The Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF, or Second AIF) was the name given to the volunteer expeditionary force of the Australian Army in the Second World War. It was formed following the declaration of war on Nazi Germany, with an initial strength of one infantry division and related auxiliary components. After considerable expansion of this force, three divisions were sent to the Middle East and North Africa, while the 8th Division was sent to garrison British Malaya and Singapore.

Under the Defence Act 1903, neither the part-time Militia nor the full-time Permanent Military Force (PMF) could serve outside Australia or its territories unless they volunteered to do so. The Second AIF fought against Nazi Germany, Italy, Vichy France and Japan. After the war, Australia's wartime military structures were demobilised and the 2nd AIF was disbanded, although a small cadre of its personnel became part of the Interim Army that was established in 1947, and from which the Australian Regular Army was formed in 1948.

Formation

At the outset of World War II, there was controversy over whether Australia should concentrate on forming an expeditionary force for overseas service to fight Germany in Europe or a home defence force to fight Japan. Prime Minister Robert Menzies decided to do both, although the experience of the Great War indicated that Australia did not have the resources to do either.

Conscription
On 15 September 1939, Menzies announced the formation of the Second AIF, an expeditionary force of 20,000, to consist of one infantry division and any auxiliary units that the Australian Army could fit into it. On 15 November 1939, Menzies announced the reintroduction of conscription for home defence service effective 1 January 1940. Unmarried men turning 21 in the year ending 30 June 1940 would be drafted into the Militia. Because of this, the AIF could not accept personnel who were in reserved occupations.

Public opinion and the Australian Militia
Although the AIF had priority for scarce personnel and equipment over the Militia, many Militia commanders were reluctant to release any to the AIF. Although the government had hoped that half of the new force would be drawn from the Militia, it was soon clear that this would not be achieved. The public was torn between the dangers presented by Germany and Japan. After an initial rush, enlistments tapered off. For these reasons, the Second AIF possessed only one division, the 6th Division, for nearly a year.

The fall of France
The fall of France shocked both the government and the people into action. A huge surge of enlistments—48,496 in June 1940—provided enough personnel to fill not only the recently formed 7th Division, but also to form the 8th and 9th Divisions as well, and the government ordered units to the United Kingdom to assist in its defence.

Organisation

Command

Lieutenant General Thomas Blamey was given command of the Second AIF on 13 October 1939 and retained it throughout the war. As such, he was answerable directly to the Minister of Defence, rather than to the Military Board. He was given a charter based on that given to Major General William Throsby Bridges in 1914. Part of his charter required the Second AIF to be kept together, but a series of political and military crises resulted in the divisions rarely fighting together, with individual divisions, brigades and even battalions deployed in different sectors or even different theatres. This resulted in conflicts with British commanders, particularly the Commander-in-Chief Middle East, General Sir Claude Auchinleck, most notably over the relief of Tobruk.

The 6th and 7th Divisions departed for the Far East in January 1942, followed by the 9th Division in February 1943. The last AIF units, three forestry companies, returned via the United States in late 1943. All units of the Second AIF were thereafter deployed to the South West Pacific theatre, although some individuals remained in other theatres on exchange or liaison duty, such as Vernon Sturdee, who was head of the Australian Military Mission in Washington, D.C. from 1942 to 1944.

A controversial decision of the Menzies government was that senior commands in Blamey's 6th Division would be restricted to Militia officers. This upset many PMF officers. However, when the 7th Division was formed in May 1940, a regular officer, Lieutenant General John Lavarack was appointed to command it. Blamey appointed two regulars, Major Generals Vernon Sturdee and Henry Wynter to command the 8th and 9th Divisions, but Wynter became ill and Sturdee was appointed Chief of the General Staff following the death of General Sir Brudenell White in the 1940 Canberra air disaster. The commands then went to two CMF soldiers, Major Generals Gordon Bennett and Leslie Morshead.

Structure
The Second AIF's main strength consisted of a Corps Headquarters and five divisions:
6th Division
7th Division
8th Division
9th Division
1st Armoured Division
Divisions numbered 1st to 5th were Militia divisions, which had been raised during the inter-war years and perpetuated the numerical designations of the First AIF units that had fought during the First World War. In addition, the 10th through 12th and the 2nd and 3rd Armoured Divisions were also Militia formations.

There were three brigades in each division. Brigades were numbered from 16 onwards so as not to be confused with extant Militia brigades.  There were at first four infantry battalions per brigade but this was soon reduced to three.

Units of the Second AIF prefixed their numbers with a '2/' (pronounced 'second') to distinguish themselves from Militia units. Where such a unit did not exist in the First AIF or the Militia, the '2/' was not initially used, but later it was adopted as identifying a unit of the Second AIF.

After the war with Japan began, large numbers of experienced AIF officers were posted to Militia units. As a consequence, units in which more than 75% of their personnel were AIF volunteers were permitted to call themselves AIF units. By November 1944, 20 of the Militia's 33 infantry battalions were entitled to call themselves AIF. At this time the Army was 423,000 strong, of whom 25,000 were women, and 307,000 were members of the AIF.

In the South West Pacific, the Army found that its force structure was unbalanced, with a preponderance of operational units and a grave shortage of logistical units. The Army was also faced with government requests to release manpower to industry, and later to discharge long-serving personnel. This was remedied by disbanding operational units.

From 1 May 1945, the Army's monthly quota was 420 men and 925 women. As its wastage was greater than this, units were disbanded for reinforcements.

Weaponry and equipment

Unlike in 1914, Australia did not possess a stock of modern weapons and equipment at the outbreak of the war. As in 1914, the British Army was unable to help much in the initial stages, as it was preoccupied with its own mobilisation. The Treasury Department opposed the diversion of large numbers of men and women from industry, the conversion of industries to production of weapons, and the expenditure of large sums on defence. It took time for the Army to overcome its objections, and modern weapons, such as the 25 pounder, were soon coming off the assembly lines in Australia. In the meantime, the AIF, like the Militia, made do with the weapons that the First AIF had brought back from the Great War.

Armour
The 1st Armoured Division was formed at Puckapunyal in 1941 after the German blitzkrieg had demonstrated the value of armour in modern warfare.

Personnel

Personnel were required to be between 20 and 35 years old on enlistment, although there were many cases of this being evaded. A large number of personnel were aged 20 on enlistment, and many former members of the First AIF joined up, a practice encouraged by some unit commanders, who liked to have some old hands around.

Pay
Although volunteer militiamen were paid 8s per day, an unmarried private in the AIF was paid 5s per day in Australia, with an extra 2s per day after embarkation for overseas. This was less than the 8s 6d per day dole, not to mention the average basic wage of £2 16s.

Serial numbers
All members of the Second AIF were allocated a serial number. The first letter represented the state of enlistment: N – New South Wales; V – Victoria; Q – Queensland; S – South Australia; W – Western Australia; T – Tasmania; D ("Darwin") – Northern Territory; P - Papua New Guinea. The serial numbers of female soldiers followed this with an F. AIF serial numbers then had an X. A low number indicated an early enlistment. General Blamey was VX1. Soldiers transferring from the Militia often kept their old number with 100,000 added, while PMF officers had 20,000 added.

Women in the AIF

From the first, women served with the AIF in the Australian Army Nursing Service. The Australian Army Medical Women's Service was formed in 1942, and the Australian Women's Army Service on 13 August 1941. The latter had a strength of 24,000. Some 35,000 women served in the Army, making up about 5% of the force.

Uniforms and insignia

Shoulder patches
Units wore the shoulder patch of the corresponding unit of the First AIF, with a grey border to distinguish the unit from the Militia unit wearing the same patch. The shape of the grey indicated the division, which sometimes differed from that of the coloured part. Later, AIF personnel in Militia units were authorised to wear the grey border, resulting in some units wearing the same patches. The 9th Division replaced all its patches with a new type in the shape of a "T". As there were more units in the Second AIF than the First, many units wore patches of a new design.

Operations
The 6th Division, under Major General Iven Mackay fought in the Western Desert Campaign at Bardia, Tobruk and Benghazi. It experienced many casualties in the Greek Campaign, where 3,000 Australian soldiers were taken prisoner.

After refitting in Syria, the 6th Division was recalled to Australia to take part in the Pacific War in February 1942. Its 16th and 17th Infantry Brigades were temporarily diverted to garrison Ceylon. The 19th Infantry Brigade was sent to Darwin, except for its 2/11th Infantry Battalion, which went to Western Australia.

When the remainder of the 6th Division returned, it was committed to the fighting in New Guinea. The 16th Infantry Brigade participated in the fighting on the Kokoda Track and at Buna. The 17th Infantry Brigade fought in the Battle of Wau and the Salamaua campaign.

The 7th Division, under Major General Arthur Allen and other Australian units formed the body of the Allied invasion of Lebanon and Syria in 1941. The division's 18th Infantry Brigade fought at Tobruk.

Following the outbreak of war in the Pacific, elements of the 7th Division were sent to the Dutch East Indies, reinforcing a few 8th division units. The bulk of the 7th Division was deployed in support of Militia battalions engaged in a rearguard action on the Kokoda Track Campaign in New Guinea. With elements of the 1st Armoured Division and 6th Divisions, and Militia, it formed a large part of the Allied forces which destroyed the major Japanese beachhead in New Guinea, at the Battle of Buna-Gona.

Most of the 8th Division was sent to Malaya to strengthen the garrison prior to war with Japan, while the remaining battalions were deployed in the Dutch East Indies and New Guinea. Consequently, most of the division was lost at the Fall of Singapore in February 1942, where the division lost 1,789 killed and 1,306 wounded; another 15,395 were captured. The divisional commander, Major General Henry Gordon Bennett created an enduring controversy by escaping.

A small, lesser-known force known as Mission 204 was drawn from units in Malaya, including forty men of the 8th Division. It served in China, advising the Chinese Army, until it was withdrawn in October 1942.

The 23rd Infantry Brigade remained, but without battalions, as these had been lost when Ambon, Rabaul and Timor fell. It was filled up with Militia battalions, and it and other remaining elements of the 8th Division participated in the campaigns in the South West Pacific. The 8th Division was reformed after the war to process prisoners of the Japanese.

Australian prisoners of war, like other Allied prisoners of the Japanese, were often held in inhumane conditions, such as Changi Prison or in Japan. Some were subject to forced labour, including the Burma Railway or forced long distance marches, such as on Sandakan.

AIF Independent companies continued guerrilla operations in East Timor for many months until being evacuated in January 1943. Independent companies played an important part in the defence of New Guinea, initially occupying several locations to Australia's north to provide an early warning capability in the months prior to the outbreak of the Pacific War, and then, after the fighting had started, fighting several delaying campaigns in Timor, New Guinea, and New Britain. Later in the war, these units were converted into "commando" units, subsequently fighting several campaigns in New Guinea, Bougainville and Borneo.

The 9th Division fought in the North African campaign under Major General Leslie Morshead and distinguished itself first at the Battle of Tobruk, where it became the first Allied unit to resist German Blitzkrieg tactics. The Axis leader in North Africa, Lieutenant General Erwin Rommel, described the 9th Division at Tobruk as: "immensely big and powerful men, who without question represented an elite formation of the British Empire, a fact that was also evident in battle."

The 9th also served with distinction at the First and Second Battles of El Alamein. It returned to Australia in early 1943 in a convoy operation designated Operation Pamphlet.

In 1943, the 6th, 7th and 9th Divisions were reunited on the Atherton Tableland.

General Douglas MacArthur, Supreme Allied Commander in the South West Pacific Area depended on the AIF as the spearhead of his land forces in 1942 and 1943. The 7th Division, now under Major General George Vasey, fought at Nadzab and in the Finisterre Range campaign. Meanwhile, the 9th Division, now under Major General George Wootten fought at Red Beach and then in the Huon Peninsula campaign.

MacArthur deployed the AIF divisions in secondary assignments during 1944–45, where they often fought what many considered to be pointless battles. A shortage of first operational units and then logistic units caused the 6th Division, now under Major General Jack Stevens to be committed to the Aitape-Wewak campaign despite MacArthur's efforts. He employed the 7th and 9th Divisions in the Borneo Campaign (1945).

A planned invasion of the Japanese home island of Honshū in 1946, Operation Coronet, would almost certainly have included an "Australian 10th Division", made up of experienced personnel from the three existing divisions. However, the Japanese surrendered before the invasion took place.

Disbandment
Most Second AIF personnel were demobilised by the end of 1946. The Second AIF ceased to exist on 30 June 1947. All Second AIF personnel still on full-time duty were transferred to the Interim Army on 1 July 1947; this force was used to form the foundation of the Australian Regular Army in 1948.

