La swainsonina es un derivado de la indolizidina que actúa como alcaloide.

Se puede encontrar en la naturaleza en varias plantas llamadas locoweed en Estados Unidos. Estas plantas provocan diferentes daños en el ganado, incluyendo la disminución del apetito, la parada del crecimiento en los animales jóvenes y la pérdida de peso en adultos, así como el cese de la reproducción. Al fenómeno se le llama «locoísmo».

A pesar de ello, se cree que la swansonina puede tener un uso potencial en el tratamiento de diferentes tipos de cánceres y se piensa que podría promover la restauración de la médula ósea dañada por algunos tipos de tratamiento contra el cáncer. Aun así, las propiedades farmacológicas de este producto no han sido investigadas a fondo, ya que los ensayos clínicos no han dado resultados alentadores.

Estructura química y reactividad

Químicamente, la swainsonina posee una estructura típica de muchos alcaloides, con un ciclo de 6 fusionado con uno de 5, con una estructura de tipo indolizidina. La estructura de uno de sus confórmeros estables se detalla a continuación (calculada por el método B3LYP con el conjunto de base 6-31G(d)):

Por otro lado, se ha estudiado la interacción de la swainsonina con los pares de bases nitrogenadas GC y AT (Guanina-citosina, adenina-timina), mediante estudios computacionales, y se ha llegado a la conclusión de que la swainsonina es una droga capaz de intercalarse entre los dos pares de bases. Además, se ha estudiado la reactividad de esta molécula en la posición del nitrógeno, y se han obtenido diversos derivados procedentes de la n-alquilación.)

Farmacología

La swainsonina inhibe las glucósido-hidrolasas, específicamente de la N-glicosilación de ligandos.

Biosíntesis

La biosíntesis de swainsonina se ha investigado en Rhizoctonia leguminicola (Hyphomycetes), y consiste en primer lugar en la conversión de la lisina en ácido pipecólico. El anillo de pirrolidina se forma gracias a la retención del átomo de carbono del grupo carboxilo del pipecolato, así como por el acoplamiento de dos átomos de carbono de acetato o de malonato para formar un pipecolilacetato.

La oxoindolizidina resultante se reduce a (1R, 8aS)-1-hidroxiindolizidina, que posteriormente se hidroxila en el átomo de carbono C2 para producir 1,2-dihidroxiindolizidina. Finalmente, un grupo de 8-hidroxi se introduce en el C-8a para producir swainsonina. La reducción de la cara β debería dar un rendimiento mayor de la configuración R (swainsonina), a diferencia de la configuración de S (eslaframina, otro alcaloide del mismo tipo cuya síntesis es similar a la de swainsonina) durante la primera mitad de la vía, lo que también se muestra en la siguiente figura junto con la biosíntesis de la swainsonina. La introducción de los grupos hidroxilo en las posiciones C2 y C8 aún está en fase de investigación.

Usos potenciales

La swainsonina es un potencial medicamento contra el cáncer para el tratamiento del glioma y el carcinoma gástrico. Sin embargo, un ensayo clínico de fase II de GD0039 (una sal de clorhidrato de swainsonina) en 17 pacientes con carcinoma renal fue desalentador. Su actividad contra los tumores se atribuye a su estimulación de los macrófagos.

La swainsonina también tiene aplicaciones potenciales como adyuvante de fármacos contra el cáncer y otras terapias. En los ratones, la swainsonina reduce la toxicidad de la doxorrubicina, fármaco empleado en quimioterapia, lo que sugiere que su empleo podría permitir el uso de dosis más altas del último fármaco. La swainsonina, además, podría promover la restauración de la médula ósea dañada por algunos tipos de tratamientos contra el cáncer Además, la swainsonina es un supresor del apetito.

No obstante, los resultados clínicos en la mayor parte de sus usos potenciales no han dado resultados positivos.

Referencias

Agentes antineoplásicos
Alcaloides
Alcoholes
Fitoquímicos
Alcaloides encontrados en Fabaceae

Swainsonina


Georg Friedrich () este un actor austriac.

Biografie
După absolvirea sa, ca actor la Schauspielschule Krauss din Viena, Friedrich a apărut, din 1983, în numeroase, filme și producții de televiziune austriece. În ultimii ani, el a ieșit în evidență, la Sommerfestspielen Perchtoldsdorf și Volksbühne Berlin, de asemenea, și ca actor de teatru. La Berlinale 2004, Georg Friedrich a fost distins cu Shooting Star. În 2017, el a primit Silberner Bär, pentru cel mai bun actor, pentru rolul tatălui, din filmul lui Thomas Arslan, Helle Nächte.

Filmografie
Filme
 1986: Müllers Büro
 1988: Ein Sohn aus gutem Hause, regie Karin Brandauer
 1989: Der siebente Kontinent, regie Michael Haneke
 1992: Kinder der Landstraße, regie Urs Egger
 1994: 71 Fragmente einer Chronologie des Zufalls, regie Michael Haneke
 1997: Blutrausch, regie Thomas Roth
 1999: Nordrand, regie Barbara Albert
 2000: Gelbe Kirschen, regie Leopold Lummerstorfer
 2001: Hundstage, regie Ulrich Seidl]]
 2001: Die Klavierspielerin, regie Michael Haneke
 2003: Kaltfront, regie Valentin Hitz
 2003: Wolfzeit, regie Michael Haneke
 2003: Böse Zellen, regie Barbara Albert
 2004: Hurensohn, regie Michael Sturminger
 2004: Basta – Rotwein oder Totsein (C(r)ook)
 2004: Grauzone, regie Karl Bretschneider
 2004: Nacktschnecken, regie Michael Glawogger
 2004: Fräulein Phyllis, regie Clemens Schönborn
 2004: Silentium, regie Wolfgang Murnberger
 2004: Welcome Home, regie Andreas Gruber
 2005: Fremde Haut, regie Angelina Maccarone
 2005: Kabale und Liebe, regie Leander Haußmann
 2005: Keller – Teenage Wasteland, regie Eva Urthaler
 2005: Spiele Leben, regie Antonin Svoboda
 2006: Die Unerzogenen, regie Pia Marais
 2006: Klimt, regie Raúl Ruiz
 2006: Knallhart, regie Detlev Buck
 2006: Fallen (2006), regie Barbara Albert
 2007: Import Export, regie Ulrich Seidl
 2007: Die Unerzogenen – Regie: Pia Marais
 2007: Das wilde Leben, regie Achim Bornhak
 2008: Nordwand, regie Philipp Stölzl
 2009: Contact High, regie Michael Glawogger
 2009: Parkour, regie Marc Rensing
 2011: Über uns das All, regie Jan Schomburg
 2011: Mein bester Feind, regie Wolfgang Murnberger
 2011: Sommer in Orange, regie Marcus H. Rosenmüller
 2011: Atmen, regie Karl Markovics
 2011: Faust, regie Alexander Sokurow
 2012: Nachtlärm, regie Christoph Schaub
 2012: Die Vermessung der Welt, regie Detlev Buck
 2012: Annelie, regie Antej Farac
 2013: Mein blindes Herz, regie Peter Brunner
 2014: Stereo, regie Maximilian Erlenwein
 2014: Über-Ich und Du, regie Benjamin Heisenberg
 2014: Die Vampirschwestern 2, regie Wolfgang Groos
 2015: Aloys, regie Tobias Nölle
 2016: Wild, regie Nicolette Krebitz
 2016: Hotel Rock'n'Roll, regie Michael Ostrowski și Helmut Köpping
 2017: Wilde Maus, regie Josef Hader
 2017: Helle Nächte, regie Thomas Arslan
filme de televiziune și seriale (selecție)
 1983: Tatort: Mord in der U-Bahn|Tatort – Mord in der U-Bahn
 1984: Der Verschwender (Fernsehspiel), regie Ernst Wolfram Marboe
 1984: Die Försterbuben
 1986: Tatort – Automord
 1987: Tatort – Flucht in den Tod
 1994: Der Salzbaron (Fernseh-Miniserie, 4 Folgen)
 1996: Spiel des Lebens (Fernsehserie, Folge Liebe und Liebelei)
 1996: Die Liebe des Ganoven
 1997: Stockinger (Fernsehserie, Folge Tod in Saalbach)
 1998–2002: Kommissar Rex (Fernsehserie)
 1998: Opernball
 1999: Tatort – Nie wieder Oper
 2000: Die Verhaftung des Johann Nepomuk Nestroy
 2000: Polt muss weinen
 2001: Blumen für Polt
 2003: Tatort – Leyla
 2005: Kabale und Liebe (2005)
 2006: König Otto
 2007: Rumpelstilzchen (2007)
 2009: Der kleine Mann (Fernsehserie, Gnu for Two)
 2010: Aufschneider (Fernsehzweiteiler)
 2010: Frösche petzen nicht]
 2010: Tatort – Am Ende des Tages
 2011: Föhnlage. Ein Alpenkrimi
 2012: Polizeiruf 110 – Fieber
 2015: Unter Verdacht (Fernsehserie, Folge Ein Richter)
 2016: Morgen hör ich auf (Fernseh-Miniserie, 4 Folgen)
 2016: Winnetou – Der Mythos lebt (Fernsehdreiteiler)

Teatru radiofonic
 2013: E. M. Cioran: Vom Nachteil, geboren zu sein, regie Kai Grehn (teatru radiofonic – SWR)

Premii
 Berlinale 2004: Österreichischer Shooting Star al cinematografiei europene
 Diagonale 2014: Großer Diagonale–Schauspielpreis für Verdienste um die Österreichische Filmkultur
 Berlinale 2017: Silberner Bär , pentru cel mai bun actor, pentru filmul Helle Nächte de Thomas Arslan

Legături externe

 Agenturprofil

Note

Actori de film
Actori de teatru
Nașteri în 1966

Georg Friedrich


මිරිස්ස දුම්රිය ස්ථානය යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ බස්නාහිර පළාතේ මිරිස්ස පිහිටි දුම්රිය ස්ථානය වේ. එය කඹුරුගමුව සහ පොල්වතුමෝදර දුම්රිය ස්ථාන අතර පිහිටා තිබේ. මිරිස්ස දුම්රිය ස්ථානය, කොළඹ කොටුව දුම්රිය ස්ථානයේ සිට කිලෝමීටර 147.5 දුරකිනුත්, මාතර දුම්රිය ස්ථානයේ සිට කිලෝමීටර 9.3 දුරකිනුත් ඉදිකොට තිබේ.

මූලාශ්‍ර

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දුම්රිය ස්ථාන

මිරිස්ස දුම්රිය ස්ථානය


SDSS J025905.63+001121.9 ou LBQS 0256-0000 est un très lointain quasar qui se situe dans un mini groupe de quasars. SDSS J025905.63+001121.9 est aussi identifié comme un potentiel blazar, SDSS J025905.63+001121.9 fait aussi partie de la catégorie des trous noirs supermassifs.

SDSS J025905.63+001121.9 se situe dans la constellation de la Baleine à plus de 4,1 milliards d'années-lumière.

Découverte
SDSS J025905.63+001121.9 a été découvert par une étude faite par le Sloan Digital Sky Survey nommée SDSS-DR5. Cette étude explorait le ciel profond dans un spectre très proche du visible (le spectre est d'une longueur d'onde de 690 nanomètre)s.

Caractéristiques de SDSS J025905.63+001121.9

Théorie du blazar de SDSS J025905.63+001121.9
La principale caractéristique de SDSS J025905.63+001121.9 est le fait que selon le Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array le signal de SDSS J025905.63+001121.9 est un signal légèrement polarisé. Le fait qu'un signal soit polarisé veut dire que l'objet qui émet le signal polarisé possède un intense champ magnétique (pour qu'un signal soit polarisé il faut que le champ magnétique de l'objet soit supérieur à 1015 gauss soit 1011 teslas).

Caractéristique du quasar/blazar SDSS J025905.63+001121.9
Le type spectral de QSO B0256-000 est un type très rare, en effet QSO B0256-000 fait partie des quasars dits "blueshift". Les quasars qui possèdent un blueshift sont des quasars qui possèdent un taux très élevé d'ionisation d'atomes.

L'ionisation des atomes produit des émission d'onde avec une longueur d'onde de 18,50 nm jusqu'à 15,18 nanomètres.

Les quasars à taux élevé d'ionisation possèdent une vitesse des gaz de leurs disques d'accrétion supérieure à , dans le cas de SDSS J025905.63+001121.9 les gaz du disque d'accrétion vont à une vitesse moyenne de , cette vitesse pouvant aller jusqu'à . La vitesse des gaz leur fait atteindre une température d'environ 106 degrés Kelvin (°K).

Une autre caractéristique de SDSS J025905.63+001121.9 est le fait surprenant que ce blazar ne possède pas de jet de matière, c'est d'ailleurs cette absence de jet qui fait que la théorie du potentiel blazar est souvent prise pour parler de SDSS J025905.63+001121.9. Lorsqu'un quasar actif ne possède pas de jet cela veut dire que ce quasar est une source extrêmement compacte, ce qui fait que ce quasar passe dans la catégorie des blazars.

Groupe de quasars de SDSS J025905.63+001121.9
Le groupe de quasars de QSO B0256-000 se compose de QSO B0256-000 lui-même mais aussi du quasar 2SLAQ J025901.29+001222.3, ces deux quasars sont espacés d'environ 2 millions d'années-lumière et de 2,3 arcs-secondes dans le ciel terrestre.

