The M113 is a fully tracked armored personnel carrier (APC) that was developed and produced by the FMC Corporation. The M113 was sent to United States Army Europe in 1961 to replace the mechanized infantry's M59 APCs. The M113 was first used in combat in April 1962 after the United States provided the South Vietnamese army (ARVN) with heavy weaponry such as the M113, under the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV) program. Eventually, the M113 was the most widely used armored vehicle of the U.S. Army in the Vietnam War and was used to break through heavy thickets in the midst of the jungle to attack and overrun enemy positions. It was largely known as an "APC" or an "ACAV" (armored cavalry assault vehicle) by the allied forces.

The M113 was the first aluminum hull combat vehicle to be put into mass production. Much lighter than earlier similar vehicles, its aluminum armor was designed to be thick enough to protect the crew and passengers against small arms fire, but light enough that the vehicle was air transportable and moderately amphibious.

In the U.S. Army, the M113 series have long been replaced as front-line combat vehicles by the M2 and M3 Bradleys, but large numbers are still used in support roles such as armored ambulance, mortar carrier, engineer vehicle, and command vehicle. The U.S. Army's heavy brigade combat teams are equipped with approximately 6,000 M113s and 4,000 Bradleys.

The M113's versatility spawned a wide variety of adaptations that live on worldwide and in U.S. service. These variants together currently represent about half of U.S. Army armored vehicles. To date, it is estimated that over 80,000 vehicles in the M113 family have been produced and used by over 50 countries worldwide, making it one of the most widely used armored fighting vehicles of all time.

M113 production was terminated in 2007. The Army initiated the Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle (AMPV) program to search for a replacement. In 2014, the U.S. Army selected BAE Systems' proposal of a turretless variant of the Bradley Fighting Vehicle to replace over 2,800 M113s in service.
Thousands of M113s continue to see combat service in the Israel Defense Forces, although by 2014 the IDF was seeking to gradually replace many of its 6,000 M113s with the Namers, and with the Eitan AFV in 2020.

Development

The M113 was developed by FMC Corporation, which had produced the earlier M59 and M75 Armored personnel carriers. The M113 bears a very strong resemblance to both of these earlier vehicles. The M75 was too heavy and expensive to be useful, as its weight precluded amphibious use and transport by air. The lightened M59 addressed both of these problems, but ended up with too little armor, and was unreliable as a result of efforts to reduce its cost.

The army was looking for a vehicle that combined the best features of both designs, the "airborne armored multi-purpose vehicle family" (AAM-PVF) of all-purpose, all-terrain armored fighting vehicles. FMC had been working with Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Co. in the late 1950s to develop suitable aluminum armor. It was known that use of this armor could produce a vehicle that provided the protection of the M75 and the low weight and mobility of the M59.

FMC responded with two proposals; two versions of the aluminum T113 – a thickly and a more thinly-armored one, along with the similar but mostly steel T117. The thickly-armored version of the T113 – effectively the prototype of the M113 – was chosen because it weighed less than its steel competitor, whilst offering the same level of protection. An improved T113 design, the T113E1, was adopted by the U.S. Army in 1960 as the "M113". A diesel prototype, T113E2, was put into production in 1964 as the "M113A1", and quickly supplanted the gasoline-engined M113. In 1994, FMC transferred the M113's production over to its newly formed defense subsidiary, United Defense. Then in 2005, United Defense was acquired by BAE Systems.

The M113 was developed to provide a survivable and reliable light tracked vehicle able to be air-lifted and air-dropped by C-130 and C-141 transport planes. The original concept was that the vehicle would be used solely for transportation, bringing the troops forward under armor and then having them dismount for combat, after which the M113 would retreat to the rear. Entering service with the U.S. Army in 1960, the M113 required only two crewmen, a driver and a commander, and carried 11-15 passengers inside the vehicle. Its main armament was a single .50-caliber (12.7 mm) M2 Browning machine gun operated by the commander.

On 30 March 1962, the first batch of 32 M113s arrived in Vietnam, and were sent to two Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) mechanized rifle companies, each equipped with 15 of the APCs. On 11 June 1962, the two mechanized units were fielded for the first time. During the Battle of Ap Bac in January 1963, at least fourteen of the exposed .50 caliber gunners aboard the M113s were killed in action, necessitating modifications to improve crew survivability. Makeshift shields formed from metal salvaged from the hulls of sunken ships were soon fitted to the carriers, affording better protection. However, it was found that this material could be penetrated by small arms fire, so subsequent shields were constructed from scrapped armored vehicles.

The ARVN 80th Ordnance Unit in South Vietnam developed the shield idea further and commenced engineering general issue gun shields for the M113. These shields became the predecessor to the standardized armored cavalry assault vehicle (or ACAV) variant and were issued to all ARVN mechanized units during the early 1960s. The ARVNs had modified the M113s to function as "amphibious light tanks" and not as battle taxis as U.S. designers had intended.

Instead of an armored personnel carrier, the ARVN used the carried infantry as extra "dismountable soldiers" in "an oversized tank crew". These "ACAV" sets were eventually adapted to U.S. Army M113s with the arrival of the army's conventional forces in 1965. The vehicles continued to operate in the role of a light tank and reconnaissance vehicle, and not as designed in theater. Still, the M113 could carry 11 infantrymen inside, with two crewmen operating it.

The U.S. Army, after berating the South Vietnamese for flouting battle doctrine, came out with their own ACAV version. This more or less standardized ACAV kit included shields and a circular turret for the .50-caliber M2 machine gun in the track commander (TC) position, two M60 machine guns with shields for the left and right rear positions, and "belly armor"—steel armor bolted from the front bottom extending 1/2 to 2/3 of the way towards the bottom rear of the M113. The two rear machine gunners could fire their weapons while standing inside the rectangular open cargo hatch. This transformed the M113 into a fighting vehicle, but the vehicle still suffered from its lightly armored configuration, having never been designed for such a role. Canada also adopted the ACAV kits when employing the M113A2 during peacekeeping operations in the Balkans in the 1990s.

In order to improve the fighting ability of the mounted troops, a number of experiments were carried out in the 1960s under the MICV-65 project, which aimed to develop a true infantry fighting vehicle rather than an armored personnel carrier. Pacific Car and Foundry entered the steel-armored XM701, but this proved to be too slow and too heavy to be airmobile, even in the C-141. FMC entered the XM734, which was largely the ACAV M113, but whereas the M113 seated the troops facing inward on benches along the walls, the XM734 sat them facing outwards on a central bench.

Four gun ports and vision blocks were added on each side to allow the seated troops to fire even while under cover. Although neither the XM701 or XM734 were deemed worthwhile to produce, FMC continued development of their version as the XM765 advanced infantry fighting vehicle (AIFV). The AIFV was sold to a number of third party-users in the 1970s, including the Netherlands, the Philippines and Belgium.

Modifications

Modified versions of the Vietnam War ACAV sets were deployed to Iraq to equip the standard M113s still in service. The circular .50 caliber gun shields have been modified, while the rear port and starboard gun stations have been deleted for service in that region. Some of these modified vehicles have been utilized for convoy escort duties.

The M113 has relatively light armor, but it can be augmented with add-on steel plates for improved ballistic protection. Reactive armor and slat armor can be added for protection against rocket-propelled grenades.

Band tracks made of rubber are in use by Canadian and other forces to enable stealthy operation, less damage to paved roads, higher speed, less maintenance, access to terrain where operation of wheeled vehicles is impractical and less vibration and rolling resistance.

Most of the 13,000 M113s that are still in U.S. Army service have been upgraded to the A3 variant. The current U.S. Army M113 fleet includes a mix of M113A2 and A3 variants and other derivatives equipped with the most recent RISE (reliability improvements for selected equipment) package. The standard RISE package includes an upgraded propulsion system (turbocharged engine and new transmission), greatly improved driver controls (new power brakes and conventional steering controls), external fuel tanks, and 200-amp alternator with four batteries. Additional A3 improvements include the incorporation of spall liners and provision for mounting external armor.

The M113 has also been adopted to replace the aging fleet of visually modified M551s being used to simulate Russian-made combat vehicles at the U.S. Army's National Training Center in Fort Irwin, California as well as the M60A3s formerly at the Combat Maneuver Training Center near Hohenfels, Germany. These M113s, like the M551s they replaced, have also been modified to resemble enemy tanks and APCs, such as the T-80 and BMP-2. One of the advantages of the M113 being used to simulate the latter is that the infantry squad can now ride inside the simulated BMP instead of in a truck accompanying a tank masquerading as one, as was often the case with the M551s.

Nicknames
The M113 has received a variety of nicknames over the years. The South Vietnamese Army (ARVN) called it the "green dragon". United States troops tended to refer to the M113 simply as a "113" (spoken as "one-one-three"), or a "track". The Israel Defense Forces employ the M113 in many different variants, all designed in Israel, and have given each of them official names, from the baseline "Bardelas" (lit. Cheetah) to the "Nagmash" (Hebrew acronym equivalent to "APC"), "Nagman", and "Kasman" variants for urban combat up to the "Zelda" and "Zelda 2", which are fitted with ERA-suites.

The Australian Army refers to its M113A1s as "buckets", "bush taxis" and modified M113A1s fitted with 76 mm turrets as "beasts". The German Army has various nicknames, depending on location and branch of service, including "elephant shoe", "Tank Wedge" and "bathtub". In Spain's Army it is known as "TOA", the acronym of Transporte Oruga Acorazado, which is Spanish for Armored Tracked Carrier.

Design

Armament
The basic M113 armored personnel carrier can be fitted with a number of weapon systems. The most common weapon fit is a single .50 caliber M2 machine gun. However, the mount can also be fitted with a 40 mm Mk 19 automatic grenade launcher. A number of anti-tank weapons could be fitted to the standard variant: the U.S. Army developed kits that allowed the M47 Dragon and BGM-71 TOW anti-tank missile systems to be mounted.

In the case of the M47, the system mated to the existing machine gun mount, without having to remove the machine gun. This allowed the commander to use both weapons. A large array of turrets and fixed mounts are available to mount high explosive cannon ranging from 20 mm to 105 mm on to the M113 series, making them function as assault guns and fire support; while in many cases still having room inside to carry dismounted infantry or cavalry scouts.

Armor
The M113 is built of 5083 aircraft-quality aluminum alloy. Aluminium alloy is lighter than steel but requires around three times the thickness for an equivalent level of ballistic protection, meaning the armor of the M113 was only designed for 7.62 mm and shell splinter protection. All variants of the M113 are capable of mounting anti-landmine applique armor. The M113A3 was upgraded with internal spall liners and additional applique armor which provided 14.5mm ballistic protection. In comparison, a modern APC such as the Stryker has all-around 7.62 mm armor-piercing protection, plus 14.5 mm protection on the front, sides, and rear, and a protection against antipersonnel mines.

Mobility

Its weight allows the use of a relatively small engine to power the vehicle, a Detroit 6V53 V6 two-stroke diesel engine of  with an Allison TX-100-1 three-speed automatic transmission. This allows the vehicle to carry a large payload cross-country and to be transported by fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft. Original production M113s can swim without deploying flotation curtains, using only a front-mounted trim vane; they are propelled in the water by their tracks.

Operational history

Vietnam

The Vietnam War was the first combat opportunity for mechanized infantry, a technically new type of infantry with its roots in the armored infantry of World War II, now using the M113 armored personnel carrier. In addition, armored cavalry squadrons in Vietnam consisted largely of M113s, after replacing the intended M114 in a variety of roles, and armor battalions contained M113s within their headquarters companies, such as the maintenance section, medical section, vehicle recovery section, mortar section, and the scout (reconnaissance) section. United States Army mechanized infantry units in Vietnam were fully equipped with the M113 APC/ACAV, which consisted of one headquarters company and three line companies, normally with an authorized strength of approximately 900 men. Ten U.S. mechanized infantry battalions were deployed to Vietnam from 1965 until their departure in 1972.

Company D, 16th Armor
Company D, 16th Armor, 173rd Airborne Brigade, was the first U.S. Army armor unit deployed to Vietnam. It originally consisted of three platoons of M113s and a platoon of 90mm M56 Scorpion self-propelled anti-tank guns (SPAT). It was the only independent armor company in the history of the U.S. Army. Upon the company's arrival in Vietnam, a fourth line platoon was added; this was equipped with M106 4.2 in. mortar carriers (modified M113s).

