Southern Methodist University (SMU) is a private research university in University Park, Texas, with a satellite campus in Taos County, New Mexico. SMU was founded on April 17, 1911, by the Methodist Episcopal Church, South—now part of the United Methodist Church—in partnership with Dallas civic leaders. However, it is nonsectarian in its teaching and enrolls students of all religious affiliations. It is classified among "R-2: Doctoral Universities – High Research Activity".

As of fall 2020, the university had 12,373 students, including 6,827 undergraduates and 5,546 postgraduates, representing the largest student body in SMU history. As of fall 2019, its instructional faculty is 1,151, with 754 being full-time.

In the 2020 academic year, the university granted over 3,827 degrees, including 315 doctorates, 1,659 master's and 1,853 bachelor's degrees and offers over 32 doctoral and over 120 masters programs from eight schools: the Edwin L. Cox School of Business, the Dedman College of Humanities and Sciences, the Dedman School of Law, the Bobby B. Lyle School of Engineering, the Algur H. Meadows School of the Arts, the Moody School of Graduate and Advanced Studies, Perkins School of Theology, and the Annette Caldwell Simmons School of Education and Human Development.

History
The university was chartered on April 17, 1911, by the southern denomination of the Methodist Episcopal Church. At the time of the charter, church leaders saw a need to establish a Methodist institution within a metropolitan area. Originally, this new institution was intended to be created in Fort Worth through a merger between Polytechnic College (now Texas Wesleyan University) and Southwestern University. However, the church's education commission instead opted to create a new institution in Dallas to serve this purpose after extensive lobbying by the Dallas Chamber of Commerce. Robert Stewart Hyer, previously president of Southwestern University, was appointed as the first president of the new university.

The effort to establish a new university in Dallas drew the attention of the General Conference of the Methodist Church, which was seeking to create a new connectional institution in the wake of a 1914 Tennessee Supreme Court decision stripping the church of authority at Vanderbilt University. The church decided to support the establishment of the new institution while also increasing the size of Emory University at a new location in DeKalb County, Georgia. At the 1914 meeting of the General Conference, Southern Methodist University was designated the connectional institution for all conferences west of the Mississippi River.

SMU named its first building Dallas Hall in gratitude for the support of Dallas leaders and local citizens, who had pledged $300,000 to secure the university's location. It remains the university's symbol and centerpiece, and it inspired "the Hilltop" as a nickname for the school. It was designed by Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge after the Rotunda at the University of Virginia. Dallas Hall opened its doors in 1915 and housed the entire university along with a bank and a barbershop. The hall is registered in the National Register of Historic Places.

Classes were planned to officially begin in 1913, but construction delays on the university's first building prevented classes from starting until 1915. In the interim, the only functioning academic department at SMU was the medical college it had acquired from Southwestern University.

As the first president of Southern Methodist University, Hyer selected Harvard crimson and Yale blue as the school colors in order to associate SMU with the high standards of Ivy League universities. Several streets in University Park and adjacent Highland Park were named after prominent universities.

In 1927, Highland Park United Methodist Church, designed by architects Mark Lemmon and Roscoe DeWitt, was erected on campus.

During World War II, SMU was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program which offered students a path to a Navy commission.

In 1987, the university football program's repeated, flagrant recruiting violations led to the NCAA administering the death penalty against the program. The punishment included cancellation of the 1987 football season, most of the 1988 season, and a two-year ban from Bowl Games and televised sports coverage.

On February 22, 2008, the university trustees unanimously instructed President R. Gerald Turner to enter into an agreement to establish the George W. Bush Presidential Center on 23 acres on the southeast side of the campus. The center, which includes a presidential library, museum, institute, and the offices of the George W. Bush Foundation, was dedicated on April 25, 2013, in a ceremony which featured all living former U.S. Presidents Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and then-incumbent U.S. president, Barack Obama.

The library and museum are privately administered by the National Archives and Records Administration, while the university holds representation on the independent public policy institute board. The project raised over $500 million for the construction and endowment of the George W. Bush presidential center, which has a 249-year ground lease from SMU, with extensions, and operates completely separate from SMU.

The university's endowment surpassed $1 billion for the first time in the university's history in 2005. Through its "Second Century Campaign" from 2008 to 2015, the university raised $1.15 billion and celebrated the centennials of its 1911 founding and 1915 opening through the renovation of Fondren Library, the construction of five new residential halls, and other campus revitalization projects.

Split from the United Methodist Church
In light of the turmoil within the Methodist Church over what it described as "fundamental differences" over LGBTQ policies, the university decided to separate itself from control of the church.

In November 2019, the SMU board filed with the state of Texas amended articles of incorporation that eliminated the United Methodist Church's rights as listed in the 1996 articles. The amendment made it clear that SMU is solely maintained and controlled by its Board as the ultimate authority for the university and removed an overarching statement that the school would be "owned, maintained and controlled by the South Central Jurisdictional Conference." Within a month, the Church filed a lawsuit alleging that the trustees of SMU have no authority to amend the Articles of Incorporation without the prior approval and authorization of SCJC. In March 2021, Dallas County judge ruled in favor of Southern Methodist University in the lawsuit.

Historical Plano campus
From 1997 to 2020 Southern Methodist University operated a small campus, consisting of 16 acres and 4 buildings, in Plano, Texas, in Legacy Business Park. This campus hosted SMU's video game design school, SMU Guildhall, and other graduate-level programs. After the university sold the Plano campus to a developer in 2019, SMU Guildhall and all other programs housed there moved onto the main Dallas campus in the new Gerald J. Ford Hall for Research and Innovation on December 4, 2020.

Organization and resources

Institutional organization

SMU has eight degree-granting schools each headed by a dean, with all undergraduates entering the university in the Dedman College of Humanities and Sciences as pre-majors:
 Cox School of Business
 Dedman College of Humanities and Sciences
 Dedman School of Law
 Lyle School of Engineering
 Meadows School of the Arts
 Moody School of Graduate and Advanced Studies
 Perkins School of Theology
 Simmons School of Education and Human Development

Endowment and financial resources

Southern Methodist University's endowment of $1.664 billion ranks 67th largest among the endowments of colleges and universities in the United States and Canada,  and is one of only 110 with an endowment greater than $1 billion as of June 30, 2019.

On February 26, 2016, SMU announced that "The Centennial Campaign" which concluded on December 31, 2015, had raised $1.15 billion, the largest fundraising campaign of any institution in North Texas's history, the largest total for a private Texas university, and the fourth largest of any university in Texas. The Centennial Campaign, coinciding with the 100-year anniversary of the university's founding in 1911 and opening in 1915 also made SMU one of only 34 private colleges and universities in the United States to complete a campaign of $1 billion or more.

Its previous fundraising campaign, "A Time to Lead", which concluded in April 2002 and raised $542 million was the largest fundraising campaign in the school's history at the time. Under R. Gerald Turner's leadership and through two successive campaigns in under 20 years, SMU has received well over $1.6 billion in commitments in support of institutional priorities.

By 1986 as the university neared the 75th anniversary of its founding, SMU's endowment had grown from $60 million a decade earlier in 1976 to nearly $325 million, at the time the 27th largest in the country. the previous "The Design for the Third Generation" fundraising campaign, which had been concluded in May 1983 raised nearly $120 million in gifts and pledges.

Campuses

Main campus

The main campus of Southern Methodist University is mostly located in University Park, a municipality in Dallas County, Texas. The campus extends into the Dallas city limits, and into the city limits of Highland Park. It is located on 234 acres of land just west of US Route 75. Dallas Hall is the centerpiece for this campus and is the administrative center for the Dedman College of Humanities and Sciences.

Most of the campus is centered around Bishop Boulevard, an elongated, tree-lined loop road that also serves as the site for "Boulevarding", SMU's version of the tailgating seen on many American college campuses. The campus was ranked as the most beautiful campus in America by Condé Nast Traveler in 2016 and also hosts the George W. Bush Presidential Center, located on the east side of the campus. The library and museum are privately administered by the National Archives and Records Administration, while the university holds representation on the institute board.

Taos campus
Since 1973, the university has owned a 423-acre campus located at Fort Burgwin, just outside of Taos, New Mexico. This campus hosts classes during intersessions between semesters and during the summer. Along with the normal academic courses offered at the site, students attending classes at this campus during the winter can opt to attend wellness classes centered around winter sports. Other courses offered at this campus are sometimes adjusted to utilize the surrounding environment, such as a course in field botany offered during some summers.

Academics

Admissions
For the class of 2024 (entering Fall 2020), 14,010 students applied, 7,379 (52.7%) were admitted, and 1,531 enrolled/matriculated (20.7%) – including 758 women and 773 men, and the 1 year retention rate (entering Fall 2019) was 92%. The average SAT was 1,343 while the average ACT was 30.6. The middle 50% SAT range for enrolled students was 630–710 for Evidence-Based Reading & Writing, 620–740 for math, while the ACT Composite range was 29–33.

University Honors Program
First-year undergraduate students admitted to SMU are automatically reviewed for admissions into the highly selective University Honors Program (UHP). Generally, first-year students that rank in the top 10% of their incoming class will receive a formal invitation to join the UHP. Students that do not receive an invitation must have completed at least one full-time semester on campus with a cumulative GPA of 3.5 or higher before formally applying for admissions. The University Honors Program is a liberal arts honors experience that serves to supplement the basic SMU University Curriculum. Students are required to take honors courses throughout their time at SMU, and the program culminates with a final senior project or experience. Each student's experience can be unique, and students are encouraged to pursue projects in their area of study or about their passions.

Reputation and rankings

In the 2023 edition, U.S. News & World Report SMU is tied for 89th in the rankings of national universities, with its highest ranking by the U.S. News & World Report being 56th in 2017, and 2011.

In spring 2020, U.S. News & World Report ranked the Cox School's Executive M.B.A. program No. 27 in the nation.

U.S. News & World Report ranks the Dedman School of Law tied for 56th in the U.S. for 2021. and it ranks No. 23 among the top 50 law schools with the highest average salaries of first-year graduates, according to data released by the U.S. Department of Education in April 2020 based on 2016 salaries.

In 2020, Condé Nast Traveler ranked SMU among "The 50 Most Beautiful College Campuses in America", naming it the No.6 most beautiful college campuses in America in 2016.

In 2020 The Princeton Review in its 11th edition ranked SMU Guildhall as the No. 4 "Graduate Program for Game Design" in the world. Since the rankings debuted in 2010, the SMU Guildhall has ranked in the top 10, earning N0. 7 in 2013, No. 3 in 2014 and 2015, No. 2 in 2016 and 2019, and the No. 1 spot in 2017, and 2018 for two years in a row in a survey of over 150 institutions. The Princeton Review also ranks SMU as one of the "Best Western Colleges" and as eighth in "Lots of Greek Life."

In the 2019 edition, SMU is ranked 91st in by Forbes.

In 2016, Bloomberg Businessweek ranked the Cox School B.B.A. program No. 21 in the nation — the second consecutive ranking at No. 21 in that publication, and No. 5 in the nation for post-graduation B.B.A. salaries. The 2016 Bloomberg Businessweek undergraduate rankings survey, which the publication announced it will no longer conduct after this year, ranked 114 U.S. schools based heavily on career outcomes. Bloomberg Businessweek also ranked the SMU Cox Professional MBA program No. 7 in the nation; the SMU Cox Full-Time MBA program No. 31 in the nation; and ranked the SMU Cox Executive MBA program no. 3 in the world in 2013, the last year the publication ranked EMBA programs.

In 2015, Forbes named Southern Methodist University as the No.14th among America's Most Entrepreneurial Universities.

In 2014, USA Today ranked SMU as the number 1 music college in the United States.

