In object-oriented programming, a metaclass is a class whose instances are also classes. Just as an ordinary class defines the behavior of certain objects, a metaclass defines the behavior of certain classes and their instances. Not all object-oriented programming languages support metaclasses. Among those that do, the extent to which metaclasses can override any given aspect of class behavior varies. Metaclasses can be implemented by having classes be first-class citizens, in which case a metaclass is simply an object that constructs classes. Each language has its own metaobject protocol, a set of rules that govern how objects, classes, and metaclasses interact.

Python example
In Python, the builtin class type is a metaclass. Consider this simple Python class:

class Car:
    def __init__(self, make: str, model: str, year: int, color: str):
        self.make = make
        self.model = model
        self.year = year
        self.color = color

    @property
    def description(self) -> str:
        """Return a description of this car."""
        return f"{self.color} {self.make} {self.model}"

At run time, Car itself is an instance of type. The source code of the Car class, shown above, does not include such details as the size in bytes of Car objects, their binary layout in memory, how they are allocated, that the __init__ method is automatically called each time a Car is created, and so on. These details come into play not only when a new Car object is created, but also each time any attribute of a Car is accessed. In languages without metaclasses, these details are defined by the language specification and can't be overridden. In Python, the metaclass - type - controls these details of Car's behavior. They can be overridden by using a different metaclass instead of type.

The above example contains some redundant code to do with the four attributes make, model, year, and color. It is possible to eliminate some of this redundancy using a custom metaclass. In Python, a metaclass is most easily defined as a subclass of type.
class AttributeInitType(type):
    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """Create a new instance."""

        # First, create the object in the normal default way.
        obj = type.__call__(self, *args)

        # Additionally, set attributes on the new object.
        for name, value in kwargs.items():
            setattr(obj, name, value)

        # Return the new object.
        return obj
This metaclass only overrides object creation.  All other aspects of class and object behavior are still handled by type.

Now the class Car can be rewritten to use this metaclass. In Python 3 this is done by providing a "keyword argument" metaclass to the class definition:
class Car(object, metaclass=AttributeInitType):
    @property
    def description(self) -> str:
        """Return a description of this car."""
        return " ".join(str(value) for value in self.__dict__.values())

The resulting object Car can be instantiated as usual, but can contain any number of keyword arguments:
new_car = Car(make='Toyota', model='Prius', year=2005, color='Green', engine='Hybrid')

In Smalltalk-80

In Smalltalk, everything is an object. Additionally, Smalltalk is a class based system, which means that every object has a class that defines the structure of that object (i.e. the instance variables the object has) and the messages an object understands. Together this implies that a class in Smalltalk is an object and that, therefore a class needs to be an instance of a class (called metaclass).

As an example, a car object c is an instance of the class Car. In turn, the class Car is again an object and as such an instance of the metaclass of Car called Car class. Note the blank in the name of the metaclass. The name of the metaclass is the Smalltalk expression that, when evaluated, results in the metaclass object. Thus evaluating Car class results in the metaclass object for Car whose name is Car class (one can confirm this by evaluating Car class name which returns the name of the metaclass of Car.)

Class methods actually belong to the metaclass, just as instance methods actually belong to the class. When a message is sent to the object 2, the search for the method starts in Integer. If it is not found it proceeds up the superclass chain, stopping at Object whether it is found or not.

When a message is sent to Integer the search for the method starts in Integer class and proceeds up the superclass chain to Object class. Note that, so far, the metaclass inheritance chain exactly follows that of the class inheritance chain. But the metaclass chain extends further because Object class is the subclass of Class. All metaclasses are subclasses of Class.

In early Smalltalks, there was only one metaclass called Class. This implied that the methods all classes have were the same, in particular the method to create new objects, i.e., new. To allow classes to have their own methods and their own instance variables (called class instance variables and should not be confused with class variables), Smalltalk-80 introduced for each class C their own metaclass C class. This means that each metaclass is effectively a singleton class.

Since there is no requirement that metaclasses behave differently from each other, all metaclasses are instances of only one class called Metaclass. The metaclass of Metaclass is called Metaclass class which again is an instance of class Metaclass.

In Smalltalk-80, every class (except Object) has a superclass. The abstract superclass of all metaclasses is Class, which describes the general nature of classes.

The superclass hierarchy for metaclasses parallels that for classes, except for class Object. ALL metaclasses are subclasses of Class, therefore:
 Object class superclass == Class.
Like conjoined twins, classes and metaclasses are born together. Metaclass has an instance variable thisClass, which points to its conjoined class.
Note that the usual Smalltalk class browser does not show metaclasses as separate classes. Instead the class browser allows to edit the class together with its metaclass at the same time.

The names of classes in the metaclass hierarchy are easily confused with the concepts of the same name. For instance:
 Object is the base class that provides common methods for all objects; "an object" is an integer, or a widget, or a Car, etc.
 Class is the base of the metaclasses that provides common methods for all classes (though it is not a metaclass itself); "a class" is something like Integer, or Widget, or Car, etc.
 Metaclass provides common methods for all metaclasses.

Four classes provide the facilities to describe new classes. Their inheritance hierarchy (from Object), and the main facilities they provide are:

Object - default behavior common to all objects, like class access
Behavior - minimum state for compiling methods and creating/running objects
ClassDescription (abstract class) - class/variable naming, comments
Class - similar, more comprehensive, facilities to superclasses
Metaclass - initializing class variables, instance creation messages

In Ruby
Ruby purifies the Smalltalk-80 concept of metaclasses by introducing eigenclasses,
removing the Metaclass class,
and (un)redefining the class-of map.

The change can be schematized as follows:

Note in particular the correspondence between Smalltalk's implicit metaclasses and Ruby's eigenclasses of classes.
The Ruby eigenclass model makes the concept of implicit metaclasses fully uniform: every object x has its own meta-object, called the eigenclass of x, which is one meta-level higher than x. The "higher order" eigenclasses usually exist purely conceptually – they do not contain any methods or store any (other) data in most Ruby programs.

The following diagrams show a sample core structure of Smalltalk-80 and Ruby in comparison.
In both languages, the structure consists of a built-in part which contains the circular objects (i.e. objects that appear in a cycle formed by a combination of blue or green links) and a user-part which has four explicit objects: classes A and B
and terminal objects u and v.
Green links show the child→parent relation of inheritance (with the implicit upward direction), blue links show the complementary member→container relation of instantiation (a blue link from x points to the least actual container of x that is the start point for the method lookup when a method is invoked on x). Gray nodes display the eigenclasses (resp. implicit metaclasses in the case of Smalltalk-80).

The diagram on the right also provides a picture of lazy evaluation of eigenclasses in Ruby. The v object can have its eigenclass evaluated (allocated) as a consequence of adding singleton methods to v.

According to the Ruby's introspection method named class,
the class of every class (and of every eigenclass) is
constantly the Class class (denoted by c in the diagram).
Class, and Struct are the only classes that have classes as instances.  Subclassing of Class is disallowed.

Following the standard definition of metaclasses we can conclude that Class and Struct are the only metaclasses in Ruby.
This seems to contradict the correspondence between Ruby and Smalltalk,
since in Smalltalk-80, every class has its own metaclass.
The discrepancy is based on the disagreement between
the class introspection method in Ruby and Smalltalk. While the map x ↦ x.class coincides on terminal objects, it differs in the restriction to classes. As already mentioned above, for a class x, the Ruby expression x.class evaluates constantly to Class. In Smalltalk-80, if x is a class then the expression x class corresponds
to the Ruby's x.singleton_class
– which evaluates to the eigenclass of x.

In Objective-C

Metaclasses in Objective-C are almost the same as those in Smalltalk-80—not surprising since Objective-C borrows a lot from Smalltalk. Like Smalltalk, in Objective-C, the instance variables and methods are defined by an object's class. A class is an object, hence it is an instance of a metaclass.

Like Smalltalk, in Objective-C, class methods are simply methods called on the class object, hence a class's class methods must be defined as instance methods in its metaclass. Because different classes can have different sets of class methods, each class must have its own separate metaclass. Classes and metaclasses are always created as a pair: the runtime has functions objc_allocateClassPair() and objc_registerClassPair() to create and register class-metaclass pairs, respectively.

There are no names for the metaclasses; however, a pointer to any class object can be referred to with the generic type Class (similar to the type id being used for a pointer to any object).

Because class methods are inherited through inheritance, like Smalltalk, metaclasses must follow an inheritance scheme paralleling that of classes (e.g. if class A's parent class is class B, then A's metaclass's parent class is B's metaclass), except that of the root class.

Unlike Smalltalk, the metaclass of the root class inherits from the root class (usually NSObject using the Cocoa framework) itself. This ensures that all class objects are ultimately instances of the root class, so that you can use the instance methods of the root class, usually useful utility methods for objects, on class objects themselves.

Since metaclass objects do not behave differently (you cannot add class methods for a metaclass, so metaclass objects all have the same methods), they are all instances of the same class—the metaclass of the root class (unlike Smalltalk). Thus, the metaclass of the root class is an instance of itself. The reason for this is that all metaclasses inherit from root class; hence, they must inherit the class methods of the root class.

Support in languages and tools
The following are some of the most prominent programming languages that support metaclasses.
 Common Lisp, via CLOS
 Delphi and other versions of Object Pascal influenced by it
 Groovy
 Objective-C
 Python
 Perl, via the metaclass pragma, as well as Moose
 Ruby
 Smalltalk
 C++ (planned for C++23)

Some less widespread languages that support metaclasses include OpenJava, OpenC++, OpenAda, CorbaScript, ObjVLisp, Object-Z, MODEL-K, XOTcl, and MELDC. Several of these languages date from the early 1990s and are of academic interest.

Logtalk, an object-oriented extension of Prolog, also supports metaclasses.

Resource Description Framework (RDF) and Unified Modeling Language (UML) both support metaclasses.

See also

 Metamodel
 Metaprogramming
 Metaobject
 Kind (type theory)
 Reflection
 Dynamism
 Adapter pattern
 Metaclass (Semantic Web)
 What Is a Metaclass?

References

Class (computer programming)
Articles with example Python (programming language) code

Metaclass


Barnabas Kipkorir Koech (* 1978 oder 1979) ist ein ehemaliger kenianischer Marathonläufer.

2003 gewann er den Los-Palacios-Halbmarathon. 2004 wurde er Siebter beim Paris-Halbmarathon, siegte beim Prag-Marathon und wurde Dritter beim Eindhoven-Marathon.

Ebenfalls auf den dritten Platz kam er beim Taipei International Marathon 2005 und bei der Maratona d'Italia.

Persönliche Bestzeiten

 Halbmarathon: 1:01:18 h, 14. Dezember 2003, Los Palacios
 Marathon: 2:10:19 h, 10. Oktober 2004, Eindhoven

Weblinks

 Athletenporträt bei marathoninfo.free.fr
 Profil bei worldathletics.org

Marathonläufer (Kenia)
Leichtathlet (Kenia)
Kenianer
Mann
Geboren 1979

Barnabas Kipkorir Koech


An Daiotyla crassa in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Robert Louis Dressler, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Robert Louis Dressler. An Daiotyla crassa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Daiotyla, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Panamá. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Daiotyla

Daiotyla crassa


An Restio sabulosus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Neville Stuart Pillans. An Restio sabulosus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Restio, ngan familia nga Restionaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Restio

Restio sabulosus


Kevin Kam Møller (Tønder, 20 de junho de 1989) é um handebolista profissional dinamarquês, medalhista olímpico.

