Ki je debitantski studijski album kanadskog progresivnog metal sastava Devin Townsend Project. Album je 25. svibnja 2009. godine objavila diskografska kuća HevyDevy Records.

Townsend, koji je bio osnivač, glavni skladatelj i pjevač ekstremnog metal sastava Strapping Young Lad te progresivne metal grupe The Devin Townsend Band, raspustio je obje skupine 2007. godine kako bi proveo vrijeme sa svojom obitelji i izbjegao preopterećenje koje bi izazvali intervjui i odlasci na turneje. Nakon perioda samospoznaje i godine dana odmora od skladanja pjesama Townsend je započeo raditi na serijalu od četiri albuma kako bi razjasnio svoj glazbenički identitet. Ki se sastoji od pjesama koje govore o samokontroli i trijeznosti te je glazbeno suptilniji od većine prethodnog Townsendovog rada, sastojeći se od ambijentalne rock glazbe isprepletene privremenim prodorima heavy metala.

Townsend je skladao, producirao, miksao i izvršio inženjering albuma te je usto na njemu svirao gitaru i pjevao. Townsend je okupio prateću grupu vancouverskih glazbenika, uključujući blues bubnjara Durisa Maxwella, rock basista Jeana Savoiea, klavijaturista Davea Younga te gostujuću pjevačicu Ché Aimee Dorval kako bi nastupili na albumu. Iako su neki kritičari izjavili kako je album neujednačen, Ki je uglavnom zadobio pozitivne kritike radi svog neočekivanog glazbenog smjera, produkcije, dinamike vokala te mješavine utjecaja.

Pozadina
Nakon što je raspustio ekstremni metal sastav Strapping Young Lad i svoj progresivni metal projekt The Devin Townsend Band 2007. godine, Townsend je ošišao svoju prepoznatljivu "skullet" frizuru te se odrekao alkohola i marihuane. Komentirao je kako mu je bila "uznemirujuća" činjenica da je imao poteškoća oko skladanja glazbe bez utjecaja droga te da je imao problema oko identificiranja svoje glazbeničke svrhe. Godinu je dana proveo bez skladanja te je u to doba samo producirao albume, no otkrio je kako nije bio zadovoljan tim procesom te je odlučio "uzeti gitaru u ruke i jednostavno pisati [i skladati]". Ovime je započeo period "samootkrića" u kojem je naučio "stvarati bez droga".

U dvije je godine Townsend napisao više od 60 pjesama te je primijetio kako pripadaju "četirima različitim [glazbenim] stilovima". U ožujku 2009. godine Townsend je najavio svoje planove za serijal od četiri albuma pod imenom Devin Townsend Project kojim je namjeravao razjasniti svoj glazbeni identitet i preuzeti "odgovornost" za osobu kojom se predstavlja u javnosti. Ki, prvi album tetralogije Devin Townsend Projecta, bio je skladan kako bi "postavio pozornicu" za sljedeće albume. Riječ "ki" predstavlja japanski koncept "životne sile" (氣, "ki"). Townsend je odabrao to ime u počast istoimenog Kitarōvog albuma iz 1981. godine koji je "volio u doba djetinjstva".

Koncept projekta uključuje različitu grupu glazbenika za svaki album. Za Ki Townsend je odabrao grupu glazbenika s kojima prethodno nije radio. U jednom je blues klubu u sjevernoj Kanadi upoznao Durisa Maxwella, blues bubnjara koji je svirao sa sastavima i glazbenicima kao što su Heart, Jefferson Airplane i Tommy Chong. Townsenda je impresionirala njegova energija te ga je izabrao za Ki. Townsend je također izabrao Jeana Savoiea, zaposlenika prodavaonice albuma koji je svirao u Beatles tribute sastavu, za basista na albumu. Townsend je objasnio kako su Maxwell i Savoie bili idealni za album jer nisu imali mnogo iskustva u pogledu sviranja žestoke glazbe te da su radi toga imali svježu perspektivu koja je bila prikladna za Kijev suptilniji zvuk. Townsend je u grupu doveo i Davea Younga, ambijentalnog klavijaturista koji je svirao u The Devin Townsend Bandu te vancouversku pjevačicu Ché Aimee Dorval koja je pjevala na nekolicini pjesama. U velikoj je mjeri album bio snimljen, produciran i miksan od kraja 2008. do početka 2009. godine u Devestateu i studiju D; bubnjevi su bili snimljeni u studiju Factory Studios u Vancouveru.

Glazbeni stil i tekstovi
Townsend je kanalizirao svoju novootkrivenu samokontrolu i trijeznost u Ki, "suzdržan, melodičan i spokojan" album koji je bio "oštar kontrast" heavy metalu po kojem je bio poznat, iako je zadržao njegov "svojstveni prizvuk". Album se sastoji od nedistorziranih gitarističkih tonova, uživo snimljenih dionica, bubnjeva bez triggera i relativno tihog masteringa te glazbeni stil spaja ambijentalnu glazbu, progresivni rock, jazz rock i psihodelični blues. Ponavljajuća glazbena tematika na albumu je princip "napetosti i oslobađanja", postepenog pojačavanja intenzivnosti koja iznenada prestaje i mijenja se u "nešto opuštajuće". Glazbeni je stil albuma bio uspoređivan sa stilovima grupa Porcupine Tree, Chroma Key i Pink Floyd, dok su Townsendovi vokali bili uspoređivani s onima Stevena Wilsona i Stevea Hacketta.

Sam je Townsend miksao Ki te se album sastoji od jako malo kompresije, što je suprotno njegovoj uobičajenoj tehnici produkcije "zvučnog zida". Townsend je izjavio da je izvorno "pokušao producirati [album] koristeći se zvučnim zidom, ali da ga je [ta tehnika] pomalo upropastila... postao je ne baš dobar Strappingov album". Album namjerno izbjegava takozvani loudness war, praksu suvremene glazbene industrije kojom se kompetitivno masterira zvuk pjesama kako bi se činile što glasnijima. Svojem je inženjeru masteringa Townsend poručio: "Službeno se uklanjam iz loudness warsova". Pjesme na albumu bile su uglavnom skladane u open C tuningu, osim pjesama "A Monday", "Trainfire" i "Disruptr" u open B, "Heaven's End" i "Winter" u open B♭ te "Quiet Riot" u standardnom tuningu. Kao utjecaje na albumu Townsend je naveo album Second Nature grupe The Young Gods, Paula Horna, Chants of India Ravija Shankara i skupinu Ween.

Townsend je opisao Ki kao uvod i pouku "šireg koncepta" Devin Townsend Projecta. Tematike pjesama na albumu istražuju Townsendove unutarnje demone, prošle ovisnosti, prihvaćanje samoga sebe te njegovu "novootkrivenu sposobnost za reći ne". Album započinje kratkim instrumentalom koji uvodi u "Coast", tihu pjesmu koju pokreće bas-gitara te koja priprema pozornicu za album, bivajući tako "metaforom za Devinovu novootkrivenu odmjerenost". Townsend ju je opisao kao "uvod u priču; [ona je] tiha, mračna, opsjednuta i nesigurna". Skladba postepeno pojačava svoj intenzitet što se više primiče svom kraju sa slojevima vokala, no umjesto da eksplodira u metal u stilu Strapping Young Lada, ona se lagano pretvori u "labav gitaristički rad koji podsjeća na blues". "Disruptr" je bio opisan kao "metal skladba za kafiće", suprotstavljajući laganu instrumentaciju i heavy metal način skladanja i pjevanja na način koji je jednog kritičara podsjetio na Talking Heads. "Gato" nastavlja u sličnome tonu, ali se odlikuje pratećim vokalima koje izvodi Dorval. "Disruptr" i "Gato" nastavljaju prethodno spomenutu glazbenu temu; svaka pjesma pojačava svoj intenzitet prema kraju ali se "zaustavlja i duboko udahne" prije no što nastavi dalje. Album tada usporava na pjesmi "Terminal", atmosferičnoj skladbi s tihim vokalima čiji je koautor klavijaturist Dave Young.

Townsendova odmjerenost dolazi do prijelomne točke na "Heaven's End", pjesmi koju je Jon Wiederhorn iz časopisa Revolver opisao kao "odličnu pop pjesmu koja se pretvara u nasilnu noćnu moru natopljenu kiselinom". Nakon nje slijedi "Ain't Never Gonna Win", skladba koju su uživo u studiju improvizirala sva četiri glazbenika te koju je David E. Gehlke iz internetskog časopisa Blistering opisao kao "hipnotičku". "Trainfire", pjesma napisana u stilu klasičnog countryja koja je bila inspirirana Presleyjevom obradom skladbe "Mystery Train", govori o Townsendovoj bivšoj ovisnosti o pornografiji koju je on opisao kao "taj ludi crack i kokain na internetu o kojem nitko ne želi pričati". Pjesma nastavlja albumsku temu iskrenosti i prihvaćanja samoga sebe, govoreći i o pornografiji i glazbenim ukusima. U pogledu glazbenog stila pjesme Townsend je izjavio: "Da, volim žestoku glazbu i dobar sam u skladanju iste, ali to nije jedina vrsta glazbe koju slušam i nije jedino što želim svirati".

Klimaks albuma sačuvan je za naslovnu pjesmu koju je Townsend opisao kao "osobni proboj" te je skladba izvorno iznikla iz demopjesme "Soft" grupe Grey Skies koja se prethodno pojavila na kompilaciji Ass-Sordid Demos II. "Ki" postepeno postaje cikličkom progresijom arpeggiosa te je Martin Popoff iz časopisa Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles opisao taj dio pjesme kao "najprogresivniji" trenutak na albumu. Nakon nje slijedi "Quiet Riot", akustična interpretacija pjesme "Cum On Feel the Noize" koju čini novi tekst. Kako je Townsend pojasnio, "Quiet Riot" "u suštini sumira misao da sam dobro iako sam 'ranjen' i da sam odlučio poboljšati svoj život".

Objava i naslovnica
Ki je 25. svibnja 2009. godine u Kanadi objavila Townsendova nezavisna diskografska kuća HevyDevy Records. Album je bio objavljen 22. svibnja 2009. u Njemačkoj, 25. svibnja 2009. u ostatku Europe te 16. lipnja 2009. u SAD-u, gdje ga je objavio izdavač InsideOut Music. Japanska Marquee/Avalon inačica albuma bila je objavljena 26. kolovoza 2009. Nakon što su bila objavljena sva četiri albuma u serijalu, Townsend je objavio box set Contain Us koji se sastoji od osam CD-ova, jednog DVD-a i raznog dodatnog sadržaja.

Naslovnicu albuma izradio je Konrad Palkiewicz koji je izradio i naslovnicu za Townsendov ambijentalni album The Hummer (iz 2006. godine) te režirao glazbeni spot za pjesmu "Almost Again" Strapping Young Lada. Naslovnica je bila dizajnirana za gledanje 3D naočalama. Naslovnica prikazuje "dva lica u jednom". Iako "nije autentična", bazirana je na indijanskoj i kineskoj umjetnosti. Palkiewicz je režirao i glazbeni spot za pjesmu "Coast" koja je 28. srpnja 2009. godine bila objavljena na službenoj Townsendovoj internetskoj stranici. Inačice albuma koje je objavio InsideOut se sastoje od dodatne knjižice tekstova pjesama i zelenog zaštitnog omota na kojem se nalazi logotip Devin Townsend Projecta koji je dizajnirao Travis Smith.

