Um vírus geneticamente modificado é um vírus que foi alterado ou gerado usando métodos de biotecnologia e permanece capaz de infecção. A modificação genética envolve a inserção direcionada, deleção, síntese artificial ou alteração de bases nucleotídicas em genomas virais. Vírus geneticamente modificados são gerados principalmente pela inserção de genes estranhos em genomas virais para fins biomédicos, agrícolas, de biocontrole ou objetivos tecnológicos. Os termos vírus geneticamente modificados e vírus geneticamente modificados são usados como sinônimos.

Uso geral
Os vírus geneticamente modificados são gerados por meio de modificação genética, que envolve a inserção direcionada, deleção, síntese artificial ou alteração de sequências de nucleotídeos em genomas virais usando métodos biotecnológicos. Enquanto a maioria dos vírus de DNA tem genomas monopartidos únicos, muitos vírus RNA têm genomas multipartidos, não é necessário que todas as partes de um genoma viral sejam geneticamente modificadas para que o vírus seja considerado um vírus geneticamente modificado. Os vírus infecciosos capazes de infecção que são gerados através da síntese gênica artificial de todos ou parte de seus genomas (por exemplo, através de  sequências históricas inferidas) também podem ser considerados vírus geneticamente modificados. Os vírus que são alterados apenas pela ação de mutações espontâneas, recombinação ou eventos de rearranjo (mesmo em ambientes experimentais), geralmente não são considerados vírus geneticamente modificados.

Os vírus são geralmente modificados para que possam ser usados como vetores para inserir novas informações genéticas em um organismo hospedeiro ou alterar seu material genético pre-existente. Isso pode ser alcançado em pelo menos três processos:.

 Integração de todo, ou partes, de um genoma viral no genoma do hospedeiro (por exemplo, em seus cromossomos). Quando todo o genoma viral geneticamente modificado é integrado, é então referido como um provírus geneticamente modificado. Quando o DNA ou RNA que foi empacotado como parte de uma partícula de vírus, mas pode não conter necessariamente quaisquer genes virais, torna-se integrado ao genoma do hospedeiro, este processo é conhecido como transdução.
 Manutenção do genoma viral dentro das células hospedeiras, mas não como parte integrante do genoma do hospedeiro.
 Onde os genes necessários para a edição do genoma foram colocados no genoma viral usando métodos de biotecnologia, a edição do genoma do hospedeiro é possível. Este processo não requer a integração de genomas virais no genoma do hospedeiro.

Nenhum desses três processos são mutuamente exclusivos. Quando ocorre apenas o processo de número 2  e resulta na formação de de um gene geneticamente modificado, isso será muitas vezes referido como uma abordagem de expressão transitória.

A capacidade de infectar células ou tecidos do hospedeiro é um requisito necessário para todos os usos aplicados de vírus geneticamente modificados. No entanto, uma capacidade de transmissão viral (a transferência de infecções entre indivíduos hospedeiros) não é necessária ou é considerada indesejável para a maioria das aplicações propostas. Apenas em uma pequena minoria de usos propostos a transmissão viral é considerada necessária ou desejável, um exemplo são as vacinas transmissíveis. Isso ocorre pois a transmissibilidade complica consideravelmente os esforços de monitoramento, controle ou contenção da propagação de vírus.

História
Em 1972, o primeiro relato da inserção de uma sequência estranha em um genoma viral foi publicado, quando Paul Berg usou a enzima de restrição EcoRI e DNA ligases para criar as primeiras moléculas de DNA recombinante. Isto foi conseguido juntando o DNA do vírus SV40 de macaco com o do vírus de tipo lambda. No entanto, não foi estabelecido que qualquer um dos dois vírus fosse capaz de infecção ou replicação.

Em 1974, o primeiro relato de um vírus geneticamente modificado que também poderia se replicar e infectar foi submetido para publicação por Noreen Murray e Kenneth Murray . Apenas dois meses depois, em agosto de 1974, Marjorie Thomas, John Cameron e Ronald W. Davis apresentaram um relatório para publicação de um feito similar. Coletivamente, esses experimentos representaram o início do desenvolvimento do que viria a ser conhecido como biotecnologia ou métodos de DNA recombinante.

Aplicações em saúde

Terapia de genes
A terapia genética  usa vírus geneticamente modificados para fornecer genes que podem curar doenças em células de humanos. Esses vírus podem fornecer material genético de DNA ou RNA para as células-alvo. A terapia gênica também é usada pela inativação de genes mutantes que estão causando a doença usando vírus.

Os vírus que têm sido usados para terapia gênica são adenovírus, lentivírus, retrovírus e o vírus herpes simplex . O vírus mais comum usado para entrega de genes vem de adenovírus, pois eles podem transportar até 7,5 kb de DNA estranho e infectar uma gama relativamente ampla de células hospedeiras, embora sejam conhecidos por induzir respostas imunes no hospedeiro e fornecer apenas expressão de curto prazo . Outros vetores comuns são os vírus adeno-associados, que têm menor toxicidade e expressão de longo prazo, mas só podem transportar cerca de 4 kb de DNA. O vírus herpes simplex é um vetor promissor, possui uma capacidade de transporte superior a 30kb e fornece expressão a longo prazo, embora seja menos eficiente na entrega de genes do que outros vetores. Os melhores vetores para integração a longo prazo do gene no genoma do hospedeiro são os retrovírus, mas sua propensão à integração aleatória é problemática. Os lentivírus fazem parte da mesma família dos retrovírus com a vantagem de infectar células em divisão e não em divisão, enquanto os retrovírus visam apenas células em divisão. Outros vírus que têm sido usados como vetores incluem alfavírus, flavivírus, vírus do sarampo, rabdovírus, vírus da doença de Newcastle, poxvírus e picornavírus .

Embora principalmente ainda em fase de teste, tiveram alguns sucessos. Tem sido usado para tratar doenças genéticas hereditárias , como a imunodeficiência combinada grave resultante da deficiência de adenosina desaminase (ADA-SCID),  embora o desenvolvimento de leucemia em alguns pacientes com ADA-SCID juntamente com a morte de Jesse Gelsinger em outro teste atrasou o desenvolvimento dessa abordagem por muitos anos.  Em 2009, outro avanço foi alcançado quando um menino de oito anos com amaurose congênita de Leber recuperou a visão normal e em 2016 a GlaxoSmithKline obteve aprovação para comercializar um tratamento de terapia genética para ADA-SCID.  A partir de 2018, há um número substancial de ensaios clínicos em andamento, incluindo tratamentos para hemofilia, glioblastoma, doença granulomatosa crônica, fibrose cística e vários tipos de câncer.  Apesar de alguns sucessos, a terapia gênica ainda é considerada uma técnica arriscada e estudos ainda estão em andamento para garantir segurança e eficácia.

Tratamento do câncer
Outro uso potencial de vírus geneticamente modificados é alterá-los para que possam tratar doenças diretamente. Isso pode ser através da expressão de proteínas protetoras ou direcionando diretamente as células infectadas. Em 2004, pesquisadores relataram que um vírus geneticamente modificado que explora o comportamento egoísta das células cancerosas pode oferecer uma forma alternativa de matar tumores.  Desde então, vários pesquisadores desenvolveram vírus oncolíticos geneticamente modificados que se mostram promissores como tratamentos para vários tipos de câncer.

Vacinas
A maioria das vacinas consiste em vírus que foram atenuados, desativados, enfraquecidos ou mortos de alguma forma, de modo que suas propriedades virulentas não são mais eficazes. A engenharia genética poderia teoricamente ser usada para criar vírus com os genes virulentos removidos. Em 2001, foi relatado que vírus geneticamente modificados podem possivelmente ser usados para desenvolver vacinas  contra doenças como AIDS, herpes, dengue e hepatite viral, usando um vírus vacinal comprovadamente seguro, como o adenovírus , e modificar seu genoma. Possuir genes que codificam proteínas imunogênicas  que podem aumentar a resposta do sistema imunológico para poder combater o vírus. Os vírus de engenharia genética não devem ter infecciosidade reduzida, invocar uma resposta imune natural e não há chance de que eles recuperem sua função de virulência, o que pode ocorrer com algumas outras vacinas. Como tal, são geralmente consideradas mais seguras e eficientes do que as vacinas convencionais, embora permaneçam preocupações sobre infecções não-alvo, potenciais efeitos colaterais e transferência horizontal de genes para outros vírus.  Outra abordagem é usar vetores para criar novas vacinas para doenças que não têm vacinas disponíveis ou as vacinas que não funcionam efetivamente, como AIDS , malária e tuberculose. As vacinas baseadas em vetores já foram aprovadas e muitas outras estão sendo desenvolvidas.

Marcapasso cardíaco
Em 2012, pesquisadores dos EUA relataram que injetaram um vírus geneticamente modificado no coração de porcos. Este vírus inseriu nos músculos do coração um gene chamado "Tbx18" que permitia batimentos cardíacos. Os pesquisadores prevêem que um dia essa técnica poderá ser usada para restaurar os batimentos cardíacos em humanos que, de outra forma, precisariam de marca-passos eletrônicos.

Vírus geneticamente modificados destinados ao uso no meio ambiente

Animais
Na Espanha e em Portugal, em 2005, a quantidade de coelhos diminuiu em até 95% nos últimos 50 anos devido a doenças como mixomatose, doença hemorrágica do coelho e outras causas. Isso, por sua vez, causou declínios em predadores como o lince ibérico, uma espécie criticamente ameaçada.  Em 2000, pesquisadores espanhóis investigaram um vírus geneticamente modificado que poderia ter protegido coelhos na natureza contra mixomatose e doença hemorrágica do coelho.  No entanto, havia a preocupação de que esse vírus pudesse entrar em populações selvagens em áreas como a Austrália e criar uma explosão populacional. Coelhos na Austrália são considerados uma praga que os proprietários de terras são legalmente obrigados a controlá-los.  Vírus geneticamente modificados que tornam os animais-alvo inférteis por meio de imunocontracepção foram criados, assim como outros que visam o estágio de desenvolvimento do animal.  Há preocupações sobre a contenção do vírus  e a infecção cruzada entre espécies.

Árvores
Desde 2009, vírus geneticamente modificados que expressam proteínas defensinas de espinafre foram testados em campo na Flórida (EUA).  A infecção pelo vírus das laranjeiras visa combater a doença do greening (huanglongbing, HLB) dos citros , que reduziu a produção de laranja na Flórida em 70% desde 2005.  Um pedido de licença está pendente desde 13 de fevereiro de 2017 (USDA 17-044-101r) estender a licença de uso experimental para uma área de 513.500 acres, isso a tornaria a maior licença desse tipo já emitida pelo Serviço Regulatório de Biotecnologia dos EUA.

Programa "Insetos Aliados"
Em 2016, a DARPA, agência do Departamento de Defesa dos EUA, anunciou uma licitação para contratos de desenvolvimento de vírus de plantas geneticamente modificados para uma abordagem envolvendo sua dispersão no meio ambiente através de insetos. O plano de trabalho dizia:"Os vírus de plantas são uma promessa significativa como portadores de circuitos de edição de genes e são um parceiro natural para um meio de entrega transmitida por insetos". A justificativa fornecida para o programa é garantir a estabilidade alimentar, protegendo o abastecimento de alimentos agrícolas e culturas de commodities:"Ao ampliar a capacidade natural dos vetores de insetos de fornecer vírus com alta especificidade de planta hospedeira e combinar essa capacidade com avanços na edição de genes, o rápido aprimoramento de plantas maduras no campo pode ser alcançado em grandes áreas e sem a necessidade de infraestrutura industrial. " Apesar do nome, o programa "Insect Allies" é em grande parte um programa viral, desenvolvendo vírus que essencialmente realizariam a edição genética de culturas em campos já plantados. Os vírus geneticamente modificados descritos no plano de trabalho e outros documentos públicos são de uma classe de vírus geneticamente modificados posteriormente denominados agentes de alteração genética ambiental horizontal. O programa Insect Allies  está programado para ser executado de 2017 a 2021, com contratos sendo executados por três consórcios. Não há planos para liberar os vírus geneticamente modificados no meio ambiente, com testes de todo o sistema disperso de insetos ocorrendo em estufas (as instalações do nível 3 de biossegurança foram mencionadas).

