OFK Brčko (Omladinski fudbalski klub "Brčko"; OFK "1978" Brčko; OFK "Brčko 1978") je nogometni klub iz Brčkog, Distrikt Brčko, Bosna i Hercegovina.
U sezoni 2019./20. klub se natječe u "2. ŽNL Posavina", ligi petog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Bosne i Hercegovine.

O klubu
Klub je osnovan 1978. godine. Do 1992. godine se natjecao u ligama nogometnog saveza sa sjedištem u Brčkome.
1992. godine izbija rat u BiH, koji je intenzivan na području Brčkog i Bosanske Posavine, te sami grad ostaje pod srpskom kontrolom. Klub za trajanja ratnih sukoba ne djeluje.
Nakon rata klub se obnavlja, te za njega većinom igraju Bošnjaci, te klub sudjeluje u ligama i natjecanjima organiziranim od strane nogometnog saveza Tuzlanske županije, a od sezone 2017./18. postaje članom "2. ŽNL Posavina".

Uspjesi

Pregled plasmana

Poznati igrači

Unutrašnje poveznice
 Brčko

Vanjske poveznice
 ofkbrcko.com
 OFK BRCKO, facebook stranica
 OFK Brčko 1978, facebook stranica
 sportdc.net, OFK Brčko
 nspz-orasje.com, OFK Brčko
 posavinasport.com, OFK 1978 Brčko
 posavinasport.com, OFK Brčko
 nstk.info, ŽNS Tuzlanske županije, klubovi

Izvori

 posavinasport.com, Spisak ekipa koje su se postojale u nekadašnjem Brčko i Doboj savezu- 1985 sezona. , pristupljeno 23. rujna 2019.
 bhklubovi.wordpress.com, BRČKO DISTRIKT, pristupljeno 23. rujna 2019.
 radiobrcko.ba, Primjerna aktivnost Nogometnog saveza Brčko distrikta BiH , objavljeno 7. veljače 2017., pristupljeno 23. rujna 2019.
 bisnode.ba, "OFK BRČKO", Brčko distrikt BiH
 akta.ba, OFK BRČKO, Brčko distrikt BiH

Nogometni klubovi u Brčko Distriktu
Brčko

OFK Brčko


Leppard ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Norman Arthur George Leppard (1932–1998), britischer Geodät
 Raymond Leppard (1927–2019), britischer Dirigent, Komponist und Cembalist
 Tom Leppard (1935–2016), englischer Guinness-Weltrekordler, meist tätowierter Senior der Welt

Siehe auch:
 Leppard-Gletscher, Talgletscher im westantarktischen Grahamland

Leppard


مقبس 603  وهو مقبس أنتجته شركة إنتل لوحدات المعالجة المركزية من نوع كزيون. جميع وحدات المستخدمة لهذا المقبس تستخدم معدل نقل بيانات رباعي بسرعة 400 MT/s. وكانت تصنع بتكنولوجيا 180 و 130 نانومتر. وإن الوحدات المعالجة المستخدمة لهذا المقبس بإمكانها استخدام مقبس 604 ولكن الوحدات المعالجة المستخدمة لمقبس 604 ليس بإمكانها استخدام هذا المقبس بسبب احتوائها على إبرة إضافية تمنعها من ذلك.

مراجع

مقابس وحدة المعالجة المركزية

مقبس 603


Miodrag Krivokapić (Peć, 22. travnja 1949.) je srbijanski glumac.

Osnovnu školu i gimnaziju završio je u rodnom gradu, živio je i u Nikšiću u Crnoj Gori a Akademiju za kazališnu i filmsku umjetnost (AKFU), odsjek glume, diplomirao je 1975. u Zagrebu. Želio je studirati glumu u Beogradu, ali nije imao prilike, pa je otišao u Zagreb. Iste godine kada je diplomirao, postaje član Dramskoga kazališta Gavella, u kojem ostaje dvije godine, da bi zatim prešao u Hrvatsko narodno kazalište (HNK) u Zagrebu i tu ostaje do 1986. Od te godine je slobodan umjetnik.

Igrao je i u Teatru "&TD" u Zagrebu i na festivalima: Dubrovačke ljetne igre, Splitsko ljeto, a kasnije na Subotičkom festivalu, kao i na Festivalu Budva - grad teatar. Snimio je više od trideset igranih filmova, oko 30 TV-drama i desetak TV-serija.

Veliku popularnost na televiziji stekao je ulogom Ilije Kapare u seriji TV Zagreb "Mačak pod šljemom". U povijesnoj drami "Konstantin" povodom 1700 godina Milanskog edikta glumi lik cara Konstantina u starijim godinama.

Njegov sin je glumac Bojan Krivokapić.

Izvori

Srbijanski filmski glumci
Srbijanski televizijski glumci

Miodrag Krivokapić


Thomas "Tom" Hagen, Mario Puzo'nun Baba adlı romanını ile Francis Ford Coppola'nın Baba I ve Baba II filmlerindeki kurgusal karakter.Filmde Robert Duvall tarafından canlandırılmıştır.

Tom Hagen Baba namlı Vito Corleone'nin üvey oğludur. Babanın en büyük oğlu Santino, Tom'u küçük yaşta sokakta bulup eve getirmiştir. Yarı Alman yarı İrlandalıdır. Tom Hagen bir avukattır ve ailedeki görevi danışmanlıktır. Bu göreve "Consigliere" adı verilmektedir. The Godfather serisinin sadece ilk iki filminde vardır.

Karakter
Sonny Corleone tarafından 11 yaşındayken sokakta bulunur. Sonny tarafından eve getirilir ve Corleone ailesi onu kabul eder. Don Vito onu evladı olarak görür, aynı şekilde Tom Hagen de Don Vito'yu babası olarak görür. Don Vito, Tom Hagen'in gerçek ebeveynlerine hakaret olacağını düşündüğü için asla onu resmi olarak evlat edinmemiştir. Hagen hukuk fakültesini bitirdikten sonra aile işinde çalışmak istemiştir fakat İtalyan olmayışı onun mafyaya katılmasını engeller. Fakat daha sonra Don Vito'nun danışmanı Genco Abbandando öldükten sonra "consigliere" olur. Bu durum diğer İtalyan ailelerce olumsuz karşılanır.

Kaynakça

Baba karakterleri
Kurgusal Alman asıllı Amerikalılar
Kurgusal İrlanda asıllı Amerikalılar
Kurgusal avukatlar
Kurgusal erkek karakterler

Tom Hagen


Röderhof ist eine Siedlung der Ortschaft Egenstedt in der Gemeinde Diekholzen in Niedersachsen.

Geografie
Röderhof befindet sich am Nordrand des Hildesheimer Waldes. Der Ort liegt im Süden von Egenstedt und etwa 10 km südöstlich von Hildesheim. Im Ort befinden sich neben der historischen Gutsanlage ein Kamaldulenserkloster sowie ein zur ehemaligen "Bildungsstätte Röderhof" gehörender Zeltplatz. In der Nachbarschaft befindet sich die Behinderteneinrichtung Heimstatt Röderhof. Die den Siedlungsbereich umschließenden Flächen liegen im Landschaftsschutzgebiet Röderhofer Teiche und Egenstedter Forst.

Geschichte und Sehenswürdigkeiten
Das ehemalige Klostergut der Hildesheimer Kartause, der sogenannte Röderhof wurde 1382 erstmals erwähnt. Zu ihm gehört die St. Antonius geweihte Fachwerkkapelle von 1670. Das Anwesen liegt in einer Senke, in der die Kartäuser im Mittelalter drei heute noch bestehende Fischteiche anlegten. In den 1960er Jahren wurde neben dem Gut eine heilpädagogische Einrichtung, die Heimstatt Röderhof, geplant und gebaut. Diese wurde 1971 eröffnet und 1987 sowie 1996 erweitert.

Im südlichen Bereich des weiterhin bewirtschafteten Gutes befinden sich in der ehemaligen Jugend-Begegnungsstätte seit 2014 Konventsgebäude (Röderhof 1). Auch die St.-Antonius-Kapelle gehört dazu. Seit 2013 engagierte sich unter anderem Benedikt Lindemann für die Gründung einer neuen benediktinischen Gemeinschaft auf dem Röderhof, die im April 2014 als "Benediktinische Gemeinschaft St. Romuald" realisiert wurde. Seit März 2019 gehört das Kloster zum stärker kontemplativ und eremitisch orientierten Kamaldulenserorden, der sich auf den heiligen Romuald zurückführt.

Bekannt sind der Röderhof und die Landschaft für die alljährlich in den Sommerferien stattfindenden Zeltlager. Seit mehr als 100 Jahren wird bereits am Röderhof gezeltet. Das Zelten am Röderhof wird auch nach der Schließung der Jugendbegegnungsstätte im Jahre 2013 mit Unterstützung der Heimstatt Röderhof fortgeführt.

Heimstatt Röderhof
Die Heimstatt Röderhof (Röderhof 3–22) ist eine Einrichtung der "Stiftung kath. Behindertenhilfe im Bistum Hildesheim" für Menschen mit einer geistigen Behinderung, die ab 1969 neben dem bischöflichen Gut Röderhof entstand und am 15. Januar 1971 als Heim für geistig behinderte Kinder eröffnet wurde. Heute umfasst die Einrichtung vor Ort Wohnbereiche für 200 Kinder, Jugendliche und Erwachsene, die St.-Franziskus-Schule (Förderschule mit dem Schwerpunkt "geistige Entwicklung"), eine Tagesförderstätte für Erwachsene, die am 30. Juni 1971 eingeweihte katholische Heilig-Geist-Kirche  und eine Reithalle für Reittherapien. 2011 wurde am Rand der Nachbargemeinde Bad Salzdetfurth das Haus Gertrudenberg als Außenstelle als Wohnheim für geistig behinderte Erwachsene eingerichtet.

Weblinks

 Heimstatt Röderhof
 Kloster St. Romuald

Einzelnachweise

Geographie (Landkreis Hildesheim)
Geographie (Diekholzen)
Ersterwähnung 1382

Röderhof (Diekholzen)


Michel Aflaq (, , 9 January 1910 – 23 June 1989) was a Syrian philosopher, sociologist and Arab nationalist. His ideas played a significant role in the development of Ba'athism and its political movement; he is considered by several Ba'athists to be the principal founder of Ba'athist thought. He published various books during his lifetime, the most notable being The Battle for One Destiny (1958) and The Struggle Against Distorting the Movement of Arab Revolution (1975).

Born into a middle-class family in Damascus, Syria, Aflaq studied at the Sorbonne, where he met his future political companion Salah al-Din al-Bitar. He returned to Syria in 1932, and began his political career in communist politics. Aflaq became a communist activist, but broke his ties with the communist movement when the Syrian–Lebanese Communist Party supported colonial policies through the Popular Front under the French Mandate of Syria. Later in 1940 Aflaq and al-Bitar established the Arab Ihya Movement (later renaming itself the Arab Ba'ath Movement, taking the name from Zaki al-Arsuzi's group by the same name). The movement proved successful, and in 1947 the Arab Ba'ath Movement merged with al-Arsuzi's Arab Ba'ath organisation to establish the Arab Ba'ath Party. Aflaq was elected to the party's executive committee and was elected "'Amid" (meaning the party's leader).

The Arab Ba'ath Party merged with Akram al-Hawrani's Arab Socialist Party to establish the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party in 1952; Aflaq was elected the party's leader in 1954. During the mid-to-late 1950s the party began developing relations with Gamal Abdel Nasser, the President of Egypt, which eventually led to the establishment of the United Arab Republic (UAR). Nasser forced Aflaq to dissolve the party, which he did, but without consulting with party members. Shortly after the UAR's dissolution, Aflaq was reelected as Secretary General of the National Command of the Ba'ath Party. Following the 8th of March Revolution, Aflaq's position within the party was weakened to such an extent that he was forced to resign as the party's leader in 1965. Aflaq was ousted during the 1966 Syrian coup d'état, which led to a schism within the Ba'ath Party. He escaped to Lebanon, but later went to Iraq. In 1968 Aflaq was elected Secretary General of the Iraqi-led Ba'ath Party; during his tenure he held no de facto power. He held the post until his death on 23 June 1989.

Aflaq's theories about society, economics, and politics, which are collectively known as Ba'athism, hold that the Arab world needs to be unified into one Arab Nation in order to achieve an advanced state of development. He was critical of both capitalism and communism, and critical of Karl Marx's view of dialectical materialism as the only truth. Ba'athist thought placed much emphasis on liberty and Arab socialism – a socialism with Arab characteristics, which was not part of the international socialist movement as defined by the West. Aflaq believed in the separation of state and religion, and was a strong believer in secularisation, but was against atheism. Although a Christian, he believed Islam to be proof of "Arab genius". In the aftermath of the 1966 Ba'ath Party split, the Syrian-led Ba'ath Party accused Aflaq of stealing al-Arsuzi's ideas, calling him a "thief" and later sentenced him to "death via absentia" in 1971. The Iraqi-led Ba'ath Party rejects this, and does not believe that al-Arsuzi contributed to Ba'athist thought.

