Kayaç, çeşitli minerallerin veya mineral ve taş parçacıklarının bir araya gelmesinden ya da bir mineralin çok miktarda birikmesinden meydana gelen katı birikintilerdir. Kayaç terimi eski Türkçede sahre, yeni Türkçede külte ve yabancı dillerdeki rock, roche, gestein sözcükleri karşılığı kullanılmaktadır.

Kayaçlar oluşumları sırasındaki doğal ortamı yansıtan bir çeşit belge niteliğinde görülebilir. Yer kabuğunun jeolojik gelişmesinin izleri bu çeşit kayaçlar üzerinde işlenmiştir. Bu nedenle yer tarihinin doğal belgeleri sayılırlar.

Kayaçlar, mineral yapılarına, kimyasal bileşenlerine, barındırdığı bileşenlerin dokularına ve oluşumuna neden olan etmenlere göre sınıflandırılmaktadır. Bu belirleyiciler yardımıyla yapılan sınıflandırma, üç ana kayaç türünü içerir; bunlar Magmatik kayaçlar, Tortul ve Başkalaşım kayaçlarıdır. Bu sınıflandırmada daha çok parçacıkların büyüklükleri temel alınmıştır.

Bir kayacın başka bir kayaca dönüşümü, kayaç döngüsü adı verilen bir jeolojik modelle gösterilmektedir. Kayaçlarla ilgilenen bilim dalına petrografi adı verilir.

Petrografi, Jeoloji'nin temel dallarından biridir.

Kayaç sınıflandırması
Kayaçlar, düzenli kimyasal bir bileşikten oluşan homojen katılar olan mineral tanelerinden oluşur. Kayayı oluşturan taneler ve mineraller kimyasal bağlarla bir arada tutulur. Bir kayadaki minerallerin türleri ve bolluğu, oluşma şekline göre belirlenir.

Çoğu kaya, silikat mineralleri, kristal kafeslerinde silikon oksit tetrahedra içeren bileşikler içerir ve bilinen tüm mineral türlerinin yaklaşık üçte birini ve yer kabuğunun yaklaşık %95'ini oluşturur. Kayaçlar ve minerallerdeki silis oranı, isimlerini ve özelliklerini belirlemede önemli bir faktördür.

Kayaçlar mineral ve kimyasal bileşimi, geçirgenlik, bileşen parçacıklarının dokusu ve parçacık büyüklüğü gibi sınıflandırmaya göre sınıflandırılır. Bu fiziksel özellikler kayaları oluşturan süreçlerin sonucudur. Zaman içinde kayalar, Kayaç döngüsü adı verilen jeolojik bir model tarafından tarif edildiği gibi, bir kayaç türünden diğer kayaç türüne dönüşebilir. Bu dönüşümle üç kayaç sınıfı oluşturur: Magmatik, Tortul ve Metamorfik.

Magmatik kayaçlar

Erimiş halde bir silikat hamuru durumunda olan magmanın veya akkorun yer kabuğunun derinliklerinde veya yeryüzünde soğuyarak katılaşması sonucu meydana gelen kayaçlardır. Bunların genel karakterleri ise, kristallerden oluşmuş kütle halinde kayalardır. Magmanın soğuması ve katılaşması derinlerde yavaş yavaş meydana geldiği zaman, tam kristalli plütonik kayaçlar, soğuma ve katılaşma yeryüzünde veya yeryüzüne yakın derinliklerde hızlı veya çabuk oluştuğu takdirde, volkanik ve damar kayaçları meydana gelmektedir.

Magmatik kayaçlar, dünyanın mantosunda veya kabuğunda önceden var olan kayaların kısmi erimeleriyle oluşur. Kayanın erimesine üç temel işlem neden olur. Bunlar; sıcaklıkta bir artışın olması, basınçta bir azalma olması veya bileşiminde bir değişikliğin olmasıdır. Yerkabuğunun hacimce yaklaşık %65'i magmatik kayalardan oluşur ve bu da magmatik kayaçları en bol bulunan kayaçlar haline getiriyor. Bunları %66'sı bazalt ve gabrodur, %16 granittir, %17'si granodiyorit ve diyorittir. Sadece %0.6'sı siyenit ve %0.3'ü ultramafiktir. Okyanus kabuğunun önemli birleşimi olan bazalt %99'unu oluşturur. Granitoidler olarak bilinen granit ve benzeri kıta kabuğuna hakimdir.

Plütonik (intrüzif) kayaçlar

Yükselen magmanın yeryüzüne erişmeden kabuk içinde herhangi bir derinlikte yerleşmesi ve katılaşması ile oluşan kayalara denir. Derin seviyelerde yerleşen ve katılaşan magmatik kütlelere derinlik kayaları da denir.

Bunlar genellikle iyi kristalleşmiş minerallerden oluşmuş kayaçlardır. Mineraller kayaç türüne göre bir veya birkaç çeşit olabilirler.

Plütonik kayalar yer kabuğu içinde farklı biçimlerde bulunur ve buna göre adlandırılırlar. İç kuvvetlerin niteliği, yer kabuğunu oluşturan malzemenin özellikleri, yükselen magmanın akıcılığı, yoğunluğu ve hacmi bir sahadaki plütonik kütlelerin biçimini ve bulunuş tarzını belirleyen başlıca etkenlerdir. Biçimleri ve bulunuş tarzları farklı olan ve bu nedenle ayrı isimlerle adlandırılan başlıca plütonik kütle türleri batolit, lakolit, lapolit, filon(dayk), sill(tabaka filonları) ve volkan tıkaçları(nek)dır. Bunlardan alan ve hacim olarak en büyükleri olan ilk üçü genellikle plüton terimi ile açıklanırlar. Plütonların oluşumuna yol açan magmatik olayların tümüne de plütonizma denir.

Volkanik (Ekstrüzif) Kayaçlar

Magmanın yeryüzüne çıkarak, orada soğuması sonucunda meydana gelen katılaşım kayalarına ekstrüzif kayalar veya dar anlamda volkanik kayalar denir.

Bunlara yüzey kayaçları da denir; bunlar yarı kristalli, porfirik yapılıdır. Kayaç, çoğu kez gözle görülebilen mineral fenokristalleri ve kristal olmayan, camsı bir hamurdan oluşmaktadır. Örneğin; andezit, riyolit, bazalt gibi.

Sedimanter kayaçlar

Kayaların oluşum bakımından farklı ikinci takımını sedimanter (tortul) kayalar veya öteki adıyla sedimentitler meydana getirir. Eskiden var olan kayaların akarsular, buzullar, rüzgarlar, dalgalar gibi dış etkenler tarafından aşındırılarak sürüklenen kırıntılarının ve diğer çözülme ürünlerinin, ya da kimyasal yolla yerinde meydana gelen maddelerin normal basınç ve sıcaklık altında su üstünde veya su altındaki ortamlarda birikmesiyle sedimentler (çökeller) oluşur. Sedimentler zamanla çeşitli değişikliklere uğrarlar. Yığılan maddelerin ağırlığı altında sıkışırlar, içerdikleri su dışarı atılır, gözenekleri azalır ve hacimleri küçülür; kendi içlerinde meydana gelen kimyasal olaylarla yeni mineraller oluşabilir; taneler ve kırıntılar arasında bir çimento meydana gelir. Bütün bu süreçlerin sonucunda Sedimentler pekleşerek taşlaşır ve tortul kaya haline dönüşür. Yüzbinlerce, hatta belki milyonlarca yılı kapsayan ve sedimentlerin tortul kaya haline gelmesine yol açan bütün bu süreçlerin tümüne diajenez denir.

Bu kayaçlar kimyasal, fiziksel (kırıntılı) ve organik tortullar olmak üzere üçe ayrılır. Kimyasal tortullar, suların içindeki eriyik maddelerin çökmesi ile oluşmuş olup kireç taşı, traverten, jips ve kaya tuzu gibi örnekler barındırır. Bu tortullar, Dünya'daki tüm tortulların %65'ini kapsar. Fiziksel tortullar, kayaçların parçalanması ile oluşan kırıntılı malzemelerin oluşturduğu kayaçlar olup, konglomera, kum taşı ve kil taşı gibi örnekleri içinde bulundurur. Bu tortullar, tüm tortulların %20-25'ini kapsar. Son olarak organik tortullar, bitki ve hayvan kalıntılarının birikmesi sonucunda oluşan kayaçlar olup, petrol, kömür gibi örnekler barındırır. Bu tip tortullar, tüm tortullar içinde %10-15 kısmını kapsar. Tüm tortul kayaçlar Dünya'nın yüzeyinde veya yüzeyine yakın tabakalarında oluşur.

Fiziksel tortul kayaçlar

Çeşitli büyüklüklerde taş ve mineral parçalarının karalarda ve denizlerdeki tortullaşma havzalarında çökelmeleri ile meydana gelen taneli - parçacıklı kayaçlardır. Değişik boyuttaki tanelerin bir çimento-maddesi ile birleşmeleri, birbirine kenetlenmeleri sonucu katı ve sıkı halde bulunan çimentolu tortul kayaçlar oluşur. örneğin; kumtaşı, konglomera, gibi. Taneleri birbirine bağlayacak, birleştirecek bir madde bulunmadığı hallerde, taneler serbest kalır ve çimentosuz tortul kayaçlar meydana gelir. Örneğin; kum, çakıl, kil gibi. Kırıntılı tortul kayaçların sınıflandırılması ve adlandırılması tanelerin boyutlarına, türlerine, biçimlerine, yuvarlak ve boylanma derecelerine, homojen ve heterojen oluşlarına ve çimento maddesinin bileşimine göre yapılır.

Organik tortul kayaçlar

Foraminiferler, radyolaryalar, algler, süngerler ve mercanlar gibi kabuklu organizmaların kalıntılarından oluşan kayaçlardır. Organizmaların katı kısımları burada taşlaşmış, fosil haline gelmişlerdir.

Organik tortul kayaçların sınıflaması ve adlandırılması eskiden beri organizmaların kavkılarını ve iskeletlerini oluşturan başlıca maddelerin kimyasal bileşimlerine göre yapılmaktadır; Örneğin, kireçli, silisli, bitümlü, fosfatlı gibi.

Kimyasal tortul kayaçlar

Doygun eriyiklerin çökelmesi ve tuzlu suların buharlaşması sonucu meydana gelen tortulardır. Mağaralardaki dikit ve sarkıtlar, deniz kıyılarındaki kireçli ve demirli olitler, kapalı göl kenarlarındaki tuz birikintileri ve kaynaklar etrafındaki taşlaşmalar (travertenler) kimyasal tortulların başlıca örnekleridir.

Metamorfik kayaçlar

Tortul veya magmatik diğer kayaçların sıcaklık, basınç, gerilme ve kimyasal aktivitesi olan sıvılar etkisi ile değişmeleri, başkalaşmaları sonucu meydana gelirler. Genellikle kristallerden oluşmuş, paralel yapılı kayaçlardır. Bunlara kristalin şistler de denir. Metamorfizma: Yer kabuğunun derinliklerinde hüküm süren değişik fiziksel ve kimyasal şartların etkisi ile kayaçlardan katı halde meydana gelen mineral değişikliği veya mineral transformasyonu olayıdır.

Mineraller belirli bir sıcaklık ve basınç altında duraylı durumda bulunurlar. Her mineralin kendine öz bir duyarlılık sıcaklığı ve basıncı vardır. Eğer sıcaklık ve basınç değerinde bir artma, bir değişme olursa, mineralde de değişme başlar, mineral aynı kimyasal bileşimde başka bir duraylı minarele dönüşür, böylece bir mineral transformasyonu olur. Metamorfizmanın aslı da budur.

Metamorfizma olayı büyük ve sıcak bir magma kütlesinin çevresinde meydana geldiği zaman kontakt veya termal metamorfizmadan; büyük bir fay veya bindirme düzlemi kenarında oluştuğu takdirde dislokasyon veya kataklastik metamorfizmadan söz edilmektedir; jeosenklinallerde (dalma-batma zonlarında) dağ oluşum hareketleri (orojenez) ile birlikte meydana gelen metamorfizmaya rejiyonal termo- dinamo metamorfizma; dip kısımlarının yavaş yavaş çökmesi ile on binlerce metre kalınlıkta tortuların (sedimentlerin) biriktiği okyanus havzalarında gelişen metamorfizmaya da çökme veya gömülme metamorfizması denilir.

