Thomas Alexandre Davy-Dumas de La Pailleterie (født 25. marts 1762, død 26. februar 1806) var søn af en fransk adelsmand, Alexandre Antoine Davy de la Pailleterie (1714-1786), og en af de første farvede generaler i en europæisk hær. Han var officer før, under og efter den franske revolution.

Thomas Alexandre blev født på øen Hispaniola på den franske del Saint-Domingue. Saint-Domingue var en fransk koloni, hvor der hovedsageligt blev dyrket sukkerrør. Hans far rejste tilbage til Frankrig i 1775, men inden havde han for at finansiere sine rejseudgifter solgt sine børn til en anden franskmand på øen. Det ene barn, Thomas Alexandre, var dog solgt med tilbagekøbsklausul, som blev indløst da han ankom til Frankrig den 30. august 1776.

I 1778 flyttede far og søn til en forstad til Paris, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, hvor Thomas Alexandre påbegyndte skoleundervisning samt fægteundervisning.

2. juni 1786 lod Thomas Alexandre sig indrullere som menig i 6. Dragonregiment under navnet Alexandre Dumas. I den nye rolle som soldat havde han fordel af at være stor og stærk.

I forbindelse med urolighederne i sommeren 1789 blev 6. Dragonregiment den 15. august 1789 beordret til byen Villers-Cotterêts. Soldaterne blev indkvarteret i private hjem, og Thomas Alexandre fik logi hos kroværten Claude Labouret. Det var her, at han traf kroværtens datter, Marie-Louise, som han den 6. december 1789 blev forlovet med. Efter svigerfarens ønske kunne de dog først blive gift, når Thomas Alexandre var blevet sergent.

I august 1792 var dragonregimentet udstationeret ved den belgiske grænse, hvor Thomas Alexandre udmærkede sig i et sammenstød med en betydeligt større østrigsk enhed. Thomas Alexandre fik herefter tilbud om forfremmelser til forskellige enheder, men han valgte til sidst at blive oberstløjtnant i Den Sorte Legion, der bestod af frie farvede mænd. 10. oktober 1792 fik han sin officersbestalling.

Den 28. november 1792 blev han gift med Marie-Louise Labouret.

Legionen blev sat til at forsvare grænsen til Belgien. 30. juli 1793 blev Thomas Alexandre forfremmet til brigadegeneral i Nordarmeen og en måned efter blev han forfremmet til generalmajor og divisionschef.

10. september 1793 fødte Marie-Louise deres første barn, Alexandrine Aimée. Han var lige hjemme i nogle dage hos mor og barn, men blev derefter øverstbefalende for Pyrenæerarmé Vest med hovedkvarter i Bayonne. Der gik nogle få måneder til at han blev flyttet til Alpehæren. Her var ordren, at han skulle angribe de østrigske og italienske tropper, som holdt stillinger i bjergene. I april 1794 indledtes angreb på Mont Cenis og Saint Bernard-passet, men det gik ikke så godt, idet der var is og sne, samt stærke befæstninger. I maj måned samme år indledtes et afgørende angreb på Mont Cenis, som blev indtaget.

I efteråret 1794 blev han sendt til Vendée for at reorganisere Vesthæren. Fra december 1794 fik han orlov og var sammen med sin kone og datter i Villers-Cotterêts. I efteråret 1795 blev han overflyttet til Rhinhæren under general Jean-Baptiste Kléber. Rhinhæren foretog et angreb på Düsseldorf, hvorunder Thomas Alexandre blev lettere såret.

Primo 1796 fik Dumas endnu en datter, Louise Alexandrine.

I november 1796 kom Thomas Alexandre til den franske Italienshær, der var under kommando af Napoleon Bonaparte. Her kom Dumas til at have kommandoen over en division, der belejrede byen Mantova.Belejringen trak ud, men da østrigerne i januar 1797 sendte 43.000 mand mod Mantova for at bryde belejringen, skulle franskmændene forhindre at de nåede frem til byen. Det var betydeligt flere end franskmændene kunne mønstre. Ved Dumas' indsats lykkedes det ikke for det østrigske undsætningskorps at nå Mantova. I februar 1797 blev Dumas overflyttet til general Jouberts division, hvor opgaven var at drive østrigerne tilbage til Brennerpasset.

