The title Earl of Mulgrave has been created twice. The first time as a title in the Peerage of England and the second time as a Peerage of the United Kingdom.

The first creation was in the Peerage of England in 1626 for  Edmund Sheffield, 3rd Baron Sheffield KG, who served as Lord Lieutenant of Yorkshire from 1603 to 1619. The Sheffield family descended from Sir Edmund Sheffield, second cousin of Henry VIII, who in 1547 was raised to the Peerage of England as Baron Sheffield of Butterwick  and in 1549 was murdered in the streets of Norwich during Kett's Rebellion. Upon the 1st Earl's death in 1646 he was succeeded by his grandson Edmund, who was in turn  succeeded by his son John. This 3rd Earl of Mulgrave KG was a notable Tory politician of the late Stuart period, who served under Queen Anne as Lord Privy Seal and Lord President of the Council. He was created Marquess of Normanby in 1694 and Duke of Buckingham and Normanby in 1703. These titles became extinct on the death of his son, the 2nd Duke in 1735.

The second creation was in the Peerage of the United Kingdom in 1812 for Henry Phipps, 3rd Baron Mulgrave. He was a general in the Army as well as a prominent politician, and notably served as Foreign Secretary from 1805 to 1806 and as First Lord of the Admiralty from 1807 to 1810. His grandfather William Phipps had married Lady Catherine Annesley, who was the daughter and heiress of James Annesley, 3rd Earl of Anglesey and his wife Lady Catherine Darnley (an illegitimate daughter of King James II by his mistress Catherine Sedley, Countess of Dorchester). Lady Catherine Darnley had later married John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby, and hence Henry Phipps, 3rd Baron Mulgrave was the step-great-grandson of the 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby. In 1812 this 3rd Baron Mulgrave was made Viscount Normanby, of Normanby in the County of York and Earl of Mulgrave, both titles in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. Upon his death in 1831, the 1st Earl of Mulgrave was succeeded by his eldest son Constantine. This 2nd Earl of Mulgrave  was also a noted politician and served as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and as Home Secretary. In 1838 he was created Marquess of Normanby in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. As of 2010, the titles are held by Constantine Phipps, 5th Marquess of Normanby.

Other members of the Phipps family have also gained distinction. The Hon. Sir Charles Phipps, second son of the 1st Earl, was a prominent court official. Sir Constantine Phipps, son of the Hon. Edmund Phipps, third son of the 1st Earl, was British Ambassador to Belgium from 1900 to 1906, while his son Sir Eric Phipps was British Ambassador to Germany between 1933 and 1937 and to France between 1937 and 1939. Also, Sir William Phipps (or Phips), Governor of Massachusetts, was a member of another branch of the family.

Earls of Mulgrave, first creation (1626)
Other titles: Baron Sheffield (1547)
Edmund Sheffield, 3rd Baron Sheffield (c. 1564–1646), created Earl of Mulgrave in 1626
Edmund Sheffield, 2nd Earl of Mulgrave (1611–1658)
John Sheffield, 3rd Earl of Mulgrave (1647–1721), created Marquess of Normanby in 1694

Earls of Mulgrave, second creation (1812)
Other titles: Baron Mulgrave (1767), Baron Mulgrave (1794), Viscount Normanby (1812)
Henry Phipps, 3rd Baron Mulgrave (1755–1831),  created Earl of Mulgrave in 1812
Constantine Phipps, 2nd Earl of Mulgrave (1797–1863), created Marquess of Normanby in 1838

Family tree

See also
Baron Sheffield
Baron Mulgrave
Marquess of Normanby
Duke of Buckingham and Normanby

Further reading

Earldoms in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Extinct earldoms in the Peerage of England
1626 establishments in England
Noble titles created in 1626
Noble titles created in 1812

Earl of Mulgrave


الإمبراطور أنيي  هو ثالث أباطرة اليابان في قائمة أباطرة اليابان. لا يوجد أي تواريخ محددة عن فترة حياته أو حكمه.

اقرأ أيضا
 إمبراطور اليابان
 قائمة أباطرة اليابان

مراجع

أباطرة اليابان الأسطوريون
ملكيون يابانيون في القرن 6 ق م

الإمبراطور أنيي


Étretat, commune française située dans le département de la Seine-Maritime, a attiré de nombreux artistes.

Littérature

 Guy de Maupassant décrit le site d'Étretat en bas des falaises, dans une lettre à Gustave Flaubert, le  :

 Guy de Maupassant décrit le site dans son roman Une vie :

 Guy de Maupassant y place l'action de deux de ses nouvelles Le Modèle et La Roche aux Guillemots.
 Maurice Leblanc : l'intrigue de L'Aiguille creuse, qui est un des romans de la série des Arsène Lupin, se déroule en partie à Étretat.
 Georges Simenon : Maigret et la Vieille Dame se déroule essentiellement à Étretat, Yport et Fécamp.
 Benoît Duteurtre : Les Pieds dans l'eau, roman publié en 2008, et dans L'été 76 publié en 2011 narrent les souvenirs de l'auteur autour de la ville d'Étretat.
 Olivier Adam : Falaises (2005) : le point de départ est le suicide de la mère de l'auteur du haut des falaises.
 Michelle Huenaerts : La Porte d'Aval (2005) : roman fantastique pour adolescents dont l'histoire se déroule à Étretat.
 Patrick Grainville : Falaise des fous (2018), le récit de la vie d'un étretatais entre 1868 et 1927.

Peinture

À partir de l'époque romantique, Étretat devient un sujet pittoresque et dramatique pour les peintres à la recherche d'effets de lumière puissants dans une station balnéaire desservie à partir de 1890 par un train qui part de la gare Saint-Lazare.

Attirés, comme les touristes, par le paysage pittoresque, de nombreux artistes visitent Étretat au XIXe siècle. Cependant, les représentations les plus magistrales de l'endroit sont celles de Courbet et Monet vers 1868.  Monet revient à nouveau entre 1883 et 1886 et peint une longue série de vues.

La liste des peintres ayant traité ce sujet est longue :

A partir de 1820

 Bonington - aquarelles en 1823
 Eugène Isabey - aquarelles. À partir de 1824, il vient peindre régulièrement les falaises entre le Havre et Dieppe.
 Camille Roqueplan

Après 1850

 Giovanni Boldini
 Eugène Boudin qui connaissait bien le littoral normand, ne s'est intéressé aux falaises que dans les années 1880, peut-être en raison de l'intérêt de son ancien élève, Monet. Il réalisa plusieurs peintures dont Étretat, la falaise d'amont, 1889 (musée d'Orsay, Paris).

 Henry E. Burel - huile sur toile La falaise d'Étretat, 1951 (musée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen)
 Jean-Baptiste Corot - peintures 1872
 Gustave Courbet - série de vagues et de falaises pendant son séjour en 1869, dont La Falaise d'Étretat après l'orage, 1869, musée d'Orsay, Paris, La Vague, 1869, musée André-Malraux, Le Havre.
 Eugène Delacroix - aquarelles, dont la falaise à Étretat, le pied du cheval, 1938 (musée Marmottan, Paris)
 Narcisse Díaz de la Peña - peintures
 Louis Garneray - gravures vers 1823
 Paul Flandrin - de 1863 à 1868
 Paul Huet - aquarelles

 Johan Barthold Jongkind - peintures 1850/53
 Jacques Lagrange - série de dessins représentant Étretat, pour la préparation du film Les Vacances de monsieur Hulot.
 Charles Landelle
 Eugène Lepoittevin dont les bains de mer, La baignade à Étretat, 1858.
 Louis Le Poittevin, nombreuses vues d'Etretat, par le cousin de Guy de Maupassant.
 Robert Lotiron, suite d'œuvres sur le thème du Tennis inspirées d'un séjour à Étretat en 1913.
 Henri Matisse - série de tableaux pendant son séjour de juillet et août 1920
 Claude Monet - séries de plus de 80 tableaux pendant ses séjours de 1868/69, 1872 1882, 1891 et enfin en 1916, dont :
Grosse mer à Étretat, 1868-1869 (Musée d'Orsay, Paris),
La falaise d'Étretat, soleil couchant, 1883, 55,2 x ., North Carolina Museum of Art, États-Unis,
Étretat soleil couchant, 1882-1883 (North Carolina museum of art, Raleigh),
Bateaux sur la plage à Étretat, fondation Bemberg, Toulouse,
Étretat, la pluie, 1885-1886, (Musée national, Oslo),
La Manneporte, 1886 (Metropolitean museum of art, New-York)
 Léon Olivié, peintre académique né à Narbonne en 1833 - mort à Étretat en 1901 où il vit depuis 1880.
 Vassili Polenov
Jean-Emile Renié - peintre, école de Barbizon
 René de Saint-Delis
 Émile Schuffenecker

Cinéma

 Le fauve est lâché de Maurice Labro, 1959
 Galia de Georges Lautner, 1966
 Les Galets d'Étretat de Sergio Gobbi, 1972
 Glissements progressifs du plaisir de Alain Robbe-Grillet, 1974
 Les vécés étaient fermés de l'intérieur de Patrice Leconte, 1976
 Tout ça… pour ça ! de Claude Lelouch, 1993
 Etretat de Jean-Loïc Portron, 1994
 Cantique de la racaille de Vincent Ravalec, 1998
 Love Me de Laetitia Masson, 2000
 Selon Matthieu de Xavier Beauvois, 2000
 Arsène Lupin de Jean-Paul Salomé, 2004
 Le Petit Lieutenant de Xavier Beauvois, 2005
 Le Cœur des hommes 2 de Marc Esposito, 2007
 Rumba de Dominique Abel, Fiona Gordon et Bruno Romy, 2008
 Incognito d'Éric Lavaine, 2009
 La Liste de mes envies de Didier Le Pêcheur avec Marc Lavoine et Mathilde Seigner, 2013
 Lucy de Luc Besson, 2014
 Les Souvenirs de Jean-Paul Rouve, 2014
 Monsieur & Madame Adelman de Nicolas Bedos, 2017
 Albatros de Xavier Beauvois, 2021

Télévision
 Lupin de François Uzan sur Netflix, avec Omar Sy, 2020 et 2021

Musique
 Le clip J'suis pas un héros de Kery James tourné à Étretat
 Le clip de La Lettre de Renan Luce tourné à Étretat et réalisé par Romain Vaudaux.
 Le clip de Jour 1 de Louane tourné à Étretat.
 Une chanson de l'album Collection particulière de François Morel s'appelle Étretat.
 Une chanson de l'album Quelque part… C'est toujours ailleurs de Pierre Bachelet s'appelle Étretat.
Dans Elle en aura besoin plus tard, Michel Sardou mentionne les « galets d'Étretat ».

Musique classique
La ville d'Étretat est le lieu de villégiature de nombreux compositeurs et chanteurs d'opéra célèbres du  qui y ont leurs villas où qui résident régulièrement dans ce décor d'opéra-comique :
 Alessandro Bettini - chanteur d'opéra - ténor, et son épouse Zélie Trebelli-Bettini, contralto
 Georges Bizet - compositeur
 Gustave Charpentier - compositeur
 Julie Dorus-Gras - chanteuse d'opéra - soprano
 Charles Duvernoy - compositeur de Hellé et professeur au Conservatoire
 Jean-Baptiste Faure - chanteur d'opéra - baryton
 Jules Massenet - compositeur
 Jacques Offenbach - compositeur - s'y était fait construire « la villa Orphée ».
 Henriette Renié - compositrice, harpiste
 Hortense Schneider - chanteuse d'opéra - soprano
 Zélie Trebelli-Bettini - chanteuse d'opéra - contralto

Notes et références

Étretat et les arts


بلدية كاباناس ، هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة لا كرونيا إحدى مقاطعات إسبانيا، و التي تقع في منطقة جليقية شمال غرب إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 3.334 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2002).

