Events in the year 1922 in Germany.

Incumbents

National level
President
Friedrich Ebert (Social Democrats)
Chancellor
Joseph Wirth (Centre) to 22 November, then Wilhelm Cuno (Non-partisan)

Overview
Issues of disarmament and the trial of war criminals had previously been similar sources of anxiety and unrest in Germany, but now receded into the background. In their place was the issue of reparations, which dominated the life of Germans in 1922. Although these social questions remained in the public consciousness, Germans focused most heavily on the economics of how Germany would meet the reparation obligations stipulated by the Treaty of Versailles.

Reparation battles

Revisions and requests
On March 21, the Reparations Commission answered by fixing the obligations of Germany at the figures proposed by the German government, but with certain conditions which would have to be carried out by May 31, including requiring a new taxation scheme of 60 billion marks. A number of measures for securing strict control over German finances and the German budget were required to be introduced at early dates, and the scheme for an internal loan submitted by April 30.

By 248 votes to 81, with 43 abstentions, the Reichstag on March 30 passed a resolution protesting the new regulations, which many believed would cause the rapid depreciation of German money.

The World Economic Congressional meeting in Genoa
Meanwhile, the great World Economic Congress met in Genoa—the one positive result of the Cannes conference. The congress lost much of its significance for Germany as France had consented to take part in it only on condition that reparations were not officially raised. Nevertheless, the German government regarded the congress as a moral victory. Yet very little actual progress was made.

Recognition of Soviet Russia
The German delegation became the object of unwelcome attention when it concluded a political and economic agreement with the Russian foreign minister Georgi Chicherin in Rapallo on Easter Sunday (April 16). The agreement had been drawn up in Berlin, but laid aside before being finally adopted. This agreement finally established peace between the two countries, waived all claims arising from the war on both sides and restored diplomatic relations. Thus, the Bolshevist government was accorded open recognition. The former Russian ambassador's palace in Berlin, after being empty for years, had already been handed over. This step added some difficulty to the negotiations of the Great Powers with the Moscow government due to the open hostility that many of the European democracies displayed against the Communist regime.

German delegates' assurances that no disloyalty had been intended by these agreements were rejected with scorn. German delegates futilely asserted that they had reliable information that the other powers were about to conclude arrangements with Russia which would put Germany in a tight corner if she did not act quickly. The French delegation showed itself particularly indignant, as did the British.

Negotiating an international loan
Of more consequence to Germany was the approach of May 31, with the threat of dire consequences if the obligations fixed by the Reparations Commission were not carried out. New French Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré had already set forth the programme of pledges and sanctions with which he meant to overcome the alleged "bad will" of Germany. Accordingly, the German finance minister, Andreas Hermes, went to Paris. As a result of his discussions with the Reparations Commission, the government was able to make a proposal that was accepted. The government promised to keep its finances in order so that it could pay the reparations, even if it meant raising taxes. The Reparations Commission consented.

Loan renegotiation
At the beginning of November the Reparations Commission went to Berlin in the hope of there finding a way out of the impasse. At the same time, a conference was held in Berlin of economic and financial authorities who had been asked to give reasoned opinions on the possibility of stabilizing the mark. Both conferences ended without positive result. The Reparations Commission failed to find the concrete proposals that it had looked for.

On November 13, the Wirth government made definite proposals regarding stabilization and reparations in a note to the Reparations Commission. These proposals were: to fix the German reparation obligations definitely at a tolerable figure, to release Germany for three to four years from all payments in cash and kind, to summon an immediate conference of international financiers to consider the granting of a bank credit to Germany, and, finally, to support Germany's demand for complete equality of treatment in trade and commerce.

Politics

Assassination and instability
The most serious event of the year internally occurred on the morning of June 24, when Walther Rathenau was shot dead by assassins in front of his house. Walther Rathenau was the minister for foreign affairs. This event spurred another economic downturn for the Weimar Republic. Four days before the assassination, the Mark was still at one sixty-seventh of its par value. On June 27, just one week later, it had sunk to one-eightieth of par, on July 3 to one hundred-and-fourteenth, and on August 1 to one hundred-and-fiftieth.

Owing to this new development, the German government on July 12 made a fresh application for postponement of the payments that had been fixed for 1922, and for a simultaneous reduction of the monthly payments for the clearing of private prewar claims from £2,000,000 to £500,000. The Reparations Commission promised to reply, if possible, by August 15. But France returned an abrupt negative to the request for a reduction of the clearing payments, and even threatened reprisals if Germany did not carry out its clearing obligations by August 5. Eventually, an agreement was reached. Eventually, Germany was allowed to stop cash payments for the rest of 1922 via a conference of the Allies, which commenced on August 7.

Inflation and repercussions
Despite the ending of cash payments for the rest of 1922, the main cause of Germany's inability to pay, the steady depreciation of the mark, was ongoing. Towards the end of the year it assumed a disastrous rapidity. On August 1, the US Dollar still stood at 643 Marks to the Dollar and the British Pound at 2,850 Marks to the Pound. But on September 5 the dollar had already risen to 1,440 Marks and the pound to 6,525 Marks, and in December the pound was worth between 30,000 and 40,000 marks and the dollar between 7,000 and 9,000.

In such circumstances it was impossible to exercise proper supervision over the national finances. The budget submitted at the beginning of the year had provided for an ordinary revenue and expenditure of 103,208,000,000 Marks.
With the mark at one forty-fifth of its par value, the cost of carrying out the terms of the peace treaty was now 187,531,000,000 marks. Of this sum 16,500,000,000 were provided by the ordinary budget; the other 171,000,000,000 would have had to be raised by a loan. As soon as the mark fell to a sixtieth of par the deficit became 210,000,000,000 instead of 171,000,000,000; and it swelled to fantastic dimensions with the further depreciation of the mark which followed. The floating debt had risen from 247,000,000,000 at the beginning of the year to 272,000,000,000 by March 31, then to 962,000,000,000 and to 1,494,000,000,000 by the end of the year.

The government sought to prevent the further fall of the mark by a regulation forbidding dealing in foreign currencies. The measure, however, was not well conceived and proved wholly ineffective; it met with sharp opposition, and soon had to be altered.

Cuno takes over as Chancellor
Late in 1922, the Wirth cabinet found itself compelled to resign owing to party dissensions. In order to secure a broader basis for his government in the critical situation which faced the republic, Dr. Wirth had sought to gain the adherence of the German People's Party, which represented the property-owning classes. Previously, the moderate socialist party had reunited with the Independent Social Democrats who had seceded during the war, while as a kind of counterpoise the bourgeois parties in the government coalition had formed a "working agreement" in the Reichstag with the German People's Party. The united Social Democrats objected to the entry of the German People's Party into the government coalition. Having made this a question of confidence, Dr. Wirth felt himself compelled to resign.

The president entrusted the formation of a new cabinet to Dr. Wilhelm Cuno, manager of the Hamburg-America Line, who accomplished the task with some difficulty. As the Social Democrats refused to join, Dr. Cuno formed a so-called business ministry, which usually is composed of non-politicians. In this case, however, it was largely composed of deputies of the bourgeois coalition in addition to Cuno, who did not belong to any party and in fact was not a member of the Reichstag when he first took over. These parties did not form a majority in the House by themselves. Consequently, the cabinet depended on the good will either of the Social Democrats or the German Nationalists.

Cuno's cabinet was as follows:
 Wilhelm Cuno – Chancellor
 Frederic Hans von Rosenberg - Foreign Minister
 Rudolf Oeser (German Democratic Party (DDP)) – Interior Minister
 Andreas Hermes (German Centre Party (Z)) – Finance Minister
 Johannes Becker (German People's Party (DVP)) – Economics Minister
 Heinrich Brauns (Z) – Labour Minister
 Rudolf Heinze (DVP) – Justice Minister
 Otto Gessler (DDP) – Defence Minister
 Karl Stingl (Bavarian Centre Party (BVP)) – Postal Minister
 Wilhelm Groener – Transport Minister
 Hans Luther – Food Minister
 Heinrich Albert – Treasury Minister of Germany and Reconstruction Minister of Germany

The new government continued the reparations policy of its predecessor. When a conference of the Allies met in London to consider the German request for a postponement of payment, the new government made fresh proposals on matters of detail regarding the periods and the application of the loans it had in view. The conference rejected the proposals as inadequate. The London negotiations brought no solution of the reparations question. Poincaré's plans for the seizing of "productive pledges" and the occupation of the Ruhr valley met with the opposition of the other powers, while Poincaré on his side was not to be moved from his designs, which were of a military and political rather than economic character, by any offers of United Kingdom for a mutual cancellation of debts. Thus the year ended with a situation full of ominous uncertainty.

Internal unrest
The internal position of the republic was somewhat weakened by unrest arising from economic fragility, which resulted from uncertainty concerning the war debts and its adverse effect on the economy. In February, a strike engineered by the more reckless elements of labor among the railway employees paralyzed traffic for six days in North Germany and a part of Baden. It then collapsed, and was followed by disciplinary action against some of the instigators and also those participators in the strike who had been guilty of acts of violence and sabotage. The government, supported by public opinion, held that state employees had no right to strike, and received a vote of confidence on this point in the Reichstag. A frivolous strike of the Berlin municipal workers, which left the capital without light, water, and electricity, ended after three days with an unconditional resumption of work. Food disturbances broke out at some places in the summer, but they were easily suppressed.

More disturbing to the peace of the republic were the subterraneous movements which were forming in anti-republican circles. The preceding year had been marked by the murder of Matthias Erzberger. This year was marked by the aforementioned murder of Walther Rathenau, an attempt to poison Philipp Scheidemann, the lord mayor of Kassel, with prussic acid on Whit Monday, and the stabbing of journalist Maximilian Harden on July 3. The feeling aroused found vent in great demonstrations on the part of the republican section of the population, especially among the working classes. In certain places, e.g., Zwickau, near Magdeburg, Freiburg, Darmstadt, etc., violent exhibitions of popular resentment erupted, at times accompanied by bloodshed.

Political repercussions
The republican authorities acted with great energy and proclaimed relentless warfare against the "Right". An order (invoking Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution) was issued investing the government with extraordinary powers to cope with the emergency. A few days later it was withdrawn in favour of a bill for the protection of the republic, increasing the penalties for attacks on republican institutions and officials, establishing a special State Court alongside the German High Court for trying such cases, and banning societies, meetings, and printed matter that opposed "the constitutionally established republican form of government". It was followed by an amnesty bill, a crimes bill, and a supplement to the officials law. The Reichstag passed the Law for the Protection of the Republic after a long discussion by 303 votes to 102. The other bills were also passed by large majorities. Only the German Nationalists, the Bavarian People's Party, the Communists, and certain members of the German People's Party voted against them.

Politically motivated trials
In response to the Law for the Protection of the Republic, a number of organizations which espoused anti-republican sentiment were dissolved, including the Organisation Consul, which was responsible for the assassinations of Matthias Erzberger on 26 August 1921 and Walther Rathenau on 24 June 1922. In the trial of ex-Captain Manfred von Killinger in May for abetting the murder of Erzberger, the two assassins to whom Killinger had given the orders escaped and Killinger was acquitted, although his connection with the murderers of Erzberger was not in doubt. The murderers of Rathenau, the engineer Hermann Fischer and Naval Lieutenant (retired) Erwin Kern, had escaped arrest and condemnation by suicide. A number of persons who were accused partly of complicity, partly of abetting or assisting, were brought before the new court in October. Thirteen were convicted.

A political trial held at Munich was of quite a different character. The author Freiherr Hubert von Leoprechting was on trial for high treason. This man was accused of being in the pay of Dard, the French envoy in Munich, who left the city for good a few days before the trial. It came out in the trial that Dard had acquainted the accused with the plans for separating South from North Germany, and that these plans were, if necessary, to be assisted by an advance of French troops through the Main valley. He was condemned to imprisonment for life and loss of civil rights.

Wolfgang Kapp, the instigator of the notorious Kapp Putsch of March 1920, was going to put to trial, but died before he could put on trial.

Treaties and the Creation of Poland
A number of treaties were concluded with various states, including Switzerland, the United States, Italy, Latvia, and Finland. Most were economic in character, and served to clear away the debris left by the war. The extension of the Russo-German Treaty of Rapallo to the Soviet republics federated with Russia took place as a matter of course, and aroused no attention.

The Second Polish Republic and Germany made good progress towards coming to terms on the question of Upper Silesia. Through the mediation of the Swiss deputy Felix Calonder, the two countries came to an agreement in April. The agreement was designed to last fifteen years, which gave prospect of a lasting settlement. The most difficult questions were those of the protection of minorities, and of German private property liquidation in the portions of Upper Silesia assigned to Poland. Difficulties arose when Poland claimed an unrestricted right of liquidation, and failed to recognize the right of the chairman of the Mixed Commission to arbitrate. A compromise was reached, in which Poland gained a limited right of liquidation, without inflicting too great a hardship on the German owners.

On July 17, the transfer to Poland of the parts of Upper Silesia assigned to her commenced. At the same time, large portions of the population moved from newly-Polish districts into the parts that remained German. A few weeks later, the German districts voted on whether they should become an autonomous federated state, or remain incorporated with Prussia. The result was: 513,126 votes for Prussia, 50,400 for autonomy. It was now possible to hold the elections to the Reichstag (institution) and the Prussian Landtag which had been postponed on account of the occupation. They ended unfavourably for the Poles, who won no seat out of five in the Reichstag, and only one out of eight in the Landtag.

