USS Makin Island (CVE-93) was a  of the United States Navy. It was named for the 1942 Makin raid, an early diversionary raid designed to distract from the Guadalcanal campaign and the Tulagi campaign. Launched in April 1944, and commissioned in May, she served in support of the Philippines campaign, the Invasion of Iwo Jima, and the Battle of Okinawa. Postwar, she participated in Operation Magic Carpet. She was decommissioned in April 1946, and ultimately sold for scrapping in January 1947.

Design and description

Makin Island was a Casablanca-class escort carrier, the most numerous type of aircraft carriers ever built, and designed specifically to be mass-produced using prefabricated sections, in order to replace heavy early war losses. Standardized with her sister ships, she was  long overall, had a beam of , an extreme width of , and a draft of . She displaced  standard,  with a full load. She had a  long hangar deck, a  long flight deck. She was powered with two Uniflow reciprocating steam engines, which provided a force of , driving two shafts, enabling her to make . The ship had a cruising range of , assuming that she traveled at a constant speed of . Her compact size necessitated the installment of an aircraft catapult at her bow end, and there were two aircraft elevators to facilitate movement of aircraft between the flight and hangar deck: one on the fore, another on the aft.

One /38 caliber dual purpose gun was mounted on the stern, and she was equipped with 16 Bofors 40 mm anti-aircraft (AA) guns in twin mounts, as well as 12 Oerlikon 20 mm cannons, which were used in an anti-aircraft capability. By the end of the war, Casablanca-class carriers had been modified to carry thirty 20 mm cannons, as a response to increasing casualties due to kamikaze attacks. Anti-aircraft guns were mounted around the perimeter of the deck. Casablanca-class escort carriers were designed to carry 27 aircraft, but she sometimes went over or under this number. For example, during the Philippines campaign, she carried 15 FM-2 fighters, 9 TBM-3 torpedo bombers, and a TBM-3P photo reconnaissance plane, for a total of 25 aircraft. However, during the Invasion of Iwo Jima, she carried 20 FM-2 fighters and 12 TBM-3 torpedo bombers, for a total of 32 aircraft. During the Battle of Okinawa, she carried 16 FM-2 fighters and 11 TBM-3 torpedo bombers, for a total of 27 aircraft.

Construction
The escort carrier was laid down on 12 January 1944 under a Maritime Commission contract, MC hull 1130, by Kaiser Shipbuilding Company, Vancouver, Washington. She was launched on 5 April 1944; sponsored by Mrs. B. B. Nichol; transferred to the United States Navy and commissioned on 9 May 1944, Commodore William Baynard Whaley Jr. in command, and with a partial crew complement of 60 officers and 560 crewmen.

Service history
Following commissioning, she underwent outfitting at Astoria, Oregon. On 31 May, she left, bound for Puget Sound, where munitions were loaded, and tests were conducted. On 8 June, she departed, traveling down to Naval Base San Diego, stopping at Naval Air Station Alameda to load more munitions and to refuel. Upon arriving in San Diego, she underwent a brief shakedown cruise, engaging in exercises off of Baja California. On 19 June, she set off on a transport mission, ferrying 78 aircraft and 236 men to Hawaii. After unloading her cargo in Pearl Harbor, she took on 70 aircraft, along with a marine squadron (VMO-155). She then proceeded onwards to Majuro Atoll, where she unloaded her planes. After leaving, she made stops at Kwajalein Atoll and Roi-Namur, where she took on wounded from the ongoing Battle of Saipan. She then returned to Pearl Harbor, where she loaded onboard Air Group 16, which had been recently detached from . After returning her aircraft cargo to San Diego, she sailed to Long Beach Naval Shipyard, where she underwent overhaul.

After finishing overhaul, she took on her aircraft contingent (VC-84), and on 16 August, she began exercises along the California coast. Exercises concluded on 5 September, with minor repairs being conducted until 11 September, when she sortied again for more exercises. She was assigned as part of Carrier Division 29, along with , , and . The task group engaged in simulated amphibious landings on San Clemente Island. On 10 October, Rear Admiral Calvin T. Durgin took control over the escort carrier group, making Makin Island as his flagship. On 16 October, her task group finished exercises, and traveled to the Ulithi Atoll, making stops at Pearl Harbor and Enewetak Atoll.

On 10 November, the ship got underway for Leyte, stopping at Kossol Roads. There, she protected convoys in transit to supply the ongoing Battle of Leyte. Notably, on 21 November, she opened fire on three Nakajima J1N "Irving" twin-engined bombers who flew near the carrier, albeit the aircraft did not engage, and escaped. On 23 November, she was relieved by Carrier Division 27, and the task group sailed to Manus for the forthcoming invasion of Luzon. On 27 November, she arrived at Seeadler Harbor, Manus Island, where supplies were loaded and preparations were made. Between 16 December and 20 December, she left port to engage in exercises with Huon Gulf.

She left Manus island on 27 December, and she rendezvoused with the invasion force in Surigao Strait, Leyte on 3 January 1945. The fleet assembled for the invasion of Luzon was immense, consisting of 18 escort carriers, 6 battleships, 4 heavy cruisers, and a multitude of destroyers and destroyer escorts. Almost immediately, the massive fleet was continuously harassed by Japanese kamikaze attacks. On the night of 3 January, a Mitsubishi A6M Zero "Zeke" dove on the escort carriers, plunging into the ocean approximately  from the starboard of Makin Island. On the afternoon of 4 January, the task force once again came under kamikaze attacks, which sunk . On the early morning of 5 January, a Japanese plane flew a scant  over the carrier. Later that day, her aircraft supplemented a strike force which sunk  and heavily damaged . That same day, in the evening, kamikazes damaged , , and . Makin Island arrived unscathed near Luzon on 6 January. For the next 11 days, she remained off of Luzon flying air support for the amphibious operation. Notably, Salamaua was heavily damaged by a kamikaze on 13 January. On 17 January, the escort carriers withdrew, heading back to Ulithi. During the three-week operation, the only fatality onboard Makin Island was a sailor on the flight deck, who died when a 3.5-inch rocket on an Avenger accidentally discharged, launching him off the carrier. A resulting search proved unsuccessful. This was despite the fact 16 of her own aircraft were destroyed through anti-aircraft fire and accidents. Her air group destroyed 10 Japanese aircraft, and her anti-aircraft guns claimed a kamikaze heading towards the task force.

[[File:General Motors TBM Avenger is catapulted from USS Makin Island (CVE-93), circa in 1945 (NH 69419).jpg|thumb|left|A TBM Avenger being launched off of Makin Bay'''s aircraft catapult.]]

After the Battle of Luzon, the aircraft carriers only had 18 days to prepare for the Invasion of Iwo Jima. On 10 February, she departed Ulithi for Iwo Jima, where she arrived on 16 February 1945. Her escort carrier task group conducted 3,000 sorties over the Iwo Islands until 8 March, conducting aerial reconnaissance, providing close air support, creating a fighter cover, and patrolling against submarines. On 28 February, her fighters were even used to spray down the island with DDT to control a boom in the population of flies on the island. Notably, her fighters intercepted two Japanese troop transports carrying reinforcements to Iwo Jima, which were promptly strafed and sunk. The carrier group yet again came under heavy Japanese kamikaze attacks, but Makin Island was once again unscathed, although  was sunk, and  heavily damaged. Despite the intense air support, the only casualty onboard Makin Island was a wounded airman. After replenishing at Ulithi, she sailed for Okinawa, again as flagship. On 8 March, she retired to Ulithi in preparations for the Battle of Okinawa.

Arriving at Ulithi on 11 March, the ship was quickly readied, and launched for Okinawa on 21 March. Arriving on 25 March, Makin Island remained on station for 77 days (69 days directly off the coast of Okinawa), flying constant fire support, supply, and reconnaissance missions for the ground forces. The ship's aircraft, from Composite Squadrons 84 and 91 (VC-84 and -91), flew 2,347 combat sorties, recording almost 8,000 hours of flying time. Relieved 1 June, the carrier sailed for Guam, arriving on 5 June. Whilst in availability on Guam, Vice Admiral Ira Earl Hobbs relieved now Rear Admiral Whaley from command. In addition, her aircraft contingent was rotated, with VC-41 being transferred onto the ship.

She sailed again 11 July, with Task Group 32.1, into the East China Sea. The task group's goal was to provide air cover for minesweepers operating in the area, to blockade Japanese troops within China from mainland Japan, to provide air cover for a fast cruiser group which was raiding the Chinese coast, and to attack shipping around Shanghai. Upon a sweep of the Chinese coast, in which the task group encountered minimal resistance, and after a brief bombing of Shanghai harbor, she anchored in Buckner Bay, Okinawa, on 13 August. There, she received news of the Japanese surrender, and on 9 September proceeded to Wakanoura Wan, in southern Honshū, for occupation duty. Among her missions was providing air cover for the evacuation of Allied prisoners of war. She sailed for San Francisco on 18 October, arriving on 5 November, then voyaged to Shanghai to return troops (including the famous Flying Tigers) to the United States at Seattle on 30 December.Makin Island'' was decommissioned on 19 April 1946 at Puget Sound, was stricken from the Navy list on 11 July, and sold on 1 January 1947.

References

Sources

Online sources

Bibliography

External links

Casablanca-class escort carriers
World War II escort aircraft carriers of the United States
Ships built in Vancouver, Washington
1944 ships
S4-S2-BB3 ships

USS Makin Island (CVE-93)


El Tour del Lago Taihu (oficialmente: Tour of Taihu Lake) es una carrera ciclista profesional por etapas que se disputa alrededor del lago Taihu (China), en el mes de octubre o noviembre. Su primera edición se llamó simplemente Tour of Taihu.

Se disputa desde 2010 formando parte del UCI Asia Tour. Las primeras ediciones estuvo dentro la categoría .2 (última categoría del profesionalismo); la primera 1.2 (al ser carrera de un día) y la segunda en la 2.2 (al ser carrera por etapas). En 2012 ascendió a la categoría 2.1.

Palmarés

Nota: Leonardo Duque, ganador de la edición 2016, es un ciclista nacido en Colombia pero en julio de 2015 se nacionalizó como ciudadano francés por lo que su victoria en 2016 fue como corredor de este segundo país.

Palmarés por países

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página oficial
 Tour del Lago Taihu (sitiodeciclismo.net)
 Tour del Lago Taihu (cqranking.com)

Lago Taihu
Lago Taihu

Tour del Lago Taihu


Jaan Kross (19 February 1920 – 27 December 2007) was an Estonian writer. He won the 1995 International Nonino Prize in Italy.

Early life
Born in Tallinn, Estonia, son of a skilled metal-worker, Jaan Kross studied at Jakob Westholm Gymnasium, and attended the University of Tartu (1938–1945) and graduated from its School of Law. He taught there as a lecturer until 1946, and again as Professor of Artes Liberales in 1998.

In 1940, when Kross was 20, the Soviet Union invaded and occupied the three Baltic countries: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania; imprisoned and executed most of their governments. In 1941, Nazi Germany invaded and took over the country.

Kross was first arrested by the Germans for six months in 1944 during the German occupation of Estonia (1941–1944), suspected of what was termed "nationalism", i.e., promoting Estonian independence. Then, on 5 January 1946, when Estonia had been reconquered by the Soviet Union, he was arrested by the Soviet occupation authorities who kept him a short while in the cellar of the local NKVD headquarters, then kept him in prison in Tallinn, finally in October 1947, deporting him to a Gulag camp in Vorkuta, Russia. He spent a total of eight years in this part of North Russia, six working in the mines at the labour camp in Inta, then doing easier jobs, plus two years still living as a deportee, but not in a labour camp. Upon his return to Estonia in 1954 he became a professional writer, not least because his law studies during Estonian independence were now of no value whatsoever, as Soviet law held sway.

At first Kross wrote poetry, alluding to a number of contemporary phenomena under the guise of writing about historical figures. But he soon moved to writing prose, a genre that was to become his principal one.

Career as a writer

Recognition and translation
Kross was by far the most translated and nationally and internationally best-known Estonian writer. He received the honorary title of People's Writer of the Estonian SSR (1985) and the State Prize of the Estonian SSR (1977). He also held several honorary doctorates and international decorations, including the highest Estonian order and one of the highest German orders. In 1999 he was awarded the Baltic Assembly Prize for Literature.

In 1990 Kross won the Amnesty International Golden Flame Prize. He won the 1995 International Nonino Prize in Italy. He was reportedly nominated several times for the Nobel Prize in Literature during the early 1990s.

Because of Kross' status and visibility as a leading Estonian author, his works have been translated into many languages, but mostly into Finnish, Swedish, Russian, German, and Latvian. This is on account of geographical proximity but also a common history (for example, Estonia was a Swedish colony in the 17th century and German was the language of the upper échelons of Estonian society for hundreds of years). As can be seen from the list below by the year 2015 there are five books of Kross' works that have been published in English translation with publishing houses in the United States and UK. But a number of shorter novels, novellas, and short-stories were published during Soviet rule (i.e. 1944–1991) in English translation and published in the Soviet Union.

Translations have mostly been from the Estonian original. Sometimes translations were however done, during Soviet times by first being translated into Russian and then from Russian into English, not infrequently by native-speakers of Russian or Estonian. Nowadays, Kross' works are translated into English either directly from the Estonian, or via the Finnish version. A reasonably complete list of translations of works by Jaan Kross into languages other than English can found on the ELIC website.

Kross knew the German language from quite an early age as friends of the family spoke it as their mother-tongue, and Kross' mother had a good command of it. His Russian, however, was mainly learnt while working as a slave labourer in the Gulag. But he also had some knowledge of Swedish and translated one crime novel by Christian Steen (pseudonym of the exile Estonian novelist Karl Ristikivi) from that Swedish. He also translated works by Pierre-Jean de Béranger, Honoré de Balzac, and Paul Éluard from French, Bertolt Brecht and Rolf Hochhuth from German, Ivan Goncharov and David Samoilov from Russian, and Alice in Wonderland, Macbeth and Othello from English.