Carreira

Møller conquistou a medalha de prata com a Seleção Dinamarquesa de Handebol Masculino nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020 em Tóquio, após confronta a equipe francesa na final da competição.

Handebolistas olímpicos da Dinamarca
Handebolistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020

Kevin Møller


Zagrebačka nogometna zona  je bila jedna od zona Prvenstva Hrvatske, te liga trećeg stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije u sezoni 1965./66.
Sudjelovalo je 14 klubova, a prvak je bio "Metalac" iz Zagreba.

Ljestvica

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Povezani članci
 Dalmatinska nogometna zona 1965./66.
 Riječko-istarska nogometna zona 1965./66.
 Slavonska nogometna zona 1965./66.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

 Juraj Katalinić: Nogometni klub "Ogulin" : 1932.-2012. : 80 godina, Ogulin, 2012., , str. 39
 Ivica Golec: 100 godina nogometa u Petrinji : (1919.-2010.), Petrinja, 2010. , str. 199-202
 Krešimir Perušić i dr.: 100 godina nogometa u Karlovačkoj županiji : 1903.- 2003., Karlovac, 2004., , str. 310
 Branko Mesarić, Josip Ljubić: 70 godina nogometa u Jarunu, Gajevu i Staglišću : 1921.-1991. , Zagreb, 1991., UDK: 796.332(497.5 Zagreb)(067.5) * 061.237(497.Zagreb:796.332](067.5), str. 55
 Ivica Vukotić: VŽ nogomet, Varaždin, 1990., UDK: 796.332(497.5 Varaždin)(091) * 061.237(497.5 Varaždin):796.332](067.5), str. 88-89
 Branko Pleše, Goran Čičin-Mašansker: Nogometni klub Slaven Belupo, Koprivnica : 1907. - 2007., Koprivnica, 2007., , str. 68-69

1965-66
Zagreb
1965-66 zagreb

Zagrebačka nogometna zona 1965./66.


André Michel Lwoff () a fost un microbiolog și virolog francez, laureat al Premiului Nobel pentru Medicină (1965).

Educația, viața timpurie și cariera
Lwoff s-a născut în localitatea Ainay-le-Château, din regiunea Auvergne, Franța, fiind fiul Mariei Siminovitch, pictoriță, și al lui Solomon Lwoff, psihiatru. Amândoi părinții erau originari din Rusia Țaristă. S-a înscris la Institutul Pasteur din Paris, la vârsta de 19 ani. În 1932 și-a terminat teza de doctorat și cu ajutorul unei burse din partea fundației Rockefeller s-a mutat la  Institutului Kaiser Wilhelm pentru Cercetări Medicale (astăzi  Institutul Max-Planck) din Heidelberg (condus în acea perioadă de  laureatul premiului Nobel pentru Medicină Otto Fritz Meyerhof), unde a făcut cercetări în domeniul dezvoltării organismelor flagelate. O altă bursă Rockefeller i-a permis, în anul 1937, să meargă la Universitatea din  Cambridge. În 1938 a fost numit șef de departament la Institutul Pasteur, unde a realizat o muncă de cercetare inovatoare în domeniul organismelor bacteriofage, microbiomului uman și a virusului care provoacă poliomelita.

Premii și distincții
A fost distins cu numeroase premii din partea Academiei de Științe a Franței, marele premiu Charles-Leopold Mayer, medalia Leeuwenhoek a Academiei Regale Olandeze de Arte și Științe (în 1960) și Medalia Keilin a Societății Britanice de Biochimie (în 1964). I s-a decernat Premiul Nobel pentru Medicină în 1965 pentru descoperirea mecanismului prin care unele virusuri infectează bacteriile. Pe tot parcursul carierei sale a lucrat în echipă cu soția sa, Marguerite Lwoff, deși el s-a bucurat de mai multă recunoaștere. Lwoff a fost ales membru al Societății Regale din Londra în 1958.

Note

Biologi
Medici ai secolului al XX-le
Membri ai Academiei Maghiare de Științe
Marea Cruce a Legiunii de onoare
Microbiologi francezi
Nașteri în 1902
Decese în 1994
Virologi francezi
Laureați evrei ai Premiului Nobel

André Lwoff


An Heterachne abortiva in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Robert Brown, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni George Claridge Druce. An Heterachne abortiva in nahilalakip ha genus nga Heterachne, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Heterachne

Heterachne abortiva


Hrvatska je nastupila na Zimskim paraolimpijskim igrama u Torinu 2006. godine. Hrvatska je imala jednog sportaša koji je nastupio u skijanju.

Popis hrvatskih natjecatelja

U Torinu 2006. nastupio je jedan hrvatski reprezentativac na Zimskim paraolimpijskim igrama:

 Zlatko Pesjak - alpsko skijanje

Vidi još

 Paraolimpijske igre
 Zimske paraolimpijske igre
 IX. Zimske paraolimpijske igre - Torino 2006.
 Popis zemalja osvajača odličja na ZPI 2006.

Izvori

Hrvatska na Paraolimpijskim igrama

Hrvatska na Zimskim paraolimpijskim igrama 2006.


An executive officer is a person who is principally responsible for leading all or part of an organization, although the exact nature of the role varies depending on the organization. In many militaries and police forces, an executive officer, or "XO", is the second-in-command, reporting to the commanding officer. The XO is typically responsible for the management of day-to-day activities, freeing the commander to concentrate on strategy and planning the unit's next move.

Administrative law
While there is no clear line between principal executive officers and inferior executive officers, principal officers are high-level officials in the executive branch of U.S. government such as department heads of independent agencies. In Humphrey's Executor v. United States, 295 U.S. 602 (1935), the Court distinguished between executive officers and quasi-legislative or quasi-judicial officers by stating that the former serve at the pleasure of the president and may be removed at their discretion. The latter are removed only with procedures consistent with statutory conditions enacted by Congress. The decision by the Court was that the Federal Trade Commission was a quasi-legislative body because of other powers it had, and therefore, the president could not fire an FTC member for political reasons. Congress can't retain removal power over officials with executive function (Bowsher v. Synar). However, statutes can restrict removal if not purely executive (Humphrey's executor), but can't restrict removal of purely executive officer (Myers v. United States, 272 U.S. 52 (1926)). The standard is whether restriction "impedes the president's ability to perform his constitutional duty" (Morrison v. Olson, 487 U.S. 654 (1988)).

Corporate law and other legal associations
In business, executive officers are usually the top staff members of a corporation, the chief executive officer (CEO) being the best-known type. The definition varies; for instance, the California Corporate Disclosure Act defines "executive officers" as the five most highly compensated officers not also sitting on the board of directors. In many insurance policies, executive officer means, in the case of a corporation, any chairman, chief executive officer, chief financial officer, chief operating officer, president, or general counsel. In the case of a sole proprietorship, an executive officer is the sole proprietor. In the case of a partnership, an executive officer is a managing partner, senior partner, or administrative partner. In the case of a limited liability company, an executive officer is any member, manager, or officer.

In charity/voluntary sector/non-profit, the executive officer(s) are those appointed to drive the day-to-day decisions of the organization. This is normally a formal appointment made by the executive board of trustees. Specific responsibilities and scope vary and are usually called out in a governance document.

Military
In the units of some military forces, the executive officer is the second-in-command, reporting to the commanding officer (CO).

In most non-naval military services that are land-based (except the U.S. Army, where an executive officer is the second-in-command of certain units) or in joint military organizations, the executive officer is an administrative staff position versus a command position.  XOs in these positions typically assist a commander or deputy commander (or in the case of joint staffs or joint commands, a director) by managing day-to-day activities such as management of the senior officer's schedule, screening of documents or other products, and oversight of the senior officer's administrative support staff.

Management of individual assets in the airline industry is derived from the military terminology, where an executive officer or first officer, is the second in command of the aircraft. In a fixed wing aircraft, the first officer sits in the right-hand seat, but on a rotary wing aircraft, they sit on the left. Management of the airline as a whole is more in-line with the corporate example above.

India
The term 'Executive officer' is used in the Indian Navy. Abbreviated as EXO, the officer is the second-in-command of a ship or shore establishment. In the Indian Army, second-in-command (2IC) is the designation used.

United Kingdom

The term XO is not used in most British Army or Royal Marines units, where the designation second-in-command (2i/c) is used as a formal appointment. However, the position does exist in some specialist regiments within the Royal Artillery where the exact duties vary. In the Royal Air Force, the term XO is informally used between officers and airmen, referring to the officer who is second-in-command. It is, however, formally used in the Royal Navy. In smaller vessels, such as submarines and frigates, the executive officer also holds the position of first lieutenant. Originally, the second-in-command was usually referred to as the first lieutenant (or as "number one"), although it is becoming more common to hear the term XO. On larger ships of the Royal Navy, in which the XO holds the rank of commander, the XO is usually referred to simply as "the commander". The XO also heads the executive department.

United States

United States Army
There are executive officer slots in each company, battalion, regiment, and brigade, though generally not at higher levels of command until the army level.  The XO is typically the second-in-command, and serves as the day-to-day manager of the command staff.  The XO is typically responsible for the management of day-to-day activities, such as administration, maintenance, and logistics, freeing a commander to concentrate on tactical/operational planning and execution and a general officer commander to concentrate on similar planning and execution at the operational-strategic level.  The XO may take charge in the absence of the commander, the exception being commands with a deputy commander, although recent army command reductions have either merged the two, or eliminated the deputy.

A few organizations within the army maintain authorizations for a chief warrant officer to serve as an XO/2IC. One example of this is the Modular Ammunition Platoon, where the ammunition technician acts as the second-in-command during the absence of the platoon leader. While the experience gained as an XO is highly beneficial for an army officer's professional development, it is not necessarily a prerequisite for a command position.  At the army level of command, a commanding general will have a deputy commanding general as second in command and an "executive officer" on their personal staff who works as their liaison to the general staff and an aide-de-camp who takes care of their calendar and personal needs.

United States Marine Corps
The executive officer is the billet of the officer who is second-in-command at the company/battery, battalion/squadron, and Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU)/regiment/aviation group (i.e., Marine Aircraft Group, Marine Air Control Group, and Marine Wing Support Group) level. Per the Marine Corps Manual, paragraph 1007.5: "The executive officer shall be an officer of the organization who is eligible to succeed to command, and normally will be the officer next in rank to the commander. As the direct representative of the commander, all orders issued by the executive officer shall have the same force and effect as though issued by the commander. The executive officer shall conform to and effectuate the policies and orders of the commander and shall be prepared to assume command at any time the need should arise." At higher levels of command, the second-in-command is the assistant division/wing commander or, in the case of a Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF), deputy commander. For those commands having a general officer (usually a brigadier general) in command without a designated assistant commander or deputy commander, such as a Marine Expeditionary Brigade (MEB) or Marine Logistics Group (MLG), the chief of staff (a colonel) is the second-in-command. Unlike their U.S. Navy counterparts, XOs of U.S. Marine Corps squadrons in U.S. Naval Aviation do not "fleet up" to become CO.

United States Navy and United States Coast Guard
The executive officer is the billet of the officer who is second-in-command. An XO is assigned to all ships, aviation squadrons, and shore units and installations, and is responsible to the captain for all ship's work, drills, exercises, personnel organization, and the policing and inspection of the ship. When the ship goes to action stations, the XO confirms that the ship actually is ready for combat and reports this to the captain. The XO's own action station is in a separate part of the ship from that of the captain, so that a single hit will not likely incapacitate both officers. On small ships with no first lieutenant, gunnery officer, or navigator, the executive officer may also be responsible for the duties of those officers. Carrier air wings in the U.S. Navy do not have an XO, but have a deputy commander (DCAG) instead; for shore-based or functional naval air wings headed by a commodore, the equivalent position is the deputy commodore.

