ඇත්තේ සම්ප්‍රදායක පත්‍රකලාවේදීන් " ආවරණ හා තූලන ක්‍රමය " අසාර්ථක වී ඇති බවය.  සමහර අවස්ථාවල දී වැරදි සොයාගැනිමට සංස්කාරක වරුන්ට නොහැක වූ අතර තවත් අවස්ථා වලදී ආවරණ හා තූලන පිළිබද වැඩි අවදානයක් යොමු නොකෙරුනේ ප්‍රධාන පුවත් පල කිරීමට ඇති දැඩි උනන්දුව නසාය.

තොරතුරු  යුගය.

සම්ප්‍රධායිකව පුවත් පත් හැසිරවූයේ,සංස්කරනය කෙළ් හා බෙදා හැරියේ මාධ්‍ය සංස්ථාවන්‍ය. එහෙත් 20 වන සියවසේ අග භාගයේ සහ 21 වන සියවසේ මූල දී මෙම ක්‍රමය අන්තර්ජාලයේ අභියෝගයට ලක්විය. මේ අනුව ප්‍රවෘත්ති  හැසිර වීම සදහා. අන්තර්ජාලය යොදා ගනා ලදි.අන්තර්ජාලය තුල තරු ක්ෂනිකව පාඨකයන්ට ලබා දුන් අතර වි්‍යාප්තයට පැවතියේ සුළු භාදා කර කිපයක් පමණ. එසේ මේ හරහා විමර්ශන, පක්ෂග්‍රාහි පුවත් පත් මෙන්ම පුද්ගලික සිදුවීම්ද වාර්තා කෙරිනි.

අන්තර්ජාලකරණයේ මුල්ම බලපෑමක් එල්ල කෙරුෙණ් 2002 ක අැමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපද සෙනෙට් සහික ෙට්‍රන්ට් ලොට් ට ජාතිවාදී චෝදනා එල්ල වීමත් සමගය. ලොට් ගේ කේථාව පොදු උත්සවයක දී කෙරුනත් එහි විවාධාත්මක කොටස් පිළිබදව කිසදු ප්‍රධාන මාද්‍ය ආයතනයක් අවදානය යොමු නොකල අතර  අන්තර්ජාල වෙබ් අඩවිවල පමණ අවදානය යොමු විය. මේ නිසා බහුතර නායක තනතුරෙන් ඉවත්වීමට මොහුට සිදුවිය.

පුවත් මැවීමට,හැඩ ගැස්වීමට සහ බිදීමට ඇති හැකියාව නිසා 2002 සිට වෙබ් අඩවි වල භුමිකාව අවාදනය දිනා ඇත. ඉරාක යුද සමයේදී සම්ප්‍රදායික වම දකුණ දෘෂ්ටියෙන් මිදී මොවුන් පුවත් පත් ඉදිරිහපත් කලහ. ඇතැම් දේශපාලනඥයන් ඡන්ද අපේක්ෂකයන් ද සිය අදහස් පල කිරීම සදහා වෙබ් අඩවි යොදා ගණී. මේ නිසා ගැබුරු විශ්ලේෂ සදහා මූලාස්ශ්‍රයක් බවට වෙබ් අඩවි පත්ව ඇත. ඉරාක යුද්ධයේ සේවය කල සොල්දාදුවන් ද වෙබ් අඩවි නිර්මාණය කලති. මෙවෙන වෙබ් අඩවි යුද්ධය පිළිබදව පරස් පර විරෝදි අදහස් ඉදිරිපත් කර ඇත. අප්‍රකට  පුවත් වලට ජනතාව වෙත ළංවීම ද ඒවා මුලාස්ශ්‍රයක් විය.

පත්‍රකලාවේදී අපරචාරය.


Calvin University, formerly Calvin College, is a private Christian university in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Founded in 1876, Calvin University is an educational institution of the Christian Reformed Church and stands in the Reformed (Calvinist) tradition. Known as Calvin College for most of its history, the school is named after John Calvin, the 16th century Protestant Reformer.

History
The Christian Reformed Church in North America founded the school on August 4, 1876, as part of Calvin College and Theological Seminary (with the seminary becoming Calvin Theological Seminary) to train church ministers. The college and seminary began with seven students, in a rented upper room on Spring Street, in Grand Rapids, Michigan. The initial six-year curriculum included four years of literary studies and two years of theology. In 1892, the campus moved to the intersection of Madison Avenue and Franklin Street (Fifth Avenue) in Grand Rapids. In September 1894, the school expanded the curriculum for those who were not pre-theological students, effectually making the institution a college preparatory school. In 1900, the curriculum further broadened, making it more attractive to students interested in teaching or preparing for professional courses at universities. In 1901, Calvin admitted the first women to the school.

In 1906, the literary department of the college became known as John Calvin Junior College and the college held its first commencement. The student newspaper Chimes was first published in 1907. Around 1910, the west Michigan cities of Muskegon and Kalamazoo fought to have Calvin relocate to their respective cities. Muskegon offered US$10,000 (approximately $260,000 in 2015 dollars) and a tract of land to attract the college. The city of Grand Rapids countered with its own $10,000 offer and the junior college chose to stay in Grand Rapids. In time, the two-year college became a four-year college. In 1917, John Calvin Junior College moved to the Franklin Street Campus, which was the southeast edge of Grand Rapids at the time. Two years later the college appointed its first president, the Rev. J.J. Hiemenga.