Early life
Born on 9 January 1910 in Damascus to a middle class  Orthodox Christian family, his father, Joseph, working as a grain merchant. Aflaq was first educated in the westernized schools of the French Mandate of Syria. In 1929, he left Syria to study philosophy abroad at the Sorbonne in Paris. During his stay Aflaq was influenced by the works of Henri Bergson, and met his longtime collaborator Salah al-Din al-Bitar, a fellow Syrian nationalist. Aflaq founded an Arab Student Union at the Sorbonne, and discovered the writings of Karl Marx. He returned to Syria in 1932, and became active in communist politics, but left the movement when the government of Léon Blum, supported by the French Communist Party (FCP), continued France's old politics towards its colonies. Aflaq, and others, had believed that the FCP followed pro-independence policies towards the French colonies. It had not helped that the Syrian–Lebanese Communist Party (SLCP) supported the FCP's decision. From then on Aflaq saw the communist movement as a tool of the Soviet Union. He was impressed by the organisation and ideology of Antun Saadeh's Syrian Social Nationalist Party.

Political career

Arab Ba'ath Movement: 1940–1947

Upon their return to Syria, Aflaq and al-Bitar became teachers at Tajhiz all'-Ula, "the most prestigious secondary school in Syria". Aflaq taught history, while al-Bitar taught math and physics. By 1940, Aflaq and al-Bitar had managed to set up a student circle, which usually met on Fridays. That year, the Arab Ihya Movement, a political party, was established by Aflaq and al-Bitar. They used most of their spare time in 1941 to agitate for the party. It was in 1942 that Aflaq showed his skills as "a compelling speaker" who was able to utilize the "theatrical pause" to great effect. The party changed its name to Arab Ba'ath Movement to signify the radical changes which were sweeping the Middle East; Rashid Ali al-Gaylani, the Prime Minister of Iraq, had challenged Britain's domination over Iraq. The replacement of the word "Revival" with "Ba'ath" (, literally means resurrection/rebirth) signified that Arab revival had been replaced ideologically by the need for an Arab rebirth. The change of name led to Zaki al-Arsuzi, leader of the Arab Ba'ath Party, to accuse Aflaq and al-Bitar of stealing his party's name from him. Though both men were promoting a party platform based on an Arab nationalist stance, Aflaq and al-Arsuzi became bitter rivals.

On 24 October 1942, both Aflaq and al-Bitar resigned from their teaching positions, now determined to devote themselves fully to the political struggle. In 1941 the Syrian Committee to Help Iraq was established to support the Iraqi Government led by Rashid Ali al-Gaylani against the British invasion during the Anglo–Iraqi War. Al-Arsuzi, the leader of the other Arab Ba'ath movement, was skeptical of the new committee, and opposed helping the Iraqis on the ground that they would lose anyway. In 1941 the movement began publishing documents under the name the "Arab Ihya Movement". Later, in 1945, Aflaq and al-Bitar asked the French Mandate authorities to grant the movement a party license. The Arab Ba'ath movement did not become an official party until 1947, when it merged with al-Arsuzi's Arab Ba'ath Movement to found the Arab Ba'ath Party. The Arab Ba'ath Movement, led by Aflaq and al-Bitar, drew supporters from al-Arsuzi's Ba'ath Movement; during the 1940s, al-Arsuzi started to seclude himself from the public eye, he developed a deep distrust of others and became, according to some of his associates, paranoid. When the two Ba'ath movements merged and established the Arab Ba'ath Party in 1947, the only subject discussed was how much socialism to include; Wahib al-Ghanim and Jalal al-Sayyid from the al-Arsuzi led Ba'ath movement wanted Aflaq and al-Bitar to adopt more radical socialist policies.

Founding and early years
The Arab Ba'ath Party's first congress was held in Damascus in 1947. Aflaq took the pre-eminent position of Amid, sometimes translated as 'doyen' or as 'leader'; and was elected to a four-member executive committee. Under the constitution adopted at the congress, this made him effective leader of the party, with sweeping powers within the organisation; al-Bitar was elected Secretary General of the National Command. Zaki al-Arsuzi, the leader of the Arab Ba'ath, was not given any position, or membership in the party. Aflaq as Amid was responsible for ideological affairs and became the party's mentor, while al-Bitar controlled the party's day-to-day management. The merger would prove problematic, several members of the al-Arsuzi-led Ba'ath Party were more left-leaning, and would become, later in Aflaq's tenure as leader, highly critical of his leadership.

In the late 1940s, Aflaq and al-Bitar gave free lessons on Ba'athist thought, and in 1948 they established the newspaper al-Ba'ath (English: rebirth/resurrection). Aflaq tested the Ba'ath Party's strength during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War after early Syrian defeats – he led several demonstrations against the government led by President Shukri al-Quwatli. He personally led demonstrations, and claimed that al-Quwatli, a landowner, was a corrupt and capitalistic politician, who was to blame for the Syrians army's defeat. Aflaq called for al-Quwatli's resignation, and wrote several al-Ba'ath articles criticising his presidency and his prime minister, Jamil Mardam Bey. Aflaq was later arrested on the orders of al-Quwatli's prime minister Bey. Al-Quwali's government was brought down in a coup d'état led by military officer Husni al-Za'im. Al-Za'im banned all parties, claiming that Syria was not ready to establish a liberal democracy yet. Aflaq, who had been set free, was rearrested during al-Zai'm's presidency and sent to the notorious Mezzeh Prison. Al-Za'im's rule did not last for long, and in August 1949, he was toppled, and Hashim al-Atassi, who was democratically elected, took his place. Al-Atassi established a national unity government, and Aflaq was appointed to the post of Minister of Education, the only government post he would ever hold; he held it from August to December 1949. Al-Attasi's presidency did not last for very long either, and in 1951 Adib Shishakli took power in a military coup.

Aflaq at first extended his support to the new government, believing that he and the Ba'ath Party could collaborate with Shishakli because they shared the same Arab nationalist sentiments. His analysis of Shishakli proved to be wrong, and one of Shishakli's first decisions as ruler was to ban all political parties, including the Ba'ath Party. The Ba'ath Party leadership, and several leading members, escaped to Lebanon in the wake of increased government repression. In Lebanon Aflaq and al-Bitar agreed to a merger of the Arab Ba'ath Party and the Arab Socialist Party (ASP), led by Akram al-Hawrani, to establish the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party in 1952. The newly formed party worked as a base of operation against Shishali's rule – Aflaq and the rest cooperated with non-Ba'athist opposition forces too. Shishakli was toppled in February 1954.

Power politics: 1954–1963

Following the overthrow of al-Shishakli, Syria held its first democratic elections in five years. The Ba'ath Party, led by Aflaq, al-Bitar and al-Hawrani, had 22 members elected to parliament. This increase in influence can largely be attributed to al-Hawrani – several old ASP strongholds voted for the Ba'ath Party because of al-Hawrani's presence. By this time Aflaq was losing much of his power to al-Hawrani and his supporters, who were in a majority in the party. A proof of this was the decision of the Ba'ath Party to collaborate openly with the Syrian Communist Party (SCP), a move Aflaq opposed. Aflaq was elected the party's Secretary General of the newly established National Command, a title equivalent to 'party leader', by the party's Second National Congress.

When, under the United Arab Republic (UAR), Aflaq was forced by Nasser to dissolve the party, he disbanded the party by himself, instead of convening a congress on the matter. The UAR proved to be disastrous for the Ba'ath Party – the party was sidelined to a great extent by Nasser's government. The Ba'ath movement, which was on the verge in 1958 of becoming the dominant Arab nationalist movement, found itself in disarray after three years of Nasserist rule. Only a handful of Ba'athists were given public office in the UAR's government, al-Hawrani became vice president and al-Bitar became Minister of Culture and Guidance. Several members, mostly young, blamed Aflaq for this situation; it was he who dissolved the party in 1958 without consulting the National Congress. Hafez al-Assad and Salah Jadid amongst others, eventually established the Military Committee to save the Syrian Ba'ath movement from annihilation. The party's Third National Congress in 1959 supported Aflaq's decision to dissolve the party, but a 1960 National Congress, in which Jadid was a delegate representing the then-unknown Military Committee, reversed the decision and called for the Ba'ath Party's reestablishment. The Congress also decided to improve relations with Nasser by democratising the UAR from within. A faction within the party, led by al-Hawrani, called for Syria's secession. When the UAR broke up in 1961, some members applauded the dissolution, among them was al-Bitar.

The Ba'ath Party captured 20 seats, down from 22, in the 1961 election. In 1962, after four years, Aflaq convened the Fifth Congress in Homs. Al-Hawrani was not invited; cells that had stayed active and defied Aflaq's orders, and Ba'athists who become Nasserists during the period of the UAR, were not invited to the congress. Aflaq was reelected the National Command's secretary general, and ordered the reestablishment of the Syrian-regional Ba'ath organisation. During the congress, Aflaq and the Military Committee, through Muhammad Umran, made contact for the first time; the committee asked for permission to initiate a coup d'état; Aflaq supported the conspiracy. Following the success of the February 1963 Iraqi coup d'état, led by the Ba'ath Party's Iraqi Regional Branch, the Military Committee hastily convened to hatch a coup against Nazim al-Kudsi's presidency. The 8th of March Revolution, a military coup launched in 1963, proved successful, and a Ba'athist government in Syria was established. The plotters first order was to establish the National Council of the Revolutionary Command (NCRC), consisting entirely of Ba'athists and Nasserists, and controlled by military personnel rather than civilians from the very beginning.

The beginning: 1963–1964

The relationship between the Ba'athists and the Nasserists were at best, uncomfortable. The Ba'ath Party's rise to power in Iraq and Syria put Nasser, as he put it, "between the hammer and the anvil". The establishment of a union between Iraq and Syria would weaken his credentials as a pan-Arab leader. Nasser started launching bitter propaganda attacks against the party; Aflaq was dismissed as an ineffectual theorist who was mocked as a puppet "Roman emperor" and accused of being a "Cypriot Christian". In several Ba'ath Party meetings Aflaq responded with pure anger, and became an anti-Nasserist. Because of the position he took, Aflaq had a falling out with al-Bitar who still believed there was a chance to reestablish good ties with Nasser.

The break with Nasser weakened the original leaders of the Ba'ath Party, which in turn gave the Military Committee room to expand. After taking power, the Military Committee looked for theoretical guidance, but instead of going to Aflaq to solve problems (which was usual before), they contacted the party's Marxist faction led by Hammud al-Shufi. At the Syrian Ba'athist Regional Congress, the Military Committee "proved" that it was rebelling equally against Aflaq and the traditional leadership, as against their moderate social and economic policies. The Military Committee was bent on removing Aflaq from a position of power, believing that he had become old and frail. At the Sixth National Congress held in October 1963, Aflaq was barely able to hold on to his post as Secretary General – the Marxist factions led by al-Shufi and Ali Salih al-Sa'di, in Syria and Iraq respectively, were the majority group. Another problem facing Aflaq was that several of his colleagues were not elected to party office, for instance al-Bitar was not reelected to a seat in the National Command. Instead of the traditional civilian leadership, a new leadership consisting of military officers was gradually growing; Jadid and Amin al-Hafiz from Syria and Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr and Salih Mahdi Ammash from Iraq were elected to the National Command. While the Military Committee was in fact taking control over the Ba'ath Party from the civilian leadership, they were sensitive to such criticism, and stated, in an ideological pamphlet, that civilian-military symbiosis was of major importance, if socialist reconstruction was to be achieved. To the outside world Aflaq seemed to be in charge. As the Tunisian newspaper  put it; "The philosopher who made two coups [Iraqi and Syrian coups] in a month".

The Ba'ath movement was not running as smoothly as the rest of the world believed; the Iraqi Regional Branch was already starting to lose membership. The Iraqi military and the party's militant arm, the National Guard, detested each other. Al-Sadi, the Regional Secretary of the Iraqi Regional Branch, was eventually exiled to Madrid, Spain on 11 November by several military officers and moderate Ba'athists. An anxious Aflaq hastily traveled from Syria and dissolved the Regional Command of the Iraqi Regional Branch, exclaiming that the National Command would rule Iraq in its place until a new Regional Command was elected. This was not greeted warmly by the majority of Iraqi military officers and Ba'athists – the idea that a Christian was to rule over a Muslim country was considered "insensitive".

The situation in Iraq did not improve, Abdul Salam Arif, the President of Iraq and a Nasserist, plotted a coup against the Ba'ath Party on 18 November, which succeeded. The dream of cornering Nasser's pan-Arab project was over; instead, it was Nasser and the Nasserists who were cornering the Ba'ath movement. On hearing the news, Aflaq and several Ba'athists fled Iraq for Syria.

