Samanyolu TV, 22 Ekim 1993 tarihinde yayın hayatına başlamış İslami içerikli ulusal televizyon kanalıdır. Star TV, Flash TV, Teleon, Show TV, HBB, Kanal 6, TGRT, atv, Kanal D ve Cine5'ten sonra Türkiye'nin 11. özel televizyon kanalı olmuştur. Bilhassa İslami ve kültürel konuları işlemesi ile bilinen kanal, Gülen Hareketi ile ilişkiliydi. Kanalın genel yayın yönetmenliğini Hidayet Karaca yürütmüştür.

Tarihçe
Samanyolu TV, ilk olarak 25 Eylül 1996 yılında Türksat 1C uydusunun hizmete girmesiyle Orta Asya'daki Türk cumhuriyetlerine yayınlarını ulaştırdı. 17 Haziran 1999'da ise Eutelsat-2 uydusu ile Avrupa ve Kuzey Afrika ülkelerine ulaştı. 11 Ocak 2000'de Hazar Denizi çevresinde ve Azerbaycan'da kendi stüdyolarında STV Hazar ile yayına başladı. 27 Kasım 2000'de Samanyolu TV'nin yayınları, Amerika kıtasına ulaştı. 1 Mayıs 2004 itibarıyla Samanyolu TV, Türksat 2A uydusundan dijital olarak yayınlarını sunmaktaydı. 7 Aralık 2011'de Samanyolu TV yayınları, Afrika'ya ulaştı. 18 Eylül 2014 tarihinde Samanyolu TV'nin yayınları Türksat 4A uydusuna, Samanyolu Avrupa TV'nin yayınları ise Türksat 3A uydusu üzerine taşındı.

Samanyolu Yayın Grubu'nun toplamda 14 televizyon kanalı, 5 radyo kanalı bulunmaktadır. Televizyon kanalları şunlardı: Kültür ve din üzerine yayın yapan Mehtap TV, Irmak TV, habercilik ve kültür üzerine yayın yapan Samanyolu Haber TV, İngilizce yayın yapan Ebru TV, çocuklar için Yumurcak TV, Kürtçe yayın yapan Dünya TV, Arapça yayın yapan Hira TV, alışveriş kanalı Tuna Shopping TV ve genel bir içerik üzerine yayın yapan MC TV, MC EU, Samanyolu Avrupa TV, Samanyolu Afrika, Samanyolu US ve Samanyolu TV.

Samanyolu TV, 12 Ağustos 2014'te 16:9 geniş ekran formatına, 18 Eylül 2014'te HD yayına geçti.

Samanyolu TV HD
Samanyolu TV HD, Eylül 2013'te test yayınlarına başlayan ancak uydu kapasitesinin o zaman dolu olması nedeniyle 18 Eylül 2014'te yayına başlayan, Samanyolu TV ile eş zamanlı yayın yapan HD kanalıdır.

18 Eylül 2014 tarihinde Türksat 4A uydusunun devreye girmesiyle birlikte Samanyolu TV HD, Türksat 4A 11096 V 30000 5/6 frekansından, D-Smart 28. kanaldan, Digiturk 35. kanaldan, Filbox 11096 V 30000 5/6 frekansından ve Türksat TKGS 6. kanaldan da izlenebilmekteyken,

1 Ekim 2014 tarihinde Samanyolu TV HD yayınını D-Smart ve Digiturk için şifrelemiştir. 5 Mayıs 2015 tarihine kadar sadece D-Smart 28. kanaldan ve Digiturk 35. kanaldan izlenebilmekteyken,

5 Mayıs 2015 tarihinden itibaren 15 Kasım 2015 tarihine kadar Samanyolu TV HD, Türksat 4A 11096 V 30000 5/6 frekansından, Digiturk 35. kanaldan, D-Smart 28. kanaldan, Teledünya 28. kanaldan, Tivibu 30. kanaldan, Turkcell TV+ 35. kanaldan, Filbox 11096 V 30000 5/6 frekansından ve Türksat TKGS 723. kanaldan da izlenebilmekteyken,

15 Kasım 2015 tarihinden itibaren 1 Mayıs 2016 tarihine kadar Samanyolu TV HD yayınları sadece www.kure.tv adlı internet sitesi üzerinden izlenebilmekteydi.

Çeşitli yayın platformları tarafından yayınının sonlandırılması ve Kapanışı
Samanyolu TV'nin Fethullahçı Terör Örgütü (FETÖ) propagandaları yaptığı gerekçesiyle, tivibu platformu üzerindeki yayınları 27 Eylül 2015; Turkcell TV+ platformu üzerindeki yayınları 03 Ekim 2015; Digiturk platformu üzerindeki yayınları 08 Ekim 2015 ve Teledünya ile KabloTV platformu üzerindeki yayınları 12 Ekim 2015 tarihinde sonlandırıldı.

Samanyolu Grubu'nun Türksat ile 2024 yılına kadar anlaşması bulunmasına rağmen Samanyolu Grubuna ait Samanyolu TV, Samanyolu Haber, MC TV, Mehtap TV, Yumurcak TV ve Dünya TV'nin de aralarında bulunduğu 13 televizyon ve radyo kanalının yayını 15 Kasım 2015 tarihinde kesildi. Bu nedenle Samanyolu TV'deki bazı çalışanlar ayrıldı. Yayın ekipmanları ise onların olduğu evlerine taşındı. Samanyolu TV, aynı zamanda Ankara'daki binalarını sattı ve Çamlıca'daki binalarından ayrılıp Almanya'da stüdyo kiraladı. Samanyolu TV, Samanyolu Haber, MC TV, Yumurcak TV, Mehtap TV, Irmak TV ve Samanyolu Avrupa kanalları, Astra ve Hotbird uyduları üzerinden de izlenilebilmekteydi. Diğer kanallar ise bazı uygulamalar ve İnternet üzerinden izlenebilmekteydi. Kanal 30 Nisan 2016 gecesi uydu ve karasal yayınlarına son verdi. Hemen ardından, Mayıs 2016'da sadece internet üzerinden yayın yapan STV Medya açılmıştır.

Kanal, 2016 Türkiye askerî darbe girişimi sonrasında çıkartılan OHAL yasası kapsamında komple kapatılmıştır.

Programları

Samanyolu TV'nin, gizemli ve sırlı olayları anlatan Sır Kapısı programı ile bilinirliği artmış ve Türkiye'nin gündemine oturmuştur. Sır Kapısı programının adı 2004 yılının Nisan ayında Sırlar Dünyası olarak değiştirilmiştir. Program, 2007 yılında bitmiş ve 2010 yılında tekrar yayınlanmıştır.

2007 yılında yayımlanmaya başlayan ve 2008 yılında sona eren Hakkını Helal Et adlı dizisinin bazı kesimler tarafından Amerikan komedi dizisi My Name is Earl'nin çalıntısı olduğu iddia edilmiştir. Hakkını Helal Et dizisinin yapımcısı Melih Sezgin bu dizide karakterin ve senaryonun Fudayl bin İyaz'ın hayatı ile oluşturulduğunu söylemiş, hiçbir şekilde çalıntı olmadığını belirtmiştir.

2008 yılına geldiğinde ise Türkiye'nin Güneydoğu bölgesinde görev yapan bir doktor'un hayatının anlatıldığı Tek Türkiye adlı dizisi ile reytinglerde ön plana çıkmaya başlamıştı. Dizi Samanyolu TV'nin en çok izlenen programı olmuştu. Samanyolu TV, bunun yanı sıra, günlük yayın yapan İki Dünya Arasında adlı dizi ve haftalık olarak yayın yapan Sungurlar ve Küçük Gelin adlı dizileriyle adını duyurmaktadır.

Yayın ağının ulaştığı ülkeler
 Asya: Afganistan, Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri, Bahreyn, Çin, Hindistan, Irak, İran, İsrail, Katar, Kuveyt, Lübnan, Moğolistan, Özbekistan, Pakistan, Suudi Arabistan, Suriye, Tacikistan, Türkmenistan, Umman, Ürdün, Yakutistan, Yemen.
 Avrupa: Almanya, Arnavutluk, Avusturya, Azerbaycan, Belçika, Beyaz Rusya, Bosna-Hersek, Bulgaristan, Çekya, Danimarka, Ermenistan, Finlandiya, Fransa, Gürcistan, Hırvatistan, Hollanda, İngiltere, İrlanda, İspanya, İsveç, İsviçre, İtalya, İzlanda, Letonya, Litvanya, Lüksemburg, Macaristan, Kuzey Makedonya, Malta, Moldova, Monako, Norveç, Kazakistan, Kıbrıs, KKTC, Polonya, Portekiz, Romanya, Rusya, Sırbistan, Slovakya, Türkiye, Ukrayna, Vatikan, Yunanistan.
 Amerika: Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Bahamalar, Belize, Dominik Cumhuriyeti, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaika, Kanada, Küba, Meksika, Nikaragua, Porto Riko.
 Afrika: Cezayir, Etiyopya, Fas, Libya, Mısır, Sudan, Tunus.
 Okyanusya: Avustralya, Yeni Zelanda, diğer ada ülkeler

Samanyolu Afrika
7 Aralık 2011'de kurulan bir televizyon kanalıdır. Astra 4A uydusu üzerinden yayın yapmıştır.

Samanyolu Amerika
Samanyolu Amerika, Merkezi Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, New Jersey'de bulunan bir televizyon kanalıdır. Amerika'daki Türklere hitap eder. 5 Nisan 1998'de yayın hayatına başlamıştır. Yayınları Samanyolu TV'den ve Amerika'ya özel olarak hazırlanan programlardan oluşmaktadır. Samanyolu Amerika'nın merkez binası Ebru TV'nin de bulunduğu New Jersey'dedir.

Samanyolu Avrupa
Samanyolu Avrupa, Samanyolu TV'nin Avrupa'ya yönelik yayın yapan televizyon kanalıdır. 1999 yılında STV World adıyla ilk yayınına başlayan kanal, Eylül 2003'te Samanyolu TV ile logosunu değiştirmesiyle beraber adını Samanyolu Avrupa olarak değiştirmiştir. 15 Kasım 2015 tarihinde 16 televizyon ve radyo kanallarıyla beraber Türksat yayını kesildi. 1 Mart 2017'de ise Avrupa'daki kablo platformlarındaki yayını kesilmiştir ve Hotbird uydusundaki frekanstan MC EU kanalının yayına başlamasıyla beraber kapanmıştır.

Logoları

Kaynakça

Samanyolu TV
Türkçe televizyon kanalları
Türkiye'deki genel kanallar
Türkiye'deki İslami televizyon kanalları
İslami medya
HD yayın yapan kanallar
1993'te kurulan televizyon kanalları ve istasyonları
2016'da kapanan televizyon kanalları ve istasyonları
Gülen hareketi
Türkiye'deki dizi kanalları

Samanyolu TV


VM i fodbold 2018 gruppe F er en af otte indledende grupper ved VM i fodbold 2018. Kampene spilles fra 17. til 27. juni 2018. Gruppen består af Tyskland, Mexico, Sverige og Sydkorea. De øverst placerede hold vil gå videre til ottendedelsfinalerne.

Stilling

I ottendedelsfinalerne:
 Vinderen af gruppe F vil gå videre til at spille mod toeren i gruppe E.
 Toeren i gruppe F vil gå videre til at spille mod vinderen af gruppe E.

Alle angivne spilletidspunkter er angivet i Centraleuropæisk/dansk tid .

Tyskland vs Mexico

Sverige vs Sydkorea

Sydkorea vs Mexico

Tyskland vs Sverige

Sydkorea vs Tyskland

Mexico vs Sverige

Referencer

Gruppe F

VM i fodbold 2018 gruppe F


Seyed Ali Esmaeilzadeh Pakdaman (în , ) este un scrimer iranian specializat pe sabie.

Carieră
Taekwondo a fost primul sport pe care l-a practicat. S-a apucat de scrimă, luând exemplul fratelui mai mare, care era în componența lotului naținal al Iranului. Este student la Universitatea Islamică Azad din Teheran.

A fost vicecampion asiatic la individual în 2016 după ce a fost învins de sud-coreeanul Gu Bon-gil. Astfel a fost singurul scrimer din Asia de Est care a cucerit o medalie la această ediție. Pe echipe a fost laureat cu argint la Campionatul Asiatic în 2013 și 2015. A câștigat și argint pe echipe la Jocurile Asiatice din 2014. La Campionatul Mondial de Scrimă din 2016 Iranul a creat surpriză, ajungând în semifinală după niște victorii cu Franța, apoi cu Statele Unite. A pierdut cu Ungaria, apoi a fost depășit de România în "finala mică". Totuși, locul 4 este cel mai bun clasament din istoria scrimei Iranului.

