إدغار أنتوني ألفاريز رييس  الشهير باسم إدغار ألفاريز (مواليد 9 يناير 1980 في بويرتو كورتيز - هندوراس) لاعب كرة قدم هندوراسي يلعب حاليا لصالح نادي الدرجة الأولى باري الإيطالي منذ 2009 في مركز الوسط الأيمن كما يجيد اللعب في مركز الظهير الأيمن.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في رومانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إيطاليا
أجنحة كرة قدم
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من بورتو كورتيس
رياضيون هندوراسيون مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو الدوري الأوروغواياني الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو الدوري الهندوراسي الدرجة الأولى لكرة القدم
لاعبو الكأس الذهبي للكونكاكاف 2007
لاعبو باري
لاعبو باليرمو
لاعبو بيزا
لاعبو بينارول
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الروماني
لاعبو روما
لاعبو كأس العالم 2010
لاعبو كأس الكونكاكاف الذهبية 2003
لاعبو كالياري
لاعبو كرة قدم أجانب في الأوروغواي
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في رومانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم هندوراسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم هندوراسيون مغتربون
لاعبو كوبا سينتروأمريكانا 2001
لاعبو كوبا سينتروأمريكانا 2003
لاعبو منتخب هندوراس لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي بلاتنسي
لاعبو نادي دينامو بوخارست
لاعبو نادي ليفورنو
لاعبو نادي مسينا
مواليد 1980

إدغار ألفاريز


An Aechmea canaliculata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Elton Martinez Carvalho Leme ngan Hans Edmund Luther. An Aechmea canaliculata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Aechmea, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Aechmea

Aechmea canaliculata


ඔක්තෝබර් 25 යනු ග්‍රෙගරි දින දසුන අනුව මෙය මෙම වසරේ 295 වන දිනය යි. වසර අවසන්වීමට තව දින 68ක් ඇත.

ඔක්තෝබර්
ග්‍රෙගරි දිනදසුනේ දින

ඔක්තෝබර් 25


Rudolf Otto (25 September 1869 – 7 March 1937) was an eminent German Lutheran theologian, philosopher, and comparative religionist. He is regarded as one of the most influential scholars of religion in the early twentieth century and is best known for his concept of the numinous, a profound emotional experience he argued was at the heart of the world's religions. While his work started in the domain of liberal Christian theology, its main thrust was always apologetical, seeking to defend religion against naturalist critiques. Otto eventually came to conceive of his work as part of a science of religion, which was divided into the philosophy of religion, the history of religion, and the psychology of religion.

Life
Born in Peine near Hanover, Otto was raised in a pious Christian family. He attended the Gymnasium Andreanum in Hildesheim and studied at the universities of Erlangen and Göttingen, where he wrote his dissertation on Martin Luther's understanding of the Holy Spirit (Die Anschauung von heiligen Geiste bei Luther: Eine historisch-dogmatische Untersuchung), and his habilitation on Kant (Naturalistische und religiöse Weltansicht). By 1906, he held a position as extraordinary professor, and in 1910 he received an honorary doctorate from the University of Giessen.

Otto's fascination with non-Christian religions was awakened during an extended trip from 1911 to 1912 through North Africa, Palestine, British India, China, Japan, and the United States. He cited a 1911 visit to a Moroccan synagogue as a key inspiration for the theme of the Holy he would later develop. Otto became a member of the Prussian parliament in 1913 and retained this position through the First World War. In 1917, he spearheaded an effort to simplify the system of weighting votes in Prussian elections. He then served in the post-war constituent assembly in 1918, and remained involved in the politics of the Weimar Republic.

Meanwhile, in 1915, he became ordinary professor at the University of Breslau, and in 1917, at the University of Marburg's Divinity School, then one of the most famous Protestant seminaries in the world. Although he received several other calls, he remained in Marburg for the rest of his life. He retired in 1929 but continued writing afterward. On 6 March 1937, he died of pneumonia, after suffering serious injuries falling about twenty meters from a tower in October 1936. There were lasting rumors that the fall was a suicide attempt but this has never been confirmed. He is buried in the Marburg cemetery.

Thought

Influences
In his early years Otto was most influenced by the German idealist theologian and philosopher Friedrich Schleiermacher and his conceptualization of the category of the religious as a type of emotion or consciousness irreducible to ethical or rational epistemologies. In this, Otto saw Schleiermacher as having recaptured a sense of holiness lost in the Age of Enlightenment. Schleiermacher described this religious feeling as one of absolute dependence; Otto eventually rejected this characterization as too closely analogous to earthly dependence and emphasized the complete otherness of the religious feeling from the mundane world (see below). In 1904, while a student at the University of Göttingen, Otto became a proponent of the philosophy of Jakob Fries along with two fellow students.

Early works
Otto's first book, Naturalism and Religion (1904) divides the world ontologically into the mental and the physical, a position reflecting Cartesian dualism. Otto argues consciousness cannot be explained in terms of physical or neural processes, and also accords it epistemological primacy by arguing all knowledge of the physical world is mediated by personal experience. On the other hand, he disagrees with Descartes' characterization of the mental as a rational realm, positing instead that rationality is built upon a nonrational intuitive realm.

In 1909, he published his next book, The Philosophy of Religion Based on Kant and Fries, in which he examines the thought of Kant and Fries and from there attempts to build a philosophical framework within which religious experience can take place. While Kant's philosophy said thought occurred in a rational domain, Fries diverged and said it also occurred in practical and aesthetic domains; Otto pursued Fries' line of thinking further and suggested another nonrational domain of the thought, the religious. He felt intuition was valuable in rational domains like mathematics, but subject to the corrective of reason, whereas religious intuitions might not be subject to that corrective.

These two early works were influenced by the rationalist approaches of Immanuel Kant and Jakob Fries. Otto stated that they focused on the rational aspects of the divine (the "Ratio aeterna") whereas his next (and most influential) book focused on the nonrational aspects of the divine.

The Idea of the Holy

Otto's most famous work, The Idea of the Holy was one of the most successful German theological books of the 20th century, has never gone out of print, and is available in about 20 languages. The central argument of the book concerns the term numinous, which Otto coined. He explains the numinous as a "non-rational, non-sensory experience or feeling whose primary and immediate object is outside the self". This mental state "presents itself as ganz Andere, wholly other, a condition absolutely sui generis and incomparable whereby the human being finds himself utterly abashed." According to Mark Wynn in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, The Idea of the Holy falls within a paradigm in the philosophy of emotion in which emotions are seen as including an element of perception with intrinsic epistemic value that is neither mediated by thoughts nor simply a response to physiological factors. Otto therefore understands religious experience as having mind-independent phenomenological content rather than being an internal response to belief in a divine reality. Otto applied this model specifically to religious experiences, which he felt were qualitatively different from other emotions. Otto felt people should first do serious rational study of God, before turning to the non-rational element of God as he did in this book.

Later works
In Mysticism East and West, published in German in 1926 and English in 1932, Otto compares and contrasts the views of the medieval German Christian mystic Meister Eckhart with those of the influential Hindu philosopher Adi Shankara, the key figure of the Advaita Vedanta school.

Influence
Otto left a broad influence on theology, religious studies, and philosophy of religion, which continues into the 21st century.

Christian theology
Karl Barth, an influential Protestant theologian contemporary to Otto, acknowledged Otto's influence and approved a similar conception of God as ganz Andere or totaliter aliter, thus falling within the tradition of apophatic theology. Otto was also one of the very few modern theologians to whom C. S. Lewis indicates a debt, particularly to the idea of the numinous in The Problem of Pain. In that book Lewis offers his own description of the numinous:

German-American theologian Paul Tillich acknowledged Otto's influence on him, as did Otto's most famous German pupil, Gustav Mensching (1901–1978) from Bonn University. Otto's views can be seen in the noted Catholic theologian Karl Rahner's presentation of man as a being of transcendence. More recently, Otto has also influenced the American Franciscan friar and inspirational speaker Richard Rohr.

Non-Christian theology and spirituality
Otto's ideas have also exerted an influence on non-Christian theology and spirituality. They have been discussed by Orthodox Jewish theologians including Joseph Soloveitchik and Eliezer Berkovits. The Iranian-American Sufi religious studies scholar and public intellectual Reza Aslan understands religion as "an institutionalized system of symbols and metaphors [...] with which a community of faith can share with each other their numinous encounter with the Divine Presence." Further afield, Otto's work received words of appreciation from Indian independence leader Mohandas Gandhi. Aldous Huxley, a major proponent of perennialism, was influenced by Otto; in The Doors of Perception he writes:

Religious studies
In The Idea of the Holy and other works, Otto set out a paradigm for the study of religion that focused on the need to realize the religious as a non-reducible, original category in its own right. The eminent Romanian-American historian of religion and philosopher Mircea Eliade used the concepts from The Idea of the Holy as the starting point for his own 1954 book, The Sacred and the Profane. The paradigm represented by Otto and Eliade was then heavily criticized for viewing religion as a sui generis category, until around 1990, when it began to see a resurgence as a result of its phenomenological aspects becoming more apparent. Ninian Smart, who was a formative influence on religious studies as a secular discipline, was influenced by Otto in his understanding of religious experience and his approach to understanding religion cross-culturally.

Psychology
Carl Gustav Jung, the founder of analytic psychology, applied the concept of the numinous to psychology and psychotherapy, arguing it was therapeutic and brought greater self-understanding, and stating that to him religion was about a "careful and scrupulous observation… of the numinosum". The American Episcopal priest John A. Sanford applied the ideas of both Otto and Jung in his writings on religious psychotherapy.

Philosophy
The philosopher and sociologist Max Horkheimer, a member of the Frankfurt School, has taken the concept of "wholly other" in his 1970 book Die Sehnsucht nach dem ganz Anderen ("longing for the entirely Other"). Walter Terence Stace wrote in his book Time and Eternity that "After Kant, I owe more to Rudolph Otto's The Idea of the Holy than to any other book." Other philosophers influenced by Otto included Martin Heidegger, Leo Strauss, Hans-Georg Gadamer (who was critical when younger but respectful in his old age), Max Scheler, Edmund Husserl, Joachim Wach, and Hans Jonas.

Other
The war veteran and writer Ernst Jünger and the historian and scientist Joseph Needham also cited Otto's influence.

Ecumenical activities
Otto was heavily involved in ecumenical activities between Christian denominations and between Christianity and other religions. He experimented with adding a time similar to a Quaker moment of silence to the Lutheran liturgy as an opportunity for worshipers to experience the numinous.

Works
A full bibliography of Otto's works is given in Robert F. Davidson, Rudolf Otto's Interpretation of Religion (Princeton, 1947), pp. 207–9

In German
 Naturalistische und religiöse Weltansicht (1904)
 Die Kant-Friesische Religions-Philosophie (1909)
 Das Heilige – Über das Irrationale in der Idee des Göttlichen und sein Verhältnis zum Rationalen (Breslau, 1917)
 West-östliche Mystik (1926)
 Die Gnadenreligion Indiens und das Christentum (1930)
 Reich Gottes und Menschensohn (1934)

English translations
Naturalism and Religion, trans J. Arthur Thomson & Margaret Thomson (London: Williams and Norgate, 1907) [originally published 1904]
The Life and Ministry of Jesus, According to the Critical Method (Chicago: Open Court, 1908), .
The Idea of the Holy, trans JW Harvey (New York: OUP, 1923; 2nd edn, 1950; reprint, New York, 1970),  [originally published 1917]
Christianity and the Indian Religion of Grace (Madras, 1928)
India's Religion of Grace and Christianity Compared and Contrasted, trans FH Foster (New York; London, 1930)
'The Sensus Numinis as the Historical Basis of Religion', Hibbert Journal 29, (1930), 1–8
The Philosophy of Religion Based on Kant and Fries, trans EB Dicker (London, 1931) [originally published 1909]
Religious essays: A supplement to 'The Idea of the Holy''', trans B Lunn, (London, 1931)
Mysticism East and West: A Comparative Analysis of the Nature of Mysticism, trans BL Bracey and RC Payne (New York, 1932) [originally published 1926]
'In the sphere of the holy', Hibbert Journal 31 (1932–3), 413–6The original Gita: The song of the Supreme Exalted One (London, 1939)The Kingdom of God and the Son of Man: A Study in the History of Religion, trans FV Filson and BL Wolff (Boston, 1943)Autobiographical and Social Essays (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1996),

See also

References

Further reading
 Almond, Philip C., 1984, 'Rudolf Otto: An Introduction to his Philosophical Theology', Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
 Davidson, Robert F, 1947, Rudolf Otto's Interpretation of Religion, Princeton
 Gooch, Todd A, 2000, The Numinous and Modernity: An Interpretation of Rudolf Otto's Philosophy of Religion. Preface by Otto Kaiser and Wolfgang Drechsler, Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter. .
 Ludwig, Theodore M (1987), 'Otto, Rudolf' in Encyclopedia of Religion, vol 11, pp. 139–41
 Raphael, Melissa, 1997, Rudolf Otto and the concept of holiness, Oxford: Clarendon Press
 Mok, Daniël (2012). Rudolf Otto: Een kleine biografie. Preface by Gerardus van der Leeuw. Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Abraxas. .
Mok, Daniël et al. (2002). Een wijze uit het westen: Beschouwingen over Rudolf Otto. Preface by Rudolph Boeke. Amsterdam: De Appelbloesem Pers (i.e. Uitgeverij Abraxas).  (print), 978-90-79133-00-0 (ebook).
 Moore, John Morrison, 1938, Theories of Religious Experience, with special reference to James, Otto and Bergson'', New York

External links

Otto and the Numinous
Numinous – references from several thinkers at Earthpages.ca
International Congress: Rudolf Otto – University of Marburg, 2012

1869 births
1937 deaths
19th-century biblical scholars
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19th-century German educators
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Rudolf Otto


John Christopher Depp II (d. 9 Haziran 1963), Amerikalı oyuncu, yapımcı ve müzisyen. On kere Altın Küre Ödülü'ne aday gösterildi, Sweeney Todd: Fleet Sokağı'nın Şeytani Berberi filmindeki Demon Barber rolüyle En İyi Erkek Oyuncu Akademi Ödülü'ne aday gösterildi. Depp, "Dünyanın en büyük film yıldızlarından biri" olarak kabul edilmektedir.

