Jak and Daxter is an action-adventure video game franchise created by Andy Gavin and Jason Rubin and owned by Sony Interactive Entertainment. The series was originally developed by Naughty Dog with a number of installments being outsourced to Ready at Dawn and High Impact Games. The first game, Jak and Daxter: The Precursor Legacy, released on December 3, 2001, was one of the earliest titles for the PlayStation 2, and is regarded as a defining franchise for the console.

The games are story-based platformers that feature a mixture of action, racing and puzzle solving. The series is set in a fictional universe that incorporates science fantasy, steampunk, cyberpunk, and mystical elements, while centering on the eponymous characters as they try to uncover the secrets of their world, and unravel the mysteries left behind by an ancient race called the Precursors. The games are inspired by a combination of Eastern and Western culture, a decision made among the team members at Naughty Dog and related stakeholders while developing the first title.

The first three games in the series were re-released on the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita as part of the remastered Jak and Daxter Collection that includes support for the PlayStation Network and the PlayStation Suite. The original three Jak and Daxter games, along with Jak X: Combat Racing, were released for the PlayStation 4 as Jak and Daxter Bundle in August 2017, alongside the release of Uncharted: The Lost Legacy. In December that year, Jak II, Jak 3 and Jak X: Combat Racing were released. The series has also produced various forms of extended media and merchandise, and has sold over 12 million copies worldwide.

Games

Main installments
Jak and Daxter: The Precursor Legacy was first released in North America on December 3, 2001, for the PlayStation 2. After Daxter falls into a Dark Eco silo at the forbidden Misty Island, he is transformed from a human into an ottsel, a fictional hybrid of an otter and weasel. In a quest to return Daxter to human form, he and Jak set out to find the Dark Eco sage Gol Acheron. However, the duo find Acheron corrupted by Dark Eco, choosing to use the elusive Light Eco to defeat him and save the world at the cost of Daxter remaining in his ottsel form. A Flash game was published online in 2001 to promote The Precursor Legacy.

Jak II was first released in North America on October 14, 2003, for the PlayStation 2. Its narrative takes place directly after the events of The Precursor Legacy. Jak, Daxter, Samos, and Keira are thrust into the industrious Haven City after using the rift gate, with Jak being imprisoned by the Krimzon Guard upon his arrival in the city. Jak is subjected to experiments with Dark Eco and is subsequently capable of using Dark Eco powers. With the help of Daxter, Jak escapes the prison and is now in search of vengeance against the Krimzon Guard.

Jak 3 was first released in North America on November 9, 2004, for the PlayStation 2. After being blamed by the residents of Haven City for its destruction, Jak and Daxter are exiled to the Wasteland by Count Veger. Ashelin gives Jak a beacon in hopes that he'll be tracked down, with Damas, the king of nearby Spargus, rescuing him. In exchange, Jak and Daxter must now prove their worth to Damas and the city or risk being banished and thrown back into the desert.

Other games
Jak X: Combat Racing was first released in North America on October 18, 2005, for the PlayStation 2. Its narrative takes place following the events of Jak 3, with Jak and his allies inadvertently being poisoned while attending the reading of Krew's last will. Jak and his allies must partake and win the Kras City Grand Championship, a championship of the fictional sport of "combat racing", in Krew's name in order to obtain an antidote for the poison.

Daxter was first released in North America on March 14, 2006, for the PlayStation Portable. The game primarily focuses on Daxter, taking place during the two-year gap introduced in the opening of Jak II. Daxter is now employed as a pest exterminator by the Kridder Ridder company, in which he works to mitigate the incoming metal bug invasion. Alongside this work, Daxter is on a quest to find and free Jak from his imprisonment by the Krimzon Guard.

Jak and Daxter: The Lost Frontier was first released in North America on November 3, 2009, for the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable. Its narrative takes place an undisclosed amount of time after the events of the original trilogy. When their world begins to run low on Eco, Jak, Daxter, and Keira travel to the Brink, the edge of the world, in search of ancient Precursor machinery that can reverse this decline of Eco.

Collections and remasters
Jak and Daxter Collection was first released in North America on February 7, 2012, for the PlayStation 3—the franchise's first appearance on the platform. It is a remastered port of the original trilogy—Jak and Daxter: The Precursor Legacy, Jak II, and Jak 3. The games were ported by Mass Media Games and feature 720p graphics at 60 frames per second and trophies. Mass Media Games later ported the collection to the PlayStation Vita and it was released in June 2013—the franchise's only appearance on this platform.

Jak and Daxter Bundle was first released in North America on December 7, 2017, for the PlayStation 4—the franchise's first appearance on the platform. The bundle features emulations of Jak and Daxter: The Precursor Legacy, Jak II, Jak 3, and Jak X: Combat Racing, in addition to retaining trophy support. Prior to the release of the bundle, The Precursor Legacy was released on the PlayStation 4 as a pre-order bonus for Uncharted: The Lost Legacy. Between 2019 and 2020, Limited Run Games released a limited amount of physical copies of both standard and collector's editions of the games.

Gameplay
The series consists of four single-player-only games, and two that include multiplayer. The series is primarily a story-based platformer presented in the third-person perspective. The player can explore a multitude of different areas in an open world environment and can perform several melee attacks. A substance called Eco can also be manipulated to enhance the player's abilities, with differently-colored Eco having different effects. Red Eco enhances the damage dealt and yields one impervious to damage from Dark Eco crates. Blue Eco allows the player to move faster, jump slightly higher, move slightly farther using attacks, attract Green Eco and Precursor orbs, and operate certain color coded machines. Green Eco is used to restore health, while Yellow Eco allows the player to shoot fire from the character's hands, which can be done "from the hip," or using a scope. A hover bike called a "Zoomer" and a large bird known as a "Flut-Flut" are also available for transportation and to gain access to hard-to-reach places. "Flut-Flut" also has the ability to attack. Power Cells and Precursor Orbs are required to advance the story in The Precursor Legacy, while completing story-related missions and collecting Precursor Orbs unlocks new locations and allows the player to unlock certain "Secrets" in all subsequent entries.

Shooting elements are briefly introduced in The Precursor Legacy, becoming fully implemented in Jak II. Jak II features customizable weapons and other varied forms of combat, expanding upon features present in The Precursor Legacy. For example, Jak has many different gun mods. Each one is a certain color, either Red, Blue, Yellow, or Dark. Red gun mods make the gun similar to a shotgun. Blue lets it fire as a machine gun. Yellow mods are for long-range shooting, and Dark mods are for utmost power. Daxter is also a playable character and features in several Crash Bandicoot-esque missions. Dark Eco powers also become available, which is countered by the introduction of Light Eco powers in Jak 3. Guns can be upgraded twice through accomplishing certain story missions, and several abilities to use in both Light and Dark Jak forms are unlocked as well. Driving becomes a core ingredient and is further expanded upon in Jak 3. In The Lost Frontier aerial combat is integrated into the series. Precursor orbs can be collected in each game to unlock cheats.

Jak X deviates from the series' more traditional style of gameplay, adapting into the racing genre, and is based on the driving mechanics developed for Jak 3. Several extras can be unlocked for Jak X and Daxter by linking up the save files from the two respective games, and several player skins can be unlocked if the player has save files from The Precursor Legacy, Jak II, Jak 3 and Insomniac Games' Ratchet: Deadlocked.

With the exception of The Precursor Legacy, each installment offers "Hero Mode", which allows a player to replay the game at a higher level of difficulty with all or most of their previous acquisitions. This mode, in addition to other bonus content, can be unlocked by finishing the game and purchasing said content in the secrets menu with Precursor Orbs.

Development

Main series
Naughty Dog began work on a new game shortly after the release of the sixth generation of consoles. Only two programmers were originally allocated to the project, as the rest of the department was still developing Crash Team Racing. They began by building a new graphics engine that would be capable of rendering a seamlessly connected, open world environment. They then developed a fully articulated character to examine the engine's efficiency, before presenting the idea to Sony Computer Entertainment following the completion of Crash Team Racing. The aim of their new title was to break away from the linear approach taken in the Crash Bandicoot series, with minimal story and character development, and individually loaded levels. In a behind-the-scenes special by Naughty Dog it was revealed that a new blend animation had been utilised for the game, allowing for a smoother frame rate and animation process. The engine for Jak and Daxter was created from the ground up specifically for the game. Unusually for most games, Naughty Dog invented a new programming language, GOAL, which was only ever used for the Jak and Daxter series.

Jak and Daxter: The Precursor Legacy was revealed at E3 in June 2001. The game had a budget of $14 million and a development cycle that lasted nearly three years. At that time, they managed to create a fully interactive world and conceived a narrative that would allow for more meaningful character development. The two central characters also went through a rigid design process that took inspiration from both manga and Disney animation. They had initially planned on introducing a third character who would evolve as the game progressed in a Tamogotchi-style fashion. However, this idea was scrapped as it led to several unnecessary complications. The game's soundtrack was recorded at Mutato Muzika Studios, and was produced by Mark Mothersbaugh with Josh Mancell composing the score.

Side games

PlayStation Portable
Following the release of the PlayStation Portable, Naughty Dog took interest in developing a new Jak and Daxter title for the system. Producer Sam Thompson helmed the production of the game, while Neil Druckmann was responsible for much of the design. The team ultimately produced a tech demo, and had plans to allow players the ability to "create your own airships and cobble together all these things with these different stat bonuses and actually have meaningful engagements in the air". However, Evan Wells revealed that they were unable to sustain the game's development alongside Uncharted: Drake's Fortune and made the decision to pass the project onto High Impact Games, ultimately being fleshed out as Jak and Daxter: The Lost Frontier. Following the lackluster success of the game, Thompson expressed the company's disappointment with the execution of The Lost Frontier, commenting "I'm not happy with that being Jak's swan song. I think we could have done a lot better".

Common elements

Setting

Jak and Daxter is set in a fictional universe. The first game takes place in a world brimming with various natural environments that are encompassed by village settlements, and ancient Precursor ruins and elements can be found riddled throughout the landscape. An elemental substance called Eco is prominent throughout the game and is considered the world's life source. Eco comes in several forms, Red Eco, Blue Eco, Yellow Eco, Green Eco, Light Eco and Dark Eco, each with different prospective effects. Subsequent entries/games are set in a future setting that has witnessed large advancements in both society and technology, mainly taking place in cities and other larger settlements and affecting both hand-to-hand combat and available weaponry. Beyond cities in subsequent games lies natural environments with many platforming segments, akin to the first game. Overall, there are many distinct and differing environments available to discover and explore. All three main titles take place in an open world with no little to no load times - a goal emphasized heavily since the first game.

Characters

The Jak and Daxter universe is populated primarily by a humanoid elfish species. Jak is the main protagonist of the series, and is playable in every game with the exception of Daxter. In The Precursor Legacy, he accidentally turned Daxter from a human into an ottsel (a fictional hybrid of an otter and weasel) after accidentally bumping him into a reservoir of Dark Eco and sets out on a quest in attempts to undo the transformation. In Jak II, he is infused with Dark Eco due to experimentations performed by Baron Praxis, and in Jak 3 he is blessed with Light Eco by the Precursors. Both Light and Dark Eco abilities are expanded upon during the course of the story in "Jak 3." In Jak X, he is forced to race in the Kras City Grand Championship in order to save his life. He later travels to The Brink to investigate the Eco shortage that is ravaging his world in The Lost Frontier.

Daxter is Jak's sidekick, and is often found getting into trouble. Daxter was once a human but fell into a pit of Dark Eco in the opening cutscene of the first game in the series, which mutated him into an ottsel. He rescues Jak at the beginning of Jak II, and becomes playable intermittently for the first time in the series. In Jak 3 his role is expanded, and he gets a pair of pants as a reward for his efforts as an ongoing gag in the game. In Daxter, he details his adventures in the two-year time span before he managed to break Jak out of prison. In Jak X, he accompanies Jak and his friends to Kras City, and assists them as they compete in the Kras City Grand Championship. He later travels with Jak and Keira to The Brink in The Lost Frontier.

Music
Five Jak and Daxter soundtracks have been commercially released and have featured several composers, including Mark Mothersbaugh, Josh Mancell, Larry Hopkins, Billy Howerdel, and James Dooley. The compositions were inspired by world music, with Mancell commenting that he intended "to create something other than an expected orchestral flavoured fantasy soundtrack. I ended up using a lot of non-Western instruments and traditional, Western orchestral instruments such as the French Horn and Cello. Additionally, I feel the Jak games have both an ancient and futuristic vibe about them — I wanted the music to evoke both qualities." The soundtracks for Jak and Daxter: The Precursor Legacy, Jak II, Jak 3, and Jak X: Combat Racing were all commercially released in 2019 by Limited Run Games as part of the Collector's Edition of each respective game.