În luna martie 2016 s-a calificat pentru Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016, fiind unul din cei doi mai bine clasați din Asia.

Palmares
Clasamentul la Cupa Mondială

Referințe

Legături externe

Scrimeri iranieni
Sabreri
Scrimeri la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016
Scrimeri la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2020

Ali Pakdaman


Kisdorf, Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Segeberg iline bağlı bir yerleşim yeri. 24,52 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Eylül 2006 itibarıyla yaklaşık 3551 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Harro Schmidt tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.kisdorf.de

Segeberg iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Kisdorf


محافظة شمال غزة  هي أحد المحافظات في قطاع غزة، يقدر عدد سكان المحافظة 281 ألف نسمة لعام 2005 موزعة على التجمعات السكانية وتضم (مدينة جباليا ومدينة بيت لاهيا ومدينة بيت حانون)
تولت السلطة الفلسطينية إدارة المحافظة تطبيقا لاتفاق أوسلو سنة 1993 بعد أن كانت تتخذها قوات الجيش الإسرائيلي مقرا لها أثناء احتلال قطاع غزة ما بين 1967 و1994.

المساحة
تصل مساحتها إلى 62 كم مربع وتشكل 17% من إجمالي مساحة محافظات قطاع غزة وتشتمل على أربعة تجمعات حضرية وهي (مدينة جباليا- مخيم جباليا - مدينة بيت لاهيا - مدينة بيت حانون - ضاحية الشيخ زايد السكنية) (وعلى عدة تجمعات ريفية وهي( قرية أم النصر -عزبة بيت حانون - مشروع العلمي -تل الزعتر - بئر النعجة).

حقوق الإنسان والتدهور البيئي في شمال قطاع غزة
إلى جانب أخطار محطة معالجة المياه العادمة المستمرة على البيئة وصحة السكان، فإن محطة معالجة المجاري تشكل تهديداً كبيراً لأمن وسلامة سكان المناطق المحيطة بها، وأن ما يترتب على تسرب المياه العادمة وفيضانها لا يؤثر على قرية أم النصر وحدها، بل على المنطقة بأسرها، وخاصةً مدينة بيت لاهيا التي يسكنها حوالي 55000 نسمة. وقامت البلدية بعمل سواتر بارتفاع 9 أمتار لكن ارتفاع منسوب المياه، خاصة في فصل الشتاء بشكل كبير ينذر بانهيار السواتر الترابية، حيث يشكل هذا الانهيار كارثة بيئية جديدة، وقد صدق توقعنا حين انفجرت إحدى البرك وقتلت تسعة أفراد وهجرت القرية البدوية الشهر الماضي.

المحافظون
 زهدي محمود سعيد عامر، (15 سبتمبر 1996-2001)
 صخر بسيسو، (2001-فبراير 2005)
 إسماعيل محمد ياسين أبو شمالة، (27 مارس 2005-2013)
 صلاح إحسان محمد أبو وردة، (2 يوليو 2014-10 أغسطس 2023)

المراجع

محافظة شمال غزة
قوالب محافظات فلسطين
محافظات السلطة الوطنية الفلسطينية في قطاع غزة

محافظة شمال غزة


Ibrox Stadium (Scottish Gaelic: Stadium Ibrox) is a football stadium on the south side of the River Clyde in the Ibrox area of Glasgow, Scotland. The home of Scottish Premiership team Rangers Football Club, Ibrox is the third largest football stadium in Scotland, with an all-seated capacity of . The stadium was designed by renowned football stadium architect Archibald Leitch, with renovations to the stadium between 1978 and 1981, as well as 1990 and 1991, being designed by The Miller Partnership and Gareth Hutchison respectively.

Opened as Ibrox Park in 1899, it suffered a disaster in 1902 when a wooden terrace collapsed. Vast earthen terraces were built in its place, and a main stand, now a listed building, in 1928. A British record crowd of 118,567 gathered in January 1939 for a league match with Celtic. After another disaster in 1971, the stadium was largely rebuilt. The vast bowl-shaped terracing was removed and replaced by three rectangular, all-seated stands by 1981. After renovations were completed in 1997, the ground was renamed Ibrox Stadium.

A UEFA category four stadium, Ibrox hosted the Scotland national football team when Hampden Park was redeveloped in the 1990s, and three Scottish cup finals in the same period, and has also been a concert venue. The stadium hosted the Rugby Sevens at the 2014 Commonwealth Games held in Scotland.

History

First Ibrox (1872–1902)
Rangers played its first match in May 1872, on Glasgow Green. The club then played home matches on public pitches across Glasgow, first moving to a regular home ground at Burnbank in 1875. A year later, Rangers played at the Clydesdale cricket ground in Kinning Park. This ground was improved to give a capacity of 7,000, but it was not owned by Rangers. After hints by the landlords that they wished to develop the site, Rangers left in February 1887. The club shared Cathkin Park with Third Lanark for the remainder of the 1886–87 season.

Rangers first moved to the Ibrox area later in 1887, playing on a site immediately to the east of the current stadium. The first match at this stadium was an 8–1 defeat to English side Preston North End on 20 August 1887, watched by a capacity crowd of over 15,000. This inaugural match had to be abandoned after 70 minutes due to a pitch invasion. The first Ibrox Park was a success in the short term, as three Scotland international matches and the 1890 Scottish Cup Final were played at the ground. Celtic Park, built in 1892, was more advanced, however. Rangers opted to construct a new stadium, raising funds by forming a limited company. The last match at the old ground was played on 9 December 1899. The new Ibrox Park was formally opened with a 3–1 victory over Hearts on 30 December.

Ibrox Park and Ibrox disaster (1902–1928)

Ibrox Park, as it was known between 1899 and 1997, is almost completely different from the Ibrox Stadium of today. It followed the model of most Scottish stadiums of the time, comprising an oval track around the pitch, with a pavilion and one stand along one side. The ground had a capacity of 40,000. Celtic Park, Ibrox and Hampden Park all competed with each other to host Scottish Cup Finals and Scotland matches, one of which could generate up to £1,000 in revenue for the host club. To aid their chances of gaining that revenue, Rangers constructed a large terracing, holding 36,000 people, behind the western goalmouth. The terracing, designed by Archibald Leitch, was formed by wooden planks bolted onto a framework made of iron. A similar wooden terracing was constructed at the eastern end, giving a total capacity of 75,000.

The structure was passed by the Govan Burgh Surveyor in March 1902, but there were newspaper reports that it was unstable. A crowd of 68,114 assembled for a Scotland v England match on 5 April 1902, but shortly after the kick-off one section of the terracing "collapsed like a trap door". A gap of 20 square yards appeared, causing about 125 people to fall to the ground 50 feet below the terracing. Most survived due to the fact they fell on top of other bodies, but 25 people were killed. 517 people were injured, some due to being crushed in the panic caused by the collapse.

Most people in the stadium were unaware that the (first) Ibrox disaster had happened. People even re-occupied the damaged area, despite the danger of further collapse. A definite reason for the disaster was not agreed upon, partly because there was no public inquiry held. Some experts blamed the quality of wood and the supplier was tried for culpable homicide, but was acquitted. The design was also cited as a possible cause. Generally, wooden structures of that size were not trusted. Rangers removed the wooden terraces, reducing capacity to 25,000. The criticism of the design did not deter Rangers from hiring Leitch in the future. He designed an expansion of Ibrox to a 63,000 capacity by 1910, using slopes made of earth. By this point, the city of Glasgow had the three largest purpose-built football grounds in the world.

Renovations (1928–1953)

The next major redevelopment occurred in 1928, after Rangers had won their first double. A new Main Stand, to the south side of the ground, was opened on 1 January 1929. The Main Stand, which has the familiar Leitch style criss-cross balcony and a red-brick facade, seated 10,000 people and provided standing accommodation in an enclosure. Simon Inglis, a writer on football stadia, commented in 2005 that the Main Stand is Leitch's "greatest work" and is "still resplendent today in its red brick glory under a modern mantle of glass and steel". The architectural significance of the Main Stand was reflected when it became a Category B listed building in 1987. Original seats in the Main Stand were made of cast iron and oak. One was auctioned in 2011 for £1,080.

The banking of the terracing continued to increase in the 1930s. On 2 January 1939, the Old Firm game against Celtic attracted a crowd of 118,567, the record attendance for any league match played in Britain. At this point, Ibrox was the second-largest stadium in Britain.

Post-war, re-design and new name (1953–1997)
Floodlights were first used at Ibrox in December 1953, for a friendly match against Arsenal. The first floodlit Scottish league match was played at Ibrox, in March 1956. Covers were built over the north and east terracing during the 1960s. No structural changes were made to Ibrox, but capacity was cut to approximately 80,000 by safety legislation.

Ibrox Park had the worst fan safety record in Britain before its complete redesign and renaming in 1997. Two fans died in September 1961 when a barrier collapsed on Stairway 13, resulting in a crush. Stairway 13 was a popular exit from the East Terracing due to its proximity to Copland Road subway station and parking areas for the Rangers supporters' coaches, but it was often overcrowded and very steep. After this incident, Rangers installed safety measures, but further injuries were sustained in crushes on Stairway 13 in both 1967 and 1969. On 23 October 1968, the main stand at Ibrox was hit by fire. Just seven months later there was another fire, which destroyed more than 200 seats behind the directors box. The worst disaster to date to affect football in Britain happened after the Old Firm game on 2 January 1971, when 66 people died of asphyxiation due to another crush on Stairway 13. The game itself ended in a 1–1 draw, with Colin Stein scoring a late equalising goal for Rangers. This led to a widespread belief that the crush had been caused by fans who had left the game early, but had turned back when they heard the roar that greeted the Rangers goal. A public inquiry discounted this initial story. It established that the crowd had been travelling in the same direction when the crush happened, with it perhaps being precipitated by some bending over to pick up items that had been discarded during the goal celebrations. The downward force of the crowd leaving the stadium meant that when people started to fall there was no means of preventing a crush.

The inquiry and subsequent compensation cases found that Rangers had been inept in their administration and complacent after the incidents in the 1960s. The disaster also highlighted, however, the fact that there were no established safety standards that should be adhered to, let alone any means of enforcing such standards. This had been first recommended nearly 50 years earlier, after the 1923 FA Cup Final. The Guide to Safety at Sports Grounds was published in 1973, and legislation was enacted with the Safety of Sports Grounds Act 1975. This law cut the capacity of Ibrox to 65,000. In the short term, Rangers took the stopgap measure of installing benches in the North Stand, which was renamed the Centenary Stand.

Ibrox Stadium (1997–present)

The 1971 Ibrox disaster led to the club developing a modern, safe stadium. Willie Waddell visited modern grounds in West Germany during the 1974 World Cup and believed that steep terracing and exits, such as Stairway 13, had to be replaced. The cut in capacity and boardroom changes led to radical plans by architects Miller Partnership, which were published in November 1977. The plans were modelled on the Westfalenstadion, home ground of Borussia Dortmund. They involved a radical reshaping of the stadium, with the old bowl-shaped terracing to be replaced by three new all-seated structures. Only the old Main Stand would remain, with its enclosure providing the only standing room in the ground.

Although later events, such as the Hillsborough disaster and the subsequent Taylor Report, vindicated this plan, Rangers were taking a significant risk. The whole plan was estimated to cost £6 million, which no other club could have afforded in a short period of time. The development was funded by the Rangers football pools operation, which was the largest club-based scheme in Britain. The first phase of the plan, which began in 1978, was the removal of the east terracing and its replacement with the Copland Road stand. The same process was repeated on the west side of the ground a year later, with the two identical stands each holding 7,500 seats. The redevelopment was completed in 1981 with the replacement of the Centenary Stand by the 10,300 capacity Govan Stand.

The new Ibrox had a capacity of 44,000 and was opened with an Old Firm game played on 19 September 1981. By this time, however, the development cost had risen to £10 million, which depleted the club financially. This resulted in a difficult period in the history of Rangers, as the average attendance fell to 17,500 in the 1981–82 season, including a crowd of only 4,500 for a game against St Mirren. The redeveloped stadium was partly blamed for this, as some fans felt that the new ground lacked atmosphere due to the spaces between the stands. This was during a period of low attendances in Scottish football in general. Despite the relatively low attendance at Ibrox, Rangers had the highest average home attendances in the Premier Division in both 1983–84 and 1984–85.