مراجع

بلديات قرجيطة

كاباناس (لا كرونيا)


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Fiľakovo enthält die nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Fiľakovo im Okres Lučenec.

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The yellow ribbon is used for various purposes. It may be worn on a person, placed on a vehicle, around a tree, or for a neck tie.

History and etymology

Early Puritan history
The song/poem "She wore a yellow ribbon" has appeared in various forms for at least four centuries. It is based upon the same general theme: A woman of destiny is under some sort of test or trial as she waits for her beloved to return. Will she be true to him? This seems to be the lingering question and the basis for a great unfolding drama.

The song appears to have been brought to America from Europe by English settlers. The origin of the yellow ribbons seems likely to have come from out of the Puritan heritage. It was during the English Civil War that the Puritan Army of English Parliament wore yellow ribbons and yellow sashes onto the battlefield.

"She Wore a Yellow Ribbon"

Yellow is the official color of the armor branch of the U.S. Army, used in insignia, etc., and depicted in Hollywood movies by the yellow neckerchief adorning latter-half 19th century, horse-mounted U.S. Cavalry soldiers.  However, a review of the U.S. War Department's Regulations for the Uniform and Dress of the Army of the United States (1872, 1898) reveals that a neckerchief, of any color, was not an item required by dress code.  Despite this, neckerchiefs were a popular accessory employed by cavalrymen to cope with the frequently dusty environs.  The specific association of the yellow neckerchief with the U.S. Cavalry may have arisen from a work of popular American West artist Frederic Remington—Lieutenant Powhatan H. Clarke, Tenth Cavalry (1888).

In the United States military, the symbol of the yellow ribbon is used in a popular marching song.  The first version copyrighted was the 1917 version by George A. Norton, which he titled "Round Her Neck She Wears a Yeller Ribbon" (For Her Lover Who Is Far, Far Away). While he tells in the song about the love between Susie Simpkins and her soldier lover Silas Hubbard, his chorus goes:

 'Round her neck she wears a yeller ribbon,She wears it in winter and the summer so they say,If you ask her "Why the decoration?"She'll say "It's for my lover who is far, far away.

The lyrics were altered and the song was titled She Wore a Yellow Ribbon by Russ Morgan for the 1949 movie of the same name.  This was performed by several popular musicians of the 1940s, including Mitch Miller and The Andrews Sisters. The Tanner Sisters recorded their version in London on December 30, 1949. It was released by EMI on the His Master's Voice label as catalog number B 9873.

The text of the Army version approximates the following, with local variations:

Around her hair she wore a yellow ribbonShe wore it in the springtimeIn the merry month of MayAnd if you ask her why the heck she wore itShe wore it for her soldier who was far far away

Far away, far awayShe wore it for her soldierWho was far, far away

Around the block she pushed a baby carriageShe pushed it in the springtimeIn the Merry month of MayAnd if you ask her why the heck she pushed itShe pushed it for her soldier who was far far away

Far away, far awayShe pushed it for her soldierWho was far, far away

Behind the door her daddy kept a shotgunHe kept it in the springtimeIn the merry month of MayAnd if you ask him why the heck he kept itHe kept it for her soldier who was far far away

Far away, far awayHe kept it for her soldierWho was far, far away

On the grave she laid the pretty flowersShe laid them in the springtimeIn the merry month of MayAnd if you asked her why the heck she laid themShe laid them for her soldier who was far far away

Far away, far awayShe laid them for her soldierWho was far, far away

Forgiveness
Thomas S. Monson, prophet and former president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, quoted, in a 1991 speech, prison warden Kenyon J. Scudder from a 1961 Reader's Digest article, to tell a story of a man whose family uses the white ribbon as a sign of forgiveness, and cites the story as the precursor to the tradition of the yellow ribbon for a welcome home and forgiveness:
 "A friend of his happened to be sitting in a railroad coach next to a young man who was obviously depressed. Finally, the young man revealed that he was a paroled convict returning from a distant prison. His imprisonment had brought shame to his family, and they had neither visited him nor written often. He hoped, however, that this was only because they were too poor to travel and too uneducated to write. He hoped, despite the evidence, that they had forgiven him.

 "To make it easy for them, however, he had written to them asking that they put up a signal for him when the train passed their little farm on the outskirts of town. If his family had forgiven him, they were to put up a white ribbon in the big apple tree which stood near the tracks. If they didn't want him to return, they were to do nothing, and he would remain on the train as it traveled onward.

 "As the train neared his hometown, the suspense became so great that he couldn't bear to look out of his window. He exclaimed, 'In just five minutes the engineer will sound the whistle indicating our approach to the long bend which opens into the valley I know as home. Will you watch for the apple tree at the side of the track?' His companion said he would; they exchanged places. The minutes seemed like hours, but then there came the shrill sound of the train whistle. The young man asked, 'Can you see the tree? Is there a white ribbon?'

 "Came the reply, 'I see the tree. I see not one white ribbon, but many. There is a white ribbon on every branch. Son, someone surely does love you.'"

"Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree"
The symbol became widely known in civilian life in the 1970s. It was the central theme of the popular song "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree", Written by Irwin Levine and L. Russell Brown and recorded by Tony Orlando and Dawn (among many others), as the sign a released prisoner requested from his wife or lover to indicate that she would welcome him home. He would be able to see it from the bus driving by their house and would stay on the bus in the absence of the ribbon. He turned out to be very welcome: There were a hundred yellow ribbons.

From the Library of Congress:

In October 1971, newspaper columnist Pete Hamill wrote a piece for the New York Post called "Going Home." In it, college students on a bus trip to the beaches of Fort Lauderdale make friends with an ex-convict who is watching for a yellow handkerchief on a roadside oak. Hamill claimed to have heard this story in oral tradition.

In June 1972, nine months later, Reader's Digest  reprinted "Going Home." Also in June 1972, ABC-TV aired a dramatized version of it in which James Earl Jones played the role of the returning ex-con. A month-and-a-half after that, Irwin Levine and L. Russell Brown registered for copyright a song they called "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Old Oak Tree." The authors said they heard the story while serving in the military. Pete Hamill was not convinced and filed suit for infringement.

One factor that may have influenced Hamill's decision to do so was that, in May 1973, "Tie A Yellow Ribbon" sold 3 million records in three weeks. When the dust settled, BMI calculated that radio stations had played it 3 million times, or seventeen continuous years of airplay. Hamill dropped his suit after folklorists working for Levine and Brown turned up archival versions of the story that had been collected before "Going Home" had been written.

Original AIDS awareness ribbon
The yellow ribbon was the original symbol for AIDS awareness, before the red ribbon became used for HIV/AIDS from 1991 onwards.

Bladder cancer and sarcoma
Yellow ribbons are the emblem used for bladder cancer and sarcoma awareness.

Endometriosis
The yellow ribbon is the emblem for endometriosis awareness, especially during March for endometriosis awareness month. Yellow ribbons are worn by endometriosis patients and supporters, and is a common color for fundraising products. This was established by the Endometriosis Foundation of America in the 1980s, using the color yellow for its awareness brochure.

Microencephaly
The yellow ribbon is used to represent microcephaly, a medical condition in which the head does not develop fully. Microcephaly Awareness Day is on September 30.

Suicide prevention

The yellow ribbon is an emblem for suicide prevention awareness, particularly for young people, and is used for suicide prevention awareness in many countries including the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the United Kingdom and Ireland.

In Brazil, "Yellow September" is a movement to raise awareness about the problem of suicide in the country.

In the United States, the Yellow Ribbon Suicide Prevention Program is a community-based program primarily developed to address youth/teen/young adult suicides (ages 10–25) through public awareness campaigns, education and training and by helping communities build capacity. The program began in September 1994 after the suicide of 17-year-old Mike Emme.

Usage in various countries

Australia
In Australia, the Save Albert Park group has utilized the yellow ribbon as a symbol of protest. The group is a coalition protesting the reclamation of public space in Albert Park, Melbourne for the annual Australian Grand Prix. When the race moved to Melbourne in 1996, yellow ribbons were tied around the trees in the park which were designated for removal.  Although the group was unsuccessful in protecting the designated trees, they and their supporters still tie ribbons around the trees each year at the time of the race.

In 2009, the yellow ribbon was used during the appeal for those affected by the 2009 Victorian bushfires.

The yellow ribbon is also used for the Australian National Road Safety Week.

Brazil
In Brazil, "Yellow September" is a movement to raise awareness about the problem of suicide in the country.

Canada
A yellow ribbon, for any symbolic purpose, was uncommon in Canada until the Great War when it was used by mothers and wives of soldiers who were fighting. The ribbon represented a commitment, belief, and hope in the Canadian soldiers.

World War II created a more powerful nationalism and national pride when Canada entered the war. The yellow ribbon began to represent the close ties and strong relationship it had with France and Great Britain, forgiving the countries of all past wrongs and fighting for their brothers and sisters. As the war progressed and an allied defeat seemed imminent, the ribbon represented the close ties the soldiers had back home and for their country, Canada.

On September 11, 2001, three planes were hijacked and were deliberately crashed into World Trade Center 1, World Trade Center 2 and The Pentagon. A fourth plane was hijacked but failed to crash into its intended target, the White House. Nearly 3,000 Americans died. The Canadian Government enacted Operation Yellow Ribbon, to land hundreds of flights bound for the United States and all flights out of the United States. The ICAO announced at 9:40 am EDT that all U.S bound flights, whether over Canada or having had just departed, were to land in Canada anyway for security and protection purposes. Operation Yellow Ribbon represented Canada's connection and ties to America and Canada's commitment to give the American people who were stranded, food, healthcare, and shelter until all was safe and they could go home.

China
China utilizes the yellow ribbon as a reminder of the Sinking of Dong Fang Zhi Xing.

Cuba
Cuba utilized the yellow ribbon to spread awareness of, and show ones support for freeing the Cuban Five imprisoned in the United States. On 12 September 2013, the fifteen year anniversary of the arrest of the Cuban Five, Cubans marked the day with a massive display of yellow ribbons. The symbol of the yellow ribbon to welcome loved ones home is an image Cubans hoped would resonate with the American people.

Denmark and Sweden
In Denmark, the yellow ribbon has become the more or less official (though not directly officially endorsed by the countries' armed forces) symbol for support of troops in missions. In Sweden, Swedish Veteran Federation and Stiftelsen Jesper Lindbloms Minne is promoting it as a troop-supporting symbol, for both military and non-military personnel on peacekeeping missions. In Sweden the yellow ribbon is also associated with testicular cancer awareness, maybe more so than a symbol for support of troops in missions.

Estonia
In Estonia the yellow ribbon was taken into use on 13 May 2011 after the President of Estonia, Toomas Hendrik Ilves made the following announcement on Facebook: "The families of the seven Estonian citizens taken hostage in Lebanon need all of our support. Not intrusive nosiness but rather quiet and committed support that says: your concern is our concern, we hope and believe together with you. Today, to show this, I put a yellow ribbon on my lapel."
The seven Estonian citizens referred to by the President, were taken hostage on 23 March 2011 in eastern Lebanon during a cycling trip. On 14 July 2011 it was announced that the hostages had been freed.
The yellow ribbon was worn in person, but also virtually on Facebook. For that, a specialised Facebook App was created for people to automatically be able to add a yellow ribbon to their profile pictures. As of 14 July 2011, 12,671 people had added the yellow ribbon to their profile picture.

Germany
In Germany, the yellow ribbon symbolizes solidarity with the armed forces.

