Šakomet (Fistball eng., Faustball njem.) je ekipni šport europskog podrijetla. Prvenstveno se igra u zemljama njemačkog govornog područja - Austriji, Njemačkoj i Švicarskoj, ali i izvan Europe, npr. u Brazilu i Australiji.

Cilj igre sličan je odbojci. Timovi pokušavaju udariti loptu preko mreže, ali se pravila razlikuju od odbojke na nekoliko glavnih načina.

Aktualni svjetski prvak u šakometu za muškarce je Njemačka. Pobjedili su na Svjetskom prvenstvu za muškarce 2019. i šakometu na Svjetskim igrama 2022., dok je aktualni svjetski prvak u šakometu za žene također Njemačka, nakon pobjede na Svjetskom prvenstvu 2021.

Povijest

Nije poznato kada je točno "izumljen" šakomet. Ono što je sigurno jest da korijeni leže u južnom dijelu Europe, možda u Italiji. Najranije poznato pisano spominjanje igre datira od 240. godine rimskog cara Gordijana III.

Pravila za talijansku verziju šakometa zabilježio je Antonius Scaiono 1555. U 16. stoljeću igra doživljava renesansu. Međutim, to se manje smatralo igrom natjecateljske prirode, a više kao razbibrigom za plemiće i plemstvo. Godine 1786. Johann Wolfgang Goethe spomenuo je šakomet između 'četiri plemića iz Verone i četiri Venecijanca' u svom dnevniku Talijansko putovanje.[1][2] Tek je 1870. godine šakomet uveden u Njemačku, predvođen Georgom Weberom.

Športom su se uglavnom bavili gimnastičari i ubrzo se na njega gledalo kao na gimnastički sport. Šakomet je prvi put predstavljen 1885. godine na njemačkom gimnastičkom festivalu u Dresdenu.

Godine 1894. Georg Weber, zajedno s dr. Heinrichom Schnellom, izradio je prva njemačka pravila koja su ocrtavala sport s natjecateljskim elementima. Međutim, igra i postizanje pogodaka bitno su se razlikovali od šakometa u modernom obliku. [4] U to vrijeme šport se proširio i na susjedne zemlje, uglavnom njemačkog govornog područja, a njemački iseljenici također šire šport na svim kontinentima, posebice u Južnoj Americi i Zapadnoj Africi.

Šakomet je prvi put uveden u Sjedinjene Države 1911. godine od strane srednjoškolskog profesora Christophera Carltona koji ga je iskusio iz prve ruke na ljetnim praznicima u Italiji.

Na Njemačkom gimnastičkom festivalu 1913. u Leipzigu održano je prvo njemačko prvenstvo za muškarce, kada je LLB Frankfurt pobijedio protiv 1879 MTV München-a, pobijedivši 114:101.

Zbog Prvog svjetskog rata njemačko šakometno prvenstvo nije održano između 1914. i 1920. Godine 1921. održano je prvo prvenstvo u šakometu za žene, a Hamburger Turnerschaft je pobijedio TV Krefeld, pobjedivši 91:90.

Šakomet je kao ekipni šport počeo samostalno rasti, još dok je bio pridružen Gimnastičkom savezu.

Godine 1927. gotovo 12 000 klubova igralo je organizirani šakomet u Njemačkoj. Zbog brzog širenja šakometa i poboljšanih vještina igre, bile su potrebne daljnje promjene u pravilima, s većim fokusom na osvajanje bodova forsiranjem pogrešaka. Ovaj stil igre bio je atletskiji i dinamičniji, a taktika se počela značajno mijenjati. Razvoj šakometa zaustavio je Drugi svjetski rat. Tek 1947. godine mogla su se održavati redovna njemačka prvenstva. Kako bi se potaknuo razvoj i poboljšala izvedba, 1960. godine osnovana je Međunarodna šakometna udruga (IFA), koja je danas krovna organizacija svih nacionalnih šakometnih organizacija u svijetu.

Prvo IFA Svjetsko prvenstvo za muškarce održano je u Linzu u Austriji 1968. godine, a Zapadna Njemačka je osvojila zlato. Prvo IFA Svjetsko prvenstvo za žene održano je u Buenos Airesu u Argentini 1994. godine, Zapadna Njemačka je i u ženskoj konkurenciji također osvojila zlato. Oba turnira trenutno se održavaju svake četiri godine.

Šakomet je relativno kasno došao u Australiju i Afriku, ali je brzo stekao popularnost, pa su Australci 2013. godine osnovali vlastitu šakometnu federaciju, [3], a Južna Afrika ubrzo nakon toga, 2014. godine.

Pravila šakometa

Šakomet je timski sport u kojem se dvije ekipe natječu jedna protiv druge na igralištu podijeljenom na dva polja, slično odbojci. Polja su razdvojena središnjom linijom i mrežom razapetom između dva stupa visine do dva metra.

Ako igrač ili lopta tijekom igre dodirnu mrežu ili stative, to se smatra pogreškom. Svaki tim sastoji se od pet igrača, pri čemu igrači pokušavaju prebaciti loptu preko mreže, na protivničku polovicu – koristeći samo stisnutu šaku (za razliku od odbojke gdje su dopuštene otvorene ruke). Pet igrača iz svake momčadi može dodirnuti loptu do tri puta – s odbijanjem koje je dopušteno prije svakog kontakta (također za razliku od odbojke gdje nije dopušteno odbijanje), ali bez ponavljanja udaraca bilo kojeg pojedinačnog igrača unutar tri pokušaja. Slično odbojci, tri udarca se koriste za spremanje, postavljanje i smeč natrag u protivničku polovicu, tim redoslijedom.

Bodovanje

Igra se na bodove i setove. Ako momčad ne uspije vratiti loptu ili pogriješi, druga momčad dobiva bod. Momčad koja je izgubila zadnji bod ili napravila posljednju pogrešku izvodi sljedeći servis. Set završava kada jedna momčad osvoji 11 bodova, i ima najmanje 2 boda prednosti (tj. najmanje 11:9). Ako rezultat dosegne 10:10, igra će se automatski produžiti dok jedna od momčadi ne povede s 2 ili prva osvoji 15 bodova (rezultati stoga mogu završiti 15-14). Broj dobivenih setova varira ovisno o klasi igre, ali općenito se igra na najbolji od pet ili tri. U nekim su slučajevima rezultati seta ograničeni vremenom, a to može biti uobičajeno na velikim turnirima u organizacijske svrhe.

Pogreške

Najvažnije pogreške (tj. bodovi protivničkoj momčadi) su sljedeće:

* Lopta ili igrač dodiruju mrežu ili stativu.

* Lopta dodiruje tlo izvan terena.

* Lopta dotakne tlo dva puta zaredom bez ikakvog kontakta igrača između.

* Lopta se prebaci uz stativu, pored ili ispod mreže u protivnički kazneni prostor.

* Više od tri igrača u timu koji dodiruju loptu tijekom igre.

* Igrač dodirne loptu drugi put unutar poteza.

* Lopta dodiruje dio tijela koji nije nadlaktica, podlaktica ili šaka. Na primjer, lopta po pravilima ne smije dodirnuti glavu, stopalo ili otvoreni dlan.

* Igrač prekorači servisnu liniju pri servisu.

Igralište

Šakomet nije sezonski sport. Ljeti se igra vani, na travnatom sportskom igralištu (dimenzija terena 50 x 20 m). Zimi se igra u zatvorenoj sportskoj dvorani, a uglavnom se kao igralište koristi već postojeće rukometno igralište (veličina terena 40 x 20 m). U dvorani lopta ima kontroliraniji odskok nego na travi, što se odražava na taktiku igre. Osim toga, u dvorani je svaki kontakt loptom sa zidom pogreška. U šakometu na otvorenom igralište je 50 m dužine x (25 x 20 m po polu-polju) i 20 m širine. U dvoranskom šakometu igralište je duljine 40 m (20 x 20 m po polu-polju) i širine 20 m.

Budući da veličina unutarnjeg terena odgovara uobičajenoj veličini rukometnog igrališta, obično se koriste postojeće vanjske linije. Servisna linija je udaljena 3 m od središnje linije.

Servereva stacionarna noga (za stojeći servis) ili prva noga za doskok (za skok servisa) moraju biti u potpunosti iza ove linije prilikom serviranja. Granične linije pripadaju terenu, tj. kada lopta dodirne liniju, to nije pogreška i igra će se nastaviti. Igralište je podijeljeno na pola crveno-bijelom mrežom širine 5 cm u obliku vrpce. Drži se iznad središnje linije između dva stupića, gornji rub mu se nalazi na 2 m visine (muškarci) i 1,90 m (žene). Za D-mladi (ispod 12 godina) visina je 1,60 m, C-mladi (ispod 14 godina) 1,80 m. Teren također uključuje prostor za istrčavanje, koji kada se igra na otvorenom iznosi 8 m straga i 6 m sa strane. Za igru u zatvorenom, područja za istrčavanje ograničena su zidom ili tribinama, ali općenito su minimalno 1 m straga i 0,5 m sa strane. Navedene dimenzije terena odnose se na odrasle igrače, jer su tereni za mlade općenito manji.

Natjecanja

Najveće međunarodno natjecanje u šakometu je Fistball World Championships, koje se trenutno održava svake četiri godine.

Sve zemlje članice IFA-e pozvane su sudjelovati u svakom događaju, a za turnir se obično kvalificira 10-12 timova. Mjesto natjecanja mijenja se sa svakim prvenstvom, ali obično se održava u Europi ili Južnoj Americi. Svjetsko prvenstvo u šakometu za žene održava se godinu dana prije Svjetskog prvenstva za muškarce, i općenito u drugoj zemlji domaćinu od one koja je izabrana za naredni muški turnir.

U muškoj konkurenciji od 1990. na svim turnirima nastupaju Njemačka, Austrija, Švicarska, Brazil, Argentina, Čile, Namibija i Italija, a povremeno sudjeluju SAD, Australija i Japan.

Prvo Svjetsko prvenstvo u šakometu za muškarce održano je 1968. godine, a za žene 1994. godine. Pet najboljih timova sa Svjetskog prvenstva u šakometu za muškarce također je pozvano na natjecanje u šakometu na Svjetskim igrama, koje se također održavaju svake četiri godine. Ako je zemlja domaćin članica IFA-e, šesta momčad je šakometna reprezentacija zemlje domaćina, inače je pozvana šestoplasirana momčad na posljednjem Svjetskom prvenstvu. Iako nije izravno organiziran od strane IFA-e, ovaj događaj ima značajan prestiž.

Osim svjetskih prvenstava, održavaju se međunarodna kontinentalna natjecanja za timove unutar Europe, Južne Amerike i, od nedavno, Azije. Što se tiče klupskih natjecanja, Svjetsko prvenstvo u šakometu održava se svake godine za dvoranska i vanjska natjecanja, a natječu se najbolji klubovi svijeta. Održavaju se i pojedinačna europska i južnoamerička prvenstva za klubove, koja se koriste kao kvalifikacije za Svjetsko prvenstvo.

Vanjske poveznice

 16 September 1786 : Vier edle Veroneser schlugen Ball gegen vier Vicentiner. Sie treiben dies sonst unter sich das ganze Jahr etwa zwei Stunden vor Nacht;[…]

 http://fistball.com.au
 https://web.archive.org/web/20140430035117/http://www.ifa-fistball.com/en/menu_main/1-hauptmenuepunkt/rules

Šport

Šakomet


Metal Gear Solid HD Collection es una colección remasterizada en HD de los videojuegos Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty, Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater y Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker, disponible para las plataformas PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 y PlayStation Vita.

Diferencias de versiones

En Japón, Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker no está incluido como parte de la colección. En su lugar, incluye un código para descargar el primer Metal Gear Solid en consolas PlayStation como compensación. Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker se vende como juego individual en Japón bajo el nombre de "Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker HD Edition". Cabe aclarar que la versión para PS Vita incluye solo el 2 y el 3.

Juegos

Metal Gear Solid (Solo en PlayStation 3)

Narra la historia de Solid Snake en su incursión a la isla de Shadow Moses, secuestrada por rebeldes de su antigua unidad "Fox Hound".

NOTA: Incluye la versión de PlayStation, manteniendo su resolución y gráficos, esto no está dentro del compilatorio en sí, pero al jugar cualquiera de los juegos primera vez (precisamente Sons of Liberty o Snake Eater), en PS3 se da de manera gratuita para descargar el primer Metal Gear Solid y su expansión Vr Missions de PlayStation 1.

Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty

La historia gira alrededor de Dead Cell, un grupo formado por terroristas que se hacen llamar "Sons of Liberty", y el protagonista es Raiden, y Snake solo es un protagonista prólogo.

La edición HD se basa en el relanzamiento Metal Gear Solid 2: Substance, este relanzamiento se basa en la versión de PC lanzada en 2003. Teniendo una resolución de video en 720p. No incluye el minijuego de skateboarding que venía en la versión de PS2.

Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

En plena Guerra Fría entre los Estados Unidos y la Unión Soviética, se centra en el grupo operativo FOX de Naked Snake.
Incluye los juegos Metal Gear (1987) y Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake (1990) de MSX2 en el contenido extra, esto porque se incluye en Metal Gear Solid 3: Subsistence, y al igual que Substance, Subsistence sirvió como base para la versión HD, pero la versión de PlayStation 3 es la única en basarse en la versión Subsistence de PlayStation 2. Esto porque se pretendía que Snake Eater y Subsistence serían exclusivos de PS2, y no estarían disponibles en Xbox (dado al poco tiempo y mala experiencia que Kojima tuvo para hacer el port de MGS2 para la Xbox Clásica), cosa contraria que pasó en la edición HD que no fue exclusiva de PS3. Además el juego, pasa de funcionar en 30fps como en PS2, a 60fps en las versiones de PS3 y Xbox 360, mientras que en PS Vita, el rendimiento sigue siendo exactamente igual que en PS2, es decir, de 30fps.