Preocupações foram expressas sobre como este programa e quaisquer informações que ele gere afetarão o controle de armas biológicas e a coexistência agrícola, embora também tenha havido apoio para seus objetivos declarados.

Aplicações tecnológicas

Baterias de íon de lítio
No ano de 2009, cientistas do MIT criaram um vírus geneticamente modificado que foi usado para construir uma bateria de íons de lítio mais ecológica. A bateria foi construída por engenharia genética de diferentes vírus, como o bacteriófago E4 e o bacteriófago M13, para ser usado como cátodo. Isso foi realizado através da edição dos genes do vírus que codificam o revestimento proteico. O revestimento de proteína é editado para se revestir em fosfato de ferro para poder aderir a nanotubos de carbono altamente condutores. Os vírus que foram modificados para terem um revestimento proteico multifuncional podem ser usados como um cátodo nanoestruturado com interações iônicas com cátions. Permitindo que o vírus seja usado como uma pequena bateria. Angela Blecher, a cientista que liderou a equipe de pesquisa do MIT no projeto, diz que a bateria é poderosa o suficiente para ser usada como bateria recarregável, alimentar carros elétricos híbridos e vários eletrônicos pessoais. Embora os vírus E4 e M13 possam infectar e se replicar em seu hospedeiro bacteriano, não está claro se eles mantêm essa capacidade depois de fazer parte de uma bateria.

Preocupações de segurança e regulamentação

Limitações da pesquisa de risco biológico
O Instituto Nacional de Saúde dos EUA declarou a suspensão de financiamento sde pesquisa em pesquisas selecionadas de vírus do tipo Gain-of-Function em janeiro de 2015. Em janeiro de 2017, o governo dos EUA divulgou a orientação política final para a revisão e supervisão da pesquisa prevista para criar, transferir ou usar patógenos pandêmicos (PPP) em potencial aprimorados. Questões sobre uma possível fuga de um vírus modificado de um laboratório de biossegurança e a utilidade da tecnologia de uso duplo, pesquisa de uso duplo preocupante (DURC), levou à revisão da política de financiamento do setor.

Incidente de lentivírus OGM
Uma cientista afirma que foi infectada por um vírus geneticamente modificado enquanto trabalhava para a Pfizer. Em seu processo federal, ela diz que ficou paralisada de forma intermitente pelo vírus projetado pela Pfizer. "McClain, da Deep River, suspeita que tenha sido exposta, através do trabalho de um ex-colega da Pfizer em 2002 ou 2003, a uma forma projetada do lentivírus, um vírus semelhante ao que pode levar à síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida, ou AIDS. "  O tribunal considerou que McClain não conseguiu demonstrar que sua doença foi causada pela exposição ao lentivírus, mas também que a Pfizer violou as leis de proteção de denunciantes .

Referências

Organismos geneticamente modificados
Vírus

Vírus geneticamente modificado


Sly, ovvero La leggenda del dormiente risvegliato (título original en italiano; en español: Sly, o La leyenda del durmiente despertado) es una ópera en tres actos con música de Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari y libreto en italiano de Giovacchino Forzano, basado en el prólogo a la obra de William Shakespeare La fierecilla domada (la versión alemana del libreto, Sly, oder Die Legende vom wiedererweckten Schläfer, fue traducida por Walter Dahms). A diferencia de las otras óperas de Wolf-Ferrari, esta es una tragedia. Se estrenó en La Scala de Milán el 29 de diciembre de 1927 con Aureliano Pertile y Mercedes Llopart.

En las estadísticas de Operabase no aparece esta ópera representada en el período 2005-2010.

Personajes

Grabaciones
Los creadores de los principales papeles, incluido Aureliano Pertile, nunca grabaron nada de la ópera, aunque Ernesto Badini (el primer John Plake) y Palmiro Domenichetti grabaron el "duetto dei beoni". La "Canzone dell'orso" la hizo Nino Piccaluga, quien cantó la obra en Turín y Trieste, mientras que ambos y "No, non sono un buffone" fueron grabados por otros diversos cantantes incluyendo a Francesco Merli y Alessandro Valente.

Referencias
Amadeus Almanac, acceso 24 de julio de 2008
Warrack, John y West, Ewan (1992), The Oxford Dictionary of Opera, 782 páginas,  ISBN 0-19-869164-5

Enlaces externos

Óperas en italiano
Óperas de Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari
Óperas de 1927
Óperas estrenadas en Milán

Sly


Jyotshna Polavarapu (* 22. Dezember 1988) ist eine indische Badmintonspielerin.

Karriere
Jyotshna Polavarapu wurde bei der indischen Badmintonmeisterschaft 2007 Vizemeisterin im Mixed mit Manuel Vineeth. Bei den India International des gleichen Jahres wurde sie Zweite im Damendoppel und Fünfte im Mixed. 2011 wurde sie bei den nationalen Titelkämpfen erneut Zweite im Damendoppel mit Pradnya Gadre.

Weblinks

Porträt

Badmintonspieler (Indien)
Inder
Geboren 1988
Frau

Jyotshna Polavarapu


Splenius musklerne er:

Splenius capitis
Splenius cervicis

De udspringer i de øvre thorakale og nedre cervikale torntappe. De ekstenderer og ipsilateralt roterer hovedet og nakke.

Hoved- og nakkemuskler
Dybe rygmuskler

Splenius


Nasir ad-Din bzw. Nāser ad-Dīn oder Nasreddin ist der Name folgender Personen:

 Nasir ad-Din at-Tusi (1201–1274), persischer Theologe, Mathematiker, Astronom und Philosoph
 Nāser ad-Din Schah (1831–1896), Schah von Persien
 Nasreddin, Protagonist humoristischer Geschichten im osmanischen Raum

Nasir ad-Din bzw. Nasireddin bezeichnet:
 Nasir ad-Din (Ehrentitel), einen islamischen Ehrentitel
 Nasireddin (Mondkrater), einen Mondkrater

Nasir ad-Din


Urbain Le Verrier (født 11. marts 1811, død 23. september 1877) er en fransk matematiker som er mest kendt for at udregne eksistensen og positionen af Neptun kun ved brug af matematik.

Eksterne henvisninger

Matematikere fra Frankrig
Neptun
Franskmænd i 1800-tallet

Urbain Le Verrier


La Copa del Generalísimo de Fútbol de 1946 fue la edición número 42 de la competición de Copa en España. La conquistó el Real Madrid, en lo que fue su octavo título copero. Se disputó desde el 7 de abril de 1946 hasta el 9 de junio del mismo año. Los participantes fueron los 14 equipos de Primera División y los 14 de Segunda.

Primera Ronda

Se disputó en eliminatoria a doble partido: la ida se jugó el 7 de abril de 1946 y la vuelta el 14 del mismo mes. Sevilla CF, CF Barcelona, Granada CF, SD Ceuta quedaron exentos de jugar esta ronda. El partido de desempate entre el RCD Córdoba y el CD Castellón se disputó en Madrid el 16 de abril.

Octavos de final

Se disputó en eliminatoria a doble partido: la ida se jugó el 21 de abril de 1946 y la vuelta el 28 del mismo mes. Todos excepto la eliminatoria entre el RCD Córdoba - Real Murcia CF, que se jugaría la ida el 28 de abril y la vuelta el 4 de mayo. Además, esta eliminatoria necesitó un desempate que se disputó el 4 de mayo. También necesitó un tercer enfrentamiento la eliminatoria entre RCD Español - Real Oviedo CF que se disputó en Madrid el 2 de mayo.

Cuartos de final

La segunda ronda se disputó a doble partido: la ida el 5 de mayo y la vuelta el 12 de mayo.

Semifinales

Se disputaron los partidos de ida el 19 de mayo y los de vuelta el 26 de mayo.

Final

Enlaces externos
 Base de datos de Linguasport
 Hemeroteca de El Mundo Deportivo
 Hemeroteca de Abc
 Hemeroteca de La Vanguardia

1946
Temporada 1945-46 de fútbol en España

Copa del Generalísimo de fútbol 1946


Nicolas-Denis Derome, dit Derome le Jeune (parfois orthographié Derôme), est un relieur français né en 1731, actif de 1760 jusqu'à sa mort en 1790.

Il est le représentant le plus célèbre de la famille de relieurs installée à Paris depuis la fin du . Il acquiert une grande notoriété grâce à ses décors « à la dentelle », auxquelles il intègre régulièrement un motif de fer « à oiseau » de sa création.

Notes et références

Liens externes
 Nicolas-Denis Derome sur le site des reliures de la BnF

Relieur du XVIIIe siècle
Relieur français
Naissance en 1731
Décès en 1790

Nicolas-Denis Derome


نهج عاصمة الجزائر هو أحد أنهج تونس العاصمة ويختلف عن نهج الجزائر، ويوجد بقلب المدينة الحديثة حيث أنه يفضي إلى شارع الحبيب بورقيبة، كما يفضي من جهة أخرى إلى نهج المختار عطية، وهو وإن كان من أقل الأنهج طولا فيوجد به مقر وزارة المرأة والأسرة، كما توجد به مكتبة العيون الصافية.

شوارع في مدينة تونس

نهج عاصمة الجزائر (مدينة تونس)


An Luzula chilensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck, Franz Julius Ferdinand Meyen ngan Carl Sigismund Kunth. An Luzula chilensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Luzula, ngan familia nga Juncaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Luzula

Luzula chilensis


Marin a Cutheis (lat. Marin de Cuteis, Marin se Geremia) (Split, druga polovica 14. st. - Split, prva polovica 15. st.), splitski kroničar, kanonik i splitski nadbiskup 1402. godine. Potomak je stare i ugledne splitske patricijske obitelji Geremia.

Napisao je između 1371. i 1388. godine kroniku Summa historiarum tabula A Cutheis: De gestis civium Spalatinorum, poznatu kao Tabula a Cutheis, sačuvanu u tzv. trogirskom rukopisu kod splitske plemićke obitelji Cindro. U kronici je živopisno oslikao epidemiju kuge u Splitu 1348. godine, ustoličenje i nadbiskupovanje Hugolina Branca, oslobođenje Splita i Trogira od mletačke vlasti 1357. godine, a daje i izvještaje o patarenima u Bosni i o bitki na rijeci Marici 1371. godine i o prodoru Turaka na Balkan.

Godine 1402. Splićani su ga izabrali za splitskog nadbiskupa, nakon što su otjerali njegova prethodnika Andriju Benzija. Dana 24. prosinca iste godine uglavio je sporazum između splitskih plemića i pučana. Papa Bonifacije IX. (1389. – 1404.) nije ga potvrdio za splitskog nadbiskupa, na zahtjev svog štićenika Ladislava Napuljskog, već je 1403. godine imenovao Peregrina od Aragonije za novog nadbiskupa.

Životopisi, Split
Hrvatski kroničari
Splitski nadbiskupi
Splitsko plemstvo
Hrvatski biskupi

Marin a Cutheis


Martín Enrique Salas Ávila (Montería, Córdoba, 19 de diciembre de 1964) es un abogado, escritor, poeta, y gestor cultural afrocolombiano. Es el director del antiguo Festival Internacional de Poesía en Cartagena de Indias, festival que cuenta con 24 versiones (incluyendo la del 2020). Fundador del taller de poesía Siembra. Después de una larga trayectoria con Siembra, el taller dejaría de funcionar en el año 2012.

Biografía
Salas Ávila nació en la ciudad de Montería, en la Región Caribe de Colombia, sin embargo dejó el valle del Sinú para estudiar derecho en la Universidad de Cartagena donde se recibió como abogado de la Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Políticas. También tiene estudios en Gestión Cultural y Derecho Probatorio. En 1984 fundó la revista Siembra, una publicación de información literaria y cultural que, posteriormente, derivó en la formación de una fundación homónima que desde 1995, desarrolla semanalmente talleres de poesía con el fin de encontrar jóvenes talentos. Así mismo, a través de la mencionada fundación recauda fondos con patrocinadores privados para desarrollar desde 1997 el Festival Internacional de Poesía en Cartagena de Indias (Es uno de los festivales más antiguos de la ciudad con 24 versiones). En este festival se resalta la labor de sembrar en las nuevas voces poéticas cartageneras, de las que han creado buenos aportes en materia intelectual y artística.