I marts 1797 fik Dumas fra sin kone meddelelse om, at datteren Louise var død.

Den 23. marts 1797 var Dumas med i et fremstød mod østrigerne og tyrolerne i landsbyen Clausen, hvor han ene mand med sin sabel forsvarede en bro over floden Eisack.

De tre første måneder af 1798 havde Dumas orlov og var hjemme hos sin kone og datter.

Napoleon Bonaparte ville erobre Egypten og fra marts 1798 var Dumas ombord på et af de skibe som i en stor flåde i maj måned sejlede ud af Toulon. Første stop var Malta, som blev indtaget uden kamp. Under den fortsatte sejlads mod Egypten blev Dumas udnævnt til øverstkommanderende for hele kavaleriet i Orienthæren. Om morgenen den 2. juli 1798 var der landsat 4.000 mand, som kun havde håndvåben. Napoleon gav ordre til afmarch mod Alexandria 15 km væk. Da dagen var slut havde franskmændene erobret byen. Man fortsatte videre mod andre byer, bl.a. Cairo, men det var med stor mangel på heste og forplejning. I slaget ved pyramiderne nedkæmpede franskmændene 12.000 mamelukryttere.

Mens Napoleon var beskæftiget på land havde en britisk flådeenhed under kommando af admiral Nelson opdaget den opankrede franske flåde, og efter timers kampe blev de fleste franske skibe sænket.

I marts 1799 rejste Dumas med skib tilbage mod Frankrig. Skibet var dog ikke særligt sødygtigt og tog vand ind, og det endte med at man anløb Taranto, som lå i kongeriget Neapel. Regenten var antifransk, og sammen med en anden general endte Dumas med at sidde i fængsel i to år. Under fængselsopholdet blev han både syg og fejlernæret. Napoleon førte igen krig i Italien og det ramte også kongeriget Neapel. Som følge heraf blev Dumas løsladt og kunne i marts 1801 på et skib sejle til Ancona og derfra videre hjem til Frankrig.

Den 24. juli 1802 fødte Marie-Louise en søn, Alexandre.

Efter hjemkomsten fra fangenskab fik Thomas Alexandre ikke nogen ny militær post foranlediget af en indskrænkning af farvedes rettigheder og af at Napoleon genoptog slaveriet i kolonierne.

I slutningen af det 19. århundrede blev der opsat broncestatuer af generalen, hans søn, fortatteren, og hans sønnesøn, skuespilforfatteren, på Place Malesherbes. I vinteren 1942-43 fjernede de tyske besættere statuerne og omsmeltede dem.

Generalens egen berømmelse blev overtrumfet af hans søn, Alexandre Dumas den ældre, som skrev bl.a. De Tre Musketerer og Greven af Monte Cristo. Alexandre Dumas den ældre gjorde det til tider klart, at han baserede store dele af sine fortællinger på farens liv.

Referencer

Reiss, Tom (2013), Den sorte greve. Napoleons rival og den virkelige greve af Monte Cristo. Informations forlag, .

Generaler fra Frankrig
Personer fra Den franske revolution

Thomas Alexandre Davy-Dumas de la Pailleterie


Demetrio de Montferrato (en italiano: Demetrio del Monferrato; griego: Δημήτριος Μομφερρατικός, trans. Dēmētrios Momferratikos; Salónica, Grecia 1205-Amalfi, Italia 1230), rey de Tesalónica desde 1207 hasta 1224. Fue el hijo de Bonifacio de Montferrato y su segunda esposa Margarita de Hungría. Sucedió a su padre en 1207 como rey de Salónica (o Tesalónica), bajo la regencia de su madre. La regencia fue tomada por Oberto II de Biandrate, que se negó a jurar lealtad a Enrique I emperador latino de Constantinopla, quien invadió Salónica para imponer su autoridad, capturando a Oberto y coronando a Demetrio el 6 de enero de 1209. Teodoro Comneno Ducas de Epiro atacó el reino de Salónica, que se había debilitado cuando muchos de sus caballeros habían regresado a Europa occidental, y entró en la ciudad en diciembre de 1224, deponiendo a Demetrio. Demetrio legó los derechos de Salónica a Federico II Hohenstaufen (aunque este último renunció a sus derechos en favor del marqués Bonifacio II de Montferrato) y regresó a Italia, donde murió en 1230.