The mortar platoon often operated with Brigade infantry units to provide indirect fire support. It also deployed at times as a dismounted infantry unit. The remaining SPATS platoon was reequipped with M113s in late 1966 and the mortar platoon was deactivated in early 1967. From early 1967, D/16th had three line platoons equipped with M113s and eventually, its diesel version, the M113A1. It was also standardized in late 1968 with three machine guns per track, one M2 .50 caliber and two M60 machine guns mounted on each side.

General usage in combat
The M113s were instrumental in conducting reconnaissance in force (RIFs), search and destroy missions, and large invasions (incursions) such as the U.S. invasion of Cambodia on 1 May 1970 and later Laos (Operation Lam Son 719) in 1971; all of which used the M113 as the primary work horse for moving the ground armies. While operating with cavalry and armor units, the M113s often worked in conjunction with U.S. M48 Patton and M551 Sheridan tanks. During the Vietnam War, U.S. Army gun trucks, along with V-100 armored cars, conducted convoy escorts for military traffic.

The USAF used M113 and M113A1 ACAV vehicles in USAF security police squadrons, which provided air base ground defense support in Vietnam. Also, M113s were supplied to the ARVN. One notable ARVN unit equipped with the M113 APC, the 3d Armored Cavalry Squadron, earned the Presidential Unit Citation. Additional M113s were supplied to the Cambodian Khmer National Armed Forces, equipped with a turret for the machine gun and a M40 recoilless rifle mounted on the roof.

The Army of the Republic of Vietnam also used M113 armored personnel carriers. In 1975, 1381 ARVN M113s were destroyed and captured. Losses in other years are unknown.

The Australian Army also used the M113 in Vietnam. After initial experiences showed that the crew commander was too vulnerable to fire, the Australians tried a number of different gun shields and turrets, eventually standardizing with the Cadillac-Cage T-50 turret fitted with two .30 cal Browning machine guns, or a single .30-single .50 combination. Other turrets were tried as were various gun shields, the main design of which was similar to the gun shield used on the U.S. M113 ACAV version.

In addition, the Australians operated an M113 variant fitted with a Saladin armored car turret, with a 76 mm gun as a fire support vehicle, or FSV, for infantry fire support. This has now also been removed from service.

Subsequent to Vietnam all Australian M113 troop carriers were fitted with the T50 turret. The FSV was eventually phased out and replaced with a modernized version known as an "MRV" (medium reconnaissance vehicle). The MRV featured a Scorpion turret with 76 mm gun, improved fire control, and passive night vision equipment.

Regiments using the M113 included former Citizens' Military Forces (CMF) units like the 4/19th Prince of Wales Light Horse Regiment (Armoured Reconnaissance) and Regular units such as 2ns Cavalry regiment (Armoured Reconnaissance) and 3/4th Cavalry Regiment (APC Regiment) An Armoured Reconnaissance Troop consisted of Alpha Track – Charlie Track (M113 LRV) Bravo – Delta Track (M113 MRV) Echo Track (M113 APC) with Assault Section (Armoured Infantry) later known as Scouts...
Light Reconnaissance Vehicle (LRV) – 50/30 cal MG in Cadillac-Cage T-50 turret
Armoured Personnel Carrier (APC) – 30/30 cal MG in Cadillac-Cage T-50 turret
Medium Reconnaissance Vehicle (MRV) – Saladin Turret (later Scorpion turret) – formerly known as a Fire Support Vehicle

Israel
The Israel Defense Forces are the second largest user of the M113 after the United States, with over 6000 of the vehicles in service.

In 1967 some Jordanian M113 were captured in the West Bank during the Six-Day War and were integrated into the Israeli Army. In 1970 Israel started to receive M113A1 to replace the antiquated half-tracks. The IDF M-113s were armed with M2 HB machine guns, and two MAG 7.62 mm machine guns on either side of the upper crew compartment door.

The M113 took part in the Yom Kippur War in October 1973, when the IDF was equipped with 448 M113s that saw action on the Sinai and Golan fronts. They proved inadequate for direct fighting due to their poor armor protection. In the Battle of Buq'atta most of the 7th Recon Company was wiped out while trying to assault Syrian commandos with their M113s.

They were used by the IDF in the 1978 South Lebanon conflict. In the 1982 Lebanon War, they saw heavy action. PLO ambushes with RPGs caused extensive casualties because of the tendency of the M113's aluminum armor to catch on fire after being hit by anti-tank weapons. Israeli infantrymen being ferried by M113s learned to quickly dismount and fight on foot when engaged.

By the time of the Siege of Beirut, M113s were only used to carry supplies to the front line, always stopping at least 100 meters from enemy lines. M113s were subsequently used by both the IDF and the South Lebanon Army during the South Lebanon conflict.

The IDF utilized M113s during the First Intifada and the Second Intifada. In May 2004, two fully laden IDF M113s were destroyed by IEDs in the Gaza Strip, killing 11 soldiers, all those inside the vehicles on both occasions. This became known in Israel as the "APC disaster". The vulnerability of the M113 armored personnel carrier to IEDs and RPGs led the IDF to later begin to develop the Namer APC. M113s were used again in the 2006 Lebanon War and Operation Cast Lead.

In 2014, during the first wave of the IDF's ground incursion into Gaza in Operation Protective Edge, a Hamas RPG-29 destroyed a fully loaded M113 in Gaza during the Battle of Shuja'iyya, killing all seven Golani Brigade soldiers inside the vehicle. As a result, the IDF faced calls from the Israeli public to build more Namer APCs over the next decade and to gradually reduce the number of M113s used in its future combat operations. A group of 30 Israeli reserve soldiers subsequently notified their commanders that they would refuse to enter the Gaza Strip in M113s.

The Israel Defense Forces still operates large numbers of the M113, maintaining a fleet of 6,000 of the vehicles. On numerous occasions since their introduction in the late 1960s, the IDF's M113s have proven vulnerable to modern anti-tank missiles, IEDs, and RPGs, resulting in the deaths of many Israeli soldiers riding inside the vehicles. The IDF has nonetheless been unable to replace the use of them in combat operations, due to budget constraints in equipping its large mechanized infantry regiments.

Israel is prototyping the Eitan (Hebrew for steadfast), an eight-wheeled armored fighting vehicle to replace their M113s. Designed to serve alongside the tracked Namer, the Eitan is planned to be cheaper and lighter, at 35 tons, incorporating an active protection system and a turret. They are expected to begin replacing the M113 starting in 2020. However, due to the slow rate of production of replacement APCs, the IDF is expected to be dependent on the M113 well into the 2020s. The IDF has also increased production of Namer APCs to replace the M113.

Law enforcement
In the United States, M113s have been adopted by numerous law enforcement agencies. An M113 belonging to the Midland County Sheriff's Department was used in the 2008 raid of the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints compound.

The Brazilian Marine Corps's M113s were used in joint operations with Batalhão de Operações Policiais Especiais during the 2010 raid on Complexo do Alemão.

U.S. Army replacement plans
The U.S. Army stopped buying M113s in 2007, with 6,000 vehicles remaining in the inventory.

The M113 will be replaced in U.S. Army service by the Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle (AMPV) program. Some 2,897 vehicles in five mission roles are set to take its place at the brigade level and below within armored brigades. However, the AMPV program is not developing a vehicle to replace the M113 in supporting echelons above brigade level, which will have different requirements.

BAE Systems proposed a turretless variant of the Bradley Fighting Vehicle. In December 2014, the U.S. Army selected BAE proposal, the only proposal it received, to replace over 2800 M113s in service.

, five variants of the AMPV are planned: M1283 General Purpose (522 planned), M1284 Medical Evacuation Vehicle (790 planned), M1285 Medical Treatment Vehicle (216 planned) and M1286 Mission Command (993 planned).

The AMPVs are to be produced at a rate of around 180 vehicles per year, enough to equip 1.3 armored brigades. With 12 brigades to modernize, the M113 is not planned be entirely replaced in armored brigades until the late 2020s. With studies on what vehicle to replace M113s with in rear-echelon units ongoing, the M113 is not likely to be phased out of U.S. Army service until after 2030, over 70 years after entering service.

Basic variants

M113
Original version, powered by  Chrysler 75M V8 gasoline engine.

M113A1
Starting in 1964, the gasoline engine was replaced with a  6V-53 Detroit Diesel engine, to take advantage of the better fuel economy and the reduced fire hazard of the diesel engine. The suffix A1 was used on all variants to denote a diesel engine, i.e. an M106A1 was an M106 mortar carrier equipped with a diesel engine.

M113A2
In 1979, further upgrades were introduced. Engine cooling was improved by switching the locations of the fan and radiator. Higher-strength torsion bars increased ground clearance, and shock absorbers reduced the effects of ground strikes. The weight of the M113A2 was increased to . Because the added weight affected its freeboard when afloat, it was no longer required to be amphibious. Four-tube smoke grenade launchers were also added. The suffix A2 is used on all variants to denote upgrade to A2 standard.

M113A3
In 1987, further improvements for "enhanced (battlefield) survival" were introduced. This included a yoke for steering instead of laterals, a brake pedal, a more powerful engine (the turbocharged 6V-53T Detroit Diesel),  and internal spall liners for improved protection. Armored fuel tanks were added externally on both sides of the rear ramp, freeing up  of internal space. The suffix A3 is used on all variants to denote upgrade to A3 standard.

Field modification

M113 armored cavalry assault vehicle (ACAV) variant

The "armored cavalry assault vehicle" or "ACAV", was a concept and field modification pioneered by the ARVN in 1963 during the Vietnam War. The ARVN troops utilized the M113 armored personnel carrier as an infantry fighting vehicle and, more often than not, as a light tank by fighting mounted rather than as a "battle taxi" as dictated by U.S. Army doctrine.

After it was found that the commander and cargo hatch positions were extremely exposed, and hence the commander and troops were vulnerable to enemy fire, South Vietnamese engineers thought out a simple and cheap remedy to this problem: Initially, field expedient shields and mounts were made from sunken ships, but this was soft metal and could be penetrated by small arms fire. Then armor plating from scrapped armored vehicles was used. This worked well, and by the end of 1964 all ARVN ACAVs were equipped with gun shields.

For the U.S. Army, ACAV sets were produced industrially in Okinawa for the  machine gun, and rear aft and starboard M60 machine gun positions. Finally, the ARVN's ACAV modifications were adopted by the U.S. Army in Vietnam, and by 1965 the full ACAV set was mass-produced in the U.S. The kit included shields and circular turret armor for the commander's M2 12.7 mm machine gun, and two additional 7.62 mm M60 machine guns, again with shields, fitted on either side of the top cargo hatch. This kit could be retrofitted to any M113.

ACAV sets were sometimes fitted to the M106 mortar carrier, but the different rear hatch found on this vehicle required the left M60 machine gun to be fitted to the back instead of the side. Many kits were added in the field, but at least in the case of the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, the vehicles had their ACAV sets installed in the U.S. prior to their deployment to Vietnam in 1966 from Fort Meade, Maryland. Additional armor in the form of a mine protective kit under the hull was also frequently fitted.

Derivatives

A huge number of vehicles based on the running gear of the M113 have been created, ranging from APCs to tactical ballistic missile launchers. The M113 has become one of the most prolific armored vehicles of the second half of the 20th century, and continues to serve with armies around the world into the 21st century.

M58 Wolf system
A smoke screen generator vehicle

M106 mortar carrier

A mortar carrier armed with an M30 mortar 106.7mm (4.2-inch, or "Four-deuce") mounted on a turntable in the rear troop compartment. On this variant, the single hatch over the rear troop compartment was exchanged for a three-part circular hatch. The mortar could be fired from the vehicle, but could also be fired dismounted. Currently, the U.S. Army mortar carrier is the M106 upgraded to A3 standard and armed with an M121 120mm mortar, a variant of the M120 mortar.

M1064 mortar carrier
Armed with an M121 120mm mortar, a variant of the M120 mortar.

M113A2 Huracán II

Chilean version of the M113A2 modified to implement canisters mounted on the sides of the hull and integration of two Wegmann 76 mm quadruple smoke launchers, in addition to mounting an Oerlikon KBA-B 25 mm cannon.

M125
Mortar carrier, basically an M106 armed with an M29 81mm mortar.

M132 Armored Flamethrower
Variant equipped with a turret armed with a flamethrower and a .50 caliber machine gun. These vehicles are no longer used by the U.S. Army. Vehicles upgraded to A1 standard were known as "M132A1s".

M150
Anti-tank variant equipped with a TOW ATGM launcher

M163 VADS
Self-propelled variant of the M167 VADS short-range air-defense system, mounting an M61 Vulcan cannon with a radar rangefinder and 2,100 rounds of ammunition on a modified M113 chassis (M741 carrier).

