An Taeniophyllum foliatum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Schltr.. An Taeniophyllum foliatum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Taeniophyllum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Taeniophyllum

Taeniophyllum foliatum


Redbird, Redbirds, Red Bird or Red Birds may refer to:

Bird
 Redbird, another name for the northern cardinal
 Redbird, another name for the summer tanager
 Red bird of paradise, a near threatened species

Mythological
 An East Asian variant of the phoenix
 Vermilion Bird or Red Bird

People
 Red Bird (c. 1788–1828), Ho-Chunk chief
 Redbird Smith (1850–1918), Cherokee traditionalist
 Zitkála-ša (Red Bird, Gertrude Bonnin) (1876–1938), Yankton Dakota author
 Red Bird (baseball) (1890–1972), American baseball player
 Che-se-quah (Red Bird, Joan Hill) (1930–2020), Muscogee Creek-Cherokee artist

Place in the United States
 Redbird, Kentucky
 Redbird, Missouri
 Redbird, Nebraska
 Redbird, Oklahoma
 Redbird, New York
 Redbird, Dallas, a neighborhood in the Oak Cliff area of Dallas, Texas
 Redbird, West Virginia
 Red Bird River, a tributary of the Kentucky River

Music
 Redbird (band), an American Americana/folk trio
 Redbird (John Zorn album), 1995
 Redbird (Heather Nova album), 2005
 Redbird (Redbird album), 2005
 Red Bird Records, a record label founded by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller
 Redbird Records, an independent record label founded by Ludo

Popular culture
 Redbird (comics), the name of Robin's car from Batman comics, and one of the aliases of Damian Wayne
 Red Bird (web series), an American television Western web series
 Redbird, the mascot of De Pere High School in De Pere, Wisconsin
 Redbird, slang for a $5 casino chip
 Red Bird (character), the main character in Angry Birds
 The Red Bird (Astrid Lindgren book), book by Astrid Lindgren

Sports
 The Redbirds, nickname of the St. Louis Cardinals, a Major League Baseball team
 Memphis Redbirds, the Memphis class AAA minor league baseball team
 Louisville Redbirds, the former name of the Louisville Bats minor league baseball team
 Hamilton Redbirds, a defunct minor league baseball team that played from 1988 to 1992
 Glens Falls Redbirds, a defunct minor league baseball team that played in 1993
 Union Springs Redbirds, a defunct minor league baseball team that played from 1936 to 1938 in Alabama
 Columbus Red Birds, a defunct minor league baseball team that played from 1931 to 1954 in Ohio
 Columbus Red Birds (Georgia), a defunct minor league baseball team that played from 1909 to 1959 in Georgia, best known as the Columbus Foxes
 Raleigh Red Birds, a name used by some defunct minor league baseball teams in Raleigh, North Carolina
 Williamson Red Birds, a defunct minor league baseball team that played from 1939 to 1942
 Huntsville Red Birds, a defunct minor league baseball team that played in 1935 in Arkansas
 Geneva Red Birds, a defunct minor league baseball team that played in 1946 and 1950 in Alabama
 Illinois State Redbirds, athletic teams from Illinois State University

Other uses
 Redbird Flight Simulations, an American flight simulator manufacturer
 Redbird trains, the New York City Subway cars that were painted a deep red paint scheme.

See also

 Bird (disambiguation)
 Red (disambiguation)
 Phoenix (disambiguation)
 Firebird (disambiguation)

Redbird


The Mazatec are an indigenous people of Mexico who inhabit the Sierra Mazateca in the state of Oaxaca and some communities in the adjacent states of Puebla and Veracruz.

Language family
The Mazatecan languages are part of the Popolocan family which, in turn, is part of the Otomanguean language family.

Traditional religious rituals
Mazatec tradition includes the cultivation of entheogens for spiritual and ritualistic use. Plants and fungi used for this purpose include psilocybin mushrooms, psychoactive morning glory seeds (from species such as Ipomoea tricolor and Ipomoea corymbosa), and perhaps most significant to the Mazatecs, Salvia divinorum. This latter plant is known to Mazatec shamans as ska María Pastora, the name containing a reference to the Virgin Mary.

Notable Mazatecs
María Sabina
Julieta Casimiro

See also

 Indigenous peoples in Mexico
 Mixtec

Notes

References

External links
Article from the Catholic Encyclopedia

Indigenous peoples in Mexico
Mesoamerican cultures
Sierra Madre de Oaxaca

Mazatec


De fire Djævle (originaltitel: 4 Devils) er en amerikansk dramastumfilm fra 1928, instrueret af F. W. Murnau og havde Janet Gaynor i hovedrollen.
Filmen blev udgivet af Fox Film Corporation, og blev produceret af William Fox, der havde hyret Murnau til at komme til USA. Der blev lavet en lydversion, med synkroniserede lydseffekter, musik og dialogsekvenser, uden Murnaus samarbejde.
Manuskriptet var skrevet af Carl Mayer baseret på Herman Bangs novelle Les Quatre Diables.

Referencer

Eksterne Henvisninger

Stumfilm fra USA
Amerikanske film fra 1928
Sort-hvide film fra USA
Engelsksprogede film
Dramafilm fra USA
Film baseret på værker af danske forfattere

De fire Djævle (film fra 1928)


Trine Schøning Torp (født 18. februar 1970) er en dansk politiker og tidligere medlem af Folketinget for SF.

Torp er uddannet cand.psyk i 2000 fra Københavns Universitet og ansat som lektor på Professionshøjskolen Metropol, Institut for Samfundsfaglig og Pædagogisk Efter- og videreuddannelse. Hun har tidligere
arbejdet otte år som psykolog med udsatte børn, unge og familier i bl.a. tidligere Karlebo Kommune og Hundested Kommune. Hun var medlem af Folketinget fra 2015 til 2022 for SF.

Ved folketingsvalget 2015 opnåede hun 2.494 personlige stemmer, hvilket var nok til et tillægsmandat i Nordsjællands Storkreds. Hun har været indvalgt i byrådet i Halsnæs Kommune fra 2009-2015.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Tidligere folketingsmedlemmer fra SF
Folketingsmedlemmer i 2010'erne
Kommunalbestyrelsesmedlemmer fra SF
Personer i Kraks Blå Bog

Trine Torp


كاتدرائية المخلص المقدس والمعروفة باسم كنيسة المخلص (بالإيطاليّة: Il Redentore)، هي بناء ديني مهم في مدينة البندقية من تصميم المعماري اندريا بالاديو في 1577 على جزيرة جوديكا.

الهيكل
البناء له خطة مستطيلة، مع مع جناح مكون من 3 محاريب متواصلة مع القبة المركزية الكبيرة. من تقاطعهم يوجد 2 أبراج اسطوانية الشكل، مع أسقف مخروطية تُشبه المآذن.

الواجهة من الرخام الأبيض واحدة من أكثر الأمثلة الملهمة من الكلاسيكية الجديدة والتي أعطت الشهرة للبلاديو: أربعة طبول ثلاثية وواحدة مستطيلة الشكل تتقاطع مع بعضها البعض ، في سلسة تعارض لسطوح ملساء، أعمدة وتماثيل، التي تعطي استقرار وصرامة العمارة الكلاسيكية.

داخل الكنيسة مكون من فراغ واحدة مع محربين كبيرين جانبيين. على قدر كبير من الأهمية هو الضوء ، كما في جميع أعمال بلاديو، النصير الحقيقي للفراغ الداخلي، لأنة يعطي قيمة فراغية للأحجام والزينة.

مراجع

انظر أيضًا

 المسيحية في إيطاليا

البندقية
كنائس رومانية كاثوليكية اكتملت في 1592
كنائس في البندقية
كنائس في إيطاليا
مبان كنسية ذات قباب
مباني كنائس رومانية كاثوليكية القرن 16
هندسة معمارية عصر النهضة في البندقية
مبان كنائس رومانية كاثوليكية في إيطاليا القرن 16
كنائس رومانية كاثوليكية في البندقية

كنيسة المخلص


هي جواهر وهمية في لعبة ذا ليجند أوف زيلدا تعتبر من بقايا جواهر المعبود الذهبي.

وهي تشكل ثلاثة مثلثات تعرف باسم تريفورس وهي:الحكمة، الشجاعة، الطاقة.
وكل من يحمل وحدة من هذه الثلاثة يمتلك قوتها.

مراجع

ذا ليجند أوف زيلدا
عناصر ألعاب الفيديو
كائنات سحرية

ترايفورس


V805 Aquilae (V805 Aql / HD 177708 / HIP 93809) es una estrella binaria de magnitud aparente +7,58.
Está encuadrada en la constelación del Águila, cerca del límite con Sagitario.
De acuerdo a la nueva reducción de datos de paralaje del satélite Hipparcos, se encuentra a 548 años luz del sistema solar.

V805 Aquilae es una binaria cercana cuyo período orbital es de 2,4082 días.
La componente principal es una estrella de tipo espectral A2 cuya temperatura efectiva es de 8185 K.
17,8 veces más luminosa que el Sol, tiene una masa de 2,11 masas solares y un radio igual a 2,11 radios solares.
La componente secundaria, clasificada como de tipo A9, tiene una temperatura de 7178 K.
Su luminosidad es 7,2 veces superior a la luminosidad solar y tiene una masa un 63% mayor que la del Sol.
Igualmente se radió es un 75% más grande que el radio solar.

V805 Aquilae constituye una binaria eclipsante; durante el eclipse principal —cuando la estrella menos luminosa intercepta la luz de la estrella más luminosa— el brillo del sistema disminuye 0,64 magnitudes mientras que en el secundario el descenso del brillo es de 0,32 magnitudes.

Referencias

Estrellas blancas de la secuencia principal
Estrellas binarias
Estrellas variables
Constelación de Aquila

V805 Aquilae


Morris County is the name of several counties in the United States:

 Morris County, Kansas
 Morris County, New Jersey, the most populous in the country with the name
 Morris County, Texas

Morris County


Pietro de' Crescenzi ( 1230/35 – c. 1320) () foi um jurista bolonhês, agora lembrado por seus escritos sobre horticultura e agricultura, a Ruralia commoda. Existem muitas grafias variantes de seu nome.

Pietro de' Crescenzi nasceu em Bolonha por volta de 1235; a única evidência de sua data de nascimento é a anotação "septuagenário" na Ruralia commoda, datada com alguma certeza entre 1304 e 1309. Ele foi educado na Universidade de Bolonha em lógica, medicina, ciências naturais e direito, mas não obteve seu doutorado. Crescenzi atuou como advogado e juiz de cerca de 1269 até 1299, viajando amplamente pela Itália no decorrer de seu trabalho.

Em janeiro de 1274 casou-se com Geraldina de' Castagnoli, com quem teve pelo menos cinco filhos. Ela morreu em ou logo após dezembro de 1287. Em janeiro de 1289 casou-se com Antonia de' Nascentori, com quem também teve vários filhos.

Após sua aposentadoria em 1290, ele dividiu seu tempo entre Bolonha e sua propriedade rural, a Villa dell'Olmo, fora dos muros de Bolonha. Durante este tempo, ele escreveu o Ruralia comoda, um tratado agrícola baseado em grande parte em fontes clássicas e medievais (principalmente Alberto Magno), bem como em sua própria experiência como proprietário de terras.

Não se sabe quando de' Crescenzi morreu. Seu último testamento é datado de 23 de junho de 1320; um documento legal datado de 20 de fevereiro de 1321 o descreve como morto, com quase 90 anos.

Ruralia commoda
A Ruralia commoda, às vezes conhecida como Liber ruralium commodorum ("livro de benefícios rurais"), foi concluída entre 1304 e 1309 e foi dedicada a Carlos II de Nápoles. O rei Carlos V da França ordenou uma tradução francesa em 1373. Em 1471 foi impresso pela primeira vez em latim, em Augsburgo e Estrasburgo. Depois de circular em várias cópias manuscritas, o tratado de Crescenzi tornou-se o primeiro texto moderno impresso sobre agricultura quando foi publicado em Augsburgo por Johann Schüssler em 1471. Cerca de 57 edições em latim, italiano, francês e alemão apareceram durante o século seguinte, assim como duas edições em polonês.