Prodaja i recenzije
Ki se našao na 26. mjestu finske ljestice top 40 albuma, na 179. mjestu na francuskoj ljestvici top 200 albuma te se pojavio na britanskoj indie i britanskoj rock ljestvici. U prvom je tjednu objave u SAD-u bio prodan u 800 primjeraka te se našao na 69. mjestu Billboardove ljestvice Top Heatseekers. Album je uglavnom zadobio pozitivne kritike. Jon Wiederhorn iz časopisa Revolver je izjavio kako album "definitivno vrijedi poslušati" te je pohvalio žešće skladbe poput "Disruptra" i "Heaven's Enda", komentirajući: "Townsend uglavnom uzdržava svoj bijes, ali su njegovi najbolji trenutci kada ga ispusti". Martin Popoff iz Brave Words & Bloody Knucklesa je komentirao kako album ima "čudan identitet", sa "raznim stvarima koje se događaju ispod površine" te koje nagrađuju mnogostruka slušanja. David E. Gehlke iz Blisteringa bio je manje impresioniran te je komentirao kako je album nedosljedan. Opisao je pjesmu "Winter" "bujnom i prelijepom", ali je izjavio kako u ostalim trenutcima album "ne uspijeva pogoditi u metu", kao na skladbama "Ain't Never Gonna Win..." i "Trainfire". Tyler Munro sa stranice Sputnikmusic je izjavio kako Ki prikazuje Townsenda "u njegovom najlabavijem i najdinamičnijem trenutku" te je pohvalio njegove i Dorvaline vokale, no komentirao je kako su glazbena repeticija i produžene gitarističke dionice gurnule album nekoliko koraka unazad. Greg Prato, glazbeni kritičar sa stranice AllMusic, dodijelio je albumu tri i pol zvjezdice od pet, hvaleći Townsendovu nepredvidljivost, ali smatrajući kako Ki nije "najvažniji ili revolucionarni album" u Townsendovoj kolekciji. Daniel Cairns sa stranice Chronicles of Chaos pohvalio je Ki te je izjavio da je u pitanju "složena, neobična glazbena kolekcija" koja "bi baš mogla biti najbolja Townsendova do sada."

Popis pjesama

Osoblje

Devin Townsend Project
 Devin Townsend – vokali, gitara, bas-gitara bez pragova, programiranje, produkcija, inženjer zvuka, miksanje
 Dave Young – klavijature, klavir
 Duris Maxwell – bubnjevi
 Jean Savoie – bas-gitara
Dodatni glazbenici
 Ché Aimee Dorval – dodatni vokali
 Ryan Dahle – dodatni vokali (na pjesmi 4), produkcija i miksanje (na pjesmi 12)

Ostalo osoblje
 Omer Cordell – fotografija
 Adrian Mottram – inženjer zvuka
 Mike St. Jean – predprodukcija
 Brennan Chambers – miksanje
 Sheldon Zaharko – inženjer zvuka
 T-Roy – mastering

Izvori

Albumi iz 2009.
Albumi Devina Townsenda

Ki (album)


කෝසම්බි (පාලි) හෙවත් කෞශම්බි (සංස්කෘත) යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ පුරාතන ඉන්දියාවේ පැවති වැදගත් නගරයකි. එය සොළොස් මහාජනපදවලින් එකක් වූ වත්ස රාජධානියේ අගනුවරයි. මෙය පිහිටා ඇත්තේ යමුනා ගං ඉවුරේ ප්‍රයාගයෙහි (වර්තමාන ප්‍රයාග්රාජ්) ගංගා දෙමෝය සිට  පමණ නිරිතදිගිනි.

සටහන්

ආශ්‍රේයයන්
 Official website of Kaushambi district
 Early history of Kausambi, IIT Delhi archive
 Entry on Kosambi in the Buddhist Dictionary of Pali Proper Names
 Tripathi, Aruna; The Buddhist Art of Kausambi from 300 BC-AD 550, New Delhi, D.K. Printworld, 2003,

බාහිර සබැඳි

UP Government Website on Kausambi

පුරාතන ඉන්දියානු නගර
උත්තර් ප්‍රදේශ් හි සංචාරක කර්මාන්තය
ඉන්දියාවේ බෞද්ධ වන්දනා ස්ථාන
ඉන්දියාවේ පැරණි ජනාවාස පැවති ස්ථාන
ඉන්දියාවේ පැරණි අගනගර
ඉන්දු-ආර්ය පුරාවිද්‍යා අඩවි

කෝසම්බි


The Orange Line is a rapid transit line operated by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) as part of the MBTA subway system. The line runs south on the surface from Oak Grove station in Malden, Massachusetts through Malden and Medford, paralleling the Haverhill Line, then crosses the Mystic River on a bridge into Somerville, then into Charlestown. It passes under the Charles River and runs through Downtown Boston in the Washington Street Tunnel. The line returns to the surface in the South End, then follows the Southwest Corridor southwest in a cut through Roxbury and Jamaica Plain to Forest Hills station.

The Orange Line operates during normal MBTA service hours (all times except late nights) with six-car trains. A 120-car fleet built in 1979–1981 is being replaced with a 152-car CRRC fleet from 2018 to 2023. The Orange Line is fully grade-separated; trains are driven by operators with automatic train control for safety. Wellington Carhouse in Medford is used for heavy maintenance and storage; a small yard at Forest Hills is also used for storage. All 20 Orange Line stations are fully accessible. Averaging 201,000 weekday passengers in 2019, the Orange Line has the second-highest ridership of the MBTA subway lines.

The Orange Line originated as the Main Line Elevated of the Boston Elevated Railway, which was built in 1901. It consisted of the Charlestown Elevated, Atlantic Avenue Elevated, Washington Street Elevated, and a portion of the previously-built Tremont Street subway. All of the original route has been replaced, beginning with the Washington Street Tunnel replacing the Tremont Street subway in 1908. The Washington Street Elevated was extended from  to Forest Hills in 1909, with an infill station at  in 1912; the Charlestown Elevated was extended from  to  in 1919. The Atlantic Avenue Elevated was closed in 1938.

The newly formed MBTA assigned colors to its subway lines in 1965, with the Main Line becoming the Orange Line. The Charlestown Elevated was closed in 1975; it was replaced by the Haymarket North Extension, which opened in phases from 1975 to 1977. The Southwest Corridor replaced the Washington Street Elevated in 1987, using an alignment originally intended for Interstate 95, completing the modern Orange Line alignment. The downtown stations were lengthened in the 1980s to allow six-car trains. Accessibility modifications began with some of those stations and were completed in 2005.  opened as an infill station in 2014.

The Orange Line has struggled with reliability issues, including aging infrastructure and trains, since the 2010s. Despite the ongoing fleet replacement, several prominent incidents occurred in 2022. The entire Orange Line was replaced with buses from August 19 to September 18, 2022, to allow for accelerated repairs.

History

Construction

The Main Line of the electric Boston Elevated Railway opened in segments, starting in 1901. It proceeded from Sullivan Square along the Charlestown Elevated to the Canal Street incline near North Station. It was carried underground by the Tremont Street subway (now part of the Green Line), returning above ground at the Pleasant Street incline (now closed, located just south of Boylston station). A temporary link connected from there to the Washington Street Elevated, which in 1901 ran from this point via Washington Street to Dudley Square (which is most of what is now Phase 1 of the Silver Line).

Also in 1901, the Atlantic Avenue Elevated opened, branching at Causeway Street to provide an alternate route through downtown Boston (along the shoreline, where today there is no rail transit) to the Washington Street Elevated.

In 1908, a new Washington Street Tunnel opened, allowing Main Line service to travel from the Charlestown Elevated, underground via an additional new portal at the Canal Street incline, under downtown Boston and back up again to meet the Washington Street Elevated and Atlantic Avenue Elevated near Chinatown. The stations were richly decorated with tile work, mosaics, and copper; after criticism of the large Tremont Street subway headhouses, most entrances were comparatively modest and set into buildings. Use of the parallel Tremont Street subway was returned exclusively to streetcars.

By 1909, the Washington Street Elevated had been extended south to . Trains from Washington Street were routed through the new subway, either all the way to Sullivan Square, or back around in a loop via the subway and then the Atlantic Avenue Elevated.

In 1919, the same year that the Atlantic Avenue Elevated was partially damaged in Boston's Great Molasses Flood, the Charlestown Elevated was extended north from Sullivan Square to Everett, over surface right-of-way parallel to Alford Street/Broadway, with a drawbridge over the Mystic River. The Boston Elevated had long-term plans to continue this extension further north to Malden, a goal which would only be achieved decades later, under public ownership and not via the Everett route.

Closure of Atlantic Avenue Elevated and ownership changes

Following a 1928 accident at a tight curve on Beach Street, the southern portion of the Atlantic Avenue Elevated, between South Station and Tower D on Washington Street, was closed (except for rush-hour trips from Dudley to North Station via the Elevated), breaking the loop; non-rush-hour Atlantic Avenue service was reduced to a shuttle between North and South Stations.  In 1938, the remainder of the Atlantic Avenue Elevated was closed, leaving the subway as the only route through downtown – what is now the Orange Line between  and  stations.

Ownership of the railway was transferred from the private Boston Elevated Railway to the public Metropolitan Transit Authority (MTA) in 1947; the MTA was itself reconstituted as the modern Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) in 1964.

Orange Line naming

The line was known as the Main Line Elevated under the Boston Elevated Railway, and the Forest Hills–Everett Elevated (Route 2 on maps) under the Metropolitan Transportation Authority.

After taking over operations in August 1964, the MBTA began rebranding many elements of Boston's public transportation network. Colors were assigned to the rail lines on August 26, 1965, as part of a wider modernization developed by Cambridge Seven Associates. Peter Chermayeff assigned red, green, and blue to the other three lines based on geographic features; however, according to Chermayeff, the Main Line El "ended up being orange for no particular reason beyond color balance." The firm originally planned for yellow instead of orange, but yellow was rejected after testing because yellow text was difficult to read on a white background. (Yellow was later used for MBTA bus service). The MBTA and transit historians later claimed that orange came from Orange Street, an early name for what is now part of Washington Street.

In January and February 1967, the four original Washington Street Tunnel stations were renamed. Transfer stations were given the same name for all lines: Winter and Summer stations plus Washington on the Red Line became Washington, Milk and State plus Devonshire on the Blue Line became  after the cross street, and Union and Friend plus Haymarket Square on the Green Line became  after Haymarket Square. Boylston Street was renamed Essex to avoid confusion with nearby Boylston station on the Green Line.

In May 1987, Essex was renamed  after the adjacent Chinatown neighborhood, and Washington renamed  after the adjacent shopping district. In March 2010, New England Medical Center station was renamed as  two years after the eponymous hospital changed its name.

Rerouting of Charlestown and Everett service

The Boston Transportation Planning Review looked at the line in the 1970s, considering extensions to reach the Route 128 beltway, with termini at Reading in the north and Dedham in the south. As a result of this review, the Charlestown Elevated – which served the Charlestown neighborhood north of downtown Boston and the inner suburb of Everett – was demolished and replaced in 1975.

The Haymarket North Extension rerouted the Orange Line through an underwater crossing of the Charles River. Service in Charlestown was replaced with service along Boston and Maine tracks routed partially beneath an elevated section of Interstate 93, ultimately to  and then to  in Malden, Massachusetts, instead of Everett. Rail service to Everett was replaced with buses.

The extension was unique among Boston transit lines as it contained a third express track between Wellington and Community College stations. These stations, along with Sullivan Sq, have two island platform stations as opposed to the more normal single island stations found on the southern side of the Orange Line. This express track was designed for the never-built extension north of Oak Grove to Reading. The third track would have allowed peak-direction express service as well as places to terminate trains. Service north of Oak Grove was planned to have longer headways to account for the lower projected ridership. This extension was opposed by residents of Melrose who preferred restored commuter rail service. Because of this, the express track ends at Wellington and a single commuter rail track continues parallel to the Orange Line north to Reading.

Closure of Washington Street Elevated

Construction of Interstate 95 into downtown Boston was cancelled in 1972 after local protest over the necessary demolition. However, land for I-95's Southwest Corridor through Roxbury had already been cleared of buildings; moreover, the state had already committed to using this vacant land for transportation purposes. As a result, instead of an 8-lane Interstate highway with a relocated Orange Line running in its median (in a manner similar to the Chicago Transit Authority's Dan Ryan, Congress, and O'Hare branches), the space would be occupied by the realigned Orange Line, a reconstructed three-track mainline for Amtrak's Northeast Corridor and MBTA Commuter Rail trains, and a linear park.  After this re-routing was accomplished in 1987, the Washington Street Elevated was torn down, the last major segment of the original elevated line to be demolished.

Between April 30 and May 3, 1987, the Washington Street Elevated south of the Chinatown station was closed to allow the Orange Line to be tied into the new Southwest Corridor. On May 4, 1987, the Orange Line was rerouted from the southern end of the Washington Street Tunnel onto the new Southwest Corridor. Instead of rising up to elevated tracks, it now veered west at the Massachusetts Turnpike and followed the Pike and the old Boston and Albany Railroad right-of-way to the existing MBTA Commuter Rail stop at . It then continued along new tracks, partially covered and partially open but depressed, to . This MBTA right-of-way is also shared by Amtrak as part of the national Northeast Corridor intercity passenger rail service.