In the U.S. Coast Guard, on board small cutters and patrol boats that are commanded by either a junior officer or a senior enlisted member, executive chief petty officers or executive petty officers are usually assigned to serve as second-in-command.

On U.S. aircraft carriers, per Title 10 United States Code, both the captain (i.e., the commanding officer or CO) and the XO assigned to the ship are naval aviators or naval flight officers.  Although not specified by 10 U.S.C., large, air-capable amphibious assault ships will have one of the two senior positions (CO or XO) occupied by a surface warfare officer and the other by a naval aviator or naval flight officer, alternating at each change of command.  In naval aviation, in U.S. Navy squadrons (other than fleet replacement squadrons and the Navy Flight Demonstration Squadron {viz., Blue Angels}), the XO will eventually "fleet up" to become the CO of that squadron after twelve to fifteen months as XO.  This fleet up model was also adopted in the early 2000s for XO and CO positions of both large amphibious assault ships (but not aircraft carriers) and Arleigh Burke-class guided missile destroyers.  In addition to operational and tactical responsibilities, XOs also shoulder most of the CO's administrative burden, to include oversight of the command's administrative officer (if assigned) and administrative department.

The term of XO in the Navy and Coast Guard should not be confused with the term executive assistant (EA) in those services, the latter being an officer in the rank of captain (O-6) who serves either dual-hatted as, or in addition to, the chief of staff to a flag officer.

United States Air Force
In the U.S. Air Force,  XO is not a command or second-in-command position.  Instead, it is used to designate a company grade officer or junior field grade officer who serves as a staff administrative assistant to a senior officer, starting with a commander at the squadron level or above (e.g., squadron, group, wing, numbered air force, major command).  In the other uniformed services, this position may be called an aide, an "executive assistant" or an adjutant.

Like the Army, while experience gained as an XO is highly beneficial for an Air Force officer's professional development, it is not necessarily a prerequisite for a command position.  However, it is often the norm that nearly all Air Force commanders will have been an XO at some point earlier in their careers.  For officers holding second-in-command positions, the U.S. Air Force uses the titles of "vice commander" (CV), or "deputy commander" (CD) for an officer who serves as the second-in-command for an organization above squadron level.  For a squadron level organization, the second-in-command is typically termed the "director of operations" or "operations officer" (DO).  These latter terms were previously used for similar positions at the group and wing level until renamed as the "operations group commander (OG/CC). The rank of an executive officer in the U.S. Air Force can vary from a junior officer supporting a mid level commander up to a senior field grade (FGO) supporting a general officer.

Personal staff officers
The U.S. Air Force uses the term executive officer for officers assigned as personal staff officers to general officers. Their role is similar to aides-de-camp in the U.S. Army, and Marine Corps and flag aides and flag lieutenants in the U.S. Navy and Coast Guard.

Executive officer, Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe
A unique application of the term is executive officer to the Supreme Allied Commander Europe, and commander, United States European Command. This position is typically held by a brigadier general or rear admiral (LH) and is drawn from all of the armed services. The duties involve serving as both an "executive assistant" to Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR) and also includes command responsibilities for the U.S. military community at Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) in Belgium.

References

Military ranks
Administrative law
Business occupations
Corporate governance
Management occupations

Executive officer


Arma er et førerløst køretøj udviklet af den franske producent Navya. Køretøjet er klassificeret i gruppen 4 ud af 5 i forhold til den klassifikation, som SAE International har udviklet.

Køretøjer

Arma


Martin Viktor Jeppesen dit J. V. Martin ou Jeppesen Viktor Martin (Randers,  - ) est un artiste danois, qui fut entre autres membre de l'Internationale situationniste.

Biographie
J. V. Martin, encore étudiant, est militant au sein de la Jeunesse communiste du Danemark (Danmarks Kommunistiske Ungdom, DKU). Il fait ses débuts en 1957 en tant que peintre avec une exposition dans une galerie de Randers. En 1959, il participe à la création d'une branche danoise de l'association Aspect, qui vise à créer un forum commun pour les forces innovantes en architecture, arts visuels, danse, cinéma, littérature, musique et théâtre. Par l'intermédiaire du petit frère d'Asger Jorn, Jørgen Nash, il rejoint l'Internationale situationniste (I.S.) en 1962. Après l'exclusion de Nash et de plusieurs autres membres en mars 1962, tous pouvoirs sont délégués à J.V. Martin pour représenter l'I.S. dans la zone que couvrait la section scandinave. Il est l'un des rares membres encore présent peu de temps avant la dissolution de l'I.S. en avril 1972 ; sa nouvelle compagne d'alors est Maria Supak, qui avait traduit avec Fredy Perlman la version américaine de La Société du spectacle.

Martin a décrit son approche de l'art comme un , une forme d'expressionnisme abstrait à la fois coloré et quelque peu chaotique. Il a utilisé une variété de médiums, notamment l'huile, l'acrylique, l'émail, la gouache, le crayon, le collage et la lithographie, ainsi que des médiums mixtes

Martin a entre autres organisé avec Michèle Bernstein, Guy Debord et Jan Stijbosch, l'exposition Destruction of The RSG-6 à Odense en juin-juillet 1963, où il a exposé une série de peintures, détournement de pop-art, intitulées cartographies thermonucléaires (Thermonukleare kartografier) esquissant une représentation des différentes régions du monde après le déclenchement d'une Troisième Guerre mondiale.

En mars 1965, il est arrêté par les autorités danoises après que sa maison située à Randers a explosé, et qualifié de pyromane.

En 1967, il organise l'exposition Operation Playtime à Aarhus, qui consiste en une série d'. Le groupe suédois Gyllene Flottan, un temps proche de l'I.S., est né à la suite de cette exposition.

Après 1972, il se rapproche à nouveau de Nash et de Jens Jørgen Thorsen et poursuit ses activités artistiques.

Dans les années 1980, il produit une suite de lithographies intitulée Sexografiske tanker.

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie
  Mikkel Bolt Rasmussen, A Cultural History of the Avant-Garde in the Nordic Countries 1950-1975, Leyden, Brill-Rodopi, 2016
  Mikkel Bolt Rasmussen, Playmates and Playboys at a Higher Level. J. V. Martin and the Situationist International, Berlin, Sternberg Press, 2014 .

Liens externes

Naissance en septembre 1930
Naissance à Randers
Décès en juillet 1993
Décès au Danemark
Peintre danois
Lithographe danois
Anarchiste européen
Décès à 62 ans
Membre de l'Internationale situationniste

J. V. Martin


Else Seifert (* 9. Dezember 1879 in Dresden; † 23. Juni 1968 ebenda) war eine Dresdner Architekturfotografin.

Leben
Else Seifert wurde 1879 in Dresden als Tochter des Kaufmanns Karl Robert Seifert (gest. 1880) und seiner Frau Klara Amalie Juliane (gest. 1918) geboren. Acht Jahre lang besuchte sie die Volksschule, dann ein Jahr lang das Fröbelseminar. Es folgte eine kurze Ausbildung in Buchführung. Drei Jahre arbeitete sie als Erzieherin in Kassel, zehn Jahre in der kaufmännischen Praxis. 1909 bis 1924 war sie als Handelslehrerin an der Städtischen Mädchengewerbe- und Handelsschule in Dresden tätig. Während des Ersten Weltkrieges engagierte sie sich als ehrenamtliche Jugendfürsorgerin.

Zur Fotografie kam sie eher zufällig. Ihren ersten Apparat bekam sie, ohne ihn sich gewünscht zu haben. Schon 1909 hatte sich Else Seifert der Amateurphotographie zugewandt und war der Dresdner Photographischen Gesellschaft beigetreten. In ihrer Freizeit studierte sie zwei Semester Praktische Photographie und ein Semester Architektur an der Technischen Hochschule Dresden. Es entstanden Stillleben im Stil der Neuen Sachlichkeit.

1924 ging sie nach Italien. Ihren Lebensunterhalt verdiente sie dort bis 1925 als Krankenpflegerin, nebenher begann sie gewerbsmäßig zu fotografieren. Ein Ergebnis dieser Bemühungen war ihr "Capri-Buch" mit Texten von Heinrich Lersch, das 1926 im Wolfgang Jess Verlag in Dresden erschien.

Im April 1930 erhielt sie den Auftrag, die Hygiene-Ausstellung 1930/1931 in Dresden zu dokumentieren. 1936 fotografierte sie hier im Rahmen der Reichsgartenschau.

Werk
Als Else Seifert am 23. Juni 1968 in Dresden starb, waren eigene Versuche gescheitert, ihren fotografischen Nachlass schon zu Lebzeiten in sichere Hände zu geben. Nach ihrem Tod wurde 1969 ein großer Teil ihrer Arbeit (ca. 960 Negative und 1080 Positive) in die Abteilung Deutsche Fotothek der Sächsischen Landesbibliothek gegeben. Anlässlich ihres 125. Geburtstages 2004 wurde durch die Deutsche Fotothek mit der Aufarbeitung des Nachlasses begonnen, der heute auf den dortigen Internetseiten abgerufen werden kann.

Literatur
 Ausstellungsrezension in: DNN 9. November 2004
 Katja Dannowski: Das Werk der Dresdner Fotografin Else Seifert, in: Dresdner Geschichtsbuch 16, S. 181–207
 Künstler am Dresdner Elbhang. Band 2, S. 428, Elbhang-Kurier-Verlag

Weblinks

 https://www.bildindex.de/ete?action=queryupdate&desc=%22Else%20Seifert%22%20&index=pic-all
 Informationen zu Else Seifert in der Deutschen Fotothek
 Bilder von Else Seifert zur Hygiene-Ausstellung in Dresden 1930/1931 in der Deutschen Fotothek
Nachlass von Else Seifert in der Sächsischen Landesbibliothek – Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden

Einzelnachweise

Fotograf (20. Jahrhundert)
Architekturfotograf
Fotograf (Dresden)
Deutscher
Geboren 1879
Gestorben 1968
Frau
Bestand in der Deutschen Fotothek

Else Seifert


George Fisher (glazbenik), američki death metal pjevač, najpoznatiji kao pjevač death metal sastava Cannibal Corpse
 George Fisher (naseljenik), jedan od vođa Teksaške revolucije 1835. – 1836.

George Fisher


Den nye Huslærer er en dansk stumfilm fra 1914, der er instrueret af Lau Lauritzen Sr. efter manuskript af Verner Nielsen.

Handling

Medvirkende
 Charles Wilken - Grev Jarl Gyldenkrone
 Henny Lauritzen - Grevinden
 Frederik Buch - Greveparrets søn
 Erik Holberg - Hr. Severinsen, huslærer
 Torben Meyer - Valde, vagabond
 Peter Jørgensen
 Holger Syndergaard
 Gabi Lijon
 Vita Blichfeldt
 Oluf Billesborg
 Agnes Andersen
 Carl Petersen

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1914

Stumfilm fra Danmark
Kortfilm fra Danmark

Den nye Huslærer


Jure (Jurij) Sešek (Slovenija, 21. ožujka 1971.), slovenski je radijski i televizijski voditelj, glumac, kolumnist i glazbenik.

Najpoznatiji je kao voditelj i urednik na Radiu Ognjišće, na kojemu je urednik programa za djecu i mlade te športskoga programa. Piše i kolumnu na mrežnim stranicama postaje.