Metamorfik kayaçların başlıca özelliği, bunların birbirine paralel düzlemler boyunca ve kolaylıkla yaprak yaprak veya dilim dilim ayrılmaları, bölünmeleridir.

 kalker → mermer
 granit → gnays
 kömür → elmas
 kil taşı → şist
 kum taşı → kuvarsit

Bu üç ana kayaç türü — magmatik, tortul ve başkalaşım — daha birçok alt dala ayrılır. Yine de bu ilintili kayaçlar arasında sert ve sıkı sınırlar yoktur. Bileşenlerinde yer alan minerallerdeki boyutların artıp azalması, bir kayacı başka bir kayaç hâline getirebilmektedir. Bu nedenle, belli özellikler için hazırlanan dereceler için hazırlanan tanımlamalar sayesinde herhangi bir kayaca isimler verilebilmektedir. Bir de bazı kayaçlar elmas yapımında kullanılır.

İnsan kullanımı

Kayaçlar, insanoğlu için kültürel ve teknolojik anlamda büyük bir etkiye sahiptir. Homo sapiens ve diğer insansılar tarafından iki milyon yıldan beri kullanılan kayaçlar, insanlar için teknolojinin temel ögelerinden biridir. Taşların madenlerden çıkartılarak çeşitli amaçlar için kullanılması, en eski teknolojik ilerlemelerden biridir. Ancak bu süreç çeşitli yerlerde farklı madenlerin ve taşların bulunması nedeniyle farklı zamanlarda ilerleme gösterdi.

Tarih öncesi devirler arasında Taş çağı, Bronz çağı ve Demir çağı gibi çağlar yer almaktadır. Her ne kadar Taş çağı görünürde tüm dünya medeniyetleri üzerinde sona erdiyse de, birçok kayacın, binaların ve altyapıların inşasında kullanılmasına devam edilmiştir. Kayaçlar bu anlamda kullanıldığında kesme taş adıyla anılır.

Madencilik

Madencilik, değerli minerallerin veya diğer jeolojik malzemelerin yeryüzünden, bir cevher gövdesinden veya tabakadan çıkarılmasıdır. Terim bir de toprağın çıkarılmasını içerir. Madencilik ile geri kazanılan malzemeler arasında ana metaller, değerli metaller, demir, uranyum, kömür, elmas, kireçtaşı, petrol şist, kaya tuzu, potas, inşaat agregası ve kaya içerir. Madencilik, tarımsal süreçler yoluyla yetiştirilemeyen veya bir laboratuvar veya fabrikada yapay olarak oluşturulamayan herhangi bir malzemeyi elde etmek için gereklidir. Daha geniş anlamda madencilik, herhangi bir kaynağın (örneğin petrol, doğalgaz, tuz hatta su) topraktan çıkarılmasına denir.

Kaya ve metal madenciliği tarih öncesi çağlardan beri yapılmıştır. Modern madencilik süreçleri; maden yataklarının araştırılmasını, önerilen bir madenin kâr potansiyelinin analizini, istenen malzemelerin çıkarılmasını ve son olarak madenciliğin sona ermesinden sonra diğer kullanımlar için hazırlanması için arazinin ıslahını içerir.

Madencilik süreçleri, hem madencilik işlemleri sırasında hem de madencilik sona erdikten sonraki yıllar boyunca çevre üzerinde olumsuz etkiler yaratabilir. Bu potansiyel etkiler, dünya ülkelerinin çoğunun madencilik faaliyetlerinin olumsuz etkilerini yönetmek için düzenlemeler kabul etmesine yol açmıştır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Jeoloji Mühendisleri Odası
 yerbilimleri.com
 jeomorfoloji.net
 jeomorfoloji.org

Malzemeler
Petroloji
Taş

Kayaç


Arsenal naziv je jedanaestog studijskog albuma Arsena Dedića, objavljenoga 1981. godine. Album predstavlja autorove već objavljene pjesme u novim aranžmanima Stipice Kalogjere. Sniman je u Zagrebu i Milanu.

Popis pjesama

Vanjske poveznice
 Discogs: Arsenal

Albumi Arsena Dedića
Albumi iz 1981.

Arsenal (Arsen Dedić)


Coşkun Can Aktan (d. 25 Ocak 1963), Türk akademisyen. Sosyal bilimlerin muhtelif alanlarındaki eserleri ile tanınmış bilim insanı. Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Derneği (SOBİAD) kurucusu ve Onursal Yönetim Kurulu Başkanı. Halen kurucusu olduğu Hukuk ve İktisat Araştırmaları Merkezi'nin başkanlığını yürütüyor.

Akademik Kariyeri
1979 yılında Ankara Maliye Okulu'ndan mezun oldu. Lisans ve lisans-üstü eğitimini Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi'nde tamamladı. Yükseköğretim Kurulu eğitim bursu ile doktora tez çalışmalarını 1987-1989 yılları arasında Nobel Ekonomi Ödülü sahibi James M. Buchanan'ın direktörlüğünü yaptığı Kamu Tercihi Araştırma Merkezi'nde (Center for Study of Public Choice, George Mason University) sürdürdü. Earhart Vakfı'ndan sağladığı araştırma bursu ile aynı araştırma merkezinde 1994-1995 akademik yılında misafir araştırmacı olarak bulundu.

Alman Akademik Değişim Servisi (DAAD) ve Friedrich Naumann Vakfı'nın araştırma bursu ile Almanya'da Albert Ludwigs Üniversitesi (Freiburg Üniversitesi) Ekonomi Politikası Enstitüsü'nde; İngiliz Kültür Heyeti (British Council) araştırma bursu ile Edinburgh Üniversitesi, Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü'nde (İskoçya-Birleşik Krallık) ; Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi (TÜBA) araştırma bursu ile Los Angeles'teki California Üniversitesi (University of California of Los Angeles:UCLA) Ekonomi Departmanı'nda ; Yükseköğretim Kurulu bursu ile Belçika'da Vrije Üniversitesi, Ekonomi ve Sosyal Bilimler Fakültesi'nde ; Kenya'da Mount Kenya Üniversitesi,  İşletme ve Ekonomi Fakültesi'nde misafir araştırmacı olarak çalışmalar yaptı.

Halen Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesinde görev yapmaktadır.

Aktan, birçok uluslararası ve ulusal konferansın kuruculuğunu ve başkanlığını üstlendi.

Aktan, henüz e-arşiv ve e-kütüphane çalışmalarının başladığı yıllarda sosyal bilimler alanında Türkiye'nin ilk ve en kapsamlı dijital bilgi arşivlerinden birini kurdu.

Çalıştığı Disiplinler

Kamu Tercihi / Kamu Ekonomisi / Kurumsal İktisat / Anayasal Politik İktisat

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Canaktan Virtual Library

1963 doğumlular
Türk ekonomistler
Türk ekonomi akademisyenleri
Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
Yaşayan insanlar

Coşkun Can Aktan


Hemos dicho basta / Polka infantil es un sencillo de la banda chilena Tiemponuevo, lanzado en 1971 por el sello Peña de los Parra y distribuido por DICAP, perteneciente a su álbum Tiemponuevo lanzado el año anterior.

Lista de canciones

Referencias

Sencillos de 1971
Sencillos de Discoteca del Cantar Popular
Sencillos de Tiemponuevo

Hemos dicho basta / Polka infantil


La Alianza Democrática de Gilgit-Baltistán (Gilgit-Baltistan Democratic Alliance) es una organización que representa a los siguientes grupos: el Frente Nacional de Balawaristán (Balawaristan National Front), el Movimiento Nacional del Karakórum (Karakorum National Movement), el Movimiento Unido de Gilgit Balistán (Gilgit Baltistan United Movement, GBUM), el Fórum de Investigación Bolor (Bolor Research Forum) y el Movimiento Democrático Gilgit Baltistán Ladakh (Gilgit Baltistan Laddakh Democratic Movement, GBLDM), todos ellos comprometidos en el uso de métodos no violentos.

Gilgit-Baltistán es una región situada al norte de Pakistán, reclamada por Pakistán, India y los habitantes nativos de Gilgit-Baltistán. Tiene fronteras, al norte, con Afganistán; al nordeste, con China; al sur, con el estado pakistaní de Azad, Jammu y Cachemira (AJK), y al sudeste, con el estado indio de Jammu y Cachemira. Está dividido en dos distritos balistaníes y cinco distritos gilgit, y sus centros políticos son las ciudades de Gilgit y Skardu. Ocupa un territorio de 72.496 km² y una población estimada de 1,8 millones de habitantes. Las lenguas que se hablan son el urdu, el shina, el burushaski, el balti, el tibetano, el wakhi y el khowar.

De acuerdo con la constitución de Pakistán, las áreas del norte no son parte integral por completo del país, y sus habitantes nunca han tenido representación en el parlamento pakistaní, a pesar de las demandas. Toda la región del norte de Pakistán es territorio disputado.

Gilgit-Baltistán, tradicionalmente conocido como Bolor, estuvo durante cuatro siglos bajo el gobierno musulmán de los mogoles, hasta 1751, y luego bajo el control del Imperio durrani de Afganistán hasta 1821. Entre 1832 y 1860 fue conquistado por los sijs y los dogras, que administraron la región como parte del principesco estado de Cachemira y Jammu, bajo el tutelaje de la corona británica. En 1947, Gilgit se declaró república independiente, pero durante la guerra indopakistaní de ese mismo año, Pakistán ocupó los territorios al norte y al oeste de la línea de cese del alto el fuego y creó los estados de Gilgit-Baltistán al norte y Jammu y Cachemira, al sur.

La Alianza Democrática de Gilgit-Baltistán entró a formar parte de la Organización de Naciones y Pueblos No Representados el 20 de septiembre de 2008.

El Frente Nacional de Balawaristán es un partido político que busca la independencia de los que ellos llamán Balawaristán, nombre histórico de Gilgit-Baltistán, dentro del área de Cachemira administrada por Pakistán. El partido se creó el 30 de julio de 1992 con la presidencia de Nawaj Khan Naji.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
  Nacionalista de Balawaristán)
 https://web.archive.org/web/20120321195021/http://balawaristan.org/
 http://mykarakorum.blogspot.com/ (Frente Nacional de Karakorum)
 http://www.skardu.blogspot.com/ (Movimiento Unido de Gilgit Balistán)
 https://archive.today/20130113225701/www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_3-1-2005_pg7_27 (Bolor Research Forum)
 http://skardu.blogspot.com/2007/12/invitation-to-attend-seminar-on-gilgit.html (GBLDM)

Organización de Naciones y Pueblos No Representados

Alianza Democrática de Gilgit-Baltistán


إلياس الزيات (1935 - 4 أيلول/سبتمبر 2022)، هو رسام وفنان تشكيلي سوري، أحد مؤسسي كلية الفنون الجميلة بدمشق.

حياته
من مواليد دمشق عام 1935، درس المرحلة الثانوية في المدرسة الأرثوذكسية في دمشق، وكان يحب العمارة ويريد دراستها، ولكن ظروف والده المادية لم تمكنه من إرساله إلى بيروت لدراستها، فتحول إلى دراسة الرياضيات في جامعة دمشق، مزامنة مع دراسته فن التصوير تحت إشراف الفنان ميشال كرشه وذلك بين عامي (1952-1955)، بعدها حصل على منحة لدراسة الرسم في بلغاريا، وأكمل دراسة الفنون الجميلة في أكاديمية صوفيا للفنون الجميلة في صوفيا، وتلقى قواعد الفن تحت إشراف الفنان إيليا بيتروفبين بين عامي (1956-1960) وتخصص بالتصوير الزيتي. وتخرج من الأكاديمية عام 1960، ثم التحق بكلية الفنون الجميلة في القاهرة، مصر عام 1961 وقام بدراسات إضافية وأخذ بمتابعة الفنان عبد العزيز درويش، ثم في عام 1973 قام بدراسات إضافية وتدرب على تقنيات الترميم (كيمياء الألوان) في أكاديمية الفنون الجميلة وفي متحف الفنون التطبيقية في بودابست.