De ideología política de izquierda, fue candidato al concejo de Cartagena de Indias por el Partido Verde en las Elecciones regionales de Colombia del 30 de octubre de 2011, donde fracasaría consiguiendo el 0,1% de los votos válidamente emitidos según información de la Registraduría Nacional del Estado Civil.

Ha sido invitado a numerosos eventos y festivales de poesía en América Latina y el Caribe. está casado y tiene un hijo nacido en 1997.

Obras
 Datos del Infeliz. (2009)
 Marrón. (2003)
 Parece que estoy solo en esta fría trampa del universo. (2002)
 Antología poética (2000, junto con René Arrieta y Dora Berdugo).
 Estaciones de un cuarto vacío. (1997).
 Mariamulata.
 Pelegrino Inmóvil. (2012)

Referencias

Nacidos en Montería
Escritores de Colombia
Poetas de Colombia
Abogados de Colombia
Alumnado de la Universidad de Cartagena
Afrocolombianos
Gestores culturales de Colombia
Escritores en español del siglo XXI

Martín Salas Ávila


David Shugar, né à  le  et décédé à Varsovie le , est un physicien et biophysicien canadien. Après avoir été relaxé dans une affaire d'espionnage pour le compte de l'Union soviétique en 1946, il se voit forcé de quitter le Canada où il ne trouve plus d'emploi. Il part pour l'Europe, travaillant à Paris puis Bruxelles avant de s'établir à Varsovie en 1952. Il jouera dès lors un rôle pionnier dans le développement de la biophysique en Pologne et  la coopération scientifique entre l'Est et l'Ouest.

Biographie

Enfance, études et début de carrière
David Shugar nait à  dans la région de Kielce, en Pologne en 1915. Ces parents, Joseph et Reizl Shugar sont des juifs orthodoxes, il a quatre frères et sœurs. Au sortir de la Première Guerre mondiale, en 1918, la famille émigre au Canada, David Shugar a alors 3 ans. Les Shugar habite Montréal, avenue Duluth à proximité de la rue Saint-Urbain un quartier populaire où nombre d'immigrants juifs d'Europe de l'Est se sont établis. Son père est chargé de la surveillance de la conformité des œufs avec la cacherout. David, très jeune travaille, distribuant à bicyclette les œufs à la clientèle.

Shugar fréquente l'école secondaire Baron Byng, terminant premier dans la province à ses examens d'inscription, selon sa famille. Il entamme des études en physique à l'Université McGill de Montréal en 1936. Il obtient son doctorat en 1940. C'est à McGill qu'il rencontre sa future femme, Grace Wales (1918-2013), qui y étudie les sciences de l'éducation et milite au sein d'un mouvement estudiantin chrétien. Cette union mixte n'ira pas sans difficultés avec la famille de David Shugar qui est très religieuse.

À partir de janvier 1941, Shugar effectue des travaux de recherche pour le compte de  une société de la Couronne basée à Leaside près de Toronto chargée de développer des instruments d'optique et du matériel électronique pour l'armée canadienne. Il sert à partir de 1944, en tant que spécialiste des ultasons, dans la Marine royale canadienne au grade de sous-lieutenant. Il y fait de la recherche sur la détection sous-marine.

Début 1946, il est relevé de ses obligations militaires et est employé au ministère de la Santé et du Bien-être. Là, il effectue un travail de recherche en lien avec la médecine.

David Shugar a un certain nombre d'activités militantes. Il a été renvoyé, puis réintégré, de Research Enterprises Limited pour avoir tenté d'y organiser un syndicat. Il a aussi dirigé un temps le Conseil national pour l'amitié canado-soviétique.

Accusation d'espionnage
Début septembre 1945, moins d'un mois après la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, Igor Gouzenko, un agent de l'ambassade soviétique à Ottawa chargé du codage et du décodage des communications fait défection et demande l'asile politique, remettant  plus d'une centaine de documents à la Gendarmerie royale du Canada. Les révélations de Gouzenko conduisent le gouvernement canadien à proroger la loi sur les mesures de guerre qui limite, entre autres, lhabeas corpus. Une commission d'enquête, dirigée par deux juges de la cour suprême, Roy Kellock et Robert Taschereau, est formée et ses premières conclusions vont conduire à un vaste coup de filet.

À partir du 15 février 1946, 21 suspects, dont David Shugar, sont interpelés et détenus au sein de la . Shugar, qui a été maintenu à l'isolement plusieurs semainee dans une cellule, ne pouvant recevoir aucune visite, comparait le 8 mars 1946 devant la commission d'enquête. L'absence d'éléments à charge conduit à sa libération.

Cependant la commission publie un rapport dans lequel elle induit fortement que David Shugar a livré des secrets à l'URSS. Il est donc poursuivi par la justice canadienne, son procès débute ne novembre 1946. L'accusation repose sur deux éléments : sa participation à la Canadian Association of Scientific Workers que la commission Kellock-Taschereau estime être une organisation communiste et le fait qu'il ait une fois rencontré  , figure importante du Parti ouvrier progressiste, vitrine légale du Parti communiste du Canada à partir de 1943.

Onze personnes sont condamnées, dont Sam Carr et . David Shugar est acquitté le 7 décembre 1946 mais le rapport de la commission Kellock-Taschereau est largement publicisé. Shugar est renvoyé de son poste au sein du ministère de la Santé et du Bien-être et ne trouve pas d'autre emploi. La marine refuse de lui payer sa pension militaire. Les démarches  du chercheur pour faire retirer le rapport de la commission de la circulation, obtenir sa réintégration et le paiement de sa pension sont des échecs. Il en est réduit à écrire sous pseudonyme des articles de vulgarisation scientifique dans un magazine grand public. Les époux Shugar se voient donc acculés à l'exil.

Travail à Paris puis à Bruxelles
Louis Rapkine qui vient de prendre la direction du  laboratoire de chimie cellulaire nouvellement créé au sein de  à l'Institut Pasteur à Paris invite Shugar à rejoindre son équipe. Rapkine c'était déjà illustré avant Guerre en organisant l'accueil des scientifiques juifs menacés par le nazisme. Là il travaille notamment sur la cinétique enzymatique

David Shugar évoque son accueil par Rapkine en ces termes :

Shugar enseigne aussi à la Sorbonne. Néanmoins les autorités françaises ordonnent son expulsion, d'après Shugar, sur demande des États-Unis. Il parvient dans un premier temps à repousser l'échéance grâce au soutien de la Ligue des droits de l'Homme mais doit finalement quitter le pays en 1650.

Il s'installe alors en Belgique où il reçoit l'assistance de la famille Errera. C'est dans les salons des Errera qu'il est introduit au biologiste Jean Brachet dont la pensée aura sur lui une grande influence. Il poursuit ses recherches au Centre de physique nucléaire de l'Université libre de Bruxelles. Il travaille pendant cette période sur les propriétés spectrales des composants de base des acides aminés et des protéines.Cependant, en 1952, un article de la presse belge révèle sa présence dans le pays et, se sentant menacé, Shugar décide de quitter le pays.

Installation en Pologne
Shugar reçoit de la part du physicien Leopold Infeld une invitation à venir travailler en Pologne. Infeld, lui même d'origine juive polonaise a été le collaborateur d'Albert Einstein. Après avoir travaillé au Canada il est revenu s'installer en Pologne en 1950.

Le couple Shugar part donc pour Varsovie. Ils doivent tous deux faire l'apprentissage du polonais, langue que Shugar, qui a quitté la Pologne en bas âge, ne maitrise pas. Il travaille à l'institut national d'hygiène (jusqu'en 1964) ainsi qu'à l'institut de biochimie et biophysique de l'Académie polonaise des sciences de 1954 à 1985. Il fonde en 1965 le département de biophysique au sein de la faculté de physique de l'Université de Varsovie. Ses publications portent sur la biochimie, la chimie physique et biophysique des acides nucléiques et de leurs analogues ainsi que sur la mutagénèse, les antirétroviraux et la modélisation des processus biologiques. Son épouse,Grace obtient un doctorat de psychologie à l'université de Varsovie où elle enseigne par la suite. Elle y créera un centre de psycholinguistique développementale.

Grâce à sa position, il possède une carte de résidence polonaise et la nationalité canadienne, Shugar joue un rôle important dans la coopération scientifique entre le bloc communiste et l'Ouest. En 1964, il organise à Varsovie le premier congrès de la Fédération européenne des sociétés de biochimie. Cet évènement rassemble plus d'un millier de scientifiques, de l'Est comme de l'Ouest, ce qui est pour l'époque exceptionnel.

Il se lie d'amitié avec le physicien et biologiste belge  de l' (Louvain) qu'il introduit à la synthétisation des nucléosides et auquel il envoie des  polynucléotydes que De Clercq teste à Louvain. Cette coopération Est-Ouest dont Shugar était l'une des chevilles ouvrières a permis la mise au point du Ténofovir, un antirétroviral ayant grandement amélioré le traitement du VIH.

Shugar développe aussi des liens fort avec l'institut Weizmann de Jérusalem où il est régulièrement invité. Les Israéliens lui fournissent des composés chimiques, les premiers nucléosides, qui ne sont alors pas disponibles en Pologne. Il se lie notamment d'amitié avec Ephraïm Katzir, directeur de l'institut, qui deviendra président d'Israël en 1974 et qui le protège lorsqu'un climat antisémite se développe en Pologne.

Ses relations avec le régime communiste polonais sont houleuses. Il est en effet soupçonné d'avoir des positions de droite, notamment en raison de son refus constant de prendre sa carte au parti communiste polonais, ce qui lui aurait permis de bénéficier d'un certain nombre d'avantages matériels. Il refuse aussi d'obtenir la nationalité polonaise ou même le statut de résident permanent, se définissant comme un Canadien vivant temporairement en exil. Cependant sa stature intellectuelle le protège et sa position devient moins précaire après la chute du mur et la transformation du pays en démocratie libérale.

Shugar n'a jamais coupé les liens avec le Canada, y retournant très régulièrement pour visiter sa famille et faire de la recherche. Il a ainsi été plusieurs fois professeur invité à l'université Laval. En 1957, lorsque le gouvernement canadien a refusé de lui renouveler son passeport, il a fait valoir l'existence de ces liens constants avec son pays pour obtenir gain de cause. Les Shugar ont pensé rentrer définitivement au Canada dans les années 60 alors que la situation politique y avait évolué mais, en 1964, le décès soudain à Varsovie de leur fille unique, Barbara, atteinte d'un cancer, les a incité à rester dans le pays. Sa femme, Grace, est décédée en 2013

L'année de sa centième année, en 2015,Harriet Shugar, nièce de David Shugar, a lancé une pétition afin que le Canada s'excuse pour le traitement qu'il lui avait fait subir dans les années 1940 mais le gouvernement Harper n'a fait aucune réponse. Il est décédé le 31 octobre 2015. Ses cendres reposent dans un cimetière de Varsovie dans la tombe où sont enterrées son épouse et sa fille.

Publications et distinctions
David Shugar  est l'auteur de plus de 300 publications scientifiques, et a été cité plus de  fois. Il est co-auteur du premier livre sur la photochimie des acides nucléiques (Shugar, McLaren, Pergamon 1964).

Il est fait en 1969 docteur honoris causa de l'Université de Gand et en 1995 de l'Université de Varsovie. En 1976, il reçoit la médaille d'or de la Société internationale de photobiologie.

En 1983 il devient membre « étranger » de l'Académie polonaise des sciences.

En 1995, il est fait Commandeur de l'Ordre Polonia Restituta.

En 1999, David Shugar est nommé membre de la Société royale du Canada

Bibliographie

Références

Liens externes

Membre de la Société royale du Canada
Membre de l'Académie polonaise des sciences
Physicien canadien du XXe siècle
Naissance en septembre 1915
Naissance dans la voïvodie de Sainte-Croix
Décès en octobre 2015
Décès à Varsovie
Centenaire canadien
Pages avec des traductions non relues
Professeur à l'université de Varsovie
Commandeur de l'ordre Polonia Restituta
Biophysicien
Décès à 100 ans
Élève de l'École secondaire Baron Byng
Diaspora juive polonaise

David Shugar


Colasposoma holasi é uma espécie de escaravelho de folha da República Democrática do Congo, descrito por Pic em 1953.

holasi
Coleópteros da República Democrática do Congo
Espécies descritas por Maurice Pic

Colasposoma holasi


NGC 6778 (NGC 6785) je planetna maglica u zviježđu Orlu. Naknadno je utvrđeno da je NGC 6785 ista maglica.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 6778
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 6778 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
  NGC 6778  DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 6750 - 6799

6778

NGC 6778


Sekine, "zihnin ve düşüncelerin toplu olması" anlamına gelmektedir. Ancak Sekine, bir dua olarak da bilinir. Aslının, vahye dayanan yüksek, sırlı, feyizli ve kuvvetli dualardan birisinin de Sekine olduğu kabul edilir.