 MGS3 HD (PS3): MGS3: Subsistence (PS2)

Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker

Se sitúa en 1974, en Centroamérica, nos pone en el papel de Naked Snake, también conocido como Big Boss, 10 años después de los sucesos acontecidos en Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater, y 4 años después de los sucesos de Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops.

A diferencia de Sons of Liberty y Snake Eater, Peace Walker no tuvo relanzamientos por tratarse de un juego reciente en esos años, y la edición HD se basa en la versión normal de PSP, no obstante lo más nuevo de la versión de PSP en su tiempo, fueron unos DLC's que eran exclusivos de Japón, y dicho contenido fue agregado para todas las versiones regionales de la versión HD del juego, y la versión de PlayStation 3 es la única que se basa más fielmente en la contraparte original de PSP en cuanto al factor de botones se refiere, dado a que el DualShock 3 posee los mismos botones que en PSP, incluso un poco más teniendo en cuenta los gatillos y un segundo stick análogo, con la diferencia de que por ejemplo, se cambian los botones L y R, por los botones L1, R1, L2, y R2 en PlayStation 3, y por los botones LB, RB, LT, y RT en Xbox 360, y en esta última los botones de figuras de PSP y PS3, son cambiados por los botones se letras de la marca Xbox, es decir: X, Y, B, y A respectivamente. En cuanto a la resolución de la tercera sobremesa de Sony y la segunda consola de Microsoft, es de 720p, en ambas funcionando a 60fps, a diferencia de los 20fps de la versión de PSP, además de agregarse la función de vibración en las versiones de sobremesa, función que por obvias razones no está en la versión de PSP.

 MGS: PW HD Edition (PS3): MGS: Peace Walker (PSP)

Videojuegos de 2011
Videojuegos de Metal Gear
Videojuegos para PlayStation 3
Videojuegos para Xbox 360
Videojuegos para PlayStation Vita

Véase también
 Metal Gear Solid 2: Substance (relanzamiento que sirvió de base para el Sons of Liberty en HD).
 Metal Gear Solid 3: Subsistence (relanzamiento que sirvió de base para el Snake Eater también en HD).

Metal Gear Solid HD Collection


Vladimir Pavlovič Kasjanov, (ruski: Влади́мир Па́влович Касья́нов; Odesa, Ukrajina, 12. lipnja 1883. – Moskva, Rusija, 24. studenoga 1960.), ruski filmski redatelj.

Filmovi
 Drama u futurističkom kabareu 13 (1914.)
 Smert bogov (1916.)
 Isterzannie duši (1917.)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Vladimir Kasjanov na kino-teatr.ru

Ruski filmski redatelji

Vladimir Kasjanov


Fernando Rueda es un piloto de rally español residente en Sudáfrica que compitió en el Campeonato de África de Rally certamen que ganó en 2003 a bordo de un Mitsubishi Lancer Evo.

Actualmente compite en el campeonato de Sudáfrica de rally con un Toyota Corolla S2000 siendo piloto oficial de Toyota.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Fernando Rueda.ewrc-results.com

Pilotos de rally de España
Pilotos de Toyota

Fernando Rueda (piloto)


De XVI Island Games (også kendt som 2015 NatWest Island Games af sponsor årsager) blev holdt i Jersey, fra den 27. juni til 3. juli 2013.

Sportsgrene

Tallene i parantes indikerer hvor mange medaljer der var i hver sportsgren.

 Kommentar: Bueskydning og bordtennis vender tilbage til Island Games. Derimod blev gymnastik og squash droppet ved disse lege .

Medaljeoversigt
Endeligt resultat

Forklaring:

Referencer

Sport i 2015

Jersey

Island Games 2015


Peristil (grč. περιστύλιον) (arhit.) - slobodan prostor, okružen stubovima i natkriven; predvorje ili hodnik sa stubovima.

U Hrvatskoj je najpoznatiji primjer splitski Peristil, trg ispred prvostolnice Sv. Dujma u Starom gradu u Splitu.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 https://visitsplit.com/hr/528/peristil

Arhitektonski elementi
Arhitektura

Peristil


Die ThuLEP (Thulium(Tm:YAG)-Laser-Enukleation der Prostata) ist eine Form der transurethralen Resektion (Abtragung durch die Harnröhre). Sie gehört wie die ThuVEP (Thulium(Tm:YAG)-Laser-Vapoenukleation) zu den minimalinvasiven transurethralen Operationsverfahren, bei denen die gesamte vergrößerte Prostata-Innendrüse, die für die obstruktiven Beschwerden beim Wasserlassen (Verzögertes Wasserlassen, verminderter Harnstrahl, verlängerte Zeit für das Wasserlassen, Restharnbildung, Überlaufblase, Harnverhalt) verantwortlich ist, entfernt werden kann.

Bei der Operation werden die Prostatalappen einzeln ausgelöst und in der Harnblase vorübergehend positioniert. Von dort werden sie dann mit Hilfe eines Morcellators (Gewebezerkleinerer) abgesaugt und für die feingewebliche Untersuchung aufgefangen, so dass das gesamte entfernte Gewebe und damit die gesamte Prostatainnendrüse untersucht werden kann. Wird die Innendrüse der Prostata vollständig entfernt, so ist ein erneutes Wachstum von Rest-Prostatagewebe der Innendrüse sowie ein Rezidiv (Wiederkehr des Beschwerdebildes) unwahrscheinlich im Gegensatz zu Verfahren, bei denen nur ein Teil der Prostatainnendrüse entfernt wird (TUR-P, Laser-Vaporisation der Prostata).

Operatives Prinzip
Ziel der ThuLEP, die an der Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover von Thomas Herrmann entwickelt wurde, ist eine vollständige Entfernung der Prostatainnendrüse bei gleichzeitig vollständiger Unversehrtheit der Prostataaußendrüse. An der Prostataaußendrüse laufen von hinten an der Prostataaußendrüse (Prostatakapsel) anhängend von orientierend 3° bis 9° zwischen Prostata und Enddarm das Nervengeflecht für die Erektion, das nicht durch chirurgische Schnitte oder thermische Schädigung in Mitleidenschaft gezogen werden soll. Des Weiteren greift der Schließmuskel der Harnröhre von unten (kaudal) auf die Spitze der Außendrüse. Eine weitestgehend athermale mechanische Enukleation der Prostata verhindert auch hier eine thermische Tiefenschädigung. Die definierte und geringe Eindringtiefe des Thulium(Tm:YAG)-Lasers mit ca. 250 µm verhindert an den Stellen, an denen eine Blutstillung umschrieben durchgeführt werden muss, ebenfalls eine Tiefenschädigung. Die somit weitestgehend intakte Außendrüse (Prostatakapsel), die nach der Operation wieder durch die Schleimhaut der Blase überwachsen werden muss, wird somit nicht durch viel koaguliertes (verschweißtes) Gewebe von der Abheilung abgehalten.

Die Operation orientiert sich an der früher durch einen offenen Schnitt häufig durchgeführten Adenomenukleation, bei der ebenfalls die Mobilisation der Prostatainnendrüse mechanisch erfolgte. Im Gegensatz zu dieser kann ThuLEP minimalinvasiv durch die Harnröhre durchgeführt werden. Ein weiterer Vorteil gegenüber der offenen Adenomenukleation ist die Möglichkeit der umschriebenen Blutstillung der die Innendrüse versorgenden einsprießenden Gefäße. Die Mobilisation der Prostatalappen erfolgt entlang einer anatomisch definierten Schicht zwischen Innen- und Außendrüse, die über die gesamte Operation für den Operateur sichtbar ist. Die Gewebebindung hier ist so angelegt, dass man hier von der Außendrüse die Innendrüse mechanisch abscheren kann. Da diese Prozedur unter Sicht mit einem Endoskop erfolgt, können hier sofort die Versorgungsgefäße abgesetzt und mithilfe des Lasers verschweißt werden. Somit ist der Blutverlust im Gegensatz zur offenen Operation sehr gering.

Im Unterschied zur ThuLEP wird bei der ThuVEP die gesamte Entnahmestelle durch einen vaporisierenden Schnitt versiegelt. Der Koagulationssaum ist auch hier entsprechend der geringen Eindringtiefe des Lasers konstant oberflächlich.

Regenerationsverlauf nach der Operation
Nach der Operation wird der Harnweg für einen kurzen Zeitraum mit Hilfe eines transurethralen Ballonkatheters geschient und die Harnblase gespült. Nach Entfernung des Katheters ist die innerliche Wundheilung noch nicht abgeschlossen. Der Urin kommt nun in Kontakt mit der Entnahmestelle der Innendrüse im Prostatabett. Dies kann vorübergehend und selten bis zum vollständigen Abheilen der Wundfläche nach 3 bis 6 Wochen zu Reizsymptomen wie häufigerem Harndrang und plötzlichem Harndrang führen. Die obstruktiven Symptome sind meist bereits nach Entfernung des Dauerkatheters verschwunden, wenn der Blasenmuskel Detrusor vor der Operation intakt war. Die Funktionsfähigkeit des Detrusor kann vor der Operation mithilfe der Computer-assistierten Urodynamik evaluiert werden. Diese Untersuchung sollte bei allen Patienten in höherem Lebensalter, bei Verdacht auf neurologische Grunderkrankung (z. B. Parkinson-Krankheit, Demenz) und bei Verdacht auf einen insuffizienten (d. h. zu schwachen) Detrusor (hohe Restharnmengen, langandauernder Harnverhalt, hohe Blasenfüllungsvolumina) durchgeführt werden.

Vergleich zu Standardverfahren, Nachsorge
Für die Einordnung von ThuLEP existieren zwei randomisiert kontrollierte Studien (RCT), die dem Evidenzniveau EBL Ib entsprechen, sowie eine größere prospektive Beobachtungsstudie. Eine RCT Studie berichtet über einen Nachbeobachtungszeitraum von 18 Monaten im Vergleich zur Holmium Laser Enukleation der Prostata HoLEP, die andere mit einem kurzen Nachbeobachtungszeitraum von drei Monaten gegenüber der transurethralen Prostataresektion (TURP). Die RCT von Zhang et al. zeigte eine Äquivalenz zwischen ThuLEP und HoLEP, da sich keine signifikanten Unterschiede bezüglich der Veränderungen in Bezug auf die symptomatischen, sowie in der Urodynamik überprüfbaren Parameter zeigten, Unterschiede mit Vorteil für ThuLEP ergaben sich hinsichtlich Blutverlust und Blutstillung, Vorteile für HoLEP ergaben sich bezüglich der Operationszeit. In der Studie von Świniarsk et al. zeigten sich im Nachbeobachtungszeitraum von drei Monaten keine Unterschiede in der Wirksamkeit und operationsbedingten Morbidität.

Einzelnachweise

Therapeutisches Verfahren in der Urologie
Invasives Therapieverfahren
Laseranwendung
Prostata

ThuLEP


الأمير بندر بن خالد بن فيصل بن عبد العزيز آل سعود مستشار في الديوان الملكي ورئيس مجلس إدارة الهيئة العليا للفروسية، ومجلس إدارة نادي سباقات الخيل، وهو الابن الأكبر من أبناء الأمير خالد الفيصل بن عبد العزيز آل سعود ووالدته هي الأميرة العنود بنت عبد الله بن محمد آل سعود (ابنة الأميرة نورة بنت سعود بن عبد العزيز آل سعود).

تعليمه
حصل على بكالوريوس في علوم الحاسب الآلي من جامعة الملك فهد للبترول والمعادن، وحصل على الماجستير في العلاقات الدولية من كلية فليتشر للقانون والدبلوماسية في جامعة تافتس في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية.

مناصبه

 مستشار في الديوان الملكي.
 رئيس مجلس إدارة نادي الفروسية منذ 26 فبراير 2018.
 رئيس مجلس إدارة سما للطيران.
 رئيس نادي الطيران الشراعي السعودي.
 رئيس مجلس إدارة صحيفة الوطن.
 رئيس مجلس إدارة شركة وسائل الإعلام المتطورة القابضة.
 رئيس مجلس إدارة شركة الدار العربية للطباعة والنشر.
 رئيس مجلس إدارة مؤسسة الفكر العربي.
 عضو في مجلس إدارة شركة فيجن كابيتال.
 عضو في الجمعية العمومية لمؤسسة الملك فيصل الخيرية.

نسبه
هو الأمير بندر بن خالد بن فيصل بن الملك عبد العزيز بن الإمام عبد الرحمن بن الإمام فيصل بن الإمام تركي بن الأمير عبد الله بن الإمام محمد بن سعود بن محمد بن مقرن بن مرخان بن إبراهيم بن موسى بن ربيعة بن مانع بن ربيعة المريدي والمردة من حنيفة من بكر بن وائل بن قاسط الذي ينتهي في ربيعة بن نزار بن معد ابن عدنان.

زوجته
الأميرة نوف بنت محمد بن عبد الله بن محمد آل سعود (ابنة الأميرة مشاعل بنت خالد بن عبد العزيز آل سعود)

أبناؤه
 الأمير خالد بن بندر بن خالد الفيصل. متزوج من الأميرة نجلاء بنت أحمد بن سلمان بن عبد العزيز آل سعود وله من أبناء الأمير بندر.
 الأميرة لولوة بنت بندر بن خالد الفيصل.
 الأمير فيصل بن بندر بن خالد الفيصل.
 الأميرة هيا بنت بندر بن خالد الفيصل.