This all changed when a new regime, chaired by David Holmes, took control of Rangers in 1986. Graeme Souness was appointed player–manager, while several English stars, including Terry Butcher and Chris Woods, were signed. Season ticket sales rose from 7,000 in 1986 to over 30,000 in the 1990s, while commercial income increased from £239,000 in 1986 to over £2 million in 1989. The introduction of computerised ticketing, zonal public address systems and closed-circuit television for monitoring turnstile areas meant that Ibrox was at the forefront of stadium management. Rangers also adopted the American technique of analysing the types of fans in each area of the stadium and adjusted their food stalls accordingly. Greater success on the pitch meant that Ibrox demonstrated that seated stadiums would be welcomed by most fans, if designed and fitted well.

Structure and facilities

Stadium design

The Ibrox pitch is surrounded by four covered all-seater stands, officially known as the Bill Struth Main (south), Broomloan Road (west), Sandy Jardine (north) and Copland Road (east) Stands. Each stand has two tiers, with the exception of the Bill Struth Main Stand, which has had three tiers since the Club Deck was added in 1991. The two corner areas, known as the West and East areas of the Sandy Jardine Stand, have one tier of seating below a JumboTron screen.

The Bill Struth Main Stand, formerly known as the Main Stand, faces onto Edmiston Drive (A8 road). The red-brick facade, designed by Archibald Leitch, is a Category B listed building. Simon Inglis, writing in 1996, described it as an "imposing red-brick facade, with its mock neo-classical arched, square and pedimented windows, exudes prestige and power." On each end wall the club crest is depicted in a blue and gold mosaic. Stairtowers leading to the Club Deck (third tier) stand at each end of the Main Stand. These towers are also framed in red-brick, but deliberately contrast with the main body of the stand. The two stairtowers also support a  long and  truss, claimed to be the longest and heaviest clear span girder in the world.

Through the main doors of the Main Stand is a wood-panelled hallway. A marble staircase leads to the boardroom and trophy room. Inglis compared Ibrox to Highbury, in that it combined corporate power with a sense of tradition and solidity. It was originally constructed as a 10,000-seat stand above a standing enclosure. It was redeveloped in the early 1990s with the addition of the Club Deck and seating in the enclosure. It is now a three-tier all-seated structure, accommodating approximately 21,000 spectators. The front wall of the middle tier is one of the last surviving examples of the Leitch style of criss-cross detailing. The middle tier is split into front and rear sections, while the enclosure is split into east and west sections, either side of the retractable tunnel cover.

Opposite the Bill Struth Main Stand is the Sandy Jardine Stand formerly known as the Govan Stand. It is a two-tier stand, similar in style to the two end stands, which was completed in 1981. To the rear of the Govan Stand is the Argyle House extension, completed in 1990, which provides executive boxes, hospitality areas and office space. The Bar 72 area was added to the rear section of the Govan Stand in 2006. The Copland Road Stand, at the east end of the stadium, was completed in 1979 and now accommodates just over 8,000 fans. It is traditionally the 'Rangers end' of the ground and the team normally chooses to attack that end in the second half of matches. The western Broomloan Road Stand, which was completed in 1980, is identical to the opposite end. Although constructed as separate structures, the three stands have been linked since the mid-1990s, when two additional areas of seating were added to the corner areas. All of the stands are designed using the 'goalpost' structure, in which a large portal frame supports perpendicular beams on which roof cladding is secured. The Rangers Store is located in the corner between the Copland Road and Govan Stands.

Away fans are normally accommodated in the corner of the ground between the Broomloan and Govan Stands. Ibrox is seen as being an intimidating ground for visiting supporters. Rangers banned Celtic fans in 1994 from attending games at Ibrox, citing the damage caused to the Broomloan Stand by the visitors in previous derbies. The ban was lifted after one game, as the Scottish Football League passed a resolution preventing clubs from taking that action. Before the corners were filled in, away fans were accommodated in the lower tier of the Broomloan Stand. Rangers had to take action in 1996 to prevent their fans in the upper deck from throwing items at visitors. Celtic fans were normally given the whole of the Broomloan Stand for Old Firm derbies until 2018, when Rangers opted to restrict their allocation to the much smaller corner section.

Club Deck

David Murray acquired control of Rangers in November 1988. Argyle House, a £4 million extension behind the Govan Stand, was opened in 1990. This added executive boxes, office space and hospitality suites. A further series of developments was started in the early 1990s to increase capacity to over 50,000. Murray commissioned architect Gareth Hutchison to find a way of adding a third tier to the Main Stand. This was a highly complex process, as the Main Stand facade had become a listed building and Murray wanted the existing structure to remain open during construction. The contractors removed the original roof and added a temporary cover while the work carried on above. The Club Deck, which cost approximately £20 million, was opened with a league match against Dundee United in December 1991. The redevelopment of the Main Stand was partially financed by a Football Trust grant of £2 million and a debenture issue that raised £8.5 million. Ordinary fans bought debentures for between £1,000 and £1,650 each, which guaranteed the right to buy season tickets for at least 30 years, along with some other minor benefits.

Four columns were built through the existing Main Stand to support the Club Deck, which resulted in approximately 1,000 seats having a restricted view. After opening the Club Deck, Ibrox had a capacity of 44,500. When a new playing surface was installed in 1992, Rangers were able to add a further 1,300 seats to the front of three stands by lowering the pitch slightly. The only standing area of the ground, the enclosure of the Main Stand, was seated in 1994 to comply with the Taylor Report and UEFA regulations. The multi-coloured seats were replaced in 1995 with uniform blue seats. A further 1,200 seats were added in this process by reconfiguring passageways, giving a total capacity of 47,998.

The two spaces between the Govan, Copland and Broomloan Stands were filled in with seats and Jumbotron screens. The ground was officially renamed Ibrox Stadium after renovations were completed in 1997, when Ibrox had a capacity of just over 50,000.

Capacity and developments

Rangers have explored options to increase capacity at Ibrox. A report in the Daily Record in April 2007 claimed that Rangers were planning to increase capacity to 57,000, principally by removing the JumboTron screens and lowering the pitch to accommodate more seating. These plans were said to be dependent for finance upon improved performance by the team. In January 2008, Rangers announced that they were investigating three options to further develop Ibrox. One of the proposals would have resulted in a capacity of 70,000, by replacing three of the stands with a bowl-type structure. These plans were shelved by October 2008, however, due to the late-2000s financial crisis.

Alongside changes to the stadium itself, Rangers have also sought to develop land around Ibrox. In partnership with the Las Vegas Sands corporation, the club received outline planning permission from Glasgow City Council for the development of land adjoining Ibrox as the home of a super casino. The casino was planned to be accompanied by a Rangers-themed leisure complex. Britain's Casino Advisory Panel reviewed bids from eight short-listed cities, including Glasgow, and in 2007 awarded the first licence to Manchester. There is no immediate prospect of the Ibrox proposal being resurrected, as Gordon Brown dropped the plans for super casinos soon after becoming Prime Minister. Rangers were given approval by Glasgow City Council in October 2008 to purchase land around Ibrox and redevelop the area with hotel and retail outlets. This scheme stalled, however, as regulations constrained what could be built in the area.

Three rows of seating were added to the front of the Govan Stand upper tier in 2006, linked to a new 'Bar 72' area, increasing the capacity to its present figure of . After opening the Bar 72 area in 2006, chief executive Martin Bain said that the scheme could be replicated in the Copland Stand. The Main Stand was renamed the Bill Struth Main Stand in September 2006, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of his death.

In January 2023, Rangers added 170 new seats in the Sandy Jardine Rear Stand by removing hospitality boxes in the former Argyle House Restaurant (rebranding it as the Blue Sky Lounge) adding three rows of seats to the rear of the stand and more disabled seating, taking the capacity up to 50,987.

In June 2023, a fan engagement meeting at New Edmiston House was told that Rangers were investigating various options to increase capacity. Beyond the previously announced plan to radically improve disabled facilities that would provide a net gain of 600 seats, Rangers costed both partial and complete infills of the corners between the Sandy Jardine stand and the Broomloan and Copland stands. The partial infills could deliver an increase of 1,300 seats per corner (2,600 total), with full infills delivering 3–4,000 seats per corner (6-8,000 total). In addition, there was an option to lower the playing surface to increase capacity by 4,500 seats, but this would involve the team having to relocate for matches until the work was completed.

Sale of Ibrox Stadium, 2012

Rangers became insolvent in February 2012 and was unable to reach a company voluntary arrangement with its creditors, principally HM Revenue and Customs. Ibrox Stadium, along with the business and other assets of Rangers, was sold in June 2012 to a new company run by Charles Green.

Tributes and statues

On 16 July 2014, the club paid a lasting tribute to Sandy Jardine by renaming the Govan Stand in his honour.

In October 2022, a year after the passing of former manager Walter Smith, the club announced a statue of him had been commissioned and would be placed at the Copland Road end of Ibrox.

Other uses

Football
Ibrox has been a home venue for the Scotland national football team 18 times, the third most of any ground. The first Ibrox Park (1887–99) hosted three internationals, giving an overall Ibrox total of 21. The ground most recently hosted a Scotland game in October 2014 (a UEFA Euro 2016 qualifier against Georgia, won 1–0) when Hampden Park was unavailable due to its temporary conversion to hold athletics in the 2014 Commonwealth Games. Ibrox hosted several internationals during the 1990s, particularly during two phases of redevelopment works at Hampden. Ibrox hosted four Scotland games in the first phase, starting with a 1994 World Cup qualifier against Portugal in October 1992. It was not a happy interlude for Scotland fans, however, as the team failed to qualify for the World Cup for the first time since 1970. Although the attendances at Ibrox were higher than at Hampden, some fans resented the fact that they were helping the finances of Rangers. and there were complaints about high ticket prices. During the second phase of work at Hampden, Scotland won an important 1998 World Cup qualifier against Sweden at Ibrox.

During these periods of redevelopment to Hampden, Ibrox also hosted the 1997 Scottish Cup Final, and the 1994 and 1997 Scottish League Cup Finals. Ibrox was on the approved UEFA list to host major European finals in the 1990s, but it lost out in a bid to host the 1996 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup Final because a convention threatened a shortage of hotel rooms in Glasgow. Ibrox continued to hold the top UEFA rating, but the Scottish Football Association instead proposed Hampden as a venue for European finals during the 2000s.

Non-football
King George V & Queen Mary visited Ibrox Park on 17 September 1917, to thank Glasgow and Clydeside for its efforts in the First World War. In the first ever public investiture in Scotland, and in front of 100,000, the King awarded medals to servicemen including three Victoria Crosses, 46 Military Medals and 33 Military Crosses. Four-fifths of the gathering were women - munitions workers, nurses and other war workers.
For the 1938 Empire Exhibition being held in Bellahouston Park and which attracted over 13 million visitors, his son King George VI suggested the official opening ceremony be held in Ibrox Park, allowing 146,000 spectators to see the opening. His speech was broadcast live to the nation and throughout the Empire on the morning of 3 May 1938. This was used as source material by Colin Firth for his performance in The King's Speech movie.

Ibrox has been used for athletics competitions, Empire Games, and concerts, including performances by Simple Minds (1986), Frank Sinatra (1990), Rod Stewart (1995), Elton John (1998), Billy Joel (also 1998), Bon Jovi (1996, 2003 & 2007) and Harry Styles (2022).

In 1980, Ibrox hosted a world championship boxing match between Jim Watt and Howard Davis. Ibrox hosted the rugby sevens event at the 2014 Commonwealth Games, won by South Africa. There was a total attendance of 171,000 for the four sessions of play, which set a new record for a rugby sevens tournament.

The stadium hosted the 1983 Centenary Celebrations of The Boys' Brigade.

Transport

The main railway stations in Glasgow, Central and Queen Street, are both approximately two miles from Ibrox. The Ibrox and Cessnock stations on the Glasgow Subway both serve Ibrox. It is also served by First Glasgow buses on Paisley Road West. Ibrox sits near to the M8 motorway, with junction 23 being the closest exit, but the roads around Ibrox become congested on matchdays. There was an Ibrox railway station, on the main line linking Glasgow and Paisley, which was closed in 1967 under the Beeching cuts.