References

Citations

Sources

External links

 World War II Nominal Roll
 Unit Colour Patches May 1941

Australian Imperial Force 2
Military units and formations of Australia in World War II
Military units and formations of the Australian Army
Military units and formations established in 1939
Military units and formations disestablished in 1947

Second Australian Imperial Force


Jordstråling er en term som oftest ikke refererer til en videnskabelig anerkendt fysisk effekt, men derimod et "andet strålingsfelt" som studeres indenfor det sværdefinerbare pseudovidenskab. Den hypotetiske jordstråling hævdes at kunne opmåles med hjælp af kvistgang.

Baggrund
Læren om jordstråling er blevet udbredt i Europa af lægerne Manfred Curry (1899–1953) og Ernst Hartmann (1915–1992), som begge har navngivet hver sin type af såkaldte linjesystemer: Currylinjer og Hartmannlinjer. Disse hypotetiske linjesystemer formodes af udgøre et regelmæssigt netværk over jordoverfladen, hvor jordstrålingen er ekstra koncentreret. Til fortalerne af jordstråling i Sverige, hører akademikerne Nils-Axel Mörner, Leif Floberg og Gerhard Holm. Thord Neumüller, Dan Mattson og Dick Sjöberg. De taler gerne om jordstråling. Ingen af jordstrålingsfortalerne har fremlagt noget videnskabeligt bevis for deres påstande.

Idéerne om jordstråling kan have sammenhæng med en kinesisk folketro om såkaldte dragelinjer af Qistrømme, kraftstrømme.

I Sverige findes flere foreninger for kvistganginteresserede og Svenska Slagruteförbundet (SSF) er en organisation med omkring 500 medlemmer.  Der arrangeres kurser i at lære kvistgang flere forskellige steder i Sverige.

Kilder/referencer

Se også
 Ley-linjer, Ley-linje systemet
 Radiæstesi
 Ideomotorisk

Eksterne henvisninger
 Jordstrålning - bluff eller bara båg? (sid 15-19) (Jordstrålningskritisk artikel av Per-Ola Quist, Fysikalisk Kemi, Umeå Universitet)
 Folkvett nr 3-4 1997 kritisk tidning från Föreningen Vetenskap och Folkbildning
 Svenska Slagruteförbundet

Folketro
Mytologi
Pseudovidenskab

Jordstråling (pseudovidenskab)


Ferace, Osmanlı imparatorluğunda anadoluda yaşayan Türklerin, kadınların çarşaftan önce sokakta giydikleri üstlüktür. Bu elbise, uzun kollu, yakasız, bol ve siyah renkte pardesüyü hatırlatan yere kadar uzanır. Günümüzde, Türkiye'nin batı kesiminde köy kadınları tarafından günlük elbise olarak tercih edilir. Bazı yörelerde ferece diye de söylenir.

Kaynakça

Osmanlı'da giyim
Geleneksel giyim kültürleri

Ferace


The Jagdtiger (Sd. Kfz.186) (Türkçesi "avlayan kaplan") Nazi Almanyası ordusu Wehrmacht tarafından II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında kullanılan  Tiger II ("King Tiger") tankı şasesi üzerine yapılmış (Almanca Jagdpanzer) tank imha edicidir. Ayrıca II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında üretilmiş en ağır zırhlı savaş aracıdır.

Dizaynı

The Jagdtiger dizayn olarak Jagdpanzer modelinin bir uzantısıydı. Jagdtiger uzatılmış Tiger II şasesi üzerine yapılan kutu şeklinde bir üst yapıdan ibaretti. 1943 yılının başlarında Üreticileri olan Porsche ve Henschel Tiger II şasesi üzerinde çalışmaya başladı.

Sonuçta çok ağır zırhlı ve üzerinde  128 mm L/55 PaK 44 top (bu silah 12,8 cm FlaK 40 uçaksavar topunun geliştirilmiş bir modeliydi) bulunan bu araç II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında herhangi bir tankı 3.500 metreden kolaylıkla imha edebilirdi.  Sahip olduğu 250 mm taret ön zırhı ve 150 mm'lik eğimli zırhı sayesinde önden aldığı isabetlerde kesinlikle zarar görmüyordu. Ancak aracın en önemli eksikliğini duyduğu özellik taret kısmının sabit ve namlunun ise sadece 10 derecelik bir açıyla dönebilmesiydi. Bu yüzden düşman aracına karşı doğru dönmesi ve böyle ateş etmesi gerekmekteydi.

Aynen King Tiger tankın içinde en büyük dert olan ağırlığı, ki Jagdtiger  bu tanktan 3 ton daha ağırdı, bunun için motoru yeteri kadar güçlü değildi, sıkça arıza yapıyordu ve manevra kabiliyeti çok zayıftı. Bu sorunlar, ayrıca taretinin dönememesi, bu aracı düşman uçak ve tanksavar silahları için açık hedef haline getiriyordu. Eğer düzenli lojistik destek aldıklarında uzun menzillerinden ötürü gerçekten de korkutucu bir etkiye sahipti. Ancak yedek parça yetersizliği, onarımının güç olması ve yakıt sıkıntısından ötürü etkili bir silah olamadı.

Görev geçmişi
Sadece 512 ve 653 numaralı iki ağır tank imha edici taburu (schwere Panzerjäger-Abteilung), Jagdtigers  ile donatıldı. İlk araç, Kasım 1944 tarihinde servise girdi. Aşağı yukarı %20 si görev sırasında yok edildi. Geri kalan araçlar ya mekanik sorunlardan ya da yakıtlarının bitmesinden ötürü mürettebatı tarafından imha  veya  terk edildi.
Kullanılan mühimmat iki parçadan oluşuyordu ve iki kişilik yükleyici ekibi tarafından yerleştiriyordu. İlk konulan içi patlayıcı yüklü başlık kısmı ve arkasından bunu iten fırlatıcı kapsülden meydana geliyordu. Bu yüzden topun doldurma işlemi uzuyor ve ateş gücü düşüyordu. Top ateşlendikten sonra ortaya çıkan duman hem aracın yerinin kolayca bulunmasına sebep oluyor ayrıca mürettebatı bir süreliğine kör ediyordu.

Üretimi

150 adet Jagdtigers sipariş edilmesine rağmen sadece 88 adet üretilebildi. 11 tanesinden seri numaraları 305001, 305003 ve 305012 ye kadar olanlar Porsche marka süspansiyon ve geri kalanları ise Henschel marka süspansiyon ile üretildi. Üretimine çok geç başlanan bir araç oldu. Savaşın sonuna doğru birçok araç malzeme eksikliğinden ötürü tamamlanamadı.

Jagdtiger modeli yapı olarak çok büyüktü ve Müttefik askerleri bu araçtan epeyce korktu. Ancak bu araçlar hammadde ve insan gücünün boşa harcanmasına sebep oldu. Bu araçların yerine Jagdpanther ya da Tiger II modelinden üretilebilirdi. Her ne kadar Hitler bu araçlara çok güvenmiş olsa da az sayıda üretilmelerinden dolayı bu araçlar savaşta hiçbir varlık gösteremedi .

Üretim tarihlerine göre adet ve numaraları
 Şubat       1944 - 2  - #305001-305002
 Temmuz  1944 - 3  - #305003-305005
 Ağustos   1944 - 3  - #305006-305008
 Eylül       1944 - 8  - #305009-305016;
 Ekim       1944 - 9  - #305017-305025
 Kasım     1944 - 6  - #305026-305031
 Aralık     1944 - 20 - #305032-305051
 Ocak       1945 - 10 - #305052-305061
 Şubat      1945 - 13 - #305062-305074
 Mart       1945 - 3  - #305075-305077
 Nisan      1945 - 7  - #305078-305084
 Mayıs     1945 - 4  - #305085-305088

Günümüze kalan sağlam araçlar
305004 seri numaralı araç (Bovington Tank Muzesi), İngiltere. 305020 seri numaralı araç (Aberdeen Proving Ground), ABD ve 305083 seri numaralı araç Kubinka Tank Müzesi, Rusya'da bulunuyor.

Dış bağlantılar
 Achtung Panzer!
 Battletanks.com
 Panzerworld
 Günümüze ulaşan Tiger tankları

Ayrıca bakınız
 II. Dünya Savaşı Zırhlı Araç Listesi
 II.DS sırasında Almanya tank üretimi

Almanya tank imha edicileri

Jagdtiger


Malene Marquard Olsen (født 2. februar 1983) er en dansk forhenværende fodboldspiller. Hun spillede senest i Brøndby IF i Elitedivisionen og har spillet 14 kampe for Danmarks kvindefodboldlandshold.

Hun er uddannet sygeplejerske, og arbejder som operationssygeplejerske på ortopædkirurgisk afdeling på Rigshospitalet. I 2016 blev hun tilknyttet TV 2 som fodboldekspert.

Karriere

Klub
Malene Marquard startede sin klubkarriere i Hedehusene IK. Pr. september 2012, havde hun spillet næstflest kampe for Brøndbys kvindehold med 247 kampe. Kun Mia Brogaard havde spillet flere, med 327 kampe.

I 2009 spillede hun for den svenske klub Tyresö FF, mens hun arbejdede i Stockholm som sygeplejerske.

Landshold
Marquard fik sin debut for Danmarks kvindefodboldlandshold på seniorniveau i februar 2003 i et 4–0 nederlag til Norge på La Manga Club. I oktober 2011 blev hun genindkaldt til landsholdet efter en pause på fem år, til EM-kvalifikationskampene mod Østrig. Hun blev af landstræner Kenneth Heiner-Møller udtaget til truppen til EM i fodbold 2013.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Sygeplejersker fra Danmark
Fodboldspillere fra Danmark
Kvindelige fodboldlandsholdsspillere fra Danmark
Fodboldspillere fra Brøndby IF
Ansatte ved TV 2

Malene Marquard


El Presidio Real de San Agustín del Tucsón fue un presidio novohispano fundado en 1775 en Tucson, Arizona, Estados Unidos.

Toponimia
El presidio toma su nombre de San Agustín, uno de los santos del santoral católico y de la palabra pima Chuk shon que se hispanizaría como Tucsón con acento agudo, al contrario del inglés que utiliza el acento llano.

Historia
El presidio de San Agustín del Tucsón fue fundado el 20 de agosto de 1775 y terminado en 1783 por españoles provenientes del presidio de San Ignacio de Tubac a unas 60 millas (97 km) al sur de Tucsón. Se construyó para la defensa de los ataques apaches de la población y las misiones del valle del río Santa Cruz.  Se trató del presidio más norteño de la Frontera Norte o del Septentrión de Nueva España. En 1779 Pedro de Allande fue nombrado alcaide del presidio, financiando la mayor parte de la construcción, y logrando la victoria contra los apaches en la batalla de Tucson. Los militares encargados fueron fundamentalmente vascos, como Juan Bautista de Anza, nombrado en 1788 comandante del presidio tras haber desempeñado el cargo de gobernador de Santa Fe de Nuevo México y realzado las históricas expediciones que abrieron la ruta a California.

El presidio no fue abandonado tras la guerra de Independencia de México (1810-1821) por la adhesión de la guarnición y la aristocracia local a la causa mexicana. Sin embargo sí fue rendido en 1846 durante guerra México-Americana, retirándose su dotación al presidio de San Ignacio de Tubac. El presidio del Tucsón pasó a dominio estadounidense con la venta de la Mesilla por 10 millones de dólares en el año 1853. El presidio quedó en desuso tras la rendición de Gerónimo en 1886 y el fin de la guerra Civil Americana, en detrimento del fuerte Lowell. En 1910 únicamente permanecían algunos lienzos del fuerte primitivo, que fue completamente demolido en 1918.

Descripción
El mismo estaba ubicado en la margen derecha del río Santa Cruz cerca de un poblado del pueblo Pima.

En 2007 concluyó el museo del Presidio de San Agustín de Tucson, con una recreación de una parte del presidio. Los resultados de las excavaciones arqueológicas se encuentran en este recinto y en las inmediaciones del juzgado del condado de Pima y del ayuntamiento de Tucson.

El distrito histórico de Tucson donde se encuentra el presidio y otras construcciones históricas de Tucson se encuentran registradas desde 1976 en el Inventario del Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos.