Seções
A estrutura e o conteúdo da Ruralia commoda são substancialmente baseados no De re rustica de Columela, escrito no século I, embora este trabalho não estivesse disponível para de' Crescenzi e fosse conhecido apenas em fragmentos até uma versão completa ser descoberta em uma biblioteca de mosteiro por Poggio Bracciolini durante o Concílio de Constança, entre 1414 e 1418. Enquanto de' Crescenzi cita Columella doze vezes, todas as citações são indiretas e tiradas do Opus agriculturae de Rutilius Taurus Aemilianus Palladius. Como o De re rustica de Columella, a cRuralia commoda é dividida em 12 partes:

 Localização e plano de uma mansão, vila ou fazenda, considerando clima, ventos e abastecimento de água; também os deveres do chefe da propriedade
 Propriedades botânicas de plantas e técnicas de horticultura
 Agricultura de cereais e construção de um celeiro
 Vinhas e vinificação
 Arboricultura – árvores úteis para alimentos e remédios
 Horticultura - plantas úteis para alimentos e remédios
 Gestão de prados e florestas
 Jardins ornamentais
 Criação de animais e apicultura
 Caça e pesca
 Resumo geral
 Calendário mensal de tarefas

Legado
Crescenzi era tão conhecido que seu nome foi usado para anunciar livros até 1602. Ele também inspirou um gênero de literatura alemã chamado Hausväterliteratur ('leitura para o pai de família'), além de guias práticos sobre agricultura, jardinagem, criação de gado, caça, etiqueta e assim por diante para camponeses. Livros deste gênero foram publicados no século XIX.

Ver também
 História da agricultura

Agrônomos da Itália
Mortos na década de 1320
Nascidos na década de 1230

Pietro de' Crescenzi


Un creator de modă (în ) este o persoană care se ocupă de schițarea și crearea unor noi modele de piese vestimentare. Un creator de modă creează concepte stilistice noi și modele unice de haine, care fac tendințele în funcție de sezon, în lumea modei.

Creator de modă


Salem () est un film américain réalisé par Gary Dauberman et dont la sortie est prévue en 2023. Il s'agit d'une nouvelle adaptation du roman du même nom de Stephen King publié en 1975.

Synopsis

L'écrivain Ben Mears revient à Jerusalem's Lot, sa ville natale, située dans le Maine. Surnommée « Salem », la ville est infestée de vampires. Avec quelques habitants, il va affronter les morts-vivants.

Fiche technique

 Titre original :
 Titre français : Salem
 Réalisation : Gary Dauberman
 Scénario : Gary Dauberman, d'après le roman Salem de Stephen King
 Musique : n/a
 Décors : Marc Fisichella
 Costumes : Virginia Johnson
 Photographie : Michael Burgess
 Montage : n/a
 Production : Michael Clear, Roy Lee, James Wan et Mark Wolper
 Producteurs délégués : Michael Bederman, Andrew Childs, Gary Dauberman et Judson Scott
 Sociétés de production : Atomic Monster, New Line Cinema, The Wolper Organization et Vertigo Entertainment
 Société de distribution : Warner Bros.
 Budget : n/a
 Pays de production :
 Langue originale : anglais
 Format : couleur
 Genre : horreur

 Dates de sortie :
 États-Unis:
 France :
Classification :
États-Unis : R (interdit aux moins de 17 ans non accompagnés d'un adulte)
France : Interdit aux moins de 12 ans lors de sa sortie en salles.

Distribution
 Lewis Pullman : Ben Mears
 Makenzie Leigh : Susan Norton
 Bill Camp : Matthew Burke
 Spencer Treat Clark : Mike Ryerson
 Alfre Woodard :  Cody
 William Sadler : Kurt Barlow
 Pilou Asbæk : Richard Straker
 John Benjamin Hickey : Donald Callahan
 Jordan Preston Carter : Mark Petrie
 Nicholas Crovetti : Danny Glick
 Cade Woodward : Ralph Glick

Production

Genèse et développement
En avril 2019, il est annoncé que New Line Cinema va produire une nouvelle adaptation du roman Salem de Stephen King. Gary Dauberman est alors annoncé comme scénariste, alors que James Wan officiera comme producteur. En interview, Gary Dauberman est questionné sur son approche du projet et ses similitudes avec ses précédentes adaptations de Stephen King  :

En avril 2020, Gary Dauberman obtient également le poste de réalisateur.

Attribution des rôles
En aout 2021, Lewis Pullman est choisi pour le rôle principal. Makenzie Leigh, Bill Camp et Spencer Treat Clark sont également confirmés. En septembre 2021, Alfre Woodard, William Sadler, Pilou Asbæk et John Benjamin Hickey rejoignent ensuite la distribution.

En octobre 2021, la présence de Jordan Preston Carter, Nicholas Crovetti et Cade Woodward est révélée.

Tournage
Le tournage débute à Boston en septembre 2021. Les prises de vues ont également lieu dans d'autres villes du Massachusetts (Ipswich, Sterling, Clinton, ainsi que le comté de Worcester). La bibliothèque de Princeton est également utilisée pendant quelques jours.

Sortie
La sortie américaine est prévue pour le . Le film sortira ensuite sur HBO Max 45 jours après. En France, le film sortira le . Le 12 juillet 2022, il est annoncé que la sortie de Salem au cinéma est repoussée au 21 avril 2023 en France. Le 26 avril 2023, la sortie du film est finalement décalée à une date ultérieure, qui n'est pas encore connue.

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Salem, le roman original, déjà adapté dans :
 Les Vampires de Salem
 Les Enfants de Salem
 Salem
 Liste des adaptations des œuvres de Stephen King

Liens externes

Film américain dont la sortie est prévue en 2023
Film d'horreur américain
Film fantastique américain
Film dramatique américain
Thriller (film) américain
Film de vampire
Film tiré d'une œuvre de Stephen King
Film de New Line Cinema
Film distribué par Warner Bros. Pictures
Film se déroulant dans le Maine
Film tourné à Boston
Film tourné au Massachusetts

Salem (film)


Conrad Alvensleben (* 19. Dezember 1874 in Berlin; † 24. Juli 1945 ebenda) war ein deutscher Elektrotechniker und Unfallschützer.

Conrad Alvensleben, der Sohn eines deutschen Bahnmeisters, absolvierte das Gymnasium. Zuerst machte er mehrere Jahre eine praktische Ausbildung in einer elektrotechnischen Fabrik und anschließend ein Studium an der Technischen Hochschule  Berlin, wo er Maschinenbau studierte. Ab dem Jahr 1898 arbeitete er als Montageingenieur bei Siemens & Halske. Während dieser Zeit machte er eine Weiterbildung bei Westinghouse in Pittsburg.

In Zechen der Fürst Pleßschen Bergverwaltung machte er eine Praxis, bevor er 1906 zum Dampfkesselverein in Essen wechselte. Als er die Leitung der elektrotechnischen Abteilung des Vereins übernahm, kam er unter anderem auch mit zahlreichen Elektrounfällen in Berührung, mit denen er sich in der Folge verstärkt beschäftigte.

1917 wurde Alvensleben Aufsichtsbeamter bei der Berufsgenossenschaft für Feinmechanik und Elektrotechnik in Berlin. In dieser Funktion arbeitete er zahlreiche neue Unfallverhütungsvorschriften aus und begann 1912 mit Vorträgen über die physiologischen Wirkungen des elektrischen Stroms insbesondere bei Unfällen. Im Jahr 1926 initiierte er die Gründung eines Ausschusses zur Erforschung elektrischer Unfälle. Auch am Institut von Georg Eduard Martin Gildemeister in Leipzig arbeitete er mit.

Im Jahr 1943 wurde er zum Ehrenmitglied des VDE ernannt. Von den Wirren des Zweiten Weltkrieges gezeichnet, starb er am 24. Juli 1945 in Berlin.

Seinem und dem Wirken des österreichischen Mediziners Stefan Jellinek als Unfallschützer auf dem Gebiet der Elektrotechnik zu Ehren wurde von Gottfried Biegelmeier, dem Erfinder des Fehlerstrom-Schutzschalters, die Alvensleben-Jellinek-Ehrenmedaille gestiftet, die die Gemeinnützige Privatstiftung Elektroschutz verleiht.

Schriften
 Elektrische Unfälle, ETZ 47. Jg. (1926)
 Physiologie und Technik der elektrischen Betäubung, ETZ 54. Jg. (1933)
 Stand der Forschung über die Wirkung industrieller Ströme auf lebenswichtige Organe, ETZ 62. Jg. (1941)

Literatur
 Gottfried Biegelmeier und Heinrich Freiberger: Alvensleben und Jellinek – ein Dialog auf dem Wege zur Erkenntnis über die Ursachen des Todes durch die Elektrizität, Elektrotechnik und Maschinenbau (EuM) Jahrgang 96 Seite 85 ff.

Deutscher
Techniker
Person (Berlin)
Geboren 1874
Gestorben 1945
Mann

Conrad Alvensleben


Lucrător (muncitor) sau lucrătoare (muncitoare)  este persoana fizică care, având împlinită vârsta legală minimă, oferă  (în regim de subordonare) servicii retribuite, unei alte juridice persoane individuale sau colective (companie, instituție). În cazul în care vârsta este mai mică decât cea legal stabilită, ne putem afla în fața vreunui caz de exploatare laborală de minori , și este ilegală, cu excepția (în anumite cazuri) cazurilor când există permisiune (admisă de lege) a părinților sau a tutorilor legali. Dacă serviciile prestate nu sunt urmări legitime ale voinței proprii (ale persoanei în cauză), atunci ceea ce avem în față se consideră sclavie sau servitute.

Contextul istoric
Conceptul modern de lucrător, ca și cel de  antreprenor, a apărut odată cu Revoluția Industrială a secolului al XIX-lea și s-a consolidat în timpul așa-denumitei "a Doua Revoluție Industrială". Această dihotomie socială, economică și productivă stabilea diferitele clase sociale: clasa capitalistă (conceptul burghezie a fost utilizat din secolul al XVII-lea) și clasa lucrătoare (proletariatul, clasa de jos sau clasa muncitoare). În manifestul comunist, Marx și Engels, au definit ansamblul de lucrători dependenți (angajați) drept proletariat:În teoria marxistă, prin comparație cu conceptul burghezie, lucrătorul este acea clasă socială care nu are în proprietate mijloace de producție. Prin urmare, singura sursă de venit pentru proletari este vânzarea capacității lor de lucru (a capacității lor laborale), vânzarea personalei lor "forță de muncă".

Societatea capitalistă se definește a fi acea societate politică și juridică bazată pe o organizare specifică a muncii, a banilor și a utilității resurselor de producție, acestea fiind caracteristici proprii ale conceptului "capitalism". În ordonarea (clasificarea) capitalistă, societatea este compusă din clase socio-economice (în loc de "clase sociale" care sunt specifice feudalismului și altor tipuri pre-moderne de clasificare). Societatea capitalistă se distinge de cea feudalistă (și de alte forme de sociale), prin efectiva posibilitate de mobilitate socială a indivizilor, printr-o stratificare socială de tip economic, și printr-o distribuție a veniturilor , care depinde în întregime de funcționamentul diferitelor poziții sociale dobândite în structura de producție.

Dihotomia burghez-"mână de lucru", capitalist-lucrător, angajator-salariat, a articulat istoria socială și istoria politică a țărilor occidentale în a doua jumătate a secolului al XIX-lea și al XX-lea. Fara îndoială, complicativizarea proceselor de producție, mecanizarea lor, apariția de muncitori calificați și înalt calificați, dezvoltarea sectorului de servicii, comparativ cu sectorul industrial, apariția de noi concepte juridice și de noi concepte laborale (precum conceptul "lucrător autonom", deseori dificil de distins de conceptul "antreprenor"), apoi conceptul taylorism digital și nu în ultimul rând, consecințele celei de a treia revoluție industrială, face ca realitatea, în ultimele decenii ale secolului al XX-lea și în începutul secolului al xxi-lea să fie mult mai complexă, într-a sa analiză și teorizare.

Clasificarea lucrătorilor

Funcție clasa de lucrări efectuate
În sistemul anglo-saxon exista obiceiul de a grupa funcție o teoretică culoare a gulerului de la cămașă al lucrătorilor, în funcție de tipul de ocupație pe care fiecare îl efectuează. Astfel, clasificarea lucrătorilor poate arata asa::
 Lucrători cu guler alb (white collar workers) sunt aceia care se încarcă de responsabilități de birou, administratori, directori, lucrători de birou, etc
 Lucrători cu guler albastru (blue collar workers), în mod obișnuit, muncitorii din industrie, fabrici și ateliere de lucru. După cum ar fi: muncitori (calfe), operatori, maeștri (maiștri, meșteri), mecanici, etc
 Lucrători cu guler roz (pink collar worker) sunt cei din sectorul serviciilor (sănătate, educație, lucrători domestici, etc).
 Lucratori cu guler verde (green collar worker) se referă la lucratorul dedicat sectoarelor economiei sociale (sau al celui de-al treilea sector) și economiei sustenabile (a se vedea sustenabilitate și dezvoltare durabilă).