Hong Kong
The yellow ribbon is used as a symbol for Hong Kong's pro-democracy movement and their demands for universal suffrage, as it has long been the official colour of many suffrage organisations, stemming from the women's suffrage campaign in the US in the 1860. The yellow ribbon was first used by pro-democracy camp legislators in a press conference after the December 2005 protest for democracy in Hong Kong, and was later adopted as a symbol among protestors during the 2014 Hong Kong protests.

The yellow ribbon is used in many ways, in particular on social media, for demonstrating solidarity with the pro-democracy protestors, and it became more widely used after Hong Kong police fired tear gas and used pepper spray (capsaicin) to dissipate the students and protesters who were occupying Harcourt Road in Admiralty on 28 September 2014, in the 2014 Hong Kong protests. The meaning of yellow ribbon in Hong Kong has also extended to symbolise discountenance of the abuse of violence by the Hong Kong Police against pro-democracy protestors in the 2014 protests.

In 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests, yellow ribbon is symbolised as supporting pro-democracy protestors again, which is opposed to blue ribbon, and derives "Yellow economic circle".

Indonesia
In Indonesia, yellow ribbon is used as a symbol to show solidarity and sympathy for the victims of the riots and chaos in Indonesia May 13–15, 1998, who were mostly Indonesian Chinese.

Israel
Starting in August 2008, in the northern Israeli region of Galilee, yellow ribbons were tied to the left side mirrors of civilian cars as a symbol of the hope of the Israelis to free Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit who was imprisoned in the Gaza Strip by Hamas. Shalit was born and raised in the small village of Mitzpe Hila in the area. He has since been released and returned to Israel.

Italy
In Italy, the yellow ribbon is worn to support the prisoners of war (POWs). It has been used to support the two Italian marines during the diplomatic crisis between Italy and India.

Japan
Japan's Medal of Honor uses a yellow ribbon to acknowledge professionals who have become public role models.

Kuwait
In Kuwait the yellow ribbon is worn to support the prisoners of war (POWs) missing from Kuwait, during the period from the Iraqi invasion in 1990 until the fall of Baghdad on April 9, 2003. The fall of Baghdad marked the end of the era of Saddam Hussein; afterwards, some Kuwaiti graves were found. On the fourth of July, in speech in Kuwait, the United States ambassador James Larauca pointed out that one of the most priceless reminders of the values of freedom is the yellow ribbon that was held by former U.S. President George W. Bush in reference to the suffering of the families of prisoners of Kuwait in Iraqi prisons.

Malaysia
In Malaysia, the yellow ribbon is used as a symbol of "press freedom".

New Zealand
It is also being used as a symbol of solidarity and remembrance for the Pike River miners trapped and killed after the explosion in the mine on 19 November 2010.

Philippines
In the Philippines, the yellow ribbon first gained prominence in the 1980s during the Martial Law era as a symbol of support for opposition leader Senator Benigno Aquino Jr. Inspired by the song Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree (with the song's lyrics serving as an allegory of Aquino's homecoming after a long period of incarceration and subsequent exile due to his criticism of the Marcos regime), supporters tied yellow ribbons along the streets of Metro Manila to welcome him home from his self-exile in the United States. Aquino never saw the ribbons as he was assassinated while disembarking at Manila International Airport on August 21, 1983. His death led to a series of events that culminated in the 1986 People Power Revolution that overthrew President Ferdinand Marcos. The color yellow was symbolic of the anti-Marcos movement, and eventually became associated with the new President, Aquino's widow Corazón Aquino.

The yellow ribbon regained popularity in 2009 as a show of support for an ailing Corazón Aquino. After her death on 1 August 2009, people wore yellow shirts, tied yellow ribbons along the street and added yellow ribbons on photos in social networking sites in mourning. Soon after, it was used by those pushing for Aquino's only son, Benigno Aquino III, to run in the May 2010 elections; it was eventually co-opted by his campaign.

In September 2010, wearing a yellow band of electrical tape around the index finger signified support of the "We Are One Filipino Movement", a Filipino-American rally for Benigno Aquino III at the Plaza de César Chavez in San Jose, California.

The colour is currently associated with the Aquino family and, by extension, the Liberal Party.

Singapore
In Singapore, the government has initiated an annual Yellow Ribbon Campaign, through the Yellow Ribbon Project, to promote giving ex-convicts a second chance in society. Typically, a person shows his support for ex-convicts by pinning a yellow ribbon on his shirt during the annual campaign held in September. This was probably influenced by its use as a symbol of acceptance in the song "Tie A Yellow Ribbon Round the Old Oak Tree" as stated above.

South Korea

In South Korea, the yellow ribbon is a symbol in memory of the victims and families of deceased of the 2014 MV Sewol disaster, in which 304 ferry passengers perished.

Spain and Catalonia

War of Succession

The first well-known reference for the use of yellow cockades or ribbons in Spain is in 1704, when the viceroy of Catalonia Francisco Antonio Fernández de Velasco and Tovar, count of Melgar, banned its partisan use during the War of the Spanish Succession, to stating the side that used may be "creating disagreements within families".

Catalan independence movement

In Catalonia, the yellow ribbon started being used in late October 2017 as a symbol of solidarity with the leaders of the two biggest pro-independence organizations, ANC and Òmnium Cultural (Jordi Sànchez and Jordi Cuixart respectively), arrested by the Spanish judiciary during the Operation Anubis on accusations of rioting, sedition and rebellion.

In November 2017, the meaning of the ribbon broadened to include the members of the Catalan regional government and the president of the Catalan Parliament, who were arrested by the Supreme Court of Justice for their alleged role in organizing referendum on Catalan independence, that was declared illegal by the Constitutional Court of Spain.

The yellow ribbon is also used to show support for former Catalan leaders in self-imposed exile, or flight from justice, depending on the point of view, including the former Catalan president Carles Puigdemont and four other regional Ministers, who had fled to Belgium and Scotland to avoid arrest and to seek broader European support for their cause that never arrived, due to the lack of constitutional consistency  of their proposals ; as well as Marta Rovira (leader of ERC) and Anna Gabriel (leader of CUP) who fled to Switzerland despite both not being required to appear in court.

FC Barcelona ex-player and coach, and current Manchester City manager, Pep Guardiola, is one of the most notable figures who has been wearing it.

Sometimes, the yellow ribbon is also used to show support for other individuals that push for the Catalan independence and have faced legal consequences because of it. That includes Tamara Carrasco, Adrià Carrasco and other members of the Committees for the Defense of the Republic.

The Spanish electoral commission (Junta Electoral Central) has taken the position that the yellow ribbon is a political symbol and has sometimes banned its display on public buildings when an election is upcoming; in 2019, the Catalan government changed a yellow ribbon on a banner on its headquarters building in Barcelona to a white ribbon in response to such a ban. Fifty percent of Catalans are against the use of public buildings to carry out political propaganda for the pro-independence parties, and are deprived of their right to political neutrality of the institutions by the regional pro-independence government. Blue ribbons have also been used in this way.

Ukraine

United Kingdom
In English football, a modified version is sung by Arsenal F.C. fans in FA Cup matches:
She wore, she wore, she wore a yellow ribbonShe wore a yellow ribbon in the merry month of MayAnd when I asked her why she wore that ribbonShe said it's for the Arsenal and we're going to Wembley

Wembley, Wembley We're the famous Arsenal and we're going to Wembley.

The song has particular resonance as Arsenal's away colours are often yellow and blue. The song is also used by Manchester United, with the word 'yellow' replaced by 'scarlet', referencing their signature home colour.

A British charity named the Yellow Ribbon Foundation was founded in 2003 to support military veterans.

United States

During the Iran hostage crisis, the yellow ribbon was used as a symbol of support for the hostages held at the United States embassy in Tehran. In November 1979, a committee headed by Suzan E. Garrett of the Jaycees ladies service organization in Leitchfield, Kentucky organized a campaign to "Tie A Yellow Ribbon" around public trees as well as encouraging people to wear tied ribbons on lapels in support of the U.S. hostages being held in Iran. She was interviewed on ABC-TV by Ted Koppel on the newly created Nightline late-night news program and later by Peter Jennings for ABC's World News Tonight.

This symbolism continued and gained further recognition in December 1979, when Penelope Laingen, wife of Bruce Laingen who was the most senior foreign service officer being held hostage, tied a yellow ribbon around a tree on the lawn of her Maryland home. The ribbon primarily symbolized the resolve of the American people to win the hostages' safe release. Yellow ribbons featured prominently in the celebrations of their return home in January 1981.

The yellow ribbon saw renewed popularity in the United States during the Gulf War in the early 1990s. It appeared along with the slogan "support our troops", in the form of yellow ribbons tied to trees, and countless other contexts. It often had the implied meaning of "bring our troops home" from the Desert Shield and Desert Storm troop deployments.  It appeared again during the 2003 invasion of Iraq with similar meanings, most prominently in the form of a yellow ribbon printed on magnetized material and displayed on the outside of automobiles.

The Yellow Ribbon Reintegration Program (YRRP) uses the yellow ribbon in its logo. YRRP is a Department of Defense-wide effort to promote the well-being of National Guard and Reserve members, their families and communities, by connecting them with resources throughout the deployment cycle. An American charity named the Yellow Ribbon Foundation was founded in 2001 to support military veterans.

The yellow ribbon is also the scholastic symbol adopted by universities and institutions which provide student veteran support through the "Yellow Ribbon Program" and represents a matched financial contribution between that establishment and the U.S. Government to cover tuition costs that the normal Post Montgomery or Post 9/11 GI Bill would not normally cover.

In May 2014, the American Veterinary Medical Association released a series of videos about preventing dog bites. One of the videos explained the practice of tying a yellow ribbon to a dog's leash to indicate the dog did not like strangers.

See also
Activism
World Suicide Prevention Day

References

External links

Awareness ribbon
Ribbon, yellow

Yellow ribbon


Ryo Nishiguchi (født 4. november 1990) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub AC Nagano Parceiro.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Ryo Nishiguchi


The Gibson Les Paul is a solid body electric guitar that was first sold by the Gibson Guitar Corporation in 1952. The guitar was designed by factory manager John Huis and his team with input from and endorsement by guitarist Les Paul. Its typical design features a solid mahogany body with a carved maple top and a single cutaway, a mahogany set-in neck with a rosewood fretboard, two pickups with independent volume and tone controls, and a stoptail bridge, although variants exist.

The Les Paul was originally offered with a gold finish and two P-90 pickups. In 1957, humbucking pickups were added, along with sunburst finishes in 1958. The 1958–1960 sunburst Les Paul, today one of the best-known electric guitar types in the world, was considered a commercial failure, with low production and sales. For 1961, the Les Paul was redesigned into what is now known as the Gibson SG. The original single-cutaway, carved top bodystyle was re-introduced in 1968. The Les Paul has been produced in many versions and editions since.  Along with Fender's Telecaster and Stratocaster, it was one of the first mass-produced electric solid-body guitars. Due to their versatility, Les Paul electric guitars have been used in a wide range of music genres, including rock, country, pop, soul, rhythm and blues, blues, jazz, reggae, punk, and heavy metal.

History

(1950–1952)

In 1950, the ancestors of the Fender Telecaster (Fender Esquire and Fender Broadcaster) were introduced to the musical market and solid-body electric guitars became a public craze. In reaction to market demand, Gibson Guitar president Ted McCarty brought guitarist Les Paul into the company as a consultant.

Les Paul was a respected innovator who had been experimenting with guitar design for years. He had hand-built a solid-body prototype nicknamed "The Log", named after the pine block running through the middle of the guitar whose width and depth are a little more than the width of the fretboard. Conventional hollow guitar sides or "wings" were added for shape. In 1945 or 1946, Paul had approached Gibson with "The Log" prototype, but his design was rejected.