Referencias

Edificios y estructuras de Tucson
Museos de Arizona
San Agustín
Fortificaciones en el virreinato de Nueva España
Edificios y estructuras demolidos en 1918
Historia de Arizona

Presidio Real de San Agustín del Tucsón


José Segundo Decoud Domecq (Assunção, Paraguai; 14 de maio de 1848 - Ibid; 3 de março de 1909) foi um político, jornalista, diplomata, senador e ex-militar paraguaio, considerado uma das figuras ilustres do liberalismo em seu país, foi o fundador e precursor da ideologia do ANR-Partido Colorado do qual foi reitor de seu ato constitutivo e primeiro vice-presidente do mesmo.

Infância e estudos
Filho de Juan Francisco Decoud e María Luisa Concepción Domecq, José Segundo nasceu em Assunção em 14 de maio de 1848, durante a presidência de Don Carlos Antonio López.

Todos os seus parentes eram opositores do regime de López, a execução de seus tios Teodoro e Gregorio por traição obrigou sua família ao exílio, ele cursou o ensino médio com seu irmão Juan José, no Colégio del Uruguay, que era na época, um qualificado centro educacional do Prata. Ele então estudou direito na Universidade de Buenos Aires.

Segundo Carlos Zubizarreta, "Decoud militou em oposição ao governo López e, como outros de seus concidadãos, se alistou na Legião Paraguaia, da qual se retirou envergonhado assim que soube do texto do iníquo Tratado da Tríplice Aliança."

Está registrada sua participação nos termos da capitulação da Uruguaiana, em 18 de setembro de 1865. Esta ação foi realizada por outros membros da Legião como seu pai, o comandante Juan Francisco Decoud, Benigno Ferreira e Jaime Sosa Escalada.

Clube do Povo
Após a guerra e com o consentimento dos plenipotenciários aliados José María Paranhos e José Roque Pérez, iniciou-se o fervoroso trabalho eleitoral que levaria anos depois à fundação dos partidos tradicionais e ao estabelecimento do primeiro governo provisório. A primeira tentativa foi a criação do Club del Pueblo, cujo ato de fundação data de 26 de junho de 1869.

A primeira diretoria era composta por:

 Sr. Ignacio Sosa, Presidente
 José Maria Maza, vice-presidente
 José Segundo Decoud, Secretário

Rufino Taboada, Manuel Valle, Juan B. Careaga, Ezequiel Román, Eustaquio Aranda, Membros.

Trabalho jornalístico

Ao lado de Juan José, Facundo Machaín, Juan Silvano Godoy e Cayo Miltos, José Segundo Decoud foi a mais brilhante expressão dos intelectuais da época, com atuação destacada nos campos da política, jornalismo, direito e letras.

Seu nome aparece como colunista e editor de "La Regeneración", que circulou sob a direção de Héctor Francisco Decoud, em Assunção, de outubro de 1869 a setembro de 1870 e levou à candidatura de Cirilo Antonio Rivarola.

Colaborou em outros jornais como "La Reforma" e "La Opinión Pública". Comunicador ativo, seus escritos foram publicados em todos os jornais de circulação após a guerra, tanto em Assunção quanto em Corrientes e Buenos Aires.

Publicou outras obras: a tradução do inglês para o espanhol de "The Science of Government" de José Alden. "Memórias históricas" e "Amizade. Questões Políticas e Econômicas", editado em 1876; "El patriotismo" em 1905, são obras que o distinguem pela sua capacidade narrativa e pelo seu agudo sentido de observação da realidade sociopolítica do seu país, mas foi na política que se revelou com maior força.

Vida política
Suas primeiras participações foram feitas como convencional para a elaboração da Constituição de 1870 e como secretário do primeiro governo do pós-guerra (Guerra do Paraguai), o Triunvirato. Mais tarde foi Ministro do Interior e da Instrução Pública.

A partir desse momento, ele estava firmemente ligado à administração pública. Foi Ministro do Culto e Instrução Pública e depois das Relações Exteriores no governo de Cándido Bareiro (1878-1880). Ocupou o Ministério da Fazenda no mandato de Juan Gualberto González (1890-1894). Foi novamente Ministro das Relações Exteriores durante a presidência de Emilio Aceval.

A renúncia forçada do presidente Juan Gualberto González, cunhado de José Segundo, deu origem ao pensamento de que ele seria substituído por ele. A situação política foi gerida por intrigantes de gabinete: as pressões sofridas por Decoud de Rufino Mazó, Eusebio Mongelós e Rufino Careaga, representando os homens fortes, Juan Bautista Egusquiza e Bernardino Caballero, forçaram sua remoção, dando origem à presidência caiu nas mãos de Marcos A. Morínigo.

A gestão diplomática de Decoud se deu com a nomeação como ministro plenipotenciário perante os governos do Brasil e Uruguai.

Homem de fortes princípios liberais, foi fundador em 1887, juntamente com Bernardino Caballero e outros, da Associação Nacional Republicana, entidade à qual dedicou muitos anos do seu talento de homem honesto e capaz.

O Paraguai não se beneficiou o suficiente de um dos homens mais bem dotados para o exercício do governo. Seu esclarecimento e boas intenções se perderam em meio à maré anárquica que varreu a nação paraguaia nos primeiros anos de sua reorganização.

Após inúmeras tentativas que remontam aos tempos coloniais, em 24 de setembro de 1889, apenas 19 anos após o fim da guerra, foi criada a Universidade Nacional de Assunção. A figura de destaque de José Segundo Decoud está entre os que delinearam o projeto de funcionamento da primeira instituição de ensino superior.

Depois de um longo trabalho como servidor público, ele teve que enfrentar uma acusação promovida por Juan Silvano Godoi, dentro do Senado, de pretensões anexionistas com a Argentina e traição ao país. Manuel Domínguez defendeu-o com altivez, obtendo a absolvição do célebre político. O historiador Carlos R. Centurión refere-se ao fato de que a discussão levantada como resultado da acusação contra o chanceler Decoud, constitui uma das páginas mais belas e ardentes da antiga vida parlamentar no Paraguai.

Em 2014, o historiador e diplomata Ricardo Scavone Yegros compilou a maior parte de seus escritos publicados, com um estudo crítico.

Suicídio
Pôs fim à vida, em Assunção, em 4 de março de 1909. A carta de despedida para sua esposa, preservada por seu neto Francisco Legal, diz:"Meu bem: Que terríveis dúvidas afligem meu espírito! Ter pensado tanto em uma solução e hesitado no último momento! Um suor frio, escuro como o anúncio de uma desgraça iminente, percorre meu corpo congelado e experimento a sensação insondável de estar no limiar de dois mundos. Passageiros da vida, enfim, esse é o nosso destino. Nossa vontade só pode prolongar uma agonia por anos ou beber o cálice em um instante. Essa é, em poucas palavras, a dúvida cruel que me toma. E só eu devo tomar a decisão. As lembranças distantes da juventude passarão pela minha retina, como um caleidoscópio mágico. As batalhas sangrentas contra a tirania na grande guerra. Nosso amor, santificado diante do altar. O nascimento dos nossos filhos. Meus cuidados com a coisa pública. E devo confessar-te um pecado. Sacrifiquei você e minha amada família, diante do altar da Pátria. Todos os meus esforços estavam voltados para ela e adiei os meus. Não é hora de eu finalmente me sacrificar? O que bebe do cálice da amargura? Que num ato terrivelmente sublime, pague a culpa de ter te esquecido? Nunca ouvi nenhuma reprovação de seus lábios, apenas uma advertência velada ocasional sobre o que meus amigos diziam uns aos outros, pelo menos, aqueles que eu considerava tais, que nunca me entendiam, e antes me difamavam. Eu nunca aceitei a desapropriação da nação. Por isso não acumulei fortuna. Enquanto isso, outros, cobertos sob o dossel da minha total dedicação à República, forjaram um imenso patrimônio ao colocar a cidade em leilão. Costumavam dizer que minha honestidade me tornava perigoso, porque enquanto eu estava ciente da abordagem consumada contra o Tesouro público, Não me envolvi com ninguém, o que me permitiu ser juiz de todos eles. E algum dia eu poderia colocá-los no banco. Eles trouxeram minha ambição. Não foi a minha ambição mais do que cumprida, tendo servido a meus compatriotas desde 1864 até o dia anterior? Tantos anos trabalhando para a Pátria, não refutam a falsa acusação? Meus detratores dizem que fundei a Associação Nacional Republicana para meu próprio benefício. Mas quem são os favorecidos? Aqueles que têm palácios opulentos em Assunção e grandes fazendas no campo e portos no litoral que competem com a capital, mas com tráfico reconhecidamente ilegal. E os beneficiários dos grandes empréstimos, como o Gill, Bareiro e General Caballero? E os seus amigos? E aqueles que fundaram vários bancos? A todos eu digo: Vá retro, Satanás! Com minha casa hipotecada e meus compromissos que, por honra, estou pagando laboriosamente e que me matam pouco a pouco a cada dia. Não faltam aqueles que me chamam de "traidor da Pátria", por ter participado de uma cruzada americana para libertá-la de um tirano. Na Grécia e em Roma, aqueles que a libertaram de seus tiranos foram chamados de "Pater Patri" (Pais da Nação). Ó vezes; Ah costumes! Com esta propaganda envenenaram os corações dos paraguaios e só a Providência conhece as provações que o destino reserva aos nossos filhos! Lembro-me que sendo Dom Juan G. González, presidente da República, deliberou um cenáculo republicano para procurar o sucessor no final de seu mandato. Nomes foram jogados ao redor. E o meu surgiu. Não faltou Agustín Cañete, escriturário de Lopez, que ousou me desafiar. Foi a única vez que vi Caballero verdadeiro: "Eu mesmo teria lutado contra López, se não fosse pelo fato de observar de perto minha mãe e minhas irmãs e as teria vitimado se desse tal passo." Isso ele disse em particular. Mas através da imprensa periódica ele usou a falsidade de Cañete para me subordinar. Ó homens de Lopez! Todos cortados do mesmo tecido! A injustiça esmagou meu espírito. E continuei a servir os governos republicanos que vieram depois. Não permitia mais que ninguém falasse comigo sobre candidaturas. Eu só os avisei mil vezes que o Partido Nacional Republicano se reformava, ou sua queda seria uma mera questão de tempo. E veio 1904. E com ele, tudo o que tivemos que suportar. O partido triunfante me convidou para formar fileiras. E eu o rejeitei, porque vou morrer republicano, embora terrivelmente decepcionado com seus homens. Meu tipo: Queria escrever-te uma carta íntima e pessoal, e mais uma vez cometo o erro de falar contigo sobre assuntos públicos. É que carrego no coração o amor pela minha pátria e só se extinguirá quando parar de bater… o que é o mesmo que dizer logo. Os cidadãos da antiguidade clássica preferiam a morte a uma vida estéril interrompida pelas baixas paixões dos homens. Concebi assim a ideia de uma imolação, como um sacrifício pessoal diante do altar sagrado da Pátria. Espero que este holocausto encerre a lista daqueles que, tendo-lhe dado toda a vida, também sucumbem oferecendo-lhe a própria morte! Deixe os mortos enterrarem seus mortos! Hoje, 3 de março de 1909. Adeus… José Segundo Decoud"
Políticos do Paraguai

José Segundo Decoud


Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus, aussi communément appelé Glickenhaus et SCG, est un constructeur américain de voitures de course et de voitures de sport basé à Sleepy Hollow, dans l'État de New York. Fondé en 2004 par James Glickenhaus, il se consacre à la fabrication de voitures hautes performances.

Le modèle le plus emblématique de la marque est la SCG 003 qui a participé à diverses compétitions telles que les 24 Heures du Nürburgring. La marque s'est également engagée dans le Championnat du monde d'endurance FIA en tant que constructeur dans la catégorie Le Mans Hypercar à partir de la saison 2021 avec la SCG 007.

Historique
La Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus a été fondée en 2004 à New York par le producteur de films et entrepreneur James Glickenhaus. L'objectif était de développer des voitures de course à faible volume et hautes performances pour les 24 Heures du Nürburgring. Durant les premières années, une équipe professionnelle avait participé à des compétitions utilisant des constructions Ferrari modifiées.

En 2010, la Ferrari P4/5, construite à un seul exemplaire sur commande spéciale, a servi de référence pour les travaux de la première voiture SCG dont le cahier des charges et le concept initial ont été présentés en septembre 2012. Les prototypes de pré-production sont entrés dans leur phase de test finale en décembre 2014 et ont finalement fait leurs débuts en février 2015 en tant que véhicule de course SCG 003 et hypercar de route SCG 003S.

