Eternal Darkness: Sanity's Requiem is an action-adventure video game developed by Silicon Knights and published by Nintendo for the GameCube in 2002. It was produced and directed by Denis Dyack. The game follows the story of several characters across a period of two millenia and four different locations on Earth, as they contend with an ancient evil who seeks to enslave humanity. The gameplay distinguishes itself with unique "sanity effects", visual and audial effects that confuse the player and often break the fourth wall.

Development began on Eternal Darkness after Nintendo, impressed with Silicon Knights' Blood Omen: Legacy of Kain (1996), contacted the company to propose a collaboration on an original mature title. Silicon Knights based their concept around Lovecraftian horror and the Eternal Champion concept, and decidedly avoided making a survival horror game. It was originally planned for the Nintendo 64, and was mostly completed before development was moved to Nintendo's forthcoming home console, the GameCube. It was the first game published by Nintendo to receive an M (Mature) rating from the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB).

Eternal Darkness was widely praised by reviewers and won numerous awards but was not a commercial success. A direct follow-up to the game was explored but never materialized, and Silicon Knights went bankrupt and disbanded in 2013. Attempts by Dyack to make a spiritual successor entitled Shadow of the Eternals with his new studio Precursor Games failed both of their Kickstarter campaigns, leading to the project being placed on indefinite hold. In the years since Eternal Darkness release, it has been regarded as one of the greatest games of all time, as well as one of the best horror games ever made.

Gameplay
The game is conducted from a third-person perspective. It has an in-game map which tracks the player's bearings. The inventory system stores weapons and items that can be used to solve puzzles, some of which can be combined with other objects, even enchanted with magick, for different effects.

Combat focuses on a simple targeting system. Players may attack in a general direction, or lock-on to an enemy to focus on individual parts of its anatomy. Decapitating most enemies effectively blinds them. There are many classes of enemies the player must either defeat or avoid. Each class also comes in a few varieties, and subtle differences between each variety exist as well, having slightly different appearances and traits. Some of the more common enemies vary very little in appearance, usually only changing in hue and aesthetics, but may have some behavioral differences. Boss and mini-boss enemies, however, tend to vary quite significantly.

The narrative of the game's story switches between two phases. The main phase focuses on a series of chapters in which players take control of a new character each time. The other phase acts as an intermission, exploring the mansion in order to find chapter pages and other items in order to progress. The game boasts twelve playable characters, split between four distinct locations, and from different periods of time, at times in anachronic order. Each of these characters are different in terms of the game's three main parametershealth, sanity, and magickand have access to a small selection of weapons that they can use in combat, though what they can use is determined by the time period that they lived in. For example, characters from the more ancient eras are restricted to mostly melee weapons such as swords, with the occasional crossbow or throwable. Meanwhile, characters from the colonial era onwards have more access to ranged weapons, including modern-day firearms.

The story features multiple paths that can be taken at the end of the first chapter. This choice not only determines which of the game's other three antagonists are aligned to the plot, but it also has subtle effects on the gameplay in chapters and intermission periods. Some changes include slight differences in puzzles and items, but most changes revolve around enemy placement, which will determine how the player engages them. This can even have an effect on the relative difficulty of the game in certain situations. Red tinted enemies for example, are generally tougher, having more health and dealing more damage, making that story path a kind of unofficial hard mode. After the game is completed down one path, it becomes unavailable in future playthroughs, until the player completes all three paths.

Magick can be used by most characters and consists of spells that can be used to damage opponents, protect characters and heal them, and be used to solve certain puzzles. The player is also able to assign spells to buttons for quick-use during the game. After discovering a spell it can be used in subsequent chapters and intermission periods. All spells are fundamentally affected by what alignment rune is used to power them. The game incorporates four types Red, Green, Blue, and Purple. Each alignment affects spells on a specific parameter. On top of that, they operate on a rock-paper-scissors principle of gameplay. All spells require the player to combine a series of Runes together in order to cast them. Runes can be freely experimented with by the player. This robust mechanic of experimentation has been praised by game critics as unique, and something that sets the magick system in this apart from most magic systems of most other game titles.

The other distinctive gameplay aspect comes from "Sanity Effects", the game's standout concept that Nintendo patented. Upon beginning the game's second chapter, players must keep watch on a Sanity meter a green bar which decreases when the player is spotted by an enemy. As the bar becomes low, subtle changes to the environment and random unusual events begin to occur, which reflect the character's slackening grip on reality.

Minor effects include a variety of things, such as a skewed camera angle, heads of statues following the character, and unsettling noises. Stronger effects include bleeding on walls and ceilings, entering a room that is unrealistic before finding that the character never left the previous room, or the character suddenly dying. Fourth wall breaking effects such as "To Be Continued" promotions for a "sequel", and simulated errors and anomalies of the TV or GameCube can happen either from low or depleted sanity, or by a scripted event. While the latter does not affect gameplay, they can be misconstrued by the player as being actual technical malfunctions.

Story
The story of Eternal Darkness takes place over four fictional locations which the game moves between. They include the "Forbidden City" underground temple complex in Persia; a Khmer temple in Angkor Thom, Cambodia; Oublié Cathedral in Amiens, France; and the Roivas Family Estate in Rhode Island, which leads to an ancient underground city named Ehn'gha beneath the mansion. The story moves between these locations, with each chapter occurring during a different time period (between 26 B.C. and 2000 A.D.), and from the perspective of a different character. The chapters in the game are not in chronological order.

Plot

In 2000 AD, Alexandra Roivas finds herself returning to her family's estate in Rhode Island after her grandfather, Edward Roivas, her only living relative, is found brutally murdered. Two weeks after returning, the local police have gotten nowhere with the investigation, Alex decides to investigate the mansion for clues, and stumbles upon a secret room containing a book bound with human skin called the Tome of Eternal Darkness. Deciding to read it, she finds it contains accounts of various people in the past, beginning with the story of Pious Augustus in 26 BC.

Pious, a respected Roman military commander, is sent to Ancient Persia to locate an important relic. Lured away from his men by mysterious voices, Pious ventures into an underground temple complex called the Forbidden City. He comes across three artifacts. Each possesses the essence of powerful godlike beings referred to as "The Ancients": Chattur'gha, Xel'lotath and Ulyaoth. Upon attempting to touch one of the artifacts, Pious finds himself corrupted by its power, resulting in him becoming undead yet gaining a significant amount of power, whereupon he pledges his allegiance to the artifact's Ancient and begins working on summoning them into the universe. The remaining two artifacts that Pious did not claim were put out of Pious' reach. One of the other artifacts represents the Ancient that is stronger than Pious', and the other represents the Ancient weaker than Pious'.

The artifact representing the weaker Ancient remained in the Forbidden City. In 565 AD, a young swordsman named Karim, ventures to the Forbidden City to locate a treasure for a woman that he loves. Upon finding it, he sacrifices himself in order to guard it. Pious returns to Persia in the Middle Ages to construct a Pillar of Flesh at the Forbidden City, as part of his master's plans. In 1460 AD Roberto Bianchi, a Venetian architect traveling through the region, is captured by Pious under the guise of a warlord. While under involuntary servitude, he encounters the spirit of Karim, who entrusts him with the artifact in his possession. Roberto attempts to warn Pious of the dangers within but is thrown into the tower, becoming part of its foundation along with many others. Centuries later in 1991 AD, a Canadian firefighter named Michael Edwards works with his team to extinguish several major oil fires in the Middle East, following the end of the Gulf War. After an explosion killed his entire team and trapped him in the Forbidden City, he is approached by Roberto's spirit, who gives him the artifact and instructs him to take it to the Roivas Family Estate. Michael then moves to destroy the Forbidden City with a magickally enhanced bomb. A few months later, Michael delivers the artifact to Edward Roivas in secret, telling him that he "won't last a night".

The artifact representing the stronger Ancient is moved, by Pious, to Oublié Cathedral, in Amiens, France, in order to prevent it from being used against him. First, though, Pious orders the assassination of Charlemagne, so his movement cannot impede his plans. In 814 AD, a Frankish messenger named Anthony, who stumbles upon the plot, travels to the then small monastery in order to warn him of the danger to his life. Despite Anthony's best efforts, he arrives too late to save him and dies from the spell he was afflicted with. When the location is reconstructed into a Cathedral long afterwards, Pious summons a creature called the Black Guardian, to protect the artifact that could defeat his master. In 1485 AD a Franciscan friar named Paul Luther, visiting the region to view a holy relic at the cathedral, finds himself accused of murdering a fellow friar by the local Inquisition. Attempting to clear his name, he encounters the Black Guardian, which promptly kills him. In 1916 AD, During World War I, Oublié Cathedral is converted into a field hospital. Peter Jacob, a field reporter making accounts about the war, notes that patients have been disappearing of late. Venturing into the catacombs, he encounters the Black Guardian and defeats it, recovering the artifact it was guarding. Decades later, Edward is visited by a now elderly Peter who gives an account of his experience in Amiens before handing over the artifact in his possession.