On November 2, 2009, Jak and Daxter: The Lost Frontier Original Soundtrack was released on the iTunes Store by SIE.

Critical reception

With physical and digital copies combined, the Jak and Daxter franchise has sold over 15 million games worldwide (as of April 2017). Jak and Daxter: The Precursor Legacy received critical acclaim from several reviewers as compiled by review aggregator Metacritic, with the game having the highest score in the franchise at 90/100. Jak II, Jak 3, Daxter, and Jak and Daxter Collection (PS3) all received generally favorable reception, while Jak X: Combat Racing only received mixed reception. The Lost Frontier also only had mixed reception and, not including the PlayStation Vita port of Jak and Daxter Collection, it has the lowest score in the series from Metacritic (71/100).

The series has received critical acclaim for its innovation in the platform genre. The series holds seven records in the Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition, 2008, with The Precursor Legacy holding a record for including the First Seamless 3D World in a Console Game. Jack DeVries of IGN referred to the series as "the best action platformers of [that] generation," praising the "huge worlds, memorable characters, action packed stories, and great gameplay". Jeffrey Matulef of Eurogamer stated that "the Jak and Daxter series may not be as solid a platformer as Sly Cooper and its gunplay isn't as refined as Ratchet & Clank's – but in terms of ambition, invention and grandiosity, it remains leagues above its last-gen platforming brethren".

The series has also received praise for its diverse gameplay styles. Matt Helgeson of Game Informer noted that the "series was driven by a restless sense of innovation," praising "Naughty Dog's work in this franchise [for creating] great characters, finely tuned gameplay, and a unceasing inventiveness". Helgeson also declared that the Jak games "stand up as epic adventures". Matulef further stated that "the Jak and Daxter series remains a fascinating document of the evolution of the action adventure; its heroes are unstuck in time, without a genre to call home. No series has been so willing to switch gameplay styles with such reckless abandon, and The Jak and Daxter Trilogy represents a shining example of what happens when a capable developer takes a huge risk." GameSpot stated that the franchise's "tight execution and heavy action elements ensure that things never become dull," adding that the franchise "manages to provide a rewarding gameplay experience that shouldn't be missed".

Merchandise
Naughty Dog have released various forms of merchandise since the series' inception. These include strategy guides for each game, several forms of clothing and collectible figures. A limited edition Precursor orb was also released to celebrate the series' 10th anniversary.

Miscellaneous media
The Jak and Daxter series has been featured in a variety of other media.
 In LittleBigPlanet, LittleBigPlanet 2 and LittleBigPlanet Karting, a Jak costume and a Daxter costume are available for Sackboy through bonus add-ons.
 Jak and Daxter appeared as playable characters in the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita title PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale.
 In Ratchet: Deadlocked, Jak appears as an alternate skin for Ratchet.
 In Sly Cooper: Thieves in Time, Daxter appears wearing a leopard loincloth as a museum treasure. Its description reads "The Lutrela Nivadensis is a rare hybrid species of the Carnivora family. It is known for its orange fur and loud mouth."
 A "Strange Relic" can be discovered in multiple games in the Uncharted series, another game series developed by Naughty Dog. It is a copy of the Precursor Orbs found in the Jak and Daxter universe, and when translated reads "NaughtyDog, Madman."
 Jak appears alongside Ratchet as a playable character in Hot Shots Golf Fore! and Daxter acts as a golf caddy.
 Jak and Daxter appear on posters in various games in the Ratchet & Clank universe.
 Jak and Daxter appear in several background cameos in Ratchet & Clank: Going Commando.
 Daxter is referenced in Uncharted: Drake's Fortune, with "Ottsel" written across Nathan Drake's swimsuit, and a picture of Daxter's face on the sleeve.
 Daxter is featured as a free downloadable character in the PlayStation 3 game Pain.
 In Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception, a pair of Jak Goggles can be purchased from the PlayStation Store for use in multiplayer.
 In The Last of Us, Jak and Daxter make several cameos in the form of easter eggs and unlockable outfits.
 In The Order: 1886, Daxter appears in the form of an easter egg. The game is developed by Ready at Dawn.
 In The Last of Us Part II, Jak and Daxter make several cameos in the form of easter eggs.
 In Ratchet & Clank: Rift Apart, Jak and Daxter as well as Precursor Orb can be brought into Ratchet and Clank's dimension by using the new RYNO 8 weapon. The dimension from which Jak and Daxter originate is named Dimension 31x7 according to a character named Mags.

Future
Evan Wells revealed that they had explored the idea of making a new game extensively before the development began on The Last of Us (2013). Creative director Neil Druckmann later unveiled several illustrations for the abandoned game at a conference for The Last of Us. He explained that they had planned on making a reboot of the series and had spent a long time exploring various concepts.

In response to an alleged concept art leak in 2016, Naughty Dog's Director of Communication Arne Meyer stated that nothing was currently being worked on. Also, due to circumstances at Naughty Dog, Jak and Daxter has not yet been reconsidered, but is never off the table.

In 2019, Limited Run Games announced a commemorative mock case for the unreleased Jak and Daxter reboot, which was released in June 2020. The mock case uses the title Jak IV and features concept art from the scrapped reboot that was revealed in Naughty Dog's coffee table book, The Art of Naughty Dog. The case, in addition to a digital theme code, was given to consumers who purchased all four Jak and Daxter titles directly from the Limited Run Games website.

In February 2022, a Jak and Daxter film adaptation was revealed to be in development with Ruben Fleischer collaborating on the film with Naughty Dog.

References

Explanatory notes

Citations

Sony Interactive Entertainment franchises
Video games developed in the United States
Video game franchises
Science fantasy video games
Post-apocalyptic video games
Video game franchises introduced in 2001
Video games set on fictional planets

Jak and Daxter


جيمس موريسون هو أسم قد يشير إلى إحدى الشخصيات أدناه:

في الموسيقى
 جيمس موريسون (رسام)
 جيمس موريسون (عازف كمان)
 جيمس موريسون (لاعب غولف)
 جيمس موريسون (سياسي)
 جيمس موريسون (سياسي أمريكي)
 جيمس موريسون (لاعب كرة قدم)
 جيمس موريسون (مغني)، مغني بريطاني (مواليد 1984). en

في الأفلام، والمسرح
 جيمس موريسون (ممثل)، ممثل أمريكي (مواليد 1954). جيمس مورسن

في الرياضة
 جيمس موريسون (كرة قدم)، لاعب أسكتلندي

في السياسة
 جيمس موريسون، بارون ثاني مارغاديل، لورد بريطاني (1930-2003). en

صفحات توضيح أشخاص

جيمس موريسون (توضيح)


Ringen er en dansk portrætfilm fra 2006 instrueret af Judith Lansade og efter manuskript af Karoline Leth og Judith Lansade.

Handling
"Ind imellem er der de timer i livet, hvor man er fuldstændig lykkelig. Det gælder om at samle på de timer". Med de ord slår operachef og instruktør Kasper Bech Holten sit mantra fast og åbner filmen. Kasper Bech Holten er kendt som en medievandt bureaukrat. Filmen giver et nøgent og ærligt billede af et moderne menneske i konstant søgen efter mening. Fortællerammen er Holtens premiere på Richard Wagners »Nibelungens Ring«. Et livsværk han afslutter i en alder af 33 år. Lige siden Holten som 12-årig første gang opførte »Ringen« som dukketeater, har han drømt om dette øjeblik. Men hvornår sker forløsningen. Kommer den i det øjeblik, bifaldet fylder salen. Eller sker det i virkeligheden i et stille og uventet øjeblik. "Hvorfor vil jeg gerne være en genial kunstner?" spørger Kasper Bech Holten sig selv uden at kunne give et svar.

Filmen kan ses i 2 udgaver: dansk med engelske undertekster og engelsk med danske undertekster.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Portrætfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2006

Ringen (dokumentarfilm)


ألبير جاكار (فرنسية : Albert Jacquard) (موليد بتاريخ 2 كانون أول 1925، ليون، فرنسا) هو عالم وراثي وكاتب فرنسي. ويدعو إلى «غير التنمية الاقتصادية».

بدايته

ولد بأسرة كاثوليكية ومحافظة من فرنسا الشرقية. دخل المدرسة الفرنسية للتقنيات بعام 1945. وهناك كان عنده دبلوم ماجستير بالهندسة مصانع بعام 1948.

مهنته في الديوان العامة

في عام 1951، دخل شركة التبغ الفرنسية SEITA كمهندس تنظيم. وعمل في الديوان المحاسبة الفرنسية ووزارة الصحة الفرنسية.
بعام 1966، دخل إلى جامعة ستانفورد لدرس العلم الوراثي. ورجع إلى فرنسا بعام 1968 لدخول المعهد الفرنسي للدروس الديموجرافية كقائد إدارة علم وراثي. وبعام 1973، عُيِّن خبير في منظمة الصحة العالمية. وعمل هناك حتى 1985.

مهنته بالجامعات
عندما عمل بمنظمة الصحة العالمية، عمل بالعديد من الجامعات كجامعة جنيف في سويسرا (1973-1676) وجامعة بيار وماري كوري بمدينة باريس (1978-1990) وجامعة لوفان الكاثوليكية.

فكرته السياسية

«ليس عندي حل. لا أريد أن أبني مجتمع الغد. أنا أريد أن يختلف عن مجتمع اليوم فقط.»

عند ما كان في لجنة الخلقي الفرنسية (Comité consultatif national d'éthique)، ضادّ تسليع الجينوم البشري.

إنه جزء من حركة عولمة بديلة ويحامي عن الأشخاص المتشردين بشكل مطرد.

الفهرس

كتب علمية
 Structure génétique des populations, Masson, 1970 (فرنسية)
 Les probabilités, Collection Que sais-je ?, Presses universitaires de France, 1974 (فرنسية)
 Génétique des populations humaines, Presses universitaires de France, 1974 (فرنسية)
 The Genetic Structure of Populations, Springer, 1974 (إنجليزية)
 L'Étude des isolats. Espoirs et limites, Presse universitaires de France-INED, 1976 (فرنسية)
 Concepts en génétique des populations, Masson, 1977 (فرنسية)

كتب علمية إلى الشعب (فرنسية)
 Éloge de la différence, Éditions du Seuil, 1978
 Moi et les autres, Éditions du Seuil, 1983
 Au péril de la science ?, Éditions du Seuil, 1984
 Inventer l'homme, Éditions Complexe, 1984
 L'Héritage de la liberté, Éditions du Seuil, 1986
 Cinq milliards d'hommes dans un vaisseau, Éditions du Seuil, 1987
 Moi, je viens d'où ?, Éditions du Seuil, 1988
 Abécédaire de l'ambiguïté, Éditions du Seuil, 1989
 C'est quoi l'intelligence ?, Éditions du Seuil, 1989
 Idées vécues, Flammarion, 1990
 Voici le temps du monde fini, Éditions du Seuil, 1991
 Tous différents, tous pareils, Éditions Nathan, 1991
 Comme un cri du cœur, Éditions l'Essentiel, 1992 *La Légende de la vie, Flammarion, 1992
 E=CM2, Éditions du Seuil, 1993
 Deux sacrés grumeaux d'étoile, Éditions de la Nacelle, octobre 1993
 Science et croyances, Éditions Écriture, mars 1994
 Absolu, dialogue avec l'abbé Pierre, Éditions du Seuil, 1994
 L'Explosion démographique, Flammarion, collection « Dominos », 1994
 La Matière et la vie, Éditions Milan, coll. « Les essentiels », 1995
 La Légende de demain, Flammarion, 1997
 L'Équation du nénuphar, Calmann-Lévy, 1998
 L'avenir n'est pas écrit, (مع أكسل كاهن), Bayard, 2001
 Paroles citoyennes, (مع آليكس دوميرغ), Albin Michel, 2001
 De l'angoisse à l'espoir, (مع كريستينا سبينيدي), Calmann Lévy, 2002
 La Science à l'usage des non-scientifiques, 2003

كتب سياسية (فرنسية)
 Un monde sans prisons ?, Éditions du Seuil, 1993
 J'accuse l'économie triomphante, Calmann-Lévy, 1996
 Le Souci des pauvres. L'Héritage de François d'Assise, Calmann-Lévy, 1996
 Petite philosophie à l'usage des non philosophes, Québec-Livres, 1997
 Le Souci des pauvres, 1998
 A toi qui n'est pas encore né, 1998
 Dieu ?, 2003
 Tentative de lucidité فرنسا ثقافة, 2003 (archives des chroniques)
 Halte aux Jeux !, Stock, 2004
 Nouvelle petite philosophie, Stock, 2005
 Mon utopie, Stock, 2006
 Jamais soumis, jamais soumise Stock, 2007 (حوار مع فضيلة عمارة)

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أساتذة جامعة السوربون
أشخاص من ليون
إنسانويون فرنسيون
خريجو المدرسة متعددة التقانات بفرنسا
خريجو جامعة ستانفورد
علماء أحياء فرنسيون
علماء من ليون
علماء وراثة فرنسيون
مواليد 1925
مواليد في ليون
ناشطون ضد العولمة
وفيات 2013
وفيات في باريس

ألبير جاكار


Demon: The Fallen is a 2002 tabletop role-playing game released by White Wolf Publishing. Set in the World of Darkness, players take on the role of a demon - a fallen angel who descended to the Garden of Eden with Lucifer, only to be condemned to Hell after a long war with Heaven. The game focuses on "infernal glory" as its central theme for storytelling and character development - the acquisition of power to restore the Fallen's grace as well as to potentially reconnect with humanity, all the while staving off their own agony and evading monstrous demons.