The schism: 1964–1965
After a falling out with the Military Committee, of which he was a member, Muhammad Umran told Aflaq about the committee's secret plans to oust the civilian leadership, led by Aflaq, and take over the Ba'ath Party. Shortly after, Umran was sent into exile as Ambassador to Spain for supporting the Aflaq faction. Aflaq responded to the threat posed to his leadership by invoking his office as secretary general, and calling for the National Command to dissolve the Regional Command. He was forced to withdraw his request, when the majority of Ba'ath Party members proved to oppose such a move. A contest for power, between Aflaq and the Military Committee, ensued in the open; but it was a struggle Aflaq was losing. It was plain from the very beginning that the initiative lay with the anti-Aflaq forces. To counter the military threat, Aflaq invoked party rules and regulations against them. To counter this, the Military Committee befriended a staunchly anti-Aflaq civilian faction calling themselves the "Regionalists" – this group had not dissolved their party organisations as ordered by Aflaq in the 1950s.

The Regional Congress of the Syrian Regional Branch, in March 1965, devolved power from the center, the National Command, to the Regional Command. From then on, the Regional Secretary of the Regional Command was considered Syria's ex officio head of state. The Regional Secretary had the power to appoint the Prime Minister, the cabinet, the chief of staff and top military commanders. Aflaq was unsettled by the way things were moving, and in May he convened the Eighth National Congress to get a showdown between his followers and those of the Military Committee. However, this never came to fruition. Several civilian members of the National Command, such as the Lebanese Jibran Majdalani and the Saudi Ali Ghannam, advised caution, believing that if he pressed the Military Committee too hard the military would take over the Syrian Regional Branch, and then the Ba'ath Party—as had happened in Iraq following the ousting of the Iraqi Regional Branch.
Because of their concerns, Aflaq kept quiet. But to his astonishment, keeping quiet caused him to lose his post as Secretary General – Aflaq was succeeded as Secretary General of the National Command by Munif al-Razzaz, a Jordanian of Syrian origin. However, the power between the two camps was unexpectedly reshuffled when Amin al-Hafiz defected to Aflaq's camp. In contrast to other military officers al-Hafiz had very little influence within or outside the party. Al-Hafiz's defection led to a resurgence of activity within Aflaq's faction, al-Bitar and Umran were brought back from Spain to form a new government.

Downfall: 1966–1968

Al-Razzaz, Aflaq's successor as secretary general, came from the pro-Aflaq faction. With the defection of al-Hafez, he ordered that the National Command was the de jure ruling body of the Ba'ath Party. He appointed al-Bitar Prime Minister, Umran defence minister, Mansur al-Atrash as Chairman of the National Council of the Revolutionary Command and al-Hafiz retained his post as President of Syria. Salah Jadid, the Military Committee's strongman, responded by arresting several Umran supporters. Umran responded by dismissing a handful of pro-Jadid officials. The most important of these dismissals was the removal of Ahmad Suwaydani from the post of head of the country's military intelligence to head of the Officer Administration. On 23 February a coup d'état led by Jadid and Hafez al-Assad overthrew the Syrian Government and the Ba'ath Party leadership. Aflaq was exiled from Syria, and ordered never to return his homeland. Members of the party's other factions fled; Aflaq was captured and detained, along with other pro-Aflaq supporters, in a government guest house. When the new rulers launched a purge in August that year, Aflaq managed to make his escape, with the help of Nasim Al Safarjalani and Malek Bashour, both closely trusted friends and colleagues, and hence was able to flee to Beirut, Lebanon, and later to Brazil.

Aflaq's downfall caused a split within the Ba'ath Party; the party was de facto dissolved and two Ba'ath Parties were established, one Iraqi-led Ba'ath Party and one Syrian-led Ba'ath Party. The Syrian-led party was led by Jadid and his supporters and hailed Zaki al-Arsuzi, the founder of the Arab Ba'ath in 1940, as the father of Ba'athist thought, while the Iraqi-led party led by Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr and Saddam Hussein, still proclaimed Aflaq to be the founder of Ba'athist thought. In February 1966 at the Ninth National Congress, held after the coup which ousted the pro-Aflaq faction, the Iraqi delegation split with the Syrian Ba'athists. The Iraqis held the true Ninth National Congress in February 1968 in Beirut, and elected Aflaq as Secretary General of the National Command. Aflaq's election to the secretary generalship also proved to be his final break with al-Bitar; before the congress convened al-Bitar announced that he had left the Ba'ath Party and given up on the Ba'athist movement as a whole.

Iraqi-led Ba'ath Party: 1968–1989

Aflaq moved to Baghdad following his reelection to the secretary generalship in February 1968. He stayed there until 1970, when Black September happened, he criticized the Ba'ath leadership of doing too little to help the Palestine Liberation Organisation during the conflict. During the conflict, Aflaq lobbied extensively for Yasser Arafat and the PLO. Aflaq wanted Iraqi intervention; al-Bakr, however, refused to get Iraq involved in such a conflict. Because of this, Aflaq returned to Lebanon in self-imposed exile. The government of Hafez al-Assad, the President of Syria, condemned Aflaq to death in absentia in 1971.

Later life and death
After four years of self-imposed exile Aflaq returned to Iraq in 1974, a year before the Lebanese Civil War broke out. He refrained from taking part in Iraqi politics. He published several works during this period, the most notable being The Struggle Against Distorting the Movement of Arab Revolution in 1975. Aflaq regained some of his influence when he befriended Saddam Hussein, President of Iraq from 1979 until 2003. During the Iran–Iraq War the Iranian leadership accused Hussein of being under the control of a Christian, and Aflaq himself was labelled "a Christian infidel". Effectively, throughout his tenure as secretary general in Iraq, Aflaq was given all due honour as the founder of the Ba'ath movement, but on policy-making, he was ignored.

Aflaq died on 23 June 1989 in Paris, after undergoing heart surgery there.

Alleged conversion to Islam

Saddam Hussein claimed that Aflaq converted to Islam before his death. According to anonymous Western diplomats, Aflaq's own family disagreed with that claim – however, Aflaq's son, Iyad, confirmed that his father thought about conversion in 1980. Upon his disputed conversion, he supposedly adopted "Ahmad" as a first name. According to the German orientalists Martin Robbe and Gerhard Höpp, the conversion happened before 1988. Regardless of the disagreements about his religion, he was given an Islamic funeral. According to the Berkley Center, anonymous members of Aflaq's family claimed that Aflaq's conversion was a lie made up by Saddam Hussein which he used as a tool to distance Ba'athism from Christianity. The tomb constructed on the orders of Hussein was later used as a military barrack by American soldiers after the 2003 American invasion of Iraq for troops stationed within the Green Zone.  Aflaq's family reported that the tomb was badly damaged during the invasion.

Memory and legacy

Upon his death in 1989 he was given a state funeral. A large tomb and mausoleum were erected to form a shrine for him. The tomb, widely regarded as a work of great artistic merit, designed by Iraqi architect Chadagee, was located on the western grounds of the Ba'ath Party Pan-Arab Headquarters, at the intersection of Al-Kindi street and the Qādisiyyah Expressway overpass. Although there were rumors and accusations that his tomb was destroyed during the 2003 Iraq War, the burial chamber and building above it were left untouched. Its blue-tiled dome can be seen above the concrete T-walls surrounding the Camp's perimeter.

Thought

"Unity, liberty, socialism"

The Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party slogan "Unity, liberty, socialism" is the key tenet of Aflaq's and Ba'athist thought. Unity meant the unification of the Arab people into one nation, the Arab Nation. The creation of an Arab Nation would have direct implications on Arab development. The establishment of this new state would lead to an Arab Ba'ath (literally meaning "Renaissance"). The Arab nations of his time could only progressively "decline" if not unified; these nations had various ailments – "feudalism, sectarianism, regionalism, intellectual reactionism". The only way to "cure" the Arab nations was, according to Aflaq, through a revolutionary movement. Aflaq was influenced by Marxism in that he saw the need for a vanguard party to rule the Arab Nation for an indefinite period of time (the period would be a transition from the old to the new).

The need for liberty was one of the defining features of Ba'athism, however, liberty not in the sense used by liberal democracies. Aflaq was a strong believer in pluralism of thought, but against pluralism in the form of votes. In theory, the Ba'ath Party would rule, and guide the people, in a transitional period of time without consulting the people because the party knew what was right.

The last tenet, 'socialism', did not mean socialism as it is defined in the West, but rather a unique form of Arab socialism. Aflaq coined the word Arab socialism for his variant of socialism. Socialism, in its original form in the Arab world had, according to Aflaq, first come into being under the rule of Muhammad. The point of Arab socialism was not to answer questions such as: how much state control was necessary, or economic equality; but instead Arab socialism was a system that freed the Arab people from oppression and enslavement, which in turn created independent individuals.

Aflaq opposed Marx's view that dialectical materialism was the only truth, but believed that the "importance of material economic conditions in life" was one of the greatest discoveries in modern history. Even so, Aflaq was critical of both capitalism and communism, and did not want either of the two power blocs to collapse during the Cold War – believing that the Cold War was a sort of check and balance on their power.

Role of Islam

What Aflaq saw in Islam was a revolutionary movement. In contrast to other nationalities, the Arab awakening and expansion was attributed to a religious message. Because of this, Aflaq believed that the Arabs' spirituality was directly linked to Islam, therefore, one could never take Islam out of the equation of what is essentially, and essentially is not, Arab. Arab nationalism, just as Islam had been during the lifetime of Muhammad, was a spiritual revolutionary movement, leading the Arabs towards a new renaissance: Arab nationalism was the second revolution to appear in the Arab world. All Arab religious communities should, according to Aflaq, respect and worship the spirituality of Islam, even if they did not worship Islam in a religious sense – Aflaq was a Christian who worshipped Islam. Aflaq did not believe it was necessary to worship Muhammad, but believed that all Arabs should strive to emulate Muhammad. In the words of Aflaq himself, Arabs "belong to the nation that gave birth to a Muhammad; or rather, because this Arab individual is a member of the community which Muhammad put all his efforts into creating […] Muhammad was all the Arabs; let us today make all the Arabs Muhammad." The Muslim of Muhammad's days were, according to Aflaq, synonymous with Arabs – the Arabs were the only ones to preach the message of Islam during Muhammad's lifetime. In contrast to Jesus, who was a religious leader, but not a political leader, Muhammad was both – the first leader of Islam and of the Arab world. Therefore, secularisation could not take the same shape in the Arab world as it did in the West.

Aflaq called on all Arabs, both Muslim and non-Muslim alike, to admire the role Islam had played in creating the Arab character. But his view on Islam was purely spiritual, and Aflaq emphasised that Islam "should not be imposed" on state and society. Time and again Aflaq emphasised that the Ba'ath party was against atheism, but also equally against fundamentalism. For him, any fundamentalism represented a "shallow, false faith." According to Ba'athist ideology, all religions were equal. Despite his anti-atheist stance, Aflaq was a strong supporter of secular government, and stated that a Ba'athist state would replace religion with a state "based on a foundation – Arab nationalism, and a moral – freedom."

Legacy

Fouad Ajami criticised Aflaq for a lack of real substance, stating, "Nearly three hundred pages of text yield no insight, on his part, into what went wrong and what needed to be done; there is only the visible infatuation with words", and "Aflaq summons the party to renounce power and go back to its 'pure essence'. There is some truth in this critique." Aflaq spent much time and energy writing optimistically about the future, and the past, of the Arab Nation, and of how the Arab World could be unified. As Kanan Makiya, the author of Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq, notes: for "Aflaq, reality is confined to the inner world of the party." In contrast to other philosophers, such as Karl Marx or John Locke, Aflaq's ideological view of the world makes no clear stand on the materialistic or socioeconomic behavior of humanity. While other philosophers make distinctions between what is real and what is not real, that is between prescriptive and descriptive analysis, Aflaq did not as a rule define what is and what ought to be.  In his thought both are molded into the same category: that which is attainable.

In contrast to his longtime friend and colleague Salah al-Din al-Bitar, who was more practical when it came to politics, Aflaq was a "visionary, the dreamer rather unfitted for political life". Aflaq was described by his associates as an "ascetic, shy and intense figure living a simple and unpretentious life." He has been accused of seeking help from other people instead of fulfilling his goal by himself or with others he led; Aflaq collaborated with Gamal Abdel Nasser, Abd al-Karim Qasim and Abdul Rahman Arif in 1958, to Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr and Ali Salih al-Sadi in 1963 and finally in the 1970s to Saddam Hussein. There are several Ba'athists, mostly from the Syrian-led Ba'ath Party, who believe Aflaq stole Ba'athist ideology from its original founder, Zaki al-Arsuzi. These individuals have denounced, and labelled, Aflaq as a "thief".