Trou noir supermassif de SDSS J025905.63+001121.9
Le trou noir qui siège au centre du blazar QSO B0256-000 possède une masse d'environ 5,25 milliards de masses solaires, La masse du trou noir central de QSO B0256-000 a été calculée grâce à la vitesse moyenne des gaz du disque d'accrétion. La technique de calcul de la masse par rapport à la vitesse des gaz se nomme la troisième loi de Kepler.

Au vu de la masse du trou noir de 5,25 milliards de masses solaires, il aurait un rayon de Schwarzschild de 104 unités astronomiques (UA) et donc un diamètre de 208 UA.

Références

Quasar
Trou noir supermassif
Constellation de la Baleine
Blazar

SDSS J025905.63+001121.9


මැය පණ්ඩුකාභය කුමරුන්ගේ බිරිඳ යි.
මැයගෙ පියා ගිරිනන්ද කුමරු යි.
මැයගෙ මව නාගරානි කුමරිය යි.

ස්වර්ණපාලි කුමරිය


Franz Josef Och (* 2. November 1971 in Ebermannstadt) ist ein deutscher Informatiker, der in den USA forscht und arbeitet.

Leben

Nach seiner Schulzeit in Pretzfeld, Ebermannstadt und Erlangen studierte Och Informatik in Erlangen (FAU) bis zum Diplom (1998). Anschließend war er wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter am Lehrstuhl für Informatik VI der RWTH Aachen, wo er 2002 bei Hermann Ney mit einer Arbeit zur Statistik-basierten maschinellen Übersetzung natürlicher Sprachen zum Dr.-Ing. promovierte.

Von 2002 bis 2004 arbeitete er als Wissenschaftler am Information Science Institute der University of Southern California in Los Angeles, ehe er als Leiter der Abteilung Machine Translation zur Firma Google wechselte.

Seine Hauptarbeits- und Forschungsgebiete sind die statistische maschinelle Übersetzung, die maschinelle Verarbeitung natürlicher Sprache und Verfahren des maschinellen Lernens.

Schriften (Auswahl)
 Franz Josef Och, Hermann Ney: The Alignment Template Approach to Statistical Machine Translation. In: Computational Linguistics. Vol. 30, Nr. 4 2004, S. 417–449.

Weblinks
 Interview Franz J. Och im Gespräch mit Richard Gutjahr (18. Juni 2010)
 Franz J. Ochs Publikationen Abteilung Machine Translation bei Google Research
 Franz Josef Och talks about Google Translate, David Sarno, Los Angeles Times, March 11, 2010
 Hindi in vier Wochen Marco Evers, Der Spiegel Nr. 38 vom 15. September 2003
 PDF-Datei (600 kB) der Dissertation (2003) von Franz J. Och

Einzelnachweise

Informatiker
Computerlinguistik
Deutscher
Geboren 1971
Person (Landkreis Forchheim)
Mann

Franz Josef Och


Volkan Konak, (d. 27 Şubat 1967; Maçka, Trabzon) Türk halk müziği sanatçısı. 2006 yılında çıkardığı Mora albümü, Mü-yap tarafından altın plak ile ödüllendirilmiştir.

İlk yılları
Volkan Konak, 1967 yılında Trabzon'un Maçka ilçesinin Yeşilyurt köyünde doğdu. İlk, orta ve lise eğitimini Maçka'da tamamladıktan sonra öğretmeninin teşvikiyle 1983 yılında İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Türk Müziği Devlet Konservatuvarı'na girdi. 1988 yılında konservatuvarı bitirip aynı yıl İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi'nde Halk Müziği üzerine Sosyal Bilimler yüksek lisans eğitimine başladı. 1991 yılında yüksek lisans eğitimini tamamladı.

Müzik kariyeri
Sanat ve müzik hayatına 1989 yılında Maçka yöresinde yaptığı derleme çalışmalarını topladığı Suların Horon Yeri adlı müzik albümüyle başladı. Daha sonraları beste çalışmalarına başladı. Nâzım Hikmet, Yaşar Miraç, Ömer Kayaoğlu, Sunay Akın, Sabahattin Ali gibi şairlerin eserlerini besteleyerek müziğini, tarzını belirlemiş oldu. Beste müziğinin içerisine etnik motifleri katarak örneği olmayan kendine özgü bir tarz yaratmış oldu.

Karadeniz Müziğini Evrensel Müzik formlarıyla buluşturarak özgün bir yapıda yeniden şekillendiren Konak, Efulim'i 1993 yılında yaptı. Daha sonra 1994 yılının Ekim ayında Gelir misin Benimle adlı albümünü hazırladı. Askerlik görevi nedeniyle bir süre çalışmalarına ara verdi. Askerlik görevini tamamladıktan sonra hemen üçüncü albümü Volkanik Parçaların çalışmasına başladı. Üç aylık çalışmadan sonra da bu albüm müzikseverlerin beğenisine sunuldu. Volkan Konak, 1998 yılının Nisan ayında kendisi tarafından kurduğu Kuzey Müzik Prodüksiyon isimli firmasından Pedaliza isimli albümünü müzikseverlerin beğenisine sundu.

1993 yılından bu yana albüm çalışmalarında yaklaşık elli adet bestesini sergilemiş ve bu çalışmalar sonunda Gazeteciler Cemiyeti, çeşitli vakıf ve dernekler tarafından yılın sanatçısı seçildi. 1997 yılında Politika dergisi tarafından Yılın En İyi Müzik Sanatçısı seçildi. Volkan Konak'ın 1993 yılında ürettiği bir bestesinin tüm dünya hakları "Kuzey Müzik Prodüksiyon" ile Fransız prodüktör Alain Finet arasında yapılan sözleşme sonucunda Alain Finet tarafından satın alındı.
1998'den itibaren albümlerinde Karadeniz dışında İç anadolu, Doğu Anadolu, Ege ve Kıbrıs yörelerinden de türküler seslendirdi.

2000 yılında Şimal Rüzgarı adlı albümünü DMC'den çıkararak dinleyicilerine ulaştırdı. 2003 yılı Aralık ayında 3,5 yıl aradan sonra yine DMC etiketiyle yayınlanan Maranda isimli albümü çıktı. 2006 yılında ise Mora isimli albümüyle müzikseverlerle buluştu. Mora albümünde olan ve ablası Nuran Bahçekapılı'nın sözlerini yazdığı "Gardaş" adlı eseri Kazım Koyuncu anısına bestelemiştir. Besteci ve söz yazarı kimliğinin yanı sıra şiirsel yönü de olan Volkan Konak'ın birçok şiiri mevcuttur. Konserlerinde şarkılarının yanı sıra birçok şairden şiirlerde okuyan Volkan Konak, anlattığı esprili hikâyeleriyle izleyenlerinin  ilgisini çeker.

İki yıl süren Çernobil araştırmasıyla bu facianın Türkiye ve de özellikle Karadeniz Bölgesi üzerindeki etkilerini derleyip belgelendirmiştir. Kanserden babası dahil birçok yakınını kaybeden ve bunun acısını devamlı içinde duyan Volkan Konak, sözlerini ablası Nuran Bahçekapılı'nın yazdığı "Cerrahpaşa" adlı eserini babası için bestelemiştir. Yıllardır Karadeniz Bölgesindeki kanser vakalarının artışına dikkat çekmek için uğraşan Volkan Konak, bölgeye Kanser Araştırma Hastanesi kurulması için mücadele etmektedir.

2009 yılında Mimoza adını verdiği yeni albümüyle sevenleriyle tekrar buluşan Volkan Konak, Mimoza albümünün ilk klibini "Göklerde Kartal Gibiydim" adlı eserine, ikinci klibini ise "Mimoza Çiçeği" adlı eserine çekmiştir. Albümünün üçüncü klip çalışmasını ise "Yarim Yarim" adlı eserine çekmiştir.

2012 yılında ise Lifor isimli albümünü çıkararak sevenleriyle tekrar bir araya gelmiştir. Lifor albümünün ilk klibi, "Nerdesin (Karagözlüm)" adlı esere çekilmiştir. Albümün ikinci klip çalışması ise albümü dinleyen ve seven kişilerce yapılan istek üzerine "Ayletme Beni" adlı eser olmuştur. Bu albümünde ayrıca Neşet Ertaş'ın "Aşkın beni deleyledi" adlı eserini seslendirmiştir.

Diskografi

Stüdyo albümleri
 1989: Suların Horon Yeri
 1993: Efulim
 1994: Gelir misin Benimle
 1996: Volkanik Parçalar
 1998: Pedaliza
 2000: Şimal Rüzgarı
 2003: Maranda
 2006: Mora
 2009: Mimoza
 2012: Lifor
 2015: Manolya
 2017: Klasikler 1
 2019: Dalya

Aldığı bazı ödüller
 1997: Politika Dergisi, En İyi Müzik Sanatçısı
 2003: Kral Televizyonu, En İyi Halk Müzik Sanatçısı
 2005: Başkent Grubu, Yılın Altın Adam Ödülü
 2005: Kral Televizyonu, Yılın Halk Müziği Sanatçısı
 2005: Magazin Gazetecileri, Yılın Sanatçısı
 2005: D.M.C - Maranda Albümü, Elmas Plak
 2006: MÜ-YAP - Mora Albümü, Altın Plak
 2009: Altın Kelebek Ödülleri, Yılın Halk Müziği Sanatçısı
 2010: D.M.C - Mimoza Albümü, Platin Plak
 2010: Kral Tv, Türk Halk Müziği Özel Ödülü
 2011: TRT Müzik, En iyi Halk Müzik Sanatçısı
 2011: TRT Müzik, Yılın En İyi Televizyon Müzik Programı (Kuzeyin Oğlu - Show TV)
 2011: 38. Altın Kelebek Ödülleri, Türk Halk Müziği Erkek Solist

Yaptığı TV programları
 Kuzeyin Oğlu Volkan Konak -  Kanal 1
 2009-2010: Kuzeyin Oğlu Volkan Konak - Show TV
 2011-2012: Kuzeyin Oğlu Volkan Konak -  TNT
 2014: Kuzeyin Oğlu Volkan Konak - Show TV
 2021: Kuzeyin Oğlu Volkan Konak - Star TV

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Volkan Konak Resmi Sitesi
 Volkan Konak'ın Hazırladığı Çernobil Raporunun Tam Metni
 Volkan Konak ve Çernobil Haberi
 Volkan Konak Röportajı

Yaşayan insanlar
1967 doğumlular
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1990'ların şarkıcıları
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20. yüzyılda Türk erkek şarkıcılar
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İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Türk Musikisi Devlet Konservatuvarında öğrenim görenler
Kral TV Video Müzik Ödülü sahipleri
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Volkan Konak


"Piatra Dragonului" este primul episod al celui de-al șaptelea sezon din serialul HBO intitulat Urzeala tronurilor. Acesta a fost scris de David Benioff, D.B. Weiss și regizat de Jeremy Podeswa. În România, episodul a fost difuzat pentru prima dată pe 17 iulie 2017.

Acțiune
Jon organizează apărarea Nordului. Cersei încearcă să egaleze. Daenerys se întoarce acasă.

Referințe

Legături externe
 Piatra Dragonului la Urzeala tronurilor Wiki

Vezi și
Urzeala tronurilor (sezonul 7)

Episoade din Urzeala tronurilor

Piatra Dragonului


Maximilien de Béthune, 1st Prince of Sully, Marquis of Rosny and Nogent, Count of Muret and Villebon, Viscount of Meaux (13 December 156022 December 1641) was a nobleman, soldier, statesman, and counselor of King Henry IV of France. Historians emphasize Sully's role in building a strong centralized administrative system in France using coercion and highly effective new administrative techniques. While not all of his policies were original, he used them well to revitalize France after the European Religious Wars. Most, however, were repealed by later monarchs who preferred absolute power. Historians have also studied his Neostoicism and his ideas about virtue, prudence, and discipline.

Biography

Early years

He was born at the Château de Rosny near Mantes-la-Jolie into a branch of the House of Béthune a noble family originating in Artois, and was brought up in the Reformed faith, a Huguenot. In 1571, at the age of eleven, Maximilien was presented to Henry of Navarre and remained permanently attached to the future king of France. The young Baron of Rosny was taken to Paris by his patron and was studying at the Collège de Bourgogne at the time of the St Bartholomew's Day Massacre, from which he escaped by discreetly carrying a Catholic book of hours under his arm. He studied mathematics and history at the court of Henry of Navarre.

A warrior with Henry
On the renewed outbreak of civil war in 1575, he enlisted in the Protestant army. In 1576 he accompanied the Duke of Anjou, younger brother of king Henri III, on an expedition into the Netherlands in order to regain the former Rosny estates, but being unsuccessful he attached himself for a time to the Prince of Orange. Later, rejoining Henry of Navarre in Guyenne, he displayed bravery in the field and particular ability as a military engineer.
In 1583 he acted as Henry's special agent in Paris, and during a respite in the Wars of Religion he married an heiress who died five years later.