1980'lerin televizyon dizisi 21 Jump Street ile öne çıkarak gençlik idolü oldu. 1986'da Oliver Stone'un Vietnam Savaşı filmi Müfrezede yardımcı bir rol ile başlayıp devamında romantik-kara fantezi türlerindeki Makas Ellerde (1990) ana karakteri oynayan Depp, "gerçek hayatta rastlanamayacak" rolleri canlandırmayı üstlenmektedir. Daha sonra fantastik gerilim filmi Hayalet Süvari (1999), fantastik macera filmi Karayip Korsanları: Siyah İnci'nin Laneti (2003) ve devam filmleri, fantastik film Charlie'nin Çikolata Fabrikası (2005), fantastik film Alis Harikalar Diyarında (2010) ve animasyon, aksiyon, western, komedi türlerindeki Rangoda (2011) ana karakterleri canlandırarak gişe başarısı yakaladı. Yönetmen, yapımcı ve aynı zamanda arkadaşı olan Tim Burton'la birlikte dokuz filmde iş birliği yaptı.

Depp, dünyanın en büyük film yıldızlarından biri olarak görülmektedir. Ed Wood, Donnie Brasco, Vegas'ta Korku ve Nefret, Düşler Ülkesi, Halk Düşmanları ve Kara Düzen filmlerinde gerçekleştirdiği başarılı performanslarıyla geniş çapta tanındı. Depp'in yer aldığı filmler Birleşik Devletler gişelerinde 3,1 milyar doların üzerinde ve dünya çapında 7,6 milyar doların üstünde hasılat elde etti. En başarılı filmleri 3 milyar dolardan fazla hasılat yapan Karayip Korsanları filmleri, 1 milyar dolardan fazla hasılat yapan Alis Harikalar Diyarında, 474 milyon dolar hasılat yapan Charlie'nin Çikolata Fabrikası ve 278 milyon dolar hasılat elde eden Turisttir.

Depp, En İyi Erkek Oyuncu dalında Akademi Ödülü'ne üç kez aday olmak üzere birçok oyunculuk ödülüne aday gösterildi. Sweeney Todd: Fleet Sokağı'nın Şeytani Berberi filmindeki performansı sayesinde Müzikal veya Komedi Dalında En İyi Erkek Oyuncu Altın Küre Ödülü'nü, Karayip Korsanları: Siyah İnci'nin Laneti filmindeki performansı sayesinde En İyi Erkek Oyuncu SAG Ödülü'nü kazandı. 75 milyon dolarlık kazancıyla 2012 Guinness Dünya Rekorları'nda en çok para alan oyuncu olarak listeye alındı. 2015 yılında Disney Efsanesi olarak kabul edildi.

2020 yılında Depp, yeni film için bazı sahneler çekilmiş olmasına rağmen AT&T firmasının talimatıyla ve Warner Bros.un isteği üzerine Fantastik Canavarlar serisinde canlandırdığı Gellert Grindelwald rolünden ayrıldı.

Gençlik yılları
Annesinin 12 yaşında hediye ettiği gitarla garage rock türü müzikler çalmaya başladı. 15 yaşında bir rock müzisyeni olmak umuduyla okulu bıraktı. Aynı sene anne ve babası boşanmış, bu durum kendisine zarar vermeye başlamıştı. The Kids adlı müzik grubuyla çalmaya başladı. Grubun basçı ve vokalistinin kız kardeşi Lori Anne Allison ile 24 Aralık 1983'te evlendi. "Six Gun Method" adını almış grup Depp'in evliliği ile ilgili sorunları nedeniyle stüdyoya giremeden dağıldı. Los Angeles'ta eşinin yardımıyla Nicolas Cage ile tanıştı ve ilk filmi Elm Sokağı Kâbusu'nda 1984 yılında oynama şansı buldu. 7 Mart 1986 yılında ise Lori Anne Allison'dan boşandı. İlk evliliğinden sonra Kate Moss ve Winona Ryder gibi ünlü isimlerle beraber olmuştur. Sevgilisi Winona Ryder'ın adını koluna Winona Forever olarak dövme yaptıran sanatçı dövmeyi ayrıldıklarında "sonsuza kadar şarapçı" anlamına gelen "Wino Forever" hâline getirdi.

The Kids grubu dağılmış olmasına rağmen hâlâ birlikte çalmaktadır. Tek fark profesyonel olarak değil sadece hobi olaraktır.

Özel hayatı
 11 yaşında annesinin "sinir haplarını" alarak uyuşturucu kullanmaya başladığını, 12 yaşında sigara içtiğini ve 14 yaşında "var olan her türlü ilacı" kullandığını belirtmiştir. 2008'de verdiği bir röportajda Depp, kendisini "yıllardır" alkolle "zehirlediğini" belirtti.
 14 Haziran 1998 tarihinde Vanessa Paradis ile ilişkisi başlamıştır. Çift, 2012 yılında ayrıldıklarını açıklamıştır.
 Depp, Robin Williams'ın 1998 yapımı Patch Adams filminde canlandırdığı "Hastane-Palyaçosu" tiplemesine gönderme yaparak, Halk Düşmanları adlı filminin tanıtımı için gittiği İngiltere'de, "Karayip Korsanları" film serisinin kült figürü Kaptan Jack Sparrow'un kostümünü giyerek Londra'da bulunan Great Ormond Street Hastanesinin çalışanlarını ve hasta çocukları ziyaret edip klinikte hasta çocuklarla uzun süre yakından ilgilendi.
 Depp, böbrek yetmezliği sıkıntısı çeken kızı Lily-Rose Melody'nin, 2007 yılında başarılı bir şekilde tedavi edilmesinden dolayı Great Ormond Street Hastanesine 1 milyon Euro bağışta bulunmuştu.
 Eşi Amber Heard, Depp'in annesinin ölümünün üzerinden henüz birkaç gün geçmişken Depp'e boşanma davası açmış, Amber Heard'ün iddiasına göre, alkollü olduğu zaman Johnny Depp şarap şişesi ile evdeki eşyayı kırıp ve Amber Heard yüzüne cep telefonu fırlatmıştır.
 Johnny Depp, mahkemeye verdiği ifadede, eski eşi Amber Heard'ın, kendi evinde Elon Musk ve Cara Delevingne ile birlikte üçlü bir ilişki yaşadığını söyledi. Kamera kayıtlarını mahkemeye sundu.
 2020 iftira davası sırasında Depp, Heard ile ilişkisi sırasında Roxicodon ve alkolün yanı sıra MDMA ve kokain gibi başka maddeler kullandığını itiraf etti.

Magazin
 People dergisi tarafından 2003 ve 2009 yıllarında Yaşayan En Seksi Erkek seçilmiştir.
 2007 yılında EW sitesinin yaptığı Hollywood'un en yakışıklı 50 insanı arasında 1. olmuştur.
 Forbes dergisinin 2007 yılında yaptığı araştırmaya göre 2006 yılında oyuncunun serveti yaklaşık 92 milyon $ olduğunu belirtmiştir. Bu rakam 2013 yılında 450 milyon dolara yükselmiştir.
 Empire dergisinin 2010'da yaptığı araştırmada Johnny Depp, dünya çapında en fazla hayran kitlesine sahip oyuncu seçilmiştir. Araştırmaya göre hayran kitlesi dünyada 1 milyarı geçmiştir.

Kariyeri
1986 yılında Oliver Stone'un Platoon filminde ufak bir rol almasının ardından 1987 yılında 21 Jump Street adlı diziye başladı. Dizi başarı kazanmıştı ancak oyuncunun istediği şey bu değildi.

Tim Burton ile tanışması

Johnny Depp'in kariyeri için önemli bir nokta Tim Burton ile tanışmasıdır. Burton'ın yönetmenliğini ve yapımcılığını yaptığı pek çok filmde rol aldı. Çoğu kez Tim Burton'ın eşi Helena Bonham Carter da filmlerde rol aldı. Ayrıca Depp, Tim Burton'ın oğlu Billy Ray Burton'ın vaftiz babasıdır.

 1990 yapımı Makas Eller filminde başrol oynadı.
 1994 yapımı Ed Wood filminde başrol oynadı.
 1999 yapımı Hayalet Süvari filminde başrol oynadı.
 2005 yapımı Charlie'nin Çikolata Fabrikası ve Ölü Gelin
 2007 yapımı Sweeney Todd: Fleet Sokağının Şeytan Berberi ad film Akademi Ödülleri'nde Johnny Depp'e "Yılın En İyi Oyuncusu" dalında adaylık getirmiştir. Ancak film, sadece bir dalda Akademi Ödülü kazanmıştır.
 2010 yapımı Alis Harikalar Diyarında filminde beraber çalışmışlardır.
 2012 yapımı Karanlık Gölgeler filminde başrol oynadı.

Depp'in bugüne kadarki doruk noktası Karayip Korsanları: Siyah İnci'nin Laneti filminde olmuş ve bu film sayesinde 2003 yılında Akademi Ödülleri'nde En iyi Erkek Oyuncu dalında aday gösterilmiştir. Bu sayede ilk, bir Disney projesinde yer alıp Oscar'a aday gösterilen oyuncu olmuştur. Filmdeki Kaptan Jack Sparrow rolü önce yapımcılar tarafından beğenilmemiştir; ancak film yayınlandıktan sonra film bu karakterin üstünde yükselmiştir. Depp daha önceden yaratılmış karakterin en son hâlini Rolling Stones gitaristi Keith Richards'tan esinlenerek yaratmıştır. Filmin ikinci ve üçüncü bölümleri de birçok rekor kırarak sinemaseverler tarafından beğenilmişti.

Galeri

Filmografi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Beyazperde ' de Johnny Depp
 Johnny Depp Eleştirisi ve Fotoğrafları
 Aktüel Sinema 'da Johnny Depp

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! colspan="3" style="background: #DAA520;" | Screen Actors Guild Award
|

|-
! colspan="3" style="background: #DAA520;" | Altın Küre Ödülleri
|-

Amerikalı film yönetmenleri
Amerikalı film yapımcıları
Fransız asıllı Amerikalılar
Amerikalı erkek seslendirme sanatçıları
1963 doğumlular
Amerikalı erkek sinema oyuncuları
Amerikalı erkek dizi oyuncuları
Çeroki asıllı Amerikalılar
En İyi Erkek Müzikal veya Komedi Filmi Oyuncusu Altın Küre Ödülü sahipleri
Yaşayan insanlar

Ekran Oyuncuları Derneği Ödülü sahipleri
En İyi Komedi Performansı MTV Film Ödülü sahipleri
En İyi Kötü Karakter MTV Film Ödülü sahipleri
En İyi Erkek Oyuncu SAG Ödülü sahipleri
Altın Küre Ödülü sahipleri
21. yüzyılda Amerikalı erkek oyuncular
Afrikalı Amerikalı erkek oyuncular
Afrikalı Amerikalı erkek şarkıcılar
Başrolde Erkek Oyuncu Tarafından Üstün Performans Ekran Oyuncuları Derneği Ödülü sahipleri
20. yüzyılda Amerikalı erkek oyuncular
20. yüzyıl Amerikalı müzisyenleri
21. yüzyıl Amerikalı müzisyenleri
Avustralya'daki Amerikalı gurbetçiler
İngiliz asıllı Amerikalılar
Alman asıllı Amerikalılar
İrlanda asıllı Amerikalılar
César Onur Ödülü sahipleri
Florida doğumlu erkek oyuncular
Kentucky doğumlu erkek oyuncular

Johnny Depp


Hank (britisches Englisch für "Strang"), auch Lespe, war ein angelsächsisches Längenmaß für Garn, das regional- und materialabhängig warengebunden war. Es wird auch heute noch als Längenmaß für Naturdarm genutzt.

Als Maß für Garn
Beim Aufwinden des Garns auf die Zählhaspel, auch Weife genannt, wurde nacheinander jeweils eine regional unterschiedliche Anzahl sogenannter Faden (englisch thread) zu einem "Gebinde" (englisch lea, cut oder wrap) verschnürt oder abgebunden (daher der Name "Gebinde"). Eine bestimmte Menge Gebinde bildete schließlich den fertigen Garnstrang. Ein Faden wurde durch eine volle Umdrehung einer Haspel abgemessen. Die Fadenlänge war daher vom Umfang der Haspel abhängig, der wiederum auch vom Material des zu messenden Garnes, also Baumwolle, Wolle, Leinen oder Hanf, bestimmt wurde.

Garnnummerierung
Abhängig vom Material des Garns diente das Maß auch zur Festlegung der Garnfeinheit. Die Anzahl der Hanks oder Leas pro 1 Avoirdupois-Pfund ergab die englische Garnnummer.