Bir rivayete göre, Cebrail, Muhammed huzurunda bir sayfa indirmiş, Allah'ın altı ismi yazılı bulunan bu esrarlı dua sayfası, Ali'ye tebliğ edilmiştir.

Okunuş Şekli
 Niyet (ne için ve ne maksatla okunduğuna niyet etmek)
 İstiğfar (7 defa)
 Salavat-ı Şerife (7 defa)
 Allah-u Ekber (10 defa)
 Altı Esma her ayetle beraber okunacak. (19 defa)

Okunacak ayetler
 Güç işlerin kolay olması niyetiyle (Talak-7)
 Cebbarları zelil kılmak, her istek için (Taha-111)
 Katı gönülleri yumuşatmak,düşmanların gönüllerine rikkat, kalplerine acıma hissi vermek için (Hadid-9)
 Tevbe kabulü ve mağfiret istemek (Nisa-16)
 Tevbe kabulü ve mağfiret talebi (Nisa-23-106)
 Ehl-i kudretten af talebi için (Nisa-149)
 Duanın kabulü niyetiyle (Nisa-58)
 Ehl-ilim olmak ve ulum-u Rabbaniye'ye vakıf olmak (Nisa-11)
 Düşmanların hile ve aldatmalarından emin olmak için (Nisa-1)
 Düşmanlara galebe, rızıkta genişlik, huzur ve saadet kapılarının açılması (Fetih-1)
 Düşmanlara galebe, rızıkta genişlik, huzur ve saadet kapılarının açılması (Fetih-3)
 Düşmanlara galebe, rızıkta genişlik, huzur ve saadet kapılarının açılması (Maide-56)
 Düşmanlara galebe, rızıkta genişlik, huzur ve saadet kapılarının açılması (Hud-66)
 Cenab-ı Hak'tan gına(zenginlik) ve rızıkta genişlik (Lokman-26)
 Düşmanların hilesinden emin olmak için (Tevbe-129)
 Düşmanların hilesinden emin olmak için (Al-i İmran-173)
 Def'i gam(keder ve hüznün gitmesi) için (Enbiya-103)
 Hüzünden kurtulmak için (Fatiha-5)
 Allah'ın verdiği nimetlere ve şükre muvaffak olmak için(Fatiha-2, En'am-45)

Sekine


Samuel Enderby Junior, né en 1756 à Londres où il est mort en 1829, est un armateur britannique.

Biographie

Fils de , père de Charles Enderby qui lui succédera à la tête de la société de pêche à la baleine , il organise et parraine avec lui, de 1820 à 1839, de nombreuses expéditions en Antarctique dont celle de John Biscoe en 1822 dont ils sont les propriétaires des navires Tuba et Lively.

En 1820, avec son partenaire, l'homme d'affaire Alexander Champion, il obtient que ses baleiniers soient autorisés à prendre des provisions pour la colonie de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud afin de concurrencer les marchands américains. Il envoie des cargaisons qui atteignent Sydney Cove en mai 1801. Son ami le gouverneur Philip Gidley King a joué un rôle déterminant dans la facilitation des activités de chasse à la baleine et de commerce de la société Enderby.

Hommages

 En 1806, le capitaine Abraham Bristow, découvreur des îles Auckland, donne son nom à l'île Enderby.
 Au chapitre 100 de Moby-Dick d'Herman Melville, le Pequod rencontre un navire de pêche londonien nommé le Samuel Enderby
 Jules Verne le mentionne avec son fils dans son roman Le Sphinx des glaces (partie 1, chapitre VIII).

Notes et références

Liens externes

Armateur (entreprise)
Naissance en 1756
Naissance à Londres
Décès en 1829
Décès à Londres

Samuel Enderby Junior


Onthophagus tuzetae é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus, família Scarabaeidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Walter & Cambefort em 1977.

Referências

Ligações externas

tuzetae
Coleópteros descritos em 1977

Onthophagus tuzetae


ميفوق هي إحدى القرى اللبنانية من قرى قضاء جبيل في محافظة جبل لبنان. وتبعد 60 كم شمال بيروت وترتفع 800 متر عن سطح البحر

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في قضاء جبيل
أماكن مأهولة في لبنان
تجمعات مارونية في لبنان
مدن لبنان

ميفوق


Eudyptes moseleyi, denominado comúnmente pingüino saltarrocas norteño, o pingüino de penacho amarillo norteño, es un ave la cual era generalmente considerada una subespecie del pingüino de penacho amarillo, pero un estudio en 2006 ha demostrado evidencia de distinción con respecto a los dos taxones del grupo Eudyptes chrysocome.

Un estudio publicado en 2009 indicó que su población mundial había disminuido un 90 % desde la década de 1950. Por esta razón, es clasificado como en peligro de extinción.

Taxonomía

Al haber disminuido enormemente las poblaciones de los 3 taxones que integran el complejo Eudyptes chrysocome (Forster 1781), sus relaciones taxonómicas adquirieron una importancia crucial en relación con los programas de conservación. La taxonomía del complejo es confusa. Algunos especialistas consideran que los tres taxones son subespecies. Algunos dividen al taxón del norte (E. moseleyi) de las formas del sur (E.c. chrysocome y E.c. filholi) las cuales se reproduce en el extremo sur de América del Sur, y en islas subantárticas de los océanos Índico y Pacífico. Sin embargo otros consideran a las tres como especies separadas.

E. moseleyi vive en aguas distintas que E. c. chrysocome y E. c. filholi, pues están separados por el «Frente Subtropical». Una investigación publicada en el año 2006 puso de manifiesto las diferencias morfológicas, vocales, y genéticas entre las dos poblaciones. Dataciones moleculares sugieren que la divergencia genética con el grupo del Sur puede haber sido provocada por un evento vicariante causado por un cambio en la posición del Frente Subtropical en la transición climática a mediados del Pleistoceno. El análisis de una parte de la región de control mitocondrial de un Eudyptes moseleyi encontrado en las islas islas Kerguelen ha demostrado que puede haber venido de la isla de Gough, a 6000 km de distancia, y que Eudyptes moseleyi y Eudyptes chrysocome son genéticamente independientes, aunque algunos individuos vagantes pueden arribar a las colonias de reproducción opuestas a su especie. Los taxónomos están comenzando a reconocer la separación.

Todo el grupo se relaciona estrechamente con el pingüino de frente dorada (Eudyptes chrysolophus) y el pingüino real (Eudyptes schlegeli), el que sólo sería un morfo cromático de E. chrysolophus.

Distribución

Más del 99 % de su población nidifica en Tristán de Acuña y la isla de Gough, en el océano Atlántico Sur.

Ecología y comportamiento

Alimentación

Este pingüino se alimenta de kril y otros pequeños crustáceos, pulpos, calamares y peces.

Reproducción

Se reproduce de manera colonial, desde el nivel del mar o en los acantilados, a veces también hacia el interior.

Población y amenazas

Su población se estima entre 100 000 a 500 000 parejas reproductoras en la isla de Gough, de 18 000 a 27 000 parejas en la isla Inaccesible, y entre 3200 a 4500 parejas en Tristán de Acuña. En el océano Índico, la población era 25 500 parejas en isla de Ámsterdam, y 9000 parejas en la isla San Pablo en 1993; no ha habido ninguna información disponible sobre las tendencias de su población allí desde la década de 1990. La disminución en los sitios del océano Atlántico muestran un descenso del 2,7 por ciento anual. La disminución de la población en la isla Gough ha sido descrita como el equivalente a la pérdida de 100 individuos todos los días desde la década de 1950.

Un estudio publicado en el año 2009 señaló que su población mundial había disminuido en un 90% desde la década de 1950, posiblemente a causa del cambio climático, los cambios en el ecosistema marino y la sobreexplotación comercial del calamar y el pulpo. Otros posibles factores que justifiquen su disminución incluyen la contaminación y perturbación por el ecoturismo y por la pesca, la recolección de huevos, la depredación por ratones (Mus musculus), y la depredación y competencia del oso marino subantárctico Arctocephalus tropicalis.

Por todas estas razones la especie es clasificada como en peligro debido a la disminución de su número en las últimas tres generaciones (o 30 años).

Derrame de petróleo de 2011

El 16 de marzo de 2011, el carguero de bandera maltesa MS Oliva encalló en la isla Nightingale, derramando toneladas de petróleo crudo pesado al océano, dejando una mancha de petróleo que rodeaban la isla, amenazando a la población de pingüinos de esta especie.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

moseleyi
Aves subantárticas
Fauna de Santa Elena, Ascensión y Tristán de Acuña
Animales descritos en 1921

Eudyptes moseleyi


The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada () is a regulatory college which acts as a national, nonprofit organization established in 1929 by a special Act of Parliament to oversee the medical education of specialists in Canada.

The Royal College is an association of physicians concerned with setting national standards for medical education and continuing professional development in Canada for 80 medical specialties. As such, the Royal College is neither a licensing nor a disciplinary body.  Instead, it is a regulatory authority that helps ensure that the training and evaluation of medical and surgical specialists and two special programs maintain certain standards of quality.

All specialists in Canada, with the exception of family physicians, must be certified by the Royal College before they obtain a provincial or territorial licence to practise. The only exception is in the province of Quebec, where the Royal College shares the responsibility for certifying physicians with the Collège des médecins du Québec.

To become certified, a physician must pass Royal College examinations. Access to these examinations is usually gained by completing a Royal College-accredited residency program at a Canadian university. Access is also available for medical residents who complete a Royal College-recognized residency program in the United States. Certain international training programs approved by the Royal College provide limited access to Royal College examinations.

Since its founding, the Royal College has been granted the patronage of the Canadian monarch, currently Charles III.

History

In June 1929, a special Act of Parliament established the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada to oversee postgraduate medical education in Canada. At first, the Royal College offered just two specialty qualifications: Fellowship in general medicine and Fellowship in general surgery. By 2014, the Royal College had expanded its activities to recognize 80 disciplines, granting Fellowships in 30 specialties, 35 subspecialties, two special programs and 13 Areas of Focused Competence (AFC-diplomas).

From the 1940s to the 1970s, the Royal College conducted examinations at two levels in most specialties: Fellowship, the higher qualification, or Certification, a lesser designation. In 1972, the Royal College abolished this dual standard and began to offer a single certification that continues today: Fellowship.

In 1968, the Royal College established the McLaughlin Examination and Research Centre at the University of Alberta and Laval University to research and develop modern techniques for evaluating specialist physicians. In 1987, the Royal College merged the centre into a bilingual McLaughlin Centre based in Ottawa, Ontario.

Since the mid-1980s, the Royal College has broadened its activities to study areas of special interest in Canadian healthcare, including injury prevention and patient safety. In 2005, the Royal College set a specific goal to improve the health of Indigenous Peoples in Canada.

Today, the headquarters for the Royal College is located at 774 Echo Drive in Ottawa, Ontario. The building, constructed in 1921, was formerly the monastery of the Sisters Adorers of the Precious Blood.

Objectives
The work of the Royal College centres around its prime objective — to ensure the highest possible standards of specialist training and specialist care. The Royal College undertakes work under the following six areas:
 Prescribes the requirements for specialty education in 80 areas of medical, surgical and laboratory medicine plus two special programs,
 Accredits specialty residency programs,
 Assesses the acceptability of residents' education,
 Conducts certifying examinations,
 Administers the Maintenance of Certification Program, a mandatory continuing professional development program for all members, and
 Sets standards for professional and ethical conduct among its members.

Membership
In 2014 the Royal College had more than 44,000 members worldwide, including Fellows, residents, and honorary, retired, and emeritus members. However, about 90% of certified physicians decide to become Fellows within two years of their certification.