In 1951, McCarty and his team at Gibson began work on what would eventually become the Les Paul Model. Early prototypes of the Les Paul model are very similar to the final version. The new Les Paul guitar was to be an expensive, well-made instrument in accordance with Gibson's reputation at the time, and distinct from growing rival guitar manufacturer Fender's models.

McCarty approached Les Paul for the right to imprint the musician's name on the headstock with the intention of increasing sales; in 1951, Gibson presented Paul a nearly finished instrument for approval. McCarty stated that design discussions with Les Paul were limited to the tailpiece and the fitting of a maple cap over the mahogany body for increased density and sustain, which Les Paul had requested reversed. However, this reversal would have caused the guitar to become too heavy, and Paul's request was refused. Paul states that the original Custom should have had the maple cap and the Goldtop was to be all mahogany. The Custom did not appear on the market for another two years following the introduction of the Goldtop; it is possible that Gibson had planned a full model range of guitars (with a roll-out over the course of several years) at the time when initial specifications were being set. Les Paul's contributions to the guitar line bearing his name were more than cosmetic; for example, Paul specified that the guitar be offered in a gold finish, not only for flashiness, but to emphasize the high quality of the Gibson Les Paul instrument. Later Les Paul models included flame maple (tiger stripe) and "quilted" maple tops, again in contrast to the competing Fender line's range of car-like custom color finishes.

The 1952 Les Paul featured a mahogany body with a one-inch-thick maple cap, a mahogany neck with a rosewood fretboard, two P-90 single coil pickups, and a one-piece, 'trapeze'-style bridge/tailpiece with strings fitted under (instead of over) a steel stop-bar.

The guitar made its public debut when Paul used it onstage in June 1952 at the Paramount theatre in New York. On July 24, 1952, at a special musicians clinic at the Waldorf-Astoria hotel, it was previewed by prominent guitarists such as Tiger Haynes, George Barnes, Mundell Lowe, Tony Mottola, and Billy Mure.

(1953–1957)

A second Les Paul model was introduced in 1953. Called the Les Paul Custom, this black guitar with gold-plated hardware was dubbed the "Black Beauty". New bridge and tailpiece designs were rapidly adopted. The one-piece "wraparound" stopbar was introduced in 1953. The following year saw the introduction of the fully-adjustable Tune-o-matic bridge. The Goldtop and Custom models continued without significant changes until 1957. New humbucker pickups designed by Seth Lover in 1955 debuted on Les Pauls in 1957 and P-90 pickups were no longer offered. These pickups carried the markings "PAF", for "Patent Applied For" (referring to ). This innovation in pickups became the flagship pickup design most associated with Gibson. Many other guitar companies followed suit, outfitting their electrics with versions of the humbucking pickup.

(1958–1968)

In 1958, the Les Paul saw its first major design change. A new model, called the Standard, retained most features of the 1957 Goldtop. However, Standards featured a cherry-red sunburst finish. These guitars were priced higher than the Goldtop models, but lower than the Customs. At this time, Gibson instruments were marketed toward an older, jazz-oriented audience rather than young burgeoning guitarists. As a result, over the three-year period of production, only about 1,700 Standards were made.

These Les Pauls were considered to be too heavy and old-fashioned, and they initially did not find favor amongst guitarists. In 1961, Gibson stopped producing the traditional Les Paul in favor of a lighter redesign which was later called the SG. The mid-1960s, however, brought a resurgence of interest in the Les Paul Standard. In 1964, The Rolling Stones' Keith Richards began using a sunburst, 1959 Les Paul Standard — becoming the first "star-guitarist" to play a Les Paul on the British scene. The guitar, outfitted with a Bigsby tailpiece, served as one of the guitarist's prominent instruments and provided the first impetus to the use of Les Pauls during the British blues boom. In 1965, Eric Clapton began using Les Pauls because of the influence of Freddie King and Hubert Sumlin, and played a 1960 Standard on the groundbreaking album Blues Breakers with Eric Clapton. In America, Mike Bloomfield began using a 1954 Les Paul goldtop while touring with the Paul Butterfield Blues Band, and recorded most of his work on the band's East-West album with that guitar. A year later, he traded it for a 1959 Standard with which he became most identified. By 1967, Jerry Garcia of the Grateful Dead was using mid-1950s, P-90 pickup-equipped goldtops or black custom models, which he used through 1968. Concurrently in the late 1960s, artists such as Peter Green, Jeff Beck, Paul Kossoff, and Jimmy Page began using sunburst Les Paul Standards. Responding to this influence and increased pressure from the public, Gibson reintroduced the Les Paul single-cutaway guitar in July 1968, and the guitar remains in production today.

(1969–1985)

In 1969, Gibson's parent company (Chicago Musical Instruments) was taken over by the conglomerate ECL. Gibson remained under the control of CMI until 1974 when it became a subsidiary of Norlin Musical Instruments.

These ownership changes, often called the "Norlin Era", caused Gibson products of the time to undergo changes in manufacturing and construction. Les Paul designs were altered and a reinforced upper neck volute was added to decrease headstock breaks. Neck woods were changed from one-piece mahogany to a three-piece maple design. The body was also changed from one-piece mahogany with a maple top to multiple slabs of mahogany with multiple pieced maple tops. This is referred to as "multipiece" construction, and sometimes incorrectly referred to as a "pancake" body. The expression "pancake body" actually refers to a body made of a thin layer of maple sandwiched between two slabs of mahogany, with a maple cap. The grain of the maple was placed at 90 degrees to that of the mahogany. The "pancake"-like layers are clearly visible when looking at the edge of the guitar. This process is also known as "crossbanding", and was done to make use of less expensive and more readily available thinner mahogany. Crossbanding was phased out by 1977.

In this era, Gibson began experimenting with new models, such as the Les Paul Recording. This guitar was generally unpopular with guitarists because of its complex electronics. Less noticeable changes included, but were not limited to, optional maple fingerboards (added in 1976), pickup cavity shielding, and the crossover of the ABR1 Tune-o-matic bridge into the wide "Nashville" bridge. During the 1970s, the Les Paul body shape was incorporated into other Gibson models, including the S-1, the Sonex, the L6-S, and other models that did not follow the classic Les Paul layout.

Post-Norlin
In January 1986, Gibson again changed ownership and began manufacturing a range of varied Les Paul models. The 1980s also saw the end to several design characteristics, including the volute and maple neck. However, because of consumer demand, the Gibson Les Paul guitar is available today in a wide array of choices, ranging from guitars equipped with modern digital electronics to classic re-issue models built to match the look and specifications of the guitar's earliest production runs from 1952 to 1960.

In 1986, responding to the high demand for vintage models, Gibson formed a Custom Shop division. Originally, the Custom Shop began producing accurate reproductions of early Les Pauls, as well as one-offs. Today, the Custom Shop produces numerous limited-run "historic-spec" models, as well as signature artist models. The first Custom Shop artist guitar was the 1996 Joe Perry Les Paul, and today, several artist models are offered. "Reliced" or "aged" models are made in the Custom Shop to replicate well used vintage guitars.

, Gibson offers several variations of the Les Paul guitar with differences in price, features, electronics and finishes. For example, the modern 'Standard' offers split-coil pickups for a wider range of sounds. The 'Traditional' model offers the more basic features of guitars available during the 1950s to 1980s, and the 'Classic' model offers yet other features. 'Special' and 'Studio' models have a more basic level of finish and are lower-priced. These models are marketed as 'Gibson USA' guitars, capitalizing on their American heritage.

and variations
The first model, simply called the "Gibson Les Paul", was released in 1952. This style has since been retroactively named "The Goldtop", as the model came only in one finish: an old gold solid paint, with two P-90 pickups and nickel plated hardware. In 1954, the Gibson Les Paul Custom was added to the model line. The Custom featured a solid black finish, gold-plated hardware, and other high-end appointments, including becoming one of the first Gibson models to have 3 pickups. The standard goldtop model received PAF humbucking pickups in 1957, and the goldtop paint job was retired in 1958 and replaced with a two-tone translucent sunburst paint job. From 1958 onwards, this main model was known as the Les Paul Standard, nicknamed "the Burst", and is known for its high collectability. The original Les Paul body shape was retired in 1961 and radically redesigned as the Gibson SG (which for the first several years was known as the Les Paul SG, before Les Paul's endorsement deal ran out). In the mid-late 1960s, the unique tonal quality of the humbucker-equipped "Burst" models became a favorite among rock guitarists, and this renewed interest caused Gibson to bring back the Standard and Custom models in 1968. They have remained in production ever since; as well Gibson added a number of other model lines over the years, including budget/student lines such as the Les Paul Junior and Les Paul Special, studio-quality guitars with basic appointments but upgraded electronics, such as the Les Paul Professional and Les Paul Recording, and other short-lived models, including dozens of celebrity endorsed models.

(1952–1958, 1968–present)

The first Les Paul model Goldtops were produced from 1952 to 1957. Early 1952 Les Pauls were not issued serial numbers, did not have bound fingerboards, and are considered by some as "LP Model prototypes". However, later 1952 Les Pauls were issued serial numbers and also came with bound fingerboards. The design scheme of some of these early models varied. For instance, some early Les Pauls were fitted with black covered P-90 pickups instead of the usual cream-colored plastic covers. The weight and the tonal characteristics of the Goldtop Les Paul were largely due to the mahogany and maple construction.

In 1953, the trapeze tailpiece was dropped, and a new stopbar design was added. This design combined a pre-intonated bridge and tailpiece with two studs just behind the bridge pickup. This increased the sustain of the Goldtop noticeably; however, the intonation and string height adjustability were limited. A new design, the Tune-o-matic, replaced the stopbar in 1955. It consisted of a separate bridge and tailpiece attached directly to the top of the guitar, combining an easily adjustable bridge with a sustain-carrying tailpiece. This design has been used on most Les Pauls ever since. The tuners were produced by Kluson.

(1954–1960, 1968–present)

The Les Paul Custom features gold hardware, multilayer binding including the headstock, ebony fingerboard, real mother-of-pearl inlays and two or three-pickup layout. 1950s Customs were all-mahogany, rather than the mahogany-with-maple-cap of the Goldtop. The original Customs were fitted with a P-90 pickup in the bridge position and an Alnico V "staple" pickup in  the neck. In 1957, the Custom was fitted with Gibson's new PAF humbucker pickups, and later became available with three pickups instead of the usual two. The traditional Les Paul Custom was discontinued in 1961 and its name transferred to the custom version of the then-new Gibson SG.

In 1968, Gibson reintroduced the Les Paul Custom as a two-pickup-only model. The headstock angle was changed from 17 degrees to 14, and a wider headstock and a maple top (in lieu of the original 1953–1961 mahogany top construction) were added. White and two sunburst finish options were added to the color palette in 1974. Also new in 1974 was the optional TP-6 fine-tuner tailpiece, allowing for micro-adjustment of string tuning from the bridge. The mahogany neck was replaced with a three-piece maple neck in 1975 (though mahogany still saw limited use) with this change lasting until around 1982. Popular colors, such as wine red and "silverburst", were added in the 1970s and '80s. Gibson currently produces several Custom models with various finishes and pickups.