Pour la production des deux véhicules, une coopération a été établie avec le studio de design italien et le constructeur de voitures de sport MAT, qui a prêté ses lignes de production à Turin. En 2017, un plan pour lancer la production d'une autre voiture civile appelée 004S avait été présenté, et elle est finalement entrée en production en 2020. La même année, une variante de course, SCG 004C, a été produite pour la compétition.

Fin 2020, SCG a présenté sa première voiture avec un concept complètement différent sous la forme du véhicule tout-terrain massif et performant, la SCG Boot. En 2021, une autre voiture de course appelée SCG 007 avait été présentée dans la catégorie de course Le Mans Hypercar, lors de la première, il avait été annoncé qu'une variante de série appelée SCG 007S serait également construite.

Modèles

SCG 003

La 003S est une supercar conçue et produite à partir de 2018 par le constructeur automobile américain Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus, fondé par James Glickenhaus. La 003S est le premier modèle de série du constructeur.

SCG 004

SCG Boot

SCG 007

SCG 008

Palmarès

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Championnat du monde d'endurance FIA 2021

Liens externes
 ;

Constructeur automobile ayant son siège aux États-Unis
Constructeur de voitures de course

Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus


Die katholische Pfarrkirche St. Georg befindet sich in Niederrieden im Landkreis Unterallgäu in Bayern. Die Kirche steht unter Denkmalschutz.

Geschichte

Eine erste Kirchenweihe des schon im Jahre 838 genannten Ortes fand 1483 statt. Der Kern des Langhauses, sowie der Kirchturm und der Chor stammen aus dieser Zeit. In den Jahren 1679 bis 1693 wurde die Sakristei erbaut. Der Innenraum wurde gegen Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts umgestaltet. Dies geschah unter Abt Gordian Scherrich des Klosters Ottobeuren. Größere Maßnahmen an der Kirche erfolgten 1864 (Generalüberholung des Äußeren), 1871/72 (Innenrestaurierung), 1908/1909 (Renovierung mit Trockenlegen der Außenmauern), 1964/65 (innen und außen), 1982 (außen), 1986 (innen) und 2015/16 (Außenrenovierung und Dachtragwerk).

Baubeschreibung

Das Langhaus besteht aus vier Fensterachsen und verfügt über eine Stichkappentonne. Mit Ausnahme zweier halbkreisförmiger Fenster in der westlichen Achse, sind alle anderen Fenster mit abgesetztem Rundbogen ausgeführt. Zwei schlichte Strebepfeiler mit Wasserschlag befinden sich an der Südseite des Langhauses. Innen an der Westseite ist eine zweigeschossige Empore angebracht. An das Langhaus schließt sich der wenig eingezogene Chor mit 5/8 Schluss an. Dieser besteht aus einem Joch und verfügt über ein Tonnengewölbe mit Stichkappen. Der Kirchturm befindet sich an der Westseite des Langhauses und ist mit einem Satteldach gedeckt. An den beiden Obergeschossen befinden sich Ecklisenen mit Rundbogenfriesen. Die Turmuntergeschosse sind ungegliedert. Gekoppelte spitzbogige Klangarkaden befinden sich im Obergeschoss, diese sind an allen Seiten des Kirchturmes vorhanden. Die Bezeichnung Renov. 1909 findet sich im Turmgiebel. In die Sakristei an der Nordseite zwischen Chor und Langhaus führt eine rundbogige Tür. Der aus Eichenholz gefertigte Türflügel mit gedrehten Säulen und Hermenpilastern stammt aus der Zeit um 1680. Die Sakristei ist dreiseitig geschlossen und besteht aus zwei Geschossen. Gedeckt ist die Sakristei mit einem Walmdach. Der Zugang zur Kanzel befindet sich außen an der Nordseite des Langhauses. Dieser stammt aus dem 18. Jahrhundert und ist mit einem Pultdach versehen. Aus dem späten 18. Jahrhundert stammt die Vorhalle auf der Südseite. Die mit einem Satteldach gedeckte Vorhalle besitzt einen geschwungenen Giebel. Unmittelbar an der Ostseite der Vorhalle ist eine Nische für einen Kerkerchristus angebracht.

Ausstattung
Der Hochaltar ist ein marmorierter Holzaufbau und wurde im Jahr 1791 geweiht. Auf der freistehenden sarkophagförmigen Mensa befindet sich ein Drehnischentabernakel. Auf den Volutenvorlagen des Tabernakels befinden sich gefasste Holzfiguren der Evangelisten Lukas und Matthäus. Bekrönt wird der Tabernakel von einer Darstellung des Lamm Gottes. Leuchtertragende Putten befinden sich auf den geschweiften Seitenteilen, seitlich abgeschlossen wird der Tabernakel mit Voluten, auf welchen sich kleine Holzfiguren der zwei weiteren Evangelisten Johannes und Markus befinden. Das Retabel besteht ebenfalls aus marmoriertem Holz. Dieses ist vergoldet und mit Rocailledekor geschmückt. Das Altarblatt zeigt das Martyrium des hl. Georg. Daneben befinden sich Freisäulen mit konkaven Rücklagen. Rechts und links wird das Retabel von den Holzfiguren der Hll. Petrus und Paulus begrenzt.

Die beiden Seitenaltäre wurden im gleichen Jahr wie der Hochaltar geweiht und sind ebenfalls marmorierte Holzaufbauten. In beiden befindet sich kein Altarblatt, sondern, jeweils über der Mensa, eine Holzfigur. Links ist die Figur des hl. Sebastian dargestellt, rechts eine Sitzmadonna aus der Zeit um 1520. Bezeichnet ist diese mit HHO und dem Meister von Ottobeuren nahestehend. Volutenvorlagen befinden sich seitlich an beiden Altären. Auf diesen sind weitere Holzfiguren angebracht, so sind links der hl. Vitus und die hl. Katharina und rechts Johannes der Täufer und die hl. Magdalena dargestellt. Die Auszüge der Seitenaltäre sind mehrfach geschweift und zeigen links das Auge Gottes und rechts die Taube des Hl. Geistes.

Der aus Rotmarmor gefertigte Taufstein stammt aus der ersten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts. Auf dem Deckel befindet sich eine kleine Holzfigur Johannes des Täufers. Das Becken ist geriffelt und ruht auf einer gebauchten Säule. Die Kanzel besteht aus einem polygonalen Korb. Dieser ist durch gedrehte Freisäulen gegliedert. In den Feldern befinden sich eine Figur Jesu Christi und weitere Figuren der vier Kirchenväter. Als marmorierter Holzaufbau wurde die Kanzel Anfang des 18. Jahrhunderts gefertigt. Auf dem Schalldeckel befinden sich Putten, sowie die Figur Johannes des Täufers.

In der Kirche ist ein aus vierzehn Stationen bestehender Kreuzweg aus dem 18. Jahrhundert. Ein Gemälde der Immaculata aus dem 17. oder 18. Jahrhundert befindet sich im Chor über der Sakristei. Um das Jahr 1700 wurde das Gemälde des Gekreuzigten geschaffen. Aus der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts stammen die Gemälde des Schmerzensmannes und der Schmerzhaften Muttergottes.

In der Kirche befinden sich mehrere gefasste Holzfiguren. Aus dem 18. Jahrhundert stammen die Darstellung des Joseph mit Jesuskind, das Vesperbild, der Kruzifixus mit Maria und Johannes, das Vortragekreuz, sowie der Kerkerchristus in der Nische neben der südlichen Vorhalle. Aus dem letzten Viertel des 15. Jahrhunderts stammt die Figur der stehenden Muttergottes. In der Kirche befindet sich ein Pfarrergrabstein aus dem 18. Jahrhundert. Zwei weitere Pfarrgrabmäler sind an der südlichen Vorhalle angebracht.

Die Beichtstühle sind aus Eichenholz geschaffen und stammen von 1780. Die geschweiften Bekrönungen der dreiteiligen Beichtstühle zieren gefasste Holzfiguren. Im nördlichen Beichtstuhl befindet sich die Figur eines Paradiesengels, im südlichen der Erzengel Michael als Seelenwäger. Zwei Reihen des Laiengestühls im Langhaus stammen von 1700. Die Vorderbrüstungen des Laiengestühls enthalten gedrehte Säulchen, die Eichenholzwangen sind mit Blattvoluten geschnitzt.

Literatur

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Baudenkmal in Niederrieden
Niederrieden
Georg, St.
Niederrieden, Georg
Bauwerk in Niederrieden
Niederrieden
Kirchengebäude in Europa

St. Georg (Niederrieden)


Carlos Andrés Sánchez Arcosa (født 2. december 1984 i Montevideo, Uruguay), er en uruguayansk fodboldspiller (offensiv midtbane), der spiller for CF Monterrey i den mexicanske Liga MX.

Klubkarriere
Sánchez startede sin karriere i hjemlandet hos Liverpool Montevideo, og skiftede i 2009 til argentinsk fodbold, hvor han blev tilknyttet Godoy Cruz. Efter gode præstationer for klubben skiftede han i 2011 til Buenos Aires-storklubben River Plate.

De følgende fire år var Sánchez på kontrakt hos River, og han nåede at spille 100 Primera División-kampe for klubben. Herefter skiftede han til den mexicanske Liga MX-klub CF Monterrey.

Landshold
Sánchez har (pr. juni 2018) spillet 34 kampe og scoret ét mål for Uruguays landshold. Han fik sin debut for holdet 13. november 2014 i en venskabskamp mod Costa Rica. Han har siden da repræsenteret sit land ved flere udgaver af de sydamerikanske mesterskaber Copa América.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Uruguay
Fodboldspillere fra Club Atlético River Plate
Fodboldspillere fra Puebla FC
Fodboldspillere fra C.F. Monterrey
Personer fra Montevideo

Carlos Andrés Sánchez


Franjo Klopotan (Presečno, 16. rujna 1938.  Novi Marof, 6. listopada 2019.) hrvatski naivni slikar, grafičar i crtač.

Životopis
Franjo Klopotan rođen je u Presečnom u blizini Novog Marofa. U Varaždinu je1957. godine izučio za fotografa u školi učenika u privredi, a 1959. godine za bolničara. Radio je kao bolničar u Novom Marofu i Zagrebu. Od 1965. do 1970. godine živio je u Hamburgu gdje je izučio i radio kao retušer dubokoga tiska. Godine 1970. vraća se u Presečno.

Slika uglavnom u ulju, najprije u stilu hlebinske slikarske škole, potom razvija vlastitu ikonografiju, bestijarij i antropomorfnu floru. Uvodi elemente nadrealizma i pučke fantastike. Od osamdesetih godina stvara djela složenije simbolike, često s humornom konotacijom. Devedesetih godina slika pejzaže fantazmagoričnih svjetova, djela s elementima političke satire te religijske tematike.

Samostalno je izlagao u Zagrebu, Dubrovniku, Hamburgu, Kölnu, Düsseldorfu, Varaždinu, Milanu, Beču, Splitu, Crikvenici, Münchenu, Velikoj Gorici, Čakovcu, Mariboru, Zaboku i Zaprešiću. Godine 1992. Hrvatska pošta izdala je poštansku marku s njegovim djelom Moj zavičaj. Jedan je od osnivača Društva naivnih likovnih umjetnika Hrvatske, te član Hrvatskog društva likovnih umjetnika.

Izvori

Blješke i literatura
 Mirela Lenković, Imaginarni svijet slikara Franje Klopotana, Novi Marof, 2016.,
 Klopotan, Franjo, Hrvatska enciklopedija, www.enciklopedija.hr, pristupljeno 6. rujna 2017.
 Klopotan, Franjo, Hrvatski biografski leksikon, hbl.lzmk.hr, pristupljeno 6. rujna 2017.

Vanjske poveznice
Mrežna mjesta
 Franjo Klopotan , službeno mrežno mjesto
 Josip Škunca, Fantazmagorije  (1982.)
 Razgovor s Franjom Klopotanom (2014.)
 Iva Körbler, Fantazmagorični svjetovi Franje Klopotana  (2017.)
 Ante Vranković: Nenadmašni poeta fantazmagoričnog u našoj naivi (2017.)

Hrvatski naivni slikari
Životopisi, Novi Marof

Franjo Klopotan


John Moore (1662–1726) was an English Baptist minister in Northampton. Member of the Baptist church at Rossendale, he was pastor at the College Street church, Northampton, from 1720 to 1726.

He published a collection of selected sermons in 1722. This was supplemented and re-published in 1854 as "Several Sermons by John Moore of Northampton." He died on 14 January 1726.

Notes

1662 births
1726 deaths
Clergy from Northampton
18th-century English Baptist ministers

John Moore (Baptist)


La Societad Retorumantscha (Sociedad Retorromanche, SRR) constituye la más antigua asociación lingüística dedicada a la lengua romanche.