M48 Chaparral
Anti-aircraft variant equipped with a launcher armed with four MIM-72A/M48 Chaparral missiles

M548
Unarmored cargo carrier equipped with a rear cargo bed

M577 Command Post Carrier
Command variant, the roof over the rear troop compartment is higher. The vehicle also carries additional radios and a generator. A variant of this is the M1068 standard integrated command post system carrier, equipped with the newest U.S. Army automated command and control system.

M579
A fitter and repair vehicle equipped with a crane. This vehicle was not taken into U.S. Army service.

M806
Repair and recovery vehicle equipped with an internal winch and two earth anchors mounted on the rear hull

M901 ITV (improved TOW vehicle)
Equipped with a launcher armed with two TOW missiles.

M113 "MBT" (NTC)
A variant of the M113 fitted with a modified Bradley turret as part of a vismod package specifically for training. This version also features MILES gear, a MGSS/TWGSS system, and fake explosive reactive armour (ERA) around the turret.

M113 "C&R" (command and reconnaissance)
A lowered and shortened version of the M113 developed for the Netherlands. It was used for reconnaissance duties with cavalry battalions and armoured engineer companies. It had four road wheels on either side. The engine was moved to the rear of the vehicle although the drive sprockets were maintained at the front. Armament was a 25mm cannon in a remotely operated turret. Crew consisted of commander, driver and gunner. It has also been used by the Canadian Army as the Lynx reconnaissance vehicle.

AIFV

A development of the M113A1 APC, upgraded with an enclosed turret and firing ports.

Others
In 1994, a stretched version of the M113 was presented by its manufacturer, also known as Mobile Tactical Vehicle Light (MTVL). Its hull is lengthened by 34 inches and equipped with an additional road wheel (six on each side) to sustain the added dry weight and payload. The vehicle was developed as a "production-tooled demonstrator" with private-industry funding from United Defense. United Defense LP proposed the MTVL for the Interim Armored Vehicle program in 2000. Although the U.S. Army did not buy it, it was acquired by other nations, and is copied today by Pakistan, Turkey and Egypt in their local plants. Some nations, like Canada and Australia, also stretched existing M113 hulls.

The Army plans to convert four M113s into unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) by late 2019 to serve in experimentation roles to test unmanned movement and combat concepts prior to the fielding of purpose-built robotic combat vehicles, planned by 2028.

M113 copies
Several countries acquired M113s and later copied the design and proceeded to produce clones or evolved models (post-M113A3-standard) in their own indigenous factories. Pakistan produces an armored personnel carrier known as Talha which has a number of mechanical and automotive parts in common with the M113. Turkey produces the ACV-300 based on the AIFV. Egypt produces many variants of the M113 including the Egyptian Infantry Fighting Vehicle (EIFV), which features a combination of an M113A3-base and the fully functional and stabilized two-man turret of the M2 Bradley. Iran is also producing its own M113s.

Operators

Current operators

 : 173 M113A2,
 : (Argentine Army) 114 M113A2 (20mm cannon), 70 M113A1-ACAV, 204 M113A2
  (Australian Army): 340 M113AS4 and 91 M113AS3 upgraded in service from 840 M113A1
 : 300 M113A2, 12 M113A2 (120mm gun)
  (Benin Army): 22
 : (Bolivian Army): 50+
 : 20 M113A2
 : Brazilian Army: 198 M113A1; 386 M113BR; 12 M113A2; 64 M577A2; Brazilian Marine Corps: 30 Received deliveries of both new and second-hand M113 and M113A2. M113 upgraded locally with Scania diesel engines.
  (Royal Cambodian Army)
 : (Canadian Army) 235 M113A3 & MTVL variants, 33 M577A3 (CP)
  (Chilean Army): 306 M113A1 and M1113A2 Received deliveries of both new and second-hand M113A1 and M113A2.
 : 28 M113A1, 26 M113A2
 : 418
 : 65 M113G4 DK variants and 170 M113G3 DK variants
 : 20
 : 2,498 M113A2 and M-106A2, 60 M-125, 33 M-981 FISTV, and 131 M577A1 (CP)
 : 37
 : 1,852 M113A1 and M113A2, 187 M577 (CP) mostly second-hand
  10 M113
  (Iranian Army): 200
  (Iraqi Army): Iraq bought 1,026 second-hand M113A2s in June 2013. Also captured a small number of M113s during Iran–Iraq War.
 : 143 M113A1-B, 1 M113A1-B-GN, 5 M113 Arisgator (combat engineer version)
  (Israeli Defence Forces): 500 M113A2
 : 370 M113A1 and M113A2, 269 M577A2 (CP)
  Kataib Hezbollah: Unknown number
 : 230 M113A2, 30 M577 (CP)
  (Lebanese Army): 1,274 M113A1 and M113A2
  Hezbollah: unknown number captured from the South Lebanon Army currently employed in the Syrian Civil War.
  (Libyan National Army) M113, M106
  (Lithuanian Land Force): 234 M113A1, 22 M577 (CP), 15 M113 with Tampella
 : 400 M113A1 and M113A2, 419 M113A3, 86 M577A2 (CP), 80 M901, 60 M163, 36 M106A2, 91 M1064A3
 : 27
  (Norwegian Army): 315, including at least 97 M113E3s Upgrading some to a new variant, the M113F4, was proposed, but it was ultimately set aside in favor of FFG's ACSV, which is based on the PMMC G5.
 : (Pakistan Army) 2,300 M113A1/A2/P; M113 with RBS-70
 : 120 M113A1 Upgrades are done by Desarrollos Industriales Casanave, known as Cobra-1. This involves changing the old engine for a Detroit Diesel 6V53T turbocharged two-stroke 280 HP and with improved gearbox, optimization in the system of suspension and steering, improvement in the electrical system with a 200 amp generator. It also adds a RCWS system, consisting of a ZTM-1 30 x 165 mm automatic cannon with a range of 4,000 m, two RAYO R-2P missile launchers with a range of 5,000 m against low-altitude ground and aerial targets, a coaxial machine gun 7.62 x 54 mm caliber, and smoke launchers.
  (Philippine Army): 34 M113A1 FSV (fire support vehicles), 18 M113A2 FSV, 42 M113A1, 120 M113A2 (some with Dragon RWS)
  (Polish Land Forces): 70 M-577 (CP) and medical evacuation version
  (Portuguese Army): 176 M113A1, 14 M113A2, 49 M577A2 (CP), 17 M113 with TOW
  (Saudi Arabian Army): 1,190 M113A4
  (Russian Land Forces): About 7 M113s of different variants were captured from Ukrainian forces (2 Netherlands donated units, 4 US donated units and 1 Australia donated)
  (Singapore Armed Forces): 750+ M113A1 and M113A2
  (South Korean army): 420 M113, 140 M577 (CP)
 : 453
 : 36
 : 311 M113A2
  Syrian National Army: donated by Turkey in 2018 and 2020
  (Republic of China Army): (CM-21 Variant) 650 M113, 225 with 20-30mm cannon
 : 430 M113A1 and M113A3
 : 140 M113A1 and M113A2
 : 2,813 M113A2T1 & T2
 : Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, 200 donated by the United States, 20 donated by Spain, 11 donated by Germany. 42 M113AS4 donated by Australia and transported by An-124 Antonov Airlines from Canberra to Leipzig. 196 YPR-765 were donated by the Netherlands. A further 54 M113G3DK have been donated by Denmark. 70 later donated by Lithuania as well as 15 from Portugal. Another 100 to be delivered by the United States, and an unspecified amount refurbished units to be donated by the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg. 70 M113s of different variants were either destroyed or damaged during the conflict (58 US-donated units, 7 Denmark-donated units and 5 Australia-donated units)
 : 5,000 M113A2 and M113A3
 : 24 M113A1UR
 : 200
 : 107 M113A1

Former operators

  Al-Mourabitoun: Some captured from the Lebanese Army
  Amal Movement: some captured from the Lebanese Army and the South Lebanon Army
  Army of Free Lebanon: seized from Lebanese Army stocks

 : 90 M113A1
 Guardians of the Cedars: some captured from the Lebanese Army
 : last 10 vehicles decommissioned in 2021.
  Kataeb Regulatory Forces: some captured from the Lebanese Army
  Laos: 20 M113, probably second-hand, formerly in service with the Royal Lao Army (RLA)
  Lebanese Arab Army: seized from Lebanese Army stocks
  Lebanese Forces: captured from the Lebanese Army or supplied as aid by Israel and Iraq
  (Palestine Liberation Organization factions in Lebanon): some captured from the Lebanese Army in 1976 and returned in 1991.
  Progressive Socialist Party/People's Liberation Army (PLA): 43 captured from the Lebanese Army and the Lebanese Forces between 1976 and 1984.
 South Lebanon Army: Captured from the Lebanese Army or supplied as aid by Israel
 : Used by the Army of the Republic of Vietnam
 : 12.
  Zgharta Liberation Army (a.k.a. Marada Brigade): some captured from the Lebanese Army

Civilian operators
  (NASA): 4 M113s were in service as emergency crew evacuation vehicles at the Kennedy Space Center during the Shuttle program. They were replaced by MRAPs for Crew Dragon launches.

See also

 Boxer MRAV – Germany's replacement for the M113
 BVP M-80 - tracked ex-Yugoslavian-made APC and IFV
 FV432 – a contemporary British APC
 List of U.S. military vehicles by model number
 MLVM – a contemporary Romanian APC
 MT-LB – a contemporary Soviet APC
 Pansarbandvagn 302 – Swedish APC
 Type 60 - a contemporary Japanese APC
 Type 63 – a contemporary Chinese APC
 AMX-10P - a contemporary French APC

Footnotes

Explanatory notes

Citations

References

 El-Assad, Moustafa. Blue Steel III: M-113 Carriers in South Lebanon. Sidon, Lebanon: Blue Steel Books, 2007.
 Dunstan, Simon. The M113 Series London, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1983. .
 Dunstan, Simon. Vietnam Tracks-Armor in Battle 1945–1975. (1982 edition Osprey Books); .
 Foss, Christopher F. Jane's Armour and Artillery 1987–88. London: Jane's Yearbooks, 1987. .

 Nolan, Keith W. Into Laos: Dewey Canyon II/Lam Son 719. Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1986. .
 Starry, Donn A., General. "Mounted Combat In Vietnam" (Archived) Vietnam Studies; Department of the Army. First printed 1978-CMH Pub 90-17.
 Tunbridge, Stephen. M113 in Action. Carrollton, TX: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc, 1978. .
 Zaloga, Steven. Armored Thunderbolt, The US Army Sherman in World War II. 2008, Stackpole Books. .
 Zumbro, Ralph. The Iron Cavalry. 1998, New York, New York, Pocket Books.

Secondary sources

 Joseph Hokayem, L'armée libanaise pendant la guerre: un instrument du pouvoir du président de la République (1975–1985), Lulu.com, Beyrouth 2012.  (in French) – L'armée libanaise pendant la guerre: un instrument du pouvoir du président de la République (1975-1985)

 Paul Jureidini, R. D. McLaurin, and James Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas, 1975–1978, Aberdeen, MD: U.S. Army Human Engineering Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Technical Memorandum 11–79, June 1979.

External links

 BAE Systems
 FAS.org
 Gary's Combat Vehicle Reference Guide
 M113 at Israeli Weapons
 Dutch Cavalry Museum has an M113 C&V (M113 ACAV) in its collection.
 "M113 APC: four decades of service and still showing potential", Infantry Magazine, July–August 2004, by Stanley C. Crist.
 M113 Technical Manuals Technical Library for M113 APC

Tracked armoured personnel carriers
Armoured personnel carriers of the Cold War
Armored personnel carriers of the United States
Amphibious armoured personnel carriers
BAE Systems land vehicles
FMC Corporation
Military vehicles introduced in the 1960s

M113 armored personnel carrier


جيحون أو آموداريا نهر آسيوي يبلغ طوله 2,525 كيلومتر، عرف قديما باسم «أوكسوس» ولدى العرب باسم جيحون يتكون من التقاء نهري فخش وباندج الذين ينبعان من جبال بامير في آسيا الوسطى، عبره الفاتح قتيبة بن مسلم بجيشه إبان الفتوحات الإسلامية.
وقد عرف النهر بالحد الفاصل بين كل من أفغانستان وطاجكستان وأوزبكستان ويصب في الساحل الجنوبي لبحر أرال حيث يتشكل عند مصبه فيه دلتا يبلغ طولها 145 كم وأهم الروافد التي تأتيه من الشمال فاكش، كافيرني غان، سرخان أما روافده من الجنوب فهو نهر كوندوز.

