Raymond Anthony Lewis Jr. (born May 15, 1975) is a former American football linebacker who played his entire 17-year career for the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Miami Hurricanes, where he earned All-America honors.

Lewis was selected by the Ravens in the first round of the 1996 NFL Draft, and upon his retirement following the 2012 season, was the last remaining active player from the team's inaugural season. Lewis immediately became a leader on defense and led the team in tackles as a rookie, the first of 14 times he led the Ravens in tackles.

Lewis pleaded guilty to obstruction of justice in connection with the stabbing deaths of two men in 2000. The following season, he was named NFL Defensive Player of the Year and led the Ravens' record-setting defense, which established a 16-game single-season record for the fewest points allowed (165) and the fewest rushing yards allowed (970), to victory in Super Bowl XXXV. Lewis also became the second linebacker to win the Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award, and the first to win the award on the winning Super Bowl team. Lewis won his second Defensive Player of the Year award in 2003, becoming the sixth player to win the award multiple times. After a triceps tear that sidelined him for most of the 2012 regular season, Lewis returned for the Ravens' playoff run and earned his second Super Bowl victory in his final NFL game. On February 3, 2018, the fifth anniversary of his final game, Lewis was selected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility.

During his tenure with the Ravens, he accumulated 2,059 career combined tackles, including 1,568 solo tackles, both of which are NFL records. Due to his numerous accolades and prodigious football play, Lewis is widely considered to be the greatest middle linebacker in NFL history. He was a 13-time Pro Bowler, a 10-time All-Pro, and one of the few players in NFL history to play in a Pro Bowl in three decades (1990s, 2000s, and 2010s). He is also considered to be the greatest Baltimore Raven of all time, as well as one of the greatest defensive players of all time.

Early life
Raymond Anthony Jenkins was born in Bartow, Florida in Central Florida, the oldest of five siblings. His mother was just 16 at the time of his birth, while his father was absent for most of his life. Not much was known about his father's life other that he was a record-setting high school wrestler before he was incarcerated for drug-related offenses. As a boy, and the eventual older brother to four younger siblings, Lewis quickly became the man of the house. He helped his sisters with their hair and made sure his younger brother arrived at daycare on time. When his father's contact became less frequent, he abandoned his last name and changed it to the last name of his mother's boyfriend, Ray Lewis, when he entered Kathleen High School in Lakeland.

He is the older brother of former University of Maryland running back Keon Lattimore. Lewis was an All-American linebacker for the football team at Kathleen, overcoming his small size with his intensity and instincts. In addition, he was a prolific wrestler for the school, winning a Florida wrestling state title. He later revealed that his stepfather was extremely abusive towards his mother, and got a deck of 52 playing cards to start his push-up regimen, so he could get stronger to protect her. This also was the reason behind choosing the #52 jersey in his professional career.

College career
Lewis enrolled in the University of Miami, where he was a member of the Miami Hurricanes football team. As a freshman, he was an immediate contributor and became a starter for the Hurricanes' final five games. He compiled 81 tackles, two sacks, two tackles for loss, and four pass deflections en route to being named to the freshman All-American team.

In his sophomore season, Lewis earned first-team All-American and All-Big East honors. Lewis led the Big East with 153 tackles and also contributed nine tackles for a loss, two sacks, and an interception for a Hurricanes team that had the nation's top-ranked defense and finished No. 6 in both the writers' and coaches' polls.

Lewis's junior campaign was even more successful, as he was again named to the All-American and All-Big East teams, and finished as runner-up for the Butkus Award, given to the top linebacker in college football. Lewis finished his junior season with 160 tackles, the second highest in University of Miami team history after Ed Weisacosky's 164 in 1965.

Lewis led the Big East in tackles his last two seasons and accumulated the fifth most in Miami history despite playing only three seasons.

After the 1995 season, Lewis decided to forgo his final year of college eligibility and enter the NFL draft. The Baltimore Ravens, who were entering their inaugural season, selected Lewis 26th overall in the first round of the 1996 NFL Draft. Lewis was the Ravens' second ever draft pick behind offensive tackle Jonathan Ogden who was selected #4 overall the same year.  Lewis eventually earned his undergraduate degree in Arts and Science in 2004 at the University of Maryland University College.

Professional career

1996 season: Rookie season

Lewis was the top-rated inside linebacker heading into the 1996 NFL Draft, in which Kevin Hardy was considered the draft's only outstanding linebacker prospect. Taken as the fifth linebacker in the draft, Lewis was seen by scouts as possessing speed, tackling ability, and intensity, as well as being praised for his ability to go into pass coverage. But many considered his lack of size a potential liability. In his first career game, a week 1 19–14 victory over the Oakland Raiders, Lewis earned AFC Defensive Player of the Week for his seven-tackle performance, along with an unusual interception. Lewis earned USA Today's All-Rookie team honors after his 15 tackles for loss led the NFL and 110 tackles led the Ravens in the 1996 season. He finished his rookie season with two and a half sacks, six pass deflections, and an interception on the season as the Ravens finished with a 4–12 record.

1997 season

In week 9, against the Washington Redskins, Lewis earned his second AFC Defensive Player of the Week honor. Lewis recorded an NFL-best and career high 184 tackles in 1997, which also included 156 solo tackles, the most ever in single season, and earned his first Pro Bowl berth at the end of that season. In addition, Lewis totaled four sacks, an interception, a forced fumble, a fumble recovery, and 11 pass deflections in the Ravens' 6–9–1 season.

1998 season

In 1998, Lewis made his second trip to the Pro Bowl after recording 120 tackles, three sacks, two interceptions, a forced fumble, and seven pass deflections. He led the 6–10 Ravens in tackles for the third consecutive season. He was also named to The Sporting News All-Pro Team. In what would prove to be Hall of Fame Detroit Lions running back Barry Sanders's final game, Lewis and the rest of the Ravens defense held him to just 41 rushing yards on 19 attempts.

1999 season

In 1999, during the first game of the regular season against the St. Louis Rams, Lewis had 14 solo tackles, four tackles for loss, an interception, and a sack in the 27–10 loss, In week 2 against the Pittsburgh Steelers, he finished with a team leading 13 combined tackles in the 23–20 loss. In week 3 against the Cleveland Browns, Lewis had ten combined tackles and a sack in the 17–10 win. In week 4 against the Atlanta Falcons, Lewis finished with 12 combined tackles in the 19–13 overtime win. During week 5 against the Tennessee Titans, Lewis had 13 tackles and a safety in the 14–11 loss. In week 8 against the Buffalo Bills, Lewis had 14 tackles and a sack in the 13–10 loss. Despite the Ravens having an 8–8 regular season record, Lewis led the NFL in tackles with 165. He was named to a third-straight Pro Bowl and the All-Pro first team. In addition, he totaled three and a half sacks, three interceptions, eight pass deflections, a safety, and a forced fumble. Lewis won the 1999 NFL Alumni Linebacker Of The Year chosen by past NFL players voting according to the position they played.

2000: Record-setting defense and Super Bowl XXXV MVP

In 2000, Lewis led a defense which many call the greatest in NFL history for a single season. In week 2 of the regular season against the Jacksonville Jaguars, Lewis led the team in tackles with 11 tackles in the 39–36 win. In week 3 against the Miami Dolphins, Lewis had 11 tackles in the 19–6 loss. In week 6 against the Jacksonville Jaguars, he finished 13 tackles and a fumble recovery in the 15–10 win. In week 13 against the Cleveland Browns, Lewis had five tackles and two sacks in the 44–7 blowout win. Lewis finished the regular season with a franchise leading 137 tackles, as well as two interceptions, six pass deflections, and three fumble recoveries. The team set a 16-game single-season record for fewest points allowed (165) and fewest rushing yards allowed (970). The team recorded four shutouts, one shy of the single-season record. The unit finished first league-wide in six key defensive categories. Including the postseason, and excluding three combined touchdowns that were given up by the Ravens offense and special teams, Baltimore's defense allowed only 184 points in 20 games. After the regular season, he earned a unanimous All-Pro selection, and was once again named to start in the Pro Bowl. In the Wild Card Round against the Denver Broncos, Lewis had seven tackles and an interception in the 21–3 win. In the Divisional Round against the Tennessee Titans, Lewis had 12 combined tackles and an interception returned for the clinching touchdown in the 24–10 win. In the AFC Championship against the Oakland Raiders, he had seven combined tackles and a fumble recovery in the 16–3 win. Lewis was named NFL Defensive Player of The Year for the 2000 season. The Ravens became only the second team to ever record a defensive shutout in a Super Bowl, as they dominated the New York Giants 34–7 to win the franchise's first ever world championship. Lewis's five combined tackles and four passes defended earned him Super Bowl XXXV MVP honors. He also added 31 tackles, two interceptions, 9 pass deflections, one fumble recovery, and a touchdown in the four-game playoff run.

2001 season

In 2001, Lewis earned his fifth consecutive Pro Bowl selection, when he led the NFL in tackles with 162 and earned first-team All-Pro honors. In week 15, he earned his third AFC Defensive Player of the Week honor in a 15–0 shutout of the Cincinnati Bengals. The Ravens earned a playoff berth with a 10–6 record. In the Ravens' two playoff games, he totaled 17 tackles, three forced fumbles, and one pass deflection as the team's season ended in the divisional round.

2002 season

In 2002, Lewis was limited to only five games due to a shoulder injury. He still managed to rank fifth on the team with 58 tackles. In addition, Lewis compiled two interceptions, two pass deflections, a forced fumble and a fumble recovery. Lewis earned AFC Defensive Player of the Week honors in week 4 against the Denver Broncos after posting 18 tackles (11 solo), two pass deflections, and an interception. After having been selected to the Pro Bowl for five consecutive seasons (1997–2001), Lewis's streak was stopped by his season-ending injury. In his absence, the Baltimore Ravens defense finished ranked 19th in points allowed the team as a whole finished with a 7–9 record.

2003 season
Lewis was the leading vote recipient for the 2003 AP All-Pro team, earning 49 of 50 votes. He also won the annual AP NFL Defensive Player of the Year with 43 votes out of 50. He was named to his sixth career Pro Bowl for the 2003 season. Additionally, Lewis earned Pro Football Weekly, PFWA, and Football Digest Defensive MVP honors and was named to Dr. Z's Sports Illustrated All-Pro team, Pro Football Weekly All-NFL team, Pro Football Weekly All-AFC team, Football Digest All-Pro first team, and The Sporting News All-Pro team. Lewis also earned the KC 101 AFC Defensive Player of the Year award for the 3rd time in four years, the 2003 NFL Alumni Linebacker Of The Year, and finished with 161 tackles, one and a half sacks, six interceptions, two forced fumbles, two fumble recoveries, 14 pass deflections, and one touchdown. He was named NFL Defensive Player of the Month for November and AFC Defensive Player of the Week for his 15-tackle, one-interception performance against the Pittsburgh Steelers in week 17. In the Wild Card Round loss to the Tennessee Titans, Lewis totaled 17 tackles.

2004 season

In 2004, Lewis was named first-team All-Pro by the AP, second-team "All Pro" by College and Pro Football Weekly and Football Digest, and "All Pro" by The Sporting News. He finished the 2004 season playing 15 games while recording 146 total tackles, one sack, two fumble recoveries, one fumble forced, and six pass deflections as the Ravens went 9–7. He earned a seventh Pro Bowl nomination.

2005 season

Lewis's 2005 season was cut short by an injury in week 6. He was placed on injured reserve in week 8, having amassed 46 tackles, a sack, an interception, two pass deflections, and a fumble recovery in the season's first six games. The Ravens struggled to a final record of 6–10.

2006 season

In 2006, Lewis led the Ravens defense to an NFL-best ranking in 14 major defensive categories, including total yards allowed, points per game allowed, and interceptions. The Ravens also finished second in sacks, take-aways, and rushing yards allowed. Lewis missed two games due to an injury, but still recorded 103 tackles, a personal best of five sacks, two interceptions, and eight pass deflections in 14 games. He also forced a fumble and recovered one. The Ravens allowed just one 100-yard rushing performance in the 14 games Lewis played. Lewis was named AFC Defensive Player of the Week following his seven-tackle, one-sack, and three-pass-deflection performance against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the season opener.  He was also selected to the Pro Bowl, but withdrew because of a hand injury, ceding his spot to fellow Ravens linebacker Bart Scott. Lewis finished fifth in voting for Defensive Player of the Year. Lewis totaled 15 tackles and a pass deflection in the Divisional Round loss to the Indianapolis Colts.

2007 season

Despite the Ravens' mediocre 5–11 season, Lewis was the team's leading tackler. Against the Cleveland Browns, Lewis recorded 16 tackles, recovered a fumble, and returned an interception for a touchdown. He earned his ninth career Pro Bowl nomination. He finished the season with 120 total tackles, two sacks, two forced fumbles, one fumble recovery, ten passes deflected, two interceptions, and one touchdown.

2008 season

In 2008, Lewis helped lead the Ravens to the AFC Championship while totaling 117 tackles, three and a half sacks, three interceptions, two forced fumbles, two fumble recoveries, and nine passes deflected. He was named a starter to the Pro Bowl, his tenth such nomination, and was named an Associated Press first-team All-Pro for the sixth time. In addition, he was named the AFC Defensive Player of the Week following his eight tackles, two interception, and two pass deflections against the Houston Texans in week 10. In the three playoff games against the Miami Dolphins, Tennessee Titans, and Pittsburgh Steelers, Lewis totaled 29 tackles, two forced fumbles, and one pass deflection in three games. After the season, he became an unrestricted free agent, but agreed to return to the Baltimore Ravens to complete his career. The contract, which would have run through 2015 (including two option years), was said to be worth $10 million the first year, but was highly incentivized.

2009 season

In 2009, Lewis was named first-team All-Pro by the Associated Press for the seventh time (ninth selection overall) and named to his 11th Pro Bowl. He accumulated an AFC-leading 134 tackles on the season. He also added three sacks, two forced fumbles, one fumble recovery, and seven passes deflected. Lewis added 21 tackles, one sack, and one pass deflection in two playoff games. In the September 2009 issue of Sporting News' Magazine, Lewis was selected to their Team of the Decade (2000s). In week 2 against the San Diego Chargers, Lewis made the game-saving tackle on running back Darren Sproles on a fourth-down play. After the game, Lewis said it was one of the best tackles he has made in his career. Lewis was named to the Pro Football Hall of Fame 1st team All-2000s Team.