Notes

References

 Sources

External links

Ibrox Stadium  at Rangers.co.uk

Sports venues completed in 1899
Category B listed buildings in Glasgow
Football venues in Glasgow
Rugby union stadiums in Scotland
Govan
Listed sports venues in Scotland
Rangers F.C.
Sports venues in Glasgow
1899 establishments in Scotland
2014 Commonwealth Games venues
Scottish Premier League venues
Scottish Football League venues
Scottish Professional Football League venues
Scotland national football team venues
Commonwealth Games rugby union venues
Sports museums in Scotland
Music venues completed in 1899

Ibrox Stadium


Faunova kuća (), izgrađena u 2. stoljeću prije Krista tijekom samnitskog razdoblja (180. pr. Kr.), bila je velika helenistička palača s peristilom u Pompejima u Italiji. Povijesni značaj ovog impresivnog posjeda nalazi se u mnogim velikim umjetničkim djelima koja su dobro očuvana od pepela erupcije Vezuva 79. godine. To je jedna od najluksuznijih aristokratskih kuća iz Rimske Republike i odražava ovo razdoblje bolje od većine arheoloških dokaza pronađenih čak i u samom Rimu.

Povijest
Faunova kuća, zajedno s Pansinom kućom i Kućom srebrnog vjenčanja, između ostalih, predstavljaju višu klasu rimskih kuća Republike. Više od 190 godina nakon iskopavanja, kuća se ističe iznimnom izradom i kvalitetom materijala, čak i u usporedbi s drugim plemićkim kućama u Pompejima. Postoje dokazi, ponajviše u istočnim zidovima tetrastilnog atrija, da je nakon potresa u Pompejima 62. godine, Faunova kuća ponovno izgrađena i popravljena, što je otkriveno iskapanjem ispod poda kuće; a zgrada je  uništena 79. godine, kada ju je erupcija Vezuva konačno zatrpala. Iako je erupcija bila razorna, slojevi pepela koji su prekrili grad sačuvali su umjetnine, poput mozaika, koji bi inače vjerojatno bili uništeni ili ozbiljno propali zbog protoka vremena.

Brončani kip rasplesanog fauna je ono po čemu je Faunova kuća dobila ime. U središtu atrija nalazi se impluvij od bijelog vapnenca, bazen za skupljanje vode. Kip je pronađen 26. listopada 1830. u blizini jedne strane impluvija i male fontane u sredini. Izvorni kip trenutno se nalazi u Nacionalnom arheološkom muzeju (Museo Archeologico Nazionale) u Napulju, tako da je kip koji se danas vidi u ruševinama kuće kopija. Fauni su duhovi neukroćene šume; tipično su prikazani kao pola ljudi i pola koze. Pismeni i helenizirani Rimljani često su povezivali svoje prikaze fauna s Panom i grčkim satirima, koji su bili divlji sljedbenici grčkog boga vina i drame, Dioniza. To je čisto dekorativna skulptura visokog reda: "poza je lagana i graciozna", primijetio je Sir Kenneth Clark.

Arheolozi su otkrili natpis s cognomenom Saturninus, što sugerira da je prebivalište bilo u vlasništvu važnog roda, ili klana, Satria; pronađen je i prsten s obiteljskim imenom Cassius, što ukazuje da se netko iz obitelji Cassii oženio u gens Satria i živio u Faunovoj kući.

Kuću Fauna prvo je iskopao Njemački arheološki institut 1830. godine.

U kući je pronađeno pet tijela uključujući jednu ženu i tri dječaka.

Umjetnička djela

Najistaknutije umjetničko djelo pronađeno u Kući Fauna je Aleksandrov mozaik; danas se može vidjeti rekonstruirana verzija mozaika, dok je izvorni mozaik uklonjen s poda na kojem je pronađen i smješten u Nacionalni arheološki muzej u Napulju. U 1830-ima, kada je prvi put otkriven, mislilo se da mozaik predstavlja scenu bitke prikazanu u Ilijadi, ali povjesničari arhitekture su otkrili da mozaik zapravo prikazuje bitku kod Isa 333. pr. Kr. između Aleksandra Velikog i Darija III. od Perzije, koja je dogodila se oko 150 godina prije nego što je sagrađena Faunova kuća. Ovaj mozaik je možda inspiriran ili kopiran s grčke slike dovršene u kasnom 4. stoljeću prije Krista, vjerojatno umjetnika Filoksena iz Eretrije. Za razliku od većine pompejanskih podnih mozaika kasnog drugog i ranog prvog stoljeća, ovaj je mozaik izrađen od tesserae, a ne od uobičajenijeg opus signinuma ili drugih vrsta kamenih krhotina u žbuci.

Aleksandrov mozaik nadopunjuju drugi podni mozaici s nilotskim prizorima i kazališnim maskama. Ostala značajna umjetnička djela iz Faunove kuće uključuju erotskog Satira i Nimfu te riblji mozaik, komad koji vrlo nalikuje ostalim mozaicima u Pompejima.

Arhitektura

Kuća Fauna bila je najveća i najskuplja rezidencija pronađena u Pompejima, a danas je jedna od najposjećenijih ruševina. Kuća zauzima cijeli gradski blok ili insulu, a unutrašnjost se prostire na oko 3000 m2. Kuća se temelji na dva veličanstvena vrta s kolonadama ili peristilima, jednim jonskim, a drugim dorskim. Također ima dva atrija, toskanski i peristilni atrij. Težište ukrasa kuće, Aleksandrov mozaik, smješten je na središnjoj vizualnoj osi između prvog i drugog peristila, u prostoriji koja se naziva eksedrom. Mozaici na podovima peristila evociraju floru i faunu Nila. Zidne freske iznad ovih pločnika najveći su sačuvani primjer lažnih mramornih ploča karakterističnih za prvi pompejski stil.

Poput mnogih drevnih rimskih kuća, Faunova kuća imala je taberne ili dućane s izlozima i vrlo sofisticiran plan zgrade koji je detaljno opisao mnoge prostorije. Ulaz u Faunovu kuću ukrašen je crvenim i bijelim kamenom na kojem je ispisana latinska poruka "HAVE", što bi se moglo prevesti kao "Živio!". Činjenica da ovaj mozaik nije na lokalnim jezicima, oskanskom i samnitskom, izazvala je raspravu među povjesničarima o tome je li postavljen prije rimske kolonizacije Pompeja 80. pr. Kr. ili su vlasnici imali "pretenzije latinske slave".

Kao i drugi bogati aristokrati Rimske republike, vlasnici Faunove kuće u kuću su ugradili privatni sustav kupatila ili balneum. Kupatilo se nalazilo u kućnom krilu desno od ulaza, a ono se zajedno s kuhinjom grijalo velikom peći. Prostorije za poslugu bile su mračne i skučene, a nije bilo mnogo namještaja.  Kuća ima prekrasne peristilne vrtove, od kojih je drugi stvoren kao pozornica za recitacije, mime i pantomime. Osim toga, kuća je sadržavala ulazni prolaz, nekoliko spavaćih soba (kubikula), blagovaonica (triklinij) za ljeto i zimu, sobu za primanje (oekus) i ured (tablinum).

Ostaci
U današnje vrijeme posjetitelji još uvijek mogu istraživati ostatke Faunove kuće u modernim Pompejima, duž Via di Nola. Iako je većina originalnih umjetničkih djela premještena u Nacionalni arheološki muzej u Napulju, najpoznatija djela, poput Plešućeg fauna i Aleksandrovog mozaika, rekreirana su kako bi turistima dali jasniju sliku o tome kakva je kuća izvorno izgledala. Pietro Giovanni Guzzo, jedan od bivših arheoloških nadzornika Pompeja, objasnio je: "Želim da posjetitelji imaju dojam da ulaze u istu luksuznu kuću u kojoj su živjeli drevni pompejski vlasnici prije nego što je uništena erupcijom Vezuva 79. godine.".

Galerija

Izvori

Daljnje čitanje

Vanjske poveznice

Rimska umjetnost
Kuće u Pompejima

Faunova kuća


Humtrup (Frizce: Humptoorp), Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Nordfriesland iline bağlı yerleşim yeri. 16,99 km² yüzölçüme sahiptir. Nüfusu, 31 Mart 2006 itibarıyla yaklaşık 783 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Andreas Heinsen tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amtsuederluegum.de

Nordfriesland iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Humptrup


සෙල්ජුක් බදාම රූ යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ සෙල්ජුක්වරුන්ගේ ප්‍රදේශයන් හමුවූ බදාම රූප විශේෂයකි. ක්‍රි.ව. 11වන සිට 13වන සියවස දක්වා සෙල්ජුක් අධිරාජ්‍යයේ ස්වර්ණමය යුගයේ දී නිර්මාණය වී ඇත. මෙම රූප සෙල්ජුක් මාලිගාවල ඇතුළත බිත්ති සහ බිතු කැටයම් අලංකාර කිරීමට භාවිතා වූ අතර, බදාම සැරසිලි මගින් බිත්ති ආවරණය කිරීම සිදු විය. මෙම රූ තද පැහැයෙන් වර්ණ ගන්වන ලද අතර, බොහෝ අවස්ථාවල රන් ආලේප කිරීම ද සිදු විය. මෙමගින් රාජකීය රූ නිරූපණය වන අතර, බලයේ අධිකාරීත්වයේ සංකේතයක් ලෙස මේවා සැලකේ.

සෙල්ජුක් ඉස්ලාමික කලාව
සෙල්ජුක්වරුන් යනු මධ්‍ය ආසියානු සංචාරක ගෝත්‍රික සම්භවයක් සහිත තුර්කික රාජවංශයකි. දණ්ඩනකාන්හි සටනින් ඝස්නවිද්වරුන්ව සහ බුයිද් රාජවංශය පරාජය කිරීමෙන් පසුව, ඔවුහු නැගෙනහිර ආසියානු ලෝකයේ නව පාලකයන් බවට පත් වූහ. මෙම වියග්‍රහණයන්ගෙන් පසු, සෙල්ජුක්වරු තමන් අබ්බාසිද් කාලිෆේටයේ සහ සුන්නි ඉස්ලාමයේ නව අනුග්‍රාහකයන් ලෙස ප්‍රකාශ කරන්නට වූහ. සියවසකින් අර්ධයක පමණ කාලයක් තුළ දී, සෙල්ජුක්වරුන් විශාල අධිරාජ්‍යයක් ගොඩනැගීමට සමත්වූ අතර එයට ඉරානය, ඉරාකය සහ ඇනටෝලියාවෙන් වැඩි ප්‍රදේශයක් ඇතුළත් විය. සෙල්ජුක්වරුන් යටතේ ඉරානය සංස්කෘතික අතින් සමෘද්ධිමත්භාවයක් ලැබී ය. ගෘහිනර්මාණ සහ කලා නිර්මාණ බොහෝමයක් මෙම යුගයේ නිර්මාණය වූ අතර, මෙම ප්‍රදේශයේ පසුකාලීන කලාත්මක සංවර්ධනය කෙරෙහි එය බෙහෙවින් ඉවහල් විය.

සෙරමික් කලාව සැලකූ විට, යටිඔපය සහිත අලංකාර මෝස්තර නිර්මාණය වූ අතර, දීප්තිමත් මෝස්තර සහ බහුවර්ණ සිතුවම්කරණය එහි දී කැපීපෙනිණි. රිදී සහ රන් ගිල්ලවීම මගින් ලෝහ භාණ්ඩ ද අලංකාර කෙරිණි. සෙල්ජුක්වරු සතුන්, මිනිසුන් සහ ස්ත්‍රීන් නිරූපිත බොහෝ සැරසිලි අංග නිර්මාණය කළහ. මෙලෙස මනුෂ්‍යත්වාරෝපිත රූ මුස්ලිම් සංස්කෘතිය තුළ තවදුරටත් විරළ නොවී ය. එහි දී මස්ජිද වැනි ශුද්ධ වූ ස්ථාන සංකේතාත්මකව නිරූපණය දැඩිව තහනම් විය. නමුත් ලෞකික ස්ථානවල රූප බහුලව දැකගත හැකි විය.

සෙල්ජුක් මාලිගා
වර්තමානය වන විට, සෙල්ජුක් මාලිගා නටබුන් බවට පත්ව ඇත. කැනීම් කටයුතු අනුව පෙනීගොස් ඇත්තේ මෙම මාලිගා අතීතයේ පිඟන් ගඩොල් සහ ජ්‍යාමිතික මෝස්තර සහිත බදාම බිතු කැටයම්වලින් අලංකාර කොට තිබූ බවයි. පැරණි ඝස්නවිද් යුගයේ මාලිගයක නටබුන් දක්නට ලැබෙන ලෂ්ගාරි බසාර් නම් ස්ථානයෙන් සෙබලුන් 44 දෙනකු නිරූපිත බහුවර්ණ සිතුවම් හමු විය. මේවා ශ්‍රවණාගාරයක පහළ මහල අලංකාර කිරීමට භාවිතා වී ඇත. මේ රූප සියල්ලේම සමාන රවුම් මුහුණු සහ ආමන්ඩ් හැඩවේ ඇස් දක්නට ලැබේ. සම්ප්‍රදායිකව මෙම ලක්ෂණ මධ්‍ය ආසියාවේ තුර්කිවරුන් හා සම්බන්ධ යැයි විශ්වාස කෙරේ.