(1958–1960, 1976–present)

In 1958, new Standard model retained most specifications of the 1957 Goldtop, including PAF humbucker pickups, a maple top, and a tune-o-matic bridge with a stop tailpiece or Bigsby vibrato tailpiece. The gold color used since 1952 was replaced by a cherry-red version of the Sunburst finish long used on Gibson's flat-top and archtop acoustic and hollow electric guitars. Since the maple cap was now visible, tops were made either with a solid "plaintop" piece of maple or two bookmatched pieces of figured (curly or quilted) maple. To differentiate from the earlier Goldtop model, the new Les Paul was referred to as The Les Paul Standard. Specifications during 1958–60 varied from year to year and also from guitar to guitar. Typical 1958 Les Paul Standard necks had a thicker neck, thinner frets and lower fret height, which changed during the course of 1959 to develop into typical 1960 necks with a thinner cross-section and wider, higher frets. The cherry dye used on the 1958–59 models faded rapidly from ultraviolet light exposure, so in early 1960 Gibson switched to a new, fade-resistant formulation which was also less translucent and slightly more orange; this is sometimes called the "tomato soup burst".  Fading of the original paint job was unpredictable, as the red color could either lighten or darken depending on the specific formulation and on the conditions the guitar had been exposed to, resulting in a wide array of nicknames, such as "lemon burst" or "tobacco burst", for the resulting colorations.  Despite the wide variety of color variations now found on the original 1958–59 models, they all went to market with nearly identical paint jobs.  Furthermore, during the production run, Gibson changed the color of plastic used on the pickup bobbins multiple times between black and white again; however during assembly, pickups were assembled semi-randomly, with no attention given to matching the two single-coil bobbins to each other when building the humbucking pickups; the guitar was sold with a nickel-plated pickup cover, so Gibson didn't consider the color of the bobbins to be an aesthetic consideration.  Additionally, since the translucent finish allowed the wood grain to show, each Sunburst model has a unique combination of finish fade, wood grain, and pickup colors resulting in a highly individualized guitar, adding to the collectability of the model.  Many famous original Les Paul standards can be easily identified by their unique appearance.

Original production of the Standards lasted from 1958 to early 1961. As Gibson only kept records on shipments of "Les Paul" models, and the Sunburst Standard overlapped production years with both the earlier Goldtop and later SG models, nailing down exact production numbers is difficult. Depending on the source, it is estimated anywhere from 1,200 to 1,700 of these early models were made and have subsequently become highly valuable.

Production ended in 1961 when Gibson redesigned the Les Paul to feature a "double cutaway" body, which has subsequently become the Gibson SG. The model was quietly reintroduced to dealers as early as 1972 before production of Les Paul Standards "officially" resumed in 1976 due to high demand. They have remained in continuous production since then, as well as periodic reissues from the Gibson Custom Shop, using the original 1958–60 specs.

(1954–1960) and  (1955–1960)

In 1954, the Les Paul Junior debuted, targeted the beginning or student guitarist.  As a cost-saving measure, many of the appointments of the Standard and Custom models are absent from the Junior.  The Junior is characterized by its flat-top "slab" mahogany body (in contrast to the carved maple top on other models), finished in sunburst. It had a single P-90 pickup (in contrast to the two- and three-humbucker pickup configurations on the more expensive models), simple volume and tone controls, an unbound rosewood fingerboard with plain dot-shape position markers, and a combination bridge/tailpiece unit similar to the Goldtop.

In 1955, Gibson launched the Les Paul TV model, which was identical to the Junior except for the name and a fashionable contemporary "limed oak" style finish, later more accurately named "limed mahogany". This natural wood finish with white grain filler often aged into a natural wood or dull yellow appearance, and eventually evolved into the opaque mustard yellow, popularly called "TV yellow". The model was not, as a popular myth says, to avoid glare from old TV cameras, but a modern look and a name to promote "The Les Paul & Mary Ford Show" then on television.

Gibson made a radical design change to their Junior and TV models in 1959: to accommodate player requests for more access to the top frets than the previous designs allowed, these electric guitar models were revamped with a new double-cutaway body shape. In addition, Juniors were now available with a cherry red finish, while the re-shaped TV adopted a more yellow-tinged finish.

(1955–1960)

The Les Paul Special was released in 1955, featuring a slab body, two soapbar P-90 single coil pickups, and was finished in a color similar to TV Yellow (but not called a TV model).  It fit in the model line between the Junior and the Standard, having the two-pickup configuration of the Standard, but featuring the simpler, more basic appointments of the Junior.

In 1959, the Special was given the same new double-cutaway body shape as the Junior and the TV received in 1959. Around this time, Les Paul decided to discontinue his affiliation with Gibson; the model was renamed "SG Special" in the late 1959. However, when the new design was applied to the two-pickup Special, the cavity for the neck pickup overlapped the neck-to-body joint. This weakened the joint to the point that the neck could break after only moderate handling. The problem was soon resolved when Gibson designers moved the neck pickup farther down the body, producing a stronger joint and eliminating the breakage problem.

(1961–1963)

In 1960, Gibson experienced a decline in electric guitar sales due to  strong competition from Fender's comparable but much lighter double-cutaway design, the Stratocaster. In response, Gibson modified the Les Paul line. For 1961, the Les Paul was thinner and much lighter than earlier models, with two sharply pointed cutaways and a vibrato system. However, the redesign was done without Les Paul's knowledge, and he hated the design, so he asked Gibson to remove his name. The double cutaway design retained the "Les Paul" name until 1963 when Les Paul's endorsement deal with Gibson ended. Without a contract, Gibson could no longer call its guitars "Les Pauls", and it renamed them "SGs" (for "Solid Guitars").

(1970–1985)

The Deluxe was among the "new" 1968–1969 Les Pauls and seen as an evolution of the Special. This model featured "mini-humbuckers", also known as "New York" humbuckers, and did not initially prove popular. The mini-humbucker pickups fit into the pre-carved P-90 pickup cavity using an adaptor ring developed by Gibson in order to use a surplus supply of Epiphone mini-humbuckers. The Deluxe was introduced in 1970 and helped to standardize production among Gibson's U.S.-built Les Pauls. The first incarnation of the Deluxe featured a one-piece body and slim three-piece neck (It has been thought that some of these early "one-piece" bodies were actually leftovers from original 1950's Les Paul parts). The multi-piece body (a thin layer of maple on top of two layers of Honduran mahogany) arrived later in 1969. Towards the end of that year, a reinforcing neck volute was added. 1969 Deluxes feature the Gibson logo devoid of the dot over the "i" in Gibson. By late 1969/early 1970, the dot over the "i" had returned, plus a "Made In USA" stamp on the back of the headstock. Gibson produced 216 Deluxe Gold Top as specially-ordered guitars with full-size humbucker t-tops pickups between 1972 and 1974 (179 in 1973, 28 in 1974 and 9 in 1972), as a Les Paul Standard pickup specification. These Gold Tops are quite rare to find today and are worth US$9,000 to US$10,000 in the collector's market, because they were the first guitars since the Gold Top 1958 fitted with humbucker pickups from the factory.

Until the end of the year 1974, 90% of the Gibson Les Paul Deluxe manufactured were Gold Top. New colors emerged from 1975, less valued than the Gold Top. By late 1975, the neck construction was changed from mahogany to maple. This lasted until the early 1980s, when the construction returned to mahogany. The body changed back to solid mahogany from the pancake design in late 1976 or early 1977. In 1985 Gibson discontinued the Deluxe model.

Adrian Smith, of Iron Maiden, uses a Gibson Les Paul Deluxe Gold Top 1972, with the bridge pickup converted to a humbucker, and has been using it since joining Iron Maiden in 1980. Pete Townshend used Les Paul Deluxes onstage almost exclusively between 1973 and 1979, often with additional middle pickups.

Jimmy Page, of Led Zeppelin, used a Gibson Les Paul Deluxe 1969 Red, converted to humbuckers, during the 1970s, and reunion of 2007. Vivian Campbell, of Dio, used a Deluxe Black 1977, with a humbucker conversion, during his period in the band. Ace Frehley used Deluxe 1973 converted humbucker in 70s. Steve Lukather has Deluxe Gold Top 1974 original humbucker.

Scott Gorham and Brian Robertson, of Thin Lizzy, also used Les Paul Deluxes in the 1970s (Robertson converted his Deluxe Cherry Sunburst 1973 to humbuckers in 1977, and plays the guitar to this day). Slash has a Deluxe Tobacco Sunburst 1975, converted to Humbuckers, and uses it during live shows. Yngwie Malmsteen had a Gibson Les Paul Deluxe Gold Top 1969 in his collection for more than 30 years, converted to humbuckers. It was sold for over US$25,000 a few years ago.

Professional (1969–1971)
The Les Paul Professional was produced from 1969 to 1971, it was a rare model as only around 118 were ever produced.  Designed primarily as a studio guitar, it featured an unadorned dark-stained mahogany slab body with two low-impedance pickups mounted at an angle and a unique control layout that included not only the standard "rhythm/lead" switch, but also two toggles between the tailpiece and the volume/tone knobs that allowed for additional tone options.  The low-impedance pickups required a special cable that included an on-board transformer.  The model came with either a stop tailpiece or a Gibson-branded Bigsby vibrato tailpiece.  Chicago guitarist Terry Kath used a Les Paul Professional both in the studio and on stage.  The model was never popular, and was phased out in 1971 and replaced with the Les Paul Recording model, which itself was replaced in 1983 by the Les Paul Studio model.  A few Professionals shipped in 1972 and 1973, though the catalogues had switched to the Recording model by then.

Recording (1971–1979)

The Les Paul Recording was produced from late 1971–1979 (the first models shipped in 1972). It was a slightly modified version of the Professional model, and featured the same low-impedance pickups and same body, though with a lighter-colored stain. The control layout was changed, the rhythm/lead selector switch was moved near the other controls from the upper left to lower right side of the guitar body, and the tone control toggle switches were rotated 90 degrees. The plastic plate to label the switches and knobs was larger than the Professional model as well. Les Paul himself favored the Recording model among all of the guitars to bear his name; it was his main guitar during his years playing at the Iridium Jazz Club and other New York venues. The model was re-issued in 2014.

The Paul (1978–1982)

A single sharp cutaway Les Paul-style walnut body, set walnut neck, pearl dot inlays, walnut headstock overlay with gold Gibson logo (1978–1981) or Gibson logo branded into the headstock (Firebrand, 1981–1982). Hardware included three-per-side tuners, stop tailpiece, two exposed humbucker pickups, four knobs (two volume, two tone), three-way pickup switch, chrome hardware, available in Natural Walnut finish. It was manufactured between 1978 and 1982. It included such high end items as Grover tuning keys and the Tune-O-Matic bridge. It has become affectionately referred to as "The Coffee Table Burst" because of its natural finish.

(1983–present)

The Studio model was introduced in 1983, and is still in production. The guitar is intended for the studio musician; therefore, the design features of the "Les Paul Studio" are centered on optimal sound output and not on flashy appearance. This model retains only the elements of the Gibson Les Paul that contribute to tone and playability, including the carved maple top and standard mechanical and electronic hardware. However, the Studio design, until 2017, omits several stock Gibson ornamentations that do not affect sound quality, including body/neck binding. The first Studios from 1983 to 1986 were made with alder bodies rather than mahogany/maple. The current Studios come with a chambered mahogany body with either a maple or mahogany cap. The entry level Les Paul Studio "faded" has a weight relieved mahogany body and top and a satin finish. In 2018 neck binding and a pair of Gibson's most popular humbucking pickups, 57 Classic and 57 Classic+, and two push-pull pots were introduced. In order to guarantee the stability of the tuning and an excellent sustain were introduced the Grover tuners, the self-lubricating nut and the aluminium tune-o-matic bridge.

Gibson also offered the Studio in a "standard" model. This variant was adorned with neck and body binding, ebony fretboard and sunburst paint job. All Studios at the time had dot fretboard markers and a thinner body.

Memphis ES-Les Paul (2014–2016)

Gibson released the Memphis ES-Les Paul in 2014. It is a semi-acoustic model with f-holes and most with two Alnico humbuckers. There was a limited Custom Shop run of VOS Black Beauty ES Les Pauls with three humbuckers. Some of these limited run guitars were also fitted with Bigsby tailpieces. The neck is mahogany, but the sides and back are laminated maple and poplar. A mahogany block runs throughout the body to increase sustain.