Funcție de tipul de contract de muncă
În funcție de tipul de contract și de durata temporară sau orară a acelui contract:
 Conform condiției sale contractuale:
 Lucrător titular (de perioadă nedeterminată sau de perioadă determinată), incluzându-se aici și condiția de lucrător titular discontinuu.
 Lucrător temporar, atât în modalitățile de sezonier, de sfârșit de lucrare sau de serviciu , sau de ucenicie, printre altele.
 Conform raportării la conceptul "zi de muncă":
 Lucrător cu contract individual de muncă tip normă întreagă.
 Lucrător cu contract individual de muncă tip "timp-parțial" (part-time).

Funcție de tipul de relație de dependență
 Lucrător în regim de dependentă (în regim de subordonare juridică): adică un lucrător angajat de către o altă persoană, companie sau instituție.
 Lucrător pe cont propriu: Lucrător independent.

Referințe

Dreptul muncii
Societate
Oameni după ocupație

Vezi și
 Karl Marx
 Lucrător comercial
 Ocupație

Lucrător


صلاح شادي (ولد في القاهرة سنة 1921م - توفي في 12 فبراير 1989م.)، هو لواء شرطة وداعية مصري كان مسئول قسم الوحدات في النظام الخاص لجماعة الإخوان المسلمين، التحق بجماعة الإخوان المسلمين سنة 1942م، وتربى على يد مرشدها الأول الإمام حسن البنا، وظل يعمل في صفوفها وهو ضابط في الشرطة، وفي سنة 1954م اعتقل إثر حادثة المنشية وحكم عليه بالإعدام بتهمة قلب نظام الحكم بالقوة، لكن خفف إلى المؤبد. ظل بالسجن ما يقرب من عشرين عاما، وخرج عام 1974م.

التعليم والعمل
التحق بمراحل التعليم المختلفة (الابتدائي والثانوي)، ثم بكلية البوليس وتخرّج ضابطًا في الشرطة عام 1940م، والتحق بالعمل في مديرية البحيرة كضابط شرطة، فعمل في الدلنجات، ونقطة صفط الملوك بإيتاي البارود، ثم نقل إلى القاهرة عام 1944م في بلوكات نظام الأقاليم، ثم انتقل للعمل فترة في الطور، ثم عاد إلى القاهرة، وظل في عمله حتى فصله جمال عبد الناصر.

التحاقه بالإخوان المسلمين
كان صلاح شادي ينظر إلى الإخوان على أنهم جماعة دينية فحسب، على الرغم من أن أنهم كضباط لديهم تعليمات تحذر من هذه الجماعة حتى تصادف أثناء رئاسته لنقطة صفط الملوك أن أرسل له الأستاذ أحمد السكري مقبوضًا عليه ليرحل إلى القاهرة في الصباح وجلس معه الأستاذ السكري يحدثه عن دعوة الإخوان وأهميتها ومميزاتها، غير أنه لم يكترث لهذا الكلام، وكان ذلك عام 1941م، إلا أن ثقة وشجاعة شباب الإخوان استوقفته كثيرًا فعندما ذهب لتفتيش دار الإخوان بناءً على تعليمات رؤسائه وجد منهم ثقة وشجاعة لا توصف حتى أتم مهمته.

إلا أن التحول كان في شهر رمضان عندما دعاه صديقه صالح أبو رقيق لحضور درس يلقيه الأستاذ حسن البنا فلم يعبأ بهذا الكلام، وصمَّم على الذهاب إلى السينما، إلا أن صديقه استطاع أن يقنعه بالذهاب لسماعه، ثم يذهبا للسينما، وعندما ذهب، وكان يظن أن حسن البنا كأي شيخ يتحدث فقط في فقه العبادات، إلا أنه سمع كلامًا مغايرًا، فكان الرجل يتحدث عن أمور حياتية مهمة، ومن وقتها بدأ صلاح شادي يتحرى خطوات حسن البنا، حتى كان عام 1943م عندما ذهب لسماع الإمام البنا في كفر الزيات وسمع منه كثيرًا كما رأى مريديه من جميع الطبقات؛ ففي اليوم الأول بات مع بعض الإخوة في «زريبة» لكثرة العدد، وفي اليوم الثاني اصطحبه الإمام البنا لأحد كبار الأعيان؛ فكان موقفًا مؤثرًا أن يجد الرجل تتبعه طوائف شتى بين غنى وفقير، وبعدها مد يده ليلة 27 رمضان ليبايع الإمام البنا على العمل مع الإخوان.

بعد أن بايع الإمام البنا على العمل عاد ضابطًا مختلفًا عن كل الضباط، فعندما عاد حمل على عاتقه نشر الدعوة وسط محيطه، ومن المواقف الحية أن المديرية كانت تفرض على كل قرية عددًا من تذاكر الحفلات التي تحييها الراقصات تشتريها جبرًا وقسرًا، غير أنه عندما وصل إليه عدد التذاكر ليعطيها لعمدة القرية ليجمع المال من أهلها؛ رفض هذا المسلك وأرجع التذاكر، ورفض أن تفرض عليهم هذه الضريبة التي كانت تثقل كواهلهم، حتى إنه عنِّف من المديرية فلم يكترث لذلك.

وعندما سرق سير إحدى الماكينات من تفتيش الخاصة الملكية أرادوا أن يفرضوا على أهل القرية جمع ثمن هذا السير؛ جزاءَ تجرؤهم على سرقته فما كان منه إلا أن وقف في وجه المسئولين عن الخاصة ورفض أن تجمع هذه الأموال من الفقراء أو تغريمهم، حتى إن الأمر كاد يتطور، إلا أن المسئولين في الخاصة رضخوا لكلامه.

وأيضًا عندما صدم أحد كبار الدولة أحد الفقراء بسيارته فقتله ثم هرب؛ سارع بإبلاغ المديرية بالحادث وأبلغ عن الكبير، غير أن مساعد الحكمدار أتى له ليثنيه عن هذا الأمر ويحذرَه من أن هذا الكبير قريب من رئيس وزراء البلاد، فزاده الأمر تصلُّبًا، وطالب بالقصاص منه، فهدده فلم يستجب له، ثم قدم هذا الكبير فهدده، فما كان منه إلا أن طالبه بتسليم نفسه لينال جزاءه، فرفض وتغطرس الكبير.

وعندما قدم مساعد الحكمدار تقريرًا لمدير المديرية بأنه تطاول على رؤسائه استدعاه المدير وأطلعه على المواقف، والذي كان يفهمها من وجه نظر مساعد الحكمدار، فوضح له المواقف، وأن هذا الكبير قتل أحد الفقراء ولا بد أن ينال جزاءه، ففرح به المدير وحيَّاه حتى ظن الجميع أن صلاح شادي مسنود من الملك فخافوا منه، ولم يجرؤ عليه أحد.

زاد حبُّه في قلوب أهل البلدة حتى قلَّت الجرائم والسرقات، ولقد ابتكر شيئًا جميلاً أن جعل طابور الصباح لعساكر النقطة مع صلاة الفجر؛ حيث كان الجميع يلتقون في المسجد القريب من النقطة ليصلوا ثم توزَّع المهام، وكانت تجربة رائدة. عندما سافر إلى الطور كان أحد السجناء، ويسمَّى ريان، لا يقدر عليه أحد حتى الضباط؛ فأخذ يزوره في زنزانته ويكلمه عن نعم الله عليه وعن قيمة الحياة، حتى تغيَّر الرجل إلى الأفضل وبعدما خرج ذهب إلى بلدته ليحارب الإقطاعيين وينصر الفلاحين الفقراء إلا أنهم تربَّصوا به وقتلوه، فحزن عليه الأستاذ صلاح حزنًا شديدًا.

مع النظام الخاص

نشأ النظام الخاص للإخوان المسلمين بهدف التصدي للمحتل الإنجليزي في مصر، وللتصدي لمحاولات الصهيونية ومن خلفهم الإنجليز والأمريكان في اقتطاع فلسطين واحتلالها من قبل اليهود وإقامة وطن قومي لهم عليها.

وقد تعدَّدت تشكيلة النظام ما بين عسكريين وبوليس ومدنيين، وكلٌّ له مهامه التي تسير وفقًا لشرع الله ثم مبادئ الإخوان، ولقد تولى مسئولية النظام عبد الرحمن السندي، وتولى مسئولية قسم الوحدات والتي كانت تختص بشئون البوليس صلاح شادي، وتولى مسئولية العسكريين الصاغ محمود لبيب.

فبعد أن انتقل صلاح شادي إلى القاهرة عام 1944م عهد إليه الإمام البنا مسئولية قسم الوحدات والتي تعمل على تربية أفراد البوليس تربيةً إسلاميةً وعلى حسن التعامل مع المجتمع، والقيام بالمهام المنوطة فيما لا يغضب الله بكل جد، ولقد برزت شخصيات كانت مثلاً للشرطي المسلم، فقد ظهر الضابط والكونستابل والشاويش والعسكري، كل ذلك كان نتاج تربية قسم الوحدات والأقسام الأخرى، بالإضافة لكونه رجلاً عسكريًّا ماهرًا.

يقول صلاح شادي: .

كان صلاح شادي قريبًا من الأستاذ البنا، وفي ذلك يقول الأستاذ عمر التلمساني في كتاب «ذكريات لا مذكرات»:

وبعد أن دخلت الجماعة في طور المحن عام 1948م، وحُلت الجماعة واعتقل رجالها حتى انفرجت المحنة بعودة الجماعة مرة أخرى عام 1951م عاد صلاح شادي لرئاسة قسم الوحدات حتى كان عام 1953م والذي أسند فيه قسم الوحدات إلى أبو المكارم عبد الحي، وأسند إلى صلاح شادي الإشراف على الضباط، وظل هذا الوضع حتى حادثة المنشية عام 1954م.

وفاته
اعتقل صلاح شادي بعد حادثة المنشية وحكم عليه بالإعدام مع الأستاذ محمد مهدي عاكف وعلي نويتو وسعد حجاج والسيد الريس غير أن الحكم خفف عنهم وظل بالسجن ما يقرب من عشرين عاما فقد خرج مع أخر دفعة عام 1974م ليكمل المسيرة مع إخوانه. وفي يوم 6 رجب سنة 1409هـ الموافق 12-2-1989م، أسلم صلاح شادي الروح بعد يوم عمل طويل شاركه فيه الأستاذ مصطفي مشهور حيث توفي وهو جالس بجانبه في السيارة بعد صلاة العشاء وبعد أن أديا واجب العزاء في وفاة زوجة أحد الإخوان.

من أقواله

وصلات خارجية
 اللواء صلاح شادي.. ضابط شرطة برتبة داعية، إخوان أون لاين، 14 أغسطس 2008م

أشخاص من القاهرة
إخوان مسلمون مصريون
دعاة مصريون
مواليد 1921
وفيات 1409 هـ
وفيات 1989

صلاح شادي


Los montes Sarawat o montes Sarat (en árabe: ﺟﺒﺎﻝ السروات, Jibāl al-Sarāt) son una cadena montañosa que corre paralela a la costa occidental de la península arábiga y es uno de los rasgos más destacados de esa región geográfica. Los montes Sarawat corren a través de Arabia Saudita y Yemen, desde la frontera de Jordania en el norte hasta el golfo de Adén en el sur. La mitad norte de la cordillera, conocida como Sarat al-Hiyaz, rara vez se alcanza los 2100 m, mientras que las partes central y meridional (Sarat 'Asir y Sarat al-Yemen, respectivamente) pueden alcanzar alturas de más de 3300 m. La cumbre más elevada es el Jabal an Nabi Shu'ayb, en Yemen, con 3666 m de altitud.

Esta cadena montañosa es la más grande en la península arábiga. Estas montañas son principalmente rocosas y, a diferencia de las montañas del Atlas en Marruecos, algunas pueden contener vegetación. Muchos de los picos son muy pequeños e irregulares, pero algunos son más suaves por la exposición a la intemperie.

Véase también
 Geografía de Yemen
 Geografía de Arabia Saudita

Referencias

Montañas de Yemen
Cordilleras de Arabia Saudita
Sarawat

Montes Sarawat


Non Serviam drugi je studijski album grčkog black metal-sastava Rotting Christ. Diskografska kuća Unisound Records objavila ga je 10. listopada 1994.

O albumu

Na latinskom jeziku izraz Non Serviam prevodi se kao "neću služiti"; odnosi se na Sotonino odbijanje da služi Bogu. Pjevač i gitarist Sakis Tolis na trbuhu ima tetovažu s tim izrazom.