Research centers, institutes and related facilities
Sources:
 AT&T Center for Virtualization: housed within the SMU Lyle School of Engineering.
 Bridwell Institute for Economic Freedom
 Cary M. Maguire Center for Ethics and Public Responsibility
 The Brierley Institute for Customer Engagement: at SMU Cox
 Darwin Deason Institute for Cyber Security: housed within the SMU Lyle School of Engineering.
 Southwestern Graduate School of Banking: based within the SMU Cox School of Business.
 John Goodwin Tower Center for Public Policy and International Affairs: Named after John Tower (MA 1953), United States Senator for Texas from 1961 to 1985.
 SMU Guildhall: The university also awards the Master of Interactive Technology (MIT) in Digital Game Development, as well as the Professional Certificate in Digital Game Development, with specializations in Art, Design, Production, and Programming – the only graduate program in the country to offer all four pillars of game development and has been ranked as the #1 Graduate Program for Game Design in the world by the Princeton Review for two years in a row. SMU DataArts: National Center for Arts Research (NCAR): based within the SMU Cox School of Business.
 William P. Clements Center for Southwest Studies Libraries and museums
 Libraries

 Business Information Center (BIC) – Business school library. Some resources are available to the public.
 Bridwell Library – Named for the philanthropist Joseph Sterling Bridwell of Wichita Falls, the Bridwell Library (established 1950) is one of the leading theological research collections in the United States.
 Central University Libraries – Central University Libraries is the largest of the SMU library administrative units, with holdings of more than 2.1 million volumes. It comprises the Fondren Library Center, the Jake and Nancy Hamon Arts Library, the DeGolyer Library of Special Collections, the SMU Archives, the ISEM Reading Room (Institute for the Study of Earth and Man), the Norwick Center for Digital Services, and the Fred Wendorf Information Center at SMU-in-Taos, New Mexico.
 CUL Digital Collections – Central University Libraries Digital Collections provide anyone around the world the ability to access a variety of text, videos and images. These collections are part of CUL's ongoing effort to digitize and make available SMU's unique special collections on the Web.
 DeGolyer Library – The DeGolyer Library is the principal repository at SMU for special collections in the humanities, the history of business, and the history of science and technology. Dedicated to enhancing scholarship and teaching at SMU, the DeGolyer Library is charged with maintaining and building its various collections "for study, research, and pleasure." Established in 1957 by gifts from geophysicist Everette Lee DeGolyer, DeGolyer Library houses one of the strongest collections in the United States on the Trans-Mississippi West, Texas, the Spanish borderlands, transportation with an emphasis on railroads, and business history.
 Fondren Library Center – The largest collection of resources on campus, Fondren Library houses materials in the humanities, social sciences and business, as well as government information resources. Fondren Library also houses the Science and Engineering Library which includes collections in biology, chemistry, physics, earth sciences, mathematics, statistics, computer science, and civil, mechanical, and electrical engineering. The library has particularly strong collections in the earth sciences, electronics, general science and technology. The Norwick Center for Digital Collections is also housed in Fondren. Fondren Library is open 24 hours, and is a common study place for students. Students have been known to call Fondren Library Center "Club Fondy" due to the social nature of the library. Fondren Library is also home to a Starbucks Cafe that serves faculty, staff, and students.
 Edwin J Foscue Map Library – Located in Fondren Library Center, this is one of the largest map collections in the Southwest.
 Fort Burgwin Library – The Fort Burgwin Library, located on the SMU-in-Taos campus in New Mexico, contains approximately 9,768 books and small collections of journals and maps.
 Hamon Arts Library – Hamon Arts Library supports the undergraduate and graduate programs of the Meadows School of the Arts in the disciplines of art, arts administration, cinema, dance, music, and theater. The Library's circulating and reference collections contain more than 180,000 items relating to the visual and performing arts. In addition, the Library has some 300 subscriptions to arts periodicals and provides access to more than 40 online resources that are specific to the arts.
 Norwick Center for Digital Services – The Center includes a student multimedia center and screening room and supports a full range of digital services, production services and collaborative technology support, including the CUL Digital Collections.
 Underwood Law Library – The Underwood Law Library's more than 640,000 volumes support the instruction and research of the Dedman School of Law and the general SMU community. The Library's collection is particularly strong in the areas of international law, commercial law, securities, taxation, jurisprudence, oil and gas, and air and space law.

PublicationsField & Laboratory was a scientific journal published semiannually, then quarterly, sponsored by the science departments of the university. It was established November 1, 1932, and had a total of 27 volumes. With volume 17 in 1949, quarterly publication commenced. The final issue was published in October 1959. Articles are available in PDF format at SMU Scholar, a partnership between SMU Libraries, the Office of Research and Graduate Studies, and the Office of Information Technology.

 Museums
 George W. Bush Presidential Center – Located on 23 acres on the east side of the SMU main campus, the center includes a presidential library, museum, institute, and the offices of the George W. Bush Foundation. The library and museum are privately administered by the National Archives and Records Administration, while the university holds representation on the independent public policy institute board. The center serves as a resource for the study of the George W. Bush presidency and includes a full-size replica of the White House Oval Office, as it was during his presidency, together with over 43,000 artifacts, almost 70 million pages of textual materials, over 3.8 million photographs, 80 terabytes of electronic records, and overt 200 million email messages.

 Meadows Museum – The Meadows Museum's collection was assembled by its founder, Algur H. Meadows. It houses several collections including a collection of Spanish art from the tenth to the 21st centuries. The museum holds different exhibits for periods of time every year. In 2018 it held the exhibition "Dali: Poetics of the Small, 1929–1936", followed by Mariano Fortuny y Masal's artwork in the "Fortuny: Friends and Followers" exhibit. This exhibit will run from February 19 to June 6. It also includes a sculpture collection including works by David Smith, Henry Moore and Claes Oldenburg, as well as by contemporary sculptors such as James Surls. Important figural sculptures by Rodin, Maillol, and Giacometti are also housed within the museum. It is also responsible for the university's art collection, including work by several important regional artists.
 Pollock Gallery' – The Pollock Gallery provides an ever-changing display of works by the faculty and students of the Meadows School of the Arts, as well as by outside artists. It is located in the Hughes–Trigg Student Center.

 Student life
 Student demographics

 As of the Fall 2020 semester, the university's 12,373 students are 6,827 undergraduates and 5,546 postgraduates from all 50 states and 83 countries. The leading 10 states of origin of U.S. residents in descending order of the total undergraduate population are Texas (2,932), California (858), Florida (264), Illinois (194), Georgia (155), New York (155), Connecticut (149), Missouri (131), Tennessee (114), Arizona (98), Colorado (91), Louisiana (91), New Jersey (91), and Arkansas (84).
 As of the Fall 2020 semester, the university's international student population of 1,117 (9%) comes from 83 countries and includes 392 undergraduate and 725 graduate students. The leading 10 countries of origin in descending order for undergraduates are China (204), Mexico (26), Canada (12), Vietnam (10), Korea (9), United Kingdom (8), Brazil (8), Australia (6), India (6), Panama (5), Spain (5), Côte d'Ivoire (4), France (4), Germany (4), Honduras (4), Taiwan (4), United Arab Emirates (4), Venezuela (4), El Salvador (3), Nigeria (3), Peru (3), and Saudi Arabia (3). In descending order for Graduate students, the countries are China (288), India (115), Saudi Arabia (49), Mexico (39), Iran (25), Korea (19), Taiwan (18), Canada (14), Italy (9) and South Africa (8)
 As of the Fall 2020 semester, 31.4% of the student body are members of a minority group, while females constitute 49% of the undergraduate and 48% of the graduate student populations, respectively.
 As of the Fall 2020 semester, SMU's female to male ratio is approximately 1:1 and its student-faculty ratio is 11:1. The average age of undergraduate students is 20, while that of graduate and professional students is 30, and the total average student age is 25.
 Among students reporting a religious affiliation, 25% are Catholic, 13% are Methodist, 38% are from other Protestant denominations, and 15% are from other religions including Judaism and Hinduism.

 Undergraduate housing

Since the autumn of 2014, Southern Methodist University's undergraduate housing system has operated on a residential commons model rooted in similar systems at Oxford and Cambridge Universities in England. Undergraduate students are required to live on campus for their first two years, and they must live their first year in one of the eleven residential commons that they are randomly sorted into after enrollment. Each commons houses a faculty-in-residence and a residential community director that organize events and interact with the residents. The eleven residential commons are Armstrong, Boaz, Cockrell-McIntosh, Crum, Kathy Crow, Loyd, Mary Hay-Peyton-Shuttles, McElvaney, Morrison-McGinnis, Virginia-Snider, and Ware. Built in 1926, Virginia-Snider Commons is the oldest of the current residence halls. It served as a women's dormitory in the university's early years, and it later served as the common residence hall for students in the University Honors Program before the implementation of the residential commons model. The youngest commons are those that opened in 2014: Armstrong, Kathy Crow, Ware, Loyd, and Crum.

 Student organizations
Southern Methodist University is home to almost three hundred student organizations, including academic, professional, fraternal, sporting, ethnic themed, religious, service, and political diversity groups. Notable examples include the Feminist Equality Movement (FEM), the service organization Mustang Heroes, one of the largest organizations on campus, and the Embrey Human Rights Program.
Student organizations such as Student Foundation and Program Council frequently sponsor all-student events on various weekdays and weekends as well as boulevard tents. Student Foundation helps put on popular events such as Family Weekend, the Tate lectures, Celebration of Lights, Homecoming, and Perunapalooza.

 Student media The Daily Campus was the independent student newspaper between 1915 and 2018. The frequency of the publication changed throughout the years and with the change in semesters. Publishing less frequently over the summer, for example. The board of directors of The Student Media Company, the independent nonprofit that at one time oversaw all student media, including KSMU and Rotunda, voted to dissolve due to a lack of funds in April 2018. Although still publishing in digital format, the newspaper lost its independent status in May 2018.

Other student media include:
 The Rotunda, the official SMU yearbook
 SMU-TV, a student-run television station serving the Park Cities community
 The Daily Update, a weekday morning newscast that airs on SMU-TV and smudailymustang.com
 Hilltopics, a publication sponsored by the University Honors Program that publishes periodically
 The Muddler, a satirical newspaper
 SMU LOOK, a student-run fashion magazine, website, Instagram, TikTok, and YouTube channel
 SMU Style'', a student-run fashion and lifestyle blog
As of May 2018, The Daily Campus was placed under the control of the school's journalism department.

KSMU, a student-radio station, operated from 1964 to 1989. It broadcast as a carrier-current and FM station; in the 1980s, it was restricted to broadcasting within the student center and via local cable. The call letters were changed to KPNI, which operated from 1995 to 2011. In the latter days, it was a digital streaming station and moved from management under the auspices of The Student Media Co. to the department of journalism. The university radio station shuttered in 2011 due to a lack of funding.

Greek life
Southern Methodist University has approximately 43% of the undergraduate student body affiliated with its Greek system.

Starting in 2010, the NPC sororities began updating and rebuilding their older sorority houses. The multi-million dollar projects was received critically by some, praised by others. The first house rebuilt was Pi Beta Phi, followed by Kappa Kappa Gamma, Delta Delta Delta, Chi Omega, Kappa Alpha Theta, Alpha Chi Omega.

Alpha Phi Alpha was banned in 2004 due to hazing rituals during which a student went into a coma; four members of the fraternity were expelled from SMU as a result. In 2018, Phi Gamma Delta was ordered to cease all organizational activity pending a university investigation into hazing. Pi Kappa Alpha received a similar notice that year. On March 26, 2018, Pi Kappa Alpha was officially suspended by the university until the fall of 2022. This was the second suspension of a Greek Life organization in the 2017–2018 academic year after Kappa Alpha Order was suspended in October 2017.

Sports

Southern Methodist University's athletics teams are known as the Mustangs and participate in the NCAA's Division I, with the football team competing as a member of Division I FBS.  The football team plays at Gerald J. Ford Stadium on the SMU campus. Mustangs compete in the American Athletic Conference (previously named Big East Conference) for all sports beginning in the 2013–14 season. Prior to that, the Mustangs participated in the now-defunct Southwest Conference and the Western Athletic Conference.On September 1, 2023, it was announced that SMU will join the Atlantic Coast Conference starting in the 2024 season.

SMU's closest rival in athletics is Texas Christian University (TCU) in Fort Worth, Texas. In football, SMU and TCU compete annually (with the exception of 2006) for the Iron Skillet. In 2005, a nationally unranked SMU beat then 24th-ranked TCU for SMU's first win against a ranked team in 19 years (since October 1986). SMU also competes annually with Rice University in football for the "Mayor's Cup," a traveling trophy that has been created to enhance the Rice-SMU rivalry, which dates back to 1916. SMU has won seven more games (48-41-1) than Rice in their rivalry.