 Garn Nr. 10: 8400 Yards/Pound (7680,8 Meter/453,5924277 Gramm)
 Garn Nr. 50: 42.000 Yards/Pound
 Garn Nr. 100: 84.000 Yards/Pound
 Garn Nr. 200: 168.000 Yards/Pound
 Garn Nr. 350: 294.000 Yards/Pound

Leinengarn
 1 Thread = 2 ½ Yards = 1013 7/20 Pariser Linien = 2,285 Meter
 1 Lea/Cut = 120 Threads = 300 Yards
 1 Heer = 2 Leas
 1 Slip = 3 Heer = 6 Leas
 1 Hank = 12 Leas
 1 Hesp (Stück) = 2 Hanks
 1 Spindle = 2 Hesps = 14.400 Yards

Baumwollgarn
 1 Thread = 1,5 Yards = 608 Pariser Linien = 1,571 Meter
 1 Lea/Cut/Skein = 80 Threads = 120 Yards = 109,726 Meter
 1 Hank = 7 Leas/Skeins = 840 Yards = 768,08 Meter
 1 Spindle = 18 Hanks = 15.120 Yards

Kammgarn
 1 Thread/Tum = 1 Yard = 405 7/20 Pariser Linien = 0,914 Meter
 1 Skein/Lea = 80 Threads = 80 Yards
 1 Hank = 7 Skeins = 560 Yards
 1 Dozen (Dutzend) = 12 Hanks = 6720 Yards
 1 Groß = 12 Dutzend = 80.640 Yards

Maschinengarn
 1 Lea = 300  Yards
 1 Hank = 10 Leas
 1 Bundle/Bole (Bündel, Bund) = 20 Hanks = 200 Leas = 60.000 Yards
oder
 1 Hank = 12 Leas (sogenannte "irische Weife")
 1 Bundle = 16 ⅔ Hanks = 200 Leas

 1 Pack = 3 Bundles gröberes Garn = 180.000 Yards
 1 Pack = 6 Bundles feineres Garn = 360.000 Yards

auch möglich:
 1 Thread = 3 Yards
 1 Lea/Cut = 100 Threads = 300 Yards

Ganz feine Garne wurden auf einer 1 ½-Haspel gehaspelt.

Schottisches Haspelmaß
 1 Lea = 300 Yards
 1 Rand = 6 Leas = 1800 Yards
 1 Spindle Scotch = 38 Leas = 14400 Yards
 1 Dozen (Dutzend) = 12 Rands = 72 Leas = 21.600 Yards

Als Maß für Naturdarm
Därme von Schaf und Schwein zur Wurstherstellung werden in Packungen zu je 1 Hank = 100 Yards = ca. 91 Meter – als Summe von Teillängen – gehandelt.

Siehe auch
 Liste von historischen Haspelmaßen

Andere Maßeinheiten von Garnsträngen:
 Écheveau
 Geschleif
 Lopp
 Roof
 Schneller
 Toll
 Zaspel

Literatur
 Karl Karmarsch: Handbuch der mechanischen Technologie, Band 2. Verlag Helwing, 1858, S. 1164.
 Carl Heinrich Schmidt: Lehrbuch der Spinnereimechanik. Band 1, Verlag B. G. Teubner, Leipzig 1857, S. 38.
 Christian Noback, Friedrich Eduard Noback: Vollständiges Taschenbuch der Münz-, Maß- und Gewichtsverhältnisse. Band 1, F. A. Brockhaus, Leipzig 1851, S. 544.
 Eduard Döring: Handbuch der Münz-, Wechsel-, Maß- und Gewichtskunde. Verlag  J. Hölscher, Koblenz 1862, S. 500.

Einzelnachweise

Altes Maß oder Gewicht (Vereinigtes Königreich)
Längeneinheit
Mengeneinheit
Maßeinheit (Textilwesen)

en:Hank (textile)

Hank (Einheit)


شط الفجاج هو شط يقع في الصحراء التونسية و يمتد من مدينة قابس شرقًا إلى قرية الدبابشة غربًا، حيث يتصل بشط الجريد. يبلغ عرضه 30  وطوله 90 .

مراجع

بحيرات تونس
فجاج
ولاية قابس
ولاية قبلي

شط الفجاج


Jacob Zeilin (July 16, 1806 – November 18, 1880) was the United States Marine Corps' first non-brevet flag officer. He served as the seventh commandant of the United States Marine Corps, from 1864 to 1876.

Early life and education
Zeilin was born in Philadelphia on July 16, 1806. He attended the United States Military Academy from 1822 to 1825, but dropped out due to poor grades in philosophy and chemistry.

Career
Zeilin was commissioned in the Marine Corps as a second lieutenant on October 1, 1831. After completing the preliminary training of a Marine officer in Washington, D.C., Zeilin's first tours of duty were ashore at the Marine Barracks, Philadelphia, and at Gosport, Virginia. He first went to sea on board the sloop of war  in March 1832, which was followed by a tour of duty at Charlestown (Boston), Massachusetts. In August 1834, he again joined the sloop Erie on a long and eventful voyage which lasted for more than three years. He was promoted to first lieutenant on 12 September 1836.

From September 1837 to April 1841, Zeilin again served at Charlestown, Massachusetts, and New York. In February 1842, he returned to sea duty, on board the , and during the cruise that followed spent several months on the Brazil station. Upon the conclusion of this tour of sea duty, and after again serving at important Marine Corps stations on the east coast of the United States from 1842 to 1845, he was transferred to duty aboard the frigate  of the U.S. Pacific Squadron.

Mexican–American War
During the Mexican–American War, Zeilin commanded the Marine Detachment embarked in Congress, which ship was attached to Commodore Robert F. Stockton's force. He took part in the conquest of California (1846–1847) and was brevetted to the rank of major (two grades above his rank at the time) for gallantry during the action at the San Gabriel River crossing on January 9, 1847. Later, he took part in the capture of Los Angeles and in the Battle of La Mesa.

On 28 January 1847, Zeilin was appointed Military Commandant of San Diego and served in that capacity until the completion of the conquest of California. He was promoted to the regular rank of captain on 14 September 1847. During the following few months, Zeilin, with the Marines of the Pacific Squadron, participated in the capture of important ports in lower California and the west coast of Mexico, and served as Fleet Marine Officer of the Pacific Squadron. In September 1847, he served with the forces that captured Guaymas and those that met the enemy at San Jose on the 30th. For the remainder of the war, Mazatlán was his center of activity, and he fought in several skirmishes with the Mexicans in that area.

Interwar period
After the close of the war with Mexico, Zeilin proceeded to Norfolk, Virginia, where he served for a time, then to New York. He remained at New York until June 1852. He was selected to accompany Commodore Matthew C. Perry as Fleet Marine Officer in the famous expedition to Japan, serving with the Marine Detachment in  in which he cruised to Japan with the expedition.  With elaborate ceremonies, the Marines under his command took a prominent part in the expedition. He was the second person to set foot on shore at the formal landing of the naval forces at Kurihama, Yokosuka, Japan on 14 July 1853, and was one of those later accorded special honor for his part in the expedition that opened the doors of Japan to the outside world.

Upon his return from Japan, he was again stationed at Norfolk. This duty was followed by his being placed in command of the Marine Barracks of the Washington Navy Yard. After remaining for a time at Washington, he again went to sea, this time aboard the frigate , on the European Station, until 1859.

American Civil War
During the early part of the American Civil War, Zeilin was on garrison duty in command of Marine Barracks, firstly at Philadelphia and later at Washington, D.C. Five days later, he was appointed to the regular rank of major.  On July 21, 1861, he commanded a company of U.S. Marines during the First Battle of Bull Run and received a slight wound.

In 1863, Zeilin was given command of the battalion of U.S. Marines sent to support the naval force whose mission was the capture of Charleston, South Carolina, but, because of illness, he returned after a few weeks of this duty to garrison duty at Marine Barracks, Portsmouth, New Hampshire.  Later, he returned to sea, serving with the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron under Rear Admiral John Dahlgren. In 1864, Zeilin assumed command of the Marine Barracks at Portsmouth, New Hampshire.

Commandant of the Marine Corps
On June 10, 1864, he was appointed Colonel Commandant of the Marine Corps in the rank of colonel. His faithful and efficient performance of the duties of Commandant of the Marine Corps during the trying period of the last year of the war and those years immediately following the close of the war is evidenced by the fact that he was promoted to the rank of brigadier general on 2 March 1867. Upon his promotion, he became the Marine Corps' first general officer.

After the war, Brigadier General Zeilin successfully defended the Marine Corps against its critics. In 1868, Zeilin approved of the design of the "Eagle, Globe, and Anchor," as the emblem for the Marine Corps. It replaced the previous emblem which was a bugle with a letter "M" in the middle.

Zeilin retired from the Marine Corps on November 1, 1876 after serving over forty-five years as a Marine Corps officer. When considering his time at West Point, he served over 49 years in uniform.

Personal life

Zeilin married Virginia Freeman on October 22, 1845. Together they had one son, William Freeman Zeilin (1851-1880) and two daughters, Margaret Freeman Very (1850-1911) (wife of Edward Wilson Very) and Anne V. Stockton (wife of one of Senator John P. Stockton's sons).

General Zeilin was a member of the Pennsylvania Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, a military society of officers who served in the Union armed forces.

On 18 November 1880, he died in Washington, D.C. He is buried in Laurel Hill Cemetery in Philadelphia.

Legacy
Two ships in the United States Navy have been named USS Zeilin in his honor:  in 1920 and  in 1941.
He is the namesake for Zeilin Road, on Marine Corps Base Quantico in Virginia.
He is the namesake for Zeilin Street, on Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton in California.

References

External links

1806 births
1880 deaths
Military personnel from Philadelphia
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
People of Pennsylvania in the American Civil War
Union Marines
United States Marine Corps Commandants
United States Marine Corps generals
Burials at Laurel Hill Cemetery (Philadelphia)

Jacob Zeilin


Sarah Stevenson, MBE (* 30. März 1983 in Doncaster) ist eine britische Taekwondoin. Sie startet im Mittel- und Schwergewicht.

Stevenson begann im Alter von sieben Jahren beim Verein Doncaster All Stars mit Taekwondo. Ihre ersten Erfolge feierte sie bereits mit 15 Jahren, 1998 wurde sie zunächst Juniorenweltmeisterin, ein Jahr darauf Junioreneuropameisterin. Sie konnte sich für die Olympischen Spiele 2000 in Sydney qualifizieren. Dort erreichte sie das Halbfinale, verpasste als Vierte eine Medaille jedoch knapp. Im Jahr darauf errang Stevenson schließlich ihre erste internationale Medaille, sie gewann bei der Weltmeisterschaft 2001 in Jeju-si die Goldmedaille. Bei der Europameisterschaft 2002 in Samsun und 2004 in Lillehammer konnte sie jeweils die Silbermedaille gewinnen. Stevenson qualifizierte sich für ihre zweiten Olympischen Spiele in Athen, verlor dort jedoch ihren Auftaktkampf und schied aus. Erfolgreicher lief das Jahr 2005. Stevenson gewann bei der Europameisterschaft in Riga und der Weltmeisterschaft in Madrid jeweils den Titel. Sie konnte den EM-Titel im folgenden Jahr bei der Europameisterschaft in Bonn erfolgreich verteidigen.

Danach wechselte Stevenson in die leichtere Gewichtsklasse bis 67 Kilogramm. Sie qualifizierte sich für die Olympischen Spiele 2008 in Peking. Dort traf sie im Viertelfinale auf die Lokalmatadorin Chen Zhong und setzte Sekunden vor Kampfende den entscheidenden Kopftreffer, der erst nach Protest und Studium der Videobilder anerkannt wurde. Nach einer Niederlage im Halbfinale gewann sie im Kampf um Bronze und errang die erste britische Olympiamedaille im Taekwondo. In den folgenden Jahren gewann Stevenson weitere Goldmedaillen, sie siegte bei der Europameisterschaft 2010 in Sankt Petersburg und der Weltmeisterschaft 2011 in Gyeongju. Stevenson gilt als eine der größten britischen Medaillenhoffnungen für die Olympischen Heimspiele in London. Als Vertreterin der Sportler sprach sie bei der Eröffnung der Spiele den olympischen Eid.

Stevensons Ehemann ist ebenfalls dem Taekwondo verbunden und gehört zum Trainerteam der britischen Nationalmannschaft.

Weblinks
 Offizielle Homepage

Einzelnachweise

Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2000
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2004
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2008
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2012
Taekwondoin (Vereinigtes Königreich)
Weltmeister (Taekwondo)
Europameister (Taekwondo)
Olympiateilnehmer (Vereinigtes Königreich)
Member des Order of the British Empire
Brite
Geboren 1983
Frau

Sarah Stevenson


Rødding eller røddingslægten (Salvelinus) er en slægt i laksefamilien. Nogle arter i slægten kaldes for "ørred". Slægten har en nordlig udbreddelse og lever primært i ferskvand. Flere af arterne findes også i havet. De fleste medlemmer af slægten er typiske koldtvandsfisk.

Et af røddingens typiske kendetegn er pletterne, som er lys cremet, pink eller røde på en mørkere krop.

Flere arter i slægten er populære blandt lystfiskere, og enkelte som amerikansk søørred eller lake trout (S. namaycush) er genstand for kommercielt fiskeri og fiskeopdræt.

Dybvandsrøddinger er små arter af rødding, som lever på mere end 80 meters dybde i bestemte søer. De er meget følsomme over for forandringer af vandkvaliteten. Enkelte arter som Salvelinus neocomensis og Salvelinus profundus er nyligt uddøde.

Artsdiversitet
Opdelingen af af slægtens arter er omdiskuteret. FishBase angav i 2015 hele 54 arter eller underarter i denne slægt.

Fjeldørred (S. alpinus) er den mest udbredte Salvelinus art. Den er udbredt i arktis og betragtes som den nordligst levende ferskvandsfisk.

Arktis
 Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus, 1758) – Fjeldørred.

Europa
Centraleuropa
 Salvelinus evasus Freyhof & Kottelat, 2005.
 Salvelinus umbla (Linnaeus, 1758) – lake char.
 †Salvelinus neocomensis Freyhof & Kottelat, 2005.
 †Salvelinus profundus (Schillinger, 1901).

Britiske Øer
Skotland og tilstødende øer:
 Salvelinus gracillimus Regan, 1909.
 Salvelinus inframundus Regan, 1909.
 Salvelinus killinensis (Günther, 1866).
 Salvelinus mallochi Regan, 1909.
 Salvelinus maxillaris Regan, 1909.
 Salvelinus struanensis (Maitland, 1881).
 Salvelinus youngeri (Friend, 1965) – golden char.