حياته العملية
درّس في كلية الفنون الجميلة بجامعة دمشق منذ عام 1962 حتى تقاعده عام 2000، ودَرّسَ فن التصوير الزيتي في المعهد العالي للفنون الجميلة من عام (1980-2000)، وفي تلك الفترة شغل منصب رئيس قسم الفنون، ووكيل كلية الفنون الجميلة بجامعة دمشق، وممثل لجامعة دمشق في محافل عالمية، بالإضافة إلى دوره في هيئة الموسوعة العربية، كما كان مرجعاً في تعريف الفن الكنسي. ومن أهم مساهماته العملية تأسيس كلية الفنون الجميلة في دمشق عام 1960 متعاونا في ذلك مع كبار فناني جيله آنذاك.

أعماله
أعماله مقتناة من قبل وزارة الثقافة السورية، والمتحف الوطني بدمشق، ومتحف دمّر، والقصر الجمهوري، ووزارة الخارجية السورية، ومعهد العالم العربي ـ باريس، وضمن مجموعات خاصة.

وفاته
توفي في دمشق في 4 أيلول/سبتمبر 2022.

انظر أيضا
 أحمد معلا
 أكثم عبد الحميد
 جاك وردة
 بسيم الريس

المراجع

رسامون سوريون
فنانون تشكيليون سوريون
مواليد 1357 هـ
مواليد 1935
مواليد في دمشق
وفيات 1444 هـ
وفيات 2022
وفيات في دمشق

إلياس الزيات


Rød dråbeastild () er en spurvefugl, der lever i det sydlige Afrika.

Kilder
 Avibase - the world bird database

Eksterne henvisninger

Fugle fra det sydlige Afrika
Pragtfinker

Rød dråbeastild


Grafik tasarımda grid ya da ızgara, birbirleriyle kesişen yatay, dikey ya da açısal çizgilerin oluşturduğu yapıların genel adıdır. Genellikle iki boyutludurlar.

Jan gridi
Coğrafi mevkilerin emniyetle tespitini mümkün kılmak için kabul edilen ve bütün yeryüzünü kaplayan grid sistemidir. Bu grid; enlem ve boylam bakımından karelerin başlangıç yerlerini ve boyutunu tayin suretiyle tesis edilir. Belli başlı 12 bölge mevcuttur. Genellikle Merkatör projeksiyonlarında kullanılır.

Tipografi

Grid (grafik tasarım)


Arthur Jay Finkelstein (Brooklyn, 18 de maio de 1945 — Ipswich 18 de agosto de 2017) foi um consultor do Partido Republicano baseado no estado de Nova York que trabalhou para candidatos conservadores e de direita nos Estados Unidos, Canadá, Israel, Europa Central e Oriental por quatro décadas.

Gay, judeu e libertário, Finkelstein notabilizou-se por eleger candidatos homofóbicos e anti-aborto, sendo considerado um especialista na campanha negativa. Dentre seus principais clientes estavam Ronald Reagan, Benjamin Netanyahu e Richard Nixon. Também é responsável pela ascensão de Viktor Orbán na Hungria, trazendo de volta o antissemitismo ao poder, criando uma teoria da conspiração contra o bilionário húngaro George Soros, também judeu.

Biografia
Era filho de imigrantes judeus da Europa Oriental, seu pai era taxista; quando tinha onze anos de idade a família se mudou para Long Island e depois para o Queens, onde concluiu o secundário na Forest Hills High School. Formou-se em economia e ciências políticas pelo Queens College em 1967. desde novo mostrou interesse pela política.

Em 1972 fundou com o irmão Ronald a Arthur J. Finkelstein & Associates, empresa de consultoria política baseada no Condado de Westchester, onde passou a assessorar políticos conservadores e que, graças à gestão de Ronald, teve sucesso financeiro.

Teve um relacionamento de mais de cinquenta anos com Donald Curiale, com quem se casou em 2004; manteve sua opção sexual desconhecida do público até que em 1996 a Boston Magazine abordou o assunto.

Em 2008 conheceu o então candidato húngaro Viktor Orbán a quem sugeriu construir como inimigo político de sua campanha a George Soros, também judeu como Finkelstein, apesar de Soros ter no passado financiado a educação do próprio Orbán e seu partido. A campanha cercou-se de várias informações falsas e alastrou-se além das fronteiras húngaras, sendo usada por políticos de extrema-direita em vários países, a ponto de incitar um episódio racista terrorista na Nova Zelândia.

Fumante inveterado, Finkelstein morreu de câncer no pulmão.

Consultores políticos dos Estados Unidos
Teóricos da conspiração
Judeus dos Estados Unidos
Antissemitismo na Hungria
Finkelstein
Homofobia

Arthur J. Finkelstein


La Norvège est l'un des quarante pays participants du Concours Eurovision de la chanson 2022, qui se déroule à Turin en Italie. Le pays est représenté par le duo Subwoolfer et leur chanson , sélectionnés via le Melodi Grand Prix 2022. Le pays se classe  avec  lors de la finale.

Sélection
Le diffuseur norvégien NRK confirme sa participation à l'Eurovision 2022 le , confirmant dès lors la reconduction du Melodi Grand Prix comme émission de sélection.

Format
Le format est similaire à celui utilisé lors des l'édition 2021. Il se compose de quatre demi-finales dans lesquelles quatre artistes concourent pour une place en finale. Chaque demi-finale est composée de deux duels, dont les vainqueurs s'affrontent dans un . Le vainqueur de ce duel, désigné par le télévote, remporte une place en finale. Les artistes perdants participent lors du repêchage, divisé cette année en deux soirées, et au terme duquel un artiste se qualifie en finale. De plus, cinq artistes pré-qualifiés pour la finale s'ajoutent, pour une finale de dix participants. Les demi-finales se déroulent tous les samedis du  au  ; les émissions de repêchage ont lieu le  et  et la finale le . Toutes les émissions ont lieu à la H3 Arena de Fornebu

Chansons
La période de dépôt des candidatures est ouverte du  au . Les artistes sélectionnés et leurs chansons sont dévoilés le .

Émissions

Demi-finale 1

La première demi-finale a lieu le .

Demi-finale 2

La deuxième demi-finale a lieu le .

Demi-finale 3

La troisième demi-finale a lieu le .

Demi-finale 4
La quatrième demi-finale a lieu le .

Sistesjansen – Repêchage
Grâce au repêchage, les douze chansons éliminées lors des quatre demi-finales reçoivent une dernière chance d'intégrer la finale lors des émissions de la Sistesjansen ( en norvégien), diffusées les  et . Lors de la première émission, les douze artistes participent. Quatre se qualifient pour la deuxième émission. Celle-ci se décompose en deux parties : tout d'abord les quatre chansons sont interprétées et deux artistes se qualifient pour un dernier duel. Finalement, un seul finaliste est sélectionné lors de celui-ci.

Finale
La finale a lieu le . Les deux chansons les plus populaires avanceront vers le duel d'or, dont le vainqueur représentera la Norvège au Concours Eurovision de la chanson 2022.

La finale se conclut sur la victoire du duo Subwoolfer avec leur chanson Give That Wolf a Banana, qui représenteront donc la Norvège à l'Eurovision 2022.

À l'Eurovision
La Norvège participe à la première demi-finale, le . Elle s'y classe  avec , se qualifiant donc pour la finale. Lors de celle-ci, elle termine à la  avec .

Notes et références

Norvège au Concours Eurovision de la chanson
Norvège
Concours Eurovision de la chanson


Bärbel Schölzel (* 9. Oktober 1959 als Bärbel Lockhoff) ist eine ehemalige deutsche Sprinterin, die für die DDR startete.

1978 wurde sie bei den DDR-Meisterschaften Dritte über 200 Meter. In der Halle wurde sie 1984 DDR-Meisterin und 1982 Vizemeisterin über 100 Yards, über 60 Meter wurde sie 1982 und 1983 Dritte.

Bei den Leichtathletik-Halleneuropameisterschaften 1983 in Budapest wurde sie Fünfte über 60 Meter.

Bärbel Schölzel startete für den TSC Berlin.

Persönliche Bestzeiten
 50 m (Halle): 6,31 s, 20. Januar 1980, Berlin
 60 m (Halle): 7,20 s, 20. Februar 1983, Senftenberg
 100 m: 11,11 s, 8. Juni 1983, Berlin
 200 m: 22,65 s, 18. Mai 1980, Erfurt

Weblinks

Sprinter (Deutschland)
Leichtathlet (DDR)
DDR-Bürger
Deutscher
Geboren 1959
Frau

Bärbel Schölzel


Kuhn-Insel ist der deutsche Name folgender nach Franz Kuhn von Kuhnenfeld benannter Inseln:
 Kuhn Ø vor der Ostküste Grönlands
 Kuhn-Insel (Franz-Josef-Land) im russischen Archipel Franz-Josef-Land

Kuhn-Insel


An Andropogon burmanicus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Norman Loftus Bor. An Andropogon burmanicus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Andropogon, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Myanmar. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Andropogon

Andropogon burmanicus


The Blue Water Bridge is a twin-span international bridge across the St. Clair River that links Port Huron, Michigan, United States, and Sarnia, Ontario, Canada. The Blue Water Bridge connects Highway 402 in Ontario with both Interstate 69 (I-69) and Interstate 94 (I-94) in Michigan.

Description
The original span is a cantilever truss bridge with a total length of  and a main span of . The second, newer span is a continuous bowstring arch bridge with a total length of  and a main span of .

The Blue Water Bridges are jointly owned and maintained by Canada and the United States: Federal Bridge Corporation, a Crown corporation of the Government of Canada, is in charge of the Canadian side, while the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) is in charge of the US side. A toll is charged to cross the bridges, which is used to pay for maintenance and operations.

Together, the two bridges connect Chicago and the Midwestern United States with Toronto and the Northeastern United States, one of the four shortest routes of land travel between the US Midwest and Northeast. They are the second-busiest commercial crossing on the Canada–United States border, after the Ambassador Bridge at Detroit-Windsor, and the fourth-busiest overall international crossing in Ontario in terms of total number of vehicles at 4.7 million annually . In Canada, they are the third-busiest bridges after the Champlain Bridge in Montreal and the Ambassador Bridge.

Border crossing

The Port Huron–Sarnia Border Crossing connects the cities of Port Huron, Michigan, and Sarnia, Ontario, at the Blue Water Bridge. Both the US and Canada border stations are open 24 hours per day. The US Customs and Border Protection upgraded its inspection facilities in 2011, and Canada Border Services Agency upgraded its facilities in 2012. In 2017, inspectors at Port Huron processed 1,579,646 cars and 826,288 trucks.

History
A US Port of Entry was established at the location in 1836, when a license to provide commercial ferry service between Port Huron and what then was known as Port Sarnia. The license was issued to a Canadian man named Crampton who operated a sailboat. In the 1840s, a man named Davenport, also from Port Sarnia, operated a pony-powered vessel. Steam-powered vessels and paddle wheelers soon followed, but the first vessel capable of carrying automobiles did not arrive until 1921.

The first bridge was fully opened to traffic on October 10, 1938. The lead engineer was Polish-born Ralph Modjeski. This bridge originally had two lanes for vehicles as well as sidewalks; the latter were removed in the 1980s to make room for a third lane for automobiles. The third lane for each direction started from the apex of the bridge in order to accommodate long lineups entering each side's border crossing.

In 1928, Maynard D. Smith hired a Pennsylvania-based company named Modjeski and Masters to build what would become the Blue Water Bridge. Ralph Modjeski, a Polish-born engineer who would become known as "America's greatest bridge builder", served as lead engineer for the project. In developing a design, Modjeski faced obstacles posed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, which sought to ensure that the St. Clair River remain navigable for military and commercial vessels. Bridge construction could not interfere with navigation, bridge builders could not use floating platforms, and the completed span was required to clear the water by . Originally, Modjeski proposed a mammoth suspension-style bridge with tall towers and massive cable anchorages; however, because of the  vertical clearance requirement for shipping, he opted instead for a cantilevered through-truss design.