While ending more or less at the same terminus (Forest Hills), the new routing passes significantly to the west of its previous route on Washington Street; local residents were promised "equal or better" replacement service. Originally, plans provided for light rail vehicles street running in mixed traffic, from Washington Street to Dudley Square, then diverting southeastward on Warren Street towards Dorchester. In 2002, Phase 1 of the Silver Line bus rapid transit was added to connect Washington Street to the downtown subways, attempting to address this service need. This replacement service was controversial, as many residents preferred the return of rail transportation.

Station renovations
In the mid-1980s, the MBTA spent $80 million to extend the platforms of seven Red Line and three Orange Line stations (, Washington, and ) to allow the use of six-car trains. Washington and Essex were made fully accessible, as was the northbound platform at Essex. The Southwest Corridor station opened in 1987 were all fully accessible. Six-car trains entered service on August 18, 1987.  was also renovated around 1987.

This left only , five stations on the Haymarket North Extension, and the southbound platform at Chinatown inaccessible by the 1990 passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act. Construction at  and  began in 1991.  was retrofitted with elevators in 2000. The 1975-built  was expanded into a "superstation" with a cross-platform transfer to the Green Line; elevators were in installed in 2001, though the Green Line did not use the station until 2004. The southbound platform at Chinatown was made accessible in 2002. Renovations to  and  were completed in 2005, making the Orange Line the first of the four original MBTA subway lines to become fully accessible.

Assembly

In the early 2000s, Somerville began planning an infill station between  and  to serve the new Assembly Square development. The $57 million station was funded by the state's Executive Office of Housing and Economic Development, FTA Section 5309 New Starts program, and Federal Realty Investment Trust (the developer of Assembly Square). Construction began in late 2011 and finished in mid 2014. The new station, , opened on September 2, 2014. It was the first new station on the MBTA subway system since 1987.

Reliability issues and repairs
During the unusually brutal winter of 2014–2015, the entire MBTA system was shut down on several occasions by heavy snowfalls. The aboveground sections of the Orange and Red lines were particularly vulnerable due to their exposed third rail, which iced over during storms. When a single train stopped due to power loss, other trains soon stopped as well; without continually running trains pushing snow off the rails, the lines were quickly covered in snow. (Because the Blue Line was built with overhead lines on its surface section due to its proximity to corrosive salt air, it was not subject to icing issues.)

Starting in 2015, the MBTA began implementing its $83.7 million Winter Resiliency Program, much of which focused on preventing similar issues with the Orange and Red lines. The Southwest Corridor section of the Orange Line is located in a trench and is protected from the worst weather, but the 1970s-built Haymarket North Extension had older infrastructure and was in worse shape. From  north, it is exposed to the weather and largely built on an embankment, rendering it more vulnerable. That section is receiving new heated third rail, switch heaters, and snow fences to reduce the impacts of inclement weather. The work requires bustitution of the line from Sullivan Square to Oak Grove on certain weeknights and weekends.

In October 2018, the MBTA awarded a $218 million signal contract for the Red and Orange Lines, which was planned to allow 4.5-minute headways on the Orange Line beginning in 2022.

On July 22, 2022, an Orange Line train caught fire while crossing the Mystic River. A metal sill along the underside of the train came loose and came into contact with the third rail, igniting sparks. Passengers had to jump out of the train onto the tracks, and one woman jumped into the river below and swam to shore. There were no injuries or casualties.

Following various reliability issues on the Orange Line, the MBTA announced that it would close the entire line for renovations from August 19 to September 18, 2022. During the closure, the MBTA conducted accelerated repairs to track, ties, signals, and concrete walls, as well as replacing two crossovers. This was intended to remove speed restrictions and improve safety and reliability. The shutdown also gave time for more new CRRC cars to be delivered and put into service; after the closure, service on the line resumed with new trains almost all the time. However, the work was not enough to eliminate all slow zones, and temporary slow zones were added where work was performed. By early October, a round trip on the full line was 13 minutes slower than before the shutdown, and 20 minutes slower than it would be without any slow zones. On October 25, the MBTA sent a letter to Senator Ed Markey, who had been investigating the project, detailing work needed during November and December to lift remaining slow zones, ranging from always-planned to unexpectedly necessary tasks.

Historical routes

Station listing

Rolling stock

The Orange Line is standard-gauge heavy rail and uses a third rail for power. The newer cars are being built by CRRC in a newly-constructed plant in Springfield, Massachusetts, with 152 cars on order, along with additional cars for the Red Line. All in-service Orange Line trains run in six-car consists. Cars of the fleet are 65 feet (20 m) long and 9 ft 3 in (2.8 m) wide, with three pairs of doors on each side.

, weekday peak and afternoon service was scheduled to operate on 8-minute headways, with headways ranging from 8 to 12 minutes at other times. Vehicle utilization ranged between 8 trains (48 cars) and 13 trains (78 cars). However, rolling stock availability and longer trip times due to slow zones reduced service. By July 2023, headways were 10–12 minutes on weekdays. This was improved to nine-minute headways on August 27, 2023.

Former rolling stock

The "T" previously had a fleet of Pullman-Standard heavy rail cars for the Orange Line. These cars, known as 01100s, had been in service since the 1950s, and saw service on both the elevated and the northern extension before they were retired in 1981. Several remained on the property as Red Line work cars for some time before being scrapped. Units 01178-01179 are preserved at the Seashore Trolley Museum in Kennebunkport, Maine.

From 1981 to 2022, the Orange Line used a fleet of Hawker-Siddeley heavy rail cars. These cars, nicknamed Orange Blossoms, featured reinforced roofs for pantographs. It was thought that if the Orange Line was extended, they would opt to use overhead collection. But since these extensions were never built, pantographs were never installed. The 01200s, along with the Blue Line's 0600 cars manufactured at the same time, were based on the designs of the PATH PA3. After 41 years of service, the last 01200s ran on August 19, 2022 before the shutdown, and began to be sent to scrap on September 22, 2022. Almost all will be processed by the contractor Costello to remove hazardous materials and be recycled; two were offered to the Seashore Trolley Museum but not accepted.

New CRRC trains

In late 2008, the MBTA began the planning process for new Orange and Red Line vehicles. The agency originally planned for a simultaneous order for 146 Orange Line cars (to replace the whole fleet) and 74 Red Line cars (to replace the older 1500 and 1600 series cars). A similar order was used in the late 1970s for the current Orange Line cars and the old Blue Line cars, ordered at the same time and largely identical except for size and color. In October 2013, MassDOT announced plans for a $1.3 billion subway car order for the Orange and Red Lines, which would provide 152 new Orange Line cars to replace the existing 120-car fleet and add more frequent service.

On October 22, 2014, the MassDOT Board awarded a $566.6 million contract to a China based manufacturer CNR (which became part of CRRC the following year) to build 152 replacement railcars for the Orange Line, as well as additional cars for the Red Line. The other bidders were Bombardier Transportation, Kawasaki Heavy Industries and Hyundai Rotem.  CNR began building the cars at a new manufacturing plant in Springfield, Massachusetts, with initial deliveries expected in 2018 and all cars in service by 2023. The Board forwent federal funding to allow the contract to specify the cars be built in Massachusetts, to create a local railcar manufacturing industry. In conjunction with the new rolling stock, the remainder of the $1.3 billion allocated for the project would pay for testing, signal improvements and expanded maintenance facilities, as well as other related expenses. Sixty percent of the car's components are sourced from the United States.

After delays due to issues with the train's control system, the first new train entered revenue service on August 14, 2019; Replacement of the signal system is expected to be complete by 2022 on the Orange Line; the total cost is $218 million for both the Red and Orange Lines.

While waiting for new cars, service has deteriorated due to maintenance problems with the old cars. The number of trains at rush hour was reduced from 17 (102 cars) to 16 (96 cars) in 2011; in the same year, daily ridership surpassed 200,000. Increased running times – largely due to longer dwell times from increased ridership – resulted in headways being lengthened from 5 minutes before 2011 to 6 minutes in 2016. The increased fleet size with the new trains will allow headways to be reduced to between 4 and 5 minutes at peak. In the interim, a 2016 test of platform markings at North Station which show boarding passengers where to stand to avoid blocking alighting passengers resulted in a one-third decrease in dwell times.

The new cars have faced several issues since their August entry into service. In November 2019, a car derailed while undergoing initial testing at the Wellington yard. The last car of a six car trainset had jumped the rails while going over a switch, however no major damage had been reported. Several months earlier, the first two trainsets were taken out of service due to safety issues following the inadvertent opening of a passenger door while the train was in motion. Cars were also rechecked in early December 2019, after issues with sounds combined with passenger overload necessitated removal from service. The first train was restored to service in January 2020. The trains were pulled again on March 16, 2021, after a derailment involving one of the cars.  Buses replaced trains around the site of the derailment until April 12. The CRRC cars remained out of service as of July 2021; defective side bearer pads were identified as a contributing factor. These dampen the movements of the trucks (which include the wheels) with respect to the car bodies, but were found to be wearing in such a way as to produce too much friction. The first of the CRRC trainsets was returned to revenue service on August 20, after modifications were approved by the MBTA's Safety Department and the Department of Public Utilities. The new cars were again removed from service on May 19–23, 2022, after a braking issue on one car due to an incorrectly installed bolt, and again between June and July 2022 due to a battery failure. In December 2022, some new cars were removed from service due to failed power cables causing electric arcing on axles.

The CRRC contract requires delivery of all Orange Line cars by January 2022, with a fine of $500 per day per car for late deliveries. Delays began to accumulate in 2019, and then facilities in China and Springfield had to shut down and operate at reduced capacity for parts of 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As of September 2022, 78 of 152 new cars had been put in service on the Orange Line. This was enough for service almost all the time because of the rush hour service cap introduced after an FTA safety audit identified insufficient staffing of subway dispatchers. The MBTA indicated it would assess which delays were the fault of the contractor at the end of the contract. In 2023, cars were being delivered incomplete with incomplete paint repairs, connectors seen hanging on underframes, and parts sanded down to bare metal. The MBTA and CRRC have collaborated to resolve quality issues. In August 2023, MBTA General Manager has reported that the new Orange Line cars are exhibiting an average of approximately 114,000 miles traveled between failures, which surpasses the contractual requirement of 90,000 miles by over a quarter.

Facilities

The Orange Line has two tracks for most of its length; a third track is present between Wellington station and the Charles River portal. This track is used to bypass construction on the other two tracks and for testing newly delivered cars for the Orange Line. The primary maintenance and storage facility is at Wellington station. Had the Orange Line been extended to Reading, the third track would have been the northbound local track, and the present-day northbound track would likely have become a bi-directional express track.

Expansion of the yard and carhouse was needed for the larger CRRC fleet. Yard work was substantially completed in August 2023, while carhouse expansion is expected to be complete in mid-2024.

References

External links

Official MBTA Orange Line information
Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) documentation of Boston Elevated Railway Company's Main Line Elevated (Former Orange Line)
Orange Line from nycsubway.org – Includes detailed description and photos of current Orange Line
Jamaica Plain Historical Society – Orange Line Memories
Jamaica Plain Historical Society – Orange Line Replaced Old Railroad Embankment
"An Elevated View: The Orange Line" , Boston Public Library exhibit about Orange Line elevated line history, October 2012 – January 2013 (BPL description )

Railway lines opened in 1901
1901 establishments in Massachusetts
Standard gauge railways in the United States
600 V DC railway electrification

Orange Line (MBTA)


Amadou Gaoh (* 1925 in Matankari; † 30. Oktober 2015) war ein nigrischer Politiker.

Leben
Amadou Gaoh stammte aus einer Familie traditioneller Herrscher. Er besuchte die von der französischen Kolonialverwaltung betriebenen Grundschulen in Maradi und Dosso sowie die höhere Grundschule in Niamey. Er diplomierte 1946 an der École normale William Ponty. Er diente danach bei den Tirailleurs sénégalais und begann parallel bei der staatlichen Finanzverwaltung in Niamey zu arbeiten.

Als Mitglied der Nigrischen Fortschrittspartei wurde Gaoh 1957 und erneut 1958 im Kreis Dogondoutchi in die nigrische Territorialversammlung gewählt, die Vorgängerin der Nationalversammlung, der er bis 1974 als Abgeordneter angehörte. Dort arbeitete er vor allem in Ausschüssen zu Finanzen und Wirtschaft und engagierte sich in interparlamentarischen Organisationen. Er wirkte ferner als Président-directeur général der staatlichen Unternehmen Société Nigérienne d'Urbanisme et de Construction Immobilière (SONUCI) und Société Nigérienne de Commercialisation de l'Arachide (SONARA).