أعلام

 ألب أرسلان

مقالات ذات صلة
 نهر سيحون.

المصادر

 مهرالزمان نوبان. نام مکان‌های جغرافیایی در بستر زمان. چاپ أول. تهران: انتشارات ما، 1376. 257.

أنهار أفغانستان
أنهار أوزبكستان
أنهار تركمانستان
أنهار حدودية
أنهار دولية في آسيا
أنهار طاجيكستان
أنهار في البوذية
الحدود الأفغانية الأوزبكستانية
الحدود الأفغانية التركمانية
الحدود الأفغانية الطاجيكستانية
الحدود الأوزبكستانية التركمانية
تضاريس ولاية بدخشان
مشروع إعادة جمهرات الببر السيبيري

جيحون (نهر)


El Codex Guelferbytanus B (Wolfenbüttel, Herzog August Bibliothek (Weissenburg 64); Gregory-Aland no. Q o 026; ε 4 (von Soden)) es un manuscrito uncial del siglo V. El códice contiene los cuatro Evangelios.

Descriptión
El códice consiste de un total de 13 folios de 26,5 x 21,5 cm. El texto está escrito en dos columnas por página, con entre 28 líneas por columna.

 Contenuedo
 Evangelio de Lucas 4,34-5,4, 6,10-26, 12,6-43, 15,14-31, 17,34-18,15, 18,34-19,11, 19,47-20,17, 20,34-21,8, 22,27-46, 23,30-49;
 Evangelio de Juan12,3-20, 14,3-22.

El texto griego de este códice es una representación del tipo textual bizantino. Kurt Aland lo ubicó en la Categoría V.

 John 12:5 πτωχοις ] τοις πτωχοις
 John 12:6 ειπεν δε τουτο ουχ οτι ] omitted
 John 12:6 εβασταζεν ] εβαωζεν
 John 12:7 τηρηση ] τηρησεν
 John 12:9 εγνω ουν ο οχλος πολυς ] εγνω ουν οχλος πολυς
 John 12:12 ο ] omitted
 John 12:13 — ] λεγοντες
 John 12:16 αυτου οι μαθηται ] οι μαθηται αυτου
 John 12:19 ειπαν ] ειπον
 John 12:19 ο κοσμος ] ο κοσμος ολος

Véase también
 Lista de los manuscritos unciales del Nuevo Testamento Griego
 Ecdótica
 Codex Guelferbytanus A

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Constantin von Tischendorff, Monumenta sacra III (Leipzig, 1860), pp. 262-290.
 U. B. Schmid, D. C. Parker, W. J. Elliott,  The Gospel according to St. John: The majuscules (Brill 2007), pp. 45-51. [le texte du manuscrit dans l'Évangile selon Jean]

Enlaces externos
 Digitalized Codex Guelferbytanus 64 Weissenburgensis at the Herzog August Bibliothek

Códices
Unciales del Nuevo Testamento
Manuscritos bíblicos del siglo V
Palimpsestos

Codex Guelferbytanus B


Ekin Atalar (d. 1979, İstanbul, Türkiye), Türk yazar, senarist.

Saint Benoit Fransız Lisesi'ni bitirdikten sonra Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesi Dramatik Yazarlık Bölümü'nden mezun oldu.

Kariyer
2001 yılında Gençlik Kitabevi'nin düzenlediği öykü yarışmasında mansiyon ödülü kazandı. 2002 yılında, "Erbain" isimli öyküsüyle 415 eserin arasından 8. Ömer Seyfettin Hikâye Ödülü'nü kazandı.

2003 yılında Varlık dergisinin Yaşar Nabi Nayır Ödüllerinde bir öyküsünün "dikkate değer" bulunmasıyla, ilk kitabını yayımlama imkânı buldu. Sekiz öyküsünden oluşan Hayata Asılmak Tehlikeli ve Yasaktır kitabı 2003 yılında Varlık Yayınlarından çıktı. Bu kitapta ana temalarını yabancılık, ötekilik, kadınlık ve erkeklik olguları ile heteroseksüel ilişkilerin çelişkilerinin oluşturduğu metinlerle, orta sınıf bireylerin kent yaşamı içinde boğuştukları içsel ikilem, kompleks ve saplantıları işler. Türk Edebiyatı dergisinde yayımlanan bir incelemede, yazarın "genç yaşına rağmen usta bir kaleme sahip" olduğu ifade edildi ve "Yazar dili, kelimeleri âdeta dans ettirircesine hareketli bir şekilde kullanmaktadır. Olayları kurgularken sahneler arasındaki çarpıcı geçişlerle okuyucunun dikkatini sürekli kılmayı başarıyor." denildi.

Chick Lit türündeki Selindrella isimli romanı, 2010 yılında Artemis Yayınları tarafından yayınlanmıştır. Aynı yıl yayınlanan Selindrella'''nın devamı niteliğinde olan Acilen Evlenmem Lazım isimli romanı ve Hayatımın Aşkı romanı ise 2012 yılında yine Artemis Yayınları tarafından yayınlanmıştır. Hayatımın Aşkı romanı, Sabah gazetesinde yazan Elçin Yahşi tarafından "tam 'bir solukta okunacak' bir kitap" olarak nitelendi ve 2012 yılının "şezlong yanı kitapları" arasında listelendi. 2017'de, Anne Olunca Anlarsın Dediler Geldik! adlı romantik komedi türündeki romanı da Artemis Yayınları'ndan yayımlandı.Hayatımın Aşkı kitabı Atalar ve Gökhan Horzum tarafından senaryosu yazılan, aynı addaki bir diziye uyarlandı. Milliyette yazan Sina Koloğlu, "Ekin Atalar'ın da başarılı 'chick lit' yazarı olduğu belirtiliyor." derken, senaryoda da chick lit özelliklerinin olduğuna dikkat çekti. "Onlardaki 'Manhattan' bizde 'Mashattan' (Maslak'taki gökdelen yaşamı!) olmuş." ve ev halkının diziyi "fazla Amerikan" bulduğunu söyleyerek "Bu 'fazla Amerikan olmuş' halinden kurtarmak lazım galiba." yorumlarında bulundu.

Senarist Gökhan Horzum'la evlidir.

 Eserleri
 Hayata Asılmak Tehlikeli ve Yasaktır (2003)
 Kavak Yelleri (2008-2011) - TV dizisi
 Selindrella & Türk Kızının Sofisi (2010)
 Selindrella & Acilen Evlenmem Lazım (2010)
 Kaçak Gelinler (2014-2015) - TV dizisi
 Hayatımın Aşkı (2016) - TV dizisi
 Anne Olunca Anlarsın Dediler Geldik! (2017)
 Menajerimi Ara (2020-2021) - TV dizisi
 Baba  (2022) - TV dizisi
 Zil Çalınca (2012-2013) - TV dizisi
 Hayatımın Neşesi'' (2023) - TV dizisi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

1979 doğumlular
İstanbul doğumlu yazarlar
20. yüzyıl Türk yazarları
21. yüzyıl Türk yazarları
Yaşayan insanlar
Resim aranan yazarlar
Türk senaristler
Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesinde öğrenim görenler
Saint Benoît Fransız Lisesinde öğrenim görenler
Ömer Seyfettin Hikâye Ödülü sahipleri

Ekin Atalar


التاميلية العربية هي اللغة التاميلية التي يتكلم بها المسلمون من شعب تاميل نادو في سريلنكا وجنوب الهند، والتي تكتب بالخط العربي (الكتابة العربية التاميلية) وتستعمل فيها كثير من مفردات اللغة العربية (اللسان العربي).

الدراسات التاميلية العربية  هي الدراسات المتعلقة بالتاميلية العربية والخط العربي الذي تكتب به.

كتابة

كتابة عربية تاميلية

انظر أيضا
 تانة
 كتابة عربية ملغاشية
 كتابة عربية صينية
 خط عربي يهودي

مراجع

أبجديات مشتقة من العربية
أنظمة كتابة مع رموز 4 حروف بإيزو 15924
لغات آسيوية بائدة
لغات سريلانكا
مسلمو سريلانكا

تاميلية عربية


Wormwood je jedanaesti studijski album švedskog black metal-sastava Marduk objavljen 13. listopada 2009. godine, a objavila ga je diskografska kuća Regain Records. Prvi je Mardukov album s bubnjarom Larsom Broddessonom.

O albumu
Album bio je snimanjen u 2009. godine u Endarker Studiju u Norrköpingu. Tekstovi govore o uništenju duše i uma i posvećenosti luciferijanskom prosvjetljenju, no to nije konceptualni album.

U SAD-u je objavljen 13. listopada 2009., a u Brazilu tijekom prosinca.

Popis pjesama

Osoblje

Marduk

 Mortuus - vokali
 Morgan - gitara
 Devo - bas-gitara, inženjer zvuka, snimanje, produkcija
 Lars - bubnjevi

Ostalo osoblje

 Holy Poison Design - fotografije, dizajn

Izvori

Albumi sastava Marduk
Albumi iz 2009.

Wormwood


The Gunnison River is located in western Colorado, United States and is one of the largest tributaries of the Colorado River.

Description

The  river flows east to west and has a drainage area of  according to the USGS. The drainage basin of the Gunnison collects water from different habitats, such as forests and alpine meadows, located along the Continental Divide. As the river flows westward, it carves through the San Juan Mountains. It flows into the Colorado River at Grand Junction.

The Gunnison River Basin is popular for recreational activities such as fishing, rafting, boating, camping, hiking, and rock climbing.

Contamination of the Gunnison River with selenium and mercury results from irrigation of high-selenium soils derived from the Mancos Shale and from mineral mining. The region surrounding the Gunnison River is part of the Colorado Mineral Belt. Contamination of the Gunnison River with selenium and mercury is a conservation concern for the bonytail chub, Colorado pikeminnow, humpback chub, and razorback sucker, whose critical habitat includes the lower Gunnison River.

Basin features

The Gunnison River is formed by the confluence of the Taylor and East rivers at Almont in eastern Gunnison County, Colorado. Just past the town of Gunnison, the river begins to swell into the expanse of Blue Mesa Reservoir, a  reservoir formed by Blue Mesa Dam, where it receives the Lake Fork of the Gunnison. Just downstream, it is dammed again to form Morrow Point Reservoir and then dammed again to form Crystal Reservoir. The reservoirs produce hydroelectric power and supply the surrounding areas with water for both municipal and irrigation use. The reservoirs are located along the upper part of the Gunnison River. Below Crystal Dam, the Gunnison River begins to roar through massive cataracts.

The Gunnison River then flows through the Black Canyon of the Gunnison, one of the longest, narrowest, and deepest gorges in the world. At the outlet of the Black Canyon, it receives the North Fork River, and then downstream, near Delta, it is joined by the Uncompahgre River. It then winds through desert canyonlands, where it receives Kannah Creek. It then empties out of the Dominguez Canyon into the Colorado River at Grand Junction, where some years it rivals the Colorado River in volume.

The Gunnison River ranges in width from  and in depth from . The river's powerful current and many rapids make upstream travel nearly impossible. It is navigable by small craft throughout its course and by larger boats below the Black Canyon. Parts of the Black Canyon are non-navigable by any sort of craft because of giant cataracts. Navigation through the entire canyon is dangerous and for experienced boaters only.

History
The first non-native to see and record information of the Gunnison River was Juan Maria de Rivera, who came to the banks of the river just below its confluence with the Uncompahgre River in 1761 and 1765. It was again seen in 1776 by Silvestre Vélez de Escalante. At the time the Spanish name for the river was Rio de San Javier (Xavier); the Native American name was Tomichi. Escalante noted that Rivera thought it was "the great Rio del Tizon", the long-used Spanish name for the lower Colorado River.

Through the mid-1800s, the river was variously named the Eagle, Eagle Tail, South Fork of the Grand, Grande, and Grand River. Exploration reports and published maps of the 1850s and 1860s most commonly referred to the river as the Grand River. In subsequent years, however, the river was renamed for U.S. Army Captain John W. Gunnison of the Topographic Engineers, who was ambushed and killed by Pahvant Utes while mapping a trail west in Utah Territory in 1853.

Fishing
The lower section of the Gunnison River is designated as Gold Medal Water and Wild Trout Water. The designated area begins 200 yards below the Crystal Dam and stretches through the Black Canyon to the confluence of the North Fork and Gunnison rivers.

Engineering
Part of the river's water is diverted to irrigate the Uncompahgre Valley via the  Gunnison Tunnel, which was built between 1905 and 1909. The Blue Mesa Dam, Morrow Point Dam, and Crystal Dam–built between the 1960s and the 1970s–are part of the Colorado River Storage Project.