2010 season

In 2010, Lewis was named second-team All-Pro by the Associated Press for the third time (10th All-Pro selection overall) and named to his 12th Pro Bowl. He totaled 139 tackles, two sacks, two interceptions, two forced fumbles, three fumble recoveries, four pass deflections, and one touchdown. Lewis added 13 tackles, one sack, and a forced fumble in two playoff games. On Sunday, November 21, 2010, Lewis became only the second player in NFL history to record at least 30 interceptions and 30 sacks for their career. He was the fastest player (204 games) to achieve that feat. He was ranked fourth by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2011. He earned the highest ranking for a defensive player on the initial ranking by the NFL players.

2011 season

In week 3, Lewis was named AFC Defensive Player of the Week for his performance against the St. Louis Rams. In the 37–7 victory, Lewis had one sack, one forced fumble, and ten solo tackles. In the 2011 season, Lewis was named to his 13th and what proved to be his final Pro Bowl, and led the Ravens with 95 tackles despite missing four games with an injury. Lewis also collected two sacks, one interception, two forced fumbles, and seven pass deflections. Lewis totaled 20 tackles and one pass deflection in two playoff games. On Sunday, October 16, 2011, against the Houston Texans, Lewis became the first player in NFL history with at least 40 sacks and 30 interceptions in his career. He was ranked 20th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2012.

2012: Final year and second Super Bowl

Lewis suffered torn triceps on October 14, 2012, during a game against the Dallas Cowboys, and had them surgically repaired three days later. Several sources had reported he was expected to return to action December 16 in the game against the Denver Broncos, much earlier than his expected return in January, but he was inactive for the game. On January 2, 2013, Lewis announced he would retire after his team finished the 2012–13 NFL playoffs.

He returned to action for Baltimore's Wild Card Round game against the Colts and led the defense to a 24–9 win. On the game's last play, Lewis lined up on offense at fullback. The Ravens were not slated to play another home playoff game (since they were the number-four seed, and the day before, the Houston Texans beat the number-six seed Cincinnati Bengals), so they wanted Lewis to be on the field for the final play. Next, the Ravens defeated the Denver Broncos in the Divisional Round, 38–35 in double overtime, and then defeated the New England Patriots in the AFC Championship, 28–13.
Lewis's final career NFL game was Super Bowl XLVII, where the Ravens defeated the San Francisco 49ers by a score of 34–31. Lewis finished the regular season with 57 tackles, one sack, one forced fumble, one fumble recovery, and one deflection in six games. In the postseason, Lewis led the NFL with 51 tackles. He contributed two tackles for loss and one pass deflection in the Ravens' Super Bowl XLVII run.

NFL career statistics

Regular season

Playoffs

Murder trial
Following a Super Bowl XXXIV party in Atlanta on January 31, 2000, a fight broke out between Lewis and his companions and another group of people, resulting in the stabbing deaths of Jacinth Baker and Richard Lollar.  Lewis and two companions, Reginald Oakley and Joseph Sweeting, were questioned by Atlanta police, and 11 days later the three men were indicted on murder and aggravated assault charges. The fight occurred about  from the Cobalt Lounge at 265 East Paces Ferry Road in the Buckhead Village neighborhood about two miles north of downtown Atlanta where Lewis had been celebrating.
The white suit Lewis was wearing the night of the killings has never been found. Fulton County District Attorney Paul Howard alleged the blood-stained suit was dumped in a garbage bin outside a fast food restaurant.  A knife found at the scene did not have any fingerprints or DNA.  Lewis subsequently testified that Oakley and Sweeting had bought knives earlier in the week before the Super Bowl from a Sports Authority where Lewis had been signing autographs.  Baker's blood was found inside of Lewis's limousine.

Two weeks into the trial Lewis's attorneys, Don Samuel and Ed Garland, negotiated a plea agreement with the District Attorney in which the murder charges against Lewis were dismissed in exchange for his testimony against Oakley and Sweeting, and his guilty plea to a misdemeanor charge of obstruction of justice. Lewis admitted he gave a misleading statement to police on the morning after the killings (initially telling them that he was not at the scene).  Superior Court Judge Alice D. Bonner sentenced Lewis to 12 months' probation. One year in prison is the maximum sentence for a first-time offender, and the immediate probation was the judge's decision. He was also fined $250,000 by the NFL, which was believed to be the highest fine levied against an NFL player for an infraction not involving substance abuse. Under the terms of the sentence, Lewis could not use drugs or alcohol during the duration of the probation.

Oakley and Sweeting were acquitted of the charges in June 2000. No other suspects have ever been arrested for the incident.

The following year, Lewis was named Super Bowl XXXV MVP. However, the signature phrase "I'm going to Disney World!" was given instead to quarterback Trent Dilfer.

On April 29, 2004, Lewis reached an out-of-court settlement with four-year-old India Lollar, born months after the death of her father Richard, pre-empting a scheduled civil proceeding. Lewis also reached an undisclosed settlement with Baker's family.

During a taped pre-game interview with Shannon Sharpe that aired on CBS before Super Bowl XLVII, Sharpe told Lewis that the families of the slain men find it difficult to see Lewis idolized by millions of fans, believing he knows more about the killings than he shared, and asked what he had to say to those families. Lewis responded, "God has never made a mistake. That's just who He is, you see.... To the family, if you knew, if you really knew the way God works, He don't use people who commits anything like that for His glory."

The Ravens' crisis management around Lewis's murder trial was revisited by former head coach Brian Billick, by then a media analyst, after the 2013 arrest of Aaron Hernandez and his swift release by the New England Patriots.

Legacy

Throughout his career, Lewis built a reputation as a leader and intimidating force at middle linebacker. He has led his team in tackles in 12 of his 14 seasons. The Ravens did not allow a single 100-yard rusher in 51 consecutive games from the 1998 through 2001 seasons. In addition to his run defense, Lewis has also gained a reputation as a complete defender.  His 31 interceptions rank fifth all-time among NFL linebackers, and just six short of the top spot.  Since the murder allegations, Lewis's image has recovered, and today he is considered one of the most dominant linebackers in the history of the NFL. Lewis was also selected as the third-best linebacker of all time on the show The Sports List. A poll of NFL coaches selected him as the most dominant player in the NFL before the 2003 season by being mentioned on 10 ballots, while no other player was mentioned more than twice. Team owner Steve Bisciotti stated his intention to erect a statue of Lewis outside M&T Bank Stadium. On September 4, 2014, days before the Ravens season opener, a statue of Lewis was unveiled in front of M&T Bank Stadium.

Lewis has been referenced in television shows such as The Wire, films such as The Rundown (by that movie's star and Lewis's friend & former teammate at Miami, Dwayne Johnson), and in music videos, such as in Mario's "Just a Friend 2002" and Nelly's "Heart of a Champion". Lewis has appeared in television ads for NFL Network, Reebok, Under Armour, Old Spice, and Eastern Motors. He was the featured athlete on the cover of Madden NFL 2005. That season, he missed a number of games to an injury, adding to the "Madden Curse". He was documented in NFL Network's documentary series A Football Life. He was named to the NFL 100 All Time Team.

Other work
Lewis opened the Ray Lewis Full Moon Bar-B-Que, which operated in Baltimore's Canton neighborhood from February 2005 until 2008. He has also gained several national corporate endorsements, some of which draw upon his tough image. In 2004, Lewis was placed on the cover of the highly popular Madden NFL 2005 video game published by EA Sports, and is also a very avid player of the same series. In 2006, it was announced that Lewis, Hall of Fame running back Gale Sayers, and entrepreneur Mark Bloomquist would form S&L Racing, intending to race both cars and trucks from a North Carolina headquarters. Lewis's attempt to join NASCAR racing failed.

On March 13, 2013, it was announced that Lewis would join ESPN as a contributor for their NFL coverage. Lewis was let go by ESPN in 2016. On June 20, 2017, it was announced Lewis had been hired by cable sports network Fox Sports 1.

Lewis competed against tight end Tony Gonzalez in an episode of Spike (now Paramount Network)'s  Lip Sync Battle, which aired on February 2, 2017. He emerged victorious with performances of Al Green's "Let's Stay Together" and "Hot in Herre" by Nelly, who joined him for the performance.

In August 2019, Lewis was announced as one of the celebrities to compete on season 28 of Dancing with the Stars. He later withdrew from the competition due to a tendon injury in his foot, requiring surgery.

Charitable activities
Lewis has been heavily involved in charitable activities throughout his professional career. He started the Ray Lewis 52 Foundation which is a nonprofit corporation whose mission is to provide personal and economic assistance to disadvantaged youth. The foundation has funded such events as adopting 10 families in Baltimore community for the holidays, an annual celebrity auction and bowling tournament, the Great Maryland Duck Derby, Thanksgiving food drives on North Avenue in Baltimore, and Ray's Summer Days. All proceeds have helped fund the Ray Lewis Foundation.

Lewis has since been involved in pressing political, business, and philanthropic leaders for a stronger commitment to disability sports both here and in the developing world. Lewis was also honored with a JB award (named in honor of CBS broadcaster James Brown) during the 2006 off-season and received the "Act of Kindness" Award for his work in the community.

Awards and accolades
Since his rookie year in 1996, Lewis has won numerous NFL awards, including being named Defensive Player of the Year twice (2000 and 2003), as well as Super Bowl MVP after winning Super Bowl XXXV after the 2000 season. He is also a 13-time Pro Bowler and seven-time AP First Team All-Pro player, a three-time AP Second Team All-Pro Selection, and was also a two-time All-American in college (1994 and 1995).

On May 11, 2010, a portion of Baltimore's North Avenue was renamed "Ray Lewis Way" in honor of the linebacker and his charitable work.

Lewis had career totals of 2,059 total tackles (1,568 solo), 19 forced fumbles, 117 passes defended, 102.5 stuffs for a loss, 41.5 sacks, 20 fumble recoveries, 31 interceptions for 503 yards, one safety, and three touchdowns in 228 games. He has been selected to 13 NFL Pro Bowl games, a record for an inside/middle linebacker, in his 17 seasons, and led the NFL in tackles five times (1997, 1999, 2001, 2003 and 2004). In 2003, Lewis led all linebackers with six interceptions, a total matching the post-merger all-time record for a middle linebacker in a single season. Lewis was named first-team Associated Press All-Pro in 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2008, 2009 and second-team All-Pro in 1997, 1998, and 2010. His 10 total All-Pro selections is a record for an inside/middle linebacker and ties the record for a linebacker (Lawrence Taylor also has 10 selections). In 21 career playoff games, Lewis has totaled 214 tackles (135 solo), two sacks, six forced fumbles, one fumble recovery, two interceptions for 54 yards, 15 pass deflections, 10.5 stuffs for a loss, and one touchdown.

Lewis was voted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2018, his first year of eligibility. Lewis joined teammate Jonathan Ogden in Canton; the two were the Ravens' first two draft picks after the team relocated to Baltimore.

Personal life
Lewis is a Christian, and his commitment to his faith was featured in a Sports Illustrated cover story in 2006. He has a total of six children, four boys, and two girls.

His son Ray III played college football at the University of Miami, and later Coastal Carolina. Ray III would later play indoor football for the Wyoming Mustangs in 2021. Ray III died at the age of 28 on June 15, 2023, of an accidental overdose.

His son Rayshad played at Utah State and University of Maryland.

Michael Phelps, a Baltimore native and Ravens fan, stated that he found his life purpose and desire to compete in the 2016 Summer Olympics after seeking Lewis's advice.

In 2015, Lewis' autobiography, I Feel Like Going On: Life, Game, and Glory, was published.

References

Notes

Further reading

External links

 Baltimore Ravens bio

1975 births
Living people
African-American Christians
African-American players of American football
African-American sports announcers
African-American sports journalists
American Conference Pro Bowl players
American football middle linebackers
Baltimore Ravens players
ESPN people
Miami Hurricanes football players
University of Miami alumni
National Football League announcers
People convicted of obstruction of justice
Sportspeople from Bartow, Florida
Players of American football from Polk County, Florida
Players of American football from Lakeland, Florida
Super Bowl MVPs
University of Maryland Global Campus alumni
People from Reistertown, Maryland
Sportspeople from Baltimore County, Maryland
Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees
American sportspeople convicted of crimes
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American sportspeople
National Football League Defensive Player of the Year Award winners
Participants in American reality television series

Ray Lewis


Bohemund I. (engleski Bohemond of Otranto, francuski Bohémond de Tarente) (rođen oko 1057., umro 1111.), sin Roberta Guiscarda; vojvoda od Taranta, istaknuti sudionik Prvoga križarskog rata. Od 1098. knez od Antiohije. Da sačuva za sebe Antiohiju, ratovao s Bizantom i Seldžucima, koji su ga i zarobili. Vrativši se iz zarobljeništva, u Italiji organizira (1104.) nove čete za vojni pohod na Istok. Godine 1107. ulazi ponovno u rat s Bizantom, ali je, nakon neuspjele opsade Drača, bio prisiljen sklopiti mir s carem Aleksijem I. (1108). Pripremajući se na novu vojnu, umro je u Pugli.

Životopis

Sin Roberta Guiscarda i njegove prve žene Alberade, Bohemund je kršten kao Marko, ali je dobio nadimak po legendarnom divu Bohemundu. Nadimak mu je pristajao jer je bio idealno visok i snažan vitez, u riječima suvremenika "čudesna pojava". Njegov dječački dom bio je u južnoj Italiji, gdje je njegov otac, Robert, normanski plaćenik došao i postao vojvoda Apulije i Kalabrije. Tu se Bohemund uključio u ratove svoga oca i iskazao se kao borac i vođa. Bohemundovo djetinjstvo je slabo zabilježeno, pa čak i točan datum rođenja nije poznat. Godine 1079. postao je zapovjednikom postrojbe vojske svoga oca. U međuvremenu je njegova maćeha, Sigelgaita, rodila nasljednika, Rogera Borsu. Bohemund je bez sumnje rano u životu osjetio da neće imati baštinu zbog polubrata i da će morati tražiti zemljište i bogatstvo u oslabljenom Bizantskom Carstvu.

Godine 1081. Bohemund je kao zapovjednik očeve vojske zauzeo Avlonu, grad južno od Drača. Iste godine, Aleksije I. Komnen postao je bizantski car i prijetnja Normanima. Više od tri desetljeća trajalo je rivalstvo između Bohemunda i Aleksija. U početnoj borbi, od 1081. do 1085., Bohemond i njegov otac došli su jako blizu zauzimanju zapada grčkoga carstva. Normanska vojska izvojevala je nekoliko sjajnih pobjeda, ali je Aleksije istjerao Bohemunda iz Larise u Tesliji 1083., a smrt Roberta Guiscarda 1085. godine ostavila je Bohemunda bez baštine i s malo nade za uspjeh protiv Bizanta. Sljedeće četiri godine, Roger Borsa dopustio je Bohemundu da stekne uporište u Bariju, gdje je čekao još jednu priliku za napad na Aleksija.