In 1935, the Michigan Legislature passed a law (Public Act 147 of 1935) creating a State Bridge Commission to finance the design and erection of the main bridge structure of the Blue Water Bridge. The commission was approved by the United States Congress in August 1935 (Public Law 411 of 1935). The law permitted the commission to sell bonds that would be repaid by the revenue from the tolls ($0.25 toll for travelers) collected within 30 years. When the bridge and its associated bonds were paid off, Michigan Governor John Swainson used an executive order to cancel the $0.25 toll, eliminating the jobs of toll collectors, which included his own father.

In 1964, the eastern terminus of I-94 was completed at the foot of the Blue Water Bridge on the American side. Traffic volumes steadily increased, spurred by the completion of Highway 402 in 1982 which provided a continuous freeway link to Highway 401 on the Canadian side. In 1984, I-69 was completed to Port Huron which meant that three freeways converged on the three-lane bridge.

Twinning project
As a precursor to the upcoming twinning project, the customs and toll collection booths on both sides were extensively reconfigured in the early 1990s. On the American side, the I-beam girder overpass crossing Pine Grove Avenue was replaced by a much wider embankment, which also added a four-story customs office building in the center. On the Canadian side this necessitated the demolition of the original booths that had been in use since 1938; these were noted for their Art Deco style but they were too low to accommodate semi-trailer trucks which had been directed to the outside.

In 1992, it was determined that traffic on the bridge had exceeded its rated capacity, so bridge authorities decided to add a second span in order to accommodate the higher traffic.

During the debate over the form of the second span from 1994 to 1995, five possible designs were proposed. The parallel chord truss Bridge and the single-span tied-arch bridge proposals were the least popular as they were not visually appealing and dropped from further consideration. Over half of public opinion had favored a duplicate of the first bridge, while the cable-stayed bridge came in second with around 21% thanks to its "dramatic appearance and appeal to engineers because of their high structural redundancy". The Blue Water Bridge Authority had rejected both designs that topped public opinion, because the duplicate bridge would create a false sense of history, while the cable-stayed design would overshadow the existing bridge in height and proportion. The continuous-tied arch design, which was a distant third place in polls, was chosen for two reasons: one was that it blends in with the original span yet stands out on its own, and the other is lower maintenance costs because fewer spans are involved.

The selection of the continuous-tied arch proposal was initially controversial as it did not have much public opinion support, and critics regarded this type as awkward. Consequently, the engineers changed design details to make it complement the existing bridge. For instance the use of concrete piers and steel tower supporting the anchor span, rather than the traditional concrete tower, gave the bridge a "less massive appearance, easing the difficult transition between the approach, anchor and main spans". The engineers also made "the main span attractive, but economical by settling on an innovative low arch design that merges the traffic deck with the bottom structural supporting steel for the portion of the bridge suspended over the water", which "eliminated the need for expensive bracing and contributes to the graceful appearance of the structure", while the flattened arch also better matches the old bridge. For the new bridge approaches the engineers selected concrete hammer-head piers over steel piers and deck trusses, not only for economical considerations, but it also "gives the new bridge a simpler look, making it easier to distinguish the old bridge from the new one" and "contributes to the clean lines of the new bridge and leaves the view of the old bridge's deck trusses uncluttered". Due to each country's manufacturing differences, the Americans used large pre-cast concrete beams (six beams for each segment) for the approaches while the Canadians used concrete pre-cast box girders (three box girders per segment). Despite this, the differing approach spans are the same depth and appear identical from the side view.

The twinning project was a combined effort between Modjeski & Masters (American engineers) and Buckland & Taylor Ltd. (Canadian engineers). During the construction, two temporary masts were erected to assist in the construction of the tied arch; the towers were painted red and lighted, enabling them to be seen from afar. The approaches to the new bridge use box girders, compared to the original which hold up the road deck with trusses.

The second three-lane bridge, just south of the first bridge, opened on July 22, 1997.

Rehabilitation of original bridge
After the new bridge opened for traffic, the original bridge was immediately closed for extensive renovation which involved, among other things, replacement of the bridge deck, guardrails, and lighting. During this period, the new span used a three-lane configuration reminiscent of the one employed on the original bridge. A flyover ramp on the U.S. side temporarily diverted westbound traffic from the new bridge to the toll plaza, which was blocked off after the original bridge was rehabilitated. The original span was reopened on November 13, 1999, making the Blue Water Bridge the largest infrastructure-crossing project in North America.

Since twinning
In 2007, in accordance with Federal Identity Program requirements, the Blue Water Bridge Authority agreed on a name for the federal Crown corporate organization: Blue Water Bridge Canada.

In March 2009, the Canadian government announced that C$13.5 million (US$10.8 million) in funding would be allocated toward upgrading the border crossing facilities at the Blue Water Bridge. The work was scheduled to begin in May 2009.

Construction was also underway in 2011 to widen and improve both Highway 402 on the Canadian side and co-signed I-94/I-69 on the American side approaching the Blue Water Bridge. The projects, completed the following year, added dedicated lanes separating Blue Water Bridge traffic from local traffic.

See also

List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Michigan
List of bridges in Canada
St. Clair Tunnel, a nearby international railroad tunnel
Trussed Concrete Steel Company

References

External links

Aerial views of the Blue Water Bridge
Fishing Reports for the Bluewater Area
Blue Water Bridge
Michigan Blue Water Bridge Information
PDF: Construction History of the Blue Water Bridges
Information and Tons of Photos of the Original Bridge
Live Traffic Cameras
Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) documentation, filed under Port Huron, St. Clair County, MI:

1938 establishments in Michigan
1938 establishments in Ontario
Box girder bridges in Canada
Box girder bridges in the United States
Bridges completed in 1938
Bridges on the Interstate Highway System
Buildings and structures in Sarnia
Buildings and structures in St. Clair County, Michigan
Canada–United States border crossings
Canada–United States bridges
Cantilever bridges in Canada
Cantilever bridges in the United States
Historic American Engineering Record in Michigan
Interstate 69
Interstate 94
Lake Huron Circle Tour
St. Clair River
Port Huron, Michigan
Road bridges in Michigan
Road bridges in Ontario
Through arch bridges in Canada
Through arch bridges in the United States
Tied arch bridges in Canada
Tied arch bridges in the United States
Toll bridges in Canada
Toll bridges in Michigan
Tolled sections of Interstate Highways
Transport in Sarnia
Transportation in St. Clair County, Michigan
Truss bridges in Canada
Truss bridges in the United States
Steel bridges in Canada
Steel bridges in the United States

Blue Water Bridge


عين الكبيرة، وهي إحدى بلديات ولاية تلمسان.

  عين الكبيرة، وهي إحدى بلديات ولاية سطيف.
  عين الكبيرة، وهي قرية بولاية ميلة.

عين الكبيرة (توضيح)


Novomalorósiyskaya  es una stanitsa del raión de Výselki del krai de Krasnodar, en Rusia. Está situada a orillas del río Beisug, 20 km al nordeste de Výselki y 94 km al nordeste de Krasnodar, la capital del krai. Tenía 5 778 habitantes en 2010.

Es cabeza del municipio Novomalorósiskoye, al que pertenece asimismo Novograzhdanskaya.

Historia

La localidad fue fundada en 1801 por decreto del zar Pablo I. Fue designada stanitsa en 1832. Tras finalizar la Guerra del Cáucaso, a partir de 1867 se permitió la colonización de las tierras por parte de no cosacos, por lo que llegaron campesinos de Ucrania y Rusia central, con lo que empezó a desarrollarse intensivamente la agricultura. Sus tierras fueron el koljós Rosiya a partir de 1950. A partir de 1967 pertenece al raión de Výselki.

Composición étnica

De los 5 792 habitantes que tenía en 2002, el 91.6 % era de etnia rusa, el 2.2 % era de etnia armenia, el 1.6 % era de etnia ucraniana, el 0.9 % era de etnia griega, el 0.7 % era de etnia bielorrusa, el 0.5 % era de etnia azerí, el 0.3 % era de etnia tártara, el 0.2 % era de etnia adigué, el 0.1 % era de etnia georgiana, el 0.1 % era de etnia gitana y el 0.1 % etnia alemana.

Enlaces externos y referencias

 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde este enlace.
 Este artículo es en parte una traducción de su correspondiente en la edición en ruso de Wikipedia, Новомалороссийская.
 Mapa en maps.vlasenko.net .
 El municipio en el sitio web del raión .

Localidades del raión de Výselki del krai de Krasnodar
Localidades establecidas en 1801

Novomalorósiskaya


Klotzbach ist der Name folgender Gewässer:
 Klotzbach, linker Zufluss der Rems in Böbingen an der Rems, Ostalbkreis, Baden-Württemberg

Klotzbach ist der Familienname folgender Personen:
 Arthur Klotzbach (1877–1938), deutscher Montanwirtschaftsführer
 Holger Klotzbach (* 1946), deutscher Kulturunternehmer
 Kurt Klotzbach (1940–1989), deutscher Historiker
 Peter Klotzbach, deutscher Architekt

Siehe auch:
 Klotzbach, linker Hauptstrang-Oberlauf der Wespach (Linzer Aach) oder des Wespachbachs (zur dort Salemer Aach genanntenLinzer Aach) bis nahe dem Tobelhof der Gemeinde Salem, Bodenseekreis, Baden-WÜrttemberg

Klotzbach (Begriffsklärung)


جان زوارتكرويس، من مواليد 18 فبراير 1926، مدرب كرة قدم هولندي سابق.

درب منتخب هولندا لكرة القدم من 1978 وحتى عام 1981.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية هولنديون
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص من أوفربيتوا
أشخاص يحتمل أن يكونوا أحياء
رياضيون من خيلدرلند
رياضيون هولنديون مغتربون في ترينيداد وتوباغو
لاعبو كرة قدم هولنديون
مدربو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1980
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في ترينيداد وتوباغو
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في جزر الأنتيل الهولندية
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون هولنديون
مدربو كرة قدم هولنديون
مدربو منتخب ترينيداد وتوباغو الوطني لكرة القدم
مدربو منتخب جزر الأنتيل الهولندية الوطني لكرة القدم
مدربو منتخب هولندا لكرة القدم
مواليد 1926
وفيات 2013

يان زوارتكرويس


Positive economics (as opposed to normative economics) is the part of economics that deals with positive statements. Positive economics, was originated from positivism and got introduced to economics by John Stuart Mill in his book Auguste Comte and Positivism in 1860's, reflecting upon Comte's positivism. Then, it was developed by John Neville Keynes in the 1890's and it became popular economical thought by elaborations of Lionel Robbins in the 1930's.

Positive economics focuses on the description, quantification and explanation of economic phenomena.  It deals with empirical facts as well as cause-and-effect behavioral relationships and emphasizes that economic theories must be consistent with existing observations and produce testable, precise predictions about the phenomena under question.  Positive economics as a science concerns analysis of economic behavior to determine what is true.  Examples of positive economic statements are "the unemployment rate in France is higher than that in the United States," or  "an increase in government spending would lower the unemployment rate." Either of these is potentially falsifiable and may be contradicted by evidence. Positive economics as such avoids economic value judgments. For example, a positive economic theory might describe how money supply growth affects inflation, but it does not provide any instruction on what policy ought to be followed. Positive economics is based on facts which can or cannot be approved. It provides an "objective" system of generalisations. However, due to economics being directly related with human beings, achieving objectivity can be hard. On the other hand, normative economics is based on judgments which they are either good or bad. For example, "Government spending should be increased" is a normative statement.

Definitions

The scientific or positive aspects of economics were emphasized by many 20th century economists in order to show that economic theories could answer questions with the same scientific methodology as the physical sciences.

John Neville Keynes's The Scope and Method of Political Economy defined positive economics as the science of "what is" as compared to normative economics, the study of "what ought to be". Keynes was not the first person to make these distinction between positive and normative economics but his definitions have become the standard in economics teaching.

Lionel Robbins's 1932 book An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science stated that economics should take as its subject matter attempts by individuals to achieve ends with limited resources. Given that any end was "dependent on scarce means", it should not take a point of view on which ends should or should not be pursued. It is believed that Robbins was instrumental in promoting the fact-value distinction in economics and insisting that ethical or value judgments should not be a part of the discipline, however Robbins' views on this subject were not entirely clear.

