The University of North Alabama (UNA) is a public university in Florence, Alabama. It is the state's oldest public university. Occupying a  campus in a residential section of Florence, UNA is located within a four-city area that also includes Tuscumbia, Sheffield and Muscle Shoals.  The four cities compose a metropolitan area with a combined population of 140,000 people.

The University of North Alabama was founded as LaGrange College in 1830. It was reestablished in 1872 as the first state-supported teachers college south of the Ohio River. A year later, it became one of the nation's first coeducational colleges.

History

LaGrange College opened on January 11, 1830, in a mountain hamlet a few miles south of Leighton in northeast Colbert County, Alabama. LaGrange means "The Barn" in French.  Twenty-one local college trustees were listed in Acts of Alabama, Eleventh Annual Session.

The town of LaGrange and its college were sacked and burned by Union troops in 1863. But by then, however, the college had moved north across the Tennessee River to Florence. The section of Franklin County containing LaGrange Mountain is now Colbert County. LaGrange College, which became Florence Wesleyan University in 1855, is now the University of North Alabama.

LaGrange College arose from the idea offered at a November 28, 1826 meeting of the Tennessee Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church to establish a college which would not be "religious or theological". By January 1829, the selection of Lawrence Hill on LaGrange Mountain was made for the site of the school.

A year later, LaGrange College opened to students of all denominations in two three-story brick buildings.

The Rev. Robert Paine was the first president. The North Carolina native was also the professor of moral science and belles lettres and taught geography and mineralogy. He was assisted by two other professors. The first board of trustees had a total of 50 members, including two Native Americans, a Choctaw politician and a Cherokee leader. In 1830, Turner Saunders, a native of Virginia, was the first president of the board of trustees. Saunders' mansion, built around 1826, still stands in Lawrence County. Among the many distant trustees was John Coffee of Florence, friend of Andrew Jackson.  Among the local trustees was Henry Stuart Foote of Tuscumbia, who would move to Mississippi and defeat Jefferson Davis in the 1850 Governor's election.

In 1850, a grammar school was added to LaGrange College. (Today, UNA's Kilby Laboratory School is the only university-owned and operated elementary laboratory school in Alabama. In 1858, following the death of the school's president and the loss of most of its students to nearby Florence, the college was suspended and re-established as the LaGrange College and Military Academy, with James W. Robertson as superintendent. Under its new name, additional buildings were constructed and the school reached its highest prosperity. The state of Alabama made provision for two cadets from each county to be enrolled, and by 1861 47 of its 171 students were state cadets. The school suffered a loss of enrollment again when Alabama seceded, and in March 1862 Robertson received approval from the Alabama governor to enroll the 35th Alabama Infantry from faculty, cadets, and enlistees from surrounding counties.

On April 28, 1863, the buildings were destroyed by Union soldiers of the 10th Missouri Cavalry, including a library of 4,000 volumes.

Among LaGrange's alumni were several generals, Alabama governors Edward A. O'Neal and David P. Lewis, Alabama Supreme Court justice William M. Byrd and U.S. Senator Jeremiah Clemens, who wrote the first American Civil War novel and the first western novel.

Florence Wesleyan University
LaGrange graduate Dr. Richard H. Rivers, after becoming president of the college, led most of the students and all but one faculty member from the mountain in late 1854 to relocate to Florence. The school was re-incorporated as Florence Wesleyan University.

Admission to Florence Wesleyan required an acquaintance with English grammar, arithmetic, geography and the Latin and Greek Grammar.  Prospective students also were required to demonstrate an ability to translate four books of Caesar's Gallic Wars, six books of Virgil's Aeneid, Jacob's or Felton's Greek Reader, and at least one of Xenophon's Anabasis.

One hundred and sixty students enrolled in the first year of operation (1855) of Florence Wesleyan University. The school quickly attracted students from five states and two foreign countries. Among Florence Wesleyan's graduates were Alabama governor Emmet O'Neal and Texas governor Lawrence Sullivan "Sul" Ross (the latter of whose tenure as president of Texas A&M University was known as the 'golden age' of that institution). Ross also is the namesake of Sul Ross State University in Alpine, Texas.

The Civil War

The American Civil War bestowed much hardship on the institution. Robert A. Young, president of Florence Wesleyan at the time, is credited with saving the institution from destruction.

Florence Wesleyan alumnus Lawrence "Sul" Ross, the future Texas governor and university educator, served as a general in the Confederate States Army.  LaGrange College and Florence Wesleyan University also produced three other Civil War generals: Confederate Generals Edward A. O'Neal (later an Alabama governor) and John Gregg and Union General Daniel McCook Jr.

State Normal School at Florence

When the Methodist Church deeded Florence Wesleyan to the State of Alabama in 1872, the institution became the State Normal School at Florence, the first state-supported teachers college south of the Ohio River. Shortly thereafter, it became one of the first co-educational institutions in the nation. A year after its becoming a state school, the institution opened its doors to women; however, none attended until 1874, when 31 young women enrolled. The first woman joined the faculty in 1879.

Florence Normal School's Newton W. Bates, professor of language and literature, published his History of Civil Government of Alabama in 1892, the first textbook on the history of Alabama.

T.S. Stribling, one of the university's most noteworthy alumni, graduated from Florence State Normal School in 1903. He is recognized as one of the leaders of the Southern Renaissance for his novels Birthright, The Forge, The Store and the Unfinished Cathedral. The Pulitzer prize-winning novelist and author outsold contemporaries William Faulkner and Ernest Hemingway during the interwar period of the 1920s and 1930s.

Florence State Teachers College
The institution functioned as a normal school for more than 50 years until 1929, when it became a state teachers college offering a four-year curriculum in elementary education.

The first bachelor's degrees were awarded in 1931.  Less than a decade later, the curriculum was expanded to include a four-year course of study in secondary education.  In 1947, the curriculum was expanded again to include A.B. and B.S. degree programs in fields other than teacher training.

Florence State College
Progress continued apace toward the comprehensive university the institution would ultimately become.  In 1956, the institution crossed another academic milestone with the formation of a graduate course of study in education leading to the Master of Arts degree.  With the establishment of a new Graduate Division, the graduate program was launched in the summer of 1957. The same year, the Alabama Legislature voted to change the institution's name to Florence State College to reflect its expanding academic mission.

Integration at Florence State College

Compared with other southern institutions of higher learning, particularly the universities of Alabama and Mississippi, integration occurred almost painlessly at Florence State College.

In 1963, Wendell Wilkie Gunn became the first African-American student to enroll at the college. Gunn had initially been denied admission. Then-President E.B. Norton sent Gunn a letter informing him that the Alabama Legislature and Board of Education would not allow the college to accept his application.  Speaking at UNA in 2005, famed civil rights attorney Fred Gray, who represented Gunn, recalled that the hearing that integrated UNA lasted only ten minutes, after which Gunn returned to campus and enrolled.  Gray described the episode as "the easiest case of my civil rights career."

Gunn, who subsequently earned degrees from Florence State College and the University of Chicago, went on to a distinguished career in banking and finance, including an appointment as international trade adviser to President Ronald Reagan in 1982. Wendell Gunn was appointed to the board of trustees of the University of North Alabama by Governor Kay Ivey in 2019.

Florence State University

In 1967 the Alabama Legislature removed jurisdiction for the college from the State Board of Education and vested it in a board of trustees.  A year later, the new board voted for another name change to Florence State University, once again symbolizing the steady expansion of the institution's academic offerings and mission.

Ethelbert Brinkley "E.B." Norton, who was serving as president at the time this name was adopted, is distinguished as the only president in the university's history to preside over three institutional name changes: Florence State Teachers College, followed by Florence State College in 1957, and, roughly a decade later, by Florence State University.

The change of name also was accompanied by an extensive reorganization of the university's academic and administrative structure, including the establishment of separate schools within the university.

The University of North Alabama

Less than a decade later, on August 15, 1974, the university underwent another change of name to the University of North Alabama, symbolizing its coming of age as a comprehensive, regional university. The following year, the graduate curriculum again was expanded with the introduction of the master's degree program in business administration.

Following a reorganization in 1991, the university's administrative structure consists of four divisions: Academic Affairs, Business Affairs, Student Affairs and Advancement, each headed by a vice president.  In 1993, the Board of Trustees, anticipating continued and steady enrollment growth, adopted a new master facilities plan to ensure that UNA will be equipped to accommodate 10,000 students.

Dr. Kenneth D. Kitts became the 20th president of the University of North Alabama in March 2015. Kitts formerly worked as provost at the University of North Carolina at Pembroke. Kitts also taught at Francis Marion University in South Carolina, the University of South Carolina, and Appalachian State University in North Carolina.

Campus

The UNA campus is adjacent to the Seminary-O'Neal Historic District, named for the street on which the Synodical Female College was located and for two Alabama governors.  The district, which is listed in the National Register of Historic Places, also is noted for its residential structures, built between 1908 and 1943 and representing a wide array of architectural styles.

UNA's campus facilities master plan was developed by the Olmsted Brothers, the sons of the architect who designed New York City's Central Park. A copy of the original Olmsted plan is permanently displayed in the President's Office in 601 Cramer Way.

The campus has three antebellum structures: Wesleyan Hall; Rogers Hall; and Coby Hall. All three are listed in the National Historic Register.

Mitchell Burford Science and Technology Building

The UNA Science and Engineering Technology Building was completed in 2015.  The five-story, 160,000-square-foot facility was designed by Lambert Ezell Durham Architects and constructed by BL Harbert,  The state-of-the-art building houses engineering technology,  biology, chemistry, occupational health science, physics and earth science.  It also includes conference areas, faculty offices, research facilities, specialized classrooms, a dining area, computer laboratories, super laboratories and lecture halls.  The UNA Science and Engineering Technology Building is a FEMA rated storm shelter capable of withstanding an F5 tornado. In June 2018, the building was renamed the Mitchell Burford Science and Technology Building in honor of Dr. Mitchell Burford, the largest individual private donor in the university's history.

Wendell W. Gunn University Commons

The Wendell W. Gunn University Commons was completed in 2014 and is located between Rogers Hall and Keller Hall at the north end of Court Street.  The $8 million complex houses the University Success Center, Student Financial Services, the UNA branch of Listerhill Credit Union, Starbucks and Chick-fil-A.  The Wendell W. Gunn University Commons was designed by Hugo Dante and Create Architects, and was built by Consolidated Construction. In March 2018, the building was renamed the Wendell W. Gunn University Commons in honor of Wendell Gunn, the first African-American student to enter Florence State College (now the University of North Alabama) in 1963.

Mattielou and Olive Residence Halls

Mattielou and Olive residence halls were completed in fall 2015 and spring 2016, respectively.  The new residence halls are located on the extreme north end of campus, behind Covington and Hawthorne halls.  Mattielou has 335 spaces and Olive has 429 spaces. These buildings were built primarily for incoming freshmen students.  There are double and limited single rooms and each unit has its own bathroom.

Laura Harrison Plaza

Harrison Plaza was made possible by 1955 alumna Laura McAnally Harrison and her husband, Dr. Donald C. Harrison, of Cincinnati.  The plaza, constructed around a large Italian limestone fountain, occupies the former intersections of Morrison and Wesleyan Avenues and Seminary Street between 601 Cramer Way, Keller Hall and the George H. Carroll Lion Habitat, which houses UNA's live mascots.  Harrison Plaza now constitutes the hub of UNA's three pedestrian walkways and serves as the principal entrance to campus.

Wesleyan Hall and Bell

With its distinctive towers, Wesleyan Hall, one of UNA's most familiar structures, is considered one of the most eminent landmarks in North Alabama. The Gothic Revival structure was designed to serve LaGrange College when this Methodist institution relocated from Franklin to Lauderdale county and was renamed Florence Wesleyan University.  During the Civil War, Wesleyan Hall was occupied by both Union and Confederate armies. General William Tecumseh Sherman is considered the most famous Civil War-era occupant of Wesleyan Hall.

After the war, the building was deeded to the state of Alabama and thereafter served as a state normal school. It currently serves as the center for Foreign Languages (French, German, and Spanish), Psychology, and Geography.

Wesleyan Hall houses personal effects and mementoes of former Alabama Supreme Court Chief Justice and U.S. Senator Howell Heflin, a native of nearby Tuscumbia.  The building is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.

Adjacent to Wesleyan Hall in a specially constructed tower is the Wesleyan Bell, which tolled regularly throughout the last quarter of the 19th century to summon Florence Normal School students to class.  Sometime around 1910, the bell was removed from Wesleyan Hall and stored.  Rediscovered in 2002, the 130-year-old Wesleyan Bell was restored to a prominent place on campus following construction of the Smith Bell Tower in 2004.

Rogers Hall (Courtview)

Rogers Hall, another one of UNA's most distinctive structures, was constructed by planter George Washington Foster in 1855 at the summit of Court Street (hence its original name, Courtview).  Because construction would result in the permanent obstruction of a major thoroughfare, the city had to secure the approval of the Alabama Legislature before work could begin. In the fall of 1864, the residence served as the headquarters of Confederate Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest.  Courtview was occupied by members of the Foster family until 1900, when it became the home of Alabama Gov. Emmet O'Neal.  In the 1920s, the residence was acquired by Thomas M. Rogers Sr., and in 1948 by the university. It houses the Offices of Advancement, Alumni Relations, and Communications and Marketing.