Prilika je došla kada je papa Urban II. pokrenuo Prvi križarski rat u studenom 1095. godine, nudeći nagradu na ovom i onom svijetu za one koji su otjeraju Saracene sa Svetog groba. Kad je riječ došla do Bohemunda, krenuo je prema Istoku. On i mali odred Normana prijeđoše grčku zemlju zimi 1096. – 1097. s nekoliko incidenata. Pri prolazu kroz Carigrad, iz predstrožnosti, uspostavio je prijateljske odnose s carem Aleksijem. Potonji je uspio dobiti zakletve većine križarskih vođa, uključujući i Bohemunda, te im pomogao prijeći Bospor. Požurivao ih je obećanjima pomoći ako vrate suverenitet caru nad nekoć bizantskim teritorijem koji su držali muslimani. U narednim kampanjama protiv Turaka Seldžuka, Bohemund se istaknuo u Niceji, Dorileji i Antiohiji, koju je opsjedao od listopada 1097. do 3. lipnja 1098. godine. Grad Antiohija pao je u križarske ruke zahvaljujući njegovoj lukavosti i pregovorima s izdajnikom. Nakon kratkog i neuspješnog turskog protuudara, tijekom kojeg je Bohemund više-manje preuzeo zapovjedništvo, križari su pregrmili ljeto i jesen.

Kad je križarska vojska nastavila dalje na jug prema Jeruzalemu u siječnju 1099., Bohemund je ostao de facto vladar Antiohije, iako njegov zahtjev nije bio otvoreno podržan zbog straha od kršenja zakletve Aleksiju. Normanski vojvoda nije sudjelovao u zauzimanju Jeruzalema, već je, zbog nastupa, kasnije otputovao do Svetoga groba. Odlaskom mnogih križara u svoje domovine, Bohemund je ostao u Antiohiji. Čini se kako je Bohemund 1100. bio predodređen za uspostavljanje velike kneževine u Antiohiji; imao je dobar teritorij, dobar strateški položaj i snažnu vojsku. Ipak, morao se suočiti s dvije velike sile: Bizantskim Carstvom, koje je zahtijevalo sva njegova područja i jake muslimanske kneževine na sjeveroistoku Sirije. Između ove dvije sile, nije uspio. Pogriješio je krenuvši u rat protiv emira Sebasteje (današnji Sivas u Turskoj), sjeverno od Antiohije. Upao je u zasjedu i držan je u zarobljeništvu mjesecima. Oslobođen 1103., vratio se Antiohiji i njezinim problemima.

Za dvije godine Bohemundova zarobljeništva, regent Antiohije je bio Tankred, njegov nećak, koji je s Bohemundom krenuo u križarski rat. Tankred se istaknuo u Ciliciji, gdje je zauzeo Tarz od Turaka Seldžuka i došao u sukob s drugim istaknutim križarom, Baldvinom iz Boulogne (koji će poslije postati prvi jeruzalemski kralj).

Odigrao je istaknutu ulogu u većini velikih bitaka križarskog rata, a nakon osvajanja Jeruzalema (1099.) dobio je titulu kneza Galileje. Nakon što se Bohemund vratio u Europu 1104. godine, Tankred je trajno postao regent Antiohije, a također i Edese od 1104. do 1108. Postao je glavni latinski velikaš sjeverne Sirije. Stalno je ratovao s Turcima i Bizantincima sve do svoje smrti (1112.).

Godine 1105. Bohemund je došao u Bari po pojačanja za borbu s Bizantincima. U rujnu 1105. došao je u Rim i razgovarao s papom, a potom u ranu 1106. putovao kroz Francusku. Djeca su nazivana po njemu, mase su ga čule kako denuncira perfidnog Aleksija, a svetišta su primila relikvije iz njegovih ruku. U proljeće 1106. Bohemund se oženio Konstancom, kćerkom francuskog kralja Filipa I.

Bohemund, koji je prije 30 godina bio bez zemlje, sada je bio na vrhuncu svoje karijere. Do rujna 1107. bio je spreman pokrenuti svoj križarski rat protiv Bizantinaca, a u roku od mjesec dana došao je s velikom vojskom u Avlonu. U idućim mjesecima, Drač se čvrsto držao protiv Normana, a Bohemund se susreo i s drugim nesrećama na tom području. Tražeći izlaz iz slijepe ulice, Aleksije, koji je želio okončati rat, ponudio je Bohemundu Antiohiju i neke druge grčke gradove u zamjenu za njegov vazalni položaj. Prihvaćajući ove uvjete, Bohemund je pretrpio poniženje iako je zadržao kontrolu nad Antiohijom.

Godine koje slijede nakon sklapanja ovoga nepovjerljivog mira slabo su zabilježene. Konstanca je Bohemundu rodila dva sina, od kojih je Bohemund II. poslije postao knez Antiohije. Bohemund je vjerojatno pokušao okupiti još jednu vojsku, ali ti napori su prekinuti njegovom smrću 1111. godine. Njegova borba s Bizantom je završena, a slijedio ga je njegov suparnik Aleksije, koji je umro 1118. godine. Dobivši nadimak po divu, Bohemund se borio protiv divovskih izgleda, a nasljednicima je ostavio jednu od najvažnijih križarskih država, Kneževinu Antiohiju. Povijest ga pamti kao zgodnog muškarca, genijalnog ratnika i nadarenog diplomata. Uz to, bio je i podmukao, obmanjiv i ambiciozan.

Izvori

Hauteville
Križari

Bohemund I.


Arıcak, Elâzığ ili ilçesi
 Arıcak, Karabük, Karabük ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Arıcak, Asarcık, Samsun ili Asarcık ilçesine bağlı mahalle

Arıcak (anlam ayrımı)


Reşadiye, Karadeniz'in orta kesiminde Kızılırmak yayı içinde kalan Kapadokya arazisi içerisinde yer alan bir Tokat ilçesidir. Kelkit Çayı'nın kenarında, kara yolu üzerindedir. Reşadiye; kuzeyinde Ordu, güneyinde Almus, batısında Niksar ve Başçiftlik, güneydoğusunda ise Sivas ile çevrilmişir. 2022 TÜİK verilerine göre toplam nüfusu 32.600'dür.

Tarihi
Eski Kapadokya arazisi elden ele geçmiş, değişik milletler bu arazide medeniyetler kurmuşlardır. Sırasıyla Hititliler, Persler, Makedonyalılar, Pontus Krallığı, Romalılar, Bizanslılar, Selçuklular, Danişmendliler, Kadı Burhâneddin ve Akkoyunlular bu bölgede hüküm sürmüşlerdir. Sonraları da bu arazi Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun hakimiyetine geçmiş Reşadiye'nin eski ismi olarak bilinen İskefserin tarihi 15. yüzyıla kadar gitmektedir. Bu bölgeden geçerek Erzurum'a giden yine aynı güzergâhtan İstanbul'a dönen meşhur Türk gezgini Evliya Çelebi Seyahatname'sinde bu bölgeden bahsetmektedir. O yüzyıllarda Doğu ile Batı arasında kara ulaşımının yapıldığı Şark Yolu  diye adlandırılan yolun Reşadiye'den geçtiği Evliya Çelebi'nin Seyahatnamesi'nde belirtilmektedir. Bu yol üzerinde eskiden kalma büyük mezarlıklar hâlen mevcuttur.

Reşadiye'nin coğrafi özellikler bakımından çam ormanlarıyla kaplı olması, kışın sert geçen iklim koşullarından fazla etkilenmemesi, köylerin konumuna göre merkezi bir yerde olması, sağlığa yararlı kaplıcalarının bulunması, Kelkit Vadisi üzerindeki Şark Yolunun buradan geçmesi ilçe merkezi olarak seçilmesini etkileyen nedenlerdir. 1939 yılında 26 Aralık' 27 Aralık'a bağlayan gece sabaha karşı tarihte 1939 Erzincan Depremi olarak da bilinen deprem Reşadiye ve köylerinde etkili olmuş ve bu depremde Reşadiye'de ayakta tek bir bina kalmamıştır. Bu haliyle ilçe merkezi ve köyleri uzun bir süre kendi kaderine terk edilmiştir. Köylerle birlikte toplam 2100 kişinin öldüğü resmî kayıtlarda mevcuttur.Zamanın Tokat valisi İzzeddin Çağpar, ilçe Kaymakamı Necati Gökmoğol ve oluşturulan kurulun uzun tartışmaları sonucu yeni Reşadiye'nin yerleşim yeri eski yerleşim yerinin kuzeyine dağ eteğine kaydırılmıştır.

1966 yılından sonra zamanın idarecilerinin yoğun çalışmaları ve Reşadiye halkının da katkılarıyla yeni bir atılım ve yapılanma ortaya çıkmış, önce maddi sorunlar aşılıp, günün şartları içinde son derece önemli yatırımlar gerçekleşmiş, 1970'li yıllarda ise tüm Türkiye'de olduğu gibi Reşadiye de yurt dışına çok sayıda işçi göndermiştir. Bu işçiler kazançlarını ilçelerine aktarmışlar böylece ilçe merkezi hızlı bir kentleşme sürecine girmiştir.
ayrıca altıparmak köyü yakınında köyün güneyinde kalecik adlı bir mezranın bulundugu ama kalenin gün ışıgına çıkmamış kalıntıları ve yüksekligi gözler önündedir. Bugüne kadar Reşadiye'de Romalılara, Bizanslılara ve Türklere ait çeşitli seramik eşya, sikke, yayla ve köylere yayılmış tarihi mezarlar bulunmuştur. Köylerde yer yer bozulmuş kale kalıntılarına rastlanır. Çoğunun temel harabeleri kalmıştır. Göllüköy, Çamlıkaya, Saraydüzü, Kalecik, Mengen Kalesi, Kaledüzü, Kızılcaören, Turaç Köyü yaylasında Bizans dönemine ait olan ve sonraları Müslümanların da defnedildiği tarihi bir mezar alanı vardır.

Danişmendliler Dönemi
Malazgirt Savaşı'ndan sonra Anadolu'nun kapıları Türkler'e açılmış, Büyük Selçuklu Sultanı Melikşah'ın komutanlarından Dânişmend Gazi de Anadolunun fethinde görev almıştır. Melikşah, Dânişmend Gaziyi Sivas dolaylarına göndererek alacağı yerleri kendisine vereceğini vadetmiştir. Gazi Ahmet Dânişmend, Sivas ve yöresini alarak Anadolu'da ilk Türk Danişmendiye hükûmetini kurmuştur. 1080 yılında da Sivas'ı devlet merkezi yapmıştır. Gazi Ahmed Dânişmend, Türklerin Salur Boyundandır, Harizm'den gelmiştir. Dânişmend Gazi Anadolu Selçuklu Sultanı I.Kılıçarslan'la birlikte Haçlılara karşı başarılı savaşlar çıkartmıştır.

İstatistiki bilgiler
 Kuruluş yılı: 1906
 Toplam nüfus: 43.870
 İlçe nüfusu: 11.504
 Yüzölçümü: 1.162 km²
 Belediye sayısı: 6  (İlçe merkezi dahil)
 Köy sayısı: 75 (2019 itibarı ile son sayı)

Coğrafi bilgiler
Reşadiye, Orta Karadeniz Bölgesi'nde yer alır. Doğusunda Koyulhisar ve Mesudiye; batısında Niksar ve Başçiftlik; kuzeyinde Aybastı ve Gölköy; güneyinde Almus ve Doğanşar ilçeleri bulunmaktadır. Coğrafi olarak 400 31' kuzey enlemleri ile 370 06' doğu boylamları arasında bulunmakta ve Kelkit Irmağı kıyısında kurulmuş bulunan Reşadiye'nin en yüksek tepesi 2.183 metre ile Erdem Baba Tepesi'dir. Bunu, Küçük Erdem Tepesi (2.113 metre), Kabaktepe (2.037 metre), Çal Tepesi (2.022 metre), Mektep Tepesi, Tömbül Tepesi ve Lalelik Tepesi izler. Bu yüksekliklerin tümü Günüş Dağı'nda bulunmaktadır. Zinav Gölü ilçe sınırlarında yer alır.

İlçenin arazi yapısının dağlık olması nedeniyle geniş ovası bulunmamaktadır. Ancak ovacık, meydanlar, yazı ve düzlükleri ekim ve dikime müsaittir. Reşadiye ilçesi yaylalar yönünden oldukça zengindir. 44 yaylanın içerisinde en çok bilinen yaylaları Cimban, Selemen, Gedik, Batmış'tır.

Yer şekilleri
Reşadiye, yer şekilleri bakımından çeşitlilik gösteren bir yerleşim merkezidir. İlçe, Tokat'ın diğer ilçeleriyle karşılaştırılırsa eğim ve engebenin burada oldukça fazla olduğu görülür. Arazi kırık; eğimi fazla ve yer yer platolarla çevrilidir. Ortalama yükseltisi 1.500 metrenin üzerindedir, ilçe merkezinin rakımı ise 450 metredir.

Dağlar
Reşadiye Orta Karadeniz Bölgesiyle, İç Anadolu Bölgesi arasında bir geçiş alanı oluşturur. Karadeniz'in tamamının oluşumu gibi burası da üçüncü ve dördüncü jeolojik zamanda oluşmuş, yer yer oturmasını tamamlamamış bir bölümdür. Bu bölümdeki dağların büyük çoğunluğunu sıradağlar oluşturmaktadır. İlçe Konale Fay Hattı üzerinde yer alır. 1.Derece deprem kuşağı üzerindedir ve bu faylar hâlen diridir. Reşadiye'de yükseltinin en fazla olduğu yöre, Çamlıkaya sınırıları içerisinde yer alan Erdem Baba Tepesidir (2.183 m). Bunu; Küçük Erdem Tepesi (2.113 m), Kabak Tepe (2.037 m), Çal Tepesi (2.022 m), Mektep Tepesi (2.002 m), Tömbül Tepesi (2.000 m), Lalelik Tepesi (1.922 m) izlemektedir.

Mağaralar
Reşadiye'nin köylerinde gerek doğal oluşum, gerekse insan eliyle yapılmış mağaralara rastlanır. Başlıcaları şunlardır:
 Çamlıkaya Köyü sınırları içerisinde Kokurdan Mağarası,
 Baydarlı Kasabası sınırları içerisinde; Güngerit ve Tilkidibi Mağarası,
 Demircili Kasabası sınırları içerisinde Kızıl Mağara,
 Cimitekke-Kavaklıdere arasında; Deliklikaya Mağarası,
 Yolüstü Beldesi sınırları içerisinde; İnkaya Mağarası,
 Nebişeyh Beldesı-Kapaklı Köyü arasında; Kayadibi Mağarası,
 Büşürüm Beldesi sınırları içerisinde; Abudeliği Mağarası bulunmaktadır.