While the other two artifacts are fought over between Pious and several unwitting souls, the "Corpse God" Mantorok, another powerful Ancient that can oppose Pious' master, has an artifact of its own. In 1150 AD, Pious travels to a temple in Angkor Thom, Cambodia in order to deal with Mantorok. A young Khmer slave girl, named Ellia, finds herself trapped within the temple at the same time. While trying to find her way out, she is approached by one of Mantorok's servants, who entrusts her with the task of protecting the Ancient's essence within her body. Pious kills her shortly after. Centuries later in 1983 AD, Dr. Edwin Lindsey, a noted archaeologist, ventures to Cambodia on an expedition to explore the temple. After nearly being killed by Pious, who disguised himself in order to accompany him, Edwin finds Ellia's body and is entrusted by her spirit with Mantorok's essence, which he eventually delivers to Edward a few weeks later.

Alongside the struggle to claim the powerful artifacts of the Ancients, the Roivas Family Estate in Rhode Island, U.S. holds secrets of its own. In 1760 AD, Dr. Maximillian Roivas, a colonial ancestor of Alex and her grandfather, inherits his father's mansion in Rhode Island and decides to investigate its secrets. He soon finds a large cavern beneath the mansion, containing an ancient city within called Ehn'gha. He returns to the surface to get help, only to be considered delirious, and is sent to an asylum for the rest of his life. In 1952 AD, Dr. Edward Roivas, a clinical psychologist at the time, inherits the Estate. Finding his way underground, Edward discovers the city incorporates magick machinery and uses it to greatly damage the city with a powerful destructive spell. Knowing this is not enough, he decides to research what he can within the Tome for the final battle. After decades, however, Edward is violently murdered by one of Ehn'gha's "Guardians".

Alex, having learned all she can from the Tome, decides to finish the fight. Recovering the artifacts from within the mansion, she soon ventures into Ehn'gha and uses them with the city's machinery, in order to summon a rival Ancient to fight Pious' master. Alex then engages Pious in combat, aided by the spirits of those written in the Tome, eventually defeating him and destroying the essence of his master, who is defeated by its rival. Edward's spirit then acts quickly to use Ehn'gha's mechanism to send back the summoned Ancient before it can cause any harm to the world.

After completing all three story paths, Edward Roivas narrates a revelation; all three paths are revealed to have occurred simultaneously in separate timelines. One of Mantorok's spheres of influence happens to be chaos, and with it, the ability to subtly manipulate time and space. It turned the other three Ancients against one another in mutual annihilation and merged the timestreams into one complete victory. Now only Mantorok remains, slowly dying.

Development
Eternal Darkness was developed by Canadian development studio Silicon Knights and published by Japanese game company Nintendo. It was directed and produced by Denis Dyack of Silicon Knights. The project's origins can be traced back to the mid-1990s when Nintendo staff saw Silicon Knights' game Blood Omen: Legacy of Kain (1996) at an E3 gaming convention. Nintendo contacted Silicon Knights, as they had been contemplating adding more mature games to their line-up, and the two companies began collaborating to produce Eternal Darkness. Silicon Knights's concept for the game was to create a horror game that did not fall under the survival horror genre. Dyack claims they went with "a deeper, more classical approach" to horror, calling it a "psychological thriller" as opposed to the "B-movie horror plots" of the Resident Evil series. They also wanted to make a game in response to contemporary video game controversies. Dyack explains: "Video games were under fire for messing with people's heads, and being accused of being murder simulators and stuff. So, we thought, wouldn't it be a good idea to make something that really does mess with people's heads?"

The development team borrowed inspiration from Edgar Allan Poe, Lovecraftian horror, and the Eternal Champion character concept by Michael Moorcock. Dyack, a history buff, also took examples of evil acts done throughout history to help create a believable world. The idea for the sanity system came from the tabletop role-playing game Call of Cthulhu. The concept was planned from the start, but the sanity effects were challenging to implement, and be approved by Nintendo. Dyack believed that Nintendo was worried players may interpret the sanity effects as an indication of faulty hardware, or may inadvertently cause damage to the hardware as a result of the effects. For example, a player prompted with a message saying their memory card was being formatted may hastily take out the memory card from the system, causing actual damage to it. Nintendo patented the sanity system in 2005.

The game was originally in development for the Nintendo 64 (N64). The team used 3D Studio Max for modelling and Photoshop for textures. It would have required a large capacity N64 Game Pak, including full voice recordings for cinematic sequences, and a surround sound option. It would have supported (but not required) the N64 Expansion Pak accessory for additional memory. By 2000, much of development had been completed, and it was presented and playable at industry trade shows. However, support for the Nintendo 64 was declining in anticipation for Nintendo's upcoming new home console, the GameCube. With several months remaining to finish the game, Nintendo decided to move development over to the GameCube. According to lead designer Ted Traver, Nintendo wanted more games in its GameCube lineup, and the cost of manufacturing cartridges was much higher than optical discs. For the transition of development to GameCube, the rendering engine, development tools, sound, and art assets all needed to be redone. While the work was difficult, the new hardware granted the team greater polygon rendering capacity, and more memory for textures. It was originally planned to be a launch title, but development was delayed.

As development was concluding, Nintendo sent game designers to Silicon Knights to help improve the gameplay. When the September 11 attacks occurred, Silicon Knights opted to remove the character Joseph De Molay, a Templar knight, from the game. The Templar knights were known for taking part in the Crusades, spreading Christianity to the Middle East. In the interest of not appearing offensive, Joseph was replaced with an oil well firefighter, and all Arab writing in texture images was removed. The Middle Eastern environments were retained.

Release
Eternal Darkness: Sanity's Requiem was first released and published by Nintendo on June 24, 2002, in North America, October 25 in Japan and November 1 in Europe. It was the first Nintendo-published game to receive an M (Mature) rating from the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB), the video game ratings board in North America. All of their previously published games had lighter content ratings.

Short films
In 2002, Nintendo and Hypnotic, a film entertainment company, established a filmmaking contest in which contestants submitted ideas that would be later funded into short films if selected. Hypnotic also purchased the rights to produce a film or TV series based on the IP.

The contest drew over 500 submissions. Ten finalists were selected and were granted $2,000 each to produce their respective short films. The grand prize for the contest was $20,000, and was selected by a panel of industry experts. The finalists were unveiled between May 23 and July 4, 2002.

The grand prize winner of the contest was Patrick Daughters, for the film Unloved. The viewer's choice award went to the film Cutting Room Floor by Tyler Spangler and Michael Cioni.

Reception

Reviews and sales

Eternal Darkness: Sanity's Requiem received a near-universal critical acclaim upon its release, with aggregated review scores of over 9/10 at both GameRankings and Metacritic. Upon review, IGN gave Eternal Darkness one of its Editor's Choice Awards and, in its review of the game, stated: "Simply put, an amazing achievement that shouldn't be overlooked. Games do not come any better than this".

Eternal Darkness sold less than half a million copies worldwide. In Japan, the game has sold 17,748 copies as of December 31, 2006. In Canada, the game sold 20,000 copies.

Awards
Eternal Darkness: Sanity's Requiem was awarded "Outstanding Achievement in Character or Story Development" during the 6th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards; it also received nominations for "Console Game of the Year", "Outstanding Innovation in Console Gaming", "Outstanding Achievement in Sound Design" and "Outstanding Achievement in Art Direction". GameSpot named it the best video game of June 2002. At GameSpot's Best and Worst of 2002, it was awarded "Best Sound on GameCube", "Best Story on GameCube", and "Best Graphics (Artistic) on GameCube"; the game was also nominated for "Best Music on GameCube", "Best Action Adventure Game on GameCube", and "Game of the Year on GameCube". GameSpy's Game of the Year Awards gave it their honorary "Day of the Tentacle (Cthulhu) Award".

Retrospective
In 2006, Nintendo Power ranked Eternal Darkness as the 101st top game on Nintendo systems, while the readers of IGN had it voted as the 96th best video game of all time on all systems; in 2009, Official Nintendo Magazine had it listed as the 48th best Nintendo game. The game was ranked as the seventh best game for the GameCube by X-Play in 2006, as the fifth best GameCube game by IGN in 2007, as the tenth best GameCube game by ScrewAttack that same year, and placed fourth on the list of top GameCube games in the January 2009 issue of Game Informer.

Both X-Play and Game Informer in 2007 in 2006 ranked it as the fifth scariest game of all time. In other lists, ScrewAttack ranked the fake "Corrupt Data" sanity effect as the ninth top "OMGWTF" moment in gaming in 2008, while Alex Roivas was included among the 50 greatest heroines in video games by Tom's Games in 2007 and ranked as the 40th greatest heroine in video game history by Complex in 2013.

Several retrospective articles demanded a follow-up game. IGN included Eternal Darkness on their 2008 list of "horror franchises that should rise from the grave", GamesRadar included Eternal Darkness among the games "with untapped franchise potential" in 2009, and UGO included it on a similar list of games "that need sequels" in 2010.

Legacy
Alex Roivas makes a cameo appearance in the 2018 fighting game Super Smash Bros. Ultimate as one of the many "Spirits" that players can collect. The battle associated with Alex's Spirit sees the player needing to defeat Zero Suit Samus from the Metroid series as the screen is mirrored at random intervals.