Great dissatisfaction arose in Germany in response to the fate of five villages on the east bank of the Vistula. These villages had formerly belonged to West Prussia, were inhabited almost entirely by Germans, and had voted to remain in Germany in the East Prussian plebiscite. The boundary commission nevertheless assigned them to the Polish Corridor, in spite of protests by the inhabitants, the Reichstag, and the Prussian Landtag. The Prussian premier Otto Braun emphatically stigmatized this decision as a "scandalous breach of the peace of Versailles". The protest was so effective that the execution of the decision was postponed and had not yet been carried out at the end of the year.

Births
 6 January – Hugo Broch, German pilot
 12 February – Gustl Bayrhammer, German actor (died 1993)
 26 February – Franz Beyer, German musicologist (died 2018)
 6 March – Wanda Klaff, war criminal (died 1946)
 15 March:
 Karl-Otto Apel, German philosopher (died 2017)
 Horst Wendlandt, German film director (died 2002)
 18 March – Egon Bahr, German politician (died 2015)
 28 March – Theo Albrecht, German entrepreneur (died 2010)
 7 April – Lothar Sieber, German test pilot (died 1945)
 22 April – Angelika Hurwicz, German actress (died 1999)
 1 May – Friedrich Wilhelm Christians, German banker (died 2004)
 12 June – Günter Behnisch, German architect (died 2010)
 10 July – Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist-Schmenzin, German publisher (died 2013)
 14 July – Elfriede Rinkel, German SS officer (died 2018)
 24 July – Hans-Jürgen Wischnewski, German politician (died 2005)
 30 July – Ulli Beier, German editor, writer and scholar (died 2011)
 18 August – Fritz Umgelter, German television director and writer and film director (died 1981)
 9 September – Hans Georg Dehmelt, German physicist (died 2017)
 14 September – Bally Prell, German singer and folk singer (died 1982)
 29 September – Karl-Heinz Köpcke, German news speaker (died 1991)
 8 October – Katharina Focke, German politician (died 2016)
 19 October – Jürgen Brandt, German general (died 2003)
 2 November – Ria Baran, German pair skater (died 1986)
 8 December – Lucian Freud, German painter (died 2011)
 8 December – Gerhard Löwenthal, German journalist (died 2002)
 18 December – Klaus Schwarzkopf, German actor (died 1991)

Deaths
 4 March – Hugo Erfurt, German pharmacist and inventor (born 1834)
 5 March – Richard Schöne, German archaeologist (born 1840)
 14 March – Clemens von Podewils-Dürniz, German politician (born 1850)
 8 April – Erich von Falkenhayn, Chief of the German general staff 1914–16 (born 1861)
 24 June – Walther Rathenau, German politician (born 1867)
 30 June – Georg von Vollmar, Bavarian politician (born 1850)
 28 August – Friedrich Schrader, German philologist (born 1865)
 18 October – August Gaul, German sculptor (born 1869)
 25 October – Oscar Hertwig, German zoologist (born 1849)
 23 November – Eduard Seler, Prussian scholar, Mesoamericanist (born 1849)

See also
 Timeline of German history

References

Years of the 20th century in Germany
Germany
Germany

1922 in Germany


Uwe Jürgen Scherf (* 6. August 1957 in Solingen) ist ein deutscher Jurist, Rechtsjournalist und Autor.

Scherf ist seit 1991 als Anwalt in Solingen zugelassen und veröffentlicht Fachbücher und Aufsätze unter anderem zu Themen des Internetrechts, Haftungsfragen in Unternehmen und dem Recht im EBusiness. Als Rechtsjournalist schreibt er für die Bild am Sonntag.

Leben
Scherf begann seine Laufbahn als Pressereferent der Bundesrechtsanwaltskammer, deren Geschäftsführer er 1992 wurde. Mit dem Umzug der Kammer nach Berlin, beendete Scherf 2001 diese Tätigkeit, um als Anwalt in Solingen zu arbeiten.
Scherf ist seit 2011 Bundesgeschäftsführer der Deutschen Feuerwehr-Gewerkschaft (DFeuG).
Er ist Mitglied des geschäftsführenden Ausschuss der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Kanzleimanagement im Deutschen Anwaltverein, sowie im Internet-Ausschuss des Verbandes Europäischer Rechtsanwaltskammern. Scherf war Mitglied des mittlerweile aufgelösten juris-Sachverständigenrats. Er ist Mitglied des Internet-Ausschusses des Verbandes Europäischer Rechtsanwaltskammern.

Als Anwalt unterhält er Kontakt zu Gehörlosen und berät diese auch mit Hilfe von Dolmetschern.
Scherf ist verheiratet und hat zwei Kinder.

Autor und Journalist
Scherf schreibt als freier Mitarbeiter für die Bild am Sonntag als Experte für Recht. Bis 2005 war er Chefredakteur der Zeitschrift "Die Kanzlei – Praxis-Journal für Anwälte". Scherf war Geschäftsführer der Bundesrechtsanwaltskammer und Schriftleiter der BRAK-Mitteilungen.

Publikationen (Auswahl)
 Viefhues, Schmieszek, Scherf: Elektronischer Rechtsverkehr: Kommentar und Handbuch (Recht in der Praxis). C.F. Müller, Karlsruhe 2006, ISBN 3-811-43321-0.
 Scherf, Schiffer: Pocket Recht – Ehevertrag: Als Unternehmer und privat ein sensibles Thema meistern. Cornelsen, Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-589-23813-5.
 Scherf Hrsg.: Berufsrecht: Textausgabe. Hermann Luchterhand, München 2004, ISBN 3-472-05910-9.
 Scherf (Hauptbearbeiter): Tabellen und Informationen Recht. DATEV 2011.
 Scherf: Bundesrechtsanwaltsordnung: BRAO. LexisNexis, Online-Kommentar.
 Scherf (Mitautor): BGB-Kommentar. LexisNexis, Online-Kommentar.
 Scherf: JVEG. LexisNexis, Online-Kommentar.

Weblinks
 Kanzlei Homepage Rechtsanwalt Uwe J. Scherf
 Deutsche Feuerwehr-Gewerkschaft

Einzelnachweise

Person (Solingen)
Autor
Rechtsanwalt (Deutschland)
Deutscher
Geboren 1957
Mann

Uwe Scherf


Schröter ist ein Einschlagkrater auf der Mondvorderseite in der Ebene des Sinus Aestuum, nördlich des Kraters Sömmering und südwestlich von Bode.
Bis auf Reste des südwestlichen und östlichen Kraterwalls ist der Krater fast gänzlich von den Laven der Mare-Ebene überdeckt.

Der Krater wurde 1935 von der IAU nach dem deutschen Astronomen Johann Hieronymus Schroeter offiziell benannt.

Weblinks

 Schröter auf The-Moon Wiki

Einzelnachweise

Einschlagkrater (Mond)

Schröter (Mondkrater)


Morlaye Sylla (Conacri, ) é um futebolista nascido na Guiné que atua como meio-campista. Atualmente, joga no Futebol Clube de Arouca, clube de futebol português que atualmente disputa a Primeira Liga.

Carreira profissional

Carreira em clubes
Iniciou sua carreira profissional no Fello Star, de Labé, aonde jogou durante toda a temporada 2017–18, tendo sido contratado na temporada seguinte pelo Académie SOAR. Em 2019, assinou contrato pelo Horoya, principal clube do país, onde ficou por 3 temporadas até ser contratado pelo Arouca após o fim da temporada 2021–22.

Carreira na Seleção da Guiné
Com os Sub–17, participou na Taça de África Sub-17 de 2015. A Guiné ocupa o terceiro lugar nesta competição organizada no Níger, batendo a Nigéria na "pequena final". Ele então jogou no mesmo ano na Copa do Mundo Sub-17, que aconteceu no Chile . Durante o Mundial Júnior, ele jogou três jogos. Ele se destaca por marcar um gol contra o Brasil . Com um registo de um empate e duas derrotas, a Guiné foi eliminada na primeira jornada  .

Com os Sub–20, participou na Taça de África Sub-20 de 2017 . Ele se destacou durante a fase de grupos, marcando dois gols e dando uma assistência contra o Mali . A Guiné ficou em terceiro lugar nesta competição realizada na Zâmbia, batendo a África do Sul na "pequena final". Ele então jogou no mesmo ano na Copa do Mundo Sub-20, que aconteceu no Chile . Durante o Mundial Júnior, ele jogou três jogos. Com um registo de um empate e duas derrotas, a Guiné foi eliminada na primeira jornada  .

Estreou-se pela seleção da Guiné numa derrota por 1–0 na qualificação para o Campeonato das Nações Africanas de 2020, frente ao Senegal, a 21 de setembro de 2019. No início de 2021, participou do CHAN 2020 realizado nos Camarões. Ele disputou cinco jogos neste torneio, e se destacou ao marcar três gols: um na fase de grupos contra a Namíbia, outro nas quartas contra o Ruanda, e finalmente um último durante a "pequena final" vencida contra o país anfitrião  . Ele foi o homem do jogo quatro vezes no Campeonato das Nações Africanas em Camarões. Acabou selecionado pelo técnico Kaba Diawara para participar da Copa das Nações Africanas de 2021, também disputada nos Camarões.

Títulos

Horoya AC
  Campeonato Guineano (1): 2020–21

Morlaye
Morlaye

Morlaye Sylla


Kenneth W. "Ken" Griffin (28 de diciembre de 1909 – 11 de marzo de 1956) fue un organista estadounidense.

Biografía
Griffin nació en Columbia (Misuri). Su mayor éxito fue "You Can't Be True, Dear" (1948), que inicialmente fue lanzado como instrumental, posteriormente se le agregó la voz de Jerry Wayne en la grabación. Ambas versions ganaron popularidad vendiendo más de 3.5 millones de copias.

Protagonizó entre 1954 y 1955 el programa de televisión 67 Melody Lane. Grabó en varias companies discográficas, incluyendo Columbia Records y Rondo.

En la década de 1940 en Aurora (Illinois), Griffin entró en el ambiente de los centros nocturnos al tocar en el Rivoli Cafe por la noches. Las sesiones del Rivoli cafe fueron transmitidas por la estación de radio, WMRO, ganando popularidad. Griffin falleció el 11 de marzo de 1956 en Chicago, Illinoisa   a los 46 años de edad de un infarto agudo de miocardio. Fue sepultado en el Lincoln Memorial Park en Aurora. Columbia Records tenía muchas horas de música del organista grabadas en cinta pero no lanzadas por lo que continuo sacando muchos temas "nuevos" de Griffin en años posteriores a su muerte.

Discografía parcial
 Anniversary Songs Columbia 12" LP CL-586/CS-8781*
 Skating Time Columbia 12" Lp CL-610 (Also available on 10" LP)
 Lost In A Cloud Columbia 12" LP CL-662
 The Music of Irving Berlin Columbia 10" LP CL-6120
 Christmas Carols Columbia 10" LP CL-6130
 Hawaiian Serenade Columbia 10" LP CL-6206
 When Irish Eyes Are Smiling Columbia 10" LP CL-6245
 Latin Americana Columbia 10" LP CL-6263
 Cruising Down The River Columbia 12" LP CL-761/CS-9042*
 Hymns Of America Columbia 10" LP CL-6298
 You Can't Be True, Dear Columbia 12" LP CL-907/CS-8790*
 Moonlight And Roses Columbia 12" LP CL-1207/CS-8848*
 67 Melody Lane Columbia 12" LP CL-724
 Greatest Hits Columbia 12" LP CL-2717/CS-9517*
 Sentimental Serenade Harmony (Columbia) 12" LP HL-7384/HS-11184*
 Ken Griffin at the Wurlitzer Organ Philips 10" LP B 07755 R*
 Great Organ Favorites Harmony/Columbia 12" LP H 31028
 At The Great Organ Rondo-lette 12" LP A30
 The Sparkling Touch Columbia 12" LP CL 1709
 To Each His Own Columbia 12" LP CL 1599
 On The Happy Side Columbia 12" LP CL 1518
 Hawaiian Magic Columbia 12" LP CL 1062
 Plays Romantic Waltzes Columbia 12" LP CL 1365
 Love Letters In The Sand Columbia 12" LP CL 1039
 Let's Have a Party (And Everybody Sing) Columbia 12" LP CL 1127
 Ebb Tide Columbia 12" HS-11226
 The Fabulous Ken Griffin Harmony Columbia 12" HS 11184

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Organistas de Estados Unidos
Personas de Chicago

Ken Griffin


An Fuirena tenuis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni P.L.Forbes. An Fuirena tenuis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Fuirena, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Fuirena

Fuirena tenuis


The wire-tailed swallow (Hirundo smithii) is a small passerine bird in the swallow family. It has two subspecies: H. s. smithii, which occurs throughout Africa, and H. s. filifera, which is found in southern and southeastern Asia. It is mainly resident, but populations in Pakistan and northern India migrate further south in winter. The genus name Hirundo is the Latin word for swallow. The species name smithii commemorates Christen Smith, a Norwegian botanist and geologist.

Description
The wire-tailed swallow is a small swallow, measuring  in length. It has bright blue upperparts, bright white underparts and a chestnut cap. Immature birds lack tail wires, and have dull brown (rather than chestnut) caps. The species is named for the very long filamentous outermost tail feathers, which trail behind like two wires. The sexes are similar in appearance, but the female has shorter "wires". Juveniles have a brown crown, back and tail. The Asian form, H. s. filifera, is larger and longer-tailed than the abundant African H. s. smithii.

Habits
This bird is found in open country near water and human habitation. Wire-tailed swallows are fast flyers and they generally feed on insects, especially flies, while airborne. They are typically seen low over water, with which they are more closely associated than most swallows.

Nesting
The neat half-bowl nests are lined with mud collected in the swallows' beaks. They are placed on vertical surfaces near water under cliff ledges or nowadays more commonly on man-made structures such as buildings and bridges. The clutch is three to four eggs in Africa, up to five in Asia (Turner and Rose). These birds are solitary and territorial nesters, unlike many swallows, which tend to be colonial.