601 Cramer Way

Constructed in 1930, 601 Cramer Way houses UNA's senior administrative offices.

The building is named for David Bibb Graves (1873–1942), who served as Alabama's governor from 1927 to 1931 and 1935–39. Graves proved unsuccessful in his early political career, but eventually he used his connections and leadership in the Ku Klux Klan to propel his ascendancy to the Governor's office. Once in office, Graves's passage of the largest education budget in Alabama history led to the moniker as the "Education Governor", Graves's support for education led to recognition on virtually every Alabama college campus.

The Office of the President, Executive Vice President for Academic Affairs and Provost, Vice President for Business and Financial Affairs, Human Resources, and the College of Arts, Sciences, and Engineering are housed in the building.

Coby Hall

Coby Hall was donated to the university in 1990 by David Brubaker in memory of his wife, Coby Stockard Brubaker.  Built by John Simpson on the site of his earlier home in 1843, the Simpson House/Irvine Place, as it had been known, later was purchased by George W. Foster, builder of Courtview, for his daughter, Virginia, and her husband, James B. Irvine.

The University Admissions office is located in the building. Coby Hall is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.

The Guillot University Center

The Robert M. Guillot University Center is named after UNA's former president, who served from 1972 to 1989.

Popularly known as the "GUC," it houses the Post Office, 256 Grill, Moe's Southwest Grill, Panda Express and the Lion's Den Game Room (a recreational center where students can play video games, table tennis, or pool). The GUC also houses the Student Engagement Office, the Vice President for Student Affairs Office, Student Conduct, Title IX, University Case Manager, Career Planning, the University Center Operations and Event Management Office, Disability Student Services, UNA Dining, Military and Veterans Services, University Ombudsman, Division of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion, PMA Program and the Student Government Association. The Performance Center, located on the second floor, hosts a variety of events including concerts and comedy acts.

Collier Library

Collier Library is named in memory of Dr. C.B. Collier, Dean of Florence State Teacher's College from 1918 to 1946. Notable items in the 350,000-volume library include the collections of several musicians, actors, and writers, including W.C. Handy, acclaimed the world over as "father of the blues." The Pulitzer Prize Certificate and Collection of T.S. Stribling, one of the South's premiere novelists and an alumnus of Florence Normal School, is housed in the library.

Script collections include those of science fiction author Ray Bradbury and actors Lucas Black, Ernest Borgnine, Tom Cherones, Elinor Donahue and Noble Willingham.  Also included are the memorabilia of science fiction writer Forrest Ackerman.

Collier Library is the location of the George Lindsey Television and Film Collection, part of which is displayed in Norton Auditorium. In 2018 the library launched the UNA Scholarly Repository, a digital repository of the research and scholarly output of UNA faculty and students.

Memorial Amphitheater

The Memorial Amphitheater, located on the grassy commons between Guillot University Center and Collier Library, is another one of the most familiar sites on the University of North Alabama campus.  Erected in 1934 as a memorial to World War I veterans, the amphitheater is used for outdoor plays, concerts and speeches.  Much like the nearby Guillot Center, it is a popular site for socializing, lounging and studying between classes.

Opler Clock

The Opler Clock is located on Waterloo Road between Floyd Science Building and LaGrange Hall.

Keller Hall

Originally a men's dormitory, Keller Hall, constructed in 1947, is named after Dr. James Albert Keller, who served as president of Florence State Teachers College from 1938 to 1948.

Keller Hall serves as the headquarters of UNA's College of Business & Technology, housing the dean, faculty offices, computer labs and classrooms, as well as the Steele Center for Professional Selling.

Keller Hall underwent a significant expansion following dedication of the Raburn Wing in 2002.  This new addition provides state-of-the-art classrooms and related space for the College of Business & Technology.

Willingham Hall

Originally a women's dormitory, Willingham Hall, named after long-serving President Henry J. Willingham, was constructed by the Works Projects Administration in 1939.  Willingham Hall houses the Department of English, the Department of History, and the Department of Politics, Justice, Law, and Philosophy. It stands on the site of the old Locust Dell Academy, founded by Nicholas Marcellus Hentz and commemorated by a historical marker.

The President's Home

The President's Home, completed in 1941, was constructed by the Works Projects Administration. Occupied by President and Mrs. Kenneth Kitts, the residence is located next to the George H. Carroll Lion Habitat, home of Leo III and Una, the university's live lion mascots.  Overnight guests often are awakened by the lions' roaring.

East Campus

The University of North Alabama encompasses two campuses, following a decision in June 2006, by the university's board of trustees to purchase J.W. Powell School from the Florence City Schools.  The East Campus houses several academic units, including the Office of Continuing Studies and Outreach and the Human Environmental Sciences' state-of-the-art Culinary Facility. The Culinary Arts program is the only four-year Culinary Program in a public institution of higher learning in Alabama.

Academic organization

Classification and accreditation

According to the Carnegie Classifications of Institutions of Higher Education, the University of North Alabama is considered an M1; Master's Colleges and Universities: Larger Programs. UNA is a mid-sized, four year institution accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges.

Degrees conferred
The University of North Alabama's five colleges offer degree programs in more than 80 different areas of study. UNA conferred 1,304 undergraduate degrees and 643 graduate degrees in the 2020–2021 academic year.

Cum laude honors are conferred to graduates with a GPA of 3.5-3.69.  Magna cum laude honors are conferred with a GPA of 3.70-3.89.  Summa cum laude honors are conferred with a GPA of 3.9 or higher.

Programs
The University of North Alabama offers 219 bachelor's degree programs and concentrations, 45 master's degree programs, 3 education specialist degree programs, 1 doctoral program, and 4 micro-credentials. UNA is composed of five colleges:

Colleges:

 Anderson College of Nursing and Health Professions
 College of Arts, Sciences, and Engineering
 College of Business and Technology
 College of Education and Human Sciences
 Delores and Weldon Cole Honors College

Kilby School
The College of Education and Human Sciences oversees the Kilby Laboratory School (child development center, kindergarten through sixth grade).  The vision of Kilby Laboratory School is to serve as a site for university students to engage in meaningful interdisciplinary teaching, research, and service opportunities.

Academic calendar
The university follows a standard academic calendar based on the semester system, which divides the academic year, starting in mid-August, into two 15 week semesters (fall and spring) and the summer. The fall semester ends in December and the spring term lasts from January to early May. The summer, which lasts from mid-May to August, is divided into 3-week "mini-semesters" in May and two four-week sessions in June and July, respectively. Also, some programs offer "mini-semesters" within the fall and spring, concluding courses in 8 weeks instead of the typical 15–16 week course. UNA also debuted a new Winter Session "mini-semester" in 2018.

Libraries

The university libraries include Collier Library (main library), the Learning Resources Center located in Stevens Hall, the Music Library located in the Music Building and the Kilby School Library.  The combined holdings of the libraries provide users with access to literature from a wide range of disciplines and include newer formats such as streaming media. Materials not found in the libraries are available through interlibrary loan.  Library instruction sessions tailored to meet the needs of individual classes may be scheduled through the library.  Common topics include location books and articles, searching the Internet, and evaluation information sources.

International emphasis

According to the tenth edition of American Universities and Colleges, published in 1968 by the American Council on Education, the University of North Alabama, then known as Florence State College, had only three international students enrolled during the 1966–1967 academic year — two undergraduate students and one graduate student, all from the Middle East.  However, during the Robert Potts administration, UNA undertook a concerted effort to diversify its student body by recruiting individuals from throughout the world.  By 2004, international enrollment had grown to nearly 300 students representing 35 countries.

Today, UNA has the third highest international student enrollment of any institution in its category according to U.S. News & World Reports America's Best Colleges. Roughly 4 percent of the UNA student body is international. The Global Lions Organization has become one of the largest and most influential student organizations on campus.  A major focus of the GLO is organizing campus and community activities to integrate international students more closely with other UNA students and also with the surrounding Shoals community.

Student body
The table below displays the Fall 2021 Gender/Ethnic Breakdown of Students for the University of North Alabama.

Full-time, four-year undergraduates comprise a large amount of the total university enrollment. In Fall 2021, 72% of all students were considered full-time and 28% were considered part-time. Total enrollment for the Fall 2021 semester was 8,832. Total enrollment for the Fall 2020 semester was 8,361. In regards to source of student, 70.5% of students came from within the state of Alabama, 21.0% were from out-of-state areas, and 8.5% were considered international students in Fall 2021.

Media

The Diorama, UNA's student-run yearbook.
The Flor-Ala, named after Florence, Alabama, has functioned as the school newspaper since 1931.  Published in 29 issues each year, the paper is run by UNA students who serve in all facets of news gathering, writing and production. The Flor-Ala is a member of the Associated Collegiate Press.
Lights & Shadows, published once a year, is the university's literary and art magazine, and was started as a publication of the Florence State Teachers College English Club in 1956.
UNA Magazine, UNA's alumni magazine, is published bi-annually.

Athletics

UNA operated a collegiate athletic program in NCAA Division II's Gulf South Conference for almost fifty years as a founding member of the conference. The North Alabama Lions football, men's basketball, women's volleyball, and softball teams have each won national championships.

UNA operates 14 varsity teams, which have collected more than 40 conference championships, dozens of No. 1 national rankings and seven national titles.

As of July 1, 2018, UNA began its transition to Division I as a member of the ASUN Conference in 2018. Because the ASUN did not sponsor football at the time, the football team became an independent in the second level of D-I football, the Football Championship Subdivision, at the same time. The following year, UNA became a football-only member of the FCS Big South Conference. The Lions remained in Big South football through the 2020–21 season, after which the ASUN entered into a football-only alliance with the Western Athletic Conference, which reinstated football at the FCS level in fall 2021. The Lions now play football in the successor to the ASUN–WAC alliance, the football-only United Athletic Conference.

Greek life

The university's embryonic Greek community initially was housed in O'Neal Hall, which was demolished in the 1980s to clear space for the construction of the Guillot University Center.

Fraternities
Robert Guillot, president from 1972 to 1989, accurately could be described as the father of UNA Greek life.  He chose seven national fraternities to colonize UNA, stipulating that all chapter colonies had to be granted charters by November 1, 1974. Failure meant dissolution and replacement by new groups, which, in turn, could petition the same or other selected national fraternities for affiliation.

The threat apparently worked. Chartered fraternity chapters - Alpha Tau Omega, Delta Chi, Kappa Sigma, Phi Gamma Delta, Pi Kappa Alpha, Lambda Chi Alpha (closed 1981) and Sigma Chi - began acquiring off-campus lodges that over time were upgraded to or replaced by fraternity houses. Kappa Sigma's Lambda-Omicron chapter was the first chapter to acquire an off-campus lodge, the site of the present-day Off-Campus Bookstore.

Kappa Sigma's Lambda-Omicron chapter was the first fraternity to construct a house on UNA's fraternity row, which opened on April 4, 1984.

Sigma Chi's Eta Rho Chapter at the University of North Alabama served as the international fraternities' first official colony. Eta Rho is the Alpha colony of Sigma Chi

In the Spring of 2017, the Alpha Chapter of Lambda Sigma Phi was established at UNA. Alpha Chapter was the first expansion chapter of Lambda Sigma Phi, which was established at the University of Alabama. Lambda Sigma Phi (commonly referred to as Lambda Sig) is a member of the Interfraternity Council, and is the only Christian fraternity at UNA.

Sororities
A similar strategy was followed with sorority recruitment.  As with the fraternities, invitations were extended to national sororities with the strongest alumni presence in the Florence area - Alpha Delta Pi, Alpha Gamma Delta, Alpha Omicron Pi (no longer on campus), Phi Mu, and Zeta Tau Alpha.

Young women interested in joining the emerging Greek system were encouraged to sign up for recruitment and subsequently were divided into several groups to visit rooms on campus assigned to sorority recruiters.  In the interest of fairness, only four alumnae could be present in each of these rooms while recruiting occurred.

Alpha Delta Chi Christian Sisterhood at UNA was founded in 2006. The group functions as a student organization outside the Greek system.

Greek system today
President Guillot's decision to organize a UNA Greek system was greeted with strong opposition by some segments of the administration.  Previous attempts to establish a Greek community had been resisted for years.

Nevertheless, after more than two generations, UNA Greek life is alive and well, even though fraternities and sororities combined represent slightly less than 10 percent of the undergraduate student population. Despite these comparatively small numbers, Greeks historically have exerted a major influence on virtually every facet of student life at UNA.