From 1980 to 1985, SMU had one of the strongest programs in Division I-A (now FBS). They posted a record of 55–14–1, and finished these seasons ranked No. 21, No. 7, No. 2, No. 19, and No. 8 in the nation. These "winningest" years concluded with the Death Penalty on February 25, 1987, due to repeated violations conducted by boosters. The NCAA administered the "death penalty" for repeated, flagrant recruiting violations. Components included cancellation of the entire 1987 season, a two-year ban from bowl appearances, a two-year ban from television appearances, a limit of seven games, all on road, in the 1988 season, a loss of three assistant coaching positions for two years and a loss of 55 new scholarships over four years. Players were allowed to transfer without sitting out one season, per standard requirement. SMU responded to the combination of these conditions by canceling the 1988 season outright.

The Doak Walker Award is an annual collegiate award given to the nation's "most outstanding college running back" for his accomplishments on the field, achievement in the classroom and citizenship in the community. It was established in 1989 and is named after SMU Heisman Trophy winner Doak Walker.

June Jones was named the head football coach at SMU in 2008. He brought a record of 76–41, all at the University of Hawaii, where he won more games than any other coach in school history. Jones stepped down in 2014 as Head Coach after a 0–2 start to the 2014 season, in which the team was outscored 88–6. He was succeeded by former Clemson assistant Chad Morris.  Chad Morris led SMU to the Frisco Bowl in 2017 in his third season before departing for the University Of Arkansas. Current head coaches of the men's football and basketball programs are Rhett Lashlee and Tim Jankovich, having started in 2021 and 2016 respectively.

The SMU football program has produced many professional football standouts, such as Don Meredith, Doak Walker, Kyle Rote, Eric Dickerson, Jerry Ball, and Craig James. As of May 2021 Nineteen Mustangs are currently active in the National Football League. Notable inclusions include wide receiver Emmanuel Sanders (Buffalo Bills), wide receiver Cole Beasley (Buffalo Bills), tackle Kelvin Beachum (Pittsburgh Steelers), wide receiver Courtland Sutton (Denver Broncos), and wide receiver Trey Quinn (Washington Football Team).

Marching Band

SMU's marching band plays at football and basketball games, performing big band and jazz music. The approximately 80-member ensemble is nicknamed "The Best Dressed Band in the Land" due to its variety of uniform combinations. In 2001, the band performed at the first inauguration of George W. Bush.

Notable people

Notes

References

Further reading

 The book is an account of the recruiting scandals and violations that ultimately led to the NCAA's famous "Death Penalty" being instituted.

External links

 SMU Athletics website

Education in Collin County, Texas
Education in Taos County, New Mexico
Methodism in Texas
Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
Universities and colleges affiliated with the United Methodist Church
Universities and colleges in Dallas County, Texas
Universities and colleges in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex
Methodist Episcopal Church, South
1911 establishments in Texas
Universities and colleges established in 1911
Private universities and colleges in Texas

Southern Methodist University


Vyssokyï () ou Vyssoky (), littéralement « haut », est une commune urbaine de l'oblast de Kharkiv, en Ukraine. Elle compte  en 2021.

Références

Commune urbaine dans l'oblast de Kharkiv

Vyssokyï


Choluteca este un municpiu din Honduras și capitala departamentului Choluteca.

Legături externe

Orașe din Honduras

Choluteca


Dame Margaret Mary Beckett  DBE (født Jackson, 15. januar 1943 i Ashton-under-Lyne i Tameside ved Manchester) er en britisk Labour politiker, som har været udenrigsminister. Hun har været næstformand for Labour, og hun har kortvarigt været konstitueret som leder af Labour.

Næstformand for Labour
Margaret Beckett var næstformand for Labour i 1992–1994. Fra 12. maj til 21. juli 1994 var hun  konstitueret som leder af Labour. I disse to måneder var hun også oppositionens officielle leder.  Tony Blair blev Labours næste leder.

Medlem af Underhuset
I 1974–1983 var Margaret Beckett underhusmedlem for Lincoln i Lincolnshire. Siden 1983 har hun repræsenteret Derby sydkredsen i Derbyshire.

Leder af Underhuset
Margaret Beckett var Skyggeleder af Underhuset (dvs. politisk ordfører for det største oppositionsparti) i 1992-1994 og igen i 1994.

I 1998–2001 var hun Leder af Underhuset (dvs. politisk ordfører for regeringspartiet). I denne periode var hun også Formand for Det kongelige råd (Lord President of the Council).

Ministerposter
Margaret Beckett var medlem af regeringen i 1997–2009.

Hun var handelsminister i 1997–1998, ansvarlig for forbindelserne med dronningen og Underhuset i 1998–2001, minister for miljø, fødevarer og landdistrikter i 2001–2006, udenrigsminister i 2006–2007 og boligminister i 2008–2009.

Eksterne henvisninger

Næstformænd for Labour (UK)
Partiledere for Labour (UK)
Leder af den officielle opposition (UK)
Udenrigsministre fra Storbritannien
Landbrugsministre fra Storbritannien
Miljøministre fra Storbritannien
Handelsministre fra Storbritannien
Lord Presidents of the Council
Ledere af Underhuset
Skyggeledere af Underhuset

Margaret Beckett


Route d'Occitanie (indtil 2017 kendt som Route du Sud) er et fransk etapeløb i landevejscykling som arrangeres hvert år i juni. Løbet er blevet arrangeret siden 1977. Løbet er af UCI klassificeret med 2.1 og er en del af UCI Europe Tour.

Vindere

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Etableret i 1977

Route d'Occitanie


Alfredo Gracia Vicente (Castel de Cabra, Teruel; 6 de agosto de 1910 – Monterrey, Nuevo León; 23 de marzo de 1996) fue un exiliado, promotor cultural, escritor, librero, realizó una gran labor divulgativa de la literatura española en México.

Biografía
Hijo de padres campesinos, Alfredo Gracia nació en el pueblo aragonés de Castel de Cabra donde desde muy corta edad tuvo que trabajar como pastor. Escapó del pequeño pueblo a Barcelona donde pudo realizar los estudios primarios y, a los catorce años, ingresar en la Escuela Normal, estudiando Magisterio.

Durante la Guerra Civil Española colaboró en las labores de alfabetización de los milicianos republicanos y creó un periódico mural al que llamaba El burro ilustrado. Tras la derrota republicana se refugió durante ocho años en Tampico, México donde colaboró con la fundación del Colegio Cervantes. Allí adoptó la nacionalidad mexicana. En 1948 estableció en Monterrey una sucursal de la Librería Cosmos que muy pronto se convirtió en punto de reunión para la intelectualidad.  Desde esa librería desarrolló numerosas actividades divulgativas y organizó numerosos recitales poéticos, llegando a invitar a escritores de la Península como fue el caso de Ángela Figuera Aymerich en 1969. También abrió otra librería, Arte y Libros.

Durante su exilio Alfredo Gracia pudo conocer a numerosos intelectuales y escritores huidos del franquismo como León Felipe, Pedro Garfias, Luis Buñuel, Max Aub… También mantuvo estrecha relación con escritores mexicanos como Alfonso Reyes.

Paralelamente a su labor como librero desarrolló también su faceta de enseñante en la Facultad de Ciencias de la Comunicación de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. Hoy día su biblioteca lleva el nombre del exiliado español.

Alfredo Gracia falleció en Monterrey, el 23 de marzo de 1996. El conjunto de sus fondos y biblioteca fueron depositados en la UANL.

Premios que recibió
 Medalla al Mérito Civil
 Medalla de Diego de Montemayor
En la actualidad tres bibliotecas mexicanas llevan su nombre.

Bibliografía

Artículos periodísticos
 "Ángela Figuera en el recuerdo". El Porvenir. Monterrey (México): 16 de abril de 1984.

Correspondencia
 Carta a María Luisa, su esposa. 13 de noviembre de 1938. http://www.exiliadosrepublicanos.info/sites/default/files/es/users/isabelortegaridaura/Carta_a_MaLuisa.jpg

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Datos del exilio de Alfredo Gracia

Nacidos en Castel de Cabra
Escritores de España del siglo XX
Escritores en español
Exiliados del franquismo en México
Nacionalizados de México
Escritores de la provincia de Teruel
Escritores de México del siglo XX
Profesores de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León
Fallecidos en Monterrey

Alfredo Gracia


Organisation Todt (OT), det nationalsocialistiske Tysklands halvmilitære udbygningsorganisation, var bygherre for blandt andet fæstningsanlæg, lufthavne, veje og fabrikker for letmetal-produktion i Norge under den tyske besættelse af Norge 1940–1945. Baggrunden for den omfattende anlægsaktivitet i Norge var Hitlers frygt for De Allieredes landgang. Organisation Todt havde et stort behov for arbejdskraft til at gennemføre sine opgaver; krigsfanger, tvangsarbejdere, norske arbejdere og norske firmaer var arbejdsstyrken.

Opgaver
Følgende opgaver var prioriteret:
 Fæstningsanlæg med etablering af støttepunkter for infanteri og artilleri
 Vintersikker "riksvei 50" (E6) til Lakselv med forbindelse til den (daværende finske) Ishavsveien
 Flyvepladser
 Enkeltsporet jernbane fra Mo i Rana over Fauske/Narvik til Kirkenes
 Ubådstøttepunkter i Trondheim og Bergen samt tørdokker
 Udbygningsprogram for produktionen af letmetal
OT var en halvmilitær projektorganisation, der  1. april 1942 blev etableret i Norge med afdelingen Einsatzgruppe Wiking (EW) 1. april 1942, som fik ansvar for udbygningen af anlæg og infrastruktur i Norge (inkluderet Petsamo i det daværende Finland) og Danmark. Oberregierungsbaurat Willi Henne var organisationens leder.

OT var Norges største bygherre og arbejdsgiver, bortset fra Wehrmacht, helt frem til kapitulationen. I en tidlig fase, til 1941, blev OT omtalt som OT-Nord. Virksomheden blev stadig mere omfattende og EWs stab i Oslo bestod af 1 386 personer i april 1944.

I den første fase havde okkupationsmagten fokus på at udbygge forlægnings- og lagerkapaciteten. Senere fik også den generelle infrastruktur mere opmærksomhed. Blandt de langsigtede projekter var bygningen af veje og jernbaner i Syd-Norge, genopbygningen af Narvik havn og malmjernbane, genopbygningen af andre områder som var ødelagt af krigshandlingerne, samt udbygningen af Trondheim som marinebase. Einsatzgruppe Wiking overtog i sommeren 1942 udbygningsprogrammet for letmetalindustrien som havde vært organiseret under Nordag (Nordag var et foretagende under 2. verdenskrig, som havde til formål at udbygge aluminiumsindustrien i områder kontrolleret af Tyskland). Anlægssvirksomheden havde tre afdelinger: fæstnings-, jernbane og vejbygning. I 1944 havde de tre afdelinger henholdsvis 28 052, 19 866 og 5 074 arbejdere, totalt 52 992. Organisationen havde på dette tidspunkt til sammen 79 067 ansatte i Danmark og Norge.

Fæstningsanlæg
De fem tungeste batterier lå udenfor Bergen (MAB Fjell: OT-byggeprojekt «FELIX»), Trondheim (MAB Örland: OT-byggeprojekt «OTTO»), Narvik (MAB Engelöy/"Dietl": OT-byggeprosjekt "ERICH"), Harstad (MAB Trondenes: OT-byggeprosjekt "THEO") og Kristiansand (MAB Kroodden, senere Vara: Ukendt om dette havde eget projektnavn). Det sidstnævnte batteri blev operativt i maj 1942, mens arbejdet fortsatte på alle de øvrige indtil de blev skuddklare i perioden april-september 1943.

I tillæg blev udbygningen af 5 forskellige torpedobatterier prioriteret i henholdsvis  Namsenfjorden (Torpedobatterie Ledangsholm), Trondheimsfjorden  (Torpedobatterie Hasselvik),  Kristiansund (Torpedobatterie Nordlandet), Molde (Torpedobatterie Julholmen) og  Aukra (Torpedobatterie Otteröy-Süd) i 1943. Samme år startede arbejdet på batteriet MAB Nötterö utenfor Tønsberg (OT-byggeprosjekt "NERO") og to nye torpedobatterier udenfor Bergen: Torpedobatterie Hjelte på øen Herdla og Torpedobatterie Raune på øen Lerøy) i kommunen Sund.