Godine 2006. diskografska kuća The End Records ponovno je objavila album.

Popis pjesama

Osoblje

 Rotting Christ

 Necrosauron – bubnjevi
 Necromayhem – vokal, gitara
 Mutilator – bas-gitara
 Magus Wampyr Daoloth – klavijature, prateći vokal

 Ostalo osoblje

 Dimitris Pappas – fotografije
 Nikos Mirtis – naslovnica albuma
 George Zacharopoulos – inženjer zvuka

Izvori

Albumi sastava Rotting Christ
Albumi iz 1994.

Non Serviam (album)


Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya (; 27 February 1939) was a Russian revolutionary and the wife of Vladimir Lenin.

Krupskaya was born in Saint Petersburg to an aristocratic family that had descended into poverty, and she developed strong views about improving the lives of the poor. She embraced Marxism and met Lenin at a Marxist discussion group in 1894. Both were arrested in 1896 for revolutionary activities and after Lenin was exiled to Siberia, Krupskaya was allowed to join him in 1898 on the condition that they marry. The two settled in Munich and then London after their exile, before briefly returning to Russia to take part in the Revolution of 1905.

Following the 1917 Revolution, Krupskaya was at the forefront of the political scene, becoming a member of the Communist Party's Central Committee in 1924. She was deputy education commissar from 1929 to 1939, with strong influence over the Soviet educational system, including development of Soviet librarianship.

Krupskaya died in Moscow in 1939, a day after her seventieth birthday. The circumstances of her death and personal tensions with Joseph Stalin have prompted several claims, some of which derived from Stalin's inner circle, that she was poisoned.

Early life

Nadezhda Krupskaya was born to an upper class but impoverished family. Her father, Konstantin Ignatyevich Krupski (1838–1883), was a Russian military officer and a nobleman of the Russian Empire who had been orphaned in 1847 at the age of nine. He was educated and given a commission as an infantry officer in the Russian Army.

Just before leaving for his assignment in Poland, he married Krupskaya's mother. After six years of service, Krupski lost favour with his supervisors and was charged with "un-Russian activities." He may have been suspected of being involved with revolutionaries. Following this time he worked in factories or wherever he could find work. Just before his death, he was recommissioned as an officer.

Krupskaya's mother, Yelizaveta Vasilyevna Tistrova (1843–1915), was a daughter of landless Russian nobles. Yelizaveta's parents died when she was young and she was enrolled in the Bestuzhev Courses, the highest formal education available to women in Russia at the time. After earning her degree, Yelizaveta worked as a governess for noble families until she married Krupski.

Having parents who were well educated and of aristocratic descent, combined with first-hand experience of lower-class working conditions, probably led to the formation of many of Krupskaya's ideological beliefs. "From her very childhood Krupskaya was inspired with the spirit of protest against the ugly life around her."

One of Krupskaya's friends from gymnasium, Ariadne Tyrkova, described her as "a tall, quiet girl, who did not flirt with the boys, moved and thought with deliberation, and had already formed strong convictions . . . She was one of those who are forever committed, once they have been possessed by their thoughts and feelings . . ." She briefly attended two different secondary schools before finding the perfect fit with Prince A. A. Obolensky's Female Gymnasium, "a distinguished private girls' secondary school in Petersburg." This education was probably more liberal than most other gymnasiums since it was noted that some of the staff were former revolutionaries.

After her father's death, Krupskaya and her mother gave lessons as a source of income. Krupskaya had expressed an interest in entering the education field from a young age. She was particularly drawn to Leo Tolstoy's theories on education, which were fluid instead of structured. They focused on personal development of each individual student and centred on importance of the teacher–student relationship.

This led Krupskaya to study many of Tolstoy's works, including his theories of reformation. These were peaceful, law-abiding ideas, which focused on people abstaining from unneeded luxuries and being self-dependent instead of hiring someone else to tend their house, etc. Tolstoy made a lasting impression on Krupskaya; it was said that she had "a special contempt for stylish clothes and comfort." She was always modest in dress, as were her furnishings in her home and office.

As a devoted, lifelong student, Krupskaya began to participate in several discussion circles. These groups were formed to study and discuss particular topics for the benefit of everyone involved. It was later, in one of these circles, that Krupskaya was first introduced to the theories of Marx. This piqued her interest as a potential way of making life better for her people and she began an in-depth study of Marxist philosophy. This was difficult since books on the subject had been banned by the Russian government, meaning that revolutionaries collected them and kept them in underground libraries. In 1890, she joined a Marxist circle organised by the engineer, Robert Klasson. The following year, she took a job in a Sunday school for adult workers.

Married life

Krupskaya first met Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (later known as Vladimir Lenin) in February 1894 at a similar discussion group. She was impressed by his speeches but not his personality, at least not at first. It is hard to know very much of the courtship between Lenin and Krupskaya as neither party spoke often of personal matters.

In October 1896, several months after Lenin was arrested, Krupskaya was also arrested. She was briefly interned in the Peter and Paul Fortress, but was released after another female convict burned herself to death. She was sentenced to three years exile in Ufa, but before she was deported, she received a "secret note" from Lenin, delivered by her mother, which suggested that she could be permitted to join him in his place of exile, a village in the Minusinsk region of Siberia if she told people she was his fiancée.  Krupskaya was permitted to accompany Lenin but only if they were married as soon as she arrived. Her mother travelled with her to Siberia, where she joined Lenin in May 1898.

In her memoirs, Krupskaya notes "with him even such a job as translation was a labour of love".

It is believed Krupskaya suffered from Graves' disease, an illness affecting the thyroid gland in the neck which causes the eyes to bulge and the neck to tighten. It can also disrupt the menstrual cycle, which may explain why Lenin and Krupskaya never had children.

Upon his release, Lenin went off to Europe and settled in Munich. Upon her release Krupskaya joined him (1901). After she arrived, the couple moved to London.

Political career and death

Krupskaya's political life was active: she was anything but a mere functionary of the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party from 1903.

Leon Trotsky, who was working closely with Lenin and Krupskaya from 1902 to 1903, writes in his autobiography ("My Life", 1930) of the central importance of Krupskaya in the day-to-day work of the RSDLP and its newspaper, Iskra. "The secretary of the editorial board [of Iskra] was [Lenin's] wife [...] She was at the very center of all the organization work; she received comrades when they arrived, instructed them when they left, established connections, supplied secret addresses, wrote letters, and coded and decoded correspondence. In her room there was always a smell of burned paper from the secret letters she heated over the fire to read..."

Krupskaya became secretary of the Central Committee in 1905; she returned to Russia the same year, but left again after the failed revolution of 1905 and worked as a teacher in France for a couple of years.

After the Russian Revolution in 1917, she was appointed deputy to Anatoliy Lunacharskiy, the People's Commissar for Education, where she took charge of Vneshkol'nyi Otdel of the Adult Education Division. She became chair of the education committee in 1920 and was the deputy education commissar (government minister) from 1929 to 1939.

Krupskaya was instrumental in foundation of the Soviet educational system itself. She was also fundamental in the development of Soviet librarianship.

Krupskaya became a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1924, a member of its control commission in 1927, a member of the Supreme Soviet in 1931 and an honorary citizen in 1931. Hilda Ageloff reportedly traveled to interview Krupskaya in 1931 for the newspaper Brooklyn Daily Eagle.

In December 1922, just after Lenin had suffered a second stroke, Krupskaya had a violent quarrel with Stalin, who was demanding access to Lenin, when she argued that he was too ill. On 23 December, she wrote to Kamenev complaining that the "vile invectives and threats" that Stalin had directed at her were the worst abuse she had suffered from a fellow revolutionary in 30 years. When Lenin learned of this incident in March, he threatened to break off relations with Stalin.

After the death of Vladimir Lenin in January 1924, Krupskaya grew closer to the political positions of Grigory Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev in Party debates. Factions that would later form throughout the 1920s included the Trotsky-led Left Opposition, the Stalin-led "Centre", and the Bukharin-led Right Opposition. From 1922 to 1925, Zinoviev and Kamenev were in a triumvirate alliance with Stalin's Centre, against Trotsky's Left Opposition. Krupskaya supported them against Trotsky, though in more conciliatory language than they used, declaring in 1924 that "I don't know whether Trotsky is guilty of all the deadly sins of which he is accused."

In 1925, Krupskaya attacked Leon Trotsky in a polemic reply to Trotsky's tract Lessons of October. In it, she stated that "Marxist analysis was never Comrade Trotsky's strong point." In relation to the debate around socialism in one country versus permanent revolution, she asserted that Trotsky "under-estimates the role played by the peasantry." Furthermore, she held that Trotsky had misinterpreted the revolutionary situation in post-World War I Germany.

In late 1925, when the 'triumvirate' split into two factions, she openly supported Zinoviev and Kamenev against Stalin, and went into an alliance with Trotsky's Left Opposition in early 1926, to form the United Opposition. Krupskaya was quoted by Trotsky's son Leon Sedov in his book The Red Book: On the Moscow Trial as saying "Lenin was only saved from prison by his death". But in a major boost for the leadership, Stalin announced at the end of his speech to the Fifteenth party congress in December 1927 that she had abandoned the opposition.

In 1930, Krupskaya opposed Stalin again. This time, she gave a speech to the Bauman district party, in Moscow, defending the leaders of the right wing opposition, Nikolai Bukharin and Alexei Rykov, after which, according to Nikita Khrushchev, who was a party official at the time, "without any publicity, the word went out to party circles to give her a working-over ... It was a bitter thing to watch her at these sessions when everyone started coming out against her. I remember her as a broken old woman."

Khrushchev also claimed that Stalin threatened to remove Krupskaya's status, and nominate another woman as "Lenin's widow." The same story was told by the former NKVD officer, Alexander Orlov, who claimed that the new 'widow' was to have been Yelena Stasova. Another rumour was that it would have been Rosalia Zemlyachka.

In 1936, she defended restrictions on abortion passed by the Soviet government in that year, arguing that they were part of a consistent policy pursued since 1920 to do away with the reasons to have an abortion.

Krupskaya wrote a memoir of her life with Lenin, translated in 1930 as Memories of Lenin and in 1959 as Reminiscences of Lenin. The book gives the most detailed account of Lenin's life before his coming to power and ends in 1919.

Krupskaya died in Moscow on 27 February 1939, the day after her seventieth birthday, and her ashes were buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis. Stalin's secretary Alexander Poskrebyshev later claimed that Stalin ordered Krupskaya's poisoning during her birthday celebration. Lazar Kaganovich, a former Politburo member and Stalin's associate, also suggested Lavrentiy Beria may have been involved with Krupskaya's poisoning and was quoted in 1991 as saying "I can't dismiss that possibility. He might have." In 1939, Leon Trotsky had made similar assertions about the circumstances of Krupskaya's death.

Conversely, Luigi Zoja, a writer disputed these claims as he argued that Stalin had sent birthday cakes to Krupskaya on previous occasions and other guests who had eaten the cake were seemingly unaffected. Stefan Thomas Possony suggested that she may have consumed poisoned coffee. Arkadi Vaksberg argued that the delayed medical attention for several hours prompted suspicions rather than the rumours of a poisoned cake. He also argued that her physical symptoms resembled Pavel Alliluyev, another purported victim of poisoning.

Soviet education and libraries

Before the revolution, Krupskaya worked for five years as an instructor for a factory owner who offered evening classes for his employees. Legally, reading, writing and arithmetic were taught. Illegally, classes with a revolutionary influence were taught for those students who might be ready for them. Krupskaya and other instructors were relieved of duty when nearly 30,000 factory workers in the area went on strike for better wages. Even after the revolution her emphasis was on "the problems of youth organization and education." In order to become educated, they needed better access to books and materials.

Pre-revolutionary Russian libraries had a tendency to exclude particular members. Some were exclusively for higher classes and some were only for employees of a particular company's "Trade Unions". In addition they also had narrow, orthodox literature. It was hard to find any books with new ideas, which is exactly why the underground libraries began. Another problem was the low level of literacy of the masses. Vyborg Library, designed by Alvar Aalto, was renamed the Nadezhda Krupskaya Municipal Library after the Soviet annexation of Vyborg.

The revolution did not cause an overnight improvement in the libraries. In fact, for a while there were even more problems. The Trade Unions still refused to allow general public use, funds for purchasing books and materials were in short supply and books that were already a part of the libraries were falling apart. In addition there was a low interest in the library career field due to low income and the libraries were sorely in need of re-organization.