Fellows of the Royal College use the designation FRCPC (Fellow of The Royal College of Physicians of Canada) or FRCSC (Fellow of The Royal College of Surgeons of Canada) depending on their qualifications. Since 1997, the Royal College has also offered category of resident membership called "resident affiliate" in an attempt to engage residents at an early stage of their careers.  Those who choose to join the Royal College receive complimentary membership during the time they are registered in a Royal College-accredited residency program. Approximately 2,000 members are designated as resident members.

The Royal College website includes a directory of all current and retired Fellows.

International medical graduates
An international medical graduate is someone who has completed his or her medical training outside of Canada or the United States and whose medical training is recognized by the World Health Organization. There are 29 international jurisdictions that the Royal College has assessed and deemed as having met Royal College criteria. For the graduates of these particular jurisdictions, the College assesses their training to determine the extent to which they have successfully met and completed the Royal College training requirements. When the training is deemed comparable and acceptable, the IMGs are ruled eligible to take the Royal College certification examination. Success at the certification examination will lead to Royal College certification. The Royal College accepts training from some international jurisdictions that have similar residency training accreditation systems to Canada.

Work with other medical organizations
The Royal College maintains close working relations with the 17 Canadian university medical schools, numerous national professional associations, voluntary health organizations and governmental agencies where it has a respected and influential voice in discussions affecting medical education, medical research and the delivery of high-quality health care to Canadians. In some cases, the Royal College accredits training programs conjointly with other professional organizations. In addition, Royal College training programs are sometimes cited as requirements for specific levels of remuneration for resident physicians.

The Royal College co-sponsored the 10th Annual International Conference on Medical Regulation, which took place at the Ottawa Convention Centre in Ontario, Canada in October 2012.

Continuing professional development
The Royal College develops and administers a continuing professional development program called Maintenance of Certification (MOC) that requires Fellows to engage in certain activities to maintain their competence throughout their careers. Introduced in 2000, MOC is a core service delivered by the Royal College and is also open to health care professionals who are not Fellows and not physicians. The program awards credits to participants who engage in learning activities that enhance their practice. Elements of the MOC Program are recognized by medical associations in other countries, including the American Medical Association (which allows its members to convert certain MOC credits to AMA PRA Category 1 credits) and the American College of Physicians.

CanMEDS
In 1996, the Royal College adopted CanMEDS, a medical education framework it developed that emphasizes the essential competencies of a physician. Revised in 2005, the CanMEDS competencies have now been integrated into the Royal College's accreditation standards, objectives of training, final in-training evaluations, exam blueprints, and the Maintenance of Certification program. All 17 medical schools in Canada also use the framework to assess the abilities of their residents. The Royal College is now updating the framework to further align it with a competency-based approach to medical education. The revised CanMEDS framework launched in 2015.

Since its creation, CanMEDS has been adopted and adapted around the world. CanMEDS is an educational framework identifying and describing seven roles that lead to optimal health and health care outcomes: medical expert (central role), communicator, collaborator, manager, health advocate, scholar and professional. The overarching goal of CanMEDS is to improve patient care.

Competency-based medical education
Competency-based medical education, or CBME, is an outcomes-based approach to the design, implementation, assessment and evaluation of a medical education program using an organizing framework of competencies. In 2012, the Royal College began a multi-year plan to design, develop, implement and sustain a program of CBME. Under CBME, medical education (for residents in training and specialist physicians who pursue lifelong learning) progresses not according to how much time a resident or certified physician has practised certain skills, as has been the case in the past in Canada. Instead, it progresses under a system in which residents and certified physicians must achieve and demonstrate core competency levels called "milestones" before they move on, receive credit or are otherwise recognized by the system.

In 2013, the Royal College announced Competence by Design, the name that the organization has given to its reorientation toward a CBME model of learning and assessment (The CanMEDS Framework, first introduced in 1997, sets out the competencies and principles considered essential for Canadian physicians). As of 2014, the Royal College's move toward CBME and Competence by Design was received with mixed reactions from Royal College Fellows.

Health and educational policy work
The Royal College engages regularly in work to affect health policy, especially in the areas of physician employment and resident duty hours.

Physician employment: In 2013, the Royal College released the results of a Canada-wide study that showed an increasing number of specialists cannot find jobs relevant to their skills and training.

Resident Duty Hours: In 2013 the National Steering Committee on Resident Duty Hours, hosted by the Royal College with funding from Health Canada, released a report called Fatigue, Risk and Excellence: Toward a Pan-Canadian consensus on resident duty hours. The steering committee's research process and subsequent report were widely received as robust and a major step forward in the controversial debate about duty hours.

Awards and grants
The Royal College's awards and grants program distributes $1 million a year in awards, grants, fellowships and visiting professorships. Awards recognize the importance and potential impact of specialist physicians' work and categories include original research, personal achievements and visiting professorships. Grants support professional development and research, with categories covering continuing professional development grants, travelling fellowships and medical education grants.

Among the more notable Royal College awards is the Teasdale-Corti Humanitarian Award which recognizes physicians and surgeons who, while providing health care or emergency medical services, go beyond the accepted norms of routine practice, which may include exposure to personal risk. The award is named in honour of Dr. Lucille Teasdale and Dr. Piero Corti, a physician couple who devoted their professional careers to healing, teaching, and improving the condition of the population residing in the poverty stricken Gulu region of Uganda. Past recipients have worked throughout the world, including in Africa, Europe and South America.

The International Medical Educator of the Year Award is given to an international medical educator who has demonstrated lasting impact and a commitment to enhancing  ethics and humanism in residency education.  In 2019, the prize was awarded to Dr. Melchor Sánchez Mendiola, MD, MHPE, PhD, from National Autonomous University of Mexico.

See also
 Canadian Medical Association
 Medical Council of Canada
 List of Canadian organizations with royal patronage
 Royal College of Physicians
 Royal College of Surgeons
 College of Family Physicians of Canada
 Collège des médecins du Québec

References

External links

 College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario
 College of Physicians & Surgeons of British Columbia
 College of Physicians & Surgeons of Alberta
 College of Physicians & Surgeons of Manitoba

Medical education in Canada
Medical associations based in Canada
Physicians and Surgeons of Canada
Organizations based in Canada with royal patronage
Medical and health organizations based in Ontario
Educational organizations based in Ontario
Organizations established in 1929
1929 establishments in Canada
Physicians and Surgeons


Charles Rodway Clarke (født 21. september 1950 i Hammersmith, London, England) er en britisk politiker fra Labour. Han var indenrigsminister i 2004–2006.

Medlem af Underhuset
Charles Clarke var medlem af Underhuset fra 1997 til 2010. Han repræsenterede Norwich South i Norfolk.

Næstformand for Labour
Charles Clarke var minister var uden portefølje og næstformand for partiet (Labour Party Chair) i 2001–2002.

Undervisningsminister
Charles Clarke var minister for uddannelse og færdigheder i 2002–2004.

Indenrigsminister
Charles Clarke var indenrigsminister i 2004–2006.

Næstformænd for Labour (UK)
Undervisningsministre fra Storbritannien
Indenrigsministre fra Storbritannien

Charles Clarke


Adelsgeschlecht Iločki (; ; veraltet auch de Illoch, de Wylak, de Voilack usw.) war ein altes kroatisches aristokratisches Geschlecht im spätmittelalterlichen vereinigten Kroatisch-ungarischen Königreich, das eine wichtige und bedeutende Rolle in den turbulenten Ereignissen der damaligen Zeit spielte. Es entstammte dem Gug (oder Göge), einem Mitglied des niederen Adels in der Region "Niederes Slawonien" im 13. Jahrhundert. Die Iločkis (mit der Bedeutung "diejenigen von Ilok", heute eine Stadt im äußersten Osten Kroatiens) besetzten hohe staatliche Ämter und trugen hohe Adelstitel (wie z. B. Ban von Slawonien, Woiwode (Herzog) von Siebenbürgen, Palatin (Pfalzgraf) von Ungarn u. a.) fast zwei Jahrhunderte lang. Einer von ihnen, Nikola Iločki (Nikolaus von Ilok), der mächtigste von allen Mitgliedern des Geschlechts, war ab 1471 bis 1477 nominal König von Bosnien.

Geschichte des Geschlechts
Das Geschlecht stammt aus einem alten Adelsgeschlecht bekannt als Orahovički (; "diejenigen von Orahovica"), da sie die Herrschaft Orahovica im mittelalterlichen Komitat Križevci besaßen. Gug, der älteste bekannte Angehörige des Geschlechts, hatte Grundbesitze im Raum Dubica im "Niederen Slawonien", und deshalb sind die Historiker der Meinung, dass die Familie von dort stammt.

Gugs Nachfahren erwarben später einige neue Grundbesitze im damaligen Slawonien (Zrin, Bukovica, Viljevo und Jošava), sowie in Ungarn (Burgschloß/Palota) und der Slowakei (Freistadt an der Waag/Galgóc, bzw. Hlohovec). 1364 verlieh ihnen König Ludwig I. von Anjou die großartige und gewaltige Burg Ilok, zusammen mit dazugehörigem Grundbesitz, und so wurden sie Iločki.

Von drei Söhnen Gugs (Ivan /Johann/, Grgur /Gregor/ und Stjepan /Stefan/) war Ivan der Geschickteste, der königlicher Sonderbeauftragter wurde. Ivans Sohn Lovro I. /Lorenz/, genannt Slaven (; ; ), nahm bei den Kriegszügen König  Karls I. Robert von Anjou, zusammen mit seinen Brüdern Ugrin, Egidije /Egidius/, Jakov /Jakob/ und Ivan II., teil, und wurde zum königlichen Fahnenträger (seit 1312), danach zum Kastellan, sowie Gespan mehrerer kroatischer, slowakischer und ungarischer Gespanschaften (Nitra, Varaždin, Sopron und Vas), und wurde schließlich 1344 zum königlichen Kammerherrn ernannt. Sein Spitzname (Der Slawe) deutet darauf hin, dass er einen kroatischen Ursprung hatte.

Als Lovro I. 1349 starb, war es seinen drei Söhnen (Nikola I. /Nikolaus/, Bartol /Bartholomäus/ und Lenkus) gelungen, die steigende Macht der Familie zu behalten und erweitern. Nikola I., genannt Kont, der bedeutendste von ihnen, verbrachte einige Zeit in Italien und führte die Armee König Ludwigs I. von Anjou in den dortigen Kriegen, wo er auch seinen Spitznamen erhielt (Kont:  = Graf). Um die Mitte des 14. Jahrhunderts wurde er einer der wichtigsten Magnaten im Königreich und erwarb neue Titel und Besitze. Zwischen 1345 und 1351 war er königlicher Mundschenk, bzw. Schenk, danach Woiwode (Herzog) von Siebenbürgen (1351–1356) und schließlich (1356–1367) ungarischer Palatin  (zwischenzeitlich auch Gespan vieler Gespanschaften).

1364 verlieh König Ludwig die Herrschaft Ilok seinem Palatin Nikola I. und dessen Neffen Ladislav /Ladislaus/, dem Sohn des bereits verstorbenen Lenkus. Die beiden zogen so den Familiensitz um sofort nach Ilok, und ihren Nachfahren begannen sich etwas später Iločki zu nennen. Nikola I. wurde von beiden seiner Söhne, Nikola II. († 1397) und Bartol II. († 1393), nachgefolgt, aber sie erreichten die Macht und Einfluss ihres Vaters nicht. Auch die nächste Generation der Familie war nicht so erfolgreich. Bartols II. Söhne, Ladislav († 1418) und Mirko /Emmerich/ († 1419), waren Bane von Mačva (heute Nordwesten Serbiens) und Gespane von Baranja und Srijem.

Erst Nikola V., einer der fünf Söhne von Ladislav Iločki, brachte die Familie zu ihren Höhepunkt. 1410 geboren, diente er mehreren Königen, von Sigismund (der Luxemburger) bis Matthias Korvin, und war Träger folgender Titel: Ban von Slawonien, Mačva und Usora, Woiwode (Herzog) von Siebenbürgen und König von Bosnien. Als König, hatte er die Macht nur im nordöstlichen Teil Bosniens, wobei der Rest des Landes von den Osmanen erobert wurde. Während seines Lebens erlebte die Stadt Ilok ihre "goldene Ära". Als er 1477 starb, von seinen vielen Kindern überlebte ihn nur ein Sohn, Lovro III.