Inter-Fraternity Council

 Alpha Tau Omega, Founded January 1974
 Delta Chi, Founded September 2006
 Kappa Sigma, Founded May 4, 1974
 Lambda Sigma Phi, Founded April 23, 2017
 Phi Gamma Delta, Founded March 23, 1974
 Pi Kappa Alpha, Founded March 3, 1974
 Sigma Alpha Epsilon, Founded February 24, 1989
 Sigma Chi, Founded April 20, 1974

Collegiate Panhellenic Council
 Alpha Delta Pi, Founded February 17, 1973
 Alpha Gamma Delta, Founded 1975
 Phi Mu, Founded March 2, 1973
 Zeta Tau Alpha, Founded March 3, 1973

National Pan-Hellenic Council
 Alpha Phi Alpha, local chapter founded January 17, 1975
 Kappa Alpha Psi, local chapter founded October 10, 1976
 Phi Beta Sigma, local chapter founded December 4, 2010 (initially colonized December 2, 1998)
 Alpha Kappa Alpha, local chapter founded December 7, 1980
 Delta Sigma Theta, local chapter founded April 12, 1980
 Zeta Phi Beta, local chapter founded November 22, 2003

Student life

School colors
Purple and gold are the school colors of the University of North Alabama.  While they are a ubiquitous sight on campus and especially at UNA athletic events, no one has ever ascertained who or what inspired their adoption. Little in the school archives accounts for the origin of these colors, according to Cecil Nabors, a UNA archivist and associate professor. All that is certain is that the 1912 yearbook, published the same year as inauguration of the football team, was named the "Purple and Gold."

UNA Fight Song

The "UNA Fight Song" is the fight song of the University of North Alabama, and is played by the Marching Pride of North Alabama. The song is based on one of three songs called "Three School Songs," which was published in the 1960s. The lyrics were chosen by band members in the late 1970s.

"Lion Pride" and "Pride Rock"

"Lion Pride" is a term frequently used by members of the UNA community to describe commitment to school traditions and activities reflected among students, alumni and friends of the university.

Perhaps nowhere is this level of commitment more strongly expressed than in the university's Pride Rock tradition, which began in 1994. Pride Rock is a 69-pound, engraved granite stone bearing the actual paw print of Leo II, UNA's second live lion mascot.  Placed just behind the north end zone of all UNA home games, Pride Rock is touched by players as they file past on their way to the field.  Pride Rock serves not only as a motivational tool for the players but also as a tangible expression of the deep well of pride, community and tradition associated with the University of North Alabama and particularly with its athletic program.

UNA's mascot

Leos I and II

On July 22, 1974, former UNA president Dr. Robert M. Guillot brought a 35-pound lion cub to the campus and Leo spent the next 14 years "roaring" the school to victory. The original Leo died on January 20, 1988, and a great outpouring of support from the Shoals community resulted in Leo II being brought to UNA in July 1988. Leo II lived in the compound that once housed the original Leo and grew to a weight of more than 600 pounds at eleven years of age. In 1997, Leo II was selected as the nation's "Second Best Mascot" by Sports Illustrated. He died in February 2000.

Leo III and Una

UNA has the only live lion mascot in the country living on campus. Leo III, born on November 18, 2002, resides on the campus in the  George H. Carroll Lion Habitat. Leo III had lived on campus with his sister, Una, who died on June 30, 2020, at the age of 17 after a brief illness. UNA's other mascots, students who don lion costumes (one male one female) to cheer the Lions and entertain the crowd, also represent the school at athletic games and other university functions. Tryouts are held each year and the identity of the students are kept secret for as long as possible.

Miss UNA Scholarship Pageant

The Miss UNA Scholarship Pageant is an official preliminary for the Miss Alabama/Miss America Pageant. The Miss UNA Scholarship pageant has been a UNA tradition for over 31 years. The pageant provides an opportunity for the university's young women to compete in the following categories for scholarship money and prizes. In 2007 over $12,000 in scholarships and prizes was awarded to the contestants. Each young woman is encouraged and mentored to develop skills that will enrich her personal and professional life beyond her university experience. Miss University of North Alabama spends her year in service to the university and Shoals Area community. She promotes the platform of her choice, makes official appearances as a university representative, and represents the university at the Miss Alabama Scholarship Pageant.

Spirit Hill Tailgating and Lion Walk

Within the past few years, pregame tailgating at Spirit Hill, an area adjoining Braly Municipal Stadium, has developed into a major UNA tradition, thanks largely to the efforts of former Athletic Director Joel Erdmann.  Erdmann enlisted the UNA Greek community, general student organizations and alumni to expand this tradition, which had been lacking.

Along with former head UNA football Coach Mark Hudspeth, Erdmann also was instrumental in developing the highly popular Lion Walk, a pregame parade down Royal Avenue (next to Spirit Hill) that includes Lion athletes, cheerleaders and the Marching Pride of North Alabama. The parade is held before every UNA home game.

UNA's Marching Pride of North Alabama

The Marching Pride of North Alabama was founded in 1949. The Marching Band has represented the university at many different events since, including a performance for President Jimmy Carter during his historic 1980 visit to neighboring Tuscumbia.

The band also appeared in the award-winning movie, Blue Sky, starring Jessica Lange, Tommy Lee Jones and Powers Boothe. The Marching Band also has recorded a CD with famed musician and producer Jimmy Johnson.

With more than 210 members, the group is the largest organization on campus and serves as a major contributor to school spirit, especially at athletic events.  The UNA Marching Band performs at all home football games, local parades and travels the state performing in exhibition at high school competitions.  They are known for precision marching and drill design, while entertaining with strongly played jazz standards.

Step Sing

In the spring, Step Sing is a well-attended event in Norton Auditorium sponsored by the University Program Council featuring take-offs of musical comedy production numbers by campus organizations. Money raised from ticket sales supports the local United Way.

UNA gallery

Notable people

Alumni and other former students of the University of North Alabama include business leaders; a number of governors, congressmen and other government and military leaders; professional athletes; artists and entertainers.

References

External links

Educational institutions established in 1830
Landmarks in Alabama
University of North
Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
1830 establishments in Alabama

University of North Alabama


O assassinato de Maritza Martin Munoz (Havana, 29 de outubro de 1959 - North Lauderdale, 18 de janeiro de 1993) foi uma mulher assassinada a tiros pelo seu ex-marido, Emilio Nuñez, no cemitério Our Lady Queen of Heaven em North Lauderdale, Flórida, durante uma reportagem em janeiro de 1993 para o programa Ocurrió Así do canal Telemundo. Nuñez havia sido entrevistado pela repórter de televisão, Ingrid Cruz, que o acompanhou quando visitou o túmulo de sua filha. Enquanto a equipe filmava Nuñez no cemitério, Martin chegou para visitar o túmulo, momento em que Cruz confrontou Martin, que estava sentada em silêncio em seu veículo, insistindo que Martin respondesse suas perguntas. A filha de 15 anos de Martin e Nuñez, Yoandra Taimir Nuñez, havia se matado em novembro de 1992 após a descoberta de que ela estava grávida de 13 semanas, e Nuñez culpou Martin pelo incidente. Nuñez acreditava que sua filha havia sido abusada por seu padrasto e assassinada ou levada ao suicídio por sua mãe. Ambas as teorias foram rejeitadas pelos investigadores. Yoandra foi criada por Martin; Nuñez foi impedido de entrar em contato com ela.

Enquanto Cruz continuava batendo na janela do carro de Martin, tentando fazer com que ela respondesse a perguntas, Nuñez deixou o túmulo e voltou para seu veículo. Martin então deixou seu próprio carro, anotou o número da placa de Nuñez, então se virou para o túmulo, enquanto ignorava a constante enxurrada de perguntas de Cruz. Quando Martin começou a caminhar silenciosamente em direção ao túmulo, com Cruz ainda a enchendo de perguntas, Nuñez de repente voltou com uma pistola semi-automática de 9 mm, atirou em Martin na parte de trás da cabeça, depois atirou em seu corpo agora de bruços várias vezes. O cinegrafista conseguiu filmar as cenas enquanto Cruz começou a gritar e correu em direção ao veículo da estação. A filmagem foi usada posteriormente no filme de Shockumentary Traces of Death (1993) no filme Bowling for Columbine (2002) e também foi exibida no programa de TV Anatomy of Crime.

No momento de sua morte, Martin deixou para trás um filho de dezoito meses de idade. Ela foi enterrada ao lado de sua filha Yoandra.

Em 2000, Emilio Nuñez foi considerado culpado por um júri em Fort Lauderdale, Flórida por assassinato em primeiro grau de sua ex-esposa. Ele foi condenado à prisão perpétua, com possibilidade de liberdade condicional após cumprir 25 anos.

Ver também

 Assassinatos de Alison Parker e Adam Ward

Referências

Assassinatos nos Estados Unidos
1993 nos Estados Unidos

Assassinato de Maritza Martin Munoz


Branka Boban (Zagreb, 18. lipnja 1944.), hrvatska je povjesničarka.

Životopis
Branka Boban rođena je u Zagreb 1944. godine. 1968. godine diplomirala je psihologiju i sociologiju na Filozofskome fakultetu u Zagrebu a magistrirala je 1977. godine na temu Mjesto i uloga radničke klase u koncepciji seljačke demokracije. Godine 1997. doktorirala je na Filozofskome fakultetu u Zagrebu na temu Demokratski nacionalizam Stjepana Radića.

U svome znanstvenome radu kao povjesničarka bavi se istraživanjem političke misli i djelovanja Antuna Radića i Hrvatske seljačke stranke prije Prvoga svjetskoga rata, te posebno političkom misli i djelovanjem Stjepana Radića prije Prvoga svjetskoga rata, u ratu te nakon njega. Istraživala je i bavila se komparacijom političke misli Stjepana Radića i Vladka Mačka, a također i sudbinom Vladka Mačka i ostalih vođa Hrvatske seljačke stranke nakon Drugoga svjetskoga rata.

Rukopis svojega pokojnoga supruga dra Ljube Bobana sredila je i priredila za tisak njegove knjige Dr. Tomo Jančiković: HSS između zapadnih saveznika i jugoslavenskih komunista (Školska knjiga, Zagreb, 1996.), te napisala komentar za peti dio knjige i dodala opširno kazalo osobnih imena.

Djela
 Demokratski nacionalizam Stjepana Radića, Zavod za hrvatsku povijest Filozofskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Zagreb, 1998.
 Stjepan Radić u vrijeme Prvoga svjetskog rata, Alinea, Zagreb, 2006.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Hrvatska znanstvena bibliografija: Branka Boban (4164)
 Branka Boban, Sudski progoni prvaka Hrvatske seljačke stranke (1945.-1948.) (u međumrežnoj pismohrani archive.org 8. kolovoza 2014.)
 Branka Boban, Shvaćanja Antuna i Stjepana Radića o mjestu i ulozi seljaštva u gospodarskom, društvenom i političkom životu (Iz povijesti ideologije seljačkog pokreta u Hrvatskoj do 1918) // Radovi: Radovi Zavoda za hrvatsku povijest Filozofskoga fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, sv. 12, br. 1, listopad 1979., str. 265. – 304.,
 Branka Boban, Stjepan Radić i Država Slovenaca, Hrvata i Srba // Radovi: Radovi Zavoda za hrvatsku povijest Filozofskoga fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, sv. 26, br. 1, listopad 1993., str. 219. – 236.,
 Branka Boban, Rezultati dosadašnjih istraživanja o Antunu i Stjepanu Radiću // Radovi: Radovi Zavoda za hrvatsku povijest Filozofskoga fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, sv. 27, br. 1, prosinac 1994., str. 255. – 270.,
 Branka Boban, Vladko Maček u emigraciji – od izlaska iz zemlje do odlaska u SAD // Radovi: Radovi Zavoda za hrvatsku povijest Filozofskoga fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, sv. 39, br. 1, listopad 2007., str. 243. – 258.,

Hrvatski povjesničari
Životopisi, Zagreb

Branka Boban


Temcit pilavı, sahurda yenen pilavdır. Aynı zamanda bir olayın veya durumun (her sabah ısıtılarak yenen yemek gibi) tekrar tekrar gündeme getirilmesini eleştirmekte kullanılan bir deyiştir.

Etimoloji
Temcit; Recep, Şaban ve Ramazan ayları süresince, sabah ezanından sonra minarelerden okunan ve Allah'ın ululuğunu belirten duadır. Temcit pilavı ismi ise, Ramazan ayında sahurda pilav yapmak zaman aldığı ve uykuyu fazlasıyla böldüğü için akşamdan yapılıp sahur vakti ısıtılarak yenen pilava verilmiş bir ad olup, gerek katkı malzemeleri gerek pişirme usulü açısından normal pilavdan hiçbir farkı yoktur.

Kaynakça

Türkçe deyişler
Pilavlar

Temcit pilavı


Wormald peut faire référence à :
 Kenny Wormald (1984-), danseur professionnel, chorégraphe, et acteur américain.
 Nick Wormald, mathématicien australien.
 Patrick Wormald (1947-2004), historien britannique.

  (1904–1972), paléographe et historien de l'art anglais.
 Hugh Wormald (1879-1955), botaniste.
  (1890-1965), rameur anglais.
 Peter-John Wormald (1959-), médecin australien.

Wormald


الاتحاد العام الطلابي الحر تنظيم طلابي جزائري أسس في 23 مارس سنة 1989. شعاره وحدة – حرية – عمل. يعتبره البعض امتدادا طبيعيا للاتحاد العام للطلبة المسلمين الجزائريين.

تعريف

 الاتحاد : تعني توحيد الكلمة وتوحيد الصفوف.
 العـام : يعمل على المستوى الوطني ويتحرك عبر هيئته الجمهورية والمحلية والقاعدية.
 الطلابي : تنصب اهتماماته أساسا حول اهتمامات الطلبة.
 الحر : يهدف من ورائه إلى جعل الحرية صفة ممارسة داخل هياكل

أسس المنظمة
 الحريات والديمقراطية: تعتمدها داخل و خارج المنظمة.
 الشورى: فهي العاصم من الانحراف و الاستبداد • الاستقلالية : فهي جدار للحفاظ على خصائص و مشروع الحركة الطلابية.
 الجماهرية: تعمل مع جماهير الطلبة من أجل إنجاح مشروع الحركة الطلابية إضافة إلى المشاركة – المطالبة و الرقابة.