මෙම බදාම රූ රාජකීය මාලිගාවල මීට සමාන මන්ත්‍රණ ශාලා සහ රාජ සභා අලංකාර කිරීමට භාවිතා වන්නට ඇත. මේවා සෙල්ජුක් සුල්තාන්වරුන්ගේ විශාල මාලිගා හෝ ප්‍රාදේශීය අධිපතීන්ගේ කුඩා මාලිගා සැරසිලි කිරීමට භාවිතාකොට තිබෙනු දැකගත හැක. මෙම බදාම රූ ඇතැම්විට කැටයම්වලට පසුසින් වූ බිත්ති අලංකාර කිරීමට යොදාගත් විශාල ජ්‍යාමිතික හැඩැති සැරසිල්ලක කොටසක් වන්නට පුළුවන. මෙවන් සම්පූර්ණ ස්වරූපයෙන් යුත් බදාම රූ හමුවන ස්ථානයකට නිදසුනක් ලෙස පසුකාලීන 12වන සියවසට අයත් රේයි ප්‍රදේශයෙන් හමුවූ කැටයම් දැක්විය හැත. මෙම රුව මගින් සෙල්ජුක් සුල්තාන් IIවන ටුඝ්රිල් (1194) සිය නිලධාරීන් පිරිවාර සිටිනු දැක්වේ. මීට සමාන නිදසුන් ඇෆ්ගනිස්ථානයේ බාස්ට්, සමර්කාන්ඩ්, සහ උස්බෙකිස්තානය යන ප්‍රදේශවලින් හමුවේ. මේවා රතු, නිල්, කළු වැනි දීප්තිමත් වර්ණවලින් වර්ණ ගන්වා ඇති අතර, රන් ආලේප කොට ඇත. මෙම රූ මාලිගාවල අඳුරු කාමරවල නිර්මාණය කොට තිබීමෙන් පෙනී‍යන්නේ ඒවා හැකිතරම් ප්‍රදර්ශනය නොවන පරිදි තැබීමට අවශ්‍ය වූ බවයි.

ස්වරූපය

බදාම (stucco) යනු මෘදු, සිමෙන්ති වැනි මාධ්‍යයක් වන අතර එට පහුසවෙන් කැටයම්කරණය සහ ඇඹීම සඳහා භාවිතා කළ හැක. එහි ඇති සැහැල්ලුභාවය නිසා පහසුවෙන් බිත්තියේ රැඳවීමට හැකියාව ලැබේ. 12වන සියවසට අයත් බොහෝ බදාම රූ නොවෙනස් ස්වරූපයෙන් පවතින්නේ ඒවා හමුවූ කාන්තාරවල ඇති වියළි ස්වභාවය නිසා ඒවා හොඳින් සංරක්ෂණය වී ඇති හෙයිනි. සෙල්ජුක් බදාම රූ නිල් (කුඩු කරගත් ලැපිස් ලැසුලි), රතු (කුඩු කරගත් පද්මරාග) සහ කළු වැනි දීප්තිමත් වර්ණවලින් වර්ණගන්වා ඇති අතර, රන් ආලේප කොට ඇත.

මෙම රූ බලයේ සංකේතයක් ලෙස සැලකේ. රාජකීය මාලිගාවල නම් මේවා අධිරාජ්‍යයේ බලය සංකේතවත් කළේ ය. රාජකීය සෙබලුන්, රාජකීය අමාත්‍යවරුන්, රාජ සභීකයන් හෝ අමීර්වරුන් එහි දී නිරූපණය කෙරිණි. සෙබලුන් අසිපත් දරාසිටිනු නිරූපිත ය. ඔවුහු වර්ණවත් දිගු කබා, කලිසම්, ටිරාස් පටි සහ දිගු උස් සපත්තු පැළඳ සිටිති. රාජකීය රූවල නම් කිරුළු නිරූපණය කොට ඇත. නිව් යෝක්හි මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් කලා කෞතුකාගාරයේ ඇති රූ දෙකක කිරුළු දක්නට ලැබෙන අතර, ඉන් එක් අයෙක් පියාපත් සහිත කිරුළක් පැළඳ සිටියි. මෙය අධිකාරීත්වය හඟවන පුරාතන සංකේතයක් වන අතර එම සංකේතය පළමුවරට 3වන සියවසේ සැසේනියානු කාසිවල දක්නට ලැබේ. සියලු සේලජුක් බදාම රූපවල රවුම් මුහුණු දර්ශීය උසැති ක්මමුල් ඇට සහ ආමන්ඩ් හැඩැති අස්වලින් යුක්ත ය. මෙම ලක්ෂණය තුර්කික සඳ මුහුණු යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන් අතර එය තුර්කි සහ මොංගෝල ජනවර්ගවල දක්නට ලැබෙන ලක්ෂණයකි. මෙම බදාම රූ මගින් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් කිසියම් සිදුවීමක් නිරූපණය කරන අතර, එම රූ සවිකෙරුණු මාලිගා‍වේ අදාළ කුටිවල සිදුවන සැබෑ උත්සව එමගින් නිරූපණය විය හැක.

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

උද්ධෘත කෘති

බාහිර සබැඳි

සෙල්ජුක් අධිරාජ්‍යය
ඉස්ලාමික ගෘහනිර්මාණ ශිල්පය
සෙල්ජුක් ගෘහිනර්මාණ ශිල්පය
වාස්තු විද්‍යා ඉතිහාසය
කපරාරුකරණය
පර්සියානු කලාව

සෙල්ජුක් බදාම රූ


Mascagni is a surname of Italian origin. Notable people with the surname include:

 Donato Mascagni (1579–1636), Italian painter
 Paolo Mascagni (1755–1815), Italian physician
 Pietro Mascagni (1863–1945), Italian composer

Surnames of Italian origin

Mascagni


Wataru Ikenaga (født 30. november 1991) er en japansk tidligere professionel fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Renofa Yamaguchi FC.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Wataru Ikenaga


El Museo de la francmasonería (en francés: Musée de la franc-maçonnerie) está situado en la sede del Gran Oriente de Francia, en la rue Cadet número 16, en el distrito 9 de París (en francés: 9e arrondissement de Paris). Esta institución posee el distintivo "Musée de France" expedido por el Ministerio de Cultura de Francia.

El señalado museo abrió sus puertas al público el 11 de febrero de 2010, después de un importante trabajo de renovación en el edificio donde se instaló. Y como muchos otros museos, recibe apoyo del Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication, de la región Île-de-France y de la ciudad de París.

Historia
El señalado tuvo como base el anterior museo del Gran Oriente de Francia, que fue creado en 1889, y que fue víctima de pillajes bajo la ocupación alemana; por estas circunstancias, no volvió a estar abierto al público, hasta que en 1973, sí lo hizo en oportunidad de la exposición del bicentenario del Gran Oriente de Francia.

El museo reconstituyó poco a poco sus colecciones, no sin esfuerzo; y en el año 2001, las mismas fueron completadas con la restitución de archivos masónicos por parte del gobierno ruso.

En el año 2000 se le puso el nombre de Musée de la franc-maçonnerie, y tres años después se benefició del sello (label) Musée de France.

En abril de 2009, una parte de los fondos del museo fueron expuestos en la exposición Fondos del Museo del Gran Oriente de Francia celebrada en el Ateneo de Madrid, y en diciembre de 2009, el museo cedió nuevamente parte de sus fondos para la exposición Masonería e ilustración, que se celebró en el Museo Valenciano de la Ilustración y la modernidad en la ciudad de Valencia, siendo la exposición más visitada hasta la fecha de dicho museo.

Colección

En el museo se presenta la historia de la francmasonería, a través de colecciones de pinturas, estampas y grabados, objetos masónicos diversos, mobiliario, cerámica, y además por ciertos documentos de distintas épocas…

Entre las piezas emblemáticas allí expuestas, se cuentan:

 Un retrato del conde de Clermont, Gran Maestre entre 1743 y 1771.
 «Mandiles» de Voltaire y de Jérôme Bonaparte (efímero rey de Westfalia).
 La espada de «Venerable» del Marqués de La Fayette.
 Una edición original de las Constituciones de Anderson de 1723.

Notas y referencias

Véase también
 Francmasonería

Enlaces externos
 Musée de la franc-maçonnerie (sitio oficial en francés)
 Sitio oficial del Grand Orient de France (en francés)
 Lista de museos parisinos (en francés)

Francmasonería
Francmasonería
Francmasonería
Francmasonería
Francmasonería

Museo de la francmasonería


Gulhalet ravnekakadu () er en fugl i familien kakaduer i ordenen papegøjer, der lever i det østlige Australien og på Tasmanien.

Noter
 Avibase - the world bird database

Eksterne henvisninger

Fugle fra Australien
Fugle fra Tasmanien
Papegøjer

Gulhalet ravnekakadu


Metra  is the commuter rail system in the Chicago metropolitan area serving the city of Chicago and its surrounding suburbs via the Union Pacific Railroad, BNSF Railway, and other railroads. The system operates 242 stations on 11 rail lines. It is the fourth busiest commuter rail system in the United States by ridership and the largest and busiest commuter rail system outside the New York City metropolitan area. In , the system had a ridership of , or about  per weekday as of . The estimated busiest day for Metra ridership occurred on November 4, 2016—the day of the Chicago Cubs 2016 World Series victory rally.

Metra is the descendant of numerous commuter rail services dating to the 1850s. The present system dates to 1974, when the Illinois General Assembly established the Regional Transportation Authority (RTA) to consolidate all public transit operations in the Chicago area, including commuter rail. The RTA's creation was a result of the anticipated failure of commuter service operated and owned by various private railroad companies in the 1970s. In a 1983 reorganization, the RTA placed commuter rail under a newly formed Commuter Rail Division, which branded itself as Metra in 1985. Freight rail companies still operate four of Metra's routes under purchase-of-service agreements. Metra owns all rolling stock and is responsible for all stations along with the respective municipalities. Since its inception, Metra has directed more than $5 billion into the commuter rail system of the Chicago metropolitan area alongside the CTA. In January 2023, Metra rolled out a new real-time train tracking website to allow passengers greater visibility into their commute.

History

Early Chicago commuter rail
Since its founding in the 19th century, Chicago has been a major Midwestern hub in the North American rail network. It has more trackage radiating in more directions than any other city in North America. Railroads set up their headquarters in the city and Chicago became a center for building freight cars, passenger cars and diesel locomotives. Early commuter services were run by the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy, Chicago and North Western, and Milwaukee Road.

By the 1930s, Chicago had the world's largest public transportation system, but commuter rail services started to decline. By the mid-1970s, the commuter lines faced an uncertain future. The Burlington Northern, Milwaukee Road, Chicago and North Western and Illinois Central had been losing money for several years, and were using trainsets with passenger cars dating as far back as the 1920s.

Formation of the RTA

To provide stability to the commuter rail system, the Illinois General Assembly formed the Regional Transportation Authority in 1974. Its purpose was to fund and plan the Chicago region's public transportation. After initially using second-hand equipment, the RTA took delivery of the first new EMD F40PH locomotives in 1976. That F40PH fleet is still in service today. The companies that had long provided commuter rail in the Chicago area continued to operate their lines under contract to the RTA.

Less than a decade later the Regional Transportation Authority was already suffering from ongoing financial problems. Additionally, two rail providers, the Rock Island Line and the Milwaukee Road, went bankrupt, forcing the RTA to create the Northeast Illinois Regional Commuter Railroad Corporation to operate their lines directly in 1982. In 1983 the Illinois Legislature reorganized the agency. That reorganization left the Regional Transportation Authority in charge of day-to-day operations of all bus, heavy rail and commuter rail services throughout the Chicago metropolitan area. It was also responsible for directing fare and service levels, setting up budgets, finding sources for capital investment and planning. A new Commuter Rail Division was created to handle commuter rail operations; along with CTA and Pace, it was one of RTA's three "service boards".

Metra branding

The board of the RTA Commuter Rail Division first met in 1984. In an effort to simplify the operation of commuter rail in the Chicago area, in July 1985 it adopted a unified brand for the entire system–Metra, or Metropolitan Rail. The newly reorganized Metra service helped to bring a single identity to the many infrastructure components serviced by the Regional Transportation Authority's commuter rail system. However, the system is still legally known as the Commuter Rail Division of the RTA.