Aus seiner Hochburg Ilok verwaltete Lovro III. (* 1459; † 1524) seinen riesigen Grundbesitz und nahm erheblichen Einfluss auf die stürmischen Ereignisse der damaligen Zeit, fast wie sein Vater. Er trug die Titel Ban von Mačva und Herzog von Bosnien. Gegen Ende seines Lebens (1518) wurde er zum königlichen Richter ernannt. Mit seinem Tod 1524 erlosch dieses angesehene und bedeutende Adelsgeschlecht.

Bekannteste Angehörige des Adelsgeschlechts
 Lovro I. Der Slawe, († 1349) – Kastellan, Gespan, königlicher Kammerherr
 Nikola I. Kont, († 1367) – Gespan, Schenk, Woiwode (Herzog) von Siebenbürgen, ungarischer Palatin
 Ladislav († 1418) – Ban von Mačva
 Nikola V. (* 1410; † 1477) – Ban von Slawonien, Mačva und Usora, Woiwode von Siebenbürgen, König von Bosnien.
 Lovro III. (* 1459; † 1524) – Ban von Mačva, Herzog von Bosnien, königlicher Richter

Siehe auch
 Liste kroatischer Adelsgeschlechter
 Liste der Bane von Kroatien
 Geschichte Kroatiens
 Palatin (Ungarn)
 Geschichte Ungarns
 Geschichte von Bosnien und Herzegowina

Weblinks
 Stammliste des Adelsgeschlechts Iločki mit der tschechisch-ungarischen Version der Namen
 Nikola Kont – ungarischer Palatin 1356-1367
 Nikola Iločki – Herr der Stadt Ilok
 Grabsteine von Nikolaus und Lorenz von Ilok

Kroatisches Adelsgeschlecht
Kroatische Geschichte (13. Jahrhundert)

Iločki


Atractophoraceae, malena porodica crvenih algi koja se sastoji od dva monotipska roda. Za nju je stvoren vlastiti red Atractophorales. Obje vrste su morske.

Rodovi
 Atractophora P.Crouan & H.Crouan
 Liagorothamnion Huisman, D.L.Ballantine & M.J.Wynne

Izvori

Rhodymeniophycidae

Atractophoraceae


Sidrach Simpson (vers 1600-1655) est un ministre anglais indépendant, l'un des dirigeants de la faction indépendante de l'Assemblée de Westminster.

Biographie
Sidrach Simpson vient du Lincolnshire. Il fait ses études de sizar à l'Emmanuel College et au Queens' College de Cambridge .

Après avoir perdu son statut de l'Église d'Angleterre sous William Laud, il passe du temps comme ministre aux Pays-Bas. À l'Assemblée de Westminster il est l'un des «cinq frères dissidents» mettant leurs noms sur la narration apologétique présentée au Parlement le 3 janvier 1644. Les autres membres du groupe sont William Bridge, Jeremiah Burroughs, Thomas Goodwin et Philip Nye, tous d'origine néerlandaise (Burroughs et Simpson ont été tous deux ministres à Rotterdam ), et unis dans une forme de congrégationalisme . Ils sont également dans le groupe des dix, dominé par les Indépendants, condamnant en 1652 le Catéchisme racovien, avec Nye et Bridge, six autres indépendants, John Dury et Adoniram Byfield .

Il devient maître de Pembroke College, Cambridge en 1650, mais dérive dans ses dernières années vers les extrêmes dans ses positions. Il est en même temps recteur à Londres, à St Mary Abchurch, puis à partir de 1653 à St Bartholomew-by-the-Exchange . Oliver Cromwell le fait emprisonner pour prédication agressive .

Références

Liens externes

Étudiant de Emmanuel College (Cambridge)
Étudiant de Queens' College (Cambridge)
Théologien anglais
Théologien protestant du XVIIe siècle
Décès en 1655

Sidrach Simpson


Ilan Mitchell-Smith (born June 29, 1969) is an American academic and former actor, best known as a co-star of the film Weird Science (1985) and Andy McCalister in Superboy.

Acting career
Mitchell-Smith's very first passion was ballet. He studied as a child and even won a scholarship to dance with the School of American Ballet. While there on his scholarship, he was discovered by a casting director and his film career began in 1982 at age 12 when he played a younger version of the title character in Sidney Lumet's Daniel. After a starring role in the 1984 film The Wild Life, he was cast as Wyatt Donnelly in the 1985 teen film Weird Science by writer/director John Hughes. The film focuses on two nerdy teenage boys who create a woman of their own (played by Kelly LeBrock), as they are unable to find girlfriends.

Mitchell-Smith starred in several other films and TV series, most notably The Chocolate War and Superboy; none of these brought him the same degree of recognition. He decided to leave acting entirely in 1991, his final role being a guest appearance on Silk Stalkings. Recently, Mitchell-Smith has performed select voiceover work (recording for two episodes—"Moon Warriors" and "Heads Will Roll"—of Fox's Axe Cop).

In 2017, Mitchell-Smith guest-starred in the fifth-season premiere of The Goldbergs, playing science teacher Mr. Connelly. The episode, entitled "Weird Science", was based on his film Weird Science, with series character Barry Goldberg believing he can make a girlfriend in the same manner as the movie.

Academic career
Mitchell-Smith received his A.B. in Medieval Studies from University of California, Davis (UC Davis) and his M.A. in Medieval Studies from Fordham University. He received a doctoral degree from Texas A&M University in 2005. As of January 2020, he is an associate professor in the English department at California State University, Long Beach (CSU Long Beach) in Long Beach, California. For several years prior to his appointment at CSU Long Beach, he was a professor at Angelo State University in San Angelo, Texas. Mitchell-Smith publishes on chivalry in the later Middle Ages, and he also publishes on cinematic, television, and video-game versions of medieval culture.

Table top gaming
Mitchell-Smith has published on Dungeons & Dragons, and is a staff writer for Talk Wargaming and writes a column for Forces of Geek called "Playing the Nerd". He works as a technical writer and editor for smaller independent game producers, and he is an active tabletop gamer and an organizer of tabletop game events in Southern California.

Personal life
Mitchell-Smith was born in New York City, New York. His mother, Clary Mitchell-Smith, is a psychotherapist, and his father, Larry Smith, is an art history teacher.

He met Susannah Demaree at Santa Monica College in Santa Monica, California. They were married in 1995. They have two children, born in 1998 and 2000.

Filmography
1983: How to Be a Perfect Person in Just Three Days as Milo Crimpley
1983: Daniel as Younger Daniel
1984: The Wild Life as Jim Conrad
1985: Weird Science as Wyatt Donnelly
1985: The Equalizer as Anthony Ganucci (TV series, one episode)
1988: Superboy as Andy McAlister (TV series, 27 episodes)
1988: Journey to the Center of the Earth as Bryan
1988: The Chocolate War as Jerry Renault
1989: Identity Crisis as Sebastian
1991: Silk Stalkings as Gabriel Evans (TV series, one episode)
2012: Axe Cop (TV series, two episodes; voice)
2013: The Goldbergs as Mr. Connelly (TV series, one episode: "Weird Science")

References

External links

1969 births
Living people
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male child actors
Male actors from New York City
Angelo State University faculty
Santa Monica College alumni
Pasadena City College alumni
California State University, Long Beach faculty
University of California, Davis alumni
Fordham University alumni
Texas A&M University alumni

Ilan Mitchell-Smith


Schloss Rugendorf ist ein Schloss in Rugendorf.

Das Schloss wurde 1555 von Jörg von Waldenfels erbaut und 1628/29 dem Bamberger Bischof Johann Georg II. Fuchs von Dornheim verkauft. Im Dreißigjährigen Krieg wurde die Anlage unwesentlich beschädigt. 1727 wurde der Dachstuhl umgebaut und das Gebäude als Getreidespeicher benutzt. Im 19. Jahrhundert wurde es als Wohnhaus verwendet. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wurde der Dachstuhl erneuert. Inzwischen ist das Objekt teilweise im Besitz der Gemeinde. In dem weiterhin bewohnten Gebäude sind umfangreiche Sanierungsarbeiten erforderlich.

Das Schloss grenzt unmittelbar an das Grundstück der Kirche an. Nach drei Stockwerken aus Brockenmauerwerk schließt sich ein mehrstöckiges spitz zulaufendes Satteldach an. Fenster aus verschiedenen Zeitepochen sind unregelmäßig in den Bau eingefügt. Veränderungen wie vermauerte Rundbögen oder ein zugemauerter Abstieg in den Keller sind erkennbar.

Literatur
 Ruth Bach-Damaskinos, Peter Borowitz: Schlösser und Burgen in Oberfranken – Eine vollständige Darstellung aller Schlösser, Herrensitze, Burgen und Ruinen in den oberfränkischen kreisfreien Städten und Landkreisen. Verlag A. Hofmann, Nürnberg 1996, ISBN 3-87191-212-3, S. 178–179.

Weblinks
 Schloss Rugendorf
 Luftbild mit dem BayernViewer

Rugendorf
Baudenkmal in Rugendorf

Schloss Rugendorf


Sottunga, Finlandiya'ya bağlı Åland Adaları'nda bulunan bir belediyedir. Yüzölçümü 28.06 km² olan belediyenin nüfusu 31 Ağustos 2017 tarihi itibari ile 92 olup Åland'ın en küçük yerleşim birimidir.

Sottunga'da Finnö, Husö, Hästö, Mosshaga ve Sottunga olmak üzere beş küçük köy bulunmaktadır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Åland'ın belediyeleri
1959'da kurulan yerleşim birimleri

Sottunga


The Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) is an independent agency of the US government created in 1974 that regulates the U.S. derivatives markets, which includes futures, swaps, and certain kinds of options.

The Commodity Exchange Act (CEA),  et seq., prohibits fraudulent conduct in the trading of futures, swaps, and other derivatives.  The stated mission of the CFTC is to promote the integrity, resilience, and vibrancy of the U.S. derivatives markets through sound regulation. After the financial crisis of 2007–08 and since 2010 with the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the CFTC has been transitioning to bring more transparency and sound regulation to the multitrillion-dollar swaps market.

History

Futures contracts for agricultural commodities have been traded in the U.S. for more than 150 years and have been under federal regulation since the 1920s. The Grain Futures Act of 1922 set the basic authority and was changed by the Commodity Exchange Act of 1936 (7 U.S.C. 1 et seq.).

Since the 1970s, trading in futures contracts has rapidly expanded beyond traditional physical and agricultural commodities into a vast array of financial instruments, including foreign currencies, U.S. and foreign government securities, and U.S. and foreign stock indices.

Congress created the CFTC in 1974 as an independent federal regulatory agency. The Commodity Futures Trading Commission Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-463) created the CFTC to replace the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Commodity Exchange Authority. The Act made extensive changes to the Commodity Exchange Act (CEA) of 1936, which itself amended the original Grain Futures Act of 1922.  (7 U.S.C. 1 et seq.). In 1975, the first members were selected, and also its first chairman.

The CFTC's mandate was renewed and expanded in December 2000 when Congress passed the Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000, which instructed the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the CFTC to develop a joint regulatory regime for single-stock futures, the products of which began trading in November 2002.

In 2010, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act expanded the CFTC's regulatory authority into the swaps markets. The swaps markets currently have a notional value of more than $400 trillion.

Regulated markets
The CFTC oversees the derivatives markets by encouraging their competitiveness and efficiency, ensuring their integrity, protecting market participants against manipulation, abusive trading practices, fraud, and ensuring the financial integrity of the clearing process. The CFTC generally does not directly regulate the safety and soundness of individual firms, with the exception of newly regulated swap dealers and major swap participants, for whom it sets capital standards pursuant to Dodd–Frank. Through oversight, the CFTC enables the derivatives markets to serve the function of price discovery and offsetting price risk.

As of 2014 the CFTC oversees 'designated contract markets' (DCMs) or exchanges, swap execution facilities (SEFs), derivatives clearing organizations, swap data repositories (SDRs), swap dealers, futures commission merchants, commodity pool operators and other intermediaries. The CFTC coordinates its work with foreign regulators, such as its UK counterpart, the Financial Conduct Authority, which supervises the London Metal Exchange.