Taxonomy and systematics
The wire-tailed swallow is a member of the genus Hirundo, a cosmopolitan group of "barn swallows". It has two subspecies:
 H. s. smithii was first described by William Elford Leach and K. D. Koenig in 1818. Known as the African wire-tailed swallow, it is found throughout Africa.
 H. s. filifera was first described by Stephens in 1826. Also known as the Asian wire-tailed swallow, it is found in southern and southeastern Asia.

Gallery

References

Citations

Cited texts

 Birds of India by Grimmett, Inskipp and Inskipp,
 Birds of The Gambia by Barlow, Wacher and Disley,
 Swallows and Martins by Turner and Rose,

External links

 Wire-tailed Swallow in The Atlas of Southern African Birds, second edition

wire-tailed swallow
Birds of South Asia
Birds of Sub-Saharan Africa
wire-tailed swallow
wire-tailed swallow

Wire-tailed swallow


Baudilio José Díaz Seijas (March 23, 1953 – November 23, 1990) was a Venezuelan professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as a catcher from  to , most prominently with the Cleveland Indians where he rose to prominence as an American League (AL) All-Star player in 1981 and, later with the Philadelphia Phillies where he was a member of the 1983 National League pennant winning team. He earned his second All-Star game berth with the Cincinnati Reds in 1987. Diaz began his career with the Boston Red Sox. He was the first Venezuelan to play regularly as a catcher in Major League Baseball. In 2006, Díaz was posthumously inducted into the Venezuelan Baseball Hall of Fame.

Baseball career

Minor Leagues and Boston Red Sox
Díaz was born in Cúa, Miranda, Venezuela. At the age of 14, he played on a national champion Little League team that missed a trip to the 1967 Little League World Series, when a strong earthquake devastated the city of Caracas.

In December , Díaz was signed by Boston Red Sox as an amateur free agent. He spent seven seasons playing in the Red Sox minor league system. While playing for the Pawtucket Red Sox in , he posted a .263 batting average, with 14 doubles, 7 home runs, and 54 runs batted in (RBI). This earned Díaz his big league call-up on September 6, 1977, versus the Blue Jays, at Toronto. He entered the game as a late-inning defensive replacement for Hall of Famer Carlton Fisk. Díaz appeared in only two games for the Red Sox, being struck out by Dennis Martínez in his only at-bat, which occurred that September 17.

Cleveland Indians
On March 30, 1978, Díaz was traded along with Ted Cox, Mike Paxton and Rick Wise to the Cleveland Indians for Dennis Eckersley and Fred Kendall. He played as the Indians' backup catcher, working behind Gary Alexander in 1978. He lost his job to Ron Hassey the following season, and played most of the year in the minor leagues with the Tacoma Tugs in the Pacific Coast League, before returning to play for the Indians in September 1979. In 1980, he hit for a .227 average in 76 games but, provided solid defense, committing only 4 errors in 356 total chances, while serving as backup catcher behind Hassey.

After Hassey was injured early in the strike-shortened 1981 season, Cleveland manager Dave Garcia began using Díaz in a platoon role alongside the left-hand hitting Hassey. By June, he was hitting for a .356 batting average with 4 home runs and 25 runs batted in to earn a place as a reserve player for the American League team in the 1981 All-Star Game. He ended the season with a .313 batting average in 63 games.

Philadelphia Phillies
In November , Díaz was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies as part of a three-team trade. He became the Phillies starting catcher in 1982, replacing Bob Boone, who had been traded to the California Angels. Díaz set career highs in batting average (.288), home runs (18), and runs batted in (85). Although Díaz led National League catchers in stolen bases allowed, his pitch-calling skills helped pitcher Steve Carlton become the league's only twenty-game winner of the season. Carlton also led the league in strikeouts and shutouts and, was named the  National League Cy Young Award winner. In a 1982 computer ranking of major league players that used offensive and defensive statistics, Díaz was ranked second among National League catchers behind only Gary Carter.

Díaz was a member of the 1983 Phillies team that became known as The Wheeze Kids, due to the average age of the team being over thirty. The moniker was a whimsical reference to the Whiz Kids Phillies team that won the National League pennant in 1950. In a game against the New York Mets on April 13, 1983, Díaz performed a feat that has only been accomplished by 11 other players in the history of Major League Baseball. The Phillies were trailing by a score of 9–6 and with two outs in the ninth inning, when Díaz hit a grand slam home run off Neil Allen to win the game for the Phillies by a score of 10–9. On September 23, Díaz was the Phillies catcher when Steve Carlton won the 300th game of his career. With the Phillies leading the game by a score of 3–2 in the fifth inning, Díaz sealed the victory with a two-run single.

The Phillies won 12 out of the final 14 games of the  season to win the National League Eastern Division title. Díaz contributed by hitting .360 in the final week of the season, including a game on September 28 against the Chicago Cubs in which he had 5 hits in 5 at-bats including 2 home runs. Although he led National League catchers in errors, he led the league in range factor and finished second in putouts, assists and in baserunners caught stealing. After defeating the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 1983 National League Championship Series, the Phillies lost the 1983 World Series against the Baltimore Orioles in five games. In the only World Series appearance of his career, Díaz was the leading hitter for the Phillies with a .333 batting average. During Game One of the Series (the only game of the Series that the Phillies won, by a 2–1 score), Díaz almost hit a home-run, but he was robbed of it by John Lowenstein with a spectacular, beyond the wall catch.

In 1984, Díaz went on the disabled list twice due to knee problems and played in only 27 games. After the season ended, he underwent two knee surgeries to restore his mobility. Díaz broke his right wrist at the beginning of the 1985 season and was on the disabled list for a month and a half. During his absence, his replacement, Ozzie Virgil hit above the .300 mark, relegating Díaz to the backup catcher's role upon his return. On August 8, 1985, the Phillies traded Díaz to the Cincinnati Reds.

Cincinnati Reds
Díaz immediately became the Reds' starting catcher. He had been hitting for a .211 average at the time of the trade but, hit .261 in 51 games for the Reds, ending the 1985 season with a .245 average overall along with 5 home runs and 31 runs batted in. Díaz remained healthy in 1986, appearing in 134 games and posted a .272 average with 10 home runs and 56 runs batted in. Although he committed 13 errors, he finished fourth among catchers in assists with 80 and, fourth in baserunners caught stealing with 55.

On June 27, , Díaz was part of an unusual occurrence when San Francisco Giants second baseman, Robby Thompson, became the first player in major league history to be caught stealing four times in one game. Thompson was thrown out at second base by Díaz in the 4th, 6th and 9th innings and was picked off by pitcher John Franco in the 11th inning. Three of the outs occurred during attempted hit and run plays and were recorded as stolen base attempts.

In 1987, Díaz was hitting for a .292 average at mid-season, earning his second All-Star selection as a reserve player, this time for the National League team in the 1987 All-Star Game. He was named Player of the Month for the month of July during which he produced a .351 batting average with 5 home runs and 23 runs batted in, including a game on July 7 when he had 6 runs batted in. His heavy workload continued as he played in 140 games, ending the season with a respectable .270 average with 15 home runs and 82 runs batted in. Díaz also led National League catchers in baserunners caught stealing and finished third in fielding percentage, committing only 7 errors in 137 games played as a catcher.

Reds' manager Pete Rose continued to play Díaz almost every day in the 1988 season. Díaz was the Reds catcher on June 6, 1988, when pitcher Tom Browning almost threw a no-hitter against the San Diego Padres. Browning held the Padres hitless through eight innings before Tony Gwynn hit a single with one out in the ninth inning (however, Browning would go on to throw a perfect game two months later on September 16 against the Dodgers). Eventually, the heavy workload began to catch up with Díaz. In mid-June, a shoulder injury put him on the disabled list and then in September, Díaz had to undergo arthroscopic surgery on his left knee, which ended his season. He shared catching duties with Jeff Reed in 1989 but, in July Díaz had to undergo arthroscopic surgery on his left knee for a second time, which ended his season. Díaz decided to retire, having played in his final major league game on July 9, , at the age of 36.

Career statistics
In a 13-year major league career, Díaz played in 993 games, accumulating 834 hits in 3,274 at bats for a .255 career batting average along with 87 home runs, 452 runs batted in and a .297 on-base percentage. A two-time All-Star, he finished his career with a .986 fielding percentage.

Leones del Caracas
Díaz played exclusively for the Leones del Caracas team in the Venezuelan Winter League (–), forming a fiery offensive combo along with slugger Tony Armas. During his time in the league, Díaz batted .281, with 265 runs scored, 290 runs batted in, 79 doubles, 7 triples, and 57 home runs, in 537 games played. In , he set a Venezuelan League single-season record for home runs with 20, a record that was broken by Alex Cabrera, who hit 21 in 2013–2014 season. Díaz was the leading hitter in the 1982 Caribbean Series with a .412 batting average and 2 home runs, earning him the Series' Most Valuable Player award.

Díaz was part of an extremely unlikely event spanning thirteen years. On January 6, 1973, he caught for minor league pitcher Urbano Lugo, who threw a no-hitter as the Leones del Caracas defeated the Tiburones de La Guaira, 6–0. Thirteen years later, on January 24, 1986, Díaz was the catcher for another no-hitter in a 4–0 Caracas's victory over La Guaira. This time, the pitcher was major leaguer Urbano Lugo Jr., son of the elder Lugo.

Death
On November 23, , Díaz was killed when a satellite dish he was adjusting on the roof of his Caracas home fell on him and crushed his neck and head. He was 37 years old at the time of his death. Díaz was survived by his wife, Maria, and two sons.

See also
List of unusual deaths
Players from Venezuela in Major League Baseball

References

External links

Bo Díaz at SABR (Baseball BioProject)
Bo Díaz at Baseball Almanac
Bo Díaz - Baseballbiography.com
Bo Díaz at Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Professional Baseball League)
Bo Díaz at The Deadball Era
Encyclopedia of Baseball Catchers
Members Tripod photo gallery

1953 births
1990 deaths
Accidental deaths in Venezuela
American League All-Stars
Boston Red Sox players
Cincinnati Reds players
Cleveland Indians players
Elmira Pioneers players
Greenville Red Sox players
Leones del Caracas players
Llaneros de Portuguesa players
Major League Baseball catchers
Major League Baseball players from Venezuela
National League All-Stars
Pawtucket Red Sox players
People from Cúa
Sportspeople from Miranda (state)
Philadelphia Phillies players
Reading Phillies players
Rhode Island Red Sox players
Tacoma Tugs players
Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in the United States
Williamsport Red Sox players
Winston-Salem Red Sox players
Winter Haven Red Sox players

Bo Díaz


Mandela Effect debitantski je samostalni album hrvatskog repera Hiljsona Mandele. Objavio ga je 16. svibnja 2022.
Na albumu gostuju izvođači z++, Grše, Rasta i Palac.

Popis pjesama

Izvori

Hrvatski hip hop albumi
Albumi iz 2022.

Mandela Effect


Hrvatski odbojkaški kup Snježane Ušić za seniorke za sezonu 2019./20. je osvojila "Mladost" iz Zagreba.
Kao posljedica pandemije COVID-19, natjecanje je dovršeno u rujnu 2020. godine.

Rezultati

1. kolo

Završnica
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
!datum !!mjesto odigravanja !!klub1 !!klub2 !!rez. !!<small> setovi !!napomene !!izvještaj
|-
|<small> 12. rujna 2020. ||Zadar, ŠD "Krešimir Ćosić" ||bgcolor="silver"|Kaštela (Kaštel Stari) ||bgcolor="gold"|Mladost Zagreb ||'''0:3 ||<small> 17:25, 21:25, 13:25 ||<small> "Mladost" pobjednik kupa ||
|-
|}

Povezani članci
 Kup Hrvatske u odbojci za žene
 Prva liga 2019./20.
 Prva B liga 2019./20.
 Druga liga 2019./20.

Vanjske poveznice
 natjecanja.hos-cvf.hr, Hrvatska odbojkaška natjecanja
 hos-cvf.hr, Hrvatski odbojkaški savez
 odbojka.hr

Izvori

 natjecanja.hos-cvf.hr, HRVATSKI ODBOJKAŠKI KUP SNJEŽANE UŠIĆ – seniorke (2019./2020.), pristupljeno 4. prosinca 2020.
 natjecanja.hos-cvf.hr, Arhiva (sezona 2019./2020.), pristupljeno 4. prosinca 2020.

2019-20

Hrvatski odbojkaški kup Snježane Ušić 2019./20.


خلقية الأرض الفتية أو كما تعرف بشكل غير رسمي بنظرية خلق الأرض الفتية (بالإنجليزية : Young Earth creationism واختصارها YEC) هو اعتقاد ديني بأن السماء، والأرض والحياة على الأرض كانت مخلوقة بأمر مباشر من الله أورخت ما بين 6000  و 10000 سنة مضت. ويتبع هذه النظرية المسيحيين واليهود  الذين يؤمنون بأن الله خلق الأرض في ستة أيام ذا أربعة وعشرون ساعة، بأخذ النص العبري لسفر التكوين كمقدار حرفي. وبعض أتباعها يؤمنون بأن وجود الدليل في العالم الطبيعي اليوم تدعم التفسير الدقيق للخلق الديني كحقيقة تاريخية. ومع ذلك فأن هؤلاء الأتباع يؤمنون بأن هذا الدليل العلمي يدعم أيضاً نظرية التطور، أو نظرية توحيد العوامل الجيولوجية التاريخية geological Uniformitarianism، أو النظريات الأخرى التي تكون شاذة عن التفسير الحرفي لمقادير الخلق الموجودة في سفر التكوين أو في القرآن التي أسيئت الفهم. العديد من نظريات خلق الأرض الفتية YECs متحمسة لتطوير علم الخلق، وهي تحاول دعم الأحداث المرتبطة بالخلق الفوق-طبيعي مع الأحداث التي يمكن لها أن تثبت من خلال التفسير العلمي. هذا أدى إلى تأسيس العديد من منظمات علم خلق الأرض الفتية مثل معهد أبحاث الخلق Institute for Creation Research وجمعية أبحاث الخلق Creation Research Society.