Fra den 30. september 1943 ble det imidlertid ikke bevilget cement eller forsyningstransport længere. Krigsudviklingen førte til at bygningen af fæstningsværker blev nedprioriteret og ressourcerne overførtes til vejbygning og noget tilbageførtes til Tyskland.

Totalt havde EW inden udgangen af 1944 bygget 535 bunkere af alle typer, 13 kanonstillinger for kaliber 28 cm eller højere, 9 torpedobatterier, 586 «Ringstände», 935 "Geschützbettungen und sonstige Kleinstände" og 378 Felshohlbauten. Da EWs befæstningsvirksomhet blev indstillet havde organisationen støbt totalt 672 546 m³ beton og brudt 291 456 m³ sten.

Jernbaneanlæg

Norges Statsbaner havde før krigen beregnet at færdiggørelsen af Nordlandsbanen fra Fauske til Kirkenes alene ville kræve en arbejdsstyrke på 10 000 mand årlig i 13-14 år. De mest optimistiske tyske bud regnede med at der kunne indsættes   83 700 mann.

EW overtog ansvaret for jernbaneanlægget mellem Mo i Rana og Fauske i 1942. Tyske virksomheder skulle prioriteres. Disse fik efterhånden tildelt sovjetiske og andre tvangsarbejdere. se også  Polarbanen.

EW og de tyske firmaer udarbejdede planer for videreføring af jernbanelinjen fra Mo i Rana til Narvik. Strækningen blev inddelt i flere sektorer som blev tildelt forskellige tyske selskaber. Norske selskaber blev tildelt bygning af mindre kraftværker som skulle understøtte baneanlægget, støbning af bropiller og bygning af havnekajer. Også disse arbejder blev til dels gennomført med tvangsarbejdere. De norske selskaber klagde over at tvangsarbejdernes ydeevne var dårlig. I stedet for at kræve bedre forplejning for arbejderne fremmedes selskabernes krav om kompensation for udgifter som følge af forsinkelser.

Fra juli 1943 til april 1944 øgedes antallet af tvangsarbejdere på Nordlandsbanen fra 3 500 til 7 500. Ved kapitulationen blev antallet af fanger på Nordlandsbanen i tvangsarbejde anslået til ca. 8 000.

Vejanlæg
Krigsvigtige veje, specielt riksvei 50, havde en høj prioritet. Efter krigen blev strækningen over Korgfjellet og mellem Rognan og Langset syd for Fauske kendt som Blodvejen på grund brugen af jugoslaviske, polske og sovjetiske krigsfanger.

I januar 1944 arbejdede 525 tyskere, 440 udlændinge, 3 730 krigsfanger og 4 070 norske arbejdere på vejanlæggene, og EW ønskede at indsætte yderligere 5 000 norske arbejdere i tillæg til 200 krigsfanger. Også et tysk firma med 70 stamarbejdere og 300 krigsfanger blev indsat i tillæg til de norske arbejdere som allerede var på plads.

550 mand fra den norske Arbeidstjenesten (Nasjonal Samlings Arbeidstjeneste (forkortet AT) var en samfundstjeneste organiseret af Nasjonal Samling) fuldførte strækningen  Elsfjord-Korgen, en 18,9 km lang vejstrækning mellem Førde og Florø som gav vejforbindelse mellem Florø og Eikefjord, fem broer blev  færdiggjort, mens forberedelser for endnu 49 nye broer blev planlagt.

Over Sennalandet (et fjeldområde i Kvalsund og Alta)  blev den 8 km lange snetunnel "Repparfjell" opført i treværk. Arbejdet blev hovedsagelig udført af sovjetiske fanger.

Produktion af letmetal
I Berlin planlagde krigsmagten at syvdoble produktionskapaciteten for aluminium samtidig som der skulle startes en omfattende Oxidproduktion og i mindre grad magnesiumproduktion til den tyske flyindustri.

I maj 1941 blev der etableret to nye selskaber i Oslo for at realisere programmet. A/S Nordag skulle bygge oxidværket og elektrolysefabrikker flere steder rundt om i Norge. A/S Nordisk Lettmetall skulle anlægge produktionsanlæg på halvøen Herøya i kommunen Porsgrunn, med tilhørende krafværksudbygning i Mår-vassdraget i kommunen Tinn. Mens Nordags projekter tidligere blev forsinket, holdt Nordisk Lettmetall sine planer. Nordisk Lettmetall lå i IG Farbens sfære indtil Herøya blev bombet i juli 1943. Udbygningsansvaret blev da overført til EW.

23. november 1943 vedtog "Zentrale Planung" at priotere projekterne i Sauda og Årdal og lægge de øvrige til side.

Knaphed på bygningsmaterialer
Norske selskaber som påtog sig byggeopgaver for EW, blev indlemmet i organisationen som en egen enhed. EW dirigerede indsatsfaktorer som råstof, byggematerialer og arbejdskraft.

Allerede  i efteråret 1940 blev det klart at den omfattende virksomhed ville skabe mangel på byggematerialer. Savværkene omkring Fredrikstad fik ordre til at kun  levere byggematerialer til okkupationsmagten. Importen af stål og valseprodukter til civilt brug blev skåret ned, mens norske importørerer blev brugt til at importere jern og stål til tyske formål.

7. februar 1941 blev det forbudt at bruge, sælge eller overdrage bygningsmaterialer uden en tilladelse fra Direktoratet for industriforsyning.

Norge under 2. verdenskrig

Organisation Todts virksomhed i Norge


Atomaltı Parçacıklar: Bir Keşif Serüveni (özgün adıyla The Discovery of Subatomic Particles), Steven Weinberg'in 1983 çıkışlı kitabıdır. İlk Türkçe baskısı 2002 yılında çıkmıştır. Elektron, proton ve nötronun keşfini olanaklı kılan yirminci yüzyıl fiziğindeki ana gelişmelerin öyküsü anlatılmaktadır. Bu keşiflerde klasik fiziğin oynadığı önemli rolü herkesin anlayabileceği bir biçimde kaleme alan Weinberg, atom ağırlıkları, Dalton'un sabit oranlar yasası, elektroliz, elektron yükünün ölçümü, radyoaktivite ve benzeri konuları akıcı öykülere dönüştürür.

Konuyla ilgili yayınlar

Bilim kitapları
2002 kitapları
İngilizce kitaplar
Fizik kitapları
Amerikan kitapları


Margaret Stumpp (born 1952) is a senior vice president at Prudential Financial, Inc. She is the first openly transsexual person out of over 60,000 employees in the firm.

In February 2002, Stumpp transitioned at age 49 from male to female while simultaneously maintaining her position at Prudential Financial, where she functioned as Chief Investment Officer for Quantitative Management Associates - a wholly owned investment management subsidiary of Prudential.

In addition to remaining in investment management, she also continued to be actively engaged in investment research and her work has appeared in a number of academic journals. These include the Financial Analyst's Journal, The Journal of Portfolio Management and the Journal of Investment Management. Margaret received a BA in Economics from Boston University and Ph.D. in Economics from Brown University.

Adam Geller of the Associated Press chronicled her transition in an award-winning article entitled Call Me Maggie. In addition to maintaining her professional career after changing genders she also made numerous presentations to corporate managers across the U.S., aimed at increasing the awareness and acceptance of transgender people within the workplace.

References

Transgender women
Transgender businesspeople
Boston University College of Arts and Sciences alumni
Brown University alumni
Living people
1952 births
American transgender people
American LGBT businesspeople
American business executives
Women business executives

Margaret Stumpp


Abel Parker Upshur (June 17, 1790 – February 28, 1844) was an American lawyer, planter, judge and politician from the Eastern Shore of Virginia. Active in Virginia state politics for decades, with a brother and a nephew who became distinguished U.S. Navy officers, Judge Upshur left the Virginia bench to become the Secretary of the Navy and Secretary of State during the administration of President John Tyler, a fellow Virginian. He negotiated the treaty that led to the 1845 Texas annexation to the United States and helped ensure that it was admitted as a slave state. Upshur died on February 28, 1844, when a gun on the warship  exploded during a demonstration.

Early life and education
Upshur was born in Northampton County on Virginia's Eastern Shore, in 1790, one of 12 children borne to the former Anne Parker and her husband Littleton Upshur. He was named after his paternal grandfather, who died on March 25, 1790. His maternal grandfather was George Parker. Littleton Upshur was reportedly a "staunch individualist and rabid Federalist", owned the plantation Vaucluse, was elected several times to both Houses of the Virginia General Assembly (beginning with his election to the House of Delegates in 1807), and served as a captain in the U.S. Army during the War of 1812, which began in part after raids on Eastern Shore plantations. His brother George P. Upshur (1799-1852) became a distinguished naval officer; another brother was John Brown Upshur (1776-1822). His niece Mary Jane Stith Sturges (1828-1891) married New Yorker Josiah R. Sturges after the Civil War, helped organize the Harlem Free Hospital and published a historical novel, Confederate Notes, in 1867, either anonymously or under the pseudonym "Fanny Fielding".

After receiving a basic education through private tutors suitable for his class, Upshur attended Princeton University and Yale College; he was expelled from the former for participating in a student rebellion. He graduated from neither institution, instead returning to Richmond, Virginia, to study law with William Wirt.

Marriage and family
Upshur first married Elizabeth Dennis in Accomack County, Virginia on February 26, 1817; she died in childbirth on November 28, 1817. He remarried, this time to his second cousin, Elizabeth Ann Brown (née Upshur); they had one daughter, Susan Parker Brown Upshur (1826–1858).

Virginia planter, lawyer and politician
Admitted to the Virginia bar in 1810; Upshur briefly set up practice in Baltimore, Maryland, but returned to Virginia after his father's death. He operated Vauclose plantation using enslaved labor, as had his father, and developed a law practice as well as became active in state politics. In the reconstructed 1790 census, the senior Abel Upshur was tithed for 13 blacks, one black between 12 and 16 years old, 15 horses and 4 chariots. In the 1820 federal census, Littleton Upshur owned 43 slaves. In the 1830 federal census, Judge Abel Upshur owned 17 slaves and employed 3 free colored people, and Col. Littleton Upshur owned 20 slaves. In the 1840 federal census, Abel Upshur owned 21 slaves.

Upshur was first elected to the Virginia House of Delegates in 1812, while his father represented both Northampton and neighboring Accomac County in the Virginia Senate (both part-time positions). As the War of 1812 ended, Upshur remained in the state capital, serving as Commonwealth's Attorney for Richmond (1816–1823). He ran unsuccessfully for the U.S. Congress. Northampton County voters returned him as one of their legislative delegates in 1825, and re-elected him in 1826, but he did not fill the second term, since fellow delegates elected him as a judge of the Virginia General Court in 1826.

Throughout his political career, Upshur was a slaveholder, as well as stalwart conservative and advocate for states' rights. Upshur again won election in 1829, this time as one of the four delegates representing Mathews, Middlesex, Accomac, Northampton and Gloucester Counties in the Virginia State Constitutional Convention of 1829–1830, where he served alongside Thomas R. Joynes, Thomas M. Bayley and William K. Perrin (replacing the deceased Calvin Read). At the convention, Upshur represented eastern slaveholders and became the man who spoke the most against democratic reforms. He expressed similar views during the nullification movement in South Carolina in 1832; he defended the principle of nullification and the state in a series of letters entitled "An Exposition of the Virginia Resolutions of 1798". In 1839, Upshur also set forth his white supremacist views in an essay published by Richmond's Southern Literary Messenger. (Although Upshur opposed universal white manhood suffrage at that constitutional convention, such would happen at the next constitutional convention, in 1850, after Upshur's death.)

Although a Federalist in his youth, Upshur became a states rights man in 1816, even a Jacksonian Democrat. However, after President Andrew Jackson (a slave owner himself) refused to countenance South Carolina's nullification, he changed parties again and became a Whig. Upshur's view of the Constitution received its fullest expression in his 1840 treatise in response to Judge Joseph Story, A Brief Enquiry into the Nature and Character of our Federal Government: Being a Review of Judge Story's Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States.