Nach dem Staatsstreich von Seyni Kountché gegen Präsident Hamani Diori im Jahr 1974 arbeitete Amadou Gaoh im Finanzministerium. Dort ging er 1980 in den Ruhestand. 1981 wurde er als Nachfolger seines Bruders Soumana Gaoh zum Kantonschef von Dogondoutchi mit dem traditionellen Titel sarkin Aréwa bestimmt. Dieses Amt hatte er 34 Jahre lang bis zu seinem Tod 2015 inne. Er gehörte ferner dem Weisenrat an, der 1996 nach dem Staatsstreich von Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara einberufen wurde.

Amadou Gaoh hatte 15 Kinder. Er wurde in Matankari bestattet. Sein Nachfolger als sarkin Aréwa wurde 2018 Amadou Sabo.

Ehrungen
 Kommandeur des Nationalordens Nigers (2012)

Einzelnachweise

Mitglied der Nationalversammlung (Niger)
Träger des Nationalordens Nigers (Kommandeur)
Nigrer
Geboren 1925
Gestorben 2015
Mann

Amadou Gaoh


Amt Nordstormarn er et amt i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i den nordlige del af Kreis Stormarn. Kreis Stormarn ligger i den sydøstlige del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten. Amtets administration ligger i byen Reinfeld, men den er ikke en del af amtet.

Kommuner i Amtet
 Badendorf
 Barnitz
 Feldhorst
 Hamberge
 Heidekamp
 Heilshoop
 Klein Wesenberg
 Mönkhagen
 Rehhorst
 Wesenberg
 Westerau
 Zarpen

Historie
Amtet blev oprettet i 1972 af de tidligere amter Reinfeld-Land og Zarpen.

Eksterne kilder og henvisninger

 Amt Nordstormarn

Nordstormarn

Amt Nordstormarn


Kafkas halk oyunları, Ardahan, Kars, Iğdır çevresinde oynanan oyunların genel ismidir.

Bunun dışında Çoruh, Kızılırmak havzası etrafında ve Marmara'da Kafkas kökenli halkların oynadıkları oyunlara da bu isim verilmektedir.

Kafkas Halk oyunlarında bayanlar uzun elbise giyer ve kolları uzun olur.
Erkekler başlarına fes ya da peruk giyer ve yine kıyafetlerin kolları uzun olur.

Ayrıca bakınız
Türk halk oyunları

Halk oyunları

Kafkas yöresi halk oyunları


El Rally Cataluña de 2011, oficialmente 47è Rally RACC Catalunya – Costa Daurada (Rallye de España), fue la edición 47º y la duodécima ronda de la temporada 2011 del Campeonato Mundial de Rally. Se celebró entre el 21 y el 23 de octubre de 2011 y fue además la octava ronda del Campeonato Super 2000 y la sexta ronda del Campeonato de Producción. El rally constaba de dieciocho tramos con un total de 406,52 km cronometrados, sobre asfalto y tierra

La victoria fue para Sébastien Loeb, que ganaba por octava vez en la prueba española, la quinta de la temporada 2011 que lideró la carrera desde el séptimo tramo. El francés que llegaba líder del campeonato adjudicaba automáticamente el campeonato de constructores a Citroën mientras que el de pilotos se decidiría en la siguiente ronda, en Gran Bretaña. Por su parte, el finlandés Mikko Hirvonen, el único piloto en la lucha por el título junto a Loeb, terminaba en tercera posición, pero su compañero Jari-Matti Latvala que había terminado por delante de él, cometió una penalización en el último control para cederle la segunda posición y  dejarle con mayores opciones en la lucha por el campeonato en la última ronda.

En el Campeonato Super 2000, Juho Hänninen ganaba la clase y se adjudicaba el campeonato. Su rival más directo Ott Tänak finalizaba en sexta posición, conformándose con el subcampeonato. En el Campeonato de Producción vencía Patrik Flodin, mientras que Hayden Paddon finalizaba en la octava plaza, resultado que le valía para proclamarse ganador del certamen.

Itinerario y resultados

Clasificación final

Powerstage
El último tramo disputado (Coll de la Teixeta 2) era el Powerstage, donde marcaron el mejor crono los Minis de Kris Meeke y Dani Sordo, seguido de Loeb. Sumaron 3, 2 y 1 punto extra respectivamente a sus cuentas particulares.

Campeonato
Resultados del campeonato tras la celebración del Rally Cataluña:

Campeonato de constructores

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Catalunya 2011 juwra.com
 Lista de inscritos juwra.com

2011
Deporte en España en 2011
Temporada 2011 del Campeonato Mundial de Rally

Rally Cataluña de 2011


Styphelieae, tribus  vrjesovki, dio potporodice Epacridoideae. Opisan je 2002. godine. Pripada mu 1 paleo-rod i 19 živih rodova  iz Australije, Novog Zelanda, Tasmanije i Nove Gvineje.

Rodovi

 Acrothamnus Quinn
 Acrotriche R.Br.
 Agiortia Quinn
 Androstoma Hook.f.
 Brachyloma Sond.
 Conostephium Benth.
 Cyathodes Labill.
 Cyathopsis Brongn. & Gris
 Decatoca F.Muell.
 Leptecophylla C.M.Weiller
 Leucopogon R.Br.
 Lissanthe R.Br.
 Melichrus R.Br.
 Monotoca R.Br.
 Montitega C.M.Weiller
 Pentachondra R.Br.
 Planocarpa C.M.Weiller
 Styphelia Sm.
 Trochocarpa R.Br.

Izvori

Epacridoideae

Styphelieae


El semillero pizarroso (Sporophila schistacea), también denominado espiguero pizarroso (en Nicaragua, Perú, Panamá, Costa Rica y Ecuador), espiguero o semillero apizarrado (en México y Venezuela), espiguero o semillero pizarra (en Colombia), es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Thraupidae perteneciente al numeroso género Sporophila. Es nativo de América Central y del norte y oeste de América del Sur.

Distribución y hábitat
Se distribuye de forma muy fragmentada, desde el extremo sudoriental de México (donde es rara y de origen incierto), por ;la vertiente caribeña de Belice, Guatemala (donde también es incierta) hasta Honduras y Nicaragua por ambas vertientes (la del Pacífico inclusive) de Costa Rica y Panamá; en la pendiente del Pacífico del oeste de Colombia y Ecuador; en una extensa área amazónica del este de Perú, norte de Bolivia y oeste de Brasil y en diversos locales aislados de Ecuador, Colombia, Perú, Venezuela, Trinidad y Tobago, Guyana, Surinam, Guayana Francesa, y oriente de la Amazonia brasileña.

Esta especie es considerada rara a poco común y local, en sus hábitats naturales: los bordes de selvas húmedas y  montanas, crecimientos secundarios y algunas veces en claros adyacentes, mayormente por debajo de los 1500 metro de altitud. Es preferentemente arborícola y su presencia a veces está asociada a la florescencia de los bambuzales, cuando puede ser temporariamente más numerosa. Raramente ocurre con otras Sporophilas.

Sistemática

Descripción original
La especie S. schistacea fue descrita por primera vez por el ornitólogo estadounidense George Newbold Lawrence en 1862 bajo el nombre científico Spermophila schistacea; su localidad tipo es: «Lion Hill, Zona del Canal, Panamá.».

Etimología
El nombre genérico femenino Sporophila es una combinación de las palabras del griego «sporos»: semilla, y  «philos»: amante; y el nombre de la especie «schistacea» proviene del latín  «schistaceus» que significade 'de color pizarra'.

Taxonomía
Los datos presentados por los amplios estudios filogenéticos recientes demostraron que la presente especie es hermana de Sporophila falcirostris y el par formado por ambas es próximo de un  clado integrado por S. plumbea  y S. albogularis + S. collaris.

Subespecies
Según la clasificación del Congreso Ornitológico Internacional (IOC) se reconocen tres subespecies, con su correspondiente distribución geográfica:

 Sporophila schistacea schistacea (), 1862 – desde Belice al norte de Colombia.
 Sporophila schistacea incerta , 1914 – pendiene del Pacífico de los Andes de Colombia hasta Ecuador (Pichincha).
 Sporophila schistacea longipennis , 1921 – del este de Colombia al este hasta Venezuela, las Guayanas, norte de Brasil, al sur hasta el noroeste de Bolivia.

La subespecie descrita S. schistacea subconcolor , 1959 (del norte de América Central) es considerada sinónimo de la nominal por el IOC y listada como válida por Clements Checklist/eBird v.2019

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Videos, fotos y sonidos de Sporophila schistacea en eBird.
 Sonidos y mapa de distribución de Sporophila schistacea en xeno-canto.
 Fotos y sonidos de  cigarrinha-do-norte Sporophila schistacea en Wikiaves.

schistacea
Aves de América Central
Aves de América del Sur
Taxones descritos por George Newbold Lawrence
Animales descritos en 1862

Sporophila schistacea


Die Litauische Badmintonmeisterschaft 2008 fand Anfang Januar 2008 in Tauragė statt. Es war die 46. Austragung der nationalen Titelkämpfe von Litauen im Badminton.

Medaillengewinner

Weblinks
http://www.badminton.lt/index.php?m=10&nuot=21&tid=131

2008
Badminton 2008
Badmintonwettbewerb in der Rajongemeinde Tauragė

Litauische Badmintonmeisterschaft 2008


Christian, el león es el título de un documental acerca de un león que, adquirido por los australianos John Rendall y Anthony "Ace" Bourke en los almacenes Harrods de Londres, Inglaterra, en 1969, fue reintroducido a su hábitat natural en África por el conservacionista George Adamson. Un año después de que Adamson liberara a Christian a la vida silvestre, sus antiguos propietarios decidieron ir en busca de él para ver si el león los reconocería. Lo hizo, y con él, dos leonas que aceptaron a los hombres de igual manera.

Juventud
Christian fue adquirido originalmente por Harrods del, hoy extinto, zoológico del parque de Ilfracombe. Rendall recordaría más tarde que Harrods estaba dispuesto a vender al cachorro, porque este había escapado de su jaula una noche y destruido la mercancía del departamento de alfombras. Entonces, Rendall y Bourke compraron a Christian por 250 guineas.

Rendall y Bourke, junto con sus amigas Jennifer Mary Taylor y Unity Jones, cuidaron al león en su residencia de Londres hasta que tuvo un año de edad. Como el león crecía, fue trasladado a la trastienda de la tienda de muebles que ambos regentaban, llamada casualmente Sophistocat. Rendall y Bourke obtuvieron luego el permiso de un párroco local para dejar a Christian en el cementerio de su iglesia; también llevaban al león a la playa. A medida que Christian crecía, crecía también el costo de su mantenimiento; Rendall y Bourke entendieron que no podían dejarlo más tiempo en Londres. Bill Travers y Virginia McKenna, estrellas de la película Born Free, visitaron a Rendall en el almacén de muebles y conocieron a Christian. Entonces sugirieron que Bourke y Rendall pidieran la ayuda de George Adamson. Adamson, un keniano conservacionista junto con su esposa Joy (famosos por el caso de Elsa la Leona) accedieron a reintegrar a Christian en el medio natural en su complejo en el parque nacional Kora. Virginia McKenna escribe sobre esta historia en su autobiografía Los años de mi vida, publicada en marzo del 2009.

Adamson introdujo a Christian junto a un león macho más viejo, Boy, que había sido utilizado en la película Born Free y que también había tenido un papel destacado en el documental Los leones son gratuitos, y posteriormente a una hembra cachorro llamada Katania, con el fin de formar el núcleo de una nueva manada. La manada tuvo muchos contratiempos: Katania posiblemente fue devorada por los cocodrilos en un abrevadero, a otra hembra la mataron los leones salvajes, el cachorro fue herido de gravedad y, después de perder su capacidad de socializar con otros leones y seres humanos tras quedar malherido en la pelea, Boy fue sacrificado por Adamson, tras haber herido fatalmente a un asistente. Estos hechos dejaron a Christian como el único superviviente de la manada original.

En el transcurso de un año, George Adamson continuó su trabajo y la manada se estableció en la región alrededor de Kora, con Christian a la cabeza de la manada comenzada por Boy.