المراجع

انظر أيضًا
-decay theory
 الوجود Existence
 إله خالق Creator god

وصلات خارجية

مواقع تدعم نظرية YEC
 أجوبة في سفر التكوين
 وزارات الخلق الدولية
 معهد لأبحاث الخلق

مواقع ناقدة لنظرية YEC
 أرشيف توك أورجينز
 لا أجوبة في سفر التكوين
 إيفوويكي Evowiki
 أجوبة في الخلق. هو موقع لدارس لنظرية خلق الأرض القديمة والذي يعرض أخطاء نظرية YEC.

أخرى
 نتائج الاستطلاع في الولايات المتحدة - اعتقادات عامة عن التطور والخلق.
 مقالة في Evowiki عن تاريخ نظرية YEC.

خلق
علم الخلق
علوم زائفة
فلسفة الدين
نظرية الخلق

خلقية الأرض الفتية


حوالي عام 701 قبل الميلاد، قام سنحاريب ملك أشور، بشن هجوم على المدن المحصنة لمملكة يهوذا لقهرهم وإخضاعهم. حاصر سنحاريب مدينة القدس لكنه فشل في الاستيلاء عليها. القدس هي المدينة الوحيدة المذكورة في حوليات سنحاريب على أنه تم حصارها ولكن لم يتم الاستيلاء عليها.

التسمية
شُّور
ولا يعرف معنى الاسم بالضبط وقد ورد هذا الاسم في الكتاب المقدس للدلالة على: (1) اسم ثاني أبناء سام وأبي الآشوريين (تك 10: 22). (2) آشور ينطبق أيضاً على بلاد آشور (تك 2: 14) وعلى شعب آشور (أش 31: 8).

الموقع
وبلاد آشور الأصلية تقع على الجزء الأعلى من نهر دجلة. وكان الآشوريون مزيجاً من أجناس عدة فقد قطن البلاد في حقب مختلفة، السومريون والحوريون والميتانيون. ولكن في النهاية سادت العناصر السامية وبخاصة الاكاديون والبابليون وامتلكوا البلاد.

العواصم
وأولى عواصم شور هي مدينة آشور نفسها (وهي اليوم قلعة شرقات) على الشاطئ الغربي لنهر الدجلة. وقد كشف التنقيب عن هيكل للآلهة ((عشتار)) مما يدل على وجود الأثر السومري في آشور، وقد بنى هذا الهيكل حوالي سنة 2900 ق. م. أما العواصم الأخرى التي صارت عواصم لآشور من بعد فكانت جميعها تقع شرقي الدجلة وتبعد كثيراً إلى الشمال. وهذه العواصم هي ((كلة)) (وهي اليوم نمرود) ودور شردكين وهي اليوم خورسباد ولكن أهم العواصم جميعاً هي نينوى تل كوينجك الآن وهذه العواصم كلها قد أصبحت خرباً.

الحروب والملوك
وقد ظلت آشور مشتبكة في حرب ضد البابليين في الجنوب، وضد الحثيين في الشمال الغربي لمدة أزمنة طويلة. وانتهت حروب آشور في سوريا إلى اتصالها بإسرائيل. وتشير السجلات التاريخية الآشورية إلى عدد من ملوك إسرائيل، والذين جاء ذكرهم هم: عموي وآخاب وياهو ومنحيم وفقح وهوشع، وبعض من ملوك يهوذا وهم عزيا وحزقيا ومنسى،وقد دفع معظم هؤلاء الملوك جزية لآشور.

أما ملوك آشور الذين اتصل تاريخهم بتاريخ إسرائيل فهم:

 شلمناصر الثالث (859- 824 ق. م.) وقد حارب آخاب ملك إسرائيل وحارب الآراميين في معركة قرقر سنة 854 ق. م. وأخذ جزية من ياهو.

 تغلاث فلاسر الثالث (745- 727 ق. م.) قد افتتح الجليل وجلعاد وسبى شعبهما إلى آشور (2 ملو 15: 29)
 شلمانصر الخامس (727- 722 ق. م.) وهو الذي بدأ حصار السامرة (2 ملو 17: 5)
 سرجون الثاني (722- 705 ق. م.) وهو الذي أخذ السامرة نهائياً ونقل الإسرائيليين من بلادهم إلى أجزاء أخرى متفرقة في الامبراطورية الآشورية (2 ملو 17: 6).

 سنحاريب (705- 681 ق. م.) وقد أخذ لخيش في يهوذا ولكنه لم يتمكن من أخذ أورشليم (2 ملو 18: 3- 19: 37).
 أسرحدون (681- 669 ق. م.) وقد أتى بأناس من أجزاء متفرقة من إمبراطورية آشور وأسكنهم السامرة (عزرا 4: 2).

 آشور بانيبال وهو آخر الملوك العظام في آشور (669- 626 ق. م.) وقد نقل قوماً من أجزاء أخرى متفرقة وأسكنهم في السامرة أيضاً (عزرا 4: 10) ويذكر ناحوم في نبواته ص3: 8و10 ان أسرحدون أخرب (نو آمون) في مصر.

الهزيمة

وفي النهاية تحالف البابليون والماديون وحاربوا الآشوريين وأخذوا مدينة نينوى سنة 612 ق. م. فحلت بابل محل آشور كالدولة العظمى في الشرق الأوسط. ويشير كثيرون من أنبياء العهد القديم إلى آشور فيونان النبي وهو من إسرائيل وقام بعمله النبوي في أوائل القرن الثامن قبل الميلاد، نادى في نينوى عاصمة آشور وأعلن قضاء الرب عليها ما لم تتب فتابت ورجعت عن شرها. وتتنبأ كل من عاموس (ص5: 27و6: 14) وهوشع (10: 6و11: 5) بأن آشور ستغزو إسرائيل وتأخذ شعبها من السبي وبأن هذا هو قضاء الله العادل على شر إسرائيل. وجاء الوعد لآحاز الملك على فم أشعياء النبي بأن الآشوريين سينقذون يهوذا من الآراميين والإسرائيليين الذين كانوا تحالفوا لعمل حرب ضد يهوذا في ذلك الحين (ص7: 1- 20) أي أنها الوسيلة التي يوقع بها الله العقاب على شعوب ذلك العصر، ولكنه يعلن بأن دور آشور لا بد آت وبأن العقاب سيحل بها لسبب كبريائها (ص 10: 21). ولما حاصر الآشوريون أورشليم جاء الوعد للملك حزقيا على فم أشعياء النبي بأن الله سيدافع عن المدينة. وفعلاً مات عدد كبير من جنود آشور وانسحب سنحاريب بقواته ونجت أورشليم (أش ص 36و37). وتعلن نبوة ناحوم مجيء الخراب الذي سيقع على نينوى حتماً بسبب قسوتها في نهب وسلب وتخريب بلاد كثيرة. وقد كان لآشور ثقافة ناهضة في كثير من النواحي المادية ولكنها كانت ناقصة كثيراً في النواحي الخلقية والمعنوية. واللغة الآشورية إحدى اللغات السامية، وهي قريبة الشبه جداً باللغة البابلية. وكان الآشوريون يكتبون على لوحات طينية أو حجرية وكانوا يكتبون أحرفاً تشبه المسامير في شكلها ولذا سمي خطهم بالخط المسماري Cuneiform وكانوا يشبهون البابليين في كتابتهم. وتثبت السجلات الآشورية التاريخية الدقيقة الكثير من الحقائق المذكورة في أسفار العهد القديم وتؤيدها. وتكمل التاريخ المدون فيها وبخاصة في سفري الملوك وفي الأسفار النبوية. وقد حفظ الكثير من الآداب السومرية والبابلية في المكتبة الآشورية التي كانت في نينوى. ومن ضمن هذه الآداب قصة للطوفان فيها أوجه شبه كثيرة مع قصة الطوفان في أيام نوح.

المباني
أما في إقامة مبانيهم العامة فقد كان الآشوريون يستخدمون الحجارة واللبن، بينما كان البابليون يستخدمون اللبن فقط. وقد اتبع الآشوريون نهج البابليين في بناء منابر هياكلهم. وكانوا يزخرفون أبنيتهم كالبابليين وكانوا يستخدمون في هذه الزخرفة البلاط اللامع أو الحجر أو الرخام المنقوشين نقشاً بارزاً. وكانت هذه الزخارف ذات رونق وجمال فائقين وبخاصة في الآثار التي جاءت من عصر آشور بانيبال. وقد اكتشفت في كثير من المدن الآشورية تماثيل هائلة الحجم مصنوعة من الحجر، وكانت توضع على جانبي أبواب الهياكل والقصور. وكان الآشوريون يسمون هذه التماثيل ((شيدو)). وكانت تمثل حيوانات لها رؤوس بشرية وأجنحة وأما أجسامها فكانت أجسام أسود أو ثيران. ويرى بعض العلماء شبهاً كبيراً بين هذه التماثيل ((شيدو)) وبين وصف حزقيال للكروبيم (حز 1: 5- 14). وكان الآشوريون يعبدون آلهة كثيرة. أما إلههم الرئيسي فكان آشور وهو اله الحرب وكانوا يمثلونه في شكل رامٍ للسهام داخل دائرة تمثل قرص الشمس ولها أجنحة. وكانت أشتارا الآلهة العظيمة للحرب والخصب وكانت الآلهة الأخرى تمثل قوى الطبيعة. وكان أنو يمثل قوة السماء و (0بل)) يمثل الأرض و ((ايا)) تمثل المياه و سين يمثل القمر و ((شماش)) تمثل الشمس و ((رمان)) تمثل العاصفة، والخمسة الكواكب السيارة التي كانت معروفة حينئذٍ. وكان معظم هذه الآلهة يعبد في بابل فيما عدا الاله ((آشور)).

ويفخر ملوك آشور في سجلاتهم بقوتهم الحربية ومعاملتهم الأمم المغلوبة على أمرها بكل صنوف القسوة. وكانوا كذلك يباهون بوسائل التعذيب التي كان يعذب بها الأسرى الذين يقعون في أيديهم وقد أدخلوا وسائل جديدة وآلات للحصار لم تكن معروفة من قبل، وكانوا أول من قام بترحيل شعوب الأمم المنهزمة على نطاق واسع من بلادهم إلى بلاد أخرى وإحلال شعب آخر محلهم كما فعلوا بإسرائيل.

وصلات داخلية
 الآشوريين
 القدس
 آشور

المراجع

مملكة يهوذا في القرن 8 ق م
تاريخ القدس
تاريخ عسكري
حصارات القدس
سنحاريب
معارك تشمل آشور
معارك في الكتاب العبري
نزاعات في القرن 8 ق م

حصار الآشوريين للقدس


Uvs Nuur (; , ) er den arealmæssigt største sø i Mongoliet, beliggende i landets nordvestlige del. Søen ligger 753 moh. og har en overflade på 3.350 km². Den største by ved søen er Ulaangom. Søens nordøstlige del ligger i Republikken Tyva i Rusland.

Uvs Nuur, som er lavandet og har høj saltholdighed, er den sidste rest af et hav, som for flere tusind år siden dækkede et område omkring 16.000 km². Søen er midtpunkt i Uvs Nuur-bækkenet, som med et areal på 700.000 km² udgør et af de bedst bevarede naturlige steppelandskaber i Eurasien. Ud over Uvs Nuur er der flere mindre søer i afvandingsområdet, så som Ureg Nuur der ligger i 1.450 meters højde. Da disse søer ligger nord for mange andre søer i Centralasien, har de betydning for fugletræk i området.

Bækkenet strækker sig over grænsen mellem Sibirien og Centralasien, og temperaturen varierer fra −58 °C om vinteren til 47 °C om sommeren. På trods af det strenge klima lever der 173 fuglearter og 41 pattedyrsarter, deriblandt den udrydningstruede sneleopard, argalifåret og asiatisk stenbuk.

År 2001 oplistede Unesco Uvs Nuur-bækkenet som verdensarv og biosfærereservat. Området er arealmæssigt et af verdensarvslistens største.

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger

Verdensarvsområder i Rusland
Verdensarvsområder i Asien-Australasien
Mongoliets geografi
Søer i Rusland
Grænseoverskridende beskyttede områder

Uvs Nuur


බෝම්බයක් () යනු ක්ෂණිකව ශක්තිය උත්පාදනය කොට මුදාහරින උපාංගයකි. පිපිරුම බිහිසුණු විනාශකාරී කම්පන තරංගයක් ඇති කරයි. පිපුරුම් අරයේ ඇති වස්තූන්ට හා මිනිසුන්ට කම්පන තරංගයෙන් හා යාන්ත්රියක ඝට්ටන අංශු මාත්රරයන්ගෙන් හෝ අවට පවතින පිපිරුමෙන් ප්රංචාරණය වන වස්තූන් නිසා විනාශයන් හා තුවාල සිදු වේ. සම්මත හා අසම්මත යුධ කටයුතු වලදී ශත වර්ෂ ගණනාවක් තිස්සේ බෝම්බ යොදා ගෙන ඇත. සාමාන්යා ඉන්ධන වලට වඩා න්යවෂ්ටික ආයුධ හැරුණු විට වෙනත් බෝම්බ වල වැඩි ශක්තියක් අඩංගු නොවේ.