The Les Paul Memphis ES was released with Gibson's MHS (Memphis Historic Spec) humbuckers. These scatter wound pickups have unbalanced coils to emulate vintage PAFs. The bridge and middle pickups both have Alnico II magnets while the neck pickup houses an Alnico III.

In addition to the factory-installed Bigsby B7 and retro 'Milk Bottle' Grover Rotomatics on some models, other vintage enhancements were added to the guitar. The neck features a Historic-style truss-rod, rolled fingerboard edges, and is fretted over top of the binding. The three-pickup wiring offers modern switching and employs Orange Drop capacitors for less treble-cut.

Due to its limited run, the Memphis ES-Les Paul has become a sought-after and collectible Les Paul model.

HP (2016–2019)

The Gibson Les Paul HP – which stands for "High Performance" – was introduced in 2016, intending to be a Les Paul version featuring the most modern features, like the G-Force automatic tuner, a compound radius fretboard, a titanium adjustable zero-fret nut, and a carved fast access neck heel, similar to the Axcess model. Each knob had a push/pull function allowing to split the pickups and transient suppression. The guitar came in a special hardshell case, with a polished aluminium finish.

The model was slightly modified in 2017, when the toggle-switch plate was removed, the knobs changed from ordinary speed knobs to chrome top hat ones, and the pickup rings changed from white to chrome.

The model had a major change in 2018, with the complete removal of the pickup rings – the pickups were now mounted at the back of the guitar, with two screws for each pickup. This change made pickup swap noticeably harder, demanding a modification of the mounting piece of each pickup, which had to be bent inwards.

The model was again changed in 2019, reversing the 2018 pickup ring removal. The knobs changed to transparent top hat ones, and the G-Force tuner was removed with locking tuners being added. This was the last of the HP series, which was discontinued in 2020.

Dark Fire

The Gibson Dark Fire is a variant of the Les Paul. It was a second generation Robot Guitar, using an updated version of the Powertune self-tuning system produced by Tronical Gmbh. The Dark Fire also introduced Gibson's Chameleon Tone Technology, a system consisting of onboard electronics designed to simulate various guitar tones. Additionally, the guitar included an audio interface called the Robot Interface Pack or RIP.

Pickups
The Dark Fire had one Burstbucker 3 humbucker in the bridge position, a P-90H at the neck, and a special Tronical-designed piezoelectric tune-o-matic sat in place of the bridge. The Burstbucker 3 and P-90H were selected via the three-way selector switch. The piezoelectric could be activated via the MCK, blending the magnetic and piezoelectric together under a standard 1/4" guitar cable. Gibson supplied a TRS stereo cable that allowed the piezo signal and the magnetic signal to be split between two different amps.

Epiphone Les Paul

The Gibson also sells Les Paul guitars under their Epiphone brand of low-cost instruments; most are similar copies of Gibson-branded models. Made outside the United States, the Epiphone Les Pauls are made from more commonly available woods using less expensive foreign labor and have less hand detailing than the Gibson models, and as a result sell for a lower price. Epiphone has been owned by Gibson Guitars since the 1950s.

Epiphone also makes several less common models of the Les Paul such as the Les Paul Goth, Les Paul Ultra/Ultra II, Les Paul Prophecy, and Les Paul Tribute Plus.

Signature models

Jimmy Page

Gibson has produced three Jimmy Page signature models. The first was issued in the mid-1990s. It is based on a stock sunburst Les Paul Standard. In 2005, the Gibson Custom Shop issued a limited run of Jimmy Page Signature guitars based on Page's 1959 "No. 1". Several years later, Gibson issued its third Jimmy Page Signature guitar, this one based on Page's #2, issued in a production run of 325 guitars.

Gary Moore

Gary Moore created his own signature Les Paul in the early 2000s, characterised by a yellow flame top, no binding and signature truss rod cover. It featured two open-topped humbucker pickups, one with "zebra coils" (one white and one black bobbin). In 2009, Gibson released another Gary Moore signature guitar, the Gibson Gary Moore BFG Les Paul. The Gary Moore BFG is much like their previous Les Paul BFG series, with the added styling of Moore's various 1950s Les Paul Standards.

Slash

Slash has collaborated with Gibson on seventeen signature Les Paul models.

The first of these guitars is the Slash "Snakepit" Les Paul Standard, which was introduced by the Gibson Custom Shop in 1996, based on the smoking snake graphic off the cover of Slash's Snakepit's debut album and a mother of pearl snake inlay covering the length of the ebony fretboard. An Epiphone version was released as well. Production was limited to 100.

In 2004, the Gibson Custom Shop introduced the Slash Signature Les Paul Standard, a guitar that Gibson has used ever since as the "standard" non-limited edition Slash Les Paul. In 2008, Gibson USA released the Slash Signature Les Paul Standard Plus Top, an authentic replica of one of two Les Pauls Slash received from Gibson in 1988. It has an Antique Vintage Sunburst finish over a solid mahogany body with a maple top. An Epiphone version was released as well. Also in 2008, the Gibson Custom Shop introduced the Slash "Inspired By" Les Paul Standard. This guitar is a replica of his 1987 Les Paul Standard.

In 2010, Gibson released the Slash "AFD/Appetite for Destruction" Les Paul Standard II as a tribute to Guns N' Roses' debut album, Appetite for Destruction, which resembles the Kris Derrig built 1959 Les Paul replica Slash used for the recording of the album. Production was limited to 400, with 100 aged guitars signed by Slash, and another 300 finished with the Custom Shop's VOS process. An Epiphone version was simultaneously released as well.

In 2013, Gibson and Epiphone both released the Slash "Rosso Corsa" Les Paul Standard, and also the Gibson USA's Slash "Vermillion" Les Paul Standard. In the year of 2017, Gibson released Slash "Anaconda Burst" Les Paul, which consist of both a Plain Top, as well as a Flame Top. An Epiphone version of the guitar was released as well. In 2017, Gibson Custom Shop released the Slash Firebird, a guitar which is a radical departure from the Les Paul style association he is well known for. The finish was produced in only two separate colors, which is Trans Black and Trans White. Only 50 copies of each color were produced.

Joe Perry

Gibson has issued two signature Les Paul guitars for Joe Perry of Aerosmith. The first was developed in 1996 and was customized with an active mid-boost control, black chrome hardware, and a translucent black finish. It was replaced in 2004 by a second, more visually distinctive Les Paul, the "Boneyard" Les Paul. This guitar is characterized by Perry's custom "Boneyard" logo on the headstock and a figured maple top with a green tiger finish, and is available with either a stop bar tailpiece or a Bigsby tailpiece.

Joe Perry owned a 1959 Gibson Les Paul Standard. Perry is not sure how, but he lost track of his 1959 Les Paul in 1982. When he wanted to get the guitar back it was in the possession of Slash (which he later used in the music video for November Rain). Perry asked if he could buy back the guitar but Slash refused. Perry continued to ask about the guitar from time to time, and eventually received the guitar back from Slash as a 50th birthday present in 2000.

Peter Frampton

A replica of the three-pickup "Black Beauty" Les Paul Custom used by Peter Frampton as his main guitar from his days in Humble Pie through his early solo career was introduced through the Gibson Custom Shop in 2012. Frampton's original guitar was a 1954 Les Paul modified extensively. His guitar was presumed lost in a South American plane crash in 1980, but was returned to Frampton in 2011.

Mike Bloomfield
Gibson used hundreds of photographs of the late blues guitarist's instrument to produce the limited-edition Bloomfield signature. The company produced one hundred Bloomfield models with custom-aged finishes and two hundred more with the company's VOS finishing in 2009. They reproduced the tailpiece crack on the aged version, plus the mismatched volume and tone control knobs and the "Les Paul"-engraved truss rod cover on both versions, while including a toggle switch cover. The headstock was characterized by the kidney-shaped Grover tuning keys installed on the guitar before Bloomfield traded for it.

Pete Townshend

In 2005, Gibson issued three Pete Townshend signature edition Les Paul Deluxe guitars, based on Townshend's heavily customised "#1" Wine Red 1976 Les Paul Deluxe, "#3" Gold top 1976, and "#9" Cherry Sunburst 1976. These guitars were modified by Alan Rogan and used extensively on stage and in the studio with The Who. In addition to the two mini-humbuckers the guitar carried, Rogan modified Townshend's originals with a DiMarzio humbucker in the middle. Toggle switches located behind the guitar's tailpiece turned the pickup on and off and added volume boost. The control knobs were wired for volume, one for each pickup and a master tone. The reissues differed from Townshend's originals in that the reissues had an inlay at the first fret while the originals did not.

Ace Frehley
The Ace Frehley signature model (released in 1997 and re-released in 2012) has three double-white DiMarzio pickups, a cherry sunburst finish (AAAA), a color image of Frehley's face in his Kiss make-up on the headstock, mother-of-pearl lightning bolt inlays, and Frehley's simulated signature on the 12th fret. A Custom Shop run of only 300 guitars were built with DiMarzio PAF, Super Distortion, and Dual Sound pickups. The production run model was only built with DiMarzio Super Distortion pickups. This was one of Gibson's best selling artist runs. The more recent 2012 "Budokan" model, intended to pay tribute to the guitar used during the Kiss' first trip to Japan in 1977, features mother-of-pearl block inlays (no signature at the 12th fret), Grover machine heads with pearloid banjo buttons, and a grade A maple top.

Billy Gibbons
Billy Gibbons of ZZ Top has a signature model, featuring his signature Seymour Duncan pickup set, based on his "Pearly Gates" 1959 Les Paul Standard.

Eric Clapton

Clapton played a 1960 Standard as a member of John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers as well as in the early days of Cream. The guitar was said to have been stolen while Clapton was preparing for the first Cream tour in 1966, following the recording of Fresh Cream, and was long considered an iconic instrument by Clapton's fans. Gibson announced production of the Clapton 1960 Standard, also nicknamed the "Beano Burst", in 2010. Gibson says the instrument "accurately represents what Eric Clapton personally feels his 1960 Les Paul should be", with Clapton consulting on the design of the guitar. Production is limited but all feature period-correct hardware, two Gibson reproduction PAF humbucking pickups, and subtly figured "antiquity burst" maple tops.

Mark Knopfler
Mark Knopfler of Dire Straits played a 1958 Les Paul on tracks such as "Money for Nothing", having used it both in the studio and live on stage.   In 2016, Gibson released a signature model of his 1958 Les Paul Standard.

Paul Kossoff

Paul Kossoff, of Free and Back Street Crawler, favored a 1959 Les Paul Standard. In 2011–12, Gibson's Custom Shop made a reproduction of Kossoff's Standard, featuring a so-called "green-lemon" flametop, two-piece carved maple top, mahogany body and neck, Custom Bucker humbucking pickups and kidney-bean shaped Grover tuners similar to those Kossoff had installed on the instrument. One hundred Kossoff models were made to resemble the guitar at the time of Kossoff's death in 1976, with another 250 in a VOS finish.

Marc Bolan
Marc Bolan of T.Rex played a late-50s Les Paul, potentially a stripped Goldtop, later refitted with a Les Paul Custom neck. Gibson recreated this unique guitar in 2011, producing 450 examples including 100 hand-aged, numbered versions and 350 utilising the vintage original spec process. The guitars are notable for the custom-made PAF-reproduction uncovered humbucker pickups. The guitars feature a custom finish, referred to by Gibson as "Bolan chablis".

Adam Jones
Adam Jones of Tool has played a 1979 Silverburst Les Paul since the bands inception. The guitars themselves were created for a short amount of time. Jones said in an interview in 1995 that he once owned 5 at a time. In June of 2020, Adam Jones announced via his Instagram that a signature model made by Gibson based on his guitar was in production. Two different models were made: a custom version that was sold for a limited time and a standard version which is more readily available. Jones later teased an Epiphone signature in 2021 of the same guitar, which was first released in December 2022 as one of seven collectible versions featuring visual art at the back.