In his writings Aflaq had been stridently in favor of free speech and other human rights and aid for the lower classes. During the Military Committee's gradual take over of power in Syria, Aflaq rallied against what he saw as the establishment of a military dictatorship, instead of the democracy for which Aflaq had planned. These ideals were never realized by the governments that used his ideology. Most scholars see the Assad government in Syria and Saddam Hussein's government in Iraq to have only employed Aflaq's ideology as a pretense for dictatorship.

Selected works
 في سبيل البعث  (English: On the Way of Resurrection, published 1947)
 اتحاد سوريا و مصر (English: Unity Between Syria and Egypt, published 1958)
 معركة المصير الوحيد (English: The Battle for One Destiny, published 1958)
 نقطة البداية (English: The Starting Point, published 1971)
 البعث و الوحدة (English: The Ba'ath and Arab Unity, published 1972)
 البعث و الاشتراكية (English: The Ba'ath and Socialism, published 1973)
 النضال ضد تشويه حركة الثورة العربية (English: The Struggle Against Distorting the Movement of Arab Revolution, published 1975)

Notes and references

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

 Michel Aflak: Choice of Texts
 Iraqi-led Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party (in Arabic)

1910 births
1989 deaths
Ba'athism
Syrian Arab nationalists
20th-century Syrian writers
Critics of atheism
People from Damascus
Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region politicians
Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region politicians
Greek Orthodox Christians from Syria
20th-century Syrian philosophers
Political philosophers
Social philosophers
Syrian sociologists
Syrian anti-communists
University of Paris alumni
Members of the National Command of the Ba'ath Party
Members of the National Command of the Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)
Political party founders
Syrian secularists
Syrian political philosophers
Members of the Fabian Society
20th-century Syrian politicians
Syrian schoolteachers
Syrian expatriates in France

Michel Aflaq


La route régionale 284 ()  est une route régionale allant de Forssa jusqu'à Urjala en Finlande.

Présentation
La seututie 284 est une route régionale de Kanta-Häme et de Pirkanmaa.

Références

Annexes

Liens externes

Articles connexes
 Seututie

284

Transport à Forssa
Transport à Urjala
Koijärvi

Seututie 284


"Breathe" (em português: Respirar) é a canção que representou o Montenegro no Festival Eurovisão da Canção 2022 que teve lugar em Turim. A canção foi selecionada através de uma seleção interna. Na semifinal do dia 12 de maio, a canção não constou de entre os dez qualificados, pois terminou a semifinal em 17º lugar com 33 pontos.

Canções do Festival Eurovisão da Canção
Montenegro no Festival Eurovisão da Canção
Canções em inglês
Canções de 2022
Singles de 2022

Breathe (canção de Vladana Vučinić)


Livingstonites, monotipski fosilni rod pravih mahovina čija pripadnost porodici i redu još nije poznata. Vrsta je otkrivena na otoku Livingston na Antarktiku i nazvana je Livingstonites gabrielae.

Rod i vrsta opisani su 2011.

Izvori

Prave mahovine

Livingstonites


Aermacchi SF.260, akrobasi ve askeri eğitim uçağı olarak satılan hafif uçak. Orijinal modeli Stelio Frati tarafından Aviamilano için tasarlanmış, ilk uçuşunu (F.260 adıyla) 15 Temmuz 1964'te yapmıştır.

SF-260 D AGUSTA
 Kullanım amacı: Başlangıç Uçuş Eğitimi
 Üretici firma: Agusta Westland
 Motor tipi:1 EA LYCOMING AE10 - 540 - D4A5
 Boş ağırlığı: 755 kg.
 Azami kalkış ağırlığı: 1100 kg.
Üretim yılı: 1990
Yakıt kapasitesi: (Dahili-99lt.) (Harici-144lt.)
Yakıt tipi: 91 / 96 Oktanlı Benzin Emrc. 100 / 130 Oktanlı Benzin
Maksimum hız: 236 knot / 437 km/h
 Havada kalma süresi:  7 saat
 Azami irtifa:  26 000 ft.
 Kapasite: 2 Yolcu, 1 Pilot

Boyutları
 Uzunluk:  7.10 m.
 Genişlik:  8.35 m.
 Yükseklik: 2.41 m.
 Lastik boyutları: Ana : 6.00 x 6 Burun : 5.00 x 5

SIAI-Marchetti SF.260


رودلف فالنتينو  واسمه الأصلي رودلفو دي فالنتينا دانتونغولا  هو ممثل أمريكي مولود في إيطاليا (6 مايو 1895-23 أغسطس 1926) . اشتهر في عشرينيات القرن العشرين في عهد السينما الصامتة. اشتهر بوسامته، ويضرب به المثل في ذلك.

أعماله
 زوجتي الرسمية 1914.
 العذراء الغبية 1916.
 سبعة عشر 1916.
 العذراء المتزوجة 1918.
 الضباب 1919.
 المخادع 1920.
 الشيخ 1921.
 خلف الصخور 1922.
 دم ورمال 1922.
 كوبرا 1925.
 ابن الشيخ 1926.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

إيطاليون من أصل فرنسي
رومان كاثوليك إيطاليون
رومان كاثوليك فرنسيون
مدفونون في مقبرة هوليوود فورايفر
ممثلو أفلام إيطاليون
ممثلو أفلام صامتة إيطاليون
ممثلون أمريكيون في القرن 20
ممثلون إيطاليون في القرن 20
ممثلون من أصل إيطالي
مهاجرون إيطاليون إلى الولايات المتحدة
مهاجرون فرنسيون إلى الولايات المتحدة
مواليد 1895
مواليد في كاستلانيتا
وفيات 1926
وفيات بسبب التهاب البريتون
وفيات بسبب مضاعفات جراحية
وفيات في نيويورك
وفيات مرتبطة بالمرض في ولاية نيويورك
وفيات بعمر 31

رودلف فالنتينو


PAD ලෙසින් කෙටි කර දැක්වෙන   පැකට්ටු සංග්‍රාහකයක්/විසංග්‍රාහකයක් යනු, X.25 (පැකට්ටු-ස්විච්කරණ) ජාලයකට හෝ  සංග්‍රාහක පරිගණකයකට හෝ  බහු අසමමුහුර්තක ටර්මිනල සම්බන්ධකතාවය සපයන සන්නිවේදන මෙවලමකි. ටර්මිනල කාණ්ඩයක් වෙතින් දත්ත එක්රැස් කර ගන්නා එය, එම දත්ත X.25 පැකට්ටු තුලට බහාලයි (මෙය එකලස්කිරීමයි). PAD මෙවලමක් විසින් එහි ප්‍රතිවිරුද්ධයද සිදු කෙරෙන අතර, එහිදී එය විසින් පැකට්ටු-ස්විච්කරණ ජාලයක් හෝ සංග්‍රාහක පරිගණකයක් හෝ වෙතින් දත්ත රැගෙන ඒවා ටර්මිනල වෙත යළි යැවිය හැකි වන පරිදී ඒවා අනුලක්ෂණ ප්‍රවාහයක් වෙත ලැබෙන්නට සලස්වයි (මෙය විසංක්‍රමණය වෙයි). FRAD (රාමු ප්‍රතියෝජක සංග්‍රාහකය/විසංග්‍රාහකය) යනු, මෙය හා සමරූපී මෙවලමක් වන අතර,ඒවා විසින්  රාමු ප්‍රතියෝජක ජාල ප්‍රවේශය කරයි.

පැකට්ටු සංග්‍රාහකය/විසංග්‍රාහකය


Irak millî futbol takımı, Irak'ı uluslararası arenada temsil eden futbol takımıdır. Irak millî futbol takımı 2007 AFC Asya Kupası'nı kazanarak tarihinde ilk defa Asya Şampiyonu olmuştur.

Irak dört kez Arap Uluslar Kupasını (1964, 1966, 1985, 1988) kazanmış, Arap Birliği'nin en başarılı millî takımlarından biridir.  Irak millî futbol takımı, bir kez AFC Asya Kupasını (2007) kazanmakla beraber, Asya Oyunlarında (1982) Altın Madalya, Üç Milletler Körfez Kupası (1979, 1984, 1988) ve Batı Asya Şampiyonasını (2002) kazanmıştır.

Irak futbolu 1970'lerde ve 1980'lerde zirveye ulaşarak, Meksika'daki 1986 Dünya Kupasına ve Moskova, Los Angeles ve Seul Olimpiyat Oyunları olmak üzere 3 kez katılmıştır. Irak 1982 Asya Oyunlarını kazanarak arka arkaya 4 kez Arap Milletler Kupasını ve
Milletler Körfez Kupası 3 kez kazanmıştır.

Karanlık Dönemi
Mahmut Cabbar hükûmetinin iktidarı sırasında, Saddam'ın oğlu Uday Hüseyin, millî futbol takımının uzantısı olan Irak Olimpiyat Komitesinin sorumlusuydu. Körfez Savaşı'ndan sonra, Irak millî futbol takımı, Asya Oyunları ve birçok Arap yarışmalarına katılmaktan men edildi. 1996 yılında Irak millî futbol takımı, Irak futbol tarihinin en kötü FIFA Dünya sıralamasında 139. sırada yer aldı.

Turnuva tarihi

FIFA Dünya Kupası tarihi

FIFA Konfederasyonlar Kupası tarihi

Asya Kupası tarihi

Güncel kadro
Aşağıdaki 27 oyuncu, 16 Haziran 2023'te Valencia'da Kolombiya ile oynanacak hazırlık maçı da dahil olmak üzere 12-20 Haziran 2023 tarihlerinde eğitim kampına çağrıldı.

Kaynakça

Irak millî futbol takımı


Agrilus fidens é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Kerremans, 1903.

Referências

fidens

Agrilus fidens


An Yakirra australiensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Karel Domin, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Michael Lazarides och Robert D. Webster. An Yakirra australiensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Yakirra, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Yakirra

Yakirra australiensis


An Phalaris minor in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Anders Jahan Retzius. An Phalaris minor in nahilalakip ha genus nga Phalaris, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Phalaris

Phalaris minor


قرية مشيري ، من مواليد 6 ديسمبر 1983 في ليون في فرنسا، لاعب كرة قدم جزائري يلعب في مركز الهجوم.

هو يلعب مع نادي الوداد البيضاوي.

المراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في المغرب
لاعبو كرة قدم رجال جزائريون
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون فرنسيون من أصل جزائري
رياضيون من ليون
فرنسيون من أصل جزائري
لاعبو اتحاد الجزائر
لاعبو كرة قدم جزائريون
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في المغرب
لاعبو كرة قدم من ليون
لاعبو نادي الوداد الرياضي
لاعبو وفاق سطيف
مغتربون جزائريون في المغرب
مواليد 1404 هـ
مواليد 1983

فارس مشيري


مناف عيد أبوشقير لاعب كرة قدم سعودي سابق.
 عدد المباريات : 234
 عدد الأهداف : 30 وكانت موزعة على البطولات التالية :
 الدوري السعودي الممتاز.. [ 15 ]
 دوري أبطال آسيا.. [ 4 ]
 كأس الاميـر فيصــل.. [ 4 ]
 كأس ولــي العهد.. [ 3 ]
 دوري أبطال العـرب.. [ 4 ]

أولويات من مشوار النجم مناف أبو شقير
 أول مباراة: الاتحاد 4-1 الوحدة الدور الأول - دوري 99 / 2000 م
 أول مباراة في كأس ولي العهد: الاتحاد 4-0 أبها دور الــ 16 - موسم 00 / 2001 م
 أول مباراة في كاس الأمير فيصل: الاتحاد 5-0 الاتفاق الدور الأول - موسم 00 / 2001 م
 أول مباراة عــربيــة: الاتحاد 4-1 القادسية الكويتي البطولة العربية المفتوحة عام 2003 م
 أول مباراة آسيوية: بيروزي الإيراني 0-0 الاتحاد دور الــ8 (مجمع في طهران) - عام 2001 م
 أول هـدف: الاتحاد 5-0 الاتفاق الدور الأول - كاس الأمير فيصل 00 / 2001 م وقد سجل الهدف الرابع للاتحاد
أول لعب وعد يحمل كاس أسيا مرتين 2004 و2005
 أول بطاقة حمراء: الاتحاد 4-2 الوحدة الدور الأول - موسم 03 / 2004 م

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية سعوديون
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون من جدة
لاعبو دوري المحترفين السعودي
لاعبو كأس آسيا 2011
لاعبو كرة قدم سعوديون
لاعبو كرة قدم من جدة
لاعبو منتخب السعودية لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي الاتحاد (السعودية)
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
مواليد 1400 هـ
مواليد 1980
مواليد في السعودية

مناف أبو شقير


Simon Geissbühler (* 1973 in Bern) ist ein Schweizer Historiker, Politikwissenschaftler und Diplomat.