Bomb යන වචනය  ග්‍රීක තේරුම දෝංකාරය යන්න ට සමාන ය.

බෝම්බ ප්රනථම හා අග්ර තම ආයුධ වේ. සිවිල් කටයුතු සදහා භාවිතා කරන පුපුරණ ද්රයව්යණ වලට බෝම්බ යන නම භාවිතා නොවේ. උදා - ඉදිකිරීම් හා කැණීම් එසේ නමුත් ඒවා භාවිතා කරන අය ඇතැම් විට ඒවා බෝම්බ ලෙසද හදුන්වයි. යුධ මය පුපුරණ ද්‍රව්‍ය  බොහෝමයක් බෝම්බ ලෙස හැදින්වෙන්නේ නැත. ගුවනින් දමන ලද බල රහිත පුපුරන ආයුධ වලට බෝම්බ යන නම යුධ කටයුතු වලදී භාවිතා වන අතර ගුවන් හා නාවික හමුදා මගින් බොහෝ විට භාවිතා වේ.  ග්රේකනේඩ, ෂේල්, Depth Charges, Warheads (බිම් බෝම්බ හා මිසයිල වල) යන පද වෙනත් යුධ පුපුරණ ද්රවවය සදහා භාවිතා වේ.

සිවිල් හා යුධ බෝම්බ අතර වෙනස විශේෂඥයන් විසින් සාමාන්ය යෙන් වටහා ගනී. යුධ බෝම්බ මහා පරිමාණ ආයුධ වන අතර සම්මත සංඝටක වලින් සම්මත සැලසුමකට අනුව ගොඩ නංවා වර්ධනය කොට සම්මත ක්රසමයකට භාවිතා කරයි. මෙයින් පරස් පරව සිවිල් බෝම්බ සාමාන්යනයෙන් මහජනතාව විසින් නිපද වන අතර රසායනික ස්ථායිතාවය හා බලමට්ටම් අනුව විචලනය වන පුපුරන ද්රනවය භාවිතා කරමින් සැළසුම් ඕනෑ තරම් සිදු කළ හැක. විවිධාකාරයෙන් භාවිතා වන නිසා ඒවා සාමාන්යරයෙන් අනුප්රාමදිත පුපුරණ ද්රකව්ය. (IED) නම් වේ.

ආශ්‍රිත
 බෝම්බ ලැයිස්තුව

මූලාශ්‍ර

භාහිර සබැඳි

 Explosive Violence, The Problem of Explosive Weapons A report by Richard Moyes (Landmine Action, 2009) on the humanitarian problems caused by the use of bombs and other explosive weapons in populated areas
 FAS.org Bombs for Beginners
  MakeItLouder.com බෝම්බයක් ක්‍රියාකරන්නේ කෙසේ ද සහ ඒවායේ ප්‍රභලත්ත්වය ගණනය කිරීම

Aerial bombs
චීන නව නිපැයුම්

බෝම්බ


මිනිසාගේ ශරීරයේ උත්තමාංගය හිසයි, හිස නිරෝගී නැත්නම් අපිව පහසුවෙන් හඳුනා ගන්න පුළුවන්. ඒ වගේම හිසේ රෝග වලට පොදුවේ බෙහෙත් කියන එක නරක ප්‍රතිඵල දෙන්න පුළුවන්. ඒ නිසා පාරම්පරිකව හෝ පොතපතින් හෝ වෙද විදුහලකින් සුදුසුකම් ලබාපු වෙදැදුරෙකුගේ අනුමැතිය යටතේ බෙහෙත් ප්‍රතිකාර ගන්න එක තමයි සුදුසු. අපි බලමු ඔබගේ ප්‍රමාණයෙන් ඔළුවේ ඇතිවන රෝග සහ නියම කරන බෙහෙත් අනුව කොයි වගේ ගුණයක් බලාපොරොත්තු වෙන්න පුළුවන්ද කියන එක ගැන තොරතුරු ටිකකින් දැනුවත් වෙන්න.

ටිකක් හොයලා බලන්න ඔබට නියම කරන ඖෂධයේ මොන මොන ඖෂධ වර්ග අඩංගු වෙලා තියනවාද කියලා.

ඔබට නියම කරලා කියන තෙලේ අත්තන, නික, සාරණ, එරමුදු, ලුණුවරණ, තල තෙල් එහෙම අඩංගු නම් ඔබට තියෙන්නේ හිස ඇතුලේ වාතය හෝ සෙම නැත්නම් කිසියම් විෂබීජයකින් හට ගත්තු තත්ත්වයක්. ඒකට සුවය ලැබෙන ඔසුවක් තමයි මේ තෙල. ඒ වගේම තවත් තෙලක සීරැස්ස, බැබිල, කුප්පමේනිය, තල තෙල්, එළ කිරි, කුරුම්බා වතුර, වැල් මී, දේවදාර, සුදු හඳුන්, කලාඳුරු, ආදියෙන් කීපයක් හෝ සියල්ල අඩංගු වෙලා තියෙනවා නම් ඔබේ හිසේ ඇතුලේ ඇති හැම ගණයකම වාත රෝග, සෙම් කිපීමෙන් හටගත් රෝග, පිත කිපීමෙන් හටගත් රෝග මොකක් වුණත් ඒකට සුවය බලාපොරොත්තු වෙන්න පුළුවන්. ඉරුවාරදය, වෙනත් හිස රුදා, බර ගතිය, කැසීම්, හිරි ගතිය, ඉදිමුම්, තුවාල ආදිය සුව කළ හැකි ඔසුවක් තමයි ඔබ ගන්නේ.

කලු අත්තන, කීකිරිඳිය, රත් පෙනෙල, එළ කිරි, තල තෙල් ආදියෙන් කිහිපයක සංයෝගයක් ඇති තෙලක් නම් ඒක ආලේප කිරීමෙන් ඔබේ කෙස් සති තුනක් ඇතුළත වැඩෙන්න ගන්න බව කියන්න පුළුවන්. ඒ වගේම හිසකේ යාම නවතිනවා. හිසකේ ඉදීම නවතිනවා. හිසේ දැවිල්ල වගේ තියනවා නම් ඒකත් පහව යනවා. වැටකෙයියා, මුකුණු වැන්න, එරඬු තෙල්, එළඟි තෙල්, දේවදාර, සමදරා මල්, කොකුම්, උරුලෑ සට්ටම්, සාදික්කා, සැවැන්දරා යන ඔසුවලින් කිහිපයක් වත් අඩංගු නම් ඒ තෙලත් හරි බලගතු එකක්. අකලට හිසකේ පැසීම නවතිනවා. හිසරදය පහව යනවා.

හාතාවාරිය, කිතුල් මල්, දොඹ තෙල්, කීන තෙල්, දිවිකදුරු ඇට, අත්තන ඇට, දෙහි ඇට, කපු ඇට ආදියෙන් හදාපු තෙලක් නම් හිස්සොරි සුවවීමට, කෙස් වැඩීමට, කෙස් කලු වීමට, කනේ අමාරු, ඇසෙන් කබ ගැලීම වැනි රෝගවලට වහා ගුණ දෙන බලගතු තෙලක් ඒක. වැටකෙයියා, එළ කිරි, තල තෙල්, වැල් මී, ඉඟිනි ඇට, උරුලෑ සට්ටම්, කීකිරිඳිය, ඔළිඳ මුල්, ලුණුවරණ එහෙම අඩංගු නම් ඒ තෙලත් බලගතු එකක්. හිසේ ඇති වෙන්න පුළුවන් ඕනෑම රෝගයකට ඒක ගුණ දෙනවා.

හිසත් එක්ක කරන ගනුදෙනු සෙල්ලමට කරලා බැරි නිසයි මෙහෙම ඉදිරිපත් කළේ. වෛද්‍ය උපදෙස් ඇතුව පමණක් බෙහෙත් පාවිච්චි කරන්න. කඩෙන් ගන්නා තෙල්වල අඩංගු ද්‍රව්‍ය මොනවාද කියලා බලා ගන්න මේ දැනුම ඔබට ප්‍රයෝජනවත් වේවි.

උත්තමාංගය සුවපත්ව තියා ගමු


I, the Breather (oft auch einfach I the Breather oder ITB) war eine US-amerikanische Metalcore-Band aus Baltimore, Maryland, die im Jahr 2009 gegründet wurde und sich 2016 auflöste.

Geschichte
Die Band wurde im August 2009 von Sänger Shawn Spann, Bassist Armand Vincent, Schlagzeuger Morgan Wright und den Gitarristen Justin Huffman und Jered Youngbar gegründet. Kurze Zeit später erreichte die Band einen Vertrag mit Sumerian Records. Mit Produzent Durv Viswanathan nahmen sie ihr Debütalbum These Are My Sins auf und veröffentlichten es am 7. Dezember 2010 über das Label. Danach folgten Auftritte in den USA.

Das nächste Album Truth and Purpose erschien am 28. Februar 2012 über Sumerian Records. Am 4. Mai wurde das Musikvideo zu False Profit veröffentlicht.

Am 3. September 2015 gaben die Musiker die Auflösung der Band nach einer Abschiedstournee im November bekannt. Das letzte Konzert wird am 22. November 2015 in Allentown, Pennsylvania stattfinden.

Stil
Die Band spielt Metalcore, der als eine Verschmelzung aus August Burns Red und Born of Osiris beschrieben wird. Besonders charakteristisch ist außerdem der Einsatz vom Tapping der E-Gitarre.

Diskografie
 2009: I the Breather (EP, Eigenveröffentlichung)
 2010: These Are My Sins (Album, Sumerian Records)
 2012: Truth and Purpose (Album, Sumerian Records)
 2014: Life Reaper (Album, Sumerian Records)

Weblinks

 I, the Breather bei Facebook

Einzelnachweise

Djent-Band
Metalcore-Band
US-amerikanische Band

I, the Breather


Ok açılı kanat, yüksek hızlı uçaklarda kullanılan bir kanat tipi olup, adını uçağa üstten bakıldığında kanatların uçları geriye çekilmiş bir biçimde ok şekline benzemesinden almıştır. Geriye çekilmiş kanatlar geri ok açısını ifade ederken, tarihte ileri ok açılı kanatlara sahip uçaklar da görülmüştür. Ok açılı kanatların varolması sebebi ses hızına yakın hızdaki bir havanın kanat profili üzerindeki davranışıdır.

Faydaları ve Tarihi

Ok açılı kanatlar, genelde muharebe uçakları olmak üzere jetler, iş jetleri ve ticari uçaklar gibi uçuşunun bir kısmını ses hızına yakın hızlarda gerçekleştiren uçaklarda görülür. Ok açısının koyulmasının temel sebebi kritik mach sayısını artırmaktır. Kritik mach sayısı, ses hızına yakın hızlarda seyreden havanın kanat profilinin üst yüzeyinde hızlanması ve ses hızına ulaşması durumunda uçağın sahip olduğu hıza denir. Kritik mach sayısında seyreden bir uçağın kanadı üzerinde eğik şok dalgası görülür. Bu da sürüklemeyi arttıran sebeplerden birisi olarak hem daha fazla yakıt sarfiyatına, hem de uçuş esnasında meydana getirdiği sarsıntılarla kanat zorlamasına ya da kontrol kaybına sebep olabilir.

Ok açısının çalışma prensibi ise, en basit anlamıyla geometriyle ilgilidir. Ok açısı bulunmayan kanatlarda akış kanada tamamen dik gelir ve kanat üzerinden hızlanarak akıp gider, fakat ok açısı bulunan kanatlarda, hücum kenarıyla karşılaşan hava kenara dik değildir ve burada hesaba katılacak akışkan hızı da, akışkanın kendisine ait hız değil, kenara dik uzanan hız bileşenidir. Böylelikle uçağın hesaba katılacak kritik mach sayısı uçağın, daha doğrusu uçağın içerisinde seyrettiği havanın hücum kenarına ulaştığı hız değil, bu hızın ok açısının kosinüsüyle çarpımı olur.

Örneğin ok açısı bulunmuyorken bir uçağın kritik mach sayısı 0.85 M olsun. Eğer bu kanatlara 10 derece ok açısı verilirse 0.8631 olur. (0.85/cos10).

İleri ok açılı kanat

Ters ok açılı bir uçak tasarlamak, üretmek, hatta uçurmak imkânsız değildir, zira böyle bir uçağın dengeli (stabil) olmaması beklenen bir sonuçtur. Genellikle yanal stabilize sorunları sıklıkla görülmektedir. Buna mukabil, dengesiz davranış gösteren ters ok açılı kanada sahip uçaklar çeviklik ve manevra kabiliyeti konusunda benzerlerine fark atabilmektedir. 1984 yılında bu teknolojiyi denemek için Grumman X-29 projesi gerçekleştirilmiş, uçağın gelişmiş bir manevra kabiliyetine sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Yine Su-47 Berkut muharebe uçağı da bu teknolojiyi kullanmaktadır; ve dengesizlik bilgisayar sistemleri ve elektronik donanımlı (telli) uçuş sistemi ile giderilmiştir.

Ters ok açılı kanatlar, fazla açı verilmeden bugün tandem uçaklarda, planörlerde, ağırlık merkezinin öne doğru ve taşıma merkezine yakın bir konuma çekilmesi için kullanılabilmektedir.

Tarihçe
Ok açılı kanatlar, 1910 başlarında John William Dunne tarafından denenmiş  ve 1920 sonlarına doğru ve 1930'larda geliştirilen uçankanat ve kuyruksuz uçak tasarımlarında yerini almıştır.