The reorganized state legislature again elected Upshur judge of the Northampton Circuit Court, and he continued in that position until 1841, when he became Secretary of the Navy, as described below.

Secretary of the Navy
After John Tyler became President of the United States in 1841, he appointed longtime friend Upshur as the 13th United States Secretary of the Navy in October of that year. His time with the Navy was marked by a strong emphasis on reform and reorganization, and efforts to expand and modernize the service. He served from October 11, 1841, to July 23, 1843. Among his achievements were the replacement of the old Board of Navy Commissioners with the bureau system, regularization of the officer corps, increased Navy appropriations, construction of new sailing and steam warships, and the establishment of the United States Naval Observatory and Hydrographic Office. Abel P. Upshur was also a staunch advocate for the expansion of the size of the U.S. Navy. Upshur sought the United States Navy to be at least half the size of the British Royal Navy.

Secretary of State
In July 1843, President Tyler appointed Upshur United States Secretary of State to succeed Daniel Webster, who had resigned.  His chief accomplishment was advocating for the annexation of the Republic of Texas as a slave state. Upshur and Texas ambassador Isaac Van Zandt worked closely on the treaty of annexation until Upshur's death. He was also deeply involved in the negotiations in the Oregon boundary dispute and was a strong advocate of bringing the Oregon Country into the union. He was eventually willing to settle on the 49th parallel compromise for the northern border between the United States and Canada, although negotiations were not finished until after his death and the end of Tyler's term as president.

USS Princeton explosion and death

On February 28, 1844, Upshur joined President Tyler and about 400 other dignitaries examining the new steamship , which sailed down the Potomac River from Alexandria, Virginia. He; Gilmer, his successor as Secretary of the Navy; and four other passengers died when one of the ship's guns exploded near Fort Washington, Maryland, during a demonstration of its firing power, and many other officers and passengers were wounded. Upshur was buried at the Congressional Cemetery in Washington, DC. In 1874, later his remains were reinterred at Oak Hill Cemetery.

Legacy
 The destroyer  was commissioned in 1920, and was later a Lend-Lease ship for Great Britain.

These places have been named for him:
 Upshur County, West Virginia
 Upshur Street in northwest Washington, DC; Arlington, Virginia; Maryland; and northwest Portland, Oregon.
 Upshur County, Texas (interestingly, the county seat - Gilmer - is named for Thomas Walker Gilmer, another victim of the USS Princeton explosion)
 Mount Upshur, known as Boundary Peak 17, a summit on the Alaska-British Columbia border near Hyder, Alaska.

References

Further reading

 Hall, Claude Hampton, Abel Parker Upshur: Conservative Virginian, 1790–1844. Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1963.

External links

 Works by Upshur:
 A Brief Enquiry into the Nature and Character of our Federal Government
 "An Exposition of the Virginia Resolutions of 1798"
 Naval Historical Center: Secretary Upshur
 Historical Congressional Cemetery: "Most Awful and Most Lamentable Catastrophe!"

1790 births
1844 deaths
Accidental deaths in Virginia
American Episcopalians
American slave owners
American proslavery activists
Burials at the Congressional Cemetery
Burials at Oak Hill Cemetery (Washington, D.C.)
Deaths by explosive device
Members of the Virginia House of Delegates
People from Northampton County, Virginia
Tyler administration cabinet members
United States Secretaries of State
United States Secretaries of the Navy
Virginia lawyers
Virginia Whigs
19th-century American politicians
Yale College alumni
Princeton University alumni

Abel P. Upshur


Der Begriff Sportmanagement beschreibt Handlungen und Strukturen, in denen Führungskräfte Sportgüter oder -dienstleistungen anbieten. Es gibt mehrere Aspekte des Begriffs:
 Das Sportmanagement als Abteilung oder Führung einer Organisation, beispielsweise eines Sportvereins, eines Sportverbands, einer Sportstätte, oder im Unternehmen eines Sportartikelherstellers
 Das Sportmanagement als die Tätigkeit des Sportmanagers im gleichen Umfeld
 Das Sportmanagement als Vertretung eines Sportlers, der einen selbständigen Sportmanager beauftragt hat.

Teilbereiche des Sportmanagements
Sportmanagement teilt sich in zwei Bereiche: Sportmanagement...
 … als Funktion, beispielsweise im Bereich Vereinsgeschäftsführung, wo Sportmanagement zur Verwaltung und Leitung eines Sportunternehmens dient.
 … als Institution des Sportmanagers. Sportmanager wirken in der Führung von Sportvereinen und -verbänden wie im Management von kommerziellen Sporteinrichtungen, in Sportstätten oder bei Sportartikelherstellern. Als Verantwortliche von Sportvereinen und Organisationen verwalten sie die Finanzen, suchen geeignete Sponsoren, leisten Öffentlichkeitsarbeit oder sind mit dem Marketing von Sport-Events befasst.

Funktion

Sportmanagement als Abteilung oder Führung einer Organisation
Das Sportmanagement als Unternehmensführung der Institutionen, Organisationen, Firmen und Vereine wird durch Sportmanager ausgeführt. Es beinhaltet Funktionen der Planung, Organisation, Führung und des Controllings eines Unternehmens, das sport- oder fitnessbezogene Dienstleistungen, Produkte oder andere Serviceleistungen anbietet.

Institution

Sportmanagement als Tätigkeit des Sportmanagers
Die Tätigkeit von Sportmanagern wird traditionell mit den auf Fayol (1929) zurückgehenden Managerfunktionen: Planung, Organisation, Führung und Kontrolle beschrieben. Die Tätigkeiten sind nicht nur innen-, sondern auch außenorientiert. Manager benötigen nicht nur technische Kompetenzen, sondern auch konzeptionelle und soziale.

Sportmanager sind verantwortlich für die professionelle Organisation von Sportveranstaltungen oder sorgen in Sponsoring- oder Sportmarketingagenturen für deren finanzielle Ausstattung. Sie arbeiten jedoch auch in kleineren Teilbereichen, wie der kommunalen Sportverwaltung oder für Fitnessstudios.

Die Tätigkeit im Vereins- und Breitensport erfordert besondere Kompetenzen, die sich von üblichen Manager- und Wirtschaftskompetenzen unterscheiden. Bei Sportmanagement in diesem Bereich geht es nicht nur um Traditionspflege, sondern um die aktive Gestaltung der Zukunft des Sports der Jugend und der Vereine. Anders als in anderen Managementbereichen steht beim Sportmanagement nicht zwangsläufig die Gewinnoptimierung bzw. die Gewinnmaximierung im Mittelpunkt. Die Nutzenmaximierung (sportlicher Erfolg) steht im Prinzip höher als Gewinnmaximierung, da sonst etliche Klubs wegen Überschuldung nicht mehr existieren würden.

Verantwortungsbereiche können sein:
 Verwaltung der Finanzen
 Sponsorensuche und die Organisation der Sponsorenauftritte
 Vermarktung eines Vereins, Merchandising und Vertrieb, Trikot- und Bandenwerbung
 Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Marketing von Vereinen, Firmen in der Sportartikelindustrie (Einkleiden und Ausstatten von Sportlern), Sport-Events: Presse, Rundfunk und Fernsehen (TV-Rechte verhandeln)

Führende Sportmanager sind weiterhin Generalisten, vergleichbar mit Unternehmensmanagern. Ein bekanntes Beispiel dafür ist Uli Hoeneß. Berufsbezeichnungen und Tätigkeiten im Sportmanagement wandeln sich jedoch. So wurde im Zuge von Professionalisierungsmaßnahmen in der Fußball-Bundesliga die Position des Sportdirektors eingeführt, der für administrative Angelegenheiten eines Vereines zuständig ist: Erstellung von Terminplänen (z. B. Buchungen von Trainingslagern, An- und Abfahrten), Organisation von Unterkünften bei Auswärtsspielen, Zusammenstellung des Kaders.

Sportmanagement als Vertretung eines Sportlers
Selbständige Sportmanager treten in unterschiedlichen Bereichen der Sportbranche auf, manche Manager arbeiten bereichsübergreifend. Besondere Formen des Managements und damit bekannt gewordene Sportmanager gibt es in folgenden Sportarten:
 Boxen: Boxpromoter und Boxmanager
 Fußball: Spielervermittler (Spielerberater, Spieleragent)
Beispiele für bekannte Sportmanager: Der Boxpromoter Don King, in Deutschland der ehemalige Rennfahrer Willi Weber, der Ralf Schumacher und andere bekannte Rennfahrer gemanagt hat.

Beruf Sportmanager
Es ist schwierig, den Arbeitsmarkt für Sportmanager in Deutschland zahlenmäßig zu erfassen. Eine Studie von 2019 gab als typisch an: männliches Geschlecht, durchschnittliches Alter 39 Jahre, mehrheitlich Absolventen eines Studiums (Sportmanagement und Sportökonomie, Sportwissenschaft oder Betriebswirtschaftslehre), und ein Einkommen zwischen 30.000 € - 60.000 €. Weitaus höhere Verdienste sind in Profivereinen wie denen der Fußball-Bundesliga möglich.

Das Anforderungsprofil beruht auf drei fachlichen Säulen: betriebswirtschaftliche Grundlagen, rechtliche Grundlagen, sowie allgemeines Grundlagenwissen zum Sportmanagement. Gefragt sind neben Führungsqualitäten ein Organisations- und Kommunikationstalent, sowie Empathie. Wichtig ist neben einem Studium eine Praxiserfahrung, die Kontakte hervorbringt und das Profil schärft. Häufig steht der moderne Sportmanager unter zeitlicher Belastung und benötigt eine hohe Frustrationsgrenze.

Erforderliche Kompetenzen/Fähigkeiten
Unterschiedliche Typen von Managern beeinflussen ihre Eignung:
 Generalist (kleine Organisation, alle Tätigkeiten überdurchschnittlich wichtig)
 Verwalter (kleine Organisation, fast alle Tätigkeiten unterdurchschnittlich wichtig)
 Delegierer (große Organisation, daher meistens mehrere Manager, einige unterdurchschnittlich wichtig)

Entscheidende Eigenschaften:
 Kommunikationsfähigkeit (Netzwerke und Kontakte knüpfen und interkulturelle Kommunikation)
 Koordinationsfähigkeit (Organisationstalent)
 Betriebswirtschaftliche Fähigkeiten (Finanzmanagement, -kontrolle, -verwaltung, -wesen; sowie Personal- und Mitarbeiterführung, Gewinnung von Personal, Aus- und Weiterbildung)
 Soziale Fähigkeiten und Kompetenzen (Teamfähigkeit, Kritikfähigkeit, Durchsetzungsfähigkeit und diplomatisches Geschick z. B. in Form von Vermittlungsfähigkeit)
 Fachkenntnisse (Vereins- und Sportartenkenntnisse)
 Repräsentationsfähigkeit

Aufgabenbereiche nach Häufigkeit der Nennung
 Finanzen  Finanzmanagement, Finanzkontrolle, Finanzverwaltung, Haushaltskontrolle, steuerliche Abwicklung, Finanzwesen, Finanzierung sichern u. a.
 Personal Personal- und Mitarbeiterführung, Gewinnung von Personal, Suche nach Personal, Aus- und Weiterbildung des Personals u. a.
 Kommunikation Öffentlichkeitsarbeit, Sponsoring, Marketing, Public Relations, Kontaktpflege u. a.
 Sportangebot Sportangebot erstellen, Sportbetrieb aufrechterhalten, Sportanlagen zur Verfügung stellen u. a.
 Koordination der Vereinsabteilungen Zusammenarbeit und Kommunikation mit Vereinsabteilungen, Koordination von Aufgabenbereichen, Informationen bereitstellen u. a.

Ausbildungsmöglichkeiten
In Deutschland werden zum Wintersemester 2016/17 insgesamt 52 Studiengänge zum Sportmanagement bzw. zur Sportökonomie von staatlichen oder staatlich anerkannten Hochschulen angeboten. Bei den 52 Studiengängen handelt es sich um 27 Bachelor-, 18 konsekutive Masterstudiengänge und sieben MBA-Studiengänge. Eine eindeutige Abgrenzung zu sport- und wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Studiengängen ist allerdings nicht möglich. Bei den Studiengängen handelt es sich um Studiengänge mit expliziten Berufszielen im Bereich des Sportmanagements. Neben diesen Studiengängen gibt es weitere "Studienangebote" von privaten Anbietern ohne Hochschulstatus, die u. a. mit dem Label "Studiengang" oder "Sportmanagement studieren" werben.