Then a year later, in 1920, the college officially transitioned into a four-year college following the liberal arts philosophy of the Free University in Amsterdam as laid out by Dutch theologian and statesman Abraham Kuyper. The next year the college awarded its first bachelor's degree. In 1924, with the opening of Grand Rapids Christian High School, the college offered its last year of college preparatory education, turned its focus exclusively to higher education, and opened its first dormitory. In 1925, the college began a teacher training program and, in 1926, appointed its first female faculty member, Johanna Timmer, as Dean of Women. The college dedicated its library, the Hekman Library on March 8, 1928. The college later dedicated its seminary building at the Franklin Street Campus on October 29, 1930. Still under the leadership of Rev. Hiemenga the college faced significant trouble during the Great Depression as financial hardship beset the college.

Although the school grew slowly in those early years, by 1930 it had reached its pre-World War I size of 350–450 students. Like many colleges in the United States, the end of the war led to the fastest enrollment increase in Calvin's history. By 1950 the enrollment had climbed to 1,270 and Calvin joined the M.I.A.A. The enrollment increase led to space limitations at the Franklin Campus. William Spoelhoef became president of Calvin in 1951.

In 1956, the Synod of the Christian Reformed Church authorized the college to purchase the Knollcrest Farm from J.C. Miller for $400,000 (approximately $3.6 million in 2018). Located beyond the Grand Rapids city limits at the time, the Knollcrest farm increased Calvin's campus from approximately one large city block to  with a  nature preserve. Many were reticent about the project and the college's ability to finance it, but Spoelhof pursued the initiative. The Theological Seminary was first to move to the new campus since it did not need to be close to the rest of the college, building a new academic building and holding classes there starting in 1960. As space constraints became more noticeable on the Franklin campus, the college built its first academic building on the Knollcrest Campus and first held classes there in 1962. For the next 10 years, the college continued to operate at both the Knollcrest and Franklin campuses, until fully transitioning to the Knollcrest Campus in 1973. During the latter decades of the 20th century, Calvin grew to around 4,200 students. In 1991, the seminary and the college established separate boards of trustees.

At the turn of the millennium, Calvin began several new construction projects. Among these were a new communications and political science building, a conference center and hotel. In 2006, Calvin announced an expansion of the Fieldhouse which was completed in the spring of 2009. Shortly after, in 2010, Calvin completed an extensive renovation and expansion of the Fine Arts Center, thereafter rededicated as the Covenant Fine Arts Center.

The school made national headlines in 2005 when US President George W. Bush served as commencement speaker. Reactions among students and faculty were mixed. According to The Washington Post, more than 800 faculty members, alumni, students and friends of the school signed a full-page ad in the Grand Rapids Press, saying that Bush's policies "...violate many deeply held principles of Calvin College."

In the summer of 2008, The Capella of Calvin College, the concert choir of Calvin under the direction of professor Joel Navarro, earned two third prizes in the Mixed and Free Category at the 37th Florilege Vocal de Tours Competition in Tours, France.

In August 2009, the college's Board of Trustees issued a controversial memo to all employees that said that faculty were prohibited from teaching, writing about, or advocating on behalf of homosexuality or homosexual issues such as same-sex marriage. Many faculty members were critical of the policy and of the way it was adopted without consultation by the board. The Faculty Senate, by a vote of 36–4, asked the Board to withdraw the memo. The official policy of the college continues to be that the "proper place" for sexual relations is a "marriage relationship between a man and a woman".

In June 2012, the Synod of the Christian Reformed Church of North America voted to appoint Michael K. Le Roy as the president of Calvin College, succeeding President Gaylen J. Byker. Within months of assuming office, President Le Roy disclosed that Calvin faced a financial crisis, with $117 million in debt at the time. As part of the debt reduction plan, Calvin successfully raised $25 million in eight months to reduce its long-term debt to $90 million and continues to implement cost-cutting measures. In September 2015, four lightly enrolled majors were reduced to minors and one minor eliminated, marking the final step in academic division prioritization.

Calvin College renamed itself Calvin University on July 10, 2019, a date that matches the 510th birthday of John Calvin, the college's namesake. As an institution that already had numerous departments and centers, it was hoped that a name change to Calvin University would make the college more attractive to potential students as, internationally, colleges are considered a lower academic category than a university.

In 2021, the university ended several "underperforming" majors and minors, citing financial strain. The programs cut included the astronomy minor, Chinese major and minor, classical studies major and minor, Greek minor, Latin minor, Dutch major and minor, German major, and global development studies major and minor. This included dismissing tenured faculty members.

President Le Roy announced he would step down as president June 10, 2021. On March 8, 2022, the Calvin University board of trustees announced the appointment of Wiebe Boer as the 11th president of Calvin College, succeeding Michael Le Roy.

In July 2023, the university announced that it was acquiring the Compass College of Film and Media in the fall of 2023. It will become part of the university's communication school.

Academics
Calvin University is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission. Calvin offers majors or minors in over 100 academic or pre-professional fields and ten graduate programs. Its most popular undergraduate majors, in terms of 2021 graduates, were:
Engineering (85)
Registered Nurse/Registered Nursing (80)
Elementary Education & Teaching (38)
Marketing/Marketing Management (38)
Accounting (36)
Biology/Biological Sciences (35)
Sports, Kinesiology & Physical Education/Fitness (32)

Calvin is a member of the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities and as an institution in the Calvinist tradition, subscribes to a robust theology that produces a high regard for participating in and forming culture.

Admissions

For the Class of 2025 (enrolled fall 2021), Calvin University received 3,267 applications and accepted 2,992 (91.6%). Of those accepted, 736 enrolled, a yield rate (the percentage of accepted students who choose to attend the university) of 24.6%. Calvin University's freshman retention rate is 86%, with 77.1% going on to graduate within six years.

Of the 61% of the incoming freshman class who submitted SAT scores; the middle 50 percent Composite scores were 1130–1330. Of the 24% of enrolled freshmen in 2021 who submitted ACT scores; the middle 50 percent Composite score was between 24 and 30.