Content and style
Kross' novels and short stories are almost universally historical; indeed, he is often credited with a significant rejuvenation of the genre of the historical novel. Most of his works take place in Estonia and deal, usually, with the relationship of Estonians and Baltic Germans and Russians. Very often, Kross' description of the historical struggle of the Estonians against the Baltic Germans is a metaphor for the contemporary struggle against the Soviet occupation. However, Kross' acclaim internationally (and nationally even after the regaining of Estonian independence) show that his novels also deal with topics beyond such concerns; rather, they deal with questions of mixed identities, loyalty, and belonging.

Generally, The Czar's Madman has been considered Kross' best novel; it is also the most translated one. Also well-translated is Professor Martens' Departure, which because of its subject matter (academics, expertise, and national loyalty) is very popular in academe and an important "professorial novel". The later novel Excavations, set in the mid-1950s, deals with the thaw period after Stalin's death as well as with the Danish conquest of Estonia in the Middle Ages, and today considered by several critics as his finest, has not been translated into English yet; it is however available in German.

Within the framework of the historical novel, Kross' novels can be divided up into two types: truly historical ones, and more contemporary narratives with an element of autobiography. In the list below, the historical ones, often set in previous centuries, include the Between Three Plagues tetralogy, set in the 16th century, A Rakvere Novel / Romance set in the 18th (the title is ambiguous), The Czar's Madman set in the 19th century, Professor Martens' Departure set at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, and Elusiveness / Evasion set around 1918. The semi-autobiographical novels include Kross' novel about the ultimate fates of his schoolmates, i.e. The Wikman Boys (Wikman being based on his alma mater the Westholm Grammar School – both names are of Swedish origin) a similar sort of novel about his university chums, Mesmer's Circle / Ring; the novel Excavations which describes Kross' alter ego Peeter Mirk and his adventures with archaeology, conformism, revolt, compromise and skulduggery after he has returned from the Siberian labour camps and internal exile out there. And also the novel that has appeared in English translation entitled Treading Air, and most of his short-stories belong to this subgenre.

A stylistic leitmotif in Kross' novels is the use of the internal (or inner) monologue, usually when the protagonist is trying to think his way out of a thorny problem. The reader will note that every protagonist or narrator, from Timotheus von Bock in The Czar's Madman to Kross' two alter egos, Jaak Sirkel and Peeter Mirk in the semi-autobiographical novels, indulges in this. And especially Bernhard Schmidt, the luckless telescope inventor, in the novel that appeared in English as Sailing Against the Wind (2012).

Another common feature of Kross novels is a comparison, sometimes overt but usually covert, between various historical epochs and the present day, which for much of Kross' writing life consisted of Soviet reality, including censorship, an inability to travel freely abroad, a dearth of consumer goods, the ever-watchful eye of the KGB and informers, etc. Kross was always very skilful at always remaining just within the bounds of what the Soviet authorities could accept. Kross also enjoyed playing with the identities of people who have the same, or nearly the same, name. This occurs in Professor Martens' Departure where two different Martens-figures are discussed, legal experts who lived several decades apart, and in Sailing Against the Wind where in one dream sequence the protagonist Bernhard Schmidt meets a number of others named Schmidt.

When Kross was already in his late 70s he gave a series of lectures at Tartu University explaining certain aspects of his novels, not least the roman à clef dimension, given the fact that quite a few of his characters are based on real-life people, both in the truly historical novels and the semi-autobiographical ones. These lectures are collected in a book entitled Omaeluloolisus ja alltekst (Autobiographism and Subtext) which appeared in 2003.

During the last twenty years of his life, Jaan Kross occupied some of his time with writing his memoirs (entitled Kallid kaasteelised, i.e. Dear Co-Travellers – this translation of the title avoids the unfortunate connotation of the expression fellow-travellers). These two volumes ended up with a total of 1,200 pages, including quite a few photographs from his life. His life started quietly enough, but after describing quite innocuous things such as the summer house during his childhood and his schooldays, Kross moves on to the first Soviet occupation of Estonia, his successful attempt to avoid being drafted for the Waffen-SS during the Nazi German occupation, and a long section covering his experiences of prison and the labour camps. The last part describes his return from the camps and his attempts at authorship. The second volume continues from when he moved into the flat in central Tallinn where he lived for the rest of his life, plus his growing success as a writer. There is also a section covering his one-year term as Member of Parliament after renewed independence, and his trips abroad with his wife.

Synopses

Short synopses of works available in English translation
Six books by Jaan Kross have been published in English translation, five novels and one collection of stories: The English translations appeared in the following order: The Czar's Madman 1992; Professor Martens' Departure 1994; The Conspiracy and Other Stories 1995; Treading Air 2003; Sailing Against the Wind 2012, Between Three Plagues, 2016-2018.  Descriptions of the above books can also be found on various websites and online bookshops. The protagonists of several of the books listed here are based on real-life figures.

The Czar's Madman (Estonian: Keisri hull, 1978; English: 1994; translator: Anselm Hollo).
This tragic novel is based on the life of a Baltic-German nobleman, Timotheus von Bock (1787–1836), who was an adjutant to the relatively liberal Czar of Russia, Alexander I. Von Bock wishes to interest the Czar in the idea of liberating the serfs, i.e. the peasant classes, people who were bought and sold almost like slaves by rich landowners. But this is too much for the Czar and in 1818 von Bock is arrested and kept, at the Czar's pleasure, in a prison in Schlüsselburg. Von Bock is released when the next Czar ascends the throne, but by that time he is having mental problems during his last years under house arrest. This is regarded as Kross most accomplished novel, along with the Between Three Plagues tetralogy (see below).

Professor Martens' Departure (Estonian: Professor Martensi ärasõit, 1984; English: 1994; translator: Anselm Hollo).
In early June 1909 the ethnic Estonian professor, Friedrich Fromhold Martens (1845–1909) gets on the train in Pärnu heading for the Foreign Ministry of the Russian Empire in the capital, Saint Petersburg. During the journey he thinks back over the events and episodes of his life. Should he have made a career working for the Russian administration as a compiler of treaties at the expense of his Estonian identity? He also muses on his namesake, a man worked on a similar project in earlier decades. A novel that examines the compromises involved when making a career in an empire when coming from a humble background.

Sailing Against the Wind (Estonian: Vastutuulelaev, 1987; English: 2012; translator: Eric Dickens).
This novel is about the ethnic Estonian Bernhard Schmidt (1879–1935) from the island of Naissaar who loses his right hand in a firework accident during his teenage years. He nevertheless uses his remaining hand to work wonders when polishing high-quality lenses and mirrors for astronomical telescopes. Later on, when living in what had become Nazi Germany, he himself invents large stellar telescopes that are still to be found at, for instance, the Mount Palomar Observatory in California and on the island of Mallorca. Schmidt has to wrestle with his conscience when living in Germany as the country is re-arming and telescopes could be put to military use. But because Germany was the leading technical nation at the time, he feels reasonably comfortable there, first in the run-down small town of Mittweida, then at the main Bergedorf Observatory just outside Hamburg. But the rise of the Nazis is literally driving him mad.

The Conspiracy and Other Stories (Estonian: Silmade avamise päev, 1988 – most of the stories there; English: 1995; translator: Eric Dickens).
This collection contains six semi-autobiographical stories mostly dealing with Jaan Kross' life during the Nazi-German and Soviet-Russian occupations of Estonia, and his own imprisonment during those two epochs. The stories, some of which have appeared elsewhere in this translation, are. The Wound, Lead Piping, The Stahl Grammar, The Conspiracy, The Ashtray, and The Day Eyes Were Opened. In all of them there is a tragi-comic aspect.

Treading Air (Estonian: Paigallend, 1998; English: 2003; translator: Eric Dickens).
The protagonist of this novel is Ullo Paerand, a restless young man of many talents. He attends a prestigious private school, but when his speculator father abandons him and his mother the money runs out. He then helps his mother run a laundry to make ends meet. He works his way up, ultimately becoming a messenger boy for the Estonian Prime-Minister's office. He is even offered a chance to escape abroad by going to study at the Vatican, but stays in Estonia. This semi-autobiographical novel is set against the background of a very stormy epoch in the history of Estonia, from when the Soviets occupy the country in 1940, the German occupation the next year, the notorious bombing of central Tallinn by the Soviet airforce on 9 March 1944, and a further thirty years of life in the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic.

Between Three Plagues (Kolme katku vahel, four volumes 1970–1980; English: three volumes 2016–2018; translator: Merike Lepasaar Beecher)
This is Kross' first major work and his largest in volume. The idea started out as a filmscript, which was shelved, then became a TV serial, and finally the four-volume suite of novels which is one of Kross' most famous works. It is set in the 16th century, especially the middle, before and during the Livonian War which lasted, on and off, from the 1550s to the early 1580s. Livonia included parts of what are now Estonia and Latvia, and was by the 1550s split up into several parts ruled by Denmark, Sweden, Russia and Poland-Lithuania. The protagonist is, as is often the case with Kross, a real-life figure called Balthasar Russow (c 1536–1600), who wrote the Livonian Chronicle. The chronicle describes the political horse-trading between the various countries and churches of the day. The Estonians, mostly of peasant stock in those days, always ended up as piggy in the middle. There were also three outbreaks of the bubonic plague to contend with. Russow was the humble son of a peasant, but became a German-speaking clergyman, which was a big step up in society. The fact that he could read, let alone write a chronicle, was unusual. The tetralogy starts with a famous scene where the then ten-year-old Balthasar watches some tightrope walkers in Tallinn, a metaphor for his own diplomatic tightrope walking later in life. He appears as something of a rough diamond throughout the books. The entire tetralogy has been translated into Dutch, Finnish, German, Latvian and Russian, and English.

Short synopses of works not yet available in English

The majority of Kross novels remain untranslated into English. These are as follows:

Under Clio's Gaze (Klio silma all; 1972)
This slim volume contains four novellas. The first deals with Michael Sittow, a painter who has been working at the court of Spain but now wants to join the painters' guild in Tallinn which is as good as a closed shop (Four Monologues on the Subject of Saint George). The second story tells of an ethnic Estonian Michelson who will now be knighted by the Czar as he has been instrumental in putting down a rebellion in Russia; this is the story of his pangs of conscience, but also how he brings his peasant parents to the ceremony to show his origins (Michelson's Matriculation) The third story is set in around 1824, and about the collator of Estonian folk literature Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald who, after passing his exams, does not want to become a theologian but wants to study military medicine in Saint Petersburg, then the capital of the Russian Empire; meanwhile, he meets a peasant who can tell him about the Estonian epic hero Kalev, here of the epic Kalevipoeg (Two Lost Sheets of Paper). The final story is set in the 1860s, when a national consciousness was awakening in Estonia and the newspaper editor Johann Voldemar Jannsen starts an Estonian-language newspaper with his daughter Lydia Koidula and founds the Estonian Song Festival (A While in a Swivel Chair).

The Third Range of Hills (Kolmandad mäed; 1974)
This short novel tells the story of the ethnic Estonian painter Johann Köler (1826–1899) who had become a famous portrait-painter at the Russian court in Saint Petersburg. He is now, in 1879, painting a fresco for a church in Tallinn, the capital of Estonia. As model for his Christ he picks out an Estonian peasant from the island of Hiiumaa. Later it transpires that the man he used as model was a sadistic criminal, and this is held against Köler by his Baltic-German overlords.

A Rakvere Novel (Rakvere romaan; 1982)
The novel is set in the year 1764. The young Berend Falck is taken on by the Baroness Gertrude von Tisenhausen. Falck is an ethnic Estonian, von Tisenhausen a Baltic-German. Rakvere (Wesenberg, in German) is an Estonian provincial town and in those days the baroness dominated. Falck soon gets involved in the struggle between the townspeople and the baroness. And as he has been employed by her, he is initially obliged to take her side. But as she begins to confiscate land, he grows disillusioned with her. The townspeople, for their part, attempt to reclaim the rights that they had had earlier under Swedish colonial rule, decades before. Sweden lost Estonia to Russia around 1710, so in the epoch in which this novel is set, Rakvere and indeed Estonia are part of the Russian Empire, despite the fact that this local dispute is between the German-speaking baronial classes and Estonian-speaking peasants. A panoramic novel of divided loyalties and corruption.

The Wikman Boys (Wikmani poisid; 1988)
Jaan Kross' alter ego Jaak Sirkel will soon matriculate from school in the mid-1930s. Young people eagerly go to the cinema in their free time; at school they have the usual sprinkling of eccentric teachers. Europe is gradually moving towards war, and this overshadows the lives of the young people. After the war has reached Estonia, some of Sirkel's schoolmates end up in the Soviet Army, and others fighting in the Nazi German military – the tragedy of a small country fought over by two superpowers. In the devastating Battle of Velikiye Luki, not far from the Russian-Estonian border, Estonians fight on both sides.

Excavations (Väljakaevamised; 1990)
This novel first appeared in Finnish as the political situation in Estonia was very unclear owing to the imminent collapse of the Soviet Union. It tells the story of Peeter Mirk (another of Kross' alter egos) who has just returned from eight years of labour camp and internal exile in Siberia and is looking for work, in order to avoid being sent back, labelled as a "parasite to Soviet society". And he needs the money to live on. It is now 1954, Stalin is dead, there is a slight political thaw. He finds a job on an archaeological dig near the main bastion in central Tallinn. There he finds a manuscript written in the 13th century by a leprous clergyman, a document which could overturn some of the assumptions about the history of Estonia that the Soviet occupier has. The novel also gives portraits of several luckless individuals who have been caught up in the paradoxes of German and Russian occupations.

Elusiveness (Tabamatus; 1993)
In 1941, a young Estonian law student is a fugitive from the occupying German Nazis, as he is suspected of being a resistance fighter. He is accused of writing certain things during the one-year Soviet occupation the previous year. But what the German occupiers dislike especially is that this young law student is writing a work about the Estonian politician and freedom fighter Jüri Vilms (1889–1918) who was obliged to flee from the Germans back in 1918 (during another period of Estonia's tangled history) and was shot by firing squad when he had just reached Helsinki, around the time that Estonia became independent of Russia.