Siehe auch
 Kulturmanagement
 Musikmanagement
 Kunstmanagement

Einzelnachweise

Betreuungswesen (Sport)
Management
Sportwirtschaft

Sportmanagement


ولدت جاين دي هال في 8 أب/أغسطس من سنة 1935 في كانساس سيتي في ولاية ميسوري الأمريكية حصلت هال على بكالوريوس في التعليم كانت هال حاكمة ولاية أريزونا ما بين شهر ايلول من سنة 1997 إلى شهر كانون الثاني من سنة 2003 وتنتمي جان دي هال إلى الحزب الجمهوري الأمريكي ولدى جان دي هال أربعة أولاد.

مراجع

جمهوريون من ولاية أريزونا
أعضاء مجلس نواب ولاية أريزونا
حاكمات ولايات في الولايات المتحدة
حكام ولايات أمريكية من الحزب الجمهوري
حكام ولاية أريزونا
خريجو جامعة كنساس
خريجو جامعة أريزونا الحكومية
رئيسات هيئات تشريعية
رومان كاثوليك أمريكيون
رؤساء مجلس نواب ولاية أريزونا
سياسيات أمريكيات في القرن 20
سياسيات أمريكيات في القرن 21
سياسيون أمريكيون
سياسيون أمريكيون في القرن 20
سياسيون أمريكيون في القرن 21
سياسيون من فينيكس (أريزونا)
سياسيون من كانساس سيتي (ميزوري)
مشرعات في أريزونا
مواليد 1935
مواليد في كانساس سيتي (ميزوري)
نساء أمريكيات
وزير خارجية أريزونا
وفيات 2020
أعضاء الحزب الجمهوري في مجلس نواب ولاية أريزونا

جاين دي هال


Belle Valley ist der Name folgender Orte in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Belle Valley (Ohio)
 Belle Valley (Pennsylvania)

Siehe auch:
 Bell Valley

Belle Valley


Radôstka este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Čadca din regiunea Žilina. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 819 locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Radôstka este atestată documentar din 1640.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Radôstka


Atabaque Nzinga é um filme documentário brasileiro de 2006 dirigido por Octávio Bezerra.

Sinopse
Trata-se de um documentário com mistura de drama. Durante uma viagem pelos estados de Pernambuco, Bahia e Rio de Janeiro, são apresentados os diversos ritmos e coreografias representativos de todo o país, além de revelar mais detalhes da cultura musical afro-brasileira presente nas vidas de toda a população. A parte ficcional conta a história de Ana, uma jovem negra que luta por um novo caminho para se libertar da amargura construída por suas próprias tristezas.

Elenco

 Taís Araújo como Ana/Nzinga
 Léa Garcia como Mãe de Santo
 Paulão como Amigo de Ana
 Sanny Alves como ela mesma
 Nestor Capoeira como ele mesmo
 Carmen Costa como ela mesma
 Mestre Leopoldina como ele mesmo
 Naná Vasconcelos como ele mesmo

Produção
Os vídeos musicais gravados no Brasil foram editados fazendo contraponto com os musicais gravados na Angola, onde no século XVII viveu a rainha Nzinga, guerreira famosa que batizou a protagonista do filme.

Ligações externas

Filmes do Brasil de 2006
Documentários do Brasil
Filmes de drama do Brasil

Atabaque Nzinga


Mozaik, Ayşe Tütüncü, Bülent Somay, Mehmet Taygun, Ümit Kıvanç, Timuçin Gürer, Saruhan Erim'den oluşan ve 1990'dan sonra dağılmış müzik topluluğudur. Boğaziçi Üniversitesi'nde verilen bir konserle başlayan müzik hayatlarında, rock-folk müziğinden hareket ederek bir sound oluşturdular. Klasik batı müziği, çağdaş müzik, rock, senfonik rock, caz, pop caz gibi çok geniş bir yelpazeyi harmanladılar.

12 Eylül darbesinden sonra ortaya çıkan protest müzik gruplarından biri olarak 1983 yılında "Ölümden Önce Bir Hayat Vardır" adıyla verdikleri konserin kaseti ile seslerini duyurdular. Inti-Illimani, Victor Jara gibi müzisyenlerin parçalarını yorumlamanın yanı sıra Meltem Ahıska, Can Yücel, Hale Tenger gibi isimlerin şiirlerini de bestelediler.

Kurucu kadro çok daha kalabalıktı. Aralarında Sumru Ağıryürüyen, Mehmet Tütüncü, Ezel Akay sayılabilir. Gruptan bazı isimler Ayşe Tütüncü'nün caza yönelmesiyle ona eşlik etmeye devam ediyorlar.

Grup 2014'te bütün kasetlerini ve ev kayıtlarını da kapsayan bir külliyat yayımladı.

Grup, 2018 yılı sonunda tekrar bir araya gelerek konser vermeye başladı. 1983-1995 arasındaki kadrodan Ayşe Tütüncü, Saruhan Erim, Mehmet Taygun, Timuçin Gürer, Serdar Ateşer, Mehmet Tütüncü, Ezel Akay ve Yağız Üresin'e konserlerde Gevende grubundan Gökçe Gürçay da eşlik etti.

Diskografi
 Ölümden Önce Bir Hayat Vardır (Konser kaydı) (1983)
 Ardından (1985)
 Çook Alâmetler Belirdi (1988)
 Plastik Aşk (1990)
 ''MOZAİK Külliyat 1983-1995

Kaynakça

Türk müzik grupları
Türk caz grupları
1983'te kurulan müzik grupları
Ada Müzik sanatçıları

Mozaik (müzik grubu)


وداد حمدي (3 يوليو 1924 - 26 مارس 1994)، ممثلة مصرية.

عن حياتها
وهي الأكثر انتشارا مقارنة مع معظم الفنانين نظرا لمشاركتها في حوالي 600 فيلم. بدأت حياتها الفنية كـمغنية كورس، أشهر أدوارها كان دور الخادمة خفيفة الظل التي توصل الرسائل بين الحبيبين. ولدت وداد حمدي في مدينة كفر الشيخ في منتصف دلتا نهر النيل وعاشت بصحبة عائلتها في المحلة الكبرى، بحكم عمل والدها في شركة الغزل والنسيج هناك.

حياتها الخاصة
في حياتها تزوجت مرة واحدة من الفنان محمد الطوخي وقد أثر زواجها عليها حيث اعتزلت في الستينات، لتخرجها من عزلتها المطربة وردة لتشاركها مسرحية «تمر حنة».

درست وداد سنتين في معهد التمثيل ليقدمها بركات في فيلم هذا جناه أبي، ثم عملت بدلا عن عقيلة راتب في مسرحية شهرزاد وذلك في الفرقة القومية المصرية. وتلتها مسرحيات أخرى مثل مسرحية «عزيزة ويونس» من أشهر مسرحياتها «ام رتيبة» «20 فرخة وديك» «عشرة على باب الوزير» «لعبة اسمها الحب» «إنهم يقتلون الحمير» «الدنيا لما تضحك» «مين مبيحبش زوبة» ومن المسلسلات التي عملت بها «عودة الروح» «غوايش».

وفاتها
في 26 مارس 1994 توفيت غدراً حيث قتلها الريجسير «متى باسيليوس» طعنا بالسكين طمعا في مالها بعد فشله في العثور على الفنانة يسرا كي يقتلها، ألقي القبض عليه وحوكم في قضية استمرت أربع سنوات في نهايتها حكم عليه بالإعدام شنقا ونفذ به.

من أفلامها

الأربعينات
 1) العيش والملح (1949)
 2) أجازة في جهنم (1949)
 3) الستات كدة (1949)
 4) شاطئ الغرام (1949)
 5) فتح مصر (1948)
 6) عاشت في الظلام (1948)
 7) الحب لا يموت (1948)
 8) طلاق سعاد هانم (1948)
 9) الشاطر حسن (1948)
 10) المستقبل المجهول (1948)
 11) العرسان الثلاثة (1947)
 12) قبّلنى يا أبي (1947)
 13) أحمر شفايف (1946)
 14) ضحايا المدينة (1946)
 15) أول نظرة (1946)
 16) الخمسة جنيه (1946)
 17) هذا جناه أبي (1945)
 18) عنتر وعبلة (1945)
 19) لمن يكون الانتقام
 20) حايجننوني

الخمسينات
 21) نساء محرمات (1959)
 22) قلب يحترق (1959)
 23) أم رتيبة (1959)
 24) حسن ونعيمة (1959)
 25) كل دقة في قلبي (1959)
 26) عاشت للحب (1959)
 27) ليلى بنت الشاطئ (1959)
 28) الطريق المسدود (1958)
 29) مجرم في إجازة (1958)
 30) رحمة من السماء (1958)
 31) مع الأيام (1958)
 32) المعلمة (1958)
 33) وكر الملذات (1957)
 34) لن أبكي أبداا (1957)
 35) فتى أحلامي (1957)
 36) طريق الأمل (1957)
 37) قتلت زوجتي (1956)
 38) معجزة السماء (1956)
 39) العروسة الصغيرة (1956)
 40) قصة حبي (1955)
 41) لحن الوفاء (1955)
 42) في سبيل الحب (1955)
 43) عاشق الروح (1955)
 44) ليالي الحب (1955)
 45) مرت الأيام (1954)
 46) آثار في الرمال (1954)
 47) شرف البنت (1954)
 48) قلوب الناس (1954)
 49) الأنسة حنفي (1954)
 50) فتوات الحسينينة (1954)
 51) كدبة أبريل (1954)
 52) فالح ومحتاس (1954)
 53) يا ظالمني (1954)
 54) العمر واحد (1954)
 55) أربع بنات وضابط (1954)
 56) خطف مراتي (1954)
 57) قرية العشاق (1954)
 58) لمين هواك (1954)
 59) نساء بلا رجال (1953)
 60) غرام بثينة (1953)
 60) مكتوب على الجبين (1953)
 61) ابن للإيجار (1953)
 62) نافذة على الجنة (1953)
 63) طريق السعادة (1953)
 64) شريك حياتي (1953)
 65) وفاء (1953)
 66) يا حلاوة الحب (1952)
 67) المساكين (1952)
 68) على كيفك (1952)
 69) آمنت بالله (1952)
 70) ظلمت روحى (1952)
 71) سماعة التليفون (1951)
 72) تعال سلم (1951)
 73) ضحيت غرامي (1951)
 74) طيش الشباب (1951)
 75) ورد الغرام (1951)
 76) ليلة الحنة (1951)
 77) حبيب الروح (1951)
 78) فرجت (1951)
 79) لك يوم ياظالم (1951)
 80) وهيبة ملكة الغجر (1951)
 81) الحب في خطر (1951)
 82) بلد المحبوب (1951)
 83) حماتى قنبلة ذرية (1951)
 84) ليلة غرام (1951)
 85) مكتب الغرام (1950)
 86) أنا الماضي (1950)
 87) زوج الأربعة (1950)
 88) الأفوكاتو مديحة (1950)
 89) معلش يا زهر (1950)
 90) قمر 14 (1950)
 91) آه من الرجالة (1950)
 92) المليونير (1950)
93) بنت باريز (1950)

الستينات
 93) إشاعة حُب (1961)
 94) النصف الآخر (1967)
 95) شقاوة رجالة (1966)
 96) العلمين (1965)
 97) هارب من الأيام (1965)
 98) المصيدة (1963)
 99) أميرة العرب (1963)
 100) قصة ممنوعة (1963)
 101) يوم الحساب (1962)
 102) عاصفة من الحب (1961)
 103) العملاق (1960)
 104) العاشقة (1960)
 105) عنتر بن شداد (1960)
 106) نهاية الطريق (1960)
 107) وداعا يا حب (1960)
 108) الليالي الطويلة (1967)

السبعينات
 109) رحلة داخل امراة (1978)
 110) شيلنى وأشيلك (1977)
 111) الأزواج الشياطين (1977)
 112) أفواه وأرانب (فيلم) (1977)
 113) على من نطلق الرصاص (1975)
 114) في الصيف لازم نحب (1974)
 115) نساء الليل (1973)

الثمانينات
 116) يا عزيزي كلنا لصوص (1989)
 117) ولاد الإيه (1989)
 118) طبول في الليل (1987)
119) من فضلك واحسانك (1986)
 120) علي بيه مظهر و40 حرامي (1985)
 121) الهلفوت (1985)
 122) طابونة حمزة (1984)
 123) حسن بيه الغلبان (1982)

التسعينات
124) الحقيقة اسمها سالم (1994)
 125) إللي رقصوا على السلم (1994)
 126) وتمت أقواله (1992)
 127) الراقصة والحانوتي (1992)
 128) الفرقة 12 (1991)

وصلات خارجية

 Wedad Hamdy - IMDb

مصادر

أشخاص من كفر الشيخ
ضحايا قتل مصريون
كوميديون مصريون
ممثلات أفلام مصريات
ممثلات مصريات في القرن 20
مواليد 1342 هـ
مواليد 1924
مواليد في كفر الشيخ (مدينة)
وفيات 1414 هـ
وفيات 1994
وفيات بالطعن في مصر

وداد حمدي


HWM Cars GmbH war ein Schweizer Hersteller von Automobilen.