İlçenin başlıca boğaz ve gedikleri şunlardır
 Döğüş Gediği  Abdurrahmanlı-Esenköy arasında bulunur.
 Konak Boğazı  Demircili Köyü yöresindedir.
 Gedik Boğazı  Yolüstü-Bereketli arasındadır.
 Kaya Boğazı  Kapaklı köyünü Taşlıca köyüne bağlar.

İklim
İklim bakımından İç Anadolu ve Karadeniz Bölgelerinin geçiş noktasında bulunan Reşadiye'de, yazlar sıcak ve kurak, kışlar soğuk ve sert geçmektedir. İlçe merkezinin kış aylarında fazla kar tutmamasına karşın yüksek rakımdan oluşan ilçe genelinde kış şiddetli geçmektedir.

İlçede hava durumunun uzun yıllar içindeki seyri incelendiğinde şu genel özelliklerin ortaya çıktığı görülür:
Yazlar sıcak ve kurak.
Kışlar soğuk ve sert geçer.
En fazla yağış ilkbaharda görülür.
En düşük yağış yaz aylarındadır.

Nüfus

Turizm

Kaplıca turizmi
Reşadiye Belediyesi bünyesinde hizmete sunulan, şifa kaynağı olan kaplıca suyunun faydalı olduğu rahatsızlıkların başında romatizma, nevralji (sinir ağrıları), nefrit (böbrek iltihabı hastalıkları), kireçlenme, kırık-çıkık sekalleri ve cilt-kadın hastalıkları gelir. Bu sularda radon gazı bulunmamakta ve Türkiye'de radon gazının olmadığı tek su olup, debisi kaynağında 30 lt/sn dir.

Ulaşım

Eğitim
İlçe Merkezi'nde
1 Fen Lisesi
1 Anadolu Lisesi
1 Teknik ve Endüstri Meslek Lisesi
1 Kız Meslek Lisesi
1 Ticaret Meslek Lisesi
1 Anadolu İmam Hatip Lisesi
Bozçalı Kasabasında 1 Çok Programlı Lise
Bereketli Kasabasında 1 Çok Programlı Lise olmak üzere toplam 8 adet ortaöğretim kurumu, ilçe merkezi'nde 5 adet ve köylerde 19 adet İlköğretim okulu olmak üzere toplam 24 adet ilköğretim okulu ve 1 Ana Okulu ile eğitim öğretim faaliyetleri sürdürülmektedir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Reşadiye Belediyesi
 Reşadiye Kaymakamlığı

Reşadiye


Oliver Harlan Cross (* 13. Juli 1868 in Eutaw, Alabama; † 24. April 1960 in Waco, Texas) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1929 und 1937 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Texas im US-Repräsentantenhaus.

Werdegang
Oliver Cross besuchte die öffentlichen Schulen seiner Heimat und studierte danach bis 1891 an der University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa. In den Jahren 1891 und 1892 war er Lehrer in Union Springs. Nach einem anschließenden Jurastudium und seiner 1893 erfolgten Zulassung als Rechtsanwalt begann er in Deming im späteren Bundesstaat New Mexico in diesem Beruf zu arbeiten. Danach zog er nach Texas, wo er in den Jahren 1895 und 1896 in McGregor und danach in Waco als Rechtsanwalt praktizierte. Zwischen 1898 und 1902 war er stellvertretender Staatsanwalt im McLennan County; von 1902 bis 1906 fungierte er dort als eigentlicher Bezirksstaatsanwalt. Gleichzeitig schlug er als Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei eine politische Laufbahn ein. Im Jahr 1900 war er Abgeordneter im Repräsentantenhaus von Texas. 1917 beendete Cross seine juristische Laufbahn. Stattdessen betätigte er sich fortan in der Landwirtschaft.

Bei den Kongresswahlen des Jahres 1928 wurde Cross im elften Wahlbezirk von Texas in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington, D.C. gewählt, wo er am 4. März 1929 die Nachfolge von Tom Connally antrat. Nach drei Wiederwahlen konnte er bis zum 3. Januar 1937 vier Legislaturperioden im Kongress absolvieren. Seit 1933 wurden dort viele der New-Deal-Gesetze der Bundesregierung unter Präsident Franklin D. Roosevelt verabschiedet. Im Jahr 1936 verzichtete er auf eine erneute Kandidatur.

Nach dem Ende seiner Zeit im US-Repräsentantenhaus arbeitete Oliver Cross wieder in der Landwirtschaft. Außerdem wurde er auf dem Immobilienmarkt tätig. Er starb am 24. April 1960 in Waco.

Weblinks

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Texas
Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses von Texas
Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei (Vereinigte Staaten)
Staatsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
Rechtsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1868
Gestorben 1960
Mann

Oliver H. Cross


Kozokrvina (kozja krv, lat. Lonicera), veliki biljni rod iz porodice kozokrvnica kojemu pripada preko 190 vrsta listopadnih, rjeđe poluzimzelenih ili vazdazelenih penjačica ili uspravnih grmova. U Hrvatskoj raste nekoliko vrsta, od kojih se Borbaševa kozja krv (L. borbasiana) vodi kao hrvatski endem.
Poznatije vrste su isprepletena kozja krv (Lonicera implexa), planinska kozja krv ili sitno pasje grožđe (L. alpigena), modra kozja krv (L. caerulea), crvena kozja krv (L. xylosteum) i druge

Rod je nekada nazivan Caprifolium, i po njemu je porodica dobila ime, ali se danas naziva Lonicera po njemačkom botaničaru Adamu Loniceru.

Opis
Kozokrvina (rod Lonicera), rod je od oko 180 vrsta ukrasnog grmlja i penjačica iz porodice Caprifoliaceae. Kozokrvine su porijeklom iz umjerenih zona obje hemisfere, ali također rastu na Himalaji, južnoj Aziji i sjevernoj Africi; većina vrsta nalazi se u Kini. Kozokrvine cvjetaju u bilo kojoj običnoj vrtnoj zemlji, a mnoge se uzgajaju zbog atraktivnih cvjetova.

Fizički opis

Ove biljke mogu biti zimzelene ili listopadne, s jednostavnim listovima nasuprotno raspoređenim duž stabljike. Zimski lisni pupoljci imaju karakteristične ljuske. Većina vrsta ima dvousne mirisne cvjetove sa slatkim nektarom. Cjevasti cvjetovi obično rastu u paru. Plod je crvena, narančasta ili crna bobica koja je privlačna divljim životinjama.

Glavne vrste

Prava kozokrvina (Lonicera caprifolium) porijeklom su iz Euroazije, ali su se ustalili u Sjevernoj Americi. Njegove grozdaste ljubičasto-bijele cvjetove koji cvjetaju noću uglavnom se oprašuju noćnim moljcima ljiljcima, jer su cvjetne cijevi preduge za većinu drugih insekata da dođu do nektara. Plod je crveno-narančasta bobica.

Još jedna vrsta penjačica je divovska "burmanska kozokrvina" (L. hildebrandiana), s tamnozelenim listovima od 15 cm (6 inča), žutim cvjetovima od 17 cm (7 inča) i zelenim bobicama. Japanska lpzpkrvina (L. japonica) iz istočne Azije postala je invazivna vrsta u mnogim područjima jer raste preko drugih biljaka i zatvara svjetlo. Ima mirisne žućkasto bijele cvjetove i crne bobice. Vazdazelena kozokrvina (L. sempervirens) ima ovalne, ponekad spojene listove i penju se visoko u šumsko drveće. Njegovi narančasto-grimizni klasovi cjevastih cvjetova s pet režnjeva od 5 cm (2 inča) i crvenih bobica uobičajeni su diljem istočne Sjeverne Amerike.

Šumska kozokrvina  (L. periclymenum), porijeklom iz Euroazije, vijugaju se do 6 metara (20 stopa). Njegove vijugave grozdove s mnogo cvjetova žućkastoljubičastih cvjetova prate crvene bobice. Neke od vrtnih sorti cijenjene su zbog svog mirisa.

Neke od raširenijih grmolikih kozokrvina su tatarska kozokrvina (L. tartarica), iz jugoistočne Europe i Sibira, te četiri kineske vrste - "zimska kozokrvina" (L. fragrantissima), L. pileata, L. nitida, i L. syringantha.

Vrste

 Lonicera acuminata Wall.
 Lonicera affinis Hook. & Arn.
 Lonicera alberti Regel
 Lonicera albiflora Torr. & A.Gray
 Lonicera alpigena L., sitno pasje grožđe, alpsko pasje grožđe
 Lonicera alpigena subsp. glutinosa (Vis.) Kit Tan & Ziel., ljepljiva kozja krv
 Lonicera altmannii Regel & Schmalh.
 Lonicera × americana (Mill.) K.Koch
 Lonicera angustifolia Wall. ex DC.
 Lonicera anisocalyx Rehder
 Lonicera anisotricha Bondarenko
 Lonicera annamensis Fukuoka
 Lonicera apodantha Ohwi
 Lonicera arborea Boiss.
 Lonicera arizonica Rehder
 Lonicera asperifolia (Decne.) Hook.f. & Thomson
 Lonicera aucheri Jaub. & Spach
 Lonicera biflora Desf.
 Lonicera bournei Hemsl.
 Lonicera braceana Hemsl.
 Lonicera bracteolaris Boiss. & Buhse
 Lonicera brevisepala P.S.Hsu & H.J.Wang
 Lonicera buchananii Lace
 Lonicera buddleioides P.S.Hsu & S.C.Cheng
 Lonicera buschiorum Pojark.
 Lonicera caerulea L., modra kozja krv
 Lonicera calcarata Hemsl.
 Lonicera calvescens (Chun & F.C.How) P.S.Hsu & H.J.Wang
 Lonicera cambodiana Pierre ex Danguy
 Lonicera canadensis J.Bartram & W.Bartram ex Marshall
 Lonicera caprifolium L., prava kozja krv
 Lonicera carnosifolia C.Y.Wu
 Lonicera caucasica Pall.
 Lonicera cerasina Maxim.
 Lonicera cerviculata S.S.White
 Lonicera chamissoi Bunge
 Lonicera chrysantha Turcz. ex Ledeb.
 Lonicera ciliosa Poir.
 Lonicera ciliosissima C.Y.Wu
 Lonicera cinerea Pojark.
 Lonicera codonantha Rehder
 Lonicera confusa DC.
 Lonicera conjugialis Kellogg
 Lonicera crassifolia Batalin
 Lonicera cyanocarpa Franch.
 Lonicera deleiensis C.E.C.Fisch. & Kaul
 Lonicera demissa Rehder
 Lonicera dioica L.
 Lonicera elisae Franch.
 Lonicera etrusca Santi, etruščanska kozja krv, orlovi nokti, zapletina
 Lonicera fargesii Franch.
 Lonicera fengkaiensis R.H.Miao & X.J.Liu
 Lonicera ferdinandi Franch.
 Lonicera ferruginea Rehder
 Lonicera flava Sims
 Lonicera floribunda Boiss. & Buhse
 Lonicera fragilis H.Lév.
 Lonicera fragrantissima Lindl. & Paxton
 Lonicera glabrata Wall.
 Lonicera glehnii F.Schmidt
 Lonicera gracilipes Miq.
 Lonicera graebneri Rehder
 Lonicera griffithii Hook.f. & Thomson
 Lonicera guatemalensis Véliz & E.Carrillo
 Lonicera gynochlamydea Hemsl.
 Lonicera harae Makino
 Lonicera heckrottii Osborn
 Lonicera × helvetica Brügger
 Lonicera hemsleyana Rehder
 Lonicera heterophylla Decne.
 Lonicera heterotricha Pojark. & Zakirov
 Lonicera hildebrandiana Collett & Hemsl.,  velika burmanska kozokrvina
 Lonicera himalayensis Gand.
 Lonicera hirsuta Eaton
 Lonicera hispida Pall. ex Schult.
 Lonicera hispidula (Lindl.) Douglas ex Torr. & A.Gray
 Lonicera humilis Kar. & Kir.
 Lonicera hypoglauca Miq.
 Lonicera hypoleuca Decne.
 Lonicera iberica M.Bieb.
 Lonicera iliensis Pojark.
 Lonicera implexa Aiton, isprepletena kozja krv,  božje drvce
 Lonicera interrupta Benth.
 Lonicera involucrata (Richardson) Banks ex Spreng.
 Lonicera japonica Thunb.
 Lonicera jarmilae Halda
 Lonicera javanica DC.
 Lonicera jilongensis P.S.Hsu & H.J.Wang
 Lonicera kabylica (Batt.) Rehder
 Lonicera kansuensis (Batalin) Pojark.
 Lonicera karelinii Bunge
 Lonicera kawakamii (Hayata) Masam.
 Lonicera kingdonii C.E.C.Fisch. & Kaul
 Lonicera korolkowii Stapf
 Lonicera kurobushiensis Kadota
 Lonicera laceana M.P.Nayar & G.S.Giri
 Lonicera lanceolata Wall.
 Lonicera leschenaultii Wall.
 Lonicera ligustrina Wall.
 Lonicera linderifolia Maxim.
 Lonicera litangensis Batalin
 Lonicera longiflora DC.
 Lonicera longituba H.T.Chang
 Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Maxim.
 Lonicera macrantha (D.Don) Spreng.
 Lonicera magnibracteata M.P.Nayar & G.S.Giri
 Lonicera malayana M.R.Hend.
 Lonicera maximowiczii (Rupr.) Regel
 Lonicera mexicana (Kunth) Rehder
 Lonicera micrantha Trautv. ex Regel
 Lonicera microphylla Willd. ex Schult.
 Lonicera minutifolia Kitam.
 Lonicera mochidzukiana Makino
 Lonicera modesta Rehder
 Lonicera morrowii A.Gray
 Lonicera mucronata Rehder
 Lonicera myrtilloides Purpus
 Lonicera nervosa Maxim.
 Lonicera nigra L., crno pasje grožđe,  crna kozja krv
 Lonicera nubium (Hand.-Mazz.) Hand.-Mazz.
 Lonicera nummulariifolia Jaub. & Spach
 Lonicera oblata K.S.Hao ex P.S.Hsu & H.J.Wang
 Lonicera oblongifolia Hook.
 Lonicera obovata Royle ex Hook.f. & Thomson
 Lonicera oiwakensis Hayata
 Lonicera olgae Regel & Schmalh.
 Lonicera oreodoxa Harry Sm. ex Rehder
 Lonicera ovata Buch.-Ham. ex Hook.f.
 Lonicera pamirica Pojark.
 Lonicera pampaninii H.Lév.
 Lonicera paradoxa Pojark.
 Lonicera periclymenum L., šumska kozokrvina
 Lonicera pilosa (Kunth) Spreng.
 Lonicera praeflorens Batalin
 Lonicera prostrata Rehder
 Lonicera pulcherrima Ridl.
 Lonicera purpurascens (Jacquem. ex Decne.) Walp.
 Lonicera pyrenaica L.
 Lonicera quinquelocularis Hardw.
 Lonicera ramosissima Franch. & Sav. ex Maxim.
 Lonicera reticulata Raf.
 Lonicera retusa Franch.
 Lonicera rhytidophylla Hand.-Mazz.
 Lonicera robertsonii Gamble
 Lonicera rupicola Hook.f. & Thomson
 Lonicera ruprechtiana Regel
 Lonicera × sargentii Rehder
 Lonicera schmitziana Roezl ex Dippel
 Lonicera semenovii Regel
 Lonicera sempervirens L., vazdazelena kozja krv
 Lonicera serreana Hand.-Mazz.
 Lonicera setifera Franch.
 Lonicera siamensis Gamble
 Lonicera similis Hemsl.
 Lonicera simulatrix Pojark.
 Lonicera sovetkinae Tkatsch.
 Lonicera spinosa (Decne.) Jacquem. ex Walp.
 Lonicera stabiana Guss. ex Pasq.
 Lonicera standishii Jacques
 Lonicera stenantha Pojark.
 Lonicera stephanocarpa Franch.
 Lonicera steveniana Fisch. ex Pojark.
 Lonicera strophiophora Franch.
 Lonicera subaequalis Rehder
 Lonicera subhispida Nakai
 Lonicera sublabiata P.S.Hsu & H.J.Wang
 Lonicera subsessilis Rehder
 Lonicera subspicata Hook. & Arn.
 Lonicera sumatrana Miq.
 Lonicera tangutica Maxim.
 Lonicera tatarica L., tatarska kozja krv
 Lonicera tatarinowii Maxim.
 Lonicera tianshanica Pojark.
 Lonicera tolmatchevii Pojark.
 Lonicera tomentella Hook.f. & Thomson
 Lonicera tragophylla Hemsl.
 Lonicera tricalysioides C.Y.Wu
 Lonicera trichogyne Rehder
 Lonicera trichosantha Bureau & Franch.
 Lonicera trichosepala (Rehder) P.S.Hsu
 Lonicera tschonoskii Maxim.
 Lonicera tubuliflora Rehder
 Lonicera utahensis S.Watson
 Lonicera uzenensis Kadota
 Lonicera vaccinioides Rehder
 Lonicera vidalii Franch. & Sav.
 Lonicera villosa (Michx.) Schult.
 Lonicera virgultorum W.W.Sm.
 Lonicera webbiana Wall. ex DC.
 Lonicera × xylosteoides Tausch
 Lonicera xylosteum L.,  crvena kozja krv
 Lonicera yunnanensis Franch.
 Lonicera zeravshanica Pojark.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Caprifolioideae