Cancelled sequel
In 2006, Dyack said "absolutely yes" in response to the question of a possible sequel. He stated that Silicon Knights had intended for Eternal Darkness to be a stand-alone game, but they wanted to make more games set in the same universe involving the Ancients. At Microsoft's Spring 2008 Showcase, Dyack said there was a "strong chance" they would return to the Eternal Darkness brand. In 2011, Silicon Knights said they were refocusing on one of their most requested titles for the next generation of consoles. This, combined with the fact that Nintendo had trademarked the title once again, spawned rumors that an Eternal Darkness game would be a launch title for Nintendo's Wii U console. However, the project was cancelled due to Silicon Knights' legal troubles with Epic Games. Any possibility for a sequel from Silicon Knights ended in 2013 when Silicon Knights filed for bankruptcy and closed its offices. Nintendo has repeatedly renewed the Eternal Darkness trademark, stirring rumors of sequels or re-releases.

Shadow of the Eternals
In May 2013, Precursor Games, staffed by many former Silicon Knights members, had begun a crowdfunding campaign on their website, seeking $1.5 million to create a spiritual successor to Eternal Darkness under the title Shadow of the Eternals, to be released for Microsoft Windows and Wii U. The game was to be released in twelve 2-4 hour long episodes, with Dyack acting as the game's chief creative officer. The same month, a secondary fundraising campaign was launched on Kickstarter, aiming to receive $1.35 million within 36 days. Eventually, being only halfway through their campaign in early June, the company decided to shut down both funding campaigns whilst refunding all the accumulated money back to their contributors, and promised to relaunch a new campaign a few weeks later. They said this was to reveal "a host of a new exciting opportunities that will make the game better than [Precursor Games] envisioned". Later in June, Precursor's founding member, and co-designer of both Eternal Darkness and Shadow of the Eternals, Kenneth McCulloch was arrested and pleaded guilty on charges of child pornography; the studio immediately severed all ties with him.

Another Kickstarter campaign was launched in July, aiming for a $750,000 goal this time. Instead of twelve episodes, the game was intended to be released as one 8-10 hour experience. The game would follow detective Paul Becker as he investigated a gang massacre in Louisiana, and uncovered the truth about the "Eternals". It would span over 2500 years of history in Hungary, England, Egypt, and the United States. In creating the look of the game, Precursor Games purchased art assets from Silicon Knights which were going to be used in the Eternal Darkness sequel. Though Nintendo still owns the rights to Eternal Darkness and the patent for the game's unique "Sanity Meter", Precursor Games was in communication with Nintendo, who was supportive of the project. In September, Shadow of the Eternals was delayed indefinitely due to a lack of funding. The Escapist described the multiple failed crowdfunding campaigns as a "circus" and demonstrated a lack of faith in the developers. Kyle Hilliard of Game Informer wrote that he was not surprised the game was put on hold, as it has been "plagued with issues" since its first announcement.

In October 2014, Dyack had created a new entertainment company Quantum Entanglement Entertainment. One of the company's first projects was to relaunch the development for Shadow of the Eternals. Dyack was also considering Shadow of the Eternals as a film and television property. In January 2018, QEE was quietly shut down and the production of Shadow of the Eternals was cancelled. Dyack renamed the company as Apocalypse Studios and announced a new role-playing game titled Deadhaus Sonata. Dyack described it as combining elements of his previous games, including "Lovecraftian overtones from Eternal Darkness".

References

External links

Eternal Darkness: Sanity's Requiem at MobyGames

2002 video games
Cancelled Nintendo 64 games
Censored video games
GameCube games
GameCube-only games
Gulf War video games
Impact of the September 11 attacks on the video game industry
Nintendo games
Panhistorical video games
2000s horror video games
Silicon Knights games
Single-player video games
Crowdfunding projects
Video games about demons
Video games about ghosts
Video games about mental health
Video games about old age
Video games developed in Canada
Video games featuring female protagonists
Video games produced by Shigeru Miyamoto
Video games scored by Steve Henifin
Video games set in 1916
Video games set in 1952
Video games set in 1983
Video games set in 1991
Video games set in 2000
Video games set in Cambodia
Video games set in country houses
Video games set in France
Video games set in Iran
Video games set in Rhode Island
Video games set in the 1st century BC
Video games set in the 6th century
Video games set in the 9th century
Video games set in the 12th century
Video games set in the 15th century
Video games set in the 18th century
Video games set in the Middle Ages
World War I video games

Eternal Darkness


Der Meridian war ein internationaler Reisezug, der von 1969 bis 1993 durch mehrere europäische Bahnverwaltungen betrieben wurde. Seinen Namen hatte der Zuglauf von der fast auf einem Meridian verlaufenden Fahrtroute erhalten. Er verkehrte zeitweise von Malmö in Schweden bis Bar in Jugoslawien, die Fahrtroute führte über die DDR (ab 1990 bundesdeutsches Gebiet), die Tschechoslowakei und Ungarn.

Geschichte
Der Meridian wurde, noch als namenloser D-Zug, mit Beginn des Sommerfahrplans 1969 im Mai dieses Jahres mit dem Laufweg von Berlin Ostbahnhof über Dresden, Prag, Bratislava und Budapest bis Belgrad eingeführt. Ein Jahr später wurde er in Richtung Norden über die Königslinie bis Malmö verlängert und erhielt gleichzeitig seinen Namen, abgeleitet von seiner Führung weitgehend entlang des 15. Längengrads. Zunächst verkehrte allerdings lediglich ein einziger Liegewagen der JŽ über die gesamte Strecke.

Im Sommerfahrplan 1976 verlängerten die beteiligten Bahnen den Meridian über Belgrad hinaus bis Bar, damit verkehrte der Zug über einen Laufweg und fast 2.100 km, allerdings zunächst ohne durchgängig von Malmö bis Bar verkehrende Wagen. Damit bestand erstmals eine planmäßige Zugverbindung von Schweden an die jugoslawische Adria. Auch im Sommerfahrplan 1978 und dann ganzjährig vom Sommer 1979 bis zum Ende des Winterfahrplans 1980/81 fuhr der Meridian bis Bar, ansonsten nur bis Belgrad. Durchgehend von Malmö bis Bar eingesetzt wurden dabei ausschließlich Liege- und Schlafwagen, keine Sitzwagen. Ab 1981 wurde der Zug generell auf den Laufweg Berlin-Belgrad verkürzt. Von 1970 bis 1976 sowie von 1983 bis 1986 und von 1989 bis 1990 führte der Meridian auch Kurswagen von Berlin nach Wien, die in Prag ausgesetzt wurden und von dort als eigenständiger D-Zug Sanssouci nach Wien fuhren.

Ab 1987 fuhr der Meridian südlich von Belgrad weiter bis Sofia, 1990 bekam der Zug zudem kurzzeitig erneut Kurswagen nach Bar. Die Jugoslawienkriege sorgten für erhebliche Nachfrageverluste, so dass der Zuglauf mit Ende des Winterfahrplans 1992/93 eingestellt wurde.

Zugbildung und Lokomotiven

Der Meridian wurde, wie im internationalen Bahnverkehr lange Jahre üblich, aus Wagen der beteiligten Bahngesellschaften gebildet. Wagen stellten vor allem die Deutsche Reichsbahn (DR), die Ungarische Staatsbahn (MÁV) sowie die Jugoslawischen Staatsbahn (JŽ). Einzelne Wagen stellten auch die Tschechoslowakischen Staatsbahnen (ČSD), ab 1987 kamen mit der Verlängerung bis Sofia auch Wagen der Bulgarischen Staatsbahn (BDŽ) zum Einsatz. Die Kurswagen nach Wien wurden zum Teil von der Österreichischen Bundesbahnen (ÖBB) gestellt. Lediglich Wagen der JŽ und der DR verkehrten über den gesamten Zuglauf bis Malmö, ungarische Wagen führte der Zug maximal bis Saßnitz. So liefen bspw. im Sommer 1979 neben den durchgehenden Schlaf- und Liegewagen Bar–Malmö noch Sitzwagen der JŽ von Bar bis Saßnitz, Sitzwagen der MÁV zwischen Budapest und Saßnitz sowie Speisewagen, Schlaf- und Liegewagen der MÁV zwischen Budapest und Berlin.

Bis 1977 wurde der Meridian auf seinem deutschen Streckenabschnitt fast ausschließlich von Dampflokomotiven bespannt. Er gehörte damit zu den letzten langlaufenden internationalen Fernzügen, die auf längeren Abschnitten mit dieser Traktionsart befördert wurden. Zwischen Dresden und Berlin waren dies Lokomotiven der Baureihe 01 des Bahnbetriebswerks Dresden-Altstadt und der Baureihe 01.5 von Berlin Ostbahnhof, nördlich von Berlin führten ihn überwiegend von der Deutschen Reichsbahn umgebaute Lokomotiven der Baureihe 03.10. Nachdem bereits zuvor in einzelnen Fahrplanjahren auch Diesellokomotiven den Meridian bespannt hatten, wurden die Dampflokomotiven ab 1977 südlich Berlin und ab 1980 auch nördlich von Berlin endgültig durch Fahrzeuge der Baureihen 118 und 132 ersetzt. Die ČSD, MÁV und JŽ hatten bereits einige Jahre früher ihre Schnellzugdampflokomotiven durch Diesellokomotiven ersetzt. Schrittweise elektrifizierten die beteiligten Bahnen zudem ihre Strecken, so dass der Meridian ab Ende der 1980er-Jahre durchgängig mit elektrischen Lokomotiven gefahren werden konnte.