Reencuentros

1971
Cuando Rendall y Bourke supieron, por Adamson, que la reintroducción de Christian a la vida salvaje fue un éxito, viajaron a Kenia para visitar a Christian y se filmó así el documental Christian, el león, producido por World's End. Según el documental, Adamson creía que Christian no podría recordar a sus anteriores dueños Rendall y Bourke. La película muestra cómo el león, tras un primer momento de cautela, rápidamente salta alegremente hacia los dos hombres, de pie sobre sus patas traseras, envuelve sus patas delanteras alrededor de sus hombros, y les acaricia el rostro. El documental también muestra a las leonas, Mona y Lisa, y a un cachorro llamado Supercub, que les dan la bienvenida a los dos hombres.

1972
Rendall da detalles de la última reunión, que no fue filmada pero sí descrita en artículos publicados en periódicos en 1973 y 1974. Por este tiempo Christian defendía con éxito su propia manada, ya había cachorros y él tenía el doble del tamaño que tenía en el vídeo de la reunión anterior. Adamson dijo a Rendall que lo más probable es que el viaje sería tiempo perdido pues no había visto a Christian y su manada en nueve meses. Sin embargo, cuando llegó a Kora, Christian y su manada habían vuelto al recinto de Adamson el día antes de su llegada.

Rendall y George Adamson describen la visita:

Lo llamamos y él se levantó y comenzó a caminar hacia nosotros muy despacio. Entonces, como si se hubiera convencido de que éramos nosotros, corrió hacia nosotros, se tiró a nosotros, nos tocó otra vez, llamó a George y nos abrazó, como lo hacía antes, con sus patas sobre nuestros hombros.

El segundo encuentro se alargó hasta la mañana siguiente. Según Rendall, quien fue el último en ver a Christian,
George Adamson contó los días sin ver a Christian desde ese reencuentro final en la primavera de 1973. Anotó en su libro Mi orgullo y alegría que, después de 97 días, dejó de contar.

Los medios de comunicación
En 1971, los propietarios de Christian publicaron su historia con el título Un león llamado Christian. Este libro se reeditó en 2009, tras la difusión de su historia en YouTube. El vídeo de la reunión de 1971, editado en documental, se publicó por primera vez en un sitio web de fanes en 2002. De allí fue recogido por un usuario de MySpace y luego fue publicado en YouTube, donde se convirtió en un vídeo viral y en sensación en todo el mundo, más de 30 años después del evento. En julio de 2009, varias versiones del vídeo se vieron millones de veces en YouTube, obteniendo una de ellas más de 15 millones de visitas. Varias fuentes de noticias ya han rastreado a Rendall y a Bourke para averiguar su opinión actual acerca de Christian.

En septiembre de 2008, Sony Pictures anunció que estaba interesada en la obtención de los derechos de la historia de la vida de Christian con el fin de hacer un largometraje.

En el 2010 se publicó un libro para niños acerca de Christian, Christian, el león de los abrazos, escrito por Justin Richardson y Peter Parnell e ilustrado por Amy June Bates. El libro fue nominado como finalista para el Premio Lambda 2010 de literatura para niños en la categoría Ficción para jóvenes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página web de Ace Bourke y John Rendall con noticias actuales acerca de Christian, el león (en inglés)
 Página web de la Born Free Foundation (Fundación Nacida Libre), con el final sin cortes de la reunión del documental (en inglés)
 George Adamson Wildlife Preservation Trust (Fideicomiso de Preservación de la Vida Salvaje George Adamson (en inglés)
 Christian, el león, y su familia: los verdaderos héroes (en inglés)
 Christian, el león: una historia verdadera (en inglés)
 A Lion Called Christian (Un león llamado Christian), en Animal Planet (en inglés)
 Video completo sobre Christian, el león, con documental y entrevistas a Bourke y Rendall. Se han eliminado otros videos de este sitio.  (en inglés))
 Christian the Lion, en Snopes.com
 Blog de Ace Bourke, acerca de Christian, el león, y otros temas (en inglés)

Fenómenos de Internet
Leones famosos
Películas sobre leones

Christian, el león


El Saunders-Roe P.531, también conocido como Saro P.531,  es un helicóptero de utilitario de cinco plazas, diseñado y construido por la compañía británica Saunders-Roe Limited (Saro).

Desarrollo
El diseño del P.531 se inició en noviembre de 1957 como un desarrollo del diseño del Saro Skeeter. El P.531 realizó su primer vuelo el 20 de julio de 1958. Se desarrollaron tres P.531-0 a mayores, que fueron entregados a la Fleet Air Arm para pruebas y para familiarizarse con el modelo. Después de la evaluación, la Armada Real Británica realizó un pedido de 30 unidades, aunque durante su desarrollo pasaría a denominarse como Westland Wasp.

Variantes
P.531
Prototipo equipado con motor Turmo 600, Una unidad fabricada.
P.531-0
Tres prototipos equipados con motor Turmo. Empleado por la Fleet Air Arm, condujo al posterior desarrollo del Westland Wasp.
P.531-2
Versión militarizada para la armada y el ejército británicos, equipado con un motor Blackburn Nimbus. Sirvió para el posterior desarrollo del Westland Scout.

Operadores

Army Air Corps
Fleet Air Arm

Véase también

Referencias
Notas

P.531
Helicópteros monoturbina
Helicópteros militares utilitarios de Reino Unido de los años 1950

Saunders-Roe P.531


Die Alte Jülicher Straße in der Kreisstadt Düren (Nordrhein-Westfalen) ist eine historische Innerortsstraße. Sie führt von der Josef-Schregel-Straße durch Düren-Nord nach Birkesdorf und endet an der Akazienstraße.

In der Straße gibt es zwei denkmalgeschützte Gebäude:
Ehemaliges Werkstattgebäude Blindenanstalt Alte Jülicher Straße 64
Wohnhaus Alte Jülicher Straße 11

Geschichte
Die Alte Jülicher Straße ist ein uralter Weg, der ehemals den Stammsitz der Jülicher Grafen und Herzöge mit der Residenz in Nideggen verband. Zu dieser Zeit war die Nord-Süd-Achse der Stadt Düren durch das Wirteltor über den Hauptmarkt und durch die Oberstraße bestimmt. Auf dem Stadtplan von 1882 wird die Straße als nach Stammeln (Huchem-Stammeln) führend bezeichnet. 1881 wurde mit dem Straßenausbau begonnen.

Siehe auch
 Liste der Straßen in Düren

Quellen
 Straßenliste auf der Webseite der Stadt Düren (PDF; 58 kB)
 Josef Geuenich: Die Dürener Straßennamen, Düren 1965, herausgegeben von der Stadt Düren und dem Dürener Geschichtsverein

Urbaner Freiraum in Düren
Straße in Düren

Alte Jülicher Straße (Düren)


Oda Valborg Emilie Bjørnholt (født Sander, 16. december 1898 i København, død 11. august 1984 på Frederiksberg) var en dansk modstandskvinde under 2. verdenskrig, medlem af DKP og cigarruller.

Opvækst og baggrund
Oda blev født ind i en fattig arbejderfamilie på Nørrebro, som 7. barn i rækken. Hun voksede op hos sine forældre, smed Hans Henrik Frits Sander (1866–1943) og Hansine Edvardine Vilhelmsen (1864-1927).

Efter at have afsluttet 7. klasse, kom hun i lære som cigarrullerske, og fortsatte livet igennem arbejdet i tobaksbranchen. Anden juledag 1922, blev hun som 24 årig gift med den tre år ældre malersvend Anker Andersen Bjørnholt (født den 11. marts 1895 ved Ørnsø, Silkeborg Sogn) og sammen fik de datteren Agnes. Ægteskabet gik senere i opløsning.

Politisk engagement
På trods af en hverdag med familie og arbejde, fordybede hun sig i historisk litteratur. Igennem litteraturen fik hun social indsigt og klassebevidsthed og i begyndelsen af 1930'erne tog hun på en rejse til Hamburg, hvor hendes politiske interesse for alvor vakt ved mødet med de tyske kommunister.

Efter rejsen meldte hun sig i 1931 ind i Danmarks Kommunistiske Parti (DKP), som var stiftet i 1919 og på daværende tidspunkt lagde mange kræfter i at organisere arbejderne i fagforeninger og præge dem i kommunistisk retning.  Mange kommunister blev valgt som tillidsfolk på arbejdspladser og i fagforeninger, og også Oda blev hurtigt engageret i partiarbejde og deltog bl.a. i studiekredse. Ægtefællen Anker, var også DKP-er og begge fik tillidsposter og deres hjem blev brugt som mødested for DKPs Frederiksbergafdeling. Senere DKP'er Eivin Nielsen husker at have mødt fremtrædende medlemmer af DKP i Odas hjem: "Det var et hjem med meget stor viden, og jeg lærte meget af Oda om fagbevægelsen og fagbevægelsens kamp, ikke mindst om tobaksarbejderne, husker Eivin."

Men Oda var tillige stærkt internationalt orienteret. Ud over at deltage i hjælpearbejdet for de flygtninge, der blev forfulgt af det nazistiske styre i 1930'ernes Tyskland, og i tøjindsamlingen i forbindelse med Den Spanske Borgerkrig begav hun sig på flere politisk motiverede ture til udlandet. I 1932 rejste hun på egen hånd til Berlin for at følge det afgørende valg, der førte til Hitlers magtovertagelse, og i 1937 tog hun ligeledes alene til Sovjetunionen, som hun var meget optaget af. Bjørnholt var i slutningen af 1930'erne tillidskvinde på sin arbejdsplads, og hun var tillige 1939–45 medlem af bestyrelsen for sin fagforening Enigheden, Tobaksarbejderforbundets afdeling i Kbh.

Modstandsarbejde
Odas hverdag påvirkedes ikke nævneværdigt, da Danmark i 1940 blev besat af tyske tropper, blot gjorde hele krigssituationen det med tiden vanskeligere at skaffe tobak til fabrikken, hvor hun var ansat. I juni 1941, da Tyskland angreb Sovjetunionen, ændredes situationen med ét for de danske kommunister. DKP blev illegalt og adskillige af hendes partifæller arresteret. Selv undgik hun arrestation, men blev snart efter fyret med den begrundelse, at lageret af tobak var sluppet op. At afskedigelsen var politisk motiveret understregedes af, at hun ikke blev genansat, da fabrikken atter modtog tobak. I efteråret 1941 indledte Oda sin modstandskamp, idet hun deltog i trykning af Land og Folk, DKPs illegale avis. Rigtig fart tog illegaliteten imidlertid, da familien i sensommeren 1942 blev opsøgt af deres partikammerat Eigil Larsen, der havde fået til opgave at organisere sabotagen. Odas mand startede derefter som kurer for Eigil Larsen, men hvervet blev kort efter overdraget til hende. Som kurer for en af modstandsbevægelsens centrale skikkelser fik Oda indflydelse og ansvar ud over det sædvanlige, og opgaven optog snart al hendes tid. Hun transporterede f.eks. mikrofilm, pakker og breve, skaffede logi til folk, der var gået under jorden, samt diskuterede og planlagde aktioner med Eigil Larsen. Fra august 1943 og resten af krigen levede hun selv illegalt, efterlyst af den tyske værnemagt. Selvom hun udsatte sig selv for et stort nervepres ved at være kurer, kom det aldrig på tale, at hun kunne trække sig ud af modstandsarbejdet, dertil var hendes viden alt for omfattende. Det illegale liv var på mange måder rædselsfuldt og ydmygende. Det tærede på kræfterne hele tiden at være på farten og lede efter nye logier, særlig efter 1943, da værnemagten indførte dødsstraf for at huse illegale. Oda var medlem af en ventegruppe, der skulle træde i aktivitet ved krigens slutning, og i den første tid efter Befrielsen gjorde hun tjeneste ved Domhuset.

Efter krigen var det vanskeligt for Oda at vende tilbage til et almindeligt liv som tobaksarbejderske. Hverdagen virkede som en indholdsløs kliché. I 1947 blev hun opstillet som folketingskandidat for DKP i Østre Storkreds, men blev ikke valgt. Resten af livet levede hun med forskellige fysiske skavanker, som hun selv mente var en konsekvens af det psykiske pres i besættelsesårene.

Oda døde den 11. august 1984 på Frederiksberg i en alder af 85 år.