Today, Metra's operating arm, the Northeast Illinois Regional Commuter Railroad Corporation, operates seven Metra owned routes. Four other routes continue to be operated by Union Pacific (formerly Chicago & North Western) and BNSF (formerly Burlington Northern) under contract to Metra. Service throughout the network is provided under the Metra name (in keeping with Metra's goal of providing a single identity for all commuter rail in the region). Metra also owns all rolling stock, controls fares and staffing levels, and is responsible for most of the stations. However, the freight carriers who operate routes under contract use their own employees and control the right-of-way for those routes.

By the first quarter of 2024, the Union Pacific Railroad is expected to transfer operations of the three Union Pacific lines to Metra. The Union Pacific will continue to own and maintain the right-of-way.

Growth and expansion
In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, Metra experienced record ridership and expanded its services. In 1996, Metra organized its first new line, the North Central Service, running from Union Station to Antioch. By 2006, it added new intermediate stops to that same route, extended the Union Pacific West Line from Geneva to Elburn and extended SouthWest Service from Orland Park to Manhattan. In 2012, it boasted 95.8% average on-time performance (measured only for a train's arrivals at its last station no more than six minutes late). It also posted its fourth highest volume in its history despite decreases in employment opportunities in downtown Chicago.

Metra continued to seek expansion options and to improve passenger service. Over the past three decades, Metra has invested more than $5 billion into its infrastructure. That investment has been used to purchase new rolling stock, build new stations, renovate tracks, modernize signal systems and upgrade support facilities. In addition to core improvements on the Union Pacific Northwest and Union Pacific West Lines, planning advanced on two new Metra routes, SouthEast Service and the Suburban Transit Access Route ("STAR" Line). In 2023, Metra announced plans to extend the Milwaukee District West Line to Rockford, Illinois, with intermediate stops at Huntley and Belvidere, by 2027.

Corruption

Metra also has been marred by allegations and investigations of corruption. In April 2002, board member Don Udstuen resigned from both Metra and his executive job with the Illinois State Medical Society, after admitting to taking bribes to steer Metra contracts to firms associated with former legislator Roger Stanley and pleading guilty to his part in Illinois's Operation Safe Road scandal.

In April 2010, Metra's executive director, Phil Pagano, faced investigation for taking an unauthorized $56,000 bonus and was later found to have improperly received $475,000 in vacation pay. The day that the agency's board was scheduled to discuss his fate, Pagano stepped in front of a moving Metra train in an apparent suicide. Around the time of Pagano's death, allegations also surfaced that a Metra employee demanded a $2,000 payoff from the studio that used Metra in the 2011 film Source Code. That employee was later relieved of his duties, and retired.

In June 2013, Metra CEO Alex Clifford abruptly resigned his position with no public comment. It gradually was reported that his exit had been demanded by the Metra board, which negotiated a $871,000 severance package including a non-disclosure agreement. Clifford's ouster was allegedly arranged because he rejected requests for patronage hiring and promotion, including a request to promote a longtime supporter of State Representative Michael Madigan. In the wake of this scandal, five board members resigned. In August 2013, the remaining board members unanimously elected Don Orseno as interim CEO. (The six-member board was operating with reduced membership and thus lacked the authority to elect a permanent CEO. Orseno and Alex Wiggins shared duties as co-executive directors.) Orseno's long railroad career, beginning with work to set up trains and check doors for the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad played favorably in the board's decision. By October 2013, local officials had restored Metra's board to 11 members. After reviewing four candidates, the re-constituted board formally appointed Orseno CEO of Metra in January 2014.
In 2014, "a lengthy history of political patronage hiring at" Metra was reported, based on past files.

Underfunding
For a long time, Metra was not being funded enough to keep most equipment and rolling stock up to date. On average, the agency received approximately $700 million a year, but Metra claims to need about $2 billion a year, which only since 2020 has been accomplished. Because of this, Metra had to cut back on new rolling stock, instead resorting to their Rebuild Programs, in which they rebuild railcars and locomotives with newer state of the art utilities. Rebuilds cost only a fraction as much as buying new rolling stock, such as with their Amerail built cars. Rebuild programs can rebuild aging cars for approximately $650,000, whereas buying that same railcar new would be approximately $3 million."

Operations

Stations

Metra serves passengers through stations throughout the Chicago metropolitan area. Each station, unless a route or branch terminus, provides travel toward (inbound) and away from (outbound) downtown Chicago. Therefore, a passenger can connect between the city and a suburb or between two points in the suburbs using Metra service. Although Metra's commuter rail system is designed to connect points all over the Chicago metropolitan area, it does provide some intracity connections within Chicago.

Metra trains originate from one of four stations in downtown Chicago. Six lines originate at Union Station. The three Union Pacific lines originate at Ogilvie Transportation Center, formerly and still popularly called North Western Station. The Rock Island District originates at LaSalle Street Station. The Metra Electric District originates at Millennium Station, formerly and still often called Randolph Street Terminal. All four terminals are situated within walking distance of the Chicago Loop, so Metra passengers can easily transfer to a different Metra line upon their arrival downtown. Metra's urban-centric service remains popular with suburban commuters working downtown, reverse commuters, and those who visit Chicago for recreational activities and tourism.

Stations are found throughout Chicago, as well as in suburban Cook, DuPage, Kane, Lake, McHenry, and Will counties—an area largely coextensive with the inner ring of the Chicago metropolitan area. One station is located in Kenosha, Wisconsin.

Routes

Metra operates on 11 lines, most of which date from the mid-19th century. Four lines are operated under purchase-of-service agreements. The BNSF Line service is operated by BNSF Railway. The three lines out of the Ogilvie Transportation Center (formerly North Western Station) are operated by the Union Pacific Railroad. The other seven lines are operated by the Northeast Illinois Regional Commuter Rail Corporation (NIRC), Metra's operating subsidiary; five of these primarily run over track owned by other railroads, while two (the Electric and Rock Island districts) run entirely on Metra-owned track. Inbound trains on every line at all times run through to their Chicago terminus, however, many outbound trains do not run through to their respective lines' terminus (for example, most trains on the Union Pacific Northwest Line do not run through to Harvard; instead, terminating at Crystal Lake).

█
The BNSF Line is Metra's busiest route. This  route runs from Union Station to , Illinois. It had an average of 63,000 weekday passenger trips in 2018–2019.

█
Metra's least patronized line, the Heritage Corridor is a  route, running from Union Station to , Illinois during weekday rush hours only in the peak direction. It had an average of 2,600 weekday passenger trips in 2018–2019.

█
The Metra Electric District is a  electrically powered route from Millennium Station to , with an additional  of branch lines serving  (except Sundays and holidays) and . The line had an average of 28,100 passenger weekday trips in 2018–2019.

█
The Milwaukee District North Line is a  route from Union Station to , Illinois. The line had an average of 22,100 weekday passenger trips in 2018–2019.

█
The Milwaukee District West Line is a  route from Union Station to  in Elgin, Illinois; on weekends and holidays, service terminates in downtown . The line had an average of 20,600 weekday passenger trips in 2018–2019. In 2023, Metra announced plans to extend the Milwaukee District West Line to Rockford, Illinois by 2027.

█
The North Central Service is a  route from Union Station to , Illinois. It had an average of 5,600-weekday passenger trips in 2018–2019. It does not run at all on weekends and holidays.

█
The Rock Island District is a  route (not inclusive of the  Beverly Branch) to the southwest and southern suburbs. The line has 26 stations on two branches from LaSalle Street Station to . Some trains branch off onto a local track and terminate at . It had an average of 26,900 weekday passenger trips in 2018–2019.

█
The SouthWest Service is a  route from Union Station to , Illinois, though most trains end at . It had an average of 9,600-weekday passenger trips in 2018–2019. It does not run at all on Sundays and holidays, and Saturday service is currently suspended.

█
The only route that travels outside Illinois, the Union Pacific North Line is a  route from Ogilvie Transportation Center to , Wisconsin, with most trains ending in , Illinois. The line had an average of 34,600 weekday passenger trips in 2018–2019.

█
The longest Metra route, the Union Pacific Northwest Line is a  route from Ogilvie Transportation Center to , Illinois, with most trains ending in . During weekdays except for holidays, service also includes a  branch line from  to . The line had an average of 40,100 weekday passenger trips in 2018–2019.

█
The Union Pacific West Line is a  route running from Ogilvie Transportation Center to , Illinois. The line had an average of 27,900 weekday passenger trips in 2018–2019.

Proposed routes
Metra proposed two routes in the early 2000s, SouthEast Service, which would connect some portions of the southern suburbs with downtown Chicago, and the Suburban Transit Access Route, which would connect various suburbs with each other without going into downtown. , only the SouthEast Service is still being considered.

In 2023, the Illinois Department of Transportation selected Metra as the agency to run restored rail service to Rockford.

Pre-Metra routes
Several commuter lines were discontinued before Metra was established. The Illinois Central West Line from present-day Millennium Station to Addison, Illinois, (closed 1931), Pennsylvania Railroad line to Valparaiso, Indiana, (closed 1935), New York Central line from LaSalle Street Station to Elkhart, Indiana, (closed 1964), and four Chicago & North Western lines to St. Charles, Aurora, Freeport, and Kenosha-Harvard (all municipalities in Illinois and Wisconsin, closed 1930–51). The Burlington Route had service between Aurora and West Chicago, Illinois (closed 1943). Chicago Eastern Illinois operated commuter service on this line out of Dearborn Station to Dolton and Momence, respectively. The Chicago and Eastern Illinois commuter line to Momence, Illinois, ended in 1935, while the Chicago and Western Indiana service to Dolton, Illinois, was discontinued in 1964. Chicago Great Western had commuter service to DeKalb, Illinois (closed 1906). Santa Fe service to Joliet, Illinois (closed 1903). However, Metra runs service to Joliet, Illinois, on two routes: Heritage Corridor and Rock Island District.

Ridership
Ridership has been slowly declining on all but one line since 2014, as seen below. The figures post-2020 have been drastically affected by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Though monthly reports from 2022 show heavy improvement over 2021 figures, they are still dramatically below pre-pandemic levels.

Annual ridership

Weekday ridership

Weekend ridership

Connections
Transportation in Chicago consists of a public transportation infrastructure allowing for intermodal connections to local, regional, national and international transportation services. Parking lots are available adjacent to most suburban Metra stations for passengers connecting with their train by car. Most parking lots are operated by the municipality they are located in. Fees and fines are also assessed by the local municipality; however, parking is usually free on weekends and most holidays. Mass transit CTA and suburban Pace buses connect with many Metra stations downtown and in the suburbs. Monthly pass holders are offered link-up options with these services. In addition, many intercity bus lines connect with passengers outside of Union Station.

The Chicago "L" also has transfers with Metra at some Chicago stations. Most 'L' lines traverse the Loop allowing nearby access to all downtown Metra terminals. There are also transfer points between Metra and the 'L' outside of the Loop, such as transfers from the Union Pacific Northwest Line to the Blue Line at Irving Park and Jefferson Park Transit Center; and from the Union Pacific West Line to the Green Line at Oak Park. 'L' trains announce downtown Metra connections on board when announcing the next 'L' stop.

Union Station doubles as both a Metra station and Amtrak's station in Chicago. In addition to Illinois Service and Hiawatha Service, Amtrak trains run nationwide including service to states spanning both coastlines. Passengers connecting from Ogilvie Transportation Center can access Union Station through its north platforms on the opposite side of Madison Street, with Millennium and LaSalle stations also within a short walking distance of Union Station as well. A number of suburban Metra stations are also shared with Amtrak as well.

The South Shore Line, an interurban line connecting Chicago with the Indiana suburbs and South Bend, originates at Millennium Station and operates along much of the Chicago portion of the Electric District line, as far south as 63rd Street. Per a longstanding noncompete agreement, eastbound South Shore trains only stop at shared Electric District stations to board passengers, and westbound South Shore trains only stop to discharge passengers.