مصادرها
 تعاليم الدين الإسلامي الحنيف .
 أدبيات الحركة الطلابية و رصيد ثورة نوفمبر و بيانها
 التجارب الطلابية النقابية على المستوى الإقليمي و الدولي .
 الرصيد التاريخي و المعرفي للحركة الطلابية .

أهدافها
 توحيد صفوف الطلبة و تجميعهم من أجل تجسيد مشروع الوحدة الوطنية
 الدفاع عن حقوق الطلبة المادية و المعنوية .
 المساهمة في رفع المستوى العلمي و الثقافي و الفكري للطلبة .
 تطوير الحركة الطلابية للمحافظة على مكتسباتها و المساهمة في دفع الحركة الشبانية .
 التعاون بين الطلبة الجزائريين في الداخل و الخارج ظمن أطر محدودة و تمتين العلاقات مع المنظمات في العالم .

وسائلها
 إقامة المعارض و عقد الملتقيات و الندوات و المحاضرات المختلفة.
 عقد جمعيات عامة.
 تنظيم رحلات و مخيمات و القوافل.
 نشر بحوث و كتيبات
 إقامة التظاهرات الثقافية والأيام الإعلامية.
 الدورات والمهرجانات الرياضية .

اهتمامات المنظمة

الإصلاح الجامعي الشامل العميق
بعيدا عن أي تغيرات مفاجئة بدئا بوضع تصور واضح لأدوار الجامعة و الجامعيين على أسس علمية و موضوعية بعيدا عن أشكال الضغوط.

العمل النقابي الطلابي
يعتمد الاتحاد العام الطلابي الحر على الوسائل المشروعة لتحقيق مصالح الطلبة و توفير الظروف الاجتماعية و البيداغوجية الملائمة للدراسة والتحصيل العلمي مما يسمح للجامعة بأداء دورها .

الشباب و الحركة الجمعوية
يؤمن الاتحاد بدور الشباب الجزائري الريادي بما يمثله من رصيد بشري هائل و مكانة معتبرة ظمن المجتمع الجزائري كان لا بد من إعطائه الدور و استثمار الطاقات فالإتحاد يؤكد ضرورة التكفل الفعلي بالشباب خاصة في ميدان الشغل و التكوين المهني و تأطيره خارج المدرسة دون إغفال الشريحة المهاجرة . ويدعم الاتحاد الجهود الجمعوية من لأجل التكفل بقضايا الشباب و تعبئته لخدمة الوطن . لذا يشارك الاتحاد على تأسيس التنسيق الوطني للعمل الشباني .

الثقافة و الإعلام
الثقافة على تصور الاتحاد تستمد مقوماتها من مقومات الشخصية الوطنية ببعديها العربي و الإسلامي و الأمازيغي ويجمع بين الأصالة و الحداثة مما يضمن حرية التفكير و الإبداع و ينشط الحركة الفكرية الثقافية و العلمية بهدف توسيع مدارك الطلبة و نشر الوعي .

و كل هدا يرتبط أساسا بحرية التعبير و الإعلام فالإتحاد العام الطلابي الحر يدعو إلى ضرورة إعادة تنظيم الإعلام بمختلف وسائله في إطار خدمة المصلحة الوطنية .

السياسة و حقوق الإنسان
يؤكد الاتحاد العام الطلابي الحر على أن الحرية و الديمقراطية التعددية مكسب وطني وجب المحافظة عليه و تطويره وأن مبدأ اعتماد تداول السلطة وضمان حرية التعبير و الإعلام المجال الحيوي الذي ناضلت من أجله كل الفعاليات السياسية و الاجتماعية المتواجدة على الساحة.

يحمل الاتحاد مسؤولية التأزم والاستقرار للسياسة الأحادية التي انتهجتها السلطة، وغياب الأساليب الواضحة. يولي الاتحاد اهتمامه لكل ما يحدث في الوطن على المستوى الرسمي الشعبي و الاتحاد ويدعم كل مبادرة رسمية أو شعبية تخدم الوطن كما يقف أمام كل من يريد ضرب وحدتنا الوطنية بأي شكل وتحت أي غطاء .

يعتمد الاتحاد «الحوار» أسلوبا حضاريا كما يرفض العنف رفضا قاطعا و يؤكد احترام حقوق كل شرائح المجتمع كما يسعى تحرك الاتحاد على المستوى الخارجي من أجل إيصال وتبليغ صوت الحركة الطلابية إقليميا و دوليا من خلال التكتل مع التنظيمات الإقليمية و الدولية ذات الطابع الغير حكومي فهو يرى ضرورة اشتراك الحركة الطلابية في تدعيم الدبلوماسية الجزائرية كما يلح الاتحاد على ضرورة لم الشمل العربي بالتكتل لمواكبة التحديات للنظام الدولي و مواجهة الأخطار و التحالفات ضد الشعوب العربية و الإسلامية كما يحدد الاتحاد العام الطلابي الحر مواقفه الثانية من قضايا الأمة ويؤكد دعمه للقضية الفلسطينية من أجل استرجاع كامل الحقوق بما فيها السيادة على كل الأراضي .

يقف الاتحاد العام الطلابي بجانب القضايا العادلة و يدعم الأقليات المضطهدة في العالم و يعتبر العنف ظاهرة دولية يدعو إلي نبدها ويعمل من أجل الدفاع عن حقوق الإنسان و حرية الرأي و التعبير .

يسعى الاتحاد لتوحيد الصفوف الطلابية وتجميعهم من أجل خدمة الجامعة والوطن وهو مستعد لضم جهوده إلى جهود الفعاليات الوطنية والجزائر.

الهيكلة التنظيمية للإتحاد العام الطلابي الحر

المؤتمر الوطني
 هو أعلى هيئة في الاتحاد وينعقد كل ثلاث سنوات , كما ينعقد استثنائيا بدعوة من المجلس الوطني . يتشكل المؤتمر من : المجلس الوطني , مكاتب الأقاليم , مكاتب الفروع . نسبة من مكاتب الشعب و الثانويين و اللجان الوطنية الدائمة وكدا الفروع بالخارج يحددها المجلس الوطني. نسبة يحددها المكتب التنفيذي الوطني و اللجنة التحضيرية للمؤتمر بموافقة المجلس الوطني .

 يقوم المؤتمر الوطني بالمصادقة على مكتب المؤتمر و اللائحة الانتخابية للمؤتمر , مناقشة و تقييم نشاطات الاتحاد بناء على التقرير الأدبي و المالي للمنظمة , مناقشة اللوائح و القوانين و المصادقة عليها و تسطير السياسة العامة , انتخاب المجلس الوطني و الذي بدوره ينتخب المكتب التنفيذي الوطني وفق اللائحة الانتخابية المصادق عليها في المؤتمر .

المجلس الوطني
 هو أعلى هيئة في الاتحاد بين المؤتمرين يتولى مهمة التشريع , التوجيه و الرقابة . ينتخب من بين أعضائه الأمين العام ثم رئيس المجلس الوطني ثم نائب الأمين العام ثم أعضاء المكتب التنفيذي الوطني وفق ما تحدده اللائحة الانتخابية للمؤتمر.
 يتولى المجلس الوطني : إعادة النظر في التقسيم الإداري للأقاليم و الفروع عند الضرورة , مناقشة برنامج العمل المسطر و الميزانية التقديرية و المصادقة عليها . مناقشة التقارير الدورية المعدة من طرف المكتب التنفيذي الوطني, المصادقة على النظام الداخلي للإتحاد .
 يتشكل المجلس الوطني من : رؤساء الأقاليم ورؤساء الفروع و رؤساء الشعب الولائية بحكم المنصب , أعضاء منتخبون و أعضاء مزكون وفق ما تحدده اللائحة الانتخابية للمؤتمر , و يمكن تدعيمه وفق ما يحدده النظام الداخلي .
 يشكل المجلس الوطني لجنة الانضباط المركزية و كدا لجنة المراقبة المالية وفق ما يحدده النظام الداخلي .

المكتب التنفيذي الوطني
 هو أعلى هيئة تنفيذية في الاتحاد
 يتشكل من إحدى عشرة عضوا ينتخبون من طرف المجلس الوطني وفق اللائحة الانتخابية للمؤتمر.
 تحدد شروط تولي الأمانة العامة و نيابتها و كدا العضوية في المكتب التنفيدي الوطني اللائحة الانتخابية للمؤتمر.
 يتولى المكتب التنفيذي الوطني.
 لسهر على تنفيذ مقررات و لوائح المؤتمر الوطني و المجلس الوطني و توصياتهما.
 توجيه و تدعيم و مراقبة الهياكل التنفيذية للإتحاد و الإشراف على حسن سيرها.
 يستشير المكتب التنفيذي الوطني المجلس الوطني في المواقف الكبرى و القضايا الأساسية .
 يمكن للمكتب التنفيذي الوطني أن يتخذ إجراءات تأديبية في حق أي هيكل تنفيذي أو عضو وفق ما يحدده النظام الداخلي .
 يوضح النظام الداخلي مهام و صلاحيات أعضاء المكتب التنفيذي الوطني .
 يشكل المكتب التنفيذي الوطني على المستوى المركزي لجانا مركزية دائمة تساعده في أداء مهامه وتعمل تحت إشرافه .
 يحدد النظام الداخلي شروط وكيفية تشكيل اللجان المركزية الدائمة و كدا مهامها و صلاحياتها .

الإقـــليـــم
 هو هيكل تنظيمي يظم مجموعة من المدن الجامعية وفق التقسيم الإداري المصادق عليه من طرف المجلس الوطني .
 يتشكل مكتب الإقليم من رؤساء فروعه و رؤساء شعبه الولائية وفق النظام الداخلي الذي يحدد مهامه و صلاحياته مع إمكانية تدعيمه بعد استشارة المكتب التنفيذي الوطني .
 ينتخب رئيس الإقليم من طرف المكتب التنفيذي الوطني .

الــــفــرع
 هو الهيكل التنظيمي للإتحاد في المدينة الجامعية وفق التقسيم الإداري المصادق عليه في المجلس الوطني
 يتكون الفرع من شعبتين على الأقل
 يتشكل مكتب الفرع من ممثلي مكاتب الشعب المكونة له ويتراوح عدد أعضائه من 08 إلى 11عضوا وفق ما يحدده النظام الداخلي .
 يحدد النظام الداخلي مهام و صلاحيات مكتب الفرع و شروط العضوية فيه .
 ينتخب رئيس الفرع من طرف مكتب الفرع النظام الداخلي .

الشعبة
 هي الهيكل القاعدي للإتحاد تتشكل على مستوى كل معهد , كلية , قسم , مدرسة عليا , مدرسة وطنية , أو إقامة جامعية تمارس مهامها وفق النظام الداخلي.
 تتكون الشعبة من : الجمعية العامة , مجلس الشعبة , المكتب التنفيذي للشعبة .
 يوضح النظام الداخلي مهام و صلاحيات المكتب التنفيذي للشعبة و شروط العضوية فيه .

فروع خارج الوطن
 يشكل الطلبة الجزائريون المنتمون للإتحاد فروعا بالخارج .
 سير عمل الفروع بالخارج تحدده لائحة يصادق عليها المجلس الوطني

منظمات طلابية
منظمات أسست في 1998

الاتحاد العام الطلابي الحر


El apellido Wert puede referirse a varias personalidades:

Giaches de Wert (c. 1535-1596), madrigalista de la escuela francoflamenca; o
José Ignacio Wert (n. 1950), político español, nombrado ministro de Cultura de ese país en 2011 hasta 2015.

Wert


Bivolja boba (šeferdija, lat. Shepherdia), maleni biljni rod listopadnih i vazdazelenih grmova iz porodice zlolesinovki raširenih po Kanadi i Sjedinjenim državama.

Sastoji se od zasada tri priznate vrste. Thompson Indijanci iz Britanske Kolumbije sakupljali su krajem srpnja bobice vrste Shepherdia canadensis i koristili za hranu, pravili su od nje sok, i sušene spremali za zimu.

Vrste
 Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt.
 Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.
 Shepherdia rotundifolia Parry

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Zlolesinovke

Bivolja boba


1980 Eurovision Şarkı Yarışması, 25. Eurovision Şarkı Yarışması'dır. Yarışma 1979 yarışmasını kazanan İsrail'in yapması gerekirken iki yıl üst üste ev sahipliği yapmanın vereceği mali yükü kaldıramayacağı gerekçesiyle bu hakkından vazgeçmiştir. Böylece 19 Nisan 1980 tarihinde Hollanda'nın Lahey kentinde bulunan Nederlands Congresgebouw'da yapılmıştır. Yarışmanın sunuculuğunu Marlous Fluitsma yapmıştır.

Yarışmanın kazananı 'yı temsil eden "What's Another Year" adlı şarkısıyla Johnny Logan olmuştur. İrlanda yarışmayı ikinci kez kazanmıştır.