Leben
Simon Geissbühler studierte von 1993 bis 1997 Geschichte und Politikwissenschaft an den Universitäten Bern, Little Rock und Yale (Sommerschule) und schloss 1997 mit dem Lizenziat ab. Ab 1997 war er Assistent am Institut für Politikwissenschaft der Universität Bern. 2000 promovierte er zum Dr. rer. soc. Seither ist er im diplomatischen Bereich tätig und war u. a. in Mexiko, Rumänien, Polen und den USA auf Posten. Seit Frühling 2020 leitet er die Abteilung Frieden und Menschenrechte des Eidgenössischen Departements für auswärtige Angelegenheiten.

Geissbühler ist verheiratet und hat zwei Kinder. Er war fünf Mal Schweizermeister im Kunst- und Turmspringen.

Schriften
Als Autor:
 Zwischen Klassenkampf und Integration. Die soziopolitischen Einstellungen von Arbeitnehmern in der Schweiz im internationalen Vergleich (1971–1998) (= Berner Studien zur Politikwissenschaft. Bd. 9). Haupt, Bern 2001, ISBN 3-258-06304-4 (Dissertation, Universität Bern, 2000).
 Babuschka Anna. Das Leben einer ukrainischen Bäuerin im 20. Jahrhundert. Lit, Zürich 2007, ISBN 978-3-03-735158-1.
 Jüdische Friedhöfe der Bukowina. Ein Bilderbuch für Touristen und gegen das Vergessen. NOI Media Print, Bukarest 2009, ISBN 978-973-180549-8.
 Spuren, die vergehen. Auf der Suche nach dem jüdischen Sathmar/Satu Mare. Hentrich & Hentrich, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-942271-00-4.
 Like Shells on a Shore. Synagogues and Jewish Cemeteries of Northern Moldavia. Projekt 36, Bern 2010, ISBN 978-3-03-302566-0.
 Blutiger Juli. Rumäniens Vernichtungskrieg und der vergessene Massenmord an den Juden 1941. Schöningh, Paderborn 2013, ISBN 978-3-506-77675-4.
 Once Upon a Time Never Comes Again. The Traces of the Shtetl in Southern Podolia (Ukraine). Projekt 36, Bern 2014, ISBN 978-3-033-04362-6.
 Die Schrumpf-Schweiz. Auf dem Weg in die Mittelmässigkeit. Stämpfli, Bern 2014, ISBN 978-3-7272-1420-2.
 Der einarmige Auswanderer. Eine Spurensuche vom Emmental nach Argentinien (zusammen mit Daniel Ryf). Verlag Neue Zürcher Zeitung, Zürich 2016, ISBN 978-3-03810-197-0.
 Amerika. Die politische Idee. Stämpfli, Bern 2021, ISBN 978-3-7272-6081-0.

Als Herausgeber:
 Sport und Gesellschaft. Festschrift zum 80. Geburtstag von Ernst Strupler. Lang, Bern 1998, ISBN 3-906760-33-2.
 Der amerikanische Neokonservatismus und die Aussenpolitik der USA. Lit, Wien/Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-8258-1130-3.
 Kiew – Revolution 3.0. Der Euromaidan 2013/14 und die Zukunftsperspektiven der Ukraine. Ibidem, Stuttgart 2014, ISBN 978-3-8382-0581-6.
 Romania and the Holocaust. Events - Contexts - Aftermath. Ibidem/Columbia University Press, Stuttgart 2016, ISBN 978-3-8382-0954-8.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Osteuropahistoriker
Politikwissenschaftler
Schweizer Diplomat
Sachbuchautor
Schweizer Meister (Wasserspringen)
Schweizer
Geboren 1973
Mann

Simon Geissbühler


Perro levantador hace referencia a un tipo de perro de caza entrenado para sacar a las presas de su escondite -principalmente aves- encontrándolas primero y llevándolas desde su escondite hasta un lugar donde el cazador pueda capturarla.

Los perros levantadores son diferentes de otros tipo de perros de caza, como los perros de muestra, quienes permanecen en el sitio tras localizar a la presa o los cobradores, que traen a la presa hasta el cazador una vez que éste ha disparado y la pieza está herida o muerta.

Algunas razas de perro han sido criadas persiguiendo su habilidad para el levantamiento de presas, como los cockers y otros spaniels. Sin embargo, en algunos casos se entrena a otros tipos de perros de caza para hacer la función de levantadores, especialmente a los cobradores.

La mayor parte de los perros levantadores son muy amigables y por tanto excelentes compañeros y mascotas.

Véase también
 Upland game bird
 Upland hunting

Referencias

Perro levantador


Elverød Station (Elverød stasjon eller Elverød holdeplass) var en jernbanestation på Indre Østfoldbanen (Østre Linje), der lå i Elverød i Hobøl kommune i Norge.

Stationen blev åbnet som trinbræt i 1928 og nedlagt 1. februar 1947. Den blev genoprettet 1. oktober 1957 og nedlagt igen 29. maj 1988. Stationen bestod af et spor og en perron. Den lå 40,17 km fra Oslo S.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Østre Linje
Nedlagte jernbanestationer i Norge
Etableret i 1932
Ophørt i 1988
Jernbanestationer i Østfold

Elverød Station


Argyroneta aquatica, Argyroneta cinsine bağlı bir örümcek türüdür.

Dış bağlantılar

Kaynakça

Argyroneta

Argyroneta aquatica


114829 Chierchia este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
114829 Chierchia este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Campo Imperatore, în cadrul proiectului CINEOS. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,61 ua, o excentricitate de 0,18 și o înclinație de 13,1° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 114001-115000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2003
Centura de asteroizi

114829 Chierchia


Southern League Cup je bilo klupsko nogometno kup natjecanje u Škotskoj, igrano od 1940. do 1946. godine.

O natjecanju
Za vrijeme Drugog svjetskog rata u Škotskoj su prekinuta odigravanja nogometne lige pod organiziranjem "Scottish Football League" i kupa. Stoga su uvedena zamjenska natjecanja. U sezoni 1939./40. su igrane "Regional League West" i "Regional League East" te "War Emergency Cup". Od sezone 1940./41. najvažnije lige su bile "Southern League" i "North Eastern League", sa svojim kupovima.
Southern League Cup je igran za članove "Southern League". Kako je u ligi bilo 16 klubova, igrano je prvo u četiri grupe s četiri kluba (6 kola). Pobjednici grapa bi se plasirali u poluzavršnicu. U sezoni 1945./46. su se "Southern League" priključili i klubovi "North Eastern League", kao i ostali klubovi koji su bili ili u mirovanju, ili članovi drugih liga. U ovoj sezoni je "Souther League" igrana u dvije lige ("A Division" – 16 klubova i "B Division" – 14 klubova), te je "Southern League Cup" igran u osam skupina, od kojih su po prve četiri skupine imale članove "A Division", a druge četiri članove "B Division". Pobjednici skupina su se plasirali u četvrtzavršnicu.
Završnice kupa su igrane u Glasgowu na Hampden Parku. U dvije završnice je nakon neriješenog rezultata pobjednik odlučen većim brojem kornera.
U sezoni 1946./47., završetkom rata, je nastavljeno normalno odigravanje nogometnih natjecanja.
Prtema načinu odigravanja "Southern League Cupa" je u sezoni 1946./47. pokrenut i Škotski Liga kup (engl. "Scottish League Cup"), koji se i danas održava.

Završnice

Klubovi po uspješnosti

Unutrašnje poveznice
 Škotski Premiership
 Škotski FA kup
 Škotski Liga kup
 Football League War Cup

Vanjske poveznice
 Brian McColl: SCOTTISH FOOTBALL HISTORICAL ARCHIVE

Izvori
 Brian McColl: SCOTTISH FOOTBALL HISTORICAL ARCHIVE, SOUTHERN FOOTBALL LEAGUE CUP (1940.-1946.), pristupljeno 11. prosinca 2018.
 Brian McColl: SCOTTISH FOOTBALL HISTORICAL ARCHIVE, SOUTHERN FOOTBALL LEAGUE CUP (1940.-1946.), wayback arhiva
 Brian McColl: SCOTTISH FOOTBALL HISTORICAL ARCHIVE, Southern Football League (1940.-1946.), pristupljeno 11. prosinca 2018.
 Brian McColl: SCOTTISH FOOTBALL HISTORICAL ARCHIVE, The Second World War (1939.-1946.),  pristupljeno 11. prosinca 2018.

Nogomet u Škotskoj
Škotska

Southern League Cup (Škotska)


Condamnați la fericire este un film românesc din 1992 regizat de Dinu Tănase.

Prezentare

Primire
Filmul a fost vizionat de 8.005 spectatori de spectatori în cinematografele din România, după cum atestă o situație a numărului de spectatori înregistrat de filmele românești de la data premierei și până la data de 31 decembrie 2014 alcătuită de Centrul Național al Cinematografiei.

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1992 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1992
Filme regizate de Dinu Tănase

Condamnați la fericire


11781 Alexroberts este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
11781 Alexroberts este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Bloemfontein la Observatorul Boyden. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,36 ua, o excentricitate de 0,12 și o înclinație de 7,3° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 11001-12000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1966
Centura de asteroizi

11781 Alexroberts


Kamppi (svensk: Kampen) er en bydel i det centrale Helsinki, Finland. Den ligger i Kampinmalmi-distriktet (svensk: Kampmalmen) i det sydlige stordistrikt.

Kamppi er en del af Helsinkis kommercielle hjerte. I stærk kontrast til det centrale Helsinkis andre bydele, blev det indre Kamppi først rigtigt udviklet i 2000'erne.

Navnet "Kamppi" er afledt af det svenske ord for slag, kamp. I 1800-tallet var Kamppi et militært område, der hovedsageligt bestod af russiske kaserner og træningslejre. Frem til 1929 var området også hjemsted for en jødisk markedsplads. Den nuværende Narinkkaplads (finsk: Narinkkatori; svensk: Narinken) er opkaldt efter dette marked. Navnet er russisk, eftersom de fleste af Finlands jøder kom fra Rusland. På russisk betyder "на рынке" (na rinke) "på markedet".

I Kamppi finder man bl.a. den velrenommerede skole Ressu og Helsinkis Gammelkirke.

Helsinkis underjordiske busterminal ligger også i Kamppi, mens Helsinki Hovedbanegård ligger få hundrede meter derfra i Kluuvi (svensk: Gloet). Kamppis populære Tennispalatsi er det største biografkompleks i Helsinki.

Kamppi blev i august 2002 forvandlet til den største byggeplads i finsk historie. Projektets første fase – den underjordiske busterminal – åbnede i juni 2005. Bygningskomplekset Kamppi Centrum (finsk: Kamppi kesku; svensk: Kampens centrum) åbnede i marts 2006. Det huser bl.a. lejligheder og et stort indkøbscenter. I 2012 åbnede Kamppi Kapel på Narinkkapladsen.

Kamppi har et areal på 0,95 km2 og et indbyggertal på 12.016 (2017).

Noter

Bydele i Helsinki

Kamppi


WHL may refer to:

Western Hockey League (1925–26), final iteration of the Western Canada Hockey League major pro ice hockey league
Western Hockey League (founded 1966 as CMJHL), a major junior ice hockey league based in Western Canada and the Northwestern United States
Western Hockey League (1952–1974), minor pro ice hockey league
West of Harvey Lock, measurement of distance along the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway
Women's Hockey League (founded 2015), official name of the Zhenskaya Hockey League, a professional ice hockey league in Eurasia

See also

 WHA (disambiguation)

WHL


Gölge oyunu, geleneksel olarak hayvan derilerinden kesilerek hazırlanmış insan, hayvan, eşya gibi figürlerin bir ışık kaynağı önünde oynatılarak, gölgelerinin gerdirilmiş, beyaz bir perdeye düşürüldüğü gösteri sanatıdır.

Kökenleri üzerine çeşitli görüşler olmakla birlikte; Asya'nın zengin gölge oyunu geleneği, bu sanatın Cava'dan(Endonezya), Hindistan'dan veya Çin kültürlerinden 10. yüzyıldan itibaren yayıldığı görüşünü desteklemektedir. İslam ülkelerinde görülen gölge oyununun, benzerlikler de göz önüne alındığında, Cava'dan geldiği tahmin edilmektedir. Anadolu'ya ise, 16. yüzyılda Mısır'dan gelmiş olma ihtimali büyüktür. Türklere, Cava ve Hindistan'dan, Çingene oynatıcılar yoluyla  geldiği de iddia edilmektedir.

Zamanla  bu oyuna Türkler kendi yaratıcılıklarını katmış; ona çok daha renkli, hareketli, özgün bir biçim vermişlerdir. Öyle ki, 19. yüzyılda Mısır'ı ziyaret eden gezginler, orada izledikleri oyunun Karagöz ve Hacivat olduğunu ve gölge oyununun Mısır'a Türkler tarafından getirildiğini düşünmüşlerdir.