Positive train control
In regards to the PTC mandate that passed Congress, Metra took steps to meet the deadline. Metra concluded that the December 31, 2015 mandate to have PTC running was an unreasonable requirement. This aligned with the stance taken by much of the railroad industry. This is due to a variety of factors including but not limited to: delays from the government, and the fundamental complexity of building a program from the ground up. Moreover, Metra estimates the cost of implementing the system on their  of track in the Chicago region to be over $200 million. The fear is this unfunded mandate will divert scarce capital funds from other essential needs. This includes building and maintaining existing tracks, stations, signals, and other equipment that ensures a safe operating environment for all of Metra's passengers. However, Metra recognizes the need for PTC but needed a more reasonable timeline to implement such a program. This recognition is partially based on Metra's previous accident history. Two noteworthy events were a pair of accidents on the Rock Island District within a span of a couple of years. The first event was a derailment that occurred on October 12, 2003, when a train flew through a 10 mph crossing at 68 mph. A second very similar occurrence happened on September 17, 2005, but was more serious. The latter derailment killed two passengers and injured 117. Both of these incidents could have been prevented if PTC were in place. In both circumstances, PTC would have overridden the engineer and slowed the train down to the appropriate speed to prevent an accident from occurring.

Recently, Metra has taken significant steps in the process to fully implementing PTC. On April 22, 2015, the Metra board approved an $80 million contract to Parsons Transportation Group. Parsons was the sole bidder and speaks to the complexities of the project. They will be in charge of incorporating various devices from GPS, radio, to trackside antennas into one cohesive system. The group has some experience in this sector previously as Parsons worked with the southern California commuter rail agency Metrolink to install their system.

By the year 2020, Metra completed installation of the Positive Train Control. This came at a capital cost of $400 million and an annual operating cost of $20 million. Metra's PTC system works with the trains of 12 other railroad companies.

Fare system and ticketing

Fare is determined by the distance traveled by a passenger. Each station along every route has been placed in a specific zone based on its distance from its respective downtown station. The downtown terminal and downtown stations are classified as zone 'A' and each additional zone generally represents an added  from the downtown terminus. Multiple stations can be placed in the same zone even though they are on the same line. Fare zones include A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, and J.

Tickets
Several ticketing options exist for passengers. Riders may choose to purchase one-way tickets, 10-ride tickets, weekend passes, day passes, or monthly passes.

 A one-way ticket is used for one-way travel between two stations. For round trip travel, two one-way tickets can be purchased. One-way tickets can be purchased from ticket agents, from the Ventra app, or on the train from a conductor. Conductors will charge an extra $5 if a ticket agent was available at the passenger's departing station.
 A 10-ride ticket provides ten rides between two zones determined at the time of purchase. Ten-ride tickets can be shared between passengers and expire 90 days after the date of purchase. Ten-ride tickets can be purchased from ticket agents, or from the Ventra app.
 A Saturday or Sunday day pass provides unlimited travel between any and all zones for one passenger on a Saturday, Sunday, or certain holidays. Weekend passes can always be purchased from conductors without a surcharge. Weekend passes can also be purchased from ticket agents, or from the Ventra app. As of 2022, Saturday or Sunday weekend passes cost $7.
 A weekend pass (Ventra app only) provides unlimited travel between any and all zones for one passenger on a Saturday and Sunday. In the past, weekend passes were extended to include holidays adjacent to the weekend, but this practice seems to have ended. Weekend passes are only available within the Ventra app. As of 2022, weekend passes cost $10.
 A day pass (Ventra app only), similar to a Saturday or Sunday day pass, provides unlimited travel for one day on any day of the week. The $6 day pass is valid for unlimited travel within one to three zones. The $10 day pass is valid for unlimited travel between all zones. Passengers are required to choose the furthest zone(s) they wish to travel to when purchasing the pass. The $6 day pass and $10 day pass are only available within the Ventra app.
 A monthly pass provides unlimited travel between any two zones for one passenger on every day of a respective month. Monthly passes can be used on any line within the specified zones. Monthly passes can be purchased from ticket agents, or from the Ventra app. Monthly pass holders may also travel beyond the zones listed on the monthly pass by purchasing incremental tickets from conductors on the train. Incremental tickets cost $1 beyond the first zone and 50 cents for every additional zone thereafter. There is no surcharge to purchase incremental tickets for monthly pass holders. For a pilot period starting in July 2022, running through the end of the year, Metra is selling a "Super Saver" monthly pass, which provides unlimited travel between all zones on any line for $100, or $70 as a reduced fare for the Metra Electric District and Rock Island District. Also starting in July 2022, PlusBus and Link-Up have been combined to form the new Regional Connect Pass. The Regional Connect Pass is available for $30 to monthly pass holders and allows for unlimited travel on CTA buses and the 'L', as well as Pace buses. Passengers who purchase a monthly pass via the Ventra app are able to purchase and load the pass directly onto a linked Ventra card. Passengers who purchase a monthly pass from a Metra ticket agent can purchase the pass in the form of a Ventra ticket.

Reduced fare programs
Metra allows some travelers to purchase reduced fare tickets or even ride for free. These reduced fare and free ride programs are administered by Metra and the RTA. Some pre-college students, youth, senior citizens, members of the United States Armed Forces and persons with disabilities may qualify for these programs. Time-based and geographical restrictions apply to these programs and passengers must ensure they qualify before attempting to purchase special tickets or ride for free. Cook County launched The Fair Transit pilot on January 4, 2021, scheduled to initially last for three years. Under the pilot, all riders on the Metra Electric and Rock Island lines will pay Metra's reduced fare rates.

On the Union Pacific North Line, passengers headed to an event at  may ride to the event for free after showing their Ravinia Festival e-ticket to the conductor.

Safety and security

Metra employees, the Metra Police Department and other public safety agencies are responsible for maintaining safety and security on its lines, aboard its trains and at stations all to various degrees. Although rail transport is one of the safest forms of land travel, compromises to Metra's safety and security can occur through pedestrian accidents, suicide attempts, vehicle collisions, derailment, terrorism and other incidents. Failing to maintain safety and security can result in equipment and infrastructure damage, extensive service disruptions, traumatic injuries and loss of life. Therefore, Metra and other agencies consider safety a top priority and dedicate a significant amount of resources to combat these dangers.

Starting in the early summer of 2013, Metra has announced plans to up police patrols on to the seven lines the agency operates: the Milwaukee Districts North and West, the North Central Service, the Heritage Corridor, South West Service, Rock Island, and Electric District. The police patrols will not be on the BNSF and Union Pacific train lines because those lines are operated by the railroads that own them and security falls to those companies. When asked why there were increasing patrols spokesman Michael Gillis said, "There is no particular reason, other than the fact that we want to be more proactive and more deliberately visible to our riders".

Law enforcement
The Metra Police Department is a special law enforcement agency charged with providing police services to passengers, employees, equipment and property. The department has more than 100 police officers and is responsible for the safety of all routes and stations. In an effort to help coordinate emergency preparedness and incident management, all Metra police officers are certified in the National Incident Management System. In addition, Metra police works with the Chicago Police Department as a member of the Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy. Thomas A. Cook was the only Metra police officer that has been killed in the line of duty thus far.

Rail safety
The focus on rail safety by Metra comes from many fronts beyond operations including emergency preparedness and public awareness. The setup of railway platforms, use of grade crossing signals and horn blasts make up a critical system used to communicate movements of commuter trains to pedestrians and vehicles. Outside of these operational components, Metra aggressively pursues safety through public awareness. Metra utilizes its own Operation Lifesaver program and uses it to help spread safety messages. Metra also holds events promoting rail safety at schools and organizes a safety poster contest awarding winners with prizes and features their posters on monthly passes and at stations.

Metra has been honored with several E. H. Harriman Awards for employee safety, most recently with a Bronze award in class B (line-haul railroads with between 4 and 15 million employee hours per year) for 2005. Previous Harriman Awards conferred to Metra include Gold awards for 2003 and 2004 and a Silver award for 2002.

Metra expects to implement positive train control on its entire system in 2019, four years after the federally mandated 2015 deadline.

Incidents

There were 156 non-employee fatalities involving Metra equipment and Metra owned track between 2001 and 2010. On average 15 people were killed annually based on data from that decade. The highest number of fatalities in a year throughout that time occurred in 2002, with 23 deaths and in 2010, with 21 deaths. The majority of these fatalities occurred at grade crossings and on railway involving an impact with a train; only four deaths involved passengers aboard the train.

The worst commuter rail disaster in Illinois occurred before the formation of Regional Transportation Authority. The 1972 Chicago commuter rail crash consisted of a two train collision on the Metra Electric, then under the control of the Illinois Central. The collision resulted in 45 deaths and 332 injuries. Two decades later, Metra experienced its first rail disaster, the 1995 Fox River Grove bus–train collision. This accident involved a collision of a Union Pacific Northwest Line train and a school bus at a grade crossing resulting in 21 injuries and the deaths of seven high school students. In 2003, another incident involved a Rock Island District train derailing while switching from one track to another, injuring 45 passengers. In 2005, a train carrying 200 passengers along the same stretch of track derailed and then collided with a steel bridge resulting in two deaths and 117 injured. The cause of both accidents was ruled to be human error; the trains were going at speeds in excess of  when they should have been going .

On May 11, 2022, Metra train #1242 collided with a box truck at  on the Metra BNSF Line, resulting in four injuries, and one death. The passenger who was killed, a 72-year-old woman from Downers Grove, was ejected from a window of the train during the collision. This incident, as of May 2022, is the second incident in Metra's history that resulted in a passenger fatality.

In addition to the loss of life, injuries, damage and service disruptions caused by accidents, Metra and other transportation agencies have been involved in multimillion-dollar lawsuits and settlements stemming from safety failures. These failures have also resulted in updated safety policies and adjustments of equipment and warning devices.

Rolling stock

Current locomotives

All of Metra's locomotives are diesel-electric locomotives. The bulk of its locomotive fleet consists of F40PH locomotives. The Electric District uses electric multiple units.

Retired locomotives

Coaches

Private club coaches

Electric multiple units

Metra's electric units, except for the future battery electric multiple units, are also known as Highliners.

See also
 Mass transit in Chicago
 Chicago 'L'
 Chicago Transit Authority
 Pace (transit)
 South Shore Line (NICTD)

References

Further reading

J. David Ingles, Metra: "Best Commuter Train", Trains July 1993

External links

Metra
Regional Transportation Authority

Regional Transportation Authority (Illinois)
Commuter rail in the United States
Transportation in Chicago
Railroads in the Chicago metropolitan area
Railway lines in Chicago
Standard gauge railways in the United States
Transit agencies in Illinois
1984 establishments in Illinois

Metra


Malkoçoğlu Ailesi - Türk tarihinde 15-16. yüzyıllarda Fatih Sultan Mehmet ve II. Beyazıt devirlerinde Rumeli'ye yaptığı başarılı akınlarıyla tanınmış aile.
 Malkoçoğlu (çizgi roman)
 Malkoçoğlu (film serisi)
 Malkoçoğlu (kişi)
 Malkoçoğlu, Sultangazi - İstanbul ili Sultangazi ilçesine bağlı mahalle

Malkoçoğlu


DFB-Pokal eller Frauen DFB-Pokal er hovedpokalturneringen i kvindernes fodbold i Tyskland og er mændenes modstykke til DFB-Pokal. Frauen DFB-Pokal blev etableret i 1980, og siden 1991 inkluderer den også hold fra det tidligere Østtyskland.

Vindere
Før Tysklands genforening bestod turneringen udelukkende af hold fra Vesttyskland.

Frauen DFB-Pokal

DFB-Pokal (kvinder)


Glumă nouă cu fier vechi este un film românesc din anul 1964 regizat de Bob Călinescu.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1964 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1964
Filme de animație
Filme regizate de Bob Călinescu

Glumă nouă cu fier vechi


Radijska emitiranost (eng. airplay), pojam koji obuhvaća koliko je skladba bila radijski difuzirana na radijskim postajama. Skladba koja je svirana nekoliko puta svaki dan (vrti se) ima veliku emitiranost. Glazba koja je postala vrlo popularna na džuboksevima, noćnim klubovima i diskotekama između 1940-ih i 1960-ih isto je imala emitiranost.

Izvori

Radio
Glazba

Radijska emitiranost


US Open 1969 var den 89. udgave af de amerikanske tennismesterskaber gennem tiden og den anden udgave af mesterskabet i tennissportens åbne æra under navnet US Open. Det var den fjerde grand slam-turnering i 1969, og den blev spillet i West Side Tennis Club i Forest Hills, New York City, USA i perioden 28. august - 9. september 1969.

Herresinglemesterskabet blev vundet af Rod Laver, som i finalen besejrede Tony Roche med 7-9, 6-1, 6-2, 6-2, og som dermed vandt mesterskabet for anden gang. Laver havde også vundet de øvrige tre grand slam-titler i herresingle i 1969, og dermed blev han den første spiller i den åbne æra, der fuldførte en ægte grand slam.