Mesmer's Circle (Mesmeri ring; 1995)
Another novel involving Kross' alter ego, Jaak Sirkel, who is by now a first-year student at Tartu University. One of his fellow students Indrek Tarna has been sent to Siberia by the Reds, when the Soviets occupied Estonia in 1940. Indrek's father performs a strange ritual with several people standing around the dining-table and holding hands – as Franz Mesmer did with his patients. This ritual is meant to give his boy strength by way of prayer. Others react in a more conventional way to the tensions of 1939. This is also where the reader first meets the fellow student who will become the protagonist in Kross' novel Treading Air. The novel is partly a love story, where Sirkel, a friend of Tarna's is in love with his girlfriend Riina. And Tarna is in Siberia... Conflicting loyalties. When the Germans invade Estonia Tarna can return to Estonia. The Riina problem gets more tangled.

Tahtamaa (idem; 2001)
Tahtamaa is a plot of land by the sea. This novel is described by Rutt Hinrikus of the Estonian Literary Museum in a short review article on the internet. It is a novel about the differences in mentality between the Estonians who lived in the Soviet Union, and those that escaped abroad, and their descendants. It is also a novel about greed and covetousness, ownership, and is even a love story between older people. This is Kross' last novel and is set in the 1990s, after Estonia regained its independence.

Death

Jaan Kross died in Tallinn, at the age of 87, on 27 December 2007. He is survived by his wife, children's author and poet Ellen Niit, and four children. The President of Estonia (at the time), Toomas Hendrik Ilves, praised Kross "as a preserver of the Estonian language and culture."

Kross is buried at the Rahumäe cemetery in Tallinn.

Quotes
"He was one of those who kept fresh the spirits of the people and made us ready to take the opportunity of restoring Estonia's independence." — Toomas Hendrik Ilves

Tribute
On February 19, 2020, Google celebrated his 100th birthday with a Google Doodle.

Bibliography
Selected Estonian titles in chronological order
Kolme katku vahel (Between Three Plagues), 1970–1976. A tetralogy of novels.
Klio silma all (Under Clio's Gaze), 1972. Four novellas.
Kolmandad mäed (The Third Range of Hills), 1974. Novel.
Keisri hull 1978 (English: The Czar's Madman, Harvill, 1992, in Anselm Hollo's translation). Novel.
Rakvere romaan (A Rakvere Novel), 1982. Novel.
Professor Martensi ärasõit 1984, (English: Professor Martens' Departure, Harvill, 1994, in Anselm Hollo's translation). Novel.
Vastutuulelaev 1987 (English: Sailing Against the Wind, Northwestern University Press, 2012, in Eric Dickens' translation). Novel.
Wikmani poisid (The Wikman Boys), 1988. Novel.
Silmade avamise päev 1988, (English: The Conspiracy and Other Stories, Harvill, 1995, in Eric Dickens' translation). Short-stories.
Väljakaevamised (Excavations), 1990. Novel.
Tabamatus (Elusiveness), 1993. Novel.
Mesmeri ring (Mesmer's Circle), 1995. Novel.
Paigallend 1998 (English: Treading Air, Harvill, 2003, in Eric Dickens' translation). Novel.
Tahtamaa, (Tahtamaa) 2001. Novel.
Kallid kaasteelised (Dear Co-Travellers) 2003. First volume of autobiography.
Omaeluloolisus ja alltekst (Autobiographism and Subtext) 2003. Lectures on his own novels.
Kallid kaasteelised (Dear Co-Travellers) 2008. Second (posthumous) volume of autobiography.

Stories in English-language anthologies:

 Four Monologues on the Subject of Saint George in the anthology of Estonian literature The Love That Was Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1982, translator Robert Dalglish.
 Kajar Pruul, Darlene Reddaway: Estonian Short Stories, Northwestern University Press, Evanston, Illinois, 1996 (The stories: Hallelujah and The Day His Eyes Are Opened. Translator: Ritva Poom.)
 Jan Kaus (editor): The Dedalus Book of Estonian Literature, Dedalus Books, Sawtry, England, 2011 (The story: Uncle. Translator: Eric Dickens.)

Kross the essayist

Between 1968 and 1995, Kross published six small volumes of essays and speeches, a total of about 1,200 small-format pages.

Biography

The only biography of any length of Jaan Kross to date was first published in Finnish by WSOY, Helsinki, in 2008 and was written by the Finnish literary scholar Juhani Salokannel, the then director of the Finnish Institute in Tallinn. Salokannel is also the Finnish translator of several of Kross key works His Kross biography is entitled simply Jaan Kross and has not yet appeared in any other language except Finnish and Estonian. It covers both the biographical and textual aspects of Kross' work, also dealing with matters such as Kross the poet and Kross the playwright.

References

Sources
 Juhani Salokannel: Jaan Kross, Eesti Keele Sihtasutus, Tallinn, 2009, 530 pages. (Estonian translation of a Finnish work; the largest biography of Kross available in any language.)
 Loccumer Protokolle '89 – Der Verrückte des Zaren 1989, 222 pages. (Festschrift in German.)
 All works of Kross in their original Estonian versions. (Also some in Finnish and Swedish translation.)
 Jaan Kross: De ring van Mesmer, Prometheus, Amsterdam, 2000 (Dutch translation by Frans van Nes of Mesmeri ring /  Mesmer's Circle).
 Cornelius Hasselblatt: Geschichte der estnischen Literatur, Walter de Gruyter (publishers), 2006, pages 681–696 (in German).
 Both volumes of Jaan Kross' autobiography entitled Kallid kaasteelised I-II, Eesti Keele Sihtasutus, Tallinn, 2003 and 2008. A total of some 1,200 pages.
 Eesti kirjanike leksikon (Estonian bio-bibliographical writers' reference work), 2000. The article on Jaan Kross there.
 Various reviews and obituary notices in The Guardian, TLS, etc., by Doris Lessing, Tibor Fischer, Paul Binding, Ian Thomson, and others.
 Translator Eric Dickens' introductions to The Conspiracy and Other Stories, Treading Air. and Sailing Against the Wind.
 Material on the Estonian Literature Information Centre website pertaining to Jaan Kross.

 A couple of articles on Kross in the Estonian Literary Magazine (ELM), published in Tallinn, especially during Kross' 80th birthday year of 2000.
 Tannberg / Mäesalu / Lukas / Laur / Pajur: History of Estonia, Avita, Tallinn, 2000, 332 pages.
 Andres Adamson, Sulev Valdmaa: Eesti ajalugu (Estonian History), Koolibri, Tallinn, 1999, 230 pages.
 Arvo Mägi: Eesti rahva ajaraamat (The Estonian People's History Book), Koolibri, Tallinn, 1993, 176 pages.
 Silvia Õispuu (editor): Eesti ajalugu ärkimisajast tänapäevani (Estonian History From National Awakening to the Present Day), Koolibri, 1992, 376 pages.
 Mart Laar: 14. juuni 1941 (14 June 1941; about the deportations to Siberia), Valgus, Tallinn, 1990, 210 pages.
 Mart Laar and Jaan Tross: Punane Terror (Red Terror), Välis-Eesti & EMP, Stockholm, Sweden, 1996, 250 pages.
 Andres Tarand: Cassiopeia (the author's father's letter from the labour camps), Tallinn, 1992, 260 pages.
 Imbi Paju: Förträngda minnen (Suppressed Memories), Atlantis, Stockholm, 2007, 344 pages (Swedish translation of the Estonian original: Tõrjutud mälestused.)
 Venestamine Eestis 1880–1917 (Russification in Estonia 1880–1917; documents), Tallinn, 1997, 234 pages.
 Molotovi-Ribbentropi paktist baaside lepinguni (From the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact to the Bases Agreement; documents), Perioodika, Tallinn, 1989, 190 pages.
 Vaime Kabur and Gerli Palk: Jaan Kross – Bibliograafia (Jaan Kross- Bibliography), Bibilotheca Baltica, Tallinn, 1997, 368 pages.

External links

 Guardian biography 2003: https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/jul/05/featuresreviews.guardianreview4
 Estonian Literature Information Centre profile: https://web.archive.org/web/20140222095137/http://www.estlit.ee/?id=10878&author=10878&c_tpl=1066&tpl=1063

1920 births
2007 deaths
Writers from Tallinn
Members of the Riigikogu, 1992–1995
Estonian male novelists
Estonian male short story writers
20th-century Estonian novelists
21st-century Estonian novelists
20th-century Estonian poets
Estonian male poets
20th-century short story writers
21st-century short story writers
20th-century male writers
21st-century male writers
Gulag detainees
People's Writers of the Estonian SSR
Honoured Writers of the Estonian SSR
Herder Prize recipients
Recipients of the Order of the Badge of Honour
Recipients of the Order of the National Coat of Arms, 1st Class
Burials at Rahumäe Cemetery

Jaan Kross


Ermeni Süleyman Paşa () veya Damat Süleyman Paşa (d.1607 - ö. 28 Şubat 1687) IV. Mehmed saltanatında 19 Ağustos 1655 - 28 Şubat 1656 tarihleri arasında altı ay on gün sadrazamlık yapmış bir Osmanlı devlet adamı.

Hayatı

Malatya'lıdır. Ermeni asıllı olduğu yolundaki rivayet zayıf ve şüphelidir.  "Koca" lakabıyla da anılır.

Sarayın kapı ağalığının olan ak-ağa İsmail Ağa'nın Yakın akrabası idi. İsmail Ağa aracılığı ile ilk defa İbrahim Paşa sarayına verildi ve sonra da Enderun'da eğitim gördü., Önce Hasodada "tülbent ağalığı" görevi verildi; sonra rikapdarlığa atandı ve 1640'ta Sultan İbrahim  döneminde "silahtarlığa" çıktı.

1644'te Rumeli Beylerbeyi görevi verildi ve kubbealtı vezirliği rütbesine atandı. Sonra kubbealtı vezirliği görevi değişmeden "Yeniçeri Ağası" olarak göreve getirildi. Daha sonra yine vezirlik rütbesi ile Erzurum valisi olarak atandı. Bu görevi yapmakta iken Erzurum'da 10 yıl önce idam edilmiş Abaza Mehmed Paşa olduğunu iddia eden bir düzmece kişinin çıkarttığı karışıklıklarla uğraştı. Onu yakalatıp 24 Mayıs 1646'de idam ettirip kellesini İstanbul'a gönderdi. Gönderilen kellenin  Abaza Mehmed Paşa'ya ait olup olmadığı hakkındaki şüpheleri gidermek için de İstanbul'a çağrıldı. Takiben Haziran 1647'de Ceşme'den Girit adasına Anadolu askerini gönderme görevi verildi. Sonra Sakız Muhafızı olarak atandı.

İstanbul'a dönüşünde vezâret hasları ile tekrar kubbe veziri oldu. Mayıs 1655'te İpşir Mustafa Paşa idam edildikten sonra ondan dul kalan I. Ahmet'in kızı ve padişah IV. Mehmet'in  halası olan Ayşe Sultan'la evlenip saraya damad oldu.  Onunla beş ay nikâhlı kaldı. Ayşe Sultan 6 ay Süleyman Paşa'nın zevceliğinden sonra onun nikâhında ölmüştür.

Sadrazam Kara Dev Murat Paşa Ağustos 1655'te sadrazamlıktan azledildiğinde sedarete geçirildi. Altı ay süren sadrazamlığı sırasında Girit Savaşı ve Kandiye Kuşatması  devam etmekteydi. Anadolu'da ve Kırım'da isyanlar almış yürümüştü.

Devlet maliyesi bozuktu ve tedavülde olan para enflasyon dolayısıyla devamlı değer kaybetmekte idi. Mali sıkıntıyı gidermek için iki, ūç yıl gelecekte toplanması gereken devlet vergileri peşin olarak vergi iltizamcılarına satılmakta; yahudi sarraflardan zuyuf akçe alınarak kapıkulu halkına ulufe olarak dağıtılmskta idi. Devlet memuriyetleri altı yedi ayda bir satışa çıkartılmakta idi. Her ulufe dağıtımı için istikraz olarak Enderun hazinesinden birkaç yuz kese alınmaktadı. Tevcihler, müsadereler ve istikrazlarla devlet geliri aranılmakta idi. Buna rağmen bu gelirler ulufe  ve maaşlara yetişmemekteydi. Süleyman Paşa defterdar Halıcızade Mehmed Paşa'nın tavsiyesine uyarak tedavüldeki parayı ıslah etmek  bahanesi ile piyasadaki sahih akçeleri toplantip onlar yerine gümüş içeriği daha düşük bir yeni akçe bastırdı. Ama bu yeni kızıl (bakırı çok) akçalara ahali arasında verilen "çingene akçası" veya "meyhane akçası" isiminden anlaşılacağı üzere bu para ıslahı başarılı olmadı.

1656 başlarında Girit'ten dönen yeniçerilerin ulufelerini almak için Saray'a gönderdikleri temsilcileri Ağa Kapısı'na başvurduklarında Kulkethüdası Osman Ağa tarafından tahkir edilip uzaklaştırıldılar. Kapıkulu askerleri zaten bu yeni akça ile ulufe almayı kabul etmemekteydiler. Sarayın ilerigelenleri ve Valide Turhan Hatice Sultan kararı ile  28 Şubat 1656'da sadrazamlıktan azledildi. Yerine sadrazam olarak getirilmesi istenen Girit'te bulunan Gazi Deli Hüseyin Paşa'ya daha haber gitmeden Kaptan-ı Derya ve İstanbul Sedaret Kaymakamı Zurnazen Mustafa Paşa kışkırtması ile 29 Şubat 1656'de sonradan Vaka-i Vakvakiye adı verilen büyük bir kapıkulu askeri ayaklanması ortaya çıktı.