Über die Jahre wechselte der Meridian mehrfach seine Zugnummern.  Bis 1973 führte er auf dem DR-Teilstück die Nummern D51/52. Mit der generellen Einführung international durchgehender Zugnummern erhielt er ab Sommer 1973 die Zugnummern D270/271. Ab dem Sommerfahrplan 1986 wechselte die Nummerierung auf D376/377, diese Nummern behielt der Meridian bis zu seiner Einstellung 1993.

Weblinks
 Meridian (private Website)

Literatur
 Rico Bogula: Internationale Schnellzüge in der DDR, EK-Verlag Freiburg, 2007, ISBN 978-3-88255-720-6

Einzelnachweise

Personenzug mit Namen
Internationaler Fernzug
Nachtzug
Zuglauf (Deutsche Reichsbahn 1945–1993)
Schienenverkehr (Tschechoslowakei)
Zuglauf (Ungarn)
Zuglauf (Jugoslawien)
Zuglauf (Bulgarien)
Zuglauf (Schweden)
Zuglauf (Tschechien)
Königslinie

Meridian (Zug)


Anna and the King of Siam is an American 1946 drama film directed by John Cromwell. An adaptation of the 1944 novel of the same name by Margaret Landon, it was based on the fictionalized diaries of Anna Leonowens, an Anglo-Indian woman who claimed to be British and became governess in the Royal Court of Siam (now modern Thailand) during the 1860s. Darryl F. Zanuck read Landon's book in galleys and immediately bought the film rights.

The story mainly concerns the culture clash of the Imperialist Victorian values of the British Empire with the autocratic rule of Siam's King Mongkut. The successful film starred Rex Harrison as the king and Irene Dunne as Anna. At the 19th Academy Awards ceremony, the film received two Oscars; for Best Cinematography and Best Art Direction (Lyle R. Wheeler, William S. Darling, Thomas Little, Frank E. Hughes). Also nominated were  Bernard Herrmann for the score, the screenwriters and supporting actress Gale Sondergaard.

Landon's novel was later adapted by Rodgers and Hammerstein for their 1951 stage musical The King and I and subsequent 1956 film of the same name. American film director Andy Tennant remade the film in 1999 as Anna and the King with Jodie Foster and Chow Yun-fat.

The portrayal of Tuptim in Anna and the King of Siam is considerably less sympathetic than in the musical version The King and I, as the 1946 film shows animosity between Tuptim and Anna, while the musical makes her into a romantic character.  Also, Tuptim is ultimately executed cruelly by the king, following an episode in Leonowens's book, while in the musical her fate is made ambiguous.

Plot
In 1862, Anna Owens arrives in Bangkok with her son Louis to tutor the children of the King. Her letter from the King asking her to come to Siam includes a promise that she will have a house of her own away from the Palace, but the Kralahome (Prime Minister) says she will have to stay in the harem for now.

Anna goes to the Kralahome's office the next day and asks him to introduce her to the King so she can get the house business straightened out and start her school. When she meets the King, he tells her it is polite to prostrate oneself before him; Anna says she will bow as she would to her own Queen. Mongkut introduces her to his many wives and his 67 children and insists she live in the palace, where she will be more accessible. When she insists, she is shown a sleazy house in the fish market, but rejects it and stays in the palace, starting her school there. He finally cedes to Anna on the matter of the house.

Mongkut begins summoning Anna in the middle of the night to discuss the Bible and other scholarly matters. On the way back from one of these sessions, she discovers a chained slave with a baby. This is L'Ore, who belongs to Lady Tuptim, the King's newest wife. Tuptim refuses to let L'Ore go, even though L'Ore's husband has offered to pay for her. Anna reminds the King that his own law requires that slaves must be freed if the money is offered. Tuptim runs away.

Mongkut expects English visitors and asks Anna to dress some of his prettiest wives in European style and to provide English-style decor and utensils to show that he is not a barbarian. Anna suggests that the King invite consuls to come from other countries at the same time. The party is a great success, combining British, European, and Siamese traditions and convincing the visitors that Siam is a civilized nation with a proud history.

Lady Tuptim is found in a Buddhist temple, disguised as a young man. At trial, she explains she couldn't stand being shut up, and so disguised herself and went to the monastery, where she was accepted as a novice and studied with Phra Palat, her former fiancé, who took holy vows when Tuptim was presented to the king. No one believes her story. Anna begs the King's help, but he is insulted that she even knows about such a private matter. Anna loses her temper and tells the king he has no heart. Phra Palat and Tuptim are both burned at the stake.

Anna decides that she has had enough and says goodbye to the children. The royal wives read her a letter pleading with her to stay. Lady Thiang says that the crown prince may not grow up to be a good king if Anna doesn't stay to educate him. At the same time, Louis dies in a riding accident. When the King asks Anna to continue secretarial duties, she says, "It's the children I want," and goes on with her school.

Many years later, Anna is summoned to the bedside of the dying King. The King says that Anna spoke the truth to him and was a good influence on the children. He expresses his gratitude and dies. The Kralahome asks Anna to stay and help the prince. When Chulalongkorn is crowned, his first act is to abolish the practice of prostration before the King so that everyone can respect each other and work together.

Cast

Historical inconsistencies
There are a number of differences between the plot of this film and historical fact, including:
 Anna was Anglo-Indian, raised in India, and not Welsh, as she claimed; she had never even visited Britain before becoming a governess in the court of Siam. Also, she was the widow of a civilian clerk and hotel-keeper, not a British army officer.
 King Mongkut had been a Buddhist monk for 27 years before succeeding his brother as king. This is actually brought out quite prominently in one scene. His portrayal as an arrogant tyrant is debated. The film and musical production were based on Margaret Landon's 1944 novel, Anna and the King of Siam, which was in turn based on Leonowens' accounts of her experiences. To set the record straight, Thai intellectuals Seni Pramoj and Kukrit Pramoj (brothers) wrote The King of Siam Speaks in 1948. ()
 Tuptim's torture and execution by burning at the stake is disputed by a great-granddaughter of the King who claimed also to be Tuptim's granddaughter. This type of execution was never done in Siam according to former Prime Minister Anan Panyarachun.
 Mongkut really did write a letter to Washington offering elephants to be used as stock for breeding American elephants, but the offer was unrelated to the Civil War. His letter, accompanied by some gifts, was addressed to President James Buchanan during the last month of his term, "or to whomsoever the people have elected anew as Chief ruler in place of President Buchanan". The response, dated almost a year later, came from President Abraham Lincoln, thanking the king for the gifts and good wishes, but declining the elephants on the grounds that the latitude of the U.S. made raising elephants impractical.
 Anna's son Louis dies as a child in a riding accident in the film. The historical Louis Leonowens did not die as a child, and in fact outlived his mother.
 In the film, Anna is present at the death of King Mongkut. The historical Anna had been granted a leave of absence for health reasons in 1867 and was in Britain at the time of the King's death in 1868; she was not invited to resume her post by the new king.

References

External links

 Anna and the King of Siam on Lux Radio Theater: January 20, 1947

American black-and-white films
1946 films
Films based on American novels
Films directed by John Cromwell
Films scored by Bernard Herrmann
20th Century Fox films
Films whose art director won the Best Art Direction Academy Award
Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography Academy Award
Films about royalty
Films set in Thailand
1946 drama films
Films set in the 1860s
Films set in the 1870s
Cultural depictions of Anna Leonowens
Cultural depictions of Mongkut
American drama films
Works based on Anna and the King of Siam
1940s English-language films
1940s American films

Anna and the King of Siam (film)


Marco Dreosto (nascido a 18 de Março de 1969 em Spilimbergo) é um político italiano. É deputado ao Parlamento Europeu desde 2 de Julho de 2019, eleito pelo partido Lega no círculo eleitoral do nordeste (Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Veneto, Trentino Alto Adige, Emilia-Romagna) após as eleições europeias de 2019, onde obteve 23 179 votos.

Nascidos em 1969
Pessoas vivas
Políticos da Itália
Deputados no Parlamento Europeu

Marco Dreosto


Stöð 2 eSport er íslensk sjónvarpsstöð sem sýnir frá innlendum jafnt sem erlendum rafíþróttaviðburðum.

Efni
Stöð 2 eSport sýnir m.a. frá úrvalsdeildinni í rafíþróttum á Íslandi sem heitir í dag Ljósleiðaradeildin, GTS Iceland  og Game Tíví.
Einnig framleiðir og sýnir Stöð 2 eSports þættina Sögur úr CS, hvar Tómas Jóhannsson fær rafíþróttaleikfólk í heimsókn og ræðir titla, heyrir sögur bæði um lið og leikfólk sem og hver reynslan hafi verið.

Stöð 2 eSport er rekin af Sýn.

Íslenskar sjónvarpsstöðvar

Tilvísanir

Stöð 2 eSport


හවුස් සංගීතය යනු ක්‍රි.ව. 1980 දශකයේදී චිකාගෝහි සම්භවයලද විද්‍යුත් සංගීත ශෛලියකි.

හවුස් සංගීතය

හවුස් සංගීතය


Read My Lips is the debut studio album by English singer Sophie Ellis-Bextor. It was released on 27 August 2001 by Polydor Records. After the disbandment of the Britpop group Theaudience, in which Ellis-Bextor served as vocalist, she was signed to Polydor. Prior to the LP's completion, the singer collaborated with several musicians, including band Blur's bassist Alex James, Moby and New Radicals frontman Gregg Alexander. The record was described as a collection of 1980s electronica and 1970s disco music.