Primeros años
Demetrio fue el hijo del marqués Bonifacio de Montferrato con Margarita de Hungría, la viuda del emperador bizantino Isaac II Ángelo. A consecuencia de la Cuarta Cruzada Bonifacio había conseguido para sí el reino de Tesalónica en el reparto del botín. Casándose con la antigua emperatriz bizantina, le resultó más fácil de conseguir el apoyo de los miembros de la aristocracia bizantina. Cuando el hijo de Bonifacio nació en 1205, llevó el nombre de San Demetrio, el patrón de Salónica.

Rey de Salónica

Bonifacio fue muerto en una batalla contra los búlgaros en 1207, y Kaloján inmediatamente sitió Salónica. El asedio terminó con el asesinato de Kaloján, pero el gobierno de Demetrio no estaba seguro. Los magnates más influyentes del reino conspiraron en su contra, planeando reemplazar al gobernante infante con su medio hermano, el marqués Guillermo VI de Montferrato. El emperador latino Enrique de Flandes se decidió a detener este movimiento y avanzó sobre Salónica en diciembre de 1208. Los barones, acaudillados por el conde Oberto II de Biandrate, cerraron las puertas de la ciudad ante el emperador y presentaron varias demandas poco razonables. El emperador fingió aceptar los términos de Biandrate (siempre y cuando Margarita los aceptara) el tiempo suficiente para que pudiera entrar a la ciudad. Margarita recibió instrucciones de hacer caso omiso de los términos y Enrique coronó rey al joven Demetrio el 6 de enero de 1209 y extrajo juramentos de vasallaje de los barones lombardos. Las acciones del emperador fueron confirmadas por el papa Inocencio III.

Los derechos del joven rey estaban amenazados por las guarniciones lombardas de Biandrate en importantes fortalezas como Serres y Kavala. Enrique tomó Serres, pero Kavala resistió. Con la esperanza de llegar a una reconciliación, el emperador convocó a la nobleza del reino de Salónica a un parlamento en Ravennika, pero muchos señores no se sometieron. Después de una mayor acción militar, Enrique obtuvo la sumisión de Biandrate y del resto de los señores lombardos. Repelió el ataque epirota sobre Salónica en 1210 y dejó a su hermano menor Eustaquio como regente del rey Demetrio. La situación cambió de nuevo a la muerte de Enrique en 1216.

El nuevo emperador latino, Pedro de Courtenay, fue convencido por los señores lombardos y otorgó a Guillermo de Montferrato el reino antes de abandonar Italia. La reina madre Margarita huyó a Hungría, pero Demetrio aparentemente permaneció en su lugar, mientras que el emperador Pedro fue capturado y finalmente ejecutado por Teodoro Comneno Ducas en Epiro.

Exilio y muerte

El gobernante de Epiro, Teodoro Comneno Ducas, explotó la disensión entre la nobleza de Salónica para conquistar gradualmente las ciudades fortificadas del reino una tras otra. Aunque Guillermo de Montferrato se mostró reacio a desposeer a su medio hermano, estuvo de acuerdo en llevar una cruzada para ayudar a Salónica en 1222, y se preparó para partir, enviando previamente a Oberto de Biandrate. Antes de que la fuerza principal de esta cruzada llegara a Salónica, sin embargo, Teodoro forzó la rendición de la ciudad en diciembre de 1224.  Junto con el arzobispo latino, el rey Demetrio huyó a la corte del emperador Federico II Hohenstaufen en Italia. Demetrio participó en la cruzada de Federico en el Levante, y murió en 1230 en Amalfi, después de ceder sus derechos sobre Salónica a Federico II.