On the renewal of civil war, Rosny again joined Henry of Navarre, and at the battle of Ivry (1590) he was seriously wounded. He counselled Henry IV's conversion to Roman Catholicism (made official on 25 July 1593) but steadfastly refused to become a Catholic himself. Once Henry IV of France's succession to the throne was secured (), the faithful and trusted Rosny received his reward in the shape of numerous estates and dignities.

Sully in power
From 1596, when he was added to Henry's finance commission, Rosny introduced some order into France's economic affairs. Acting as sole Superintendent of Finances  at the end of 1601, he authorized the free exportation of grain and wine, reduced legal interest, established a special court to try cases of speculation, forbade provincial governors to raise money on their own authority, and otherwise removed many abuses of tax-collecting. Rosny abolished several offices, and by his honest, rigorous conduct of the country's finances, he was able to save between 1600 and 1610 an average of a million livres a year.

His achievements were not solely financial. In 1599, he was appointed grand commissioner of highways and public works, superintendent of fortifications and grand master of artillery; in 1602, governor of Nantes and of Jargeau, captain-general of the Queen's gens d'armes and governor of the Bastille; in 1604, he was governor of Poitou; and in 1606, made first duke of Sully and a pair de France, ranking next to princes of the blood. He declined the office of constable of France because he would not become a Roman Catholic.

Sully encouraged agriculture, urged the free circulation of produce, promoted stock-raising, forbade the destruction of the forests, drained swamps, built roads and bridges, planned a vast system of canals and actually began the Canal de Briare. He strengthened the French military establishment; under his direction, the construction of a great line of defences on the frontiers began. Abroad, Sully opposed the king's colonial policy as inconsistent with French interests, in opposition to men like Champlain who urged greater colonial efforts in Canada and elsewhere. Neither did Sully show much favor toward industrial pursuits but, on the urgent solicitation of the king, he established a few silk factories. He fought together with Henry IV in Savoy (1600–1601) and negotiated the treaty of peace in 1602; in 1603, he represented Henry at the court of James I of England; and throughout the reign, he helped the king to put down insurrections of the nobles, whether Roman Catholic or Protestant. It was Sully, too, who arranged the marriage between Henry IV and Marie de' Medici.

Fall from power and last years
The political role of Sully effectively ended with the assassination of Henry IV on 14 May 1610. The king was on his way to visit Sully, who lay ill in the Arsenal; his purpose was to make final preparations for imminent military intervention in the disputed succession to Jülich-Cleves-Berg after the death of Duke John William. The intervention on behalf of a Calvinist candidate would have brought the king in conflict with the Catholic Habsburg dynasty.

Although a member of the Queen's council of regency, his colleagues were not inclined to put up with his domineering leadership, and after a stormy debate he resigned as superintendent of finances on 26 January 1611, retiring into private life.

The queen mother gave him 300,000 livres for his long services and confirmed him in possession of his estates. He attended the meeting of the Estates-General in 1614, and on the whole was in sympathy with the policy and government of Richelieu. He disavowed the Blockade of La Rochelle, in 1621, but in the following year was briefly arrested.

The baton of marshal of France was conferred on him on 18 September 1634. The last years of his life were spent chiefly at Villebon, Rosny and his château of Sully. He died at Villebon at the age of 81.

Family
By his first wife, Anne de Courtenay (1564-1589), daughter of François, Lord of Bontin, he had one son, Maximilien, Marquess of Rosny (1587–1634), who led a life of dissipation and debauchery. By his second wife, Rachel de Cochefilet (1566–1659), the widow of François Hurault, Lord of Chateaupers, whom he married in 1592 and who turned Protestant to please him, he had nine children, of whom six died young. Their son François (1598–1678) was created first Duke of Orval. The elder daughter Marguerite (1595–1660) in 1605, married Henri, Duke of Rohan, while the younger Louise in 1620 married Alexandre de Lévis, Marquess of Mirepoix.

His brother, Philippe de Béthune, was sent as ambassador to James VI of Scotland in May 1599. He was given a good welcome and invited to Falkland Palace. He went on a progress with James VI to Inchmurrin and Hamilton Palace, after the king had written to the Laird of Wemyss for the loan of his best hackney horse and saddle.

Accomplishments

Sully was very unpopular because he was a favorite and was seen as selfish, obstinate, and rude. He was hated by most Catholics because he was a Protestant, and by most Protestants because he was faithful to the king.
He amassed a large personal fortune, and his jealousy of all other ministers and favorites was extravagant. Nevertheless, he was an excellent man of business, inexorable in punishing malversation and dishonesty on the part of others, and opposed to ruinous court expenditures that was the bane of almost all European monarchies in his day. He was gifted with executive ability, with confidence and resolution, with fondness for work, and above all with deep devotion to his master. He was implicitly trusted by Henry IV and proved himself the most able assistant of the king in dispelling the chaos into which the religious and civil wars had plunged France. After Henry IV, Sully was a major driving force behind the happy transformation in France between 1598 and 1610, in which agriculture and commerce benefitted, and peace and internal order were reestablished.

After the death of Henry IV Sully published, in the deceased king's name, his 'Grand Design', a plan to stop the religious wars. His starting point was that the three churches (Catholic, Lutheran and Calvinist) were there to stay. He planned an international organization, consisting of a Europe of 15 more or less equally strong powers, incidentally dissolving the Habsburg empire and thus making France Europe's strongest state. A balance of power mechanism and a permanent assembly of ambassadors should prevent wars in Europe. Military power would only be needed towards the Muslim Ottoman Empire.

Titles

During his life, Sully inherited or acquired the following titles:
Duke of Sully
 Peer of France
 Marshal of France
 Sovereign Prince of Henrichemont and Boisbelle
 Marquess of Rosny
 Marquess of Nogent-le-Béthune
 Count of Muret
 Count of Villebon
 Viscount of Meaux
 Viscount of Champrond
 Baron of Conti
 Baron of Caussade
 Baron of Montricoux
 Baron of Montigny
 Baron of Breteuil
 Baron of Francastel
 Lord of La Falaise
 Lord of Las
 Lord of Vitray
 Lord of Lalleubellouis
 Lord of various other places

Works

Sully left a collection of memoirs (Mémoires, otherwise known as the Économies royales, 1638) written in the second person very valuable for the history of the time and as an autobiography, in spite of the fact that they contain many fictions, such as a mission undertaken by Sully to Queen Elizabeth I of England in 1601. Perhaps among his most famous works was the idea of a Europe composed of 15 roughly equal states, under the direction of a "Very Christian Council of Europe", charged with resolving differences and disposing of a common army. This famous "Grand Design", a utopian plan for a Christian republic, is often cited as one of the first grand plans and ancestors for the European Union. Two folio volumes of the memoirs were splendidly printed, nominally at Amsterdam, but really under Sully's own eye, at his château of Sully in 1638; two other volumes appeared posthumously in Paris in 1662.

For a partial modern edition, see David Buisseret and Bernard Barbiche, "Les Oeconomies royales de Sully," 4 vols., Paris 1970-2019

Legacy
The Pavillon Sully (Pavillon de l'Horloge) of the Palais du Louvre is named in honor of the Duc de Sully.
The Ormeau Sully, an ancient field elm Ulmus minor, reputedly planted by Sully, survives (2016) in the village of Villesequelande near Carcassonne.
In the independent principality of Boisbelle, which he acquired in 1605, he started construction of a capital at Henrichemont.
Many buildings at Paris, including the Place Royale, the Hopital Saint-Louis and the Arsenal

Sources
His ancestry is traced at length and his career more briefly, reproducing original documents, in the monumental Histoire généalogique de la Maison de Béthune by the historian André Duchesne (Paris, 1639)

Portraits in fiction
 In the 1938 Die Vollendung des Königs Henri Quatre book by Heinrich Mann
 Sully is the chief protagonist of the 1893 romance From the Memoirs of a Minister of France by Stanley Weyman.

Further reading
  Barbiche, Bernard and Segolene de Dainville-Barbiche, "Sully" (Paris, 1997)
  Buisseret, David. Sully and the growth of centralized government in France, 1598-1610  (1968)

References

Attribution

External links
 Memoirs of the Duke of Sully, Prime-Minister to Henry the Great

1560 births
1641 deaths
People from Yvelines
French Protestants
Huguenots
Ancien Régime office-holders
Dukes of Sully
Marshals of France
French people of the French Wars of Religion
Heads of the Bâtiments du Roi
French Ministers of Finance
17th-century peers of France
Peers created by Henry IV of France

Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully


Diners Club International (DCI), founded as Diners Club, is a charge card company owned by Discover Financial Services. Formed in 1950 by Frank X. McNamara , Ralph Schneider, Matty Simmons, and Alfred S. Bloomingdale, it was the first independent payment card company in the world, successfully establishing  the financial service of issuing travel and entertainment (T&E) credit cards as a viable business. Diners Club International and its franchises serve individuals from around the world with operations in 59 countries.

History

The idea for Diners Club was conceived at the Majors Cabin Grill restaurant in New York City in 1949. Diners Club cofounder Frank McNamara was dining with clients and realized he had left his wallet in another suit. His wife paid the bill, and McNamara thought of a multipurpose charge card as a way to avoid similar embarrassments in the future. He discussed the idea with the restaurant owner at the table, and the following day with his lawyer Ralph Schneider and friend Alfred Bloomingdale.

McNamara returned to the same restaurant the following February, in 1950, and paid for his meal using a cardboard charge card and a signature. The story became well-known. Diners Club official history refers to this meal as "The First Supper", and is credited by historians as the beginnings of contemporary credit. Various versions of the story differ about whether it was a lunch or dinner at which McNamara forgot his wallet, and whether the bill was paid on loan or McNamara waited for his wife to drive his wallet to him. Some journalists later credited Alfred Bloomingdale with the idea for Diners Club.

McNamara and his attorney, Ralph Schneider, founded Diners Club International on February 8, 1950, with $1.5 million in initial capital. Alfred Bloomingdale joined briefly, then started a competing venture in California before merging his California-based Dine and Sign with Diners Club. McNamara's original conception was to make a card that could be used as a means of payment in restaurants around New York City; however, he later expanded its usage to other establishments as well including hotels, car rentals, and flower shops. The company started building its customer base by offering their cards to prominent businessmen. Shortly afterward, Matty Simmons, the company's first press agent, started advertising the card in newspapers, magazines, and by sending personal mail to potential customers. Diners Club International was named for being a "club of diners" that would allow patrons to settle their bill at the end of each month through their credit account. When the card was first introduced, Diners Club listed 27 participating restaurants, and 200 of the founders' friends and acquaintances used it.

Diners Club had 20,000 members by the end of 1950 and 42,000 by the end of 1951. At the time, the company was charging participating establishments seven percent and billed cardholders $5 a year. In 1952, McNamara sold his interest in Diners Club to his partners for $200,000. The first plastic Diners Club card was introduced in 1961; by the mid-1960s, Diners Club had 1.3 million cardholders.

Towards the end of the 1960s, Diners Club faced competition from banks that issued revolving credit cards through Bank of America's BankAmericard (later changed its name to Visa), and Interbank Master Charge (renamed to MasterCard). Starting in 1968, the American Oil Company, or Amoco, also launched its own co-branded Diners Club cards called American Torch Club (later renamed Amoco Torch Club), and Sun Oil Company issued its version called Sun Diners Club Card starting in 1977.

In 1981, Citibank, a unit of Citigroup, bought Diners Club International, including the franchisor that holds rights to the Diners Club trademark. Despite this, a majority of the franchises abroad remain independently owned.

In April 2008, Discover Financial and Citigroup announced that Discover was purchasing the Diners Club International network from Citigroup for $165 million. In May 2008, the Federal Trade Commission approved the transaction and it was finalized on July 1, 2008.

Franchising

International franchise
In a transaction completed July 1, 2008, Discover Financial Services purchased Diners Club International from Citibank for $165 million. The deal was announced in April 2008 and approved by the U.S. government in May 2008. By merging the North American Discover Network with the international Diners Club Network, Discover created a global payment processing system. Discover Bank has no plans to issue Diners Club-branded cards, which continue to be issued by Diners Club International licensees.

In 2011, Discover started incorporating its logo on Diners Club International cards. Several payment processors, like PayPal, can process only new Diners Club International cards, which include the Discover logo, as well as BMO's Diners Club-branded Mastercards issued in North America.

Argentina
In Argentina, Citibank entered into an agreement to transfer its rights and obligations with Banco Comafi. Since December 16, 2013,  Banco Comafi S.A. manage the Diners Club credit card business in Argentina; Thus, Comafi will be the new exclusive representative and, therefore, the only issuer of the card.

Australia
In July 1974 Ansett Transport Industries purchased a 50% shareholding in the Australian franchise. In January 1999 Ansett sold its shareholding to Citigroup.

On June 1, 2022, National Australia Bank bought Citigroup's Consumer Banking business in Australia, including the Australian branch of Diners Club.
The Diners Club Corporate Card, Citi Mastercard Corporate Executive Companion Card, Diners Club Business Card and the Citi Mastercard Business Companion Card previously marketed under the Citibank brand is now currently marketed under the National Australia Bank (NAB) brand as a result of the above-mentioned acquisition.

Brazil
On November 21, 2018, it was announced that Diners Club International and Brazilian card association Elo were extending their partnership: they launched Elo Diners Club International Cards in Brazil. The cards run via the Discover Global Network, and are accepted at 42 million merchant locations and 2 million ATMs in over 190 countries and territories.