مراجع

أبناء أحفاد عبد العزيز آل سعود
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص مذكورون في وثائق بنما
أصحاب أعمال سعوديون
أمراء سعوديون
خريجو جامعة الملك فهد للبترول والمعادن
خريجو كلية فليتشر للقانون والدبلوماسية
طيارون مدنيون سعوديون
مدراء شركات سعوديون
مستشارو الديوان الملكي
مستشارون سعوديون في القرن 21
مواليد 1386 هـ
مواليد 1965

بندر بن خالد الفيصل بن عبد العزيز آل سعود


Bun Venit în Wayne (în engleză Welcome to the Wayne) este un serial animat creat în 2017 de Billy Lopez. Muzica serialului a fost achiziționată de Ego Plum. În Statele Unite, serialul a avut premiera pe 24 iulie 2017 pe Nickelodeon. În România, serialul a avut premiera pe 1 aprilie 2019 pe Nicktoons.

Personaje
Saraline: O fată din echipa Timbers de 7 ani. Are ca armă un cârlig de luptă.

Episoade

Note

Seriale de animație
Seriale de televiziune americane
Seriale de televiziune din 2017
Nickelodeon
Desene animate

Bun Venit în Wayne


Oriundos de la noche,  también conocida como Del fondo de la noche, es una película documental española y dominicana de Javier Balaguer. Está basada en los hechos históricos acaecidos en la República Dominicana entre los años 1930 y 1961.

Argumento
Oriundos de la noche, llamada también como Del fondo de la noche, es la historia de tres personajes decisivos en el momento final de la lucha por la instauración de las libertades de la República Dominicana en el periodo de mandato del dictador Rafael Leónidas Trujillo.

Minerva Mirabal, heroína y mártir que luchó contra la dictadura de Rafael Leónidas Trujillo.
En el primer encuentro Feminista Latinoamericano y del Caribe 1981, se instituyó en Bogotá que cada 25 de noviembre se celebrase "El día internacional a la no violencia contra la mujer" en su homenaje.

Pedro Mir, el poeta nacional dominicano que a través de sus poemas cuenta la historia de su país durante la represión trujillista

Juan Bosch, político, escritor y revolucionario que luchó contra Rafael Leónidas Trujillo

Reparto
Mónica Sepúlveda ... Minerva Mirabal
Víctor Checo ... Rafael Leónidas Trujillo
Wilkin Abreu ... Juan Bosch
Rafael Alduey ... Antonio de la Maza
Pepito Miró ... Antonio Imbert
Frank Perozo ... Amado García Guerrero
Omar Ramírez ... Pedro Livio Cedeño
Carlos Fernández ... Huascar Tejada
Fernando Rodríguez ... Salvador Estrella
Chistian Guthermann ... Roberto Pastoriza
Angel P. Puello...Documentalista

Comentarios
Está dirigida por Javier Balaguer. Otras películas suyas son Sólo mía y Escuela de seducción.
Oriundos de la noche fue el documental ganador del premio especial al mejor largometraje documental en el Philadelphia Documentary & Fiction Festival del Annual Program Without Frontiers.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 web oficial de Annual Program Without Frontiers
 web oficial del II Festival de Cine Global Americano

Documentales históricos

Oriundos de la noche


Emmanuel Tarpin, né le 15 juin 1992 à Annecy, est un designer de joaillerie français. En 2017, il fonde la marque éponyme, basée à Paris.

Biographie
Passionné de sculpture et de gemmologie depuis son enfance, Emmanuel Tarpin est diplomé de la Haute École d'art et de design Genève en 2014.

Après l'obtention de son diplôme, il travaille chez Van Cleef & Arpels dans un atelier de haute joaillerie et crée ses premiers bijoux.

En 2017, il crée sa propre marque, et se consacre exclusivement à la réalisation de pièces uniques. La même année, l'une de ses premières créations, une paire de boucles d'oreille, est vendue aux enchères chez Christie's.

En 2019, Emmanuel Tarpin réalise une collection capsule pour le joaillier suisse De Grisogono.

Plusieurs célébrités ont porté ses créations, dont Rihanna et Mandy Moore.

Inspirations
Sa principale source d'inspiration est la nature, remarquable à travers ses réalisations qui répliquent différents types de fleurs et plantes.

Le magazine Dreams le compare à René Lalique.

Distinctions
En 2019 il remporte le Rising stars award de  dans la catégorie Haute Joaillerie. Il est également nommé designer de l'année par The Town & Country Jewelry Awards.

Références

Naissance en juin 1992
Naissance à Annecy
Designer français
Joaillier français

Emmanuel Tarpin


Weiherhaus ist ein Stadtteil im Süden Nürnbergs und Teil des statistischen Bezirks 49  (Kornburg, Worzeldorf).

Geographie
Nachbarorte sind Pillenreuth im Norden, Herpersdorf und Worzeldorf im Osten und Gaulnhofen und Katzwang im Süden. Weiherhaus liegt am Main-Donau-Kanal, der es im Westen begrenzt. Der Marthweg verbindet Schwabach und Katzwang mit Falkenheim und der Nürnberger Gartenstadt am Südfriedhof; er führt direkt zur Anschlussstelle Nürnberg-Königshof der Südwesttangente und geht nach dieser Anschlussstelle in die Saarbrückener Straße über.

Geschichte

Die ältesten Aufzeichnungen zu Weiherhaus stammen aus dem Jahre 1339. Der Ort bestand ursprünglich aus zwei Weiherhäusern der Familie Fischbecken von Fischbach. Die Fischbecken beschützten die für eine umfangreiche Fischzucht angelegten Weiher. 1354 verkauften sie diesen Besitz an die Stadt Nürnberg, die auf dem Amtshaus Amtsleute und ab 1476 Pächter wohnen ließ. 1518 verkaufte der Rat der Stadt den "Hof zum Weyerhaus" samt den alten, reichslehnbaren Weihern und den erst später angelegten stadteigenen Weihern an Hans Behaim den Jüngeren, den Sohn des Nürnberger Stadtbaumeisters Hans Beheim der Ältere. Unter dessen Söhnen wurde der Sitz im Zweiten Markgrafenkrieg am 15. Mai 1552 "verprennt und verwüst". Der wiederaufgebaute Sitz kam an die Erben, darunter die Kaufmannsfamilie Gwandschneider. Nach deren Konkurs 1609 erwarb ein Schwiegersohn, Georg Pfinzing von Henfenfeld, den Besitz, der aber 1619 ebenfalls bankrottging. Andere Mitglieder der Familie Pfinzing erwarben das Weihergut und hielten den Teichbetrieb auch während des Dreißigjährigen Krieges aufrecht. Ab 1696 wurde das heutige Herrenhaus erbaut, das im Erdgeschoss eine Wohnung für den Fischer enthielt. 1714 fiel das Gut durch Heirat an Karl Benedikt Geuder von Heroldsberg (1670–1744), Vorderster Losunger und Reichsschultheiß. Unter ihm erfolgte 1728 der Umbau des massiven Kellerhauses zu einem Sommerhaus mit einem Obergeschoss aus Fachwerk. Die Geuder verkauften 1795 den Gutskomplex um 19.200 Gulden an Karl Wilhelm von Welser, Nürnberger Stadtbaumeister. Damals umfasste er neben dem massiven Schlossgebäude auch ein Gartenhaus, Stallungen, einen Stadel und je ein Voit-, Tagelöhner- und Fischerhaus. Die Weiher waren zu diesem Zeitpunkt bereits großenteils trockengelegt und in Wiesen oder Wälder umgewandelt. Der Besitz wurde um 1812 an die Gebrüder Carl und Paul Christoph Oelhafen von Schöllenbach veräußert. Diese zerschlugen das Gut, verkauften die Gebäude einzeln an Bürgerliche und behielten nur das Herrenhaus in ihrer Hand, das aber 1830 an Sophie Maria Christina Scheurl von Defersdorf verkauft wurde, die es 1854 an Bürgerliche veräußerte. Nach mehreren Besitzerwechseln folgte 1875 Lothar von Faber, dessen Familie bis 1952 Eigentümer blieb. Das zuletzt 1986 von der Familie Matzdorf renovierte Herrenhaus besitzt noch Stuckdecken des 18. Jahrhunderts.

1972 wurde Weiherhaus eingemeindet.

Sehenswürdigkeiten
Das Schloss Weiherhaus, ein zweigeschossiger Bau mit Walmdach, liegt An den Weihern 3.

Pfarreien
 Evangelische Osterkirche Worzeldorf
 Katholische Corpus-Christi-Kirche Herpersdorf

Anschluss an die VAG
 Buslinie 51

Literatur / Weblinks

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Stadtteil von Nürnberg
Statistischer Distrikt von Nürnberg
Ort in der kreisfreien Stadt Nürnberg

Weiherhaus (Nürnberg)


Uma hélice toroidal é um tipo de hélice em forma de anel. As hélices toroidais são significativamente mais silenciosas (especialmente em frequências audíveis, entre 20 Hz e 20 kHz) e são consideradas mais eficientes do que as hélices tradicionais, tanto no ar quanto na água. As hélices toroidais são promissoras para reduzir a poluição sonora por meio do transporte aéreo e marítimo mais silencioso.

Design e função
O design distribui os vórtices gerados pela hélice ao longo de toda sua forma, o que significa que o ruído gerado é distribuído e amortecido mais rapidamente.   O desenho da hélice tem semelhanças com o design de asa fechada que tem um formato anular e, portanto, distribui os vórtices gerados ao longo de toda a forma e não apenas na ponta.

Referências

Componentes do avião

Hélice toroidal


Penaltı vuruşu (penaltı olarak kısaltılır), bir oyuncunun yalnızca rakip takımın kalecisi tarafından savunulan kaleye tek bir atış yapmasına izin verilen, federasyon futbolunda oyunu yeniden başlatma yöntemidir. Bir oyuncunun kendi ceza sahasında direkt serbest vuruşla cezalandırılabilecek bir faul yapması durumunda hakem tarafından verilir. Şut, kale çizgisine  uzaklıkta olan ve taç çizgileri arasında ortalanmış olan penaltı noktasından yapılır.

Uygulamada, penaltı vuruşları en iyi ve en tecrübeli kalecilere karşı bile, çoğu zaman golle sonuçlanır. Penaltı, ceza ödüllerinin oyunu değiştiren kararlar olduğu ve özellikle düşük skorlu oyunlarda genellikle belirleyici olduğu anlamına gelmektedir. Bazı turnuvalarda, berabere tamamlanan maçlardan sonra hangi takımın galip geleceğini belirlemek için farklı kurallara sahip olan penaltı vuruşları yapılmaktadır.

Penaltı atışı
Atışın yapıldığı beyaz noktaya penaltı noktası adı verilir ve tüm penaltı atışları penaltı noktasından yapılır. Penaltı noktası kale çizgisinden 11 metre (ya da İngiliz birim sistemine göre 12 yard = 10,9728 metre) uzaklıktadır. Penaltı atışı sırasında vuruşu yapacak oyuncu ile rakip kaleci dışındaki bütün oyuncular oyun alanının içinde, ceza sahasının dışında bulunmak zorundadır. Kaleci topa vuruluncaya kadar kendi kale çizgisini terk edemez. Vuruşu yapan oyuncu topu ileri (kaleye doğru) atmak zorundadır. Kaleci atışta kale alanını olabildiğince doldurmaya çalışır. Yükseğe ve köşeye atılan toplarda gol olma olasılığı en yüksektir.

Top kendi çevresinde 1 defa döndükten sonra oyunda kabul edilir. Atışı yapan oyuncu, başka bir oyuncu oynamadan topla ikinci defa temas edemez. Top kale direklerinin arasından geçerken kaleciye dokunsa bile gol kararı verilir. Gerektiği zaman ya da devrenin bitiminde penaltı atışı kararı verildiğinde atış yapılır. Ancak gol olmuşsa başlama vuruşu yapılmaz. Savunma hâlindeki takım, yukarıdaki kuralları ihlal ettiği takdirde gol olmamışsa atış tekrar edilir. Penaltı vuruşunu yapan oyuncu dışında, hücum eden takım oyuncularından biri kuralları çiğnediği zaman, vuruşu yapan oyuncu gol atmış ise sayı iptal edilir. Top kaleci tarafından kurtarıldığı ya da başka biçimde gol olmadığı takdirde oyun normal olarak devam eder. Kuralı bizzat atışı yapan oyuncu ihlal etmişse, o noktadan bu oyuncunun takımı aleyhine endirekt serbest vuruş verilir (Bu durum atışı yapan oyuncunun kaleciyi aldatması hâlinde de geçerlidir).

Penaltı atışını yapan oyuncu bunu kaleye doğru olmak şartıyla pas olarak da kullanabilir. Takım arkadaşlarından biri, topun kendi çevresinde bir tur dönmesinden sonra cezaalanına girerek topa vurduğu ve kaleden içeri soktuğu takdirde gol kararı verilir.

Temdit penaltısı
Temdit penaltısı; ilk yarının ya da maçın bittiği anda verilen penaltı kararlarıyla, kupa maçlarında normal ve uzatma süreleriyle denkliğin bozulmaması hâlinde başvurulan penaltı atışlarıdır. Temdit penaltısının atılışı sırasında özel kurallar uygulanır. Atışı yapan oyuncu ile kalecinin dışındaki oyuncular, atış sırasında sahanın uzak bir bölümünde (genellikle santra yuvarlağı içinde) beklerler. Atışın golle sonuçlanmaması, direkten ya da kaleciden dönmesi durumunda öteki oyuncular müdahale edemez. Top durduktan ya da oyun sahasını terk ettikten sonra atış sona ermiş sayılır. Atışı yapan oyuncu da kalecinin müdahalesiyle geri dönen topa ikinci vuruşu yapamaz. Temdit penaltısında gol olmuşsa, atışı yapan takım hesabına 1 sayı kaydedilir. Gol olmamışsa atış yapılmış ve sona ermiş sayılır. Hakem durumu bitiş düdüğü ile ilan eder.