History
The War in Heaven began when an Elohim (angel) named Ahrimal, one of the Seers, foresaw a disaster in the future - a disaster which God had either directly orchestrated or would allow to happen. The Elohim debated whether or not to act against God in order to prevent this disaster; many argued that it would be safer to do nothing, because their action could potentially be the cause of the disaster. Lucifer, one of the Heralds as well as the first and greatest Elohim created by God, was the first to make a conclusive decision in favor of rebellion, and he became the leader of the rebel Elohim; the Fallen.

These Fallen revealed themselves to humanity in order to bring them the light of forbidden knowledge and awareness. In doing so they incurred the wrath of God, who had given humanity the potential to be aware of the Word, the good and evil, yet had not intended Man to have this kind of awareness yet. The humans, Adam, Eve and their descendants, had been given gifts that they could not use due to their initial innocence, and Adam and Eve are portrayed as having had only rudimentary knowledge and awareness, solely concerned with their survival. During the war that followed, the sin of Caine taught the Fallen how to kill and many grew twisted and evil. In the end, the Fallen lost the war, and were banished to the abyss of Hell as punishment for their transgressions. Lucifer was not among their ranks and wandered the Earth aimlessly after the war until finally setting down in modern-day Los Angeles.

This background provides a possible explanation for the conflicting origin stories of the other games in the Classic World of Darkness setting. Reality is presented during the Fall as being far less static and banal than it is in the modern game settings. The world went from being populated by two humans to having billions of humans with various civilizations and pasts existing at the same time (even when those pasts were contradictory to each other). One could deduce from this that the answer to which game provides the correct world origin story is: all of them were correct, all at the same time, and all at that one crucial point (the Fall).

Setting
Due to the sixth maelstrom (caused by other supernaturals in the World of Darkness), the Gates of Hell that kept these demons from escaping their prison have begun to weaken, allowing the weakest of the Fallen to escape. However, to continue existing on Earth, a demon must find a suitable host for itself: bodies with weak souls, for example: comatose patients, severe drug addicts, the severely or clinically depressed, or suicidal people. The demon severs the weakened soul from the body and takes its place inside the host, merging with the host's memories and emotions, and continues existence on Earth to follow its own personal agenda while still balancing out the life of its vessel and the machinations of their demonic superiors to whom they are still bound.

While the mortal body provides the Fallen with a shield against the full memory of their torment in Hell, they are sometimes hindered by the memories and feelings the mortal soul left behind. The personal agendas of the demons vary from individual to individual; some demons wish to finish the war against Heaven, believing the disaster is still to be averted, some wish to take revenge upon humanity, believing humans are the primary cause for the war and the overall ruined state of the world, while other demons want to reconcile, repent for their sins and be able to return to God who, along with the remaining Elohim, has seemingly vanished from Creation for reasons unknown, leaving the unattended world to fall into chaos and despair.

Characters
All characters must choose a "House" and a "faction". The seven Houses are similar to classes or character categories in other RPGs, to clans in Vampire: The Masquerade and similar groupings in other White Wolf games. The different factions are based on the demons' personal opinions and positions regarding the war, and have been formed before the War or after their escape.

All demons can use special magical powers called invocations, or Lores. All demons have access to two common Lores: Fundament, which allows them to suspend the laws of physics to perform superhuman feats, and Humanity, which allows them to commune with and manipulate mortals. Their other three Lores are determined by their House. All demons have an "apocalyptic form" or "visage"; this is an image or shadow of their true nature, their form before they were forced into mortal bodies. They can be demonic and horrible to behold, or angelic and beautiful, depending on the level of Torment a demon possesses in comparison to their Willpower.

Antagonists
Upon their emergence, the Fallen quickly discovered that they were not the first to escape the Abyss. Hundreds of other demonic spirits were summoned back to Earth in the intervening centuries through the use of sorcery, and were then anchored to objects in place of the bodies possessed by the Fallen. This unnatural connection had left them hollow, tormented, and possessed of alien emotions and thought processes, as these artifacts do not provide the buffer against the memories of their suffering in the Abyss. The five Archdukes, lieutenants of Lucifer, were the first of the fallen angels to be summoned back to Earth. These included Asmodeus, Azrael, Dagon, Belial, and Abaddon, but were soon followed by hundreds of lesser-known demons. These "Earthbound" are immensely powerful, having had centuries to practice their abilities to perfection, as well as having been worshipped as gods by deranged cults for millennia. The rise of organized religion, as well as the Age of Enlightenment drove them into hibernation, but the return of the Fallen has led to the awakening of many of the Earthbound, who take steps to revive the cults which worship them, as well as enslave or destroy the Fallen. Every Earthbound possesses their own goals, but most involve the enslavement of humanity so that their potential can be harnessed to achieve the ends of that individual Earthbound.

There are also various human enemies that the Fallen may encounter: from those who mistake them for alien invaders to demonologists intent upon enslaving them to the Society of Leopold (the Modern Nights equivalent to the Inquisition) and others.

And then there are all the other supernatural creatures of the World of Darkness, who can become either an ally or enemy to the Fallen. This all depends upon the views of both the Fallen and the supernatural that the Fallen is interacting with (i.e. a Ravener is more likely to make friends with a Black Spiral Dancer than would be a Reconciler).

Houses
The Fallen are divided into seven Houses. These are permanent aspects of the demon's design that the player must choose while creating their character. This determines what Lores the demon has access to and subsequently influences their apocalyptic form and basic predispositions.

Defiler
Formally known as the Lamassu, the Defilers hail from the host of angels who were given dominion over the seas and were meant to inspire humanity through desire and artistic expression. Because of their emotional nature, the Defilers were the first to succumb to Hell's isolation. Upon their emergence in the modern times, Defilers have become deviant seducers and dark muses - using their powers of inspiration and beauty to lead souls astray and siphon off both their genius and their decadence. Their proprietary Lores are Longing, Storms, and Transmutation.

Devil
Formally known as the Namaru, the Devils hail from the first host of angels who stood before God himself and were given authority over all other circles. Chief among them was Lucifer, the Morning Star and later the First of the Fallen, who bore the totality of the Creator's will. During the War of Wrath, their natural gifts of authority as well as their capacity to influence both human faith and flames made them ideal for leadership positions such as Legion commanders as well as making for fierce fell knights on the battlefield and protectors of humanity. Upon their reemergence into the modern world, Devils have become callous manipulators and charismatic demagogues - using their powers of persuasion and leadership to siphon off the arrogance and aspirations of humanity. Their proprietary Lores are Celestials, Flame, and Radiance.

Devourer
The Devourers, or Rabisu, were the Angels of the Wild, warriors without equal, the Sixth House. They are reckless, violent, and impulsive. Their lore allows them to command animals and plants alike, as well as shaping and reshaping the flesh of other beings as they desire to achieve such feats as increasing their strength, reflexes and senses, as well as taking the form of animals.

Fiend

The Fiends, known formally as Neberu, had the ability to sense the future. The Seer Ahrimal foresaw the War in Heaven, so many Fates turned from God's side to Lucifer's. Because of them, Lucifer and the rebels won many early battles, but their helpfulness decreased as the war went on. When God cast the rebels into Hell, the Neberu were put in their own special Perdition. When they emerged from Hell they had recovered a fraction of both their powers and their sanity. Their Lores  give them dominion over time and light, and the ability to teleport through doorways.

Malefactor
The Malefactors, known formally as Anunnaki, were angels of the forge, of tools, and of the earth, and were to guide humans in mastering these skills. But the humans were unable to follow the angels' instructions, and from this frustration they came to despise their mentors, much to the angels' confusion. When the War in Heaven broke out, they became rebels mainly because of their hatred for the humans they once loved: hatred against God for not allowing them to help the humans directly; and because they felt the others loved them. Once sentenced to Hell, they were without pure earth and fire and began to feel empty. Now free, they've found the humans have learned to use tools and manipulate the Earth, but have (as the Anunnaki see it) destroyed the planet in the process. These demons now see their goal as the destruction of the human race, so that the planet might be healed.

Scourge
The Scourges, originally known as Asharu, were once guardian angels. They loved the humans, but their closeness to humanity drove them mad. When Lucifer started the rebellion they were the most followers in numbers, second only to his own house. Instead of being brave fighters, they made better spies. Now that they are free they find great respect, being able to heal with the right hand and harm with the left.

Slayer
The Slayers, originally known as the Reapers or the Halaku, were once angels of death. They were shunned by the other angels before the war. When Lucifer started his rebellion they joined him, as he promised them that they would be able to explain to humanity the reason that things they loved had to die. Their lore gives them the power to enter the Shadowlands, commune with and control ghosts, to sever the spirit from a body, and to create zombies. The Slayers usually join either the Ravener or Reconciler factions due to their affinity with death, their resentment of other Elohim, and their desire to return to Heaven.

Factions
Factions are ideological groups of like-minded demons who share a similar outlook on humanity, God, and themselves. Unlike Houses, which are inherent, factions are open to any and all, although a demon's House can influence what faction they may gravitate towards.

Cryptics
The Cryptics have used their time in Hell to think. They feel that if God is omniscient, then his creations would be as perfect as reality would allow, and since Lucifer was God's highest angel, then his rebellion was a part of God's plan. The philosophers of the Fallen, the Cryptics gather knowledge to determine what is really going on and what they should do next. They dislike the Luciferans and the Faustians, approve of the Reconcilers asking questions, and dislike Raveners' destructive tendencies. They were initially to be called 'Inquisitors', but this was changed during production, although there are occasional references to them under this name in some books due to editing errors.

Faustians
The Faustians lust for revenge against God, whom they believe unjustly exiled them from Heaven. Even without the leadership of Lucifer, they still try to awaken the human race to its true potential, but only so humanity can be used as a potent weapon in yet another war against Heaven. The plots and intentions of a Faustian are often as subtle as they are dangerous. They have no patience for the Cryptics, their goals are directly opposite to those of the Raveners, Reconcilers can be friend or foe, and they can work with Luciferans.

Luciferans
The Luciferans still believe that Lucifer was right to rebel against God. Even though Lucifer cannot be found, they still follow what they feel to be his directives. Their leadership has divided them into three legions: the Legion of Majestic Liberation (who are searching for and attempting to free Lucifer), the Legion of Glorious Victory (who were organized to fight the Heavenly Host, but found no angels to oppose them), and the Legion of Stark Defiance (who secure supplies, resources, and safe havens for the rest of the faction). They dislike the Cryptics, can work with Faustians, consider the Reconcilers to be traitors, and consider Raveners to be enemies.

Raveners
The nihilistic Raveners look at the broken world and wasted potential of humanity and believe there's only one option left: destroy everything - first humanity, then themselves. Some see it as a way to finally lure out God and His angels, either to answer or to mercifully destroy them; others see it as an act of mercy to a near-dead and stagnant world; and many just don't care at all. They are enemies with all the other factions of demons, though they can tolerate the Cryptics as the Raveners assume they will eventually stop asking questions and start down destructive paths.

Reconcilers
The Reconcilers have used their time in Hell to reconsider their actions and the punishment that God meted out to them. Many have come to the conclusion that they were punished justly and that they must atone for their misdeeds; others simply feel that there is no point in continuing to fight a war they lost long ago against an omnipotent enemy. Now that they are free they wish to do some good, thinking that God might forgive them and allow them to return to Heaven. Even if he won't they might be able to help the humans, even fix things so the humans can have what they themselves can't.  They are on good terms with the Cryptics and the Faustians, but are diametrically opposed to the goals of the Luciferans and the Raveners.