Les Paul players

Les Paul copies and lawsuits
Although early Les Paul imitations in the 1960s and 1970s, such as those made by Höfner, Hagström, Harmony Company, and Greco differed from Gibson's designs, with different electronics and even bolt-on necks, in the late 1970s some Japanese companies came very close to perfecting copies of the original 1958–1960 Standards.

A lawsuit was brought by the Norlin Corporation (the parent company of Gibson) in 1977, against Elger/Hoshino U.S.A. (manufacturer and distributor, respectively, of Ibanez) over use a headstock shape and logo, both considered similar to the Gibson designs. However, the suit was based on an Ibanez headstock design that had been discontinued by 1976. The case was officially closed on February 2, 1978. Those mid-1970s guitars later became known as "lawsuit era" guitars.

ESP Guitars makes several guitars based on the Les Paul design. The Edwards and Navigator lines are made in Japan in the vein of the late 1970s and 1980s guitars from Tokai, Burny, and Greco, complete with Gibson style headstocks.

Heritage Guitars, founded in 1985 by four long-time Gibson employees when Gibson relocated to Nashville, continues to build guitars at the original factory in Kalamazoo, Michigan. Many of their models are inspired by Gibson's late-1950s/early-1960s sunbursts and Customs.

In 2006, Gibson lost a lawsuit against PRS Guitars, Gibson claiming PRS was infringing on the Les Paul shape and design. The court's decision allowed PRS to reintroduce single cutaway versions of its instruments.

In 2008, Gibson lost the trademark for the Les Paul in Finland. According to the court, "Les Paul" has become a common noun for guitars of a certain type. The lawsuit began when Gibson sued Musamaailma, which produces Tokai guitars, for trademark violation. However, several witnesses testified that the term "Les Paul" denotes character in a guitar rather than a particular guitar model. The court also found it aggravating that Gibson had used Les Paul in the plural form and that the importer of Gibson guitars had used Les Paul as a common noun.

Notes

References

Bibliography

Further reading
 Electric Guitar Man: The Genius of Les Paul (Library Binding). Edwin Brit Wyckoff. Enslow Elementary (April 2008).
 Million Dollar Les Paul: In Search of the Most Valuable Guitar in the World (Paperback). Tony Bacon. Jawbone Press 1st edition (2008).
  – Gibson Dark Fire

External links

 All About Gibson Les Paul  on RMusic
 Goldtop Traditional Les Paul Repair log on London Guitar Academy

The Beatles' musical instruments

Gibson Les Paul


Robert Wallace Foster Jr. (July 13, 1941 – October 11, 2019), known professionally as Robert Forster,  was an American actor, known for his roles as John Cassellis in Medium Cool (1969), Captain Dan Holland in The Black Hole (1979), Abdul Rafai in The Delta Force (1986), and Max Cherry in Jackie Brown (1997), for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.

Forster's varied filmography includes: Reflections in a Golden Eye (1967), Alligator (1980), Me, Myself & Irene (2000), Mulholland Drive (2001), The Descendants (2011), Olympus Has Fallen (2013), London Has Fallen (2016), What They Had (2018), and The Wolf of Snow Hollow (2020).

He also had prominent roles in television series such as Banyon (1971–1973), Heroes (2007–2008), Twin Peaks (2017) and the Breaking Bad episode "Granite State" as Ed Galbraith, for which he won the Saturn Award for Best Guest Starring Role on Television. He reprised the role in the film El Camino: A Breaking Bad Movie (2019) and Better Call Saul.

Early life
Forster was born and raised in Rochester, New York. His mother was Italian American, while his father was of English and Irish descent. The couple divorced in 1949.

Forster added an "R" to his surname as there was another member of the Screen Actors Guild named Robert Foster.

Career
After acclaimed supporting performances in two major Hollywood films, one as Private Williams in John Huston's Reflections in a Golden Eye (1967), another as part-Indian Army scout Nick Tana in Robert Mulligan's The Stalking Moon (1968), Forster starred in the critically acclaimed film Medium Cool (1969). After starring roles in the television series Banyon (1972) and Nakia (1974), he played mostly supporting roles in action and horror films including Disney's The Black Hole (1979). Forster had lead roles in cult B-movies in the 1980s like Alligator (1980), Vigilante (1983), The Delta Force (1986), and The Banker (1989).

Forster appeared in Jackie Brown as the character Max Cherry, which earned him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in 1997. Jackie Brown revitalized Forster's career, an effect that occurred for many actors appearing in Quentin Tarantino films. He subsequently had consistent work in the film industry, appearing in Like Mike, Mulholland Drive, Me, Myself & Irene, Lucky Number Slevin, and Firewall. He appeared in the made-for-television movie The Hunt for the BTK Killer, as the detective intent on capturing serial killer Dennis Rader. Forster also played the father of Van on the short-lived Fox series Fastlane.

Forster recorded a public service announcement for Deejay Ra's Hip-Hop Literacy campaign, encouraging reading of books by Elmore Leonard, whose book Rum Punch was adapted as Jackie Brown.

He appeared in the hit NBC series Heroes as Arthur Petrelli, the father of Nathan and Peter Petrelli, as well as the Emmy Award-winning AMC crime drama Breaking Bad as Walter White's new identity specialist Ed Galbraith (a role he reprised in El Camino: A Breaking Bad Movie and Better Call Saul). He played Bud Baxter, father to Tim Allen's Mike Baxter, on the ABC (later Fox) hit comedy Last Man Standing. Forster was also a motivational speaker.

He was the first choice to play Sheriff Harry S. Truman in David Lynch's Twin Peaks, but had to turn it down due to a prior commitment to a different television pilot, and was replaced by Michael Ontkean. He appeared in Lynch's Mulholland Drive, a pilot for a TV series that was not picked up but was later turned into a critically acclaimed movie, and finally appeared in Twin Peaks, playing the brother of Sheriff Harry S. Truman, Sheriff Frank Truman, in Twin Peaks: The Return, when Ontkean was not available to reprise his role.

About this, Forster said: "David Lynch, what a good guy he is. He wanted to hire me for the original, 25 years ago, for a part, and I was committed to another guy for a pilot that never went. So I didn't do the original Twin Peaks, which would have been a life-changer. It's a gigantic hit if you remember those years, a phenomenon. But I didn't do that. [...] And this time, I got a call from my agents and they said, David Lynch is going to call you. When he called me five minutes later, he said, "I'd like you to come and work with me again." And I said, 'Whatever it is David, here I come!'"

After Forster's death, he appeared posthumously in El Camino: A Breaking Bad Movie, reprising the character of Ed the "Disappearer" from the Breaking Bad series. He died on the day the movie was released. Four months later, Forster again appeared posthumously as Ed in episode "Magic Man" of the fifth season of Better Call Saul. The episode ended with a dedication to "our friend Robert Forster." He also appeared in an episode "Dynoman and The Volt" of the rebooted Amazing Stories television series before his death; the episode was dedicated to Forster.

Personal life
Forster was married to June Forster (née Provenzano) from 1966 to 1975. The couple had met at their alma mater, the University of Rochester. The marriage produced three daughters, Elizabeth, Kathrine "Kate", and Maeghen. Robert was married to Zivia Forster from 1978 to 1980. He also had a son, Robert III, from a previous relationship. From 2004 to the time of his death, his longtime partner was Denise Grayson. He was a member of the high-IQ Triple Nine Society.

Death
In June 2019, Forster was diagnosed with a brain tumor, and he died from the disease at his home in Los Angeles on October 11, 2019, at the age of 78.

Filmography

Film

Television

Theater

Awards and nominations

References

Further reading
 Voisin, Scott, Character Kings: Hollywood's Familiar Faces Discuss the Art & Business of Acting. BearManor Media, 2009. .

External links

 DVD Talk Interview
 House Petrelli Interview 12/08, Part 1

1941 births
2019 deaths
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
American people of English descent
American people of Irish descent
American people of Italian descent
Deaths from brain cancer in the United States
Deaths from cancer in California
Neurological disease deaths in California
Male actors from Rochester, New York
University of Rochester alumni

Robert Forster


Joshua Simmonds est un joueur de hockey sur gazon australien.

Vie personnelle
Joshua Simmonds est né et a grandi à Ringwood.

Il est membre de l'Institut victorien du sport et a fait référence à Floyd Mayweather comme son héros sportif.

Carrière

Niveau club
Au niveau du club, Joshua Simmonds joue au hockey pour le Doncaster Hockey Club dans le Championnat victorien. Il a également joué pour le YMCA Coastal City Hockey Club dans l'Australie-Occidentale en Championnat d'Australie-Occidentale.

Niveau état
Tout au long de sa jeunesse, Joshua Simmonds a représenté son État d'origine, Victoria, dans toutes les compétitions nationales.

En 2014, Simmonds a été recruté par les NT Stingers dans le Championnat australien en tant que joueur importateur. Après ses débuts dans la AHL pour le Territoire du Nord, Simmonds est retourné jouer pour les VIC Vikings à partir de 2015. Cela comprenait la victoire du championnat à la saison 2016.

À la suite de la refonte de la AHL en 2018, Simmonds a été sélectionné pour représenter le HC Melbourne dans la nouvelle ligue nationale de Hockey Australia, Hockey One, en 2019.

Équipes nationales

Moins de 21 ans
Joshua Simmonds a fait ses débuts internationaux juniors pour l'Australie U-21 en 2015, lors de la Sultan of Johor Cup, où l'équipe termine cinquième.

En 2016, Simmonds a continué à représenter l'équipe à nouveau; à la Sultan of Johor Cup et Coupe du monde des moins de 21 ans.

Équipe première
Après deux ans dans l'équipe nationale de développement, Simmonds a fait ses débuts internationaux seniors pour l'Australie en 2018 lors d'un match test contre l'Argentine en Darwin. Il a ensuite représenté l'équipe lors de l'Open international de hockey sur gazon. En novembre 2018, Simmonds a été nommé dans l'équipe de Kookaburras pour l'année civile 2019.

Simmonds a commencé 2019 dans l'équipe Kookaburras lors de la Ligue professionnelle à Melbourne. Simmonds a continué à représenter l'équipe pendant la Pro League, culminant avec une médaille d'or à Amsterdam, après une victoire 3-2 sur la Belgique.

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en octobre 1995
Joueur australien de hockey sur gazon
Médaillé d'argent olympique australien
Joueur de hockey sur gazon aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2020

Joshua Simmonds


Marginalism හෙවත් ආන්තිකත්වය / ආන්තිකවාදය යන ආර්ථික විද්‍යාව තුල ආන්තික සංකල්ප භාවිතා කිරීමයි. ආන්තිකත්වය පිළිබඳ කේන්ද්‍රික සංකල්පය සම්බන්ධ වන්නේ ආන්තික උපයෝගීතාවය සමඟයි. නමුත් ඇල්ෆඩ් මාෂල් (Alfrad Mashall) ගේ මඟපෙන්වීම අනුගමනය කල ආන්තිකවාදීන් (මේ පිළිබඳව හදාරණ ආර්ථික විද්‍යාඥයින්) පිරිවැය විස්තර කිරීමේදී ආන්තික භෞතික ඵලදායීතාවය යන සංකල්පය මත තවදුරටත් දැඩිව රඳා පැවතුනි. එමෙන්ම බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ආන්තිකවාදයෙන් මතුවූ නව සාම්ප්‍රදායිකත්වය මඟින් උපයෝගීතාවය යන සංකල්පය අත්හල අතර විශ්ලේෂණයේ වඩාත් ප්‍රධාන වන මූලික භූමිකාව ලෙස ආන්තික ආදේශන අනුපාතය පිළිබඳව අනුපාතය යොමු කරවන ලදී.