Together with Michigan State University, Michigan Technological University, Wayne State University, Hillsdale College, Kalamazoo College, and Hope College, Calvin University is one of the seven college-sponsors of the National Merit Scholarship Program in the state. The university sponsored 5 Merit Scholarship awards in 2020. In the 2020–2021 academic year, 7 freshman students were National Merit Scholars.

Core curriculum

Calvin university has a core curriculum with four parts: Foundations, Competencies & Skills, Knowledge & Understanding, and Cross-Disciplinary Integrations. The average student takes 45 hours of core courses in the course of a four-year degree at Calvin, though engineering majors and students in other professional programs have flexible ways to meet core requirements because some majors now require a higher number of credits to confer a degree.

The Capstone course, generally taken during the senior year, draws together themes and concepts from the core curriculum. Some Capstone courses are intended for students of specific majors, while others may be unrelated to a student's chosen major(s) and minor(s), such as PHIL 205: Ethics, which can qualify as the capstone course for students of any major, including non-philosophy majors.

Off-campus programs
Calvin offers a large number of off-campus programs and ranks 2nd among baccalaureate institutions for the number of students who study abroad each year.

Semester programs
Calvin runs 11 of its own off-campus semester programs. These programs are led by Calvin faculty to ensure that students receive the same caliber of education that they would receive on campus. These programs are offered in the United Kingdom, China, France, Germany, Ghana, Honduras, Hungary, Peru, Spain, and Washington, D.C.

Additionally, Calvin works with numerous other colleges to offer dozens of other off-campus programs around the world.

Off-campus interim
Calvin also offers a variety of off-campus programs during the one-month interim term that takes place each May. In 2017, Calvin offered 33 different off-campus programs around the world (this number fluctuates slightly each year).

Campus

Calvin acquired the  property in the mid-1950s and began a process of turning a biologically diverse farm into a center for Christian higher education. The master plan for the site was developed in 1957 by William Beye Fyfe, an adherent of the Prairie School of architecture. Working with President Spoelhof, Fyfe came up with a set of design principles for the campus aimed to symbolically represent and physically promote such ideals as the integration of faith and learning; integration of administration, faculty, and students; and the inter-relatedness of all the disciplines.

Academic buildings
Calvin has nine academic buildings on campus.

The first to be constructed was Hiemenga Hall, named after John Hiemenga and built in 1961. Hiemenga Hall houses academic departments including modern languages, history, philosophy, classical languages, gender studies, and religion. The building also houses some programs and offices. It is connected to the campus chapel and the Spoelhof Center via tunnels.

The Spoelhof Center, named after president emeritus William Spoelhof, houses the art, education, social work and sociology departments, the Office of the President, and several other administrative departments. The Gezon Auditorium is also housed in the Spoelhof Center. Dedicated in 1974, the Gezon Auditorium primarily serves as the main stage for the Calvin Theatre Company. Like the CFAC, it has flexible lighting and sound systems and serves as a venue for concerts, lectures and other events. The Spoelhof Center connects to the Science Building and Hiemenga Hall via tunnels.

The Science Building houses many of the science departments at Calvin, including engineering, physics, astronomy, psychology and nursing. The building also includes half of the Calvin-Rehoboth Robotic Observatory. When there are favorable skies, the observatory is open to the public on most weeknights. The Science Building is also distinctive for having been designed in the shape of a hexagon, emulating the benzene ring. In 2009, it was the backdrop for scenes of the film The Genesis Code.

Constructed in 1998, DeVries Hall houses classrooms, faculty offices, research labs and a greenhouse. In addition to the biology and chemistry departments, the building houses the West Michigan Regional Lab, a consortium between the college and local hospital, Spectrum Health.

Attached to DeVries Hall and the Science Building is North Hall, which houses several departments including economics, business, geology, geography, environmental studies, computer science, and mathematics.

To the west of North Hall is the Engineering Building which consists of the Prince Engineering Design Center and the Vermeer Engineering Projects Center. The Engineering Building was constructed in 1999 and houses faculty and student research facilities, metal and wood shops, a wind tunnel, a three-dimensional printer, and an anechoic chamber.

The Spoelhof Fieldhouse Complex, located on the north end of campus, houses a number of classrooms and the Kinesiology department. The fieldhouse underwent a major renovation and expansion in 2009.

The Covenant Fine Arts Center is one of the most recognizable buildings on campus, given its giant heptagon shape. Designed around the central auditorium, which seats 1,011, the CFAC houses the music and English departments. The CFAC auditorium is the preeminent musical performance space on campus featuring exceptional acoustics. At the back of the stage is the 39 rank, 32 stop mechanical action organ built by Schlicker Organ Company in 1966. Since its opening, the CFAC has hosted over 18,000 events. The auditorium is designed for versatility and is equipped with acoustical curtains, shifting acoustic deflection panels, a stage lift, and three catwalks. The building was closed for 2009–2010 for extensive remodeling.

In 2002, the DeVos Communication Center was constructed across the East Beltline Road. It is connected to west campus by the Calvin Crossing bridge. The building's upper-level houses department and faculty offices for both the political science and communications arts and sciences departments. Additionally, there is a suite of audiology and speech pathology classrooms and facilities including a working clinic. The lower level of the building features media production and consumption facilities such as the Bytwerk Video Theatre, an audio studio, sound stage, control room, and editing suites for audio and video production. The ground floor features classrooms, a public atrium, and a snack shop.

In March 2021, the university began construction on a new building to house the Calvin University School of Business. The building resides on the east side of the campus, next to the DeVos Communication Center. The Business Department Chair envisions classrooms designed specifically for case studies, a new computer lab, breakout rooms, a hospitality area, seminars with local businesspeople, and study spaces.