Krupskaya directed a census of the libraries in order to address these issues. She encouraged libraries to collaborate and to open their doors to the general public. She encouraged librarians to use common speech when speaking with patrons. Knowing the workers needs was encouraged; what kind of books should be stocked, the subjects readers were interested in, and organizing the material in a fashion to better serve the readers. Committees were held to improve card catalogs.

Krupskaya stated at a library conference: "We have a laughable number of libraries, and their book stocks are even more inadequate. Their quality is terrible, the majority of the population does not know how to use them and does not even know what a library is."

She also sought better professional schools for librarians. Formal training was scarce in pre-revolutionary Russia for librarians and it only truly began in the 20th century. Krupskaya, therefore, advocated creation of library "seminaries" where practicing librarians would instruct aspiring librarians in the skills of their profession, similar to those in the West. The pedagogical characteristics were however those of the Soviet revolutionary period. Librarians were trained to determine what materials were suitable to patrons and whether or not they had the ability to appreciate what the resource had to offer.

Krupskaya also desired that librarians possess greater verbal and writing skills so that they could more clearly explain why certain reading materials were better than others to their patrons. She believed that explaining resource choices to patrons was a courtesy and an opportunity for more education in socialist political values, not something that was required of the librarian. They were to become facilitators of the revolution and, later, those who helped preserve the values of the resulting socialist state.

Krupskaya was a committed Marxist for whom each element of public education was a step toward improving the life of her people, granting all individuals access to the tools of education and libraries, needed to forge a more fulfilling life. The fulfillment was education and the tools were education and library systems.

Role in the Great Purge

Krupskaya was present at the plenum of the Central Committee in February 1937 which decided the fate of Nikolai Bukharin and Alexei Rykov, and voted in favour of expelling both from the Communist Party. But on other occasions, she tried to intervene on behalf of intended victims. At the Central Committee in June 1937, she protested, in vain, against the arrest of Osip Piatnitsky. She successfully secured the release of an Old Bolshevik named I.D. Chugurin, though he was barred from rejoining the party, and worked as a roofer for the rest of his life.

Legacy
 Following her death in 1939, a Leningrad chocolate factory was renamed in her honour. The brand Krupskaya Chocolates still exists today.
 The asteroid 2071 Nadezhda discovered in 1971 by Soviet astronomer Tamara Mikhailovna Smirnova was named in her honour.
 Film director Mark Donskoy made a biographical film Nadezhda of her in 1974.
 In the 1974 BBC production Fall of Eagles, Krupskaya was portrayed by Lynn Farleigh.
 In 1974, Jane Barnes Casey wrote a fictional memoir of her life I, Krupskaya: My Life with Lenin (Houghton Mifflin Company; ).
 UNESCO named a prize in her honour, the UNESCO Nadezhda K. Krupskaya literacy prize.
 In 1997, Nadezhda Krupskaya was portrayed by an Estonian actress Helene Vannari in the Hardi Volmer directed Estonian historic comedy All My Lenins.

Gallery

See also

 Kommunistka
 UNESCO Nadezhda K. Krupskaya literacy prize
 Clara Zetkin
 Rosa Luxemburg
 Alexandra Kollontai
 Inessa Armand

Footnotes

Works
 Memories of Lenin. New York: International Publishers, 1930. —Reissued as Reminiscences of Lenin.
 On Education: Selected Articles and Speeches. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1957.

Further reading
 Clements, Barbara Evans, Bolshevik Women, Cambridge University Press, 1997.
 Fitzpatrick, Sheila. The Commissariat of Enlightenment: Soviet Organization of Education and the Arts under Lunacharsky, October 1917–1921. Cambridge University Press, 2002.
 McDermid, Jane and Anya Hilyar, "In Lenin's Shadow: Nadezhda Krupskaya and the Bolshevik Revolution," in Ian D. Thatcher (ed.), Reinterpreting Revolutionary Russia. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006; pp. 148–165.
 McNeal, Robert H., Bride of the Revolution: Krupskaya and Lenin. London: Gollancz, 1973.
 Raymond, Boris The Contribution of N. K. Krupskaia to the Development of Soviet Russian Librarianship: 1917–1939. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Chicago, 1978.
 Read, Christopher "Krupskaya, Proletkul't and the Origins of Soviet Cultural Policy," International Journal of Cultural Policy, 12(3) 2006: 245-255.
 Scott, Marcia Nell Boroughs, Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya: A Flower in the Dark. PhD dissertation. University of Texas at Arlington, 1996. Available from ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1383491.
Segal, Louis. "Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya" The Slavonic and East European Review, Vol. 18, No. 52 (July 1939): 202-204.
 Sebestyen, Victor, Lenin the Dictator: An Intimate Portrait. New York: Pantheon, 2017.
 Stites, Richard, The Women's Liberation Movement in Russia: Feminism, Nihilism, and Bolshevism, 1860-1930. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978.

External links

 Nadezhda Krupskaya
 Krupskaya Internet Archive
 Obituary by Leon Trotsky
  Krupskaya on deathbed

1869 births
1939 deaths
20th-century Russian women politicians
20th-century Russian women writers
Politicians from Saint Petersburg
Honorary Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Family of Vladimir Lenin
Communist women writers
Female revolutionaries
Old Bolsheviks
Members of the Central Committee of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
Members of the Central Committee of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
Members of the Central Committee of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
Wives of premiers of the Soviet Union
Russian Marxist writers
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members
Russian communists
Russian revolutionaries
Soviet women writers
Soviet educators
Soviet women in politics
Women writers from the Russian Empire
Assassinated politicians of the Soviet Union
Unsolved murders in the Soviet Union
Burials at the Kremlin Wall Necropolis

Nadezhda Krupskaya


, යන්න සිංහලෙන් පහත ආකාර විය හැක:
 වී - ධාන්‍යය
 බත් - පිසූ ආහාරය
 සහල් - වී ධාන්‍යයේ පොත්ත ඉවත්කලවිට

Rice (බහුරුත්හරණය)


Das Amt Nordwestuckermark war ein 1992 gebildetes Amt in Brandenburg, in dem zunächst elf Gemeinden im damaligen Kreis Prenzlau (heute Landkreis Uckermark, Brandenburg) zu einem Verwaltungsverbund zusammengefasst waren. Amtssitz war die Gemeinde Schönermark. Das Amt wurde 2001 wieder aufgelöst und stimmt weitgehend mit dem Gebiet der Gemeinde Nordwestuckermark überein.

Geographische Lage
Das Amt Nordwestuckermark lag im Norden des heutigen Landkreises Uckermark. Es grenzte im Nordwesten und Norden an das Land Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, im Nordosten an das Amt Lübbenow/Uckermark, im Osten an das Amt Prenzlau-Land und die Stadt Prenzlau, im Süden an die Ämter Gramzow, Gerswalde und im Südwesten und Westen an das Amt Boitzenburg/Uckermark.

Geschichte
Der Minister des Innern des Landes Brandenburg stimmte der Bildung des Amtes Nordwestuckermark am 20. Juli 1992 zu. Als Zeitpunkt des Zustandekommens des Amtes wurde der 31. Juli 1992 festgelegt. Das Amt hatte seinen Sitz in der Gemeinde Schönermark und bestand zunächst aus elf Gemeinden im damaligen Kreis Prenzlau:

 Arendsee
 Beenz
 Ferdinandshorst
 Fürstenwerder
 Gollmitz
 Kraatz
 Parmen-Weggun
 Röpersdorf
 Schönermark
 Sternhagen
 Schapow

Zum 1. Dezember 1997 schlossen sich die Gemeinden Röpersdorf und Sternhagen zur neuen Gemeinde Röpersdorf/Sternhagen zusammen. Ebenfalls zum 1. Dezember 1997 schlossen sich die Gemeinden Arendsee und Parmen-Weggun zur neuen Gemeinde Weggun zusammen. Zum 1. Mai 1998 bildeten die Gemeinden Beenz und Gollmitz die neue Gemeinde Gollmitz.

Aus den Gemeinden des Amtes Nordwestuckermark Ferdinandshorst, Fürstenwerder, Gollmitz, Kraatz, Naugarten, Röpersdorf/Sternhagen, Schapow, Schönermark, Weggun sowie der Gemeinde Holzendorf aus dem Amt Prenzlau-Land wurde mit Wirkung vom 1. November 2001 die neue Gemeinde Nordwestuckermark gebildet. Gleichzeitig wurde das Amt Nordwestuckermark aufgelöst und die Gemeinde Nordwestuckermark amtsfrei.

Belege

Nordwestuckermark
Landkreis Uckermark
Nordwestuckermark

Amt Nordwestuckermark


The Russell Group is a self-selected association of twenty-four public research universities in the United Kingdom. The group is headquartered in Cambridge and was established in 1994 to represent its members' interests, principally to government and Parliament. It was incorporated in 2007. Its members are often perceived as being the UK's best universities, but this has been disputed.

 Russell Group members receive over three-quarters of all university research grant and contract income in the United Kingdom. Russell Group members award 60% of all doctorates gained in the United Kingdom. In the 2021 Research Excellence Framework, Russell Group universities accounted for 65% of all world-leading (4*) research conducted in the UK, and 91% of the Russell Group's research was judged to be world-leading (4*) or internationally excellent (3*). Of the 21 Russell Group universities that have entered the Teaching Excellence and Student Outcomes Framework (TEF), 10 hold gold awards (48%), 10 silver (48%) and one bronze (5%), compared to proportions across all 274 higher education providers with full awards of 28% gold, 50% silver and 22% bronze, and proportions across 139 universities and alternative providers with university status of 40% gold, 50% silver and 10% bronze. Their graduates hold 61% of all UK jobs that require a university degree, despite being only 17% of all higher education graduates.

The Russell Group is named after the location of the first informal meetings of the Group, which took place at the Hotel Russell in Russell Square, London.

History
The Russell Group of universities was formed in 1994 by 17 British research universities – Birmingham, Bristol, Cambridge, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Imperial College London, Leeds, Liverpool, London School of Economics, Manchester, Newcastle, Nottingham, Oxford, Sheffield, Southampton, University College London and Warwick, who originally met at Hotel Russell shortly before meetings of the Committee of Vice-Chancellors and Principals (now Universities UK) in nearby Tavistock Square, close to the University of London buildings and, particularly, Senate House. With the exception of Warwick (established in the 1960s), the founder members of the group were all universities or university colleges prior to World War I, including most of Britain's ancient universities and "redbrick universities". In 1998, Cardiff University and King's College London joined the group.

In March 2001, the Russell Group decided against selecting a preferred option for the future funding of higher education, stating that endowments, a graduate contribution, increased public funding and top-up fees should all remain options. In December 2005, it was announced that the Russell Group would be appointing its first full-time director-general as a result of a planned expansion of its operations, including commissioning and conducting its own policy research. In November 2006, Queen's University Belfast was admitted as the twentieth member of the group. In the same month Wendy Piatt, the then deputy director in the Prime Minister's strategy unit, was announced as the group's new Director General and chief executive.

In March 2012, it was announced that four universities – Durham, Exeter, Queen Mary University of London; and York – would become members of the Russell Group in August of the same year. All of the new members had previously been members of the 1994 Group of British universities.

In January 2013, it was announced that the Russell Group would establish an academic board to advise the English exams watchdog Ofqual on the content of A-Levels. In 2019 the group launched a website "Informed Choices" to advise school children on which A-level subject choices were useful for various degree courses, replacing an earlier teachers' guide of the same name from 2011 that had identified a list of "facilitating subjects'.

Organisation

Objectives
The Russell Group states that "its aim is to help ensure that our universities have the optimum conditions in which to flourish and continue to make social, economic and cultural impacts through their world-leading research and teaching."

It works towards this by lobbying the UK government and parliament; commissioning reports and research; creating a forum in which its member institutions can discuss issues of common concern; and identify opportunities for them to work together.

Leadership
The Russell Group is led by Chief Executive Tim Bradshaw and chaired by Sir Anton Muscatelli, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Glasgow.

In May 2020 the Russell Group appointed the next chair Professor Dame Nancy Rothwell, President and Vice-Chancellor of The University of Manchester, starting September 2020.

Members

The Russell Group currently has twenty-four members, of which twenty are from England, two from Scotland, and one from each of Wales and Northern Ireland. Of the English members, five are from Greater London; three from the Yorkshire and the Humber region; two from each of the North East, North West, West Midlands, South West and South East regions; and one from each of the East Midlands and East regions. Four Russell Group members are constituent colleges of the University of London and a fifth London institution, Imperial College London, was part of the University of London until 2007.

The table below gives the members of the group, along with when they joined, their student and staff numbers, and their Teaching Excellence Framework rating).