Kozokrvina


Malý Slivník este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Prešov din regiunea Prešov. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 960 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Malý Slivník este atestată documentar din 1248.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Malý Slivník


El LXXXI Campeonato Europeo de Halterofilia se celebró en Antalya (Turquía) entre el 22 y el 28 de abril de 2002 bajo la organización de la Federación Europea de Halterofilia (EWF) y la Federación Turca de Halterofilia.

Medallistas

Masculino

Femenino

Medallero

Enlaces externos
Resultados en la pág. de la EWF  .
Base de datos de la IAT .

2002
Halterofilia en 2002
Deporte en Turquía en 2002

Campeonato Europeo de Halterofilia de 2002


Zwernberg ist ein Gemeindeteil des Marktes Schopfloch im Landkreis Ansbach (Mittelfranken, Bayern).

Geografie
Das Kirchdorf liegt am Brunnengraben, der ein Zufluss der Zwergwörnitz ist, und ist von Acker- und Grünland mit vereinzeltem Baumbestand umgeben. Im Ort gibt es einen Baum, der als Naturdenkmal geschützt ist. 0,5 km südwestlich liegt das Herrenholz, 0,75 km nordöstlich das Hinterhölzlein und das Wegholz.

Die Kreisstraße AN 42 führt nach Weidelbach (1,9 km westlich) bzw. über Buchhof nach Schopfloch (2,4 km nordöstlich). Gemeindeverbindungsstraßen führen nach Waldeck zur Kreisstraße AN 43 (2 km südwestlich) und an der Pulvermühle vorbei nach Burgstall (2,5 km südöstlich).

Geschichte
Der Ort wurde 1311 erstmals urkundlich erwähnt.

Die Fraisch über Zwernberg war umstritten. Sie wurde sowohl vom ansbachischen Oberamt Feuchtwangen als auch vom oettingen-spielbergischen Oberamt Dürrwangen beansprucht. Die Reichsstadt Dinkelsbühl wollte sie auf ihre Anwesen geltend machen. Die Dorf- und Gemeindeherrschaft wurde ganerblich vom ansbachischen Kastenamt Feuchtwangen, der Reichsstadt Dinkelsbühl und dem Rittergut Zwernberg wahrgenommen.

1732 bestand der Ort aus 17 Anwesen, 1 Kirche, 1 Schlösslein mit Ringmauer der Freiherrn von Berga und 1 Hirtenhaus. Grundherren waren das ansbachische Verwalteramt Forndorf (1 Gütlein), der Deutsche Orden (eine Mahlmühle, sechs Güter und Häuser), die Reichsstadt Dinkelsbühl (1 Hof, 1 Gut) und das Rittergut Zwernberg (2 Höfe, 5 Gütlein).

Gegen Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts gab es 16 Anwesen zuzüglich der herrschaftlichen, kommunalen und kirchlichen Gebäuden. Grundherren waren das Verwalteramt Forndorf (1 Gut), das Obervogteiamt Dinkelsbühl des Deutschen Ordens (1 Mühle, 1 Hof, 1 Gut, 3 Gütlein), die Reichsstadt Dinkelsbühl (Ratsamtspflege: 1 Hof; Spital: 1 Gütlein) und das Rittergut Zwernberg (1 Hofgütlein, 1 Gut, 1 Lehengut, 1 Köblergut, 2 Köblergütlein, 1 Handroßgut). Von 1797 bis 1808 unterstand der Ort dem Justiz- und Kammeramt Feuchtwangen.

1806 kam Zwernberg an das Königreich Bayern. Infolge des Gemeindeedikts wurde Zwernberg 1809 dem Steuerdistrikt und der Ruralgemeinde Weidelbach zugeordnet. Mit dem Zweiten Gemeindeedikt (1818) entstand die Ruralgemeinde Zwernberg. Sie war in Verwaltung und Gerichtsbarkeit dem Landgericht Dinkelsbühl zugeordnet und in der Finanzverwaltung dem Rentamt Dinkelsbühl (1919 in Finanzamt Dinkelsbühl umbenannt, seit 1973 Finanzamt Ansbach). In der freiwilligen Gerichtsbarkeit unterstanden 11 Anwesen dem Patrimonialgericht Zwernberg (1799–1809 und 1821–1831). Diese Anwesen unterstanden von 1809 bis 1829 dem Landgericht Feuchtwangen. Die Verwaltung übernahm 1862 das neu geschaffene Bezirksamt Dinkelsbühl (1939 in Landkreis Dinkelsbühl umbenannt). Die Gerichtsbarkeit blieb beim Landgericht Dinkelsbühl (1879 in das Amtsgericht Dinkelsbühl umgewandelt, das seit 1973 eine Zweigstelle des Amtsgerichtes Ansbach ist). Die Gemeinde hatte 1961 eine Gebietsfläche von 2,752 km². Im Zuge der Gebietsreform in Bayern wurde diese am 1. Mai 1978 nach Schopfloch eingemeindet.

Eine frühere Bezeichnung des Orts lautete "Zwerenberg".

Baudenkmäler
 Haus Nr. 6 (der "Fischerbauer"): erdgeschossiges Wohnstallhaus des 18. Jahrhunderts mit späterem Zwerchhaus. Im Straßengiebel Deutschordenswappen und Relief eines Fisches, bezeichnet "J. G. B. 1794"
 Haus Nr. 10: erdgeschossiges, verputztes Wohnstallhaus mit Straßengiebel, vermutlich 18. Jh. Türsturz bezeichnet "J. G. B. 1807"
 Haus Nr. 11: zweigeschossiges Bauernhaus, wahrscheinlich Anlage des 18. Jh. mit späteren Veränderungen; Erdgeschoss fast durchwegs Stall; Obergeschoss traufseitig Fachwerk; schlechter Bauzustand; Giebel verbrettert; Türsturz bezeichnet "I. K. L. 1836"
 Haus Nr. 23: evangelisch-lutherische Filialkirche St. Nikolaus, kleine mittelalterliche Chorturmkirche, 13./14. Jh., Turm wohl im frühen 19. Jahrhundert erhöht; mit Ausstattung
 Brücke über die Zwergwörnitz am nordwestlichen Ortsrand; Sandsteinquader, einbogig; noch 18. Jh.; teils schlechter Bauzustand

Bodendenkmäler
In der Gemarkung Zwernberg gibt es zwei Bodendenkmäler, darunter der Burgstall Zwernberg.

Einwohnerentwicklung

Religion
Der Ort ist seit der Reformation evangelisch-lutherisch geprägt und nach St. Ulrich (Weidelbach) gepfarrt. Die Katholiken sind nach St. Georg (Dinkelsbühl) gepfarrt.

Trivia
1787 ist einer Niederschrift in Schopfloch zu entnehmen, dass " …ein großer Teil der Einwohner Schopflochs bei Krankheit Rat beim famosen Hexenmeister in Zwernberg (3 km westlich von Schopfloch) suchen, statt einen Arzt aufzusuchen…". Von ihm wurde auch behauptet, dass er "Wetter machen" könne...Heute würde dieser Mann wohl eher als erfolgreicher Naturheilkundler oder Heilpraktiker bezeichnet.

Literatur

Weblinks

Fußnoten

Geographie (Schopfloch, Mittelfranken)
Ort im Landkreis Ansbach
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Ansbach)
Ersterwähnung 1311
Gemeindeauflösung 1978
Kirchdorf (Siedlungstyp)

Zwernberg


عُقِد مؤتمر القمة العالمي لرؤساء الدول والحكومات حول الأمن الغذائي في روما عاصمة إيطاليا، خلال الفترة ما بين 16 و18 نوفمبر 2009، من طرف مجلس المنظمة «الفاو»، بناءً على مناشدة جاك ضيوف وهو سياسي سيتغالي والمدير العام السابق لمنظمة الأغذية والزراعة للأمم المتحدة "FAO"؛ (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United nation) وحضر المؤتمر رؤساء دول وحكومات البلدان الأعضاء لدى المنظمة، ومنظومة الأمم المتحدة.

دوافع عقد المؤتمر
أعلنت منظمة الأمم المتحدة أن مشكلة انعدام الأمن الغذائي العالمي وتفشي المجاعة، ما تزال قائمة بشكل مهول وخطير، ووفقًا لتقديرات المنظمة فإن عدد الأفراد الذين يعانون من انعدام الأمن الغدائي والمجاعة يمكن أن يرتفع بمقدار 100 مليون شخص آخر عام 2009، بحيث يتجاوز عتبة المليار نسمة، وعدد الأفراد الذين يعانون الجوع وسوء التغدية يبلغ 1.02 مليار فردًا؛ أي ما يصل لسُدس سكان العالم يَنقُصهم الغذاء الكافي للعيش، كما أن أسعار الأغذية لا تزال مرتفعة في البلدان الفقيرة، إضافة إلى قلة فرص الشغل بسبب الأزمة الإقتصادية العالمية.

أهداف عقد المؤتمر
إن الغاية من عقد هذا المؤتمر هو حل مشكلة انعدام الأمن الغدائي والجوع في البلدان، ولتحقيق هذا الهدف ترى المنظمة أن المؤتمر عليه أن يحدد نظامًا أكثر اتساقًا وفعّالية للتحكم بمسائل الأمن الغذائي العالمي بما في ذلك بناء نظام فعال لتأمين إيجاد السبل الكفيلة لحاجة المزارعين في البلدان المتقدمة والنامية على حد سواء، على أجور ثابتة مثل العاملين في القطاعات الأخرى، والتوصل إلى اتفاق على آليات فعالة للاستجابة السريعة للأزمات الغذائية.

الدعم
أعلنت منظمة الأغذية والزراعة للأمم المتحدة «الفاو»: أن المملكة العربية السعودية قرّرت دعم مؤتمر القمة بتغطية ما يُقدَّر بنحو 2.5 مليون دولار أمريكي، كتكاليف لمؤتمر القمّة العالمي، وقدم هذا العرض من طرف سلمان بن عبد العزيز آل سعود وذلك خلال زيارة المدير العامِ للمنظمة للمملكة العربية السعودية.

النتائج المستخلصة من المؤتمر
لقد انعقدت عدة اجتماعات قبل انعقاد مؤتمر القمة مثل اجتماع القطاع الخاص في ميالنويوم 12 و13 نوفمبر2009، واجتماع البرلمانيين ومنتدى للمجتمع المدني في روما من يوم 14 و16 نوفمبر، وأعلنت المنظمة أنه ثمة ثلاث فعاليات مهّدت الطريق للقمة وهي: منتدى الخبراء الرفيع المستوى حول «إطعام العالم في عام 2050»، في 12-13 أكتوبر: لجنة الأمن الغذائي العالمي، من 14 إلى 17 أكتوبر: ويوم الأغذية العالمي في 16 أكتوبر.

أطلقت العريضة للقضاء على الجوع أسبوعاَ قبل انعقاد مؤتمر القمّة. أعلن المدير العام جاك ضيوف خلال اجتماع القطاع الخاص في ميالنو، أن المنتدى يشكًّل فرصةً سانحة لمُمثلي القطاع الخاص، ليتمكّن القطاع الخاص من المُساهمة بفعّالية قُصوى في القضاء على الجوع والفقر ونقص التغدية الصحية.

المراجع

إيطاليا في 2009
أحداث في روما
أحداث نوفمبر 2009 في أوروبا
أمن غذائي
روما في عقد 2000
علاقات دولية في 2009
منظمة الأغذية والزراعة
مؤتمرات 2009
مؤتمرات الأمم المتحدة
مؤتمرات دبلوماسية في القرن 21
مؤتمرات دبلوماسية في إيطاليا

مؤتمر القمة العالمي حول الأمن الغذائي


Pause est un film suisse, sorti en 2014.

Synopsis

Deux jeunes trentenaires, Sami, guitariste insouciant et Julia, juriste ambitieuse, forment un couple depuis quatre années, mais leur relation semble s'essouffler. Julia propose de faire une pause pour y voir un peu plus clair.