Hekman Library
Beginning in 1917 with 3,500 volumes, Calvin's "library room" eventually became the modern Hekman Library now holding over one million volumes. The collection's emphasis is on works in the traditional liberal arts disciplines. The library's strongest collections are in Theology, Religion, American literature, British literature, and Philosophy.

In terms of books, serial backfiles, and other paper materials held, Hekman Library, as of 2013, is the largest private academic library in the state.

The H. Henry Meeter Center for Calvin Studies is located in the Hekman Library. The center specializes in John Calvin and Calvinism. With many rare items, books, manuscripts, articles and literature, the Meeter Center is the largest collection of Calvin materials in North America.

Athletic facilities
The Spoelhof Fieldhouse Complex is home to the combined health, physical education, recreation, dance and sport department. In Spring 2007, the college began a $50 million construction project to renovate and expand the Calvin Fieldhouse. The fieldhouse reopened in Spring 2009 as the Spoelhof Fieldhouse Complex. The  facility includes a new 5,000-seat arena (Van Noord Arena) which is currently the largest arena in a Division III school, an Olympic-regulation swimming pool (Venema Aquatic Center) which seats about 550, a tennis and track center (Huizenga Tennis and Track Center) containing 4 tennis courts and a 200-meter track,  of weight training rooms and a custom made rock climbing wall. The Hoogenboom Health and Recreation Center contains the original renovated gym that is now used for basketball, volleyball, PE classes, intramurals, and concerts. The Hoogenboom Center has two dance studios as well as racquetball courts and exercise science laboratories.

Chapel

Though always part of the master plan, the chapel was not built until the late 1980s. It holds daily services in a protected time slot to ensure that all students and faculty members are able to attend the 20 minute worship services if they so choose. Chapel services follow a weekly rhythm and each day of the week has a different theme (Believe, Behold, Belong, Be Still, and Be Loud).

Designed by GMB Architects, the chapel sits at the highest point of the academic circle and its spire rises above all of the academic buildings. Shaped as an octagon, with seating in the round, the chapel offers exceptional acoustics for both instrumental and vocal music, in addition to the spoken word. The chapel also features a large organ built by Dobson Pipe Organ Builders. The three manual instrument uses mechanical key action with a detached console. The facade pipes, made of 75% burnished tin, conceal some 2,500 pipes. In addition to the sanctuary, the chapel has small prayer rooms, meeting spaces, a kitchen, theatre storage and rehearsal spaces.

A tunnel system connecting to the Spoelhof Center creates an outdoor plaza at ground level and the multi-use Lab Theatre below. The Lab Theatre is a blackbox theatre built in 1988 as a part of the chapel building project.

Bunker Interpretive Center
The Bunker Interpretive Center is located in Calvin's nature preserve and serves as the home base for formal programs and an educational resource for the approximately 5,000 casual visitors that the Calvin University Ecosystem Preserve & Native Gardens receives annually. The Bunker Interpretive Center is Gold LEED certified.

Bruce Dice Mineralogical Museum
The Bruce Dice Mineralogical Museum is located on the first floor of North Hall. It opened in 2012 after a collection of over 300 minerals and fossils was donated by 1948 alumnus Bruce B. Dice. The Museum serves as a home for the collection and an outreach resource for local school and hobby groups, as well as hosting casual visitors during open hours. The Museum is known for its collection of Cretaceous fossils from Lebanon.

Centers and institutes
Centers include the Calvin Center for Christian Scholarship (CCCS), the Calvin Center for Faith and Writing (CCFW), the Calvin Center for Innovation in Business (CCIB), the Center for Social Research (CSR), the H. Henry Meeter Center for Calvin Studies, and the Van Lunen Center: Executive Management in Christian Schools. Institutes include the Calvin Institute of Christian Worship (CICW), The Clean Water Institute (CWI), the Kuyers Institute for Christian Teaching and Learning, the Nagel Institute for the Study of World Christianity, and the Paul B. Henry Institute for the Study of Christianity and Politics.

Student life

Student body

In 2021, Calvin University had approximately 3,307 students, 54% female and 46% male. The average class size was 23 and there was a 13:1 student/faculty ratio. Michigan students comprised 55% of the student body and 12% of the students were from other countries. 224 full-time faculty taught at the college and 90.6% had the terminal degree in their field.

Residence life
Calvin has seven residence halls on campus which house the majority of the freshman and sophomore classes, as the college has a policy that forces most first and second year students to live on campus. First and second year students may live off-campus if they lodge with their parents, it has been more than two years since their high school graduation date, or if they qualify for a rare exception.

One of the most notable events put on by residence life is "Chaos Day", during which the residents of each of the halls have their own theme, decorate their dorm, and dress in costumes to compete in a number of relay races and similar games. The dorm building Schultze-Eldersveld has traditionally dominated the Chaos Day competition and has the most victories of any hall. Floor Serenades, when one floor goes around campus singing songs to other floors, and Floor Dates, when two or more floors plan an activity together in order to meet new people, are common occurrences on campus.

Student Activities Office and The Calvin Concert Series
The Student Activities Office at Calvin plans and hosts many films, concerts, and lectures to foster cultural engagement and discernment in a Christian context. The Student Activities Office shows a wide variety of popular and lesser-known films throughout the year. Admission to these films, hosted in the Covenant Fine Arts Center, is $1.

Calvin is also notable for its extensive concert series. Before each concert, Calvin hosts a question and answer session with students and the artist. These sessions are meant to give artists a way to converse with students about their music and art. Calvin has hosted a variety of acts including: Fun., Switchfoot, Death Cab for Cutie, Sufjan Stevens, MuteMath, Gungor, MGMT, the Soil & the Sun, Twin Forks, Ingrid Michaelson, Home Free, Regina Spektor, Over the Rhine, Anberlin, Jon Foreman, Peter Rollins and David Bazan, Kishi Bashi, All Sons & Daughters, NEEDTOBREATHE, Shad, Miracles of Modern Science, Diego Garcia, San Fermin, The Brilliance, Delorean, Pop Scholars, Okkervil River, The Head and The Heart, The National, Julianna Barwick, Lone Bellow, The Milk Carton Kids, Lily & Madeleine, and Lecrae. The January Series also offers a wide selection of authors, singers, and musicians.