Critical response to Read My Lips was polarised, with music critics denouncing its content that was, according to one magazine, Q, of lesser quality than "Groovejet (If This Ain't Love)"—the singer's collaboration with Italian DJ Spiller and according to others, inherently malign simply on account of being chart pop. The album reached number two on the UK Albums Chart, and has since been certified double platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). It spawned four singles: "Take Me Home", "Murder on the Dancefloor", double A-side single "Get Over You"/"Move This Mountain" and "Music Gets the Best of Me".

Background

Following the disbandment of Britpop group Theaudience, Ellis-Bextor provided vocals for the song "Groovejet (If This Ain't Love)" by Italian DJ Spiller. The song was a commercial success, and Ellis-Bextor signed to Polydor. She was contacted by director Baz Luhrmann, who offered her a role in the 2001 film Moulin Rouge!, but the singer refused in order to focus on her career as a recording artist. The success of "Groovejet" also prompted American musician Moby to notice Ellis-Bextor, and revealed interest in working with her due to her "amazing" voice, as he described it. He instructed his record company to "track" Ellis-Bextor "down" so they could start working as soon as Moby finished his tour. The two ultimately wrote five songs in New York City, which did not make the final cut of Read My Lips. Furthermore, she also recorded with Blur bassist Alex James, as well as former frontman of the New Radicals, Gregg Alexander, while Damian LeGassick was recruited for his programming and keyboard work.

The album's title was chosen due to the strong lipstick Ellis-Bextor used for the album artwork, the "Take Me Home" music video and "Read My Lips" is sung in the opening verse of the album track "The Universe Is You". The album photography was shot by Mert Alas.

Composition
An "eclectic" album, Read My Lips, is a collection of 1980s electronica and 1970s disco. The album opener and first single is a cover version of Cher's 1979 song "Take Me Home", described as a "disco groove". Betty Clarke from The Guardian observed that her voice in the song is reminiscent of Audrey Hepburn's Eliza Doolittle (in the movie My Fair Lady). "Move This Mountain", co-written by Alex James, is a "vibrant" ballad with a trip hop-influenced sound. Following track and second single, "Murder on the Dancefloor", is a dance-pop and disco record, that utilises bass guitar and piano in its instrumental. "Sparkle" has "speeding beats and equally speeding keyboards", while "Final Move" contains "tinny beats" and "electro swirls". The latter was deemed a "subdued version" of "Murder on the Dancefloor" with "similar kaleidoscope synth". "I Believe" was described as "funky" and "live-sounding", while "Leave the Others Alone" involves "cold beats" and "big, full-throttle keyboards". "By Chance" was particularly noted for showcasing Ellis-Bextor's accent. Re-release new song "Get Over You" is a "polite" Euro disco take on "I Will Survive".

Singles and promotion

Promotion for Read My Lips launched with the release of "Take Me Home", a cover of the song by singer Cher, which was released on 13 August 2001. Although its production and Ellis-Bextor's vocal performance in the song were heavily criticised, the single reached number two on the UK Singles Chart. After the release of the album, "Murder on the Dancefloor" was serviced as its second single on 3 December 2001. It peaked in the top 10 of the charts in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK. A double A-side single including new re-release song "Get Over You" and original album track "Move This Mountain" was released on 10 June 2002, in a set of two CD singles.

Ellis-Bextor, who had previously felt uncomfortable with the idea of touring, confirmed a UK-only tour in January 2002, which took place from April to May. Later, in July 2002, other dates of the tour were revealed for 2003.

Critical reception

Toby Manning from Q cited "Take Me Home" and "Move This Mountain" as the album's highlights, but, overall, he thought that the record failed to live up to the standard set by the previous collaboration with Spiller. He also found that the album's music and the distinctive pronunciation of Ellis-Bextor's vocal delivery did not work to complimentary effect. Betty Clarke from The Guardian described the album as a "sophisticated package" but said "there's little to love and even less fun to be had". Kelvin Hayes from AllMusic dubbed it "a disappointing debut from Ellis-Bextor, fusing Human League synth with beats and cinematic strings", but described "Murder on the Dancefloor" as the "shimmering highlight" from the album. A critic from entertainment.ie said "the material on her debut solo album only rarely does justice to her distinctive upper-crust voice", and said that "most of the songs sound laboured and plod where they should swing".

In contrast to the previous reviews, Andrew Arora from Blue Coupe had a more positive response to the record. Arora said "it lands somewhere between Pet Shop Boys' synth-pop faculty and Blondie's Parallel Lines album", although he claimed that fans of "Groovejet (If This Ain't Love)" "should not expect much from this album, but it does deliver a dynamic electro disco sound that is sometimes analogous to her breakthrough-hit single".

Commercial performance
Read My Lips debuted at number four on the UK Albums Chart with first-week sales of 23,023 copies.  Although the original ten track edition dropped down and out of the charts over the next few weeks, a twelve track UK edition, released December 2001, peaked at number three in January 2002 following the singles chart success of Murder on the Dancefloor. Finally a fifteen-track edition with a considerably revised running order was released in summer 2002 and peaked at number two - 41 weeks after the original edition first charted. On 21 June 2002, it was certified double platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). The album had sold 833,968 copies as of January 2014.

Track listing

Notes
  signifies an additional producer

Personnel

Sophie Ellis-Bextor – vocals
Matt Rowe – producer
Gregg Alexander – producer
Damian LeGassick – producer, programming, keyboards, guitars
Gary Wilkinson – producer
Ben Hillier – producer, programming, piano, drums
Alex James – producer, bass guitar, guitars
Steve Osborne – producer
Marko Rakascan – producer, recording, programming, engineer, guitars, mixing
Henri Korpi – producer, arranger, keyboards, programming
Blackcell – producer, arranger
R. Hall – producer, recording
Jeremy Wheatley – additional production, mixing, remixing
Yoad Nevo – programming, guitars, percussion, keyboards, drum programming
Guy Pratt – bass guitar
John Themis – guitars
Rosie Wetter – string arrangement

Nick Franglen – programming
Bacon & Quarmby – recording
Jake Davies – mix engineer, additional programming, sound design
Ross Newell – guitars, keyboards, bass
Juliet Roberts – backing vocals
Sylvia Mason-James – backing vocals
Saphena Aziz – backing vocals
Jennifer John – backing vocals
Darren Nash – assistant engineer
Stefan Skarbek – programming
Rik Simpson – engineer
Aidan Love – programming, arrangement
Andrea Wright – assistant engineer
Niklas Flyckt – mixing
Gordon Elmquist – assistant engineer
Nina Woodford – background vocals
Emma Holmgren – background vocals
Mathias Johansson – guitar, bass, keyboards, programming
Ben Thacker – engineer

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

Tour

The Read My Lips Tour was the debut concert tour by Sophie Ellis-Bextor, in support of her debut studio album. Beginning January 2003, the tour visited the European continent. As of 2013, it is the biggest tour Ellis-Bextor has ever headlined.

Background
The Read My Lips tour is the biggest tour Ellis-Bextor has ever gone on, having 38 dates and two legs. The Shepherd's Bush Empire gig was recorded, later being released in Ellis-Bextor's first video album, Watch My Lips.

Setlist
This setlist was obtained from the concert held 3 May 2002 at the Shepherd's Bush Empire in London, England. It does not represent all concerts for the duration of the tour.
"Sparkle"
"The Universe Is You"
"Lover"
"A Pessimist Is Never Disappointed"
"By Chance"
"Final Move"
"Is It Any Wonder"
"Groovejet (If This Ain't Love)"
"Everything Falls into Place"
"Murder on the Dancefloor"
"Move This Mountain"
Encore
"Get Over You"
"Take Me Home (A Girl Like Me)"

Tour dates

Notes

References

External links

 Review + Details

 Read My Lips Tour dates

2001 debut albums
Albums produced by Ben Hillier
Albums produced by Moby
Albums produced by Steve Osborne
Polydor Records albums
Sophie Ellis-Bextor albums
Electropop albums

Read My Lips (Sophie Ellis-Bextor album)


Il burbero di buon cuore es una ópera del género drama jocoso (dramma giocoso), en dos actos, con música de Vicente Martín y Soler según un libreto de Lorenzo da Ponte, basado a su vez en Le bouru bienfaissant de Carlo Goldoni (1771). Se estrenó en el Burgtheater de Viena el 4 de enero de 1786.

Il Burbero di buon cuore fue la primera ópera bufa de una serie de tres que el compositor valenciano estrenó en Viena, hechas todas con Da Ponte. Las otras dos fueron Una cosa rara ossia bellezza ed onestà en este mismo año de 1786 y L'arbore di Diana un año después (1787).

La ópera es coetánea de Las bodas de Fígaro de Mozart y ambas fueron repuestas en Viena tres años después, para las cuales el mismo Mozart compuso nuevas arias (dos en el caso de Il burbero di buon cuore que han quedado definitivamente incorporadas a la partitura). La obra es una característica comedia de carácter con elementos patéticos y sentimentales, muy del gusto del nuevo drama burgués.

Esta ópera rara vez se representa en la actualidad; en las estadísticas de Operabase aparece con sólo 3 representaciones en el período 2005-2010.