Timeline of river development and management projects

Past
Throughout the late 19th and early 20th century the Bureau of Reclamation built multiple dams (Blue Mesa, Morrow Point, and Crystal) and reservoirs (Blue Mesa, Morrow Point, and Crystal). All of these projects provided the area with large amounts of water which supported local agriculture, recreation, and other industries. Development of the Gunnison River prompted concerns from those wanting to preserve the scenic beauty of the river (especially the Black Canyon of the Gunnison). In the 1930s President Herbert Hoover designated the Black Canyon of the Gunnison River a national monument in order to protect "the roar of the river". By the end of the 20th century the Black Canyon received more protections when Congress declared the canyon a national park.

Present
In 2008 the Black Canyon Decree was passed which resolved legal disputes over water resources in Colorado and protect the Black Canyon of the Gunnison. The decree set a flow regime that "will protect the water-dependent resources of the Black Canyon and help restore the ecological balance in the river system disrupted by three federal dams immediately upstream of the Park." The condition of the Gunnison River continues to improve with increased protections for Black Canyon National Park and as stakeholders, scientists, and natural resource managers continue their efforts to protect the Gunnison. Their efforts include conducting scientific research and publishing information that informs the general public how they can protect the river. According to a progress report from 2019, the Gunnison Basin Selenium Management Program continues its efforts to "develop and implement a Selenium Management Program (SMP) in cooperation with the State of Colorado and Gunnison River basin water users to reduce adverse effects of selenium on endangered fish species in the Gunnison and Colorado rivers."

Future
The Gunnison River is threatened by climate change, demand for water resources, and ongoing challenges regarding selenium contamination. Because of these factors the future of the Gunnison River is uncertain.

Ecosystem contamination
Selenium and mercury contamination of the Gunnison River results from irrigation of soils that are naturally high in selenium, mining activity, and atmospheric mercury deposition. Selenium and mercury contribute to concerns about conservation of resident biota. Four fish species - the humpback chub, bonytail chub, Colorado pikeminnow, and the razorback sucker - are endemic to the region. Critical habitat for these species includes the lower Gunnison River. Elevated salinity concentrations are also a problem for the river and its users. Soils derived from the Mancos Shale, east of the Uncompahgre River, are naturally high in both selenium and salinity.

Selenium
Elevated selenium in the Gunnison River Basin reflects the underlying geology. The Gunnison River Basin sits atop the Mancos Shale which is naturally elevated in selenium. The seleniferous soil the shale produces have come to the subsurface due to weathering of the rock and uplift. Agricultural irrigation of seleniferous soils is one mechanism of selenium loading to the Gunnison River. As farmland in the Gunnison River Basin is abundant, the amount of selenium reaches well over the normal concentration in areas from Grand Junction to the tributaries in the upper Gunnison River. Some of the most concentrated tributaries of the Gunnison, namely the Uncompahgre, load large amounts of selenium to the Gunnison River. Selenium concentrations in the River can be as high as 11 ppm during peak times. Agricultural areas in the Gunnison River Basin are heavily farmed and provide large amounts of sediment during the growing months. Concentrations of selenium in the Gunnison River rise in April until they peak in August due to irrigation drainage. These peaks in selenium concentrations coincide with the reproduction events of the Colorado pikeminnow and the razorback sucker. High amounts of selenium are deposited into the yolk by the mother and juvenile fish eat algae that is highly concentrated with selenium in August. Effects of high selenium concentrations in fish  include reduced oxygenation rates and lowered total energy capacity used for movement and reproduction, with fitness consequences for migratory fish such as the Colorado pikeminnow. Elevated selenium exposure can also cause malformations in adult fish.

Mercury
Mercury in the Gunnison River comes from human activities including surface mining and burning fossil fuels such as coal. As rain water is discharged, it transports mercury to the river where bacteria biotransform mercury into methylmercury. Methylmercury has no biological benefit but rather bioaccumulates and biomagnifies through the trophic levels of the Gunnison River ecosystem.  These concentrations of mercury can be as high as 13% above thresholds set in place by the EPA. Humpback chub, bonytail chub, Colorado pikeminnow, and the razorback sucker are susceptible to elevated concentrations of mercury based on their long distance annual migrations to reproduce. The Colorado pikeminnow is especially vulnerable to high concentrations of mercury as its life cycle is relatively long and the distances they travel for migration are especially far.

Remediation
Organizations throughout Colorado are collaborating on pollution remediation in the Gunnison River in order to increase habitat quality for the razorback sucker and the Colorado pikeminnow. Some of these organizations and plans include The Gunnison River Basin's Selenium Management Plan, The Selenium Control Program, and the Bureau of Reclamation's Gunnison Basin Selenium Management Program. These programs aim to minimize the impact of selenium and salinity as unhealthy amounts of salinity lead to lower reproduction rates of fish as well as problems with agriculture. Current remediation attempts have led to a 43% reduction of selenium concentrations since the 1980s but additional reductions are needed to ensure the safety of the ecosystem. These attempts include giving funding to farmers of the Gunnison River Basin to reduce the amount of sedimentation deposited back into the river and therefore lower the overall amount of selenium being loaded into the river via tributaries. Salinity is being addressed by implementing local investments into the water use infrastructure by converting old systems to direct pipeline and sprinklers to help reduce the amount of runoff into the Gunnison. By reducing the amount of runoff being directed into the Gunnison, less selenium has been deposited into the river by irrigation drainage. As climate change reduces stream flow in the Gunnison River, future concentrations of both selenium and mercury will continually rise. This has led water managers and stakeholders from the Gunnison River Basin to review options in order to reduce the impact of climate change. These plans for the future hope to strengthen the critical water infrastructure, reduce agriculture water shortages, and encourage the beneficial relationship between agricultural, environmental and recreational water uses. In addition, the Clean Water State Revolving Fund has awarded the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment almost $13 million for future research and development along with pollution control and mitigation attempts. Most recently, the Gunnison River will soon be evaluated by state water quality officials to determine if the improvement programs have been successful in reducing the selenium and salinity levels toxic to the endangered fish. If the selenium levels are above the 4.6 mg/L water quality standard, the Gunnison will be subject to reclassification.

See also

 List of rivers of Colorado
 List of tributaries of the Colorado River
 Water pollution in the United States
 Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge
 Climate change
 Water scarcity

References

External links

Rivers of Colorado
Tributaries of the Colorado River in Colorado
Rivers of Delta County, Colorado
Rivers of Gunnison County, Colorado
Rivers of Hinsdale County, Colorado
Rivers of Montrose County, Colorado
San Juan Mountains (Colorado)
Colorado Western Slope

Gunnison River


Day Zero est un film américain, sorti en 2007.

Synopsis

Fiche technique
 Titre : Day Zero
 Réalisation : Bryan Gunnar Cole
 Scénario : Robert Malkani
 Musique : Erin O'Hara
 Pays d'origine : États-Unis
 Genre : drame
 Date de sortie : 2007

Distribution
 Elijah Wood : Feller
 Chris Klein : Rifkin
 Jon Bernthal : Dixon
 Ginnifer Goodwin : Molly
 Elisabeth Moss : Patricia
 Ally Sheedy :  Reynolds
 Sofia Vassilieva : Mara
 John Rothman : le père de Rifkin
 Robert Hogan : l'associé
 Adam LeFevre : Client
 Amir Arison : l'avocat
 Ian Kahn : Ben Goldman
 Clark Middleton : le gérant du magasin porno

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 2007
Film dramatique américain

Day Zero


The Jožef Stefan Institute (IJS, JSI) () is the largest research institute in Slovenia. The main research areas are physics, chemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, information technologies, reactor physics, energy and environment. At the beginning of 2013 the institute had 962 employees, of whom 404 were PhD scientists.

The mission of the Jožef Stefan Institute is the accumulation and dissemination of knowledge at the frontiers of natural science and technology for the benefit of society at large through the pursuit of education, learning, research, and development of high technology at the highest international levels of excellence.

History
The institute was founded by the State Security Administration (Yugoslavia) in 1949 for atomic weapons research. Initially, the Vinča Nuclear Institute in Belgrade was established in 1948, followed by the Ruđer Bošković Institute in Zagreb in 1950 and the Jožef Stefan Institute as an Institute for Physics in the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts. It is named after the distinguished 19th century physicist Josef Stefan (), best known for his work on the Stefan–Boltzmann law of black-body radiation.

IJS is involved in a wide variety of fields of scientific and economic interest. After close to 60 years of scientific achievement, the institute has become part of the image of Slovenia.

Over the last 60 years it has created a number of important institutions, such as the University of Nova Gorica, the Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School and the Ljubljana Technology park.

Departments
Physics
F1 Theoretical Physics
F2 Low and Medium Energy Physics
F3 Thin Films and Surfaces
F4 Surface Engineering and Optoelectronics
F5 Condensed Matter Physics
F7 Complex Matter
F8 Reactor Physics

Chemistry and Biochemistry
B1 Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
B2 Molecular and Biomedical Sciences
B3 Biotechnology
K1 Inorganic Chemistry and Technology
K3 Physical and Organic Chemistry
K5 Electronic Ceramics
K6 Engineering Ceramics
K7 Nanostructured Materials
K8 Synthesis of Materials K8
K9 Advanced Materials
O2 Environmental Sciences
Electronics and Information Technologies
E1 Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics
E2 Systems and Control
E3 Artificial Intelligence
E5 Open Computer Systems and Networks
E6 Communication Systems
E7 Computer Systems
E8 Knowledge Technologies
E9 Intelligent Systems
Reactor Engineering and Energetics
R4 Reactor Engineering
Centers
Centre for Knowledge Transfer in Information Technologies

Networking Infrastructure Centre

Reactor Infrastructure Centre
Scientific Information Centre Library
Center for Technology Transfer and Innovation

Campuses
The institute has facilities in two locations. The main facilities and the headquarters are on Jamova 39 in Ljubljana, the other location is the institute's Podgorica Reactor Center located in Brinje, Dol pri Ljubljani near Ljubljana.

Research reactor

The institute's Podgorica Reactor Center is home to a pool type research reactor. The General Atomics TRIGA Mark II reactor is rated for a nominal 250 kW thermal. The reactor was first licensed in 1966 and is expected to continue operation at least into the 2030s.

The Central Radioactive Waste Storage of Slovenia is co-located at the institute's reactor facility. This facility is used for storage of the low and intermediate level solid radioactive waste from the Podgorica Reactor Center and other, non-institute small waste producers such as medical, research, and industrial applications of ionising radiation.

Selection of online services from the institute

VideoLectures.Net Collection of videos of scientific events
AnswerArt Question Answering system
SearchPoint Contextual Web Search

References

External links

Research institutes in Slovenia
Biochemistry research institutes
Organizations established in 1949
Physics research institutes
Biological research institutes
Energy research institutes
Environmental research institutes
Computer science institutes
Nuclear research institutes
Vič District
Scientific organizations in Ljubljana
1949 establishments in Slovenia

Jožef Stefan Institute


ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දිස්ත්‍රික්ක යන්නෙන් පහත දෑ අදහස් විය හැක:
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පරිපාලන දිස්ත්‍රික්ක (25)

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පරිපාලන දිස්ත්‍රික්ක 25 ක් ඇත. දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පරිපාලන ප්‍රධානියා දිස්ත්‍රික් ලේකම් වන අතර , දිස්ත්‍රික් ලේකම් කාර්යාලය ප්‍රධාන කාර්යාලය වේ.

 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ මැතිවරණ දිස්ත්‍රික්ක (22)
සංස්කරණය
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ 1978 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව ප්‍රකාර බහු-මන්ත්‍රී මැතිවරණ දිස්ත්‍රික්ක 22ක් වෙතින් සමානුපාතික නියෝජන මැතිවරණ ක්‍රමයක් මගින් පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ මන්ත්‍රීවරුන් තෝරා පත් කර ගැනුමට ඉඩ සලසා දී ඇත.

 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සෞඛ්‍ය දිස්ත්‍රික්ක (26)
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සෞඛ්‍ය දිස්ත්‍රික්ක 26ක් ඇත. සෑම සෞඛ්‍ය දිස්ත්‍රික්කයක්ම දිස්ත්‍රික් සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා අධ්‍යක්‍ෂ වරයෙකු යටතේ ක්‍රියාත්මකවේ.