China and Hong Kong
In September 2017, Diners Club International signed a deal with Allinpay, a Chinese payment provider, to be the exclusive carrier of all the cards that are part of the Discover Global Network. Apart from that, Allinpay set to increase the card acceptance in Hong Kong, especially by "travel oriented merchants".

India
Diners Club was the first to introduce credit cards in India. Kali Mody is credited with opening the first Diners franchise in 1961, which started an invitation-only credit card issuance. Its cards have been offered by Citi Bank, followed by HDFC Bank which took over in 2011.

In 2021, the Reserve Bank of India barred the company (along with American Express) from issuing new cards for failing to follow norms about storing data within the country. The ban was lifted later in the year after it complied with the RBI guidelines.

Kazakhstan

In September 2016, Kazkommertsbank became the official Diners Club card issuer in Kazakhstan. In a statement, managing director of Kazkommertsbank, Nurlan Zhagiparov said, "Our collaboration with Diners Club is another step toward the integration of Kazakhstan into the global economy, which increases the tourism potential in our country."

Korea, South

In Korea, Diners Club started its business around the 1980s. However, in 1993, Citibank Korea sold Diners Club Korea to Daewoo Group, and after the acquisition by Daewoo Group, the parent company of Daewoo Motors, Diners Club Korea ran a successful business with sales of over 400 billion won. Diners Club Korea went through strict card issuance screening and solidified its position as a premium credit card in Korea. The number of Diners Club member stores increased more than tenfold, and the number of members reached hundreds of thousands, and the business was successful. However, Daewoo Group, which had acquired Diners Club, sold Diners Club Korea to Hyundai Motor Company after experiencing financial difficulties and starting a workout. Later, Diners Club Korea's name was changed to Hyundai Card, and Hyundai Motor Company began issuing Visa and MasterCard credit cards other than Diners Club to start a credit card business in earnest. Hyundai Card continued to maintain the exclusive license of Diners Club, but stopped issuing the card and discontinued the license contract with Diners Club because there was no benefit compared to the license fee. As a result, Hyundai Card was able to issue American Express cards and signed an exclusive license for American Express Card individual cards in Korea. Since then, Diners Club has signed a license contract with Korean credit card companies BC Card and Woori Card to issue Diners Club cards in Korea. In addition, Diners Club, which previously used Hyundai Card's payment network, began using BC Card's payment network in 2018. BC Card is a credit card company established by various Korean banks such as Citibank Korea and Woori Bank. Because it has contracts with almost all stores in Korea, Diners Club cards can be used at almost all stores and restaurants in Korea.

Nordic franchise
In the Nordic countries, the franchisee was SEB Kort AB, a subsidiary of the Swedish bank Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken. The franchisee closed the service May 31, 2019, citing increased competition and regulatory pressure in the payment card market, and the card is no longer issued in the Nordic countries.

North American franchise

MasterCard alliance
In 2004, Diners Club announced an agreement with Mastercard. Since 2004, all Diners Club cards issued in the United States and Canada (by Citibank until 2009, by BMO since) feature a Mastercard logo and 16-digit account number on the front and can be used wherever Mastercards are accepted. These cards are processed through the Mastercard network. Today's Diners Club and Carte Blanche cards in North America, is basically a Diners Club-branded Mastercard. Currently, as of October 2023, BMO is not accepting new applications of Diners Club card, while existing card members continue to be served.

Initially, cards from other countries continued to bear a 14-digit account number on the front, with the Mastercard logo on the back. However, since the takeover of Diners Club International by Discover Financial Services, international cards have had the Discover logo on the back and the Diners Club International network is part of the Discover network. Since then, the only connection between Diners Club in North America and Diners Club International is BMO's continuous licensed use of the Diners Club brands, including Carte Blanche, on Mastercard credit cards.

Carte Blanche
Carte Blanche began in 1958 when the Hilton Hotels travel & entertainment card was renamed. Hilton sold Carte Blanche to First National City Bank in 1966. Regulatory challenges forced First National City Bank to sell Carte Blanche to Avco in 1968. In 1978, Citicorp (parent company of First National City Bank which was renamed Citibank) reacquired Carte Blanche without regulatory opposition. The 1960s- and 1970s-era Carte Blanche cards were considered more prestigious worldwide than their competition, the American Express and Diners Club cards, though its small cardmember base hindered its success. In 1981, Citicorp acquired the Diners Club card, and by the mid-1990s the Carte Blanche card was being phased out in favor of Diners Club. Parent company Citigroup was formed in 1998 with the merger of Citicorp and the Travelers Group. Citigroup issued a premium Diners Club card in 2000, naming it the Diners Club Carte Blanche card. It was an upper-level charge card on par with the American Express Platinum Card.

The Carte Blanche card in North America, now a branded Mastercard issued by BMO under its Diners Club International brand license, carried a US$300 annual fee as of April 2015 and offers an extensive menu of perks.

enRoute

Diners Club expanded its customer base in Canada by acquiring the enRoute credit card from Air Canada in 1992. It marketed the card under the combined name for a period of time as the "Diners Club/enRoute Card". The enRoute business was valued at over $300 million at the time of acquisition.

Acquisition by BMO
In November 2009, Citibank announced that Diners Club International's North American franchise had been sold to Bank of Montreal (BMO). The deal gives BMO exclusive rights to issue Diners cards in the U.S. and Canada. At the time, BMO said the Diners Club fits well with its existing commercial card business, adding that, commercial cards are one of the fastest-growing segments in the credit card business.

Philippines
In June 2016, Security Bank through its credit card division SB Cards Corporation (formerly Security Diners International Corporation) sold Diners Club's exclusive rights in the Philippines to its rival, BDO Unibank and in October of the same year, Diners Club International announced that they signed a deal with BDO Unibank to become the exclusive provider of the Diners Club in the Philippines.

Russia
In December 2010, Russian Standard Bank and Diners Club International entered into an agreement for settlement of transactions in Russia. Under the agreement, Russian Standard Bank will process settlement transactions of other banks acting as acquirers of Diners Club in Russia.

On March 8, 2022, Discover/Diners Club suspended all operations in Russia due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Slovenian franchise
In 2013, Tomaž Lovše, who owned Diners Club Slovenia, was one of three people investigated in Slovenia regarding unpaid debts that his franchise owed to merchants. In May, the Central Bank of Slovenia revoked Diners Club Slovenia's license for payment services, which meant 80,000 local members could not use their card. Diners Club International transferred the franchise to a subsidiary of Austria's Erste Bank group, Erste Card Club, and agreed to repay the franchise's debt to merchants. An Erste press release in August 2013 stated that Diners Club services were once again available in Slovenia.

South East Asia (Malaysia and Singapore)
Diners Club International launched its Malaysian and Singaporean franchises in 1960. Its Malaysian franchise was terminated in 2015.

In December 2016, Diners Club International and 2C2P announced in a statement that the latter is a global provider of cards running on Discover Global Network and that it will increase the number of merchants who use the card in the region of South East Asia.

In 2023, the Diners Club Singaporean franchise (known as DCS Card Centre) issued the first UnionPay-branded Diners Club card, known as the DCS Ultimate Platinum Card.
At a currently unknown date, the Diners Club Singaporean franchise launched a lower-end version of the DCS Ultimate Platinum Card called the DCS Lite Card. It came bundled with a virtual account and had a credit limit of 100 Singapore dollars. Customers can increase the spend limit on the DCS Lite Card by transferring funds into the  card's virtual account. At the end of the month, the total amount spent on the Card would be auto debited from the virtual account.
Both the DCS Ultimate Platinum Card and the DCS Lite Card were also the first Diners Club cards to be numberless cards.
UPDATE: The DCS Lite Card has been rebranded as the DCS D'Lite Card.

Swiss, Austrian and German franchise
In a transaction that closed on August 6, 2010, Citibank sold the Swiss and German franchises to a private investment group headed by Anthony J. Helbling. The German Diners Club cards are issued by the Austrian DC Bank AG, which now issues the cards for Austria and Germany.

Turkey
Diners Club was brought to Turkey by Koç Holding for the first time in 1968 and been issued for a while. After a couple years without being distributed in Turkey, it was brought back to the country in 2016 by Alternatif Bank and as of September 2023, it is still being distributed by Alternatif Bank.  Since 2019, the Diners Club cards in Turkey are being issued co-branded with TROY within a card reciprocal agreement, thus the acceptance of Diners Club and Discovery cards throughout Turkey has been increased to full coverage. This agreement also provides TROY cards to be accepted on Discover/Diners Club network worldwide.

United Arab Emirates
Diners Club UAE, Egypt, Lebanon and Jordan is owned and operated by Network International subsidiary of Emirates Bank.

United Kingdom and Ireland franchise
On August 7, 2012, Citigroup announced the sale of its Diners Club franchise in the United Kingdom and Ireland to Affiniture Cards, a private investor group.

Vietnam

On January 23, 2018, it was announced that Vietinbank had entered into a partnership with Diners Club International to be the exclusive issuer of Diners Club cards (both standard and contactless) in Vietnam.

Business development and contracts

Australian government travel services
In 2012 as part of a financial reform program started the previous year to address government spending by public servants, the Australian government appointed Diners Club as the sole provider of credit cards for government travel services. Under the arrangement, Diners Club provided charge cards as travel cards to public servants (i.e. Defence Travel Card). Diners Club was also to supply an updated Expense Management System (EMS), to government agencies without one, or who wanted to upgrade their existing system. The new EMS would provide "timely, accurate and reliable" transactional data feeds for all card expenditure to agency finance or expense systems, allowing them to understand the nature of their travel expenditure, due to the "comprehensive data" that would be provided through the system from travel supplies. Diners Club now provides Diners Club Travel Cards to government public servants with a companion Mastercard to increase the number of locations that accept the card, to reduce cash advance withdrawals of travels allowances.

In popular culture
In 1963, the film The Man from the Diners' Club was released, and the Ideal Toy Company created the board game titled The Diners' Club Credit Card Game.

In 1967, the film How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying was released, incorporating the song Brotherhood of Man including the lyrics, "And other men may carry cards, as members of the Diners".

The Australian band Client Liaison feature Diners Club cards and logos in several of their retro-themed music videos.

See also

 Diners Club Arena
 Hyundai Card
 American Express
 Rupay
 Mastercard
 Visa

References

External links

Diners Club International
Diners Club USA
Diners Club Canada
Discover gets antitrust OK for Diners Club buy, Reuters

Discover Financial
Credit cards
Credit card issuer associations
Payment cards
Financial services companies established in 1950
1950 establishments in Illinois
Riverwoods, Illinois
Companies based in Lake County, Illinois
Citigroup
1981 mergers and acquisitions
2008 mergers and acquisitions
Credit cards in the United States
Dining clubs

Diners Club International


El arroyo Pirarajá es un curso de agua uruguayo que atraviesa el departamento de Lavalleja, perteneciente a la Cuenca de la laguna Merín.

Nace en la Cuchilla de Palomeque, desemboca en el río Cebollatí tras recorrer alrededor de 38 km.

Piraraja
Piraraja

Arroyo Pirarajá


Akbank Oda Orkestrası (AOO) , 1992- 2011 yılları arasında İstanbul'da faaliyet göstermiş olan bir oda orkestrasıdır.

Akbank tarafından Türkiye'nin ilk özel sektör orkestrası olarak kuruldu.  Faaliyet gösterdiği dönemde İstanbul'un her iki yakasında düzenli konserler,  Anadolu turneleri ve çoğunlukla üniversitelerde düzenlenen Gençlik Konserleri ile birlikte yılda 19 yılda yaklaşık 400 konser vermiştir.

1992'de Hakan Şensoy'un başkemancılığında başında şef olmadan kurulan orkestra, daha sonra Igor Oistrakh, Ionescu Galati, Howard Griffits gibi değişik şeflerle birçok salonda faaliyet gösterdi; 1996 yılında yeniden yapılandı ve 1998'de Cem Mansur daimi şefliğe getirildi.

Orkestra, konser dizilerinin yanı sıra tarihî mekanlarda değişik temaları olan küçük festivaller düzenledi. Bu küçük festivallerden bazıları şunlardır:  Aya İrini'de düzenlenen "Bach, Caz ve Lale Devri" (1998) , İstanbul'da Erguvan Zamanı" (2004) Tophane-i Amire'de düzenlenen "Alla Turca"  (1999) ve "1789, Akl-ı Selim'in Müziği" (2000(-) ile  Yıldız Sarayı içindeki Istabl-ı Amire-i Ferhan Salonu'nda (saray atlarının yetiştirildiği yer) düzenlenen "At-Nağmeler" (2001)  Şef Cem Mansur'un her konserden önce salonda toplanan dinleyicilere eserleri yarım saatlik bir sunumla anlatması, orkestranın uyguladığı yeniliklerdendi.

Orkestra 2011 yılında Akbank yönetimi tarafından yapılan "kurumun aldığı stratejik kararlar sonucunda AOO'nun faaliyetlerini bundan böyle sürdüremeyeceği" duyurusu ile kapanmıştır.