Personajes

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Óperas de 1786
Óperas en italiano
Óperas estrenadas en Viena
Óperas de Vicente Martín y Soler
Adaptaciones de obras de Carlo Goldoni

Il burbero di buon cuore


Un camcorder este un aparat fotoelectronic alcătuit din două componente funcționale distincte: o cameră video și un videorecorder (la origine de tip VCR) integrat.  Camcorder este un cuvânt-valiză englez format din camera (cameră foto sau video) și recorder (aparat de înregistrare).

Camcorder analog: 1983–1996

Bandă magnetică: de la VHS la DV

Bandă magnetică: de la SD la HDTV

Apariția în producția de fim

Sisteme digitale noi

Frecvența

Tipuri

Criterii a calității

Note

Legături externe
 Formate de film de la Camcorder pâna la film

Tehnologie cinema și video
Cuvinte-valiză

Camcorder


Cryptanthus correia-araujoi é uma espécie de  planta do grupo Cryptanthus, da família das bromélias.

Taxonomia
A espécie foi descrita em 1995 por Elton Martinez Carvalho Leme.

Forma de vida
É uma espécie rupícola, terrícola e herbácea.

Conservação
A espécie faz parte da Lista Vermelha das espécies ameaçadas do estado do Espírito Santo, no sudeste do Brasil.

Distribuição
A espécie é endêmica do Brasil e encontrada no estadosbrasileiro do Espírito Santo A espécie é encontrada no domínio fitogeográfico de Mata Atlântica, em regiões com vegetação de floresta ombrófila pluvial.

Cryptanthus
Flora do Espírito Santo (estado)
Espécies citadas na Lista Vermelha de Ameaça da Flora Brasileira
Espécies citadas na Lista de Espécies da Flora Ameaçadas do Espírito Santo

Cryptanthus correia-araujoi


Uluslararası İfade Özgürlüğü İletişimi (en. International Freedom of Expression Exchange, IFEX) 1992 yılında, 71 devlet dışı organizasyonun ifade özgürlüğünü ilerletmek ve savunmak için kurulmuş küresel bir ağdır.

İfade Özgürlüğü için Kanadalı Gazeteciler, IFEX internetin sür'atli bir şekilde bilgiyi ve mobilize hareketi, basın özgürlüğü, internet sansürü, bilgi yasalarının özgürlüğü, suçlu karalamaları ve yasaları küçük düşürme, medya toplanması ve gazeticeler saldırılar, yazarlar, insan hakları savunucuları ve internet kullanıcıları gibi konuları çalışacak güce getirir.

Dış bağlantılar
 Uluslararası İfade Özgürlüğü İletişimi

Uluslararası sivil toplum örgütleri

Uluslararası İfade Özgürlüğü İletişimi


Amelia Jenks Bloomer (Homer, 27 de maio de 1818 – Council Bluffs, 30 de dezembro de 1894) foi uma defensora dos direitos das mulheres e do Movimento de Temperança. Mesmo que ela não tenha criado o estilo de reforma de roupas femininas conhecido como bloomers, seu nome foi associado ao movimento por seu forte apoio desde o seu início. Através da sua atuação no The Lily, ela se tornou a primeira mulher a possuir, operar e editar um jornal para mulheres.

Biografia
Amelia Jenks nasceu em 1818 na cidade de Homer, em Nova York, filha de Ananias Jenks e Lucy (Webb) Jenks. Ela era uma das mais jovens de sua grande família, tendo pelo menos 4 irmãs e 2 irmãos. Ela veio de uma família modesta e recebeu apenas alguns anos de educação formal na escola do distrito local.

Carreira
Depois de um breve período como professora de escola aos 17 anos, ela decidiu se mudar e foi morar com sua irmã recém-casada, Elvira, em Waterloo. Dentro de um ano ela se mudou para a casa da família Oren Chamberlain em Seneca Falls para atuar como governanta para seus três filhos mais novos.

Em 15 de abril de 1840, aos 22 anos, casou-se com o estudante de direito, Dexter Bloomer, que a encorajou a escrever para seu jornal de Nova York, o Seneca Falls County Courier. Bloomer apoiou o ativismo de sua esposa e até desistiu de beber como parte do Movimento de Temperança.

Ela passou seus primeiros anos em Cortland County, Nova York. Bloomer e sua família se mudaram para Iowa em 1852.

Ativismo social
Em 1848, Bloomer participou da Convenção de Seneca Falls, a primeira convenção dos direitos das mulheres, embora não tenha assinado a Declaração de Sentimentos e resoluções posteriores, devido à sua profunda ligação com a Igreja Episcopal. Porém, esse encontro serviria de inspiração para começar seu jornal.

No ano seguinte, passou a editar o primeiro jornal de e para mulheres, o The Lily. Publicado quinzenalmente de 1849 a 1853, o jornal começou como uma publicação sobre o Movimento da Temperança, mas passou a ter uma ampla mistura de conteúdos que abordavam desde receitas até folhetos moralistas, principalmente quando sob a influência das sufragistas Elizabeth Cady Stanton e Susan B. Anthony. Bloomer achava que, como as professoras eram consideradas impróprias, escrever era a melhor maneira de as mulheres trabalharem pela reforma.

Originalmente, o The Lily deveria ser para "distribuição doméstica" entre os membros da Seneca Falls Ladies Temperance Society ("Sociedade de Temperança das Senhoras de Seneca Falls"), que havia se formado em 1848, mas, eventualmente, teve uma circulação de mais de 4.000 exemplares.

O jornal encontrou vários obstáculos logo no início e o entusiasmo da Sociedade se esvaiu. Bloomer sentiu o compromisso de publicar e assumiu total responsabilidade pela edição e publicação do artigo. Originalmente, a primeira página, que continha o título, levava a legenda "Publicado por um comitê de senhoras". Mas depois de 1850, apenas o nome de Bloomer apareceu no cabeçalho. Este jornal foi um modelo para periódicos posteriores focados no sufrágio feminino.

Bloomer descreveu sua experiência como a primeira mulher a possuir, operar e editar um veículo de notícias para mulheres:

Em sua publicação, Bloomer promoveu uma mudança nos padrões de vestimenta das mulheres que seriam menos restritivos nas atividades regulares.

Em 1851, a ativista de temperança da Nova Inglaterra, Elizabeth Smith Miller (também conhecida como Libby Miller), adotou o que ela considerava um traje mais racional: calças soltas reunidas nos tornozelos, como as calças femininas usadas no Oriente Médio e na Ásia Central, encimadas por um vestido curto ou saia e colete. Miller exibiu sua nova roupa para Stanton, sua prima, que a achou sensata e adequada, e a adotou imediatamente. Neste traje, Stanton visitou Bloomer, que começou a usá-lo e promovê-lo com entusiasmo em sua revista. Artigos sobre a tendência de vestuário foram apanhados no The New York Tribune. Mais mulheres usavam a moda que foi prontamente apelidada de The Bloomer Costume ("A fantasia de Bloomer") ou "Bloomers". No entanto, os Bloomers foram submetidos ao ridículo incessante na imprensa e assédio na rua. A própria Bloomer abandonou a moda em 1859, dizendo que uma nova invenção, a crinolina, era uma reforma suficiente para que ela pudesse retornar ao vestido convencional.

Também em 1851, Bloomer apresentou as sufragistas Elizabeth Cady Stanton e Susan B. Anthony uma à outra.

Em 1854, quando Bloomer e seu marido decidiram se mudar para Council Bluffs, Iowa, Bloomer vendeu The Lily para Mary Birdsall em Richmond, Indiana. Birdsall e a Dra. Mary F. Thomas mantiveram a publicação pelo menos até 1859.

Bloomer permaneceu uma pioneira do sufrágio e escritora ao longo de sua vida, escrevendo para uma ampla variedade de periódicos. Embora Bloomer fosse muito menos famosa do que algumas outras feministas, fez muitas contribuições significativas para o movimento das mulheres — particularmente no que diz respeito à reforma do vestuário. Bloomer também liderou campanhas de sufrágio em Nebraska e Iowa e serviu como presidente da Iowa Woman Suffrage Association de 1871 até 1873.

Morte e enterro
Bloomer morreu em 1894, aos 76 anos, e está enterrada no Cemitério Fairview, em Council Bluffs, Iowa.

Comemorações

Amelia Bloomer é comemorada junto com Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Sojourner Truth e Harriet Ross Tubman no calendário dos santos da Igreja Episcopal, em 20 de julho. Em 1975, ela foi introduzida no Hall da Fama das Mulheres de Iowa. Em 1980, sua casa em Seneca Falls, em Nova York, conhecida como a Casa de Amélia Bloomer, foi listada no Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos. Em 1995, ela foi introduzida no National Women's Hall of Fame.

Em 1999, uma escultura de Ted Aub foi revelada comemorando o episódio quando, em 12 de maio de 1851, Bloomer apresentou Susan B. Anthony a Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Esta escultura, chamada When Anthony Met Stanton ("Quando Anthony conheceu Stanton"), consiste nas três mulheres retratadas como estátuas de bronze em tamanho natural. A obra foi colocada com vista para o Lago Van Cleef em Seneca Falls, Nova York, onde ocorreu a introdução.