Because of its extensive and varied concert series, the Student Activities Office has faced controversy over the years. In September 2010, the college canceled a concert by Canadian indie rock band, The New Pornographers. According to an official statement released by Calvin, the concert was cancelled after several complaints were made due to the band's name referring to pornography. Fun.'s advocacy of changed marriage laws when Calvin hosted them in 2012 was also met with significant controversy.

Safety
Campus security and parking policy enforcement services are provided by Calvin University's Campus Safety Department. Some Calvin University campus safety officers have been armed with firearms since 2008, a decision that the Campus Safety Department director William Corner describes as a response to concerns that the college was not adequately prepared to respond to a similar event following the 2007 Virginia Tech campus shooting. Initially, only Campus Safety supervisors who were former law enforcement and fully licensed to carry firearms on a school campus were permitted to carry firearms on Calvin's campus. At that time, all campus safety supervisors were issued collapsible batons, chemical spray, and handcuffs as standard policy, even if they were not armed with a firearm.

At the time and until 2017, non-supervisory Campus Safety officers were student employees who performed their duties unarmed. In 2017, the Campus Safety Department discontinued hiring students for non-supervisory campus safety officer roles, electing instead to hire former law enforcement officers who were licensed to carry firearms on campus. The department continued to employ students as dispatchers, building security officers, and customer service staff. The Campus Safety Department director, William Corner, stated that student officers were not fully qualified for the risk level of some of the incidents they were responding too. "We were putting the students in positions that, honestly, I was not comfortable with for their safety and their level of experience."

In September 2014, full-time, non-student Calvin College campus safety personnel began wearing body cameras while on duty. Officers are required to turn on the cameras in specific circumstances.

In 2016, Calvin College was described as being a model for the arming of campus security staff at other smaller college institutions in the United States.

A Calvin College campus safety supervisor was criminally charged with "reckless use of a firearm" after a November 2016 on-duty incident. The armed supervisor, Lee Swafford allegedly did not fire his duty firearm in the incident that resulted in his arrest, but after a routine review of body camera footage by the Campus Safety Department director William Corner, the decision was made to place Swafford on administrative leave pending the outcome of an internal investigation. Swafford was dismissed by Calvin College on December 6, 2016, after an internal investigation that led to all evidence being forwarded to the Grand Rapids Police Department and then charged by Kent County prosecutors in February 2017. Swafford turned himself in to police after a warrant was issued for his arrest and was then released on bail. In an open letter to college students, faculty, staff and visitors, college president Michael Le Roy described the officer's actions as "deeply disappointing to me." He also stated that the incident had involved a campus visitor, not a student or staff member.

Calvin University implemented a "one button" campus lockdown system in 2017. The new Lenel system can lock down every exterior door on the college campus with the push of a single button. The college has also offered active shooter response training to some staff and students.

Athletics

Calvin University fields 10 men's and 11 women's intercollegiate teams and several club sports, known as the Calvin Knights. Men's volleyball will become the 22nd varsity sport in the 2023–2024 school year.

Publications
Students at Calvin publish a weekly student newspaper, Chimes, and a biannual journal of arts and letters commentary, Dialogue. A yearbook, Prism, is also published for each school year. Student filmmakers have also made many short films and videos, like the popular Lipdub at Calvin College and the super-low-budget adaptation of Homer's Iliad, Meynin, both in 2010.

The school distributes Knightfile, a seasonal magazine on sports at the college, Uncompressed, a cultural discussion publication, and Spark, a magazine for alumni and friends.

Notable alumni

M.I Abaga, Nigerian musician

David Agema, 1971, Republican National Committeeman

William Brashler, author of The Bingo Long Traveling All-Stars and Motor Kings

Meindert DeJong, a Dutch-born American writer of children's books who won the Hans Christian Andersen Award

Betsy DeVos, former chair of the Republican party in Michigan and former Secretary of Education

Keith DeRose, Allison Foundation Professor of Philosophy at Yale University

Richard DeVos, founder of Amway and Orlando Magic CEO

Peter DeVries, 1931, editor and novelist

William K. Frankena 1930, moral philosopher, chairman U. of Michigan philosophy department, distinguished alumnus

Wayne Huizenga, businessman (attended)

Bill Huizenga, U.S. Congressman

Peter Kreeft, professor of philosophy and theology at Boston College

Marc Evan Jackson, 1992, actor and comedian

Paul Ronald Lambers, Medal of Honor Recipient – Vietnam War

Todd Martinez, 1989, theoretical chemist and professor

Chris Molnar, writer, editor and publisher of Archway Editions

Kunle Olukotun, father of the multi-core processor, Stanford computer science professor

Jeannine Oppewall, 1968, Academy Award-nominated production designer

Alvin Plantinga, theistic contemporary philosopher of religion

Patricia Rozema, 1981, filmmaker

Paul Schrader, 1968, Academy Award-nominated screenwriter and filmmaker

Wessel H. Smitter, novelist

Carl Strikwerda, president of Elizabethtown College

Jay Van Andel, businessman, co-founder of Amway

John Van Engen 1969, professor of history and Haskins Medal winner

Jon Vander Ark, president of Republic Services

John Witte Jr. 1982, Robert W. Woodruff Professor at Emory University School of Law

Notable faculty

Lionel Basney, Professor of English, poet, author, critic

Johannes Broene, 1908–1925 teaching primarily in Philosophy and Education; also classes in History, Civics, Government, Chemistry, and Psychology