Notes:
‡ Member institution of the University of London, awarding its own degrees

Status

Research
In 2022/23, following the 2021 Research Excellence Framework (REF), the English universities of the Russell Group saw their share of recurring research funding from Research England drop by 2.71 percentage points from the 2021/22 funding (based on the previous 2014 REF) to 68.21 per cent, although most institutions saw a rise in actual funding levels due to an overall increase in funding. The top 19 English institutions in terms of funding continued to all be from the Russell Group, with the top 20 being rounded off, as before, by Lancaster. The LSE was, as in previous REF rounds, the exception, ranking 31st in terms of funding (down from 23rd in 2021/11) and seeing a nine per cent fall (£1.7 million) in its allocation.

In 2015/16, following the 2014 REF, the 19 English universities with HEFCE research funding allocations (excluding transitional funding) in excess of £20 million were all members of the Russell Group. The only English Russell Group institution to receive an allocation below £20 million was the LSE (£18.6 million), which ranked 22nd behind the Universities of Leicester and Lancaster (both on £19 million).

In 2010/11, 19 of the 20 UK universities with the highest income from research grants and contracts were members of the Russell Group. In terms of total research funding allocations from the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) in 2007/8, the top 15 universities were all Russell Group institutions. LSE was 21st, due to its focus on less costly social sciences research. Queen's University Belfast, Cardiff, Glasgow and Edinburgh, were not included in this table, as they are not English institutions. The Russell Group institutions received 82% of the total HEFCE research funding allocation.

The research funding figures depend on factors other than the quality of research, in particular there are variations due to institutional size and subject spread (e.g. science, technology and medicine tend to attract more money).

In 2008, 18 of the then 20 members were positioned in the top 20 of Research Fortnight's Research Assessment Exercise 'Power' Table. The other two places were occupied by Durham University and Queen Mary University of London, which were not then Russell Group members but have since joined. The two Russell Group institutions outside the top 20 were QUB (21st) and the LSE (27th), while the other two universities to have since joined were York (22nd) and Exeter (25th). In the equivalent table for the 2014 Research Excellence Framework, the 24 Russell Group members occupied the top 24 positions, with the University of Lancaster in 25th being the highest-ranked non-Russell Group university.

Rankings

In 2023, all eight UK universities in the ARWU top 100, seventeen of the eighteen in the QS top 100 (the other place being occupied by the University of St Andrews), and all ten in the THE top 100 are members of the Russell Group. The Russell Group provides seven of the top ten in the Complete, Guardian, and Times/Sunday Times.

Selectivity

All but two of the universities in the Russell Group are part of the Sutton Trust's group of 30 highly selective universities, the Sutton 30 (the absent members being Queen Mary University of London and Queen's University Belfast). The Sutton 13 group of the 13 most highly selective universities only includes one non-Russell Group member, the University of St Andrews. The top 10 by average UCAS points of new undergraduate students in 2021–22 included three non-Russell Group universities: St Andrews (1st: 212 points), Strathclyde (2nd: 210 points), and Aberdeen (joint 10th with Durham: 185 points). The top 10 by lowest offer rate to new undergraduate students in 2022-23 included three non-Russell Group universities: St Andrews (3rd; 24.7%), St George's (9th; 40.0%) and University of the Arts London (10th; 43.2%). The average offer rate, including conditional and unconditional offers, across 'higher tariff' UK institutions (as defined by UCAS) was 55.5% in 2022.

Notes:
a The average UCAS tariff achieved by new undergraduate students entering the university in 2021–22. This is based on qualifications achieved, for example A-levels: A* = 56, A = 48, B = 40 UCAS points; IBO Certificate in Higher Level: H7 = 56, H6 = 48, H5 = 32.
b The average offer rate for June deadline undergraduate applicants (all ages) in 2022.

Finances
The Russell Group accounted for 49.1% of the income of the higher education sector in the UK in 2013–14, having risen from 44.7% of the total in 2001–02. Over the same period the total income of Russell Group universities rose by 69.9% in real terms, compared to a sector average of 54.4%. Russell Group universities are also seen as "particularly creditworthy" due to their membership of the group, allowing them to borrow money at low interest rates.

The total annual income for Russell Group members for 2020–21 was £20.30 billion of which £4.77 billion was from research grants and contracts, with an operating surplus of £1.15 billion. Russell Group universities hold a total endowment value of £6.18 billion (exclusive of colleges) and net assets of £31.52 billion. The table below is a record of each Russell Group member's financial data for the 2020–21 financial year.

Notes:
‡ exclusive of colleges

Criticisms

'Elite' status questioned
In a statement made in 2014 to the Higher Education Policy Institute, David Watson of the University of Oxford suggested that the Russell Group's claim to represent 24 'leading universities' was "a real stretch". In the context of the Russell Group's reputation in the sector, he continued: "particularly dangerous, I think, is the bottom half of the Russell Group…The problem with the Russell Group is that it represents neither the sector as a whole [nor], in many cases, the best of the sector". Performance in research intensity showed that there were dozens of other UK universities "above the bottom Russellers".

A Durham University academic, Vikki Boliver, published a report in 2015 claiming that the prestigious position of the Russell Group was not based on evidence, but rather successful marketing. Only the universities of Oxford and Cambridge were significantly more elite than the majority of "old" universities when a grouping analysis was performed using data on academic selectivity, research activity, teaching quality, socio-economic exclusivity and economic resources. The other 22 members of the Russell Group sit in a second tier of universities along with 17 other "old" universities (University of Aberdeen, University of Bath*, University of Dundee, University of East Anglia*, Goldsmiths*, Heriot-Watt University, University of Kent, Lancaster University*, University of Leicester*, Loughborough University*, University of Reading*, Royal Holloway*, University of St Andrews*, SOAS*, University of Strathclyde, University of Surrey* and University of Sussex*), mostly comprising former members of the defunct 1994 Group (shown by asterisks). Another 13 "old" universities and 54 "new" universities made up a third tier, with a fourth tier of 19 "new" universities. Within each tier, the differences between the institutions were less significant than the differences between the tiers. This reflected an earlier result from 2010 that, when the "Golden Triangle" universities (defined in the study as Oxford, Cambridge, Imperial, LSE, and UCL) were omitted, the remaining (then) members of the Russell Group were outperformed by the (then) members of the 1994 Group.

Ant Bagshaw from the Wonkhe think-tank has criticised the use of Russell Group membership as a proxy for selectivity in official Department for Education reports and statistics, as better measures of selectivity are available from UCAS data. He states that the idea that "Russell Group membership is synonymous with 'best is "persistent, but unverified". He also notes that this may lead to less scrutiny of the performance of non-Russell Group selective universities with respect to widening participation and improving access.

Protectionism

The Institute of Economic Affairs has argued that the Russell Group acts out of protectionist interests. It is claimed that this will "restrict competition, discourage innovation and encourage inefficiency, thereby depriving students of lower prices and/or greater choice".

Tuition fees
The Russell Group was prominent in the debate over the introduction of tuition fees, a measure which it strongly supported – much to the dismay of the universities' students' unions. Indeed, members of the group argued that even the fees proposed by the controversial Higher Education Bill would not be sufficient to cover the rising cost of undergraduate teaching, and successfully argued for the right to charge variable fees at much higher rates, so-called top-up fees.

Sustainability
The twenty-four universities in the Russell Group are responsible for around half of the Scope 1 and 2 carbon emissions of the UK university sector. The Group as a whole has been criticised for an inconsistent and inadequate response to the need to identify emissions and take reduction measures. An Environmental Sustainability Network was announced by the Russell Group in December 2019; as of November 2021 no outcomes from this had been announced.

Widening access
Analysis by the Labour Party in 2018 found that the number of students from disadvantaged areas has only increased by one percentage point since 2010.

In 2015, Durham academic Vikki Bolívar published a paper, Lies, damned lies, and statistics on widening access to Russell Group universities, criticising the statistical analysis in the  Russell Group publication Opening Doors. This had said that "real progress has been made over the last few years" in widening access, but Bolívar highlighted four areas where the statistics used to justify this claim were misleading. She also pointed out that there was "a growing body of statistical research evidence which indicates that one important barrier to widening access at Russell Group universities is that applicants from less advantaged social backgrounds are less likely to be offered places at these universities than comparably qualified applicants from more advantaged social groups" that had not been mentioned in the Russell Group report.

a – difference between the actual offer rate and the offer rate expected if predicted grades and subject choice were the only factors
b – indicates significantly higher (+), significantly lower (-) or no significant difference from expected rate (blank)

See also
 Ivy League – group of private universities in the Northeastern United States.
 Association of American Universities – group of US research universities
 Imperial Universities – group of older universities in Japan
 Institutes of National Importance – premier universities in India
 National Institutes of Technology – 31 leading public engineering universities in India.
 Golden Triangle – informal grouping of universities in London and southeast England
 Doxbridge - informal grouping of older collegiate universities in England
 SKY (universities) – group of Korean universities
 C9 League – The Chinese Ministry of Education's formal grouping of elite universities in China
 TU9, alliance of nine leading Technical Universities in Germany
 Group of Eight (Australian universities), formal group of eight universities in Australia
 Ancient universities Oxbridge, Scottish, and Irish Universities formed before the year 1600 with undergraduate MA awarding powers
 Armorial of UK universities

References

External links

College and university associations and consortia in the United Kingdom
Educational institutions established in 1994
Organizations established in 1994
1994 establishments in the United Kingdom

Russell Group


Kötludraumur er íslenskt sagnakvæði undir fornyrðislagi. Kvæðið er ævagamalt og birtist fyrst í handritum frá ofanverðri 17. öld (elsta handritið frá 1665). Kötludraumur hefur verið feikilega vinsælt sagnakvæði um allt land og kvæðið finnst í a.m.k. 80 íslenskum pappírshandritum. Talið er að kvæðið hafi verið ort einhvern tímann á 14. öld, fyrir tíma Svartadauða.

Kötludraumur


Cestrum dumetorum es una especie de arbusto de la familia Solanaceae nativa de América Central.

Características
Cestrum dumetorum es un arbusto o árbol, que alcanza un tamaño de 2–7 m de alto, con ramitas tomentulosas, glabrescentes, yemas axilares tomentosas. Las hojas mayores angostamente ovadas o elípticas, de 7–13 (–20) cm de largo, el ápice agudo o acuminado, la base obtusa, ambas superficies suavemente tomentosas, glabrescentes excepto en los nervios y los domacios conspicuos en las axilas de los nervios en el envés; pecíolos de 1–3.5 cm de largo, tomentosos y glabrescentes, las hojas menores a veces evidentes. Las inflorescencias en forma de panículas laxas con muchas flores, en los extremos de las ramas, el raquis tomentuloso, los pedicelos obsoletos, son flores nocturnas; el cáliz es tubular, de 4–6 mm de largo, tomentoso especialmente en las costas, lobos desiguales, en su mayoría muy pequeños, 0.1–0.2 mm de largo, con 1 o 2 senos separándose profundamente hasta 2.5 mm; la corola de color verde, en tubo obcónico, 8–12 mm de largo, ligeramente ensanchado alrededor de las anteras, frecuentemente casi la mitad incluida en el cáliz, glabro, lobos 4–6 mm de largo, tomentosos en el margen; filamentos libres por 1–2 mm de su longitud, denticulados, pubescentes por abajo del diente y glabros por encima. El fruto es una baya ovoide, 6–8 mm de largo, purpúreo obscura, parcialmente incluida en el cáliz irregular; semillas 3–4 mm de largo.

Distribución y hábitat
Es una especie común, que se encuentra en áreas alteradas, en la zona del Océano Pacífico; a una altitud de 200–1100 m; desde el centro de México a Costa Rica.

Propiedades
Su aplicación medicinal más usual es para todo tipo de inflamaciones. Con tal motivo la hoja se coloca a manera de cataplasma y sostenida con una venda, o pegada con "unto" en la parte afectada, en ambos casos se aplican dos o tres veces al día, hasta que baje la hinchazón (Morelos). Cuando se trata de inflamaciones intestinales, se bebe el cocimiento de toda la planta (Morelos).

También, suele utilizarse el cocimiento de toda la planta para el derrame de bilis o la cocción de las hojas para dar baño postparto. Se aplican fomentos en heridas, granos, cáncer y para evitar la gangrena.  Para bajar la fiebre las hojas molidas y diluidas en agua se suministran por vía oral. Puestas en tobillos, rodillas y sienes o untadas en vela de grasa colocadas en cada sien sirven como chiquiadores. Además, se menciona el uso de la savia como cicatrizante.
Historia
La única información encontrada corresponde a Maximino Martínez en quien en el , la señala para la dermatosis.
Química
En los retoños de las hojas de Cestrum dumetorum se ha identificado el beta-sitosterol y se ha detectado la presencia de taninos.