İlk başlarda 28 farklı oyundan oluşan Hacivat Karagöz oyunları zamanla türemiştir. Ramazan ayında Kadir Gecesi hariç her akşam bir oyun oynanırdı.

Farklı yörelere ait insanlar, Zenne, Karagöz'ün karısı, vb. kişiler oyunda yer alırdı.

Piri Şeyh Küşteri olarak bilinir. Öyle ki oyunun oynandığı perdeye Küşteri Meydanı da denilirdi.

Mukaddime (giriş), Muhavere (atışma), Fasıl (asıl amacın, oyunun sergilendiği bölüm), Bitiş (yapılan hatalar için özür dilenilen ve bir sonraki oyun hakkında bilgi verilen bölüm) olmak üzere 4 bölümden oluşur.

Kaynakça
 And, Metin, "Geleneksel Türk Tiyatrosu", İnkılâp Kitabevi, İstanbul, 1985

Dış bağlantılar
  The Shadow Theater of Anaphoria
 Karagöz.net Hayâli Emin Şenyer'in sitesi

British Müzesi'nden gölge oyunu figürleri
 Leylek (Türkiye, 19. yüzyıl sonu/20. yüzyıl başı)
 Palyaçoyu omuzlarında taşıyan iki uşak (Çin, 19. yüzyıl sonu/20. yüzyıl başı)
 Dev Kumbakarna (Endonezya, 19. yüzyıl)
 Modern Avrupa gölge tiyatro
 Gölge tiyatrosunda yeni teknolojiler

Geleneksel Tiyatro
MÖ 1. binyıl tanıtımları

Gölge oyunu


The Pussycat Dolls, altı kişilik bir Amerikan R&B/Dans kız grubudur. Nicole Scherzinger, Carmit Bachar, Melody Thornton, Jessica Sutta, Ashley Roberts ve Kimberly Wyatt'dan oluşmaktadır.

Grup hakkında

Robin Antin tarafından 1995 yılında Christina Applegate'in garajında küçük bir dans grubu olarak doğdu.

Fikir sahibi koreograf Robin Antin ile çalışan grup, bir süre sonra Christina Applegate'in önerisiyle Johnny Depp'in sahibi olduğu The Viper Room kulübünde çıkmaya başladı. Bir gün provalarını izleyen Johnny Depp, "İşte ben bunun için bir kulüp aldım." dedi ve başarılarını onayladı. 1995-2001 yılları arasında Los Angeles'taki bu kulüpte sahne alan Pussycat Dolls, 2002 yılında The Roxy'de sahne almaya başladı.

PCD adlı albümlerini 13 Eylül 2005'te çıkaran The Pussycat Dolls, albümdeki ilk single "Don't Cha" ile İngiltere Single Listesi'nde ilk sıraya yükseldi. Albümden çıkan 2. single "Stickwitu" Top 40'a girdikten bir ay sonra, Top 10'da ve iki ay sonra da İngiltere Single Listesi'nde 1. sıraya oturdu. Albüm altın plak alırken, aynı zamanda Billboard Müzik Ödülleri'nin de sahibi oldu ve yine aynı yıl "Don't Cha" ile İngiltere Smash Hits'te "Yılın En İyi Videosu" ödülüne layık görüldü.

Birçok ünlü The Pussycat Dolls ile şovlarında sahne aldı ve bir gecelik de olsa birer 'Pussycat Doll' oldular. Bu ünlülerden birkaçı: Christina Aguilera, Pamela Anderson, Kelly Osbourne, Pink, Britney Spears, Carmen Electra ve Gwen Stefani'dir.

The Pussycat Dolls, ilk kuruluş yıllarında taklit ve danslardan oluşan başarılı revü şovları yapmış ve zamanla gerçek bir müzik grubuna dönüşerek uluslararası üne kavuşmuş bir grup olarak gösteriliyor. Birçok dergide, MTV ile VH1'da, reklam kampanyalarında ve filmlerde yer alan grup, özellikle 2003 yılında Charlie'nin Melekleri: Tam Gaz adlı filmdeki bir sahnede "Pembe Panter" müziğinde dans ederek birçok televizyon programına çıkma şansını yakaladı. Grup, 2004 yılında MTV Asya Ödülleri'nin açılışını yaparken, MTV Hits İngiltere grubu Destiny's Child ve Spice Girls gibi grupların önünde "En iyi 10 Kadın Grup" listesinde bir numara olarak açıkladı.

2006 senesinde MTV Türkiye Açılış Partisi'ne katılarak bir şova imza atan The Pussycat Dolls, aynı sene yeni albümün çalışmalarına başladı. Bu arada grubun ana vokalisti Nicole Scherzinger solo kariyere yöneldi.

15 Ağustos 2008'de Doll Domination adlı yeni albümünü yayınlamaya hazırlanan The Pussycat Dolls, bu albümün prodüktörlüğünde Timbaland, Cee Lo Green, Sean Garrett, Scott Storch, Darkchild, Kara DioGuardi, Fernando Garibay, Ryan Tedder, Mark Taylor ve Taio Cruz gibi isimlerle bir araya geldi.

2010'un ilk aylarında Nicole haricindeki tüm üyeler gruptan ayrıldıklarını açıkladılar.

Robin Antin grubun yeni üyelerini Twitter hesabına eklediği bir fotoğraf ile tüm dünya ile paylaştı. Grupta baş şarkıcı Nicole Scherzinger'ın dışında Jamie Lee Ruiz başta olmak üzere Vanessa Curry, Kherighton Payne ve Rino Razalan'ı bulunduruyor. Grup üyeleri PCD'den önce birçok projede yer almış dansçılardır.

Yeni grup üyeleri
Jamie Lee Ruiz, Robin Antin'in 2008 yılında yaptığı The Pussycat Dolls Present:Girlicious isimli yarışmada yeni kurulan Girlicious isimli grubun kadrosuna girmek için yarışmaya katılmıştı. Fakat Robin, Jamie'nin vokallerinin yetersiz olduğunu düşündüğü için 6. bölümde Jamie'yi elemişti. Jamie elendikten sonra Pussycat Dolls Loungeda dans etti ve Pussycat Dolls Workout isimli DVD'de Robin Antin'e eşlik etti.

Vanessa Curry, Los Angeles Lakers isimli NBA takımının dans ekibinde amigo olarak dans ediyordu. Robin Antin'in kendisini keşfetmesiyle bir Pussycat Dolls üyesine dönüştü.

Kherington Payne, So You Think You Can Dance isimli dans yarışmasında yarışmacıydı fakat yarışmayı kazanamadı. Kherighton aynı zamanda Katy Perry'nin Californian Girls isimli klibinde dans etti.

Rina Razalan, MTV'nin dans yarışması Amerika's Best Dance Crewde Beat Freaks isimli dans grubunun üyesiydi. Daha önceden Gwen Stefani'nin ön grubu olan Harajuku Girls isimli bir grupta bulunmuştu. Rino aynı zamanda Justin Bieber'ın da klibinde arka plan dansçısı olarak görev aldı.

Diskografi

Albümler

 2005 PCD
 2008 Doll Domination

Tekliler
 2004  "Sway"
 2005: "Don't Cha" (featuring Busta Rhymes)
 2005: "Stickwitu"
 2006: "Beep" (featuring will.i.am)
 2006: "Buttons" (featuring Snoop Dogg)
 2006: "I Don't Need a Man"
 2006: "Wait a Minute" (featuring Timbaland)
 2008: "When I Grow Up"
 2008: "Whatcha Think About That" (featuring Missy Elliott)
 2008: "I Hate This Part"
 2009: "Bottle Pop" (featuring Snoop Dogg)
 2009: "Jai Ho" (featuring A.R. Rahman)
 2009: "Hush Hush"

DVD

 2006 Pussycat Dolls: Live from London

Dış bağlantılar

Amerikalı pop müzik grupları
Amerikalı dans müziği grupları
Çağdaş R&B
Amerikalı kız grupları
Interscope Records sanatçıları
2003'te kurulan müzik grupları
2010'da dağılan müzik grupları
2018'de kurulan müzik grupları
MTV Video Müzik Ödülü sahipleri
MTV Video Müzik Ödülleri En İyi Dans Video Klibi sahipleri

The Pussycat Dolls


Nena is a given name, nickname and sometimes a surname. It is an English and Spanish feminine given name that is a diminutive form of Antonina and Giannina and thus an alternate form of Nina used in United States, most of Canada, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Western Panama, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Ecuador, Peru, Chile, Bolivia, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Falkland Islands, Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, India, Pakistan, Spain, England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, Republic of Ireland, Guyana, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Namibia, South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya, Sudan, South Sudan, Ethiopia, Cameroon and Nigeria. It is also an Afroasiatic feminine given name used throughout Africa and a South Slavic feminine short form of Nevenka and Nevena used in Slovenia as a given name and in other South Slavic countries as a nickname. People bearing it include:

Given name
 Nena Danevic, film editor nominated for her work on Amadeus
 Nena de Brennecke (1883 – ??), Argentinean sculptor and mural painter
 Nena Jolidon Croake (1865-1934), American politician
 Nena Lekovic, Serbian songwriter
 Nena Kalu Ogba, birthname of Ogba Kalu Nnanna (born 1984), male Nigerian footballer

Nickname
 Nena, stagename of Gabriele Susanne Kerner, (born 1960), German singer
 Nena (footballer, born 1923) (1923–2010), nickname of Olavo Rodrigues Barbosa, Brazilian footballer
 Nena Baltazar, nickname of Tania Baltazar Lugones, Bolivian environmentalist
 Nena Cardenas, born Remy Cardenas, Filipina actress
 Nena Peragallo, nickname of Nilda Peragallo Montano, professor of nursing
 Nena von Schlebrügge nickname of Birgitte Caroline von Schlebrügge, Mexican fashion model and mother of Uma Thurman

Surname
Jacob Nena (born 1941), Micronesian politician

Fictional characters
 Nena Bismaquer, a character in the John Gardner novel For Special Services
 Nena Trinity, a fictional character from Mobile Suit Gundam 00

See also

Nela (name)
Neno (name)
Nina (name)
 Extra Nena aka Snežana Berić, a Serbian singer known for Ljubim te pesmama
 Neneh Cherry, a Swedish singer-songwriter and rapper
 Dom La Nena, stage name of Dominique Pinto, (born 1989), Brazilian-born cellist, singer and songwriter
 Nena Daconte, Spanish pop group

Name

English feminine given names
Slovene feminine given names
Spanish feminine given names
Feminine given names

Nena (name)


Marvin Daniel Levy (nacido el 3 de agosto de 1925) es un entrenador de fútbol americano y fútbol canadiense ahora retirado, ex-ejecutivo de fútbol americano y autor estadounidense.

Fue entrenador en jefe profesional de varios equipos, como los Montreal Alouettes (1973-1977) de la CFL, los Chicago Blitz (1984) de la United States Football League, los Kansas City Chiefs (1978-1982) y los Buffalo Bills (1986-1997) de la NFL, llevando a los Bills a ganar cuatro Campeonatos de la American Football Conference. Fue seleccionado para ser miembro del Salón de la Fama del Fútbol Americano Profesional en 2001.

Estadísticas como entrenador en jefe profesional

En la CFL

En la NFL

En la USFL

Bibliografía
 Marv Levy: Where Else Would You Rather Be?, Sports Publishing, 2004. ISBN 1-58261-797-X
 Game Changers: The Greatest Plays in Buffalo Bills History (with Jeffrey Miller), Triumph Books, 2009. ISBN 1600782752
 Between the Lies (ficción), Ascend Books, 2011. ISBN 0983061939

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Perfil de Levy en Profootballhof.com
 Estadísticas de Levy como entrenador universitario en cfbdatawarehouse.com
 Página oficial de Marv Levy

Alumnado de la Universidad de Harvard
Entrenadores de fútbol americano
Entrenadores de Washington Redskins
Miembros del Salón de la Fama del Fútbol Americano Profesional
Militares estadounidenses de la Segunda Guerra Mundial
Nacidos en Chicago

Marv Levy


Melanóra (fræðiheiti: Minuartia rubella eða Sabulina rubella) er fjölær jurt af hjartagrasaætt sem vex fjöllum og í heimskautaloftslagi á Norðurhveli. Á Íslandi er hún um nær allt land.

Tilvísanir

Hjartagrasaætt
Plöntur á Íslandi

Melanóra


Sonja Vasić (rođ. Petrović; 18. veljače 1989.) umirovljena je srbijanska košarkašica. Igrala je na poziciji krilnog centra. Osvojila je dvije zlatne medalje na EP i srebro na OI 2016.

Udata je za Miloša Vasića, srbijanskog veslača.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Profil

Srbijanski košarkaši
Športaši iz Beograda

Sonja Vasić


Olgun Arun, (d. 1963, İstanbul), Türk yönetmen, yapımcı ve görüntü yönetmeni.