Yer

Aslında 1979 yılındaki yarışmayı İsrail kazanmıştı fakat o zamanlar IBA kanalının ekonomik bir sorunu vardı ve yarışmaya İsrail ev sahipliği yapamayacaktı. Ayrıca 19 Nisan İsrail'de anma günü olduğu için İsrail yarışmaya da katılamamıştır. Daha sonra 1979 yarışması'nda 2. olan İspanya'ya ardından Birleşik Krallık'a ev sahipliği teklifi götürülmüş fakat her iki ülke de yarışmaya ev sahibi olmayı reddetmiştir. Sonunda Hollanda yarışmaya ev sahipliği yapmayı kabul etmiştir. Dönemin IBA genel müdürü olan Tommy Lapid'in oğlu Yair Lapid'e göre, Lapid NOS'taki mevkidaşını aradı ve fazladan maliyetin IBA'nın normal çalışmasını felç edebileceğini fark ettiğini "istenmeyen onuru" Hollanda'nın almasına ikna etti.

Lahey, Hollanda Krallığı hükûmetinin ve Güney Hollanda eyaletinin başkentinin merkezidir. Aynı zamanda Amsterdam ve Rotterdam'dan sonra Hollanda'nın üçüncü büyük şehridir. Hollanda'nın batısında bulunan Lahey, Haaglanden bölgesinin merkezindedir ve daha büyük Randstad bölgesinin güneybatı köşesinde yer almaktadır.

Yarışma Congresgebouw'da (şu anda Dünya Forumu olarak da bilinir) gerçekleşti. Mekan 1969 yılında inşaat edilmiştir. Daha önce  yılına ev sahipliği yapmıştır.

Yarışmaya genel bakış
Yarışmanın mekanı olarak 1976 Eurovision Şarkı Yarışması'na ev sahipliği yapan mekan Nederlands Congresgebouw seçildi. Açılış filminin 1976'daki bölümleri tanıtımda yeniden kullanıldı ve aynı set tasarımcı (Roland de Groot) tasarımın sorumluluğunu üstlendi. 1977 ve 1978 yarışmalarında olduğu gibi, şarkılar arasında önceden filme alınmış bir kartpostal yoktu ve her ülkeden gelen konukların sunumları yapıldı. Bunun dışında, sunuculuk yapan Marlous Fluitsma, oylama dışında, sunumu İngilizce veya Fransızca yapmamıştır; bu sunumun neredeyse tamamen Hollandaca yapıldığı anlamına gelir. NOS, projeye yalnızca 725.000 ABD Doları harcamıştır.

Fas yarışmaya ilk (şu ana dek son) kez katılmıştır. Katılmasının nedeni, İsrail'in yarışmaya katılamamasıdır. Monako yarışmadan çekilmiş ve 2004 yılına kadar geri dönmemiştir.

Avustralya doğumlu Johnny Logan İrlanda'yı "What's Another Year" adlı şarkıyla temsil etmiş ve kazanmıştır. İrlanda,  yılındaki "All Kinds of Everything" adlı şarkısıyla kazanmasından sonra yarışmayı yine Hollanda'nın ev sahipliğinde kazanmıştır.

Format
1975 yılında uygulanan puanlama sistemi aynı kaldı; her ülkenin ilk on şarkısı için 12, 10, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 puan veren bir jüri vardı. Ancak bu yıl ilk kez ülkelerin oylarını artan sırayla 1, 2, 3,... şeklinde kullanmaları gerekiyordu. Bu değişiklik, her bir oylamanın sonunda her bir ülkenin en yüksek 12 puanını almasını beklemek yarışmanın heyecanını arttırdı.

Katılımcı ülkeler

Yarışmaya 19 ülke katılmıştır.  yarışmaya ilk kez katılmış,  yarışmaya geri dönmüş,  ve  yarışmadan çekilmiştir.

Orkestra Şefleri
Her performansın orkestrasını yöneten bir orkestra şefi vardı.

  - Richard Österreicher
  - Atilla Özdemiroğlu
  - Jick Nacassian
  - Norbert Daum
  - Jean Claudric
  - Del Newman
  - Allan Botschinsky
  - Anders Berglund
  - Peter Reber
  - Ossi Runne
  - Sigurd Jansen
  - Wolfgang Rödelberger
  - John Coleman
  - Jorge Machado
  - Rogier van Otterloo
  - Sylvano Santorio
  - Noel Kelehan
  İspanya - Javier Iturralde
  - temsilci yok

Sonuçlar

Skor tablosu

12 puanlar
Aşağıda finaldeki tüm 12 puanların bir özeti verilmiştir:

Uluslararası yayın ve oylama
Aşağıdaki tablo, 1980 yarışmasında oyların, kendi ülkelerinin oylarını duyurmaktan sorumlu olan sözcü ile birlikte verildiği sıralamayı göstermektedir. Her ulusal yayıncı, yarışmanın kendi ana dillerinde yer almasını sağlamak için yarışmaya bir yorumcu gönderdi. Temsilcilerin ve temsil ettikleri yayın organlarının detayları da aşağıdaki tabloda yer almaktadır.

Oylama ve oyları okuyanlar
  - Jenny Pippal
  - Başak Doğru
  - TBC
  - Jacques Harvey
  - Kamal Irassi
  - Mariolina Cannuli
  - Bent Henius
  – Arne Weise
  - Michel Stocker
  - Kaarina Pönniö
  - Roald Øyen
  - TBC
  - Ray Moore
  - Teresa Cruz
  - Flip van der Schalie
  - Fabienne Égal
  - David Heffernan
  - Alfonso Lapeña
  - Jacques Olivier

Yorumcular

Televizyon
  - Günther Ziesel (FS2)
  - Bülend Özveren (TRT)
  - Mako Georgiadou (ERT)
  - Jacques Navadic (RTL Télé Luxembourg)
  - TBC
  - Michele Gammino (Rete 2)
  - Jørgen de Mylius (DR TV)
  – Ulf Elfving (SVT, TV1)
  - Theodor Haller (TV DRS), Georges Hardy (TSR), Giovanni Bertini (TSI)
  - Heikki Harma & Aarre Elo (YLE TV1)
  - Knut Aunbu (NRK)
  - Ado Schlier (ARD Deutsches Fernsehen)
  - Terry Wogan (BBC 1)
  - Isabel Wolmar (RTP1)
  - Pim Jacobs (Nederland 2)
  - Patrick Sabatier (TF1)
  - Larry Gogan (RTÉ 1)
  - Miguel de los Santos (TVE1)
  - Jacques Mercier (RTBF1), Luc Appermont (BRT TV1)

Radyo
  - Walter Richard Langer (Hitradio Ö3)
  - Şebnem Savaşçı (TRT Radyo 3)
  - Dimitris Konstantaras (Proto Programma)
  - André Torrent (RTL Radio)
  - N/A
  - N/A
  - Erik Wiedemann (DR P3)
  - Kent Finell (SR P3)
  - N/A
  - TBC (YLE Rinnakkaisohjelma)
  - Erik Heyerdahl (NRK P1)
  - Roger Horné (Deutschlandfunk/hr3)
  - Steve Jones (BBC Radio 2), Andrew Pastouna (British Forces Radio)
  - N/A
  - Willem van Beusekom (Hilversum 1)
  - Julien Lepers (France Inter)
  - Pat Kenny (RTÉ Radio 1)
  - N/A
  - Marc Danval (RTBF La Première), Herwig Haes (BRT Radio 1)

Dış bağlantılar

 Resmî site

Kaynakça

Yıla göre Eurovision Şarkı Yarışması
1980'de müzik
1980'de Hollanda

1980 Eurovision Şarkı Yarışması


Ali Suavi (, 8 Aralık 1839, İstanbul –  20 Mayıs 1878, İstanbul) Osmanlı düşünür ve yazardır. Türkçülük fikrinin ilk eylemcisi olarak kabul edilir.

II. Abdülhamit'e karşı düzenlediği başarısız darbe girişimi ile bilinen tarihî bir kişiliktir. Bu olaydan ötürü kendisine "Sarıklı İhtilalci" denilmiştir.

Osmanlı Devleti'nin siyasi ve sosyal sıkıntılarına çözüm bulmak için kafa yormuş, İslam'ı referans olarak almış ve Türkçü-Turancı görüşler öne sürmüş bir kişiydi. Sultan Abdülaziz döneminde Genç Osmanlılar ile birlikte Paris ve Londra'da bulundu, Hükûmet aleyhine yazılar yazdı, gazete çıkardı. Abdülhamit döneminde yurda döndü, bir süre Galatasaray Sultanisi müdürlüğü yaptı. Bu görevden alındıktan sonra işsiz olduğu sırada örgütlediği birkaç yüz kişi ile Çırağan Sarayı'nı basarak V. Murat'ı tahta geçirmek istedi, bu girişimi sırasında Yedi Sekiz Hasan Paşa tarafından başına aldığı sopa darbesiyle öldü.

Hayatı
1839 yılında İstanbul'da kâğıt tüccarı Çankırılı Hüseyin Ağa'nın oğlu olarak dünyaya geldi. İlköğrenimini Davutpaşa'daki rüştiyede yaptıktan sonra Şehzadebaşı Camii'nin medrese ve okulunda din ve genel kültür dersleri aldı. 1856 yılında henüz 17 yaşındayken babasıyla Mekke'ye gidip hacı oldu.

Memuriyet hayatına İstanbul'da bir askerlik şubesinde kâtip olarak başladı. Üç yıl kadar bu görevde bulunduktan sonra, öğretmen seçimi için yapılan sınavı kazandı ve "muallimi evvel" oldu. 1858'de Simav'daki rüşdiye ve Kurşunlu Medresesinde hocalık yaptıktan sonra Bursa'daki rüşdiyeye öğretmen olarak atandı. Batılı tarzda bir okulda öğretmenlik yapmasına rağmen sarıklı idi. Öğretmenlik görevinin yanı sıra Bursa Ulu Cami'de vaazlar veriyordu. 1864-1866 yıllarında Rumeli'de idari görevler aldı ve Filibe'de bir rüşdiyede öğretmenlik yaptı. Bu arada Yeşiloğlu Camii'nde verdiği saray karşıtı vaazlar ve diğer nedenlerle bölgenin mülki idare amiri tarihçi Ali Bey'le arası açıldı ve görevinden azledildi; 1866 yılında İstanbul'a döndü.

Hacı Ali Suavi Efendi, İstanbul'da Şehzadebaşı Camii'nde vaazları ile ün kazandı. 1867 yılı Ocak ayından itibaren Muhbir adlı gazetede yazılarını yayımlayarak gazetecilik hayatına başladı. Eğitim alanında yazılara ağırlık verdi. Şehzadebaşı Camii'nde verdiği vaazlar ve Muhbir gazetesinin 32. sayısında yayınlanan siyasi makalesi nedeniyle bir gece ansızın tutuklanıp Kastamonu'ya sürüldü.

Avrupa'ya Kaçışı
Padişah Abdülaziz'in bir fermanı ile Mısır hidivi olması engellenen ve haksızlığa uğradığı düşüncesiyle Abdülaziz'e düşman olan Mısır prensi Mustafa Fazıl Paşa, siyasi görüşleri nedeniyle İstanbul'daki görevlerinden alınıp Anadolu illerine atanmış olan Tanzimat Dönemi edebiyatçıları Namık Kemal ve Ziya Paşa ile birlikte Ali Suavi'yi Paris'e davet etti. Üçü, Türkiye'den kaçarak Marsilya'da buluştu; 30 Mayıs 1867'de birlikte Paris'e gittiler.

Ali Suavi, 1867'de diplomatik ziyaret için Abdülaziz'in Paris'e gelmesi üzerine Fransız polisinin isteğiyle, Namık Kemal ve Ziya Paşa ile birlikte ülkeyi terk etti; Londra'ya gitti. 31 Ağustos 1867'de Kavalalı Hanedanı'ndan Mustafa Fazıl Paşa'nın maddi desteğiyle Londra'da "Muhbir" gazetesinin ilk sayısını çıkardı. Osmanlı topraklarında dağıtılan gazete, 50 sayı yayımlandı. Ali Suavi'nin sert üslubu, Osmanlı hükûmeti ile barışmak isteyen Mustafa Fazıl Paşa'yı memnun etmeyince gazete Kasım 1868'de maddi güçlükler nedeniyle kapandı. Ali Suavi yazılarını Namık Kemal ve Ziya Paşa'nın Londra'da çıkardığı Hürriyet gazetesinde yayımlamayı sürdürdü.

Londra'da tanıştığı bir İngiliz hanım ile evlenen Ali Suavi'nin diğer Genç Osmanlılar ile arası yaşam tarzları ve çeşitli fikirleri nedeniyle açıldı. 1869'da Fransa'ya geçerek "Ulum" adlı gazeteyi çıkardı ve bu gazetede Türkçülük akımına öncülük etti. 1870-1871'de gerçekleşen Fransa-Prusya Savaşı sonucu Paris Almanlar tarafından kuşatılınca Ulum'u 25. sayıda kapatmak zorunda kaldı.

İstanbul'a Dönüşü
1872 yılında Genç Osmanlılar'ın büyük bölümü Abdülaziz'in doğum günü nedeniyle çıkan genel aftan yararlanarak yurda döndüyse de Ali Suavi'ye İstanbul dışında bir ile gitmesi şartı getirildiğinden Paris'te kaldı. 1876'da II. Abdülhamit'in tahta çıkmasından sonra verilen izinle İstanbul'a dönebildi.