Akbank Oda Orkestrası Solistleri

Friedrich Lips, Fabio Zanon, Anders Paulsson, Alexander Markov, Stephen Kovacevich, Benyamin Sönmez, Bernd Glemser, Nicholas Daniel, Toros Can, Patrick Gallois, Ernst Kovacic, Chen Halevi, Christian Blackshaw, Yuri Gandelsman, John Harle, Christian Lindberg, Maria Tanzini, Adrian Brendel, Carlos Bonell, Toros Can, Mayumi Fujikawa, Hakan Hardenberger, Natalie Clein, Elizabeth Wallfisch, Michael Collins, Eduardo Fernandez, Dame Evelyn Glennie, Natalia Gutman, İdil Biret, Ayla Erduran, Raphael Wallfisch, Suna Kan, Anna Ryberg, James Gilchrist, Russel Smythe, Stephen Allen, Kevork Tavityan, Tedi Papavrami, Julian Lloyd-Webber, Ipswich Choral Society, Elena Duran, Gülsin Onay, Anna Tobella, European Voices İstanbul, Fabio Maria Capitanucci, Capucine Chiaudani, Natalia Gavrilan, Shalva Mukeria, Maria Gesswagner, Judith Halasz, Atilla Aldemir, Kudsi Ergüner, Gökhan Aybulus, Emre Elivar, Benal Tanrısever, Tahir Aydoğdu, Elina Vahala, Lara St. John, Sharon Bezaly, Matti Rantanen, Colin Currie, David Pyatt, Andréa Tyniec, Gloria Campaner, Kostas Kotçiolis, Ole Edvard Antonsen, Jean Louis Steuermann

Kaynakça

İstanbul'daki orkestralar
1992'de kurulan müzik grupları
1992'de Türkiye'de kurulan oluşumlar
2011'de feshedilmiş oluşumlar

Akbank Oda Orkestrası


Tomasz Chmielik ( -) est un espérantiste polonais.

Biographie
Tomasz Chmielik nait le . Il apprend l'espéranto en  par correspondance avec l'association polonaise d'espéranto.

Œuvres

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Naissance en juin 1957

Tomasz Chmielik


فلفل أسود ويسمى أيضًا فلفل أكحل.
 فلفل حار ويسمى أيضًا فلفل أحمر.
 فلفل رومي ويسمى أيضًا فلفل بارد.
 فلفل حريف أو فلفل حريفة.

فلفل (توضيح)


Windows Anytime Upgrade era un método de actualización ofrecido por Microsoft para actualizar una edición del sistema operativo Windows Vista y Windows 7. Con la actualización se podía obtener nuevas características para su versión de Windows, pero es necesario comprar una licencia para la versión a la que se actualizara, con este método, el usuario evitara reinstalar Windows a una versión superior con el DVD de instalación.

Los beneficios más considerables son Windows Media Center obtenida a partir de la edición Home Basic, Aero, Fax y escáner de Windows y Windows DVD Maker entre otras.

Método

Al actualizar a otra versión de Windows requería una licencia la que se podía obtener desde Microsoft Store, se accede a la aplicación de forma manual introduciendo el serial key de la versión a actualizar, si el serial key es correcto, la actualización se podía realizar en 10 minutos. Durante la actualización se podrán descargar actualizaciones u validar la licencia introducida. Se accede a la aplicación a través del panel de control/sistema y mantenimiento en Windows Vista y en Windows 7 panel de control/sistema y seguridad, de la misma forma en Windows 8 y 8.1.

Proceso de actualización

En la actualización se desbloquean las características ocultas del sistema, además al estar conectado a internet descargará actualizaciones para la nueva edición de Windows. Con la actualización no se pierden configuraciones ni datos del usuario.

Habilitación

WAU puede conseguirse y utilizarse en Estados Unidos, Canadá, Europa, el Este de África. En el proceso se puede obtener la IP para saber la ubicación del usuario. En algunas versiones OEM de fabricantes WAU no está disponible y se deben comprar packs de actualización. Microsoft ya no vende pack de actualizaciones ni serial key para Windows Vista.

Windows Anytime Upgrade Packs

Para expandir anytime upgrade Microsoft vende un pack de actualización de este método para las ediciones seleccionadas:

 Starter→Home Premium
 Starter→Professional
 Starter→Ultimate
 Home Premium→Professional
 Home Premium→Ultimate
 Professional→Ultimate

Los packs de actualizaciones se pueden obtener de Microsoft Store o anteriormente por Windows Marketplace.

Windows

En Windows 8 Anytime Upgrade está disponible en la versión Estándar y Pro que permite actualizar a Windows 8 Pro WMC (With Media Center) que incluye Windows Media Center. Solo este paquete de actualización será de pago. Los procedimientos de actualización son los mismos que en Windows 7.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Upgrade to another edition of Windows 7
 Windows 7:Windows Anytime Upgrade
 Upgrade to another edition of Windows Vista
 Windows Vista:Windows Anytime Upgrade

Microsoft

Windows Anytime Upgrade


Sintetismul  este un termen utilizat de artiștii postimpresioniști așa cum au fost Paul Gauguin, Émile Bernard și Louis Anquetin. Aceștia au folosit acest stil pentru a face diferența dintre operele lor și impresionism. Anterior, sintetismul a fost conectat la mișcarea artistică a cloazonismului, și mai târziu la cea a simbolismului. Termenul este derivat din verbul francez synthétiser (a sintetiza sau pentru a combina astfel încât să formeze un produs nou, complex).

Paul Gauguin, Émile Bernard, Louis Anquetin și alții, au fost pionierii acestui stil în anii 1880 și începutul anilor 1890.

Este demn de remarcat că, la începutul secolului al 20-lea, numeroasele mișcări și sub-mișcări ale avangardei ruse au adus un "nou suflu" și o bună "notă de prospețime" a numeroase curente artistice născute în arta occidentală, printre ele numărându-se și sintetismul.

Caracteristici
Artiștii sintetiști cu scopul de a sintetiza au catalogat trei caracteristici ale stilului:

 Aspectul exterior al formelor naturale.
 Sentimentele artistului despre subiectul lor.
 Puritatea considerațiilor estetice ale liniei, culoarea și forma.

În 1890, Maurice Denis a rezumat obiectivele pentru sintetism:
Este bine să ne amintim că o imagine înainte de a fi un cal de luptă, o femeie nud, sau o caricatură, este în esență o suprafață plană, acoperită cu culori asamblate într - o anumită ordine.

Termenul a fost folosit pentru prima dată în 1877 pentru ca să se facă distincția dintre impresionismul științific și cel naturalist, în 1889, când Gauguin și Emile Schuffenecker au organizat o expoziție intitulată Expoziția grupului  impresionist și sintetist de la Cafeneaua Volpini din cadrul Expoziției Universale de la Paris. Titlul a fost dat eronat și a fost asociat cu impresionismul. Sintetismul a subliniat modelele plate, bidimensionale, care diferă esențial de arta impresionistă.

Galerie de imagini

Vezi și
 Louis Anquetin
 Émile Bernard
 Paul Gauguin

Referințe

Legături externe
 Synthetism] - despre Sintetism pe web site-ul [Tate Gallery
 Despre Sintetism pe web site-ul Art History

!
Mișcări și genuri artistice
Postimpresionism
Simbolism
Secolul al XIX-lea
Secolul al XX-lea

Sintetism


خبيزة (حيفا) إحدى قرى فلسطين الواقعة في منطقة الروحة شمالي فلسطين، هُجرت القرية بعد حرب 1948. على يد جماعة الإتسل الصهيونية.

القرية

الموقع
تبعد خبيزة عن مدينة حيفا، التي كانت جزءًا من قضائها الانتدابي، مسافة 29 كم (خط هوائي) باتجاه الجنوب الشرقي لحيفا، وترتفع 175 م عن سطح البحر، وعلى مسافة 15 كم من مدينة أم الفحم، وعلى بعد 7 كم من قرية كفر قرع. تحدها من الغرب قرية أم الشوف والسنديانة، ومن الشرق قرية البطيمات والكفرين، ومن الجنوب قرية قنير وكفرقرع وعارة، ومن الشمال قرية دالية الروحاء، ومن الشمال الغربي قرية صبارين. بلغت مساحة أراضيها 4854 دونماً.

التسمية
سميت بهذا الاسم نسبة إلى نبتة الخبيزة التي تنمو بكثرة في أراضيها وهي بقلة معروفة عريضة الورق، تطبخ كخضراوات، والبعض يتداوى بها. والطبخة هذه من الأكلات الشعبية في الريف الفلسطيني، وغنية بالحديد والبروتين وسهلة الهضم. في عهد الانتداب كان اسم القرية الرسمي «الخبيزة»، ولكن الناس حذفوا أل التعريف اختصارًا.

السكان
قدر عدد سكانها عام 1922 حوالي 140 نسمة، وفي عام 1931 بلغ 209 نسمة يعيشون في 42 منزلا، وفي عام 1945 حوالي 290 نسمة، وفي عام 1948 بلغ عدد السكّان 336 نسمة بالتقريب ومن بين العائلات التي سكنت خبيزة:
 سليط: يعود أصلهم لقرية تل الصافي في منطقة الخليل. رحلوا عنها فاستقر قسم منهم في قرية الظاهرية، وقسم آخر رحل إلى خبيزة وأم الشوف وطيطبا والكساير والبويرة. وهم يشكلون غالبية السكان في خبيزة.
 البيقاوي: وفق النسّابة سعيد الجانم، وهو من المعمرين من السنديانة، يقول إن الشريف محمد بن زين الحريري الزاهد كان من سكان قرية باقة الشرقية، وأن من نسله هاجر فريق إلى منطقة المراح ومنها رحل قسم منهم إلى السنديانة حيث يعرفون هناك بالبواقنة، وقسم آخر إلى خبيزة حيث يعرفون هناك بالبيقاوي، كما ذكر أن الشيخ خلف صاحب المقام المعروف في قرية عرعرة هو ابن الشريف المذكور أعلاه.
ويتوزع اللاجئون الفلسطينيون الذين هجروا من قرية خبيزة على أماكن عدة في الوطن والشتات: مدينة أم الفحم، مدينة جنين، مخيم جنين، مخيم نور شمس (طولكرم)، سورية، الأردن، ألمانيا وغيرها.

تاريخ

القرية في ثورة 1936
لم يكن للقرية فصيل محلي، بل اقتصر دور الأهالي على تموين واستضافة الثوار التابعين لفصائل يوسف الحمدان وعلي الفارس محاميد وصبري الحمد عصفور، وكان جميعهم يتبعون لقائد المنطقة سويف يوسف سعيد أبو درة. ومن أبناء القرية كان محمد القصير.

آثار في القرية
تعتبر القرية ذات موقع أثري يحتوي على آثار بقايا قديمة ويوجد في شمالها خربة الكلبة أو الكلبيّ وتنسب إلى أحد أبناء قبيلة كلب العربية التي نزلت هذه الديار في العصور الماضية وتضم الخربة مواقع أثرية. كل ما تبقى في الموقع هو حطام الحجارة المبعثرة في أنحاء أجمة من الشوك والأعشاب ونبات الصبّار. أما الأراضي المحيطة بالموقع فيُزرع جزء منها، بينما يُستعمل الباقي مرعى للمواشي. تدل الموجودات الأثرية التي عُثر عليها في قرية خبيزة ومحيطها على أن المنطقة كانت مأهولة بالسكان بلا انقطاع.

احتلال القرية وتهجيرها عام 1948
جرى احتلال خبيزة يوم 12 أيار\مايو 1948 ضمن عملية قامت بها عصابات «الإتسل» الصهيونية، التي احتلت كذلك قرى إم الشوف صبارين والسنديانة وأم الشوف وبريكة. رغم الوعود التي قطعها سكان مستوطنة «جلعاد» المتخامة لخبيزة بحمايتهم وإبقائهم في بيوتهم إلا أنهم لم يتدخلوا في معركة تهجير القرية، التي كان قد سبقها معركة «مشمار هعيمق» التي انتصر فيها «الإتسل» على جيش الإنقاذ، الذي كان يبدو في أول المعركة أن جيش الإنقاذ سيهزم قوات «الهجناه» اليهودية التي كانت داخل الكيبوتس، إلا أنها انتهت بعد حوالي أسبوع بنجاح عصابات الهجناه بصد جيش الإنقاذ والمبادرة بهجوم على القرى الفلسطينية الموجودة في تلك المنطقة.

المستعمرات الصهيونية على اراضي القرية
لا مستعمرات إسرائيلية على أراضي القرية. وأقرب مستعمرة إليها هي إيفن يتسحاق، التي أُسست في سنة 1945 على أراض كانت تابعة أصلاً لقرية البطيمات، التي تبعد نحو كيلومتر إلى الشرق من موقع القرية.

انظر أيضًا
 قائمة المدن والقرى الفلسطينية التي طرد منها سكانها خلال حرب 1948

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 موقع فلسطين في الذاكرة
 قرية خبيزة المهجرة (حيفا، فلسطين)

قرى فلسطينية أخليت من سكانها في الحرب العربية الإسرائيلية 1948
قرى فلسطينية أخليت من سكانها قبل الحرب العربية الإسرائيلية 1948
قضاء حيفا
مقالات تتضمن معلومات من موقع فلسطين في الذاكرة

خبيزة (حيفا)


Schwege  ist ein Ortsteil von Glandorf im Landkreis Osnabrück in Niedersachsen.