Ancestros

Fuentes

Referencias

Bibliografía

Nobles de Italia del siglo XIII
Reyes de Tesalónica
Nacidos en Salónica
Fallecidos en Amalfi

Demetrio de Montferrato


Omer Stupac (Mostar, 1927. – 1949.), bosanskohercegovački muslimanski aktivist. Rođen u Mostaru, u kojem je završio osnovnu i srednju ekonomsku. Uhićen u Puli. Sproveden u Sarajevu. Procesuiran s ostatkom velike skupine Mladih muslimana 1949. godine. Nije popuštao tijekom istrage i nije se dao pokolebati, zbog čega su ga istražitelji strahovito mučili. Bio je vješan svezanih ruku o klin iza leđa, zbog čega mu je jedna ruka skoro usahnula. Osuđen na smrt strijeljanjem, konfiskaciju imovine i trajni gubitak časnih prava.

Izvori

Mladi Muslimani
Životopisi, Mostar

Omer Stupac


En teoría de la probabilidad, la desigualdad de Hoeffding proporciona una cota superior a la probabilidad de que la suma de variables aleatorias se desvíe una cierta cantidad de su valor esperado.
Las desigualdad de Hoeffding fue demostrada por Wassily Hoeffding en 1963.

Las desigualdad de Hoeffding es un caso particular de la desigualdad de Azuma-Hoeffding, aunque generaliza la desigualdad de Bernstein, demostrada por Sergei Bernstein en 1923. Ambas son casos especiales de la desigualdad de McDiarmid.

Caso particular de variables de Bernouilli
Las desigualdad de Hoeffding puede aplicarse al importante especial de variables de Bernouilli idénticamente distribuidas, y este es la manera en que la desigualdad se aplica frecuentemente en combinatoria y en informática.

Si se considera una moneda desequilibrada que muestra cara con probabilidad  y cruz con probabilidad , y se consideran  lanzamientos de esta moneda. El valor esperado del número de veces que se obtiene cara es . Más aún, la probabilidad de que se obtengan como mucho  caras puede cuantificarse exactamente mediante la siguiente expresión:

En el caso de que  para algún , la desigualdad de Hoeffding acota esta probabilidad mediante un término que disminuye exponencialmente en :

De manera similar, en el caso de que  para algún , la desigualdad de Hoeffding acota la probabilidad de que se obtengan al menos  un número de caras mayor que el valor esperado:

En esas condiciones la desigualdad de Hoeffding implica que el número de caras que se obtienen se concentra alrededor de la media, con colas que decrecen exponencialmente.

Caso general
Sean  n variables aleatorias independientes. Si se asume que las  están acotadas casi con seguridad; es decir, si se asume para  que:

Se define la media muestral de estas variables como:

El segundo teorema en el artículo de Hoeffding prueba las siguientes desigualdades:

que son válidas para valores positivos de t. Aquí  representa el valor esperado de .

Nótese que las desigualdades también son válidas cuando las  han sido obtenidas usando muestreo sin reemplazo; en este caso las variables aleatorias no son de ninguna manera indendientes. Una demostración de esta afirmación puede encontrarse en el artículo de Hoeffding. Para cotas ligeramente mejores en el caso de muestreo sin reemplazo, puede consultarse el artículo de Serfling (1974).

Véase también
Desigualdad de Chebyshov
Desigualdad de Markov

Referencias

Bibliografía

Desigualdades
Hoeffding. desigualdad
Ciencia de 1963
Ciencia y tecnología de Finlandia

Desigualdad de Hoeffding


Keith Martin,  is a Canadian politician and physician. He was the Member of Parliament for the riding of Esquimalt—Juan de Fuca in British Columbia, Canada from 1993 to 2011. Originally a member of the Reform Party, and then the Canadian Alliance, he did not join the newly formed Conservative Party of Canada post-merger, and became a member of the Liberal Party from 2004 until 2011. He is currently the executive director of the Consortium of Universities for Global Health in Washington, D.C.

Early life and career
Martin was born in London, UK, and grew up in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. He attended Neil McNeil High School.  He graduated from the University of Toronto with a Doctorate of Medicine and a Bachelor of Science. He practiced emergency and family practice from 1987 to 2005. He also did two terms as a doctor in a rural region of South Africa during the Mozambique war. Martin is a member of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons' Advisory Committee on International Initiatives.