Fundada en 1885, tiene su sede en Coira.

Tiene a cargo la publicación del Dicziunari Rumantsch Grischun.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 SRR en el Lexicon Istoric Retic
 Informaziuns davart la SRR sin las páginas dal DRG

Organizaciones de Suiza
Organizaciones fundadas en 1885
Idioma romanche
Coira

Societad Retorumantscha


ناندي ، ، ،  هو اسم حارس ألوهية كايلاسا، مسكن شيفا. ويصور عادة بأنه ثور يخدم أيضًا كجبل للإله شيفا. يوجد تمثال لناندي يواجه المزار الرئيسي في معظم معابد شيفا. وهناك أيضا عدد من المعابد مكرسة حصرا لناندي.

ناندي في الهندوسية

 لا تغلط نانييي إله رئيسي: ناندي إله مستقل بنفسه منذ أيام حضارة وادي السند حيث كانت تربية الأبقار مهمة للعيش. وهناك عُبد شيفا كراعي وحافظ للماشية. يصفه البعض كإنسان بوجه ثور يشبه شيفا لكن بأربع أذرع.
 حامل شيفا: ناندي عربة التنقل الرئيسية لشيفا وتابعه الرئيسي.
 حارس بوابة لشيفا: تفسر العلاقة الحميمة بين شيفا وثوره وضع تماثيل لناندي عند مداخل كثير من المعابد المكرسة لشيفا.
 قائد جيش شيفا
 غورو الشيفية: بالإضافة لكونه حامل شيفا فهو أقرب أصحابه، وغورو رئيسي في بعض التقاليد.

أساطير عن ناندي

حسب بعض الأساطير ولد ناندي من الجانب الأيمن لفيشنو وقدم كابن للحكيم سالانكايانا.

لعن ناندي رافانا (شيطان) بأن مملكته سيحرقها قانارا (قرد). وحرق هانومان لاحقا لانكا عندما ذهب ليبحث عن سيتا التي سجنها رافانا.

المراجع

 Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend (ISBN 0-500-51088-1) Anna Dhallapiccola

مواضيع متعلقة
 شيفا
 بقرة مقدسة

آلهة حيوانات
آلهة هندوسية
الهندوسية وبقر
ثيران أسطورية
رموز هندوسية
شيفية
مخلوقات هندوسية أسطورية

ناندي


Utah ( veya ; yuğtağ), ABD'nin batı eyaletlerinden birisidir. 4 Ocak 1896'da Birleşik Devletler'e eklenen 45. eyalettir. ABD'nin 50 eyaletinin içerisinde büyüklük açısından 13. sırada, nüfus açısından 34. sırada ve nüfus yoğunluğu açısından 41. sırada yer almaktadır. Utah ismi bölgede yaşayan Amerikan yerli kabilesi olan Utelerden türetilmiş ve Utece "dağların halkı" anlamına gelmektedir

Eyaleti NBA liginde Utah Jazz temsil etmektedir. ABD'deki mormonların en yoğun olarak yaşadığı eyalettir.

Kaynakça

Utah


Barsine takamukui é uma traça (mariposa) da família Erebidae. Foi descrita por Shōnen Matsumura em 1927. E endémica de Taiwan.

Insetos de Taiwan

Barsine takamukui


Le virus C de la drosophila (DCV) est un virus, de  de diamètre, appartenant au groupe des Picornaviridae. Le nom du virus vient de la première lettre du village de Charolles, situé en France, où le virus a été isolé pour la première fois en laboratoire chez une souche de Drosophila melanogaster. Ce virus infecte naturellement le genre Drosophila au stade larvaire par contact ou par ingestion de nourriture contaminée. Il ne se transmet pas de manière héréditaire, mais horizontalement.

Aucun symptôme particulier n'est visible. Néanmoins, l'infection virale impacte son hôte à ses différents stades de vie : un raccourcissement de la durée de développement de l'œuf à l'imago, une augmentation de la masse corporelle des femelles et de leurs capacités reproductives, une réduction du taux de survie larve-nymphale, ainsi qu'une modification de l'expression génétique de l'hôte avantageant ce dernier en augmentant sa valeur sélective.

Description
Le génome viral est un simple ARN de polarité positive, contenu dans une capside virale, constituée de trois polypeptides majeures de 28, 30 et , et deux composants mineurs de 8,5 et 37 kDa.

Le virus se multiplie dans le cytoplasme.

Notes et références

Virus

Drosophila C virus


පර්සියානු බසින්  -ස්තාන් ( -) නමැති උපසර්ගය විසින්  "එහි ප්‍රදේශය" හෝ  "රට" යන අර්ථය ගෙන දෙයි.

රටවල්

ආශ්‍රිත

උපසර්ග
ස්ථාන නාම අවයව ශබ්දාර්ථ
පර්සියානු වචන සහ  වාක්‍යාංශ

-ස්තාන්


"Deor" (or "The Lament of Deor") is an Old English poem found on folio 100r–100v of the late-10th-century collection the Exeter Book. The poem consists of a reflection on misfortune by a poet whom the poem is usually thought to name Deor. The poem has no title in the Exeter Book itself; the title has been bestowed by modern editors.

In the poem, Deor's lord has replaced him with another poet. Deor mentions various figures from Germanic tradition and reconciles his own troubles with the troubles these figures faced, ending each section with the refrain "that passed away, so may this."

The poem comprises forty-two alliterative lines.

Genre
Attempts at placing this poem within a genre have proven to be quite difficult. Some commentators attempting to characterise the work have called it an ubi sunt ("where are they?") poem because of its meditations on transience. It can also be considered a traditional lament and poem of consolation.  Christian consolation poems, however, usually attempt to subsume personal miseries in a historical or explicitly metaphysical context (e.g., Boethius's Consolation of Philosophy), and such perspectives are somewhat remote from the tradition of Anglo-Saxon poetry.  Medievalist scholars who have viewed the poem within the Anglo-Saxon tradition have therefore seen it primarily as a begging poem—a poem written by a travelling and begging poet who is without a place at a noble court—although because few other begging poems survive, assigning it to such a genre is somewhat speculative. Others have related "Deor" to other melancholy poems in the Exeter Book, such as "The Seafarer" and "The Wanderer". Richard North has argued that the poem was written in about 856 as a satire on King Æthelwulf of Wessex.

John Miles Foley has hypothesized that the apparent murkiness of "Deor" is also in no small part attributable to the obscurity of the poet's references. As he puts it, "Cut off from its traditional background, 'Deor' makes little sense".  Because the poem is not entirely translatable into modern English—the third and fourth stanzas remain indeterminate to this day, and even the refrain prompts argument and poses linguistic difficulties—without grasping the allusions of the poem, it is quite difficult to understand the poet's implied attitude, and therefore to place it in any genre satisfactorily.  Further, given the mass loss of Anglo-Saxon literature, it is possible that constraining the poem to an existing genre is artificial, for the poem may represent yet another, otherwise unattested genre, or it might well stand alone outside of generic rules.

Summary

"Deor" is a lament in the voice of a poet exiled from his former life of luxury, respect, and popularity. He compares his current predicament to the predicaments of figures from stories traditional in medieval Germanic-speaking culture.

The first twenty-seven lines of the poem present five vignettes, alluding to traditional stories and separated by a refrain (for which there is no close parallel elsewhere in Old English poetry) which says "" (usually translated "that passed over, so may this"). Although the precise significance of this refrain is debated, it clearly indicates that the misfortunes described in each vignette were eventually overcome. Four of the five vignettes mention characters well known from stories associated with Theodoric the Great, but it is unclear what the other is alluding to. Partly for this reason, many scholars have assumed that there is no narrative thread running through the poem. Recent work has, however, argued that the vignettes imply a narrative sequence connected with Theodoric; in particular, Jennifer Lorden has argued that the vignettes trace the career of Widia as most clearly attested in the Old Norse Þiðreks saga.

The first vignette presents the travails of the legendary smith Weland caused by his enslavement by the king Niðhad.

The second turns to the difficulties experienced by Niðhad's daughter Beadohilde, implicitly when Weland takes revenge on her father by murdering her brothers and getting her pregnant.

The text of the third vignette is ungrammatical and its meaning uncertain. In the 1930s, Kemp Malone influentially proposed that it talks about characters called Geat and Maethild, and that their story is the same as that told in the much later Scandinavian ballad known as the Power of the Harp. Variants of this ballad from all the Scandinavian nations are known, and in some of these variants the names of the protagonists are Gauti and Magnhild. Numerous other interpretations exist, including that the vignette is part of a well integrated narrative sequence and concerns Niðhad.

The fourth vignette presents the thirty-year reign of Theodoric the Great. A possible connection between this and the preceding sections is that the Old English poem Waldere, as well as German and Old Norse analogues, have Widia, the son of Weland and Beaduhild, as one of Theodoric's foremost retainers.

The fifth vignette comments on the miseries inflicted by Ermanaric of the Goths, implicitly following his usurpation of Theodoric's power as recounted in legendary Germanic-language stories. In Lorden's argument, these events too are ones which centrally feature Widia.

The remainder of the poem (lines 28–42) turn to the narrator's own sorrow at having lost his position of privilege. At the poem's conclusion, we learn that this person (who, depending on the interpretation of the Old English, may be called Deor) reveals that he was once a great poet among the Heodenings, until he was displaced and sent wandering by Heorrenda, a more skillful poet. Once more, it is clear that the poem alludes to stories attested more widely in the medieval Germanic-speaking world. According to Norse mythology, the Heodenings (Hjaðningar) were involved in the never-ending "battle of the Heodenings", the Hjaðningavíg. Heorrenda (Hjarrandi) was also one of the names of the god Odin.

Literary influence
Deor had a profound influence on J. R. R. Tolkien, the refrain in particular—which he himself translated as "Time has passed since then, this too can pass"—decline and fall in Middle-earth being, according to Tom Shippey, a central theme of The Lord of the Rings.

See also
Beowulf
This too shall pass (proverb)
Widsith

References

External links
 Old English Poetry in Facsimile Project, containing edition, digital images of manuscript pages, and translation
 Old English text with parallel translation
 Deor's Lament, modern English translation with translator's footnotes
 Modern English translation by Aaron K. Hostetter
 Seamus Heaney reciting his translation of the poem
 Deor, translation by Jesse Glass
 Deor, set to music by Will Rowan

Germanic mythology
Old English poems

Deor


An Isidrogalvia sipapoensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni L.M.Campb.. An Isidrogalvia sipapoensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Isidrogalvia, ngan familia nga Tofieldiaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Isidrogalvia

Isidrogalvia sipapoensis


Die Verkehrsfabel ist eine von dem Didaktiker Siegbert A. Warwitz Anfang der 1990er-Jahre in die Verkehrspädagogik eingeführte Methode zur mentalen Auseinandersetzung mit Problemen beim Verkehren. Ausgehend von der literarischen Form der Fabel, werden damit die didaktischen Grundlagen für eigene Schöpfungen geboten mit der Möglichkeit, über die praktische Verkehrserziehung hinaus rezeptiv, aber auch konstruktiv und kreativ über das Miteinander beim Verkehren nachzudenken. In der Zielsetzung vergleichbar mit dem vorrangig in der Primarstufe eingesetzten Verkehrskasper, dient die Verkehrsfabel schwerpunktmäßig der Entwicklung des Problembewusstseins und des partnerschaftlichen Verhaltens im Sekundarstufenbereich.

Didaktische Zielperspektive
Die heutige Verkehrspädagogik geht von dem Grundbegriff "Verkehren" als "Miteinander Umgehen", "Sich Verständigen", "Kooperieren" aus, was bedeutet, erzieherisch bereits vor und außerhalb der Begegnung mit dem Straßenverkehr ansetzen zu müssen. Es geht bei der Verkehrsfabel entsprechend nicht nur um Fehlverhalten im Straßenverkehr, sondern komplexer um den allgemeinen Umgang (das Verkehren) miteinander. Dabei spielen Haltungen wie Vorteildenken, Regellosigkeit, Aggressivität, Rücksichtslosigkeit, Unverträglichkeit, Sachbeschädigung, Gefährdung, Schwächen wie Ängste und Unsicherheiten, aber auch soziale Tugenden wie Partnerschaft und Hilfsbereitschaft eine wichtige Rolle. Die dichterische Gestaltung eigener Verkehrsfabeln ist etwa ab dem neunten Lebensjahr möglich und am effektivsten in Kleingruppen zu leisten.