Referencer

Modstandsfolk fra DKP

Oda Bjørnholt


A Revista Brasileira de Estudos de População (em inglês: Brazilian Journal of Population Studies) é um periódico científico editado pela Associação Brasileira de Estudos Populacionais (ABEP). Publicada desde seu lançamento em 1984, faz parte da Coleção do Scielo e está indexada em vários indexadores como Latindex e DOAJ.

Na avaliação do Qualis realizada pela CAPES, este periódico foi classificado no extrato A1 para a área de Ciência Política e Relações Internacionais.

Ligações externas

Revistas científicas do Brasil
Revistas científicas
Demografia


El apellido Rey es muy común en España, Francia meridional e Italia del norte, así como por gran parte de la América Hispana. Es uno de los 200 apellidos más frecuentes en España (proviene de Aragón) con 34.300 casos según datos de 2013. El mayor número de portadores de este apellido residen en las provincias de Pontevedra y La Coruña.

El origen del apellido tiene varios focos, siendo Galicia, Navarra y Cantabria los más destacados.

El caso gallego es el más defendido y cuyos registros datan más antiguos, aunque en muchos casos el apellido derivó al idioma gallego intercambiando la "y" griega por la "i" latina (Rei). En Galicia se dice que se concedía este apellido cuando se realizaba alguna hazaña en que intervenía más gente. Se otorgaba a los peregrinos que iban a Santiago de Compostela y seguían la tradición de organizar una carrera desde el Monte do Gozo hasta la plaza del Obradoiro. El primero en llegar obtenía el título y apellido de Rey.

Además de Galicia, también se habla de focos en Navarra y Cantabria; donde surge en muchos lugares españoles de sobrenombre "del Rey" o "de Rey" que abundan en España.

Origen etimológico y Significado

Rey viene del latín REX que significa: regir, regidor, así como monarca o cabeza.

Otras variantes y similitudes
 de Rey
 del Rey
 Del Rey
 Rege o Errege (Vasco)
 Rei (Galicia e Italia)
 Leroi o Roy (francés)
 King (inglés)
 König (alemán)

Escudo

En campo de gulés con una banda de oro y en el centro del jefe una corona real del mismo metal. Sobre un laurel.

Referencias

Apellidos de España

Rey (apellido)


ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික අපද්‍රව්‍ය" යනු ඕනෑම කැඩී ගිය අනවශ්‍ය විද්‍යුත් හෝ ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික භාණ්ඩයන් වේ.ප්‍රතිචක්‍රීකරණය කළ හැකි ද?ලෙක්ට්‍රොනික භාණ්ඩයන් සමහරක් තව දුරටත් වෙළඳ ද්‍රව්‍ය ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කළ හැකි නමුත් නැවත භාවිතා නොකළ හැකි අපද්‍රව්‍යම ලෙස සැලකේ. මෙහිදී දෙආකාරයේම ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික අපද්‍රව්‍යය වල දිරානොයන අහිතකර විෂ සහිත කොටස් අඩංගු වන හා ජෛව ජීර්ණ නොවන බවට වන පිළිගැනීම් මත ක්‍රමයෙන් වර්ධනය වන මත ගොඩ නැගී ඇත. වේ. එම නිසා එය සැළකිල්ලට ගෙන බොහෝ යුරෝපීය රටවල් 1990 දී තම භූමිය ගොඩ කිරීම් කටයුතු සඳහා මෙම ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික අපද්‍රව්‍යය භාවිතය තහනම් කරන ලදී.

යුරෝපීය සංගමය විසින් 2002 දී යුරෝපයේ ඉලෙක්ට්‍රෝනික අපද්‍රව්‍ය පිළිවෙත තවදුරටත් වැඩි දියුණු කරන ලදී. "විද්‍යුත් හා ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික අපද්‍රව්‍ය විධානය" මගිනි. එහිදී කියවූයේ සෑම ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික හෝ විද්‍යුත් උපකරණයක්ම ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික අපද්‍රව්‍යයක් වූ විට එය බැහැර කිරීම එය නිෂ්පාදනය කළ සමාගමේ වගකීමක් බවයි. තවද මෙවැනි නීති ආසියාවේ ද ක්‍රියාත්මක වන අතර ඇමරිකාවද තමාගේ ප්‍රාන්ත මට්ටමට පමණක් සීමා වීමේ හා සම්බන්ධ නීති ක්‍රියා කරයි. එසේ වීමට හේතුව වී ඇත්තේ ඔහු ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික නීති කෙටුම්පත සඳහා එක්සත් ජනපද කොන්ග්‍රසය දැක් වූ ප්‍රතිරෝධය නිසාය.

මෙහිදී ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික අපද්‍රව්‍ය ප්‍රතිචක්‍රීකරණයට වැයවන අධික වියදම නිසා හා ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික අපද්‍රව්‍ය අපනයනය සම්බන්ධයෙන් සුදුසු පරිදි නීති ගොඩනැගී නැති නිසා එහිදී භාවිතා කළ ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික උපකරණ ඉතා විශාල ප්‍රමාණයක් චීනය, ඉන්දියාව හා කෙන්යාව වැනි රටවලට යවා ඇත. එහිදී ඉතා අඩු පරිසර තත්ත්වයන් හා වැඩ කිරීමේ තත්වවලට ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික අපද්‍රව්‍ය සැකසීම වඩා ලාභදායී කර ඇත.

ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික අපද්‍රව්‍ය


පැට් පෝකොක් (උපතින් පැට්‍රික් ඉයන් පෝකොක්, 24 සැප්තැම්බර් 1946,  බැංගෝර්, එකල කානාවන්ෂයර් දැන් ග්විනෙඩ්, වේල්සය) යනු,  1968 සිට 1985 දක්වා එංගලන්තය වෙනුවෙන්  ටෙස්ට් තරග විස්සක් සහ එදිජා  තරග එකක් තුල ක්‍රීඩා කල හිටපු  ඉංග්‍රීසි ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයෙකි.

දිවිය සහ අභිවෘත්තිය
ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩාවට බෙහෙවින් ඇලුම් කල පෝකොක්, විරුද්ධ පාර්ශ්වික ක්‍රීඩකයන් ඔහුගේ පන්දු වලට පහර එල්ල කරන විට බොහෝ නියාම සහ පරික්ෂණ භාවිතා කළේය.

ආශ්‍රිත

බාහිර සබැඳි
පැට් පෝකොක්
පැට් පොකොක් ටේක්ස් 7 විකට්ස් ඉන් 11 බෝල්ස්
ක්‍රික්ඉන්ෆෝ ප්‍රොෆයිල්

1946 උපත්
ජීවත්වන්නෝ
එංගලන්ත ටෙස්ට් ක්‍රීඩකයෝ
එංගලන්ත එක් දින ජාත්‍යන්තර ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයෝ
එංගලන්ත ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයෝ
සරේ ප්‍රාක්‍රිස හී සභාපතිවරු
සරේ ක්‍රිකට් නායකයෝ
සරේ ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයෝ
වේල්ස ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයෝ

පැට් පෝකොක්


Bella Vista in Hannover war eine 1824 nach Plänen von Georg Ludwig Friedrich Laves erbaute Villa in einem von Franz Christian Schaumburg gestalteten Landschaftspark. An der Stelle dieses Parks zwischen dem Schützenplatz und der Bella-Vista-Brücke am Leineknie befindet sich heute die International School Hannover Region und ein Spazierweg namens Bella Vista inzwischen Maschpark und Maschsee.

Geschichte

Im Königreich Hannover erteilte der hannoversche Minister Caspar Detlev von Schulte dem Hofbaumeister Laves den Auftrag zum Bau seines Wohnhauses. Laves errichtete die Villa 1824 im Stil des Klassizismus. Seinen Namen erhielt Bella Vista ("Schöne Aussicht"), da auf dem Dach ein gläserner Aussichtspavillon installiert war.

Auch der hannoversche Staats- und Finanzminister Caspar Detlev von Schulte, Vater der Hofmalerin Auguste von Schulte, wohnte hier während seiner Zeit in Hannover.

Nach dem Tod des Bauherrn verkaufte die Witwe 1850 das Anwesen an die Stadt Hannover, die das Gebäude nebst Gelände als Restaurant und Vergnügungs-Etablissement einrichtete, allerdings mit mäßigem Erfolg. Erst nach dem Deutsch-Deutschen Krieg und der Annexion des Königreichs durch Preußen gelang nach 1866 mit dem Pächter Karl Röpcke größerer Erfolg.

Zur Zeit des Kaiserreichs wurde das Gebäude 1886 um eine Tanzhalle ergänzt und um eine Rotunde für die Musikkapelle der Gartenkonzerte. Großen Anklang fanden seitdem die Sinfonie-Konzerte der Kapelle des 73. Regiments, Feuerwerke im großen Stil sowie niedersächsische Volksfeste. Zulauf hatten auch die Aufstiege von Heißluftballons, eine zugefügte, asphaltierte Rollschuhbahn und – anfangs – auch die Treffen der Veteranen der Schlacht bei Langensalza von 1866.

1895 eröffnete die Fahrrad-Großhandlung Friedrich C. Wagener in Bella Vista eine Radfahrschule mit eigens eingerichteter Übungsbahn für die Sommermonate, bevor der Unternehmer und Radsportler 1897 im Nordstädter Gesellschaftshaus dann auch eine Winter-Radfahrschule betrieb.

Nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg ging es mit dem Lokal bergab. In der Weimarer Republik wurde die Immobilie 1921 in ein Jugendheim umgewandelt.

Nach der Machtergreifung funktionierten die Nationalsozialisten das Gebäude 1936 in eine "Führerschule" der Hitlerjugend um. Das Bella Vista wurde 1943 im Bombenkrieg zerstört.

Im Wiederaufbau wurde auf dem Gelände des ehemaligen Landschaftsgartens von 1952 bis 1954 von den Architekten Werner Dierschke und A. Bätjer (Stadtbauamt Hannover) ein Neubau für das Ratsgymnasium errichtet. Mit dem Abschluss der Bauarbeiten wurde 1954 auch der Spazierweg Bella Vista angelegt, der von der ehemaligen Waterloostraße zum Schützenhausweg an der alten Bella-Vista-Brücke führt.

Nach der Eingliederung des Ratsgymnasiums 1994 in das Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gymnasium in der Seelhorststraße wurde im Jahr 2000 die International School Hannover Region hierher verlegt.

Literatur
 Frank Zadach-Buchmeier: Lindener Berg und Bella Vista. Städtische Jugendheime zur Freizeitgestaltung Jugendlicher, in Adelheid von Saldern et al.: Alltag zwischen Hindenburg und Haarmann. Ein anderer Stadtführer durch das Hannover der 20er Jahre, Hrsg.: Geschichtswerkstatt Hannover, Hamburg: VSA-Verlag, 1987, ISBN 3-87975-397-0, S. 47–54
 Helmut Knocke, Hugo Thielen: Bruchmeisterallee 6. In: Hannover Kunst- und Kultur-Lexikon, S. 95
 Waldemar R. Röhrbein, Ludwig Hoerner: Bella Vista. In: Klaus Mlynek, Waldemar R. Röhrbein (Hrsg.) u. a.: Stadtlexikon Hannover. Von den Anfängen bis in die Gegenwart. Schlütersche, Hannover 2009, ISBN 978-3-89993-662-9, S. 56.
 Esther Meyer-Biemold: Caspar Detlev Baron von Schulte – Eine Biographie und Familiengeschichte, Tiste 2021.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Villa in Hannover
Abgegangenes Bauwerk in Hannover
Erbaut in den 1820er Jahren
Gastronomiebetrieb (Hannover)
Parkanlage in Hannover
Calenberger Neustadt
Zerstört im Zweiten Weltkrieg

Bella Vista (Hannover)


Die Andry sy Rihana Enti-Manavotra an'i Madagasikara (, , Kürzel AREMA) ist eine politische Partei in Madagaskar.

Der nationale Generalsekretär der Partei ist Pierrot Rajaonarivelo, der Interimsnationalsekretär ist Pierre Houlder Ramaholimasy.

Geschichte
Die Partei wurde am 19. März 1976 als pro-sowjetische Partei von Präsident Didier Ratsiraka gegründet. Sie hielt die Mehrheit der Sitze im Parlament bis zum Fall seines Militärregimes 1991.

Bei den Senatswahlen am 18. März 2001 gewann die AREMA wieder 49 der 60 Sitze.