Eski sadrazam Mithat Paşa aleyhine yazıları ile Abdülhamit'in gözüne giren Ali Suavi, Yıldız Sarayı Kütüphanesi Müdürü olarak görevlendirildi. Artık muhafazakâr ve saltanatçı bir çizgideydi. 1 Şubat 1877'de Galatasaray Sultanisi müdürlüğüne getirildi. Kendisinden daha liberal ve batı yanlısı düşüncelere sahip olan Maarif Nazırı Münif Paşa ile anlaşamadı ve 28 Ekim 1877'de görevden alındı. Bu olaydan sonra Abdülhamit yönetiminin şiddetli bir karşıtı oldu.

Çırağan Baskını

20 Mayıs 1878 günü V. Murat'ı tekrar tahta çıkarmak için yüz elli kadar Rumeli göçmeniyle Çırağan Sarayı'nı bastı. Olay yerine yetişen Beşiktaş karakol komutanı Yedi Sekiz Hasan Paşa tarafından başına sopa darbeleriyle vurularak öldürüldü. Yıldız Sarayı civarında bir yere defnedildi. Eşi, olayla ilgili belgeleri yaktıktan sonra Londra'ya kaçtı.

Görüşleri
Ali Suavi, İngiliz parlamentarizmine benzeyen bir meşrutiyet arzusunu daimi olarak dile getiriyordu. Fransız filozoflarından büyük oranda etkilenmişti. Paris'te kısa bir süre La République adında bir gazete çıkartmıştı. Bu gazetede halk topluluklarının bir araya gelerek taleplerini hükûmete özgürce sunabilecekleri bir sistem tasvir etmişti.

Klasik medrese tahsili görmemiş olan Suavi, Genç Osmanlılar arasında yazılarında dini konulara en çok yer veren yazardı. Dinde reform yapmak gerektiğini, hutbenin her milletin kendi dilinde okunmasını ısrarla savunmuştur. Suavi'nin bu fikirleri daha sonra Cemaleddin Efgani tarafından geliştirilecektir.

Kendi ifadesine göre Ali Suavi'nin kaleme aldığı kitaplarının sayısı 127'dir. Çoğu basılmamış, bir kısmı kaybolmuş, arandığı halde bulunamamıştır. Bugün 14 kitabı ile tercüme ettiği 4 eseri mevcuttur.

Eserleri
 Taharriyat-ı Suavi alâ Tarih-i Türk
 Kamus-ül-Ulum vel-Maarif
 Ali Paşa'nın Siyaseti
 Hukuk-üş-Şevari
 Hive Hanlığı (bakınız: Hive Hanlığı)
 Gazete (muhbir)

Hakkında yazılan kitaplar
Falih Rıfkı Atay, Baş Veren İnkılâpçı

Kaynakça

19. yüzyıl Osmanlı yazarları
İstanbul doğumlu yazarlar
1839 doğumlular
1878 yılında ölenler
Türkçüler
İstanbul'da ölenler
İstanbul'da defnedilenler
Cinayet kurbanları
Dayaktan ölenler
Davutpaşa Anadolu Lisesinde öğrenim görenler
Türk milliyetçileri

Ali Suavi


بيجو 207 هي سيارة صغيرة من إنتاج شركة بيجو. بدأ إنتاج هذا الطراز في يناير 2006. ووفقا لبحث في سوق السيارات، هذا الطراز هو الأفضل مبيعا في أوروبا عام 2007.

الإطلاق
تم إطلاق ال 207 في فرنسا، أسبانيا، وإيطاليا في أبريل 2006م، ثم باقى السوق الأوروبية لاحقا.

الإطلاق في المملكة المتحدة تم في الثامن من يونيو 2006. قامت نقابات العمال في شركة بيجو-سيتروين المملكة المتحدة باخيار نفس هذا اليوم للقيام بالدعوة لمقاطعة منتجات الشركتين في السوق البريطانية. هذه الدعو كانت نتيجة عزم الشركة القيام بإغلاق المصنع في بريطانيا. بالرغم من المقاطعة زادت مبيعات بيجو في المملكة المتحدة.

الانتقادات

قوبلت بيجو 207 بمراجعات متباينة، وواجهت انتقادات بسبب تصميمها الداخلي، وجودة علبة التروس الخاصة بها، ومعالجتها، مع تحديد المشكلتين الأخيرتين أيضًا في إصدار GTI.

وقالت مجلة أوتوكار إن بيجو 207 هاتشباك «لعبت بأمان وبالتالي فهي تفتقر إلى السحر والحيوية والاختلاف». لقد نالت الثناء على قيمتها وسلامتها وتصميمها. خشي المراجعون من عدم موثوقيتها، ووصفتها إحدى شركات التأمين على السيارات بأنها رابع أقل السيارات موثوقية. تم استقبال نسخة CC بشكل أفضل، حيثوصفتها مجلة Top Gear motoring بأنها «نسخة جديدة لائقة من إحدى النسخ الأصلية... من سلالة كابريو العلوية».

على الرغم من هذا الافتقار إلى الإشادة، فقد تم بيعها بشكل جيد في بريطانيا، حيث احتلت المرتبة السادسة بين أفضل السيارات مبيعًا بشكل عام (والثالثة في قطاع السيارات الصغيرة جدًا) في عام 2007، حيث تم بيع أكثر من 67000 سيارة.

التصميم والمواصفات

كان 207 هو خليفة 206 . استند طراز 207 على نسخة معدلة من المنصة المستخدمة في Citro3n C3 وتم بناؤه في Poissy (فرنسا)، مدريد (إسبانيا) ومصنع جديد في Trnava ، سلوفاكيا.

في البداية، كانت ثلاثة محركات بنزين متوفرة: 1.4 لتر 8 فولت 75 أو 16 فولت 90 حصان (67 كيلو واط، 91 حصان) و 1.6 لتر 16 فولت مع 110 حصان (82 كيلو واط، 112 حصان). منذ نهاية عام 2006، تم استبدال طرازي 1.4 و 1.6 16 فولت بمحرك جديد 1.4 vti 95 bhp (71 kW؛ 96 PS) و 1.6 vti a 120 bhp (89 kW؛ 122 PS) Valvetronic .

تمت إضافة نسختين من الشاحن التوربيني والمبرد، أحدهما بقوة 150 حصانًا (112 كيلو واط؛ 152 حصانًا) والآخر بقوة 175 حصانًا (130 كيلو واط، 177 حصانًا) إلى النطاق. وأربعة محركات الأخيرة ناتجة عن اتفاق التعاون بين PSA و BMW الفريق؛ ويمكن العثور عليها أيضًا في ميني كوبر إس. المحركات التي تعمل بالديزل هي 1.4 لتر 70 حصان (52 كيلو واط) أو 1.6 لتر HDi مع أقصى إنتاج 90 حصان (67 كيلو واط) أو 110 حصان (82 كيلو واط)، وهذا الأخير مع إضافة مبرد داخلي.

كان 207 متاحًا كسيارة هاتشباك بثلاثة أو خمسة أبواب، و 207 SW Station Wagon و 207 كوبيه كابريوليه (207 CC)، والتي تم إطلاقها في ديسمبر 2006، كبديل للسقف الصلب القابل للسحب 206 CC القديم، مع المحرك يقتصر الاختيار على 1.6l HDi أو 1.6l Vti.

كان إصدار GTI (أو RC في بعض الأسواق) متاحًا أيضًا، مع محرك THP175 175 حصان (130 كيلو واط) بشاحن توربيني سعة 1.6 لتر. A GT (أو Limitee) الإصدار هو متاح أيضا، ولكن يباع فقط مع THP150 150 حصان (110 كيلوواط) توربو 1.6 لتر محرك، وأيضا يتميز السقف الزجاجي.

يتم بيع كل من إصدارات GTI و GT حصريًا مع علب التروس اليدوية. تم تجديد السيارة في يوليو 2009، حيث تلقت شبكة أصغر قليلاً وإضاءة أمامية منقحة، بما في ذلك أغطية مصابيح الضباب الجديدة، إلى جانب مصابيح LED في الخلف. تم إجراء بعض التغييرات في برامج إدارة المحرك أيضًا، مما أدى إلى زيادة قوة GTI من 175 حصان (130 كيلو واط) إلى 184 حصان (137 كيلو واط).

إصدار Le man's الخاص

بعد حصولها على المراكز الثلاثة الأولى في التأهل لسباق التحمل 24 Hours of Le Mans ، أصدرت بيجو تفاصيل مناسبة لطراز إصدار خاص من Peugeot 207 Le Mans Series. مع إنتاج 2000 وحدة فقط، تميزت سلسلة 207 لومان من الخارج بمصد أمامي رياضي مع شبك ألومنيوم Shadow ومصابيح أمامية من الكروم الأسود.

تم طلاء القوالب الجانبية للجسم وشرائط الصدمات وأغطية المرايا الجانبية بلون الهيكل، في حين تم قطع شريط السباق الطويل على طول غطاء المحرك والسقف والجناح الخلفي. تضمنت اللمسات اللاصقة الأخرى شعار بيجو وخطوط على الأبواب وشعارات لومان على باب صندوق الأمتعة. كما تضبط عجلات الألمنيوم الخاصة متعددة الأسطوانات مقاس 17 بوصة نغمة السيارة. كانت الألوان الخارجية بيضاء بانكيز وأسود أوبسيديان.

تم نقله من 207 RC ، تلقى المقصورة الداخلية ديكورًا من الجرانيت مع مقاعد دلو أمامية وخلفية بالإضافة إلى أغطية حصيرة أمامية وخلفية RC. عجلة القيادة أيضًا، بحلقة نهائية من الجرانيت ومرقمة من 1 إلى 2000. مقبض ذراع نقل السرعات، ومجموعة الدواسة، ومسند القدم، وعتبة الباب من الألومنيوم.

ثلاثة محركات كانت متوفرة مع 207 Le Mans Series. بدءًا من 1.6 HDi 16v 110 hp DPFS و 1.6 THP150 16v 150 hp ، كل منها يتلقى أنبوب عادم مطلي بالكروم. تلقى أعلى 1.6 THP175 16v 175 حصان أنبوب عادم مزدوج مطلي بالكروم.

سيارات السباق

بيجو 207 اس 2000 - 2007
 بعد أن وُلدت في ورشات قسم السباقات من (بيجو)، خضعت (207) للكثير من التعديلات وخاضت تجربتها الأولى في رالي (أنتيب) عام 2006 مع (جيل بانيزي) خلف المقود. بمحرّكها ذي سعة 2 لتر وقوّة 280 حصان، وصندوق التروس المتسلسل ذي الستّ سرعات، والدّفع الرّباعي للعجلات، فإنّ طراز (207 سوبر 2000) يسير الآن على خطى سيّارات الراليات الأسطوريّة من (بيجو).

استخدام لوحة الاسم

في الصين وأمريكا الجنوبية، يتم تسويق نسخة سيدان تحت لوحة Peugeot 207 منذ نوفمبر 2008. ويستند النموذج إلى منصة النموذج السابق، بيجو 206، ويتميز بالواجهة الأمامية للنسخة المحسنة 206+ ، والتي تشبه بيجو 207.

معرض الصور

روابط مفيدة
 الموقع الرسمي لشركة بيجو
 معلومات عن سيارة بيجو 207 اس 2000

مراجع

ستيشن واغن
سيارات اخترعت في 2006
سيارات بيجو
سيارات دفع أمامي
سيارات رالي
سيارات شخصية
سيارات صغيرة
سيارات عقد 2000
سيارات عقد 2010
سيارات متحولة
كوبيه
هاتشباك

بيجو 207


Pavao Löw, poslije Drugog svjetskog rata promijenio je ime u Pavle Levković (Zagreb, 1910. – Dubrovnik, 1. siječnja 1986.) bio je hrvatski nogometaš i nogometni reprezentativac.

Reprezentativna karijera
Za nogometnu reprezentaciju Kraljevine Jugoslavije odigrao je tri utakmice.

Izvori

Hrvatski nogometaši
Jugoslavenski nogometni reprezentativci

Pavao Löw


Things Are Looking Up est un film britannique réalisé par Albert de Courville, sorti en 1935.

Synopsis

Fiche technique
 Titre : Things Are Looking Up
 Réalisation : Albert de Courville
 Scénario : Albert de Courville, Daisy Fisher, Stafford Dickens et Con West
 Photographie : Charles Van Enger
 Montage :
 Pays d'origine : Royaume-Uni
 Format : Noir et blanc - 1,37:1
 Genre : comédie
 Date de sortie : 1935

Distribution
 Cicely Courtneidge : Cicely Fytte / Bertha Fytte
 Max Miller : Joey
 William Gargan : Van Gaard
 Mary Lawson : Mary Fytte
 Mark Lester : Chairman
  : Miss McTavish
 Cicely Oates : Miss Crabbe
  : Opal
  :  Money
  : le fils de  Money
  : Harry
 Hay Plumb : Tennis Umpire
 Danny Green : Big Black Fox
 Suzanne Lenglen : Madame Bombardier
 Vivien Leigh : Étudiante (non créditée)
  (non crédité)

Liens externes

Film britannique sorti en 1935
Film britannique en noir et blanc
Comédie britannique

Things Are Looking Up


Un diradical est une espèce moléculaire ayant deux électrons occupant des orbitales moléculaires dégénérées.