England og Wales:
 Salvelinus lonsdalii Regan, 1909.
 Salvelinus perisii (Günther, 1865).
 Salvelinus willoughbii (Günther, 1862).
Irland:
 Salvelinus colii (Günther, 1863).
 Salvelinus fimbriatus Regan, 1908.
 Salvelinus grayi (Günther, 1862).
 Salvelinus obtusus Regan, 1908.
Nordeuropa
Island og atlantiske øer:
 Salvelinus faroensis Joensen & Tåning, 1970.
 Salvelinus murta (Sæmundsson, 1909).
 Salvelinus thingvallensis (Sæmundsson, 1909).
 Salvelinus salvelinoinsularis (Lönnberg, 1900) – Bear Island rødding.
Fennoskandinavien og Nordvestrusland:
 Salvelinus lepechini (J. F. Gmelin, 1789).

Asien
 Salvelinus andriashevi L. S. Berg, 1948 – Chukot char.
 Salvelinus boganidae L. S. Berg, 1926 – Boganida char.
 Salvelinus czerskii Dryagin, 1932 – Cherskii's char.
 Salvelinus drjagini Logashev, 1940 – Dryagin's char.
 Salvelinus elgyticus Viktorovsky & Glubokovsky, 1981 – small-mouth char.

 Salvelinus alpinus erythrinus (Georgi, 1775) – davatchan.
 Salvelinus jacuticus Borisov, 1935 – Yakutian char.
 Salvelinus taimyricus Mikhin, 1949.
 Salvelinus taranetzi Kaganowsky, 1955 – Taranets rødding.
 Salvelinus tolmachoffi L. S. Berg, 1926 – Lake Yessey rødding.
Stillehavets tilløb
 Salvelinus albus Glubokovksy, 1977 – white char.
 Salvelinus curilus (Pallas, 1814) (= S. malma krascheninnikova Taranetz, 1933 – southern Dolly Varden.
 Salvelinus gritzenkoi Vasil'eva & Stygar, 2000.

 Salvelinus krogiusae Glubokovksy, Frolov, Efremov, Ribnikova & Katugin, 1993.
 Salvelinus kronocius Viktorovsky, 1978.
 Salvelinus kuznetzovi Taranetz, 1933.
 Salvelinus leucomaenis (Pallas, 1814) – whitespotted char.
 S. l. leucomaenis (Pallas, 1814).
 S. l. imbrius D. S. Jordan & E. A. McGregor, 1925.
 S. l. pluvius (Hilgendorf, 1876).
 S. l. japonicus (= S. japonicus) Ōshima, 1961 – kirikuchi char.
 Salvelinus neiva Taranetz, 1933 – Neiva.
 Salvelinus schmidti Viktorovsky, 1978.
 Salvelinus vasiljevae Safronov & Zvezdov, 2005 – Sakhalinian char.

Nordamerika

 †Salvelinus agassizii (Garman, 1885) – silver trout.
 Salvelinus confluentus (Suckley, 1859) – bull trout.
 Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill, 1814) – brook trout.
 Salvelinus malma (Walbaum, 1792) – Dolly Varden trout.
 "Salvelinus anaktuvukensis" Morrow, 1973 – angayukaksurak char (= S. malma).
 Salvelinus namaycush (Walbaum, 1792) – søørred.

Hybrider
 S. alpinus × S. fontinalis – Alsatian rødding.
 S. namaycush × S. fontinalis – splake, brookinaw.
 S. fontinalis × Salmo trutta – tigerørred.
 S. leucomaensis x O. masou – flodmakrel, Kawasaba

Referencer

 Sepkoski, Jack (2002): Osteichthyes. In: A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. Bulletin of American Paleontology 364: 560. HTML fulltext

Eksterne henvisninger

 USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Fish Database
 IUCN Salvelinus umbla

Laksefamilien

Røddinger


Peter Palshøj (født 1970) er en dansk journalist, tv- og radiovært, der er uddannet fra Danmarks Journalisthøjskole i 1999.

Peter Palshøj var vært på tv-kanalerne TV3 og 3+ i programmerne Onside, Brystgalla, Tosset med golf, Masterchef og NFL Live.

Tidligere var Peter Palshøj radiovært på P3-programmerne Rio Bravo, Go' morgen P3, RADAR, TRAX, Børneradio og prisuddelingen P3 Guld i 2003 og 2008. Sidstnævnte blev også vist på tv-kanalen DR2.

Desuden har han været vært på DR1-programmerne Børne1eren, Musik og Bøgetræer, samt Førstevælger.

Filmografi
 Plan B (2002, afsnit 2-6) - fortæller
 Zulu djævleræs 2007-2008)
 2900 Happiness (2009, 3 episoder) - journalist
 Osman og Jeppe (2011, 1 episode) - dommer
 Natholdet (2011, Sæson 2)
 Til middag hos... (2011)
 Tosset med golf (2012)

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Journalister fra Danmark
Tv-værter fra Danmark
Radioværter fra Danmark
Ansatte i DR

Peter Palshøj (TV-vært)


Longniddry (, ) is a coastal village in East Lothian, Scotland, with an estimated population of  in . The Scottish Women's Rural Institute was founded here in 1917.

Features
Longniddry is primarily a dormitory village for commuters, with good transport links by road and rail (Longniddry railway station is on the North Berwick Line) to the capital, some 12 miles to the West.
The village has a number of local, community based resources including local shops and Longniddry Community Centre, which also houses the library. Near to the library is the Scout Hall used by the Longniddry Scout Group. The golf course hosted the Carling-Caledonian Tournament in 1961. Like many coastal towns in East Lothian, Longniddry has a sandy beach beside the golf course. This stretch of local coastline is lined with dunes and known as Longniddry Bents.

History
The 18th century Gosford House, which is the seat of the Earl of Wemyss and March, stands on the eastern edge of the village.

In 1917 the first meeting of the Scottish Women's Rural Institute took place in Longniddry organised by Catherine Hogg Blair. 37 women became members.

In 2006, Longniddry and the neighbouring towns of Prestonpans, Cockenzie and Port Seton were twinned with the town of Barga, Tuscany, Italy.

Notable people
 John Knox, main figure in the Scottish Reformation and disciple of John Calvin was tutor to the sons of the Douglas family who lived at the west side of the village
 George Douglas of Longniddry, Scottish courtier
 Sir Norman Graham, head of Scottish Education Department
 Hugh MacDiarmid, the Scottish poet, lived in Longniddry for a short while
 James Bond actor Pierce Brosnan lived in Longniddry from August 1964 with his mother and new stepfather William Carmichael before moving to London
 Mollie Hunter, winner of the 1974 Carnegie Medal for outstanding books for children

See also
Longniddry Bents
Longniddry Primary School
Longniddry railway station
List of places in East Lothian

References

External links

 2001 Census Factsheet: Longniddry from East Lothian Council
 Longniddry Parish Church

Villages in East Lothian

Longniddry


Le Cherchen  (  ; en français, un frelon) est un missile guidé antichar biélorusse de troisième génération (ATGM), basé sur l'ATGM Skif ukrainien mais qui aurait des capacités supplémentaires. Il est conçu pour vaincre les véhicules blindés modernes, les objets protégés (tels que les bunkers, les casemates, les emplacements en terre et en bois) et les cibles à basse altitude et à basse vitesse (hélicoptères, drones ).

Description
La version de base « Cherchen » se compose d'un trépied, d'un module de combat universel, d'un missile guidé antichar, d'un dispositif de guidage (PN-S) et d'une télécommande, qui permet le contrôle de l'unité jusqu'à 100 m (avec un canal filaire) et jusqu'à 300 m (avec radio). La tâche de combat de l'équipage de deux hommes est d'assembler Cherchen, de trouver la cible et de lancer. Les procédures de pré-lancement, qui comprennent l'installation du missile, la connexion PN-S et la mise sous tension de l'unité, prennent moins de 2 minutes. Une fois le missile tiré, l'opérateur contrôle le Cherchen et corrige la visée, si nécessaire, à l'aide du joystick de la télécommande.

Cherchen est conçu pour détruire les véhicules blindés équipés d'une armure réactive explosive (ERA) et peut attaquer des cibles fixes et mobiles. Shershen dispose également d'un mode de ciblage automatique de tir et d'oubli qui ne nécessite pas de suivi manuel d'une cible.

Le missile Р-2В (peut être utilisé avec Cherchen-Q et unifié avec ATGM « Barier-B ») étend la portée maximale à 7 500 m. La possibilité d'utiliser différents types de missiles sans aucune modification du système, en plus d'un large spectre de cibles permet de considérer ce système non seulement comme un ATGM, mais comme un système de tir mobile de défense-assaut pour le soutien de l'infanterie jusqu'au niveau du bataillon.

Variantes

 Cherchen — version de base.
 Cherchen-L — version légère (portée maximale jusqu'à 2,5 km. )
 Cherchen-D - version avec deux canaux de tir.
 Cherchen-Q - version avec deux canaux de tir et système de levage automatique (ou sans levage automatique) pour installation sur un véhicule.

Utilisateurs

Galerie

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 9K115-2 Métis-M
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Références

Liens externes

 Di PRJ Ada 'Perang' Rudal Anti Tank
 ATGM "Shershen" dans les blogs

Missile antichar

Cherchen (missile anti-char)


Le prix Ada Lovelace () est un prix scientifique décerné en l'honneur de la mathématicienne et programmeuse anglaise Ada Lovelace, par l'Association for Women in Computing.

Histoire
Fondé en 1981, sous le nom de Service Award, qui a été décerné à Thelma Estrin, il a été nommé Augusta Ada Lovelace Award, l'année suivante.

Le prix est décerné aux personnes qui ont excellé dans l'un des deux domaines suivants : réalisation scientifique/technique exceptionnelle et/ou service extraordinaire à la communauté informatique par le biais de réalisations et de contributions au nom des femmes dans l'informatique.

Lauréates

Voir Aussi
 Médaille Lovelace

Références

Liens externes

 Page Web des prix Ada Lovelace

Prix scientifique aux États-Unis
Distinction fondée en 1981
Distinction en informatique
Place des femmes en informatique

Prix Ada-Lovelace


Martin Bo Lindsten (født 25. juli 1981 i Maribo) er en dansk skuespiller, der blandt andet har medvirket i Norskov og Tinka serien

Lindsten er uddannet fra Skuespillerskolen ved Odense Teater. Han har medvirket i mange teateropsætninger, blandt andet:
 Anna Karenina
 Den vægelsindede
 Jeppe på bjerget
 Som man behager

Filmografi
Han har medvirket i følgende film- og tv-produktioner:
 Simon & Malou (2009)
 Norskov (afsnit 2, 2015)
 Tinkas juleeventyr (2017)
 Tinka og kongespillet (2019)
 Jagtsæson'' (2019)
 Tinka og sjælens spejl (2022)

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra Danmark
Personer fra Maribo

Martin Bo Lindsten


Isabelle Ausset est une chirurgienne orthopédiste française, médecin militaire et présidente du Centre national de gestion des praticiens hospitaliers depuis avril 2020.

Jeunesse et études
Elle nait le 4 novembre 1957 à Mantes-la-Jolie (à l'époque en Seine-et-Oise). Elle suit les études de médecine à l'École du service de santé des armées de Bordeaux et à l'université de Bordeaux, elle soutient sa thèse en 1982. Elle effectue une formation complémentaire en médecine tropicale à l'Institut de médecine tropicale du service de santé des armées du Pharo, à Marseille.

Praticienne en médecine d'armée
Elle est affectée en 1983 à Niamey. À la suite du concours d'assistanat des hôpitaux des armées, elle exerce l'orthopédie à l'hôpital d'instruction des armées Robert-Picqué de Bordeaux puis à l'hôpital d'instruction des armées Clermont-Tonnerre de Brest. Elle réussit en 1995 le concours de chirurgien des hôpitaux des armées et est alors affectée à l'hôpital d'instruction des armées Sainte-Anne de Toulon. Elle y dirige le service de chirurgie orthopédique et traumatologique à la fin des années 2000.

Parallèlement à ses fonctions hospitalières, elle est désignée comme médecin-chef de la 4e antenne chirurgicale aérotransportable de 1996 à 1998 puis de 2002 à 2006. Elle participe à une quinzaine de missions d'opérations extérieures notamment au Tchad, au Kosovo et en Afghanistan comme chef du service de chirurgie orthopédique et traumatologique de l'hôpital KAIA de Kaboul.

Brevetée parachutiste, elle valide en pratique la possibilité pour un chirurgien militaire de rejoindre en haute mer un sous-marin nucléaire d'attaque où une intervention urgente est nécessaire : en 2006, elle saute à 3000 mètres d'altitude en tandem avec un chuteur opérationnel des commandos marine et amerrit à proximité immédiate du submersible.

Directrice de structures de santé

Elle est nommée médecin-chef-adjointe de l'hôpital d'instruction des armées Bégin à Saint-Mandé au début des années 2010. De 2014 à 2017, elle commande l'hôpital d'instruction des armées Desgenettes de Lyon, d'abord en tant que médecin générale (rang et prérogatives de général de brigade), puis, à partir de 2015 comme médecin générale inspectrice (rang et prérogatives de général de division). Elle y organise en 2014 un exercice de coopération civilo-militaire de prise en charge de blessés contaminés par des armes chimiques. Elle initie aussi des coopérations avec l'hôpital Édouard-Herriot et l'hôpital Henry-Gabrielle, notamment en médecine physique et réadaptation.

En 2017, elle est nommée inspectrice du Service de santé des armées.

En avril 2020, elle est nommée présidente du Centre national de gestion des praticiens hospitaliers.

Distinctions
 Officier de la Légion d'honneur (2015)
 Commandeur de l'Ordre national du mérite (2018)
 Lauréate du Prix Femmes de conviction au Trophée des femmes décideurs (2013)

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en novembre 1957
Naissance en Seine-et-Oise
Chirurgien français
Médecin militaire français
Naissance à Mantes-la-Jolie

Isabelle Ausset


ميبيت.كوم  هو موقع وب يقدم خدمة الاتصال إلى شبكات آي آر سي عبر تقنية أجاكس.