Es wird versucht, Probleme beim verkehrenden Umgang miteinander zu erkennen, zu analysieren, zu reflektieren und sich selbst und anderen damit einen Spiegel vorzuhalten, der nachdenklich macht. Dazu werden bekannte Fabeln aufgearbeitet und eigene Verkehrserlebnisse in Fabelform verdichtet. Hierbei werden die Möglichkeiten genutzt, Fehlverhalten durch entsprechende Sachzwänge aus den Vorgängen sich selbst bestrafen zu lassen und die Konsequenzen durch einen Lehrsatz noch einmal pointiert zu formulieren. Neben der Darstellung gescheiterten Konfliktumgangs sollen aber auch positive Lösungen gefunden werden. Dies ist die eigentliche pädagogische Zielsetzung.

Methodik und Struktur der Verkehrsfabel
Der Stoff zur Verkehrsfabel erwächst im Idealfall aus eigenen Verkehrserlebnissen wie dem Streit beim Einsteigen in den Schulbus, einem beschädigten Fahrrad oder abgerissenen Mercedessternen.
Bei Warwitz finden sich "drei Wege zur Verkehrsfabel":

Ein erster nimmt seinen Ausgang von einem bekannten Sprichwort ("Wenn zwei sich streiten, freut sich der dritte . . ." etc.), das auf eine selbst erlebte Verkehrssituation übertragen wird.

Ein zweiter Weg nimmt eine Beispielfabel, etwa von Jean de La Fontaine, zum Vorbild für die eigene Fabeldichtung. Dabei werden verfügbare Illustrationen wie die des Künstlers Gustave Doré als visuelle Ideenspender didaktisch einbezogen.

Ein dritter Weg setzt ein erkanntes Problem (z. B. "Risikobereitschaft im Verkehr") in Fabelform um.

Zur Bearbeitung der eigenen Fabel wird ein einfaches Strukturschema vorgegeben, das Spielräume für eigene Lösungen lässt, z. B.
 a. Zwei Verkehrsteilnehmer treffen aufeinander, und es kommt zu einem Konfliktfall
 b. Der Konflikt wird unverträglich oder auch kompromissbereit ausgetragen
 c. Beide Kontrahenten büßen für ihre Unverträglichkeit oder genießen den Konsens
 d. Die Lehre folgt in Form eines Sprichworts oder Merksatzes

Beispielfabeln

Die berühmte Fabel "Die beiden Ziegen" des französischen Dichters Jean de La Fontaine kann, obwohl so nicht intendiert, als Verkehrsfabel verstanden werden.

Nach dieser und weiterer Vorlagen sowie einem vorgegebenen Strukturschema sind in der Literatur eine Reihe kreativer Schöpfungen im Rahmen der Verkehrserziehung dokumentiert, z. B.:

Die beiden Autofahrer

Auf der engen Brücke über einen Fluss begegneten sich zwei Autos.
"Mach Platz, ich war zuerst da!" schrie der eine. "Wollen mal sehen, wer die besseren Nerven hat!" antwortete der andere Autofahrer.
Beide rasten daraufhin gleichzeitig auf die Brücke los. Es gab einen lauten Knall, und die Autos landeten als Wracks im Flussbett.

Lehre: Lässt du auf einen Streit dich ein, wird es oft dein Schaden sein.

Hansi und Franzi und Susi am Bus

An der Bushaltestelle begegneten sich Hansi und Franzi.
"Heute sitze ich hinter dem Fahrer!" meinte Hansi. "Das werden wir erst noch sehen, das ist mein Platz!" erwiderte Franzi.
Während sie sich noch beschimpften und prügelten, stieg Susi in den Bus und setzte sich hinter den Fahrer. Der Bus aber fuhr ohne die beiden ab.

Lehre: Wenn zwei sich streiten, freut sich der dritte.

Pädagogischer Wert
Die Methode Verkehrsfabel zeichnet sich durch ihre strenge Sachorientierung, durch das intensive Nachdenken über bestimmte Problemkonstellationen im Verkehrsleben und durch die geforderte Kreativität aus. Die Kinder und Jugendlichen sind in kleinen Gruppen rezeptiv, konstruktiv und kommunikativ angesprochen. Es entstehen miteinander erarbeitete, sprachlich ausgefeilte Produkte von durchaus künstlerischem Wert, die auch in Buchform gefasst werden und damit Vorzeige- und Erinnerungswert erhalten können. Die Verkehrsfabel ergänzt als Methode die praktische Verkehrserziehung. Sie macht zudem Verkehrsverhalten als Bestandteil allgemeinen menschlichen Verhaltens erkennbar. Im Rahmen der Unfallprophylaxe eingesetzt, erlangte sie vor allem in Weiterführenden Schulen und in der Lehrerbildung didaktische Bedeutung.

Literatur
 Siegbert A. Warwitz: Wir deuten und dichten Verkehrsfabeln. In: Sache–Wort–Zahl 25(1999) S. 53–56
 Siegbert A. Warwitz: Die Verkehrsfabel oder Wie man Verkehrsprobleme thematisieren kann. In: Ders.: Verkehrserziehung vom Kinde aus. Wahrnehmen-Spielen-Denken-Handeln. Baltmannsweiler (Schneider) 2009. 6. Auflage. S. 172–173, 179–181, 273–279

Illustrationen
 Gustave Doré:  Illustration (Druck) "Die beiden Ziegen". In: E. Dohm (Hrsg.): La Fontaine. Die Fabeln. Wiesbaden o. J.  S. 343

Siehe auch
 Verkehrsdidaktik

Einzelnachweise

Verkehrspädagogik
Schulpädagogik
Schulunterricht
Reformpädagogik
Fabel
Pädagogische Methode/Lehre
Werk von Jean de La Fontaine

Verkehrsfabel


Kush eller Kongeriget Kush var et afrikansk rige efter ophøret af yngre bronzealder omkring 1070 f.Kr. beliggende ved sammenløbet af Den Blå Nil, Den Hvide Nil og floden Atbara i hvad der nu Republikken Sudan.

Kongeriget blev etableret efter bronzealderens sammenbrud mellem 1206 og 1150 f.Kr. og opløsningen af Det nye rige i Egypten. Kongeriget var centreret omkring Napata i sin tidlige fase. Kong Kashta erobrede Egypten i 8. århundrede f.Kr. og konger fra Kush regerede som faraoer under Egyptens 25. dynasti i et århundrede, indtil de blev fordrevet af Psammetikus I i 656 f.Kr.

I den klassiske oldtid flyttedes hovedstaden til Meroë. På oldgræsk var riget kendt som "Aithiopia". I det 1. århundrede evt. blev den Kushiske hovedstad indtaget af Beja dynastiet, der prøvede at genoplive imperiet. Det Kushiske kongerige med hovedstad i Meroë eksisterede indtil 300-tallet evt., hvor det var svækket og nedbrudt af interne oprør. Den Kushite hovedstad blev til sidst indtaget og brændt ned til grunden af Kongeriget Aksum.

Eksterne henvisninger

Begivenheder i 11. århundrede f.Kr.
Begivenheder i 350
Forhenværende afrikanske monarkier
Bibelske steder
Civilisationer

Kush


Q100 may be:
Quran 100 the 100th chapter of the Islamic Holy book
 De Havilland Canada Dash 8 Q100 turboprop, now by Bombardier Aerospace
 Q100, a conventional notation for the 100-year flood, particularly in hydrology

Transportation
 Q100 New York City bus

US radio stations
 WWWQ, a radio station (99.7 FM) in Atlanta, Georgia, United States.
 KXQQ-FM, a radio station (Q100.5 FM) in Henderson, Nevada, United States.
 WQON, a radio station (100.3 FM) in Grayling, Michigan, United States.
 WODE-FM, a radio station (99.9 FM) in Easton, Pennsylvania, United States, known as Q100 (WQQQ) from 1983 until 1989.
 WQPD, a radio station (Q100.5 FM) in Marion, South Carolina, United States.
 WBGQ, a radio station (Q100.7 FM) in Morristown, Tennessee, United States.
 WJTQ, a radio station (100.7 FM) in Pensacola, Florida, United States, known as Q100 from the mid-1970s until 1993.
 KRWQ, a radio station (Q100.3 FM) in Gold Hill, Oregon, United States.
 WQON, a radio station (Q100.3 FM) in Grayling, Michigan, United States.

Other radio stations
Q 100.7 FM, a radio station (100.7 FM) in the Barbados.

Q100


Newbiggin may refer to several places in England:

in Cumbria
 Newbiggin, Ainstable, in the Eden district
 Newbiggin, Dacre, in Eden district,  west of Penrith
 Newbiggin, Furness, in South Lakeland district
 Newbiggin, Hutton Roof, in the parish of Hutton Roof
 Newbiggin, Kirkby Thore, in Eden district,  east of Penrith
 Newbiggin-on-Lune, in Eden district, near Kirkby Stephen
in Derbyshire
Newbiggin, a former name of Biggin (Dovedale and Parwich Ward)
in County Durham
 Newbiggin, Lanchester
 Newbiggin, Teesdale
in North Yorkshire
 Newbiggin, Askrigg, on the north side of Wensleydale
 Newbiggin, south Wensleydale, on the south side of Wensleydale
in Northumberland
 Newbiggin-by-the-Sea

See also
Newbigging (disambiguation)

Newbiggin


Mansur Faqiryar (* 3. Januar 1986 in Kabul, Afghanistan) ist ein ehemaliger deutsch-afghanischer Fußballtorwart und heutiger -trainer, Sportfunktionär und Unternehmer.

Leben
Faqiryar kam im Alter von einem Jahr mit seinen afghanischen Eltern und Geschwistern, die vor dem Bürgerkrieg in Afghanistan flüchteten, nach Deutschland und wuchs im Bremer Stadtteil Kattenturm auf. Er besuchte das ehemalige Gymnasium Obervieland, wo er auch sein Abitur gemacht hat. Nach seinem Schulabschluss studiert er Wirtschaftsingenieurwesen an der Universität Bremen im Masterstudiengang.

Faqiryar spricht fließend Deutsch und Dari und ist im Besitz der Trainer-B-Lizenz.

Karriere

Vereinskarriere
Faqiryar begann seine Karriere als F-Junior beim VfB Komet Bremen. Später spielte er unter anderem in der Jugend von Werder Bremen und dem FC Union 60 Bremen. Zur Saison 2005/06 wechselte der Torwart zum Bremer Verbandsligisten FC Oberneuland. Dort gelang als Meister der Aufstieg in die Oberliga Nord. In der Oberliga wurde er jedoch von Neuzugang Ercan Ates verdrängt und kam in der ersten Saison 2006/07 nur zu sechs Einsätzen. Deshalb wurde Faqiryar zu Beginn der Saison 2007/08 für ein halbes Jahr zum Goslarer SC 08 in die sechstklassige Bezirksoberliga verliehen. In der Winterpause kehrte er vom späteren Aufsteiger zu seinem Stammverein zurück. Nun mit mehr Einsätzen, konnte er sich zum Ende der Saison endgültig als Stammtorwart durchsetzen. Obwohl man in der Saison nur Tabellenneunter wurde, wurde der FC Oberneuland als Bremer Vertreter für die Relegation nominiert, da der Meister FC Bremerhaven keine Lizenz für die Regionalliga bekam. Am Ende stand der Aufstieg in die Regionalliga Nord fest.

2009 wechselte er von Oberneuland zum niedersächsischen Fünftligisten und Meister VfB Oldenburg. Faqiryar absolvierte sein Debüt am 9. August 2009 (1. Spieltag) gegen den VfL Osnabrück II (1:1). Bis auf eine kurze Zeit in der Saison 2010/11 war Faqiryar Stammspieler bei den Oldenburgern. Am 18. Mai 2011 zog er sich im Ligaspiel gegen den TSV Ottersberg einen Kreuzbandriss zu und fiel für die restliche Saison sowie für die gesamte Hinrunde der folgenden Saison aus. Dennoch konnte der Torwart sich in der Rückrunde wieder als Stammtorwart durchsetzen. Während in der Saison 2009/10 der Aufstieg in die Regionalliga knapp verpasst wurde, gelang dies am Ende dieser Saison 2011/12.

Zur Saison 2012/13 wurde Faqiryar zum Vizekapitän, zur Saison 2013/14 als Nachfolger von Julian Lüttmann sogar zum neuen Kapitän ernannt. Nach einer Nierenstein-Operation zu Beginn der Saison 2014/15 kehrte er zunächst für die Spiele gegen den SV Meppen (2:1) und dem TSV Havelse (0:1) zurück, bevor er wegen einer Adduktorenverletzung und anschließenden Hüftproblemen aussetzen musste. Am 24. November 2014 gab Oldenburg bekannt, dass Faqiryars zum Saisonende auslaufender Vertrag zum 31. Dezember 2014 einvernehmlich aufgelöst werde.