Banishment and Death

When a demon's host is slain, the demon is not killed. The demon must merely find a new host or be pulled back into the Abyss. There are only two methods for slaying a demon written in the rulebooks. The first is if a demon's soul is devoured by another demon. The second is a ritual that can be performed by the members of the Inquisition which will "unmake" any high torment demon, but leaves low torment demons unaffected. There is no defense for demons against this, so the demons that know of it greatly fear Inquisitors.

List of published Books
Taken from White Wolf's The Comprehensive World of Darkness Booklist. Since the production of the game line ended, no further books are to be expected.
{| class="wikitable"
!Book Name!!White WolfProduct Number!!Year!!ISBN Number
|-
! colspan="4" | Role Playing Source Books
|-
| Demon: The Fallen || style="text-align:center;" | WW8200 || style="text-align:center;" | 2001 || style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| Demon Storytellers Companion || style="text-align:center;" | WW8201 || style="text-align:center;" | 2002 || style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| Demon Players Guide || style="text-align:center;" | WW8202 || style="text-align:center;" | 2003 || style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| Houses of the Fallen || style="text-align:center;" | WW8203 || style="text-align:center;" | 2003 || style="text-align:center;" |
|-
|-
| City of Angels || style="text-align:center;" | WW8211 || style="text-align:center;" | 2003 ||  style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| Saviors and Destroyers || style="text-align:center;" | WW8220 || style="text-align:center;" | 2003 || style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| Damned and Deceived || style="text-align:center;" | WW8221 || style="text-align:center;" | 2003 ||  style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| Fear to Tread || style="text-align:center;" | WW8270 || style="text-align:center;" | 2003 || style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| Earthbound || style="text-align:center;" | WW8280 || style="text-align:center;" | 2003 || style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| Days of Fire || style="text-align:center;" | WW8281 || style="text-align:center;" | 2003 ||  style="text-align:center;" |
|-
! colspan="4" | Novels
|-
| Demon: Lucifer's Shadow || style="text-align:center;" | WW11904 || style="text-align:center;" | 2002 ||  style="text-align:center;" |
|-
|| Trilogy of the Fallen, Book 1: Ashes and Angel Wings|| style="text-align:center;" | WW10090 || style="text-align:center;" | 2003 ||  style="text-align:center;" |
|-
|| Trilogy of the Fallen, Book 2: The Seven Deadlies || style="text-align:center;" | WW10091 || style="text-align:center;" | 2003 ||  style="text-align:center;" |

|-
|| Trilogy of the Fallen, Book 3: The Wreckage of Paradis|| style="text-align:center;" | WW10092 || style="text-align:center;" | 2003 ||  style="text-align:center;" |
}
|}

See also
Paradise Lost

References

External links
 Demon: The Fallen in The official World of Darkness wiki

World of Darkness
Role-playing games introduced in 2002
Demons in popular culture
War in Heaven

Demon: The Fallen


La sclérothérapie (du grec skleros, qui signifie ) est une procédure utilisée pour traiter les malformations vasculaires et également les malformations du système lymphatique. Un médicament est injecté dans les vaisseaux, entrainant leur rétrécissement. Chez les adultes, la sclérothérapie est souvent utilisée pour traiter les varicosités, les petites varices, les hémorroïdes et les hydrocèles.

Histoire

La première tentative de sclérothérapie rapportée est celle de D. Zollikofer en Suisse, en 1682, qui injecte un acide dans une veine pour provoquer la formation d'un thrombus. Debout et Cassaignaic rapportent tous deux avoir réussi à traiter des varices en injectant du perchlorate de fer en 1853. Desgranges, en 1854, guérit  de varices en injectant de l'iode et du tanin dans les veines. Ceci se déroule environ  après l'avènement probable du décollement de la grande veine saphène en 1844 par Madelung. Cependant, en raison du taux élevé d'effets secondaires des médicaments utilisés à l'époque, la sclérothérapie est pratiquement abandonnée en 1894.

Les travaux sur les produits sclérosants alternatifs se poursuivent au début du . À cette époque, l'acide carbolique et le perchlorate de mercure sont testés et, bien qu'ils montrent un certain effet dans l'oblitération des varices, les effets secondaires entraînent leur abandon. Le professeur Sicard et d'autres médecins français développent l'utilisation du carbonate de sodium, puis du salicylate de sodium pendant et après la Première Guerre mondiale. La quinine est également utilisée avec un certain succès. Au moment de la publication de son livre en 1929, Coppleson préconise l'utilisation du salicylate de sodium ou de la quinine comme les meilleurs choix de sclérosants.

Références

Chirurgie cardiovasculaire

Sclérothérapie


حدائق الأهرام تقع في  محافظة الجيزة بجمهورية مصر العربية  علي بعد 2.5 كيلو من ميدان الرماية بالهرم -منطقة الفنادق- أمام اهرامات الجيزة وتمثال أبو الهول بحيث ترتفع عن سطح البحر 180 متر و60 متر عن منسوب نهر النيل كما إنها على بعد خمس دقائق من المنطقة التجارية بشارع فيصل وشارع الأهرام الرئيسي وكذلك فهي تتوسط الطريق الدائري ومحور المنيب مما ييسر الانتقال بين مناطق القاهرة والجيزة كما تقع حدائق الأهرام أمام مدخل المنطقة السياحية الجديد وأمام المتحف المصري الكبير وأمام مدرسة مصر للغات وعلى بعد 15 دقيقة من دريم بارك.

الموقع العام والمساحة

يحدها جنوباً طريق القاهرة الواحات الصحراوي ويحدها شمالاً وغرباً الطريق الدائري القوس الغربي ويحدها شرقاً طريق القاهرة الفيوم الصحراوي .

مساحة الحدائق طبقا للعقد المسجل 1400 فدان المسطح العام لمدينة الحدائق بعد استيلاء ملاك الأراضي علي حرم طريق القاهرة الفيوم وطريق القاهرة الواحات 1557 فدان تم تقسمهم إلى 5041 قطعة مساحة أراضى الخدمات 421567 متر مربع  مقسمة إلى مستشفي ـ خزان مياه ارضي وعلوي ، وحدة محلية ،موقف اتوبيس ـ إسعاف ـ مدرسة ابتدائي واعدادي وثانوي ـ مجمع تعليمي ـ 110مسجد ـ قسم شرطة ـ مطافي ، بريد وسنترال ـ مركز رياضي ـ حدائق .

نسبة الشوارع بالمدينة 48.4 % من إجمالي مساحة الأرض .

التقسيم
تقسم مدينة هضبة الأهرام إلى ستة عشر منطقة تحمل كل منطقة منها اسم حرف من الأبجدية العربية هي منطقة أ، ب، ج، د، هـ، و،ز، ح، ط، ك، ل،م، ن، س، ص، ع .

البوابات
يتم الدخول إلى تلك المناطق من خلال أربعة بوابات تتخلل بنسب متساوية السور الخارجي المحيط بالمدينة والمكون بدورة حرما خاصا بالمدينة ذو أمن وحراسة.
تحمل كل منها اسم ملك من ملوك مصر القديمة وهي كالاتي مرتبة من الأولي إلى الرابعة : بوابة خوفو، بوابة خفرع، بوابة منقرع وبوابة مينا.
بالإضافة إلى بوابتين تم إنشائهما لاحقا هما بوابة أحمس (تقع بين بوابة خوفو وبوابة خفرع) وبوابة حورس (تقع بين بوابة منقرع وبوابة مينا)
الخدمات والمحلات التجارية بأسواق منفصلة عن المناطق السكنية ذلك حيث أنها مجمعة داخل مناطق مخصصة للأغراض التجارية بواقع منطقة تجارية تتوسط كل منطقة من المدينة ذلك بالإضافة إلى المدارس وفندق 7 نجوم ونادي اجتماعي ورياضي بالإضافة لخدمات أخرى.

نتيجة الفساد وضعف الرقابة قام الكثير من المقاولين بمخالفة قوانين البناء، إما بعدم الالتزام بمساحة البناء أو ببناء أدوار مخالفة وبالتالي قام هذا بالتأثير على خدمات الكهرباء وغيرها من البنية الأساسية.

مميزات
تتميز حدائق الاهرام بعدم تجاوز ارتفاع المباني السبعة طوابق حيث أنه وفي الغالب يتراوح ارتفاع المباني بين الأربعة والسبعة طوابق تبعا لارتفاع المنطقة ذلك بالإضافة إلى أن البناء غير مسموح علي أكثر من 60% من مساحة الأرض الكلية وتخصص المساحة الباقية كمسطحات خضراء وممرات تحيط بالمبني من الجهات الأربع يحدها سور خارجي مكونا حرما خاصا بالمبني الأمر الذي يوفر الخصوصية لسكان المنطقة.

مراجع

محافظة الجيزة

حدائق الأهرام


Çaykenarı, Antalya ilinin Korkuteli ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
       Mahallenin adı, mahallenin iki tarafından ve eskiden içinden akan çaylardan gelir.                                    Osmanlı ve Cumhuriyetin ilk 40 yılı Bozova nahiye merkdzi olup Bozova Bucak                               Müdürlüğü, Bozova Jandarma Karakol komutanlığı, Bozova telefonu bu mahallededir.
       Mahallenin Kuruluşu Taş devrine dayanmaktadır. Bunu Mahallenin doğusunda bulunan                                   taş oyularak yapılan kaya evlerinden anlamaktayız. Mahallede bulunan Hüyükten'de                                   eski bir kervan yolu ve ticaret merkezi oldugunu anlıyoruz. Türk tarihi
 açısından bakarsak Korkutelinin Fethiyle aynı zanlara rastlar.
Antalya il merkezine 60 km. uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Korkuteli'nin mahalleleri

Çaykenarı, Korkuteli


Le raïon de Bila Tserkva (en ) est un raïon (district) dans l'oblast de Kiev en Ukraine.
Avec la réforme administrative de 2020 le nouveau raïon a absorbé les raïons de Bila Tserkva, Skvyra, Stavyshche, Tarachtcha, Tetiïv, Rokytne, Vassylkiv, Bohouslav, Volodarka, Fastiv.

Lieux d'intérêt

Notes et références

Bila Tserkva

Raïon de Bila Tserkva


Akçaalan, Karaman
 Akçaalan, Bolu
 Akçaalan, Çanakkale
 Akçaalan, Kütahya
 Akçaalan, Manisa
 Akçaalan, Sinop
 Akçaalan, Tokat

Akçaalan


ميني ماوس آو ميمي ماوس  هي شخصية كرتونية خيالية من أنتاج ديزني أشتهرت بصفتها صديقة ميكي ماوس ظهرت أول مره عام 1928. ظهرت لأول مرة في الشرق الأوسط في عمل متحرك عام 1998. تؤدي صوتها في النسخة العربية نهى قيس. وفي النسخة الإنجليزية أدت صوتها الممثلة روسي تايلور لمدة 30 عام.

شخصيتها
«ميني ماوس» أو «ميمي ماوس» هي فأرة سوداء تسلك كالإنسان تلبس فستان احمر منقط بي الابيض وحداء اصفر تتوسطه زهرة حمراء وتضع ربطة على رأسها حمراء اللون، ميني هي صديقة ميكي ماوس المقربة، كما أنها تظهر في أغلب حلقات مسلسل ميكي ماوس تساعد اصدقاءها في مغامرتهم.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

إناث في قصص مصورة
راقصون خياليون
شخصيات تجسيمية خيالية
شخصيات قصص ديزني المصورة
شخصيات قصص مصورة اخترعت في 1930
شخصيات كينغدوم هارتس
ضحايا خياليون الخطف
فئران خيالية
مغنون خياليون
ملكات خياليات
ميكي ماوس

ميني ماوس


Der Monte Duranno ist mit  nach der Cima dei Preti der zweithöchste Berg der Südlichen Karnischen Alpen, die im dortigen Gebiet auch Friauler Dolomiten genannt werden. Wie die benachbarte Cima dei Preti liegt der Monte Duranno auf der Grenze von Venetien und Friaul-Julisch Venetien. Das Massiv trennt das Tal des Piave vom Val Cimoliana.