المميزات
 دعم الاتصال بأي شبكة آي آر سي.
 دعم للاتصال من جهاز آي فون وجهاز وي.
 دعم كامل لترميز صيغة التحويل الموحد-8.
 خيارات للتلوين وابتسامات متنوعة.
 إمكانية الحصول على إطار خاص لأي موقع ويب.
 خدمة لصق (.PastBin)
 إمكانية تحويل الترميز.

تطوير الموقع
يتم تطوير ميبيت من طرف جيمي موري.

برامج منافسة
 شات أون

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 موقع ميبيت.

خدمات الويب
عملاء آي آر سي
مواقع ويب

ميبيت


Secole: Secolul al VI-lea î.Hr. - Secolul al V-lea î.Hr. - Secolul al IV-lea î.Hr.

Decenii: Anii 460 î.Hr. | Anii 450 î.Hr. | Anii 440 î.Hr. | Anii 430 î.Hr. | Anii 420 î.Hr. - Anii 410 î.Hr. - Anii 400 î.Hr. | Anii 390 î.Hr. | Anii 380 î.Hr. | Anii 370 î.Hr. | Anii 360 î.Hr.

Ani: 420 î.Hr. | 419 î.Hr. | 418 î.Hr. | 417 î.Hr. | 416 î.Hr. - 415 î.Hr. - 414 î.Hr. - | 413 î.Hr. | 412 î.Hr. | 411 î.Hr. | 410 î.Hr.

Evenimente

Arte, științe, literatură și filozofie

Nașteri

Decese

Legături externe

415 î.Hr.

415 î.Hr.


قرة داغ، مدينة عراقية ومركز قضاء في محافظة السليمانية شمال العراق. تقع البلدة على جبل قره داغ. من أعلامها عبد الرحمن القره داغي.

المراجع

مدن العراق

قره داغ


Ellen Andersen (født 1. marts 1937 i Kolding, død 19. april 2018) var en dansk økonom og 1973-99 en højt anerkendt professor i økonomi ved Københavns Universitet. Hun var den første danske kvindelige professor i såvel økonomi som inden for det samfundsvidenskabelige område i det hele taget og er bl.a. kendt for at være hovedkraften bag udviklingen af den danske økonomiske model ADAM. Hun blev derfor ofte kaldt "ADAMs mor".

Ellen Andersen var revisordatter fra Kolding. Hun blev student fra Christianshavns Gymnasium i 1956 og cand.polit. i 1963. Hun fik derefter arbejde i den næsten nystartede institution Det Økonomiske Råd, indtil hun i 1965 fik et kandidatstipendium ved Økonomisk Institut på Københavns Universitet. Derefter blev hun i 1966 videnskabelig assistent, i 1969 afdelingsleder og i 1973 udnævnt til professor i empirisk økonomi - et professorat, som hun besad, indtil hun trak sig tilbage i 1999.

Ellen Andersens arbejde lå indenfor økonometri og empirisk økonomi, som det ikke mindst fremgik af hendes doktorafhandling fra 1975, der bestod af to dele, Træk af makroøkonometriske modellers historie og udvikling og En model for Danmark 1949-65. Sidstnævnte var den første version af ADAM-modellen, som blev overtaget og videreudviklet af Danmarks Statistik, men også efter 1975 med deltagelse af Ellen Andersen, der bl.a. var medlem af ADAMs bestyrelse.

Ellen Andersen har i tidens løb modtaget en lang række udmærkelser og haft talrige tillidsposter, lige fra hun blev tildelt Zeuthen-prisen for sit speciale. Hun har dog stort set altid holdt sig udenfor mediernes bevågenhed og har således flere gange afslået at blive økonomisk vismand. Hun havde dog i en årrække plads i Det Økonomiske Råd som særlig sagkyndig.

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

 Ellen Andersens biografi i Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon

Økonomer fra Danmark
Professorer fra Københavns Universitet
Faglitterære forfattere fra Danmark
Medlemmer af Videnskabernes Selskab
Personer i Kraks Blå Bog (afdøde)

Ellen Andersen (økonom)


Trimurti, yeryüzündeki birçok inanç, gelenek ve mitolojide bulunan üçlü ilah grubuna (üçlemeye) Hinduizm ve Hint mitolojisinin çeşitli ekollerinde verilen addır. Bu üçlü ilah grubu Hindu geleneğinde Brahma, Vişnu ve Şiva. Aslında Trimurti sözcüğü "üç yüzlü ilah" anlamına gelir. Yani üç ayrı fonksiyonu olan tek bir ilah sözkonudur: Brahma olarak yaratır, Vişnu olarak hükmeder, Şiva olarak yok eder. Bir başka deyişle üç ayrı ilah yoktur; tek bir birimin üç ayrı fonksiyonunu gösteren üç tezahür söz konusudur. Her ne kadar adı geçen üç ilah eril olsa da, Trimurtinin ve genel olarak tanrısal gücün dişil bir yönü de bulunur. Bu dişil yön üç ilahın ilâhi eşleri olarak sunulan üç tanrıça ile vurgulanır ve betimlenir. Bunlar sırasıyla: Saraswati, Lakşmi ve Durga'dır.

Hint geleneğinde üçgen tarafından çevrili daire ise kimi sembolizmlerde Trimurtiyi simgeler. Trimurti sık sık üç yüze sahip insan figürleriyle de betimlenmiştir.

Hindular üç ilâhî fonksiyonu göstermek üzere kimi zaman elin üç parmağını kullanırlar ki, bu işarete Trikala denir. Bu üç parmak işareti Proto-Türkler'den kalma çok eski bir yazıt olan Tamgalı Say yazıtında da görülür. Kimi yazarlar bu üçlü ilah grubunun sembolik anlamlarından birinin Sirius Sistemi'ndeki üç yıldızla ilgili olduğunu belirtmişlerdir.

Kaynakça

 Dharma Ansiklopedi: Sayfa-452,453
 Semboller Ansiklopedisi: Sayfa-264,341,342,343,344,345

Hindu felsefi kavramları

Hint tanrıları
Hinduizm
Sembolizm

Trimurti


ميديا المذكورة هنا هي شخصية في الأساطير الإغريقية، إن أردت البحث عن الدولة الإيرانية القديمة، رَ ميديون.

ميديا هي ساحرة في الأساطير الإغريقية وكانت ابنة أيتس ملك كولخيس، وقد رماها أبوها في السجن بعد أن خاف من سحرها، واستخدمت سحرها في الهرب من السجن وذهبت إلى معبد هيليوس إله الشمس وهو جدها كما يزعم. وقعت في حب جاسون زعيم الأرغونوت الذي وصل لكولخيس في ذلك الوقت، وساعدته على الهرب، وعندما عادا إلى ثيساليا خدعت عم جاسون المدعو بيلياس وقتلته بعد أن وعدته بردّ شبابه.

انزعج جاسون من زوجته الهمجية فتزوج عليها لكنها قتلت زوجته الثانية وأولادها في نوبة غضب، فهربت من كورنث، في عربتها التي تقودها التنانين التي كانت هدية هيليوس، ووصلت إلى أثينا حيث تزوجت الملك أوغيوس وأنجبت منه ابنا سمي ميدوس ولكن عندما اكتشف الملك أنها تخطط لقتل ابنه الآخر ثيسيوس، فاضطرت لترك أثينا والهرب. في رحلة هروبها رافقها ابنها وعادت لكولخيس وأعادت أباها للعرش والذي أخذه منه أخوه بيرسس.

يعتبر ابنها ميدوس سلف شعب الميديين وسميّهم، وكرمت ميديا كربة كورنث وقيل أنها أصبحت زوجة أخيل، وكان مركز عبادتها موجودا في ثيساليا والتي كانت تعد مركز السحر. ومع مرور الوقت لم تعد شخصيتها محبوبة، وفي حكاية جاسون كانت طيبة وسليمة النية بينما جعلها يوربيدس كاهنة همجية في مسرحية هيكاتي، بينما صورها المؤلفون في عهد الإسكندر بصورة قاتمة، وبعض الكتابات تعتبرها إلهة القمر لكن الفكرة القديمة عنها كساحرة ثيسالية هو على الأغلب الأصح فيها.

تظهر شعبية قصة جاسون وميديا في كمية كبيرة من الأعمال الأدبية، والقصة الأصلية كانت على الأغلب موجودة في قصيدة ملحمية نسبت لبرودسيكوس من فوكايا. وهي موجودة بشكل أطول في القصيدة البيثية الرابعة لبيندار، وهي تشكل موضوع قصة أرغونوتيكا من تأليف أبولودوروس روديوس. وكانت موضوع رسالة مؤثرة (ميديا إلى جاسون) في كتاب هيريودس لأوفيد، وهي بطلة تراجيديات ليوربيديس وسينيكا، وهناك مسرحيات ضائعة لأيسخيلوس وإنيوس (والتي تبناها عن يوربيدس)، كذلك كتب نيوفرون السيكيوني وميلانثيوس مسرحيات عنها بالاسم نفسه.

موت غلاوكي ومقتل ابنائها على يد ميديا مصور في الفن القديم، وهناك صورة لها رسمها توموماخوس البيزنطي حيث تمعن التفكير إن كان يجب أن تقتل أبناءها أم لا، ونسخ لهذه اللوحة موجودة في جداريات بومبي وهيركولانوم.

المراجع

هيليوس في الأساطير
أساطير في آرغونوتيكا
أميرات في الأساطير اليونانية
المرأة في الأساطير الإغريقية
النساء والموت
جورجيون خياليون
ساحرات في الأساطير الإغريقية
شخصيات أسطورية إغريقية
كولخيس في الأساطير

ميديا


Queer pedagogija (QP) je akademska disciplina posvećena istraživanju presjeka queer teorije i kritičke pedagogije, koji su utemeljeni na marksističkoj kritičkoj teoriji.

QP istražuje i ispituje odnos između učenika i učitelja, ulogu erotizma u nastavnom procesu, prirodu discipline i kurikuluma te povezanost između učionice i šire zajednice, s ciljem da budu skup teorijskih alata za pedagošku kritiku/kritiku pedagogije i/ili  skup praktičnih alata za one koji rade pedagoški rad.

Povijest
Prema Williamu Pinaru, teoretičaru kurikuluma na British Columbia sveučilištu (University of British Columbia), homoseksualnost i pedagogija potiču još od doba starih Grka i Rimljana. Međutim, moderni pojmovi queer teorije u obrazovanju potječu od oko 1981. godine s Pinarovim "Understanding Curriculum as Gender Text,"  u kojemu kritizira način na koji su muževnost i muškost prikazani u marksističkoj teoriji obrazovanja. Godine 1982., Meredith Reiniger je pisala o mržnji prema ženama koju su njezini učenici engleskog jezika internalizirali. Godine 1983. James Sears napisao je članak pod naslovom "Sexuality: Taking off the Masks" za časopis pod nazivom Changing Schools.

Sam pojam "queer pedagogija", čini se da je nastao 1993. godine kada se pojavio u članku u kanadskom Journal of Education. Taj članak su napisale dvije kanadske profesorice, Mary Bryson (University of British Columbia) i Suzanne de Castell (Simon Fraser University), koje su se borile s poststrukturalističkim i esencijalističkim teorijama identitet u kontekstu učionice. Predstavile su različite tehnike koje su pokušale, ali na kraju su zaključile da je zadatak i nužan, ali i nemoguć, izjavivši: " Queer pedagogija je doista to da, nakon svega, u pokušaju da napravimo promjenu, čini se da jedino možemo utvrditi esencijalističke granice koje nas i dalje definiraju i dijele."

Godine 1995., Deborah Britzman napisala je članak pod nazivom "Is there a queer pedagogy—Or, stop reading straight."

Godine 1998., kao dio antologije "Queer Theory in Education", Williama Pinara, izazov artikuliranja queer pedagogije preuzela je Susanne Luhmann,  doktorandica na Sveučilištu York  (York University). U "Queering/ Querying Pedagogy? Or, Pedagogy is a Pretty Queer Thing", koji je dio veće antologije "Queer Theory in Education"), postavlja pitanja poput: "Je li queer pedagogija o i za queer studente ili queer učitelje? Je li queer pedagogija pitanje queer kurikuluma? Ili je o poučavanja adekvatna queer sadržaju? Ili o queer učenju i podučavanju-- i što bi to značilo? Štoviše, je li queer pedagogija postala kućna pedagogija queer studija ili je riječ o queeringu pedagoške teorije?" Ona predlažeda se "istraživanje uvjeta koji omogućuju učenje ili sprječavaju učenje" kroz istraživanje odnosa između učitelja i učenika i "uvjete za razumijeavanje ili odbijanje znanja."

Godine 2002., Tanya Olson, koja predaje razvojni engleski jezik na Vance-Granvile Community College-u, dodatno je istražila odnos između učitelja i učenika u članku časopisa Bad Subjects, online časopisa za kulturne studije. U tom članku, pod naslovom "TA/TG: The Pedagogy of the Cross-Dressed", Olson uspoređuje doživljaj bivanja žene koja nalikuje na muškarca  i ne znajući koji je toalet i je li muško ili žensko, s iskustvom asistenta u nastavi (TA, engl. Teaching Assistant) i ne biti u potpunosti student ili učitelj, oslanjajući se na nju za inspiraciju za stvaranje nove koncepcije pedagogije. Ova zaključuje: "Možda će redefiniranje asistenta u nastavi na akademiji pomoći da se zaustavi osjećaj maskenbala koji trenutno karakterizira njihov rad. Bez obzira na to koliko oni izazivaju prihvaćene kulturne standarde ili pregaze društvene binarne podjele, svatko zaslužuje kupaonicu koji mogu nazvati domom. Od toga možemo početi sa stvaranjm the cross-dressed pedagogije."

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Pedagogija

Queer pedagogija


Yılmaz Köksal, (15 Temmuz 1939, Kırşehir - 22 Ekim 2015,
İstanbul) Türk sinema ve dizi oyuncusudur.