Brian Diemer, 1986–Present, Head Cross Country Coach

Kristin Kobes Du Mez, Professor of History, author of Jesus and John Wayne
Vern Ehlers, 1966–1982, Professor of Physics, served as U.S. Representative from Grand Rapids

John E. Hare, 1989–2003, Professor of Philosophy

Paul B. Henry, 1970–1978, Professor of Political Science

William Harry Jellema, 1920–1936, 1948–1963 founder of Calvin's Philosophy Department

George Marsden, 1965–1986, 2010–present, Professor of History

Richard Mouw, 1968–1985, Professor of Philosophy

Alvin Plantinga, 1963–1981, Professor of Philosophy

H. Evan Runner, 1951–1981, Professor of Philosophy

Gary Schmidt, 1986–present, Professor of English, awarded two Newbery Honor awards for his young-adult fiction

James K.A. Smith, 2002–present, Professor of Philosophy

William Spoelhof, 1946–1951, Professor of History and Political Science

Ralph Stob, 1915–1964, Professor of Classics

Howard J. Van Till, Emeritus Professor of Physics

Nicholas Wolterstorff, 1959–1989, Professor of Philosophy

See also

 List of presidents of Calvin University
 Cornelius Van Til

References

External links

Educational institutions established in 1876
Universities and colleges affiliated with the Christian Reformed Church
Education in Grand Rapids, Michigan
Universities and colleges in Kent County, Michigan
Tourist attractions in Grand Rapids, Michigan
Evangelicalism in Michigan
1876 establishments in Michigan
Council for Christian Colleges and Universities
Private universities and colleges in Michigan
Christian Reformed Church in North America

Calvin University


Le Grove Town British Cemetery Méaulte'''' (Cimetière militaire britannique de Grove Town '') est un cimetière militaire de la Première Guerre mondiale, situé sur le territoire de la commune de Méaulte, dans le département de la Somme, au nord-est d'Amiens.

Localisation
Ce cimetière militaire est situé en pleine campagne au sud-est à 1,5 km du village de Méaulte, en bordure de la piste de l'aéroport. Pour y accéder plus facilement, il faut partir de Bray-sur-Somme et emprunter vers le nord plusieurs chemins vicinaux sur environ 3 km.

Histoire

Ce cimetière a été commencé en septembre 1916, par les groupes d'évacuation des blessés  établis à cet endroit, connu des troupes sous le nom de Grove Town, pour inhumer les victimes de la bataille de la Somme. Ce cimetière de Grove Town comporte 1 395 sépultures de la Première Guerre mondiale, parmi ceux-ci, seuls 4 sont non identifiés: ceci vient du fait qu'à cet endroit on ne soignait que des blessés qui arrivaient du front et dont l'identité était connue.

Caractéristique
Ce cimetière a un plan trapézoïdal.
Il est entouré d'un mur de briques.
Le cimetière a été conçu par Sir Edwin Lutyens.

Sépultures

Galerie

Liens internes

 Cimetière militaire
 Liste des mémoriaux et cimetières militaires de la Somme
 Bataille de la Somme
 Commonwealth War Graves
 Méaulte

Notes et références

Grove Town British Cemetery Méaulte
Grove Town British Cemetery Méaulte
Grove Town British Cemetery Méaulte

Grove Town Cemetery Méaulte


Gornji Zelenikovac dio je naseljenog mjestog mjesta Donji Zelenikovac u općini Neum, Federacija BiH, BiH.

Povijest
Godine 1589. u povijesnim se izvorima prvi put spominje selo Zelenikovac, a 1639. isto selo broji 7 domova i naziva se Zelenikovci te obuhvaća područje današnjega Gornjega (nalazi se na višoj nadmorskoj visini) i Donjega Zelenikovca.

Već se godine 1733. selo razdvaja na dva naselja. Područje se današnjega Gornjega Zelenikovca naziva Kljenovac te u 2 kućanstva u njemu živi ukupno 18 osoba.

U gradačkim se maticama u 18. st Gornji Zelenikovac naziva Zakljenak (nalazi se iza vrha Kljenak). Gornji Zelenikovac posve je istisnulo starije ime Zakljenak sredinom 19. st.

Izvori
 Domagoj Vidović: Toponimija sela Trnčina u Popovu; Folia onomastica Croatica, No. 22, 2013.
 Don Ivica Puljić: Naša prezimena: korijeni i razvoj; 1994.
 Antun Koncul: Stanovništvo župe Gradac 1709-1918 godine; doktorski rad, Dubrovnik, 2016.
 291 B. Pandžić, De dioecesi Tribuniensi et Mercanensi: 118
 I. Puljić, »Kroz prošlost župe Gradac«: 45. 292 SAŽG 1765. 293 Rezultati popisa žiteljstva u Bosni i Hercegovini od 10. oktobra 1910: 376–377.

Naselja u Hercegovačko-neretvanskoj županiji
Neum

Gornji Zelenikovac


Astsubay kıdemli üstçavuş, Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri'nde rütbesi Astsubay Üstçavuş ile Astsubay Başçavuş arasında bulunan astsubay rütbesidir.

2 Eylül 1993 tarihine kadar Subaylığa geçiş sınavına girmek isteyen Astsubayların, rütbe ilerlemesi yapamaması vb. durumları hariç olmak üzere 9 yıl olan bekleme süresi şartı nedeniyle, bulunması gerekli en düşük rütbeydi.

Ayrıca bakınız
Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri subay rütbe dereceleri ve işaretleri

Kaynakça

Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri rütbeleri

Astsubay kıdemli üstçavuş


Esmeray Diriker (25 Şubat 1949, İstanbul - 25 Mart 2002, İstanbul),  Afrika kökenli Türk oyuncu ve şarkıcı.