Over-the-counter derivatives

In 1998 CFTC chairperson Brooksley E. Born lobbied Congress and the President to give the CFTC oversight of 'off-exchange markets' for over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives in addition to its existing oversight of exchange-traded derivatives, but her warnings were opposed by other regulators.<ref name="nytimes">Goodman, Peter S. The Reckoning – Taking Hard New Look at a Greenspan Legacy, The New York Times, October 9, 2008.</ref>

Two actions by the CFTC in 1998 led some market participants to express concerns that the CFTC might modify the "Swap Exemption" and attempt to impose new regulations on the swaps market. First, in a February 1998 comment letter addressing the SEC's "broker-dealer lite" proposal, the CFTC stated that the SEC's proposal would create the potential for conflict with the Commodity Exchange Act (CEA) to the extent that certain OTC derivative instruments fall within the ambit of the CEA and are subject to the exclusive statutory authority of the CFTC.

In May 1998 the CFTC issued a 'concept release' requesting comment on whether regulation of OTC derivatives markets was appropriate and, if so, what form such regulation should take. Legislation enacted in 1999 at the request of the US Treasury, the Federal Reserve Board, and the SEC limited the CFTC's rulemaking authority with respect to swaps and hybrid instruments until March 30, 1999, and froze the pre-existing legal status of swap agreements and hybrid instruments entered into in reliance on the 'Swap Exemption', the 'Hybrid Instrument Rule', the 'Swap Policy Statement, or the 'Hybrid Interpretation'. The text of that act read: "...the Commission may not propose or issue any rule or regulation, or issue any interpretation or policy statement, that restricts or regulates activity in a qualifying hybrid instrument or swap agreement".  Shortly after Congress had passed this legislation prohibiting CFTC from regulating derivatives, Born resigned. She later commented the failure of Long-Term Capital Management and the subsequent bailout as being indicative what she had been trying to prevent.Born was the focus of an October 2009 Frontline documentary titled "The Warning" and was also chronicled in the documentary Inside Job. The two films recount her attempts to investigate and regulate the OTC derivatives market (PBS Frontline The Warning)

Regulating digital currencies
In March 2014 the CFTC acknowledged it was considering the regulation of Bitcoin. The CFTC has since taken the position that Bitcoin is a commodity under the CEA. In October 2019, former CFTC Chairman Heath Tarbert, now Chief Legal Officer of Citadel Securities, declared that ether was also a commodity under the CEA.

In 2015, the CFTC ruled that for purposes of trading, cryptocurrencies were legally classified as commodities. However, in view of market volatility and other factors, the CFTC noted several risks associated with trading virtual currencies. In 2017, the CFTC cited the US SEC's warning against digital token sales and initial coin offerings (ICOs) that can "improperly entice investors with promises of high returns". In recent years, the CFTC has expanded its efforts to civilly prosecute fraud and misappropriation in the digital asset markets.

Organization
Based in Washington, D.C., the CFTC maintains regional offices in Chicago, New York and Kansas City, Missouri. The Commission consists of five Commissioners appointed by the President of the United States to serve staggered five-year terms. The President, with the consent of the United States Senate, designates one of the commissioners to serve as chairman. No more than three commissioners at any one time may be from the same political party.

Current commissioners

Major operating units

Division of Enforcement
The Division of Enforcement (DOE) investigates and prosecutes alleged violations of the Commodity Exchange Act and CFTC regulations. Violations may involve commodity futures or option trading on domestic commodity exchanges, or the improper marketing of commodity investments. The Division may, at the direction of the commission, file complaints before the agency's administrative law judges or in the U.S. District Courts. Alleged criminal violations of the Commodity Exchange Act or violations of other Federal laws which involve commodity futures trading may be referred to the Justice Department for prosecution. The Division also provides expert help and technical assistance with case development and trials to U.S. Attorneys' Offices, other Federal and state regulators, and international authorities.

 Division of Market Oversight
The Division of Market Oversight (DMO) has regulatory responsibility for initial recognition and continuing oversight of trade execution facilities, including new registered futures exchanges, swap execution facilities, and swap data repositories. The regulatory functions of the Division include, among other things, rule enforcement reviews, reviews of new products and product- and market-related rule amendments, and associated product and market-related studies. The Division was previously responsible for market and trade practice surveillance.

Market Participants Division
Formerly known as the Division of Swap Dealer and Intermediary Oversight, the Market Participants Division (MPD) primarily oversees derivatives market intermediaries, including commodity pool operators, commodity trading advisors, futures commission merchants, introducing brokers, major swap participants, retail foreign exchange dealers, and swap dealers, as well as designated self-regulatory organizations. MPD conducts the registration, compliance, and business conduct standards of intermediaries, swap dealers and major swap participants. The division also oversees the agency's customer education initiatives.

Division of Clearing and Risk
The Division of Clearing and Risk (DCR) oversees derivatives clearing organizations (DCOs) and other market participants in the clearing process. These include futures commission merchants, swap dealers, major swap participants, and large traders. DCR monitors the clearing of futures, options on futures, and swaps by DCOs, assesses DCO compliance with Commission regulations, and conducts risk assessment and surveillance. DCR also makes recommendations on DCO applications and eligibility, rule submissions, and which types of swaps should be cleared. As of 2019, Clark Hutchison serves as Director of the Division of Clearing and Risk.

List of past commissioners
 A. Roy Lavik (term of service 10/01/90 – 5/3/23)
 Dan M. Berkovitz (term of service 09/07/18 – 10/15/21)
 Brian D. Quintenz (term of service 08/15/17 – 08/31/21)
 Heath Tarbert (Chairman 07/15/2019 – 01/21/2021) (term of Service 07/15/2019 – 03/05/2021)
 J. Christopher Giancarlo (Acting Chairman 01/20/17 – 08/03/17) (Chairman 08/03/17 – 04/13/19) (term of Service 06/06/14 – 06/05/19)
 Sharon Y. Bowen (term of Service 06/09/14 – 09/29/17)
 Timothy Massad (term of Service 6/5/14 – 02/17/17)
 Mark P. Wetjen (term of Service 10/25/11 – 08/28/15)
 Scott D. O'Malia (term of Service 10/19/09 – 08/08/14)
 Bart Chilton (term of Service 08/08/07 – 03/21/14)
 Gary Gensler (Chairman 05/26/09 – 01/3/14) (term of Service 05/26/09 – 01/3/14)
 Jill E. Sommers (term of Service 08/08/07 – 07/08/13)
 Michael V. Dunn (Acting Chairman 1/20/09 – 5/25/09)  (term of Service 11/21/04 – 10/24/11)
 Walter L. Lukken (Acting Chairman 6/27/07- 01/20/09) (term of Service 08/07/02 – 07/10/09)
 Reuben Jeffery, III (chairman 07/11/05 – 6/27/07) (term of Service 07/11/05 – 06/27/07)
 Frederick W. Hatfield (term of Service 12/06/04 – 12/31/06)
 Sharon Brown-Hruska (Acting Chairman 08/24/04 – 07/10/05) (term of Service 08/07/02 – 07/28/06)
 James E. Newsome (Acting Chairman 01/20/01 – 12/27/01) (chairman 12/27/01 – 07/23/04) (term of Service 08/10/98 – 07/23/04)
 Thomas J. Erickson (term of Service 06/21/99 – 12/01/02)
 Barbara P. Holum (Acting Chairwoman 12/22/93 – 10/07/94)  (term of Service 11/28/93 – 12/09/03)
 David D. Spears (Acting Chairman 06/02/99 – 08/10/99) (term of Service 09/03/96 – 12/20/01)
 Brooksley E. Born (Chairwoman 08/26/96 – 06/01/99)
 John E. Tull, Jr. (Acting Chairman 01/27/96 – 08/25/96)  (term of Service 11/24/93 – 02/27/99)
 Joseph B. Dial (term of Service 06/20/91 – 11/13/97)
 Mary L. Schapiro (Chairwoman 10/13/94 – 01/26/96)  (term of Service 10/13/94 – 01/26/96)
 Sheila C. Bair (Acting Chairwoman 08/22/93 – 12/21/93)  (term of Service 05/02/91 – 06/16/95)
 William P. Albrecht (Acting Chairman 01/22/93 – 08/20/93)  (term of Service 11/22/88 – 08/20/93)
 Wendy L. Gramm (term of Service 02/22/88 – 01/22/93)
 Fowler C. West (term of Service 10/06/82 – 01/20/93)
 Kalo A. Hineman (Acting Chairman 07/27/87 – 02/22/83)  (term of Service 01/12/82 – 06/19/91)
 Robert R. Davis (terms of Service 10/03/84 – 04/30/90)
 William Rainer (term of Service 08/11/99 – 01/19/01)
 William E. Seale (term of Service 11/16/83 – 09/01/88)
 Susan M. Philips (Chairwoman 11/17/83 – 07/24/87) (Acting Chairwoman 05/28/83 – 11/16/83)  (term of Service 11/16/81 – 07/24/87)
 Philip McBride Johnson (Chairman 6/8/81 – 5/01/83) (term of Service 06/06/81 – 05/01/83)
 James M. Stone (Chairman 05/04/79 – 06/08/81)  (term of Service 05/04/79 – 01/31/83)
 Read P. Dunn (term of Service 04/15/75 – 11/13/81)
 David G. Gartner (term of Service 05/19/78 – 10/05/82)
 Robert L. Martin (term of Service 06/20/75 – 08/31/81)
 Gary L. Seevers (Acting Chairman 12/06/78 – 05/03/79)  (term of Service 04/15/75 – 06/01/79)
 Bill Bagley (term of Service 04/15/75 – 11/15/78)
 John V. Rainbolt (term of Service 04/15/75 – 05/18/78)

Notable events of past commissioners
Roy Lavik served as the CFTC (Commodity Futures and Trading Commission) Inspector General from 1990 until 2023. On May 3rd 2023, the Wall Street Journal Reports that Mr. Lavik was suspended by the CFTC as the Inspector General after an oversight body alleging "Substantial Misconduct". Complaints of misconduct go back as far as late 2018. Allegations include:

 Divulging the identity of whistleblowers on multiple occasions
 Misappropriating around $165,000 in funds for a hire that did little or no work
 Violating agency security policies by allowing others to use his username and password to access sensitive systems

Funding/budget
Unlike the other four main financial regulators, the CFTC does not have self-funding. A transaction fee has been "requested" for several years but Congress has not taken any legislative action. During the government shut down in October 2013, SEC and Federal Reserve stayed open, but "futures and most swaps markets were left with essentially no cop on the beat".

In 2007, the CFTC's  budget was  and it had 437 full-time equivalent employees (FTEs). After 2008, funding increased by 80% to  and 687 FTEs for fiscal year (FY) 2012, but was cut to  and 682 FTEs for FY 2013. In 2013 CFTC's performance was severely affected by limited resources and had to delay cases. The current, FY 2014 funding of  did not keep up with CFTC's increasing swaps market oversight and regulation, equivalent to tens of trillions of dollars in formerly dark market trading, according to outgoing Commissioner Bart Chilton in his last speech. The Obama administration's latest budget proposal for FY 2015 requested , which is  less than the request for the previous year, and would fund "100 less employees than we need" per Chilton, who called the budget "woefully insufficient" for CFTC's more than 40-fold increased purview.
In February 2014, Commissioner Scott D. O'Malia dissented from the FY 2014 spending plan saying that it did not allocate enough funding to new technology investments, but allocated too much to swap dealer oversight, duplicating the work of the self-regulatory National Futures Association. In March he dissented from the FY 2015 budget request stating CFTC "makes an unrealistic request for new staff and funding in this budget request without a firm understanding of its mission priorities, specific goals, and corresponding personnel and technology needs."

In December 2019, the CFTC secured funding of  for FY2020, an increase of nearly 6 percent from the  appropriated for FY2019. Chairman Tarbert commented that this "fully matched" the CFTC's request, the first time that had happened in "nearly a decade."