Paul Samuelson's Foundations of Economic Analysis (1947) lays out the standard of operationally meaningful theorems through positive economics. Positive economics is commonly deemed necessary for the ranking of economic policies or outcomes as to acceptability.

Milton Friedman, in an influential 1953 essay, elaborated on the distinctions between positive and normative economics. He defined the aim of positive economics as developing theories that give "valid and meaningful" predictions which are precise, testable and in accordance with the available empirical evidence. To do this, economists must create a model that simplifies reality.

Friedman also emphasized that positive and normative economics could never be entirely separated because of their relationship with economic policy.  Disagreements about economic policy are primarily due to an inability to agree about the likely consequences of a piece of legislation. As economics developed, Friedman believed that it would become increasingly possible to derive undisputed results about positive economic statements and that this would help to make clear judgments about the best ways to achieve normative goals such as minimum wage legislature.

However. as positive economics continuously progressed, economist' that believe in normative concept tended to disconnect from their positive beliefs.

Philosophy

According to Friedman, the ultimate goal of a positive science is to develop a "theory" or "hypothesis" that makes meaningful predictions of a phenomenon that is not yet examined. Friedman states that sometimes it is a ""language" that designed to promote "systematic and organised methods of reasoning" and in part, "It is a body of substantive hypotheses designed to abstract essential features of complex reality."

In Uskali Mäki's book "The Methodology of Positive Economics : Reflections on the Milton Friedman Legacy", he suggests that the theory of positive economics consists of "complex intermixture of two elements".

The methodological basis for positive/normative distinctions is rooted in the fact-value distinction in philosophy. The principal proponents of such distinctions originate with David Hume and G. E. Moore. Hulme defined a 'matter of fact' as something that could be directly perceived with one of the five senses. However, current positivist science now poses facts that cannot be verified in this manner. John Stuart Mill made use of Hulme's fact-value distinction to define the science and art of economics in A System of Logic.

The logical basis of such a relation as a dichotomy has been disputed in philosophical literature. Such debates are reflected in discussion of positive science.

Criticism

Since its inception as a discipline, economics has been criticized for failing to adequately separate its scientific and non-scientific aspects.

Critics such as Gunnar Myrdal (1954) and proponents of Feminist Economics such as Julie A. Nelson, Geoff Schneider and Jean Shackelford, and Diana Strassmann dispute the idea that economics can be completely neutral and agenda-free.

Nelson argues that many of the current failings of economics are a result of it not being objective enough. Rather than being value-free, many of its perspectives on "subject, model, method and pedagogy" are bound up in a "masculine-gendered" approach.

Schnedier and Shackelford in Ten Principles of Feminist Economics take issue with the definition of economics as a value-free, positive science. They propose that values play a role in all levels of economic analysis and that the types of questions that economists choose to investigate are influenced by ideological systems. For example, the statement "A country's standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services" relies on the ideologically-motivated assumption that GDP per capita is the most useful indicator of standard of living.

Hilary Putnam has also criticized the very foundation of the positive/normative dichotomy from a linguistic perspective, arguing that it is not possible to separate "value judgments from statements of facts".

Moreover, Lewis Hill critiques positive economics in his work "A Critique of Positive Economics". According to Hill, there are two important aspects of positive economics: Denial of normative value and economic epistemology. Hill criticizes the methodology of positive economics. There is lack of ethical considerations as positive economics targets to be value-neutral.

See also
 Consumer theory
 Distribution (economics)
 Economic methodology
 Feminist economics
 Normative economics
 Philosophy of economics
 Production possibilities frontier
 Supply and demand

Notes

References
 Andrew Caplin and Andrew Schotte, ed. (2008). The Foundations of Positive and Normative Economics: A Handbook,  Oxford. Description and preview.
 Milton Friedman (1953). "The Methodology of Positive Economics," Essays in Positive Economics.
 Daniel M. Hausman and Michael S. McPherson (1996). Economic Analysis and Moral Philosophy, "Appendix: How could ethics matter to economics?", pp. 211–20:
A.2:  Objection 2: Positive economics is value-free
A.3: How positive economics involves morality
 John Neville Keynes (1891). The Scope and Method of Political Economy
 Richard G. Lipsey (2008). "positive economics." The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Second Edition. Abstract.
  Gunnar Myrdal (1954 [1929]). The Political Element in the Development of Economic Theory, trans. Paul Streeten (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
 Lionel Robbins (1932). An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science.
 Paul A. Samuelson (1947, Enlarged ed. 1983). Foundations of Economic Analysis''
 Stanley Wong (1987). "positive economics," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 3, pp. 920–21.

External links
 Essays in Positive Economics by Milton Friedman
 Milton Friedman ([1953] 1966). "The Methodology of Positive Economics," excerpts from Friedman's essay

Economic methodology

Positive economics


CSC, Csc or CSc may refer to:

Awards
 Conspicuous Service Cross (disambiguation)
 Conspicuous Service Cross (Australia)
 Conspicuous Service Cross (New York)
 Conspicuous Service Cross (United Kingdom)

Science and industry
 Cancer stem cell
 Candidate of Sciences (C.Sc.), a post-graduate scientific degree in many former Eastern Bloc countries
 Card security code, a printed security code on payment cards such as credits and debit cards
 Central serous chorioretinopathy, an eye disease
 Circuit Switched Call, a mode of GSM/ISDN Communication setup
 Common Services Centers, an element of the Indian government Common Services Centers scheme
 Common short code, a four or five-digit number assigned to a specific content or mobile service provider, for example, to vote for a television program contestant or donate to a charity
 Compact system cameras, also known as mirrorless interchangeable-lens cameras
 Cosecant, a trigonometric function
 CSC BioBox, an EMBnet server in biology
 CSC-Plate, and International Convention for Safe Containers (1972) compliance plate
 Csc, the rare cold-summer subtype of the Mediterranean climate, characterized by cold, dry summers, under Köppen climate classification scheme

Organizations

Companies
 Charles Schwab Corporation, an American multinational financial services company
 China Changjiang National Shipping (Group) Corporation, part of the Chinese Sinotrans&CSC shipping group
 China Steel Corporation, a steel maker in Taiwan
 Commercial Solvents Corporation, an American chemical and biotechnology company
 Common Service Centres, an Indian company
 CSC, formerly Computer Sciences Corporation, a multinational corporation providing IT services
 Contemporary Services Corporation, a security organization for sporting events
 Corporation Service Company, a registered agent service company
 Country Style Cooking, a Chinese restaurant chain (NYSE: CCSC)
 China Securities Company, now known as CSC Financial
 CSC – IT Center for Science, a Finnish information technology company
 CSC Media Group, a UK-based satellite television channel provider
 Cities Sports Connection - CSCSPORTS.com, recreational sports & charity events, serving adults in the Minneapolis/St Paul metro area.
 Intu, formerly Capital Shopping Centres, a British property company

Schools
 Castleton University, formerly Castleton State College
 Chadron State College
 Cornway Senior College, a private, co-educational, day and boarding school in Zimbabwe

Sports organizations
 Český Svaz Cyklistiky, the native name for the Czech Cycling Federation
 College Sports Communicators, a trade organization for college/university sports information professionals in the U.S. and Canada
 Commonwealth Sport Canada
 Team CSC, a professional cycling team from Denmark
 CS Constantine, an Algerian football club

Other organizations
 Cancer Support Community, an international nonprofit
 Canadian Society of Cinematographers
 Canadian Swing Championships
 Center for Science and Culture, an "intelligent design" conservative Christian think tank
 China Scholarship Council
 Civil service commission, similarly-named government agencies in various countries handling civil service
 Classic Stage Company, an Off-Broadway theatre
 Community Sector Coalition, England
 Confédération Syndicale Congolaise, the native name for the Congolese Trade Union Confederation
 Confédération des Syndicats Chrétiens, the native name for the Confederation of Christian Trade Unions, a Belgian trade union
 Congregatio a Sancta Cruce, the native name for the Congregation of Holy Cross, a Roman Catholic organization
 Correctional Service of Canada, a Canadian government agency
 [Council] Security Committee (of the Council of the EU)

Other uses
 Canadian Securities Course
 Canadian Surface Combatant, a military shipbuilding project of the Royal Canadian Navy
 Close Supervision Centre - the most restrictive UK prison regime
 Corps of Staff Cadets, military unit, Australia
 Criminal sexual conduct
 ICAO airline designator for the Chinese Sichuan Airlines
 The SANS Critical Security Controls for Effective Cyber Defense

CSC


William James Collins (born March 22, 1941) is an American poet who served as the Poet Laureate of the United States from 2001 to 2003. He was a Distinguished Professor at Lehman College of the City University of New York, retiring in 2016. Collins was recognized as a Literary Lion of the New York Public Library (1992) and selected as the New York State Poet for 2004 through 2006. In 2016, Collins was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters.  As of 2020, he is a teacher in the MFA program at Stony Brook Southampton.

Early life and education
Collins was born in Manhattan to William and Katherine Collins and grew up in Queens and White Plains. William was born to a large family from Ireland and Katherine was from Canada. His mother, Katherine Collins, was a nurse who stopped working to raise the couple's only child. Mrs. Collins had the ability to recite verses on almost any subject, which she often did, and cultivated in her young son the love of words, both written and spoken. Billy Collins' father was a worker on Wall Street who Collins attributes as an inspiration to his humor.

Collins attended Archbishop Stepinac High School and received a B.A. in English from the College of the Holy Cross in 1963. He received his M.A. and Ph.D. in romantic poetry from the University of California, Riverside. His professors at Riverside included Victorian scholar and poet Robert Peters.  There he came under the influence of contemporary poets like Karl Shapiro, Howard Nemerov and Reed Whittemore, and during his adolescence he was influenced by Beat Generation poets as well. In 1975 Collins founded The Mid-Atlantic Review with his friends Walter Blanco and Steve Bailey.

Career
Collins is a Distinguished Professor of English at Lehman College in the Bronx, where he joined the faculty in 1968. He is a founding Advisory Board member of the CUNY Institute for Irish-American Studies at Lehman College. Collins has taught and served as a visiting writer at Sarah Lawrence College in Bronxville, New York as well as teaching workshops across the U.S. and in Ireland. Collins is a member of the faculty of SUNY Stony Brook Southampton, where (2015) he teaches poetry workshops.

Collins was named U.S. Poet Laureate in 2001 and held the title until 2003. Collins served as Poet Laureate for the State of New York from 2004 until 2006. Collins served a stint with the Winter Park Institute in Winter Park, Florida, an affiliate of Rollins College. In 2012, Collins became Poetry Consultant for Smithsonian Magazine.

During the summer of 2013 Collins guest hosted Garrison Keillor's popular daily radio broadcast, The Writer's Almanac, on NPR.  Collins has been invited to read at The White House three times—in 2001, 2011, and 2014.   In 2014 he traveled to Russia as a cultural emissary of the U.S. State Department.  In 2013 and 2015, Collins toured with the singer-songwriter Aimee Mann, performing on stage with her in a music-poetry-conversation format.  Collins and Paul Simon have engaged in four onstage conversations about poetry, music, and lyrics, starting in 2008.  The conversations were held in 2008 at New York's 92nd Street Y and The Winter Park Institute, in 2013 at the Chautauqua Institution, and in 2013 at Emory University as part of the Richard Ellman Lectures in Modern Literature, where Simon was the 2013 Richard Ellman Lecturer.

Collins presented a TED talk, Everyday moments, caught in time at TED 2012.  Collins, as one of the Favorite 100 TED speakers of all time, was invited to give another TED talk at TED 2014 in Vancouver, Canada.