1970'li yıllarda Türkiye'nin tanınmış pop müzik şarkıcılarındandır. 1975 yılında Unutama Beni adlı şarkısıyla ve 1977 yılında çıkardığı Gel Tezkere adlı albümü ile popüler olmuştur.

Hayatı
1949 yılında İstanbul'da Emirgan semtinde doğdu. Babası Nusret, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu döneminde Türkiye'ye yerleşmiş, Fas kökenli bir aileye mensuptur, annesi Fermet beyazdır.   Emirgan Ortaokulu'nda öğrenim gördü. 1960 yılında ortaokul son sınıf öğrencisi iken eğitimini yarıda bırakarak İstanbul Şehir Tiyatrosu'na girdi.

İlk defa Şehir Tiyatrosu'nun Çocuk Bölümü'nde sahneye çıktı. Beş yıl kadar Şehir Tiyatroları'nda çalıştıktan sonra  Dormen Tiyatrosu'nda geçti ve ilk olarak Dün Gece Yolda Giderken Çok Komik Bir Şey Oldu oyununda oynadı. Dormen Tiyatrosu'ndan sonra Avni Dilligil, Özlem Taşdelenler, Sezer Sezin Tiyatroları'nda oyunculuk yaptı. Son olarak 1974 yılında Muammer Karaca ile Mart Bakanı adlı tiyatro oyununda rol aldıktan sonra 1995 yılına kadar tiyatro oyunculuğu yapmadı.

Sinemada 1967 yapımı Zilli Nazife, 1972 yapımı Sev Kardeşim filmlerinde rol aldı. 1970 yılında Şemi Diriker ile evlendi. Çiftin bir oğlu oldu (1977).

Oyunculuk yaptığı yıllarda müzikle amatör olarak ilgilenen Esmeray, Kim Bunlar topluluğunun  "Kim Bunlar?" adlı albümünde "1000 Kerre 1000 Kerre " adlı şarkıyı seslendirdi.  1974 yılında TRT'nin düzenlediği 1. Toplu İğne Beste Yarışması'na katıldı. Bestelerinde Erol Tanır imzasını kullanan Şemi Diriker'in bestelediği "Unutama Beni"  şarkıyı seslendirdi. Parça,  yarışma jürisi ve halk jürisi tarafından birinci seçildi ancak TRT'de yayımlanması "yoz müzik" olduğu gerekçesiyle yasaklandı. Esmeray,  o yıl  Küçük Bebek Belediye Gazinosu'nda profesyonel olarak sahneye çıktı. Unutama Beni filminde misafir oyuncu olarak yer aldı. 1975 yılında "Yayınlanamaz" adlı albümü çıkardı. Bu albümde Unutama Beni ve TRT'nin yayımlanmasını yasakladığı diğer şarkılarına yer verdi. Aynı yıl yayımlanan 13,5 şarkısında Arap Kızı çocuk tekerlemesinin sözlerinden yola çıkarak Osmanlılardan beri ülkenin bir parçası olan Afrika kökenli Türkleri anlattı.

1977 yılında ikinci plağı 'Gel Tezkere' 'yi çıkardı. Gel Tezkere, çok popüler oldu. Esmeray, sonraki yıllarda da asker şarkıları söylemeye devam etti.

Ertan ve Funda Anapa, Melike Demirağ, Kerem Yılmazer ve İskender Doğan'la birlikte oluşturdukları "Grup Sekstet" grubuyla 1978 yılı Eurovision Türkiye finali ön elemelerine Atilla Özdemiroğlu'nun bestelediği, Şanar Yurdatapan'ın sözlerini yazdığı ve Lale Mansur'un koreografisini hazırladığı "İnsanız Biz" şarkısıyla katıldı. Yarışmada ikinci olan parçanın  TRT'de yayını yasaklandı.

Esmeray, müzik yaşamında dokuz adet 45'lik, dört adet LP ve Kağıt Mendil isimli bir adet kaset çalışması yaptı. 1981 yılında yayınlanan Sürpriz 81 albümünde Türk Sanat Müziği eserlerini seslendirdi. 1986'da profesyonel sahne çalışmalarına son verdi. "Alıştık Artık" adlı televizyon programında, Küçük Besleme, Reyting Hamdi gibi televizyon dizilerinde yer aldı.

1995 yılında Nedim Saban Tiyatrosu'nda sahnelenen "Oscar" adlı oyun ile tekrar tiyatroya döndü. 2000 yılında "Hep Aynı Yaygara" ve "Dilekçe" oyunlarında rol aldı.

2000 yılında  Eski Dostlar adlı albümü yayımladı. Yakalandığı kanser hastalığı sonrası geçim sıkıntısı çeken sanatçının, hastane masraflarını karşılayamadığı haberinin yayılmasından sonra tedavi masraflarını Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri üstlenmiştir. Tedaviye başlandıktan kısa bir süre sonra sağlık durumu iyiye gitmiş, tedavisine evinde devam edilmiştir. 25 Mart 2002'de hayatını kaybeden sanatçının cenazesi Zincirlikuyu Mezarlığı'na defnedildi.

Esmeray'ın anısına, sanatçının 1970'li, 1980'li yıllarda seslendirdiği parçalardan oluşan, eşi Şemi Diriker tarafından tasarlanmış bir albüm 2003 yılında Unutmadık Seni adıyla çıkmıştır.