Name
Nach Jelinghaus kommt das Wort von einem Viehhof oder Viehtrift:

Lage
Schwege ist ein Wegedorf an der Kreisstraße K 341, die von Kattenvenne zur Bundesstraße 51 führt. Der Hauptbach ist der Oedingberger Bach, der durch das Gut Oedingberge und weiter nach Ostbevern fließt. Schwege hat mit 13,16 km² [= etwa 1.843 Fußballfelder] die größte Fläche innerhalb der Gemeinde Glandorf und hat damit eine überdurchschnittliche Flächengröße (Rang 36 von 274) im Landkreis Osnabrück.

Geschichte
Am 1. Juli 1972 wurde die Gemeinde Schwege zusammen mit Averfehrden, Glandorf, Remsede, Schierloh, Sudendorf und Westendorf in die Gemeinde Laer (ab dem 1. September 1975 Bad Laer) eingegliedert. Am 1. Mai 1981 wurde die Gemeinde Glandorf ausgegliedert. Mit Ausnahme von Remsede kamen alle damals nach Laer eingemeindeten Orte, somit auch Schwege, zur Gemeinde Glandorf.

Einwohner
Schwege hat 1476 Einwohner (Stand 2013). Die Ortschaft ist der südlichste Punkt des Landkreises Osnabrück und ragt in das Bundesland Nordrhein-Westfalen hinein. Die Nachbarorte Kattenvenne, Ostbevern, Milte und Sassenberg Füchtorf sind in Westfalen gelegen.

Ortsrat
Der Ortsrat, der den Ortsteil Schwege vertritt, setzt sich aus fünf Mitgliedern zusammen. Die Ratsmitglieder werden durch eine Kommunalwahl für jeweils fünf Jahre gewählt. Die aktuelle Amtszeit begann am 1. November 2021 und endet am 31. Oktober 2026.

Bei der Kommunalwahl 2021 ergab sich folgende Sitzverteilung:

 CDU: 4 Sitze
 UWG: 1 Sitz

Einrichtungen
Im Ort befindet sich die katholische Pfarrkirche St. Marien Schwege. Außerdem hat der Ort einen Kindergarten, eine Grundschule, eine Freiwillige Feuerwehr und eine Bäckerei mit Lebensmittelladen.

In Schwege befindet sich ein idyllischer Rundwanderweg (ca. 4 km). Dieser ist mit einem großen T mit Punkt auf weißem Spiegel markiert. Damit ist dieser Rundwanderweg im Terra Track aufgeführt. Terra Tracks sind Rundwanderwege im Gebiet des Natur- und Geoparks Terra-Vita (im Teutoburger Wald und Osnabrücker Bergland).

Seit September 2022 ist im Rundwanderweg ein konzeptioneller Trimm-Pfad integriert. Dessen Startpunkt ist der Kreuzungsbereich Schierhölterweg / Up de Haar. Der Pfad beinhaltet derzeit 18 Stationen zu den Schwerpunkten Aufwärmen, Beweglichkeit, Kraft, Koordination, Schnelligkeit, Ausdauer, Dehnung und Entspannung. Eine Erweiterung ist in Arbeit.

Ebenfalls befindet sich in Schwege der größte Freiland-Photovoltaik-Park Niedersachsens, betrieben von der Teutoburger Energie Netzwerk eG.

Veranstaltungen
Jährlich am dritten Wochenende im Juli richtet der Schweger Schützenverein sein Schützenfest aus.

Persönlichkeiten
 Friedhelm Gieske (1928–2021), Manager beim RWE, wurde hier geboren

Einzelnachweise

Glandorf
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Osnabrück)
Gemeindeauflösung 1972

Schwege


Daniel César Martín Brühl González (Barcelona, 16. lipnja 1978.), njemačko-španjolski filmski i televizijski glumac i snimatelj zvučnih knjiga i filmova, dobitnik nagrade Goya i Europske filmske nagrade. Poznat je po naslovnoj ulozi u hvaljenom njemačkom filmu Zbogom, Lenjine!.

Vanjske poveznice
 Die Liebe des Daniel César Martín Brühl González Welt, 9. rujna 2012.

Životopisi, Barcelona
Njemački filmski glumci

Daniel Brühl


Katja Berger (født 1986) er en dansk forfatter. Hun er udlært boghandler, med en AP degree i marketing management med fokus på digital marketing.

Bibliografi
 De 7 synder, DreamLitt, 2016
 Sjælehenteren, bind I i trilogien Fortællinger fra Døden, DreamLitt, 2017
 Døden lyver aldrig, bind II i trilogien Fortællinger fra Døden, DreamLitt, 2018
 Dødens engel, bind III i trilogien Fortællinger fra Døden, DreamLitt, 2019
 Hvor jeg hører til, Tellerup, 2019
 Tæl til 0, Melinoe-serien, Tellerup, 2019
 Prisen for et venskab, Melinoe-serien, Tellerup, 2019
 Spil eller dø, Melinoe-serien, Tellerup, 2019

Referencer

Dansksprogede forfattere

Katja Berger


Hanne Lagerbon (født 7. december 1944 i Glostrup) er en tidligere dansk landsholdspiller i håndbold, som i perioden 1964-1973 spillede 107 landskampe og scorede 128 mål. Hun spillede klubhåndbold i Glostrup IC. Hun deltog i tre VM-slutrunder for Danmark i 1965, 1971 og 1973.

Referencer

Håndboldspillere fra Danmark
Personer fra Glostrup

Hanne Lagerbon


est un film japonais réalisé par Yōji Yamada et sorti en 1979. C'est le  film de la série C'est dur d'être un homme.

Synopsis

Fiche technique
 Titre : C'est dur d'être un homme : Tora-san ange gardien
 Titre original :
 Réalisation : Yōji Yamada
 Scénario : Yōji Yamada et Yoshitaka Asama
 Photographie :
 Montage :
 Musique : Naozumi Yamamoto
 Décors : Mitsuo Degawa
 Producteur : Kiyoshi Shimazu
 Société de production : Shōchiku
 Pays de production :
 Langue originale : japonais
 Format : couleur — 2,35:1 — 35 mm — son mono
 Genres : comédie dramatique ; romance
 Durée : 107 minutes (métrage : huit bobines - )
 Dates de sortie :
 Japon :

Distribution
 Kiyoshi Atsumi : Torajirō Kuruma / Tora-san
 Chieko Baishō : Sakura Suwa, sa demi-sœur
  : Ryūzō Kuruma, son oncle
  : Tsune Kuruma, sa tante
  : Hiroshi Suwa, le mari de Sakura
 Hayato Nakamura : Mitsuo Suwa, le fils de Sakura et de Hiroshi
 Kaori Momoi : Hitomi Irie
  : l'aubergiste trop entreprenant
  : Kunio Koyanagi, le fiancé de Hitomi
 Michiyo Kogure : Kinuko Irie, la mère de Hitomi
 Tatsuo Matsumura : Reikichi Matsuda
  : le chauffeur de taxi
  : Kyōko, la sœur cadette de Kunio
  : l'infirmière qui prescrit des médicaments contre la constipation à Tora-san
  : Umetarō Katsura, le voisin imprimeur
  : Genko
 Chishū Ryū : Gozen-sama, le grand prêtre

Distinctions
Kiyoshi Atsumi et Chieko Baishō sont nommés respectivement pour le prix du meilleur acteur et pour celui de la meilleure actrice dans un second rôle pour les deux films de la série C'est dur d'être un homme sortis en 1979, C'est dur d'être un homme : Tora-san ange gardien et C'est dur d'être un homme : L'Américain, lors des Japan Academy Prize de 1980.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 C'est dur d'être un homme (série de films)

Liens externes

  Site web officiel

Film japonais sorti en 1979
Comédie dramatique japonaise
Film en japonais
Film de Shōchiku
Film se déroulant à Tokyo
Film se déroulant dans la préfecture de Hokkaidō
Film réalisé par Yōji Yamada
Suite de film japonais
Film C'est dur d'être un homme


As Igrejas Reformadas Neerlandesas (IRN), em holandês Nederlands Gereformeerde Kerken, formaram uma denominação cristã reformada nos Países Baixos. A denominação foi constituída em 1967, por igrejas que se separaram das Igrejas Reformadas Libertadas.

Em 1 de maio de 2023, a denominação se fundiu com a denominação da qual se separou, revertendo o cisma após 56 anos de separação. A igrejas fundidas formaram uma nova denominação chamada Igrejas Reformadas Neerlandesas (Nederlandse Gereformeerde Kerken).

História

No início do século XX, surgiram discordâncias dentro das Igrejas Reformadas na Holanda sobre a visão da Teologia da Aliança de Abraham Kuyper, de forma que vários pastores discordavam da mesma.
Esta disputa veio à tona durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, quando o Sínodo Geral decidiu em favor da visão de Kuyper que, essencialmente, questionava a inclusão dos filhos dos crentes no Pacto. Muitos teólogos e pastores não concordaram com esta decisão, alegando que ela contrariava os fatos simples das Escrituras, e tentaram recorrer da decisão.

O Sínodo Geral reforçou esta visão estritamente, exigindo, entre outros, que os novos licenciados (recém-formados do Seminário Teológico) que procurassem subscrever o ponto de vista Kuyperiano. Os manifestantes também alegaram que o Sínodo Geral estava abusando de sua autoridade funcional, permanecendo por mais tempo do que os três anos permitidos pela legislação da Ordem Igreja.
Em 1944 muitos pastores e teólogos que se opunham a visão de Abraham Kuyper foram excomungados pelo Sínodo Geral. Assim sendo, um grande número de congregações locais separaram-se das Igrejas Reformadas na Holanda, lideradas pelo Prof. Dr. Klaas Schilder entre outros, para formar sua própria denominação, as Igrejas Reformadas (Liberadas). Este evento foi chamado de Libertação (Vrijmaking). Desde então não houve tentativas sérias de reconciliação por nenhum dos dois lados.

Em 1967 uma nova controvérsia surgiu acerca da exclusividade das Igrejas Reformadas Liberadas (IRL), como igreja cristã verdadeira na Holanda. A denominação decidiu que as IRL eram as únicas igrejas cristãs verdadeiras no país, razão pela qual muitos membros deixaram a denominação.

No mesmo ano, estes membros constituíram as Igrejas Reformadas Neerlandesas (IRN).

Nas décadas seguintes, todavia, as IRL mudam seu posicionamento, passando a reconhecer a existência de outras igrejas verdadeiramente cristãs nos Países Baixos. Isso levou a reaproximação entre as IRL e as IRN. Em 2017, as duas denominação começaram a negociar uma fusão. Em 2021, foi decidido por ambas as igrejas que a fusão ocorrera em 2023. Em 1 de maio desde ano, a fusão aconteceu, dando origem a uma nova denominação chamada Igrejas Reformadas Neerlandesas (Nederlandse Gereformeerde Kerken).

Estatísticas

A denominação cresceu continua e lentamente entre 1970 e 2011, quando atingiu o pico de 33.030 membros. Desde então, a denominação entrou em declínio.

Sua última estatística disponível antes da fusão, de 2020, atestava que era formada por 32.898 membros.

Doutrina
A denominação era reformada continental e calvinista.  Subscrevia o Credo dos Apóstolos, o Credo Niceno e o Credo de Atanásio, bem como os Padrões da Unidade: a Confissão Belga, o Catecismo de Heidelberg e os Cânones de Dort. Além disso, permitia a ordenação de mulheres.

Denominações reformadas continentais extintas na Holanda

Igrejas Reformadas Neerlandesas (1967-2023)


Les Amandiers est une comédie dramatique française co-écrite et réalisée par Valeria Bruni Tedeschi, sortie en 2022.

Le film est présenté en « compétition officielle » au Festival de Cannes 2022.

Synopsis

L'histoire d'étudiants de l'école du théâtre des Amandiers de Nanterre, gérée par Patrice Chéreau et Pierre Romans, particulièrement en 1986 avec la mise en scène de Platonov.

Le long-métrage est autobiographique, les personnages de Stella et d'Étienne sont des alter-ego de Valeria Bruni Tedeschi et de Thierry Ravel.