O dönemde ses hızına yakın uçuş gerçekleştirebilecek pek uçak olmadığından ilgi sadece akademik düzeyde kalmıştır. II. Dünya Savaşı sonlarına doğru ortaya çıkan uçaklarda görülmeye başlamış ve daha sonra çok önemli bir buluş olduğunun farkına varılmıştır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Delta kanat
 Mach sayısı
 Kritik mach sayısı
 Theodore von Karman

Aerodinamik (havacılık)

Ok açılı kanat


Zygaena erythrus, la Zygène des garrigues, est une espèce de lépidoptères de la famille des Zygaenidae, de la sous-famille des Zygaeninae et du genre Zygaena. Seule la sous-espèce actae vole en France.

Description
Cette grande zygène a une envergure de . Elle présente des taches rouges d'ordinaire séparées sur les ailes antérieures. La femelle a des ailes plus pâles que le mâle, ainsi qu'un collier d'écailles blanchâtres et des écailles dorées.

Biologie
Ses plantes hôtes sont des Apiacées, Eryngium campestre, E. maritimum et E. amethystinum. Elle vole surtout en juillet.

Distribution
Assez localisée, la Zygène des garrigues se trouve en Italie, Sicile, et dans le Sud-Est de la France.

Liste des sous-espèces
Selon  :
 Zygaena erythrus actae Burgeff, 1926
 Zygaena erythrus dujardini Leinfest, 1965
 Zygaena erythrus erythrus (Hübner, 1806)
 Zygaena erythrus miserrima Verity, 1922
 Zygaena erythrus saportae Boisduval, 1829

Systématique
Le nom valide complet (avec auteur) de ce taxon est Zygaena erythrus Hübner, 1806.

Zygaena erythrus a pour synonymes :

Liens externes

Notes et références

Lépidoptère (nom scientifique)

Zygaena erythrus


Ceci est une liste des représentations diplomatiques de la Géorgie.

L'emplacement de la Géorgie, nichée entre la mer Noire, la Russie et la Turquie, la rend stratégiquement importante. Le pays se développe comme la porte d'entrée de la mer Noire vers le Caucase et la grande région caspienne, mais sert également de tampon entre la Russie et la Turquie. La Géorgie entretient une relation longue et tumultueuse avec la Russie, mais elle tend la main à ses autres voisins et se tourne vers l'Occident à la recherche d'alternatives et d'opportunités. Elle a signé un accord de partenariat et de coopération avec l'Union européenne, participe au Partenariat pour la paix et encourage les investissements étrangers. La France, l'Allemagne, la Corée du Sud, le Royaume-Uni et les États-Unis possèdent tous des ambassades à Tbilissi. Entre 2004 et 2008, la Géorgie cherche à devenir membre de l'OTAN, mais ne réussit pas face à une forte opposition russe.

La Géorgie est membre des Nations unies, du Conseil de l'Europe et de l'OSCE. En raison de sa situation stratégique, la Géorgie se trouve à la fois dans les sphères d'influence russe et américaine, cependant, les relations de la Géorgie avec la Russie sont à leur point le plus bas depuis 1921 en raison de controverses concernant l'espionnage et la guerre russo-géorgienne. En conséquence, la Géorgie a rompu ses relations diplomatiques avec la Russie et a quitté la Communauté des États indépendants. De 2008 à 2012, la Géorgie a établi des relations diplomatiques avec environ 50 États.

Représentations actuelles

Afrique

Amérique

Asie

Europe

Océanie

Organisations internationales

Notes et références

Article connexe
 Politique étrangère de la Géorgie

Liens externes
 Ministère des Affaires étrangères de Géorgie

Ambassade de Géorgie
Géorgie

Représentations diplomatiques de la Géorgie


Manske runesten eller manxrunestenene blev lavet af den norrøne befolkning på Man i løbet af vikingetiden eller middelalderen, hovedsagelig i tiden mellem 900- og 1000-tallet, og til dels ind i 1100-tallet. Til trods for Mans relative lille størrelse udmærker øen sig med mange runestene. I henhold til en optælling fra 1983 er der bevaret så mange som 26 stene på Man. Til sammenligning er det fundet 33 i hele Norge. En årsag til forskellen kan være, at den norske tradition var at lave udskæringer og skulpturer i træ, som stavkirkerne vidner om, mens de norrøne indflyttere på Man kom i kontakt med og blev påvirket af den eksisterende lokale keltiske tradition med at rejse udskårne højkors, en tradition som går tilbage til 500-tallet og med indflydelse fra Irland.

På Man har højkors tjente som gravmarkeringer og mindestene. Til dato er der fundet 204 dekorerede sten fra tidlig middelalder på Man, hvilket udgør den største koncentration af sådanne sten i denne periode. Det store flertal af disse er blevet bevaret i kirker og på kirkegårde, "cross shelters", i det sogn hvor de oprindelig blev sat op. Afstøbninger af alle stenene bliver opbevaret i Manx Museum og danner der en uvurderlig referencesamling. Hver sten bliver opbevaret som oldtidsmonumenter, og de beskyttes og forvaltes af Manx National Heritage.

Kirken på Man har ikke fordømt stene og stenkors af norrøn oprindelse som hedenske, men har i stedet har de tilskyndet optegnelsen af mennesker med kristne hensigter. Den mest almindelige formel, som går igen på hele 16 sten, er følgende: «N ... satte op dette kors til minde om M», men det er også en sten som blev rest til gavn for den, som ristede runerne.

Referencer

Isle of Man
Runesten

Manxrunestenene


Offensimentum var en dansk, hemmelig (offentligt skjult) Facebook-gruppe, som blev oprettet i foråret 2016 og lukket den 11. september 2017. Den var primært målrettet unge mennesker som deler stødende, grove eller grænseoverskridende memes og videoer med hinanden, heraf navnet offensi(v), som beror på en fejlagtig oversættelse af det engelske ord "offensive", som betyder stødende eller krænkende. Yderligere et utal af fællesskabsorienterede -mentum-grupper har gennem tiden eksisteret, blandt andre "Lokumentum", "Feminentum" og "Dankmentum" som nogle af de mere kendte.

Medlemstallet opgjordes til eksempelvis 39.000 eller til mere end 100.000 i 2017. For at blive medlem af Offensimentum ville man, som i enhver anden lukket facebookgruppe, blive tilføjet af nogen som allerede måtte være medlem af gruppen.

Offensimentum har været udskældt offentligt for blandt andet cybermobning og deling af nøgenbilleder uden offerets vidende - den såkaldte hævnporno.

Historik
Idéen og begrebet stammer oprindelig fra modergruppen Fundamentum, der udsprang i 2015 som primært et tøjfællesskab blandt velplejede unge med sans for stil og mode, og for en dels vedkommende bosiddende i kvartererne nord for København.

Offensimentum er en blandt mange udbrydergrupper for dele af medlemssegmentet, der var utilfredse med de tiltagende restriktioner på opførsel efter mange grove eksempler på deling af nøgenbilleder fra chats på det sociale medie Snapchat og krænkende beskeder til kvinder på den populære dating-app-tjeneste Tinder.

Denne tendens udmøntede sig i en decideret hævnporno-gruppe ved navn Nudementum, der blev afsløret af Radio24syv i august 2016, hvilket tiltrak stor politisk opmærksomhed, og som efter kort tid blev lukket ned. Gruppen havde prominente medlemmer, blandt andre en lokalpolitiker fra Venstres Ungdom.

Kontroverser
Nogle af de mange ofre for gruppens chikanerier og mobning har været offentlige personer, bl.a. bloggerne Lærke Bodilsen og Elise Harritz, som begge har fået delt intime billeder mod deres vilje. I det sidste tilfælde som resultat af hacking. Pigerne har været hadeobjekter for gruppernes medlemmer lige siden, og der har gentagne gange været postet nedladende referencer til pigernes påståede higen efter opmærksomhed. Der er sågar blevet trykt og solgt officielt merchandise på webshops med Elises stjålne billeder både med og uden logo for grupperne.

I slutningen af 2016 og fortløbende gennem 2017, imens der fortsat var offentlige spekulationer om kidnapningen og inden fundet af liget, har der været delt et hav af morbide jokes og dødsforagtende humor vedrørende afdøde Emilie Meng - en drabssag, der pt. endnu ikke er opklaret - som medførte nogle af de første reelle skriverier i pressen om gruppens virke ved siden af debatten om ufrivillig deling af nøgenbilleder, også kaldet 'nudes' (sammentrækning af det engelske nude pictures). Presset udefra medførte, at gruppens oprindelige stifter, Tobias Lysgaard, valgte at forlade siden, da vedkommende ikke længere kunne stå inde for dens indhold og normer.

Den 14. marts 2017 valgte Køge Handelsskole at bortvise to elever efter en visuel trusselshandling mod en lærer i skudlinjen med teksten "5k [5000] likes inden klokken 14, så skyder jeg min lærer!!!", som blev offentliggjort i gruppen.

I august 2017 medvirkede en daværende gruppe-moderator Oliver Holme Lenagssrd i DR-dokumentaren Hængt ud på nettet og forklarede om gruppens eventuelle bevæggrunde til at skride ind over for mobning og chikane. Måneden efter kom det til en chikanesag, der vakte national opmærksomhed, mod journalist og blogger Karina Mimoun, som havde skrevet offentligt om gruppens hemmelige og ulovlige facilitering af salg af snustobak til mindreårige. Gruppens ledelse opfordrede sine medlemmer til at sende taxier og pizzaer til journalistens privatadresse, og derudover blev hendes blog udsat for DDoS-angreb, som fik websiden til at gå ned. Hun blev også tilmeldt en swingerklub, meldes det i en reportage om journalistens liv i tiden efter.

Juridisk efterspil
Forfølgelsen af Mimoun er efterfølgende blevet politianmeldt. Formanden for Dansk Journalistforbund, Lars Werge, udtalte i den forbindelse sig om gruppens ageren, at "det er ikke noget, vi skal tolerere i det danske samfund", at "ytringsfriheden skal kunne pres'ses af denne slags drengestreger og ballademagere". Han tilføjer senere, da det står klart, at der også er tale om trusler på livet, at det er den alvorligste sag, han kender til i sin tid i forbundet.

Medieforsker Jesper Tække betegnede dem som "en faretruende trolle-hær, der er parat til kollektivt at forfølge enhver, de opfatter som en risiko mod deres gruppe og deres aktiviter [aktiviteter]".

Den sidste tilbageværende gruppeadministrator, Victor Jørgensen, udtalte efterfølgende, at han i bagklogskabens lys fortryder, at gruppen anså Karina for så stor en trussel, som de gjorde.

Internetaktivist Peter Kofod dokumenterede ugen efter, at Mads Sørensen yderligere har konspireret over mulighederne for at overtage kontrollen med Karinas blog med henblik på afvikling, pille ved logfilerne og derved forsøge at slette sporene.

Deaktivering af gruppen
Episoden medførte tilsyneladende, at adskillige administratorer af gruppen afmeldte sig gruppeledelsen. Talsperson og moderator Mads Sørensen, som også selv deltog i chikanen, kom i den forbindelse med følgende udtalelse: "Jeg vil gerne råde vores medlemmer til at læse denne artikel igennem for at forstå alvoren i at ytre sig indenfor lovens grænser. Offensimentum er et rum hvor unge mennesker kan grine, græde og lave sjov med verden omkring sig uanset naturen af emnet. Det er vigtigt at forstå at et offensivt fællesskab som offensimentum skaber et rum der både kan føre negative samt postitive [positive] episoder med sig. [...] Jeg vil slutte af med at skrive at hvis nogen ser noget i gruppen som de synes er over grænsen. Så vil vi sætte pris på hvis gruppens medlemmer gider at enten anmelde opslaget eller tagge en administrator. Glædelig mandag allesammen og husk at holde det indenfor lovens grænser! <3"

Facebook har i dette tilfælde reageret offentligt (hvilket er en sjælden praksis) med en uddybning af deres fællesskabsregler og fastslået, at hele gruppen ikke bliver lukket ned på trods af de gentagne brud på reglementet. Nogle timer senere var en midlertidig nedlukning af gruppen dog en realitet.

Fremtidige fællesskaber
Talspersonen bekræftede efterfølgende lukningen og proklamerede, at Offensimentum vil arbejde på at relancere siden som et separat medie med egen hjemmeside og univers.

I de følgende dage oprettes en masse nye Facebook-grupper med enslydende navne, eksempelvis efterfulgt af versionsnummer 2.0 eller højere. Nogle af dem meldes nedlukket igen efter ganske kort tid.

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger
politiken.dk: Sådan skriver de unge til hinanden i den lukkede underverden på Facebook
b.dk: Slut med hån og latterliggørelse – Offensimentums stifter trækker sig: »Jeg kan ikke længere stå inde for det«
mx.dk: Lavede grov prank på offensimentum - nu er de anholdt og smidt ud af skolen
bt.dk: Pias datter blev tilsvinet på Facebook: Så tog hun fat i drengens mor - og fik et chokerende svar
Internetfænomener
Facebook

Offensimentum


As competições de ginástica artística nos Jogos do Mediterrâneo de 2022 em Orã aconteceram entre 26 e 29 de junho no Olympic Complex Sports Hall.

Calendário

Medalhistas

Masculino

Feminino

Quadro de medalhas

Nações participantes

Referências

Ligações externas
Livro de resultados

Eventos dos Jogos do Mediterrâneo de 2022
2022
Jogos do Mediterrâneo

Ginástica artística nos Jogos do Mediterrâneo de 2022


José Maria de Eça de Queiroz or Queirós (; 25 November 1845 – 16 August 1900) is generally considered to have been the greatest Portuguese writer in the realist style. Zola considered him to be far greater than Flaubert. In the London Observer, Jonathan Keates ranked him alongside Dickens, Balzac and Tolstoy.