Glumio u Ljetnom kazalištu »Studenec« te je nastupao u mjuziklu Mamma Mia!. Glumio je u igranom filmu Zakleta bajka (2011.). Pjeva u glazbenom sastavu Krila. Prireditelj je brojnih koncerata, kulturnih i umjetničkih događanja.

Oženjen je i otac troje djece. Sin Luka je pjevač i također voditelj na Radiu Ognjišće.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Osobni mrežnik

Slovenski glumci
Slovenski glazbenici

Jure Sešek


Subcultura punk este o culturală marginală, care s-a născut la mijlocul anilor '70 în New York și Londra. Punkul se caracterizează printr-o apariție provocatoare, o atitudine rebelă și un comportament nonconformist. Subcultura punk include o gamă variată de ideologii, imbracaminte și alte forme de expresie, artă vizuală, dans, literatură și film. Este caracterizata în mare parte de opiniile anti-instituție și de promovarea libertății individuale și este centrata pe un gen muzică rock numită punk rock . Aderenții săi sunt numiți "punk-steri", de asemenea, sau scris "punx" în ziua de azi.

Politica punk acoperă întregul spectru politic. Etos punk comună include non-conformitate, anti-autoritarism, anti-corporatismul, etica fa-o singur, anti-consumerism, anti-conservator, anti lăcomiei corporatiste, acțiune directă și nu vanzare de sine

Un aspect important al punk-ului a fost acela de a crea identități în mod explicit exterioare ale sexualității. Tot ceea ce trebuia în mod normal să fie ascuns a fost adus în față.

Estetica Punk determină tipul de arta punk-sterii se bucură, care de obicei are sensuri subterane, minimaliste, iconoclaste și satirice. Punk a generat o cantitate considerabilă de poezie și proză și are propria sa presă subterană sub formă de zine . Au fost făcute multe filme și videoclipuri cu tematică punk.

Istorie

Subcultura punk a apărut în Marea Britanie, Australia și Statele Unite la mijlocul anilor 1970. Exact care regiune a provocat punk-ul a fost mult timp o chestiune de controversă în cadrul mișcării.        Punk-ul timpuriu a avut o abundenta de antecedente si influente, iar Jon Savage descrie subcultura ca " bricolaj " ale aproape toate culturile anterioare de tineret din lumea occidentala de la cel de-al doilea razboi mondial, "lipite impreuna cu ace de siguranta".  Diferite mișcări muzicale, filosofice, politice, literare și artistice au influențat subcultura.

La sfarsitul anilor '70, subcultura a inceput sa se diversifice, ceea ce a dus la proliferarea unor factiuni precum noul val, post-punk, 2 Tone, punk punk, hardcore punk, val, punk street si Oi! . Hardcore punk, punk street și Oi! a căutat să îndepărteze frivolitățile introduse în ultimii ani ai mișcării punk originale.  Subcultura punk a influențat și alte scene de muzică subterană, cum ar fi rock alternative, muzică indie, thrash crossover și subgreute extreme ale heavy metal-ului (în special thrash metal, death metal, metal de viteză și NWOBHM ).  O nouă mișcare în Statele Unite a devenit vizibilă la începutul și la mijlocul anilor 1990, care au încercat să reînvie mișcarea punk, eliminând unele capcane hardcore.

Muzică

Subcultura punk este centrată pe un gen puternic și agresiv de muzică rock numită punk rock, de obicei cantat de trupe formate dintr-un vocalist, unul sau doi chitaristi electrici, un basist electric și un tobosar. În unele trupe, muzicienii contribuie cu vocea de rezervă, care consta, în mod obișnuit, din sloganuri strigăte sau din coruri. .

În timp ce punk rock-ul folosește chitarele distorsionate și sunetele zgomotoase de tambur derivate din rock-ul de garaj din anii 1960 și rock-ului de pub din anii 1970, unele trupe punk încorporează elemente din alte subgreute, cum ar fi rock-ul de surf, rockabilly sau reggae . Cele mai multe melodii punk rock sunt scurte, au aranjamente simple și de bază, folosind relativ puține coarde, și de obicei au versuri care exprimă ideologii și valori punk, deși unele versuri punk sunt despre subiecte mai ușoare, cum ar fi petreceri sau relații romantice .

Diferitele subculturi de punk se disting adesea prin a avea un stil unic de punk rock, deși nu fiecare stil de rock punk are propria sa subcultură asociată.

Cea mai timpurie formă de muzică care urma să fie numită "punk rock" a fost rock-ul de garaj din anii 1960, iar termenul a fost aplicat genului retroactiv de către criticii de rock influenți la începutul anilor 1970.    La sfârșitul anilor 1960, muzica numită în prezent protopuncă a apărut ca o revigorare a rock-ului în nord-estul Statelor Unite.  Prima scenă muzicală distinctă care a revendicat eticheta punk a apărut în New York între 1974 și 1976.  În jurul aceleiași perioade sau imediat după aceea, a apărut o scenă de punk în Londra.  Los Angeles ulterior a devenit acasă la a treia scena punk majore.  Aceste trei orașe au constituit coloana vertebrală a mișcării înfloritoare, dar au existat și alte scene de punk în orașe precum Brisbane, Melbourne și Sydney din Australia, Vancouver și Montreal în Canada, și Boston și San Francisco în Statele Unite.

Subcultura punk pledează pentru o etică a personalului. În timpul copilariei, membrii erau aproape toți dintr-o clasă economică inferioară și se saturasera de bogăția asociată cu muzica populară de atunci. Punk-sterii și-ar publica propria muzică cu mici etichete independente, în speranța de a combate ceea ce au văzut ca o industrie muzicală infomatata. Etica de bricolaj este încă populară cu punk-sterii.

Scena punk rock din New York a apărut dintr-o subterană subculturală promovată de artiști, reporteri, muzicieni și o mare varietate de entuziasti non-mainstream. Sunetul dur și experimental, dar adesea melodic, al lui Velvet Underground, de la jumătatea anilor 1960, o mare parte din care se referă la munca transmisivă de către artistul vizual Andy Warhol, este creditat pentru influența benzilor din anii '70, cum ar fi Dolls New York, The Stooges Ramones .  Noile trupe de punk din New York City erau adesea de scurtă durată, în parte datorită utilizării pe scară largă a drogurilor recreaționale, a sexului promiscuu și uneori a luptelor violente de putere, dar popularitatea relativă a muzicii a condus la evoluția punk-ului într-o mișcare și stil de viață .

Ideologii

Deși punk-sterii sunt deseori clasificati ca având opinii de stânga, revoluționare, anarhiste sau progresive, ideologia politică punk acoperă întregul spectru politic . Ideologiile legate de punk se referă în mare parte la opiniile privind libertatea individuală și la opoziție . Punctele de vedere comune punk includ libertatea individuală, anti-autoritarismul, etica DIY, neconformitatea, anti- colectivismul, anti- corporatismul, antiguvernul, acțiunea directă și nu vinderea de sine.

Unele persoane din subcultură punk dețin opinii de dreapta (cum ar fi cele asociate site-ului web Punk Conservative ), opinii liberale, opinii neonaziste ( punk nazist ) sau sunt apolitice (de exemplu, punk horror ).

Punk-sterii britanici timpurii au exprimat opinii nihiliste și anarhiste cu sloganul No Future, care a venit din piesa Sex Pistols " God Save the Queen ". În Statele Unite, punk-sterii au avut o abordare diferită față de nihilismul care era mai puțin anarhic decât punk-sterii britanici.  Punctul de nihilism a fost exprimat în utilizarea "unor substanțe mai dureroase, mai autodistructive, care evoluează în conștiință, cum ar fi heroina sau metamfetamina"

Problema autenticității este importantă în subcultura punk - termenul pejorativ " poseur " este aplicat celor care se asociază cu punk și adoptă atributele sale stilistice, dar se consideră că nu împărtășesc sau înțeleg valorile sau filosofia subiacente.

Aspecte tipice
Există o gamă largă de imbracaminte punk, inclusiv tricouri deliberat jignitoare, jachete din piele, cizme Dr. Martens etc., coafuri cum ar fi părul puternic colorat și mohawk-uri tepoase etc., cosmetice, tatuaje, bijuterii și modificări corporale . Femeile din scena hardcore purtau de obicei haine masculine.

Vezi si

Surse

Bibliografie

 Willoughby Sharp Joseph Nechvatal, (1984) Cărți de limbă mașină, NY NY
 Alan Moore și Marc Miller, ed., ABC Nu Rio Dinero: Povestea unei Galerii de Artă de Jos de Est (1985) ( Colab, adică Proiecte colaborative, NY, NY)
 Hans Versluys, Burning din Londra: O explorare în subcultura punk ( Universiteit Antwerpen, Belgia, 1980) Tradus 2011, publicat de CreateSpace
 Vasileios Yfantis, Punk Goes Știință: Bibliografia Academic Punk, (2014) CreateSpace, Atena, Grecia. Mai multe informatii
Punk
Anii 1970 în Regatul Unit
Stereotipii
Subculturi
Cultură underground
Cultura Australiei
Pages with unreviewed translations

Subcultura punk


عمور السفلية قرية مغربية بإقليم القنيطرة الساحلي، شمالي الرباط. تضم بلدة عمور السفلية 41.093 نسمة (إحصاء 2004).

قرى المغرب

عمور السفلية


El Departamento de Transporte de Montana  (en inglés: Montana Department of Transportation, MDOT) es la agencia estatal gubernamental encargada en la construcción y mantenimiento de toda la infraestructura ferroviaria, carreteras estatales; así como sus federales, locales e interestatales, y transporte aéreo del estado de Montana. La sede de la agencia se encuentra ubicada en Helena, Montana y su actual director es Jim Lynch.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Sitio web oficial (en inglés)

Agencias estatales de Montana
Carreteras de Montana
Transporte de Montana
Agencias estatales de transporte de Estados Unidos
Organizaciones fundadas en 1992

Departamento de Transporte de Montana


UTS may refer to:

Computing
 Unicode Technical Standard
 Universal Time-Sharing System, an operating system for XDS Sigma  computers
 Amdahl UTS, a Unix operating system for  IBM-compatible mainframes

Science and mechanical

 Ultimate tensile strength of a material
 Unified Thread Standard for screws
 Untriseptium, an unsynthesized chemical element

Education
 University of Technology Sydney, Australia
 Unification Theological Seminary of the Unification Church, New York, US
 Union Theological Seminary (Philippines), Protestant seminary
 Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York, US
 University of Toronto Schools, Canada
 University Transit Service of the University of Virginia, US

Other uses
 Uts (river), a river in Belarus
 Huntsville Regional Airport in Huntsville, Texas (FAA ID)
 Underground Ticketing System, as used in London Underground ticketing
 Uner Tan syndrome
 Ultimate Tennis Showdown
 UTAS UTS-15, a Turkey Pump-action shotgun

UTS


Trine 5 år er en kortfilm fra 1988 instrueret af Morten Bo efter manuskript af Morten Bo.

Handling
Børnefilm. Trine og Thomas er venner. De leger sammen, og da nogle andre børn vil være med, siger Trine, at de er dumme, og at de skal gå deres vej. Senere leger Thomas med en anden dreng, og da Trine vil være med, siger Thomas det samme til hende. Hun bliver gal og ked af det og må trøstes af sin far. Trine og Thomas bliver gode venner igen, og filmen slutter med, at alle børnene leger sammen

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1988

Trine 5 år


Plecturocebus moloch é uma espécie do gênero Plecturocebus.   Seu status de espécie distinta é disputado, dizendo-se um subgrupo de Callicebus moloch.