Sami prend aussitôt conscience qu'il est profondément attaché à Julia et tente à tout prix de renouer avec elle. Il est soutenu par Fernand, un vieil hédoniste en fin de vie et également son complice en musique. Les événements jouent en la faveur des deux tourtereaux, malgré les embûches semées sur le chemin de l'engagement, de la maturité et de l'amour.

Fiche technique
 Titre : Pause
 Réalisation : Mathieu Urfer
 Scénario : Mathieu Urfer et Joanne Giger
 Pays d'origine : Suisse
 Date de sortie : 2014

Distribution
 Baptiste Gilliéron : Sami
 Julia Faure : Julia
 André Wilms : Fernand
 Nils Althaus : Lionel
 Nicole Letuppe : Sarah
 Olivier Yglesias : Eric

Liens externes

Film suisse sorti en 2014
Comédie romantique suisse

Pause (film)


Passífar (eða óvirkar) rásir eru flokkur rafrása, sem eru "hlutlausar" varðandi orku. Þær gefa frá sér jafna eða minni orku en þær hafa tekið við. Nema um sé að ræða ofurleiðara, breytist hluti aðfenginnar orku í varma innan rásarinnar. Þær geta þá aðeins gefið frá sér hluta aðfenginnar orku. Rásir úr passífum íhlutum eru sjálfkrafa passífar, en virkar rásir geta hermt eftir passífum rásum, þótt sjaldgæft sé. Línulegar passífar rásir eru einn flokkur passífra rása, sem nota einungis línulega íhluti. Ekkert hindrar þó notkun ólínulegra íhluta í passífum rásum, en það er óalgengara.

NB! Athyglisverð samhverfa eða tvídd, sé skipt á straumi og spennu, hleðslu og segulflæði, viðnámi og andhverfunni (leiðni).

Tilvísanir

Passífar rásir


Black Arrow අභයවකාශ යානය හෙවත් අභයවකාශ නැව නිපදවා ඇත්තේ 1960 පමණ කාලයේදීය.මෙම යානය 1969 සහ 1971 අතර කාලය තුල සිවු වතාවක් අභයවකාශ ගතකර තිබේ.නමුත් මෙහි එකම සහ අවසාන සාර්ථක අභයවකාශ ගමන වන්නේ 1971 දී  Prospero නම්  එක්සත් රාජධානියට අයත් චන්ද්‍රිකාවක් පෘතුවිය සහ පෘතුවි තලයේ සිට 160km අතර ප්‍රදේශයට (Low Earth orbit)සාර්ථකව ස්ථාන ගත කිරීමය.
මෙම Black Arrow යානය නිපදවීම සඳහා මුලින්ම අද්‍යනය  කරනු ලබන්නේ රාජකීය ගුවන් සමාගම විසිනි.ඔවුන් මෙය මුලින්ම සිදු කරන්නේ Black Night නම් රොකට් යානය පදනම් කොට ගෙනය.කෙසේ නමුත් මෙම ව්‍යපෘතිය  ආරම්භ කරනු ලබන්නේ 1964 දීය.මෙහිදී මූලිකත්වය ගෙන කටයුතු කරන්නේ Saunders Reo නම් සමාගමකි.නමුත් පසු කාලයේදී Westland Aircraft සමාගමද සමගින් මෙය නිර්මාණය කෙරුණි.
මෙම Black Arrow යානය කොටස් තුනකින් සමන්විතය.එසේම මේ සඳහා භුමිතෙල් සහ ඉහල අත්හදා බැලීම් කරන ලද පෙරෝක්සයිඩ සහ සාන්ද්‍රණය කරන ලද හයිඩ්‍රජන් පෙරොක්සයිඩ්  යොදා ගනී.

යානයේ සංවර්ධනය

බ්ලෑක් ඇරෝ යානය රාජකීය ගුවන් සමාගම විසින් සලසුම් කරනු ලබන්නෙ 144kg බරකින් යුතු ගුවන්බඩු තොගයක් අභ්‍යවකාශය  වෙත ගෙනයා හෑකිවන පරිදිය.මෙම කටයුතු පරීක්ෂා  කිරීම සදහා විශාල පරීක්ෂණ  ප්‍රදෙශයක්ද මොවුන් ඉදිකරන ලදි.කෙසේ හො 1964 සරත් සමයෙදී මෙම වෑඩසටහනට බලය ජවය ලබාදෙන්නේ අභ්‍යවකාශතරණ  අමාත්‍ය ජූලියන් අමෙරි මහතා විසිනි.කෙසේ නමුත් ඉන් පසු ඔක්තොම්බරයේ පෑමිණෙන ජාතික මෑතිවරණයකින් බලයට පෑමිණෙන කම්කරු ආණ්ඩුව මෙම ව්‍ය්පෘතියට වෙන්කරන ලද ප්‍රතිපාදන ඉතා විශාල ලෙස අඩුකරනු ලදි .කෙසේ වෙතත් ඉන් පසු පැවත්වුනු තවත් මැතිවරණයකට පසු ආණ්ඩුව නැවතත් මෙම ව්‍ය්පෘතිය කරගෙන යාමට ප්‍රතිපාධන වෙන්කරන්නේ මෙම ව්‍ය්පෘතියේ වෙනස්කම් කීපයක් සිදු කිරීමෙන් අනතුරුවය.එම වෙනස්කම් අතර පරීක්ෂණ  මට්ටමෙ ගුවන් ගමන් 5න් 3දක්වා අඩු කිරීම ආදිය ප්‍රධාන වෙයි.කෙසේ වෙතත් මෙම සියලු වෙනස්කම්වලින් අනතුරුව ප්‍රථම ගුවන්ගත කිරීම 1968 දී සිදු විය.

මෙම යානය සඳහා යොදගෙන ඇති තාක්ෂණය සහ පද්ධතිය බොහෝමයක් කලින්ම නිපදවා තිබූ එවා හෝ ගුවන් ගතවිම් පිලිබඳ නම්දරා තිබූ බ්ලක් නයිට් රොකටයෙ හෝ  බ්ලු ස්ටිල් මිසයිලයේ තිබු එවාය.මෙම බ්ලක්ඇරෝ යානය නිපදවේමෙදි තාක්ෂණය නැවත යොදාගැනිම අපුරුවට සිදුකර තිබේ.එනම් පැරණි ව්‍යපෘති වල තාක්ෂණය යොද ගැනිමෙන් ,සාර්ථකව මෙම ව්‍යපෘතිය සදහ වැයවන අධික පිරිවැය අඩුකර ගැනිමටත් සංවර්ධන ක්‍රියාවලිය පහසු කරගැනිමටත් හැකිවි තිබේ. ප්‍රධාන මිසයිල විද්‍යාඥය රොයි ඩොමෙට් ,ප්‍රධාන සැලසුම් ඉන්ජිනේරු රෙ විලර් සහ නියොජ්‍ය ප්‍රධාන ඉන්ජිනේරු ජොන් අන්ඩෙර්වුඩ් ඇතුළු ජෙෂ්ඨ නිලධාරින් රැසක් බ්ලැක් නයිට් ව්‍යපෘතියෙ සිට කෙලින්ම බ්ලැක් ඇරො ව්‍යපෘතියට මාරු කරන්නෙද ඉහත සදහන් තාක්ෂණය නැවත යෙදවිම් සාර්ථක කරගැනිමටය.

මෙහි මූලික සංවර්ධන කටයුතු සිදු  කරනු ලබන්නේ සයුන්ඩෙර්ස්  රිඔ නම් සමාගමක් විසිනි.නමුත් 1964 දී වෙස්ට්ලන්ඩ්  ගුවන් සමගමද මෙම කටයුත්තට හව්ල් විය.එම නිසා වෙස්ට්ලන්ඩ් සමාගම දෙවනු ප්‍රථමික නිර්මාණකරු බවට පත් විය.කෙසේ හෝ මෙහි පලමු හා දෙවන කොටස් එක් කරන ලද්දේ ඊස්ට් කොඋස් නම් ප්‍රදේශයේ දීය.බ්‍රිස්ටල් සිඩ්ලියි පලමු හා දෙවන කොටස් වල ඉන්ජිම නිෂ්පාදානය  කරන ලදි.

යානය

මෙම බ්ලැක් ඇරෝ  යානයේ පලමු සහ දෙවන කොටස් වලට ඉන්ධන ලෙස භාවිතා කරන්නේ RP-1 පැරපින් ය.දහනය සිදු කරනු ලබන්නේ ඉහල පරීක්ෂාවන්ට ලක්කල පෙරොක්සයිඩ ඔක්සිකරණය කිරීමෙනි.මෙහිදී  ෆැරෆින් හා පෙරොක්සයිඩ අතර හොදම කලවම් සංගුණකය 7 පමණ විය.එබැවින් මෙ සදහා විශාල ඔක්සිකරණ ටැංකියක් අවශ්‍ය විය.මෙය සැබවින්ම ගටලු සහිත තත්වයකි..කෙසේ වෙත්තත් මෙම ඔක්සිකරණ ටැංකිය ස්ථාන ගත කර ඇත්තේ ඉන්ධන ටැංකියකට  පහලිනී.එය ඉතා හොද සැලස්මකි.එනම් බර වස්තූන් උපකරනයේ පහල ස්ථානගත කිරීමෙන් ගුරුත්වකේන්රය පහලට ගෙනගොස් ඇත.එවිට යානය පාලනය කිරීම පහසුය.මෙවැනි ආකරයේ ස්ථානගතකිරීම් අමෙරිකාව සහ ජර්මනිය ද භාවිතා කරයි.නමුත් සෝවියට් සංගමය ඉන්ධන ටැංකිය සවිකරන්නේ ඔක්සිකරණ ටැංකියට ඉහලිනි.

යානයේ ආකෘතිය පාලනය කිරීම සදහා පලමු සහ දෙවන කොටස් වලදී  ත්‍රස්ට් වෙක්ටරින්ග් නම් මූලධර්මය යොදා ගෙන ඇත.නමුත් යානයේ තුන්වන කොටසේදී මෙම ආකෘතිය ක්‍රියාත්මකනොවේ.

යානයේ පලමු කොටසට බලය සපයන්නේ ගැමා 8 නම් තනි ඉන්ජිමක් මගිනි.මෙම ඉන්ජිම තත්පර 127ක් වැනි කාලයක් ක්‍රියාත්මක වෙයි.මෙම ගැමා 8 ඉන්ජිම පිෂ්ටන් 8 කින් සමන්විත ඉන්ජිමකි.මෙහි මූලාරම්භය ලබාගන්නෙ බ්ලැක් නයිට් රොකටයේ ගැමා 301 ඉන්ජිමෙනී.යානයේ මෙම පලමු කොටස මීටර් 6.9 ක දිගකින්ද මීටර් 2 ක විශ්කම්භයකින්ද සමන්විතය.විශ්කම්භය මීටර් 2න් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට මොවුන් පෙලබෙන්නේ ඉයුරොප් රොකටයේ දෙවන අදියර සදහා යොදගත් ෆ්රෙන්ච් කැරොලයි හි විශ්කම්භය මීටර් 2ක් වීම හා එහි ඇති සාර්ථකත්වය නිසාය.කෙසේ හෝ මෙම අකෘතිය බ්ලැක් ඇරෝ හී ගෙනයා හැකි ගුවන් බඩු ප්‍රමාණය වැඩිකරලීමට බෙහෙවින් උපකාරී විය.පසුව මෙම බ්ලැක් ඇරෝ හි පලමු කොටස කැරොලයි හි උපස්ථ පිටපතක් ලෙස සලකිණි.

බ්ලැක් ඇරෝ යානයේ පලමු සහ දෙවන කොටස් සම්බන්ද කරන අතුරු පියන අකෘතිය වෙන්වීමේ සිස්කින් IB අවස්ථා 4 කින් සහ  උලේජ් මෝටරයකින් සමන්විතවෙයි.මෙහිදී යානයේ පලමු කොටස ඉවත් වී තත්පර 7කින් දෙවන කොටස ජවලනය වීමට පටන් ගනී.අතුරු පියන් වෙන්වන්නෙ දෙවන අදියර පටන්ගෙන තත්පර 6කට පසුවය.මෙම දෙවන කොටස මීටර 2.9ක දිගකින් සහ මීටර් 1.37ක විශ්කම්භයකින් සමන්විත වේ.මෙම දෙවන කොටසට බලය සපයන්නේ පිෂ්ටන් 2කින් සමන්විත ගැමා 2 ඉන්ජිමකි.මෙම ඉන්ජිම තත්පර 123ක කාලයක් ක්‍රියාත්මක වේ.අවසානයේ මිනිත්තු 3කට පසු එනම්  යානයේ දෙවන අදියර ක්‍රියාත්මකවන අවස්ථාවේ ගුවන්බඩු තොගය සහිත  යානයේ කොටස වෙන්වේ.

යානය ගුවන්ගත්වී තත්පර 257ක් ගත වු විට දෙවන අදියර අවසන් වෙයි.එවිට යානය නිදහස් අවස්ථාවකට පත්වෙයි .එවිට් යානයෙ ඇති අකෘති පාලන පද්ධතිය ක්‍රියාත්මකවෙයි.මෙම පද්ධතිය මගින් ඒ අවස්ථවේ යානය පාලනය කරයි .පසුව එම නිදහස් අවස්ථාව අවසන් වූ වහාම යානයේ තුන්වන කොටස ක්‍රියාත්මක වෙයි.මෙම තුන්වන කොටස සතුව වැක්ස්වින්ග් සොලිඩ් රොකට් මෝටරයක් පවතී.එය තත්පර 55ක කාලයක් යානයට බලය ලබාදෙයි..

තුන්වන අදියර අවසන් වීමෙන් මිනිත්තුවකට පසු ගුවන් බඩු තොගය නිදහස් වෙයි.ගෑස් උත්පදකයක් මගින් ගුවන් බඩු තොගය අභ්‍යවකාශයේ නියමිත තැනට යොමු කරයි.

පසුව මෙම බ්ලැක් ඇරෝ යානයේ ගුවන් බඩු තොගය වැඩිකරගනීමට වියුත්පන්න කීපයක්ම ලබුණි.ඒ අතරින් මෙහි ඇති ගැමා ඉන්ජින් වෙනුවට ලර්ච් නම් ඉන්ජිමක් යෙදවීම,මෙම යානයෙ ඉදිරියට  බ්ලූ ස්ටික් මිසයිලයක් සවි කිරීම ආදිය ප්‍රධාන වෙයි.

දියත් කිරිම.