Futbol terimleri
Futbol kuralları

Penaltı vuruşu


Religija u Nizozemskoj zastupljena je s nekoliko vjerskih zajednica.

Povijest
Do rimskih osvajanja stanovništvo prostora današnje Nizozemske štovalo je germanske i keltske bogove. S rimskim osvajanjima dolazi utjecaj starorimske vjere. Od 2. do 5. stoljeća u ove se krajeve širi kršćanstvo.
Pokrštena je do kraja u srednjem vijeku. Pripadala je krugu zapadnog kršćanstva. Nakon velike podjele, ovaj prostor dio je rimokatoličkog svijeta. Zapadni raskol i blizina zemalja sklonih papi u Avignonu utjecala je na vjerski život u Nizozemskoj. Pojava protestantizma zahvatila je Španjolsku Nizozemsku, koja je obuhvaćala današnju Belgiju i Nizozemsku. Podjela je izvršena po vjerskom ključu, tako da je u Nizozemskoj završili oni krajevi s većim udjelom protestanata. Do pojave protestantizma pripadala je zapadnoj, Rimokatoličkoj Crkvi.

Nizozemska se bunila. Ujedinjena Nizozemska Unijom iz Utrechta (1579.) godine proglasila je neovisnost od Španjolske 1581. tijekom Osamdesetogodišnjeg rata. Španjolska je konačno prihvatila nizozemsku neovisnost 1648. godine. Motiv nizozemskog ustanka djelimice je bio vjerski motiviran. Tijekom protestantske reformacije mnogi Nizozemci prihvatili su luteranski, anabaptistički, kalvinistički ili menonitski protestantizam. Španjolska je bila protureformacijska zemlja i ti su vjerski pokreti bili pod pritiskom. Nakon što je Nizozemska postala neovisnom, prihvatila je kalvinizam kao kvazidržavnu vjeru, ali nikad formalno. Imala je vjersku toleranciju prema nekalvinistima. Postala je poprilično sigurnim odredištem židovskim i protestantskim izbjeglicama iz Flandrije, Francuske (hugenoti), Njemačke i Engleske (n.pr., Očevi hodočasnici, "Pilgrim Fathers"). Bilo je uvijek jačih razlika između ortodoksnog i liberalnog tumačenja kalvinizma: između arminijanizma i gomarizma u 17. stoljeću te između Nizozemske reformirane Crkve (Nederlands Hervormde Kerk) i Reformiranih Crkava u Nizozemskoj (Gereformeerde Kerken in Nederland) u kasnom 19. stoljeću, što je dovelo još do denominacijskih razlika između hervormd i gereformeerd, premda jezično obje riječi znače "reformirani". Vjerska tolerancija nije se pokazivala prema rimokatolicima. Rimokatolicima, koji su bili većina u južnim pokrajinama, nije bilo dopušteno otvoreno ispovijedati svoju vjeru. Emancipirali su se tek kasnog 19. i početkom 20. stoljeća putem pilarizacije (verzuiling), političko-denominacijske segregacije društva, formirajući svoje društvene zajednice.

1947. godine 44,3% stanovništva bili su protestanti, 38,7% rimokatolici, a 17,1% nisu se izjasnili pripadnicima nikoje vjere. 2013. godine, nizozemski Središnji ured za statistiku izbrojio je da se 26% stanovnika izjašnjava rimokatolicima, 16% protestantima, 5% muslimanima, a 6% kao "ostali" (u što su uključene razne ostale kršćanske denominacije, hindusi 0,6%, židovske vjere 0,1% i budista 0,4%). Od 1940. do 1945., 75-80% nizozemskih Židova nacisti i njihove pristaše pobili su u Holokaustu.

U 20. stoljeću padala je religioznost a rastao sekularizam. 1960-ih i 1970-ih opadali su i protestantizam i rimokatoličanstvo. Iznimka je islam koji je snažno narastao kao posljedica useljavanja. Od 2000. raste vjerska svijest. Raste utjecaj muslimanskog ekstremizma. 2013. godine katolkinja je postala kraljica supruga.

Do 2004. Protestantska Crkva Nizozemske sastojala se od triju odvojenih denominacija, Nizozemske reformirane Crkve, Reformiranih Crkava Nizozemske i od Evangeličke luteranske Crkve Kraljevine Nizozemske. Nizozemska starokatolička Crkva je matična Crkva starokatoličkih Crkava.

Prema Berntsu i Berghuijsu (2016.), 2015. u Nizozemskoj je bilo 67,8% nereligoznih, 11,7% rimokatolika, 8,6% pripadnika Protestantske Crkve Nizozemske, 4,2% ostalih kršćanskih denominacija, 5,8% muslimana, 2% hinduista i budista.

Vjerska struktura
Procjene koje navodi CIA za 2009. godinu govore o sljedećem vjerskom sastavu:
 rimokatolici 28%
 protestanti 19% (uključuje Nizozemske reformiste 9%, Protestantsku Crkvu Nizozemske 7%, kalviniste 3%),
 ostali 11% (uključuje 5% muslimana, nešto manje brojne hinduiste, budiste, Jehovine svjedoke i pravoslavne)
 bez vjere 42%

Galerija

Izvori

Religija u Nizozemskoj


Arne Mollerup Blach (født 8. juli 1900 i København, død 11. juli 1977 i Helsingør) var en dansk hockeyspiller, der deltog på det danske landshold ved OL 1928 i Amsterdam og 1936 i Berlin. Blach spillede først for Københavns Hockeyklub, senere for Skovshoved IF og opnåede i alt 11 landskampe i perioden 1925-1936.

Ved OL i 1928 blev Danmark delt nummer fem blandt de ni deltagende hold efter i indledende rundet at have vundet over Schweiz og Østrig samt tabt til Indien og Belgien. Dette var ikke nok til at avancere til slutspillet om medaljerne. Arne Blach spillede alle fire kampe.

Ved OL i 1936 blev Danmark delt nummer syv blandt de elleve deltagende hold efter nederlag i indledende runde til Tyskland og uafgjort mod Afghanistan samt nederlag i to placeringskampe mod henholdsvis Schweiz og Japan. Blach spillede her i kampen mod Afghanistan.

Arne Blach stammede fra en hockeyfamilie, idet hans to storebrødre Ejvind og Svend Blach deltog på det danske hockeylandshold ved OL 1920, og senere blev hans søn, Preben ligeledes landsholdsspiller og deltog ved OL 1948.

Arne Blach blev udnævnt til årets spiller i Skovshoved i 1939, hvilket hans søn også blevet i 1943.

Referencer

Hockeyspillere fra Danmark
Deltagere for Danmark ved sommer-OL 1928
Deltagere for Danmark ved sommer-OL 1936

Arne Blach


James Lovell may refer to:

 James Lovell (politician) (1736–1814), Continental Congress delegate from Massachusetts
 James Lovell (sculptor) (died 1778), English sculptor
 Jim Lovell (born 1928), U.S. astronaut of Apollo 8 and commander of Apollo 13
 Jim Lovell (British Army soldier) (1899–2004), last surviving decorated 'Tommy' of the First World War

See also
 Jim Leavelle, Dallas Police Department homicide detective

James Lovell (disambiguation)


المرواس هو آلة ايقاعية صغيرة الحجم تتكون من اسطوانة خشبية مجوفة قطرها 15 سم وطولها 15سم أيضا يشد عليها من الناحيتين قطعتين جلديتين يطلق عليها(الرقمة) ويتم الشد بواسطة خيوط سميكه.
 أصل المرواس من الهند ويستخدم أيضا في عدن وجنوب الجزيرة العربية لذا يحتمل أن يكون الكويتيين قد جلبوه من الهند أو اليمن خلال رحلاتهم التجارية في القرن التاسع عشر.
 بعد أن تم استيراده من الهند وصل إلى المملكة العربية السعودية وخصوصا مدينة الاحساء ولقد اشتهروا بالعزف عليها ومن ثم انتشرت إلى دول الخليج العربي.
 يستعمل المرواس في الكويت والبحرين وقطر كآلة إيقاعية لفن الصوت فقط بأنواعه العربي والشامي والخيالي.
 ويقول الباحثون والمؤرخون الموسيقيون أن فن الصوت كان يعتمد في ايقاعه على نقرات ريشة العازف على العود التي كانت رتيبة خالية من الابداع لتقيدها بالزمن الإيقاعي للصوت إلى أن تم جلب آلة المرواس بواسطة الفنان الكويتي عبد الله الفرج وأضافه إلى ايقاع الصوت فأفسح مجالا للعازف أن يبرز مهاراته في العزف والغناء.
 وفي جلسات السمر (السمرات) يكون هناك عدد كبير من العازفين على المراويس يتراوح بين 3 إلى 6 عازفين، ويكثر استخدام الحليات والتداخلات الايقاعية أو مايطلق عليه (التكسر) أما في التسجيلات فيفضل الكثير من المطربين الاكتفاء بمرواس واحد فقط للحفاظ على صفاء ونقاوة التسجيل.

انظر أيضا

آلات موسيقية إندونيسية
آلات موسيقية إيقاعية
آلات موسيقية بحرينية
آلات موسيقية برونية
آلات موسيقية سعودية
آلات موسيقية عربية
آلات موسيقية عمانية
آلات موسيقية ماليزية
آلات موسيقية يمنية
موسيقى كويتية

مرواس


El topónimo Norco puede hacer referencia a dos lugares de Estados Unidos:

 Norco, una ciudad en el estado de California;
 Norco, un lugar designado por el censo en el estado de Luisiana.

Norco


Cendere Köprüsü, Adıyaman'da Cendere çayı üzerinde yer alan ve dünyanın hâlen kullanılmakta olan en eski köprülerinden biri olarak anılan tarihi köprü.

Adıyaman'a 55 km mesafede, bugün Eskikale olarak bilinen bir antik yerleşim bölgesinde bulunmaktadır. Kahta ve Sincik'i birbirine bağlar. Romalıların yaptığı 2. en geniş kemerli köprüdür. 120 m uzunluğunda ve 7 m genişliğindedir. Her biri 10 ton ağırlığında 92 kayadan meydana gelir.

Köprünün üstündeki Latince bir kitabeden anlaşıldığına göre Roma İmparatoru Septimius Severus (193-211), karısı ve oğulları adına yaptırılmıştır. Orijinalinde 4 korint sütun bulunduğu Kahta tarafındaki ikisinin Septimius Severus ve eşine, Sincik tarafındaki ikisinin ise oğullarına adandığı biliniyor. Ancak oğullardan Geta'ya ait olan sütun, onu öldüren ve kardeşine ait her şeyi yok etmek isteyen Caracalla adlı kardeş tarafından yıktırılmış.

Köprü 1997'de bakımdan geçmiş ve üzerinden 5 ton ağırlığa kadar olan taşıtların geçmesine izin veriliyordu.Yeni köprü yapıldığından araç geçişi tamamen yasaktır. 500 metre doğusuna yeni bir köprü daha yapılmıştır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Türkiye'deki köprüler listesi

Kaynakça

Adıyaman'daki köprüler
Kommagene Krallığı
Türkiye'deki Romalı arkeolojik sitler
3. yüzyılda tamamlanan köprüler
Türkiye'deki kemer köprüler
Türkiye'deki taş köprüler

Cendere Köprüsü


Die Route nationale 784, kurz N 784 oder RN 784, war eine französische Nationalstraße, die von 1933 bis 1973 zwischen einer Kreuzung mit der Route nationale 165 westlich von Quimper und Pointe du Raz verlief. Bis zur Ortschaft Audierne stellte sie eine Alternative zur N 165 dar. Ihre Gesamtlänge betrug 47 Kilometer. Vor 1933 war die Strasse der Chemin de Grande Communication (Gc) 1 des Départements Finistère.

Weblinks
 Route nationale française auf WikiSara, eine Auflistung aller Nationalstraßen (französisch)

784
Straße in der Bretagne

Route nationale 784


Das Kriegerdenkmal der Südmährer auf dem Schweinbarther Berg bei Kleinschweinbarth in Niederösterreich wurde zur Erinnerung an die in den beiden Weltkriegen gefallenen sowie die verstorbenen Südmährer errichtet.

Geschichte
Das Kriegerdenkmal oder Heldendenkmal der Südmährer auf dem Schweinbarther Berg wurde 1975 als Erneuerung eines auf tschechischem Staatsgebiet errichteten und zerstörten Denkmals errichtet.

Klentnitz
Die Anregung für die Errichtung eines Kriegerdenkmals für die im Ersten Weltkrieg gefallenen Südmährer kam vom Gauturnwart des Turngaues Südmähren, Josef Freisinger, bereits im Jahr 1919. Ein entsprechender Antrag wurde bei einer Sitzung des Gauturnrates in Pohrlitz am 16. August 1921 zum Beschluss erhoben und verschiedene Ausschüsse für die Vorarbeiten eingerichtet.

Die Grundsteinlegung für das von Hermann Zenker aus Plauen in Sachsen entworfene Denkmal fand im am 2. Oktober 1923 statt. Errichtet wurde es von einer in Nikolsburg ansässigen Baufirma und Arbeitern aus Klentnitz und Umgebung.