Süleyman Paşa azlindan sonra Silistre'ye valilikle yollandı.  Daha sonra Süleyman Paşa iki defa İstanbul'da "Sedaret Kaymakamlığı" görevini yaptı. 1659'da başlayan sedaret kaymakamlığı sırasında 1660'ta İstanbul'da büyük bir yangın çıktı. Eyaletine döndüğü zaman eyalet askerleri ile Don Kazakları üzerine bir sefer yapıp onların Osmanlı topraklarına girmelerini bir müddet için durdurdu. 1665'te yeniden İstanbul'da sedaret kaymakamlığı yaptı ve yine bu sırada daha küçük olmakla beraber bir daha İstanbul yangını ile uğraştı.

Yaşı ilerlediği için İstanbul'da oturtuldu ve kendisine gelir sağlamak üzere Çankırı sancağı arpalık olarak verildi. 1666'da bir ara Erzurum Valiliği görevi de verildi ise de pek ihtiyar olduğu için bu uzak mevkiye gidemeyip bu görevden azledildi. Sonra yine Çankırı sancağı arpalığı ile uzun müddet Üsküdar'da konağında oturdu. Yaşı 80'i geçtiği bir zamanda Üsküdar'daki konağında 28 Şubat 1687'de hayata gözlerini yumdu. Vefatından sonra evinin bahçesine gömüldü.

Değerlendirme
Uzunçarşılı onu şöyle değerlendirmiştir:
Halim, selim ve makus talihi idi. Sedareti devletin en buhranlı zamanına rastlamıştır.
TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi'ndeki maddede hakkında şunlar denilmektedir:
Kaynaklarda yumuşak tabiatlı, saf, dindar, ancak şanssız bir devlet adamı olarak nitelendirilir.

Kaynakça

Dış kaynaklar
 Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı, (1954) Osmanlı Tarihi III. Cilt, 2. Kısım , XVI. Yüzyıl Ortalarından XVII. Yüzyıl Sonuna kadar), Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu (Altıncı Baskı 2011 ISBN 978-975-16-0010) say.410-411
 Buz, Ayhan, (2009) Osmanlı Sadrazamları, İstanbul: Neden Kitap, ISBN978-975-254-278-5, say.109.
 Danişmend, İsmail Hami, (2011), İzahlı Osmanlı Tarihi Kronolojisi 6 Cilt, İstanbul:Doğu Kütüphanesi, ISBN 9789944397681
 Toksoy, Celal, "Süleyman Paşa (Damat)" (1999), Yaşamları ve Yapıtlarıyla Osmanlılar Ansiklopedisi, C.2 s.567, İstanbul:Yapı Kredi Kültür Yayıncılık A.Ş. ISBN 975-08-0071-01.
 E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936, Martijn Theodoor Houtsma, 1987 C.IX say: 879-880

Dış bağlantılar
 Kütükoğlu, Bekir, "Süleyman Paşa, Malatyalı" (2010), Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi Cilt:33 Sayfa:98-99,  İstanbul:TDV Yayınları. Online:

1607 doğumlular
1687 yılında ölenler
Osmanlı sadrazamları
Osmanlı Ermenileri
İstanbul'da ölenler
Etnik Ermeni Müslümanlar

Ermeni Süleyman Paşa


Esta é uma lista de diretores de fotografia que venceram e/ou foram indicados ao prêmio da American Society of Cinematographers por Melhor Cinematografia em Filme (em inglês: American Society of Cinematographers Award for Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Theatrical Releases), concedido anualmente pela American Society of Cinematographers desde 1986.

Desde o início da entrega dos prêmios, Roger Deakins possui o maior número de indicações com 17 e também o maior vencedor com 5 junto a Emmanuel Lubezki que conseguiu vencer três vezes consecutivas, entre 2013 e 2015, por Gravidade, Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) e The Revenant, respectivamente. Conrad Hall é o segundo maior vencedor, com 4 e Robert Richardson detém a segunda maior marca de indicações, com 11. O atual detentor do prêmio é Greig Fraser por seu trabalho em Duna.

Vencedores e Indicados

Década de 1980

Década de 1990

Década de 2000

Década de 2010

Década de 2020

Múltiplas vitórias

5 vitórias
 Roger Deakins
 Emmanuel Lubezki (3 consecutivas)

4 vitórias
 Conrad L. Hall

2 vitórias
 Allen Daviau
 John Toll
 Greig Fraser

Múltiplas indicações

17 indicações
 Roger Deakins

11 indicações
 Robert Richardson

6 indicações
 Janusz Kamiński
 Emmanuel Lubezki

5 indicações
 Bruno Delbonnel
 Conrad L. Hall
 John Schwartzman
 John Seale
 Dean Semler

4 indicações
 Chris Menges
 Rodrigo Prieto
 John Toll
 Haskell Wexler

3 indicações
 Dion Beebe
 Stephen H. Burum
 Caleb Deschanel
 Greig Fraser
 Darius Khondji
 Andrew Lesnie
 Claudio Miranda
 Phedon Papamichael
 Wally Pfister
 Philippe Rousselot
 Dante Spinotti

2 indicações
 Barry Ackroyd
 Danny Cohen
 Jeff Cronenweth
 Dean Cundey
 Allen Daviau
 Paweł Edelman
 Robert Elswit
 Stephen Goldblatt
 Adam Greenberg
 Edward Lachman
 Dan Laustsen
 Matthew Libatique
 Seamus McGarvey
 Tony Pierce-Roberts
 Dick Pope
 Linus Sandgren
 Vittorio Storaro
 Hoyte van Hoytema
 Dariusz Wolski
 Vilmos Zsigmond

Veja Também

 Oscar de melhor fotografia
 BAFTA de melhor cinematografia

Referências

Prêmios da American Society of Cinematographers
Prémios de cinema para fotografia
Prêmios estabelecidos em 1986

American Society of Cinematographers Award por Melhor Cinematografia em Filme


Svijet

Književna djela

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Književna djela

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

 8. siječnja – Ivan Gundulić, hrvatski pjesnik, epik, lirik i dramatik († 1638.)

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Književnost u 1589.


Namuchi ( m.) ist der Name eines "Dämons" (Asura) der vedischen Mythologie und Widersacher des Gottes Indra.

Mythos
Eines Tages stahl Namuchi Somatrank von Indra und verunreinigte diesen mit Branntwein. Daraufhin schwor Indra Rache, doch aufgrund eines Vertrages durfte er Namuchi weder bei Tag noch bei Nacht, weder mit etwas Festem noch mit etwas Flüssigem, weder mit Holz noch mit Stein angreifen. Doch eines Tages, während der Abenddämmerung, entdeckte der Gott eine Schaumsäule im Meer. Weder fest noch flüssig, weder Stein noch Holz, warf Indra die Säule auf Namuchi und enthauptete ihn damit. Dadurch gewann er seinen Soma wieder, das er durch ein heiliges Ritual reinigte. Da Namuchis Tötung jedoch wie ein Vertragsbruch aussah, musste auch Indra selbst sich durch ein Reinigungsopfer von dieser Sünde befreien.

Literatur
 Jan Gonda: Die Religionen Indiens. Veda und älterer Hinduismus. W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1960, S. 58f. s.v. Indra
 Namuci. In: Hans Wilhelm Haussig, Heinz Bechert (Hrsg.): Götter und Mythen des indischen Subkontinents (= Wörterbuch der Mythologie. Abteilung 1: Die alten Kulturvölker. Band 5). Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1984, ISBN 3-12-909850-X.
 Rachel Storm: Enzyklopädie der östlichen Mythologie. Reichelsheim 2000, s.v. Indra, Namuci

Einzelnachweise

Asura

Namuchi


Neusticomys oyapocki, qui a pour nom commun Souris aquatique de l'Oyapock, est une espèce sud-américaine de rongeurs de la famille des Cricetidae.

Description
Décrit à l'origine comme un membre du genre Daptomys par Gérard Dubost et Francis Petter (1978), Neusticomys oyapocki se distingue des autres espèces congénères par ses oreilles et ses pieds brun foncé (ne contrastant pas avec le pelage dorsal brun foncé), une racine zygomatique inférieure bien en avant de la rangée de dents, l'absence d'apophyse orbiculaire du marteau et l'absence probable des troisièmes molaires supérieures et inférieures.

Répartition
Ce rongeur est présent en Guyane et dans les régions voisines du Brésil.

L'espèce vit souvent près des plans d'eau dans des forêts galeries ou dans des paysages ouverts avec quelques arbres et arbustes.

Comportement

Alimentation
Neusticomys oyapocki se nourrit d'invertébrés aquatiques.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Cricetidae
Animal décrit en 1978
Rongeur (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique d'Amérique du Sud

Neusticomys oyapocki


An Filarum manserichense in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Dan Henry Nicolson. An Filarum manserichense in nahilalakip ha genus nga Filarum, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Filarum

en:Filarum manserichense

Filarum manserichense


An Garnotia spadicea in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jisaburo Ohwi. An Garnotia spadicea in nahilalakip ha genus nga Garnotia, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Garnotia

Garnotia spadicea


La Macana ist eine Ortschaft in Uruguay.

Geographie
La Macana befindet sich auf dem Gebiet des Departamento Florida in dessen Sektor 1. Der Ort liegt im westlichen Teil des Departamentos, einige Kilometer nördlich der Departamento-Hauptstadt Florida und südsüdöstlich von La Cruz. Unweit östlich fließt der Río Santa Lucía Chico, dessen Nebenfluss Arroyo de la Macana nahe dem Ort vorbeiführt. Nächstgelegene Ortschaft in Richtung Osten ist San Gabriel.

Einwohner
Die Einwohnerzahl La Macanas beträgt 91 (Stand: 2011), davon 46 männliche und 45 weibliche. Für die vorhergehenden Volkszählungen der Jahre 1963, 1975, 1985 und 1996 sind beim Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay keine Daten erfasst worden.

Quelle: Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay

Weblinks
 Stadtplan von La Macana (PDF; 77 kB)

Einzelnachweise

Ort im Departamento Florida

La Macana


Cette page liste les représentants du canton du Jura au Conseil des États depuis la création du canton en 1979.

Abréviations des partis

 PDC: Parti démocrate-chrétien.
 PRD: Parti radical-démocratique.
 PSS: Parti socialiste suisse.

Liste

Notes et références

Conseillers aux États
Conseil des États (Suisse)
Personnalité politique du canton du Jura

Liste des conseillers aux États du canton du Jura


මෙරට ප්‍රධාන ජන වර්ග දෙකක් ලෙස සිංහල ජන ප්‍රජාව හා ද්‍රවිඩ  ජන ප්‍රජාව සැලකිය හැකිය. වර්මානයේ එම ප්‍රජාවන් අතර සහජීවනය තරමක් දුරට බිඳී ගියද අතීතයේ සි‍ට එම සහජීවනය ඉතා ඉහල මට්ටමකින් තිබී ඇති මෙරට ඉතිහාසය අධ්‍යයනය කිරීමේ දී පෙනී යයි. සිංහල ජන ප්‍රජාව මෙරට ප්‍රධාන ජන ප්‍රජාව ලෙස ඇති අතර අ‍නෙකුත් ජන වර්ග විශේෂයෙන් ද්‍රවිඩ ජනතාව අතීතයේ සිට අ‍ාක්‍රමණික සහ සංක්‍රමණික වශයෙන් මෙරටට පැමිණ ඇති බව හඳුනා ගත හැකිය. ඒ අනුව සුලු ජන ප්‍රජාවක් වූ ද්‍රවිඩ ජනතාව පිළිබඳව මෙරට ප්‍රථම රාජධානි යුගය වූ අනුරාධපුර යුගයේ සිට තොරතුරු හමු වෙි.

ලිඛිත මුලාශ්‍ර

එළාර රජතුමා ක්‍රි පූ 205 සිට ක්‍රි පූ 161 දක්වා

මෙරට ද්‍රවිඩ ප්‍ර‍ජාව පිළිබඳව අනුරාධපුර යුගයේ ප්‍රථම වරට තොරතුරු හඳුගත හැකි වන්නේ එළාර රජ (ක්‍රි පූ 205 සිට ක්‍රි පූ 161 දක්වා) සමයේය. දකුණු ඉන්දියාවේ සොලි රජෙකු ලෙස මෙරටට පැමිණෙන එළාර නම් මෙම ද්‍රවිඩ පාලකයා වසර 44 කට අධික කාලයක් අනුරාධපුර රාජධානිය පාලනය කල බව මහා වංශයේ සඳහන් වේ. ද්‍රවිඩ පාලකයෙකු වූවද නීතිගරුක සහ ආගමික සහජීවනයට ගරු කල පාලකයෙකු ලෙස සැලකේ. වසර 44 ක අධික කාලයක් මෙරට සිංහල ජනයාගේ පාලකයෙකු ලෙස ද්‍රවිඩ පාලකයෙකුට කටයුතු කිරීමට හැකි වීමද මෙරට වාර්ගික සහජීවනය ඉස්මතු කරන වඩාත් නිවැරදිම නිදසුනකි. තවද එලාර රජුගෙන් පසු බලයට පත් වූ දුටුගැමුණු ර‍ජු විසින් ඔහුට සක්විති රජෙකු සමාන ගරු බුහුමන් දැක් වූ මුලාශ්‍රවල සඳහන් වේ.

ගජබාහු රජතුමා ක්‍රි ව 114 ක්‍රි ව 136 දක්වා
ද්‍රවිඩ ජන විශ්වාසය සම්බන්ධ පත්තිනි දේව ඇඳහිලි මෙරට ගෙන ආ පාලකයෙකු ලෙස ගජබාහු රජතුමා සැලකිය හැකිය. එතුමා චෝළ දේශයේ සිට පත්තිනි ඇදහිලි හා  පත්තිනි සළඹ මෙරටට රුගෙන ආ බව රාජාවලියේ මෙන්ම දකුණු ඉන්දීය ග්‍රන්ථයක් වන සීලක්පරිකාරම් ග්‍රන්ථයේ සඳහන් වේ.