 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ උසාවි දිස්ත්‍රික්ක
 ලංකාවේ ආදායම් දිස්ත්‍රික්ක

වක්‍රෝත්තිහරණ පිටු

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දිස්ත්‍රික්ක


Qinhuangdao Olimpic Spor Stadyumu, Çin'in Qinhuangdao şehrinde 2004 yılında çok amaçlı olarak inşa edilen bir stadyum

Çoğunlukla futbol müsabakalarının yapıldığı Qinhuangdao Olimpik Spor Stadyumu, 35.000 seyirci kapasitelidir.

Çin'deki stadyumlar

Qinhuangdao Olimpik Spor Stadyumu


Astrobiology é uma publicação científica revisada por pares que cobre pesquisas sobre a origem, evolução, distribuição e futuro da vida em todo o universo.  O escopo da revista inclui astrofísica, astropaleontologia, bioastronomia, cosmoquímica, ecogenômica, exobiologia, extremófilos, geomicrobiologia, biologia gravitacional, tecnologia de detecção de vida, meteorítica, origens da vida, geociência planetária, proteção planetária, química pré-biótica, tecnologia de exploração espacial e terraformação .

Abstraindo e indexando
Esta revista está indexada pelos seguintes serviços:

De acordo com o Journal Citation Reports, o periódico tem um fator de impacto de 4.091 em 2019.

Referências

Ligações externas

Revistas científicas em inglês
Publicações fundadas em 2001

Astrobiology (periódico)


Pasărea Phoenix (titlul original: în ) este un film de aventuri dramatic american, realizat în 1965 de regizorul Robert Aldrich. Filmul cu o distribuție de vedete internaționale relatează aterizarea forțată a unui avion în deșertul Sahara având la bază romanul omonim al scriitorului Elleston Trevor.

Conținut

Un avion bimotor de transport de tipul Fairchild C-82 al firmei petroliere ARABCO cu un echipaj de două persoane și doisprezece pasageri la bord, survolează nordul Saharei fiind în drum spre Benghazi. După defectarea stației radio, echipajul nemai recepționând starea meteorologică a vremii, zboară în mijlocul unei furtuni de nisip. Carburatoarele ambelor motoare se înfundă cu nisip iar căpitanul Towns trebuie să aterizeze forțat departe de orice cale rutieră. Doi oameni mor din cauza mărfurilor desprinse din chingi, un al treilea este grav rănit la picior.

Supraviețuitorii încearcă să țină situația sub control și speră să fie cât mai repede descoperiți și salvați. Constructorul german de avioane, Heinrich Dorfmann după multe calcule pe care le-a făcut, propune ca din părțile nedeteriorate ale avionului să construiască un avion  nou, însă
se lovește de împotrivirea vehementă a căpitanului Towns.

Când apa a devenit insuficientă, căpitanul Harris însoțit de subalternul său sergentul Watson, dorește să plece pe jos, Watson simulează o durere la picior iar Harris pleacă însoțit de un alt camarad, Carlos. Când Cobb epuizat psihic, pleacă neobservat să îi urmeze pe cei doi, Towns pleacă după el știind că fără apă acesta nu are nici o șansă, dar îl găsește mort.

Întors la epavă, Towns la insistențele navigatorului său Lew Moran și ale Dr. Renaud, acceptă planul lui Dorfmann și se începe construirea noului avion. Rănitul grav la picior, Gabriele se sinucide. Construcția înaintează anevoios cu certuri permanente pe temă de competență între Towns și Dorfmann.

Într-o seară se întoarce și căpitanul Harris total epuizat la epavă. Construcția continuă să prindă formă, toți devin oarecum mândrii de munca lor, iar contabilul Standish botează "avionul" cu numele de Phoenix.

Când o caravană de arabi dubioși își așază tabăra în apropiere, fără să îi fi observat pe "naufragiați" din cauza dunelor, Harris însoțit de doctorul Renaud care cunoștea puțin limba arabă, se duc să trateze cu ei în speranța unui ajutor. Dimineața următoare arabii au plecat iar Towns
și Moran îi găsesc pe cei doi, cu beregatele tăiate.

Într-o discuție mai lungă între Dorfmann, Towns și Moran cei doi află cu stupoare că Dorfmann este angajat la o întreprindere care produce aeromodele. Dorfmann încearcă să îi lămurească principiul de zbor care este același și că un aeromodel se deosebește de un avion doar prin dimensiunile sale. Mai mult chiar, un aeromodel trebuie să aibă mai bune caracteristici de zbor decât un avion adevărat, deoarece trebuie să zboare singur, fără pilot. Ca să nu pericliteze acțiunea, se hotărăsc să nu spună nimic celorlalți.

Cu ultimul dram de putere, Phoenixul va fi terminat iar cei șapte supraviețuitori ajung din nou în civilizație.

Distribuție

Culise

 Scenariul este bazat pe romanul The Flight of the Phoenix al scriitorului Elleston Trevor, din anul 1964. În roman figura centrală reprezentată de inginerul german Dorfmann, este un englez.

 Filmul a fost turnat în  Buttercup Valley lângă Yuma, în apropiere de granița cu Mexic.

 Renumitul pilot, cascador și colecționar de avioane de război, Paul Mantz a zburat pe un Tallmantz Phoenix P-1, avionul care a fost "construit din epavă", în fața camerelor de filmat în dimineața zilei de 8 iulie 1965. El executa aterizări touch-and-go pe dunele de nisip, când trenul de aterizare s-a lovit de un obstacol tare, fuselajul s-a rupt iar părțile desprinse l-au strivit pe Mantz și rănit grav pe co-pilotul Bobby Rose aflat și el la bord  fapt menționat și în postgeneric.

 Muzica filmului a fost scrisă, aranjată si dirijată de Frank De Vol. Melodia Senza fine ce se aude într-o scenă din film, a fost înregistrată de De Vol în interpretarea lui Connie Francis.

Vezi și
 Listă de filme străine până în 1989

Referințe

Legături externe

Filme din 1965
Filme de aventuri
Filme dramatice
Filme în limba engleză
Filme regizate de Robert Aldrich
Filme cu acțiunea în avioane

Pasărea Phoenix (film din 1965)


Mowdok Mual es un pico en Bangladés, a menudo considerado el punto más alto de este país, con una altitud de 1.052 metros (3.451 pies). Se encuentra ubicado en la frontera entre Bangladés y Birmania.

No es oficialmente el pico más alto de Bangladés, pero el estudio de mapas y otras informaciones y datos inducen a creer que, posiblemente, no hay otro pico más alto que este en ese país. Mowdok Mual a nivel local es también conocida como Saka Haphong o Clan Moy.

Véase también
 Geografía de Bangladés
 Geografía de Birmania

Referencias

Montañas de Birmania
Montañas de Bangladés
Frontera Bangladés-Birmania
Puntos más altos de los países de Asia

Mowdok Mual


Philothée d'Alexandrie est un  patriarche copte d'Alexandrie de  979 à 1003.

Contexte
Philothée est comme ses prédécesseurs un moine du monastère Saint-Macaire de Scété.

Sous son pontificat se termine le conflit avec le royaume d'Aksoum né sous l'administration de  , environ 70 ans plus tôt ! Sur l'intercession diplomatique du roi  de Makurie , Philothée accepte de désigner un certain  Daniel comme nouvel abouna (Métropolite) à la tête de l'église orthodoxe éthiopienne Pour cette raison le synaxaire de l'Église éthiopienne le loue comme un apôtre alors que les historiens coptes le présentent comme un homme perdu de débauche ! Selon la même source il meurt en 1005
Toutefois dans ses travaux Venance Grumel fixe la fin de son patriarcat et sa mort au

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Patriarche d'Alexandrie
Décès en 1003
Patriarche du Xe siècle
Personnalité du haut Moyen Âge par nom

Philothée d'Alexandrie (Copte)


أييوس نيكولاوس (Άγιος Νικόλαος) هي مدينة في هالكيديكي في مقاطعة فوريا إلادا في اليونان.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 1608   نسمة.

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في خالكيذيكي
مدن اليونان

أييوس نيكولاوس (هالكيديكي)


Friedrich Siegmar comte de Dohna-Schlobitten (né le  à Bonn et mort le  à Charlottenbourg) est un lieutenant général prussien.

Biographie

Origine
Siegmar est le fils du maréchal prussien Friedrich zu Dohna-Schlobitten (1784-1859) et de sa femme Julie, née von Scharnhorst (1788-1827). Le réformateur prussien Gerhard von Scharnhorst est son grand-père.

Carrière militaire
Formé par son père, Dohna entre au Mars 1837 comme volontaire dans le  de dragons de la Garde de l'armée prussienne et est promu à la mi-janvier 1838 au grade de sous-lieutenant. Pour poursuivre sa formation, il est commandé à l'école générale de guerre du 1er octobre 1842 au 30 septembre 1845. À son retour, il est utilisé comme adjudant de régiment du  mars 1848 au 5 janvier 1849 et est entre-temps promu premier-lieutenant. De 1849 à 1851, Dohna est affecté au  et, du  avril au 15 juin 1853, au commandement de les troupes des  et  régiments de cavalerie de la Garde de la Landwehr. Il est ensuite affecté au Grand État-Major général, où il est transféré le  novembre 1853 après avoir été promu au grade de Rittmeister. De là, il passe le 22 mai 1854 à l'état-major général du , d'où il est à nouveau commandé du 13 avril au 13 juin 1857 pour servir dans le  de hussards. Le 30 mai 1857, Dohna devient major au Grand État-Major général, tout d'abord sans brevet. Le 11 août 1857, il est nommé commandant du  escadron et chef de la  compagnie du régiment des Gardes du Corps avec l'attribution du brevet correspondant à son grade. Fin mai 1858, il est promu à l'état-major du régiment en tant qu'officier d'état-major titulaire.

Pendant toute la durée de la mobilisation à l'occasion de la guerre de Sardaigne, Dohna commande le  de cavalerie de la Garde de la Landwehr et, après la démobilisation, il dirige cette unité jusqu'à la mi-novembre 1859, date à laquelle il retourne à son poste d'officier d'état-major titulaire. Le 12 mai 1860, il est nommé commandant du  de cuirassiers à Königsberg. En cette qualité, Dohna est promu lieutenant-colonel le 18 octobre 1861 et reçoit le 8 décembre 1861 la distinction de commandeur honoraire de l'Ordre du Mérite du duc Pierre-Frédéric-Louis. Le 25 juillet 1864, il est promu colonel, participe aux batailles de Trautenau et de Sadowa lors de la guerre contre l'Autriche en 1866 et reçoit les épées de l'Ordre de l'Aigle rouge de  classe pour son action. En position à la suite, Dohna est nommé commandant de la  de cavalerie le 30 octobre 1877 et promu major général le 22 mars 1868. En cette même qualité, il est affecté à la  de cavalerie à partir du 28 juillet 1868.

Lors de la mobilisation à l'occasion de la guerre contre la France, Dohna devint le 18 juillet 1870 commandant de la  de cavalerie, qu'il dirige aux batailles de Borny-Colombey, Noisseville, Villers-Bretonneux, Hallue, Bapaume et Saint-Quentin. Il participe aussi au siège de Metz, aux batailles de Sapigny (2 janvier 1871) et Pouilly (23 janvier 1871) et la poursuite de Cambrai. Décoré des deux classes de la croix de fer, Dohna retourne à son poste de commandant de la  de cavalerie après la signature de la paix le 23 mai 1871. Le 16 novembre 1872, il est mis à disposition avec le caractère de lieutenant général avec pension. Le 19 janvier 1896, il reçoit l'ordre de la Couronne de  classe avec étoile.

Dohna est fait chevalier d'honneur de l'Ordre de Saint-Jean. Il est mort célibataire le 21 février 1909 à Charlottenburg et est inhumé au cimetière des Invalides le 24 février 1909.

Travaux
 Die Donins. Aufzeichnungen über die erloschenen Linien der Familie Dohna. 4 Bände, Berlin 1877–1886. (Band 1)
 Auszugsweise Mittheilungen aus den familiengeschichtlichen Schriften. Die Donins und die Dohnas. Sittenfeld, Berlin 1887 (Digitalisat)

Bibliographie
 Kurt von Priesdorff: Soldatisches Führertum, Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt Hamburg, o. O. [Hamburg], o. J. [1939], DNB 367632829, Band 8, S. 25–26, Nr. 2463.
 Gothaisches Genealogisches Taschenbuch der Gräflichen Häuser. 1879. Zwei und fünfzigster Jahrgang, Justus Perthes, Gotha 1878, S. 231 f.
 Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels, Band GA X, Starke, Limburg/Lahn 1981, S. 100.