Plecturocebus

Plecturocebus moloch


ඩිල්ඩොවක් (Dildo) යනු රූපාකාරව පුරුෂ ලිංගයක ස්වරූපය සහිත, ස්වයං වින්දනයේදී හෝ සිය සහකරුවා සමග සංසර්ගයේදී, ලිංගික ප්‍රවේශනය හෝ වෙනත් ලිංගික කාර්යයන් චේතනය කොට ගනිමින් භාවිතා කෙරනු ලබන ලිංගික කාර්ය කෙළි උපකරණයක් වේ.

ලිංගික කාර්ය කෙළි උපකරණ

ඩිල්ඩො


Europski investicijski fond (EIF) europska je institucija čija je glavna svrha ekonomska podrška stvaranju, rastu i razvoju malih i srednjih poduzeća.

Osnovana je 1993. godine temeljem prijedloga donesenog na Europskom vijeću u Edinburgu u prosincu 1992. godine. Sjedište Europskog investicijskog fonda je u gradu Luxembourgu.

Dioničari
Fond je svojom pravnom osobnošću javno-privatno partnerstvo s tročlanom bazom dioničara:

 Europska investicijska banka većinski je dioničar sa 62 % od 2000. godine.
 Europska unija, putem Komisije, posjeduje 29 % dionica, ali 2007. utvrđeno je da će se taj postotak postupno povećavati na 30 %.
 Preostalih 9 % posjeduje 30 europskih banaka i financijskih institucija, iz članica EU i Turske.

Cilj i instrumenti
Fond ima za cilj provoditi europske politike u području poduzetništva, tehnologije, inovacija i regionalnog razvoja. Ovaj se zadatak u osnovi postiže davanjem jamstava ili izravnim intervencijama u kapitalu poduzeća. Da bi to postigao, EIF ima na raspolaganju financijska sredstva od oko 18 milijardi eura što iz vlastitih sredstava što iz sredstava Europske investicijske banke (EIB) i Europske unije, ali i država članica ili trećih strana.

Međutim, baš kao i svaki privatni investicijski fond, EIF mora stvoriti poslovati s dobitkom i stvoriti odgovarajući profit za dioničare.

Svojim financiranjem Fond može intervenirati u cijelom lancu stvaranja nove vrijednosti tvrtke. Na raspolaganju su mu sljedeći instrumenti:

 Vlasnički instrumenti: ulaganja rizičnog kapitala, mezzanine fondovi, inkubatori i transferi tehnologije.
 Jamstva i alati podrške za aktivaciju kredita kroz sekuritizaciju i davanje jamstava i protugarancija za mikrokredite, zajmove i leasing malim i srednjim poduzećima prema bankama, leasing tvrtkama i drugim financijskim institucijama, u svrhu poboljšanja njihove kreditne sposobnosti i dostupnosti i poboljšanja uvjeta zajmova.

EIF može djelovati u državama članicama Europske unije i u zemljama kandidatima i zemljama EFTA-e (Island, Lihtenštajn, Norveška i Švicarska).

Upravljanje
Europskim investicijskim fondom upravljaju četiri tijela:

 glavni direktor (od siječnja 2020., Alain Godard), imenovan na petogodišnji obnovljivi mandat;
 upravni odbor kojeg čini sedam članova, koje je imenovala Skupština na mandat koji se može obnoviti na dvije godine;
 odbor za reviziju;
 godišnja skupština.

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داود إبراهيم (26 ديسمبر 1955) هو رجل عصابات هندي، وتاجر مخدرات ، وإرهابي مطلوب. وبحسب ما ورد يرأس إبراهيم 'شركة دي' التي أسسها في مومباي في السبعينيات لكي تكون واجهة لأعماله الإجرامية. إبراهيم هو مطلوب بتهم تشمل القتل والابتزاز والقتل المستهدف والاتجار بالمخدرات والإرهاب.

صنفته الهند والولايات المتحدة على أنه إرهابي عالمي في عام 2003 ، مع مكافأة قدرها 25 مليون دولار على رأسه لدوره المشتبه به في تفجيرات بومباي عام 1993.

في عام 2011 ، كان ترتيب ابراهيم الثالث في قائمة "أكثر 10 هاربين مطلوبين في العالم" من قبل مكتب التحقيقات الفيدرالي الأمريكي.

مؤخرا ، أدرجت الحكومة الباكستانية داود و 87 آخرين في قائمة العقوبات الخاصة بها من أجل تجنب العقوبات الدولية.

ذكرت بعض التقارير بأن ابراهيم يعيش في باكستان، على الرغم من أن الحكومة الباكستانية تنفي ذلك. في عام 2020، باعت الحكومة الهندية عقارات داود الستة في قريته. نظمت الحكومة المزاد الإلكتروني لممتلكاته بموجب قانون المهربين والمتلاعبين بالعملات الأجنبية(مصادرة الممتلكات) لعام 1976. في نوفمبر 2017، باعت الحكومة عقارات داود الثلاثة، بما في ذلك مطعم في مزاد علني من قبل الحكومة.

الحياة المبكرة
ولد داود إبراهيم في 26 ديسمبر 1955 لأسرة مسلمة. كان والده يعمل ضابط شرطة في شرطة مومباي وكانت والدته ربة منزل. اكملابراهيم دراسته الابتدائية والمتوسطة ثم تركها لاحقًا في الثانوية.

المسيرة الإجرامية
بدأ إبراهيم في ارتكاب الاحتيال والسرقة وهو لا يزال في سن المراهقة. لاحقًا، انضم إبراهيم إلى عصابة محلية. في أواخر السبعينيات، انفصل لاحقًا عن العصابة، وأنشأ عصابته الخاصة مع شقيقه الأكبر شبير إبراهيم. بعد مقتل شقيقه على يد عصابة منافسة، تولى قيادة عصابته ، المعروفة باسم شركة - دي. كان إبراهيم متورطًا بشكل رئيسي في تهريب الذهب وتجارة العقارات والابتزاز وتهريب المخدرات. فرإبراهيم من الهند إلى دبي عام 1986 بعد أن كان مطلوباً من قبل شرطة مومباي بتهمة قتل عضو عصابة منافسة. في السنوات التالية، قام بتوسيع نشاطات عصابته التي ضمت لاحقًا أكثر من 5000 عضو وأدرت الملايين من الروبيات من الإيرادات سنويًا بحلول أوائل التسعينيات.

أتهم داوود من قبل الحكومة الهندية بأنه أحد العقول المدبرة لتفجيرات مومباي عام 1993. بعد الهجمات، فر من دبي إلى كراتشي، حيث يقال إنه يعيش هناك حتى يومنا هذا.

صنفت وزارة الخزانة الأمريكية - مكتب مراقبة الأصول الأجنبية - إبراهيم كإرهابي لتورطه في تجارة المخدرات وتمويل الإرهاب، مما يحظر فعليًا الكيانات المالية الأمريكية من العمل معه ومصادرة الأصول التي يعتقد أنها تحت سيطرة الوزارة.

تحتفظ وزارة الخزانة بتقارير عن إبراهيم تفيد بوجود طرق تهريب لشركاته من جنوب آسيا والشرق الأوسط وأفريقيا مع تنظيم القاعدة الإرهابي واستخدامه من قبله. ذكرت صحيفة الوقائع أيضًا أن شركات إبراهيم متورطة في شحن مخدرات على نطاق واسع في المملكة المتحدة وأوروبا الغربية. ويعتقد أيضا أنه أجرى اتصالات مع زعيم تنظيم القاعدة أسامة بن لادن. في أواخر التسعينيات، سافر إبراهيم إلى أفغانستان تحت حماية طالبان. تهدف شركات إبراهيم باستمرار إلى زعزعة استقرار الهند من خلال أعمال الشغب والإرهاب والعصيان المدني وضخ عملات هندية مزيفة في البلاد. ذكرت الهند اليوم أن إبراهيم قدم الدعم اللوجستي لهجمات مومباي عام 2008.

في الوقت الحاضر، تتمثل أنشطة إبراهيم الإجرامية في تمويل الإرهاب وتهريب المخدرات وتهريب الأسلحة والابتزاز وغسيل الأموال. كما استثمر إبراهيم بكثافة في العقارات في كراتشي ودبي والهند. كان على صلة بتمويل جماعة 'عسكر طيبة' المسؤولة عن هجمات مومباي عام2008.

في عام 2006، سلمت الحكومة الهندية لباكستان قائمة تضم 38 مجرمًا مطلوبًا منهم إبراهيم. توسع نشاط شركاته الإجرامية في جميعأنحاء آسيا وأوروبا وأفريقيا، حيث يأتي أكثر من 40% من أرباحها من الهند.

هجمات مومباي 1993
يعتقد على نطاق واسع أن داود هو العقل المدبر لتفجيرات 1993 في بومباي. في عام 2003، أعلنت الحكومتان الهندية والأمريكية أنإبراهيم "إرهابي عالمي". ووصف نائب رئيس الوزراء الهندي لال كريشنا أدفاني ذلك بأنه تطور كبير. لايزال إبراهيم متواجد حاليًا على"قائمة المطلوبين" في الهند.

في خطاب عام في يونيو 2017 ، ذكر الوزير السابق - رام جثمالاني - أنه بعد تفجيرات بومباي، اتصل به إبراهيم من لندن، وأكد بأنه مستعد للحضور إلىالهند للمحاكمة، بشرط ألا يتعرض لأي معاملة سيئة من قبل الشرطة.

واضاف بأنه عرض هذا الاقتراح على السياسيين آنذاك، لكن السياسيين في السلطة لم يوافقوا على هذا الاقتراح. وبحسب ماذكر، فإنرفضهم السماح بعودة داوود كان بسبب مخاوفهم من أنه قد يكشف أسرارهم.

الوضع الحالي
زعمت عدة تقارير بأن إبراهيم يعيش في باكستان ودولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة. وتقول الهند إنه انتقل إلى الحدود الباكستانية الأفغانية. تضيف مصادر هندية أن "المخابرات الباكستانية بدت حذرة للغاية بشأن التعاون الأمريكي الهندي الجديد لمحاربة الإرهاب." ومع ذلك، ذكر راجناث سينغ، وزير الداخلية الهندي الأسبق ، في البرلمان أن إبراهيم موجود في باكستان وأنه سيعيده إلى الهند.

وفقًا لادعاءات إحدى الوكالات الإخبارية الهندية في 22 أغسطس 2015، بأن إبراهيم متواجد في كراتشي.  ذكرت الوكالة بأنهم أجروامحادثة مع امرأة في كراتشي. نُشرت نصوص المحادثات التي نُشرت على موقع وكالة الأنباء على الإنترنت، في إحدى المحادثات قالت إنهازوجة إبراهيم وأجرت المحادثة و"هو نائم بجانبها" .

وفقًا لملف أعدته الهند في 2015، لتسليمه إلى باكستان، يمتلك إبراهيم تسعة مساكن في باكستان ولديه ثلاثة جوازات سفر باكستانية تتيح له حرية السفر بسهولة. تدعي الهند باستمرار بأن ابراهيم لايزال موجود في باكستان بينما لايزال النفي مستمر من قبل باكستان.

عمليات البحث
بذلت العديد من المحاولات لتحديد مكان إبراهيم من قبل  الاستخبارات الهندية - جناح البحث والتحليل ومكتب الاستخبارات (IB) - ،منذ أن اختبأ. وكثيرا ما تم اقتفاء أثر موقعه في كراتشي بباكستان، وهو ادعاء نفته السلطات الباكستانية مرارا. تم إثبات الادعاءات بشكل أكبر في أغسطس 2015، عندما تم الرد على مكالمة هاتفية أجرتها قناة تلفزيونية هندية من قبل زوجته، التي أكدت وجوده في منزلهم في كراتشي. أعدت المخابرات الهندية على الفور ملفًا لإبراهيم الذي تضمن أدلة على موقعه في كراتشي، من بين أدلة أخرى. وكان من المقرر تقديمه في محادثات على مستوى الأمن القومي بين البلدين في نفس الشهر، والتي تم إلغاؤها لأسباب سياسية.