මහසෙන් රජතුමා ක්‍රි ව 276 ක්‍රි ව 303
බෝපන්න‍ෙ සහ රෝහණයේ ස්ථාන 2 ක ශිව ලිංග සහිත කෝවිල් පිහිටා තිබුණ බව අටුවා ග්‍රන්ථවල සඳහන් වේ. මේ අනුව පෙනී යන්නේ රෝහණය‍ේ පවා සිංහල ජන ප්‍රජාව හා මිශුව දුවිඩ ජන ප්‍රජාවද වාසය කර ඇති බවය.තවද ඉන්දීය ග්‍රන්ථයක් වන පෙරිය පුරාණම් හි ශිව ස්තෝත්‍ර වල මාන්තො‍ට්ටම් ලෙස සඳහන් වන්නේ මාතොට බවත්, තිරුක්කෝණ මලයි යනුවෙන් සඳහන්ව ඇත්තේ ගෝකණ්නය බවත් විශ්වාස කෙරේ. තවද ඒවායේ පැවති ශ්‍ර්‍රිව කෝවිල් ගැන මෙම ස්තෝත්‍රවල වර්ණා කොට ඇත. මේ පිළිබඳ අදහස් දක්වන සෙනරත් පරණවිතාන මහතා පවසන්නේ ඉහත සඳහන් ස්ථාන මෙරට ප්‍රධාන වරායන් බැවින් විවිධ රටවල්වලින් පැමිණි විවිධ ජන කොට්ඨාස මේ වරායන් ආශ්‍රීතව වාසය කරන්න ඇති බවය.

4 වන අග්ගබෝධි රජතුමා ක්‍රි ව 673 ක්‍රි ව 689 දක්වා
4 වන අග්ගබෝධි රජතුමාගේ පොත්තකුමිට්ටි නම් ද්‍රවිඩ සෙනෙවිවරයෙක් මාටම්බිය නම් භාවනා ගෙයක් කල බව සඳහන් වේ. තවද එම සෙනෙවිය‍ා කපුරු පිරිවෙන, කුරුන්ද පිල්ල පිරිවෙන, රජගෙය යන තැන්හි ප්‍රාසාද කරවූ සඳහන් වේ. තවද මෙම රජ සමයේ රජ මාලිගයේ ඉහල තනතුරු ද්‍රවිඩ ප්‍රභූන් දැරූ බව ලිඛිත මුලාශ්‍රවල සඳහන් වේ.

පුරාවිද්‍යාත්මක මුලාශ්‍ර

අනුරාධපුර යුගයට අයත් කණ්ඨක චෛත්‍යයේ උතුරු වාහල්කඩ කැටයම් පේලියක ගණ දෙවියන් වෙත පඬුරු ගෙන එන පෙරහැරක් කැටයම් කිරිමෙන් ද පෙනී යන්නේ බෞද්ධ විහාරස්ථානවලට ද්‍රවිඩ ආභාෂය ලැබී ඇති බවය.

තවද අනුරාධපුර යු‍ගයේ අග භාගයට අයත් කුඩා හින්දු සිද්ධස්ථාන කිහිපයක නටඹුන් අනුරාධපුර පැරණි නගරයේ උතුරු දෙසින් හඳුනාගත හැකි වූ බව සෙනරත් පරණවිතාන මහතාගේ අදහසයි.

තවද දෙවිනුවර උපුල්වන් දේවාලය ඉදි කර ඇත්තේ පළමු වන දප්පුල රජතුමා බව හඳුනාගෙන ඇත.

මේ අනුව පෙනී යන්නේ අනු‍රාධපුර යුගයේ සිට මෙරට ජාතීත් අතර සහජීවනය පැවති බවය.

අනුරාධපුර යුගයේ සහජීවනය


Johann Niemann (4 de agosto de 1913 – 14 de octubre de 1943) fue un SS-Untersturmführer (segundo lugarteniente) y comandante provisional del campo de exterminio de Sobibor. Niemann perpetró directamente el Holocausto en Sobibor durante la Operación Reinhard.

Biografía
Niemann se unió al Partido nazi en 1931 con el número 753.836 y se inscribió en las SS en 1934 con el número 270.600. Niemann sirvió primero en el campo de exterminio de Bełżec, con el rango de SS-Oberscharführer, donde comandó el Campo II, el área de exterminio. Luego, fue transferido al campo de exterminio de Sobibor. Niemann fue comandante sustituto de Sobibor en varias ocasiones en 1942, antes de ser nombrado en el cargo de forma permanente a inicios de 1943. Tras la visita de Heinrich Himmler a Sobibor el 12 de febrero de 1943, Niemann fue ascendido a Untersturmführer.

Karl Frenzel, también comandante en Sobibor, recordó cómo Niemann trató una amenaza de revuelta de prisioneros en el campo: «Un kapo polaco me dijo que algunos judíos holandeses estaban organizando un escape, información que le comuniqué al comandante sustituto Niemann. Él ordenó que los 72 judíos fueran ejecutados.»

El 14 de octubre de 1943 tuvo lugar un levantamiento de prisioneros en el campo de exterminio de Sobibor. Niemann era el oficial de mayor rango de las SS que estaba de servicio ese día, por lo que fue la primera persona asesinada por los prisioneros. Durante una cita con el sastre judío del campo para que le probaran una chaqueta de cuero que previamente había robado a un judío asesinado, Aleksandr Pecherski, un soldado judío del Ejército Rojo que se encontraba encarcelado en Sobibor, lo mató golpeándole con un hacha en la nuca.

En 2020, sus descendientes hicieron público el álbum de fotos de Niemann durante la guerra. La colección de fotografías se conoce como el álbum de los perpetradores de Sobibor.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Arad, Yitzhak (1987). Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps. Bloomington: Indiana University Press,

Perpetradores del Holocausto
Personal del campo de exterminio de Sobibor
Oficiales de las SS
Operación Reinhard
Criminales asesinados
Personal del campo de concentración de Belzec
Criminales de guerra nazis

Johann Niemann


An Glyceria in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Glyceria in nahilalakip ha familia nga Poaceae.

Ilarom nga taxa

 Glyceria acutiflora
 Glyceria alnasteretum
 Glyceria amurensis
 Glyceria arkansana
 Glyceria arundinacea
 Glyceria australis
 Glyceria borealis
 Glyceria burdonii
 Glyceria canadensis
 Glyceria caspia
 Glyceria chinensis
 Glyceria colombiana
 Glyceria declinata
 Glyceria depauperata
 Glyceria digenea
 Glyceria drummondii
 Glyceria elata
 Glyceria fluitans
 Glyceria formosensis
 Glyceria gatineauensis
 Glyceria grandis
 Glyceria insularis
 Glyceria ischyroneura
 Glyceria jansenii
 Glyceria latispicea
 Glyceria laxa
 Glyceria leptolepis
 Glyceria leptorhiza
 Glyceria leptostachya
 Glyceria lithuanica
 Glyceria maxima
 Glyceria melicaria
 Glyceria multiflora
 Glyceria nemoralis
 Glyceria notata
 Glyceria nubigena
 Glyceria obtusa
 Glyceria occidentalis
 Glyceria ovatiflora
 Glyceria pedicellata
 Glyceria pulchella
 Glyceria saltensis
 Glyceria septentrionalis
 Glyceria spicata
 Glyceria spiculosa
 Glyceria striata
 Glyceria tonglensis

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Glyceria

Glyceria


Shogo Kamo (12. december 1915 - 14. september 1977) var en japansk fodboldspiller.

Japans fodboldlandshold

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Eksterne henvisninger

Japan National Football Team Database

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Shogo Kamo


Der T-Kopf-Motor war eine Bauweise der Ventilsteuerung bei einem Viertaktmotor. Die Ventile waren zu beiden Seiten des Zylinders angeordnet, der Zylinderraum hatte dabei im Schnitt die Form des Buchstabens "T". Ludwig Apfelbeck bezeichnete dies auch als "Hammer-Zylinderkopf".
Einlass- und Auslassventil waren stehend auf gegenüberliegenden Seiten neben dem Kolben eingebaut und wurden mit jeweils einer untenliegenden Nockenwelle betätigt. Dem konstruktiven Mehraufwand von zwei Nockenwellen stand der Vorteil der Querstromspülung gegenüber.

Der erste Motor mit T-Kopf-Ventilsteuerung war in Wilhelm Maybachs Mercedes 35 PS von 1901 eingebaut. Weitere Marken waren Panhard & Levassor, Hotchkiss, Delahaye, Chadwick, Marquette, Packard (1906–1912), Società T.A.U. oder Mercer. T-Kopf-Motoren hielten sich im Nutzfahrzeugbereich länger, so verwendete sie American LaFrance bis 1950. Der T-Kopf-Motor kam auch in wenigen einspurigen Motorfahrzeugen zum Einsatz, so z. B. bei der amerikanischen Pierce von 1907.

Durch die Weiterentwicklung des Motorenbaus und das Aufkommen von klopffesteren Treibstoffen im Verlauf des vorigen Jahrhunderts wurden T-Kopf-Motoren durch die billiger und leichter herzustellenden L-Kopf-Motoren (beide Ventile auf der gleichen Seite, nur eine Nockenwelle erforderlich) verdrängt.

Literatur
 Borgeson, Griffith: The Golden Age of the American Racing Car, 2. Auflage (1998), Herausgeber SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers), Warrendale PA, ISBN 0-7680-0023-8 (englisch).

Weblinks

 Funktionsweise bei carbasics-1950.com (englisch); abgerufen am 28. März 2012.
 Schema eines T-Kopfmotors bei armyordnance.tpub.com (englisch); abgerufen am 28. März 2012.
 conceptcarz.com: Panhard & Levassor Type Q Doppelphaeton mit T-Kopf-Motor.

Einzelnachweise

Verbrennungsmotor

T-Kopf-Motor


Viscount Combermere, of Bhurtpore in the East Indies and of Combermere in the County Palatine of Chester, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1827 for the prominent military commander Stapleton Stapleton-Cotton, 1st Baron Combermere. He had already been created Baron Combermere, of Combermere in the County Palatine of Chester, in 1814, also in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. He had previously inherited the baronetcy, of Combermere in the County Palatine of Chester, which was created in the Baronetage of England on 29 March 1677 for his great-great-grandfather Robert Cotton.

The title of the baronetcy, barony and viscountcy, Combermere, is pronounced "Cumbermeer".

The first baronet represented Cheshire in the House of Commons. His grandson, the third Baronet, sat as a Member of Parliament for Cheshire as well as for Lostwithiel. He was succeeded by his younger brother, the fourth Baronet. He represented Denbighshire in the House of Commons. His son, the fifth Baronet, also represented Cheshire in Parliament. The latter was succeeded by his son, the sixth Baronet, who was later elevated to the peerage as Viscount Combermere. His son, the second Viscount, sat as a Conservative Member of Parliament for Carrickfergus.  the titles are held by the latter's great-great-grandson, the sixth Viscount, who succeeded his father in 2000.

Until 1919, the family seat of the viscounts Combermere was Combermere Abbey in Combermere Park, between Nantwich and Whitchurch in Cheshire. The traditional burial place of the viscounts was at St Margaret's Church, Wrenbury.

Cotton and Stapleton-Cotton baronets, of Combermere (1677)
Sir Robert Cotton, 1st Baronet (–1712)
Sir Thomas Cotton, 2nd Baronet (–1715)
Sir Robert Cotton, 3rd Baronet (1695–1748)
Sir Lynch Cotton, 4th Baronet (c. 1705–1775)
Sir Robert Salusbury Cotton, 5th Baronet (c. 1739–1809)
Sir Stapleton Cotton, 6th Baronet (1773–1865) (created Baron Combermere in 1814 and Viscount Combermere in 1827)

Viscounts Combermere (1827)
Stapleton Cotton, 1st Viscount Combermere (1773–1865)
Robert Henry Stapleton Cotton (1802–1821)
Wellington Henry Stapleton-Cotton, 2nd Viscount Combermere (1818–1891)
Robert Wellington Stapleton-Cotton, 3rd Viscount Combermere (1845–1898)
Francis Lynch Wellington Stapleton-Cotton, 4th Viscount Combermere (1887–1969)
Michael Wellington Stapleton-Cotton, 5th Viscount Combermere (1929–2000)
Thomas Robert Wellington Stapleton-Cotton, 6th Viscount Combermere (born 1969)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, Hon. Laszlo Michael Wellington Stapleton-Cotton (born 2010).

Slave trading

Stapleton Cotton, 1st Viscount Combermere was a joint owner of a number of plantations on St Kitts and Nevis between 1822 and 1834. He was appointed the Governor of Barbados in 1817 meaning he was involved with overseeing the operation of plantations, slaves being shipped in and out of the island through purchase and sales of African people and the overall use of slaves on the island. He also received a considerable amount of compensation (around £920,000 in today's currency) for the loss of 420 enslaved people, at the time of release, on his estates.

References

External links

http://www.stirnet.com/ (subscription only)

Viscountcies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
1677 establishments in the British Empire
Noble titles created in 1827
Noble titles created for UK MPs

Viscount Combermere


242830 Richardwessling este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
242830 Richardwessling este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Charleston, Illinois de Robert Holmes (astronom). Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,07 ua, o excentricitate de 0,03 și o înclinație de 11,1° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 242001-243000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2006
Centura de asteroizi

242830 Richardwessling


A ratchet (occasionally spelled rachet) is a mechanical device that allows continuous linear or rotary motion in only one direction while preventing motion in the opposite direction. Ratchets are widely used in machinery and tools. The word ratchet is also used informally to refer to a ratcheting socket wrench.

Theory of operation

A ratchet consists of a round gear or a linear rack with teeth, and a pivoting, spring-loaded finger called a pawl (or click, in clocks and watches) that engages the teeth. The teeth are uniform but are usually asymmetrical, with each tooth having a moderate slope on one edge and a much steeper slope on the other edge.