Unternehmensgeschichte
Daniel Hagmann, Andreas Walther und Francis Meier gründeten im Dezember 2004 in Safenwil mit einem Stammkapital von 20.000 Schweizer Franken das Unternehmen zur Produktion von Automobilen. Der Markenname lautete HWM, abgeleitet von den Namen der drei Gründer. Im Herbst 2007 begann die Produktion. Am 19. August 2011 wurde das Unternehmen aufgelöst und im Dezember 2012 aus dem Handelsregister gelöscht.

Fahrzeuge
Das einzige Modell war der BT 01. Auf einem Stahlgitterrohrrahmen war eine Kunststoffkarosserie in Coupéform mit Targadach montiert. Für den Antrieb sorgte der V8-Motor aus der Chevrolet Corvette mit 5700 cm³ Hubraum und 345 PS Leistung. Der Motor war in Fahrzeugmitte montiert. Der Neupreis betrug 200.000 Schweizer Franken.

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Ehemaliger Pkw-Hersteller (Schweiz)
Unternehmen (Kanton Aargau)
Safenwil

HWM Cars


Nuuk (), Danimarka'ya bağlı özerk bir bölge olan Grönland'ın başkentidir.

Grönland'a özerkliğin tanındığı 1979 yılında adı Nuuk'a çevrilmesine karşın, 'Godthåb' bugün de Danca ile Norveççede kullanılır.

Kent, 1728 yılında Norveçli misyoner Hans Egede tarafından "iyi umut" anlamına gelen Godthåb adıyla kuruldu. Bununla birlikte, kentin kurulduğu alanda daha önceleri İnuit (Eskimo) yerleşimleri olduğu bilinmektedir.

Kentte Grönland Üniversitesi (Ilisimatusarfik) bulunur.

İklim

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Nuuk kentinin sitesi

Kuzey Amerika'daki başkentler
Grönland'daki şehirler
Batı Grönland
Grönland'daki kıyı yerleşim birimleri
Grönland'daki liman kentleri
1728'de kurulan yerleşim birimleri

Nuuk


Philip Marchand (* 18. Dezember 1946 in Pittsfield, Massachusetts) ist ein aus den Vereinigten Staaten stammender kanadischer Journalist und Schriftsteller, der über viele Jahre als Literaturkritiker für verschiedene namhafte nordamerikanische Tageszeitungen und Magazine geschrieben hat. Seit 2008 konzentriert er sich verstärkt auf das Verfassen von Sachbüchern. Für diese Tätigkeit hat er in der Vergangenheit bereits mehrere Literaturpreise gewinnen können. So 1989 für Marshall McLuhan: The Medium and the Messenger (1989) den Floyd S. Chalmers Award in Ontario History und 1990 den zu den BC Book Prizes gehörenden Hubert Evans Non-Fiction Prize.

Leben

Philip Marchand wurde in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, als Nachkomme von Franko-Kanadiern geboren, die ihrerseits an der Schwelle des 20. Jahrhunderts über Québec  nach New Hampshire gezogen waren, um dort in den Textilfabriken zu arbeiten. Philip Marchand gehörte in den Vereinigten Staaten zur Bürgerrechtsbewegung und den Gegnern des Vietnamkrieges. Auf spätere Anfragen bekannte er, dass er überlegt hatte, dennoch in den Krieg zu ziehen, um ähnlich wie Ernest Hemingway über den Spanischen Bürgerkrieg oder Norman Mailer über den Zweiten Weltkrieg einen großen Roman über die Auseinandersetzung in Südostasien schreiben zu können, aber die Aussicht darauf entweder zu sterben oder gegebenenfalls an Körper und Seele verkrüppelt heimzukehren, habe ihn zurückscheuen lassen. Wie viele andere junge Männer seiner Generation zog er daher ins benachbarte Kanada, um sich dem Kriegsdienst zu entziehen und – wie in seinem Fall – an der University of Toronto englische Literatur zu studieren. Seit dieser Zeit hat er nahezu sein gesamtes Erwachsenenleben in der nordamerikanischen Metropole Toronto verbracht. Lediglich in den 1980er Jahren lebten seine Frau und er für sechs Jahre in Vancouver, British Columbia.

Sein erster Magazin-Artikel, Moments of Grace in Sinful Toronto, über eine Kommune von postmodernen Jesus-Jüngern erschien 1971 und läutete seine Karriere als freier Journalist ein. Während dieses Abschnitts seiner journalistischen Laufbahn schrieb er für jedes regelmäßig erscheinende kanadische Magazin, inklusive Maclean's, 1974/1975 auch als Radio und Fernseh-Kolumnist, für Saturday Night, Toronto Life und verschiedene andere Blätter. 1983 zogen die Marchands aus verschiedenen Gründen nach Vancouver. Zum einen waren sie Toronto müde geworden und zum andern bekam Philip Marchand als freischaffender Journalist aufgrund der wirtschaftlichen Rezession in Toronto immer weniger Aufträge. Außerdem hatte er für einen fertiggestellten Kriminalroman keinen Verleger gefunden. Da sich seine in Vancouver lebende Schwägerin ihm anbot, über ihre Kontakte in der lokalen Presseszene zu helfen, war es keine Frage mehr für sie in den Westen Kanadas zu ziehen. Dort empfand er das Klima innerhalb der freien Journalistenszene als libertärer und fruchtbarer, die direkte private Rückzugsmöglichkeit in die Natur zum Wandern bei den Gulf Islands als angenehm, sodass die Recherchearbeiten für sein Buchprojekt zu Marshall McLuhan zügig voranschritten. Seiner Auffassung nach würde er wohl heute noch in Vancouver leben, wenn ihn nicht der Chefredakteur des Toronto Star, John Honderich, im Juni 1989 angerufen und ihm eine Stelle als Buchkolumnist angeboten hätte.

Somit wurde er 1989 festangestellter Literaturkritiker beim Toronto Star. Diese Stelle behielt er mehr als 18 Jahre. Anfang 2008 tauschte er auf Anweisung seines Arbeitgebers seinen Aufgabenbereich mit demjenigen des vormaligen Filmkritikers Geoff Pevere, um nun zusammen mit Peter Howell einer der beiden für Filmkritiken zuständigen Journalisten beim Toronto Star zu sein. Nach der langen Zeit der Buchrezensionen sah Philip Marchand es als interessante Herausforderung an. Allerdings sollte er diese Tätigkeit bereits nach sechs Monaten einstellen, als der Vorstand des Toronto Star seinen Angestellten eine für den Juni 2008 befristete freiwillige Vorruhestandsregelung ("voluntary separation payment") vorlegte, die Marchand annahm, um verstärkt seinen anderen Interessen, vorrangig dem Verfassen von Büchern, nachgehen zu können.

Sein erstes Sachbuch war bereits 1976 erschienen: Just Looking, Thank You: An Amused Observer's View of Canadian Lifestyles beschrieb anhand seiner bisherigen kulturkritischen Essays aus der Perspektive des ursprünglichen US-Amerikaners heraus die Vielfalt der kanadischen Besonderheiten.

Für sein biographisches Porträt zum umstrittenen Medientheoretiker Marshall McLuhan, Marshall McLuhan: The Medium and the Messenger (1989) erhielt er sowohl den Floyd S. Chalmers Award in Ontario History (1989) als auch den Hubert Evans Non-Fiction Prize (1990). Das Buch wurde sogar inklusive des seit der überarbeiteten Neuauflage enthaltenen Vorworts von Neil Postman neun Jahre später ins Deutsche übersetzt und bekam im deutschsprachigen Bereich zwar überwiegend positive Kritiken, während sich die negativen Stimmen eher auf die Qualität der Übersetzung und die fortdauernde Unsicherheit bei der Erfassung des Dargestellten konzentrierten. Letzteres läge jedoch insbesondere auch in der Person McLuhans begründet. Auf jeden Fall erfreute sich das Werk in deutschsprachigen Fachpublikationen zur Medientheorie einer gründlichen Rezeption.

Selbst einen in Toronto spielenden Kriminalroman, Deadly Spirits (1994), verfasste Philip Marchand. 1998 veröffentlichte er mit Ripostes: Reflections on Canadian Literature eine Zusammenstellung seiner bedeutendsten Literaturkritiken und Essays. Darin charakterisierte er in einem Rückblick, betitelt mit Margaret Laurence: Soul Woman, die darstellte angesehene kanadische Schriftstellerin Margaret Laurence mit all ihren Merkwürdigkeiten, da sie keine Trennung machen konnte zwischen ihrem Privatleben und dem eigenen schriftstellerischen Werk, sodass sie gewissermaßen selbst zum "Kunstwerk" mit all seinen persönlichen Nachteilen wurde. Sie verlor jegliches Gefühl für Ironie, verlangte moralisierend selbst danach Moralisten auszugrenzen und glitt immer stärker in Sentimentalitäten über das Nichtmenschliche ab. Dabei beklagte er bei ihr als einer der ersten namhaften Literaturkritiker einen Hang zu Banalitäten. Mitte der 1990er Jahre war Marchand einer der bestimmenden Literaturkritiker seines Heimatlandes, der bei Rohinton Mistry den nachlassenden Kanadabezug seiner Werke beklagte: "there's something vaguely wrong with Mistry not writing about the country he has lived for 20 years." Bei seiner Arbeit als Literaturkritiker war einer der wenigen, der bereits 1999 im Zusammenhang mit Get Shorty! bei Elmore Leonard eine Parallele bei den (Anti)-Helden zwischen dessen frühen Western- und späteren Thrillergeschichten in seinen Besprechungen für den Toronto Star anmerkte. Leonard stimmte dieser Sichtweise wenig später auf eine Anfrage im kanadischen Rundfunk mit Abstrichen zu. Der deutschstämmige kanadische Literaturwissenschaftler und Autor Stephen Henighan sah in Philipp Marchand jedoch auch einen jener bestimmenden Literaturkritiker der Kulturszene Torontos, der unliebsame Publikationen wie Timothy Findleys Headhunter (1993), der das Verlagswesen Kanadas kritisierte, unterdrückte.

Marchand arbeitet weiterhin als Literatur- und Film-Kolumnist für verschiedene kanadische Tageszeitungen und Magazine. Seit dem Herbst 2008 verfasst er dank seiner Kontakte zu den Herausgebern Mark Medley und Benjamin Errett die Wochenendkolumne Open Book für die National Post. Außerdem hat er Vergnügen daran gefunden, in Fernsehdokumentationen und Filme historische Rollen zu verkörpern: "The acting is a combination of fun and tedium. But even the tedium is curiously soothing because you have no responsibility except to sit around and wait. Even when you do your acting – and my acting has been for television and films I should state – you're only following orders. The director tells you where to put your arm, how many beats to wait before delivering a line, and so on. I don't think I've learned anything new about myself."