Nationalmannschaft
Faqiryar debütierte im Trikot der Nationalmannschaft am 23. März 2011 gegen Bhutan (3:0) im Rahmen der AFC-Challenge-Cup-Qualifikation. Im Juni 2011 wurde Faqiryar als einer von zwei Torhütern für die WM-Qualifikationsspiele gegen Palästina nominiert, obwohl er zu diesem Zeitpunkt einen Kreuzbandriss auskurierte. 2013 wurde er für die anstehende Südasienmeisterschaft nominiert, wo er ab dem zweiten Gruppenspiel im Tor stand. Im Halbfinalspiel gegen Nepal (1:0) hielt Faqiryar unter anderem zwei Elfmeter von Rohit Chand und wurde zum Man of the Match ernannt. Nach dem 2:0-Finalsieg gegen Indien, wo er wieder zum Man of the Match ernannt wurde, wurde Afghanistan erstmals Südasienmeister. Nach dem Turnier wurde Faqiryar mehrfach geehrt: er wurde zum Most Valuable Player und zum besten Torwart ausgezeichnet. Zudem wurde er in das Sportskeeda Team of the Tournament aufgenommen und von der Bevölkerung und Staatspräsident Hamid Karsai zum "Volkshelden" ernannt.  Für seine besonderen Verdienste wurde der Torwart mit der Hohen Staatsmedaille von Mir Masjidi Khan, einer Wohnung in Kabul und mit einem Preisgeld von 1,1 Millionen Afghani geehrt.

Mit der Nationalmannschaft nahm er auch am AFC Challenge Cup 2014 teil. Am Ende belegte man den vierten Platz nach den Niederlagen im Halbfinale gegen Palästina (0:2) und den Malediven (7:8  n. E.). Gegen die Malediven kassierte er im Elfmeterschießen ein kurioses Tor, als Assad Adubarey beim Anlaufen über seine Beine stolperte. Das Video wurde auf der Video-Plattform YouTube zum viralen Hit. Im August 2014 wurde er für die afghanische U-23-Nationalmannschaft nominiert, die vom 15. bis zum 22. September 2014 bei den Asienspielen antrat. In den Gruppenspielen setzte es drei Niederlagen, weshalb man Gruppenletzter wurde. Faqiryar stand in zwei Spielen im Tor.

Statistiken und Rekorde
Faqiryar hält den Rekord für die längste Serie ohne Gegentor im Tor der afghanischen Nationalmannschaft: während der gesamten Südasienmeisterschaft 2013 bekam er nur ein Gegentor und blieb 324 Minuten ohne Gegentor. Erst im übernächsten Testspiel gegen Tadschikistan (0:1) riss Faqiryars Serie, als Nuriddin Davronov bereits in der 2. Minute den Endstand erzielte. Somit blieb Faqiryar insgesamt 416 Minuten ohne Gegentor und spielte in vier aufeinanderfolgenden Spielen zu Null. Die alte Bestmarke hielt Hamidullah Yousufzai, der während der Südasienmeisterschaft 2011 insgesamt 251 Minuten ohne Gegentor blieb. Zudem schaffte es Faqiryar, zwischen dem 4. September 2013 und dem 14. Mai 2014 in 619 Minuten nur ein Gegentor zu bekommen. Faqiryar bestritt auch absolut gesehen die meisten Spiele ohne Gegentor; in 13 von seinen 23 Einsätzen spielte er zu Null, was einer beachtlichen Quote von 57 % entspricht. Zudem überschritt er als einziger Afghane viermal die 200-Minuten-Marke ohne Gegentor.

Erfolge

Nationalmannschaft
 Südasienmeister: 2013

Vereine
 VfB Oldenburg
 Aufstieg in die Regionalliga Nord: 2012

 FC Oberneuland
 Aufstieg in die Regionalliga Nord: 2008
 Bremer Verbandsliga-Meister und Aufstieg in die Oberliga: 2006

Persönliche Auszeichnungen
 Most Valuable Player der Südasienmeisterschaft: 2013
 Bester Torwart der Südasienmeisterschaft: 2013
 Mitglied vom Sportskeeda Team of the Tournament: 2013
 Nordsportler des Jahres: 2013
 Oldenburger Sportler des Jahres: 2013
 Hohe Staatsmedaille von Mir Masjidi Khan: 2013

Nach der Karriere
Seit Juni 2016 arbeitet er im Auftrag seines ehemaligen Jugendclubs und Bundesligisten Werder Bremen als Sportkoordinator in einer Flüchtlingsunterkunft in Walle. Seit Februar 2017 ist er im Trainerstab von Otto Pfister Torwarttrainer der afghanischen Nationalmannschaft.

Mansur-Faqiryar-Foundation
Nach dem Gewinn der Südasienmeisterschaft plante Faqiryar Ende 2013, eine Fußballakademie zu eröffnen. Ziel seines Projektes sei es, "die nachhaltige Entwicklung von Kindern und Jugendlichen […] durch die verbindende Kraft des Sports" voranzutreiben und ihnen damit bessere Perspektiven zu bieten. Unterstützung erhielt er bei seinen Planungen u. a. vom Deutschen Fußball-Bund. Im März 2015 wurde mithilfe von verschiedenen Institutionen die "Mansur Faqiryar Foundation" gegründet.

Weblinks
 Profil auf national-football-teams.com
 Profil auf soccerway.de
 Mansur Faqiryar in der Datenbank von transfermarkt.de

Einzelnachweise

Fußballnationaltorhüter (Afghanistan)
Fußballtorhüter (FC Oberneuland)
Fußballtorhüter (Goslarer SC 08)
Fußballtorhüter (VfB Oldenburg)
Teilnehmer an den Asienspielen (Afghanistan)
Afghane
Geboren 1986
Mann

Mansur Faqiryar


U5 is a line on the Berlin U-Bahn. It runs from Hauptbahnhof in Mitte eastwards through Alexanderplatz, Friedrichshain, Lichtenberg and Friedrichsfelde, surfaces in  to pass Kaulsdorf and Hellersdorf above ground and finally reaches city limits at Hönow.

Route
Line U5 connects Moabit with the large housing estate of Hellersdorf and the Brandenburg town of Hönow, but ends just outside the eastern city limits of Berlin. It begins at Berlin Hauptbahnhof (central station) and heads southeast under the Spree river, the Spreebogenpark and the Platz der Republik to Brandenburg Gate. From there it follows Unter den Linden, crossing line 6 at Friedrichstraße. After Museumsinsel station, the line runs under Rathausstraße, passing under the Humboldt Forum. After leaving Alexanderplatz, it takes a sharp right turn under Karl-Marx-Allee. It follows that street (which becomes Frankfurter Allee after Frankfurter Tor station) for several stations in a straight line in an easterly direction and crosses the Berliner Ringbahn at Frankfurter Allee station. From Berlin-Lichtenberg station, where it passes under the S-Bahn and the Berlin–Küstrin-Kietz railway, the line swings to the southeast. It runs under Einbecker Straße and then past the Friedrichsfelde workshop to Tierpark station. In a sharp left turn, the U5 bypasses Tierpark Berlin (a zoo) and reaches its southernmost point at this point. It turns to the northeast and reaches the surface for the first time.

Now above ground, the U5 runs through Biesdorf-Süd. It crosses Köpenicker Straße at Elsterwerdaer Platz station and a little later the street of Alt-Biesdorf, which forms part of both federal highways B 1 and B 5. It crosses the S-Bahn line and the Berlin–Küstrin-Kietz railway again at Wuhletal station. The line then runs underground along Gülzower Straße for a short distance. After a sweeping left turn, the U-Bahn resurfaces before Kaulsdorf-Nord station and runs north and later north-east. The line runs next to Hellersdorfer Straße as far as Hellersdorf, continuing to Louis-Lewin-Straße station and then running next to Böhlener Straße. Right on the city limits, but still within territory of Berlin, the U5 line ends at Hönow station, the easternmost point of the Berlin U-Bahn network at Mahlsdorfer Straße on the edge of Hönow.

History

Early history
In 1908, before the opening of the section of U-Bahn line A from Spittelmarkt to Alexanderplatz (now part of line U2) in 1913, the Hochbahngesellschaft (Elevated Railway Company) planned to build a line that would run under Frankfurter Allee from Alexanderplatz to Frankfurter Allee station. Alexanderplatz station was to have two adjacent platforms and the line was to be built as an elevated railway from Koppenstraße, which was outside the city. The city of Berlin was receptive to these plans, but demanded that the line be built entirely underground.

In 1910, the Elevated Railway Company changed its plans: U-Bahn line E would now pass under Alexanderstraße so that it could connect with the already approved section between Spittelmarkt and Schönhauser Allee. This would have made it possible for line E services to run via Alexanderplatz into Klosterstrasse. The trains coming from Spittelmarkt and from Schönhauser Allee would have been able to run through to Frankfurter Allee and also in the opposite direction. This idea was never implemented.

The Elevated Railway Company controlled several private transport companies and so, at the end of the 1920s, the Nord-Süd-Bahn (North-South Railway) took over the final planning and implementation of U-Bahn line E as an independent line in Berlin's large profile network with the possibility of extending it towards Leipziger Straße/Französische Straße and with a connection to another line along Greifswalder Straße to Weißensee. The lines would merge at Alexanderplatz and separate again at Berlin City Hall (Rotes Rathaus). The Elevated Railway Company originally planned to run line E along a section of Landsberger Allee that no longer exists from Alexanderplatz to Büschingplatz (where Mollstraße now connects to Platz der Vereinte Nationen), where a station would be built. It would then turn into Weberstraße, which then ran to the southeast, and turn into Große Frankfurter Straße (now: Karl-Marx-Allee) at Strausberger Platz. In 1925, the city of Berlin received a suggestion from the private sector to insert a -long curve between Alexanderplatz and the current Schillingstraße station, so that it would run through Große Frankfurter Straße and not through Büschingplatz as planned. There was also another change in planning that provided for line E not to end at Frankfurter Allee station, but to continue to Friedrichsfelde, because there was an area available there for a workshop.

Construction and commissioning

The construction work was carried out using the cut-and-cover method between 1927 and 1930. The line from  Alexanderplatz to Friedrichsfelde was opened on 21 December 1930. Apart from Friedrichsfelde, all stations are located at such a depth that their exits on the sidewalks could be connected via distribution floors. The tunnel itself was built deep enough to allow ducts for the pipes of the Berlin water company, the cables of the Berlin electricity company and the telephone cables of the post office to be built above it at the same width.

Tierpark extension
A continuation of the Alexanderplatz–Friedrichsfelde section via Karlshorst towards Schöneweide was planned when it was completed in 1930. After the Second World War, plans emerged to extend the line to Tierpark Berlin, a new zoo established in 1955 at Friedrichsfelde Palace. In 1956, plans were developed to continue the line from Friedrichsfelde on two elevated tracks to a terminal station west of Straße am Tierpark at the entrance to Friedrichsfelde Palace. Two tracks of the carriage sidings of the Friedrichsfelde workshop were to be extended for this purpose. However, this project was not carried out because it would have made it difficult to extend the line further. In addition, traffic to the zoo was not seen as sufficient to justify the construction of the extension. When apartments were later built in the area of the zoo, the plan was taken up again, especially since the closure of the tram line on the street of Alt Friedrichsfelde as a result of the construction of the road bridge over Lichtenberg station had created a gap in the network.

Construction and commissioning
No official decision to proceed was taken or permit issued for the work for the extension to Tierpark station. Due to a lack of utilisation of the pile-driving capacity of the civil engineering VEB, construction began illegally at the Tierpark station, because the directors of the civil engineering company and the Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe (Berlin transport company; BVB) had carried out the first pile driving on 19 September 1969. The city councillor responsible for transport had no idea about this project. Much later, under public pressure, formal decisions were made and the required financial allocations were made for the continuation of construction of the one-station extension. It was decided to start construction at the end of the line in the area of the Tierpark station so that there was no need to fear that construction would be later stopped altogether. Official railway construction lasted from 1970 to 1973.