Bei den madagassischen Parlamentswahlen am 15. Dezember 2002 gewann die Partei nur noch 4,9 % der Volksstimmen und somit auch nur 3 der 160 Abgeordnetensitze in der Nationalversammlung von Madagaskar, alle drei in der Provinz Toamasina.

Der amtierende Nationale Generalsekretär der Partei, Pierrot Rajaonarivelo, wurde beim Parteikongress vom 29. November 1977 gewählt. Er ging allerdings 2002 ins Exil nach Frankreich und wurde in Abwesenheit gerichtlich verurteilt; seither wird er von Ramaholimasy vertreten.

Derzeit ist die Partei in zwei Fraktionen gespalten: die Gefolgsleute Rajaonarivelos einerseits und die Anhänger von Parteigründer Ratsiraka andererseits.

Rajaonarivelo wollte im Dezember 2006 zu den Präsidentschaftswahlen antreten, durfte aber nicht nach Madagaskar einreisen.

Die Ratsiraka-Fraktion hingegen erwog den Boykott der Parlamentswahlen im September 2007, im Gegensatz zur teilnehmenden Rajoanarivelo-Faktion. Die Ratsiraka-Faktion wollte die Teilnahme der Rajaonativelo-Faktion verhindern, allerdings erlaubte das Hohe Verfassungsgericht die Teilnahme AREMA. Die Partei gewann bei der Wahl aber keinen Sitz.

Einzelnachweise

Geschichte (Madagaskar)
Sozialistische Partei
Partei (Madagaskar)
Gegründet 1976


Stor blåhejre () er en fugleart, der lever i Nordamerika.

Noter
 Netfugl.dk
 Avibase - the world bird database

Hejrer
Nordamerikas fugle

Stor blåhejre


Laura Bretan (Chicago, ) é uma soprano romeno-estadunidense. Foi a vencedora da sexta temporada da série Românii au talent da TV Pro, e mais tarde colocada em sexto na temporada onze de America's Got Talent, ambos em 2016.

Início de vida
Nasceu em Chicago, filha de pais da Romênia. Começou a cantar quando tinha seis anos. Aos oito anos começou a cantar na Igreja Pentecostal Romena Elim. Ela e seus pais são membros ativos da Igreja Pentecostal Romena de Chicago.

Carreira
Em 2016 foi a vencedora do Românii au talent. Após esta vitória fez uma teste para a temporada onze de America's Got Talent, quando cantou "Nessun dorma" da ópera Turandot de Giacomo Puccini. Sua apresentação recebeu uma ovação de pé de Simon Cowell, Heidi Klum, Mel B e Howie Mandel; depois, Mel B apertou sua campainha dourada, enviando Bretan diretamente para as quartas de final.

Bretan se apresentou no primeiro show ao vivo em 26 de julho de 2016 e avançou para as semifinais com a votação do público. Teve outra performance bem recebida nas semifinais, mas perdeu a votação do público mais tarde e perdeu a votação "Dunkin Save". No entanto, Bretan ganhou o voto dos juízes e passou para as finais. Bretan executou "O Mio Babbino Caro" nas finais, ganhando críticas muito favoráveis dos juízes do show. "Hoje você parece uma princesa, mas esta noite você comanda o palco como uma rainha", disse Klum. Ela terminou em sexto lugar geral.

Em 2017 Bretan cantou "I Dreamed a Dream" no final da primeira temporada do Vocea României Junior. Em dezembro de 2018 foi anunciada como uma dos semifinalistas da edição de 2019 da Selecția Națională, a seleção nacional da Romênia para o Eurovision Song Contest 2019 em Tel Aviv, Israel. Ela cantou a música "Dear Father", vencendo no televoto, mas terminando em 3º lugar no júri, sendo a segunda colocada na classificação geral.

Vida privada
Bretan tem dupla cidadania da Romênia e dos Estados Unidos. Em outubro de 2018 apareceu em um anúncio pedindo aos romenos que apoiassem o referendo constitucional romeno de 2018, que proibiria constitucionalmente o casamento entre pessoas do mesmo sexo.

Ligações externas

Fansite

Participantes do America's Got Talent
Sopranos da Romênia
Norte-americanos de ascendência romena
Naturais de Chicago
Pessoas vivas

Laura Bretan


Premiul André Cavens () este un premiu de recunoaștere a excelenței în cinematografie prezentat anual de Asociația criticilor de film belgieni (UCC), o organizație profesională a criticilor de film din Bruxelles, Belgia.

Premiul André Cavens a fost acordat pentru prima dată în 1976 de comitetul de organizare al acestui premiu, parte a UCC. Numele premiului onorează regizorul belgian André Cavens.

Cei mai recompensați creatori de film sunt frații Jean-Pierre și Luc Dardenne cu cinci premii, urmați de Jaco Van Dormael și Joachim Lafosse cu trei. Alți regizori, care au câștigat de mai multe ori sunt Jean-Jacques Andrien, André Delvaux și Fien Troch cu câte două premii. După dragoste (After Love) este filmul care a fost recompensat în 2016.

Câștigătorii

Anii 1970

Anii 1980

Anii 1990

Anii 2000

Referințe

Legături externe
 André Cavens Awards  la RTBF (Radio Télévision Belge de la Communauté Française - RTBF.be)

Premiul Andreé Cavens
Andreé Cavens
Premii cinematografice belgiene
Premii pentru cel mai bun film
Premii de artă

Premiul André Cavens


Semiconductor materials are nominally small band gap insulators. The defining property of a semiconductor material is that it can be compromised by doping it with impurities that alter its electronic properties in a controllable way.
Because of their application in the computer and photovoltaic industry—in devices such as transistors, lasers, and solar cells—the search for new semiconductor materials and the improvement of existing materials is an important field of study in materials science.

Most commonly used semiconductor materials are crystalline inorganic solids. These materials are classified according to the periodic table groups of their constituent atoms.

Different semiconductor materials differ in their properties.  Thus, in comparison with silicon, compound semiconductors have both advantages and disadvantages.  For example, gallium arsenide (GaAs) has six times higher electron mobility than silicon, which allows faster operation; wider band gap, which allows operation of power devices at higher temperatures, and gives lower thermal noise to low power devices at room temperature; its direct band gap gives it more favorable optoelectronic properties than the indirect band gap of silicon; it can be alloyed to ternary and quaternary compositions, with adjustable band gap width, allowing light emission at chosen wavelengths, which makes possible matching to the wavelengths most efficiently transmitted through optical fibers. GaAs can be also grown in a semi-insulating form, which is suitable as a lattice-matching insulating substrate for GaAs devices. Conversely, silicon is robust, cheap, and easy to process, whereas GaAs is brittle and expensive, and insulation layers can not be created by just growing an oxide layer; GaAs is therefore used only where silicon is not sufficient.

By alloying multiple compounds, some semiconductor materials are tunable, e.g., in band gap or lattice constant. The result is ternary, quaternary, or even quinary compositions. Ternary compositions allow adjusting the band gap within the range of the involved binary compounds; however, in case of combination of direct and indirect band gap materials there is a ratio where indirect band gap prevails, limiting the range usable for optoelectronics; e.g. AlGaAs LEDs are limited to 660 nm by this. Lattice constants of the compounds also tend to be different, and the lattice mismatch against the substrate, dependent on the mixing ratio, causes defects in amounts dependent on the mismatch magnitude; this influences the ratio of achievable radiative/nonradiative recombinations and determines the luminous efficiency of the device. Quaternary and higher compositions allow adjusting simultaneously the band gap and the lattice constant, allowing increasing radiant efficiency at wider range of wavelengths; for example AlGaInP is used for LEDs. Materials transparent to the generated wavelength of light are advantageous, as this allows more efficient extraction of photons from the bulk of the material. That is, in such transparent materials, light production is not limited to just the surface. Index of refraction is also composition-dependent and influences the extraction efficiency of photons from the material.

Types of semiconductor materials
 Group IV elemental semiconductors, (C, Si, Ge, Sn)
 Group IV compound semiconductors
 Group VI elemental semiconductors, (S, Se, Te)
 III–V semiconductors: Crystallizing with high degree of stoichiometry, most can be obtained as both n-type and p-type. Many have high carrier mobilities and direct energy gaps, making them useful for optoelectronics. (See also: Template:III-V compounds.)
 II–VI semiconductors: usually p-type, except ZnTe and ZnO which are n-type
 I–VII semiconductors
 IV–VI semiconductors
 V–VI semiconductors
 II–V semiconductors
 I-III-VI2 semiconductors
 Oxides
 Layered semiconductors
 Magnetic semiconductors
 Organic semiconductors
 Charge-transfer complexes
 Others

Compound semiconductors

A compound semiconductor is a semiconductor compound composed of chemical elements of at least two different species. These semiconductors form for example in periodic table groups 13–15 (old groups III–V), for example of elements from the Boron group (old group III, boron, aluminium, gallium, indium) and from group 15 (old group V, nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth). The range of possible formulae is quite broad because these elements can form binary (two elements, e.g. gallium(III) arsenide (GaAs)), ternary (three elements, e.g. indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs)) and quaternary alloys (four elements) such as aluminium gallium indium phosphide (AlInGaP)) alloy and Indium arsenide antimonide phosphide (InAsSbP). The properties of III-V compound semiconductors are similar to their group IV counterparts. The higher ionicity in these compounds, and especially in the II-VI compound, tends to increase the fundamental bandgap with respect to the less ionic compounds.

Fabrication
Metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy (MOVPE) is the most popular deposition technology for the formation of compound semiconducting thin films for devices. It uses ultrapure metalorganics and/or hydrides as precursor source materials in an ambient gas such as hydrogen.

Other techniques of choice include:
 Molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE)
 Hydride vapor-phase epitaxy (HVPE)
 Liquid phase epitaxy (LPE)
 Metal-organic molecular-beam epitaxy (MOMBE)
 Atomic layer deposition (ALD)

Table of semiconductor materials

Table of semiconductor alloy systems

The following semiconducting systems can be tuned to some extent, and represent not a single material but a class of materials.

See also
 Heterojunction
 Organic semiconductors
 Semiconductor characterization techniques

References

List of semiconductor materials


Cemaat veya Cemaât (), dinde bir fikir, kitap, şeyh, imam, veli, alim veya ibadet için bir araya gelen topluluklara denir. İslâm'da ayrıca tasavvuf ve benzeri hareketlerde, belli bir görüş ve inanca sahip gruplar için de kullanılır. Tasavvuf cemaatine tarikat denmektedir.

Sosyoloji literatüründe ise cemaat kavramı, cemaatin üyelerinin ortaklaşa paylaştıkları bir şeye (genellikle ortak bir ideolojiye ya da bir kimlik duygusuna) dayanan, özel olarak oluşturulmuş bir toplumsal ilişkiler bütünüdür.

Türkiye'deki başlıca İslami cemaatler
Türkiye'de yayılmış belli başlı İslami cemaatler şunlardır:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Adı !! Not
|-
| Adnan Oktar Cemaati || Adnan Oktar kurmuştur.

|-
| Erenköy Cemaati || Nakşibendîlik'in esnaf ve işadamları kolu olarak bilinir.
|-
| Gülen hareketi || Fethullah Gülen'i takip eder.
|-
| Işıkçılar Cemaati || Hüseyin Hilmi Işık'ın cemaatidir.İhlas grubu olarak da bilinir.
|-
| İskenderpaşa Cemaati || Nakşibendîlik'in Halidilik koluna bağlıdır.
|-
| İsmailağa Cemaati || Nakşibendîlik'in Halidilik koluna bağlıdır.
|-
| Kızıl İmamcılar || Kökeni Adnan Oktar Cemaati'dir.
|-
| Menzil Cemaati || Nakşibendîlik'e bağlı olup Türkiye'de en yaygın olandır.
|-
| Nakşibendî Yahyalı Cemaati || Yahyalılı Hacı Hasan Efendi'nin devam ettirdiği yolu şu anda Ali Ramazan Dinç Efendi devam ettirmektedir. Hem Nakşi, hem de Kadiri (Halidilik) Yol düsturu bulunmaktadır. Hacegan tariki olarak da bilinir.
|-
| Nur Cemaati || Said-i Nursî'nin yolundan gidenlerin cemaatidir. Birçok farklı alt gruba ayrılır Okuyucular, Yazıcılar bunlardan bazılarıdır.
|-
| Süleymancılar || Süleyman Hilmi Tunahan'nın (Nakşibendi) gittiği yoldan etkilenen ve kendini bir hareket olarak görmeyen bir gruptur.
|-
|Furkan Cemaati
|Alpaslan Kuytul'u takip eder. Merkezi Adana'dadır.
|-
|Kadiriler
|Abdülkadir i Geylani nin yolundan gitmektedirler.
|-
|Rufailer
|Ahmed Rufai nin yolundan gitmektedirler.
|-
|Mevleviler
|Mevlana Celaleddini Rumi nin müritleridirler.
|-

== Kaynakça ==

Tarikatlar

Cemaat


Lépidémie de variole du singe de 2022 apparaît le  au Royaume-Uni chez un individu de retour du Nigeria.