Damesingletitlen blev vundet af Margaret Court efter finalesejr på 6-2, 6-2 over Nancy Richey. Det var tredje gang, at australieren vandt US Open-mesterskabet i damesingle, og det var hendes 16. grand slam-titel i damesingle i hendes karriere. Nancy Richey var i hendes sjette og sidste grand slam-finale i single.

I herredoubleturneringen gik sejren til Ken Rosewall og Fred Stolle, som i finalen vandt over Charlie Pasarell og Dennis Ralston med 2-6, 7-5, 13-11, 6-3, og som dermed vandt den anden grand slam-titel i herredouble som makkere, idet de tidligere havde vundet French Open 1968. Triumfen var Rosewalls ottende og Stolles niende grand slam-titel i herredouble i karrieren.

Sejren i Damedoublemesterskabet gik til Françoise Dürr og Darlene Hard, som dermed vandt deres første og eneste grand slam-titel som makkere. Hard vandt dermed det amerikanske damedoublemesterskab for sjette gang, og det var hendes 13. og sidste grand slam-titel i damedouble i karrieren. For Dürr var det den første sejr i US Open-mesterskabet i damedouble og den fjerde grand slam-titel i damedouble i hendes karriere. I finalen vandt den fransk-amerikanske duo med 0-6, 6-4, 6-4 over Margaret Court og Virginia Wade.

Mixed double-mesterskabet blev vundet af Margaret Court og Marty Riessen, som i finalen besejrede Françoise Dürr og Dennis Ralston med 7-5, 6-3. Det var Courts sjette mixed double-titel i New York, mens Marty Riessen vandt sin første titel.

Præmier

Den samlede præmiesum for US Open 1969 androg $ 125.000.

Resultater

Vindere og finalister

Der blev afviklet fem mesterskabsrækker, og finaleresultaterne for disse mesterskaber er angivet nedenfor.

Nedenfor er resultaterne fra ottendedelsfinaler og frem i singlerækkerne samt fra kvartfinalerne og frem i doublerækkerne angivet. For komplette resultater henvises til de uddybende artikler.

Herresingle

Hovedturneringen i herresingle havde deltagelse af 128 spillere, hvoraf 17 havde kvalificeret sig fra den forudgående kvalifikationsturnering, hvor 52 spillere spillede om de sidste ledige pladser i hovedturneringen.

Mesterskabet blev vundet af Rod Laver, som i finalen besejrede Tony Roche med 7-9, 6-1, 6-2, 6-2, og som dermed vandt mesterskabet for anden gang. Laver havde også vundet de øvrige tre grand slam-titler i herresingle i 1969, og dermed blev han den første spiller i den åbne æra, der fuldførte en ægte grand slam.

Den forsvarende mester, Arthur Ashe, tabte i semifinalen til den senere vinder, Rod Laver, med 6-8, 3-6, 12-14.

Damesingle

Damesinglemesterskabet havde deltagelser af 64 spillere og blev vundet af Margaret Court, der var seedet som nr. 2, efter finalesejr på 6-2, 6-2 over Nancy Richey (seedet 6). Det var tredje gang, at australieren vandt US Open-mesterskabet i damesingle, idet hun tidligere havde vundet titlen i 1962 og 1965, og det var den 16. grand slam-titel i damesingle i hendes karriere. Nancy Richey var i sin sjette og sidste grand slam-finale i single.

Den forsvarende mester, Virginia Wade, tabte i semifinalen til den senere vinder, Margaret Court, med 5-7, 0-6.

Herredouble

Herredoubleturneringen havde deltagelse af 64 par, og sejren gik til det femteseedede australske par, Ken Rosewall og Fred Stolle, som i finalen vandt over de useedede amerikanere Charlie Pasarell og Dennis Ralston med 2-6, 7-5, 13-11, 6-3, og som dermed vandt den anden grand slam-titel i herredouble som makkere, idet de tidligere havde vundet French Open 1968.

For Ken Rosewall var triumfen karrierens ottende grand slam-titel i herredouble og den anden ved US Open-mesterskabet i herredouble, idet han allerede i 1956 vandt sin første titel med Lew Hoad som makker. Stolle vandt sin niende grand slam-titel i herredouble i karrieren, og det var samtidig hans tredje triumf i New York City. De første to kom i 1965 og 1966, begge gange med Roy Emerson som makker.

De tabende finalister, Pasarell og Ralston, kunne møde forholdsvis udhvilede op til finalen, eftersom de i deres kvartfinale og semifinale i alt kun havde spillet ca. 1½ sæt. Først måtte John Newcombe og Tony Roche allerede midt i andet sæt opgive at fuldføre kvartfinalen mod amerikanerne, hvorefter Roy Emerson og Rod Laver meldte afbud til opgøret i semifinalen.

Damedouble

Sejren i damedoublemesterskabet, hvor 32 par deltog, gik til andenseedede Françoise Dürr og Darlene Hard, som dermed vandt deres første og eneste grand slam-titel som makkere. Hard vandt det amerikanske damedoublemesterskab for sjette gang, og det var hendes 13. og sidste grand slam-titel i damedouble i karrieren. For Dürr var det den første sejr i US Open-mesterskabet i damedouble og den fjerde grand slam-titel i damedouble i hendes karriere. I finalen vandt den fransk-amerikanske duo med 0-6, 6-4, 6-4 over Margaret Court og Virginia Wade, som var seedet som nr. 3.

Det var første gang i mesterskabets historie (på tværs af alle rækker), at en finale blev vundet af en spiller eller et par, der havde tabt første sæt med 0-6. Finalen var vinderparret tredje tresætskamp i træk, eftersom de også i kvart- og semifinalen måtte brug tre sæt for at gå videre.

Mixed double

Mixed double-mesterskabet havde deltagelse af 51 par og blev vundet af Margaret Court og Marty Riessen, som i finalen besejrede Françoise Dürr og Dennis Ralston med 7-5, 6-3. Det var Courts sjette mixed double-titel i New York og hendes 18. grand slam-titel i alt i mixed double. Marty Riessen vandt til gengæld sin første titel ved US Open. Parret havde tidligere på sæsonen også vundet Australian Open 1969 (delt med Fred Stolle og Ann Jones) og French Open 1969, og de manglede således kun Wimbledon-titlen for at have fuldført en grand slam i mixed double i 1969. De havde imidlertid ikke stillet op som makkere ved Wimbledon-mesterskaberne 1969, hvor Court havde spillet sammen med Ken Fletcher og nået semifinalen, og Riessen havde dannet par med Rosie Casals og var blevet slået kvartfinalen.

Kilder / eksterne henvisninger
 ITF – Men's Circuit – Tournaments – US Open 1969
 ITF – Women's Circuit – Tournaments – US Open 1969
 Sports Illustrated, 14. september 1969, s. 104-105
 Tennis.com - 1969: Rod Laver Wins His Second Grand Slam (5. februar 2015)
 International Tennis Hall of Fame - In the Museum: Rod Laver's Grand Slam Spikes (14. september 2016)
 Tennis world - September 8, 1969: Rod Laver completes second Calendar Grand Slam (9. september 2017)
 Bleacher Report - Ranking the 10 Most Controversial Matches in US Open History (27. august 2014)
 World Tennis - How Rod Laver Dealt With Slippery Grass Courts (26. juni 2013)

1969
Tennis i 1969

US Open 1969


Brenda Daniela Uribe Soriano (Lima, Perú, ) es una voleibolista peruana que juega como opuesta y que forma parte de la Selección femenina de voleibol del Perú. Ha representado a su país en los Juegos Olímpicos de la Juventud 2010, donde ayudó a su equipo a ganar la medalla de bronce. En la actualidad es parte de la pre-selección de mayores.

Carrera

2009
Dani debutó en el Deportivo Alianza Club en Lima, Perú. Participó con su equipo de menores en el Campeonato Mundial de Voleibol Femenino Sub-18 de 2009 que se celebró en el Tailandia, donde la escuadra peruana terminó en sexto lugar.

2010: Bronce Olímpico Juvenil
Debutó internacionalmente con su equipo Sub-20 de Voleibol en el Campeonato Sudamericano de Voleibol Femenino Sub-20 ganando la medalla de plata. Su equipo también ganó la medalla de bronce en los Juegos Olímpicos de la Juventud.

2011: Oro Copa Panamericana
Daniela jugó con su equipo nacional juvenil en la Copa Panamericana de Voleibol Femenino Sub-20, celebrada en su país, Perú. Su equipo ganó la medalla de oro y Daniela fue premiada como MVP del torneo (premio a la jugadora más valiosa), también ganó el premio a "Mejor Atacante".
Perú conquistó la primera Copa Panamericana Juvenil tras superar por tres sets a uno a República Dominicana.Con marcadores de 18-25, 29-27, 25-20 y 25-17, el conjunto patrio obtuvo una muy celebrada victoria en el coliseo Miguel Grau del Callao.En el primer set, el conjunto dominicano fue muy superior, y gracias a su contundencia en ataque se llevó rápidamente el parcial de 18-25, dejando mudos a los miles de espectadores que fueron al coloso porteño. Con el marcador en contra, las chicas de Natalia Málaga sacaron la garra y sobre la base de un gran juego colectivo, igualó el juego y tras luchas hasta el último punto equiparó el marcador tras quedarse con el segundo set por 29-27. A partir de ese momento, Perú mejoró en todos los aspectos y fue muy superior a su rival, quedándose con los dos siguientes sets por 25-20 y 25-17, para ganar el partido por 3-1.En su camino al título, la selección peruana ganó los cinco partidos que jugó, perdiendo solo dos sets: El Salvador (3-0), Venezuela (3-0), México (3-0), Cuba (3-1) y República Dominicana (3-1).

También participó con su equipo en el Mundial Juvenil Perú 2011 que se celebró en el Perú, su equipo terminó en sexto lugar.
Justo después del Campeonato Mundial, Daniela se unió al equipo de mayores para el Grand Prix y debutó con la selección de mayores en el primer partido de Perú contra Tailandia.

Daniela firmó contrato con el club Alianza Lima después de regresar del Grand Prix. Es capitana de la selección Sub-20 del club y ganó la medalla de plata con su equipo en el Campeonato Nacional de Voleibol.

Clubes

Resultados

Premios Individuales
 "Mejor Ataque" del Sudamericano Juvenil Colombia 2010
 "MVP" de la Copa Panamericana Juvenil Perú 2011
 "Mejor Atacante" de la Copa Panamericana Juvenil Perú 2011
 "Mejor Anotadora" de la Liga Nacional Superior 2012

Selección nacional

Categoría Mayores
 2009:  "Campeona", Juegos Bolivarianos Sucre 2009
 2010:  "Tercera", Juegos Suramericanos ODESUR Medellín 2010
 2011: 16º Lugar World Grand Prix China 2011
 2011:  "Tercera", Sudamericano Perú 2011
 2012: 7º Lugar Copa Panamericana México 2012

Categoría Sub-23
 2012: 4º Lugar Copa Panamericana Perú 2012

Categoría Sub-20
 2008:  "Tercera", Sudamericano Juvenil Perú 2008
 2010:  "Subcampeona", Sudamericano Juvenil Colombia 2010
 2010:  "Tercera", Juegos Olímpicos de la Juventud Singapur 2010
 2011:  "Campeona", Copa Panamericana Juvenil Perú 2011
 2011: 6º Lugar Mundial Juvenil Perú 2011

Categoría Sub-18
 2008:  "Subcampeona", Sudamericano Menores Perú 2008
 2009: 6º Lugar Mundial Menores Tailandia 2009

Clubes
 2011:"Sub-Campeón", Liga Nacional Juvenil de Voleibol con Alianza Lima
 2011: 4º lugar, Liga Nacional Superior Temporada 2011/2012 con Alianza Lima

Enlaces externos
 Ficha en FIVB

Referencias

Deportistas femeninas de Perú
Voleibolistas de Perú
Deportistas en los Juegos Olímpicos de la Juventud 2010
Deportistas de Perú en los Juegos Suramericanos de 2018
Deportistas de Perú en los Juegos Panamericanos de 2019

Daniela Uribe


An Lockhartia variabilis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Oakes Ames ngan Charles Schweinfurth. An Lockhartia variabilis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Lockhartia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Panamá. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Lockhartia

Lockhartia variabilis


Il existe plusieurs routes ayant comme numéro 644 dans le monde.

 Route régionale 644 en Finlande
 Route nationale 644 en France

Route 644


William Dickson puede referirse a:

 William K. Dickson (1860-1935), director cinematográfico, fotógrafo e ingeniero británico-francés; o
 William Dickson (1945-), futbolista (defensa) escocés.

William Dickson (desambiguación)