De 2002 a 2020, a American Library Association produziu uma lista anual Amelia Bloomer de livros recentemente publicados com conteúdo feminista significativo para leitores mais jovens. No entanto, em 2020, o nome da lista foi alterado para Rise: A Feminist Book Project ("Rise: um projeto de livro feminista"), para idades de 0 a 18 anos, com a seguinte explicação: "O projeto promove literatura feminista de qualidade para jovens leitores desde 2002 como parte da Feminist Task Force ("Força-Tarefa Feminista") e a Social Responsibilities Round Table ("Mesa Redonda de Responsabilidades Sociais"). [Em 2020,] o comitê foi informado de que, embora Amelia Bloomer tivesse uma plataforma como editora, ela se recusou a falar contra a Lei do Escravo Fugitivo de 1850. SRRT e FTF acreditam que bibliotecários e bibliotecas devem trabalhar para corrigir problemas e desigualdades sociais com atenção especial à interseccionalidade, feminismo e anti-racismo deliberado. Como resultado, o comitê votou por unanimidade a favor de uma mudança de nome. Rise: A Feminist Book Project for Ages 0-18, reflete a diversidade e inclusão pela qual o feminismo como um todo – e este comitê especificamente – se esforça."

Veja também
 Lista de sufragistas e sufragistas

Bibliografia
 Bloomer, Dexter C. Life and Writings of Amelia Bloomer . Boston: Arena Pub. Cia., 1895. Reimpresso em 1975 pela Schocken Books, Nova York. Inclui referências bibliográficas.
 Coon, Anne C. Hear Me Patiently: The Reform Speeches of Amelia Jenks Bloomer, vol. 138. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 1994.
 Smith, Stephanie, Household Words: Bloomers, sucker, bombshell, scab, cyber (2006) - material sobre mudança no uso de palavras.
 The Lily: A Ladies' Journal, devoted to Temperance and Literature. 1849.

Ligações externas
 Biografia de Spartacus (em inglês)
 Biografia/Condado de Pottawattamie, Iowa (em inglês)

 Norwood, Arlisha. "Amélia Bloomer". Museu Nacional de História da Mulher. 2017. (em inglês)
 Artigo de vídeo da BBC sobre Amelia Jenks Bloomer, 4 de julho de 2019 (em inglês)

Mulheres jornalistas dos Estados Unidos
Santos do século XIX
Santos anglicanos
Sufragistas dos Estados Unidos
Feministas dos Estados Unidos
Mortos em 1894
Nascidos em 1818

Amelia Bloomer


An Eragrostis sessilispica in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Samuel Botsford Buckley. An Eragrostis sessilispica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eragrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Texas. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eragrostis

Eragrostis sessilispica


Südweststadt heißen folgende Stadtteile:

Südweststadt (Karlsruhe), Stadtteil von Karlsruhe
Südweststadt (Pforzheim), Stadtteil von Pforzheim
Südweststadt (Weimar), Stadtteil von Weimar, Thüringen

Südweststadt


Avraham Halfi (în ) (n. 1 martie 1904, Łódź - d. 8 iunie 1980, Tel Aviv) a fost un actor și poet israelian de limbă ebraică, originar din Polonia.

Biografie
Avraham Halfi s-a născut în orașul polonez Łódź, pe atunci parte a Poloniei Congresului din Imperiul Rus.
Data exactă a nașterii sale nu este cunoscută și se crede că s-a născut in anii 1904-1906. "Enciclopedia Pionierilor și Ctitorilor Israelului"" menționează ca data a nașterii sale 1 martie 1904. Mama sa suferea de o tulburare psihică și poetul a rămas orfan de ea la vârsta de 3 ani.

Odată cu izbucnirea Primului Război Mondial Avraham, împreună cu tatăl și fratele său s-au mutat mai întâi la Minsk, în Bielorusia, apoi la Uman, în Ucraina. Halfi a învățat la un gimnaziu rus și a jucat în tinerețe într-un ansamblu de actori amatori. În 1922 s-a întors cu familia în Polonia, stabilindu-se în orașul Brest Litovsk.

În anul 1924 el a emigrat în Palestina, unde a lucrat la început pentru scurtă vreme în construcții și agricultură.
Dupa un an a fost primit în ansamblul Teatrului Haohel din Tel Aviv.În anul 1954 s-a mutat la Teatrul Kameri. Acolo a interpretat pe parcursul anilor circa 60 de roluri diferite. Printre cele mai vestite personaje pe care le-a jucat se pot menționa Akaki Akakievici Bașmacikin din spectacolul "Mantaua" după nuvela lui Gogol (1956) și drăcușorul Ishon din spectacolul muzical "Utz li Gutz li"  de Avraham Shlonsky.
Halfi a jucat și în două filme, unul din ele fiind "Floch" în regia lui Dan Wolman și pe un scenariu de Wolman și Hanoch Levin, în care a jucat personajul principal - un anti-erou în vârstă, care după ce și-a pierdut fiul și familia acestuia într-un accident de automobil, voia să divorțeze de soția sa și să se reînsoare cu o femeie tânără care să poată să- i nască un nou copil.
Versurile i-au fost publicate în revista "Ktuvim" în anul 1935, urmate fiind în 1939 de volumul "Mizavit el zavit"
A fost ani de zile celibatar, a trăit în singuratate, fiind îndrăgostit de mai multe femei, unele din ele măritate, până ce, la scurtă vreme înainte de a muri, s-a căsătorit cu tânăra actriță Carmela Gay (Halfi)

Halfi a murit în anul 1980 la Tel Aviv și a fost înhumat la cimitirul Kiryat Shaul din oraș.
Fratele său mai tânăr este poetul Shimshon Halfi, tatăl poetei Rahel Halfi.

Poezia sa
Halfi a făcut parte din grupul de poeți moderniști "Shlonsky-Alterman".
În anii 1930-1940 era considerat un "poet minor", dar după întemeierea Statului Israel a câștigat o mare apreciere.

Halfi în media artistică
O legătură deosebită a legat pe Halfi de cântărețul Arik Einstein (1939-2013), căruia i-a fost naș la ceremonia de Brit Mila.
În anul 1988 Arik Einstein a înregistrat un album de cântece pe versuri ale lui Avraham Halfi, puse pe note de compozitorul Yoni Rechter
(Atur Mitzhekh, Stav yehudi, Tzaar lakh, Shir shel yoná behaloní etc), de asemenea "Shir al hatuki Yossi" (Poezie despre papagalul Yossi) pe muzică de Arik Einstein însuși și Miki Gabrielov (1986)
Cântecul "Atur mitzhekh zahav shahor" (Fruntea ta e încununată de aur negru... Fruntea ta rimează cu ochii și lumina), considerat unul din cele mai frumoase cântece ebraice din genul "zemer ivrí",  a devenit cunoscut din anul 1977 când a fost inclus de Arik Einstein în albumul său "Eretz Israel Hayeshaná vehatová" (Buna Țară a Israelului de altădată) partea a III-a și interpretat în acompanierea cântărețelor Yehudit Ravitz și Corinne Elal. El a fost ales de două ori cel mai frumos cântec israelian din toate timpurile în sondaje ale revistei "Musica" (nr.12 din 12 martie 1988) și ale ziarului "Yediot Aharonot" (12 aprilie 2002).
Poezia sa Tefila (Rugaciune) a fost pusă pe muzică și interpretată de cântărețul Shlomo Bar și formația sa, "Brera tivit"
Filmul documentar al lui Uri Misgav din 2014, "Hayav mleey shir" (Viața sa plină de poezie) este dedicat lui Avraham Halfi și scrierii poeziei "Atur Mitzhekh"

Premii și distincții
1970 - Premiul Ussishkin
1972 - Premiul Wallenrod
1973 - Premiul Halevi - pentru contribuția sa însemnată la teatrul israelian de copii și tineret

Opera literară
1939 - Mizavit el zavit
1951 - Shirey haaní heaní
1958 - Kealmonim bagèshem
1962 - Mul kokhavim veafar versuri alese
1966 -  Eynpanav haholkhim likrati
1970 - Betzél kol makom
1973 - Nili veTali veRani tipshoni versuri pentru copii, ilustrații de Avi Margalit
1974 - Meashpot yarim
1977 - Yashan vegam hadash
1986 - Shivá gamadim veod shiréy yeladim (Șapte pitici și alte poezii pentru copii)
1988 - Shirim (Poezii) 2 volume
1991 - Shneynu ahavnu shirat kokhavim (Amândoi am iubit cântarea stelelor)  - traducere în limba idiș de Yosef Ehrlich, ilustrată de Menashe Kadishman

Traduceri în limba română
Trei poezii ale sale au apărut în volumul "La marginea cerului-Poeți ebraici contemporani" (Cartea Românească, 1992) conținând traduceri de Sebastian Costin:Ceasuri fără îndurare,  De s-or deschide ochii mei,  Unde-o să cadă

Legături externe
The Little-Known POet Behind Beloved Israeli Songs reportaj de Gili Izikovich în ziarul israelian Haaretz - ediția engleză, 10.07.2014
Atur mitzhekh - film pe You Tube, Arik Einstein, cântând împreună cu Yehudit Ravitz și Corinne Ellal 1977
Avraham Halfi pe saitul Institutului israelian pentru traduceri din literatura ebraică (în engleză)

Note

Poeți israelieni
Actori israelieni
Actori evrei
Poeți evrei
Poeți ebraici
Evrei polonezi
Evrei așkenazi
Oameni din Łódź

Avraham Halfi


دائرة أولاد يعيش إحدى دوائر ولاية البليدة وتضم بلديات أولاد يعيش وبني مراد والشريعة.