1963'te İstanbul'da doğdu. Özdemir Asaf ve Yıldız Moran'ın oğludur.Kabataş Erkek Lisesi'nden mezun oldu. Mimar Sinan Üniversitesi Sinema ve Televizyon bölümünde eğitim gördü, The London International Film School'dan mezun oldu.

Kısa metrajlı film, belgesel, video klip ve reklam filmi çekimleri gerçekleştirdi. Tramvay ilk sinema filmidir.

Kaynakça

1963 doğumlular
Türk film yönetmenleri
Türk film yapımcıları
Yaşayan insanlar
İstanbul doğumlu film yönetmenleri
Kabataş Erkek Lisesinde öğrenim görenler

Olgun Arun


Macropodinae je potporodica tobolčara koja pripada porodici Macropodidae. Potporodica Macropodinae uključuje oko 10 rodova te barem 51 vrstu. Svi članovi porodice  Macropodidae su članovi ove potporodice osim vrste Lagostrophus fasciatus koja pripada potporodici Lagostrophinae.

Pod potporodicu Macropodinae spadaju sljedeći rodovi:
 Dendrolagus – 14 vrsta
 Dorcopsis – 4 vrste
 Dorcopsulus – 2 vrste
 Lagorchestes– 4 vrste
 Macropus – 16 vrsta
 Onychogalea – 3 vrste
 Petrogale – 17 vrsta
 Setonix – 1 vrsta
 Thylogale – 7 vrsta
 Wallabia – 1 vrsta

Izvori

Tobolčari

Macropodinae


Çayiçi, Kumluca - Antalya ili Kumluca ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Çayiçi, Kozaklı - Nevşehir ili Kozaklı ilçesine bağlı köy

Çayiçi


Subcostalis (singular: subcostalis) (Infracostales) består af muskler og aponeurotiske fasciculi, der normalt kun er veludviklet i den nedre del af thorax; hver udspringer fra den indre overflade af et ribben, og hæfter på den indre overflade af det andet eller tredje ribben under, nær dets vinkel.

Referencer

Muskelsystemet

Subcostalis


LC-A, Sovyetler Birliği Savunma ve Sanayi Bakanlığı'nın üstdüzey isimlerinden General Igor Petrowitsch Kornitzky ile Lomo fabrika müdürü Michail Panfilowitsch Panfiloff tarafından 1970'li yıllarda bir Japon fotoğraf makinası temel alınarak üretilen Lomo Compact Automat modelinin kısa ismidir.

1991 yılında Viyanalı bir grup öğrencinin Çekya gezileri sırasında denedikleri bu fotoğraf makinesi dünya çapında üne kavuşur ve meraklıları tarafından alternatif bir fotoğraf anlayışı olarak tanımlanan lomografi akımının başlamasına yol açar.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Lomo
 Lomografi

Dış bağlantılar
 http://www.lomo.com
 http://www.lomography.com Lomo satışı yapan ve Lomo meraklılarını buluşturan bir site
 camerapedia LOMO maddesi

Fotoğrafçılık ekipmanları

LC-A


Turbacz este cel mai înalt vârf al Munților Gorce , un lanț muntos situat în sudul Poloniei Mici. Acesta se află în mijlocul intervalului, și conform mai multor surse, are 1310 metri înălțime. Vârful însuși este înconjurat de o pădure deasă de pini, ceea ce face imposibil pentru turiști să admire priveliștea din zona. Cu toate acestea, în trecut, în această zonă nu au existat copaci și, potrivit unor surse de la 1832, era posibil să se vadă orașul Cracovia cu ajutorul unui telescop. În vârf este un obelisc de piatră cu o cruce de fier. Turbacz aparține Coroanei Munților Polonezi.

Turbacz este foarte popular printre turiști, reprezentând intersecția a mai multor trasee situate în fața unui adăpost aparținând Societății Poloneze de Tursim și de Vizitare a obiectivelor turistice (PTTK). Adăpostul în sine, situat la o înălțime de 1283 de metri, oferă o vedere magnifică a munților Tatra și Pieniny. Adăpostul Turbacz este o clădire mare de piatră, cu două aripi. Acesta a fost deschis în 1958 și are 100 de paturi. Lângă adăpost există un muzeu PTTK cel al Culturii Muntelui și Turismului deschis în 1980.

În fiecare a doua duminică din August, o sărbătoare a munților are loc lângă așa-numita Capela Papală, în Poiana Wisielakowka. Acesta atrage un număr mare de turiști și, în același loc, o slujbă tradițională a fost condusă de Reverendul Józef Tischner. La 12 august 2012, un monument dedicat soldaților polonezi a fost inaugurat în Poiana Wisielakowka. În fiecare vară, o cursă de biciclete de munte are loc de la Rabka Zdrój la Turbacz și înapoi.

În timpul celui de-al doilea Război Mondial și în a doua jumătate a anilor 1940, numeroase unități de partizani anti-naziști și anti-sovietici au operat în zona Turbacz. Cea mai faimoasă personalitate strâns asociată cu vârful este Józef Kuraś, cunoscut în timpul războiului sub numele Ogień, un controversat soldat polonez blestemat, care a luptat atât împotriva naziștilor cât și a sovieticilor ocupanți.

În trecut, muntele a fost cunoscut de către localnici sub numele Kluczki. În 1790, cartografii Imperiului Habsburgic, lucrând la o hartă a Galiției, au făcut o greșeală, plasând satul Niedzwiedz în vârf, lucru care a dus la confundarea numelor de-a lungul secolului al XIX-lea. Cuvântul Turbacz, este, probabil de origine valahă, provenind de la cuvântul din română turbă.

Vârful Turbacz are o climă subarctice (Köppen Dfc) din cauza altitudinii. Temperaturile medii sunt comparabile cu cele găsite în locuri din Europa de Nord, cum ar fi Alta, Norvegia. Cu toate acestea, de precipitațiile anuale ridicate în combinație cu temperaturile scăzute o plasează zona subalpin tropicală potrivit împărțirii climatice a lui Leslie Holdridge.

Legături externe
  Trasee turistice
 O hartă a traseelor turistice în zona Turbacz

Munți din Polonia

Turbacz


The West Siberian Plain () is a large plain that occupies the western portion of Siberia, between the Ural Mountains in the west and the Yenisei River in the east ,and the Altai Mountains on the southeast. Much of the plain is poorly drained and consists of some of the world's largest swamps and floodplains. Important cities include Chelyabinsk, Novosibirsk, Omsk, and Tomsk, as well as Surgut and Nizhnevartovsk.

Winters on the West Siberian Plain are harsh and long. The climate of most of the plain areas is either subarctic or continental. The plain had large petroleum and natural gas reserves. Most of Russia's oil and gas production was extracted from this area during the 1970s and 80s.

Geography

The West Siberian Plain is located east of the Ural Mountains mostly in the territory of Russia. It is one of the Great Russian Regions and has been described as the world's largest unbroken lowland – more than 50 percent is less than  above sea level—and covers an area of about 2.6– which is about one third of Siberia. It extends from north to south for , reaching its maximum width of  in its southern part. from the Arctic Ocean to the foothills of the Altai Mountains, and from east to west for  from the Ural Mountains to the Yenisei River. Besides the Yenisei, other main rivers in the West Siberian Plain are from west to east the Irtysh, Ob, Nadym, Pur and Taz. There are many lakes and swamps and large regions of the plains are flooded in the spring.

The long Yenisei river flows broadly south to north, a distance of  to the Arctic Ocean, where it discharges more than 20 million litres (5 million gallons) of water per second at its mouth. Together with its tributary Angara, the two rivers flow . The valley formed by the Yenisei acts as a rough dividing line between the West Siberian Plain and the Central Siberian Plateau. The Siberian Uvaly is a low hilly region stretching from east to west across the plain. Glacial deposits extend as far south as the Ob-Irtysh confluence, forming occasional low hills and ridges, including the Ob Plateau in the south, but otherwise the plain is exceedingly flat and featureless. The Ishim Plain and the Baraba Lowland in the south are important agricultural areas. There are salt lakes in the Kulunda Plain, which extends southwards into Kazakhstan and is limited to the south by the Kokshetau Hills.

The West Siberian Plain is very swampy and soils are mostly peaty Histosols and, in the treeless northern part, Histels. is one of the world's largest areas of peatlands, which are characterized by raised bogs. Vasyugan Swamp, one of the world's largest single raised bogs, covers approximately . There are numerous lakes in the vast interfluve swamps of the Ob-Taz floodplain.

Flora and fauna
The plain has eight distinct vegetation regions: tundra, forest-tundra, northern taiga, middle taiga, southern taiga, sub-taiga forest, forest-steppe, and steppe. The number of animal species in the West Siberian Plain ranges from at least 107 in the tundra to 278 or more in the forest-steppe region. In the south of the plain, where permafrost is largely absent, rich grasslands that are an extension of the Kazakh Steppe formed the original vegetation, which had almost all been cleared by the early 21st century.

Geology

The West Siberian Plain consists mostly of Cenozoic alluvial deposits and is extraordinarily flat. A rise of fifty metres in sea level would cause all land between the Arctic Ocean and the Ob-Irtysh confluence near Khanty-Mansiysk to be inundated (see also Turgai Straits, West Siberian Glacial Lake). It is a region of the Earth's crust that has undergone prolonged subsidence and is composed of horizontal deposits from as much as 65 million years ago. Many of the deposits on this plain result from ice dams that reversed the flow of the Ob and Yenisei rivers, redirecting them into the Caspian Sea, and perhaps the Aral Sea as well.

See also

East European Plain, the other major plain of Russia
Eurasian steppe
South Siberian Mountains
West Siberian petroleum basin

References

External links
NASA Images: West Siberian Plain
Topography and Drainage of Russia
Peatlands of the World: Russia — Siberia

Eurasian Steppe
Forests of Russia
Grasslands of Russia
Tundra
Taiga and boreal forests
Temperate coniferous forests
Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands

West Siberian Plain


Kazimierz Fajans (Kasimir veya Casimir olarak da anılır) (d. 27 Mayıs 1887,
Varşova – ö. 18 Mayıs 1975, Ann Arbor-Michigan). Polonya asıllı Amerikalı kimyacı.

Kimyasal bağ yapısı, radyoaktivite ve izotoplar üzerine çalışmaları vardır. Leipzig, Heidelberg, Zürih ve Manchester'de eğitim almıştır. 1911'den 1935'e kadar Almanya'da çalışmış ve Münih Üniversitesi'nin Fiziksel Kimya Enstitüsünün yöneticiliğini yapmıştır.

İnorganik kimya alanında, sonraları Fajans kuralı olarak bilinecek olan, kovalent ve iyonik bağların oluşmasındaki kuralları ortaya koyan formülü geliştirmiştir.

1913'te Frederick Soddy'den bağımsız fakat eş zamanlı olarak, izotoplar teorisini geliştirmiş ve bu teoriyi Uranyum-238 in radyoaktif bozunumunu açıklamada kullanmıştır. Yine aynı yıl, Otto H. Göhring ile birlikte Protaktinyum elementini tanımlamıştır.

Radyoaktiviteyi kullanarak minerallerin yaşını hesaplama yöntemlerini geliştirmiştir.

1887 doğumlular
Varşova doğumlular
1975 yılında ölenler
Polonyalı fizikçiler
Amerikalı kimyagerler
Yahudi asıllı Amerikalılar
Rusya Bilimler Akademisi'nin muhabir üyeleri (1917-1925)
SSCB Bilimler Akademisi muhabir üyeleri
SSCB Bilimler Akademisi'nin yabancı üyeleri

Kasimir Fajans


Kanijeli Siyavuş Paşa (d. ? - ö. 1602)  III. Murad saltanatı döneminde 1582-1584, 1586-1589 ve 1592-1593 yıllarında üç dönem sadrazamlık yapmış bir Osmanlı devlet adamıdır.

Yaşamı
Aslının Hırvat <ref name="uzuncarsılı">Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı, (1954) Osmanlı Tarihi III. Cilt, 2. Kısım , XVİ. Yüzyıl Ortalarından XVII. Yüzyıl Sonuna kadar), Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu say.342</ref> ya da Macar  olduğu sanılmaktadır.

Endurun'da saray eğitimi ile yetişmişti. Endurun'dan çıkma yaptığı zaman "hazine kethüdası" görevi verildi. 1567'de "büyük imrahor" görevine atandı. 1569'da ise "Yeniçeri Ağası" oldu. Daha sonra "Rumeli Beylerbeyliği"ne getirildi. Kubbealtı veziri olduktan sonra 1580'de II. Selim'in en küçük kızı olan Fatma Sultan ile evlendi.