Le terme « diradical » est utilisé essentiellement pour qualifier des composés organiques, dont les diradicaux sont extrêmement réactifs et, de ce fait, rarement isolés.

Les diradicaux sont des molécules contenant un nombre pair d'électrons mais ayant un ordre de liaison inférieur d'une unité par rapport à ce qui est permis par la règle de l'octet. Il existe également des diradicaux en chimie de coordination, comme les complexes métalliques de .

Les diradicaux sont généralement à l'état triplet. Les termes singulet et triplet dérivent de la multiplicité des états quantiques des diradicaux en résonance paramagnétique électronique (RPE) : un diradical singulet présente un état unique (, , ) et aucun signal en RPE, tandis qu'un diradical triplet présente trois états (, , ) et deux pics en RPE (si pas de clivage hyperfin). L'état triplet a un nombre quantique de spin total  et est paramagnétique. Par conséquent, les espèces diradicales ont un état triplet lorsque les deux électrons ne sont pas appariés et présentent le même spin. Lorsque les électrons célibataires de spin opposé sont couplés de manière antiferromagnétique, les espèces diradicales peuvent présenter un état singulet () et être diamagnétiques.

Parmi les diradicaux stables et isolables, on trouve l'oxygène singulet et l'oxygène triplet ainsi que certains carbènes et nitrènes. D'autres, moins connus, sont les ions nitrénium, les chaînes carbonées et les molécules organiques dites  dans lesquelles les électrons sont délocalisés sur différents atomes de carbone. En chimie minérale, les complexes 1,2-dithiolène homoleptiques et hétéroleptiques d'ions de métaux de transition d présentent un fort caractère diradical à l'état fondamental.

Notes et références

Chimie générale
Magnétisme

Diradical


Amblyanthus, maleni biljni rod iz porodice jaglačevki raširen po Assamu, Bangladešu i istočnoj Himalaji. Smješten je u potporodicu Myrsinoideae.

Godine 2021. prvi puta otkrivena je nova vrsta ovog roda u Kini u okrugu Medog, to je A. chenii.

Vrste
 Amblyanthus chenii Zhou, Zhuo et al. (2021)
 Amblyanthus glandulosus (Roxb.) A.DC.
 Amblyanthus multiflorus Mez
 Amblyanthus obovatus G.S.Giri, S.K.Das & H.J.Chowdhery
 Amblyanthus praetervisus Mez

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Myrsinoideae

Amblyanthus


Tourmente bezeichnet
 Tourmente (Dordogne), einen Fluss in Frankreich, Nebenfluss der Dordogne
 Tourmente (Indrois), einen Fluss in Frankreich, Nebenfluss des Indrois
 Cap Tourmente, Landspitze am Sankt-Lorenz-Strom nordöstlich von Québec, Kanada

Tourmente


Orana este un gen de molii din familia Lymantriinae.

Specii
Orana delicata Griveaud, 1977
Orana grammodes (Hering, 1926)
Orana palea Griveaud, 1977

Referințe
  Baza de date a genului Lepidoptera la Muzeul de istorie naturală

Lymantriidae
Molii
Genuri de insecte

Orana


Spin Boldak (Dari, ) is a border town and the headquarters of Spin Boldak District in the southern Kandahar province of Afghanistan, next to the border with Pakistan. It is linked by a highway with the city of Kandahar to the north, and with Chaman and Quetta in Pakistan to the south. Spin Boldak has the second major port of entry between Afghanistan and Pakistan, the Wesh-Chaman border crossing. It is also a major transporting, shipping and receiving site between the two neighboring countries.

The district is populated mostly by Noorzai and Achakzai Pashtuns.

Kandahar and Quetta are about 40 and  respectively distant by air, and have the closest medium-sized airports; Pishin, Pakistan has a small airport  to the east.

Climate
With an influence from the local steppe climate, Spin Boldak features a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh), characterised by little precipitation throughout the year. The average temperature in Spin Boldak is 19.7 °C, while the annual precipitation averages 217 mm. July is the hottest month of the year with an average temperature of 31.8 °C. The coldest month January has an average temperature of 6.9 °C.

Insurgent Activity
In January 2006, "a suicide bomber on a motorbike killed at least 20 people and wounded 20 more," according to one report. "The attacker drove the vehicle into a crowd watching a wrestling match and detonated a bomb," said Kandahar provincial Gov. Asadullah Khalid. The Taliban claimed responsibility for the attack.

The town was the site of a suicide bombing in February 2008 that killed 38 Afghans and injured several Canadian soldiers.

In April 2010, three nephews of the former governor of Spin Boldak district, Hajji (or Haji) Fazluddin Agha, aged 15, 13 and 12, were killed in a bomb attack. The bomb was attached to a donkey which was led to the checkpoint in front of the former governor's home and detonated by remote control. Hajji Fazluddin Agha, according to the report, is of one of President Hamid Karzai's most important political allies in Kandahar, and had also served as Mr. Karzai's top campaign official in Kandahar Province. He was unhurt in the bombing, but two bystanders and two policemen were wounded.

On 14 July 2021, Taliban forces as part of the 2021 Taliban offensive captured Spin Boldak along with the border post with Pakistan. The Taliban immediately took over border duties by regulating movement of people and goods between Spin Boldak  and the Wesh–Chaman border crossing. It was at this border crossing on 15 July 2021, the Indian photo-journalist Danish Siddiqui was killed by the Taliban and his body mutilated

Railway

In 1891 the British extended the Indian Railways system (now Pakistan Railways) to the border town of Chaman via the Khojak Tunnel from Qilla Abdullah, from the east and thence south.  The rails were not extended into Afghanistan to the north and west for political reasons. Spin Boldak, Afghanistan, is less than 10 km from Chaman, Pakistan.

Over much of the last century, there have been proposals to extend the Chaman line to Afghanistan and possibly beyond, passing through Spin Boldak. These proposals have the support of the current Afghan government. In July 2010, Pakistan and Afghanistan signed a Memorandum of understanding for going ahead with the laying of rail tracks between the two countries.

See also

Torkham
Zaranj
Islam Qala
Torghundi
Hairatan
Sher Khan Bandar
Demogan
Kandahar Province

Notes

References

Populated places in Kandahar Province

Spin Boldak


Juniperus arizonica ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Familie der Zypressengewächse (Cupressaceae). Sie ist im Norden Mexikos sowie im Süden der USA heimisch.

Beschreibung
Juniperus arizonica wächst als großer immergrüner Strauch oder kleiner Baum der Wuchshöhen von 3 bis 8 Meter erreichen kann. Der Stamm verzweigt sich meist rund einem Meter über dem Boden. Die dünne Borke ist braun gefärbt und blättert in länglichen Streifen ab während die schuppige Zweigrinde aschgrau ist. Bei Sträuchern gehen die Äste aufsteigend und bei Bäumen eher gerade vom Stamm ab. Sie bilden eine abgeflacht kugelige oder unregelmäßige Krone aus. Die Art kann nach Waldbränden oder nachdem die Pflanze gefällt wurde erneut aus dem Baumstumpf auswachsen.

Die schuppenartigen, mit Drüsen versehenen Nadeln sind an den Rändern gesägt. Die Nadeloberseite ist weißlich-blaugrün gefärbt.

Juniperus arizonica ist zweihäusig-getrenntgeschlechtig (diözisch), und die Samen reifen vom späten Herbst bis in den frühen Winter. Die beerenförmigen und saftigen Zapfen sind bei einer Dicke von 6 bis 7 Millimetern kugelig bis eiförmig geformt. Zur Reife hin sind sie rötlich gefärbt und weisen eine weißblaue bis blaugrüne Tönung sowie gelborange, orange oder dunkelrote Musterungen auf. Jeder der Zapfen trägt ein bis zwei, 4 bis 5 Millimeter lange Samenkörner.

Verbreitung und Standort
Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet von Juniperus arizonica liegt in Mexiko sowie in den USA. In Mexiko umfasst es dabei den Nordosten des Bundesstaates Sonora. In den USA findet man die Art südlich des Mogollon Rims in Arizona sowie in Südwest-New Mexico und West-Texas.

Juniperus arizonica gedeiht in Höhenlagen von 980 bis 2200 Metern. Man findet die Art vor allem in Bouteloua-Steppen sowie auf steinigen Hängen, die an diese angrenzen.

Nutzung
Das Holz wird unter anderem zu Zaunpfählen verarbeitet.

Systematik
Die Erstbeschreibung als Juniperus arizonica erfolgte 1994 durch Robert Phillip Adams in Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 22(7), S. 708. Zuvor wurde sie als Varietät des Rotbeeren-Wacholders (Juniperus coahuilensis) angesehen. Eine von Adams im Jahr 2006 veröffentlichte Arbeit bestätigt mithilfe von DNA-Analysen den Artstatus.

Quellen

Einzelnachweise

Weblink

Wacholder
Arizonica

Juniperus arizonica


Léninski  es un jútor del raión de Timashovsk del krai de Krasnodar, en Rusia. Está situado en la orilla izquierda del río Beisuzhok Izquierdo, afluente del río Beisug, 9 km al nordeste de Timashovsk y 69 km al norte de Krasnodar, la capital del krai. Tenía 1 845 habitantes en 2010.

Es cabeza del municipio Novoléninskoye, al que pertenecen asimismo Rashpil, Novi, Barybinski y Greblianski.

Historia

Fue fundado en 1893 con el nombre de Grigorova por campesinos ucranianos.

Enlaces externos y referencias

 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde este enlace.
 Sitio web del municipio  .
 Mapa topográfico en maps.vlasenko.net .
 Casa de cultura en Panoramio
  en Panoramio]]
  en Panoramio

Localidades del raión de Timashovsk del krai de Krasnodar
Localidades establecidas en 1893

Léninski (Timashovsk, Krasnodar)


El Aeropuerto de Zaliv Kresta (; ICAO: UHME; IATA: ), se encuentra 3 km al norte de Egvekinot, en el distrito autónomo de Chukotka, Rusia.

El espacio aéreo está controlado desde el FIR de Anádyr (ICAO: UHMA).

Pista
El aeropuerto de Zaliv Kresta dispone de una pequeña pista de tierra en dirección 17/35 de 1350x60 m. (4429x197 pies). La plataforma es también de reducidas dimensiones.

Es adecuado para ser utilizado por los siguientes tipos de aeronaves : Antonov An-2, Antonov An-24, Antonov An-26, Antonov An-30, Antonov An-72, Antonov An-74, Yakovlev Yak-40 y clases menores, y todo tipo de helicópteros.

Aerolíneas y destinos
La compañía ChukotAvia realiza vuelos regulares a Anádyr.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Mapa de ubicación de los aeropuertos Chukotka en "Our Airports" (en inglés) Consultado el 29 de marzo de 2012

Zaliv Kresta

Aeropuerto de Zaliv Kresta


Volo di notte (Vuelo nocturno) es una ópera en un acto con música de Luigi Dallapiccola y libreto en italiano que él escribió basado en la novela Vuelo nocturno de Antoine de Saint-Exupéry.  Se estrenó en el Teatro della Pergola en Florencia el 18 de mayo de 1940.

La ópera enfatiza el sufrimiento individual y fue escrita como una respuesta al auge del fascismo.

Personajes

Argumento
El protagonista es un aviador individual, un correo de larga distancia argentino, durante los primeros días de los vuelos.  Se ve atrapado en una tormenta, sin poder aterrizar; y el drama acontece tanto dentro de su familia, ansioso por su regreso sano y salvo, y entre sus empleadores, ansiosos además por el éxito de la empresa.

Representaciones
En octubre de 2016, se representó la obra junto a otra obra del mismo autor, Il Prigioniero,  en el Teatro Colón de Argentina bajo la dirección de Christian Baldini con el siguiente elenco:

RIVIÈRE  Víctor Torres

PÉLLERIN   Carlos Ullán

SIMONA FABIEN Daniela Tabernig

OPERADOR DE RADIO Sergio Spina

ROBINEAU, UN INSPECTOR Carlos Esquivel

Referencias
Sellors, Anthony:  "Volo di notte". Grove Music Online.  ed. L. Macy (acceso 4 de febrero de 2008), <http://www.grovemusic.com >.

Enlaces externos
 Notas, discografía y libreto (italiano - español) en Kareol

Óperas de Luigi Dallapiccola
Óperas en italiano
Óperas de 1940
Óperas estrenadas en Florencia
Óperas en un acto

Volo di notte


Yazıbelen, Afşin - Kahramanmaraş ili Afşin ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Yazıbelen, Devrekani - Kastamonu ili Devrekâni ilçesine bağlı köy
 Yazıbelen, Selçuklu - Konya ili Selçuklu ilçesine bağlı mahalle

Yazıbelen


Boy from Heaven (; no Brasil: Garoto dos Céus, na América do Norte: Cairo Conspiracy) é um longa-metragem sueco de suspense político lançado em 2022 coproduzido internacionalmente com Dinamarca, Finlândia e França, escrito e dirigido por Tarik Saleh.