Fiche technique

 Titre original : Les Amandiers
 Titre international : Forever Young
 Réalisation : Valeria Bruni Tedeschi
 Scénario : Valeria Bruni Tedeschi, Noémie Lvovsky, Agnès De Sacy, avec la collaboration de Caroline Deruas
 Décors : Emmanuelle Duplay
 Costumes : Caroline de Vivaise
 Photographie : Julien Poupard
 Son : François waledisch, Sandy Notarianni, Emmanuel Croset
 Montage : Anne Weil
 Production : Alexandra Henochsberg, Patrick Sobelman
 Coproduction : Angelo Barbagallo et Olivier Père
Société de production : Ad Vitam, Agat Film & Cie - Ex Nihilo
Coproduction : Arte France Cinéma et Bibi Films
Association : SOFICA SofiTVciné 9, Cinéaxe 3, La Banque Postale Image 15
Société de distribution : Ad Vitam (France) et Charades (International)
 Pays de production :
 Langue originale : français
 Format : couleur
 Genre : comédie dramatique
 Durée : 125 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
 France :  (Festival de Cannes) ;  (sortie nationale)
 Belgique :  (Festival international du film francophone de Namur) ;  (sortie nationale)

Distribution

 Nadia Tereszkiewicz : Stella
 Sofiane Bennacer : Étienne
 Louis Garrel : Patrice Chéreau
 Micha Lescot : Pierre Romans
 Clara Bretheau : Adèle
 Vassili Schneider : Victor
 Oscar Lesage : Stéphane
 Liv Henneguier : Juliette
 Eva Danino : Claire
 Sarah Henochsberg : Laurence
 Noham Edje : Franck
 Baptiste Carrion-Weiss : Baptiste
 Alexia Chardard : Camille
 Léna Garrel : Anaïs
 Suzanne Lindon : la serveuse
 Franck Demules : le gardien
 Isabelle Renauld : l'assistante de Chéreau
 Sandra Nkaké : Susan
 Bernard Nissille : Gaspard
 Farida Rahouadj :
 Nicolas Baby : Un membre du jury d'admission
 Marisa Borini : Une membre du jury d'admission
 Marilyne Canto : Une membre du jury d'admission
 Virginie Garrel :	Une membre du jury d'admission
 Arthur Igual : Un membre du jury d'admission
 Eric Laugérias : Un membre du jury d'admission
 Thibault de Montalembert : Un membre du jury d'admission
 Karine Silla : Une membre du jury d'admission
 Henri-Noël Tabary : Tabary

Accueil

Accueil critique

En France, le site Allociné propose une moyenne de , après avoir recensé  de presse.

Pour Bande à part,

Pour Les Inrockuptibles,

Pour la critique de L'Obs,

Dans Les Échos, le critique déclare que

Pour le critique de Première,

Pour Laurent Cambon de aVoir-àLire,

Pour Paris Match,

Box-office
Pour son premier jour d'exploitation en France, Les Amandiers réalise , dont  en avant-première, se plaçant second du box-office des nouveautés, derrière Reste un peu () et devant Les Femmes du square (). Au bout d'une première semaine d'exploitation, le long-métrage totalise  pour une septième place au box-office, derrière Les Femmes du square () et devant Armageddon Time ().

Polémique
L'acteur principal, Sofiane Bennacer, en couple avec la réalisatrice du film , est accusé de viols et violences conjugales sur de précédentes compagnes. Des cinémas décident de retirer le film de leur programmation. Le Bureau de l'Académie des César, en accord avec le Comité Révélations, décide de le retirer de la liste des 32 révélations, proposée à titre indicatif le 16 novembre 2022 pour les César 2023.

Autour du film
Bernard Nissille, qui interprète le majordome, Franck Demules, qui interprète le gardien, et Isabelle Renauld, qui interprète l'assistante de Chéreau, étaient eux-mêmes élèves à l'école du Théâtre des Amandiers à l'époque dépeinte par le film.

Distinctions

Récompenses
 Festival International du Film Francophone de Namur
 Bayard de la meilleure photographie
 Prix RTBF
 César 2023 : Meilleur espoir féminin pour Nadia Tereszkiewicz

Nominations
 César 2023 :
 Meilleur film
 Meilleur acteur dans un second rôle pour Micha Lescot
 Meilleur scénario original
 Meilleurs costumes
 Meilleure photographie
 Meilleurs décors
 César des lycéens

Sélections
 Festival de Cannes 2022 : sélection officielle, en compétition

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 Nicolas Bauche, « Les Amandiers », Positif, , Institut Lumière/Actes Sud, Paris, , ,
 Propos de Valeria Bruni Tedeschi recueillis par Yves Alion, « A propos des Amandiers », L'Avant-scène Cinéma, , Alice Edition, Paris, , ,

Articles connexes
 Théâtre Nanterre-Amandiers

Liens externes

Film français sorti en 2022
Comédie dramatique française
Film en français
Film réalisé par Valeria Bruni Tedeschi
Film d'Agat Films & Cie - Ex Nihilo
Film d'Arte
Film se déroulant dans les années 1980
Film sur l'homosexualité masculine
Film sur le lesbianisme
Film sur le théâtre
Film sur la drogue
Film sur le sida
Film avec un César du meilleur espoir féminin

Les Amandiers


Elderen est une ancienne commune au sud de la province belge du Limbourg.

La commune d' Elderen a été fondée en 1971 et se composait des sections de 's Herenelderen, Genoelselderen et Membruggen et des hameaux de Petit-Membruggen de Grand-Spauwen et Ketsingen de Berg. En 1977, la commune était déjà dissoute; 's Herenelderen et Ketsingen ont été intégrés à Tongres tandis que Genoelselderen, Membruggen et Petit-Membruggen ont été intégrés à Riemst.

Elderen était aussi le nom néerlandais de la ville wallonne voisine d'Odeur. Le nom Elderen vient du domaine Elder ou Aldor, qui était un alleu puis plus tard une seigneurie du comté de Looz.

Références

Commune avant fusion dans la province de Limbourg
Tongres
Riemst

Elderen (Limbourg)


The title Duke of Ross () has been created twice in the Peerage of Scotland, both times for younger sons of the King of Scotland. Named for Ross in Scotland, it was first created in 1488 for James Stewart, Earl of Ross, the second son of James III. On his early death in 1504, the title became extinct.

The title was created a second time for Alexander Stewart, the youngest son of James IV. On his death at the age of one in 1515 the title became extinct.

Dukes of Ross, first creation (1488)
Other titles: Marquess of Ormonde (1488), Earl of Ross, Earl of Ardmenach and Lord Brechin and Navar (1481)
James Stewart, Duke of Ross (1476–1504), second son of James III

Dukes of Ross, second creation (1514)
Alexander Stewart, Duke of Ross (1514–1515), posthumous fourth and youngest son of James IV

Family tree

References

Extinct dukedoms in the Peerage of Scotland
1488 establishments in Scotland
1514 establishments in Scotland
Noble titles created in 1488
Noble titles created in 1514

Duke of Ross


Die China Open 1994 im Badminton fanden vom 16. bis zum 20. November 1994 in Dalian statt. Das Preisgeld betrug 130.000 Dollar.

Sieger und Platzierte

Finalresultate

Weblinks
 tournamentsoftware.com

World Badminton Grand Prix 1994
1994
Sportveranstaltung in Dalian

China Open 1994


Rodolphe William Seeldrayers (16. desember 1876 – 7. október 1954) var belgískur íþróttafrömuður. Hann gegndi ýmsum trúnaðarstörfum fyrir Alþjóðaólympíunefndina og Alþjóðaknattspyrnusambanndið sem hann veitti forystu um skamma hríð.

Ferill og störf
Rodolphe Seeldrayers fæddist í Düsseldorf sem heyrði undir Þýska keistaradæmið. Hann nam lögfræði við háskóla í Brussel þar sem fjölskrúðugur íþróttaferill hans hófst. Seeldrayers var gríðarlega fjölhæfur íþróttamaður og varð landsmeistari eða landsliðsmaður í fjölda greina. Nítján ára gamall var hann einn af stofnendum belgíska knattspyrnusambandsins og gegndi fyrir það fjölda trúnaðarstarfa. Árið 1914 var hann skipaður fulltrúi Belgíu hjá FIFA og varð hann varaforseti þess árið 1927 og upp frá því einn nánasti samstarfsmaður Jules Rimet. Þegar Rimet lét af embætti í júní 1954 tók Seeldrayers við keflinu. Hann lést í embætti í október árið eftir.

Auk starfa sinna fyrir FIFA var Seeldrayers einn af lykilmönnum Ólympíuhreyfingarinnar. Á þeim vettvangi blandaðist hann talsvert inn í deilurnar um áhugamennsku eða atvinnumennsku í íþróttum, sem var mikið bitbein milli FIFA og Ólympíunefndarinnar. Seeldrayers átti oft sæti í dómstólum og áfrýjunarnefndum á vegum Ólympíunefndarinnar. Hann kom því að máli í tveimur hitamálum tengdum knattspyrnukeppni ÓL, fyrst á Antwerpenleikunum 1920 þegar lið Tékkóslóvakíu gekk af velli í úrslitaleiknum gegn Belgum og aftur á Berlínarleikunum 1936 þar sem hann úrskurðaði að endurtaka skyldi leik Perú og Austurríkis, sem leiddi til þess að fyrrnefnda liðið dró sig úr keppni.

Heimildir

Forsetar FIFA

Rodolphe Seeldrayers


Onthophagus palawantagal é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus, família Scarabaeidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Ochi, Kon & Barclay em 2016.

Referências

Ligações externas

palawantagal
Coleópteros descritos em 2016

Onthophagus palawantagal


An owlet is a young owl.

Owlet may also refer to:

Animals
 A number of small species of owls in the family Strigidae
 Owlet moth, a family in Noctuidae
 Owlet-nightjar, small crepuscular birds related to the nightjars and frogmouths

Other uses
 Owlet, West Yorkshire, a locality near Bradford, England
 General Aircraft Owlet, a single-engined trainer aircraft

Animal common name disambiguation pages

Owlet


San Sisto ist eine Renaissance-Kirche in Piacenza. Das zur Kirche gehörende Kloster wurde 874 von Kaiserin Engelberga gegründet. Die heute in Dresden hängende Sixtinische Madonna wurde für den Hochaltar dieser Kirche gemalt.

Geschichte
Engelberga war die Ehefrau des karolingischen Kaisers Ludwig II. († 875). 868 wurde sie Äbtissin von San Salvatore in Brescia, 874 gründete sie in Piacenza die dem Papst Sixtus I. geweihte Abtei San Sisto, deren Äbtissin sie dann wurde. 1129 wurden die Nonnen durch Benediktiner aus Polirone bei Mantua ersetzt.

Die heutige Kirche San Sisto ist ein Bau aus der Zeit der Renaissance, Architekt war Alessio Tramello (1455–1535). Die Kirche wurde 1499–1511 anstelle der ursprünglichen Abteikirche gebaut.

Die Abtei San Sisto war über Jahrhunderte hinweg bis zur Auflösung der Klöster durch die Franzosen 1809 das wichtigste Benediktinerkloster in Piacenza. Die Abtei wurde danach weitgehend als Kaserne genutzt, die Abteikirche wurde zur Pfarrkirche.

Architektur
Man betritt die Abtei durch ein Portal aus dem Jahr 1622 und erreicht einen Kreuzgang aus der zweiten Hälfte des 16. Jahrhunderts. Dahinter befindet sich die Kirche, deren Fassade 1591 vollendet wurde, 1755 renoviert und 1969 restauriert wurde. Sie ist dreischiffig mit Kapellen an den Seiten und einer weiträumige Krypta. An den Enden des Querschiffs befinden sich weitere je zwei Kapellen. Das hölzerne Chorgestühl ist eine Arbeit von Pietro Gio Pambianco da Colorno und Bartolomeo da Busseto aus den Jahren 1512 bis 1514. In der linken Apsis befindet sich das unvollendete Grab der Margarethe von Parma (1522–1586), Herzogin von Parma und Piacenza.

Sixtinische Madonna

Die Sixtinische Madonna wurde 1512/13 von Raffaello Santi für den Hochaltar der Klosterkirche San Sisto geschaffen. Auftraggeber war Papst Julius II., der mit diesem Werk den Sieg des Kirchenstaates über die in Italien eingefallenen Franzosen feierte sowie die Einverleibung der Stadt Piacenza 1512 in den Kirchenstaat. 1753/54 wurde das Gemälde von August III. von Polen und Sachsen erworben und in seine Sammlung nach Dresden gebracht, wo es wieder zu besichtigen ist, nachdem es von 1945 bis 1955 in Moskau als Beutekunst weilte. In der Kirche San Sisto befindet sich eine Kopie des Bildes von Pier Antonio Avanzini (1656–1733).

Neben der Madonna und Raffaels Engeln sind auf dem Bild Sixtus II. und Barbara von Nikomedien zu sehen, von denen seit der Zeit Kaiser Ludwigs II. Reliquien in der Kirche aufbewahrt wurden. Seit dieser Zeit wurden in der Kirche zudem Reliquien von Fabian, Timotheus, Symphorianus, Marcellus, Apuleius, Germanus, Macarius Romanus, Felix, Martina und vier der unschuldigen Kindlein von Bethlehem verehrt sowie ein Arm des Sebastian.

Literatur
 Diverse Autoren: Storia di Piacenza, 6 Bände, hg. von der Cassa di risparmio di Piacenza 1980–2002

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Piacenza, Sixtus
Sixtus
Piacenza
Piacenza, Sixtus
Piacenza
Baudenkmal in Piacenza

San Sisto (Piacenza)


Talita Natasha von Fürstenberg, princesse de Fürstenberg, est née le . Membre de la maison de Fürstenberg, une ancienne famille de la noblesse souabe, c'est une personnalité de la jet set et une créatrice de mode américaine d'origine allemande, italienne et britannique.

Biographie
Petite-fille d'Egon et Diane von Fürstenberg (par son père) et de Robert Warren Miller (par sa mère), Talita von Fürstenberg fait, durant son adolescence, quelques couvertures de magazines de mode (Tatler en 2015, Town and Country en 2019 et Hello! Fashion en 2020) et de titres de la presse du cœur (Point de vue en 2016). En 2017, la jeune fille défile pour Dolce & Gabbana durant la Fashion Week de Milan.