Die Durchquerung des Cima dei Preti/Monte Duranno-Massivs zählt zu den beiden schwierigsten Etappen bei der Begehung des Dolomiten-Höhenweges Nummer 6. Der Höhenweg wird zumeist in Nord-Süd-Richtung gegangen, daher wird zunächst die Ostseite der Cima dei Preti und im Anschluss die Ostseite des Monte Duranno durchquert. Im Anschluss folgt die Übersteigung des Durannosattels, bevor Trekker die Hütte Rifugio Maniago erreichen. Die Pfade in jenem Massiv sind teils sehr exponiert und durch Drahtseile gesichert. Von einer Begehung bei schlechtem Wetter raten die Wanderführer ab. Die Passage des Cima dei Preti/Monte Duranno-Massivs ist zudem ausgesprochen lang und wird zusätzlich dadurch erschwert, dass es in der typischen Begehungszeit (Juni bis September) im entsprechenden Abschnitt keine Wasserstellen gibt, weshalb der benötigte Wasserproviant bereits vorher aufzunehmen ist.

Der Normalweg auf den Gipfel beginnt im Bergdorf Erto auf 778 m und führt zunächst nach Norden durch das Val Zemola zur Hütte Rifugio Maniago (1730 m). Von dort aus geht es ostwärts zum Durannosattel, der auf einer Höhe von 2217 Metern erreicht wird. In der Folge wird der nach Süden abfallende Sattel begangen. Auf der Tour sind Kletterstellen im II. Schwierigkeitsgrad zu meistern. Die Literatur gibt die Gesamtdauer mit etwa sechseinhalb Stunden an. Der Ausblick schließt unter anderem Antelao und Monte Pelmo im Nordwesten, die Bosconero-Gruppe im Westen sowie Talblicke ins Piavetal und ins Valle del Boite ein.

Literatur
 Franz Hauleitner: Dolomiten-Höhenwege 4–7 (Rother Wanderführer), Bergverlag Rother, München 2002, ISBN 3-7633-3369-X.
 Eugen Hüsler: Gipfelatlas Alpen, Bruckmann Verlag, München 2004, ISBN 3-7654-3928-2.

Einzelnachweise

Provinz Belluno
Berg in Europa
Berg in Venetien
Berg in Friaul-Julisch Venetien
Südliche Karnische Alpen

Monte Duranno


Pesoul argentinian este moneda națională a Argentinei (cu codul ISO4217 ARS). Are ca subdiviziuni 100 de centavos. Simbolul utilizat în Argentina pentru peso este $. Bancnotele (de câte 2$, 5$, 10$, 20$, 50$ și 100$), au imprimate pe ele personaje istorice ale secolului al XIX-lea. Monedele au valori de 5, 10, 20 și 50 de centavos.

Monedă
1826
Argentina

Peso argentinian


Mykhailo Parashchuk (16 de novembro de 1878, Varvaryntsi, Galícia - 24 de dezembro de 1963, Bania, Bulgária) foi um escultor e político ucraniano.

Mykhailo Paraschuk

Mykhailo Parashchuk


Francisco Lerma Martínez IMC (* 4. Mai 1944 in El Palmar, Murcia, Spanien; † 24. April 2019 in Maputo, Mosambik) war ein spanischer Ordensgeistlicher und römisch-katholischer Bischof von Gurué.

Leben
Francisco Lerma Martínez trat am 2. Oktober 1966 der Ordensgemeinschaft der Consolata-Missionare bei, legte am 2. Oktober 1969 die Profess ab und empfing am 20. Dezember 1969 die Priesterweihe.

Papst Benedikt XVI. ernannte ihn am 24. März 2010 zum Bischof von Gurué. Der Bischof von Xai-Xai, Lucio Andrice Muandula, spendete ihm am 30. Mai desselben Jahres die Bischofsweihe; Mitkonsekratoren waren Francisco Chimoio OFMCap, Erzbischof von Maputo, und Jaime Pedro Gonçalves, Erzbischof von Beira. Die Amtseinführung im Bistum Gurué fand am 13. Juni desselben Jahres statt.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Bischof von Gurué
Römisch-katholischer Bischof (21. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Geistlicher (20. Jahrhundert)
Consolata-Missionar
Spanier
Geboren 1944
Gestorben 2019
Mann

Francisco Lerma Martínez


Shari Lapena (1960) é uma romancista canadense. Ela é mais conhecida por seu romance do gênero thriller de 2016, The Couple Next Door, que foi um best-seller no Canadá e internacionalmente, esse livro figurou várias semanas na lista de mais vendidos do New York Times. Os direitos de publicação dos seus livros foram adquiridos em 24 países.

Lapena foi advogada e professora de inglês antes de iniciar sua carreira como escritora, ela publicou seu romance de estreia, Things Go Flying, em 2008, esse romance foi finalista do prêmio Sunburst Award em 2009. Seu segundo romance, Happiness Economics, foi finalista do Prêmio Stephen Leacock em 2012. O terceiro livro dela The Couple Next Door (2016) foi finalista do Goodreads Choice Awards na categoria Mistério e Thriller.

Obras
Things Go Flying (2008)
Happiness Economics (2011)
The Couple Next Door (2016) em Portugal: O Casal do Lado (Editorial Presença, 2017) no Brasil: O Casal Que Mora ao Lado (Record, 2017)
A Stranger in the House (2017) em Portugal: Um Estranho Dentro de Casa (Editorial Presença, 2019) no Brasil: Uma Estranha em Casa (Record, 2018)
An Unwanted Guest (2018)
Someone We Know (2019) no Brasil: Alguém que Você Conhece (Record, 2023)
 The End of Her (2020)
Not a Happy Family (2021)

Nascidos em 1960
Pessoas vivas
Romancistas do Canadá
Escritores de suspense

Shari Lapena


Laurence Broze (née le ) est une mathématicienne belge spécialisée en statistique et en économétrie et plus particulièrement dans la théorie des anticipations rationnelles. Elle est professeur de mathématiques appliquées à l'Université de Lille. De 2012 à 2018, elle a été présidente de l'association femmes et mathématiques, une association française pour les femmes en mathématiques.

Laurence Broze est née à Bruxelles. Elle a effectué ses études secondaires à Charleroi et a obtenu une agrégation de mathématiques en 1982 à l'Université Libre de Bruxelles. Elle obtient son doctorat à la même université en 1986, et obtient une habilitation universitaire à Lille en 1994. Sa thèse de doctorat, Réduction, identification et estimation des modèles à anticipations rationnelles, est dirigée par Simone Huyberechts.

Elle devient assistante à l'Université Libre de Bruxelles en 1985, et rejoint l'Université Charles de Gaulle - Lille III en 1989. À l'Université Charles de Gaulle, elle a également été vice-présidente à la recherche de 2000 à 2006, et a dirigé l'unité de mathématiques, informatique, gestion et économie (UFR MIME) de 2009 à 2014 ; depuis 2015, elle est directrice adjointe de l'UFR MIME. En 2018, l'Université Charles de Gaulle a fusionné avec deux autres pour devenir l'Université de Lille. Depuis 1996, elle est également professeure invitée à temps partiel à l'Université Saint-Louis de Bruxelles.

Contributions
 Avec A. Szafarz, elle est l'auteure de « The Econometric Analysis of Non-Uniqueness in Rational Expectations Models », Contributions to Economic Analysis, Elsevier, 1991.
 Avec Szafarz et C. Gourieroux, elle est l'auteur de « Reduced Forms of Rational Expectations Models », Fundamentals of Pure and Applied Economics n° 42, Harwood Academic Publishers, 1990.

Reconnaissances
En 2014, Laurence Broze est promue chevalier de la Légion d'honneur et officier de l'Ordre des Palmes académiques.

Références

Liens externes

Statisticienne
Mathématicienne belge
Statisticien belge
Économiste belge du XXIe siècle
Officier des Palmes académiques
Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur
Naissance en mai 1960

Laurence Broze


A Segunda Guerra Remensa ocorreu, entre 1484 e 1485, no Principado da Catalunha.

Nesse segundo conflito, os rebeldes das remensas foram liderados por Pere Joan Sala, que, durante a Primeira Guerra Remensa foi um dos subcomandantes do exército liderado por Francesc de Verntallat, que desta vez não aderiu à revolta e liderou os remensas moderadas que buscavam uma solução para o conflito por meio da mediação do Rei Fernando II de Aragão.

No dia 24 de março de 1485, a revolta foi derrotada militarmente na Batalha de Llerena, na qual, Pere Joan Sala foi capturado.

Alguns dias depois, Pere Joan Sala foi executado em Barcelona.

Apesar da derrota militar, um ano depois, as situações que davam causa aos conflitos entre remensas e senhores feudais foram definitivamente resolvidas, por meio da Sentença Arbitral de Guadalupe, ditada pelo Rei Fernando II de Aragão.

Contexto

O Rei Fernando II de Aragão deu continuidade à política favorável aos remensas de seus antecessores, inclusive por gratidão à atuação dos remensas em sua defesa durante o cerco que sofreu, das tropas, enviadas de Barcelona, comandada pelo Conde de Pallars, em "Força Vella" (Girona), quando tinha nove anos.

No entanto, em 08 de outubro 1481, em um contexto em que precisava de recursos financeiros para campanhas militares, o Rei Fernando II de Aragão aprovou as Constituições Catalãs que anularam a sentença interlocutória do Rei Afonso V de Aragão, de 1455, que suspendia os abusos senhoriais. Desse modo, os senhores feudais da Catalunha voltaram a praticar os maus usos senhoriais. Em troca, as Cortes Catalãs fizeram uma doação substancial de recursos financeiros à Coroa de Aragão.

Nesse contexto, como era previsível, os remensas resistiram à restauração dos maus usos senhoriais.

No início de março de 1482, Juan Desvern, um cidadão de Girona, que estava fazendo cobranças de prestações devidas aos senhores feudais pelos remensas do Vale do Amer, foi encontrado morto, na Baronía de Santa Pau, com uma flecha que o atingiu suas costas.

No início de junho, Pere Joan Sala, que, durante a Primeira Guerra Remensa, fora um subcomandante de  Francesc de Verntallat e Joan Serinyá, foram encarcerados em Girona, acusados de seremos autores do assassinato de Juan Desvern, de acordo com instruções do governador da Catalunha, o Infante Henrique de Aragão e Pimentel. Entretanto, eles foram libertados dentro de alguns meses. As autoridades, aparentemente, temiam que a execução desses dois prisioneiros, provocasse um novo levante de remensas .

Por outro lado, os remensas moderados buscaram a mediação do monarca e enviaram à corte dois representantes: Pedro Pi, de San Daniel (Girona) e Juan Serinyá, de Canet d'Adri (este último, apesar do mesmo nomes, era uma pessoa distinta do acusado da homicídio de Juan Desvern).

Numa tentativa de atender às reivindicações dos remensas moderados, no início de 1483, o Infante Henrique de Aragão e Pimentel, então Governador da Catalunha, seguindo as instruções do Rei Fernando II de Aragão, confiou ao Barão de Cruïlles, a missão de chegar a um acordo entre os remensas e os senhores feudais, mas isso não foi alcançado devido à intransigência dos senhores, que estavam relutantes em permitir as reuniões dos remensas.

Após o fracasso da mediação, o Rei Fernando II de Aragão tentou resolver o conflito por meio da salvaguarda, emitida no dia 24 de agosto de 1483, em Córdoba, que autorizava os remensas a reunir-se em assembleias para tentar emancipar-se dos maus usos senhoriais, eleger seus representantes e estabelecer a cota que cada família tinha que pagar para custear as despesas dos representantes e pagar 60.000 florins que os remensas deviam à monarquia, como saldo remanescente de uma dívida de 100.000 florins, acordada em 1455, com o Rei Afonso V de Aragão. Essa salvaguarda teve enorme rejeição entre os senhores feudais e muitos não a respeitaram    .

O Conflito

Diante da recusa dos senhores feudais em acatar a salvaguarda de 1483 e da insistência em restabelecer os maus usos senhoriais em todos os seus aspectos, os remensas mais radicais, liderados por Pere Joan Sala, deu início a uma nova rebelião.

Pere Joan Sala era natural de Granollers e durante a Primeira Guerra Remensa foi um dos subcomandantes da rebelião liderada por Francesc de Verntallat.

Em agosto de 1484, foram afixados nas portas da Catedral de Girona uns escritos ameaçadores contra os senhores feudais que exigiam o pagamento de censos e benefícios. Nesse contexto, nobres e eclesiásticos da região solicitaram a intervenção da força pública ao governador da Catalunha Henrique de Aragão e Pimentel.

Em meados de setembro, Henrique de Aragão enviou uma expedição comandada por Gilabert Salbá para perseguir aqueles que haviam publicados escritos subversivos em Girona e em Ampurdán e também para apoiar os senhores feudais na cobrança de censos e outras obrigações dos remensas, incluindo, algumas que eram vistas como maus usos senhoriais.