බ්ලැක් ඇරෝ යානා 4ක් 1969 හා 1971 අතර තුර කාලයේදී ගුවන් ගත කර තිබේ. මෙහි පලමු සහ දෙවන් ගුවන් ගත කිරීම් පරීක්ශණ මට්ටමේ ගුවන්ගත කිරීම් වේ.කෙසේ වෙතත් පලමු ගුවන්ගත කිරීම සාර්ථක වන්නේ නැත.පලමු කොටසේ ඉන්ජිමේ ඇතිවන කාර්මික දෝශයක් හේතුවෙන් යානය ගුවන්ගත කර මිනිත්තුවක් වැනි කෙටිකාලයකින් නැවතත් පහලට ඒමට පටන් ගනී.එබැවින් එය පොලවට වැටීමෙන් සිදුවන හානිය හේතුකොටගෙන එම යානය පුපුරවා විනාශ කරන ලදි.

ඉන් පසුව සිදුකරන ලද දෙවන  පරීක්ෂණ මට්ටමේ ගුවන් ගමන සාර්ථක විය.

 ප්‍රථමවතාවට සම්පූර්ණ කොටස් සහිතව සහ ගුවන් බඩු තොගයක්ද සහිතව බ්ලැක් ඇරෝ යානය ගුවන්ගතවන්නේ 1970 සැප්තම්බර් 2 වැනිදාය.
එනම් යානයේ තුන්වන ගුවන්ගත්වීම ලෙසිනි.එසේම බ්‍රිතන්‍යන්ගේ ප්‍රථම චන්ද්‍රිකාවක් ගුවන්ගත කිරීමද මෙයයි.කෙසේ වෙතත් යානයේ දෙවන කොටසේ ඔක්සිකාරක තෙරපුම් පද්ධතියේ ඇතිවන දෝශයක් නිසා දෙවන කොටස නියමිත කාලයට කලින් යානයෙන් වෙන් විය.ඉන් අනතුරුව යානයේ තුන්වන කොටස ක්‍රියාත්මක වුවත් යානයට ඉලක්කගත ප්‍රදේශයට යාමට නොහැකි  වීමෙන් නැවතත් පොලව දෙසට කඩා වැටිණි.මෙලෙස එම යානයද ගල්ෆ් ඔෆ් කාපෙන්ටෙරියා නම් මුහුදු ප්‍රදේශයට කඩා වැටීමෙන් බ්ලැක් ඇරෝ හී තුන්වන ගුවන් ගමනද අසාර්ථක විය.

සිවු වන ගුවන් ගතවීම ඉලක්ක ගත ලෙසම සාර්ථක වෙයි.එමගින් ප්‍රොස්පෙරො චන්ද්‍රිකාවද අභ්‍යවකාශගත කිරීමට හැකි විය.එමගින් බ්‍රිතාන්‍යන් චන්ද්‍රිකාවක් අභ්‍යවකාශගතකල 6වන ජාතිය බවටද පත්විය.

මෙම සියලූම ගුවන්ගතවීම් සිදුකරනු ලැබුයේ එරියා 5B නම් ප්‍රදේශයකය.මෙය පිහිටා ඇත්තේ ඔස්ට්‍රේලියාවේ වුමෙරෝ නම් තහනම් ප්‍රදේශයකය.එනම් බ්ලක් නයිට් යානයේ පරීක්ෂණ සිදු කල  ප්‍රදේශයේමය.

අවලංගු කිරිම.

එක්සත්රාජධානියේ එවකට විකුනුම් සහ කර්මාන්ත අමාත්‍ය ෆ්රෙඩරික් කොෆිල්ඩ් මහතා විසින් 1971 ජූලි 29 වන දින මෙම බ්ලැක් ඇරෝ ව්‍යාපෘතිය අත්හිටවීමෙ නියෝගය හයුස් ඔෆ් කොමන් නම් ස්ථානයේදී ප්‍රකාශයට පත්කරන ලදි.කෙසේ වෙතත් මෙම නියෝගය ලැබෙන් විට මෙම ව්‍යපෘතියේ r3 රොකටය ගුවන්ගත කරන ස්ථානයට ගෙනගොස් අවසානය.

මෙම ව්‍යපෘතිය අත්හිටුවීමට ඔවුන් තීරණය කරන්නේ මේ සදහා විශාල පිරිවැයක් දැරීමට  සිදුවීම නිසාය. එකල බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ ආරක්ෂක අමාත්‍යාංශය තීරණය කරන්නේ මෙවැනිම ගුවන් බඩු තොගයක් රැගෙන යා හැකි අමෙරිකානු ස්කවුට් රොකටය ඔවුන්ගේ අනාගත ගුවන් ගතකිරීම් සදහා වඩාත් සුදුසු බවයි.

අවසාන බ්ලැක්ඇරෝ රොකටය ලෙස සම්පූර්ණ කරන ලද්දේ r4 රොකටයයි.නමුත් මෙම රොකටයට ගුවන්ගතවීමට අවස්ථාවක් ලැබෙන්නේ නැත.දැනට එම යානය ලන්ඩන් නුවර විද්‍යා කෞතුකාගාරයේ  ප්‍රොස්පෙරො චන්ද්‍රිකාව සමග තැන්පත් කර ඇත.

දැකගෑනීම පිණිස.

ඒරියල්  1
බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ ජාතික අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය
ඩියමන්ට්
ජූනෝ I
ලැම්බ්ඩා  (රොකට්ටු පවුල )
චන්ද්‍රිකා ගුවන්ගතකරන වාහනය
ස්පුට්නික්  (රොකටය )
 බ්ලැක් නයිට්
 බ්ලූ ස්ට්‍රීක්
 ස්කයිලාක්

භාහිර යොමු.
 රෙයි වීලර්ට සවන්දීමට  , ප්‍රධාන සැලසුම් ඉන්ජිනේරු , බ්ලැක් ඇරෝ සංවාදය  - ජීවිත කතාවේ සම්මුඛ සාකජ්ජා වාර්තාව කටකතා ඉතිහාසය ,බ්‍රිතාන්‍යය විද්‍යාවබ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ පුස්තකාලය

නිර්දේශයන්

Cold War military equipment of the United Kingdom
1969 in spaceflight
1971 in spaceflight
High-test peroxide
Space launch vehicles of the United Kingdom

බ්ලැක් ඇරෝ


Ron es una ciudad de la India en el distrito de Gadag, estado de Karnataka.

De relevancia histórica, la ciudad se denominaba antiguamente Dronapur. Se cree que sus templos fueron construidos por el anciano arquitecto y monje guerrero Dronacharya.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 577  a 414 km de la capital estatal, Bangalore, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2011 contaba con una población de 24 198 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth.

Localidades de Karnataka

Ron (India)


ජ්‍යෙතිෂ විද්‍යාව ආරම්භය වසර 2600 කට පෙර සිදු වු බවට ප්‍රචලිතව ඇති අතර එය වැල්ඩියන්වරු විසින් කැපවිමෙන් හදාරා ඇති අතර එය සිඝ්‍ර වර්ධනයකින් පසු එම යුගය ස්වර්ණම යුගය ලෙස සදහන් වේ.

ජ්‍යෙතිෂ විද්‍යාව


Michael or Mike Hastings may refer to:
Michael Hastings (playwright) (1938–2011), British playwright, screenwriter, novelist, and poet
Michael Abney-Hastings, 14th Earl of Loudoun (1942–2012), English-born Australian rice farmer, Scottish aristocrat, and pretender to the ancient Crown of England
Michael Hastings, Baron Hastings of Scarisbrick (born 1958), British peer and television executive
Mike Hastings (ice hockey) (born 1966), American coach
Michael Hastings (journalist) (1980–2013), American journalist, author, contributing editor to Rolling Stone and reporter for BuzzFeed
Michael Hastings (politician) (born 1980), member of Illinois State Senate
Michael Harvey Hastings, British neuroscientist

See also
 Hastings (name)

Michael Hastings


Thomas Edward Campbell (January 18, 1878 – March 1, 1944) was the second governor of the state of Arizona, United States.  He was the first Republican and first native-born governor elected after Arizona achieved statehood in 1912.

In 1917, he was initially declared the governor of Arizona in a disputed gubernatorial election but the decision was later overturned by the courts, who awarded the election to George W. P. Hunt. Campbell ran for governor again and won two terms, serving 1919–1923. He died in 1944. He played instrumental roles in the drafting of Arizona's tax and revenue laws and adoption of the Colorado River Compact that allocated water rights among the western states.

Early years
Born in 1878 in Prescott, Arizona, to Daniel E. "Dashing Dan" and Eliza (Flynn) Campbell, who came to Fort Whipple, Arizona Territory, in 1873 where Daniel worked until 1887. Campbell was the first graduate of Prescott High School in 1893. Over six feet tall, he was a star athlete on the Prescott football team. He attended St. Mary's College of California in Oakland where he studied geology, but did not receive a degree.

In 1898, he became assistant postmaster of Prescott, attempted to enlist in the Spanish–American War (his mother thought him too young and nixed the plan), and soon moved to Jerome, Arizona becoming its assistant postmaster. President Roosevelt appointed him postmaster of Jerome, serving 1902–1906. In June 1900 he married Eleanor Gayle Allen whose father was co-superintendent of the rich United Verde Copper Company, Jerome.

During the 1890s through the 1910s, Tom Campbell also managed mines in Jerome and south of Prescott, none of them proved to be bonanzas. He became a respected mining engineer and mine manager, and, until dedicating himself to a political career, did consultant work across the desert Southwest. Miner Frank Crampton, in his reminiscence Deep Enough, provides a rare glimpse of work in small mining operations of the period, including Campbell's Big Stick, Copper Belt, and other mine operations.

In 1900, Campbell was elected to the Arizona Territorial Legislature introducing bills to create the separate county of Verde with Jerome as seat, and another mandating an eight-hour workday. Both failed. Campbell was appointed Yavapai County Tax Assessor in 1907 and held that post until 1914 when he was elected Arizona State Tax Commissioner.

Governor
During the 1916 election held on November 7, Campbell ran against incumbent George W. P. Hunt who was seeking election to his third term.  Initially, Campbell was declared the winner by 30 votes but Hunt refused to vacate the governor's office and both men took the oath of office on December 30, 1916.

Hunt filed suit in the Arizona Superior Court on January 25, 1917, and on January 27, the court declared Campbell de facto governor. Hunt agreed to turn over the office on January 29, but appealed and on December 22, 1917, the Arizona Supreme Court overturned the lower court ruling. Campbell vacated the office on December 25, but also filed an appeal with the Arizona Supreme Court on January 8, 1917, that was denied.

The most significant events during Campbell's year in office were related to the state-wide copper miner's strike of 1917 and the resultant clashes between owners' representatives and miners.  Best known, the Bisbee Deportation, "deputies" kidnapped approximately 1,300 striking mine workers, their supporters from the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), and other residents of the town of Bisbee. The workers were loaded onto trains, taken approximately 200 mi (320 km), dumped on the hands of the troops protecting the border at Columbus, New Mexico.

Campbell earlier interceded in Jerome, Globe, and condemned the actions at Bisbee and elsewhere.  He was embarrassed by the excessive actions by the striking IWW workers and the mine company response. He visited Bisbee after the incident and condemned both the IWW and deportation
.

Also during his 1917 tenure, the flag of Arizona was adopted by the legislature without Campbell's consent. Campbell never explained his reasons for not signing the bill.

Because of the State Supreme Court election ruling, Gov. Campbell stepped down in December 1916, and immediately began campaigning.  He was elected to the governor's office in November 1918 and again in 1920.  Major issues included the Colorado River Compact and the reform of state taxation ensuring corporations paid their share.   In 1922, he lost reelection against perennial candidate George W. P. Hunt.

Later life
Governor Campbell went on to become a member of the Republican National Committee and served as president of the United States Civil Service Commission from 1930 to 1933. He died March 1, 1944, of a cerebral hemorrhage while on the grounds of the state capitol in Phoenix and is buried in Prescott.

References

1878 births
1944 deaths
Republican Party governors of Arizona
Politicians from Prescott, Arizona
American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
Members of the Arizona Territorial Legislature
American people of Scottish descent

Thomas Edward Campbell


El pitajo gris (en Chile y Argentina) (Ochthoeca leucophrys), también denominado pitajo cejiblanco (en Ecuador) o pitajo de ceja blanca (en Perú), es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Tyrannidae perteneciente al género Ochthoeca. Es nativo de regiones andinas del oeste de América del Sur.

Distribución y hábitat
Se distribuye en el extremo sur de Ecuador y norte de Perú, y desde el centro norte de Perú hacia el sur a lo largo de altiplanos andinos, por Bolivia, hasta el norte de Chile y noroeste de Argentina.

Esta especie es considerada rara y local en el sur de Ecuador y bastante común desde el norte de Perú hacia el sur, en sus hábitats naturales: los matorrales y parches de bosque montanos y setos en áreas de cultivo, principalmente en altitudes entre 2000 y 3500 m, en Perú desde el nivel del mar hasta los 4000 m. De todos los pitajos Ochthoeca y Silvicultrix es el que ocupa terrenos más áridos.

Sistemática

Descripción original
La especie O. leucophrys fue descrita por primera vez por los naturalistaa franceses Alcide d'Orbigny y Frédéric de Lafresnaye en 1837 bajo el nombre científico Fluvicola leucophrys; su localidad tipo es: «Sicasica, Bolivia».

Etimología
El nombre genérico femenino «Ochthoeca» se compone de las palabras del griego «okhthos» que significa 'montículo', 'colina' y «oikeō» que significa 'habitar'; y el nombre de la especie «leucophrys», se compone de las palabras del griego «leukos» que significa 'blanco' y «ophrus» que significa 'ceja'.

Taxonomía
La subespecie urubambae sería mejor si sinonimizada con la subespecie interior.

Subespecies
Según las clasificaciones del Congreso Ornitológico Internacional (IOC) y Clements Checklist/eBird se reconocen seis subespecies, con su correspondiente distribución geográfica:

 Ochthoeca leucophrys dissors , 1940 – extremo sur de Ecuador (sur de Azuay, norte de Loja) y norte de Perú (alto valle del Marañón).
 Ochthoeca leucophrys interior , 1930 – altiplano del centro de Perú (Huánuco, Pasco).
 Ochthoeca leucophrys urubambae , 1937 – altiplano del centro y sur de Perú (Junín al sur hasta el noreste de Ayacucho y Cuzco).
 Ochthoeca leucophrys leucometopa , 1877 – oeste de Perú (Áncash) al sur hasta el norte de Chile (Arica).
 Ochthoeca leucophrys leucophrys (), 1837 – altiplano boliviano.
 Ochthoeca leucophrys tucumana , 1906 – altiplanos del noroeste de Argentina (desde Jujuy y Salta al sur hasta San Juan).