24 Aralık 1582'de Koca Sinan Paşa yerine birinci defa sadrazam oldu. Kafkasya seferine serdar olarak atanmayı bu görevinin bir kısmının fazla olduğunu iddia ederek kabul etmedi.  Bu yüzden, bu sefere serdar tayin edilen Özdemiroğlu Osman Paşa askeri disiplinde zorluk çekti. Ayrıca İstanbul'da kalan kapıkulları da bundan memnun olmadılar. Askerin bu hoşnutsuzluğu yanında kapıkulu sipahilerine verdiği birer akça terakkiyi de asker az bulup kabul etmedi. Şikayet için Divana çıkan kapıkulu sipahi askerleri divanda Sadrazam Sivayuş Paşa'yı tahkir ettiler. Bunu haber alan padişah III. Murat Sivayuş Paşa'yı sadaretten azletti ve yerine Özdemiroğlu Osman Paşa sadarete getirildi. Peçevi ayrıca Sivayuş Paşa'nın Özdemiroğlu'nun Kafkas seferinde başarısı ile Kırım hanı isyanını bastırması dolayısıyla kazandığı muvaffakiyetleri kıskandığını yazmaktadır.

Sadrazam Özdemiroğlu Osman Paşa Sadrazam olduktan sonra da  1584'te serdar olarak İran üzerine sefere çıktı ve Tebriz'i işgal etmeyi başardı. Ama 29 Ekim 1584'te bu seferde iken hastalanıp öldü. Yerine Aralık'ta ikinci vezir olan Hadim Mesih Mehmed Paşa sadrazam oldu. Ama Nisan 1584'te reisülkittap Hamza Efendi ile mücadeleye girişip istediği gibi reisülkitabı sultan görevden ayırmayı kabul etmeyince, Hadım Mesih Mehmed Paşa sedaretten istifa etti. Böylece Kanijeli Sivayuş Paşa ikinci defa sadrazamlığa getirildi.

İkinci sadrazamlığında da Sivayuş Paşa askerlerle çatışmaya girişti. Ülkenin devamlı savaşlar dolayısıyla malî durumu bozuktu ve beklenen vergi gelirleri harcamalara yetişmemekteydi. Bu nedenle Sivayuş Paşa metalik paranın ayarını bozarak gelir sağlamaya çalıştı. Fakat bu tahşiş edilmiş akçe askere verilince 1589'da ortaya bir kapıkulu sipahi isyanı çıktı. Bu isyan sırasında sipahiler Sultan müsahibi beylerbeyi Mehmed Paşa'yı öldürdüler. Bu hadiseyi önlemeyemediği için Sivayuş Paşa sadrazamlıktan azledildi.

1591'de Ferhat Paşa sadrazam iken Erzurum ahalisi orada bulunan yeniçerilerden şikayet etmiş ve sonra da oradaki yeniçeri kışlalarına hücum edip arbede çıkardılar. Bunun haber İstanbul'a gelince İstanbul'daki yeniçeriler çorbalarını içmeyip isyan ettiler. Bunun nedenini soran Sultan'a Ferhat Paşa durumun ciddiliğini küçümseyen yanlış bilgi verdi.  Fakat gerçek 1592'de  ortaya çıkınca sultan Ferhat Paşa'yı sedaretten ayırdı ve yerine üçüncü defa Sivayuş Paşa sadrazam olarak görevlendirildi.

Sivayuş Paşa'nın üçüncü sedareti sırasında da kapıkulu askeri ile arası açıldı. 1593'te kapıkulu süvari askerlerine maaş dağıtılması sırasında kapıkulu sipahileri yine isyan ettiler. Bu üçüncü başvezirlik döneminde üçüncü defa sipahi çıkması sadece bir idarecilik noksanlığı olarak görülmedi ve Sivayuş Paşa'nın "uğursuz" olduğu  isnat ve ithamlarına yol açtı. Sivayuş Paşa sadaretten ve devlet idaresinden emekliye ayrıldı, yerine Sinan Paşa üçüncü defa sadrazam yapıldı.

Bundan sonra Siyavuş Paşa devlet hayatından çekilmiş şekilde İstanbul'da 10 yıl daha yaşadı. 1602 yılında İstanbul'da öldü. Eyüpsultan'daki Sokollu türbesinin karşısında bulunan kendi türbesine gömülmüştür.

 Değerlendirme
Sivayuş Paşa'nın idare gücünün orta derecede olduğu kabul edilmektedir. Her üç sedareti sırasında kapıkulu askeri ile geçinememesi; onun uğursuzluğuna atıf olunarak ömrünün son 10 yılını devlet idaresinden uzak olarak geçirmesine neden olmuştur.

Uzunçarşılı onu değerlendirmekte iken zamanın tarihçileri Sivayuş Paşa'nın çok mutedil tabiatlı kolay kızmayan bir kişi olduğunu belirtmektedirler

Modern yaşam ve yapıtları ile Osmanlılar hakkındaki  biyografi eserine göre
Osmanlı kaynakları... ılımlı, nazik ve dürüst bir kişi olarak söz et(mişlerdir).

 Eserleri

Eyup'deki türbesi yanında açılma kitabesi 1602 olan bir hayrat çeşmesi vardır.

Ayrıca Edirne civarında (şimdi Bulgaristan'da bulunan) Harmanlı'da bir cami, mektep ve hamamdan oluşan bir külliye yaptırmıştır. Harmanlı'da  Kanijeli Siyavuş Paşa'nın 1585'te "Harmanlı Çayı"'nın üzerinde  yaptırmış olduğu (ama günümüzde sadece bir kuru dereyi geçen) "kambur" adı verilen taş köprü hala ayaktadır ve şehirde turist çeken bir özellik sayılmaktadır.

 Kaynakça

 Dış bağlantılar
 Danişmend, İsmail Hâmi, (1961) Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı, İstanbul:Türkiye Yayınevi.
 Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı, (1954) Osmanlı Tarihi III. Cilt, 2. Kısım , XVI. Yüzyıl Ortalarından XVII. Yüzyıl Sonuna kadar), Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu (Altıncı Baskı 2011 ISBN 978-975-16-0010)
 Aslan, Adnan, "Sivayuş Paşa (Kanijeli)" (1999) Yaşamları ve Yapıtlarıyla Osmanlılar Ansiklopedisi, C.2 s.547, İstanbul:Yapı Kredi Kültür Yayıncılık A.Ş. ISBN 975-08-0071-01.
 Bosworth,C.E., van Donzel,E., W.P. Heinrichs,W.P. ve Lecomte,G. (ed) (1997] Encyclopedia of Islam 2.ed. Cilt.IX SAN-SZE, say.726   ISBN 90-04-10422-4

 Dış bağlantılar

 Ak, Mahmut, "Sivayuş Paşa, Kanijeli " (2009) Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi Cilt:37 Sayfa:311-313'', İstanbul:TDV Yayınları. Online:

Osmanlı sadrazamları
1602 yılında ölenler
16. yüzyılda Osmanlılar
Doğum tarihi bilinmeyenler
İstanbul'da ölenler
İstanbul'da defnedilenler

Kanijeli Siyavuş Paşa


José Gonçalves de Minas es un municipio brasileño del estado de Minas Gerais. Su población estimada en 2004 era de 4.791 habitantes.

Carreteras
 BR-367

Administración
 Prefecto: Edson Lago de Sousa (2005/2008)
 Viceprefecto:
 Presidente de la cámara: (2007/2008)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Minas Gerais

José Gonçalves de Minas


Giacinto Bosco (* 25. Januar 1905 in Santa Maria Capua Vetere, Provinz Caserta; † 11. Oktober 1997 in Rom) war ein italienischer Jurist und Politiker der Democrazia Cristiana (DC), der unter anderem 24 Jahre Mitglied des Senats (Senato della Repubblica), mehrfach Minister verschiedener Ressorts sowie von 1976 bis 1988 Richter am Europäischen Gerichtshof (EuGH) war.

Leben

Hochschullehrer und Senator
Nach dem Schulbesuch absolvierte Bosco ein Studium der Rechtswissenschaften an der Universität Neapel und schloss dieses 1925 ab. Im Anschluss trat er in den Auswärtigen Dienst ein und war zwischen 1927 und 1932 Vizesekretär im Außenministerium, ehe er 1932 zunächst die Berufung auf eine Professur für Völkerrecht an der Universität La Sapienza annahm. Kurz darauf wurde er Dekan der Rechtswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Urbino und dann ebenfalls kurze Zeit später 1933 Professor für Völkerrecht an der Universität Florenz, wo er bis 1940 lehrte. Im Anschluss war er als Rechtsanwalt tätig.

Bei den Wahlen vom 18. April 1948 wurde er als Vertreter der Democrazia Cristiana erstmals zum Mitglied des Senats, dem Senato della Repubblica, gewählt und gehörte diesem 24 Jahre lang bis zu seinem Mandatsverzicht am 18. Juli 1972 an.

Während der zweiten Legislaturperiode war er zwischen Juli 1953 und Juni 1958 Unterstaatssekretär im Verteidigungsministerium sowie zugleich von August 1953 bis Juni 1958 auch Vizevorsitzender der Fraktion der DC im Senat.

Minister
Nachdem er von Juni 1958 bis Juli 1960 einer der Vizepräsidenten des Senats war, wurde Bosco am 26. Juli 1960 von Ministerpräsident Amintore Fanfani zum Minister für öffentlichen Unterricht (Ministro della pubblica istruzione) in dessen drittem Kabinett ernannt. Danach wurde er am 21. Februar 1962 Minister für Begnadigungen und Justiz (Ministro di Grazia e Giustizia) in der vierten Regierung Fanfani und bekleidete dieses Amt auch in der darauf folgenden Regierung von Giovanni Leone bis zum 3. Dezember 1963. Daraufhin war er vom 4. Dezember 1963 bis zum 21. Juli 1964 erstmals Minister für Arbeit und soziale Sicherheit (Ministro del lavoro e della previdenza sociale) in der ersten Regierung von Ministerpräsident Aldo Moro.

Das Amt des Ministers für Arbeit und soziale Sicherheit bekleidete er auch in der dritten Regierung Moros sowie im zweiten Kabinett Leone vom 23. Februar 1966 bis zum 11. Dezember 1968. Im Anschluss war er zunächst Minister ohne Geschäftsbereich für besondere Aufgaben im ersten Kabinett von Mariano Rumor, ehe er in dessen zweiter Regierung vom 5. August 1969 bis zum 26. März 1970 Finanzminister (Ministro delle Finanze) war.

Im darauf folgenden dritten Kabinett Rumor war er zunächst wieder Minister ohne Geschäftsbereich mit der besonderen Aufgabe der politischen Teilhabe und der Koordinierung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Präsidentschaft Italiens in der Generalversammlung der Vereinten Nationen und wurde danach am 9. Juni 1970 Minister für Post und Telekommunikation (Ministro delle Poste e delle Telecomunicazioni). Diese Funktion bekleidete er auch im Anschluss in der Regierung von Emilio Colombo sowie im ersten Kabinett von Giulio Andreotti bis zum 24. Juni 1972.

Vizepräsident des CSM und Richter am EuGH
Nach seinem Ausscheiden aus dem Senat war Bosco zwischen 1972 und 1976 Vizepräsident des Consiglio Superiore della Magistratura, des Selbstverwaltungsorgans der italienischen Richter und Staatsanwälte, die in der ordentlichen Gerichtsbarkeit tätig sind. Für seine Verdienste wurde ihm am 12. Oktober 1972 das Großkreuz des Verdienstordens der Italienischen Republik verliehen.

Am 7. Oktober 1976 wurde er schließlich Richter am Europäischen Gerichtshof und gehörte diesem zwölf Jahre bis zum 6. Oktober 1988 an.

Sein Sohn Manfredi Bosco war langjähriges Mitglied der Abgeordnetenkammer (Camera dei deputati) sowie für eine Legislaturperiode ebenfalls Senator.

Weblinks

 Eintrag (I. Legislaturperiode) auf der Homepage des Senato della Repubblica
 Eintrag (II. Legislaturperiode) auf der Homepage des Senato della Repubblica
 Eintrag (III. Legislaturperiode) auf der Homepage des Senato della Repubblica
 Eintrag (IV. Legislaturperiode) auf der Homepage des Senato della Repubblica
 Eintrag (V. Legislaturperiode) auf der Homepage des Senato della Repubblica
 Eintrag (VI. Legislaturperiode) auf der Homepage des Senato della Repubblica

Justizminister (Italien)
Finanzminister (Italien)
Arbeitsminister (Italien)
Bildungsminister (Italien)
Post- und Telekommunikationsminister (Italien)
Minister ohne Geschäftsbereich (Italien)
Senator (Italien)
Mitglied der Democrazia Cristiana
Richter (Italien)
Richter am Europäischen Gerichtshof
Hochschullehrer (Universität La Sapienza)
Hochschullehrer (Universität Urbino)
Hochschullehrer (Universität Florenz)
Träger des Großen Bundesverdienstkreuzes mit Stern und Schulterband
Träger des Verdienstordens der Italienischen Republik (Großkreuz)
Italiener
Geboren 1905
Gestorben 1997
Mann

Giacinto Bosco