Am 1. Juni 1925 wurde bei der Waisenburg bei Klentnitz in den Pollauer Bergen das gesamtmährisches Kriegerdenkmal für die im Ersten Weltkrieg gefallenen Südmährer geweiht. 1945 wurde dieses Denkmal von Tschechen gesprengt.

Zum Veranstaltungsprogramm gehörten nicht nur am Festtag selbst Vorführungen der Turnvereine, den sportlichen Höhepunkt bildeten die sogenannten Eilbotenläufe aus zahlreichen Gemeinden Südmährens, aber auch aus Pressburg nach Klentnitz. Hervorgehoben wird dabei die Leistung einer fünfköpfigen Mannschaft der Deutschen Technischen Hochschule in Brünn, die vom Start beim Deutschen Haus die rund 48 Kilometer lange Strecke zum Kriegerdenkmal in 3 Stunden und 40 Minuten zurücklegte.

Kleinschweinbarth
Anlässlich des 8. Kreuzbergtreffens im Jahr 1970 wurde das Südmährenkreuz an Stelle des 1945 gesprengten Denkmals zum Mahnmal aller gefallenen und verstorbenen Südmährer erhoben.

Ludwig Galasek aus Grusbach wurde vom Südmährischen Landschaftsrat in Geislingen an der Steige mit dem Entwurf eines Denkmals beauftragt, welches an jenes in Klentnitz erinnern solle.

Am 2. März 1975 wurde zu Anschauungszwecken auf dem Platz unterhalb des Südmährerkreuzes eine Attrappe aufgestellt und von Vertretern des Landschaftsrates, des Dachverbandes der Südmährer in Österreich, Vertretern der Gemeinde Drasenhofen und des Österreichischen Kameradschaftsbundes beurteilt. Festgelegt wurden dabei der Standort und welcher Entwurf nun tatsächlich verwirklicht werden sollte.

Die Weihe des neuen Krieger- oder Heldendenkmals erfolgte am 1. Juni 1975.

Beschreibung

Das Kriegerdenkmal der Südmährer ist ein aus Kalksteinen gemauerter, konisch zulaufender und oben abgerundeter Baukörper.

An der Vorderseite trägt das Denkmal
 ein von Ludwig Galasek entworfenes und unter seiner Aufsicht gegossenes Relief mit einer Darstellung des Klentnitzer Denkmals. Außerdem trägt es die Jahreszahlen 1914, 1918, 1939 und 1945,
 eine Tafel mit der Inschrift "Den Helden Südmährens die Heimat" und
 eine Tafel mit einer kurzen Erklärung über die Bedeutung des Denkmals.

Finanziert wurde die Errichtung vom Südmährischen Landschaftsrat über Spenden und eine Bausteinaktion.

Weblinks

 Ludwig Galasek – Biographie im Südmähren-Wiki

Literatur
 Verschiedene Beiträge in Der Südmährer – Mitteilungsblatt für die Kreise: Znaim, Nikolsburg, Zlabings und Neubistritz, herausgegeben vom Südmährischen Landschaftsrat in der Sudetendeutschen Landsmannschaft, Geislingen an der Steige ab dem Jahr 1975
 Franz Seidel: Heimatbuch der Gemeinde Klentnitz (Kreis Nikolsburg, Südmähren), Selbstverlag des Arbeitsausschusses, 1956

Fußnoten

Schweinbarther Berg
Denkmal in Niederösterreich
Mähren
Kriegerdenkmal in Österreich

Jihomoravský kraj

Kriegerdenkmal der Südmährer


Cette liste, non exhaustive, à compléter, recense les écrivains maliens, réputés, du pays ou de la diaspora, en toute langue. Elle peut inclure quelques non nationaux, plutôt d'avant l'indépendance, et divers binationaux depuis.

Avant 1900
Voir Littérature malienne

 Tierno Bokar (1875-1940), fondateur d'une école coranique à Bandiagara
  (1887-1941), traducteur (administration française), membre fondateur de l'Académie des sciences coloniales (1922-1941), Petit manuel français-bambara (1910), Petit dictionnaire français-bambara (1913), Proverbes et Contes Bambara (1923)

1900
 Amadou Hampâté Bâ (1900/1901–1991), historien, théologien, ethnographe, romancier, autobiographe, L'Empire peul du Macina (1955), Vie et enseignement de Tierno Bokar, le sage de Bandiagara (1957), L'Étrange Destin de Wangrin (1973), Jésus vu par un musulman (1976), Amkoullel, l'enfant Peul (1991) , Oui mon commandant ! (1994)…
 Fily Dabo Sissoko (1900-1964), enseignant, poète, politique, essayiste, romancier, La Politesse et la civilité des Noirs (1936), Sagesse noire, sentences et poèmes malinkés (1955), La passion de Djimé (1955)…
  (1908- ?), ethnographe, ethnologue, historien, romancier, poète, L'énigme du Macina (1952), Le Collier de coquillages (1957), L'Islam et la civilisation française (1957), Pérégrinations soudanaises (1960 ?), Fadimata la princesse du désert (2007), Les filles de la reine Cléopâtre…

1910
 Aoua Keïta (1912–1980), médecin, politique, activiste (indépendance), autobiographe, Femme d'Afrique. La vie d'Aoua Kéita racontée par elle-même (1975)
 Modibo Keïta (1915-1977), politique, activiste (indépendance, panafricanisme), Discours-programme prononcé par M. Modibo Keita (1959), Proclamation de l'indépendance du Mali (1960)...

1920
  (1921–1983) , dramaturge, homme de théâtre, Le Chant du Madhi (1965), Les Inutiles (1985)...
 Almamy Maliki Yattara (1922?-1998), maître coranique
 Mamadou El Béchir Gologo (1924-2009), poète, journaliste, essayiste, romancier, politique, Mon cœur est un volcan (1961), Le Rescapé de l'Ethylos (1963), Tornade d'Afrique (1966), Moudaïna (1995), Mon cœur reste un volcan (1998)
 Wa Kamissoko (1925-1976), griot, Soundiata ou la gloire du Mali (1991), La grande geste du Mali (2000)

 Falaba Issa Traoré (1928-2003), comédien, dramaturge, réalisateur, Juguifolo (Première Lueur d'espoir, 1979),  Anbé no don (1980), Kiri Kara Watita (Duel dans les falaises, 1980), Bamunan (Le Pagne sacré, 1990), Guimba, Un Tyran, Une époque (1995), Sanoudje (2002), Contes et récits du terroir (1970, 2003)
 Seydou Badian Kouyaté (1928–2018), médecin, romancier, politique, Sous l'orage (1957), Les Dirigeants africains face à leurs peuples (1965), Le Sang des masques (1976), Noces sacrées (1977), La Saison des pièges (2007)

1930
 Siriman Cissoko (1934-), poète
 Bakary Soumano (1935-2003), chef des griots du Mali, consultant Unesco
 Youssouf Tata Cissé (1935-2013), ethnologue, historien, Les fondements de la société d'initiation du Komo (1972), Paysans Malinké du Haut Niger (1978), La Grande geste du Mali : des origines de la fondation de l'Empire : des traditions de Krina aux colloques de Bamako (2007)…
 Maryse Condé (1937-), guadeloupéenne d'origine bambara, Ségou (1985)
 Massa Makan Diabaté (1938–1988), griot, romancier, historien, dramaturge, Janjon et autres chants populaires du Mali (1970), L'aigle et l'épervier ou la Geste de Sunjata (1975), Comme une piqûre de guêpe (1980), Une hyène à jeun (1988)…

1940
 Madina Ly-Tall (1940-), historienne, politique, diplomate, Contribution à l'histoire de l'empire du Mali, XIIIème-XVIème siècles (1977)...
 Yambo Ouologuem (1940-2017), enseignant, poète, nouvelliste, romancier, Le Devoir de violence (1968, Prix Renaudot), Lettre à la France nègre (1969), Nouvelles du Mali (2008)…
 Sada Sissoko (1941-2004), dramaturge,
 Aïssatou Guido (1941-), formatrice sociale, nouvelliste, Vents du nord
 Mahmoud Abdou Zouber (1941-), historien, Aḥmad Bābā de Tombouctou (1556-1627), sa vie et son œuvre (1977)
 Hamadoun Tandina (1943-), conteur, poète, Poèmes (1996)
 Tidiane Diakité (1944-), franco-malien, historien, L'Afrique malade d'elle-même (1986), La Traite des Noirs et ses acteurs africains - Du xve siècle au xixe siècle (2008), Louis XIV et l'Afrique noire (2013)...
 Doumbi Fakoly (1944-), romancier, essayiste, auteur jeunesse, Morts pour la France (1983), La Retraite anticipée du Guide Suprême (1984), Certificat de Contrôle Anti-Sida (1988), La Révolte des Galsénésiennes (1994), Complot contre la jeunesse africaine (2007)…
 Saïdou Bokoum (1945-), romancier, metteur en scène, dramaturge, Chaîne (1974),
 Fanta-Taga Tembely (1946-), informaticienne, romancière, Dakan (Destinée, 2002)
 Gérard Dumestre (1947-), linguiste, français, La geste de Ségou (1979), Maléfices et manigance. Chroniques maliennes (2007)…
 Adame Ba Konaré (1947-), historienne, essayiste, romancière, Sunjata, le fondateur de l'Empire du Mali (1983), Dictionnaire des Femmes célèbres du Mali, des temps mythico-légendaires au 26 Mars 1991 (1993), Quand l'ail se frotte à l'encens (2006), Parfums du Mali (2007), Petit précis de remise à niveau sur l'histoire africaine à l'usage du président Sarkozy (2008)
 Aminata Dramane Traoré (1947-), chercheuse en sciences sociales, chanteuse, essayiste, politique, Mille tisserands en quête de futur (1999), L'étau (1999/2001), Le viol de l'imaginaire (2002), L'Afrique humiliée (2007), Un rêve d'Afrique (2009), La gloire des imposteurs (2013)…
 Hamadoun Ibrahima Issébéré (1948-2007), poète, militant, diplomate, Poèmes pour Cuba libre, Vertiges et Horizons (1973), La souche en fleurs (1974), Clameurs d'antan et Soleils présents (1976, Prix ACCT), Les Boutures du Soleil (1981)
 Modibo Sounkalo Keita (1948-), journaliste, L'Archer bassari (1984)
 Abdoulaye Ascofaré (1949-), poète, réalisateur, Domestiquer le rêve (1976), Faraw ! (2016)
 Ismaïla Samba Traoré (1949-), Les Ruchers de la capitale (1982), Maïa et Taïa (1990), Les amants de l'esclaverie (2004), Élégie pour la femme à corne d'or (2005)…

1950
 Drissa Diakité (1950 ?), historien, Kuyatè la force du serment, aux origines du griot mandingue (2009), Mali-France, regards sur une histoire partagée (2005)...
 Abdoul Kader Haïdara (1950 ?), bibliothécaire, écrivain, ancien directeur de la Institut des hautes études et des recherches islamiques Ahmed-Baba, créateur de la Bibliothèque commémorative Mamma-Haïdara
 Moussa Konaté (1951-2013), conteur, nouvelliste, romancier, dramaturge essayiste, Série Commissaire Habib : Enquête sur les rives du fleuve Niger, Le Prix de l'âme (1981), Le Cercle au féminin (1985), Mali–Ils ont assassiné l'espoir (1985), Un monde immobile (1994), Khasso (2005)
 Bernadette Sanou Dao (1952-), malienne-burkinabé, enseignante, nouvelliste, poétesse, auteure enfance, Parturition (Vaines douleurs-fureur vaine) (1988), Symphonie (Soie et Soleil) (1992), La dernière épous (1997)…
 Pascal Baba Couloubaly (1951-2008), anthropologue, politique, essayiste, romancier, Les Angoisses d'un monde (1980), Une société rurale bambara à travers des chants de femmes (1990), Le Mali d'Alpha Oumar Konaré (2004), Mamari, le Bambara (2007)
 Modibo Diarra (1952-), astrophysicien, politique, entrepreneur, Navigateur interplanétaire (2000)
 Alpha Mandé Diarra (1954-), journaliste, romancier, Sahel, sanglante sécheresse (1981), La Nièce de l'imam (1994), Rapt à Bamako (1999)...
 Mohamed Ag Erless (1954-), chercheur en sciences sociales, Il n'y a qu'un soleil sur terre (1999), Le Patriote et le Djihadiste (2012), Proverbes & dictons touaregs (2014)
 Sidibé Aminata Diallo (1956-), universitaire, politique
 Ismaël Diadié Haïdara (1957-), bibliothécaire, philosophe, historien, poète, Territoire de la douleur (1977), Le Chant équinoxial (1978)…
 Aïcha Fofana (1957-2003), dramaturge, traductrice, romancière, Mariage, on copie (1994), Excellence, on fait le ménage (1997), L'Africaine de Paris no 2 (1998), La fourmilière : roman (2006)