When the teeth are moving in the unrestricted (i.e. forward) direction, the pawl easily slides up and over the gently sloped edges of the teeth, with a spring forcing it (often with an audible 'click') into the depression between the teeth as it passes the tip of each tooth. When the teeth move in the opposite (backward) direction, however, the pawl will catch against the steeply sloped edge of the first tooth it encounters, thereby locking it against the tooth and preventing any further motion in that direction.

Backlash
Because the ratchet can only stop backward motion at discrete points (i.e., at tooth boundaries), a ratchet does allow a limited amount of backward motion. This backward motion—which is limited to a maximum distance equal to the spacing between the teeth—is called backlash. In cases where backlash must be minimized, a smooth, toothless ratchet with a high friction surface such as rubber is sometimes used. The pawl bears against the surface at an angle so that any backward motion will cause the pawl to jam against the surface and thus prevent any further backward motion. Since the backward travel distance is primarily a function of the compressibility of the high friction surface, this mechanism can result in significantly reduced backlash.

Uses
Ratchet mechanisms are used in a wide variety of applications, including these:
 Cable ties
 Capstans
 Caulking guns
 Clocks
 Freewheel (overrunning clutch)
 Grease guns
 Handcuffs
 Jacks
 Anti-rollback devices used in roller coasters
 Looms
 Slacklines
 Socket wrenches
 Tie down straps
 Turnstiles
 Typewriters

Gallery

See also
 Brownian ratchet
 Freewheel
 Sprag clutch
 Check valve, a device that allows fluids to flow in only one direction
 Diode, a device that allows electric current to flow in only one direction

References

Mechanisms (engineering)

Ratchet (device)


Phallus impudicus (Carl von Linné, 1753) din încrengătura Basidiomycota în familia Phallaceae și de genul Phallus, numit în popor burete pucios, burete puturos, bozuz sau pornografic pula calului este o specie de ciuperci saprofite, comestibile în stadiu timpuriu de ou, dar odatä dezvoltate necomestibile. Buretele crește în România, Basarabia și Bucovina de Nord împrăștiat solitar, deseori în grupuri mici, dezvoltându-se pe sol umed și răcoros, în apropiere de lemn în putrefacție sau pe resturi lemnoase pe care le descompune, atât în păduri de conifere pe lângă molizi și brazi, cât și în cele de foioase în apropiere de carpeni, fagi, stejari, de asemenea în cele mixte prin zăvoaie sub arini, în grădini și parcuri, de la câmpie la munte, din (mai) iunie până în octombrie.

Epitetul speciei este derivat din cuvântul latin (=nerușinat, licențios).

Taxonomie

Primele înregistrări scrise datează din secolele XVI și XVII. Astfel botanistul englez John Gerard (pe la 1545-1612) a descris specia sub denumirea Fungus virilis penis effigie  în lucrarea sa The Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes din 1597, iar compatriotul său John Parkinson (1567-1650) s-a referit la aceasta cu numele Phallus hollandicus în opera sa Theatrum botanicum din 1640. Dar taxonomiile au fost inexacte.
În anul 1753, marele savant suedez Carl von Linné a descris specia corect și i-a dat numele Phallus impudicus în volumul 2 al operei sale Species Plantarum, taxon valabil până în prezent (2018).

Soiul a mai fost denumit de mai multe ori. Acești taxoni sunt acceptați sinonim, dar nu sunt aplicați și pot fi astfel neglijați.

De constatat este, că se găsește destul de des (de exemplu și în Mycobank sau în disertația lui Kentaro Hosaka) un sinonim, Ithyphallus impudicus, pe care l-ar fi creat botanistul, micologul și profesorul universitar la Universitatea din Berna Eduard Fischer (1861-1939) în cartea sa Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien în 1888, ce nu este corect. Într-adevăr, marele om de știință suedez Elias Magnus Fries a propus fără succes redenumirea împreună cu cea pentru gen (Ithyphallus) în volumul 2 al operei sale Systema mycologicum, confirmat de renumiții micologi Pier Andrea Saccardo și Gustav Lindau (1866-1923) precum de Index Fungorum.

Descriere

 Corpul fructifer: de la apariție până la descompunere, evoluția durează nici măcar o zi. El este la început parțial îngropat sub pământ, ovoidal până rotund, de mărimea unui ou mijlociu de găină, fiind în acest stadiu gelatinos, albicios-ocru și învelit de o peridie (coajă mai groasă) dublă, cu gleba verzuie între pereți. Oul tăiat longitudinal seamănă cu o kiwi. Apoi, vârful oului se despică, și după scurt timp se dezvoltă un burete cu un fel de pălărie (care este slab detașată de tulpină) cu picior și volvă.
 Pălăria:  are o lungime de 4-5 (6) cm, o grosime maximală de 3-4,5 cm, este conică în formă de clopot, subțire, alveolată, avand la vârf mereu o gaurä, înconjurată de un disc alb. Se desprinde foarte ușor de picior. Cuticula este brăzdată de nervuri vizibile care delimitează suprafețe poliedrice și învelită de o glebă mucilaginoasă (vezi jos). La bătrânețe pierde  substanța gelatinoasă și devine ocru-gălbuie și seamănă ciupercii delicioase Morchella esculenta.
 Piciorul: are o lungime de 10-20 cm și un diametru de 2,5-3,5 (4) cm, este unicameral gol în interior, foarte fragil, spongios și cu ventricule foarte mici pe suprafața sa, cilindric și ușor lărgit spre bază, unde este cuprins de o volvă membranoasă, în interior gelatinoasă, ocru-albicioasă și destul de consistentă care se dizolvă treptat cu vârsta. Volva se prelungește pe sub pământ ca rizomorfi albi (filamente de miceliu îngroșate), asemănând ceva unei rădăcini. Coloritul este inițial alb ca zăpada, apoi deseori și cu tonuri de gălbui-ocru.
 Carnea (gleba): este în stadiu tânăr ca de ou de vrăjitoare fără miros, cu un gust plăcut, amintind la cel de ridiche sau hrean.  Mai târziu, după ce ciuperca s-a dezvoltat, carnea este foarte fragilă, destinsă de ventricule foarte fine și învelită într-un strat vâscos, lipicios, verzui. Ciuperca matură miroase dezgustător ca hoit în putrefacție respectiv asemănător excrementelor unei pisici. Această putoare, care se poate observa într-un diametru de 20 m, atrage în primul rând Brachycera (muști) și Geotrupidae (gândaci de bălegar) care se așază pe glebă, luând ulterior cu sine sporii și ajutând astfel la răspândirea soiului.
 Caracteristici microscopice: are spori conținuți într-un strat vâscos, lipicios, verzui, verde închis sau verde-măsliniu care se întinde peste cuticulă, fiind curând dispersat de către diverse specii de muști. Sporii brun-măslinii sunt foarte mici, ovoidal-elipsoizi, netezi și hialini (translucizi), având o mărime de 3–5 x 1,5–2 microni.
 Reacții chimice: nu reacționează cu nici un fel de soluții chimice.

Confuzii
Phallus caninus poate fi confundat o dată cu suratele lui, cu toate necomestibile, ca de exemplu: Mutinus elegans, Mutinus caninus, Mutinus ravenelii, Phallus calongei,  Phallus hadriani, Phallus ravenelii sau Phallus rubicundus, darde asemenea, după ce a pierdut gleba, cu specii de genul Morchella cum ar fi Morchella crassipes, Morchella elata,  Morchella esculenta sau Morchella semilibera.

Ciuperci asemănătoare

Valorificare
Acest soi se mănâncă în formă de "ou vrăjitoresc" adesea în Germania, Franta precum în Orientul Îndepărtat. Astfel, oul, eliberat de  gelatină (glebă), este comestibil crud, marinat în oțet sau foarte scurt prăjit, de exemplu într-o salată. Ciuperca poate fi servitä sia insa aspic.
Buretele a fost ingerat deja de multe ori de clienții de bună-credință și neștiutori, de exemplu, într-un lebărvurșt cu trufe falsificat. Odată ce ciuperca s-a dezvoltat, mirosul de hoit în putrefacție interzice orice utilizare culinară.

Această ciupercă, dacă nu este prelucrată repede, poate crea surpriza, ca ou cules de dimineață, să devină ciupercă puturoasă pe seară în coș. De aceea se indică de a nu o pune în același coș cu alte ciuperci.

Buretele, să nu fie călcat cu picioarele sau rupt degeaba (ce se întâmplă din pacate foarte des), pentru că este foarte valoros pentru descompunerea de material biologic mort și producerea de humus.

Întrucât specia nu prosperă rar pe movile de mormânt, miturile populare au creat câteva povești ciudate despre această ciupercă. Dacă un bozuz s-a tras  dintr-un mormânt, se credea că mortul de dedesubt murise cu o crimă nepedepsită și voia să avertizeze despre o soartă similară cu ajutorul acestei ciuperci. Mai departe au fost acționate  vrăji de dragoste amestecând ciuperca sub mâncare, dar uneori ciupercile au fost colectate de asemenea pentru a face rău oamenilor.

Note

Bibiliografie
 Marcel Bon: "Pareys Buch der Pilze", Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2012, ISBN 978-3-440-13447-4
 Bruno Cetto: "Der große Pilzführer", vol. 1-3, vezi sub "Note"
 Rose Marie Dähncke și Sabine Maria Dähncke: "700 Pilze in Farbfotos", Editura AT Verlag, Aarau - Stuttgart 1979 și 1980, ISBN 3-85502-0450
 Rose Marie sia Sabine Maria Dähncke: "Pilze", Editura Silva, Zürich 1986
 Jean-Louis Lamaison & Jean-Marie Polese: "Der große Pilzatlas", Editura Tandem Verlag GmbH, Potsdam 2012, ISBN 978-3-8427-0483-1
 J. E. și M. Lange: "BLV Bestimmungsbuch - Pilze", Editura BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, Berna Viena 1977, ISBN 3-405-11568-2
 Hans E. Laux: "Der große Pilzführer, Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2001, ISBN 978-3-440-14530-2
 Gustav Lindau: "Kryptogamenflora für Anfänger – Die höheren Pilze", vol. 1, ediția a 2-a, Editura Springer-Verlag GmbH, Berlin – Heidelberg 1917
 Till E. Lohmeyer & Ute Künkele: "Pilze – bestimmen und sammeln", Editura Parragon Books Ltd., Bath 2014, ISBN 978-1-4454-8404-4
 Meinhard Michael Moser: "Röhrlinge und Blätterpilze - Kleine Kryptogamenflora Mitteleuropas" ediția a 5-ea, vol. 2, Editura Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart 1983

Legături externe

 Phallus impudicus, film, timelapse
 Burete pucios, film în limba română

Agaricomycetes
Ciuperci comestibile
Ciuperci necomestibile
Ciuperci saprofite
1753 în știință

Phallus impudicus


Leucochitonea es un género de lepidópteros ditrisios de la subfamilia Pyrginae dentro de la familia Hesperiidae.

Especies
 Leucochitonea amneris (Rebel & Rogenhofer, 1894)
 Leucochitonea hindei Druce, 1903
 Leucochitonea levubu Wallengren, 1857

Referencias
 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Enlaces externos
 http://www.tolweb.org/Leucochitonea/95340
 Leucochitonea en funet

Tagiadini

Leucochitonea


An Wolffia columbiana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Gustav Karl Wilhelm Hermann Karsten. An Wolffia columbiana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Wolffia, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Wolffia

Wolffia columbiana


Cene Prevc (12. ožujka 1996.), slovenski skijaš skakač. Član je SK Triglav Kranj.

Deibitirao je u Alpskom kupu 13. i 14. rujna u Einsiedelnu, gdje je osvojio 60. i 57. mjesto. Veljače 2014. prvi je put nastupio u FIS kupu. Od tad redovno sudjeluje na obama natjecanjima.

U Kontinentalnom pokalu prvi je put nastupio 1. veljače 2015. godine. Najbolji plasman ostvario je u Bischofshofnu 30. siječnja 2016. godine s osmim mjestom. 23. veljače 2016. prvi je put nastupio u Svjetskom kupu i osvojio 43. mjesto i nije osvojio bodove.

Na slovenskom prvenstvu 2016. održanom na Planici u muškoj je konkurenci osvojio zlato. S njim su skakali Cene Prevc, Domen Prevc i Nejc Dežman.

Na Svjetskom juniorskom prvenstvu 2017. u Park Cityju osvojio je sa Slovenijom zlato u momčadskoj konkurenciji na maloj skakaonici. S njim su skakali Tilen Bartol, Aljaž Osterc i Bor Pavlovčič. U mješovitoj konkurenciji bio je prvi. S njim su skakali Nika Križnar, Tilen Bartol i Ema Klinec. U pojedinačnoj konkurenciji bio je šesti.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Žiga Jelar, Međunarodna skijaška federacija (eng.)

Slovenski skijaši skakači

Žiga Jelar


القيطع هي منطقة تجمع قرى لبنانية في قضاء عكار في محافظة عكار.

بلداتها
يتوزع سكانها على البلدات التالية:
 ببنين
 وادي جاموس
 القرقف
 المحمرة
 الحوش
 جديدة القيطع
 عيون الغزلان
 برقايل
 بزال
 سفينة القيطع
 برج العرب
 قبعيت
 حرار
 حبشيت
 بيت أيوب
 القرنة
 مشمش
 فنيدق
 خربة الجرد
 شان
 الحويش
 بيت يونس
 ذوق الحبالصة
 ذوق الحصنية
 ذوق المقشرين
 بقرزلا
 ضهر حدارة
 دير دلوم
 مجدلا
 دنبو
 المباركية
 سيسوق
 قلود الباقية
 مارتوما.

وصلات خارجية
 مركز المعلوماتية للتنمية المحلية (لوكاليبان)

المراجع

القيطع
قضاء عكار
مناطق عكار

القيطع


Søren Krogh (født 19. april 1977) er en dansk fodboldtræner og tidligere fodboldspiller. Han var Fodboldchef i AaB indtil januar 2022, hvor han skiftede til OB for at blive assistenttræner.