Quando Salbà chegou a Girona, começou a fazer cobranças contra os remensas, até que, em 22 de setembro de 1484, quando estava no Vale de Mieres, na companhia realizando Veguer de Girona, foi atacado e derrotado por várias centenas de homens comandados por Pere Joan Sala. Em decorrência do ataque, Salbá perdeu um olho e o Veguer de Girona foi feito prisioneiro. Esse foi o marco inicial da Segunda Guerra Remensa.

Essa segunda rebelião não foi apoiada pelos remensas moderados, liderados por Francesc de Verntallat, que foi o líder dos remensas, durante a durante a Primeira Guerra Remensa.

Dois dias após o ataque em Mieres, o governador Henrique de Aragão e Pimentel deixou Barcelona à frente de uma expedição, a qual se juntou o "somatén". Essa expedição demoliu casas de pessoas que supostamente participaram do ataque contra Salbá. No entanto, essa expedição não conseguiu acabar com a rebelião e decidiu voltar para Barcelona, onde chegou em 27 de outubro.

Poucos dias antes, o governador havia recebido uma carta do Rei Fernando II de Aragão, datada de 13 de outubro, na qual expressava sua preocupação pelo ocorrido e o ordenava aplicar um castigo exemplar e a captura de Pere Joan Sala.

Por outro lado, após o ataque, Sala e seus seguidores marcharam para a região de Osona e, após ameaçar Vic, foram para a região de La Selva. Nesse trajeto, mais remensas se juntaram à rebelião. Sala afirmava que o Rei Fernando II apoiava a rebelião, desse modo, os remensas se juntavam à rebelião, dando gritos de: "Viva o Rei".

Além disso, em cada aldeia que se juntava à rebelião, era nomeado um subcomandante a quem, os remensas locais juravam fidelidade e prestavam homenagem.

Depois de La Selva, Pere Joan Sala foi Ampurdán e desse modo, a rebelião se espalhou por todo o nordeste da Catalunha.

No dia 10 de novembro, Pere Joan Sala esteve em Canet d'Adri a frente de um grupo de cerca de 400 remensas de onde partiu para para Torroella de Montgrí, mas falhou na tentativa de tomar esta cidade, a mais importante do Baixo Ampurdán, pois não obteve apoio dos remensas daquela região.

Depois da derrota em em Torroella de Montgrí, Sala retornou para Vic, onde, no início de dezembro, tomou o estratégico Castelo de Anglès (Catalunha), o que lhe deu condições para tentar conquistar Girona.

No dia 14 de dezembro, as tropas comandadas por Salas começaram a atacar Girona, mas os defensores da cidade conseguiram derrotar os atacantes. Então, Sala estabeleceu um acampamento a três quilômetros ao norte da cidade para organizar o cerco à cidade.

Por outro lado, o governador da Catalunha, Henrique de Aragão e Pimentel, enviou uma expedição de 50 soldados a cavalo sob o comando do de Galcerán de Requesens y Joan de Soler para ajudar Girona e derrotar com as tropas de remensas lideradas por Sala, que "estava seduzindo os povos, tomando vilas e castelos, nomeando capitães e fazendo outras coisas indevidas que eram um grande desserviço do rei, e, dessem modo, causando uma grande revolução no referido Principado".

Além disso, Henrique de Aragão escreveu ao Conde de Cardona, que estava nos Pirenéus lutando contra tropas do Conde de Pallars, para enviar tropas para apoiar a expedição de Requesens.

No dia 17 de dezembro, as tropas lideradas por Requesens chegaram a Girona. Essas tropas, em princípio, preferiram não atacar o acampamento das tropas lideradas por Salas, limitando-se a reforçar a defesa de Girona.

Por outro lado, em meados de dezembro de 1484, uma outro foco de rebelião de remensas surgiu em Vic. Esse outro foco, era liderado por Bartolomé Sala, oriundo de Montornès del Vallès e sobrinho de Pere Joan Sala.

Bartolomé Sala falhou na tentativa de tomar Granollers e, depois disso, percorreu áreas nas proximidades de Montmeló e de Montornès del Vallès, onde, no dia 04 de janeiro de 1485, derrotou forças lideradas pelo Veguer Antonio Pedro de Rocacrespa. Essas duas, eram cidades próximas a Barcelona e, desse modo, o movimento tinha condições de interromper algumas vias de acesso à cidade.

Depois, Bartolomé levou suas tropas para Llinars del Vallès, onde intimou os nobres a pararem de cobrar censos e outras obrigações dos remensas. Depois, disso, partiu para Terrassa.

Poucos dias depois, uma carta de Fernando II de Aragão chegou a Barcelona, determinando que se pusesse fim aos dois focos de rebeliões de remensas e que anulou a salvaguarda de 1483.

Depois da vitória em Montornés, Bartolomé Sala agrupor tropas em Caldes de Montbui, lá esperaram a chegada das tropas lideras lideradas por Pere Joan Sala, que chegaram no dia 16 de janeiro. Desse modo, os dois líderes reuniram cerca de de mil homens.

Por outro lado, o governador da Catalunha, Henrique de Aragão e Pimentel, reunia um exército para enfrentá-los, do qual faria parte a bandeira de Barcelona, convocada pelo Conselho dos Cem.

No dia 31 de janeiro de 1485, chegaram a Barcelona algumas cartas do Rei Fernando II de Aragão, oriundas de Sevilha, nas quais ele relatava um acordo que havia assinado, em 12 de janeiro, para encerrar o conflito com os remensas, que havia sido rubricado por nove representantes da facção moderada que haviam se dirigida à corte.

Mas nenhuma das duas partes no conflito aceitou os termos do acordo, então eles continuaram os preparativos para resolvê-lo por meio de armas.

Os integrantes do Conselho dos Cem de Barcelona, declararam que viram tais atos do monarca como que tendentes a gerar a destruição total das leis e liberdades do país e que, portanto, causavam desolação nos moradores de Barcelona e do Principado da Catalunha. Por esse motivo, escreveram ao Rei Fernando II de Aragão, alegando que tal proposta de acordo causou grande dor do Principado da Catalunha.

Por outro lado, Pere Joan Sala também expressou sua posição contrária ao acordo, quando se reuniu, no dia 02 de fevereiro, em Llisá com os representantes dos remensas que assinaram o acordo. Desse modo, no dia seguinte ao encontro, Sala ocupou e saqueou Granollers, matando varias pessoas e obrigando seus habitantes mais abastados pagar uma considerável quantia de dinheiro para manter seus gastos com a guerra.

Como uma as estradas nas proximidades de Barcelona havia sido atacada, o Conselho dos Cem recrutou um exército e colocou a cidade em estado de defesa caso houvesse distúrbios internos em apoio aos insurgentes. Quase ao mesmo tempo, o governador da Catalunha Henrique de Aragão e Pimentel reuniu os três ramos do Principado e o Conselho Geral da Catalunha para enfrentar a situação.

No dia seguinte, 8 de fevereiro, chegaram em Barcelona, as tropas do Conde de Cardona e seu filho, o condestável de Aragão , para se juntar ao exército real.

Por sua vez, os remensas continuaram sua campanha na região de Vallés, onde tomaram Sabadell e Terrassa, e, depois foram para o Baix Llobregat, onde atacaram atacando Esparraguera e Martorell. Pouco depois, enquanto Pere Joan Sala estava na região de Girona, seus subordinados atacaram um castelo estratégico perto de Terrassa, que pertencia a um cidadão de Barcelona.

Este ataque fez com que Henrique de Aragão convocasse o Conselho Real no qual se decidiu que sairia de Barcelona uma expedição militar composta por 200 cavaleiros e 700 soldados sob o comando do Condestável de Aragão.

No dia 1 de março essa expedição saiu de Barcelona em direção a Sabadell, que foi tomada no dia 2, entretanto, no dia seguinte o exército real falhou em sua tentativa de recuperar Terrassa e recuou para Sabadell, de onde partiu para Granollers, que conseguiu ocupar em 4 ou 5 de março. Quando as forças de Sala tentaram recuperá-la dias depois, foram derrotadas em 9 ou 10 de março pelas tropas reais.

Após a derrota de Granollers, Pere Joan Sala conseguiu reconstruir suas forças e em 22 de março atacou Mataró, que como Granollers era por onde passava uma das estradas que iam para Barcelona. Nesse contexto, o exército real sob o comando do Condestável de Aragão, foi para Mataró. Esse exército foi reforçado pela Bandeira de Barcelona comandada por Jaime Destorrent.

Entretanto, quando chegaram em Mataró, as forças de Sala, após realizar saques, já haviam marchado de volta para a região de Vallés, seu objetivo era derrotar as tropas monarquistas que cercavam Terrassa.

No dia 24 de março, o Condestável de Aragão foi informado de que Sala estava atacando Llerona, um povoado situado ao norte de Granollers, e decidiu ir para lá em marcha acelerada.

Desse modo, chegou em Llerona, na tarde do mesmo dia e, imediatamente, houve um combate feroz entre os dois exércitos, que resultou em uma decisiva vitória das forças monarquistas que conseguiu fazer centenas prisioneiros, dentre eles: Pere Joan Sala, que, quatro dias depois, foi executado, decapitado e esquartejado em Barcelona. Sua cabeça foi pendurada no "Portal Nou" da cidade   .

Consequências
Após a vitória na Batalha de Llerona, as forças monarquistas desencadearam uma forte repressão os remensas rebeldes, inclusive, proibindo-os de portar armas. Entretanto, os rebeldes continuaram atuando nas regiões montanhosas. Além disso, continuou a existir uma forte tensão nas regiões vizinhas a La Selva.

Nesse contexto, Requesens recebeu instruções de Fernando II de Aragão para buscar um acordo com os remensas que resultasse numa pacificação definitiva. Por isso, no dia 1 de abril, autorizou que os remensas se reunissem em uma assembleia em Madremanya, onde os presentes concordaram em depor as armas e discutir a proposta de acordo do monarca .

Guerras Remensas

Segunda Guerra Remensa


නිදන්ගත වකුගඩු රෝගය (Chronic Kidney Disease) යනු දීර්ඝ කාලීනව ඇතිවන වකුගඩුවල අකර්මණ්‍යයතාවයයි. මෙය මාස කිහිපයක සිට වසර කිහිපයක් දිර්ඝ වෙන්නට පුලුවන්. වකුගඩුවල ක්‍රියාකාරීත්වයේ අඩාල වීමත් සමගම රෝග ලක්ෂණද ක්‍රමාණුකූලව වැඩි වීමක් සිදුවෙන්න පුලුවන්. මෙය දීර්ඝ කාලීන වකුගඩු රෝගය ලෙසද හැදින්විය හැකිය.

දීර්ඝ කාලීන වකුගඩු රෝගයේ රෝග ලක්ෂණ

 අධික රුධිර පීඩනය
 රක්තහීනතාවය
 රුධිරයේ ඌරීන ප්‍රමාණය ඉහල යාම
 මුහුණ, පාද සහ ශරීරයේම ඉදිමුම
 අයන සමතුලිතතාවය බිඳ වැටීම
 ශරීරයේ ආම්ලික ස්වාභාවය ඉහල යාම

හේතු

 වකුගඩු වල සැකැස්මේ දුර්වලතා
 දියවැඩියාව
 අධික රුධිර පීඩනය
 මුත්‍රා මාර්ගයේ ආසාදන
 සර්ප විෂ
 ජානමය හේතු

මූලාශ්‍ර

බාහිර යොමු

Dr Thilak Abesekara , Lankaepress
Dr Sanjaya U Jayasooriya, නිදන්ගත වකුගඩු රෝගය
National Kidney Foundation

The Kidney Foundation of Canada

වකුගඩු රෝග
ඉන්ද්‍රිය අකරණ

නිදන්ගත වකුගඩු රෝගය


කොටකෙතන ඝාතන යනු 2008 වසරේ සිට ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ රත්නපුර දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ කහවත්ත, කොටකෙතන, දඹුල්වල, වරාපිටිය, ඕපාතවත්ත සහ ඒ අවට ප්‍රදේශයන්හි සිදු වූ ද්විත්ව ඝාතන තුනක් ඇතුළුව අභිරහස් කාන්තා ඝාතන 18ක් ගැන සඳහන් වේ. 2015 සැප්තැම්බර් 28 වැනිදා කොටකෙතන ඕපාතවත්ත ප්‍රදේශයේ දෙමළ තේ වතු කම්කරු කාන්තාවක් අමානුෂික ලෙස කපා කොටා ඝාතනය කිරීමේ නවතම ඝාතනය වාර්තා විය. මියගිය ලාබාලම පුද්ගලයා 19 හැවිරිදි වියේ පසුවන අතර වැඩිමහල් පුද්ගලයා 85 හැවිරිදි වියේ පසුවිය. 35 හැවිරිදි එක් සැකකරුවෙකු 2015 දෙසැම්බර් 11 වන දින අත්අඩංගුවට ගත් අතර ඔහුගේ DNA මිනීමැරුම් හයක් සමඟ ගැලපේ.