1960
 Mamou Daffé (1960 ?), entrepreneur culturel, créateur du Festival sur le Niger de Ségou (2005)
 Aïda Mady Diallo (1960 ?), romancière, Kouty, mémoire de sang (2002)
 Souéloum Diagho (1960 ?), poète, peul-touareg, calligraphe, Poésies touareg : Le Chant des saisons (2001), La porte dorée d'émail du soleil : poésies touareg (2012)
 Ousmane Diarra (1960-) (ou Usumai Jara), conteur, nouvelliste, poète, romancier, Tous les moutons du monde (1992), Les ombres de la nuit (2001), Vieux Lézard (2006), Pagne de femme (2007), La Route des clameurs (2014)...
 Habib Dembélé (1962-), acteur, comédien, metteur en scène, dramaturge, politique, Les Tueurs de Margouillats (1988), Sacré Kaba (1990), Foura (opéra en langue bambara, 1998), Un artiste dans la ville (Être ou ne pas naître) (2008), Pauvres gens, gens pauvres (2017)…
  Adama Traoré (1962-), comédien, metteur en scène, dramaturge, Pharamansi (1989), La Visite du maire (1992), Les Fruits mûrs (1994), Le Petit Théâtre des farfadets (2010)…
 Fatoumata Sidibé (1963-), belge, journaliste, éditrice, peintre, politique, poétesse, essayiste, romancière, Une saison africaine (2006), Les masques parlent aussi (2014), La voix d'une rebelle (2020)
 Ibrahima Aya (1967-), agronome, nouvelliste, romancier, Le Vieux Pagne (2001), Riche ou pauvre pour un mois (2002), Les Larmes de Djoliba (2003), Rires et pleurs des orphelins (2011)
  (1967-), journaliste, poétesse, essayiste, féministe, L'Afrique, un défi au féminin (1999), Les Nouvelles du pays, miroir d'une société (2006),  Plumes de Femme, une écriture en effervescence (2010)…

1970

 Aly Diallo (1970 ?), Directeur national des Arts et de la Culture (Mali), La révolte du Komo (1999)
 Oumou Cheick Diarra (1970 ?), chanteuse, parolière
 Alioune Ifra Ndiaye (1970 ?), dramaturge (kotéba), réalisateur (télévision,cinéma), opérateur culturel
 Hawa Demba Diallo (1970-), juriste, socio-anthropologue, dramaturge, La Maîtresse du Président (2002), La Culotte cassée, Caterpillar (2012)
 Adama Drabo, cinéaste, dramaturge, Massa (1972), Le Trésor de l'Askia (1977), L'Eau de Dieu tombera (1982), Pouvoir de Pagne (1983)
 Moussa Ag Assarid (1975 ?), comédien, journaliste, politique, écrivain, Y a pas d'embouteillage dans le désert ! Chroniques d'un Touareg en France (2006)
 Fatoumata Keïta (1977-), romancière, poétesse, essayiste, Polygamie, gangrène du peuple (1998), Les Ombres du passé, À toutes les muses, Sous fer (2013), J'aimais cet homme qui chantait le fleuve (2016)

1980

 Déné Issébéré (1981 ?), chanteuse, parolière
 Birama Konaré (1982-), journaliste, chroniqueur, nouvelliste, essayiste, romancier, La Colline sur la tête (2003), Les marguerites ne poussent pas dans le désert (2010), L'Afrique plumée, Chroniques d'un continent en détresse (2013)
 Modibo Basseydou Touré (1985 ?), Sira, ou les divas de la capitale (2021)
 Salimata Togora (1980 ?)
 Thierno Mohamadou Tandia (1980 ?), Soogofunsu, grains de millet (2018)

 1990

 Aziz Koné (?), slameur
 Aïcha Diarra (1994-), poétesse, slameuse, Les larmes de la tombe (2012)
 Diadié Dembélé (1996-), poète, romancier, Le duel des grands-mères (2022) Ousmane Samaké, écrivain malien, auteur-compositeur-interprète, officier sapeur-pompier, https://catalogue.bnf.fr/rechercher.do?motRecherche=Ousmane+Samak%C3%A9+&critereRecherche=0&depart=0&facetteModifiee=ok

 Autres
 Safiatou Ba, L'envers du décor (2014), Les fantômes du passé (2017), Émotions Violentes (2018)
 Véronique Diarra, Le Dernier Voyage du roi Aboubakry Keïta, Agnonlètè, Une vie d'Amazone, Non, je ne me tairai plus, Shukla, la danseuse sacrée'' (2017)

Références

Annexes

Bibliographie

Articles connexes
 Femmes de lettres maliennes
 Littérature malienne
 Culture du Mali
 Liste d'écrivains africains
 Journalistes maliens
 Religieux maliens
 Universitaires maliens

Liens externes
 Soumbala, portail francophone du livre africain
  Virginie Coulon, Bibliographie francophone de littérature africaine, EDICEF/AUPELF, 1994

Littérature malienne
Écrivains
Maliens

Liste d'écrivains maliens


Mangled Demos from 1983 es un álbum recopilatorio de Melvins, el cual contiene una colección de varias grabaciones de 1983 que fueron remasterizadas y relanzadas por Ipecac en 2005. Hasta 2005, ninguno de los materiales había sido lanzado oficialmente. Algunas de las pistas incluidas en este álbum han aparecido anteriormente en versiones bootlegs. Es la única grabación que cuenta con la alineación original (Buzz Osborne/Matt Lukin/Mike Dillard). Los Tracks de 3 a 13 fueron grabados en el Mud Bay, un suburbio de Olympia, Washington, para lanzar un posible álbum. En definitiva, el álbum no fue lanzado debido a que ningún sello discográfico estaba interesado en Melvins hasta 1985.

Lista de canciones
Algunos títulos de las canciones se perdieron en el tiempo, por lo tanto se muestran con símbolos.
 "Elks Lodge Christmas Broadcast" – 3:52
 "If You Get Bored (Live Radio)" – 2:22
 "Forgotten Principles" – 1:07
 "Snake Appeal" – 1:59
 Symbol: Flower – 1:08
 "If You Get Bored" – 1:33
 "Set Me Straight" – 2:31 (Luego apareció en Houdini y en Six Songs)
 "✪" (Circled white star U+272A) – 1:02
 "I'm Dry" – 1:35
 "Forgotten Principles" – 1:19
 "I Don't Know" – 1:35
 "Matt-Alec" – 3:00
 "The Real You" – 1:27
 "Run Around" – 1:44
 "Keep Away From Me" – 1:22
 "☘" (Shamrock U+2618)– 1:00
 "Bibulous Confabulation During Rehearsal" – 4:58
 Symbol: Iron cross – 1:21
 "✏" (Pencil U+270F) – 1:10
 "Matt-Alec" – 3:14
 "Walter" – 3:21
 "✁" (Upper blade scissors U+2701) – 0:24
 "✈" (Airplane U+2708) – 0:22

Personal
 The Melvins - Intérprete, Productor
 Buzz Osborne - Guitarra, voz
 Matt Lukin - bajo
 Mike Dillard - Batería
 Mackie Osborne - Diseño

Véase también
 Discografía de Melvins

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Official Press Release/Liner notes
 Information on the Demos-Bootleg

Melvins
Álbumes de Ipecac Recordings
Álbumes de 2005
Álbumes de Melvins
Álbumes en inglés

Mangled Demos from 1983


El Oued Mellad (río Salado) es un río marroquí situado en la región de Casablanca. Tiene una longitud aproximada de 160 kilómetros y su caudal es estable con fuertes crecidas en invierno. Su fuente se encuentra en Aïn Soltane, en la zona del Atlas Medio a 20 kilómetros al noroeste de Khouribga, cerca de kasbah Moulay-Abd-el-Aziz, a 760 metros de altitud. Desemboca en el Océano Atlántico.

Como muchos ríos de Marruecos sus aguas contienen una cierta proporción de agua salada, de hecho, mellah significa sal en árabe.

Hidrología
Las inundaciones del uadi Mellah son repentinas y bastante violentas, coincidiendo con la temporada de lluvias. Es importante distinguir dos tipos de regímenes:
inundaciones típicas, bastante frecuentes, con pequeños desbordamientos o inundaciones de baja magnitud,
grandes inundaciones, bastante raras, de pocos días de duración y que dan lugar a desbordamientos espectaculares.

El caudal del río es irregular, la presa juega un papel regulador demasiado débil, se llena rápidamente.

Referencias

 Abdellah Laouina (2006): Le littoral marocain: milieux côtier et marin, pp. 189-216.

Enlaces externos
Mapa de situación.

Mellah

Oued Mellah


Sportul în Serbia este popular la nivel de echipe. Printre cele mai populare sporturi sunt fotbal, baschet, polo pe apă, volei, handbal și tenis. Principalele două cluburi de fotbal din Serbia sunt Steaua Roșie Belgrad și FK Partizan, ambele din capitala Belgrad. Steaua Roșie este singura formație sârbă și fostă iugoslavă care a câștigat o competiție UEFA, și anume Cupa Campionilor Europeni 1991 din Bari, Italia. În același an, la Tokyo, Japonia, clubul a câștigat Cupa Intercontinentală. Partizan a fost prima echipa din Europa de Est, care a jucat într-o finală de Cupă a Campionilor Europeni în 1966. Partizan este primul club din Serbia care a participat în grupele Ligii Campionilor UEFA de la destrămarea Fostei Iugoslavii. Meciurile dintre două cluburi rivale sunt cunoscute sub numele de "Eternul Derby" ().

Serbia a găzduit EuroBasket 2005. FIBA consideră că echipa națională de baschet a Serbiei este descendentă directă a celebrei echipa naționale de baschet a Iugoslaviei. KK Partizan a fost campioană europeană în 1992. Clubului KK Partizan nu i-a fost permis să-și apere titlul în sezonul 1992-1993 din cauza sancțiunilor ONU aplicate Iugoslaviei. Jucătorii din Serbia au avut un succes enorm, atât în ligile de top din Europa dar și în NBA. Serbia este una dintre cele mai mari puteri în baschet, câștigând diverse Campionate Mondiale FIBA Campionatul, mai multe Eurobaskets și medalii Olimpice (ca parte a FR Iugoslavia). Darko Milicic a devenit  campion NBA în 2004, cu Pistons, în timp ce Predrag Stojakovic a făcut același lucru în 2011 cu Mavericks și Ognjen Kuzmic câștigat inelul în 2015 cu Warriors. Echipa de baschet feminin a Serbiei a câștigat titlul European în 2015, calificându-se astfel pentru prima dată la Olimpiada din 2016.

Jucătorii sârbi de tenis Novak Djokovic, Ana Ivanovic, Jelena Janković, Viktor Troicki, Nenad Zimonjić și Janko Tipsarević au avut parte de succes și a dus la o popularizare a tenisului din Serbia. Până în 2015, Novak Djokovic a câștigat 10 titluri de Grand Slam și Ana Ivanovic a câștigat unul, în timp ce Jelena Janković a ajuns la o finală de Grand Slam. Toți trei au fost la un moment dat pe prima poziție în clasamentele ATP, respectiv WTA. Recente, dominația sârbă la feminin s-a diminuat, în timp ce Novak Djokovic continuă să domine în tenisum lascullin. În 2010, Serbia a devenit a 13-națiune care a câștigat Cupa Davis, după victoria cu 3-2 victoria asupra Franței în Belgrad.

Milorad Čavić și Nađa Higl la înot, Olivera Jevtić, Dragutin Topić la atletism, Aleksandar Karakašević la tenis de masă, Jasna Šekarić la tir sunt, de asemenea, sportivi populari din Serbia.

Note

Sport în Serbia

Sportul în Serbia


Patronyme

 Eduardo Astengo (1905-1969), footballeur international péruvien ;
 Fernando Astengo (1960-), footballeur international chilien.

Autres
 Palais Astengo, bâtiment néo-Renaissance de Florence (Italie)
 Villa Astengo, palais Art nouveau de Rome (Italie)

Astengo


Le 3 régiment de cavalerie Savoia () est un régiment de cavalerie de l'Armée de terre italienne basé à Grosseto en Toscane. À l'origine une unité de dragons de l'État savoyard, sa zone de recrutement se focalisait dans le duché de Savoie. Aujourd'hui, le régiment est l'unité de reconnaissance de la brigade de parachutistes Folgore.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Charge de la cavalerie Savoia à Izbushensky
 Brigade parachutiste Folgore
 Liste des régiments de l'Armée de terre italienne

Liens externes
 Italian Army Website: Reggimento "Savoia Cavalleria" (3°)

Italie 003
Regiment cavalerie Italie 003
Unité ou formation militaire créée en 1992
Unité ou formation militaire dissoute en 1975
Unité ou formation militaire créée en 1946
Unité ou formation militaire dissoute en 1943
Unité ou formation militaire créée en 1814
Unité ou formation militaire dissoute en 1799
Unité ou formation militaire créée en 1692

3e régiment de cavalerie (Italie)


Arum × sooi, hibridna vrsta iz Mađarske i Španjolske. Pripada rodu kozlaca, porodica kozlačevki. To je gomoljasti geofit formule A. cylindraceum × A. maculatum. Čitava biljka je otrovna

U Mađarskoj raste divlje.

Izvori

Kozlac

Arum × sooi


Levofloxacin, sold under the brand name Levaquin among others, is an antibiotic medication. It is used to treat a number of bacterial infections including acute bacterial sinusitis, pneumonia, H. pylori (in combination with other medications), urinary tract infections, chronic prostatitis, and some types of gastroenteritis. Along with other antibiotics it may be used to treat tuberculosis, meningitis, or pelvic inflammatory disease. Use is generally recommended only when other options are not available. It is available by mouth, intravenously, and in eye drop form.

Common side effects include nausea, diarrhea, and trouble sleeping. Serious side effects may include tendon rupture, tendon inflammation, seizures, psychosis, and potentially permanent peripheral nerve damage. Tendon damage may appear months after treatment is completed. People may also sunburn more easily. In people with myasthenia gravis, muscle weakness and breathing problems may worsen. While use during pregnancy is not recommended, risk appears to be low. The use of other medications in this class appear to be safe while breastfeeding; however, the safety of levofloxacin is unclear. Levofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class. It usually results in death of the bacteria. It is the left-handed isomer of the medication ofloxacin.

Levofloxacin was patented in 1985 and approved for medical use in the United States in 1996. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication. In 2020, it was the 240th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1million prescriptions.