مراجع

أولاد يعيش

دائرة أولاد يعيش


Oliepalme (Elaeis guineensis) er en art i familien palmer som har stor økonomisk betydning. Træet kommer oprindeligt fra Afrika, men dyrkes nu også i tropiske dele af Amerika og frem for alt i Sydøstasien. Palmen bliver op til 30 meter høj og kan give flere tusinde frugter, som sammenlagt kan veje op til 50 kg. Fra frugten kan man udvinde palmeolie.

Frugterne bliver hurtigt dårlige og må derfor bearbejdes umiddelbart efter plukning. Behandlingen går ud på, at frugterne dampbehandles således, at et vist enzym bliver ødelagt. Efter dette presses frugterne, og kernerne tages bort.

Botanik

Oliepalme


Below is an incomplete list of SS subcamps of Neuengamme camp system operating from 1938 until 1945. The Neuengamme concentration camp established by the SS in Hamburg, Germany, became a massive Nazi concentration camp complex using prisoner forced labour for production purposes in World War II. Some 99 SS subcamps were part of the Neuengamme camp system, with up to 106,000 inmates. The number of prisoners per location ranged from more than 5,000 to only a dozen at a work site. Beginning in 1942, inmates of Neuengamme were also transported to the camp Arbeitsdorf. "Toward the ends of the war three times more prisoners were in satellite camps than in the main camp" wrote Dr. Garbe of the Neuengamme Memorial Museum. Several of the subcamps have memorials or plaques installed, but as of 2000, there was nothing at 28 locations.

The inmates were forced to work under grueling conditions in various locations across northern Germany; often transported between subcamps and specific job sites. Due to subsequent demolition of the Neuengamme camp system by the SS in 1945 including its records, the historical work is difficult and still incomplete. For example, in 1967, the German Federal Ministry of Justice suggested that the camp operated from 1 September 1938 until 5 May 1945 and became part of the Sachsenhausen in June 1940. The Neuengamme Memorial organization (German: KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme), an establishment of the Hamburg Ministry of Culture, Sports and Media, stated in 2008 that the empty camp was explored by British forces on 2 May 1945 and the last inmates were liberated in Flensburg on 10 May 1945. According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, the camp was established on 13 December 1938 and liberated on 4 May 1945. Throughout World War II, millions of prisoners died in Nazi labour camps through mistreatment, disease, starvation and overwork, or were executed as unfit for labour. At Neuengamme, 1,700 people died each month in winter of 1944-1945, more than 50,000 in total.

At the main camp

Canalize of the Dove Elbe, a branch of the Elbe river: Elbekommando
Klinkerwerk (brick factory) of the DEST
Lagergärtnerei (camp plant nursery)
Tongruben (clay cavities)
Manufacturing plant of the Walther-Werke
Armament factories of Messap and Jastram

In Hamburg

Subcamps and working locations in Hamburg proper sorted by name.

Outside of Hamburg

Subcamps of Neuengamme in alphabetical order. Using the political division of Germany of the year 2000, there were at least 34 subcamps in Lower Saxony, 9 in Bremen, 9 in Schleswig-Holstein, 6 in North Rhine-Westphalia, 5 in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, 3 in Saxony-Anhalt, and 1 in Brandenburg. Also, four subcamps were located in Alderney, occupied Channel Islands, British Commonwealth.

Construction labor brigades
Inmates of concentration camps were centralized in construction labor brigades (German:Baubrigaden), organized by the SS, to clean up after air raids, remove unexploded ordnance devices and bombs, or recover corpses. Some of the brigades worked also at the Friesenwall—part of the Atlantic Wall at the German North Sea coast—and fortifications in German cities e.g. antitank obstacles. Other brigades were placing or repairing rails or railway stations.

Further names
Names found in some lists, probably mistake in writing or double-listings:

See also
 Nazi concentration camp list
 The Holocaust

Notes

External links
 http://www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de/en/
 http://www.gedenkstaetten-uebersicht.de/en/europe/

Hamburg-related lists
Neuengamme
Neuengamme
Neuengamme concentration camp

List of subcamps of Neuengamme


Apples Messages (in der deutschsprachigen Betriebssystem-Version Nachrichten) ist eine Instant-Messaging- und SMS/MMS-Software von Apple. Sie ist in den Betriebssystemen macOS und iOS enthalten und mit Facetime integriert. Bis Mac OS X 10.7 hieß das Programm iChat.

iOS-Version
Bei der Vorstellung des iPhone im Jahr 2007 war eine App namens Text vorinstalliert, das nur SMS versenden konnte. Mit iPhone OS 3 wurde es in Messages – in der deutschsprachigen Version Nachrichten – umbenannt und unterstützte nun auch MMS. Mit iOS 5 wurde der Kurznachrichtendienst iMessage eingeführt; seitdem ist die App auch auf dem iPod touch und dem iPad verfügbar.

OS-X-Version
Im August 2002 wurde das Programm iChat als Bestandteil von Mac OS X 10.2 veröffentlicht. Es unterstützte zunächst nur die Protokolle Rendezvous (später "Bonjour") und AIM. Im Jahr 2003 wurde das Programm um Audio- und Videochatfunktionen erweitert. In den folgenden Jahren wurde Unterstützung für die Protokolle XMPP, Google Talk und Yahoo Messenger hinzugefügt.

Im Betriebssystem OS X Mountain Lion wurde iChat in Messages ("Nachrichten") umbenannt und unterstützt seitdem auch iMessage. Bereits vor dem Erscheinen von Mountain Lion am 25. Juli 2012 war eine Beta-Version von Messages kostenlos auf Apples Homepage verfügbar.

Einzelnachweise

Apple-Programm
IOS-Software
MacOS-Software
Multi-Protokoll-Messenger
VoIP-Software
XMPP-Client

Messages (Apple)


Der Geiersbach ist ein linker Zufluss des Bessenbachs im Landkreis Aschaffenburg im bayerischen Spessart.

Geographie

Verlauf
Der Geiersbach entspringt zwischen Winzenhohl und Keilberg am Geiersberg (256 m). Er verläuft in östliche Richtung. In Keilberg mündet er in den Bessenbach.

Flusssystem Aschaff
 Liste der Fließgewässer im Flusssystem Aschaff

Siehe auch
 Liste der Flüsse im Spessart

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Fluss im Spessart
Fließgewässer im Landkreis Aschaffenburg
Geographie (Bessenbach)

Geiersbach (Bessenbach)


Nobel Ödülleri kapsamındaki Nobel Barış Ödülü, ulusların ve halkların kardeşliği, silah ve orduların azaltılması ve barış kongreleri düzenlemek için en çok çaba sarf eden kişi, kişiler veya kuruluşlara verilir. Alfred Nobel'in mirası üzerine Nobel Vakfı tarafından organize edilen ve her yıl, Alfred Nobel'in ölüm yıl dönümü olan 10 Aralık günü Oslo'da gerçekleştirilen törende takdim edilen ödüllerin sahipleri, Norveç Nobel Komitesi tarafından belirlenir. Her bir ödül kazananı, birer madalya ve diplomanın yanı sıra, zaman içerisinde değişiklik gösteren para ödülünün de sahibi olur.

Nobel Barış Ödülü, her yıl Oslo'da, Nobel'in ölüm yıl dönümü olan 10 Aralık'ta verilen bir ödüldür. Bunun yanı sıra Stockholm'da verilmeyen tek Nobel Ödülü'dür. Ayrıca diğer ödüllerden farklı olarak barış ödülü, bir kişiden ziyade bazen bir kuruluşa verilebiliyor (üç kez Nobel Barış Ödülü kazanan ICRC buna örnektir).

Kazananlar
Ödül, ilk defa 1901 yılında Frédéric Passy'ye ve Henry Dunant'a verildi. Ödül en son 2021'de ise Maria Ressa'ya ve Dmitri Muratov'a verildi. 1962'de bu ödüle layık görülen Linus Pauling, daha önceden 1954'te Nobel Kimya Ödülü'nü kazandığı için, iki Nobel Ödülü birden kazanan ilk kişi oldu. Bu ödülü 17 yaşındayken kazanan Malala Yusufzay, bu ödülü kazanan en genç kişidir. 1905'te bu ödülü kazanan Bertha von Suttner, bu ödülü kazanan ilk kadın olmuştur. Uluslararası Kızılhaç Komitesi, yaptığı insani yardımlar sebebiyle 3 kez bu ödüle layık görülmüştür. Böylelikle bu ödülü en çok kazanan kuruluş olmuştur.

2021 itibarıyla ödül, tam 109 kişiye ve 25 kuruluşa verildi. 109 kişinin 18'i kadındı ve böylece kadınların en çok Nobel Ödülü kazandığı alan Barış oldu. Sadece iki kuruluş birden fazla Barış Ödülü aldı; Uluslararası Kızılhaç Komitesi (3 kez; 1917, 1944 ve 1963) ve Birleşmiş Milletler Mülteciler Yüksek Komiserliği (2 kez; 1954 ve 1981). Ayrıca ödül, bazı zamanlarda çeşitli sebepler dolayısıyla verilmedi.

Notlar

Kaynakça

Barış Ödülü

Nobel Barış Ödülü sahipleri listesi