මිනීමැරුම්

සමානකම්
මෙම සියලු ඝාතනවල සමානකම් ඇති අතර ඒවා ක්‍රමානුකූල සහ නීති විරෝධී ඝාතනවල අංග කිහිපයකි.

 ඝාතන සිදුවූයේ කාන්තාවන් පමණි
 කාන්තාවන් 18 දෙනාගෙන් 13 දෙනෙකුම වයස අවුරුදු 60 ට වැඩි අයයි
 සියලුම ඝාතන සිදුවූයේ එම ප්‍රදේශය කේන්ද්‍ර කර ගනිමින්.
 කාන්තාවන් හුදකලා වී හෝ ඔවුන්ගේ නිවෙස්වල තනිව සිටියදී ඝාතන සිදු කර ඇත
 බොහෝ කාන්තාවන් ඝාතනය කිරීමට පෙර දූෂණයට ලක් විය
 බොහෝ කාන්තාවන් පළමුව මරා දැමූ අතර පසුව ඔවුන්ගේ මළ සිරුරු ඔවුන්ගේ නිවෙස් සමඟ පුළුස්සා දමන ලදී.
 ඝාතන කිහිපයකදී කාන්තාවන්ගේ සිරුරු ඔවුන්ගේ නිවෙස්වලින් තරමක් ඈතට ගෙන ගොස් ඇත.
 බොහෝ ඝාතන අපරාධකරුවන් දෙදෙනෙකු හෝ වැඩි ගණනක් විසින් ඝාතන සිදු කර ඇති බවට පැහැදිලි සාක්ෂි පෙන්නුම් කළේය.

විමර්ශන සහ අත්අඩංගුවට ගැනීම්
සියලු ඝාතනවලට සම්බන්ධ නොවිය හැකි බව පොලිසිය විශ්වාස කරයි.

2015 දෙසැම්බර් 11 වන දින 35 හැවිරිදි සැකකරුවෙකු අපරාධ පරීක්ෂණ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව විසින් මාස කිහිපයක විමර්ශනයකින් පසු පොලිස් අත්අඩංගුවට පත් විය. ඔහු එම ප්‍රදේශයේම පදිංචිකරුවෙකි. 2015 දෙසැම්බර් 15 දින අපරාධ පරීක්ෂණ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව පැල්මඩුල්ල මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයාට දන්වා සිටියේ සැකකරුගේ DNA සාම්පල කොටකෙතන සහ කහවත්ත ප්‍රදේශවල සිදුවූ ඝාතන හතෙන් හයක දර්ශනවලින් ලබාගත් DNA සාම්පලවලට ගැලපෙන බවයි.

යොමු කිරීම්

කොටකෙතන මිනීමැරුම්


Toptaş, Antalya ilinin Kumluca ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Daha önceleri Gerçin köyüne bağlı bir mahalle iken, 14 Temmuz 1954'te yine aynı köye bağlı Kozyanı, Dalca ve Beşikçi köyüne bağlı Sırımlı mahalleleri ile birleşerek köy statüsü kazandı. 2012 yılındaki yasa değişikliğinden sonra yeniden mahalle oldu.

Coğrafya
Antalya il merkezine 96 km, Kumluca ilçe merkezine 6 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Kumluca'nın mahalleleri

Toptaş, Kumluca


Charles de Lorena, al 4-lea Duce de Guise (2 august 1571 – 30 septembrie 1640) a fost fiul cel mare al Ducelui Henric de Guise și a Catherinei de Cleves.

Biografie
S-a născut la Joinville, (departamentul Haute-Marne), în regiunea Champagne-Ardenne din nord-estul Franței. După asasinarea tatălui său în 1588, el i-a succedat ca Duce de Guise, însă a fost ținut prizonier timp de trei ani la Tours; a evadat în 1591. În timp ce Liga Catolică avea mari speranțe pentru el, sperând să ajungă pe tron, el și-a declarat sprijinul pentru Henric al IV-lea al Franței în 1594. În schimbul susținerii Henric i-a plătit 4 milioane de livre și l-a făcut Guvernator de Provence. În 1595 el a capturat Marseille de la ducele d'Épernon.

A căzut în dizgrația Cardinalului Richelieu și a trebuit să plece în Italia în 1631. Soția și copiii i s-au alăturat la Florența, unde familia a fost protejată de Casa de Medici. Fiii lui: François și Charles Louis au murit în Italia în timpul exilului. Ducele Charles însuși a murit, la Cuna, în 1640. Văduvei și copiilor săi (printre ei și Marie, "Mademoiselle de Guise" li s-a permis să se întoarcă în Franța în 1643.

Copii
La 6 ianuarie 1611 s-a căsătorit cu Henriette Catherine de Joyeuse (8 ianuarie 1585 – 25 februarie 1656) cu care a avut zece copii:
 François (3 aprilie 1612 – 7 decembrie 1639), Prinț de Joinville, care a murit la Florența în timpul exilului familiei.
 gemeni băieți  (n. 4 martie 1613 - d. 19 martie 1613); au murit în aceeași zi.
 Henric al II-lea, Duce de Guise (1614–1664), Arhiepiscop de Reims
 Marie, Ducesă de Guise (1615–1688)
 o fiică, numită Mademoiselle de Joinville (4 martie 1617 - 18 ianuarie 1618); a murit la aproape un an după ce a contactat o răceală în iarna anului 1617.
 Charles Louis (15 iulie 1618 – 15 martie 1637); a murit  la Florența în timpul exilului familiei.
 Françoise Renée (10 ianuarie 1621 – 4 decembrie 1682) stareță de Montmartre
 Louis, Duce de Joyeuse (1622–1664), de asemenea Duce de Angoulême
 Roger (21 martie 1624 – 9 septembrie 1653) numit Cavalerul de Joinville și mai târziu Cavaler de Guise, cavaler al Ordinului de la Malta; a murit de febră la Cambrai.

Nașteri în 1571
Decese în 1640
Duci de Guise
Conți de Eu

Charles, Duce de Guise


Herbert Waas (født 8. september 1963 i Passau, Vesttyskland) er en tysk tidligere fodboldspiller (angriber).

Waas' klubkarriere er primært associeret med hans syv år lange ophold hos Bayer Leverkusen. Han var med til at vinde UEFA Cuppen med klubben i 1988. efter finalesejr over RCD Espanyol fra Spanien. Senere i karrieren repræsenterede han blandt andet også italienske Bologna, schweiziske FC Zürich.

Waas spillede desuden 11 kampe og scorede ét mål for det tyske landshold, heriblandt tre kvalifikationskampe til EM 1984.

Titler
UEFA Cup
 1988 med Bayer Leverkusen

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Tyskland
Fodboldspillere fra FC Zürich
Fodboldspillere fra Bologna FC
Fodboldspillere fra Bayer 04 Leverkusen
Fodboldspillere fra 1860 München
Fodboldspillere fra Hamburger SV
Fodboldspillere fra Dynamo Dresden

Herbert Waas


Cheongsam (chineză 長衫 / 长衫, Pinyin chángshān 'rochie lungă') sau Qipao (chineză 旗袍, Pinyin qípáo, W.-G. ch 'i-p' ao) este o îmbrăcăminte populară  din China, pentru femei, în special în secolul al XX-lea cu caracteristici tipice:
 guler înalt, închis,
 lungime până la gleznă,
 nasturi sau mod de fixare pe umăr
 și șliț pe părțile laterale.
Este realizat din materiale fine precum mătase sau satin, cu un consum scăzut  de material.
Cheongsam, nu este, cu toate acestea, de asemenea și în China, o îmbrăcăminte de zi cu zi, ci una pentru ocazii speciale.

Origini
Numele de "Cheongsam" (長衫), adoptat în limba engleză, care înseamnă rochie lunga, vine din limba cantoneză (Jyutping: coeng4 saam1). În alte Părți ale Chinei, este numită, de asemenea, "Qipao" (旗袍). Acest nume vine din perioada Manchu, a dinastiei Qing. Manchu a împărțit populația în bannere (旗, qí), și oamenii s-au numit "banner" (旗人, qírén). Rochia purtată, de obicei, de femeile Manchu, a fost numită acum "rochie banner" (qipao). În timp ce bărbații chinezi Han au preluat Changshan, de la manciurienii, Han femeile Han din China, a continuat să poarte îmbrăcăminte tradițională, din două piese, compusă din sacou și pantaloni. După revoluția din 1911, dinastia Manchu s-a încheiat, dezvoltându-se din Qipao original, o rochie nouă, care pentru femeile din China este foarte populară.

Qipao modern

Qipao original, așa cum a fost înainte de revoluție, a fost purtat lung cu tăietură. Forma modernă, care a apărut în Shanghai, anii  în1920, accentuează silueta. Acesta combină elemente tradiționale ale rochiei Manchu, cu forma unei rochii dintr-o singură bucată. Cu toate acestea, primele versiuni moderne Qipaos sunt încă tăiate relativ lejer, și amintesc de Changshan.

Înainte de Revoluție, Changshan dintr-o bucată, a fost mult timp rezervat doar pentru bărbați. În primii ani ai Republicii Populare Chineze, s-a promovat tot mai mult emanciparea femeilor, cum ar fi mișcarea pentru o Nouă cultură.

Studente tinere purtau Qipao ca un semn de egalitate în drepturi. Autoarea Eileen Chang a spus: "mai întâi, femeile au început să poarte această îmbrăcăminte, deoarece acestea au vrut să pară bărbați". Personalități importante precum Song Qingling și Cântec Meiling au purtat Qipao.

Guvernul Republicii China a admis în 1929, Qipao, ca unul din cele doua piese de îmbrăcăminte oficiale pentru femei în codul lor vestimentar.

Perioada de înflorire pentru Qipao au fost anii 1930. Mai târziu formele diferă în principal în lungime și țesătură.
După 1949, comuniștii din China au preluat puterea, iar mulți croitori din Shanghai și s-a stabilit în Hong Kong. Qipao a rămas acolo ca o îmbrăcăminte de zi cu zi, foarte populară, până în anii 1950..

Până astăzi, Qipao este o îndrăgită piesă de îmbrăcăminte pentru ocazii oficiale. Qipao este purtat, de exemplu, la nunti ca una dintre rochii. De asemenea, Qipao este utilizat pe scară largă, de angajatele din restaurant sau hotel, ca îmbrăcăminte de lucru reprezentativă.

Qipao în arta
Regizorul Wong Kar-Wai a pus memorial, Qipao, în filmul său In the Mood for Love. Actrița Maggie Cheung poartă în aproape fiecare scenă, o altă rochie. Un total de 46 de rochii au fost făcute pentru film. Cu toate acestea, nu toate s-au văzut în film.

Literatură
Yang, Chui Chu: The meanings of qipao as traditional dress: Chinese and Taiwanese perspectives, Hârtie 15604, Universitatea de Stat din Iowa, 2007, OCLC 298354463.

Legături externe
 Qipao în China-Blog haenke.net

Note

Rochii

Cheongsam


La  est une église située à  en Équateur, à laquelle l'Église catholique donne les statuts de cathédrale du diocèse de San Jacinto, de basilique mineure, et de sanctuaire diocésain. Elle est dédiée à saint Hyacinthe.

Historique
Une première église rudimentaire en bois est inaugurée le , remplacée par une seconde en 1901. L'église actuelle en béton est finalement construite entre 1942 et 1956. Elle est consacrée le , et élevée en même temps au rang de sanctuaire archidiocésain par l'archevêque de Guayaquil.

Le , elle est déclarée basilique mineure par le pape . Celui-ci offre alors à l'église des reliques de saint Hyacinthe , qui sont arrivées le  et exposées depuis le .

Le diocèse de San Jacinto de Yaguachi (appelé ainsi jusqu'au ) est séparé de l'archidiocèse de Guayaquil le  par le pape , et la basilique en devient cathédrale. Le sanctuaire du Divin-Enfant de Durán est cocathédrale depuis le .