Im Januar 2010 fungierte er erstmals als angesehener Autor und ehemaliger Preisträger als einer der Juroren – zusammen mit Andreas Schroeder und Vicki Gabereau – in Vancouver beim Hubert Evans Non-Fiction Prize und kürte damals nach der Lektüre von 150 Buchvorschlägen den Journalisten Ian Brown für sein Werk The Boy in the Moon: A Father's Search for His Disabled Son. 2011 weilte Philip Marchand erneut in British Columbia – diesmal als vorsitzender Juror – und wählte zusammen mit Alma Lee und Noah Richler John Vaillant für The Tiger: A True Story of Vengeance and Survival als Preisträger aus.

Sein geplantes, gegenwärtiges Buchprojekt dreht sich um die Puritaner in Neu England und deren Kontrast zu den Franko-Kanadiern, über die er ein in Nordamerika und Frankreich beachtetes Sachbuch verfasst hatte: Ghost Empire: How the French Almost Conquered North America (2005). Dieses Buch folgte in einer Mixtur aus Geschichte, Reisebericht und Erinnerungen den Fußspuren des großen Entdeckers des 17. Jahrhunderts, Robert Cavelier de La Salle, um das Gebiet der Großen Seen und dem Mississippi River herunter, auf der Suche nach dem weiterhin existierenden französischen Erbe auf diesem Kontinent. Für einen kanadischen Buchautor sehr ungewöhnlich erschien bis dato jedes seiner Bücher bei einem anderen Verlag. Außerdem wurden seine Werke bisher ins Chinesische, Deutsche und Französische übersetzt.

Werk

Sachbücher und Sachtexte
 Just Looking, Thank You: An Amused Observer's View of Canadian Lifestyles. Macmillan of Canada, Toronto 1976 ISBN 0-770-51434-0
 Marshall McLuhan: The Medium and the Messenger. Random House, Toronto 1989 & Ticknor & Fields, New York 1989 ISBN 0-899-19485-0
Marshall McLuhan. Botschafter der Medien. Biografie. Übers. Martin Baltes. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt (DVA), Stuttgart 1999 ISBN 3-421-05306-5
 Ripostes: Reflections on Canadian Literature. Porcupine's Quill, Erin 1998 ISBN 0-889-84196-9
 Ghost Empire: How the French Almost Conquered North America.  McClelland & Stewart, Toronto 2005, ISBN 978-0-7710-5677-2
 Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye, in Legacy. How french Canadians shaped North America. Hg. André Pratte u. a. McClelland & Stewart, Toronto 2016; wieder 2019 ISBN 0771072392 S. 17 – 34
 frz. Ausgabe: Bâtisseurs d'Amérique: Des canadiens français qui ont faite de l'histoire. La Presse, Montréal 2016

 Roman
 Deadly Spirits. Stoddart, Toronto 1994 ISBN 0-773-75641-8

Mitherausgeber
 Paul Benedetti, Nancy DeHart, Frank Zingrone, Philip Marchand (Hrsg.): Forward through the rearview mirror: Reflections on and by Marshall McLuhan. Prentice Hall Canada, Scarborough 1996 ISBN 0-134-94956-0

Weblinks

 Offizielle Homepage von Philip Marchand
 Zusammenstellung der Artikel Philip Marchands. In: National Post. Abgerufen am 18. April 2012.
 Auflistung der Filmkritiken Philip Marchands auf Rotten Tomatoes. Abgerufen am 18. April 2012.
 Tainted Success and the Heroes of Martin Scorsese, an essay by Philip Marchand, in: Numéro Cinq Magazine, 19/26. Dezember 2011. Abgerufen am 18. April 2012.
 Ausführliche Biographie, Stand September 2019

Einzelnachweise

Journalist (Kanada)
Literaturkritiker
Filmkritiker
Sachbuchautor
Filmschauspieler
Kriminalliteratur
Literatur (Englisch)
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (21. Jahrhundert)
Kanadische Literatur
Kanadier
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1946
Mann

Philip Marchand


Asarçayı, Çorum ilinin Oğuzlar ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe

Coğrafya
Çorum iline 56 km, Oğuzlar ilçesine 3 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar

Oğuzlar, Çorum
Oğuzlar belde ve köyleri

Asarçayı, Oğuzlar


Mishra peut faire référence à :
 Abhimanyu Mishra (né en 2009), joueur d'échecs prodige américain.
 Jyoti Mishra, artiste britannique de musique électronique, d'origine indienne.
 Navendu Mishra, homme politique britannique.
 Pankaj Mishra (né en 1969), essayiste, journaliste et critique littéraire indien.
 Sanjay Mishra (né en 1963), acteur indien.
 Siddhartha Mishra (né en 1980), mathématicien indien.

Mishra


The Luvua River (or Lowa River) is a river in the Katanga Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). It flows from the northern end of Lake Mweru on the Zambia-Congo border in a northwesterly direction for  to its confluence with the Lualaba River opposite the town of Ankoro. The Lualaba becomes the Congo River below the Boyoma Falls.

Course

Lake Mweru, at an elevation of about , is a floodplain lake that has been formed by a process of erosion where the wind has carried off alluvium. The Luvua River leaves the north end of the lake at Pweto in the DRC. The river flows about  northwest to Ankoro, where it meets the Lualaba. The middle course of the river is obstructed by a series of rapids, torrents and cataracts as it drops down from the plateau into the Congo Basin. At Piana Mwanga the falls are used to generate electricity for the Manono and Kitotolo mines. The river can be navigated in shallow-draft boats for  of its lower course below Kiambi. The Luvua has its peak discharge between March and May, with significantly lower discharge between September and November.

Watershed

The Congo River basin has the form of a huge, shallow saucer. The Luvua breaks through the southeast rim of this saucer, bringing water from the Mweru-Bangweulu watershed.
The Luvua drains an area of over , much of which was at one time part of the Zambezi watershed.
There is strong faunal evidence for the Luvua basin having once been part of the Zambezi system, with several species of fish that are common in the Zambezi system also being found in the Luvua.
Congo fauna have penetrated up the Luvua into Lake Mweru, but have been blocked by the Mambatuta Falls from entry into Lake Bangweulu. The transition occurred in the early Tertiary.

Congo headwater theory

Some geographers consider that the Luvua is a section of the Congo River.
They place the origin of the Congo in the highlands between Tanzania and Zambia, where the Chambeshi River originates, flowing southwest to Lake Bangweulu. From that lake the Luapula River emerges and flows northward over  to Lake Mweru. The Luvua river exits lake Mweru and flows northwest to join the Lualaba River, which becomes the Congo River further downstream.
Some say that the Congo begins where the Lualaba and Luvua meet.
The argument for treating the Lualaba as the main headwater, although it is much shorter, is that it has twice the volume of water at the point where it meets the Luvua.

History

The upper Luvua valley was home to the Bwile people.
Sometime after 1810 Kumwimbe Ngombe, ruler of the Luba Kingdom, conquered the region.
The European missionary and explorer David Livingstone "discovered" Lake Mweru in 1867, and formed the theory that the Luvua flowed to the Upper Nile. It was only after Livingstone's death that Henry Morton Stanley in his expedition of 1874-1877 showed that the river in fact was a tributary of the Congo.
Starting in 1891, a Swahili named Shimba launched a series of slave-raiding expeditions that depopulated most of the western shore of Lake Mweru. Shimba joined forces with another Swahili named Kafindo who was based on the upper Luvua and attacked the local Yeke ruler. These attacks continued until the Belgian Braseur arrived and began to "pacify" the region, which the European powers had agreed belonged to Belgium.

In 2000, during the Second Congo War, government forces suffered a major defeat by Rwandan forces at Pweto, at the source of the river. The DRC forces had brought most of their armored vehicles across the river. There was a single ferry, and they did not have enough time to evacuate the vehicles before the Rwandans arrived. Soldiers loaded a T-62 tank awkwardly, and the ferry tipped over and sank. The Rwandans found 33 tanks, as well as other vehicles, which the DRC troops had tried to burn.

References

Sources

External links
 A Trans-Africa Inland Waterway System?
 Democratic Republic of Congo Waterways Assessment

Rivers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Lake Mweru
Lualaba River
Miombo
Haut-Katanga Province
Tanganyika Province

Luvua River


جبل جيس هو أعلى جبل في دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة؛ حيث يرتفع قرابة 1.900 متر فوق سطح البحر. جبل جيس هو أحد الجبال التي تتكوّن منها سلسلة جبال الحجر. ويقع جبل جيس في إمارة رأس الخيمة. وتنخفض فيه درجة الحرارة كثيراً عن ما هي عليه في الأسفل.

موقع الجبل
يقع جبل جيس في شمال إمارة رأس الخيمة، ويبعد عن مدينة رأس الخيمة حوالي 25 كيلومتر تقريباً، ويصل ارتفاع أعلى نقطة فيه إلى 350 متر تقع شرق الحدود بين سلطنة عمان ودولة الإمارات. بين الجبال تنتشر قرى معزولة، والعديد من المزارع التي تستفيد من مياه الأمطار لإنتاج الفواكه والخضروات وتربية المواشي، ويشهد جبال تساقط الثلوج النادرة مرتين في السنة.

السياحة
تشهد قمة جبل جيس أدنى درجات الحرارة في دولة الإمارات، حيث تصل إلى -5 درجات مئوية في فصل الشتاء، وهو دفع الحكومة المحلية لوضع خطط لبناء فندق وتلفريك، ومشروع للمظلات الهوائية وملعب للجولف وأول منحدر خارجي للتزلج على الثلج، ذلك بعد افتتاح الطريق الجديد على الجبل.، كما تم إنشاء أطول حبل انزلاقي بالعالم بالجبل بطول 2,832 متر وبسرعة تتجاوز ال 120 كيلومتر بالساعة

معرض صور

مراجع

أعلى القمم حسب البلد
إمارة رأس الخيمة
جبال الإمارات العربية المتحدة
جبال سلطنة عمان
شبه جزيرة مسندم

جبل جيس


Kum sanatı, ışıkla aydınlatılan bir masada kumla yapılan resim sanatı. Bu sanatla uğraşanlara kum ressamı denir.

Kum gösterileri genellikle new age tarzı müzikler eşliğinde yapılır. Ses ve ışık, gösterinin daha da etkili olmasını sağlar ve bir atmosfer yaratır.

Animasyon teknikleri
Performans sanatı

Kum sanatı


Ante Kaleb (Metković, 9. svibnja 1993.), hrvatski je reprezentativni rukometaš.

S mladom reprezentacijom 2010. osvojio 1. mjesto u Crnoj Gori. Izabran za najbolji sedmorku turnira i proglašen za MVP prvenstva. S mladom reprezentacijom 2011. na svjetskom prvenstvu plasirali se na 8. mjesto.
Godine 2011. dobiva prvi sluzbeni poziv za okupljanje seniorske reprezentacije Hrvatske.
Godine 2012. u Turskoj s mladom reprezentacijom osvaja 2. mjesto.
S 18. godina potpisuje prvi profesionalni ugovor s RK Zagreb. U prvoj godini ne dobiva minutažu pokraj velikih imena u svlacionici Zagreba.
Nakon toga odlazi u RK Dubravu, gdje svojim igrama zaslužuje povratak u Rukometni klub Zagreb.
Nakon Zagreba potpisuje ugovor s RK Mariborom gdje provodi 2,5 godine. Svojim dobrim igrama zapinje za oko njemačkim prvoligašima i s 22 godine potpisuje ugovor s Tus n Lübbeckeom.
Nakon sto Tus n Lübbecke ispada iz prve lige odlazi u Tus n Lübbecke u 2. njemačku ligu i odmah nakon prve godine izboren je najelitniji rang njemačkog rukometa. U svojoj prvoj sezoni za Lübbecke postize preko 170 golova(bez postignutih pogodaka sa 7 metara) i pomaže klubu za povratak u 1. njemačku Bundesligu.
Trenutačno je student na Zagrebačkoj školi ekonomije i menadžmenta (ZŠEM).
Od 2017. nastupa u 1. njemačkoj Bundesligi.

S hrvatskom seniorskom reprezentacijom osvojio je zlato na Mediteranskim igrama u Tarragoni 2018.

Izvori

Hrvatski rukometaši
Rukometaši RK Zagreba
Životopisi, Metković

Ante Kaleb