Medical uses
Levofloxacin is used to treat infections including: respiratory tract infections, cellulitis, urinary tract infections, prostatitis, anthrax, endocarditis, meningitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, traveler's diarrhea, tuberculosis, and plague and is available by mouth, intravenously, and in eye drop form.

As of 2016, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommended that "serious side effects associated with fluoroquinolone antibacterial drugs generally outweigh the benefits for patients with acute sinusitis, acute bronchitis, and uncomplicated urinary tract infections who have other treatment options. For patients with these conditions, fluoroquinolones should be reserved for those who do not have alternative treatment options."

Levofloxacin is used for the treatment of pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and abdominal infections.  As of 2007 the Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) and the American Thoracic Society recommended levofloxacin and other respiratory fluoroquinolines as first line treatment for community acquired pneumonia when co-morbidities such as heart, lung, or liver disease are present or when in-patient treatment is required. Levofloxacin also plays an important role in recommended treatment regimens for ventilator-associated and healthcare-associated pneumonia.

As of 2010 it was recommended by the IDSA as a first-line treatment option for catheter-associated urinary tract infections in adults. In combination with metronidazole it is recommended as one of several first-line treatment options for adult patients with community-acquired intra-abdominal infections of mild-to-moderate severity. The IDSA also recommends it in combination with rifampicin as a first-line treatment for prosthetic joint infections. The American Urological Association recommends levofloxacin as a first-line treatment to prevent bacterial prostatitis when the prostate is biopsied. and as of 2004 it was recommended to treat bacterial prostatitis by the NIH research network studying the condition.

Levofloxacin and other fluoroquinolones have also been widely used for the treatment of uncomplicated community-acquired respiratory and urinary tract infections, indications for which major medical societies generally recommend the use of older, narrower spectrum drugs to avoid fluoroquinolone resistance development. Due to its widespread use, common pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae have developed resistance. In many countries as of 2013, resistance rates among healthcare-associated infections with these pathogens exceeded 20%.

Levofloxacin is also used as antibiotic eye drops to prevent bacterial infection. Usage of levofloxacin eye drops, along with an antibiotic injection of cefuroxime or penicillin during cataract surgery, has been found to lower the chance of developing endophthalmitis, compared to eye drops or injections alone.

Pregnancy and breastfeeding
According to the FDA approved prescribing information, levofloxacin is pregnancy category C. This designation indicates that animal reproduction studies have shown adverse effects on the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in humans, but the potential benefit to the mother may in some cases outweigh the risk to the fetus. Available data point to a low risk for the unborn child. Exposure to quinolones, including levofloxacin, during the first-trimester is not associated with an increased risk of stillbirths, premature births, birth defects, or low birth weight.

Levofloxacin does penetrate into breastmilk, though the concentration of levofloxacin in the breastfeeding infant is expected to be low. Due to potential risks to the baby, the manufacturer does not recommend that nursing mothers take levofloxacin. However, the risk appears to be very low, and levofloxacin can be used in breastfeeding mothers with proper monitoring of the infant, combined with delaying breastfeeding for 4–6 hours after taking levofloxacin.

Children
Levofloxacin is not approved in most countries for the treatment of children except in unique and life-threatening infections because it is associated with an elevated risk of musculoskeletal injury in this population, a property it shares with other fluoroquinolones.

In the United States levofloxacin is approved for the treatment of anthrax and plague in children over six months of age.

Levofloxacin is recommended by the Pediatric Infectious Disease Society and the Infectious Disease Society of America as a first-line treatment for pediatric pneumonia caused by penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, and as a second-line agent for the treatment of penicillin-sensitive cases.

In one study, 1534 juvenile patients (age 6 months to 16 years) treated with levofloxacin as part of three efficacy trials were followed up to assess all musculoskeletal events occurring up to 12 months post-treatment. At 12 months follow-up the cumulative incidence of musculoskeletal adverse events was 3.4%, compared to 1.8% among 893 patients treated with other antibiotics.  In the levafloxacin-treated group, approximately two-thirds of these musculoskeletal adverse events occurred in the first 60 days, 86% were mild, 17% were moderate, and all resolved without long-term sequelae.

Spectrum of activity
Levofloxacin and later generation fluoroquinolones are collectively referred to as "respiratory quinolones" to distinguish them from earlier fluoroquinolones which exhibited modest activity toward the important respiratory pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae.

The drug exhibits enhanced activity against the important respiratory pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae relative to earlier fluoroquinolone derivatives like ciprofloxacin.  For this reason, it is considered a "respiratory fluoroquinolone" along with more recently developed fluoroquinolones such as moxifloxacin and gemifloxacin.  It is less active than ciprofloxacin against Gram-negative bacteria, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and lacks the anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) activity of moxifloxacin and gemifloxacin. Levofloxacin has shown moderate activity against anaerobes, and is about twice as potent as ofloxacin against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium avium complex.

Its spectrum of activity includes most strains of bacterial pathogens responsible for respiratory, urinary tract, gastrointestinal, and abdominal infections, including Gram negative (Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Moraxella catarrhalis, Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), Gram positive (methicillin-sensitive but not methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Streptococcus pyogenes), and atypical bacterial pathogens (Chlamydophila pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae).  Compared to earlier antibiotics of the fluoroquinoline class such as ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin exhibits greater activity towards Gram-positive bacteria but lesser activity toward Gram-negative bacteria, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Resistance
Resistance to fluoroquinolones is common in staphylococcus and pseudomonas. Resistance occurs in multiple ways. One mechanism is by an alteration in topoisomerase IV enzyme. A double mutant form of S. pneumoniae Gyr A + Par C bearing Ser-81-->Phe and Ser-79-->Phe mutations were eight to sixteen times less responsive to ciprofloxacin.

Contraindications and interactions
Package inserts mention that levofloxacin is to be avoided in patients with a known hypersensitivity to levofloxacin or other quinolone drugs.

Like all fluoroquinolines, levofloxacin is contraindicated in patients with epilepsy or other seizure disorders, and in patients who have a history of quinolone-associated tendon rupture.

Levofloxacin may prolong the QT interval in some people, especially the elderly, and levofloxacin should not be used for people with a family history of Long QT syndrome, or who have long QT, chronic low potassium, it should not be prescribed with other drugs that prolong the QT interval.

Unlike ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin does not appear to deactivate the drug metabolizing enzyme CYP1A2. Therefore, drugs that use that enzyme, like theophylline, do not interact with levofloxacin. It is a weak inhibitor of CYP2C9, suggesting potential to block the breakdown of warfarin and phenprocoumon. This can result in more action of drugs like warfarin, leading to more potential side effects, such as bleeding.

The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in combination with high dose fluoroquinolone therapy may lead to seizures.

When levofloxacin is taken with anti-acids containing magnesium hydroxide or aluminum hydroxide, the two combine to form insoluble salts that are difficult to absorb from the intestines. Peak serum concentrations of levofloxacin may be reduced by 90% or more, which can prevent the levofloxacin from working. Similar results have been reported when levofloxacin is taken with iron supplements and multi-vitamins containing zinc.

A 2011 review examining musculoskeletal complications of fluoroquinolones proposed guidelines with respect to administration to athletes, that called for avoiding all use of fluoroquinolone antibiotics if possible, and if they are used: ensure there is informed consent about the musculoskeletal risks, and inform coaching staff; do not use any corticosteroids if fluoroquinolones are used; consider dietary supplements of magnesium and antioxidants during treatment; reduce training until the course of antibiotic is finished and then carefully increase back to normal; and monitor for six months after the course is finished, and stop all athletic activity if symptoms emerge.

Adverse effects
Adverse effects are typically mild to moderate. However, severe, disabling, and potentially irreversible adverse effects sometimes occur, and for this reason it is recommended that use of fluoroquinolones be limited.

Prominent among these are adverse effects that became the subject of a black box warning by the FDA in 2016. The FDA wrote: "An FDA safety review has shown that fluoroquinolones when used systemically (i.e. tablets, capsules, and injectable) are associated with disabling and potentially permanent serious adverse effects that can occur together. These adverse effects can involve the tendons, muscles, joints, nerves, and central nervous system." Rarely, tendinitis or tendon rupture may occur due to fluoroquinolone antibiotics, including levofloxacin. Such injuries, including tendon rupture, has been observed up to 6 months after cessation of treatment; higher doses of fluoroquinolones, being elderly, transplant patients, and those with a current or historical corticosteroid use are at elevated risk. The U.S. label for levofloxacin also contains a black box warning for the exacerbation of the symptoms of the neurological disease myasthenia gravis. Similarly, the UK Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency recommendations warn of rare but disabling and potentially irreversible adverse effects, and to recommend limiting use of these drugs. Increasing age and corticosteroid use appears to increase the risk of musculoskeletal complications.

A wide variety of other uncommon but serious adverse events have been associated with fluoroquinolone use, with varying degrees of evidence supporting causation. These include anaphylaxis, hepatotoxicity, central nervous system effects including seizures and psychiatric effects, prolongation of the QT interval, blood glucose disturbances, and photosensitivity, among others. Levofloxacin may produce fewer of these rare serious adverse effects than other fluoroquinolones.

There is some disagreement in the medical literature regarding whether and to what extent levofloxacin and other fluoroquinolones produce serious adverse effects more frequently than other broad spectrum antibacterial drugs.

There are some case reports of levofloxacin associated with idiopathic intracranial hypertension.

With regard to more usual adverse effects, in pooled results from 7537 patients exposed to levofloxacin in 29 clinical trials, 4.3% discontinued treatment due to adverse drug reactions.  The most common adverse reactions leading to discontinuation were gastrointestinal, including nausea, vomiting, and constipation. Overall, 7% of patients experienced nausea, 6% headache, 5% diarrhea, 4% insomnia, along with other adverse reactions experienced at lower rates.

Administration of levofloxacin or other broad spectrum antibiotics is associated with Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea which may range in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis. Fluoroquinoline administration may be associated with the acquisition and outgrowth of a particularly virulent Clostridium strain.

More research is needed to determine the best dose and length of treatment.

Overdose
Overdosing experiments in animals showed loss of body control and drooping, difficulty breathing, tremors, and convulsions. Doses in excess of 1500 mg/kg orally and 250 mg/kg IV produced significant mortality in rodents.

In the event of an acute overdosage, authorities recommend unspecific standard procedures such as emptying the stomach, observing the patient and maintaining appropriate hydration. Levofloxacin is not efficiently removed by hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis.

Pharmacology

Mechanism of action
Levofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Like all quinolones, it functions by inhibiting the DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, two bacterial type IIA topoisomerases. Topoisomerase IV is necessary to separate DNA that has been replicated (doubled) prior to bacterial cell division. With the DNA not being separated, the process is stopped, and the bacterium cannot divide. DNA gyrase, on the other hand, is responsible for supercoiling the DNA, so that it will fit in the newly formed cells. Both mechanisms amount to killing the bacterium. Levofloxacin acts as a bactericide.

As of 2011, the mechanism of action for the drug's musculoskeletal complications were not clear.

Pharmacokinetics
Levofloxacin is rapidly and essentially completely absorbed after oral administration, with a plasma concentration profile over time that is essentially identical to that obtained from intravenous administration of the same amount over 60 minutes.  As such, the intravenous and oral formulations of levofloxacin are considered interchangeable. Levofloxacin's ability to bind to proteins in the body ranges from 24 to 38%.

The drug undergoes widespread distribution into body tissues.  Peak levels in skin are achieved 3 hours after administration and exceed those in plasma by a factor of 2. Similarly, lung tissue concentrations range from two-fold to five-fold higher than plasma concentrations in the 24 hours after a single dose.

The mean terminal plasma elimination half-life of levofloxacin ranges from approximately 6 to 8 hours following single or multiple doses of levofloxacin given orally or intravenously. Elimination occurs mainly via excretion of unmetabolized drug in the urine.  Following oral administration, 87% of an administered dose was recovered in the urine as unchanged drug within 2 days.  Less than 5% was recovered in the urine as the desmethyl and N-oxide metabolites, the only metabolites identified in humans.

Chemistry
Like all fluoroquinolones, levofloxacin is a fluorinated quinolone carboxylic acid. It is a chiral molecule and the pure (−)-(S)-enantiomer of the racemic drug ofloxacin. This enantiomer binds more effectively to the DNA gyrase enzyme and to topoisomerase IV than its (+)-(R)-counterpart. Levofloxacin is referred to as a chiral switch: These are chiral drugs that have already been patent claimed, approved and marketed as racemates (or as mixtures of diastereomers but have since been redeveloped as pure enantiomers. Distinct functional groups on this molecules include a hydroxyl group, carbonyl group, and an aromatic ring.

The substance is used as the hemihydrate, which has the empirical formula C18H20FN3O4 ·  H2O and a molecular mass of 370.38 g/mol. Levofloxacin is a light-yellowish-white to yellow-white crystal or crystalline powder. A major issue in the synthesis of levofloxacin is identifying correct entries into the benzoxazine core in order to produce the correct chiral form.

History
Levofloxacin is a third-generation fluoroquinolone, being one of the isomers of ofloxacin, which was a broader-spectrum conformationally locked analog of norfloxacin; both ofloxacin and levofloxaxin were synthesized and developed by scientists at Daiichi Seiyaku. The Daiichi scientists knew that ofloxacin was racemic, but tried unsuccessfully to separate the two isomers; in 1985 they succeeded in separately synthesizing the pure levo form and showed that it was less toxic and more potent than the other form.