Karriere
Han spillede i sin aktive karriere i Holstebro BK, Brøndby IF, BK Frem, FC Nordsjælland, BK Frem og Boldklubberne Glostrup Albertslund.

Landshold
Han fik sin debut i landsholdsregi den 6. august 1992 for Danmarks U/17-fodboldlandshold, da han blev skiftet ind i i 4-0-sejren over Østrig i en internordisk turnering.

Trænerkarriere
Den 14. juli 2015 blev det offentliggjort, at Søren Krogh blev ny assisterende træner i FC Nordsjælland på klubbens førstehold.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Søren Krogh  på Boldklubben Frems hjemmeside

Fodboldspillere fra Danmark
Fodboldspillere fra Lemvig GF
Fodboldspillere fra Holstebro Boldklub
Fodboldspillere fra Brøndby IF
Fodboldspillere fra Boldklubben Frem
Fodboldspillere fra FC Nordsjælland
Fodboldspillere fra Boldklubberne Glostrup Albertslund
Fodboldtrænere fra Danmark
Fodboldtrænere fra Boldklubberne Glostrup Albertslund
Fodboldtrænere fra FC Nordsjælland

Søren Krogh


An Aechmea ferruginea in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Lyman Bradford Smith. An Aechmea ferruginea in nahilalakip ha genus nga Aechmea, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Peru. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Aechmea

Aechmea ferruginea


Within Hinduism a large number of personal gods are worshipped as murtis. These beings are either aspects of the supreme Brahman, avatars of the supreme being, or significantly powerful entities known as devas. The exact nature of belief in regards to each deity varies between differing Hindu denominations and philosophies. Often these beings are depicted in humanoid, or partially humanoid forms, complete with a set of unique and complex iconography in each case. In total, there are 330 thousands of these supernatural beings in various Hindu traditions.

Notes

External links
A chart of the main Hindu deities  (with pictures)
Hindu God - General Information

හින්දු දෙවිවරු

හින්දු දෙවිවරු


Risnefjorden er en fjordarm i den ydre del af Sognefjorden i Gulen kommune i Vestland fylke i Norge. Fjorden strækker sig omtrent seks kilometer mod syd fra fjordåbningen, som ligger mod nord.

Langs østsiden af fjorden ligger kommune, som går til Ytre Oppedal, hvorfra der går færge over Sognefjorden til Lavik. På vestsiden ligger Fylkesvei 1.

I april 1945 blev skibnet «Inger Seks», som var rekvireret af de tyske okkupationsstyrker i Norge, sænket af britiske fly mens det lå i Risnefjorden.

Referenser

Fjorde i Vestland
Gulen

Risnefjorden


පෙබරවාරි මාසයට දින 30ක් තිෙබ්ද?

    අතැම් ගණිතඥයින්ගෙ මතය අනුව වසර 400කට වරක් පෙබරවාරි මාසයට දින 30ක් ඒක් වෙ.  ඒය සිදුවන්නෙ වසර 4කට වරක් දින 29ක් ඒක් වීමෙදී ඉතිරිවන
 තත්පර ගණනක් වසර 400කදී එකතු වී පැය24ක් නිර්මාණය වීමෙන්ය. නමුත් මෑත කාලෙයෙදී ඒම දින 30 පිලිබදව කිසිදු සදහනක් නොමැත.
 1700දී පමන වැරදීමකින් ස්වීඩනයෙ දින දසුනක පෙබරවාරි මාසය සදහා  දින30 ක් ඒක් වීති‍බේ.
පෙබරවාරි
ග්‍රෙගරි දිනදසුනේ දින

පෙබරවාරි 30


Lane Fox ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Martha Lane Fox (* 1973), britische Geschäftsfrau
 Robin Lane Fox (* 1946), britischer Althistoriker
 St. George Lane Fox-Pitt (1856–1932), britischer Elektrotechniker

Lane Fox


An Habenaria vermeuleniana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Daniel Geerinck ngan Schaijes. An Habenaria vermeuleniana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Habenaria, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Habenaria

Habenaria vermeuleniana


Luis Felipe Areta Sampériz  alias Pipe (* 28. März 1942 in Donostia-San Sebastián) ist ein spanischer Athlet und Priester.

Leben

Internationaler Athlet
Mit 15 begann er Basketball im Club Cantábrico zu spielen. Später fand er Interesse an der Leichtathletik und wurde 13 Mal spanischer Meister im Weitsprung. Er steigerte den spanischen Rekord von 7,40 auf 7,77 m. Er hat auch 21 Spitzenleistungen im Dreisprung von 14,69 m bis 16,36 m abgeliefert.

Er nahm an den Olympischen Sommerspielen 1960 in Rom, den Olympischen Spielen 1964 in Tokio und den Olympischen Spielen 1968 in Mexiko teil. In Tokio schaffte er den besten Dreisprung mit 16,20 m, aber er sprang in der letzten Runde verletzt nur auf die zwölfte Position. Eine andere Verletzung hinderte ihn an der Teilnahme an den Olympischen Sommerspielen 1972 in München.

Priester
Im Jahr 1980 wurde er zum Priester des Opus Dei geweiht, dem er seit 1959 als Numerarier angehörte. Er wirkt als Lehrer und geistlicher Leiter an der Schule Gaztelueta in Bilbao. Während seiner Schulzeit am Colegio Mayor Aralar in Pamplona stellte er mit dem Journalisten Iñaki Gabilondo eine Gruppe von Amateurgesangsmusikern zusammen.

Leistungen

Weblinks
 Eintrag auf euskomedia.org (spanisch)

Einzelnachweise

Dreispringer (Spanien)
Weitspringer (Spanien)
Römisch-katholischer Geistlicher (21. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Geistlicher (20. Jahrhundert)
Olympiateilnehmer (Spanien)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 1960
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 1964
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 1968
Universiadeteilnehmer (Spanien)
Teilnehmer der Sommer-Universiade 1963
Mittelmeerspielesieger (Weitsprung)
Mittelmeerspielesieger (Dreisprung)
Opus-Dei-Mitglied
Spanier
Geboren 1942
Mann

Luis Felipe Areta Sampériz


İâşe Teşkilatı, Osmanlı Devleti'nin, I. Dünya Savaşı yıllarında halkın yiyecek ve giyeceğini sağlamak için kurulan özel bir örgüttü.

İâşe Teşkilatı


الاتحاد الألماني  كان اتحادًا يضم بصفة رئيسية 39 دولة ذات سيادة مستقلة وناطقة بالألمانية في أوروبا الوسطى، وأنشأه مؤتمر فيينا في عام 1815 بديلًا للإمبراطورية الرومانية المقدسة السابقة، التي كانت قد حُلّت في عام 1806. لم يتضمن الاتحاد الألماني أراضي معينة ناطقة بالألمانية في القسم الغربي من مملكة بروسيا (بروسيا الشرقية، وبروسيا الغربية، وبوزين)، والأقاليم الناطقة بالألمانية في سويسرا، ومنطقة ألزاس الفرنسية، التي كانت في الغالب ناطقة بالألمانية. ضعُف الاتحاد بسبب التنافس بين مملكة بروسيا والإمبراطورية النمساوية، وعدم قدرة أعضائها المتعددين على التسوية. حاولت الثورات الألمانية في فترة 1848-1849، مدفوعةً بالآراء الليبرالية والديمقراطية والاجتماعية والقومية، تحويل الاتحاد إلى دولة اتحادية ألمانية موحدة ذات دستور ليبرالي (يُسمى عادةً دستور فرانكفورت). حُلّت الهيئة الحاكمة للاتحاد، أي البرلمان الاتحادي، بتاريخ 12 يوليو عام 1848، لكن أُعيد تأسيسه في عام 1850 بعد سحق الثورة على يد النمسا وبروسيا ودول أخرى.

حُلّ الاتحاد في النهاية بعد انتصار مملكة بروسيا في حرب مدتها سبعة أسابيع على الإمبراطورية النمساوية في عام 1866. انتهى النزاع حول من يمتلك الحق الطبيعي في حكم الأراضي الألمانية لصالح بروسيا، مؤديًا إلى إنشاء الاتحاد الألماني الشمالي تحت القيادة البروسية في عام 1867، والتي أُضيف إليها الأقسام الشرقية من مملكة بروسيا. بقيت العديد من الدول الألمانية الجنوبية مستقلةً حتى انضمامها إلى الاتحاد الألماني الشمالي، الذي أُعلن عنه وأُعيدت تسميته إلى «الإمبراطورية الألمانية» في عام 1871، أي ألمانيا المتحدة (باستثناء النمسا) مع الملك البروسي إمبراطورًا (قيصر) لها بعد الانتصار على الإمبراطور الفرنسي نابليون الثالث في الحرب البروسية الفرنسية لعام 1870.

اعتبر معظم المؤرخين الاتحاد ضعيفًا وغير فعال، إلى جانب كونه عقبةً في طريق إنشاء دولة قومية ألمانية. كان هذا الضعف جزءًا من تصميمه، لأن القوى العظمى الأوروبية، متضمنةً بروسيا وخاصة النمسا، لم ترغب في أن يصبح دولة قومية. من ناحية ثانية، لم يكن رابطًا «ضعيفًا» بين الدول الألمانية، لأنه كان من المستحيل الخروج من الاتحاد، ولكون قانونه أعلى من قانون الدول المتحالفة. يكمن الضعف الدستوري للاتحاد في مبدأ الإجماع في البرلمان وفي حدود نطاق الاتحاد: كان في الأساس تحالفًا سياسيًا للدفاع عن ألمانيا ضد الهجمات الخارجية وأعمال الشغب الداخلية. للمفارقة، أثبتت الحرب في عام 1866 عدم فعاليته، لأنه كان غير قادر على دمج القوات الاتحادية من أجل محاربة الانشقاق البروسي.

التاريخ

خلفية
استمرت حرب التحالف منذ عام 1803 وحتى عام 1806. بعد الهزيمة في معركة أوسترليز على يد الفرنسيين تحت قيادة نابليون في شهر ديسمبر من عام 1805، تنازل الإمبراطور الروماني الفرنسي المقدس الثاني، وحُلّت الإمبراطورية في 6 أغسطس عام 1806. أسست معاهدة برسبورغ الناتجة اتحاد الراين في شهر يوليو من عام 1806، ليضم ستة عشر حليفًا لفرنسا من بين الدول الألمانية (من ضمنها بافاريا وفورتمبيرغ). بعد معركة يينا-أويرشتيد في شهر أكتوبر من عام 1806 في حرب التحالف الرابع، انضمت عدة دول ألمانية أخرى، من ضمنها ساكسونيا وويستفاليا. لم يبقَ خارج اتحاد الراين سوى النمسا، وبروسيا، وهولشتاين الدنماركية، وبوميرانيا السويدية، وإمارة إيرفورت المحتلة من قبل فرنسا. شهدت حرب التحالف السادس الممتدة منذ عام 1812 وحتى شتاء عام 1814 هزيمة نابليون وتحرير ألمانيا. في شهر يوليو من عام 1814، أنشا الألماني الوطني الشهير هاينرش فوم شتاين السلطة الإدارية المركزية لألمانيا في فرانكفورت بديلًا لاتحاد الراين البائد. من ناحية ثانية، كان المندوبون المفوضون المجتمعون في مؤتمر فيينا مصممين على إنشاء اتحاد للدول الألمانية أضعف مما تصوره شتاين.

التأسيس
أُنشئ الاتحاد الألماني بموجب القرار التاسع لمؤتمر فيينا في 8 يوليو عام 1815 بعد الإشارة إليه في المادة السادسة لمعاهدة باريس عام 1814، التي أنهت حرب التحالف السادس. أُنشئ الاتحاد رسميًا بموجب معاهدة ثانية، وهي الوثيقة الختامية للمؤتمر الوزاري لاستكمال تنظيم الاتحاد الألماني وتوحيده. لم تُبرم وتوقّع من قبل الأطراف حتى 15 مايو عام 1820. انضمت الدول إلى الاتحاد الألماني عندما أصبحت أطرافًا في المعاهدة الثانية. شملت الدول المحددة للانضمام إلى الاتحاد:

 أنهالت برنبورغ (ورثها دوق أنهالت دساو في عام 1863).
 أنهالت دساو.
 أنهالت كوتن (ورثها دوق أنهالت دساو في عام 1847؛ دُمجت مع أنهالت دساو في عام 1853).
 الإمبراطورية النمساوية (فقط جزء شمل تاج بوهيميا –بوهيميا ومورافيا وسيلسيا النمساوية– والأراضي النمساوية –النمسا، وكارينثيا، وكارنيولا، والساحل، وسالزبورغ، وستيريا، وتيرول، وفورارلبرغ؛ أُضيفت دوقيتا أوشفيتز وزاتور، جزء من مملكة غاليسيا ولودوميريا، في عام 1818).
 بادن.
 بافاريا.
 براونشفايغ.
 هانوفر.
 انتخابية هسن (تُعرف أيضًا بـ هسن-كاسل).
 دوقية هسن الكبرى (تُعرف أيضًا بـ هسن-درامشتات).
 هسن هومبورغ (انضمت في عام 1817؛ ورثها الدوق الأكبر لهسن درامشتات في عام 1866).
 هوهنتسولرن هيشنغن (أصبحت جزءًا من بروسيا في عام 1850).
 هوهنتسولرن زيغمارينغن (أصبحت جزءًا من بروسيا في عام 1850).
 هولشتاين وساكسونيا لاونبرغ، التابعتان للدنمارك (من ضمنها دوقية شلسفيغ 1848-1851). في 28 نوفمبر عام 1863، استبعد البرلمان الاتحادي المبعوث الدنماركي إلى حين تسوية مشاكل الاستمرارية وتعيين مبعوث جديد من قبل حكومة يعترف بها البرلمان. تخلّت الدنمارك في ما بعد عن كلتا الدوقيتين وعن شلسفيغ معًا لصالح النمسا وبروسيا في 30 أكتوبر عام 1864 نتيجةً لحرب شلسفيغ الثانية. بقيت الدوقيتان عمليًا في الاتحاد، بانتظار تسوية نهائية لحالتهما. لم تصبح شلسفيغ عضوًا في الفترة القصيرة بين هذه الحرب وحل الاتحاد.
 هولشتاين أولدنبورغ.
 ليختنشتاين.
 ليبه ديتمولد.
 لوكسمبورغ، الدوق الأكبر لها هو الملك الهولندي.
 مكلنبورغ شفيرين الكبرى.
 مكلنبورغ ستريليتس الكبرى.
 ناساو
 بروسيا. لم تكن مقاطعة بروسيا ودوقية بوزنانيا الكبرى إقليمين اتحاديين إلا في الفترة بين عامي 1848-1850.
 إمارة رويس، الخط الأكبر
 إمارة رويس، الخط الأصغر
 ساكسونيا كوبورغ زالفلد (أصبحت ساكسونيا كوبورغ وغوتا في عام 1826).
 ساكسونيا غوتا ألتنبورغ (قُسمت وأصبحت ساكسونيا ألتنبورغ في عام 1826).
 ساكسونيا هيلدبورغهاوزن (قُسمت الدوقية وأصبح الحاكم دوقًا لساكسونيا ألتنبورغ في عام 1826).
 ساكسونيا مايننغن.
 ساكسونيا فايمار أيزيناخ الكبرى.
 ساكسونيا.
 شاومبورغ ليبه.
 شفارتسبورغ رودولشتات.
 شفارتسبورغ سوندرسهاوزن.
 فالداك وبيرمونت.
 فورتمبيرغ
 بريمن.
 فرانكفورت.
 هامبورغ.
 لوبيك.