Liens externes

Generalleutnant prussien
Cavalier militaire prussien
Personnalité de la guerre austro-prussienne
Militaire allemand de la guerre franco-allemande de 1870-1871
Écrivain prussien
Commandeur de l'ordre du Mérite du duc Pierre-Frédéric-Louis
Chevalier de 2e classe de l'ordre de la Couronne (Prusse)
Chevalier d'honneur de l'ordre de Saint-Jean (Bailliage de Brandebourg)
Récipiendaire de 1re classe de la croix de fer
Récipiendaire de l'ordre de l'Aigle rouge de 3e classe
Naissance en décembre 1818
Naissance à Bonn
Naissance dans la province de Rhénanie
Décès en février 1909
Décès à Berlin
Décès à 90 ans

Siegmar zu Dohna-Schlobitten


John O'Callaghan (Navan, 29 de abril de 1982) es un DJ irlandés que se dedica principalmente a la producción de música electrónica. También produce bajo el nombre de Joint Operations Centre, Mannix, Stenna y el más reciente Henrik Zuberstein. También ha colaborado con su compañero de Discover, como Bryan Kearney, y en los proyectos junto a Neal Scarborough (como Inertia), Thomas Bronzwaer (como Lost World) y Greg Downey, así como más recientemente, la leyenda trance Leon Bolier. Su canción más conocida es Big Sky, en colaboración con la vocalista Audrey Gallagher.

Logros
O'Callaghan anteriormente tenía la mayoría de su trabajo publicado por Discover, el sello discográfico británico creado por John Askew. Recientemente, su trabajo ha sido publicado por Armada Music y su subetiquetas, sobre todo en Armind y Soundpiercing. El remix de su producción vocal trance "Big Sky" por Agnelli & Nelson fue elegido como "Tune of The Year" por los oyentes de Armin van Buuren A State of Trance programa de radio en 2007.

En el año 2008, no sólo John logró ingresar en el DJ Mag Top 100 del año 2008 en el número 60, sino también se llevó dos premios en el 'Irish Dance Music Awards', como 'Mejor Productor ' y mejor DJ. Tras el suceso que vivió en 2008, John también se convirtió en el primer irlandés en tocar en Trance Energy. En 2009, escaló 36 posiciones hasta el 24 de la DJ Mag 100.

Además de los numerosos singles, ha publicado un álbum en vivo (Discover "Live as" Volumen 2) y dos álbumes del artista,Something to live foryNever fade away.

Never Fade Away, fue lanzado en 2009 por Armada poco después del lanzamiento del sencillo de "Find Yourself" junto a Sarah Howells". "Find Yourself" fue uno de los tracks favoritos del programa de radio semanal de Armin Van Buuren, A State Of Trance. La pista ha recibido el reconocimiento de muchos DJs incluyendo Armin Van Buuren, Tiësto, Judge Jules, Matt Hardwick y Gareth Emery. Incluye el remix de Cosmic Gate, que también está haciendo una gran cantidad de avances en las listas de establecer muchos DJs. O'Callaghan también ha lanzado otro single del álbum, "Surreal", que incluye las voces de 'Jaren'.
2010 también marcó el inicio de un subsello de Armada Music llamado "Subculture".

Discografía

Álbumes de estudio
 Something To Live For (2007)
 Never Fade Away (2009)
 Unfold (2011)

Álbumes de mezclas
 Live As... Volume 2 (2007)
 Trance World Volume 4 (2008)
 Trance Energy 2009 Disc 1 (2009)
 Subculture (2009)
 Subculture 2010 (2010)
 Subculture 2013'' (2013)

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página oficial de John O'Callaghan
 MySpace de John O'Callaghan
 John O'Callaghan en Discogs

Disc jockeys de música electrónica
Disc jockeys de Irlanda
Músicos de Irlanda
Artistas de Armada Music

John O'Callaghan


الحركة الشعبية لتحرير السودان هي حزب سياسي في جنوب السودان. تأسست الحركة عام 1983 كجناج سياسي لـجيش التحرير الشعبي السوداني على يد جون قرنق وأعلن أن الحركة لا تطالب بانفصال الجنوب عن السودان، وإنما بإعادة صياغة منهج الحكم فيه وتفكيك قبضة المركز على الأقاليم. زعيمها الحالي سالفا كير وأمينها العام باقان أموم.

تقاتلت الحركة مع الحكومات المركزية في السودان لمدة عشرين عامًا انتهت بتوقيع اتفاقية نيفاشا للسلام الشامل في 2005. ثم حصلت الحركة على تمثيل رسمي في حكومة السودان وكانت المكوّن الأساسي لحكومة جنوب السودان شبه-المستقلة آنذاك. قبل الاستفتاء انشق عنها الدكتور لام آكول أجاوين مؤسس الحركة الشعبية لتحرير السودان -التغيير الديمقراطي متّهما الرئيس سلفا كير بفقدان رؤية السودان الجديد و انتشار الفساد في حكومة جنوب السودان، حينما حصلت جنوب السودان على السيادة والاستقلال في 9 يونيو 2011، أصبحت الحركة الشعبية لتحرير السودان هي الحزب الحاكم للدولة الجديدة وانفصل فرعها السوداني مكونًا الحركة الشعبية لتحرير السودان-الشمال. ظهر المزيد من الانقسام الداخلي بعد الحرب الأهلية الجنوبية السودانية في 2013 - 2014 حيث قاد رئيس الحركة سالفا كير الحركة الشعبية لتحرير السودان بجوبا وقاد نائب الرئيس السابق رياك مشار الحركة الشعبية لتحرير السودان المعارضة.

مراجع

أحزاب سياسية أسست في 1983
أحزاب سياسية في جنوب السودان
الانفصالية في السودان
الحرب الأهلية السودانية الثانية
جنوب السودان
جيوش تحرير وطنية
عسكرية السودان
مجموعات متمردة في السودان
مجموعات متمردة في جنوب السودان
منظمات عصابية مسلحة

الحركة الشعبية لتحرير السودان


El Hospital de la Encarnación (de nombre completo Hospital de Nuestra Sra. de la Encarnación fue denominado también popularmente como Hospital de la Encarnación u Hospital de Hombres) es un antiguo hospital en Zamora. Su escritura fundacional se elaboró en 1629, aunque no fue inaugurado hasta el 25 de marzo de 1678. El edificio fue diseñado por Juan Gómez de Mora, arquitecto de Felipe III. Tras varias reformas en el  y finalmente en el XX para ser rehabilitado, en la actualidad forma parte del edificio que aloja la Diputación Provincial en la plaza de Viriato. Fue denominado también como Hospital provincial de la Encarnación.

Historia
La fundación del Hospital se debe a los hermanos Isidro y Pedro Morán Pereira. Isidro adquirió el solar donde se encontraba el casa mayorazgo de los Escalante y a su muerte su hermano Pedro se encargó de cumplir con el testamento. El tracista Juan Gómez de Mora fue responsable del diseño en 1629, en algunos casos se menciona que fue copia del palacio de los Condes de Alba y Aliste. En su diseño incluyó una iglesia al estilo de Jacopo Vignola.

En 1762 se modificó la capacidad para atender los soldados heridos por las guerras con Portugal. En 1765 se añade el Pabellón que ocupa porción de la Plaza de Santa María La Nueva que fue proyectado por Manuel Godoy. Sufrió reformas y ampliaciones a mediados del , y posteriormente en el , debido a la rehabilitación que ha sufrido para ser transformada en la sede definitiva de la Diputación Provincial.

Características
En el interior destaca un amplio patio compuesto de veinte arcos carpaneles sobre los que descansan columnas dóricas y los del piso superior, dobles en número, lo hacen sobre pilastras.

Véase también
 Hospital del Comendador Don Alonso Sotelo
 Hospital Clínico de Zamora
 Historia de la provincia de Zamora
 Edificio Las Arcadas

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Diputación Provincial de Zamora
Monumentos de Zamora
Encarnación
Corrales de comedias de España
Arquitectura en Castilla y León en el siglo XVII
Hospitales de España del siglo XVII
Obras de Juan Gómez de Mora
Edificios sede de diputaciones provinciales de España

Hospital de la Encarnación


Den røde Kristus (Den røde Jesus) er et maleri af den tyske maler Lovis Corinth.
Billedet af korsfæstelsen af Jesus blev malet på træ i 1922 som et oliemaleri.
Det ca. 130×107 cm store maleri ejes siden 1956 af Bayerische Staatsgemäldesammlungen og udstilles i Pinakothek der Moderne i München.

Maleriet er et af mange malerier fra Corinths kreative periode, hvor han beskæftigede sig med Jesu korsfæstelse og lidelseshistorie.
Han malede denne ekspressionistiske version på træ, som det var tilfældet med historiske altertavler.
Også hans sidste maleri behandlede dette tema: et selvportræt fra 1925 i skikkelse af den lidende Jesus (Ecce homo, 'Se, her er manden!' ).

Billedbeskrivelse
Billedet viser en korsfæstelsesscene med Jesu korsfæstede krop centralt i billedet, forskubbet en smule mod venstre.
Billedkanten afskærer hænderne ved de øverste hjørner af billedet, således at hverken hænderne eller korsets vandrette stykke kan ses.
Fødderne og højre knæ rører ved bunden af billedet.
Ifølge Sonja de Puinef 'dominerer og sprænger' den lidende Jesu legeme kompositionen med 'hænderne ragende ud over billedrammen'.
Scenen bliver på den måde 'meget præcist indpasset i det usædvanligt overfyldte billedrum'.
Kroppen er drejet mod venstre i beskuerens retning og hænger på korset med armene strakt ud og knæene bøjede.
Hovedet med tornekronen er faldet til siden mod venstre skulder, øjnene ser fremad i retning af beskueren.
Kroppen er hovedsageligt holdt i hvidt og er nøgen og blødende, kun med et klæde rundt om lænden.
Korset er kun genkendeligt i den nederste del af billedet mellem benene, over de fastnaglede fødder.
Solen overstråler den øverste del af billedet, og korsets tværstang er uden for billedet og kan kun formodes.
For beskueren er det således ikke gennemskueligt, om og hvordan (selve) kroppen er fastgjort.

Under venstre bryst stikkes en lanse eller et spyd ind i den korsfæstede krop af en mand, der står i billedets nederste venstre hjørne; blod sprøjter fra såret ud over kroppen.
Det er sandsynligvis Longinus nævnt i Bibelen, den romerske soldat der siges at have stukket et spyd i Jesu side efter hans død. () :
 "... men en af soldaterne stak ham i siden med et spyd, og der kom straks blod og vand ud. ..."
I venstre side af billedet er der to andre figurer, der skal repræsentere apostlen Johannes og Jomfru Maria.
Johannes, med en rød kappe, står lidt bag den hjælpeløse Maria i blå kappe.
I billedets højre side kan man se en anden figur, som på en lang gren – en isopstængel – rækker en svamp op til Jesus, som ifølge Johannesevangeliet er gennemvædet af eddike. () :
 "... Der stod et kar fyldt med eddike. De satte så en svamp fyldt med eddiken på en isopstængel og stak den op til hans mund. ..."
Alle med undtagelse af den hjælpeløse Maria ser i retning af kroppen på korset.

Baggrunden danner en tredelt komposition.
Mens der er tre personer på jorden til venstre for kroppen, er landskabet på højre side uklart, og kun i det nedre område vises en enkelt person.
Billedet viser et sølandskab i stedet for bjerget Golgata ('Hovedskalsted' ), hvor korsfæstelsen ifølge Det Nye Testamente skulle have fundet sted.
Horisontlinjen ligger på den korsfæstede krops brystniveau; derover himlen og i den tredje sektion mellem de forlængede arme solen med accentuerede solstråler.
Både himlen, sølandskabet og solen er spredt iblandet rød farve, der skaber et indtryk af tusmørke.

Billedet er dateret og underskrevet med gult på to linjer øverst i venstre hjørne: "Lovis Corinth 1922".