It was first approved for marketing in Japan in 1993, for oral administration, and Daiichi marketed it there under the brand name Cravit. Daiichi, working with Johnson & Johnson as it had with ofloxacin, obtained FDA approval in 1996 under the brand name Levaquin to treat bacterial sinusitus, bacterial exacerbations of bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, uncomplicated skin infections, complicated urinary tract infections, and acute pyelonephritis.

Levofloxacin is marketed by Sanofi-Aventis under a license agreement signed with Daiichi in 1993, under the brand name "Tavanic".

Levofloxacin had reached blockbuster status by this time; combined worldwide sales of levofloxacin and ofloxacin for J&J alone were  in 2009.

The term of the levofloxacin United States patent was extended by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office 810 days under the provisions of the Hatch Waxman Amendment so that the patent would expire in 2010 instead of 2008. This extension was challenged by generic drug manufacturer Lupin Pharmaceuticals, which did not challenge the validity of the patent, but only the validity of the patent extension, arguing that the patent did not cover a "product" and so Hatch-Waxman was not available for extensions. The federal patent court ruled in favor of J&J and Daiichi, and generic versions of levofloxacin did not enter the U.S. market until 2009.

Society and culture

Availability

Levofloxacin is available in tablet form, injection, and oral solution.

Usage
The FDA estimated that in 2011, over 23 million outpatient prescriptions for fluoroquinolones, of which levofloxacin made up 28%, were filled in the United States.

Litigation

As of 2012, Johnson and Johnson was facing around 3400 state and federal lawsuits filed by people who claimed tendon damage from levofloxacin; about 1900 pending in a class action at the United States District Court in Minnesota and about 1500 pending at a district court in New Jersey.

In October 2012, J&J settled 845 cases in the Minnesota action, after Johnson and Johnson prevailed in three of the first four cases to go to trial.  By May 2014, all but 363 cases had been settled or adjudicated.

References

External links

Enantiopure drugs
Fluoroquinolone antibiotics
GABAA receptor negative allosteric modulators
Janssen Pharmaceutica
Japanese inventions
Johnson & Johnson brands
Nitrogen heterocycles
Oxygen heterocycles
1,4-di-hydro-7-(1-piperazinyl)-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acids
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate
Sanofi
World Health Organization essential medicines

Levofloxacin


Promjenjiva stopa bitova  (eng. variable bit rate, VBR), stopa bitova u kodiranju video i audio sadržaja. Stopa bitova određuje kakvoću i veličinu završnog proizvoda, ali ne može se kakvoća nekog video sadržaja samo pomoću stope bitova. Ako je stopa bitova veća, kakvoća slike i zvuka je bolja, odnosno veća je količina podataka u jedinici vremena. Kad je stopa bitova promjenjiva, prikazana količina podataka u jedinici vremena varira tako da se složenim prizorima dopušta veći broj podataka, a jednostavnijima manji. U ovom formatu, način sažimanja zvuka ne rabi uvijek jednak broj bitova za snimanje zvuka jednake dužine.
Promjenjiva stopa bitova nije praktična kod prijenosa multimedijskog sadržaja mrežnim strujanjem na kanalima ograničena kapaciteta, jer ondje je bitna najveća stopa bitova, a ne prosječna, pa se ondje primjenjuje stalna stopa bitova.

Izvori

Programska podrška
Obrada zvuka

Promjenjiva stopa bitova


Ioan Oprea (n. 2 ianuarie 1885, Bandul de Câmpie – d. secolul XX) a fost un delegat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918.

Biografie
Ioan Oprea a fost protopop al Timișoarei. După 1918, a exercitat funcția de director general la Banca și Casa de Comerț Torontal.

Activitatea politică

Ca deputat în Adunarea Națională din 1 decembrie 1918 a reprezentat, ca delegat de drept, Protopopiatul ortodox Timișoara.

Note

Bibliografie
 Ioan I. Șerban, Dorin Giurgiu, Ionela Mircea, Nicolae Josan, Dicționarul personalităților Unirii. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Muzeul Național al Unirii, Alba Iulia, 2003, ISBN 973-8141-90-7
 Gelu Neamțu, Mircea Vaida-Voevod, 1 decembrie 1918. Mărturii ale participanților, vol. I-II, Editura Academiei Române, București, 2005, ISBN 973-27-1258-9 (vol. I); ISBN 973-27-1264-3 (vol. II)

Lectură suplimentară
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015

Legături externe
  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1885
Preoți români
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Decese în secolul al XX-lea

Ioan Oprea


Robin Hood  é um filme de aventura estadunidense de 2018 dirigido por Otto Bathurst, produzido pela Lionsgate. Os papéis principais no filme foram interpretados por Taron Egerton, Jamie Foxx, Ben Mendelsohn, Eve Hewson, Tim Minchin e Jamie Dornan.

A estreia do filme aconteceu nos Estados Unidos em 21 de novembro de 2018.

Sinopse
Robin de Loxley (Taron Egerton) retorna à sua cidade natal após as Cruzadas e descobre que o xerife de Nottingham (Ben Mendelsohn) confiscou suas terras e castelo. Além disso, Marion (Eve Hewson) acreditava nos rumores da morte de Robin e se casou com outra. O jovem nobre decide recuperar sua amada e sua propriedade e lutar pelos direitos dos subordinados do cruel xerife. Robin começa a treinar com Little John (Jamie Foxx).

Elenco

 Taron Egerton como Robin z Loxley
 Jamie Foxx como Little John
 Ben Mendelsohn como Xerife de Nottingham
 Eve Hewson como Marian
 Tim Minchin como Frei Tuck
 Jamie Dornan como Will Tillman/Will Scarlet
 F. Murray Abraham como Cardeal Franklin
 Paul Anderson como Cara de Gisbourne

Recepção

Bilheteria
Em 26 de novembro de 2018, Robin Hood arrecadou US$ 14,9 milhões nos Estados Unidos e Canadá, e US$ 9,1 milhões em outros lugares; um total de US$ 24 milhões contra um orçamento de produção de US$ 100 milhões.

Críticas
Robin Hood encontrou uma resposta negativa dos críticos. No Rotten Tomatoes, 17% de cento e oito resenhas de filmes são positivas (a avaliação média foi de 3,8 em 10). No Metacritic, a pontuação média de 26 revisões foi de 33 pontos em 100.

Notas

Filmes com rebeliões
Filmes com trilha sonora de Joseph Trapanese
Filmes da Lions Gate
Filmes da Summit Entertainment
Filmes de aventura dos Estados Unidos
Filmes de Robin Hood
Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 2018
Filmes gravados na Croácia
Filmes sobre as Cruzadas
Filmes sobre o cristianismo
Filmes sobre revoluções
Filmes de aventura da década de 2010
Filmes em língua inglesa

Robin Hood (2018)


Architekt steht für:

 Architekt, Beruf der gestalterischen Planung von Gebäuden
 Architekt (Rapper) (* 1980), deutscher Rapper
 Der Architekt (österreichische Zeitschrift), Fachzeitschrift (1895–1922)
 Der Architekt (2008), deutscher Spielfilm von Ina Weisse
 Die Architekt, Zeitschrift vom Bund Deutscher Architektinnen und Architekten (BDA)
 Die Architekten, Spielfilm von Peter Kahane (1990)
 Die Architekten (Roman), 1966 verfasster Roman von Stefan Heym (2000)

Siehe auch:
 Softwarearchitekt (IT-Bereich)

 Architektur (Begriffsklärung)

Architekt (Begriffsklärung)


Fie Cecilia Laursen (født 3. juli 1996 i Hillerød) er en dansk blogger, YouTuber, forfatter, reality-stjerne, fotomodel og pornoskuespiller på OnlyFans

Karriere
Hun voksede op i Jægerspris og blev kendt, da hun i 2012 stod frem i Aftenshowet som mobbeoffer, hvorefter hun begyndte at blogge om mode og livsstil. Hun modtog i 2015 Modeblogprisens læserpris. I marts 2016 lagde hun en video på YouTube, hvor hun kritiserede sin offentlige person og indrømmede, at flere af hendes bloghistorier havde været opdigtede, men at hun fremover ville være ærlig. I 2017 modtog hun tre priser: "Årets Bemærkning" og "Årets Sociale Mediebruger" (til Reality Awards) samt "Årets Sociale Mediebruger" (til Teenage Awards).

I 2015 deltog Laursen i en række episoder af Paradise Hotel, Divaer i junglen og senere også i TV3-showet Helt i skoven.

Fie Laursen udgav i maj 2017 bogen Min ærlighed ved People's Press. Samme år udgav Laursen de to singler "Justin" og "Top 10". I 2018 deltog hun igen i Paradise Hotel og gjorde sin entré i realityprogrammet Divaer i junglen.

Diskografi

Singler
 "Secret" (2014)
 "Broken Soul" (2015)
 "Justin" (2017)
 "Top 10" (2017)
 "Hånd i Hånd" (2018)
 "Fuck Af" ft Milbo (2019)
 "Mirror" ft Josh Lorenzen (2019)

Realityprogrammer
 Paradise Hotel, sæson 11 (2015)
 Helt i skoven (2016)
 Til middag hos..., sæson 8 (2018)
 Fies Bryster, sæson 1 (2018)
 Paradise Hotel, sæson 14 (2018)
 Divaer i junglen (2018)
 Ex on the Beach (2019)

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Fie Laursens blog

Realityshows-deltagere fra Danmark
Bloggere fra Danmark
Personer fra Hillerød
YouTubere fra Danmark

Fie Laursen


Ridere! Ridere! Ridere! est un film italien réalisé par Edoardo Anton, sorti en 1954.

Synopsis

Fiche technique
 Titre : Ridere! Ridere! Ridere!
 Réalisation : Edoardo Anton
 Scénario : Edoardo Anton, Galeazzo Benti, Leo Bomba, Achille Campanile, Alvaro De Torres, Agenore Incrocci, Carlo Infascelli, Guido Leoni, Marcello Marchesi, Vinicio Marinucci, Furio Scarpelli et Ettore Scola
 Photographie : Mario Damicelli
 Musique : Carlo Rustichelli
 Pays de production :
 Langue originale : italien
 Format : Noir et blanc
 Genre : comédie
 Date de sortie : 1954

Distribution
 Tino Scotti : commissaire Rossi
 Ugo Tognazzi : Docteur
 Carlo Dapporto : François Salvo
 Sandra Mondaini : Innamorata litigiosa
 Riccardo Billi : Controllore
 Mario Riva : Otello Spinotti
 Alberto Talegalli : Pignolo
 Paolo Panelli : Innamorato litigioso
 Paolo Ferrari : Corteggiatore
 Pina Gallini : Vecchietta
 Raffaele Pisu : Ubriaco
 Galeazzo Benti : Snob
 Raimondo Vianello : le patient à opérer
 Nino Manfredi : l'homme qui ne veut pas payer
 Monica Vitti : Maria Teresa (non créditée)

Liens externes

Film italien sorti en 1954
Film scénarisé par Edoardo Anton
Comédie italienne
Film de Titanus
Film italien en noir et blanc
Film en italien

Ridere! Ridere! Ridere!


බියගම යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ බස්නාහිර පළාතේ ගම්පහ දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පිහිටි ප්‍රදේශයකි. කොළඹ අග නගරයේ සිට කි.මී. 19 පමණ දුරින් ප්‍රදේශය පිහිටා ඇත.
බියගම ප්‍රාදේශීය සභාව මගින් පාලනය වේ.

ඓතිහාසික පසුබිම  ශ්‍රී වික්‍රම රාජසිංහ රජගේ බිසෝවරුන් සැඟවී සිටි ප්‍රදේශය බිසෝගම වී පසුව ව්‍යවහාරයෙන් බියගම වී ඇති බවට ප්‍රදේශයේ පැරැන්නන්ගේ මතයයි.කෙසේ වෙතත් රජු ඇතු පිටෙන් බිමට වැටී සෙබළුන්ට මා බිම මා බිම යැයි කියූ ප්‍රදේශය අද වන විට මාබිම ලෙස බියගම ප්‍රදේශයේ උප නගරයක් ලෙස පවතී.එමෙන්ම කොට්ටුන්න ශ්‍රී දේවමිත්ත යෝගාශ්‍රමය ආශ්‍රිතව අනගාරික ධර්මපාලතුමා හා එතුමාගේ පැවිදි සමසේ ගුරුතුමා වූ හෙයියන්තුඩුවේ දේවමිත්ත නම් හිමි නම වාසය කලා යැයි ඔප්පු කල හැකි සාක්ෂි මේ ප්‍රදේශය තුළ තිබේ.

ජනගහනය

සංචාරක ආකර්ෂණ
#බොල්ලෑගල මානෙල්වත්ත විහාරය

#සපුගස්කන්ද රජමහා විහාරය (ගලේ පන්සල )

#වෝටර් වර්ල්ඩ්

වැනි ස්ථාන බියගම ප්‍රදේශය සංචාරක අවධානය යොමු වීමට හේතු වී තිබේ. එමෙන්ම
කැළණි රජමහා විහාරය ද බියගම චන්ද කොට්ඨාස යට මායිම්ව පිහිටා ඇත.

ආර්ථිකය
බියගම නිදහස් වෙළඳ කලාපය

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ නගර ලැයිස්තුව
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ප්‍රාදේශීය සභා

මූලාශ්‍ර

බාහිර සබැඳි

බියගම


بلدية كريبان (بالإسبانية: Cripán) هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة ألافا التابعة لإقليم الباسك شمال إسبانيا.

الديموغرافيا
يبلغ عدد سكان بلدية كريبان 197 نسمة عام 2011 (وفقاً للمعهد الوطني للإحصاء الإسباني).

مراجع

مصادر
  الموقع الرسمي لبلدية كريبان

أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة ألافا
بلديات ألافا

كريبان