Taxonomía
Cestrum dumetorum fue descrita por Diederich Franz Leonhard von Schlechtendal y publicado en Linnaea 7: 61–62, en el año 1832.C. laxiflorum (=nom. nov. C. honduronicaraguense) fue descrita de material de Nicaragua (Baker 2122) y Honduras, ninguno de los cuales se ha visto, por lo que se la ha puesto en sinonimia con ciertas dudas. En el tratado de Francey, tanto C. dumetorum como C. laxiflorum tienen un domacio de tricomas en las axilas de los nervios en el envés, los cuales de otra manera son diagnósticos de C. dumetorum en Centroamérica y, las diferencias atribuidas a C. laxiflorum, como son los lobos de la corola de 6.5 mm de largo y las inflorescencias compactas, son algunas veces observadas en el grupo al que aquí se ha referido como C. dumetorum. "Hediondillo".
EtimologíaCestrum: nombre genérico que deriva del griego kestron = "punto, picadura, buril", nombre utilizado por Dioscórides para algún miembro de la familia de la menta.dumetorum: epíteto latino que significa "con espinos".
sinonimiaCestrum dumetorum var. phyllobotryon Francey	Cestrum dumetorum var. phyllobotryon Dunal	Cestrum honduronicaraguense C.Nelson	Cestrum laxiflorum Francey Cestrum semivestitum'' Dunal

Referencias

dumetorum
Plantas medicinales
Plantas descritas en 1832
Plantas descritas por Schlechtendal
Flora de América Central

Cestrum dumetorum


Darağacında Üç Fidan, Nihat Behram'ın; 12 Mart Darbesi sonrasında Deniz Gezmiş, Hüseyin İnan ve Yusuf Aslan'ın dışarıda son günlerini, yakalanışlarını anlatan belgesel anlatı tarzında bir kitaptır. Mahkûmların 6 Mayıs 1972 tarihinde darağcına çıkış öyküleri ve idam anları çok patetik bir üslupla anlatılmıştır. Bazı bölümlerinde şiirlere de yer verilen kitapta 30 sayfa Deniz Gezmiş, Hüseyin İnan ve Yusuf Aslan'ın fotoğraflarına (siyah-beyaz) ayrılmıştır.

Darağacında Üç Fidan, Mayıs 1976'da yayınlandı. Bu yapıt aynı adla (Darağacında Üç Fidan) belgesel anlatı tarzında on sekiz gün süren bir dizi yazıdan sonra kitaplaştırılmıştı. Dizi, yayını süresince hemen her gün ağır cezalık dava ve toplatma konusu ediliyordu. Kitaplaşan yapıt ağır baskılara uğradı. Sonunda kitap yasaklandı, dağıtılan ilk altı baskıdan raflarda kalanlar toplatıldı. Yedinci basımının kurşun dizgileri baskı makinesinden sökülerek el konuldu. 1980 Darbesi, kitap üstündeki baskıyı daha da koyulaştırdı. Eser, 80'li ve 90'lı yıllarda gençler arasında başka kitapların içine konularak gizli gizli okunan bir kitap oldu. Kitabın yazarı Nihat Behram hakkındaki ağır ceza davaları ise sıkıyönetim mahkemelerine devredildi. Bunun üzerine yazar, 1980 yılında yurtdışına çıkmak zorunda kaldı ve 17 yıl politik sürgün hayatı yaşadı.

Darağacında Üç Fidan, 1988 yılında Yürekleri Şafakta Kıvılcımlar adıyla yeniden yayınlandı. Ama tekrar toplatıldı. Uzun süren hukukî mücadeleler sonrasında kitap için beraat kararı çıktı. Yazar Nihat Behram da 1996 yılında Türkiye'ye geri döndü. Tutuklandı, fakat kitabın beraat kararını kanıtlayarak serbest bırakıldı.

Darağacında Üç Fidan, 1998 yılında şu anki yayınevi tarafından yeniden piyasaya sürüldü. Kitabın yeni baskılarında, 30 sayfalık galerideki resimlerden birinin posteri bulunur.

Alıntılar
Kitabın 33. basımının arka kapağından:

Kitabın 33. baskısının "Sunu" bölümünden:

Ayrıca bakınız
 Deniz Gezmiş
 Hüseyin İnan
 Yusuf Aslan
 12 Mart Darbesi
 Türkiye Halk Kurtuluş Ordusu (THKO)

Biyografik kitaplar
Türkiye kitapları
Türkçe kitaplar
Siyasi kitaplar
1976 kitapları
Yasaklanmış kitaplar

Darağacında Üç Fidan


An Dichanthelium cumbucana in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Stephen Andrew Renvoize, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Fernando Omar Zuloaga. An Dichanthelium cumbucana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dichanthelium, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dichanthelium

Dichanthelium cumbucana


Onthophagus simulator é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus, família Scarabaeidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por D'Orbigny em 1905.

Referências

Ligações externas

simulator
Coleópteros descritos em 1905

Onthophagus simulator


Acacia acrionastes  este un arbust aparținând genului Acacia, subgenului Phyllodineae, nativ unor anumite părți ale estului Australiei.

Arbustul, uneori arborele, are un trunchi ușor răsucit, cu coajă netedă, crescând cel mai adesea până la o înălțime de 1,5 metri, dar botanista australiană Leslie Pedley, specializat în studierea familiei Acacia, care a descris taxonimic Acacia acrionastes prima dată, menționează că unele exemplare pot atinge și înălțimea de 8 metri. Frunzele sunt drepte până la ușor curbate, cu o lungime cuprinsă între 6-17 cm și o lățime de circa 2-4 mm. Înflorește în iulie și august și produce o inflorescență cu flori galbene cremoase.

Specia fost descrisă formal prima dată de botanistul australian Leslie Pedley în 1990 în articolul Acacia acrionastes (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae), a new species from south-eastern Queensland, conform titlului originar din revista profesionistă Austrobaileya. Singurul sinonim cunoscut și acceptat este Racosperma acrionastes. Este adesea confundat cu Acacia adunca, cu care este înrudit îndeaproape.

Se găsește în nord-vestului statului australian New South Wales, unde este considerat o apariție rară, dar mai ales în statul Queensland, unde este mult mai comun. Face adesea parte din comunităților forestiere de scleroxilă uscată, crescând pe soluri argiloase loamice, aflate pe un substrat vulcanic.

Referințe

Vezi și
 Listă de specii Acacia

Legături externe

 Environment NSW - Profilul speciei Acacia acrionastes - specie amenințată (endangered species) în statul New South West
 Planet Earth - despre specia Acacia acrionastes
 Bie Ala - Acacia acrionastes - taxonom Leslie Pedley

Plante descrise în 1990
Acrionastes
Flora statului australian New South Wales
Flora statului australian Queensland
Taxoni numiți de Leslie Pedley

Acacia acrionastes


Svijet

Natjecanja

Svjetska natjecanja

Kontinentska natjecanja

Europska natjecanja

Osnivanja
 FK Austria Beč, austrijski nogometni klub
 FC Viktoria Plzeň, češki nogometni klub
 PFK CSKA Moskva, ruski nogometni klub
 OFK Beograd, srpski nogometni klub

Rekordi

Nagrade

Ostali događaji

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Natjecanja

Timski športovi

Pojedinačni športovi

Osnivanja
 Građanski Zagreb, hrvatski nogometni klub
 HNK Hajduk, hrvatski nogometni klub
 NK Opatija, hrvatski nogometni klub

Rekordi

Nagrade

Ostali događaji

Rođenja
 1. veljače – Aleksandar Kovačević, atletičar († 1979.)
 4. veljače – Rudolf Markušić, hrvatski atletičar († 1946.)

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Šport u 1911.


NGC 5826 est une petite galaxie lenticulaire naine, relativement rapprochée et située dans la constellation du Dragon. Sa vitesse par rapport au fond diffus cosmologique est de , ce qui correspond à une distance de Hubble de . NGC 5826 a été découverte par l'astronome américain Lewis Swift le 9 juin 1885. Cette galaxie a aussi été observée deux jours plus tard par Swift et il ne s'est pas rendu compte qu'il l'avait déjà observée. Cette observation a été inscrite au catalogue NGC sous la désignation NGC 5870.

Avec une brillance de surface égale à , on peut qualifier NGC 5826 de galaxie à faible brillance de surface (LSB en anglais pour ). Les galaxies LSB sont des galaxies diffuses (D) avec une brillance de surface inférieure de moins d'une magnitude à celle du ciel nocturne ambiant.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des objets du New General Catalogue

Liens externes

 NGC 5826 sur le site du professeur C. Seligman

5826
Constellation du Dragon
Galaxie lenticulaire
Galaxie naine
Galaxie à faible brillance de surface
Objet céleste découvert en 1885
Objet céleste découvert par Lewis Swift

NGC 5826


Valgarður á Velli var eitt af skáldum Haralds harðráða. Um ævi hans og uppruna er ekkert vitað en fræðimenn hafa giskað á að hann hafi verið sonur eða frændi Marðar Valgarðssonar á Velli sem kemur við Njáls sögu. Valgarður er í Skáldatali talinn til skálda Haralds harðráða en ekki annarra konunga eða höfðingja.

Í fornum heimildum eru 11 vísur, heilar eða hálfar, eignaðar Valgarði. Þrjár eru í Skáldskaparmálum þar sem þær eru notaðar til að sýna notkun á tilteknum heitum - hrönn, logi og brími. Í einni þeirra segir að "eydd varð ... of síðir Sikiley" og mun þar vísað til herfarar Haralds harðráða þar um slóðir.

Í konungasögum eru 8 vísur varðveittar. Ein er aðeins í Fagurskinnu og er þar greint frá að Haraldur hafi tekið suma væringja Miklagarðskeisara af lífi. Þar er um að ræða uppreisn árið 1042 gegn Mikael fimmta. Aðrar vísur eru varðveittar í fleiri heimildum, þar á meðal Heimskringlu og Morkinskinnu og greina meðal annars frá ferðum Haralds úr Garðaríki til Svíþjóðar og frá Svíþjóð til Danmerkur til fundar við Magnús góða, bróðurson hans.

Frægustu verk Valgarðs eru vísur sem lýsa hernaði Haralds í Danmörku u.þ.b. 1044–1045:

Brann í bœ fyr sunnan
bjartr eldr Hróiskeldu;
rǫnn lét ræsir nenninn
reykvell ofan fella.
Lǫ́gu landsmenn gnógir,
ló hel sumum frelsi;
drósk harmvesalt hýski
hljótt til skógs á flótta.

Dvǫlðu daprt of skilða,
drifu, þeirs eptir lifðu,
ferð, en fengin urðu
fǫgr sprund, Danir undan.
Láss helt líki drósar,
leið fyr yðr til skeiða,
bitu fíkula fjǫtrar,
fljóð mart, hǫrund bjarta.

Endursögn í útgáfu Ármanns Jakobssonar og Þórðar Inga Guðjónssonar: "Bjartur eldur logaði í byggð fyrir sunnan Hróarskeldu. Hinn ötuli konungur lét eld eyða húsum. Margir landsmenn lágu fallnir. Dauði sveik suma um undankomu. Harmþrungið fólk dróst fámált til skógar á flótta. (Þeir) töfðu hópinn, sem tvístraðist hörmulega. Danir, þeir sem eftir lifðu, flýðu undan, en fagrar konur voru teknar. Meyjarnar voru læstar í fjötra. Margar konur gengu á undan yður til skipa. Fjötrar nístu gráðuglega ljóst hörundið." (Morkinskinna I 2011:121–122.)

Um þessar vísur segir Vésteinn Ólason (2006:225): "Ekki er hægt að vera fullviss um hvort er hér ríkara fyrirlitning eða samúð með hinum sigruðu." Finnur Jónsson (1894:638) taldi Valgarð fært og hugmyndaríkt skáld og tiltók að vísur hans væru ekki þurrar frásagnir heldur myndrænar lýsingar og svipmyndir.

Heimildir

 Finnur Jónsson. 1894. Den oldnorske og oldislandske litteraturs historie. Kaupmannahöfn: Gad.
 Morkinskinna I. 2011. Útg. Ármann jakobsson og Þórður Ingi Guðjónsson. Íslenzk fornrit XXIII. Reykjavík: Hið íslenzka fornritafélag.
 Vésteinn Ólason. 2006. Dróttkvæði. Íslensk bókmenntasaga I, 191-264. Reykjavík: Mál og menning.