Biography
Eça de Queiroz was born in Póvoa de Varzim, Portugal, in 1845. An illegitimate child, he was officially recorded as the son of José Maria de Almeida Teixeira de Queiroz and Carolina Augusta Pereira d'Eça. His unmarried mother left home so that her son could be born away from social scandal. Although his parents married when he was four years old, he lived with his paternal grandparents until he was ten.

At age 16, he went to Coimbra to study law at the University of Coimbra; there he met the poet Antero de Quental. Eça's first work was a series of prose poems, published in the Gazeta de Portugal magazine, which eventually appeared in book form in a posthumous collection edited by Batalha Reis entitled Prosas Bárbaras ("Barbarous texts"). He worked as a journalist at Évora, then returned to Lisbon and, with his former school friend Ramalho Ortigão and others, created the Correspondence of the fictional adventurer Fradique Mendes. This amusing work was first published in 1900.

In 1869 and 1870, Eça de Queiroz travelled to Egypt and watched the opening of the Suez Canal, which inspired several of his works, most notably O Mistério da Estrada de Sintra ("The Mystery of the Sintra Road", 1870), written in collaboration with Ramalho Ortigão, in which Fradique Mendes appears. A Relíquia ("The Relic") was also written at this period but was published only in 1887. The work was strongly influenced by Memorie di Giuda ("Memoirs of Judas") by Ferdinando Petruccelli della Gattina, such as to lead some scholars to accuse the Portuguese writer of plagiarism.

When he was later dispatched to Leiria to work as a municipal administrator, Eça de Queiroz wrote his first realist novel, O Crime do Padre Amaro ("The Crime of Father Amaro"), which is set in the city and first appeared in 1875.

Eça then worked in the Portuguese consular service and after two years' service at Havana was stationed, from late 1874 until April 1879, at 53 Grey Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, where there is a memorial plaque in his honour. His diplomatic duties included the dispatch of detailed reports to the Portuguese foreign office concerning the unrest in the Northumberland and Durham coalfields – in which, as he points out, the miners earned twice as much as those in South Wales, along with free housing and a weekly supply of coal. The Newcastle years were among the most productive of his literary career. He published the second version of O Crime de Padre Amaro in 1876 and another celebrated novel, O Primo Basílio ("Cousin Bazilio") in 1878, as well as working on a number of other projects. These included the first of his "Cartas de Londres" ("Letters from London") which were printed in the Lisbon daily newspaper Diário de Notícias and afterwards appeared in book form as Cartas de Inglaterra. As early as 1878 he had at least given a name to his masterpiece Os Maias ("The Maias"), though this was largely written during his later residence in Bristol and was published only in 1888.

In February 1886, he married Maria Emília de Castro in Lisbon and she joined him in Bristol, with the couple staying in Stoke Bishop. However, Maria Emília was not happy there. As a result they decided to rent a house in Notting Hill, London, and Eça would commute to his work in Bristol. It is unlikely that he would have been unhappy with this arrangement as his earlier letters indicate that he had already made frequent visits to London.

Eça, a cosmopolite widely read in English literature, was not enamoured of English society, but he was fascinated by its oddity. In Bristol he wrote: "Everything about this society is disagreeable to me – from its limited way of thinking to its indecent manner of cooking vegetables." As often happens when a writer is unhappy, the weather is endlessly bad. Nevertheless, he was rarely bored and was content to stay in England for some fifteen years. "I detest England, but this does not stop me from declaring that as a thinking nation, she is probably the foremost." It may be said that England acted as a constant stimulus and a corrective to Eça's traditionally Portuguese Francophilia.

Eça's politics were of the Liberal stamp, although he was also influenced by the ideas of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. In 1898, upon growing more pessimistic about the future of Portugal and Europe, he described himself as a "vague, saddened anarchist".

In 1888 he became Portuguese consul-general in Paris, a position he actively sought. He lived at Neuilly-sur-Seine and continued to write journalism (Ecos de Paris, "Echoes from Paris") as well as literary criticism. He died in 1900 of either tuberculosis or, according to numerous contemporary physicians, Crohn's disease. His son António Eça de Queiroz would hold government office under António de Oliveira Salazar. He was first buried in a family vault in Alto de São João Cemetery and later exhumed and moved to a grave in Santa Cruz do Douro Cemetery, in Baião Municipality, Portugal

Works by Eça de Queiroz

O Mistério da Estrada de Sintra ("The Mystery of the Sintra Road") 1870, in collaboration with Ramalho Ortigão
O Crime do Padre Amaro ("The Crime of Father Amaro", 1875, revised 1876, revised 1880)
O Primo Basílio ("Cousin Bazilio", 1878)
O Mandarim (The Mandarin, 1880)
As Minas de Salomão, translation of H. Rider Haggard's King Solomon's Mines (1885)
A Relíquia 1887 ("The Relic", 1994)
Os Maias ("The Maias", 1888)
Uma Campanha Alegre ("A Cheerful Campaign") (1890–1891)
Correspondence of Fradique Mendes, 1890
A Ilustre Casa de Ramires, 1900; ("The Illustrious House of Ramires", 2017)

Posthumous works
A Cidade e as Serras ("The City and the Mountains", 1901, Posthumous)
Contos ("Stories") (1902, Posthumous)
Prosas Bárbaras ("Barbarous Texts", 1903, Posthumous)
Cartas de Inglaterra ("Letters from England") (1905, Posthumous)
Ecos de Paris ("Echos from Paris") (1905, Posthumous)
Cartas Familiares e Bilhetes de Paris ("Family Letters and Notes from Paris") (1907, Posthumous)
Notas Contemporâneas ("Contemporary Notes") (1909, Posthumous)
São Cristóvão, published in English in 2015 as Saint Christopher. Originally published in Portuguese as part of the volume Últimas páginas ("Last Pages") (1912, Posthumous)
A Capital ("To the Capital") (1925, Posthumous)
O Conde d'Abranhos ("The Earl of Abranhos") (1925 Posthumous)
Alves & C.a ("Alves & Co."). (1925, Posthumous) published in English as "The Yellow Sofa", and as "Alves & Co." in 2012 by Dedalus
O Egipto ("Egypt", 1926, Posthumous)
A Tragédia da Rua das Flores ("The Tragedy of the Street of Flowers") (1980, Posthumous)

Periodicals to which Eça de Queiroz contributed
Gazeta de Portugal
As Farpas (The Barbs)
Diário de Notícias

Translations

The works of Eça have been translated into about 20 languages, including English.

Since 2002 English versions of eight of his novels and two volumes of novellas and short stories, translated by Margaret Jull Costa, have been published in the UK by Dedalus Books.

A capital (To the Capital): translation by John Vetch, Carcanet Press (UK), 1995.
A Cidade e as serras (The City and the Mountains): translation by Roy Campbell, Ohio University Press, 1968.
A Ilustre Casa de Ramires (The illustrious house of Ramires): translation by Ann Stevens, Ohio University Press, 1968; translation by Margaret Jull Costa, Dedalus Books, 2017
A Relíquia (The Relic): translation by Aubrey F. Bell, A. A. Knopf, 1925. Also published as The Reliquary, Reinhardt, 1954.
A Relíquia (The Relic): translation by Margaret Jull Costa, Dedalus Books, 1994.
A tragédia da rua das Flores (The Tragedy of the Street of Flowers): translation by Margaret Jull Costa, Dedalus Books, 2000.
Alves & Cia (Alves & Co.): translation by Robert M. Fedorchek, University Press of America, 1988.
Cartas da Inglaterra (Letters from England): translation by Ann Stevens, Bodley Head, 1970. Also published as Eça's English Letters, Carcanet Press, 2000.
O Crime do Padre Amaro (El crimen del Padre Amaro): Versión de Ramón del Valle – Inclan, Editorial Maucci, 1911
O Crime do Padre Amaro (The Sin of Father Amaro): translation by Nan Flanagan, Bodley Head, 1962. Also published as The Crime of Father Amaro, Carcanet Press, 2002.
O Crime do Padre Amaro (The Crime of Father Amaro): translation by Margaret Jull Costa, Dedalus Books, 2002.
O Mandarim (The Mandarin in The Mandarin and Other Stories): translation by Richard Frank Goldman, Ohio University Press, 1965. Also published by Bodley Head, 1966; and Hippocrene Books, 1993.
Um Poeta Lírico (A Lyric Poet in The Mandarin and Other Stories): translation by Richard Frank Goldman, Ohio University Press, 1965. Also published by Bodley Head, 1966; and Hippocrene Books, 1993.
Singularidades de uma Rapariga Loura (Peculiarities of a Fair-haired Girl in The Mandarin and Other Stories): translation by Richard Frank Goldman, Ohio University Press, 1965. Also published by Bodley Head, 1966; and Hippocrene Books, 1993.
José Mathias (José Mathias in The Mandarin and Other Stories): translation by Richard Frank Goldman, Ohio University Press, 1965. Also published by Bodley Head, 1966; and Hippocrene Books, 1993.
O Mandarim (The Mandarin in The Mandarin and Other Stories): translation by Margaret Jull Costa, Hippocrene Books, 1983.
O Mandarim (The Mandarin in The Mandarin and Other Stories): translation by Margaret Jull Costa, Dedalus Books, 2009.
José Mathias (José Mathias in The Mandarin and Other Stories): translation by Margaret Jull Costa, Dedalus Books, 2009.
O Defunto (The Hanged Man in The Mandarin and Other Stories): translation by Margaret Jull Costa, Dedalus Books, 2009.
Singularidades de uma Rapariga Loura (Idiosyncrasies of a young blonde woman in The Mandarin and Other Stories): translation by Margaret Jull Costa, Dedalus Books, 2009.
O Primo Basílio (Dragon's teeth): translation by Mary Jane Serrano, R. F. Fenno & Co., 1896.
O Primo Basílio (Cousin Bazilio): translation by Roy Campbell, Noonday Press, 1953.
O Primo Basílio (Cousin Bazilio): translation by Margaret Jull Costa, Dedalus Books, 2003.
Suave milagre (The Sweet Miracle): translation by Edgar Prestage, David Nutt, 1905. Also published as The Fisher of Men, T. B. Mosher, 1905; The Sweetest Miracle, T. B. Mosher, 1906; The Sweet Miracle, B. H. Blakwell, 1914.
Os Maias (The Maias): translation by Ann Stevens and Patricia McGowan Pinheiro, St. Martin's Press, 1965.
Os Maias (The Maias): translation by Margaret Jull Costa, New Directions, 2007.
O Defunto (Our Lady of the Pillar): translation by Edgar Prestage, Archibald Constable, 1906.
Pacheco (Pacheco): translation by Edgar Prestage, Basil Blackwell, 1922.
A Perfeição (Perfection): translation by Charles Marriott, Selwyn & Blovnt, 1923.
José Mathias (José Mathias in José Mathias and A Man of Talent): translation by Luís Marques, George G. Harap & Co., 1947.
Pacheco (A man of talent in José Mathias and A Man of Talent): translation by Luís Marques, George G. Harap & Co., 1947.
Alves & Cia (The Yellow Sofa in Yellow Sofa and Three Portraits): translation by John Vetch, Carcanet Press, 1993. Also published by New Directions, 1996. Published as Alves & Co. by Dedalus in 2012.
Um Poeta Lírico (Lyric Poet in Yellow Sofa and Three Portraits): translation by John Vetch, Carcanet Press, 1993. Also published by New Directions, 1996.
José Mathias (José Mathias in Yellow Sofa and Three Portraits): translation by Luís Marques, Carcanet Press, 1993. Also published by New Directions, 1996.
Pacheco (A man of talent in Yellow Sofa and Three Portraits): translation by Luís Marques, Carcanet Press, 1993. Also published by New Directions, 1996.
O Mistério da Estrada de Sintra (The Mystery of the Sintra Road): translation by Margaret Jull Costa, Dedalus Books, 2013
São Cristóvão (Saint Christopher): translation by Gregory Rabassa and Earl E. Fritz, Tagus Press, 2015

Adaptions

There have been two film versions of O Crime do Padre Amaro, a Mexican one in 2002 and a Portuguese version in 2005 which was edited out of a SIC television series, released shortly after the film (the film was by then the most seen Portuguese movie ever, though very badly received by critics, but the TV series, maybe due to being a slightly longer version of the same thing seen by a big share of Portuguese population, flopped and was rather ignored by audiences and critics).

Eça's works have been also adapted on Brazilian television. In 1988 Rede Globo produced O Primo Basílio in 35 episodes. Later, in 2007, a movie adaptation of the same novel was made by director Daniel Filho. In 2001 Rede Globo produced an acclaimed adaptation of Os Maias as a television serial in 40 episodes.

A movie adaptation of O Mistério da Estrada de Sintra was produced in 2007. The director had shortly before directed a series inspired in a whodunit involving the descendants of the original novel's characters (Nome de Código Sintra, Code Name Sintra), and some of the historical flashback scenes (reporting to the book's events) of the series were used in the new movie. The movie was more centered on Eça's and Ramalho Ortigão's writing and publishing of the original serial and the controversy it created and less around the book's plot itself.

In September 2014, film director João Botelho released the film Os Maias based on the novel with the same name Os Maias. The film cost a million and a half euros, having €600,000 from the Instituto do Cinema e Audiovisual (ICA), €170,000 from Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, €120,000 from Agência Nacional do Cinema (Ancine, the Brazilian akin from ICA), and a good part from Montepio Geral, as well as the purchase by RTP of the rights for the mini-series. The filming happened between October 14 and December 22 in 2013, and was shot in Ponte de Lima, Celorico de Basto, Guimarães and Lisbon.