වැදගත් ආන්තික සංකල්ප

Marginality

තීරුවක් හෝ මායිමක් ලෙස මෙය සංකල්පනාත්මකව හැඳින්විය හැකිය. ඕනෑම තනි පුද්ගලයකු සහා ආන්තිකත්වය යන්න ඔවුන්ගේ හෝ ඇයගේ සම්පන්නතාවන් සමඟ සම්බන්ධ වේ. මෙම සම්පන්නතාව බොහෝ දෑ මඟින් තීරණය වන අතර ඊට භෞතික නීතීන් (ශක්ති ආකාරයෙන් පරිවර්තනය විය හැකි ආකාරවලට බාධා කරන යන්න) ස්වභාවධර්මයේ සිදුවීම් / හදිසි සිදුවීම්/ (මෙමඟින් ස්වභාවික සම්පත්වල පැවතීම තීරණය කරනු ලබයි.) සහ පුද්ගලයා විසින් තනිව හෝ අනෙකුත් පුද්ගලයින් විසින් ගනු ලැබූ අතීත තීරණවල ප්‍රතිඵල යනාදීය ඇතුලත් වේ.

ආන්තික වටිනාකමක් යන දී ඇති සුවිශේෂි නිරෝධයන් රඳවා ගනු ලබන / ග්‍රහනය කරගෙන සිටින වටිනාකමකි. මෙම නිරෝධයන් වල විශේෂිත අඩුවීමක් හෝ තද කිරීමක් නිසා බලපෑමට ලක්වන වෙනසක් ආන්තික වෙනසක් ලෙස හැදින්වේ.

නවසාම්ප්‍රදායික ආර්ථික විද්‍යාඥයින් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් උපකල්පනය කරන්නේ ආන්තික වෙනස්කම් වල ඉතාමක් කුඩා හෝ සීමිත බවයි. (මෙම උපකල්පන මගින් විශ්ලේෂණයේ ශක්තිමත් භාවය අඩු කළ ද හික්මවිය හැකිබව ඉහළ නංවනු ලබයි.

Margina / Use / ආන්තික භාවිතය

භාණ්ඩයක හෝ සේවාවක ආන්තික භාවිතය යන ආර්ථිකව සහේතුක / තාර්කික කාරකයක් මගන් දී ඇති වැඩි වීමක් ඇති කරනු ලබන විශේෂිත භාවිතයයි. නොඑසේනම් දී ඇති අඩු වීමකට ප්‍රතිචාරීව අත්හල භාණ්ඩ හෝ සේවාවල විශේෂිත භාවිතයයි.

විස්තරාත්මකව ආන්තික වාදයෙන් ප්‍රකාශ කරන්නේ (Descsriptive Marginallsm) විවිධ අපේක්ෂිත ප්‍රතිඵලයන්ට බලපෑ හැකි විශේෂිත ආකාරයෙන් අතර වන තෝරා ගැනීමයි. ඒවා පාලනය කරන්නේ මෙම විශේෂිත ප්‍රතිඵල අතර පවතින වෙනස්කම් වලිනි.විධායක (Prescrittive) ආන්තික වාදයෙන් ප්‍රකාශ කරන්නේ එවැනි තෝරා ගැනීමක් එසේ පාලනය කළ යුතු බවයි.

Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginalism

ආන්තිකවාදය - Marginalism


Mujães Portekiz'de Viana do Castelo belediyesine bağlı olan, 4,72 km² yüzölçümüne sahip, 1.714 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Portekiz'in freguesiaları
Viana do Castelo

Mujães


Madelaynne Montaño Caicedo (Tuluá, Valle del Cauca, 6 de enero de 1983) es una voleibolista colombiana, quien obtuvo el récord mundial de puntos en un partido con 53 ptos. Montaño juega para el club de Chemik Police.

Carrera
Después de jugar en menores, jugó para la Liga del valle desde 1996. Luego se mudó a Argentina donde jugaba para la Liga Argentina en el equipo San Fernando de Catamarca.
De Argentina se fue para Miami Dade College. Allí estudió Psicología Militar y jugó para el equipo de voleibol, ganando el Campeonato Nacional NJCAA en el 2002. Obtuvieron el All-Tournament Team y también tuvo el premio como la "Jugadora del Año" del AVCA Two-year Colleges National. En el 2003, el Miami Dade College quedó en tercer lugar después de caer en la semifinal en el sureste del Estado de Misuri y ganando al College of Southern Idaho, obteniendo así la medalla de bronce. En el torneo Madelaynne fue premiada como la Mejor Anotadora, Mejor Atacante y Mejor Servicio.
Después de jugar en el Miami Dade College, jugó en el torneo de voleibol de los Juegos Nacionales del 2004 ganando la medalla de plata representando a la región Valle.
Contratada en Grecia para jugar dos años en la Liga A1 en el equipo Aris Thessaloniki. Con este equipo llegó al tercer lugar en la temporada 2004/2005 de la League Championship y segundo lugar en la Greek Cup. Después de la temporada 2005/2006, Madelaynne tomó un tiempo de descanso para dedicarlo a su maternidad, regresando a jugar en otro equipo de Tesalónica, Iraklis Thessaloniki, para la temporada 2008/2009 A1.
En el 2009 Madelaynne se unió al club coreano KT&G Daejeon, ganando el campeonato de liga de la temporada 2009/2010 y obteniendo el premio a la jugadora más valiosa del torneo.

2011
Jugando para su club coreano KT&G Hungkuk, Madelaynne anotó 53 puntos contra el equipo GS Caltex.
Al final de la temporada 2010-2011, Montaño quedó en segundo lugar para el premio MVP.
Junto a la jugadora internacional Kenny Moreno, Montaño aceptó jugar para la Selección femenina de voleibol de Colombia, buscando la clasificación a los Juegos Olímpicos de Londres 2012.
Otro logro en el 2010/2011, Montaño fue una de las finalistas al premio Deportista Colombiana del Año, ganando finalmente la ciclista Mariana Pajón.
En el primer torneo oficial con su selección nacional, Montaño quedó cuarta en Campeonato Sudamericano de Voleibol Femenino de 2011 y obtuvo el premio como Mejor Anotadora del Torneo.

2012
Montaño firmó para Rabita Baku para jugar la temporada 2012/2013. Montaño ganó la medalla de plata en el Campeonato Mundial de Clubes FIVB de 2012, jugando con el club de Azerbaiyán Rabita Baku

Clubes
  San Fernando de Catamarca (1998-1999)
  Aris de Salónica (2004–2006)
  Iraklis Thessaloniki (2008–2009)
  KT&G Daejeon (2009–2012)
  Rabita Baku (2012–)

Premios
Individuales
 "MVP" en la temporada regular de la V-League en Corea 2009-10.
 "Mejor Anotadora" en el Campeonato Sudamericano de Voleibol Femenino de 2011.
 "MVP" Finales de la liga coreana 2012
 "MVP" en el Campeonato Sudamericano de Voleibol Femenino de 2013.

Escuelas
 "Jugadora del Año" AVCA - 2002.
 "All-Tournament Team" Campeonato Nacional NJCAA 2002.
 "Mejor Anotadora" Campeonato Nacional NJCAA 2003.
 "Mejor Atacante" Campeonato Nacional NJCAA 2003.
 "Mejor Servicio" Campeonato Nacional NJCAA 2003.
 "All-Tournament Team" Campeonato Nacional NJCAA 2003.

Clubes
  "Campeón", Campeonato Nacional NJCAA 2002 con el Miami Dade College.
  "Sub-Campeón", Copa de Grecia 2008-09 con el Iraklis Thessaloniki.
  "Campeón", V-League en Corea 2009-10 con el KT&G Daejeon
  "Campeón", V-League en Corea 2011-12 con el KGC

Referencias

Nacidos en Tuluá
Voleibolistas de Colombia

Madelaynne Montaño


Thor: Ragnarok er en amerikansk actioneventyr fra 2017, instrueret af Taika Waititi, og med Chris Hemsworth, Tom Hiddleston, Cate Blanchett og Mark Ruffalo i hovedrollerne.

Filmen er den tredje i rækken af Thor-film og en efterfølger til Thor: The Dark World fra 2013.

Handling

Efter Odin døde må Thor (Chris Hemsworth) og Loke (Tom Hiddleston), standse Hel (Cate Blanchett).

Medvirkende
 Chris Hemsworth som Thor Odinson: En nordisk gud der er søn af Odin, og medlem af Avengers.
 Tom Hiddleston som Loke: Thor's broder, og tidligere ærkefjende.
 Cate Blanchett som Hel: Odin's ældste datter, som prøver at overtage Asgård.
 Idris Elba som Heimdall
 Jeff Goldblum som Grandmaster
 Tessa Thompson som Valkyrie
 Karl Urban som Skurge
 Mark Ruffalo som Bruce Banner / Hulken
 Anthony Hopkins som Odin
 Benedict Cumberbatch som Stephen Strange / Doctor Strange
 Sam Neill
 Taika Waititi som Korg
Desuden har Sam Neill og Matt Damon mindre roller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Amerikanske film fra 2017
Marvel Cinematic Universe-film
Thor (Marvel Comics)

Thor: Ragnarok


باب النصر يمكن أن يقصد به:

صفحات توضيح أسماء أماكن

باب النصر (توضيح)


A XXXII Universíada de Verão, oficialmente Jogos Universitários Mundiais de Verão da FISU de 2023, seria a 32ª edição do evento, a ser realizada em Ecaterimburgo, na Rússia.

Adiamento e Cancelamento
Os jogos foram cancelados, em 2022, como um dos resultados da invasão da Ucrânia pela Rússia e a suspensão da participação de atletas russos em eventos desportivos sob a chancela do Comitê Olímpico Internacional.Desta forma, a FISU decidiu também pelo não cancelamento da edição de 2021 e o seu adiamento para 2023.Sendo que a sede foi a cidade chinesa de Chengdu, que seria a sede do evento em 2021 teve a sua edição postergada para 2023.

Para que houvesse uma compensação para seus atletas, as autoridades russas anunciaram a realização do primeiro Festival Internacional de Esportes Universitários e a participação na terceira edição dos Jogos da Juventude de Inverno Rússia-China que serão realizados na cidade.

Modalidades

Ligações externas

Desporto de Ecaterimburgo
Desporto na Rússia em 2023
Eventos esportivos afetados pela invasão da Ucrânia pela Rússia em 2022
Eventos esportivos cancelados
Eventos multiesportivos de 2023
2023

Universíada de Verão de 2023


Akeridae é uma pequena família taxonômica de caracóis marinhos, moluscos gastrópodes marinhos pertencentes à superfamília Akeroidea, as lebres marinhas. A família, em sua grafia original "Aceridae", foi anteriormente atribuída erroneamente a Pilsbry, 1893.

Akeridae é a única família da superfamília.

Gêneros
O único gênero da família é:

 Gênero Akera O.F. Müller, 1776 - gênero tipo

Referências

Ligações externas

 Miocene Gastropods and Biostratigraphy of the Kern River Area, California; United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 642

Famílias de animais

Akeridae


عبد الله بن عمرو بن العاص
 عبد الله بن عمرو بن حرام

صفحات توضيح أشخاص

عبد الله بن عمرو (توضيح)


Også Viborg er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1984 instrueret af Erik Bartram Jensen.

Handling
Carl Heinrich Petersen er kendt for sine anarkistiske og socialistiske holdninger, og han har som forfatter beskrevet personer og begivenheder på venstrefløjen i arbejderbevægelsens nationale og internationale historie. I filmen fortæller han træk af arb

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1984

Også Viborg