On the morning of 4 October 1972, a major fire broke out in the turnback siding on the north side of Alexanderplatz U-Bahn station on Line A (towards Rosa-Luxemburg-Platz station). To enable the tunnel shell, which had been damaged in the fire, to be restored quickly, a large number of precast concrete parts intended to be installed in the line extension in Friedrichsfelde were transferred from there. This led to the last minor construction delay. The extension from Friedrichsfelde underground station to Tierpark underground station was inaugurated on 25 June 1973.

Hönow extension

The construction of the new housing estate in Marzahn began in 1977, followed by the new housing estate in Hellersdorf in the mid-1980s. At the beginning of the 1980s, the working groups of the Ministry of Transport of the GDR and the city council of Berlin investigated the construction of a rapid transit connection in the Kaulsdorf and Hellersdorf area. They examined and discussed S-Bahn, U-Bahn and tram options. In 1983/1984, it was decided to extend U-Bahn line E from Tierpark to Hönow. The option examined had the necessary reserve capacity, was economically justifiable and could be implemented in the planned period of time. Difficulties associated with the route had to be considered in the decision-making process. The original route planning for an extension of the U-Bahn line south to Schöneweide had to be abandoned. In addition, the connection from Tierpark station to the old line of the connecting or suburban railway to Kaulsdorf (VnK) complicated engineering and structural issues. The new underground line had to be connected to the VnK line directly behind the platform of Tierpark station in a sharp curve that was barely permissible and part of the turnback siding had to be demolished. It was also expected that expensive work to widen the railway embankment of the VnK route would be necessary and noise protection measures would have to be installed in Biesdorf Süd. On 27  February 1985, the Berlin City Council published a document that assumed that the section between Tierpark and Elsterwerdaer Platz would open on 30 June 1988 and the section between Elsterwerdaer Platz and Hönow would open on 30 June 1989.

Construction

Construction officially started on 1 March 1985. It was not built sequentially, but at several places simultaneously. First, earthwork and civil engineering work was carried out on the route and at the planned stations. So that the line could be connected to the Tierpark station, a  long tunnel was built on the complicated curved route on the VnK line. The VnK route to Kaulsdorf/Fernbahn route could not be used as it stood. It had to be partially removed, rebuilt and compacted. Old bridges located near Elsterwerdaer Platz, above Köpenicker Straße and above what is now the B 1 / B 5 highway had to be demolished and replaced with new ones to allow the widening of both roads. A -long tunnel was built along Gülzower Straße between today's Wuhletal station and Kaulsdorf-Nord station. Extensive work was required on the Hellersdorf cutting from there to Cottbusser Platz station on Cottbusser Straße. Measures were taken to lower the groundwater and to provide deep drainage. The parallel running French drain from a septic drain field had to be replaced by pipes. The water from the Hellersdorf cutting was pumped into the enclosed ditch. The rest of the line from Cottbusser Platz station to Hönow station is approximately at street level with some ups and downs.

Track laying began in mid-February 1987, when the earthworks and the creation of the ballast formation had been completed on various sections of the line. A total of  of assembled track was built for the  route. More than  were required just for the multiple relocations of S-Bahn and long-distance train tracks near today's Wuhletal station. The S-Bahn traffic was maintained during the construction work, but short-term interruptions and timetable changes occurred.

As far as possible, construction machines from the stock of Deutsche Reichsbahn were used for the track construction. For this purpose and for the supply of material, an alternative construction connection point was established on the Berlin-Rummelsburg–Biesdorfer Kreuz Südwest line. In order to enable the use of long-distance rolling stock, which require a larger loading gauge, the cover plates of the platform edges of the affected platforms were only installed after track work had been completed.

Biesdorf-Süd station was provided with three platform tracks and an adjoining single-track turnback, because the previous one in Tierpark station could only be used as a siding due to the changed route. Another two-track line was built at the north end of Albert-Norden-Straße (now: Kaulsdorf-Nord). In addition, a spacious storage facility was established between the stations of  Paul-Verner-Straße (now: Louis-Lewin-Straße) and Hönow. During the construction of Wuhletal station, the transfer group at Wuhletal signal box built a permanently usable track connection to the long-distance railway network for the first time.

Commissioning
Before commissioning, test runs were carried out on the  stretch between Tierpark and Elsterwerdaer Platz stations. After its successful completion, the section between Tierpark station and Elsterwerdaer Platz station was opened on 30 June 1988. The opening ceremony took place at Elsterwerdaer Platz station with brass band music and speeches by leading party and state officials. Exactly one year later, on 30 June 1989, the rest of the extension to Hönow station was opened. This time the opening ceremony took place at Tierpark station with the politician Günter Schabowski, several government ministers, the first secretary of the central council of the FDJ Eberhard Aurich, the mayor Erhard Krack and other officials.

U55 and final extension
There had long been plans to extend the U5 westward since the 1970s. The short U55 line opened in August 2009, and ran from Berlin Hauptbahnhof via the Bundestag U-Bahn station to Brandenburger Tor station. The designation of the line as U55 indicates that it was ultimately intended to become part of the U5 line.

Construction of the link between the two segments began in April 2010 and it opened on 4 December 2020. The link is  long, and connects Brandenburger Tor to Alexanderplatz. Along its route it serves new U-bahn stations at Berliner Rathaus, Museumsinsel and Unter den Linden, with the latter providing an interchange with line U6.

Signalling
After reunification, the U5 was upgraded to the new signalling system under Systemtechnik für den automatischen Regelbetrieb (STAR - System technology for automatic control operation). The trial stretch extended from Friedrichsfelde to Biesdorf-Süd, using H-Zug trains, which were introduced from 1996 to April 2000. The Class H, used on the U5 could be converted to fully automatic train operation, and there still exists a 1995 Bombardier trial train, which is capable of operating automatically.

In contrast to trials with LZB 501, which used conductor loops, on line U9, and SelTrac on lines U2 and U4, STAR employed radio technology (Funkzugbeeinflussung).

In 2002 Berlin Senate decided that the U5 should not be extended further for the time being. Accordingly, the BVG announced that it would no longer pursue the project, since automatic operations would only be between U5 Alexanderplatz and Hönow and therefore not worthwhile.

At that time, the BVG was the technology leader in automatic operation in Germany. Driverless operation was used previously on the U4, however a driver continued to be present to supervise the ride. In 2008 and 2010 the underground lines U2 and U3 of the Nuremberg U-Bahn became the first automated subway lines in Germany.

Refurbishment

At reunification, the line was renumbered as U5 to match the naming system in use in West Berlin. Between January 2003 and December 2004, reconstruction was conducted between Alexanderplatz and Friedrichsfelde in order to repair damage dating back to World War II. Not all the stations were preserved as monumental value. 1330 meters of railway track and tracks were relocated. For this purpose, the train traffic on the route was interrupted for three months. The aim was to improve the quality of stay at the stations. The lighting has been renewed and made brighter, the technology has been brought up to date, the plaster has been extensively renovated and the walls have been clad in a vandalism-proof surface with enamelled sheet steel. The BVG took over Grenander's principle of identifying colors, but chose new color patterns. Numerous metro stations have been equipped with lifts and are now wheelchair accessible. An example of a completely new design, including the rebuilding of the northern end of the station, is the Schillingstraße station.

In time for the International Garden Exhibition 2017, and neighboring "gardens of the world", the station Neu Grottkauer Straße  was redeveloped in the spring of 2017 to provide a lift, new roof and new lighting, and renamed Kienberg (Gardens of the World). The renaming occurred at the timetable change in December 2016. The cost of all measures has been estimated at around €6.6 million.

The latest stations, built between 1973 and 1989 from Tierpark to Hönow should be placed under monument protection, with the exception of this is the already significantly changed subway station Kienberg (Garten der Welt).

A refurbishment of the other aboveground stations built in GDR times is not planned before the middle of the 2020s. Equipping all stations with elevators to make them fully accessible is not planned until the lift program is completed on the rest of the metro network. The existing ramp systems with a slope of around 10% are only considered barrier-free.

Former U5
There used to be a U5 running from Deutsche Oper to Richard-Wagner-Platz, from 1 March 1966 to 1 May 1970. Before 1966, it was numbered AI and BI and the branch line as AIII. In 1970, the stretch was closed and in 1974, the station was demolished.

Plans

In the long term, there are plans to extend the line from Berlin Hauptbahnhof, via Turmstraße and Jungfernheide to Flughafen Tegel. This plan was postponed due to the route being too long, the closure of Tegel Airport, and Berlin's poor fiscal situation. An addition to the plan is an extension towards Rathaus Reinickendorf via Cité Pasteur Nord, Scharnweberstraße, and Eichborndamm.

The stations that were involved in the extension include:
Alt-Moabit
Turmstraße
Huttenstraße
Goslarer Platz
Jungfernheide
Hakenfelde
Urban Tech Republic
Cité Pasteur Nord
Scharnweberstraße
Eichborndamm
Rathaus Reinckendorf

As of September 2016, the longer extension has been replaced by the tram extension from Hauptbahnhof, via Turmstraße, Mierendorffplatz, Jungfernheide, and towards Tegel Airport, which is planned to be redeveloped into a new Urban Tech Republic development after the airport is closed, thus allowing the U5 to be shortened to run to just Berlin Hauptbahnhof. The possibility of extending the tram line to Cité Pasteur Nord, Scharnweberstraße and Eichborndamm to Rathaus Reinickendorf remains in the vision stage. The tram extension was planned to be completed just before 2028.

Plans were revived in March 2023 under the "Express Metropolis Berlin", the route remains the same as before the U5 extension was cancelled in September 2016. North of Jungfernheide is parallel to U0, a proposed line under the "Express Metropolis" Plan.

At Jungfernheide, two island platforms were constructed for the planned interchange station between the U7 and U5. The finished section is used for firefighting exercises in conjunction with airport security and the BVG. Trains that are used in these exercises include 2712/2713 ('9 Zoolog. Garten') and 2714/2715 (Jakob-Kaiser-Platz), which were covered with legal spray painting. During the 1980 opening, Jungfernheide was in a deadlock because of the Berlin Wall conflict that prevented the U5 from extending towards the west.

Frequency
U5's frequency is about 5 minutes during peak periods. Alternate trains will terminate at Kaulsdorf-Nord during off-peak periods, thus the lower demand section is 10 minutes. Since 2003, U5 has offered 15-minute weekend night service; the replacement bus service N5 was offered on weeknights.

Notes

References

Sources

External links

Berlin U-Bahn lines
Railway lines opened in 1930
1930 establishments in Germany

U5 (Berlin U-Bahn)


Ratni zločin u Gospiću 4. kolovoza 1995. je ratni zločin pobunjenih Srba nad Hrvatima civilima. Sastoji se u ciljanom zrakoplovnom bombardiranju stambenog dijela grada Gospića 4. kolovoza 1995. godine.

Zasad se znade nalogodavce, ali ne i izvršitelje. Napad se zbio na dan kad je pokrenuta hrvatska osloboditeljska operacija Oluja.

Osumnjičeni dvojac srpskih nalogodavaca su kao pripadnici Srpske vojske Krajine (zapovjednik 105. Vazduhoplovne brigade ) i Vojske Republike Srpske (zapovjednik 92. mješovite avijacijske brigade) 4. kolovoza 1995. godine, za vrijeme oružanog sukoba između regularnih snaga Hrvatske vojske te policije i paravojnih postrojba pobunjenih Srba, dogovorno donijeli odluku o neselektivnom zračnom napadu na naseljeno središte Grada Gospića, a znajući da će djelovanje razorih avio bombi po gusto naseljenom središtu Gospića usmrtiti i tjelesno ozlijediti civile te prouzročiti razaranje njihovih objekata. 4. kolovoza 1995. u 17:20 borbeni zrakoplov Vojske Republike Srpske Krajine je s 11 avio bombi, bez odabira vojnog cilja, izvršio neselektivni napad po središtu Gospića. U napadu su ubili troje (od 14, 18 i 32 godine)i ranili šestero hrvatskih civila, među kojima bebu i dječaka.

Nakon višegodišnjeg kriminalističkog istraživanja, Policijska uprava ličko-senjska je 23. siječnja 2019. završila kriminalističko istraživane nad državljaninom Srbije i državljaninom Republike Hrvatske, pokrenutog zbog osnovane sumnje da su počinili kazneno djelo ratnog zločina u Gospiću protiv civilnog stanovništva.

Izvori

ig: Za bombardiranje Gospića i ratni zločin policija tereti dvojicu pripadnika SAO Krajine: Ubijeno troje, ranjeno šestero civila, među kojima beba i dječak, Narod.hr. 23. siječnja 2019. Pristupljeno 24. siječnja 2019.

Ratni zločini nad Hrvatima u Domovinskom ratu

Gospić