Hayatı
Kırşehir'de doğan Köksal, daha sonra ilkokulu bitirerek Osmaniye'den İstanbul'a geldi ve Tophane Sanat Enstitüsünde okudu. Bir süre gemilerde çalışarak Avrupayı dolaştı. Tunç Başaran'ın sinemaya uyarladığı, Orhan Kemal'in "Murtaza" eserinde "Dubara" rolünü oynayarak sinema tarihine geçti. Uzun bir süre ikinci derecede rollerde oynadıktan sonra 1970'te Çetin İnanç'ın yönettiği "Çeko" filminde başrole yükseldi. Filmin başarısıyla halkın beğenisini kazanıp, macera filmlerinin aranan oyuncusu ve sinema tarihinin sevilen oyuncularından biri oldu.

Senaryosunu Mehmet Aslan'ın yazdığı ve başrollerini Canan Perver ile paylaştığı "Aybiçe Kurt Kız", o dönem Türk sinemasinin ürettigi ender kült filmler arasındadır. (Filmde Türk obasına hain saldırıda bulunan barbarlar, herkesi öldürürler.

Türk kahramanı Aybiçe "Kurt Kız" bu katliamın öcünü almaya yemin eder.) 1965'ten 2005'e kadar 182 filmde oynamıştır. Birçok film senaryosu yazmıştır. Özel televizyonların çoğalmasıyla birlikte sinema ve dizi filmlerinde oyunculuk hayatına devam etmiştir.

Ölümü
Kanser hastalığına yakalanan Köksal, 22 Ekim 2015 tarihinde 76 yaşında ölmüştür.

Filmografisi

Ödüller

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Diziler.com'da Yılmaz Köksal

Türk erkek dizi oyuncuları
Türk erkek sinema oyuncuları
1939 doğumlular
Kırşehir doğumlular
2015 yılında ölenler
Türkiye'de kanserden ölenler
Kanlıca Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
Prostat kanserinden ölenler

Yılmaz Köksal


Schwanner ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Cornelius Schwanner (1884–1947), österreichischer Kriegsverbrecher
 Juan Schwanner (1921–2015), ungarisch-chilenischer Fußballspieler und -trainer

Schwanner


(11441) Anadiego es un asteroide perteneciente al cinturón de asteroides descubierto por Mario Reynaldo Cesco el 31 de diciembre de 1975 desde el observatorio de El Leoncito, Argentina.

Designación y nombre
Anadiego recibió inicialmente la designación de .
Posteriormente, en 2011, se nombró en honor de la estudiante de astronomía argentina Ana Teresa Diego, desaparecida en 1976.

Características orbitales
Anadiego está situado a una distancia media del Sol de 2,561 ua, pudiendo alejarse hasta 3,222 ua y acercarse hasta 1,901 ua. Tiene una excentricidad de 0,2579 y una inclinación orbital de 12,29 grados. Emplea 1497 días en completar una órbita alrededor del Sol. El movimiento de Anadiego sobre el fondo estelar es de 0,2404 grados por día.

Características físicas
La magnitud absoluta de Anadiego es 12,8 y el periodo de rotación de 3,179 horas.

Véase también
 Lista de asteroides del (11401) al (11500)
 Cuerpo menor del sistema solar

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Asteroides del cinturón principal
Objetos astronómicos descubiertos desde el Complejo Astronómico El Leoncito
Objetos astronómicos descubiertos en 1975
Wikiproyecto:Asteroides/Artículos de asteroides

(11441) Anadiego


William Carstares (also Carstaires) (11 February 164928 December 1715) was a minister of the Church of Scotland, active in Whig politics.

Early life
Carstares was born at Cathcart, near Glasgow, Scotland, the son of the Rev. John Carstares, a Covenanter. He was educated at the University of Edinburgh, and then at the University of Utrecht. In the Netherlands he had an introduction to Gaspar Fagel. Through Fagel he met the Prince of Orange, the future King William III of England and II of Scotland, and began to take an active part in politics.

During the Third Anglo-Dutch War, Carstares acted as an intelligence agent for the Prince of Orange, making journeys to England as "William Williams". He corresponded with Pierre du Moulin (died 1676), who ran the Prince's espionage. He was suspected by the English, and arrested by warrant in September 1674 on English soil.

1674 to 1689
Carstares was then committed to the Tower of London; the following year, 1675, he was transferred to Edinburgh Castle. He was believed to be concerned with Sir James Stewart in the authorship of a pamphlet An Account of Scotland's Grievances by reason of the D. of Lauderdale's Ministrie, humbly tendered to his Sacred Majesty (1674). John Maitland, 1st Duke of Lauderdale himself got Carstares to admit he had been involved in printing the pamphlet. Lauderdale used the threat of the torture of the boot, which could be employed legally in Scotland; but Carstares was not tortured. In August 1679 he was released, one of the government sops to Scottish opinion after the Battle of Bothwell Bridge. He cannot, therefore, have been the William Carstares who was the chief prosecution witness at the trial of William Staley (the first of the Popish Plot trials) in November 1678, although that Carstares was also a Scotsman, and like his namesake is said to have acted as an intelligence agent.

After this, Carstares visited Ireland, joined nonconformist circles in London, and then in 1681 became pastor to a congregation at Theobalds, near Cheshunt in Hertfordshire. The aftermath of the Exclusion Crisis saw him directly involved in conspiracy with the Whig faction. Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of Argyll in the Netherlands was in touch with Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury. Carstares provided liaison, while his brother-in-law William Dunlop was able to use his colonial project in the Province of Carolina as cover for Shaftesbury's preparations for rebellion.

During 1682 Carstares was in the Netherlands, but the following year he was again in London. He was implicated in the Rye House Plot, and arrested in July 1683 at Tenterden, Kent, using an assumed name. He denied knowing any of the plot, though he had heard assassination rumours from Robert Ferguson. He was again threatened with torture in London, this time by Sir George Mackenzie. Once more he was transferred to Edinburgh.

In July 1684 the Privy Council of Scotland tortured William Spence, Argyll's agent, and Carstares was implicated. Carstares himself, who had seen poor health in his detention, was tortured in September, with the thumbikins, and then the boot, clumsily applied. The next day John Drummond, Secretary of State in Scotland, made a deal with Carstares that his answers would not be used in court, and had a doctor see him. Carstares then replied to the questions of the council. He signed a statement, managing to conceal the covert links to Dutch supporters, and the government published it. Later that month he was moved to Stirling Castle.

In the trial of Baillie of Jerviswood, Mackenzie as Lord Advocate found a way to use the statement by Carstares to secure a conviction; Baillie was hanged, drawn and quartered in December 1684. Carstares was freed, and went to London, and then to The Hague shortly before the Monmouth Rebellion, as an adviser to the Prince of Orange.

Under William III
Carstares was court chaplain to William as Prince of Orange, and at the time of the Williamite Revolution, sailed with the Prince to Torbay. He continued as royal chaplain for Scotland, once William was king of Great Britain. He was the confidential adviser of the king, especially with regard to Scottish affairs. He advocated that a Presbyterian polity should replace the Scottish bishops, and the immediate events of the Williamite conflicts bore out his opinion in practical terms. His subsequent influence on matters concerning the Kirk, as a courtier, earned him the nickname "Cardinal Carstares". He also manipulated the Parliament of Scotland, helped by being able to read James Johnston's mail. He was Queenberry's man at court in 1700.

Later life
On the accession of Queen Anne, Carstares retained his post as Royal Chaplain in Scotland, residing in Edinburgh, having also been elected Principal of the University of Edinburgh in 1703. He was a reforming administrator, introducing the Dutch professorial system of teaching. From 1704 he was also "second charge" minister of Old Greyfriars under Rev James Hart in Edinburgh, and from 1706 was second charge of St Giles' under Rev George Hamilton.

He was four times chosen Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, in 1705, 1708, 1711 and 1715.

He took an important part in promoting the Union, and was consulted by Harley and other leading Englishmen concerning it. During Anne's reign, the chief object of his policy was to frustrate the measures which were planned by Lord Oxford to strengthen the Episcopalian Jacobites, especially a bill for extending the privileges of the Episcopalians and the bill for replacing in the hands of the old patrons the right of patronage, which by the Revolution Settlement had been vested in the elders and the Protestant heritors.

On the accession of George I, Carstares was appointed, with five others, to welcome the new dynasty in the name of the Church of Scotland. He was received graciously, and the office of royal chaplain was again conferred upon him. A few months after he was struck with apoplexy, and died on 28 December 1715.

He is buried in Greyfriars Kirkyard, Edinburgh. The grave lies amongst the large monuments on the outer walls of the original churchyard, towards the southwest, slightly northwest of the Adam mausoleum.

Family
On 6 June 1682 Carstares married Elizabeth, daughter of Peter Kekewich of Trehawk in Cornwall, who died in 1724. They had no children.

He was uncle by marriage to William Dunlop (1692–1720).

Publications

The Scottish Toleration Argued (1712)

See also
List of Moderators of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland

References

Principals of the University of Edinburgh
1649 births
1715 deaths
People from Cathcart
Burials at Greyfriars Kirkyard
17th-century Ministers of the Church of Scotland
Scottish politicians
People of the Rye House Plot
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Moderators of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland
Scottish torture victims
18th-century Ministers of the Church of Scotland
Judicial torture in Scotland
Ministers of St Giles' Cathedral

William Carstares


الخرسانة والتسليح، الخرسانة عبارة عن خليط من الاسمنت والحصويات (حصى، رمل) و الماء بنسب متناسقة. والتسليح هو إضافة أسياخ الحديد إليها.

الخرسانة المسلحة
هي المادة الناتجة عن إضافة الفولاذ إلى الخرسانة حيث يوضع بشكل مدروس يتمكن من امتصاص جهود الشد التي لا تستطيع الخرسانة بمفردها مقاومتها بسبب ضعفها اتجاه تلك الجهود. خلافا لمقاومة المواد التي تعتمد قواعدها على المواد المتجانسة، صيغت قوانين حساب الخرسانة المسلحة لانها مادة غير متجانسة، ثعرف بقواعد c.c.B.A68 ثم ادخلت عليها تعديلات سنة 1970.
مزايا وسلبيات الخرسانة المسلحة:

المزايا
تمتاز الخرسانة المسلحة بمايلي

 مرونتها عند الاستعمال.

 لا تحتاج المنشات الخرسانية لاي صيانة.
. يمكن إنجاز عناصر مسبقة الصنع بواسطة الخرسانة المسلحة.
 الخرسانة المسلحة تقاوم الجهود الفجائية.
 الخرسانة المسلحة ضعيفة النقل للحرارة مما يجعلها مقاومة للنار بشكل جيد.

السلبيات
أهم هذه السلبيات هي:

 المنشات الخرسانية المسلحة مكلفة الثمن.
 المنشات الخرسانية ثقيلة الوزن.
 المنشات الخرسانية المسلحة صعبة التعديل أو التغيير بعد التصلب.
 الحوادث التي تصيب هذه المنشات مهلكة وعنيفة.
- مكونات الخرسانة المسلحة: كما سلفت الإشارة إليه، فان الخرسانة المسلحة مكونة من الاسمنت والحصويات(حصى، رمل)و الماء والتسليح. _قبل دراسة هذه المكونات تجدر الإشارة إلى أن الخرسانة المسلحة تختلف عن الخرسانة العادية بالمعايرة وقطر الحصويات(الخشونة). _المعايرة هي وزن الاسمنت في المتر المكعب من الخرسانة وتكون عموما بين 250و 400كغ. _خشونة الحصويات تكون بحيث تستطيع الخرسانة المرور بسهولة بين التسليح والقولبة.
1*الاسمنت: يسلم الاسمنت في الورشة على شكل اكياس أو يفرغ في الاهراء بواسطة الشاحنات. أهم أنواع الاسمنت هي:
 اسمنت بور تلندي اصطناعيCPA.
 اسمنت اصطناعي ذو مقاومة عالية أو اسمنت ممتاز.
 اسمنت ذائب أو الوميني.
 اسمنت الثفل.

ترميز الأسمنت
يرمز للاسمنت باحرف تدل على طبيعة الاسمنت ومركباته مثل:

 C.P.A: اسمنت بورتلندي اصطناعي.
 C.P.A.L: اسمنت بورتلندي بالثفل.
 C.L.K:اسمنت بالثفل والكلنكر.