Galleon Theatre Company, the resident producing company at the Greenwich Playhouse, London, has staged theatre adaptations by Alice de Sousa of Eça de Queiroz' novels. In 2001 the company presented Cousin Basílio, and in 2002 The Maias.

References

External links

 About Eça de Queiroz (formerly Queiroz, but out of date)

 Book: New edition of "The Relic" by Eça de Queiroz published – Tagus Press, UMD Portuguese American Journal
  Queiroz's/Queiroz's Idealism & Realism (idealismo e realismo)
 The sweet miracle, and English translation of Suave milagre

1845 births
1900 deaths
People from Póvoa de Varzim
Ambassadors of Portugal to France
Consuls
Portuguese male novelists
Portuguese journalists
Portuguese diplomats
University of Coimbra alumni
19th-century Portuguese novelists
19th-century journalists
Portuguese male journalists
19th-century male writers
Magazine founders

Eça de Queiroz


Simran (Gurmukhi: ਸਿਮਰਨ, pronunciation: ; ; from Sanskrit: , smaraṇa, 'to remember, reminisce, recollect'), in spirituality, is a Sanskrit word referring to the continuous remembrance of the finest aspect of the self, and/or the continuous remembrance (or feeling) of God. This state is maintained continuously while carrying out the worldly works outside.

Sikhism
Simran—commonly used as a verb in Gurmukhi—refers to 'meditating' on the name (nām) of God. Sikhism is a distinct faith, whereby God can be realized purely through individual devotion, without subjection to rites and rituals by priests or other intermediaries.

According to the Guru Granth Sahib, through simran, one is purified and attains salvation (mukti). This is because si-mar means 'to die over', thus indicating the death of ego, allowing the realization of ultimate truth (sach) to appear.

On page 202 of the Guru Granth Sahib:

This hymn teaches that a person who wishes to gain from this human life must attain a higher spiritual state by becoming free of attachment by realizing emptiness of worldly phenomena. Thereby, merit is acquired by devoutly repeating, comprehending, and living by the sacred word every day so as to progressively reveal the divine and ultimate truth to the person who earnestly seeks it:

Guru Ram Das says in Sarang ki var (Guru Granth Sahib, 1242):

Sant Mat
In Sant Mat, the word simran is used for the spiritual practice of repeating the mantra given by the Satguru during initiation. The mantra itself is also called Simran. Simran repetition is done during meditation and also outside it, however this mantra is later dropped in favor of real feeling of self or the God, which happens due to breaking out of monotony through Jap. Thus mantra is used only until the point, monotony and previously formed patterns are broken. After it pure Simran is carried by the sadhak.

See also
 Vipassanā
 Dhyana
 Dhyana in Hinduism

References

Spirituality
Meditation
Sikh practices
Sant Mat
Hindu practices

Simran


Ayçiçek (türkmence: Aýçiçek; ? - 1221), Türkmen asıllı bir prenses, Harezmşah Muhammed'in eşlerinden biri. Harezmşah Celaleddin'in annesi. Zamanında cariye olmuştur.

Hayatı
Nesli ve menşei bilinmeyen bu kadın, Harezmşah Muhammed'in hareminde padişahın en büyük oğlu olan Celaleddin'i dünyaya getirir.

Kayınvalidesi Terken Hatun alt sınıftan olduğu için Ayçiçek'i sevmediği kaynaklarda belirtilmiştir. 1220'de Moğol istilası sırasında torununa sığınması önerilir. Ancak Terken Hatun:

1221'de Celaleddin, Cengiz Han'ın önderliğindeki Moğol savaşçılarına yenilir. Ayçiçek, oğlunun savaşta yenildiğini öğrenince haremdeki eşleriyle birlikte onları esaretten kurtarması için yardım ister:

Celaleddin'in emriyle nehre atılan kadınlar İndus nehrine düşerek ölür. Derhal öldürülmesi emredilen Celaleddin'in yedi yaşındaki oğluysa Cengiz Han'a esir düşer.

Popüler Kültürdeki Yeri
2021 yılında yayınlanan Bozkır Arslanı Celaleddin dizisinde Rano Şodiyeva tarafından canlandırılmıştır.

Kaynakça

1221 yılında ölenler
Harezmşahlar

Ayçiçek Hatun


Virgínius Figueiredo da Gama e Melo (Paraíba-PB, 19 de outubro de 1923 - João Pessoa, 1 de agosto de 1975) foi um escritor e professor paraibano, considerado um dos principais críticos literários do estado em seu tempo. Ao longo de sua carreira, publicou seus textos em jornais de Pernambuco, da Paraíba, do Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo. Foi um dos primeiros professores da Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Sua produção literária foi relativamente curta, porém chegou a ser premiado pela Fundação Cultural do Distrito Federal em 1972 por seu romance "A Vítima Geral".

Biografia

Virgínius da Gama e Melo nasceu a 19 de outubro na capital paraibana, quando esta ainda se chamava Parahyba, filho único de Pedro Celso da Gama e Melo e de Severina Figueiredo da Gama e Melo. Há controvérsia sobre o ano exato de seu nascimento: enquanto sua certidão de nascimento, carteira de identidade e outros documentos registram o ano de 1922, em correspondência com Gilberto Amado ele afirma afirma ter nascido em 1923. O pouco que se sabe sobre seus primeiros anos de vida vem do conteúdo desta carta, datada de 18 de janeiro de 1961:

"Nasci a 19 de outubro de 1923, João Pessoa, de família tradicional, neto de governadores e senadores — Gama e Melo — mas gente empobrecida. Filho único, não cheguei a conhecer mãe — vagas lembranças — perdi-a no primeiro ano de vida. Pai mesmo, pouco conheci. Era telegrafista e não residia conosco, quer dizer aqui em João Pessoa. Fui criado por avô e tias solteironas - tudo isso há de ter concorrido para certa rebeldia ou marginalismo que sempre me acompanhou na vida. Quando acadêmico, enfronhado de gente, segui a política do meu tio, política de oposição, ex-interventor no Estado - Argemiro de Figueiredo. .

Como a maior parte dos intelectuais da época, Virgínius foi aluno da Faculdade de Direito do Recife, onde bacharelou-se em Ciências Jurídicas e Sociais no ano de 1946. Depois de algum tempo trabalhando em Campina Grande para seu tio Argemiro de Figueiredo, volta a Recife em 1952 onde inicia sua carreira jornalística. Nesse período, escrevendo comentários políticos e crítica literária, colabora com os jornais Jornal do Commercio, no Diário da Noite e no Correio da Manhã.

No final da década de 1950, dividindo sua atividade entre Recife e João Pessoa, passa a publicar em jornais de todo o país, a exemplo do Diário de Pernambuco, O Estado de S. Paulo, Jornal do Brasil, Jornal de Letras e Diário de Notícias, além de ser colunista dos jornais paraibanos O Norte, A União e o Correio da Paraíba.

Em 1962, por intermédio do reitor Mário Moacyr Porto, torna-se professor titular e fundador da cadeira de Teoria da Literatura da Universidade Federal da Paraíba.  Nessa função, orientou e influenciou toda uma geração de intelectuais paraibanos, tornando-se conhecido por sua independência crítica e afeição à boemia. Além de suas aulas, formalmente ministradas no prédio da FAFI (Faculdade de Filosofia da UFPB), era visto cotidianamente na Sorveteria Canadá e na Churrascaria Bambu, estabelecimentos próximos à universidade onde continuava falando sobre literatura, política, história, artes e amenidades, sempre rodeado de amigos, artistas e intelectuais.

Obras publicadas

 Antagonismo e Paisagem, 1962.
 Caxias, 1964.
 O Alexandrino Olavo Bilac, 1965. (Prêmio "Carlos Laet" da Academia Brasileira de Letras)
 Atualidade de Epitácio, 1965.
 A Modelação, 1966. (Prêmio "Serviço Nacional do Teatro")
 Os Seres, 1968.
 Tempo de Vingança, 1970. (Prêmio de romance "José Lins do Rego", do Instituto Nacional do Livro)
 A Vítima Geral, 1975. (Prêmios "Manuel Antonio de Almeida" da Secretaria de Educação e Cultura da Guanabara e de Ficção da Fundação Cultural do Distrito Federal).
 O Romance Nordestino & outros ensaios, 1980.
 Estudos Críticos I; Zé Américo — Freyre — Zé Lins — Graciliano, 1980.
 Estudos Críticos II; Cony — Pompéia — Figueiredo — Proença — Zé Condé — Moacir C. Lopes — Montello, 1980.

Ligações externas
'Cem anos de Virgínius da Gama e Melo, artigo de Francisco Gil Messias
"O homem literário: Virgínius Figueiredo da Gama e Melo e o campo de produção cultural". Tese de Laércio Teodoro, UFPE, 2019

Bibliografia

ANDRADE, Ana Isabel de Souza Leão (org.) Virgínius Figueiredo da Gama e Melo: Perfil Biobibliográfico. João Pessoa: Fundação Casa de José Américo, 1991.

CALDAS, Phelipe. Academias de Bambu: Boemia e intelectualidade nas mesas de bar. João Pessoa: Editora Universitária da UFPB, 2007.

DUARTE, Waldemar Bispo. O Menestrel Virgínius da Gama e Melo. João Pessoa: Editora A União, 1987.

GOMES, Maria José Teixeira Lopes. Memória Institucional e Cultural da Faculdade de Filosofia da Paraíba — FAFI: 1952-1968. João Pessoa: Editora Ideia, 2019.

RAMOS, Severino. Memórias de um Repórter. João Pessoa: Editora A União, 1994.

Virgínius da Gama e Melo


تقع مدينة سان جونيان أو القديس جونيان (بالفرنسية Saint-Junien) في منطقة ليموزان إلى الغرب من مدينة ليموج وعلى مسافة 30 كلم. تتبع إدارياً محافظة هوت فيين.

التعداد السكاني
يأتي عدد سكان سان جونيان في المرتبة الثانية على صعيد المحافظة بعد مدينة ليموج

توأمة
لسان جونيان اتفاقيات توأمة مع كل من:
 فينديلشتآين

  منذ (1970 - )

مراجع

ليموزان
منطقة ليموزان
بلديات فيين العليا

سان جونيان


Die Stadtbibliothek Weil am Rhein ist eine öffentliche Bibliothek in der baden-württembergischen Stadt Weil am Rhein. Sie verfügt über rund 80.000 Medien und befindet sich nordöstlich des Bahnhofs im zentralen Stadtteil Leopoldshöhe. Seit 1998 werden die Räume der Stadtbibliothek auch als Artothek genutzt, was sie zur ersten Südbadens machte.

Beschreibung

Die Stadtbibliothek bietet einen Bestand von 53.000 Büchern, 7700 CDs, 4000 DVDs sowie Gesellschaftsspiele, Karten, Zeitungen und Zeitschriften, Nintendo-Spiele und weitere Medien. Neben einem Lesecafé und einer sogenannten Regiothek, die Schriften und Medien zur Region bereitstellt, bietet die Bücherei auch einen öffentlichen Internetzugang an einem Desktop-PC sowie über WLAN an.

Darüber hinaus werden die Räumlichkeiten seit 1998 auch als Artothek genutzt, in der sich die regionale Kunstszene präsentieren kann. Neben der Präsentation ist die Kunst auch teilweise käuflich und ausleihbar. Außerdem wird die Bibliothek als Veranstaltungsort für kulturelle Anlässe genutzt. Neben der Artothek der Bibliothek sah das Kulturkonzept der Stadt in den 1990er Jahren auch die Schaffung einer Musikschule, einer Kunstgalerie und vier städtischer Museen vor.

Die von der Stadt Weil am Rhein getragene Bibliothek wurde im November 1994 in der ehemaligen St.-Peter-und-Paul-Kirche wiedereröffnet. Das Kirchengebäude von 1928 wurde zu diesem Zweck eigens umgebaut und bietet, verteilt auf drei Stockwerke, eine Nutzfläche von über 1000 Quadratmetern.

Literatur
 Andrea Schulz, Wolfram Henning, Fachhochschule Stuttgart – Hochschule für Bibliotheks- und Informationswesen (Hrsg.): Bibliotheksbau im kommunalpolitischen Kontext: Die neue Stadtbibliothek Weil am Rhein in der säkularisierten Kirche St. Peter und Paul, 1995.

Weblinks

 Offizielle Webpräsenz der Stadtbibliothek Weil am Rhein
 Onlinekatalog der Stadtbibliothek Weil am Rhein

Einzelnachweise

Weil Am Rhein
Weil Am Rhein
Stadtbibliothek
Erbaut in den 1920er Jahren
Bildung im Landkreis Lörrach
Kultur (Weil am Rhein)
Organisation (Weil am Rhein)

Stadtbibliothek Weil am Rhein


بلدية سالاس دي لوس إنفانتس , هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة برغش, التي تقع في منطقة قشتالة وليون, والتي تقع في شمال غرب إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 2.064 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2002).

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة برغش
بلديات برغش

سالاس دي لوس إنفانتس


غاري كول  ممثل أمريكي من مواليد 20 سبتمبر 1956.

مواقع خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
خريجو جامعة إلينوي الحكومية
ممثلو أداء صوتي رجال أمريكيون
ممثلو أفلام أمريكيون
ممثلو تلفزيون أمريكيون
ممثلون أمريكيون
ممثلون أمريكيون في القرن 20
ممثلون أمريكيون في القرن 21
ممثلون من بارك ريدج
ممثلون من ولاية إلينوي
مواليد 1956
مواليد في بارك ريدج

أشخاص من إستوديو سيتي

غاري كول