Baggrund, anledning, tilblivelse og fortolkning
Den fremstillede korsfæstelsesscene svarer i det væsentlige til beskrivelsen i Johannesevangeliet.
Det drejer sig om en sammenfatning af flere på hinanden følgende scener beskrevet i Johannesevangeliets kap. 19 vers 29-34 (-34) om Jesu død:

 "... (29) Der stod et kar fuldt af eddike; de satte da en svamp fuld af eddike på en isopstængel og holdt den til hans mund. (30) Da nu Jesus havde taget eddiken, sagde han: "Det er fuldbragt;" og han bøjede hovedet og opgav ånden. (31) Da det nu var beredelsesdag, bad jøderne Pilatus om, at benene måtte blive knust og legemerne taget ned, for at de ikke skulle blive på korset sabbaten over; thi denne sabbatsdag var stor. (32) Da kom stridsmændene (soldaterne) og knuste benene på den første og på den anden af dem, som var korsfæstet med ham. (33) Men da de kom til Jesus og så, at han allerede var død, knuste de ikke hans ben. (34) Men en af stridsmændene stak ham i siden med et spyd, og straks flød der blod og vand ud. ..." – (Lettere moderniseret udgave fra 1907  – Nyere version fra 'Bibelselskabet' 1992: -34) –

Corinth malede billedet 'på træ i traditionen for maling af altertavler hos gamle tyske og hollandske malere.'
Fremstillingen er beskrevet som 'den forfærdeligste fortolkning af emnet', der 'brutalt' viser 'martyriets rædsel'.
Ifølge Andrea Bärnreuther valgte Corinth en ekspressionistisk malestil fordi 'indsigt i grænserne for naturalistisk gengivelsen, som man må afstå fra, hvor det drejer sig om det der ikke kan fattes − det der ikke er umiddelbart tilgængelig for sanserne − og den naturalistiske gengivelse (derved) kun vil blive udtryk for tavshed (de: Sprachlosigkeit).'

Bärnreuther ser også i fremstillingsmåden en 'hæslighedens æstetik', der går 'ud over de æstetiske grænser' og 'i abstraktionens brutalitet ser figuren som udtryk for et 'angreb på sansningen' (de: "Angriff auf die Wahrnehmung"),
derved, at alle regler for god smag er tilsidesat med den pågående (verletzende) vilkårlighed i brugen af den allestedsnærværende røde farve og ikke mindst den voldsomme farvebrug med tykke flager eller pletter og den maltrakterende behandling med paletkniv og pensel.

Sonja de Puinef ser billedet i lyset af Tysklands politiske situation i 1922 og Corinths personlige situation.
I 1922 − fire år efter afslutningen af 1. verdenskrig − var der flere inflationsbølger i Tyskland.
Samtidig var Corinths sundheds- og mentale tilstand på et lavpunkt.
I et brev til hustruen Charlotte Berend-Corinth fra den 23. september, hvor han arbejdede på billedet, beskrev Corinth sin utilfredshed med arbejdet. Han skrev:
 "Desværre er jeg blevet meget doven. Med 'Jesu død' arbejder jeg uden megen lyst. Jeg malede hurtigt et stilleben; også uden lyst. Det er som altid dovent."    – Tysk: 'Ich bin leider sehr faul geworden. An dem Brett "Tod Jesu" arbeite ich sehr unlustig. Ein Stilleben habe ich schnell gemalt; auch ohne Lust. Es ist wie immer faul.'

Ifølge Sonja de Puinefs tolkning 'er der ingen tvivl om, at hans billede af Jesus med uklare ansigtstræk er en projektion af lidelserne hos kunstneren selv og videre hos en hel nation.'
Hun fremfører også at Corinth valgte 'et religiøst emne af universel betydning til at udtrykke sin personlige rystelse' (de: Erschütterung).
På den dag i 1925, hvor Corinth afsluttede sin Ecce homo, malede han et selvportræt som en 'smertens mand' − Selbstbildnis als Schmerzensmann − hvor han identificerede sig direkte med den lidende Jesus ved at give ham sine egne ansigtstræk.

Indplacering i Corinths øvrige arbejder
Maleriet Den røde Kristus er fra 1922 og således et af de sene værker af den daværende 64-årige kunstner.
Det er en af mange fremstillinger af Jesu lidelseshistorie, som Corinth malede i løbet af sit liv.
Hans første solgte maleri var et med Jesu nedtagelse fra korset fra 1895, og hans sidste billede i 1925 viste ham selv i en 'Ecce homo'-situation ('Se, her er manden!' ).
Hans malestil udviklede sig fra en naturalistisk som i Kreuzabnahme ('Nedtagningen fra korset') 1895 og Das Große Martyrium ('Det store martyrium') fra 1907 til en ekspressionistisk stil som i Den røde Kristus og Ecce homo.

Allerede 1917 malede Corinth en ekspressionistisk akvarel af en blødende og forvredet, korsfæstet Jesus, der ifølge Andrea Bärnreuther var en forløber for den korsfæstede skikkelse i Den røde Kristus.
Her ses Jesu legeme hængende på korset med udstrakte arme og spredte fingre; til højre stikker en soldat ham i siden med en lanse.
Som indbegrebet af 'fysisk og psykisk smerte' kan det ifølge Horst Uhr kun sammenlignes med Matthias Grünewalds pestkrucifiks fra begyndelsen af 1500-tallet.
I akvarellen er Jesus skildret med et løveansigt, som ifølge middelalderens ikonografi er symbol på opstandelsen.
Detaljer træder i baggrunden til fordel for den hurtige, ekspressive malestil.

1923 tog Corinth motivet med den røde Kristus op i en lidt anden form i en kridttegning hvor de forskellige mennesker ved korset fremtræder i et rumligt tomrum og kun vises utydeligt og forsvindende.
Tegningen tjente tilsyneladende som en undersøgelse for et grafiktryk Corinth lavede samme år.
Som Den røde Kristus er også denne tegning præget af ekspressionismen i kunstnerens senere værker.

Proveniens
Den røde Kristus blev udstillet i 1922 i Berliner Sezession.
Indtil 1956 var det ejet af kunstnerens kone Charlotte Berend-Corinth der tog det med da hun i 1939 udvandrede til USA,
hvor det blev vist i adskillige udstillinger.
Via kunsthandleren Resch i Garching bei München kom billedet 1956 til Bayerische Staatsgemäldesammlungen.

Noter og referencer
Artiklen er en oversættelse af den tilsvarende tyske i denne version fra 7. november 2018.
Noter tilkommet under og efter oversættelsen

Referencer fra det tyske forlæg

Litteratur
 Peter-Klaus Schuster, Christoph Vitali, Barbara Butts (udg.): Lovis Corinth. Oversat fra engelsk af Volker Ellerbeck. Prestel, München 1996, , S. 266–267 (i anledning af udstillingen "Lovis Corinth, Retrospektive", i Haus der Kunst, München, 4. maj til 21. juli 1996 og i Tate Gallery, London, 20. februar til 4. maj 1997).
 Ulrike Lorenz, Marie-Amélie zu Salm-Salm, Hans-Werner Schmiedt (udg.): Lovis Corinth und die Geburt der Moderne. Kerber, Bielefeld 2008, , S. 146–147 (i anledning af 'Retrospektive' for 150-året for Lovis Corinth (1858-1925) i Paris, Musée d'Orsay, 1. april 2008 – 22. juni 2008 / Leipzig, Museum der Bildenden Künste, 11. juli 2008 – 19. oktober 2008 / Regensburg, Kunstforum Ostdeutsche Galerie, 9. november 2008 – 15. februar 2009).

Eksterne henvisninger
  Wikimedia Commons har flere filer relaterede til Jesu korsfæstelse – Ecce homo – Isenheimer Altar – Lovis Corinth
 Oplysninger  om proveniens hos Sammlung.pinakothek.de (Bayerische Staatsgemäldesammlungen, Pinakothek der Moderne)
 'Lovis Corinth' af Vibeke Skov og 'Isenheimalteret' af Ursula Fugmann i Den Store Danske

Malerier fra Tyskland
Malerier fra 1922

Den røde Kristus


القفيز وهو مكيال إسلامي يستعمل في الوزن والكيل أثناء العصور الإسلامية.

القفيز يساوي ثمانية مكاكيك ويساوي 12 صاعا. أي 24.48 كيلوغرام

المصدر
 كتاب حقيقة الدينار والدرهم والصاع والمد لأبي العباس أحمد العزفي السبتي.
 علي جمعة المكاييل والموازين الشرعية.

ثقافة عربية
مكاييل شرعية
وحدات قياس عرفية

قفيز


Yuji Unozawa (født 3. maj 1983) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub AC Nagano Parceiro.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Yuji Unozawa


A Batalha de Mogadíscio de 1542 foi um confronto armado entre a cidade de Mogadíscio e o Império Português.

Contexto
Após terem os portugueses levado a cabo uma grande expedição naval ao Suez em 1541, o Império Otomano dedicou maiores recursos à protecção do Mar Vermelho contra os portugueses. Para tanto, cerca de 25 galés foram armadas e colocadas em Adem.

O capitão português de Sofala, João de Sepúlveda, foi informado da presença destas forças por cidades-estados aliadas, principalmente Melinde, que também relataram que algumas haviam pedido apoio militaraos otomanos em preparação para uma rebelião contra a autoridade Portuguesa na região. João de Sepúlveda partiu assim com 6 pequenas galés e 100 soldados para levar a cabo um ataque preventivo contra as cidades costeiras na costa da Somália. Foi acompanhado por um número não registado de navios e guerreiros de Melinde.

A batalha
Em Mogadíscio, João de Sepúlveda destruiu a cidade e causou aos habitantes grandes estragos e prejuízos. Velejando algumas léguas ao norte, alcançou um ancoradouro popular onde atracavam para navios mercantes vindos do Mar Vermelho e ali soube que os turcos não navegariam para a África oriental naquele ano. Assim, ele retornou ao que restava de Mogadíscio e assinou um acordo de paz com seus governantes.

Passando por Brava, a cidade foi saqueada, em retaliação por terem os seus habitantes entregue alguns prisioneiros portugueses aos turcos. Depois de selar a paz com Brava, João de Sepúlveda voltou para Melinde.

Mogadíscio
Batalhas envolvendo a Somália
Batalhas envolvendo Portugal
Mogadíscio
Conflitos em 1542
Batalhas envolvendo o Reino de Portugal

Batalha de Mogadíscio (1542)


La Red Transeuropea de Ferrocarril de Alta Velocidad (Trans-European high-speed rail network en idioma inglés ó abreviado TEN-R) conforma, junto a la Red Transeuropea de Ferrocarril Convencional, la Red Transeuropea de Ferrocarril que a su vez es una de las Redes transeuropeas de transporte de la Unión Europea.

Fue definida por la Directiva 96/48/EC del Consejo de la Unión Europea del 23 de julio de 1996.

La decisión 2002/735/EC del Consejo de la Unión Europea definió los parámetros técnicos de interoperabilidad del sistema

Descripción
El objetivo de esta Directiva de la Unión Europea es lograr especificaciones técnicas de interoperabilidad del ferrocarril de alta velocidad europeo en las diversas etapas de diseño, construcción y operación de la red.

La red se define como un sistema que consta de un conjunto de infraestructuras, instalaciones fijas, equipo logístico y material rodante.

Por definición de la decisión del Consejo Europeo una línea de alta velocidad debe tener una de estas tres características de la infraestructura:
 Líneas construidas especialmente para alta velocidad aptas para velocidades iguales o superiores a 250 km/h.
 Líneas acondicionadas para de alta velocidad aptas para velocidades del orden de 200 kmh
 Líneas acondicionadas para alta velocidad pero que tienen características especiales como consecuencia de las limitaciones topográficas, de relieve o de entorno urbano, en los cuales la velocidad deba adaptarse a cada caso.

El material rodante utilizado en estas líneas deben ser compatibles con las características de la infraestructura.

Corredores ferroviarios de alta velocidad
 Corredor 1 - Eje ferroviario Berlín–Palermo.
 Corredor 2 - Línea con centro en Bruselas y líneas hacia Londres, París, Ámsterdam y Colonia.
 Corredor 3 - Ejes ferroviarios del Sur de Europa (Lisboa-Porto, Lisboa-Salamanca, Lisboa-Madrid-Barcelona-Lyon, Madrid-Bilbao-Bordeaux-París).
 Corredor 4 - Eje ferroviario este (París a Estrasburgo, Luxemburgo, Mannheim).
 Corredor 6 - Eje ferroviario Lyon-Turín-Trieste-Ljubljana-Budapest.
 Corredor 7 - Eje ferroviario Paris-Estrasburgo-Stuttgart-Viena-Bratislava.

Referencias


Dipanegara o Diponegoro fue un príncipe javanés, hijo de Pakubuwana I. Fue el primero, durante el reinado de Amangkurat IV de Mataram (1719 - 1727), en adoptar el título de Panembahan Erutjakra. El primer término se refiere es un título político, mientras que el segundo se puede traducir por mesías.

Le fue profetizado, aunque no ocurrió, que dominaría Java, Madura, Patani y Palembang. Durante su vida combatió la presencia Países Bajos holandesa en la isla.

Bibliografía

Referencias

Sultanato de Mataram
Indonesios

Dipanegara (siglo XVIII)