في مقابلة مع مجلة إنديا توداي ، قال شوتا راجان، المساعد السابق لإبراهيم، الذي اختلف معه لاحقًا في عام 1992 ، "إنه [إبراهيم] يسافر من باكستان من حين لآخر لكن كراتشي هي قاعدته الرئيسية الحالية".

شوتا راجان وداوود إبراهيم
يُعتقد أن راجان قد ساعد السلطات الهندية في الحصول على معلومات عن أنشطة شركات إبراهيم وأعضائها باستخدام معرفته الوثيقة السابقة بإبراهيم وعملياته. لتعزيز سمعته كزعيم عصابة وطني، توعد راجان بقتل أولئك المسؤولين عن تفجيرات بومباي عام 1993.

في فبراير 2010، أطلق أعضاء من عصابة راجان النار على بارون الإعلام النيبالي جاميم شاه في وضح النهار بينما كان يقود سيارته إلى منزله على طريق عام. كان لشاه ظاهريًا صلات مع داود إبراهيم وكان العقل المدبر لعمليات تزييف العملة الهندية داخل نيبال. كانت أنشطته الإجرامية المعادية للهند قد أزعجت الحكومة الهندية لأكثر من عقد ونصف قبل ذلك.

عائلة داوود ابراهيم
في عام 2006، تزوجت ابنة إبراهيم من ابن لاعب الكريكيت الباكستاني جافيد ميانداد. في عام 2011 ، تزوجت ابنته الأخرى من أحد الأشخاص الامريكيين ذوي الاصول الباكستانية. تزوج ابنه من ابنة رجل أعمال مقيم في لندن في 25 سبتمبر 2011. يعيش العديد من أفراد عائلة ابراهيم ، بمن فيهم شقيقه إقبال، في مومباي.

المراجع

الروابط الخارجية
 At Home In Exile
 Portrait of a Don
 BBC Profile on Ibrahim
 Dawood's ISI Link
 – Mumbai's Mafia War
 CNN-IBN's Program Dawood Decoded – About his flourishing Drug Trade and fresh Passport issued by Mali

أشخاص أتهموا بتهمة إرهاب
أشخاص أتهموا بتهمة قتل
أشخاص يحتمل أن يكونوا أحياء
أصحاب أعمال من مومباي
أصحاب أعمال هنود
أكبر المحتالين
تجار مخدرات هنود
جرائم في الإمارات العربية المتحدة
جرائم في ماهاراشترا
شركات - د
فارون مطلوبون بتهم الإرهاب
فارون مطلوبون للولايات المتحدة
قائمة الرعايا المعينين خصيصا والأشخاص المحظورين
مجرمون من مومباي
مسلمون كونكانيون
مهربون هنود
مواليد 1375 هـ
مواليد 1955
هاربون متهمون بارتكاب جرائم قتل
هنود مغتربون في الإمارات العربية المتحدة
هنود مغتربون في باكستان

داود إبراهيم


النفاذية المغناطيسية (معامل النفاذ المغناطيسي) في الفيزياء (بالإنجليزية:(Permeability (electromagnetism) هي قيمة مدى إمكانية تدفق خطوط المجال المغناطيسي في وسط ما، وتزداد سهولة تدفق خطوط المجال المغناطيسي بازدياد نفاذيته والعكس صحيح.يتميز الحديد بنفاذية مغناطيسية عالية. تمثل النفاذية المغناطيسية نسبة كثافة التدفق المغناطيسي إلى شدة المجال المغناطيسي. وحدة النفاذية هي هنري لكل متر.

يرمز لنفاذية مادة للمغناطيسية بالرمز μ وهي تحدد نفاذية مادة ما للمجال المغناطيسي، وتختلف قيمتها من مادة إلى مادة.

والعلاقة بين كثافة الفيض المغناطيسي B لمادة وشدة المجال المغناطيسي H هي:

حيث:

B هي كثافة التدفق المغناطيسي تسلا و H هي شدة المجال المغناطيسي أمبير/متر.
و تتميز المواد المغناطيسية مثل الحديد والكوبلت والنيكل بنفاذية مغناطيسية عالية. فإذا سلط عليها مجالا مغناطيسيا ضعيفا من الخارج أنتجت حولها مجالا مغناطيسيا أكثر شدة، ذلك لأنها تتمتع بالخاصية المغناطيسية.ولهذا تستغل تلك المواد في صناعة المحركات الكهربائية والمحولات الكهربائية والأجراس الكهربائية والمولدات الكهربائية وغيرها.

 نفاذية الفراغ للمغناطيسية

يوصل الفراغ أيضا المجال المغناطيسي، إذاٌ فله نفاذية مغناطيسية. وتبلغ نفاذية الفراغ المغناطيسية :

حيث الوحدات:

 N نيوتن

 A أمبير

 أو هنري/متر.

 نفاذية الفراغ المغناطيسية هي ثابت طبيعي.

 النفاذية النسبية النفاذية النسبية ويرمز لها بالرمز μr منالمصطلح الإنجليزي relative Permeability ، وهي النسبة بين نفاذية وسط ما أو مادة ما إلى نفاذية الفراغ (تسمى نفاذية الفراغ أحيانا ثابت المغناطيسية):

:

.

حيث الوحدات:

 N نيوتن

 A أمبير

وترتبط القابلية المغناطيسية ''' لمادة  magnetic susceptibility بالنفاذية النسبية  بالعلاقة:

.

حيث:

χm عدد مطلق، ليست له وحدات، يسمى أحيانا القابلية الحجمية
(للتفرقة بينه وبين χp القابلية المولية أو قابلية الكتلة المولية).

نفاذية مركبة وعدد النفاذية

في التقنية الكهربائية تستخدم النفاذية المركبة بغرض وصف التأثيرات المعتمدة على الزمن وبالتالي المعتمدة على التردد. وتعرف النفاذية المركبة كالآتي:

وهي تتكون من جزء حقيقي للنفاذية  وهو النفاذية المعتادة. وجزء تخيلي
وهو يصف «فقد تغير المغناطيسية»، أو المقاومة المغناطيسية للقطعة الإلكترونية.

النفاذية النسبية للمواد تكون قريبة من 1 وبالتالي يمكن اهمال الجزء التخيلي للنفاذية لها، ما عدا للمواد ذات مغناطيسية حديدية مثل الحديد والكوبلت والنيكل، فهؤلاء لهم نفاذية أكبر من 1 ويجب مراعاة الجزء التخيلي لهم في حساب التيار المتردد. أي يمكن اهمال تغير النفاذية بتغير التردد لمعظم المواد ما عدا المواد ذات مغناطيسية حديدية. فتوصف النفاذية ككمية غير متجهة، لا تعتمد على التردد:

بالنسبة للمواد ذات مغناطيسية حديدية لا يمكن إهمال نفاذيتها التي تعتمد على التردد في تطبيقات تكنولوجية كثيرة، فنتطبق عليها المعادلة:

حيث  تردد المجال المغناطيسي.

وينسب جزء النفاذية التخيلي
إلى حركة جدران بلوخ (جدران حبيبات المادة الحديدية)، ويحدث رنين بحد أقصى في نطاق التردد بين 10 كيلوهرتز و 1000 كيلوهرتز.

تماثل النفاذية المركبة خواصا فيزيائية كثيرة للمادة تختلف قيمها في الثلاثة اتجاهات، ويمكن وصفها بموتر. تسمى تلك الخاصية Anisotropy أي تختلف قيمة مغناطيسية قطعة العينة باختلاف اتجاه مغنطتها.

بالنسبة لمعظم المواد تكون خاصية تغير مقدار مغناطيسيتها في الاتجاهات المختلفة صغيرة جدا بحيث يمكن وصف سلوكها «بنفاذية مركبة غير متجهة» scaler complex permeability.

تصنيف المواد وعدد النفاذية

وحدات كهرومغناطيسية

اقرأ أيضا
 سماحية
 قابلية مغناطيسية

كميات فيزيائية
مغناطيسية
هندسة الكهرباء

نفاذية (كهرومغنطيسية)


سوريا  أي النور الأعلى، وذلك بحسب المعتقد الهندوسي وهو إله شمسي رئيسي وابن كاسيابا وزوج أو ابن أديتي، وعادة ما يشير للشمس في الهند ونيبال.

المراجع

آلهة الشمس
آلهة هندوسية
أسماء الإله في الهندوسية
شخصيات المهابهارتا
نافاغرها

سوريا (إله)


Die Neuseeländische Badmintonmeisterschaft 2009 fand vom 11. bis zum 13. September 2009 in Auckland in Neuseeland statt.

Finalresultate

Referenzen
http://tournamentsoftware.com/sport/tournament.aspx?id=CA6A4EE5-586C-40F0-9171-FE54C82094F3

2009
Badmintonwettbewerb in Auckland
Badminton 2009


An Philodendron reticulatum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Michael Howard Grayum. An Philodendron reticulatum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Philodendron, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Philodendron

Philodendron reticulatum


La coupe du monde universitaire de rugby à XIII est une compétition internationale qui oppose des sélections nationales d'étudiants.

Sous l'égide de la Fédération internationale, elle est organisée pour la première fois en 1986 en Nouvelle-Zélande, et elle est alors disputée par cinq nations majeures de rugby  XIII.

Depuis, neuf coupes du monde ont été organisées et seize nations y ont participé.

La prochaine édition est prévue en 2021 en Angleterre.

Néanmoins, en raison de la pandémie de la Covid-19, des équipes majeures comme l'Australie décident d'annuler leur participation.

Le tournoi est finalement reporté en 2022.

Histoire de la compétition

Nations participantes et palmarès

Temps forts de la compétition

Joueurs notables

Notes et références

Liens externes
 Archives de la Fédération galloise de rugby à XIII

Compétition fondée en 1986

Coupe du monde universitaire de rugby à XIII


John William Leonard Lyttelton,  vicomte Cobham ( - ) est un noble britannique et pair de la famille Lyttelton. Il est connu sous le nom de "Johnny Lyttelton" par ses amis et sa famille.

Biographie
Il fait ses études au Collège d'Eton, où son père a été avant lui, et au Christ's College, Christchurch, alors que son père le  vicomte est Gouverneur général de Nouvelle-Zélande. Il fréquente ensuite le Royal Agricultural College de Cirencester.

Il épouse Penelope Ann Cooper en 1974 et hérite des titres de la famille et du manoir de Hagley Hall, à la mort de son père en 1977. Confronté à des droits de succession et à des coûts d'entretien élevés  ainsi qu'à l'état instable des finances laissé par ses prédécesseurs, il vend aux enchères les archives de 700 ans de sa famille pour 164 000 £ et vend Necker Island à Richard Branson pour 120 000 $ . Le manoir est converti en lieu de conférence, bien qu'elle soit également restée la maison familiale.