Televizyon
 1999: Küçük Besleme
 2001: Reyting Hamdi

Diskografi

 1973: 100 Kere 1000 Kere - Sen
 1974: Unutma Beni - Ayrılık Olsa Bile
 1975: "Antalya'ya Koş - Antalya'ya Koş (Enstrumantal)"
 1975: Elveda Yavrularım - İlk Muhabbet
 1975: Soruyor Musun? - Garip Aman
 1975: Yayınlanmaz (Albüm)
 1976: 13.5 - Büyümsün
 1976: Oylum Oylum...- Bir Gün Gelecek
 1977: "Yaz Romancı" (Albüm)
 1977: Gel Tezkere Gel - Yollara Düştüm
 1977: Yollar Yollar - Lanet
 1980: Oğlum (Albüm)
 1981: Sürpriz 81
 1993: Kağıt Mendil (Albüm)
 2003: Unutama Beni
 2008: "Askerin Türküsü"
 İnsanız Biz - Vur Şu Sazın Tellerine (Ertan Anapa, Funda Anapa, İskender Doğan, Kerem Yılmazer ve Melike Demirağ ile birlikte)

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Outernationale III: Esmeray w/ Kornelia Binicewicz - DJ Mix& Live Talk  (İngilizce)
 Esmeray'ın Yasaklanan Şarkılar konuşması
 Esmeray'ın 13,5 Şarkısı hakkında konuşması

1949 doğumlular
İstanbul doğumlu kadın şarkıcılar
Afrika asıllı Türkler
1970'lerin şarkıcıları
1980'lerin şarkıcıları
1990'ların şarkıcıları
Türk kadın tiyatro oyuncuları
İstanbul Şehir Tiyatroları sanatçıları
2002 yılında ölenler
Türkiye'de kanserden ölenler
Zincirlikuyu Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
20. yüzyılda Türk kadın şarkıcılar
Türk kadın pop şarkıcıları

Esmeray


Cheiloxya es un género de coleópteros adéfagos de la familia Carabidae.

Especies
Contiene las siguientes especies:

 Cheiloxya binotata (Castelnau, 1833)
 Cheiloxya longipennis W. Horn, 1891

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 ION
 Nomenclator Zoologicus

Oxychilina

Cheiloxya


Hsün, M.Ö. 395-288 yılları arasında yaşamış ve insanın doğası konusunda, çağdaşı Mensiyüs'ün tam tersi görüşler ileri sürmüş olan Çinli düşünür. İnsanın doğuştan kötü olduğunu, iyiliğinin bir yapmacıktan başka bir şey olmadığını savunan Hsün Tse, diğer Çinli düşünürlerin doğaya pek önem vermeyip, tüm dikkatleri insanın kendi içine yöneltme tavır ve kendi iç doğamızı dinleme önerilerine karşıt olarak, doğaya egemen olmanın önemine işaret etmiş, doğanın kendi amaçlarımız için sömürülmesini istemiştir.

Çinli filozoflar

Hsün


An Encyclia seidelii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Guido Frederico João Pabst. An Encyclia seidelii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Encyclia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Encyclia

Encyclia seidelii


An Axonopus ramboi in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni George Alexander Black. An Axonopus ramboi in nahilalakip ha genus nga Axonopus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Axonopus

Axonopus ramboi


27938 Guislain este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
27938 Guislain este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul La Silla de Eric Walter Elst. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,06 ua, o excentricitate de 0,17 și o înclinație de 17,8° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 27001-28000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1997
Centura de asteroizi

27938 Guislain


James Fred Hofheinz (born March 15, 1938) is an American lawyer and politician who served as mayor of Houston, Texas, from 1974 to 1978.

Hofheinz's father, Roy, was mayor of the city in the 1950s.

Hofheinz graduated from Lamar High School in Houston, where he was a championship debater and also lettered in track and field. He attended the University of Texas, earning a Bachelor of Arts summa cum laude in 1960 and continued at Texas to earn both Master of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy degrees in economics.  While an undergraduate at Texas, he joined Delta Kappa Epsilon Fraternity. Hofheinz earned a Juris Doctor from the University of Houston in 1964. In 1974 Hofheinz was named one of "200 Faces for the Future" by Time.

After his term as mayor, Hofheinz practiced law in Houston. He also served as a board member at Lucas Energy, an independent crude oil and gas company.  In 1971, Hofheinz co-founded the closed circuit television company Top Rank. Hofheinz ran again for mayor in 1989, but was defeated by the incumbent mayor, Kathy Whitmire.

In 1994, Hofheinz was the sole shareholder of Top Rank when it attempted to purchase the Minnesota Timberwolves and move them to New Orleans. The deal fell through when NBA owners voted unanimously to reject the sale, citing concerns about the firmness of Top Rank's finances.

Hofheinz currently resides in Houston, and was an attorney in the law firm of Williams, Birnberg & Andersen L.L.P.

References

External links
 Hofheinz, Mayor Fred and Frank Michel. Mayor Fred Hofheinz Oral History, Houston Oral History Project, February 11, 2008.

1938 births
Living people
Politicians from Houston
Mayors of Houston
Lamar High School (Houston, Texas) alumni
University of Houston alumni
Texas lawyers
Texas Democrats

Fred Hofheinz


البيلاروسيون هم شعب سلافي شرقي يشكل الغالبية العرقية في جمهورية بيلاروسيا بحوالي 82% من سكانها ويشكل أقلية في عدد من دول الإتحاد السوفيتي سابقا وبولندا. يتكلم البيلاروس اللغتين البيلاروسية والروسية. يصل عدد البيلاروس إلى حوالي 9 إلى 10 ملايين نسمة. منذ استقلال الاتحاد السوفيتي هاجر مئات الآلاف من البيلاروس إلى دول الاتحاد الأوروبي، كندا، الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية وروسيا.

مراجع

سلاف شرقيون
عرقيات سلافية
مجموعات إثنية ذات أغلبية مسيحية
مجموعات عرقية في روسيا البيضاء
مجموعات عرقية في كازاخستان

بيلاروسيون