Skáld

Valgarður á Velli


දුරසන්නිවේදනයෙහි සහ පරිගණක ජාලයකරණයෙහිදී, සන්නිවේදන නාලිකාවක් හෝ නාලිකාවක් හෝ යන්නෙන් අදහස් වන්නේ, කම්බියක් වැනි භෞතික සම්ප්‍රේෂණ මාධ්‍යයක් හෝ, රේඩියෝ නාලිකාවක් වැනි බහුපත්කෙරුණු මාධ්‍යයක් ඔස්සේ වන  තාර්කික සම්බන්ධතාවක් හෝ වෙයි.

සන්නිවේදන නාලිකාව


Wilhelm Pferdekamp (Pseudonym: Arnold Nolden, * 6. August 1901 in Düsseldorf; † 22. Februar 1966 in Freiburg im Breisgau) war ein deutscher Schriftsteller und Übersetzer.

Leben
Wilhelm Pferdekamp war nach dem Abitur 1919 als Kaufmann tätig. Er war in Köln ansässig und wechselte 1924 zum Journalismus. Er unternahm ausgedehnte Reisen, über die er ab 1930 in Reisebüchern berichtete. 1935 ging er nach Mexiko, wo er bis 1939 als Sekretär der Deutsch-Mexikanischen Humboldt-Gesellschaft wirkte. Sehr gefördert wurde er von dem in Mexiko ansässigen Kaufmann Carlos Stein. Am 1. Februar 1938 war er der NSDAP beigetreten. Im Jahr 1942 wurde er als Wissenschaftlicher Hilfsarbeiter im Auswärtigen Amt des Deutschen Reiches beschäftigt und im April 1943 als Soldat eingezogen.

Nach 1945 lebte Pferdekamp in Burscheid, dann in Köln und schließlich im badischen Ort Niederweiler.

Pferdekamp veröffentlichte Romane, Erzählungen und landeskundliche Werke. Sein 1930 erschienenes Debüt Auf Schiffen, Schienen, Pneus erschien bis 1949 in einer Gesamtauflage von über 200.000 Exemplaren. Der Schwerpunkt von Pferdekamps Arbeit lag nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg auf dem Übersetzen von belletristischen Werken und Sachbüchern aus dem Spanischen und Englischen.

Wilhelm Pferdekamp war seit 1931 in erster Ehe mit Erica Staegemeier verheiratet und hatte vier Kinder, in zweiter Ehe heiratete er 1953 die Malerin Modeste zur Nedden, die auch als Übersetzerin tätig war.

Werke
 1930: Auf Schiffen, Schienen, Pneus ..., Berlin (unter dem Namen Arnold Nolden)
 1932: Afrika beginnt hinter den Pyrenäen, Berlin (unter dem Namen Arnold Nolden)
 1934: Die Perle am Hals der Erde, Berlin
 1935: 100 Jahre G. L. Pott & Hinrichs, Wuppertal-Elberfeld, Wuppertal-Elberfeld
 1938: Deutsche im frühen Mexiko, Stuttgart [u. a.]
 1940: Mexiko, Berlin
 1942: Die Seeleute am Yaquifluß, Bayreuth
 Die Zaungäste, Leipzig
 1950: Das Reich der Maya, Murnau [u. a.]
 1958: Auf Humboldts Spuren, München
 1963: Die Indianer-Story, München

Übersetzungen
 Pedro Antonio de Alarcón: Der Dreispitz, Düsseldorf 1947
 Pedro Antonio de Alarcón: Das letzte Abenteuer, Düsseldorf 1946
 Sebastián Juan Arbó: Das große Lebensabenteuer des Miguel de Cervantes, München 1952
 Michael Leonard Graham Balfour: Vier-Mächte-Kontrolle in Deutschland 1945 - 1946, Düsseldorf 1959 (übersetzt zusammen mit Modeste Pferdekamp)
 Consuelo Vanderbilt Balsan: Glanz und Gold, Düsseldorf 1955 (übersetzt zusammen mit Modeste Pferdekamp)
 Pío Baroja: Zalacain der Abenteurer, Leipzig 1943
 Derek Bickerton: Mord am Zahltag, München 1963
 Arthur Bryant: Kriegswende, Düsseldorf 1957 (übersetzt zusammen mit Modeste Pferdekamp)
 Alan Bullock: Hitler, Düsseldorf 1953 (übersetzt zusammen mit Modeste Pferdekamp)
 Arthur Conte: Die Teilung der Welt, Düsseldorf 1965 (übersetzt zusammen mit Modeste Pferdekamp)
 Gordon A. Craig: Die preußisch-deutsche Armee 1640 - 1945, Düsseldorf 1960 (übersetzt zusammen mit Modeste Pferdekamp)
 Alexander Dallin: Deutsche Herrschaft in Rußland 1941 - 1945, Düsseldorf 1958 (übersetzt zusammen mit Modeste Pferdekamp)
 Anthony Eden: Angesichts der Diktatoren, Köln [u. a.] 1964 (übersetzt zusammen mit Modeste Pferdekamp)
 Anthony Eden: Memoiren 1945 - 1957, Köln [u. a.] 1960 (übersetzt zusammen mit Modeste Pferdekamp)
 John Erskine: Adam und Eva, Düsseldorf 1951
 John Erskine: Lanzelots schwache Stunde, Düsseldorf 1952
 Raul Flores Guerrero: Die präkolumbianische Kunst, München 1970
 Robert J. Forbes: Vom Steinbeil zum Überschall, München 1954 (übersetzt zusammen mit Werner von Grünau)
 Raymond L. Garthoff: Sowjetstrategie im Atomzeitalter, Düsseldorf 1959 (übersetzt zusammen mit Modeste Pferdekamp)
 Charles de Gaulle: Memoiren 1942 - 46, Düsseldorf 1961 (übersetzt zusammen mit Modeste Pferdekamp)
 Oron J. Hale: Presse in der Zwangsjacke, Düsseldorf 1965 (übersetzt zusammen mit Modeste Pferdekamp)
 Hans Kohn: Wege und Irrwege, Düsseldorf 1962 (übersetzt zusammen mit Modeste Pferdekamp)
 Gregorio López y Fuentes: El Indio, Leipzig 1938
 Gregorio López y Fuentes: Mein General!, Leipzig 1941
 André Maurois: Alexander Fleming, München 1960 (übersetzt zusammen mit Modeste Pferdekamp)
 Cyril Ray: Der feuchtfröhliche Genießer, Düsseldorf 1958 (übersetzt zusammen mit Modeste Pferdekamp)
 Luis Romero: Die Menschenkette, München 1955
 William Lawrence Shirer: Aufstieg und Fall des Dritten Reiches, Köln [u. a.] 1961 (übersetzt zusammen mit Modeste Pferdekamp)
 Samuel John Gurney Hoare Templewood: Neun bewegte Jahre, Düsseldorf 1955 (übersetzt zusammen mit Modeste Pferdekamp)
 Tirso de Molina: Don Juan oder Der Verführer von Sevilla und der steinerne Gast, Düsseldorf 1947
 Alfredo Varela: Die Matepflücker, Frankfurt am Main 1951
 Alexander Werth: Der zögernde Nachbar, Düsseldorf 1957 (übersetzt zusammen mit Modeste Pferdekamp)

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Roman, Epik
Literatur (Deutsch)
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Übersetzer aus dem Englischen
Übersetzer aus dem Spanischen
Übersetzer ins Deutsche
NSDAP-Mitglied
Deutscher
Geboren 1901
Gestorben 1966
Mann

Wilhelm Pferdekamp


Olaylar

Doğumlar

Mart
 27 Mart - Francis II Rákóczi, Macar bağımsızlık hareketinin önderi (ö. 1735)

Ağustos
 26 Ağustos - Robert Walpole, İngiliz politikacı, ilk İngiltere başbakanı.

Ölümler
 3 Kasım - Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Paşa
 ? - Abdurrahman Hibri Efendi Osmanlı Devleti şair, tarihçi ilim adamı (d. 1603)

1676


André Paul Armand Nègre (* 16. Mai 1912 in Castelmoron-sur-Lot; † 27. Juli 1996) war ein französischer Diplomat.

Leben

André Paul Armand Nègre trat in den auswärtigen Dienst und wurde nach 1945 in Shanghai, Kairo und Moskau beschäftigt.
Von 1952 bis 1955 war er Botschaftsrat in Damaskus.
1964 war er Botschaftsrat und Generalkonsul in Tanger.
Von 1967 bis 1970 war er Botschafter in Kabul.
Von 7. Januar 1971 bis 30. April 1975 war er außerordentlicher und bevollmächtigter Botschafter in Damaskus.

Ehrungen
 1958: Komtur mit Stern des Päpstlichen Ritterordens des heiligen Gregors des Großen

Einzelnachweise

Französischer Botschafter in Afghanistan
Französischer Botschafter in Syrien
Träger des Gregoriusordens (Komtur mit Stern)
Franzose
Geboren 1912
Gestorben 1996
Mann

André Nègre


An Desmocladus flexuosus in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Robert Brown, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Barbara Gillian Briggs och Lawrence Alexander Sidney Johnson. An Desmocladus flexuosus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Desmocladus, ngan familia nga Restionaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Desmocladus

Desmocladus flexuosus


Krvava berba grožđa je hrvatski dokumentarni film iz 2017. godine autora Silvija Mirošničenka i producenta Antuna Ivankovića.
Snimljen je u produkciji Udruge hrvatskih branitelja dragovoljaca Domovinskoga rata, Udruge dr. Ante Starčević iz Tovarnika i Udruge za audiovizualno stvaralaštvo "Artizana" iz Zagreba. Potporu za snimanje bila su sredstva Ministarstva hrvatskih branitelja, Zaklade "Adris" i Vukovarsko-srijemske županije, Đakovačko-osječke nadbiskupije i Općine Lovas.
Premijera se očekuje rujna 2017. godine u Zagrebu.

Sadržaj
Film se bavi događajima iz vremena početka agresije na Hrvatsku. Prikazuje sve strahote koje su doživjeli Hrvati i ostali nesrbi u Lovasu koje su im počinili pripadnici tzv. JNA, lokalne teritorijalne vlasti i paravojne jedinice "Dušan Silni". Hrvatsko selo u Srijemu Lovas pretrpjelo je 10. listopada 1991. zločin. Mještani su okrutno ubijeni, torturirani, Hrvati na rukama prisiljeni nositi bijele trake kao znak raspoznavanja i nacionalne pripadnosti, mučenja i silovanja žena, prisilni rad i tako dalje. Ukupno su okupatori pobili 70 civila u Lovasu. Preživjeli mještani su nakon razaranja protjerani. Film je zabilježio mnogobrojna potresna svjedočanstva.

Zločin je bio jedan od niza mnogobrojnih koji su se odigrali na hrvatskom tlu tijekom Domovinskoga rata. Tzv. JNA i četnici iz Srbije su na svom putu prema okupaciji i uništenju grada Vukovara uništavali su i ubijali sve što im se našlo na putu. Okupirani i spaljeni Lovas se u niz mnogobrojnih zločina izdvaja, izuzev činjenice da je u Lovasu zvjerski i na posebno okrutan način ubijeni mnogi mještani, time kao mjesto koje je poslužilo za realiziranje sulude srpske ideje čišćenja minskoga polja tijelima nesretnih mještana, noću tjeranih proći preko njega.

Epilog je žalostan. Optužnica srbijanskog Tužiteljstva za ratne zločine teretila je 14 osoba osumnjičenih za taj ratni zločin. 26. lipnja 2012. godine, Sudsko vijeće odjela za ratne zločine Višeg suda u Beogradu izreklo je osuđujuću presudu. Na sramotu Srbije, presuda je malo zatim poništena, uz neprimjereno nedovoljno glasnu reakciju vlasti i medija u Hrvatskoj. Počinitelji se i dalje su slobodni.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Vimeo Trailer Krvave berbe grožđa, korisnik Artizana

Hrvatski dokumentarni filmovi o progonima i ratnim zločinima u Domovinskom ratu
Lovas

Krvava berba grožđa


Ryan Julius, né le  au Cap, est un joueur de hockey sur gazon sud-africain. Il évolue au poste de milieu de terrain ou d'attaquant à l'Almeerse HC, aux Pays-Bas et avec l'équipe nationale sud-africaine.

Il participe aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2020.

Carrière

Coupe d'Afrique
  : 2017

Jeux olympiques
 Premier tour : 2020

Jeux du Commonwealth
 Premier tour : 2018

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en juillet 1995
Naissance au Cap
Joueur de hockey sur gazon aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2020
Joueur sud-africain de hockey sur gazon

Ryan Julius