 Primary exchanges monitored
 Chicago Board Options Exchange
 Chicago Board of Trade
 Chicago Mercantile Exchange
 COMEX
 Kansas City Board of Trade
 Minneapolis Grain Exchange
 North American Derivatives Exchange
 New York Mercantile Exchange
 New York Board of Trade
 OneChicago

See also

 Commodity
 CFTC report
 Federal Trade Commission
 Forex scam
 Hunter Wise Commodities
 Managed futures account
 Futures Industry Association, trade organization
 Securities market participants (United States)
 Title 17 of the Code of Federal Regulations
 CFTC Whistleblower Program
 2000s commodities boom
 2020s commodities boom
 Digital Commodities Consumer Protection Act

Notes

References

Further reading
 "The Warning", PBS(WGBH) Frontline October 20, 2009. Documentary about 2008 financial collapse with Brooksley Born speaking about her failed campaign to regulate the derivatives market. https://randosity.wordpress.com/2010/11/26/film-review-the-warning-pbs-frontline-documentary/ See also: Background material
 The Commodity Futures Trading Commission: Background and Current Issues published by the Congressional Research Service June 24, 2013, 379 KB, 23pp
 CFTC Official Tied to Wall Street Profits From Merger Fight (January 2015), Bloomberg Businessweek''

External links

 Commodity Futures Trading Commission in the Federal Register
 Commodity Futures Trading Commission on USAspending.gov

Financial services companies established in 1974
Financial regulatory authorities of the United States
Government agencies established in 1974

Commodity Futures Trading Commission


ටොලමි IX සෝටර් II නැතහොත් ලැතිරොස් ("තණ මෑ") (ග්‍රීක:Πτολεμαῖος Σωτήρ Λάθυρος, Ptolemaĩos Sōtḗr Láthuros) යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ ක්‍රි.පූ. 116-110, ක්‍රි.පූ. 109-107 සහ ක්‍රි.පූ. 88-81 ලෙස තෙවරක් පාලනය ගෙන ගිය ඊජිප්තුවේ රජ කෙනෙකි. ඔහු සිය සිය සොහොයුරා වූ ටොලමි X ඇලෙක්සැන්ඩර් සමග මාරුවෙන් මාරුවට පාලනය ගෙන ගොස් ඇත.

පළමුව ඔහුගේ මව වූ IIIවන ක්ලියෝපැට්රා විසින් ඔහුව සිය සහ-අනුරාජ පදවියට පත් කරගැනීමට තීරණය කරන ලදී. (ඔහුගේ පියා වූ VIIIවන ටොලමිගේ ආශාව වූයේ ඇය ඇගේ පුත්‍රයකු සමග හවුල් පාලනයක් ගෙන යනු දැකීමටයි) ඇලෙක්සැන්ඩ්‍රියානුවන් විසින් ඔහුව තෝරා ගැනීමට ඇයට බලකරන ලදී. ඔහු සිය සොයුරිය වූ IVවන ක්ලියෝපැට්රා සමග විවාහ වූ නමුත්, ඔහුගේ මව විසින් ඇයව ඉවත් කොට ඔහුගේ බාලම සොහොයුරිය වූ ක්ලියෝපැට්රා සෙලීන් එම තනතුරට පත්කරන ලදී. පසුව, ඇය විසින් ඔහු තමන්ව මරා දැමීමට උත්සාහ ගන්නේ යැයි චෝදනා නගමින් සාර්ථකව IXවන ටොලමිව සිහසුනෙන් නෙරපන ලදී. අනතුරුව ඇය සිය ප්‍රියතම පුත්‍රයා වූ ඇලෙක්සැන්ඩර් සිය සහ-අනුරාජ පදවියට පත්කළා ය. නමුත් පසුව Xවන ටොලමි සමග පාලනය ගෙනයාම අසීරු බව ඇයට වැටහිණි. අනතුරුව ඇය විසින් නැවත IXවන ටොලමි සිහසුනට පත්කළා ය. නමුත් මඳ කලෙකින් Xවන ටොලමි ඇයව මරා දමා සිහසුන පැහැර ගත්තේ ය. පසුකලෙක ඔහුව ද සටන් බිමෙක දී මරා දැමිණි. අනතුරුව IXවන ටොලමි සිය මරණය තෙක්ම රාජ්‍ය පාලනය ගෙනගියේ ය.

ඔහුගේ දියණිය වූ IIIවන බෙරෙනිස් ඔහුගේ මරණින් පසු සිහසුනට පත්වූ අතර, ඇය විසින් වසරක පමණ කාලයක් රාජ්‍ය පාලනය ගෙන යන ලදී. ඇයට ඇගේ සුළු පුත්‍රයා වූ ඇලෙක්සැන්ඩර් සමග විවාහ වීමට සිදු විය. ඇලෙක්සැන්ඩර්, ටොලමි XI ඇලෙක්සැන්ඩර් II යන නාමයෙන් රාජ්‍ය පාලනය කළ අතර, දින දහනවයකට පසු ඔහු විසින් ඇයව මරාදමන ලදී.

IXවන ටොලමිගේ නාමය මගින් ඔහුගේ මහා මැසිඩෝනියානු පූර්වජයා වූ ටොලමි I සෝටර් සිහි ගන්වයි. පැරණි මූලාශ්‍රවල සහ ජර්මන් ඉතිහාසඥ හස් විසින් සම්පාදනය කළ ග්‍රන්ථවල ඔහුව VIIIවන ටොලමි ලෙස අංකනය කොට ඇත.

පෙළපත

</center>

සටහන්

බාහිර සබැඳි

ටොලමි සෝටර් IIට LacusCurtiusහි ඇති ගිණුම (ඊ. ආර්. බෙවන්ගේ House of Ptolemy ග්‍රන්ථයේ පරිච්ඡේදය XI; 1923)
ටොලමි IX ලැතිරස් සඳහා මාහ්ලන් එච්. ස්මිත්ගේ ඓතිහාසික ප්‍රභව ග්‍රන්ථයේ ඇති සඳහන
තීබ්ස්හි ටොලමි IX (සෝටර්)  රොබට් රිට්නර් විසිනි

ක්‍රි.පූ. 2වන සියවසේ උපත්
ක්‍රි.පූ. 81 මරණ
ටොලමියානු රාජවංශයේ පාරාවෝවරුන්
ක්‍රි.පූ. 1වන සියවසේ අප්‍රිකානු පාලකයින්
ක්‍රි.පූ. 2වන සියවසේ අප්‍රිකානු පාලකයින්
ඊජිප්තුවේ ක්‍රි.පූ. 2වන සියවස
ඊජිප්තුවේ ක්‍රි.පූ. 1වන සියවස
ක්‍රි.පූ. 2වන සියවසේ ග්‍රීක ජනයා
ක්‍රි.පූ. 1වන සියවසේ ග්‍රීක ජනයා
සයිප්‍රසයේ ටොලමියානු පාලකයින්

ටොලමි IX ලැතිරොස්


James Haggarty (* 14. April 1914 in Port Arthur, Ontario; † 8. März 1998) war ein kanadischer Eishockeyspieler, der unter anderem für die Canadiens de Montréal in der National Hockey League gespielt hat.

Karriere
James Haggarty begann seine Karriere als Eishockeyspieler in seiner Heimatstadt, in der er von 1932 bis 1935 für die Port Arthur Ports bzw. Port Arthur Bearcats aktiv war. Von 1935 bis 1939 spielte er in Großbritannien für die Wembley Canadians bzw. Wembley Monarchs, wobei er 1936 als Gastspieler zu seinem ehemaligen Team, den Bearcats, zurückkehrte, mit denen er Kanada bei den Olympischen Winterspielen repräsentierte. Von 1939 bis 1942 lief er für die Montreal Royals auf, wobei er die Saison 1941/42 bei den Canadiens de Montréal in der National Hockey League beendete. In insgesamt acht NHL-Partien für die Canadiens erzielte er drei Tore und zwei Vorlagen. Während des Zweiten Weltkriegs diente er in der Royal Canadian Air Force und spielte von 1942 bis 1945 für diverse Militärmannschaften. Zuletzt stand er von 1945 bis 1950 für die Montreal Royals und Valleyfield Braves auf dem Eis.

International
Für Kanada nahm Haggarty an den Olympischen Winterspielen 1936 in Garmisch-Partenkirchen teil, bei denen er mit seiner Mannschaft die Silbermedaille gewann.

Erfolge und Auszeichnungen
 1936 Silbermedaille bei den Olympischen Winterspielen

Weblinks

Eishockeynationalspieler (Kanada)
Olympiateilnehmer (Kanada)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 1936
Kanadier
Geboren 1914
Gestorben 1998
Mann

James Haggarty


An Epipactis rechingeri in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jany Renz. An Epipactis rechingeri in nahilalakip ha genus nga Epipactis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Epipactis

Epipactis rechingeri


Monsteret er en børnefilm instrueret af Niels Nørløv Hansen efter manuskript af Jesper Nicolaj Christiansen.

Handling
Selvom Frode kun er 7 år, tror han ikke rigtigt på monstre. Det ændrer sig dog hurtigt, da Frodes far skal i byen med Mette, der hader børn. Hun forærer nemlig Frode en lille monsterdukke, som straks ryger ind i bunden af skabet. Da Frode senere ligger i sin seng, kommer der pludselig en knirkende lyd fra skabet, det er nemlig ikke nogen helt almindelig dukke.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2002

Børnefilm fra Danmark

Monsteret


01.  පුද්ගලයකුට හෝ පවුලකට,  කොඩිවිනයක් හෝ හූනියමක් කළ අවස්ථාවක හූනියම් යකාගෙන් උවදුරු පැමිණෙතැයි විශ්වාසයක් පවතිය.  මේ උවදුරු දුරුකර ගැනීමට හූනියම් කැපිල්ල නම් තොවිලයක් කරයි.  මීට අමතරව හූනියම් කැපිල්ලෙන් වස විෂ කැවුනරෝග,  ආම රෝග,  වාත රෝග,  හොරි,  දද,  කුෂ්ඨ,  උදර රෝග,  උන්මාද රෝග,  ඇස්වහ,   කටවහ ,  ග්‍රහදෝෂ ,  දේව දෝෂ,  වස් දොස් යන සියලු රෝගයන් සුවපත් වන බවට විශ්වාසයක් එදා මෙන් අදත් මිනිසුන් තුළ පවතී.

හූනියම් සම්බන්ධ අංශ දෙකකි. ඉන් එකක් නම් හූනියම් කිරීම යි. අනික හූනියම් කැපීම යි. මෙයින් හූනියම් කිරීම යනු විරුද්ධ කාරයෙකුට කායික හෝ මානසික පීඩාවක් ඇති කිරීම පිණිස කරනු ලබන යම් අභිචාර විධියකි. මෙය හුනියම් යක්ෂයා මුල් කරගෙන කරනු ලබන්නකි. නන්දදේව විජේසේකර පවසන පරිදි, හූනියම් ක්‍රම යොදාගනු ලබන්නේ, විරුද්ධකාරයකුගේ දුෂ්ට ක්‍රියා පාලනය කිරීමට හෝ ඔවුන්ට විරුද්ධකම් කිරීමට ය.[i] ඩබ්.ඒ ද සිල්වා පවසන පරිදි හූනියම් යනු සියලුම හානිකර ගුරුකම්වලට යොදන නමකි.[ii] මෙසේ කෙනෙකුට කරන ලද හූනියමක් කැපීමට කරන තොවිලය හූනියම් කැපිල්ල නමින් හඳුන්වනු ලැබේ. පුරා තිස් පැයක් තිස්සේ නැටුම්, ගැයුම්, වැයුම්  මාධ්‍යයේ  පැවැත්වෙන මෙම යාගය අවසානයේදී, ආතුරයාට පැමිණ තුබූ සියලුම හූනියම් දෝෂ කපා හල බව සංකේතවත් කරවන හත්අඩියේ තීන්දු හත කැපීමෙන් හා යාගය සඳහා ඉදිකළ අටමඟල වීදිය ද කපා හෙලීමෙන් පසු හූනියම් ශාන්ති කර්මය අවසන් වේ.
[i]ලංකා ජනතාව, නන්දදේව විජේසේකර, එම්.ඩී.ගුණසේන සහ සමාගම, කොළඹ, 1989, 189 පි.

[ii]Sinhalese Magic and pells, W.A . de Silva, - 1926, pp 193-211.

හූනියම් කැපිල්ල