As U.S. Poet Laureate, Collins read his poem The Names at a special joint session of the United States Congress on September 6, 2002, held to remember the victims of the 9/11 attacks. Though, unlike their British counterparts, U.S. poets laureate are not asked or expected to write occasional poetry, Collins was asked by the Librarian of Congress to write a poem especially for that event. Collins initially refused to read "The Names" in public, though he has read it two times in public since 2002. He vowed not to include it in any of his books, refusing to capitalize on the 9/11 attacks.  However, "The Names" was included in The Poets Laureate Anthology put out by the Library of Congress, for which Collins wrote the foreword. At the time the only book-published version of "The Names", it contained a number of typographical errors. The poem also appeared in the New York Times, September 6, 2002. Collins finally agreed to include "The Names" in his new and selected volume Aimless Love in 2013.  As Poet Laureate, Collins instituted the program Poetry 180 for high schools. Collins chose 180 poems for the program and the accompanying book, Poetry 180: A Turning Back to Poetry—one for each day of the school year. Collins edited a second anthology, 180 More Extraordinary Poems for Every Day to refresh the supply of available poems.

In 1997, Collins recorded The Best Cigarette, a collection of 34 of his poems, that would become a bestseller. In 2005, the CD was re-released under a Creative Commons license, allowing free, non-commercial distribution of the recording. He also recorded two of his poems for the audio versions of Garrison Keillor's collection Good Poems (2002). Collins has appeared on Keillor's radio show, A Prairie Home Companion, numerous times, where he gained a portion of his large following. In 2005, Collins recorded Billy Collins Live: A Performance in New York City. Collins was introduced by his friend, actor Bill Murray.Collins has been called "The most popular poet in America" by the New York Times. When he moved from the University of Pittsburgh Press to Random House, the advance he received shocked the poetry world—a six-figure sum for a three-book deal, virtually unheard of in poetry. The deal secured for Collins through his literary agent, Chris Calhoun, then of Sterling Lord Literistic, with the editor Daniel Menaker, remained the talk of the poetry world, and indeed the literary world, for quite some time.

Over the years, the U.S. magazine Poetry has awarded Collins several prizes in recognition of poems they publish. During the 1990s, Collins won five such prizes. The magazine also selected him as "Poet of the Year" in 1994. In 2005 Collins was the first annual recipient of its Mark Twain Prize for Humor in Poetry. He has received fellowships from the National Endowment for the Arts, the New York Foundation for the Arts and in 1993, from the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation.

One of his most critically acclaimed works, "Fishing on the Susquehanna in July" has been added to the preserved works of the United States Native American literary registry as being deemed a culturally significant poem. The poem has been included on national Advance Placement exams for high school students.

In 2012, Collins appeared as himself in an episode of the PBS animated series Martha Speaks.

Collins is on the editorial board at The Alaska Quarterly Review.  Most recently he contributed to the 30th anniversary edition. He is on the advisory board at the Southern Review and is similarly named in other journals.

During the stay-at-home confinement period necessitated by the COVID-19 pandemic beginning in March 2020, Collins, like many others in the arts, appears daily on Facebook Live offering his art to a worldwide audience, reading poems and talking about poetry.

Personal life
In 1977 Collins married Diane Olbright, and later settled in Westchester County, New York.  The couple have since divorced. Collins moved in 2007 from New York to Winter Park, Florida to be with Suzannah Gilman, his fiancée, an attorney and fellow poet. Collins and Suzannah Gilman married on July 21, 2019, in Southampton, New York.

Awards and honors
 1983 Fellowship from the New York Foundation for the Arts
 1986 Fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts
 1991 National Poetry Series publication prize. Winner for Questions About Angels
 1992 New York Public Library "Literary Lion"
 1993 Fellowship from the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation
 1994 Poetry magazine's "Poet of the Year"
 1995 Lenore Marshall Poetry Prize, Academy of American Poets. Shortlist for The Art of Drowning
 2001 American Irish Historical Society Cultural Award
 2001–2003 United States Poet Laureate
 2004–2006 New York State Poet Laureate
 2005 Mark Twain Award for Humor in Poetry
 2013 Donald Hall-Jane Kenyon Prize in American Poetry
 2014 Norman Mailer Prize for Poetry
 2016 Peggy V. Helmerich Distinguished Author Award
 2016 American Academy of Arts and Letters

Other Awards include these from Poetry magazine:
 The Oscar Blumenthal Prize
 The Bess Hokin Prize
 The Frederick Bock Prize
 The Levinson Prize

Bibliography

Books of poems by Collins

 Pokerface (Pasadena, Ca.: Kenmore Press, 1977)
 Video Poems (Long Beach, Ca.: Applezaba Press, 1980)
 The Apple that Astonished Paris: Poems (Fayetteville, Ark.: University of Arkansas Press, 1988)
 Questions about Angels: Poems (New York: Quill/William Morrow, 1991)
 The Art of Drowning (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1995)
 Picnic, Lightning (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1998)
 Taking off Emily Dickinson's Clothes: Selected Poems (London: Picador, 2000)
 Sailing Alone around the Room: New and Selected Poems (New York: Random House, 2001)
 Nine Horses: Poems (New York: Random House, 2002)
 The Trouble with Poetry and Other Poems (New York: Random House, 2005)
 She Was Just Seventeen (Modern Haiku Press, 2006)
 Ballistics: Poems (New York: Random House, 2006)
 Horoscopes for the Dead: Poems (New York, Random House, 2011)
 Aimless Love: New and Selected Poems (New York: Random House, 2013)
 Voyage (Piermont, N.H.: Bunker Hill Publishing, 2014)
 The Rain in Portugal: Poems (New York: Random House, 2016)
 Whale Day: and other Poems (New York: Random House, 2020)
 Musical Tables: Poems (New York: Random House, 2022)

Sound recordings of Collins

 Best cigarette [sound recording] / Billy Collins (Chicago: Small Good, 1993)

Books edited or introduced by Collins

 Poetry 180: a turning back to poetry / selected and with an introduction by Billy Collins (New York: Random House, 2003)
 Leaves of grass / Walt Whitman; with a new foreword by Billy Collins; an introduction by Gay Wilson Allen; and an afterword by Peter Davison (New York: Signet Classics, 2005)
 180 more : extraordinary poems for every day / selected and with an introduction by Billy Collins (New York: Random House, 2005)
 Bright wings : an illustrated anthology of poems about birds / edited by Billy Collins; paintings by David Allen Sibley (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010)
 Poets laureate anthology / edited and with introductions by Elizabeth Hun Schmidt; foreword by Billy Collins (New York: Norton, 2010)
 Best of poetry in motion : celebrating twenty-five years on subways and buses / edited by Alice Quinn; foreword by Billy Collins (New York: Norton, 2017)

Individual poems by Collins in magazines

References

Further reading
Cusatis, John. Conversations with Billy Collins. University Press of Mississippi, 2022

External links

 Collins online resources at the Library of Congress
  Billy Collins profile at PoetryFoundation.org
 Billy Collins profile at poets.org
 Complete Billy Collins recording at archive.org

 New Yorker: Collins' "Catholicism"

American male poets
American Poets Laureate
Archbishop Stepinac High School alumni
Lehman College faculty
College of the Holy Cross alumni
The New Yorker people
Poets from New York City
Poets Laureate of New York (state)
University of California, Riverside alumni
Sarah Lawrence College faculty
People from Somers, New York
Smithsonian (magazine) people
1941 births
Living people
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters

Billy Collins


Le Tilburg Mixed Hockey Club (fondé le 2 octobre 1925) était un club de hockey sur gazon de Tilburg. Les hommes de Tilburg sont devenus deux fois champions nationaux, en 1960 et en 1970.

En 2011, Tilburg a fusionné avec Forward ; le club de fusion a continué sous le nom de HC Tilburg à partir de la saison 2011-2012.

Avant la fusion, les hommes jouaient dans la grande ligue néerlandaise, mais relégués et les femmes évoluaient en première division.

Honneur
Hoofdklasse
 Champions (2): 1959-1960, 1969-1970

L'un des membres de la dernière équipe du championnat était le multiple international Bart Taminiau.

Références

Lien externe
 Site officiel du TMHC Tilburg

Club sportif fondé en 1925
Club de hockey sur gazon aux Pays-Bas

Tilburg Mixed Hockey Club


دي بييرو دي كوزيمو دي ميديشي المعروف بالنقرسي (فلورنسا، 19 سبتمبر 1416 - فلورنسا، 2 ديسمبر 1469) حاكم فلورنسا لمدة خمس سنوات من 1464 حتى 1469.

هو الابن البكر لكوزيمو الأكبر و كوتيسينا دي باردي ، وهو أيضاً والد لورينزو الرائع و جوليانو دي ميديشي.

حياته
عانى من مرض النقرس الذي أكسبه وقد ورثه من والده، وكما عانى منه كثيرون من العائلة، مضطراً غالباً للبقاء فترات طويلة في السرير. و قد انتقل المرض منه إلى الفرع العائلي المنحدر منه (مثلاً، المشاكل الصحية لورينزو دي ميديشي والبابا لاون العاشر).

عندما نـُفي كوزيمو (1433-34) تبعه إلى البندقية، ثم سافر لبعض بلاطات شمال إيطاليا مثل فيرارا ، حيث كان ضيفا على آل إستي . في هذه المناسبة استطاع استيعاب ثقافة البلاط الرفيعة، وأيضاً بفضل التعاليم المستنيرة أصبح مـُـلـِـماً جداً باللغات الكلاسيكية.

في عام 1444 تزوج من لوكريسيا تورنابووني ، وهي امرأة مثقفة وحكيمة، تنتمي إلى عائلة فلورنسية هامة على تحالف دائم مع الميديشيين. لديه منها خمسة أبناء : ماريا ، لوكريسيا المسماة نانينا (1447-1493) ، لورينزو (1449-1492) ، بيانكا، جوليانو (1453-1478) و ذكرين مجهولي الاسم توفيا بعد الولادة. كما كان له ابن اسمه جوفاني . يبدو أن عائلة بييرو تم تصويرها في لوحة «سيدة الروعة» ساندرو بوتيتشيلي.

كان تعليم الأبناء ذو رتبة عالية، وفي بيئة بغاية الثقافة ومصطفاة، مع المعلمين من المستوى الرفيع.

مراجع

أشخاص من جمهورية فلورنسا القرن 15
أشخاص من فلورنسا
حكام القرن 15 في أوروبا
حكام فلورنسا
مصرفيون إيطاليون
مواليد 1416
مواليد في فلورنسا
ميديشي
وفيات 1469
وفيات في فلورنسا

شخصيات أعمال إيطاليون في القرن 15

بييرو الأول دي ميديشي


Zagrebačka nogometna liga je bila liga četvrtog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije za sezonu 1968./69.
Sudjelovalo je 14 klubova, a prvak je bila "Dubrava" iz Zagreba.

Ljestvica

 Vrapče – danas dio naselja Zagreb

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Unutarnje poveznice
 Prvenstva Zagrebačkog nogometnog podsaveza
 Zagrebački nogometni podsavez
 Zagrebačka zona 1968./69.
 1.A razred Podsaveza Zagreb 1968./69.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori
 Branko Mesarić, Josip Ljubić: 70 godina nogometa u Jarunu, Gajevu i Staglišću : 1921.-1991., Zagreb, 1991., UDK: 796.332(497.5 Zagreb)(067.5) * 061.237(497.Zagreb:796.332](067.5), str. 58
 Ico Kerhlin, Miroslav Rede: "Platinasti jubilej Zagrebačkog nogometnog saveza : 1919 - 1994", Zagreb, 1995., UDK: 796.332(497.5 Zagreb)"1919/1994", str. 200
 "Sportske novosti", 1969. godina

1968-69 0
Zagreb-1
1968-69 Zagreb

Zagrebačka nogometna liga 1968./69.


Takumi Shima (født 3. oktober 1967) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Sanfrecce Hiroshima.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Takumi Shima


Serenada este un film românesc din 1968 regizat de Radu Igazsag.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1968 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1968
Filme regizate de Radu Igazsag

Serenada


An Gouinia guatemalensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Eduard Hackel, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Jason Richard Swallen. An Gouinia guatemalensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Gouinia, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Gouinia

Gouinia guatemalensis


Marian Popa () este un fotbalist român retras din activitate, jucător în echipa națională de fotbal a României.

În data de 25 aprilie 1990 a debutat în echipa națională a României, într-un meci cu echipa națională de fotbal a Israelului.