Au , plus de 300 cas de variole du singe étaient confirmés ou soupçonnés en Europe, en Amérique et en Australie, selon le décompte réalisé quotidiennement par une équipe internationale d'épidémiologistes.

Le vaccin antivariolique de  - du Danois  (IMVANEX en Europe, JYNNEOS aux États-Unis ou IMVAMUNE au Canada) voit son indication élargie à la variole du singe.

Propagation du virus
Au début du mois de , trois cas sont d'abord signalés au Royaume-Uni , puis 23 cas suspectés en Espagne et au Portugal. L'agence sanitaire publique des États-Unis, le centre pour le contrôle et la prévention des maladies (CDC), affirme s'inquiéter d'une transmission communautaire au-delà du Royaume-Uni. Des cas sont ensuite confirmés au Canada et aux États-Unis, en Argentine, ainsi qu'en Italie, aux Pays-Bas, en Belgique, en France, en Suède, en Norvège, au Danemark, en Allemagne, en Suisse, en Autriche, en Grèce, en Israël et en Australie. Selon l'Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS), la plupart des cas concernent les relations homosexuelles masculines, le risque de contagion étant plus élevé chez les personnes ayant plusieurs partenaires sexuels, tout en restant  dans la population en général. Le , l'OMS affirme que la propagation peut être stoppée dans les pays où le virus n'est pas encore endémique. Une première analyse génomique menée sur un cas confirmé au Portugal identifie la souche ouest-africaine comme à l'origine de l'infection et les génomes viraux connus les plus proches seraient ceux des cas exportés du Nigeria en 2018-2019 vers le Royaume-Uni, Israël et Singapour. Un autre génome de virus, séquencé sur un patient aux États-Unis, correspond à celui identifié au Portugal. Depuis, deux variants issus de cette souche ouest-africaine ont été identifiés en Europe.

Chez l'humain, le virus n'a jamais été détecté hors d'Afrique avant 2003.

En , le schéma de propagation du virus est encore incompris et intrigue les épidémiologistes car il diffère des épidémies du passé hors de l'Afrique. Presque toutes les épidémies précédentes avaient pu être expliquées par l'import du virus par des vols venant d'Afrique, ou par une exposition directe à des animaux exotiques infectés (cas le plus fréquent).

Le , le Nigeria annonce le premier mort lié à la maladie. En Europe, le premier décès lié à la maladie a lieu en Espagne le . Le même jour, c'est le Brésil qui déclarait plus tôt un décès sur son sol, le premier mort hors du continent africain.

Le , l'Organisation mondiale de la santé déclare l'épidémie de la variole du singe en cours comme une urgence de santé publique de portée internationale.

En France, le pic de l'épidémie a eu lieu en juillet 2022, le nombre de personnes contaminées à très fortement diminué ensuite, pour à partir de novembre 2022 être assez marginal.

Facteurs de risques
Depuis la fin du , des épidémies de variole du singe ont été plus fréquentes et ont sévi dans 11 pays africains (en République démocratique du Congo principalement). Cette augmentation pourrait avoir deux explications :
 une diminution de l'immunité globale de la population contre la variole (maladie dont le virus est proche de celui du monkeypox) depuis la fin des programmes de vaccination contre la variole. Un indice plaidant pour cette explication est qu'en Afrique les enfants victimes de la variole du singe font généralement partie de ceux qui n'ont pas été vaccinés contre la variole ;
 des changements croissant d'utilisation des terres mettent davantage de personnes à proximité d'animaux porteurs du virus.

Risque d'infection de la faune sauvage
Fin , le groupe britannique Human Animal Infections and Risk Surveillance (HAIRS) met en garde contre le fait que le virus pourrait atteindre la faune sauvage et devenir ainsi endémique.

Pays touchés

Réactions et mesures
Le , l'OMS tient une réunion d'urgence sur la propagation du virus.

L'agence européenne de santé, le Centre européen de prévention et de contrôle des maladies, recommande l'isolement de tous les cas jusqu'à ce que les lésions provoquées par la maladie .

Le , la Belgique introduit une quarantaine obligatoire de  pour les personnes infectées.

Le Royaume-Uni appelle toutes les personnes à haut risque d'attraper la maladie, telles que celles habitant avec des personnes infectées ou le personnel de santé ayant été en contact avec des malades, à s'isoler pour une période de .

L'agence onusienne ONUSIDA, se basant sur son expérience dans la lutte contre le Sida, condamne les propos homophobes et racistes survenant dans les commentaires au sujet de l'épidémie, affirmant que ces propos .

Aux États-Unis, le CDC alerte les hommes homosexuels et bisexuels sur le risque particulier de transmission du virus au sein de leur communauté à travers le monde, leur enjoignant de prendre des précautions s'ils ont été en contact avec des malades et de surveiller l'apparition de symptômes de la maladie, tout en rappelant que celle-ci peut toucher tout le monde.

Vaccination
Le vaccin antivariolique de  MVA-BN ( de  ( en Europe, JYNNEOS aux États-Unis ou IMVAMUNE au Canada) est efficace contre la variole du singe. Il est administré par voie sous-cutanée. La primovaccination est de deux doses de  espacées d'au moins . Les personnes vaccinées avec le vaccin de première génération n'auront que la dose de rappel.

En France, l'ANSM le recommande le  dans le cadre d'une stratégie vaccinale réactive après exposition qu'elle doit être  avec un rappel à  (deux pour personnes immunodéprimées). Le , la vaccination préventive est élargie aux personnes à risque. Mardi , un centre de vaccination spécifique est ouvert en Île-de-France.

Génome
Il existe dans le monde deux grands clades distincts du virus : celui du bassin du Congo (le plus virulent) et celui de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (moins agressif).

La séquence génomique du virus associée à cette épidémie a été publiée pour la première fois le  par des chercheurs portugais. Ce virus appartenait au clade ouest-africain, déjà relié à d'autres épidémies internationales en 2018-2019, de même pour les autres échantillons séquencés (dont le premier cas aux États-Unis). Depuis, deux variants issus de la souche ouest-africaine ont été identifiés.

Le suivi des séquences génomiques lors d'émergences de ce type peut fournir plus d'informations sur .

D'autres données et analyses sur le génome du virus sont attendues.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 variole du singe
 épidémiologie
 écoépidémiologie

Bibliographie
  OMS (2022). ,  ( WHO/MPX/Surveillance/2022.1). OMS/ .
 .

Liens externes

2022
Variole singe 2022
Épidémie au XXIe siècle
Catastrophe en 2022

Épidémie de variole du singe de 2022


Reiterbuben, auch Rossbuben oder Reiterjungen, waren Kindersoldaten, die den Söldnerheeren des 17. Jahrhunderts, vorwiegend im Dreißigjährigen Krieg, angehörten. Sie waren den – besser als die Landsknechte gestellten – Reitern als Trossjungen zugeordnet.

Die kriegsbedingten Folgen von Armut und Perspektivlosigkeit, die Vernichtung der Familie oder ganzer Dorfgemeinschaften während des Dreißigjährigen Krieges und die Kriegssituation, in die sie bereits hereingeboren wurden, veranlassten Jungen, sich in den vermeintlichen Schutz der Söldnerhaufen zu flüchten. Ihr Reiter, dem sie persönlich zugeordnet waren, sorgte für Nahrung und ein gewisses Maß an Sicherheit, andererseits hatten sie ihn auf den Feldzügen zu begleiten und "rund um die Uhr" zu versorgen.

Reiterbuben waren für die Funktion der Söldnerheere des 17. Jahrhunderts von essentieller Bedeutung. Die Jungen reinigten die Waffen, versorgten die Pferde und pflegten den Kürass. Außerdem ritten sie das Reservepferd und verrichteten Handreichungen der verschiedensten Art bei der Nahrungsversorgung und -zubereitung sowie der Unterbringung. Eine wesentliche Aufgabe war das Absuchen der Schlachtfelder nach Wertsachen, die Plünderung und das Leichenfleddern für ihren Herrn nach dem Kampf.

In den Romanen Der Abentheuerliche Simplicissimus Teutsch von Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen und Die Ahnen (Band 5: Die Geschwister) von Gustav Freytag ist das Leben der Reiterbuben des Dreißigjährigen Krieges anschaulich geschildert.

Die Zahl der Kindersoldaten in den Söldnerhaufen des Dreißigjährigen Krieges lässt sich kaum beziffern, dürfte aber beträchtlich gewesen sein. Jeder berittene Söldner hatte in der Regel einen oder mehrere Buben als Gehilfen. In Einzelfällen sind Zahlen überliefert, die es ermöglichen, den Anteil annähernd zu schätzen. Im Dezember 1630 beherbergte die Stadt Langenau ein Söldnerheer mit 368 Reitern, denen 307 Reiterjungen zugehörten.

Normalerweise – und sofern er überlebte – ging der Status des Reiterjungen etwa mit dem Alter von 16 Jahren nahtlos in den des Söldners über.

In der Öffentlichkeit wurden die Reiterbuben als Spießgesellen der mordenden und plündernden Söldner, als Marodeure und als Spitzbuben wahrgenommen. Nach dem Westfälischen Frieden war es problematisch, die an das ungebundene Söldnerleben gewöhnten, verwaisten Kinder in die dörflichen und städtischen Gemeinschaften einzugliedern. Viele dürften Straftaten begangen haben und am Galgen geendet sein, andere haben wahrscheinlich in den folgenden Türkenkriegen eine Aufgabe gefunden.

Neben den Reiterbuben gab es noch andere Kindersoldaten, zum Beispiel die Trommlerbuben, die in den Söldnerhaufen marschierten und die Signaltrommel schlugen, die Schiffsjungen auf den Kriegsschiffen des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts und die sogenannten "Pulveraffen", die die Pulverbeutel zu den Schiffsgeschützen schleppten.

Einzelnachweise

Kind (Bezeichnung)
Kinderarbeit
Militärgeschichte
Militärischer Beruf
Geschichte der Kindheit

Reiterbube


Ivan Vihor Krsnik Čohar (Rijeka, 22. siječnja 1997.) - hrvatski pijanist i šahist.

Rani zivot
Ivan Vihor Krsnik Čohar rodio se u Rijeci, 22. siječnja 1997. godine. Zbog svojih izvanrednih pijanističkih sposobnosti, od 2009. godine, prozvan je čudom od djeteta.
Počeo je svirati glasovir sa šest godina u klasi prof. Ane Dražul, u čijoj klasi je i maturirao 2013. godine s odličnim uspjehom u Glazbenoj školi Ivana Matetića Ronjgova u Rijeci.

Koncertna karijera
Studirao je na prestiznom Konzervatoriju Gaetano Donizetti u Bergamu u Italiji u klasi prof. Marca Giovanettija, gdje je 2016. diplomirao s najvišim ocjenama "cum laude". Imao je više od pedeset koncerata i nastupa u prestižnim dvoranama u Italiji, Hrvatskoj, Francuskoj,Austriji i Sloveniji. Nagrađen je na brojnim domaćim i međunarodnim natjecanjima, a među ostalima ističu se: "Rotary Classic Italija", "Festival glazbe u laguni" u Veneciji te "Premio Lino Barbisotti" 2016. godine.
2017.godine establirao se kao vodeci mladi Hrvatski glazbenik, pobijedvsi Natjecanje mladih glazbenika "Papandopulo" te Medjunarodno natjecanje "Ferdo Livadic" u Samoboru, gdje je osvojio i nagradu Hrvatskog drustva skladatelja.
U svibnju 2015., snimio je svoj prvi CD s glazbom R. Schumanna, L. v. Beethovena i F. Liszta.

Ostali interesi
Također igra šah, a trenutni je juniorski viceprvak Hrvatske i drži titulu FIDE majstora.

Izvori

Hrvatski pijanisti
Hrvatski šahisti
Životopisi, Rijeka

Ivan Vihor Krsnik Čohar