هذا الرمز يتبع بعدد يشير إلى مقاومة الانضغاظ لعينة الملاط المصنوع من هذا الاسمنت، ويشير كذلك إلى قسم الاسمنت مثل:325C.P.A. 2*الرمل: هو ناتج عن تفتيت الصخور إلى حبيبات صغيرة ذات ابعاد تقل عن 5مم، ويسمى اصطناعيا(غرانيت، كلس...)أو مستخلص من سرير الأنهار ويسمى طبيعيا. يصنف الرمل إلى ثلاثة أقسام حسب قطر جزيئاته:
رمل دقيق من 0الى 0.5مم. رمل متوسط من 0.5الى 2مم. رمل خشن من 2 إلى 5مم. _وزن المتر المكعب من الرمل يساوي تقريبا 1600كغ.يجب أن يكون الرمل المستعمل في الخرسانة، نظيفا خاليا من التراب والمواد العضوية أو الغضار.
اتحصى: هو ناتج عن تفتيت الصخور إلى حبيبات صخرية يتراوح قطرها من 5 إلى 25 مم ويسمى اصطناعيا، أو مستخلص من الوذيان(حصى الوذيان) وتكون ذائرية الشكل. يصنف الحصى إلى ثلاثة أقسام حسب قطر حبيباته. حصى صغير من 5 إلى 15 مم. حصى متوسط من 15 إلى 25 مم. حصى خشن من 25 ال 40 مم. وزن المتلر مكعب من الحصى يساوي تقريبا 1400 كلغ. يجب أن يكون الحصى المستعمل في الخرسانة نظيفا وخاليا من التراب والمواد العضوية.
الماء: يجب أن يكون الماء الداخل في تركيب الخرسانة نظيفا، خال من القلويات والحوامض. تؤثر كمية الماء على مقاومة الخرسانة وتوجد علاقات كثيرة للتعبير عن مقاومة الخرسانة مع كمية مياه الخلط. سعة الماء في المتر المكعب امن الخرسانة يساوي 160 ال 180ل.
التسليح: التسليح المستعمل في الخرسانة المسلحة هو: فولاذ املس مستدير(R.L). فولاذ عالي الالتحام(H.A). الشبكة الملحمة(T.S). الصفائح المقطوعة والمشدودة.
فولاذ املس مستدير: يوجد على ثلاثة أنواعFeE22: feE24:FeE34:تدل هذه الاعداد على حد الورونة في حالة الشد أو الانضغاط لان هاتين القيمتين متساويتين. الأقطار النظامية الوستعملة هي:5,6,8,10,12,14,16,20,25,32,40.
فولاذ عالي الالتحام: يوجد أربعة أنواع: FeE40A;FeE40B;FeE45;FeE50. الشبكة الملحمة: هي عبارة عن اسلاك متلاقية تكون رباعي الاضلع عموما مربعا حيث التباعد يساوي: الاسلاك الحاملة:75,100,125,150,200. اسلاك التوزيع: 50,100,150,200,250,300. قطر الاسلاك: 3,3.5,4,4.5,5,6,7,8,9,10,11(مم).
الصفائح المقطوعة والمشدودة: نحصل عليها بتقطيع الصفائح إلى شرائح متوازية.
الالتحام: بفضل الالتحام يمكن للجهود ان تنتقل من الفولاذ إلى الخرسانة أو العكس وتسمح أيضا بانتقالها من تسليح إلى آخر. الخرسانة المسلحة المضغوطة تؤدي إلى انضغاط التسليح والخرسانة معا ومنه نستطيع أن نقول ان التسليح لا ينزلق مع الخرسانة.
فرضيات الخرسانة المسلحة: لحساب الخرسانة المسلحة نحتفظ بفرضيات مقاومة المواد، مع إضافة فرضيات أخرى، نظرا لكون مقطع الخرسانة الوسلحة غير متجانس وحالته تختلف في الشد والانضغاط وهي:
1_الخرسانة المشدودة مهملة: نظرا لكون مقاومة الشد للخرسانة ضعيفة، نهملها تحسبا للامان وعند حساب الاجهادات الناظمية وتحديد مقاطع التسليح نهمل الخرسانة المشدودة ولكن نعتبر الفولاذ هو الذي يقوم بامتصاص اجهادات الشد. هذا الافتراض يجعل الحساب أكثر تعقيدا بالمقارنة مع الاجسام المتجانسة.
2_تجانس المقطع: تسهيلا لتطبيق قواعد مقاومة المواد الخاصة بالاجسام المتجانسة للحرسانة المسلحة نفترض اوكانية تحويل مقطع الخرسانة غير المتجانس.تبعا لذلك يمكن استبدال مساحة مقطع الفولاذ(A)حسابيا بما يكافئها من الخرسانة(n.A)هو معامل التكافؤ. ضمن هذه الشروط، سمي: B0:مساحة المقطع المتاجنس. B:مساحة مقطع الخرسانة المضغوطة. A0:المساحة الكلية للقضبان المضغوطة. A:المساحة الكلية للقضبان المشدودة. بافتراض ان الخرسانة المشدودة مهملة لدينا: في حالة مقطع مضغوط كليا، تكون العلاقة كالاتي: B0=B+nA في حالة مقطع مضغوط جزئيا، تكون العلاقة كالاتي: B0=B+nA+A0 ملاحظات: نحسب(B0) بغض النظر عن مساحة التسليح المضغوط. وبمعنى آخر، نحسب المقطع الهندسي المضغوط. ينتج عن الفرضيات السابقة ان الإجهاد في ليفة من الفولاذ يساوي n مرة في الإجهاد في الخرسانة المكافئة له.
3_مقاومة جهود القص: نفترض ان جهود القص قد يوازنها شد الخرسانة وحدها إذا كانت ضعيفة أو كانت بلاطة، وفي الحالة العامة اجهادات ناتجة عن نظام مختلط مكون من اذرع حرسانية مضغوطة وقضبان مشدودة.
I.	الاجهادات المقبولة :
1)	الاجهادات المقبولة في الخرسانة :
a)	اجهاد الانضغاط :
تتميز الخرسانة المستخدمة في الخرسانة المسلحة باجهاد الانضغاط بعد 28 يوم، ويرمز له ويتم تحديده تجريبيا أو حسب الخبرة.

تقدير القيم
يمكن أن نقدر قيم حسب الخبرة في حالة الاسمنت في صنف 325 في الجدول التالي :

المعايرة كغ/م

	كغ/سم2	بار
250
	184	180
300
	235	230
400
	275	270
350
	306	300

b)	اجهاد الشد (28σ): اما في حالة الشد (28σ) فيكون الجدول التالي :

المعايرة كغ/م
28σ
	كغ/سم2	بار
250
	18.1	 17.8
300
	21.2	20.8
400
	23.7	23.2
350
	25.5	25.0

المعايرة كغ/م
خرسانة قليلة المراقبة	خرسانة حسنة المراقبة
	بار	كغ/سم
بار	كغ/سم

250	45	46	54	55
300	57.5	58.5	69	70.5
350	67.5	68.5	81	82.5
400	75	76.5	90	92

c)	اجهاد الانضغاط المقبول :
تؤخذ قيمة اجهاد الانضغاط القبول للخرسانة مساوية لجزء من مقاومتها عند عمر 28 يوم :

حيث : : هي جداء عدة عوامل.

d)	اجهاد الشد المرجعي :بما أن الخرسانة المشدودة مهملة فاننا لا نتكلم عن اجهاد الشد المقبول ولكن عن الإجهاد المرجعي ويرمز له : ويساوي جزء من مقاومة الخرسانة بعد28يوم :

المعايرة كغ/م
خرسانة قليلة المراقبة	خرسانة حسنة المراقبة
	بار	كغ/سم2	بار	كغ/سم2
250	4.4	4.5	5.3	5.4
300	5.2	5.3	6.2	6.3
350	5.8	5.9	7.0	7.1
400	6.2	6.3	7.5	7.6

2)	الاجهادات المقبولة في التسليح:
a)	اجهاد الشد المقبول :يرمز لهذا الإجهاد ب ويساوي:

حيث: aφ =2/3 في حالة التحميل من النوع الأول.

aφ =1 في حالة التحميل من النوع الثاني.
قيمة الاجهادات موضحة في الجدولين الاتيين:

مستدير املس (R.L)
نوع الفولاذ	FeE22	FeE24	FeE34
	بار	كغ/سم
كغ/سم
بار	كغ/سم
بار

2160	2200	2350	2400	3340	3400

1440	1470	1570	1600	2230	2270

القضبان عالية الالتحام (H.A)
الصنف	القطر الاسمي(مم)

من أجل  =2/3

		بار	كغ/سم
بار	كغ/سم

FeE40A	5 _ 20	4120	4200	2750	2800
FeE40A	25 ـ 40	3920	4000	2610	2670
FeE45	5 ـ 32	4410	4500	2940	3000
FeE50	5 ـ 16	4900	5000	3270	3330

تتعلق كمية هذا الإجهاد بالخصائص الميكانكية للفولاذ، يمكن تخفيض قيمة لاجهاد الحسابية لتفادي ظهور الشقوق في الخرسانة.
-	ناخذ أكبر قيمة ل بحيث:

حيث: k: معامل عددي يتعلق بالشوق.
K=1.5 10 إذا كانت الشقوق خفيفة الضرر.
K= 1 ادا كانت الشقوق مؤدية.
K=0.5 ادا كانت الشقوق مؤدية جدا.
n= 1 في حالة الفلاد الدائري الاملس.
n=1.6 في حالة الفولا= العلي الالتخام.

 : أكبر قطر للقضبان المشدودة.
نسبة التشققات المخددة بالعلاقة التالية:

خيث : A المثطع الكلي للتسليح المشدود.

Ga :مركز ثقل التسليح المشدود.
b)	اجهاد الانضغاط المقبول للقضيان الطولية :
عموما لدينا:

ملاحظة:إذا كانت قيمة حد الإجهاد المرن 3340كغ/سم.
يصبح لدينا اجهاد مقبول في الانضغاط يساوي:

في حالة استعمال فولاذ من نوع FeE22 حيث بار >3300 بار.
نحصل على :

Kg/cm.

بحساب مماثل نحصل علي الجدول التالي:

قضبان ملساء.	قضبان ذات التحام عالي.
نوع الفولاذ	 (بار)

(كغ/سم)

نوع الفولاذ	 (بار)

(كغ/سم)

FeE22	930	950	FeE22

2750
2610
2800
2670
FeE24	1100	1120	FeE22	2940	3000
FeE34	2230	2270	FeE22	3270	3330

هندسة مدنية

خرسانة و تسليح


Aloysius de Gonzaga (; 9 March 156821 June 1591) was an Italian aristocrat who became a member of the Society of Jesus. While still a student at the Roman College, he died as a result of caring for the victims of a serious epidemic. He was beatified in 1605 and canonized in 1726.

Early life
Gonzaga was born the eldest of eight children, at his family's castle in Castiglione delle Stiviere, between Brescia and Mantua in northern Italy in what was then part of the Duchy of Mantua, into a cadet branch of the illustrious House of Gonzaga. "Aloysius" is the Latin form of his given name in Italian, "Luigi". Gonzaga was the son of Ferrante de Gonzaga (1544–1586), Marquis of Castiglione, and Dona Marta Tana di Santena, daughter of a baron of the Piedmontese Della Rovere family.  His mother was a lady-in-waiting to Isabel, the wife of Philip II of Spain.

As the first-born son, he was in line to inherit his father's title and status of Marquis. His father assumed that Gonzaga would become a soldier, as that was the norm for sons of the aristocracy and the family was often involved in the minor wars of the period. As early as age four, Luigi was given a set of miniature guns and accompanied his father on training expeditions so that the boy might learn "the art of arms". At age five, Gonzaga was sent to a military camp to get started on his training. His father was pleased to see his son marching around camp at the head of a platoon of soldiers. His mother and his tutor were less pleased with the vocabulary he picked up there.

He grew up amid the violence and brutality of Renaissance Italy  and witnessed the murder of two of his brothers.

In 1576, at age 8, he was sent to Florence along with his younger brother, Rodolfo, to serve at the court of the Grand Duke Francesco I de' Medici and to receive further education.  While there, he fell ill with a disease of the kidneys, which troubled him throughout his life. While he was ill, he took the opportunity to read about the saints and to spend much of his time in prayer. In November 1579, the brothers were sent to the Duke of Mantua. Gonzaga was shocked by the violent and frivolous lifestyle he encountered there.

Gonzaga returned to Castiglione where he met Cardinal Charles Borromeo, and from him received First Communion on 22 July 1580. After reading a book about Jesuit missionaries in India, Gonzaga felt strongly that he wanted to become a missionary. He started practicing by teaching catechism classes to young boys in Castiglione in the summers. He also repeatedly visited the houses of the Capuchin friars and the Barnabites located in Casale Monferrato, the capital of the Gonzaga-ruled Duchy of Montferrat where the family spent the winter. He also adopted an ascetic lifestyle.

The family was called to Spain in 1581 to assist Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress. They arrived in Madrid in March 1582, where Gonzaga and Rodolfo became pages for the young Infante Diego. Gonzaga started thinking in earnest about joining a religious order. He had considered joining the Capuchins, but he had a Jesuit confessor in Madrid and decided instead to join that order. His mother agreed to his request, but his father was furious and prevented him from doing so.

In July 1584, a year and a half after the Infante's death, the family returned to Italy. Gonzaga still wanted to become a priest, but several members of his family worked hard to persuade him to change his mind. When they realized there was no way to make him give up his plan, they tried to persuade him to become a secular priest and offered to arrange for a bishopric for him. If he were to become a Jesuit he would renounce any right to his inheritance or status in society. His family's attempts to dissuade him failed; Gonzaga was not interested in higher office and still wanted to become a missionary.

Religious life

In November 1585, Gonzaga gave up all rights of inheritance, which was confirmed by the emperor. He went to Rome and, because of his noble birth, gained an audience with Pope Sixtus V. Following a brief stay at the Palazzo Aragona Gonzaga, the Roman home of his cousin, Cardinal Scipione Gonzaga, on 25 November 1585 he was accepted into the Society of Jesus in Rome. During this period, he was asked to moderate his asceticism somewhat and to be more social with the other novices.

Gonzaga's health continued to cause problems. In addition to the kidney disease, he also had a skin disease, chronic headaches and insomnia. He was sent to Milan for studies, but after some time he was sent back to Rome because of his health. On 25 November 1587, he took the three religious vows of chastity, poverty and obedience. In February and March 1588, he received minor orders and started studying theology to prepare for ordination. In 1589, he was called to Mantua to mediate between his brother Rodolfo and the Duke of Mantua. He returned to Rome in May 1590. It is said that, later that year, he had a vision in which the Archangel Gabriel told him that he would die within a year.

In 1591, a plague broke out in Rome. The Jesuits opened a hospital for the stricken, and Gonzaga volunteered to work there. After begging alms for the victims, Gonzaga began working with the sick, carrying the dying from the streets into a hospital founded by the Jesuits. There he washed and fed the plague victims, preparing them as best he could to receive the sacraments. But though he threw himself into his tasks, he privately confessed to his spiritual director, Robert Bellarmine, that his constitution was revolted by the sights and smells of the work; he had to work hard to overcome his physical repulsion.

At the time, many of the younger Jesuits had become infected with the disease, and so Gonzaga's superiors forbade him from returning to the hospital. But Gonzaga—long accustomed to refusals from his father—persisted and requested permission to return, which was granted. Eventually he was allowed to care for the sick, but only at another hospital, called Our Lady of Consolation, where those with contagious diseases were not admitted. While there, Gonzaga was infected. He grew ill and was bedridden by 3 March 1591, a few days before his 23rd birthday.