Legături externe
 Marian Popa, pe romaniansoccer.ro

Nașteri în 1964
Fotbaliști internaționali români

Marian Popa (fotbalist)


(), known simply as Club Brugge (in English also: Club Bruges), is a Belgian professional football club based in Bruges, Belgium. It was founded in 1891 and its home ground is the Jan Breydel Stadium, which has a capacity of 29,062. They play in the Belgian Pro League, the top domestic league in Belgian football.

One of the most decorated clubs in Belgian football, the club have been crowned Belgian league champions 18 times, second only to major rivals Anderlecht, and it shares the Jan Breydel Stadium with city rival Cercle Brugge, with whom they contest the Bruges derby.

Throughout its long history, "Club" has enjoyed much European football success, reaching two European finals and two European semi-finals. Club Brugge is the only Belgian club to have played the final of the European Cup (now the UEFA Champions League) so far, losing to Liverpool in the final of the 1978 season. They also lost in the 1976 UEFA Cup Final to the same opponents. Club Brugge holds the European record number of consecutive participations in the UEFA Europa League (20), the record number of Belgian Cups (11), and the record number of Belgian Super Cups (17).

History

In 1890, students from the Catholic school Broeders Xaverianen and the neutral school Koninklijk Atheneum joined together to form the Brugsche Football Club. The former students christened the club's founding by establishing the Latin motto 'mens sana in corpore sano' (a healthy mind in a healthy body). A year later on 13 November 1891, the club was re-created under Brugsche FC, and this is now seen as the official foundation of the current Club Brugge. In 1892, an official board was installed at the club to oversee all operations and team decisions. In 1895, the national athletics sports union was founded, predecessor of the later national football association, under the name UBSSA (Union Belge des Sociétés de Sports Athlétiques); Brugsche FC was a founding member of the UBSSSA and as such took part in the first league campaign organized in Belgian football during the 1895–96 season. Financial difficulties the following year forced the club to leave the UBSSA and soon after, Football Club Brugeois were formed by breakaway club members. The two sides were reunited in 1897 under the French name of Football Club Brugeois; they did not take on the Dutch title Club Brugge until 1972.

In 1914, FC Brugeois reached their first Belgian Cup final, but lost 2–1 to Union SG. Six years later, the club claimed their first trophy, by winning the Belgian First Division during the 1919–20 season. They celebrated by changing their title to Royal FC Brugeois – with their regal status now reflected in their modern prefix KV, standing for Koninklijke Vereniging (royal club). Only eight years later though, the club was relegated to the Belgian Second Division for the first time in their history following a relegation play-off. Further lean times followed the relegation in 1928, as they spent much of the 1940s and 1950s in the second division of Belgian football.

Following the 1958–59 season, the club earned promotion back to the First Division and have not been relegated since. The club were able to add to their trophy cabinet in 1968, winning the first of their record 11 Belgian Cup titles for the first time after defeating Beerschot A.C. 7–6 in a penalty-shootout after a 1–1 draw.

The club enjoyed their most success under legendary Austrian manager Ernst Happel as he led the club to three straight league championships from 1975–76 to 1977–78 and a Belgian Cup victory in 1976–77. Happel also guided Club Brugge to their first European final, reaching the 1976 UEFA Cup Final. Over the two-legged final against English giants Liverpool, Club Brugge fell 3–4 on aggregate. Two years later, Brugge again met Liverpool in a European final, this time in the 1978 European Cup Final at Wembley, becoming the first Belgian club to reach the final of the competition. Brugge fell to a lone second-half goal from Kenny Dalglish as Liverpool won their second European Cup and third European trophy in succession. Following the cup final loss to Liverpool, Happel left Club Brugge and would lead Netherlands later that summer to the final of the 1978 FIFA World Cup.

On 25 November 1992, Brugge player Daniel Amokachi became the first goal scorer in the Champions League. He scored in a 1–0 win over CSKA Moscow.

On 20 May 2021, Brugge drew 3–3 with rivals Anderlecht to win the Belgian First Division A title for the fourth time in six years and 17th time overall. It was the first time since 1973 that Club Brugge had been crowned champions at Anderlecht's ground and the first time since 1976–77 and 1977–78 that Brugge had won back-to-back league titles. A year later, they'd become champions for a third time in a row at Antwerp's ground, the first time since 1977-79. They would go on and qualify for the 2022–23 UEFA Champions League knockout for the first time in the modern history, after losing only once and keeping 5 clean sheets in the groupstage.

Crest and colours

The club don a blue and black home kit as has been traditional through their history. Away from home they wear a light coloured kit. Colours like white, light blue and yellow have been used in recent years. As of the 2022–23 season, the club's current kit supplier is Macron.

Stadium

The club's original home in the Sint-Andries district of Bruges was known as the Rattenplein (rats' stadium) since it was owned by the local fox terrier club, who used it for another imported English pastime: rat baiting. This non-UEFA affiliated 'sport' involved getting dogs to chase and kill rats. In 1911, the team moved to a new ground, called De Klokke (after a nearby pub), which was renamed the Albert Dyserynckstadion after the sudden death of Club Brugge chairman Albert Dyserynck.

Their current stadium, since 1975, was rebranded in honour of local butcher and revolutionary Jan Breydel in 1998. Breydel led a rising against the city's French overlords in the 1300s. The venue – which Club Brugge share with local rivals Cercle Brugge – was previously named the Olympiastadion.

In November 2016, the club broke ground on a new training complex at Westkapelle, including four training pitches and an additional training centre for the senior squad plus the U21 and U19 teams; all in addition to the already available sports complex Molenhoek.

New stadium
Since 2007, Club Brugge has been working on developing a new stadium. Since then, there have been a number of proposed locations, but the project never really took off due to problems with ground availability and endangered animal species on the proposed grounds.

However, when a new city council and mayor were sworn into office in the city of Bruges, the project went through a rebirth. Instead of moving out of the current Jan Breydelstadium, the site on which this stadium is built will be completely reconstructed into a park with a brand new stadium next to where the current stadium is situated. Although this project has been criticised by some, it's the furthest the club has come with a project. In October of 2021 the club received their building permit. The club, the city and the Flemish government aim to have a functioning stadium by mid-2023, which will hold up to 40,116 spectators.

Supporters

Some of the fans are part of 62 supporter clubs in Belgium, which have more than 10,000 members. The "Supportersfederatie Club Brugge KV", founded in 1967, is recognized as the official supporters club of Club Brugge. The federation is made up of 60 recognized supporters' clubs and has an elected board to steer the operation in the right direction.

In tribute to the fans, often dubbed the twelfth man in football, Club Brugge no longer assigns the number 12 to players. Club Brugge also has a TV show, CLUBtv, on the Telenet network since 21 July 2006. This twice weekly show features exclusive interviews with players, coaches and managers.

Mascot

The official mascot of Club Bruges is a bear, symbol of the city of Bruges. The history of the bear is related to a legend of the first Count of Flanders, Baldwin I of Flanders, who had fought and defeated a bear in his youth. Since the end of 2000, a second mascot, also a bear, travels along the edge of the field during home games for fans to call and encourage both their favorites. These two bears are called Belle and Bene. In 2010, a third bear named Bibi, made its appearance. He is described as the child of the first two mascots, and is oriented towards the young supporters.

Rivalries

Like many historic clubs, Club Brugge contests rivalries with other Belgian clubs, whether at local (Cercle Brugge) or regional level (Antwerp) or nationally competitive (Anderlecht and Standard Liège).

Anderlecht

The rivalry between Club Brugge and Anderlecht has developed since the 1970s. At that time, the Brussels-based club and Club Brugge won most trophies between them, leaving little room for other Belgian teams. Matches between these two teams were often contested for the title of champion of Belgium. Three Belgian Cup finals were played between the two clubs (with Anderlecht winning once and Club Brugge twice), and they played seven Belgian Supercups (Club Bruges won five). A match between these two sides is often called 'The Hate Game'. They are arguably the most heated fixtures in Belgian football together with clashes between the other two members of the Big Three – Anderlecht and Standard Liège.

Cercle Brugge
The Bruges Derby is seen as one of the most important games of the season for a lot of fans from both teams. Every season, the game attracts a huge deal of fans which results in huge choreographies on both sides. Tifos, flags and banners made specifically for this confrontation and accompanied by flares and smoke bombs aren't a rare sight in and around the stadium. The winner of this derby is crowned "de Ploeg van Brugge", which translates to "the team of Bruges". It has become a tradition for the winning side to plant a flag with the club's crest or colours on the center spot after the game.

R. Antwerp FC
The rivalry between the oldest clubs in Flanders and Belgium, is one that dates back to the 1900s. In 1908, due to Bruges supporters attacking Antwerp players after they had lost 2-1 to what we'll later call Club Brugge, one of the biggest and fiercest rivalries in Europe came to be. Confrontations between the two sides bring a lot of fighting and havoc to the stadium and the surrounding neighbourhoods. This hatred has reached new highs ever since Antwerp gained promotion back to the first division.

Honours

Domestic
Belgian First Division
Winners (18): 1919–20, 1972–73, 1975–76, 1976–77, 1977–78, 1979–80, 1987–88, 1989–90, 1991–92, 1995–96, 1997–98, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2015–16, 2017–18, 2019–20, 2020–21, 2021–22
Runners-up (23): 1898–99, 1899-1900, 1905–06, 1909–10, 1910–11, 1966–67, 1967–68, 1969–70, 1970–71, 1971–72, 1984–85, 1985–86, 1993–94, 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999-2000, 2000–01, 2001–02, 2003–04, 2011–12, 2014–15, 2016–17, 2018–19

Belgian Cup
Winners (11): 1967–68, 1969–70, 1976–77, 1985–86, 1990–91, 1994–95, 1995–96, 2001–02, 2003–04, 2006–07, 2014–15 (record)
Runners-up (8): 1913–14, 1978–79, 1982–83, 1993–94, 1997–98, 2004–05, 2015–16, 2019–20

Belgian Super Cup
Winners (17): 1980, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2016, 2018, 2021, 2022 (record)
Runners-up (3): 1995, 2007, 2015

International

European Cup
Runners-up: 1977–78

UEFA Cup
Runners-up: 1975–76
Semi-finalists: 1987–88

UEFA Cup Winners' Cup
Semi-finalists: 1991–92

Minor
Kirin Cup
Winners: 1981

Amsterdam Tournament
Winners: 1990

Results

Players

First-team squad

Other players under contract

Out on loan

Club NXT (Reserves and Youth Academy)

Retired numbers

12 – The 12th man (reserved for the club supporters)

23 –  François Sterchele, striker (2007–08). Posthumous; Sterchele died in a single-person car accident on 8 May 2008.

Former players

Club captains

Coaching staff

First-team staff

Reserves staff

Club Academy staff

Board of directors

See also
Club YLA (Club Brugge women)

References

Bibliography

External links

 History

Association football clubs established in 1891
1891 establishments in Belgium
Football clubs in Bruges
Organisations based in Belgium with royal patronage
Belgian Pro League clubs

Club Brugge KV


Box Hill is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,  east of the city's Central Business District (CBD), located within the City of Whitehorse local government area. Box Hill recorded a population of 14,353 at the 2021 census.

Founded as a township in the 1850s, Box Hill grew over the following century into a small city with its own CBD, its own municipality in the former City of Box Hill, and its own suburbs, including Box Hill North and Box Hill South. In the 1950s, Box Hill was absorbed into Melbourne as part of the eastward expansion of the metropolis. Today, Box Hill is notable for its large Chinese community, being one of the largest in Melbourne, and is home to the city's tallest high-rise buildings outside the CBD.

A major transportation hub for Melbourne's eastern suburbs, Box Hill is home of one of the city's busiest train stations, located beneath Box Hill Central. It is also served by the route 109 tram and numerous bus routes.

History

Early settlement

Box Hill was first settled by the squatter Arundel Wrighte, formerly of Van Diemen's Land, who, in 1838 took up a pastoral lease on the land he had previously explored in the Bushy Creek area. The first permanent settlers, Thomas Toogood and his wife Edith, purchased  in 1841 and Wrighte built a house on his property, "Marionvale", in 1844. The Pioneers' Memorial, which can be found in front of the town hall, is made from a chimney stone, taken from Wrighte's original house. It was not until after 1850, however, that Crown lands were subdivided and sold. Traffic along a main road running through the district encouraged the building of a hotel at Box Hill in 1853. Its owner named it the White Horse hotel and the name was bestowed on the road. Box Hill Post Office opened on 1 February 1861, being the first official use of the name. The postmaster, Silas Padgham proposed the name, derived from Box Hill, Surrey, England, near his birthplace.