Il est membre du Parti conservateur, mais sa timidité l'empêche d'occuper le siège à la Chambre des lords auquel sa pairie héréditaire lui donne droit. Il quitte les conservateurs en 1992, pour protester contre l'annonce par Michael Heseltine de la fermeture de nombreuses mines de charbon. Sa première épouse est conseillère spéciale de David Mellor lorsque Mellor est secrétaire d'État à la Culture, aux Médias et aux Sports en 1992. Lady Cobham quitte plus tard son mari pour Mellor, et ils divorcent le 30 août 1995. Lord Cobham doit vendre des objets de famille pour payer à son ex-femme 1 million £ en règlement de divorce. Il avoue plus tard avoir envisagé de se suicider après la rupture de son mariage et admet être assis dans son salon avec un fusil de chasse chargé .

Lord Cobham se remarie le  août 1997 à Lisa Clayton, la première femme britannique à avoir fait le tour du monde en solitaire et sans escale.

Il s'oppose à l'interdiction de la chasse au renard et déclare qu'il préférait aller en prison plutôt que d'empêcher la chasse d'avoir lieu sur son domaine .

Lord Cobham est mort en Espagne. Ses cendres sont amenées à Hagley pour être enterrées dans le tombeau des Lyttelton à l'église paroissiale de Hagley. Il n'a aucun enfant de l'un ou l'autre mariage et ses titres passent à son jeune frère, Christopher Lyttelton (12e vicomte Cobham).

Références

 Nécrologie, The Guardian, 22 juillet 2006

Liens externes

Élève du collège d'Eton
Vicomte de la pairie de Grande-Bretagne
Décès en juillet 2006
Naissance en juin 1943
Décès à 63 ans
Vicomte Cobham

John Lyttelton (11e vicomte Cobham)


Octavia Victoria Rogers Albert (24 de dezembro de 1853 - 19 de agosto de 1889) foi uma autora e biógrafa afro-americana.  Ela documentou a escravidão nos Estados Unidos através de uma coleção de entrevistas com ex-escravos em seu livro The House of Bondage, ou Charlotte Brooks and Other Slaves, que foi publicado postumamente em 1890.

Biografia
Ela nasceu Octavia Victoria Rogers em Oglethorpe, Geórgia, onde viveu na escravidão até a emancipação . Ela frequentou a Universidade de Atlanta, onde estudou para ser professora. Octavia Rogers via o ensino como uma forma de adoração e serviço cristão. Ela recebeu seu primeiro emprego como professora em Montezuma, Geórgia.

Casamento e família
Em 1874, por volta dos 21 anos, casou-se com outro professor, Dr. Aristide Elphonso Peter Albert, e tiveram uma filha juntos, Laura T. Albert. Em 1875 Octavia converteu-se à Igreja Episcopal Metodista Africana, uma igreja sob o ministério de Henry McNeal Turner, um congressista e ativista político proeminente. Após sua conversão, ela ensinou porque viu o ensino como uma forma de adoração e como parte de seu serviço cristão, como seus colegas contemporâneos. Enquanto ensinava em Montezuma, Geórgia, ela e seu marido tornaram-se fortes defensores da educação e da "religião americana", pois usavam sua casa para dar aulas de leitura e escrita. Seu marido tornou-se um ministro ordenado na Igreja Episcopal Metodista Africana em 1877. Logo após o casal se casar, eles se mudaram para Houma, Louisiana .

Publicações

The House of Bondage, ou Charlotte Brooks e outros escravos
Este livro foi publicado em dezembro de 1890. Octavia Albert começou a realizar entrevistas com homens e mulheres em Houma, Louisiana, que já foram escravizados. Ela conheceu Charlotte Brooks pela primeira vez em 1879 e decidiu entrevistá-la mais tarde, junto com outros ex-escravos da Louisiana. Essas entrevistas foram a matéria-prima para sua coleção de narrativas. Trechos deste trabalho foram publicados no Southwestern Christian Advocate.

Embora a maior parte do livro se concentre na narrativa de Charlotte Brooks, Albert também implementou as entrevistas dos ex-escravos John Goodwin, Lorendo Goodwin, Lizzie Beaufort, Coronel Douglass Wilson e uma mulher conhecida como Hattie. Suas entrevistas e experiências moldaram seu livro The House of Bondage, ou Charlotte Brooks and Other Slaves como uma mistura de histórias de escravos que exporiam a desumanidade da escravidão e seus efeitos sobre os indivíduos. O objetivo de Albert ao escrever seu livro era contar as histórias dos escravos, sua liberdade e adaptação a uma sociedade em mudança para "corrigir e criar história". As histórias de Charlotte Brooks e dos outros acabariam sendo compiladas em um livro após a morte de Octavia, publicado em Nova York por Hunt e Eaton em 1890. Octavia Albert morreu em 19 de agosto de 1889, antes de The House of Bondage se tornar amplamente conhecido.

Veja também

 Narrativa escrava

Ligações externas

 The House of Bondage, or, Charlotte Brooks and Other Slaves, Original and Life-Like, As They Appeared in Their Old Plantation and City Slave Life, texto completo da edição original de 1890, juntamente com as imagens da capa e da página de rosto.

Mortos em 1889
Nascidos em 1853
Biógrafos dos Estados Unidos
Escritoras dos Estados Unidos
Historiadores dos Estados Unidos
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Negres)

Octavia Victoria Rogers Albert


Ourisia er ættkvísl blómstrandi plantna í Plantaginaceae, ættaðar frá vesturhluta S-Ameríku og Nýja-Sjálandi.

Tegundir
Meðal tegunda sem teljast til Ourisia eru:
Ourisia alpina
Ourisia biflora
Ourisia breviflora
Ourisia caespitosa - Skriðstýra
Ourisia chamaedrifolia
Ourisia cotapatensis
Ourisia coccinea
Ourisia cockayniana
Ourisia crosbyi
Ourisia fragrans
Ourisia fuegiana
Ourisia glandulosa
Ourisia goulandiana
Ourisia integrifolia
Ourisia macrocarpa
Ourisia macrophylla - Blaðstýra
Ourisia melaspermioides
Ourisia microphylla - Fjallastýra
Ourisia muscosa
Ourisia polyantha
Ourisia pulchella
Ourisia pygmaea
Ourisia remotifolia
Ourisia ruellioides
Ourisia serpyllifolia
Ourisia sessilifolia - Þekjustýra
Ourisia simpsonii
Ourisia spathulata
Ourisia vulcanica

Tilvísanir

Græðisúruætt

Ourisia


Die Liste der Biografien führt alle Personen auf, die in der deutschsprachigen Wikipedia einen Artikel haben. Dieses ist eine Teilliste mit 123 Einträgen von Personen, deren Namen mit den Buchstaben "Muller, R" beginnt.

Muller, R

Muller, Ra
 Müller, Rabeya (* 1957), deutsche Islamwissenschaftlerin, muslimische Theologin und Religionspädagogin
 Müller, Rainer (* 1933), deutscher Ingenieur und Hochschullehrer für Automatisierung
 Müller, Rainer (1941–2001), deutscher Fußballspieler
 Müller, Rainer (1941–2019), deutscher Arzt, Sozialwissenschaftler und Hochschullehrer an der Universität Bremen
 Müller, Rainer (1944–2004), deutscher Historiker
 Müller, Rainer (* 1946), deutscher Bahnradsportler
 Müller, Rainer (* 1953), deutscher Diplomat
 Müller, Rainer (1953–2023), deutscher Taekwondoin
 Müller, Rainer (* 1961), deutscher Orgelbauer
 Müller, Rainer (* 1966), deutscher Basketballspieler
 Müller, Rainer (* 1966), deutscher Langstreckenläufer
 Müller, Rainer (* 1966), deutscher Historiker und Bürgerrechtler
 Müller, Ralf (* 1967), deutscher Tänzer
 Müller, Ralph (* 1963), deutscher Politiker (AfD), MdL
 Müller, Raphael (* 1999), deutscher Schriftsteller
 Müller, Ray (* 1948), deutscher Regisseur, Drehbuchautor, Filmproduzent und Schriftsteller

Muller, Re
 Müller, Rebecca (* 1972), deutsche Kunsthistorikerin, Mediävistin und Hochschullehrerin
 Müller, Rebekka (* 1988), deutsche Politikerin
 Müller, Regine (* 1959), deutsche Politikerin (SPD), MdL
 Müller, Reimar (1932–2020), deutscher Klassischer Philologe
 Müller, Reiner (1879–1953), deutscher Hygieniker und Bakteriologe
 Müller, Reinhard (1898–1991), deutscher Arrangeur und Komponist
 Müller, Reinhard (1929–2002), Schweizer Politiker (BGB, SVP)
 Müller, Reinhard (* 1944), deutscher Historiker und Soziologe
 Müller, Reinhard (* 1953), deutscher Architekt und Stadtplaner
 Müller, Reinhard (* 1954), österreichischer Soziologe
 Müller, Reinhard (* 1968), deutscher Rechtswissenschaftler und Journalist
 Müller, Reinhard (* 1972), deutscher evangelischer Theologe und Alttestamentler
 Müller, Reinhold (1857–1939), deutscher Mathematiker und Kinematiker
 Müller, Reinhold (1875–1940), deutscher Beamter und Politiker, MdL
 Müller, Reinhold F. G. (1882–1966), deutscher Indologe und Medizinhistoriker
 Müller, Reinhold Georg (1937–2000), deutscher Bildhauer
 Müller, Renate (1906–1937), deutsche Schauspielerin und Sängerin
 Müller, Renate (* 1945), deutsche Designerin und Spielzeugproduzentin
 Müller, Renate, deutsche Filmeditorin
 Müller, René (* 1959), deutscher Fußballtorhüter und -trainer
 Müller, René (* 1974), deutscher Fußballspieler
 Müller, Reto (* 1964), Schweizer Opernforscher
 Müller, Reto (* 1974), Schweizer Tischtennisspieler
 Müller, Reto (* 1978), Schweizer Politiker (GSP)
 Müller, Reto (* 1998), Schweizer Radsportler

Muller, Ri
 Müller, Richard, deutscher Fußballspieler
 Müller, Richard, Schweizer Fussballspieler
 Müller, Richard (1851–1931), deutscher Politiker (Zentrum), MdR
 Müller, Richard (1852–1932), deutscher Jurist in der Finanz- und Zollverwaltung
 Müller, Richard (1861–1924), deutscher Heimatdichter
 Müller, Richard (1874–1954), deutscher Maler und Grafiker
 Müller, Richard (1877–1930), deutscher Architekt, Professor und Rektor
 Müller, Richard (1880–1943), deutscher sozialistischer Politiker (USPD) und Gewerkschafter, Persönlichkeit der Novemberrevolution
 Müller, Richard (1884–1957), österreichischer Fotograf
 Müller, Richard (1903–1999), deutscher Chemiker
 Müller, Richard (1912–2005), deutscher Agrarwissenschaftler und Hochschullehrer
 Müller, Richard (1913–1986), Schweizer Politiker (SP)
 Müller, Richard (1920–1986), deutscher Verwaltungsbeamter und Politiker (SPD), MdL, MdB
 Müller, Richard (1932–2013), Schweizer Journalist, Redaktor, Publizist und Politiker (SP)
 Müller, Richard (* 1961), slowakischer Sänger
 Muller, Richard A. (* 1944), US-amerikanischer Physiker
 Müller, Richard G. E. (1910–1993), deutscher Psychologe
 Müller, Richy (* 1955), deutscher Schauspieler
 Müller, Ricklef (* 1922), deutscher Bühnen-, Fernseh- und Filmschauspieler
 Müller, Rita (* 1965), deutsche Historikerin und Direktorin des Museums der Arbeit in Hamburg