Gonzaga declined for many weeks. It seemed certain that he would die in a short time, and he was given Extreme Unction. He spoke several times with his confessor, the cardinal and later saint, Robert Bellarmine. Gonzaga told several people that he would die on the Octave of the feast of Corpus Christi. On that day, 21 June 1591, as he began to grow weak, Bellarmine gave him the last rites. He died just before midnight.

Veneration

Gonzaga was buried in the Church of the Most Holy Annunciation, which later became the Church of Saint Ignatius of Loyola (Sant'Ignazio) in Rome. His name was changed to "Robert" before his death, in honor of his confessor. Many people considered him to be a saint soon after his death, and his remains were moved into the Sant'Ignazio church, where they now rest in an urn of lapis lazuli in the Lancellotti Chapel. His head was later translated to the basilica bearing his name in Castiglione delle Stiviere. He was beatified only fourteen years after his death by Pope Paul V, on 19 October 1605. On 31 December 1726, he was canonized together with another Jesuit novice, Stanislaus Kostka, by Pope Benedict XIII.
Purity was his notable virtue. The Carmelite mystic, Mary Magdalene de' Pazzi, claimed to have had a vision of him on 4 April 1600. She described him as radiant in glory because of his "interior works," a hidden martyr for his great love of God.

Patronage
In 1729, Pope Benedict XIII declared Aloysius de Gonzaga to be the patron saint of young students. In 1926, he was named patron of all Christian youth by Pope Pius XI. Owing to the manner of his death, he has been considered a patron saint of plague victims. For his compassion and courage in the face of an incurable disease, Gonzaga has become the patron both of AIDS patients and their caregivers. Gonzaga is also the patron of Valmontone, a town in Lazio.

Gonzaga is also celebrated in a small south Italy town called Alezio, as a patron of the town, celebrated on June 21.

Iconography
In art, Gonzaga is shown as a young man wearing a black cassock and surplice, or as a page. His attributes are a lily, referring to innocence; a cross, referring to piety and sacrifice; a skull, referring to his early death; and a rosary, referring to his devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary. St. Joseph's Church in Gelsenkirchen, the location of German soccer club Schalke 04, has a glass window of the saint with a soccer ball.

Legacy

Saint Aloysius' feast day is celebrated on 21 June, the date of his death.

Many schools and colleges are named after Aloysius Gonzaga. Gonzaga University in Spokane, Washington, is an example.

See also

Aloysius
Catholic Church in Italy
List of Catholic saints
St. Aloysius (disambiguation)
Saint Aloysius Gonzaga, patron saint archive

References

External links

1568 births
1591 deaths
People from Castiglione delle Stiviere
Italian Roman Catholic saints
16th-century Italian Jesuits
Jesuit saints
Aloysius
Pontifical Gregorian University alumni
Burials at Sant'Ignazio, Rome
Angelic visionaries
Gonzaga University
Canonizations by Pope Benedict XIII

Aloysius Gonzaga


لويس الثالث عشر (27 أيلول 1601 - 14 أيار 1643) حاكم فرنسا ونافارا من 1610 إلى 1643.

حياته
ولد في القصر الملكي، لويس الثالث عشر هو أكبر أبناء هنري الرابع ملك فرنسا (1589-1610) وماريا دي ميديشي. ولأنه أكبر أبناء الملك أصبح هو خليفة عرش فرنسا. كان أبوه أول ملك بوربوني يتولى حكم فرنسا، وخلفه ابن عمه التاسع، هنري الثالث ملك فرنسا (1574-89)، وذلك وفقا للقانون الفرنسي. لويس الثالث عشر يرجع أصله لأجداده أنتوني دي بوربون، دوق فندوم وجين دي ألبرت، ملكة مملكة نافارا. أما جداه الآخرين كانا فرانسيسكو دي ميديشي، الدوق الأكبر لتوسكانا، وجوهانا أرشدوقة النمسا، وإليونورا دي ميديشي تعتبر خالته، وأيضا عرابته.

طالب لويس الثالث عشر بالعرش في 1610، في سن الثامنة والنصف، وذلك بعد اغتيال والده. تصرفت والدته كوصية على العرش إلى أن بلغ لويس الثالث عشر سن الثالثة عشرة، ولكن نظرا لقوتها وتحكمها في العرش؛ فقد استلم السلطة فعليا وبدأ التحكم في الحكومة عندما بلغ سن الخامسة عشر. اغتيال كونسينو كونسينو (24 نيسان 1617)، الذي تأثر كثيرا بسياسة ماري، ونفى ماري إلى بلويس، جردها تماما من قوتها. وبعدها جاء لويس حاكما لفرنسا. وملأ جانبه بالأصدقاء المخلصين له وأبعد الذين كانوا يخلصوا لامه. تحت حكم لويس الثالث عشر، أثر ثبات سلالة البوربدون على العرش هذا لأن هنري الرابع قد أمنه، ولكن السؤال حرية الديانة استمر يطارد الدولة.

عبقرية ونشاط كاردينال ريتشليو لعبت دور أساسي في حكم لويس الثالث عشر من 1624، وأدت إلى تشكل مصير فرنسا خلال ال18 سنة التي تلت الحكم. وكنتيجة لعمل ريتشليو، أصبح لويس الثالث عشر واحد من الأمثلة المتعددة على الملك المطلق. تحت حكم لويس وقع الهابسبورجيون تحت الذل، نبالة فرنسا أصبحت خلف خط الملك، والوضع السياسي والعسكري أمن الحكم له وبقاء الهبسبورجيون الحكم .

العلاقات الشخصية
في 9 تشرين الثاني 1615 عندما أتم عامه الرابع عشر، تزوج لويس الثالث عشر عشر من أميرة هابسبورغ-إسبانيا آن من النمسا (1601 - 66)، ابنة فيليب الثالث ملك إسبانيا (1578-1621). هذا الزواج كان اتباعا للتقاليد العسكرية والسياسية التي كانت بين قوى الكاثوليك في فرنسا وإسبانيا، ارجع التقليد زواج الملك فيليب ملك إسبانيا في عام 1559 كجزء من معاهدة السلام بينهم. علاقتهم الجنسية لم تبدأ (و ذلك بعد الزفاف) قبل عام 1619 (عندما أتم عامه الثامن عشر). الزواج كان سعيدا، وواجبات الملك جعلتهم جانبا. بعد 23 سنة من الزواج واربع أعوام من التفرقة بينهم، ولدت أخيراً أبنه لويس  في عام 1638.

و ليس هناك دليل سواء كان للويس غرائب، ولكن الإشاعات قالت أن الملك من الممكن أنه كان شاذ جنسيا.

النسب

روابط خارجية

المراجع

آل بوربون (فرنسا)
أشخاص إل جي بي تي من فرنسا
أشخاص من فونتينبلو
أطفال هنري الرابع ملك فرنسا
أعضاء عائلات ملكية إل جي بي تي
أمراء أندورا
أمراء أندورا القرن 17
الحقبة الحديثة المبكرة لفرنسا
حكام أطفال من العصر الحديث
حكم أترافي في فرنسا
رؤساء دول مثليون ومثليات ومزدوجو التوجه الجنسي ومتحولون جنسيا
شخصيات إل جي بي تي القرن 17
فرنسا في عقد 1600
فرنسا في عقد 1610
فرنسا في عقد 1620
فرنسا في عقد 1630
فرنسا في عقد 1640
فرنسيون في القرن 17
فرنسيون من أصل إيطالي
فرنسيون من أصل باسكي
قادة مثليون
مدفونون في بازليك سان دينيس
ملوك فرنسا
ملوك فرنسا القرن 17
ملوك نافارا
مواليد 1601
ناجون من الجدري
وفيات 1643
وفيات السل في فرنسا
وفيات بسبب السل في القرن 17
وفيات في سن جرمن آن له
أعلام إل جي بي تي فرنسية في القرن 17

لويس الثالث عشر ملك فرنسا


Robert Milkins () este un jucător englez de snooker. A devenit profesionist în anul 1995. A jucat prima finală a carierei într-un turneu de clasament în martie 2022 când a și câștigat Openul Gibraltarului după ce l-a învins cu 4-2 pe Kyren Wilson. În februarie 2023, a câștigat Openul Galez, al doilea trofeu al carierei, și a obținut și un bonus de 150.000 de lire sterline pentru ocuparea primului loc în Seria BetVictor.

Milkins a realizat breakul maxim de trei ori în carieră.

Finalele carierei

Turnee de clasament: 2 (2 titluri)

Turnee minore: 1

Turnee invitaționale: 3 (1 titlu)

Turnee Pro-am: 1 (1 titlu)

Note

Legături externe

Robert Milkins la worldsnooker.com
 Profil la Global Snooker

Nașteri în 1976
Nașteri pe 6 martie
Jucători de snooker
Oameni în viață
Sportivi englezi

Robert Milkins


Brescia Antincendi International (oder kurz BAI) ist ein Anbieter für Fahrzeuge zur Brandbekämpfung und für den Katastrophenschutz. Angeboten wird die gesamte Produktpalette von Lösch- und Flugfeldlöschfahrzeugen, Rüstwagen und Abrollbehältern sowie Rettungsplattformen für Kommunen, Flughäfen, Industrie und Streitkräfte.

Geschichte
Der Sitz des 1991 gegründeten Unternehmens befindet sich im italienischen Bagnolo Mella (Brescia), wo auf einer Fläche von etwa 30.000 m² jährlich bis zu 300 Fahrzeuge produziert werden. BAI ist heute der größte italienische Aufbauhersteller mit einem Jahresumsatz von aktuell über 45 Millionen Euro. Von 2004 bis 2009 gehörte BAI zum amerikanischen Oshkosh-Konzern. Heute ist das Unternehmen wieder vollständig eigentümergeführt.

Die BAI Sonderfahrzeuge GmbH mit Sitz in Pforzheim ist eine hundertprozentige Tochter der BAI und die deutsche Vertriebsgesellschaft.

Bildergalerie

Weblinks

 Private Fotoreportage über den Besuch der italienischen Produktionsanlagen auf fotografie-stein.com

Einzelnachweise

Unternehmen (Provinz Brescia)
Gegründet 1991
Bagnolo Mella
Feuerwehrfahrzeughersteller (Italien)

Brescia Antincendi International


Agrilus seminudus é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Curletti, 2006.

Referências

seminudus

Agrilus seminudus


Aleksandar I., poznat i kao Aleksandar I. Battenberg; rođen kao Aleksandar Josip von Battenberg (Verona, 5. travnja 1857. – Graz, 17. studenog 1893.), bugarski knez (1879. – 1886.) iz njemačke obitelji Battenberg, koja je bila odvjetak dinastije Hessen-Darmstadt. Bio je prvi autonomni knez Bugarske pod osmanskom vlašću u moderno vrijeme. Isprva je vladao pod snažnim ruskim utjecajem, a nakon što je uspio smanjiti politički pritisak Rusije na Bugarsku, proruski časnici su podigli ustanak i zbacili ga s vlasti. Prebjegao je u Austro-Ugarsku gdje je dobio naslov grofa od Hartenaua i čin generala u austrijskoj vojsci.

Životopis

Rodio se kao sin princa Aleksandra Hessenskog, koji je poslije sklapanja morganatskog braka s groficom Julijom von Hauke preuzeo naslov princa od Battenberga. Kao omiljeni nećak ruskog cara Aleksandra II. sudjelovao je s ruskim snagama u rusko-turskom ratu 1877. godine koji je rezultirao stvaranjem autonomne bugarske države. Prema odlukama Berlinskog kongresa (1878.), Aleksandar je bio 1879. godine postavljen za kneza novouspostavljene autonomne Kneževine Bugarske. Vrlo brzo je (1855.-1881.) preuzeo potpunu vlast u Bugarskoj. Prvo je 1880. raspustio narodnu skupštinu, a zatim je suspendirao ustav i 1881. godine preuzeo svu vlast u zemlji. U prvim godinama vladavine oslanjao se na Rusiju, ali su se odnosi između Bugarske i Rusije poremetili nakon uspona Aleksandra III. (1855.-1894.) na carsko prijestolje.

Godine 1883. Aleksandar I. je vratio ustav na snagu i podržao novu liberalno-konzervativnu koaliciju koja je oformila vladu. Uz pomoć vlade Petka Karavelova nastojao je umanjiti ruski utjecaj u zemlji. Godine 1885. Aleksandar I. je uspješno pripojio Istočnu Rumeliju Kneževini Bugarskoj te time izvršio ujedinjenje zemlje. Takav potez je dodatno narušio političke odnose između Rusije i Bugarske, zbog čega je car Aleksandar III. odlučio zbaciti kneza Aleksandra I. s vlasti. Istodobno, i Srbija je bila revoltirana zbog jačanja Bugarske, zbog čega je napala Bugarsku u studenom 1885. godine i doživjela težak poraz na Slivnici. Aleksandar I. je nastavio uspješan vojni pohod i krajem istog mjeseca odbacio je srpske snage na srpski teritorij. Sljedeće godine europske sile su priznale čin ujedinjenja Istočne Rumelije s Bugarskom. Unatoč vanjskopolitičkim uspjesima, proruski časnici u bugarskoj vojsci izveli su državni udar u kolovozu 1886. godine i prisilili Aleksandra I. na abdikaciju i izgon iz zemlje. Uskoro je nakratko opet preuzeo kneževsku vlast, da bi naposljetku, zbog protivljenja Rusije, bio prisiljen formalno abdicirati u rujnu iste godine.

Naselio se na područje Austro-Ugarske te je od 1890. godine djelovao kao časnik u austrijskoj vojsci. Dobio je naslov grofa od Hartenaua.

Bilješke

Vanjske poveznice

 Aleksandar I. Battenberg - Hrvatska enciklopedija
 Aleksandar I. Battenberg - Proleksis enciklopedija
 Aleksandar I., bugarski knez - Britannica Online
 Aleksandar Battenberg – bugarski vladar njemačkog podrijetla – 1893. - povijest.hr

Bugarski vladari

Aleksandar I., bugarski knez