في عام 1839، وتعويضًا عن خسارة جزء من مقاطعة لوكسمبورغ لصالح بلجيكا، تأسست دوقية ليمبورغ وأصبحت عضوًا في الاتحاد الألماني (الذي عقدته هولندا بالاشتراك مع لوكسمبورغ) حتى حلها في عام 1866. لم تُضم مدينتا ماستريخت وفينلو إلى الاتحاد.

- كانت الإمبراطورية النمساوية والمملكة البروسية هي الأكبر بينها وتُعتبران حتى الآن أقوى أعضاء الاتحاد. لم تُضمن الأجزاء الكبرى من الدولتين في الاتحاد، لأنهما لم تكونا جزءًا من الإمبراطورية الرومانية المقدسة سابقًا، ولم تندمج الأجزاء الكبرى من قواتها المسلحة في الجيش الاتحادي. كان لكل من النمسا وبروسيا صوت واحد فقط في البرلمان الاتحادي.

- امتلكت ستة من الدول الكبرى أيضًا صوتًا واحدًا في البرلمان الاتحادي: مملكة بافاريا، ومملكة ساكسونيا، ومملكة فورتمبيرغ، وانتخابية هسن، ودوقية بادن الكبرى، ودوقية هسن الكبرى.

- حكم ثلاثةً من الدول الأعضاء ملوكٌ خارجيون (أجانب): ملك الدنمارك دوقًا لدوقية هولشتاين ودوقًا لساكسونيا لونبورغ؛ وملك هولندا دوقًا أكبر للوكسمبورغ ودوقًا لدوقية ليمبورغ؛ وملك بريطانيا العظمى (حتى عام 1837) ملكًا لهانوفر، وكانوا جميعًا أعضاءً في الاتحاد. كان لكل منهم صوت واحد في البرلمان الاتحادي.

- تشاركت المدن الحرة الأربع، وهي بريمين وفرانكفورت وهامبورغ ولوبيك، صوتًا واحدًا في البرلمان الاتحادي.

- تشاركت الدول الأربع والعشرون الباقية خمسة أصوات في البرلمان الاتحادي.

الدول الأعضاء

كان الاتحاد الألماني مكوناً من 39 ولاية ولكن كل هذه الولايات استمرت في التصرف بشكل مستقل ومثال على ذلك حروب كل من النمساويين والبروس ضد الدنمارك لم تندلع تحت راية الاتحاد الألماني.
حجم وتأثير الولايات تفاوت بشكل كبير:
 كانت مملكة بروسيا والإمبراطورية النمساوية أكبر وأقوى الولايات على الإطلاق لكن لم تكن كل مدنهما مشاركة في الاتحاد لأنها لم تكن أصلا قسما في الإمبراطورية الرومانية المقدسة وحتى السواد الأعظم من جيشيهما لم يكونا قسما من الاتحاد الألماني، كل من الدوليتين كان لهما صوت واحد في الاجتماع الاتحادي.
 ثلاثة ولايات في الاتحاد كانت تحكم من قبل ملوك أجانب:
ملك الدنمارك وملك هولندا وملك بريطانيا العظمى كانوا أعضاء في الاتحاد حيث كانوا يحكمون ولايات هولشتين (ملك الدنمارك)، لوكسمبورغ وليمبورغ (ملك هولندا)، وولاية هانوفر (ملك بريطانيا)، وكل منهم كان لديه صوت في الاتحاد.
 ست ولايات أخرى كان لديها صوت واحد في المجلس وهي:
بافاريا، ساكسونيا، فورتمبيرغ، ولي عهد هسن، دوق هسن، وبادن.
 23 ولاية صغرى تشاركت بخمسة أصوات لها جميعاً.
 المدن الأربعة المستقلة بريمن، لوبيك، فرانكفورت وهامبورغ تشاركت بصوت واحد فقط.

الأعضاء
 إمبراطويات
 الإمبراطورية النمساوية
 ممالك
 مملكة بروسيا
 مملكة بافاريا
 مملكة ساكسونيا
 مملكة هانوفر
 مملكة فورتمبيرغ
 انتخابيات
 انتخابية هسن
 دوقيات كبرى
 دوقية بادن الكبرى
 دوقية هسن الكبرى
 لوكسمبورغ (فقدت أكثر من نصف أراضيها بتسليم مقاطعة لوكسمبورغ البلجيكية الحالية إلى بلجيكا بعد الثورة البلجيكية سنة 1839).
 دوقية مكلنبورغ شفيرين الكبرى
 دوقية مكلنبورغ ستريليتس الكبرى
 دوقية أولدنبورغ الكبرى (دوقية كبرى من سنة 1829)
 دوقية ساكسونيا فايمر أيزيناخ الكبرى
 دوقيات
 أنهالت (أنهالت دساو1، أنهالت برنبورغ1، أنهالت كوتن2)
 براونشفايغ
 هولشتاين (متحدة شخصياً مع مملكة الدنمارك ولم تكن عضوا في اتحاد الراين السابق)
 ليمبورغ (تسبب تقسيم لوكسمبورغ سنة 1839 بدخول مقاطعة ليمبورغ الهولندية الحالية عضوا بالاتحاد بين 5 سبتمبر 1839 و 23 أغسطس 1866 باسم دوقية ليمبورغ. كياناً سياسياً مستقلاً في اتحاد شخصي مع مملكة هولندا. مع بقاء مدينتي ماستريخت وفنلو خارج الاتحاد الألماني).
 نـَسـّـاو
 ساكسونيا لاونبورغ
 ساكسونيا (ساكسونيا ألتنبورغ3، ساكسونيا كوبورغ وغوتا3، ساكسونيا كوبورغ زالفلد4، ساكسونيا غوتا ألتنبورغ4، ساكسونيا هيلدبورغهاوزن4، ساكسونيا مايننغن).
 شليسفيغ (أثناء حرب شليسفيغ الأولى بين عامي 1848 - 1851)
 إمارات
 هسن هومبورغ (منذ 1817)
 هوهنتسولرن (هوهنتسولرن هيشنغن5، هوهنتسولرن زيغمارينغن5)
 ليشتنشتاين
 إمارة ليبه
 رويس (الخط الأكبر، الخط الأصغر)
 شاومبورغ ليبه
 شفارتسبورغ (شفارتسبورغ رودولشتات، شفارتسبورغ سوندرسهاوزن)
 فالدك وبيرمونت
 مدن دول
 مدينة لوبيك المستقلة
 مدينة فرانكفوت المستقلة
 مدينة بريمن المستقلة (لا زالت تشكل ولاية في ألمانيا الحديثة)
 مدينة هامبورغ المستقلة (لا زالت تشكل ولاية في ألمانيا الحديثة)

1<small> ملحوظات:

1 اندمجت مع أنهالت عام 1863

2 حتى عام 1847 عندما ورثها دوق أنهالت دساو.

3 من عام 1826

4 حتى عام 1826

5 حتى عام 1850

مراجع

ألمانيا في القرن 19
بروسيا في القرن 19
انحلالات سنة 1866 في ألمانيا
انحلالات سنة 1866 في أوروبا
انحلالات عقد 1860 في الإمبراطورية النمساوية
تاريخ النمسا الحديث
تاريخ ألمانيا الحديث
تاريخ بروسيا
تأسيسات سنة 1815 في الإمبراطورية النمساوية
تأسيسات سنة 1815 في ألمانيا
تأسيسات سنة 1815 في أوروبا
تأسيسات سنة 1815 في بروسيا
دول الإمبراطورية الألمانية
دول وأقاليم انحلت في 1848
دول وأقاليم انحلت في 1866
دول وأقاليم أسست في 1815
دول وأقاليم أسست في 1850
دول وأقاليم أسست في 1866
رابطة الشعوب الجرمانية

الاتحاد الألماني


24889 Tamurahosinomura este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
24889 Tamurahosinomura este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Geisei de Tsutomu Seki. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,24 ua, o excentricitate de 0,13 și o înclinație de 4,3° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 24001-25000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1996
Centura de asteroizi

24889 Tamurahosinomura


Pietro Fenoglio (Turín, 1865 - Corio, 1927) fue un arquitecto italiano, de estilo modernista.

Su obra se encuentra principalmente en Turín, donde es considerado uno de los principales artistas locales.

Inició su trabajo con edificios de estilo clásico. Posteriormente incorporó la ruptura estética del estilo arquitectónico de profusa decoración de moda en Europa a finales de siglo, conocido como art nouveau o jugendstil. En concreto Fenoglio se caracterizó por el uso de bay windows.

Participó activamente en la Prima Esposizione Internazionale d'Arte Decorativa Moderna de 1902, celebrada en Turín.

Estuvo entre los fundadores y principales colaboradores de la revista L'architettura italiana moderna.

Obras

 Casa Avezzano;
 Casa Fenoglio-Lafleur (1902 - 1903), 6 corso Francia (11, via Principi d'Acaja);
 Casa Florio;
 Casa Maffei;
 Villino Raby, (1901), 8 corso Francia;
 Palazzina Rossi;
 Palazzina Scott, (1902), 57, corso Giovanni Lanza (aparece profusament en la película Les Frissons de l'angoisse de Dario Argento)

Bibliografía
 Riccardo Nelva e Bruno Signorelli, Le opere di Pietro Fenoglio nel clima dell'art nouveau internazionale, Dedalo Libri, 1979, Bari

Arquitectos de Italia del siglo XX
Arquitectos de Italia del siglo XIX
Arquitectos del Modernismo
Nacidos en Turín
Fallecidos en la provincia de Turín

Pietro Fenoglio


دائرة بن سكران إحدى دوائر ولاية تلمسان عاصمتها بن سكران. وتضم كل من بلديات:
بن سكران
سيدي العبدلي

المصادر

بن سكران

دائرة بن سكران


بلدية سيدي معروف، تابعة إداريا هي بلدية تابعة لدائرة سيدي معروف ولاية جيجل.

بركان berkenne
هي منطقة سكانية(دشرة، دوار) تتواجد ببلدية سيدي معروف ولاية جيجل تعيش عليها نسبة قليلة من الناس
معظم سكانها من عائلة بوكلاب

المصادر

المصادر

بلديات ولاية جيجل

سيدي معروف


Liubov Serguéievna Popova , nacida en Ivánovskoie,  gobernación de Moscú (6 de mayo de 1889 - 25 de mayo de 1924), fue una pintora rusa asociada a las vanguardias de la época revolucionaria (constructivismo soviético, suprematismo y cubofuturismo).

Vida y obra
Era una pintora con un gran talento y sus primeras obras, entre 1908 y 1912, fueron pintura de paisaje y dibujos de figuras humanas (1908-1912). A partir de 1913 y hasta 1915, pasa a pintar desnudos y retratos cubofuturistas (Desnudo cubista, 1913), una serie de naturalezas muertas con técnica de collage y uso del relieve (esculto-pintura), cartas pintadas y materiales diversos (Naturaleza muerta italiana, 1914).

En 1916 comienza una reflexión sobre la presencia o ausencia del objeto, hacia la no-objetividad.

Compone telas suprematistas, donde mezcla color, volúmenes y líneas (serie de Pictorales arquitectónicos, 1916-1921), donde formas geométricas se imbrican unas en otras y crean una organización de los elementos, no como medio de figuración, sino como construcciones autónomas.

En 1921, firma un manifiesto para el abandono de la pintura de caballete y declara que "la organización de los elementos de la producción artística debe volver a la puesta en forma de los elementos materiales de la vida, es decir, hacia la industria, hacia lo que llamamos la producción". Bajo estos principios estéticos, y junto con Aleksandr Ródchenko, participa en la exposición 5x5=25 en Moscú.

Se distinguió por sus composiciones arquitectónicas, y ente sus principales influencias estuvo Malévich. Perteneció a un ambiente artístico en el que destacó un notable grupo de pintoras, como Natalia Goncharova, Olga Rózanova, Varvara Stepánova y Aleksandra Ekster.

Galería de imágenes

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Ficha en el Guggenheim

Pintoras de Rusia
Pintores de la Unión Soviética
Constructivismo
Cubismo
Futurismo
Suprematismo
Mujeres artistas
Mujeres artistas de Rusia
Fallecidos en Moscú

Liubov Popova