Références

Yaguachi Nuevo
Yaguachi Nuevo
Yaguachi Nuevo
Yaguachi Nuevo
Yaguachi Nuevo
Lieu de pèlerinage catholique

Cathédrale-basilique Saint-Hyacinthe de Yaguachi Nuevo


La Fondation Waubra est un lobby qui s'oppose aux parcs éoliens et promeut la croyance connue sous le nom de syndrome des éoliennes. La fondation a été créée par Peter Mitchell, administrateur de plusieurs sociétés pétrolières et gazières. La fondation se décrit comme un groupe de défense pour une recherche multidisciplinaire correctement menée sur les problèmes de santé présumés, signalés par les personnes vivant à proximité d'éoliennes. La fondation porte le nom de la ville de Waubra, en Australie, mais n'y est liée d'aucune autre manière. La ville abrite le parc éolien de Waubra, composé de 128 turbines.

Allégations pseudo-scientifiques
Les allégations faites par la Fondation Waubra concernant le syndrome des éoliennes''' et le syndrome des parcs éoliens'' sont considérées comme pseudo-scientifiques et ne sont reconnues comme des maladies réelles par aucun système international de classification des maladies, et elles n'apparaissent dans aucun titre ou résumé de la National Library of Medicine des États-Unis (base de données PubMed). Le syndrome des éoliennes a été qualifié de pseudoscience. Depuis 2003, 25 revues de la littérature scientifique sur les éoliennes et la santé ont été publiées. Ces études n'ont trouvé aucune raison de croire que les éoliennes sont nocives pour la santé.

Histoire
La Fondation était à l'origine connue sous le nom de «Waubra Disease Foundation» après avoir affirmé que les problèmes de santé signalés par certains habitants de Waubra étaient causés par des éoliennes. La Fondation Waubra a affirmé que les éoliennes ont un impact sur la santé mentale et physique de certaines personnes, en grande partie à cause des infrasons. La Fondation affirme que les symptômes suivants sont cohérents avec les impacts de la proximité des éoliennes : troubles du sommeil, maux de tête, y compris migraines, acouphènes, pression auriculaire (souvent décrite comme douloureuse), problèmes d'équilibre/étourdissements, vertiges, nausées, flou visuel, irritabilité, problèmes de concentration et mémoire, épisodes de panique et tachycardie (rythme cardiaque rapide). En 2009, le terme Syndrome des éoliennes a été inventé pour englober le large éventail de symptômes décrits par les plaignants vivant à proximité des éoliennes. La Fondation a publié des rapports de personnes souffrant de symptômes du syndrome de l'éolienne vivant jusqu'à 17 kilomètres de l'éolienne la plus proche.

En novembre 2013, le sénateur Richard Di Natale, à l'époque porte-parole des Verts australiens pour la santé et ancien médecin généraliste, a déposé une plainte écrite auprès de la Commission australienne des organismes de bienfaisance et des organisations à but non lucratif (ACNC) et de l'Australian Tax Office, mettant en cause la qualification de la Fondation Waubra en tant qu'organisation caritative de promotion de la santé, au motif que les affirmations de la fondation sont fausses et trompeuses, et qu'elles pourraient en fait causer des dommages.

Le 11 décembre 2014, l'ACNC a révoqué l'enregistrement de la fondation en tant qu'organisme de bienfaisance pour la promotion de la santé, le commissaire adjoint déclarant . En décembre 2017, la décision a été confirmée après un appel infructueux.

Références

Énergie éolienne en Australie
Lobbyiste
Désinformation
Association ou organisme lié aux énergies renouvelables

Fondation Waubra


ويندوز إرو  هو واجهة المستخدم الرسومية والشكل الأساسي لنظام التشغيل ويندوز فيستا والذي أصدرته مايكروسوفت في نوفمبر 2006. وقد صار متاحاً أيضاً لخادوم ويندوز 2008 الذي صُدر في 27 فبراير عام 2008. يأتي اسم إرو Aero من الأحرف الأولي لكلمات جُمل Authentic, Energetic, Reflective and Open والتي تعني أصلي ومليء بالطاقة وانعكاسي ومفتوح. صُممت واجهة إرو لتكون أنقي وأكثر قوة وكفاءة وإبهاجاً من الواجهة التي تسبقها لونا وهي المستخدمة في ويندوز إكس بي، وهي تحتوي على خصائص جديدة مثل الشفافيات والصور المصغرة الحية والأيقونات الحية بالإضافة إلى التحريك والألوان المحببة للعين.

مراجع

استحداثات متعلقة بالحواسيب في عقد 2000
برمجيات مايكروسوفت
لغة التصميم
مكونات مايكروسوفت ويندوز
ميمات الإنترنت ظهرت في 2017
واجهات مستخدم رسومية
ويندوز 7
ويندوز فيستا

ويندوز إرو


سيد أحمد الحردلو شاعر سودانى ودبلوماسي معروف ولد عام 1940 في قرية ناوا بالولاية الشمالية السودان. حاصل على بكالوريوس في اللغة الإنجليزية وآدابها 1965 ودبلوم اللغة الفرنسية 1975/ 1974 م
متزوج و لديه ثلاثة أبناء سامح و محمد و مازن

عمل مدرساً في السودان ثم في حضرموت قبل استقلالها، ثم انتقل إلى السلك الدبلوماسي فعمل مستشارًا بسفارة السودان في كنشاسا 1975, 1976 فوزيراً مفوضاً 1977- 1979, فسفيراً 1980،فسفيراً فوق العادة 1987- 1989 وتقاعد عام 1989 م.
عمل محرراً ومراسلاً لبعض الصحف السودانية والعربية. شارك في العديد من المؤتمرات الرسمية, واللقاءات والمهرجانات الثقافية.

دواوينه الشعرية

 غدا نلتقي
 مقدمات 1970
 كتاب مفتوح إلى حضرة الإمام 1985
 بكائية على بحر القلزم 1985
 خربشات على دفتر الوطن 1997
 الخرطوم... ياحبيبتي 1999
 أنتم الناس أيها اليمانون 1999
 إلى جانب الكثير من الأشعار بالعامية السودانية.

أعماله الإبداعية الأخرى
ملعون أبوكي بلد (مجموعة قصصية)- مسرحية شعرية بالعامية السودانية.

ممن درسوا شعره وكتبوا عنه
 مصطفى السحرتي
 تاج السرالحسن
 عزالدين إسماعيل
 محمود أمين العالم
 أحمد رشدي صالح
 جيلي عبد الرحمن
 غادة السمان

وفاته
توفي يوم الجمعة 8 يونيو 2012 عن عمر يناهز 72 عاما.

انظر أيضا
 الموسوعة العالمية للشعر العربى
 الحردلو/صحيفة الشرق الأوسط

المراجع

سفراء السودان
شعراء سودانيون
مواليد 1940
وفيات 2012

سيد أحمد الحردلو


دولاب قد تشير إلى:
 عجلة
 دولاب (أصفهان)
 دولاب (علي أباد ملك)
 خزانة صوان
 مقلدة

مدن
الدولاب مدينة تونسية تابعة لولاية القصرين.

دولاب (توضيح)


The cerebral peduncles are the two stalks that attach the cerebrum to the brainstem. They are  structures at the front of the midbrain which arise from the ventral pons and contain the large ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) nerve tracts that run to and from the cerebrum from the pons. Mainly, the three common areas that give rise to the cerebral peduncles are the cerebral cortex, the spinal cord and the cerebellum. The region includes the tegmentum, crus cerebri and pretectum. By this definition, the cerebral peduncles are also known as the basis pedunculi, while the large ventral bundle of efferent fibers is referred to as the cerebral crus or the pes pedunculi.

The cerebral peduncles are located on either side of the midbrain and are the frontmost part of the midbrain, and act as the connectors between the rest of the midbrain and the thalamic nuclei and thus the cerebrum. As a whole, the cerebral peduncles assist in refining motor movements, learning new motor skills, and converting proprioceptive information into balance and posture maintenance.
Important fiber tracts that run through the cerebral peduncles are the corticospinal, corticopontine, and corticobulbar tracts.
Damage to the cerebral peduncles results in unrefined motor skills, imbalance, and lack of proprioception.

Structure
The descending upper fibers from the internal capsule continue on through the midbrain and are then seen as the fibers in the cerebral peduncles.
The corticopontine fibers are found in the outer and inner third of the cerebral peduncle, these are the cortical input to the pontine nuclei. The corticobulbar and corticospinal fibers are found in the middle third of the cerebral peduncle.  The corticospinal tract exits the internal capsule and is seen in the mid portion of the cerebral peduncles.

Cranial nerves
Cranial nerve 3 (oculomotor nerve) appears ventrally between the two cerebral peduncles in the interpeduncular fossa. Cranial nerve 4 (trochlear nerve) wraps around the lowest part of the cerebral peduncle.

Additional images

See also
 List of regions in the human brain
 Efferent nerve fiber
 Motor neuron (efferent neuron)
 Motor nerve

References

External links
 Diagram
 Diagram
 Photo
 NIF Search - Cerebral Peduncle via the Neuroscience Information Framework

Cerebrum
Central nervous system pathways

Cerebral peduncle


Mo-I-Rana var et dansk rockband, der var aktivt i 1970'erne. Bandet blev dannet i sommeren 1972 af Nils Henriksen og Ken Gudman efter at disse havde forladt Culpeper's Orchard. Kort efter kom Bill Hazen (tidligere Day Of Phoenix) med i gruppen, der senere blev udvidet med Ole Prehn, Hans Lauridsen og Thorkild Nielsen. Efter indspilningen af bandets debutalbum Loners & Lovers ved årsskiftet 1973/74 forlod Gudman gruppen og i stedet kom Henrik Friis Nielsen (tidligere Day of Phoenix) med. Bandet blev kort efter opløst.

Bandet tog sit navn fra den norske by Mo i Rana, hvor bandets medlemmer blev æresborgere. Mo-I-Rana blev i sin korte levetid betegnet som en dansk supergruppe med medlemmer fra en række tidligere kendte orkestre, bl.a. Culpeper's Orchard og Day of Phoenix.

Diskografi

Singler
 "So My Daddy Says" / "Alone" (1973) Polydor 2054 076 (DK) og 2121-158 (UK)
 "You really got me" / "Since You Been Gone" (1973) Polydor 2054 094
 "Break it up" / "A Theme for Loners and Lovers (1974) Polydor 2054 109
 "The Chaser" / "Dirty Love" (1974) Polydor 2054 124

Album
 Loners & Lovers (1974) Polydor 2380 023

Kilder
 ROCK, Jan Sneum, Politikens Forlag, 1978

Eksterne links
 Omtale på discogs

Rockgrupper fra Danmark
Musikgrupper fra 1972
Ophørt i 1974

Mo-I-Rana (band)


වසර 145 (CXLV) යනු,  ජූලියානු දින දසුන ප්‍රකාර   බ්‍රහස්පතින්දා දිනයකින් ඇරඹෙන සාමාන්‍ය අවුරුද්දකි  (බැඳිය විසින් මුළු දින දසුන දක්වනු ඇත). එකල එය හැඳින්වුනේ, හඩ්රියානුස්ගේ සහ සීසර්ගේ රාජ්‍යතාන්ත්‍රික  ධූර වර්ෂය (හෝ, එතරම් ප්‍රචලිත නොවන අයුරින්,  අබ් ඌර්බෙ කෝන්ඩිටා  898 වසර) ලෙසිනි.  මෙම වසර සඳහා 145 යන නාමය භාවිත වීම ඇරඹුනේ මුල් මධ්‍යතන යුගයේදී, වසර නම් කිරීම සඳහා යුරෝපයේ ප්‍රචලිත භාවයට පත් ක්‍රමය ලෙසින් ක්‍රිස්තු වර්ෂ දින දසුන් යුගය ඇරඹීම හා සමගය.

උපත්
 අප්‍රේල් 11 – සෙප්ටිමියස් සෙවේරුස්, රෝමානු අධිරාජයා (ම. 211)

මරණ
 චීන හාං රාජ වංශයෙහි අධිරජයාවූ  හාං චුංදී (උ. 143)

ග්‍රෙගරි දිනදසුනේ අවුරුදු

145


(4087) Pärt ist ein Hauptgürtelasteroid, der am 5. März 1986 von Ted Bowell vom Lowell-Observatorium aus entdeckt wurde.

Der Asteroid wurde nach dem estnischen Komponisten Arvo Pärt (* 1935) benannt.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Hauptgürtelasteroid unter 50 km Durchmesser
Arvo Pärt
Astronomisches Objekt (entdeckt von Edward L. G. Bowell)

(4087) Pärt