Entrée chez DvF, l'entreprise de sa grand-mère, en 2018, Talita de Fürstenberg lance sa propre ligne de vêtements, appelée « TvF for DvF », en 2019. Sa collection ayant été bien accueillie, elle est reconduite l'année suivante.

Ascendance

Références

Naissance en mai 1999
Styliste américain
Socialite américain
Maison de Fürstenberg

Talita von Fürstenberg


Les halles de Crémieu sont un monument historique situé à Crémieu dans le département de l'Isère, en région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes.

L'édifice, datant du , est situé dans le centre de la commune. À l'instar de nombreux autres bâtiments de la ville, il a bénéficié d'un classement au titre des monuments historiques le .

Situation et accès

Situation
Les halles de Crémieu, situées dans le centre du bourg ancien de cette ville du Nord-Isère, au niveau de la place de la Poype, entre les rues de la porcherie et lieutenant-colonel bel, sont toujours en fonction et abrite un marché hebdomadaire.

Accès
L'accès à ce monument est libre :
 à pied
Les halles sont accessibles aux piétons depuis n'importe quel point de la commune. C'est également un lieu ou se déroule un marché hebdomadaire.
 par les transports publics
Les halles, situées dans le centre historique de la vieille ville de Crémieu est desservie par le réseau interurbain de l'Isère, connu sous l'appellation locale Cars Région Isère. laquelle relie la ville de Crémieu aux autres villes de l'Isère ainsi que de Lyon.

Historique

Lorsque la création d'une ville basse fut entreprise à compter du , un nouveau marché prit place et la halle fut construite pour l'abriter au cours du . Celles-ci auraient été achevées en 1434.

Ces nouvelles halles ont remplacé le « marché-vieux » et sont étroitement liées à la mise en œuvre d'une véritable ville nouvelle, tracée en contrebas de la ville primitive.  Ces halles (en fait un seul bâtiment, très long) servaient d'entrepôt à grains mais aussi de marché régulateur des grains. Elles étaient utilisées à l'occasion des foires et des marchés au  Moyen Age, pour mesurer les quantités de grains vendues et échangées.

Avant la Révolution Française, la mesure unitaire basé sur le système de poids et de mesure local se dénommait le bichet, évalué à  et comprenait de nombreux autres unités dont l'émine (deux bichets), le setier (deux émines), la bichette (un demi bichet) et la coupe (un quart de bichet).

Description
Cette halle ouverte est présentée comme la deuxième halle de France par ses dimensions impressionnantes (61 mètres de long sur 19,50 mètres de large). La charpente en chêne supporte une couverture de plaquettes de calcaire local pesant quatre cent tonnes. A l'intérieur, on peut découvrir une mesure à grain en pierre taillée, comportant quatre alvéoles.

La nef méridionale des halles servait autrefois de passage dans laquelle les habitants du quartier déposaient les ordures.

Manifestations
Le site des Halles accueille les maifestations suivantes :
 Fête de la musique en juin .
 Foire aux dindes, le 15 décembre de chaque année.

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des monuments historiques de Crémieu
 Liste des monuments historiques de l'Isère
 Halle (construction)

Liens externes

Crémieu
Monument historique à Crémieu
Monument historique classé en 1906

Halles de Crémieu


Xavier Reckinger né le 20 décembre 1983 à Bruxelles, est un ancien joueur de hockey sur gazon belge et entraîneur de l'équipe nationale allemande entre 2018 et 2021.

Il a participé aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2008 et 2012.

Carrière

Joueur

Coupe du monde
 Top 8 : 2014

Championnat d'Europe
  : 2013

Jeux olympiques
 Top 8 : 2012

Entraîneur

Coupe du monde
 Top 8 : 2018

Championnat d'Europe
  : 2019, 2021

Jeux olympiques
 Top 8 : 2020

Références

Liens externes

Joueur belge de hockey sur gazon
Naissance en décembre 1983
Naissance à Bruxelles au XXe siècle
Joueur de hockey sur gazon aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2008
Joueur de hockey sur gazon aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2012

Xavier Reckinger


Pulaski County is the name of seven counties in the United States, all of which are named for Casimir Pulaski:

 Pulaski County, Arkansas
 Pulaski County, Georgia
 Pulaski County, Illinois
 Pulaski County, Indiana
 Pulaski County, Kentucky
 Pulaski County, Missouri
 Pulaski County, Virginia

Pulaski County


Lynne Carver () a fost o actriță americană de film. Ea a apărut în 42 de filme între 1934 și 1953.

Biografie
Carver s-a născut cu numele Virginia Reid Sampson pe 13 septembrie 1916, în Birmingham, Alabama. Tatăl ei, Reid Johnson Sampson, a fost inginer minier în Arizona și New Mexico timp de mai mulți ani, înaintea Primului Război Mondial, iar el și familia lui au fost pentru scurt timp sechestrați de Pancho Villa în timpul unui raid al generalului mexican peste graniță, în sud-vestul SUA, când Virginia era copil.

Virginia a mers la Hollywood de la o vârstă fragedă pentru a urma o carieră în actorie după ce a câștigat un concurs de frumusețe. Unii membri ai familiei ei au susținut că ea a adoptat un nume de scenă pentru că a simțit că numele ei era "demodat" și că a ales numele de fată al bunicii paterne, Cravens, dar nu și l-a putut aminti corect. La început ea a fost menționată ca Virginia Reid în filmele RKO Pictures și poate fi văzută în mai multe musicaluri ca una dintre "fetele Goldwyn". A avut o relație scurtă cu Howard Hughes în anii 1930, înainte de a trece sub pseudonimul Lynne Carver la MGM, unde a devenit o actriță obișnuită în filmele studioului. Sora ei mai mare, Marjorie Lee Sampson, a urmat-o pe Virginia la Hollywood și a jucat ân câteva roluri mici, dar nu a atins niciodată statutul surorii sale și a renunțat în curând la actorie.

Jucând inițial roluri minore, Lynne Carver a ajuns mai târziu să joace rol de ingenuă în filme, probabil din cauza aspectului ei plăcut și al șarmului sudist. Familia Sampson a fost o familie importantă în statul Kentucky timp de mai multe generații, iar bunicul ei, William Sampson, a fost judecător șef la Curtea Supremă a statului Kentucky în timpul Războiului Civil American. Ea a avansat în carieră, a apărut în mai multe filme cu Fred Astaire și Ginger Rogers și a devenit, probabil, cel mai bine cunoscut pentru rolul ei ca Alice Raymond în primele filme cu dr. Kildare. Ea a fost "Barbara" în musicalul magic Maytime în 1937, împreună cu Nelson Eddy și Jeanette MacDonald și, de asemenea, a apărut cu ei în Bitter Sweet, o încercate din 1940 de a repeta succesul Maytime. Două dintre cele mai cunoscute interpretări în filmele M-G-M sunt rolurile Sylvia Bellaire în comedie muzicală Everybody Sing, cu Allan Jones și Judy Garland, și Bess, logodnica nepotului lui Scrooge, în Colind de Crăciun, cu Reginald Owen în rolul lui Ebenezer Scrooge. Ambele filme au fost lansate în 1938. Ultimul ei film pentru MGM a fost Tennessee Johnson, cu Van Heflin în rolul celui de-al 17-lea președinte al Statelor Unite ale Americii. Carver a interpretat-o pe Martha, fiica lui Andrew Johnson.

S-a căsătorit cu Nicholas Nayfack în 1937 și au divorțat în 1942. Încetinirea ritmului de producere a filmelor la Hollywood din cauza începerii celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial a cauzat o stagnare a carierei ei. În timpul și după război, ea a jucat în principal în filme western, alături de Roy Rogers și Johnny Mack Brown, și în alte filme mai obscure, dar nu a mai atins niciodată succesul pe care-l cunoscuse anterior.

Moartea
A fost căsătorită cu agentul teatral William Mullaney, a locuit în New York și a avut o carieră aglomerată cu numeroase apariții pe scenă și la televiziune până în 1954. Carver a murit la Spitalul Memorial din New York, după ce a luptat timp de un an cu cancerul, pe 12 august 1955, în vârstă de 38 de ani.

Filmografie

Note

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1916
Decese în 1955
Decese cauzate de cancer în statul New York
Actrițe de film americane
Actrițe americane din secolul al XX-lea
Oameni din Birmingham, Alabama

Lynne Carver


مليليحة أو المليليحة، مدينة وبلدية تابعة إقليميا إلى دائرة دار الشيوخ ولاية الجلفة الجزائرية.

السكان
يقطنها عرش أولاد عيفة قدر عدد سكانها أكثر من15000نسمة

الموقع الجغرافي
يحد المليليحة كل من:

 شمالا: دار الشيوخ
 جنوبا: فيض البطمة

 شرقا: ولاية مسيلة
 غربا: الجلفة

التضاريس
تعتبر البلدية من أهم مدن ولاية الجلقة

أحياء وقرى البلدية
 الفرع الإداري المويلح - ثاني أكبر مجمع سكني -بعد مقر البلدية بالمليليحة
 الفرع الإداري ضاية السلوين
 الفرع الإداري عين لزيار
 الفرع الإداري الزريقة

النشاط الرياضي

 جمعية الجيل الصاعد الرياضية بالمويلح بلدية المليليحة
 المركب الرياضي بالمليليحة
 دار شباب بالمليليحة
 دار شباب بالمويلح

النشاط الثقافي
- جمعية الأسد الثقافية بالمويلح بلدية المليليحة وجمعيات أخرى وفوجي كشافة اسلامية ومكاتب بلدية لمنظمات حقوقية وجمعوية تدافع عن حقوق الشباب.

الإقتصاد
يعتمد اقتصاد البلدية على المجترات الصغيرة والفلاحة

المصادر

الجلفة انفو

بلديات ولاية الجلفة

مليليحة


Gibson ES-335 je poluakustična gitara američke tvrtke Gibson Guitar Corporation koja se počela proizvoditi 1958.g. Model je dio serije ES (engl. "electric spanish", što se prevodi kao "električna španjolska"), a bio je prva komercijalna poluakustična gitara, zakrivljene tanke prednje ploče.

Tijelo gitare je djelomično puno, a na prednjoj strani su dvije izrezane rupe u stilu violinske f-rupe.

Poznati izvođači koji su koristili ovaj model bili su Chuck Berry, Larry Carlton, Eric Clapton, B. B. King i John Scofield.

Prije 1952. tvrtka Gibson je proizvodila gitare šupljeg tijela koje su bile sklone povratnom signalu (engl. "feedback") prilikom glasnog pojačavanja. Godine 1952. pojavio se prvi model punog tijela Gibson Les Paul. Do godine 1958. tvrtke je proizvodila nekoliko modela punog tijela koja su imali manji povrati signal (engl "feedback"), ali nisu imale karakteristični tamnim, topli ton zvuk, niti pojačani volumen zvuka šupljeg tijela. Gitara ES-335 je bio pokušaj da se pronađe sredina, topliji ton, s manje povratnog signala.

Model ES-335 bio je kompromis iz kojeg je nastao flekisbilni model vrlo popularan u mnogim žanrovima glazbe (npr. blues, jazz i rock). S osnovnom cijenom od 267.50 USD ubrzo je postao jedan od najbolje prodavanih modela te se provodi od 1958.

Na temelju modela ES-335 nastale su brojne varijacije kao što su npr. ES-345, ES-355, EB-2, EB-2D, CS serija.

Izvori

 Podaci o modelu ES-355 u arhivi internet stranice tvrtke Gibson, pristupljeno 06.03.2019.

 Gibson gitare

Gibson ES-335


Mobi Fehr (født 13. december 1994) er en amerikansk fodboldspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra USA

Mobi Fehr


A Igreja Presbiteriana Evangélica na África do Sul (IPEAS) (em inglês Evangelical Presbyterian Church in South Africa) é uma denominação reformada na África do Sul, formada em 1875, por missionários suíços.

História
Em 1875, missionários suíços (enviados pela Igreja Reformada Suíça) se estabeleceram entre os tsongas. A partir da evangelização e plantação de igrejas, vários tsongas se converteram, consequentemente, foi organizada a Igreja Presbiteriana Tsonga. O rápido crescimento da indústria de mineração atraiu muitos membros para as cidades. Congregações foram estabelecidas em Pretória, Reef e, posteriormente, nas áreas de Welkom (Estado Livre de Orange), e também em Cuazulo-Natal. Com a expansão, a denominação mudou de nome e passou a se chamar Igreja Presbiteriana Evangélica na África do Sul.

A denominação é conhecida pelo seu trabalho de evangelismo e plantação de igrejas, bem como na conscientização e prevenção do contágio de AIDS entre a população sul-africana.

Estrutura

A denominação se estrutura como um sínodo, com 7 presbitérios.

Doutrina
A denominação é caracterizada por ser direcionada aos tsongas. Por isso, os cultos e todos seus documentos formais são feitos na língua tsonga.

A IPEAS subscreve o Credo dos Apóstolos e o Credo niceno-constantinopolitano Além disso, a denominação aceita ordenação de mulheres.

Relações Inter-eclesiásticas
A igreja é membro do Concílio Mundial das Igrejas. E da Comunhão Mundial das Igrejas Reformadas.

Denominações presbiterianas na África do Sul
Membros da Comunhão Mundial das Igrejas Reformadas