Muller, Ro
 Müller, Robby (1940–2018), niederländischer Kameramann
 Müller, Robert (1849–1909), deutscher Posaunist
 Müller, Robert (1868–1948), sächsischer Abgeordneter und Amtshauptmann
 Müller, Robert (* 1872), deutscher Verwaltungsbeamter und Politiker (DNVP), MdL
 Müller, Robert (* 1877), österreichischer Filmproduzent und Filmverleiher
 Müller, Robert (1879–1968), österreichisch-deutscher Schauspieler
 Müller, Robert (1886–1945), deutscher Psychiater und T4-Gutachter
 Müller, Robert (1887–1924), österreichischer Schriftsteller, Journalist und Verleger
 Müller, Robert (1920–2003), Schweizer Bildhauer
 Muller, Robert (1925–1998), deutscher Autor, Drehbuchautor und Journalist
 Müller, Robert (1980–2009), deutscher Eishockeytorwart
 Müller, Robert (* 1986), deutscher Fußballspieler
 Müller, Robert Franz (1864–1933), österreichischer Schriftsteller
 Müller, Robert M. (1897–1951), österreichischer Chemiker
 Müller, Roland (* 1955), deutscher Archivar und Historiker
 Müller, Roland (* 1962), Schweizer Politiker (Grüne)
 Müller, Roland (* 1969), österreichischer Maler
 Müller, Roland (* 1986), österreichischer Skispringer
 Müller, Roland (* 1988), deutsch-philippinischer Fußballtorhüter
 Müller, Roland A. (* 1963), Schweizer Verbandsmanager
 Müller, Roland Albert (1936–2016), Schweizer Entomologe
 Müller, Rolf (1898–1981), deutscher Astronom
 Müller, Rolf (* 1939), deutscher Fußballspieler und -trainer
 Müller, Rolf (1940–2015), deutscher Gestalter
 Müller, Rolf (* 1941), deutscher Maler, Grafiker und Textilkünstler
 Müller, Rolf (* 1947), deutscher Politiker (CDU), MdL, Staatssekretär
 Müller, Rolf (* 1953), deutscher Molekularbiologe
 Müller, Rolf (* 1961), deutscher Bobsportler
 Müller, Rolf (* 1965), deutscher Pharmazeut und Hochschullehrer
 Müller, Rolf Felix (1932–2021), deutscher Grafikdesigner und Illustrator
 Müller, Rolf-Dieter (* 1948), deutscher Historiker
 Müller, Rolf-Hans (1928–1990), deutscher Orchesterleiter und Komponist
 Müller, Romy (* 1958), deutsche Leichtathletin und Olympiasiegerin
 Müller, Rosemarie (* 1949), deutsche Politikerin (SPD), MdEP

Muller, Ru
 Müller, Rudi (1927–2003), deutscher Lehrer und Förderer des Breitensports und der Völkerverständigung
 Müller, Rudolf (1802–1885), Schweizer Landschaftsmaler
 Müller, Rudolf (1813–1890), deutscher Landwirt und Politiker
 Müller, Rudolf (1816–1904), böhmischer Historienmaler, Kunstschriftsteller sowie Zeichenlehrer
 Müller, Rudolf (1854–1912), deutscher Verwaltungsjurist
 Müller, Rudolf (1856–1922), deutscher Lehrer und Biograph des Rotkreuz-Gründers Henry Dunant
 Müller, Rudolf (1864–1955), österreichischer Politiker (SDAP), Landtagsabgeordneter, Abgeordneter zum Nationalrat, Mitglied des Bundesrates
 Müller, Rudolf (1876–1933), deutscher Verwaltungsjurist und Präsident des Landgerichts Detmold
 Müller, Rudolf (1878–1966), deutscher Diplomat
 Müller, Rudolf (1899–1986), Schweizer Bildhauer, Keramiker, Unternehmer, Redakteur und Autor.
 Müller, Rudolf (1903–1969), deutscher Maler, Grafiker, Kunstpädagoge, Künstlerischer Lehrer für Aktzeichnen sowie Künstler der verschollenen Generation
 Müller, Rudolf (* 1910), deutscher Fußballspieler
 Müller, Rudolf (1910–1961), deutscher Politiker (SPD), MdA
 Müller, Rudolf (* 1911), deutscher Politiker (SED), kommissarischer Vorsitzender des RdB Cottbus
 Müller, Rudolf (1912–2009), deutscher Politiker (CSU)
 Müller, Rudolf (1915–2011), deutscher Politiker (FDP), MdL
 Müller, Rudolf (1924–1987), deutscher Politiker (CDU), MdB
 Müller, Rudolf (* 1931), deutscher Fluchthelfer
 Müller, Rudolf (1931–2012), deutscher Geistlicher, römisch-katholischer Bischof von Görlitz
 Müller, Rudolf (* 1932), deutscher Politiker (SPD), MdB
 Müller, Rudolf (1938–2016), deutscher Politiker (CDU)
 Müller, Rudolf (* 1947), österreichischer Arbeitsrechtsjurist, Richter am Verfassungsgerichtshof
 Müller, Rudolf (* 1951), deutscher Politiker (AfD), MdL
 Müller, Rudolf (* 1960), deutscher Fußballspieler
 Müller, Rudolf Wolfgang (1934–2017), deutscher Politologe
 Müller, Rudolph (* 1839), deutscher Jurist und Politiker, MdL
 Müller, Ruth (1922–2008), deutsche Fabrikarbeiterin, Gewerkschafterin und Betriebsrätin
 Müller, Ruth (* 1967), deutsche Politikerin (SPD), MdL BY, Mitglied des Kreisrates Landshut

Liste der Biografien/Muller, R


Ketti Gallian (* 25. Dezember 1912 in Nizza; † Dezember 1972 in Paris) war eine französische Schauspielerin.

Leben
Im Alter von 15 Jahren ging sie nach Paris und fand Arbeit als Model. Später ging sie zurück nach Nizza und spielte in einer Reihe von Filmen von Paramount Pictures mit.

Ihre Rolle in The Ace an der Seite von Raymond Massey auf der Bühne des Westendtheaters in London führte zu einem Filmvertrag bei der Fox Film Corporation. Der große Durchbruch in den Vereinigten Staaten gelang ihr jedoch nie, weshalb sie später wieder nach Frankreich zurückkehrte.

Filmografie
 1931: Indéfrisable – Regie: Jean de Marguenat (Kurzfilm)
 1932: Avec l'assurance – Regie: Roger Capellani
 1932: Côte d'azur – Regie: Roger Capellani
 1932: Les Ruines de Gallifontaine – Regie: Marco de Gastyne (Kurzfilm)
 1932: Sens interdit – Regie: Jean de Marguenat (Kurzfilm)
 1934: Marie Galante – Regie: Henry King
 1934: George White's Scandals – Regie: Thotton Friedland und Harry lachman
 1935: Die Peitsche der Pampas (Under the Pampas Moon) – Regie: James Tinling
 1937: Tanz mit mir (Shall We dance) – Regie: Mark Sandrich
 1937: Aloha, le chant des îles – Regie: Léon Mathot
 1937: Espionage – Regie: Kurt Neumann
 1938: La Piste du sud – Regie: Pierre Billon
 1944: Fräulein X – Regie: Pierre Billon
 1949: Ritter seines Königs (Du Guesclin) – Regie: Bernard de La Tour
 1949: Agnès de rien – Regie: Pierre Billon
 1955: Soupçons – Regie: Pierre Billon

Weblinks

Geboren 1912
Gestorben 1972
Filmschauspieler
Franzose
Frau

Ketti Gallian


Reign of Light šesti je studijski album švicarskog metal sastava Samael. Diskografska kuća Regain Records objavila ga je 11. listopada 2004. godine.

O albumu
Reign of Light bio je snimljen nakon sporednih glazbenih projekata sastava, Era One i Lessons in Magic #1 (koji su 2006. godine bili objavljeni kao dvostruki album pod imenom Era One), ali masteriran i objavljen prije njih. Njegovo snimanje bilo je odgođeno zbog komplikacija između Samaela i izdavača Century Media Records, kao i zbog raznih događaja u životima članova skupine. Na koncu su članovi osnovali vlastitu diskografsku kuću (Galactic Records) i stekli potpunu kreativnu kontrolu nad albumom. Producent albuma bio je Waldemar Sorychta, koji je bio zaslužan za produkciju i ranijih albuma grupe.

Dva su singla bila objavljena s Reign of Lighta, "Telepath" i "On Earth". Međutim, Samael je snimio glazbeni spot samo za "Telepath".

Naslovnica albuma prikazuje Sunčevu koronu tijekom pomrčine.

Glazbeni stil
Na albumu Samael u potpunosti napušta black metal, žanr koji ga je karakterizirao od njegovog samog početka, te ga zamjenjuje industrijalnom glazbom, stilistički sličnoj onoj grupa Rammstein, Laibach i Deadstar Assembly. Na albumu su prisutni i orijentalni te arapski glazbeni aranžmani, koji nekim pjesmama daju specifičan etnički prizvuk. U stvaranju navedenog su prizvuka pomogli i gostujući glazbenici Sami Yli-Simiö, koji je svirao sitar, i Sandra Schleret, koja je bila dodatna pjevačica.

Popis pjesama

Recenzije
Eduardo Rivadavia, glazbeni kritičar sa stranice AllMusic, dodijelio je albumu tri od pet zvjezdica te je izjavio: "Samaelov dugoočekivani šesti album, Reign of Light (iz 2004.), bilo je značajno poglavlje za karijeru ovog švicarskog kvarteta po tome što nije bio toliko heavy metal album pomiješan s elektroničkim elementima (poput njegovih nedavnih prethodnika) koliko je bio trip hop/industrijalni album urešen sastojcima heavy metala. Kao takav, bio je puno uspješniji [...] od nenadahnute techno-black metal vježbe Eternal iz 1999., ali za većinu dugogodišnjih Samaelovih obožavatelja koji su čekali pola desetljeća na to, pa, njihovo je općenito negodovanje bilo bučno. Međutim, većina bi tih obožavatelja trebala biti razumnija i ne bi trebala očekivati bilo kakav povratak čistoći ekstremnog metala (što će, začudo, doći kasnije) i, kao što je prethodno bilo spomenuto, najveća snaga Reign of Lighta ne leži u njegovom glazbenom smjeru, već u dosljednosti njegove vizije, čvrste atmosfere i kvalitetno napisanih skladbi." Dodao je: "Iako se "Oriental Dawn" i neobično blaga "Further" ponegdje znaju gegati, ne postoje izravne pogreške koje bi mogle srušiti ovu Vladavinu svjetla (Reign of Light) -- album koji je reafirmirao akreditive Samaelovog skladanja daleko iznad njegove neumorne kreativnosti i konačno donio prikladan i dostojan, iako zakašnjeli nastavak zlokobnog, robotskog i ocetnog sjaja revolucionarnog djela skupine iz 1996., Passagea."

Osoblje

Samael
 Vorph – vokali, gitara
 Xy – klavijature, programiranje bubnjeva, udaraljke
 Mas – bas-gitara
 Makro – gitara
Dodatni glazbenici
 Sami Yli-Sirniö – sitar
 Sandra Schleret – vokali

Ostalo osoblje
 Waldemar Sorychta – produkcija
 Yves Métry – inženjer zvuka
 Totor – inženjer zvuka
 D-Teck – inženjer zvuka
 Stefan Glaumann – miksanje
 Björn Engelmann – mastering
 Staffan Celmins – miksanje (pomoćnik)
 Sedrik Nemeth – fotografija
 Edi Maurer – fotografija
 Le Seigneur des Marais – naslovnica, omot albuma

Izvori

Albumi iz 2004.
Albumi sastava Samael

Reign of Light