O filme teve estreia mundial em 20 de maio de 2022 no Festival de Cinema de Cannes, onde foi selecionado para concorrer à Palma de Ouro, sendo premiado pelo júri do festival em Melhor Roteiro para Saleh, além do Prêmio François Chalais. Foi selecionado como representante da Suécia na categoria Melhor Filme Internacional para a Oscar 2023, sendo um dos 15 filmes escolhidos para a lista preliminar de dezembro de 2022, apesar de não figurar entre os 5 finalistas. A estreia nos cinemas brasileiros ocorreu 26 de Janeiro de 2023 por meio da Pandora Filmes.

Sinopse
Na prestigiada Universidade de Alazar em Cairo, Egito, logo após o retorno dos estudantes das férias de verão, o grande Imame tem um colapso e acaba falecendo na frente de seus alunos, dando início a uma forte disputa e concorrência daquele que assumirá seu lugar.

Elenco

 Tawfeek Barhom como Adam
 Fares Fares como Ibrahim
 Mohammad Bakri como General Al Sakran
 Makram Khoury como Sheikh Negm
 Mehdi Dehbi como Zizo
 Moe Ayoub como Sobhy
 Sherwan Haji como  Soliman
 Abduljabbar Alsuhili como Alasfour
 Ramzi Choukair como Sheikh Durani
 Yunus Albayrak como Professor de Sharia
 Mouloud Ayad como Nazim
 Okan Bozkuş como Estudante
 Youssef Salama Zeki como Professor de Biologia
 Ayman Fathy como Soldado
 Amr Mosad como  Harun

Produção
Apesar de ser egípcio, o diretor Tarik Saleh, que imigrou para a Suécia décadas atrás, optou por não correr riscos frente a forte censura egípcia com temas político-religiosos. O filme foi filmado principalmente na Mesquita de Solimão (Süleymaniye) em Istambul, Turquia.

Lançamento
Com estreia mundial em 20 de maio de 2022 no Festival de Cinema de Cannes, concorreu à Palma de Ouro e foi premiado em Melhor Roteiro pelo júri do festival, além de vencer o tradicional Prêmio François Chalais. A estreia nos cinemas no Brasil ocorreu em 26 de Janeiro por meio da distribuidora Pandora Filmes.

Recepção

Resposta da Crítica
No Rotten Tomatoes, o filme detém uma taxa de aprovação de 71% com base em 17 críticas, e uma classificação média de 7,1/10. Já no Metacritic, que atribui uma pontuação ponderada, o filme possui uma média de 71 de 100, com base em 7 críticas, recebendo "críticas geralmente favoráveis".

Prêmios e Indicações

Ver também

 Lista de inscrições ao Oscar 2023 de melhor filme internacional

Ligações externas

Filmes da Suécia de 2022
Filmes da França de 2022
Filmes da Finlândia de 2022
Filmes da Dinamarca de 2022
Filmes ambientados no Cairo
Filmes gravados em Istambul

Boy from Heaven


David Steven Viscott (May 24, 1938 – October 10, 1996) was an American psychiatrist, author, businessman, and media personality. He was a graduate of Dartmouth (1959), Tufts Medical School and taught at University Hospital in Boston. He started a private practice in psychiatry in 1968 and later moved to Los Angeles in 1979 where he was a professor of psychiatry at UCLA. He founded and managed the Viscott Center for Natural Therapy in Beverly Hills, Newport Beach and Pasadena, California.

Biography
In 1980 Viscott began presenting his own full-time show on talk radio, and was notably one of the first psychiatrists to do so (talk station KABC). He screened telephone calls and gave considerable amount of free psychological counselling to his on-air "patients."

In 1987 Viscott briefly had his own live syndicated TV show, Getting in Touch with Dr. David Viscott, providing much the same service as his radio show. In fact, the shows ran concurrently. In the early 1990s he had a weekly call-in therapy television program on KNBC in Los Angeles early Sunday morning after Saturday Night Live, titled Night Talk with Dr. David Viscott.

Viscott's signature style was to attempt to isolate an individual's source of emotional problems in a very short amount of time. Many of his books were of a self-help nature, written to assist the individual with his own examination of life. His autobiography, The Making of a Psychiatrist, was a best-seller, a Book of the Month Club Main Selection, and nominated for the Pulitzer Prize.

Along with psychiatric advice, he would fall back on his medical knowledge to regularly devote entire segments of radio to answering medical questions. During these segments he would give medical advice. Many of the questions answered had to do with pharmacological advice. This was unique in the world of talk radio.

Viscott's popularity peaked in the early 1990s, and then fell sharply. A separation from his wife, followed by declining health, occurred at about the same time that he left the air waves. He died in 1996 of heart failure complicated by a diabetic condition. At the time, he was living alone in Los Angeles. He is survived by three of his four children: Elizabeth, Penelope, and Jonathan.

The Simpsons
In the television show The Simpsons, the character Dr. Marvin Monroe's voice was based on Viscott. Monroe has been retired since the seventh season because voicing the character strained Harry Shearer's throat. The character's retirement was marked by the broadcast of a Dr. Marvin Monroe Memorial Hospital over Lou's walkie-talkie in "Who Shot Mr. Burns? (Part Two)". Since then, several references to Monroe being dead have been made: a glimpse of his gravestone in "Alone Again, Natura-Diddily", a Dr. Marvin Monroe Memorial Gymnasium seen in "Bye Bye Nerdie", and a trivia interstitial in the "138th Episode Spectacular" regarding which popular characters had recently died. However, Monroe is seen alive in the fifteenth season in "Diatribe of a Mad Housewife" purchasing a copy of Marge's novel, The Harpooned Heart, stating simply that he had "...been very sick" when asked about his long absence by Marge. He was later seen as a ghost, claiming that he was "stuck in limbo" in "Treehouse of Horror XXV".

Notable books by Viscott

 The Making of a Psychiatrist See Doctors
 The Viscott Method
 Risking
 I Love You, Let's Work It Out
 The Language of Feelings
 Emotional Resilience
 Finding Your Strength in Difficult Times
 Emotionally Free
 How to Live with Another Person
 Feel Free
 Winning
 Taking Care of Business
 What Every Kid Should Know
 Labyrinth of Silence

References

1938 births
1996 deaths
American psychiatrists
American psychology writers
American talk radio hosts
American self-help writers
Television personalities from Los Angeles
Tufts University School of Medicine alumni
Dartmouth College alumni
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA faculty
20th-century American physicians
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American male writers
American male non-fiction writers

David Viscott


Șitkino (în ) este o localitate de tip orășenesc din raionul Taișet, regiunea Irkutsk, situată pe malul stâng al râului Biriusa, la aproximativ la 58 km nord-est de centrul raional Taișet. Este centrul administrativ al formațiunii municipale Șitkino. În 2013 aici locuiau 1906 persoane.

Legături externe
 Шиткино  pe situl irkipedia.ru
  Шиткино - родное село pe situl ВКонтакте

Orașe din regiunea Irkutsk

Șitkino


L'Ennomos du Tilleul (Ennomos alniaria) est une espèce de Lépidoptères de la famille des Geometridae et du genre Ennomos, décrite par Carl von Linné en 1758.

Répartition
Cette espèce se retrouve uniquement en Europe, où elle peut s'observer du Portugal jusqu'aux Pays baltes. Elle est aussi présente en Grande-Bretagne et en Scandinavie, en revanche, elle est absente de l'Italie et du Sud-Est de l'Europe.

Description

  L'imago atteint une envergure allant de 36 à 43 millimètres. Les ailes, dont les bords sont fortement irréguliers, sont de couleur ocre parsemées de points gris, deux lignes gris foncé traversent les ailes antérieures. L'Ennomos du Tilleul se différencie des autres espèces du genre Ennomos de par la présence de poils de couleur jaune canari sur le thorax.

 La chenille ressemble fortement à un petit rameau d'arbre. Celle-ci est brune, de forme allongée avec une face ventrale tirant sur le vert. Une bosse bien marquée est présente sur la seconde section abdominale.

 Les œufs sont en forme de brique de couleurs noire, une dépression est visible sur la partie supérieure.

Biologie

L'imago vole de juin à octobre dans divers milieux comme les forêts, les broussailles, les zones humides et bords de cours d'eau, il est facilement attiré par la lumière.

La chenille est phyllophage et se nourrit sur plusieurs essences d'arbre différentes, parmi lesquelles figurent notamment l'aulne, le bouleau et le tilleul. Sa ressemblance avec un rameau, lui permet d'éviter les prédateurs. Ce phénomène est accentué par le comportement de la chenille au repos, celle-ci va s'agripper à une branche avec sa dernière paire de pattes arrière et tendre le reste de son corps en biais par rapport à la branche, accentuant sa ressemblance avec un rameau.

La chenille confectionne son cocon entre des feuilles mortes, de la mousse ou bien de l'herbe.

C'est sous forme d'œuf que l'Ennomos du Tilleul hiberne.

Notes et références

Geometridae
Taxon décrit par Carl von Linné

Ennomos du Tilleul


Aceasta este o listă de piese de teatru  spaniole în ordine alfabetică:

0-9

A
 A secreto agravio, secreta venganza (1637), de Pedro Calderón de la Barca
 ¡Achanta que te conviene! (1925), de Enrique Jardiel Poncela
 Adevărul îndoielnic (La verdad sospechosa, 1630), de Juan Ruiz de Alarcón
 Asediul de la Numancia (El cerco de Numancia, 1585), de Miguel de Cervantes

B
 La banda de Saboya (1922), de Enrique Jardiel Poncela
 Bătrânul gelos (El viejo celoso), de Miguel de Cervantes

C
 El cadáver del señor García (1930), de Enrique Jardiel Poncela
 Catapeteasma minunilor (El retablo de las maravillas), de Miguel de Cervantes
 Cu cărțile pe față (Las cartas boca abajo, 1957) de Antonio Buero Vallejo
 Cucerirea Ierusalimului (La conquista de Jerusalén), de Miguel de Cervantes

D
 Disprețul cu dispreț (El desdén con el desdén, 1672), de Agustín Moreto

F
 Fernando el Santo (1926), de Enrique Jardiel Poncela

H
 La hoguera (1925), de Enrique Jardiel Poncela

M
 Marele teatru al lumii (El gran teatro del mundo, 1655), de Pedro Calderón de la Barca
 Mi prima Dolly (1923), de Enrique Jardiel Poncela

N
 No se culpe a nadie de mi muerte, 1926.
 La noche del Metro (1925), de Enrique Jardiel Poncela

P
 El príncipe Raudhick (1919), de Enrique Jardiel Poncela

S
 Se alquila un cuarto (1925), de Enrique Jardiel Poncela

T
 ¡Te he guiñado un ojo! (1925), de Enrique Jardiel Poncela
 El truco de Wenceslao (1926), de Enrique Jardiel Poncela

U
 Una noche de primavera sin sueño (1927)

V
 ¡Vamos al Romea! (1926), de Enrique Jardiel Poncela
 Viața este vis (La vida es sueño, 1635), de Pedro Calderón de la Barca

Z

Bibliografie

Referințe și note

Vezi și

 Listă de dramaturgi spanioli
 Listă de dramaturgi

spaniole

Listă de piese de teatru spaniole


Hotel Frederiksminde er et hotel og gourmetrestaurant, der ligger på et gammelt klosterområde i Præstø, Sydsjælland. Restauranten fik sin første stjerne i Michelinguiden i 2016, som blev forsvaret frem til nu.

Historie
Klosteret var et Antonitterkloster, som blev opført i 1470 og nedrevet i 1563. Pladsen blev efterfølgende brugt til dragonkaserne, og i slutningen af 1800-tallet var kroen ejet af Håndværker- og Borgerforeningen i byen. De manglede et sted, hvor byens borgere kunne samles. Derfor opførte foreningen hotellet, som man kender det i dag. Bygningen fik navnet Hotel Frederiksminde efter en buste af Kong Frederik VII, som var blevet opstillet i anlægget to år tidligere.

Ejerskabet af hotellet er skiftet flere gange indtil Frederiksminde i 2003 blev købt af skibsreder Hans Michael Jebsen med Silje Brenna som forpagter. Det nyrenoverede hotel åbnede i 2007.

I 2010 kom Jonas Mikkelsen til hotellet som køkkenchef. Hotel Frederiksminde har siden modtaget topanmeldelser med 6 hjerter i Politiken af Helle Brønnum Carlsen i 2011, 6 stjerner i Berlingske i 2011 af Søren Frank samt 6 stjerner af Ole Troelsø i Børsen.

I 2015 vandt Hotel Frederiksminde "Årets Bo og Spis" i Den danske Spiseguide. Hotellet var desuden nomineret i kategorien "Årets Restaurant" i samme guide. Samme år kårede White Guide desuden Hotel Frederiksminde som den 11. bedste restaurant i Danmark i kategorien "International Mesterklasse".

Silje Brenna og Jonas Mikkelsen driver desuden Rønnede Kro i Rønnede og Hotel Baltic i Høruphav, som også ejes af Hans Michael Jebsen.

I februar 2016 modtog restauranten på Frederiksminde sin første stjerne i Michelinguiden, hvilket den forsvarede i 2017, 2018 og 2021.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Hotel Frederiksmindes hjemmeside

Frederiksminde
Danske restauranter med Michelin-stjerne
Præstø

Hotel Frederiksminde