In 1871, Box Hill township's population was 154 and the district relied on orchards, vineyards and mixed farming. The extension of the railway line from Camberwell to Lilydale in 1882 included a station at Box Hill, but there were also stations at Canterbury and Surrey Hills, to the west. They attracted subdivisions and development ahead of Box Hill. Growth came, though, with a school opening in Box Hill in 1887, then known as State School 2838. The town became the seat of the Nunawading Shire Council, which met at the Box Hill Courthouse.

In the mid-1880s, Box Hill became a favoured area for landscape artists who wanted to paint the Australian bush en plein air. These artists, among them Arthur Streeton, Tom Roberts and Frederick McCubbin, established the Box Hill artists' camp, and formed what would become known as the Heidelberg School, the first distinctively Australian movement in Western art.

Development

Unlike suburbs closer to Melbourne, Box Hill lacked the web of tramlines, which promoted residential development beyond the reach of the railway line. In 1916–17, tramlines reached the western edge of what in a short time would be the Box Hill Municipality, at Burwood, Mont Albert and Wattle Park. The years after World War I saw Box Hill's turn for residential growth. A girls' technical school was built in 1924 and a boys' high school in 1930. During World War II a boys' technical school was opened.

The new town hall on Whitehorse Road opened in April 1935. One of the arguments for its construction was that "the boon it would prove to the local brickworks, which had just resumed production after a period of suspension".

The Box Hill Presbyterian (now Uniting) Church building was originally the West Melbourne Presbyterian Church built 1867 on the corner of Lonsdale and William Streets; a final service was held on 3 February 1935, following which the building was dismantled and re-erected on its present site, being opened in late 1935.

After the end of the Second World War, Box Hill was suburbanised, but Box Hill South and Box Hill North remained comparatively undeveloped.

Post-war development

Post-war housing expansion included a Housing Commission estate in Box Hill South. A district hospital opened in 1956. The shopping area enjoyed growth and prosperity which placed a significant strain upon its parking infrastructure by the end of the 1950s.

In 1954, the Melbourne & Metropolitan Board of Works designated Box Hill as one of five district centres for metropolitan Melbourne. The plan has succeeded in Box Hill. In addition to the shopping centre, the Box Hill TAFE and several office buildings have strengthened its centrality in the region. Apart from commercial functions there are large reserves, with ovals in three directions, about a kilometre from Box Hill Central. Box Hill South lies between Canterbury Road and Burwood East, about two kilometres square. Its proximity to trams was better than Box Hill North's and its residential growth was substantially pre- and early post-war. The Box Hill Golf Club is nearby and a linear park continues along Gardiners Creek. There are church educational institutions; Kingswood College (Anglican and then Uniting) and the Christian Brothers' Teachers' College and St. Leo's College (1952 and 1957).

In 1971, a sister city relationship was forged with Matsudo, Chiba Prefecture, Japan. "Box Hill" is the name of a department store in Matsudo (:ja:ボックスヒル).

Box Hill City was amalgamated with Nunawading City on 15 December 1994, to form Whitehorse City, renewing the boundaries that began with the Nunawading Parish and subsequent Shire.

More recently, Box Hill has experienced a construction boom, and is now home to high-rise buildings. These include the Australian Taxation Office's Box Hill Tower, the Whitehorse Towers and the 36-storey Sky One, which, at 122 metres, is the tallest building in Melbourne outside of the CBD. More high-rises are under construction, including New Chinatown, a $450 million twin tower project which will serve as a modern "sibling" of the historic Chinatown in the CBD, with this development to consist of 10,000 square meters of mixed-purpose storefronts over three levels, a 4000-square-metre "Hawker Hall" where visitors will find street-style food stalls, a 1500-square-metre childcare centre, a Chinese language school and bookshop, Chinese herbalists, and a handful of Chinese and Western medicine clinics.

Facilities
Box Hill has a shopping district. These range from the shops along Station Street and Whitehorse Road, to the suburb's two shopping centres. Box Hill Central is integrated with a bus interchange and the Box Hill railway station.

In late 2007, the two shopping centres merged as a part of a large-scale redevelopment project of the precints. They are now known as buildings "South" (Formerly Central Box Hill) and "North" (formerly Central Whitehorse,) or "Box Hill Central", which further hosts the Box Hill Railway Station, and a bus interchange.

Box Hill is also home of a number of recreational services, such as Neighbourhood Houses; a number of Scout Groups, including 11th Box Hill; Mont Albert North (formerly 10th/13th Box Hill); 6th Box Hill; and 1st Mont Albert Scout Groups. The Box Hill Community Centre, located 1 km south of Box Hill Central, also provides a number of services to the local community.

Box Hill Hospital serves Box Hill and its surrounding suburbs. Epworth Eastern, a private hospital, opened in 2005 opposite Box Hill Hospital.

Demographics

At the 2021 Australian census, 68.3% of Box Hill residents reported being born overseas, with the most common being China (excludes Taiwan and the SARs; 29.5%), Malaysia (6.4%), India (4.5%), Hong Kong (2.5%), and Vietnam (1.9%). Mandarin Chinese have overtaken English as a language spoken at home at 33.9%, with English being the second most commonly spoken language (32.5%), followed by Cantonese (8.5%), Vietnamese (1.7%), Korean (1.5%), and Hindi (1.3%). Self-described non-religious people made up the largest single group at 50.4% of the population, followed by Catholic (10.2%), Buddhism (9.0%), and Hinduism (4.5%). 9.1% of Box Hill residents did not state their religious affiliation in the census. Compared to Australia as a whole, Box Hill residents are much less likely to be Australian-born, and are more likely to have stated "No Religion" on the census. Within the City of Whitehorse, Box Hill have the largest Chinese-Australian diaspora community, and one of the most visible Chinese-Australian communities in Australia.

Previously, in the 2016 Australian census, 64.7% of Box Hill residents reported being born in foreign countries, the most common being China (excluding Taiwan and the SARs; 27.6%), Malaysia (4.8%), India (4.2%), Hong Kong (3.0%) and South Korea (1.7%). 36.9% of residents only speak English at home. Mandarin Chinese is the second most commonly spoken language (28.3%), followed by Cantonese (9.8%), Korean (1.7%), Hindi (1.3%) and Vietnamese (1.2%). Self-described non-religious people made up the largest single group at 46.3% of the population, followed by Catholics (13.5%), Buddhists (7.8%) and Anglicans (4.5%). 10.1% of Box Hill residents did not state their religious affiliation in the census. Compared to Australia as a whole, Box Hill residents are much less likely to be Australian-born, and are more likely to have stated "No Religion" on the census.

Education
The suburb of Box Hill has several schools, including Box Hill High School, Box Hill Senior Secondary College, Our Lady of Sion College, St. Francis Xavier's Catholic Primary School. For mature students, Box Hill Institute of TAFE and St Leo International College provide further education. There are two kindergartens in the area; St Peter's Anglican Kindergarten and Goodstart Early Learning Box Hill.

Schools in neighbouring suburbs include Koonung Secondary College, Kingswood College and Roberts McCubbin Primary School.

Sport
The Box Hill Hawks are a local Australian rules football club, playing in the Victorian Football League and are based at the Box Hill City Oval. This team was formerly known as the Mustangs, named for the city's mascot, the White Horse. They are currently affiliated with the Hawthorn Hawks.

Another football team, The Whitehorse Pioneers, competes in the Eastern Football League.

Box Hill United Soccer Club currently competes in the National Premier Leagues Victoria 2.

Box Hill Athletic Club, founded in 1932, survived through the war years and became notably prominent after the 1956 Olympic Games, held in Melbourne. The club's original training ground was at Surrey Park, Elgar Road South, an area provided by the Box Hill Council.

After several years of filling in and grading, the area known as Hagenauer's Park was made available for athletics.

Box Hill has an 18-hole golf course, located at 202 Station Street.  The club offers junior development programs.

In basketball, the Whitehorse Mustangs Basketball Association represents the Box Hill suburbs in domestic junior competitions of basketball. The club fields junior teams each Saturday in the Eastern District Junior Basketball Association (EDJBA), with home games played at the basketball stadium of Box Hill High School. It also runs weekly social competitions for both men and women and fields a championship men's team in the Melbourne Metropolitan Basketball League (MMBL).

The Box Hill Action Indoor Sports Centre also provides residents with dedicated facilities for indoor soccer, cricket and netball.

Aqualink Box Hill (formerly Whitehorse Aquatic and Leisure Centre), run by Whitehorse Council, provides residents with an indoor and outdoor pool, basketball courts, a gym, squash and tennis courts. The swim club, Surrey Park, swim at Aqualink Box Hill. The club uses the facilities of Aqualink. The surrounding parklands include (aside from a large lake, now filled with water, but once used as a quarry) a baseball diamond, a football oval and cricket pitches.

Box Hill Rugby Club play at RHL Sparks Reserve in the Dewar Shield competition.

Transport

Box Hill is a major transport hub for the City of Whitehorse and surrounding suburbs. Box Hill railway station is located under Box Hill Central Shopping Centre and is served by the Belgrave and Lilydale railway lines. The complex also includes a large bus terminus, linking commuters to a broad range of destinations across most Melbourne suburbs.

Tram route 109, which runs along Whitehorse Road, was extended from Union Road, Surrey Hills, to Box Hill and opened in May 2003. It runs to Port Melbourne via the city.

There are V/Line coaches that run from Melbourne (Southern Cross) to Mansfield / Mount Buller. The coach stop is opposite Box Hill Town Hall, on Whitehorse Road.

Box Hill has also been planned as one of the locations for an exchange station on the Southeastern section of the Suburban Rail Loop. It is planned to go through Station Street into Whitehorse Road next to the train station located in Box Hill Central. And start from early 2023 to late 2024.

Notable people

 Kevin Abley, Australian rules footballer
 Ray Argall, cinematographer
 Fred Barnes, Australian rules footballer
 Ron Black, Australian rules footballer
 Brooke Buschkuehl, long jumper
 Jack Charles, actor and activist
 Paula Coghlan, wheelchair basketballer
 Alan Collins, writer
 Anthony Condon, Australian rules footballer
 Chika Emeagi, basketballer
 Trish Flavel, Paralympic athlete
 Matthew Gale, cricketer
 Azra Hadzic, tennis player
 Peter Handscomb, cricketer
 Sonya Hartnett, author
 Ralph Hultgren, trumpet player
 Julie Hunter, cricketer
 Steve Irons, politician
 Rob Jolly, politician
 Quentin Kenihan, disability advocate
 Alice Kunek, basketballer
 Regan Lamble, athlete
 Ben Laughlin, cricketer
 Lawrence Leung, comedian
 James Linger, baseball player
 Travis Mahoney, swimmer
 Bob McLellan, Australian rules footballer
 Frederick Kenneth McTaggart, chemist
 Bruce Mildenhall, politician
 Sam Mitchell, Australian rules footballer
 Damian Mori, soccer player
 Clive Morrison, Australian rules footballer
 Kelly O'Dwyer, politician
 Mick Parker, mountaineer and graphic designer
 Fred Petterson, Australian rules footballer
 Stanley Porteus, psychologist
 Jared Purton, immunologist
 Mabel Pye, artist
 Paul Reiffel, cricketer and umpire
 Hurtle Rice, Australian rules footballer
 Dee Ryall, politician
 Stan Rodgerson, Australian rules footballer
 Reg Sampson, Australian rules footballer
 Mark Smythe, table tennis player
 Arthur George Stephenson, architect
 Mike Symon, politician
 Karl von Möller, director and cinematographer
 Alan Yeomans, jockey and swimmer

See also

 City of Box Hill – Box Hill was previously within this former local government area.

References

External links

 Australian Places – Box Hill
 Box Hill Department Store, Matsudo

Suburbs of Melbourne
Suburbs of the City of Whitehorse

Box Hill, Victoria