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Videos, fotos y sonidos de Ochthoeca leucophrys en eBird.
 Sonidos y mapa de distribución de Ochthoeca leucophrys en xeno-canto.

leucophrys
Animales descritos en 1837
Aves de América del Sur
Taxones descritos por Alcide d'Orbigny
Taxones descritos por Frédéric de Lafresnaye

Ochthoeca leucophrys


La Coupe du Portugal de football 1993-1994 est la  de la Coupe du Portugal de football, considéré comme le deuxième trophée national le plus important derrière le championnat.

La finale est jouée le 5 juin 1994, à l'Estádio Nacional do Jamor, entre le FC Porto et le Sporting Clube de Portugal. Les deux équipes n'arrivent pas à se départager, après la prolongation le score est de 0 à 0. Un nouveau match est nécessaire, le 10 juin les deux équipes se retrouvent au même endroit, le FC Porto remporte son huitième trophée en battant le Sporting CP  2 à 1, après prolongation, et se qualifie pour la Coupe d'Europe des vainqueurs de coupe de football 1994-1995.

Finale

Voir aussi
 Championnat du Portugal de football 1993-1994

1993-1994
Portugal
Sport au Portugal en 1993
Sport au Portugal en 1994

Coupe du Portugal de football 1993-1994


Em muitas jurisdições legais, a forma de morte é uma determinação, normalmente feita pelo legista, polícia ou funcionários semelhantes, e registrada como uma estatística vital. Nos Estados Unidos e no Reino Unido, é feita uma distinção entre a causa de morte, que é uma doença ou lesão específica, versus modo de morte, que é principalmente uma determinação legal versus o mecanismo de morte (também chamado de modo de morte) que não explica por que a pessoa morreu ou a causa básica da morte e pode incluir parada cardíaca ou exsanguinação. Diferentes categorias são usadas em diferentes jurisdições, mas as determinações de morte incluem desde categorias muito amplas como "natural" e "homicídio" até maneiras específicas como "acidente de trânsito" ou "ferimento por arma de fogo". Em alguns casos é realizada autópsia, seja por exigências legais gerais, porque a causa médica da morte é incerta, a pedido de familiares ou responsáveis, ou porque as circunstâncias da morte eram suspeitas.

Os códigos da Classificação Internacional de Doenças (CID) podem ser usados para registrar a forma e a causa da morte de maneira sistemática, o que facilita a compilação de estatísticas e torna mais viável a comparação de eventos entre jurisdições.

Terminologia

Morte por causas naturais
Uma morte por causas naturais resulta de uma doença e suas complicações ou um mau funcionamento interno do corpo não causado diretamente por forças externas, que não sejam doenças infecciosas. Por exemplo, uma pessoa que morre de complicações de pneumonia, doença diarreica ou HIV/AIDS (infecções), câncer, acidente vascular cerebral ou doença cardíaca (disfunções internas do corpo) ou falência súbita de órgãos provavelmente seria listada como tendo morrido de causas naturais. "Morte por causas naturais" às vezes é usado como um eufemismo para "morrer de velhice", que é considerado problemático como causa de morte (em oposição a uma doença específica relacionada à idade); há também muitas causas de morte "natural" não relacionadas à idade, para fins legais de morte.

Causas não naturais
Uma morte não natural resulta de uma causa externa, normalmente incluindo homicídios, suicídios, acidentes, erros médicos, intoxicações alcoólicas e overdoses de drogas. As jurisdições diferem em como categorizam e relatam mortes não naturais, incluindo o nível de detalhe e se são consideradas uma única categoria com subcategorias ou categorias separadas de nível superior. Não existe um padrão internacional sobre se ou como classificar uma morte como natural ou não natural.

"Mecanismo da morte" às vezes é usado para se referir à causa imediata da morte, que pode diferir da causa usada para classificar o modo de morte. Por exemplo, a causa ou mecanismo de morte imediato pode ser isquemia cerebral (falta de fluxo sanguíneo para o cérebro), causada por uma neoplasia maligna (câncer), por sua vez causada por uma dose de radiação ionizante administrada por uma pessoa com intenção de matar ou ferir, levando à certificação do modo de morte como "homicídio".

A forma da morte pode ser registrada como "indeterminada" se não houver evidências suficientes para chegar a uma conclusão firme. Por exemplo, a descoberta de um esqueleto humano parcial indica uma morte, mas pode não fornecer evidências suficientes para determinar uma causa.

Categorias por jurisdição

Estados Unidos
Nos Estados Unidos, uma forma de morte é expressa como pertencente a uma classificação de um grupo de seis possíveis:

 Natural
 Acidente
 Suicídio
 Homicídio
 Indeterminado
 Pendente

Em algumas jurisdições, algumas maneiras mais detalhadas podem ser relatadas em números separados dos quatro ou cinco principais. Por exemplo:

 Intervenção legal (por exemplo, pena capital)
 Ato de guerra
 Acidentes automobilísticos
 Mortes de presos por intoxicação aguda

Reino Unido
No Reino Unido, quando as pessoas morrem, ou um médico escreve um atestado médico de causa natural aceitável de morte, ou um legista (procurador fiscal na Escócia) investiga o caso. Os legistas são oficiais de justiça independentes que investigam as mortes relatadas a eles e, posteriormente, quaisquer investigações necessárias para descobrir a causa da morte, isso inclui ordenar um exame post-mortem, obter depoimentos de testemunhas e registros médicos ou realizar um inquérito. Na jurisdição legal unificada da Inglaterra e do País de Gales, a maioria das mortes é certificada por médicos sem autópsia ou envolvimento do legista. Quase todas as mortes certificadas pelo legista envolvem uma autópsia, mas a maioria não envolve um inquérito formal.

Na Inglaterra e no País de Gales, uma lista específica de escolhas para veredictos não é obrigatória, e "veredictos narrativos" são permitidos, que não são especificamente classificados. Os veredictos agregados pelo Ministério da Justiça são:

 Homicídio
 Assassinato ilegal
 Assassinato legal
 Suicídio
 Aborto tentado ou auto-induzido
 Causa da morte agravada por falta de cuidados ou autonegligência
 Dependência de drogas
 Abuso de drogas não dependente
 Falta de atenção no nascimento
 Morte por doenças industriais
 Morte por acidente ou infortúnio
 Natimorto
 Morte por causas naturais
 Veredicto aberto
 Desastre

Causas de morte

Modo de morte


Türkiye'de sayısal ağırlıklı öğretim yapan kurumlardan olan fen liseleri; öncelikli olarak, nitelikli bilim insanları yetiştirmek, başarı ve zeka seviyeleri yüksek öğrencileri eğitmek amacıyla kurulmuşlardır. 2003-2004 akademik yılı itibarıyla, Türkiye'de 61 fen lisesi vardı. 2018 yılında bu sayı 309'u geçmiştir. Bu liselerden başlıcaları aşağıda listelenmiştir.

Başlıca fen liseleri
 Adana
 Adana-Ceyhan Ecz.Bahattin-Sevinç Erdinç Fen Lisesi
 Adana Fen Lisesi
 Borsa İstanbul Fen Lisesi

 Ankara
 Ankara Fen Lisesi
 Pursaklar Fen Lisesi
 Cumhuriyet Fen Lisesi
 Keçiören Vatansever Şehit Tümgeneral Aydoğan Aydın Fen Lisesi
 Aziz Sancar Fen Lisesi
 Yenimahalle Fen Lisesi
 Özkent Akbilek Fen Lisesi

 Kayseri
 Kayseri Osman Ulubaş Fen Lisesi
 Sümer Fen Lisesi

 Karabük
 Mehmet Vergili Fen Lisesi
 Safranbolu Fatih Sultan Mehmet Fen Lisesi

 Antalya
 Antalya Aksu Fen Lisesi
 Antalya Türkiye Odalar ve Borsalar Birliği Fen Lisesi
 Yusuf Ziya Öner Fen Lisesi
 Hüseyin Girenes Fen Lisesi

 Aydın
 Aydın Fen Lisesi
 Ortaklar Fen Lisesi
 Nazilli Fen Lisesi

 Bursa
 İnegöl Mediha Hayri Çelik Fen Lisesi
 Bursa Tofaş Fen Lisesi
 Nilüfer Borsa İstanbul Fen Lisesi

 Denizli
 Denizli Erbakır Fen Lisesi
 Denizli Fen Lisesi
 AYDEM Fen Lisesi

 Eskişehir
 Beylikova Fen Lisesi
 Eskişehir Fatih Fen Lisesi

 İstanbul

 Yaşar Acar Fen Lisesi

 Doğan Cüceloğlu Fen Lisesi
 Çapa Fen Lisesi
 Dr. Vasıf Topçu Fen Lisesi
 İstanbul Atatürk Fen Lisesi
 TVO Özel Şişli Terakki Fen Lisesi
 Üsküdar Fen Lisesi
Üsküdar Validebağ Fen Lisesi
Şehit İlhan Varank Fen Lisesi
 Şehit Münir Alkan Fen Lisesi
Mustafa Saffet Fen Lisesi
Profesör Dr. Fuat Sezgin Fen Lisesi

 Iğdır
 Haydar Aliyev Fen Lisesi

 İzmir
 Buca Fen Lisesi
 Çiğli Fen Lisesi
 İzmir Fen Lisesi

Kırşehir
Kırşehir Fen Lisesi
Kaman Fen Lisesi

 Kırklareli
 Kırklareli Fen Lisesi
 Ramazan Yaman Fen Lisesi

 Mersin
 Mersin Yahya Akel Fen Lisesi
 Mersin Eyüp Aygar Fen Lisesi

Muğla
 Fethiye Belediye Fen Lisesi
 Muğla 75. Yıl Fen Lisesi
 Köyceğiz Fen Lisesi

 Trabzon
 Trabzon Fen Lisesi
 Trabzon Yomra Fen Lisesi
 Akçaabat Fen Lisesi

 Hatay
 Hatay Fen Lisesi
 İskenderun Tosçelik Fen Lisesi
 Dörtyol Fen Lisesi

 Kırıkkale
 Kırıkkale Fen Lisesi
 Osman Gazi Fen Lisesi

 Diğer
 Afyonkarahisar Süleyman Demirel Fen Lisesi
 Aksaray Fen Lisesi
 Amasya Macit Zeren Fen Lisesi
 Ankara Fen Lisesi
 Balıkesir T.C. Ziraat Bankası Fen Lisesi
 Bartın Fen Lisesi
 Bingöl Fen Lisesi
 Bolu Fen Lisesi
 Çanakkale Fen Lisesi
 Çankırı Süleyman Demirel Fen Lisesi
 Çorum Fen Lisesi
 Darıca Fen Lisesi
 Diyarbakır Rekabet Kurumu Cumhuriyet Fen Lisesi
 Elazığ Kaya Karakaya Fen Lisesi
 Erzincan Nevzat Ayaz Fen Lisesi
 Erzurum İbrahim Hakkı Fen Lisesi
 Isparta Süleyman Demirel Fen Lisesi
 Isparta Gönen Fen Lisesi
 Karaman Fen Lisesi
 Kars Fen Lisesi
 Kilis Mehmet Zelzele Fen Lisesi
 Konya Meram Fen Lisesi
 Kütahya Nafi Güral Fen Lisesi
 Malatya Fen Lisesi
 Manisa Halil Kale Fen Lisesi
 Mersin Eyüp Aygar Fen Lisesi
Mersin Yahya Akel Fen Lisesi
 Mersin-Tarsus Sesim Sarpkaya Fen Lisesi
Mustafa Hakan Güvençer Fen Lisesi
 Niğde Fen Lisesi
 Gaziantep Vehbi Dinçerler Fen Lisesi
 Rize Fen Lisesi
 Samsun Garip Zeycan Yıldırım Fen Lisesi
 Sakarya Cevat Ayhan Fen Lisesi
 Sakarya 15 Temmuz Şehitler Fen Lisesi
 Sakarya Akyazı Eyyup Genç Fen Lisesi
 Sinop Fen Lisesi
 Sivas Fen Lisesi
 TÜBİTAK Fen Lisesi
 Tev Orhan Çetin Fen Lisesi
 Yalova Fen Lisesi
 Yozgat Şehitler Fen Lisesi
 Zonguldak Fen Lisesi

Diğer illerin en önde gelen fen liseleri

Ayrıca bakınız
 Anadolu lisesi
 Anadolu öğretmen lisesi

Notlar

Türkiye eğitim listeleri

Türkiye'deki fen liseleri listesi


Le Caproni Ca.22 était un monoplan monomoteur à aile haute type parasol construit par la société italienne Aeronautica Caproni en 1913.

Histoire
Développé à l'initiative de Giovanni Battista « Gianni » Caproni, il a été construit en un seul exemplaire à des fins de recherche pour étudier les caractéristiques d'un avion équipé d'une aile à angle d'attaque variable.

En effet, l'aile était en trois parties et était articulée à l'avant sur le longeron avant qui servait d'axe de rotation à l'aile. La variation de l'incidence de l'aile était commandée par un volant qui actionnait un tube hélicoïdal qui agissait sur le mât arrière.

De plus, avec un système de tirants, les plans arrière de l'empennage étaient contrôlés afin de compenser les variations de pression exercées sur la voilure tout en maintenant l'équilibre longitudinal de l'avion optimal.

L'avion en 1913 a remporté divers records du monde d'altitude et de vitesse ascensionnelle.

Le , les pilotes de la  escadrille de reconnaissance et de combat récupèrent le Caproni 2 Parasol - la désignation militaire du Ca.24 - de 100 ch à Vizzola Ticino, pour les transférer à l'aérodrome de Pordenone mais après des accidents du nouvel avion, dont l'un causant la mort d'un pilote en raison de la panne d'une aile, l'escadron est dissous le 15 septembre 1915.

Variantes
Les avions suivants, les Ca.23 et Ca.24, tous deux construits en 1914, se distinguaient par une aile à incidence fixe et deux moteurs différents.
 Le Ca.23 : Il était équipé d'un moteur Fiat de  à hélice bipale.
 Le Ca.24 : Identique mais, motorisé par un Gnome de . Cet appareil est le seul de la série entré en production.
Le Ca.25 : Prototype similaire au Ca.22 mais motorisé par un Anzani 6 cylindres à pistons radiaux refroidi par air de 30 kW (40 ch). Ses qualités de vol très modestes firent qu'un seul exemplaire de l'avion a été acheté par l'armée et a été utilisé pour des vols d'essai.

Notes et références

Références

Annexes

Bibliographie

  I Reparti dell'aviazione italiana nella Grande Guerra, AM Ufficio Storico - Roberto Gentili e Paolo Varriale, 1999

Avion militaire italien
Avion militaire de la Première Guerre mondiale
Avion monomoteur
Avion à hélices
Avion des années 1910
Caproni
Premier vol en 1913
Avion à ailes parasol

Caproni Ca.22