Federal politics
He was first elected in 1993 as a member of the Reform Party of Canada for the riding of Esquimalt-Juan de Fuca. However, unlike most Reformers, he was socially liberal, and he often clashed with Reform's conservative leaders. He is conservative on economic issues but is socially liberal.

From 1996 to 2000 he had his own nationally syndicated television program on current events called Beyond Politics.

When the Reform Party was folded into the Canadian Alliance, he sought the party leadership, but finished fourth with 2% of the vote.  Despite his ideological differences, he did not join the dissidents who briefly left the party in 2001–02 to protest the leadership of Stockwell Day.

In both 2009 and 2010, political commentator Rex Murphy, from the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's The National, recognized Martin as the most underrated politician in the House of Commons.

Martin led many initiatives in the House of Commons, including legislation to ban landmines (1995, 1996), establish an international mechanism to prevent deadly conflict (Responsibility to Protect) 2007, democratize Parliament, support early learning programs (Head Start) 2000, and modernize Canada's healthcare system.

Martin has been on diplomatic missions to areas in crisis, including Sudan, the Middle East, Zimbabwe, Sierra Leone, and the Sahal. He led initiatives to provide emergency relief in times of crisis, e.g., the 2004 tsunami, famine in Niger,  North Pakistan, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zimbabwe, etc. He also took an international leadership role in global health, including chairing global pre-G8 parliamentary committees in Japan and Rome.

He has had experience  between 1986–2007 volunteering on conservation programs in Africa, especially on rhino and other large mammals projects. He has been an ardent campaigner against the trafficking of illegal wildlife products, and has strongly supported the integration of conservation into development initiatives.

 On April 17, 2002, he caused a controversy as he attempted to remove the ceremonial mace from the table of the Clerk of the House to protest an intervention by the government that violated MP's fundamental democratic rights. He was found to be in contempt and not allowed to retake his seat until he had apologized to the House from the Bar. The reason for his actions was as a result of an amendment that would have removed the entire contents of Martin's Private Members' Bill C-344 which violated the spirit and meaning of Private Members Business.

Liberal
In January 2004, after the Canadian Alliance merged with the centre-right Progressive Conservative Party to form the Conservative Party of Canada, Martin announced he would not join the new party.  He sat as an independent for the remainder of the 37th Parliament, but ran as a Liberal in the 2004 election. He was re-elected, and served as the Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of National Defence. Martin was subsequently re-elected in the 2006 and 2008 federal elections. He has served in many shadow cabinet positions including foreign affairs, health and international development. He has taken leadership roles in many areas including: global health, domestic health, foreign affairs, conservation and the environment and human rights  He was appointed in 2004 by Prime Minister Paul Martin to be a member of the Queen's Privy Council.

Martin has organized several relief efforts to ship urgent medical supplies to areas in crisis.

He is the founder of several global health and conservation initiatives. He is Founder and Chair of the first all Party International Conservation Caucus. In 2010, he founded the International Conservation Forum, a website that increases awareness and facilitates action on key conservation issues through the use of social media and the publication of the online magazine, The Horn.

On November 9, 2010, Martin announced that he would not run in the next election, stating that "Canada's institutions need new blood and new ideas." He has been an outspoken critic of the decline in democracy in parliament and the increasing disempowerment of Members of Parliament.

Post-politics career
In September 2012, Martin was selected to be the Consortium of Universities for Global Health's (CUGH) founding Executive Director.  With over 170 academic institutions and a network of 30,000 scientists around the world, CUGH is the world's largest consortium of academic institutions and other related organizations. It works across research, education, advocacy and service, across disciplines, to improve the health of people and the planet. CUGH is particularly focused on improving health and environmental outcomes in low-income communities.

November 2014, Martin made presentations on the nexus between environmental sustainability, conservation, and human health at the World Parks Congress in Sydney, Australia.. He regularly speaks at conferences on a wide range of global health issues (www.cugh.org) covering health, conservation, the environment and politics.   He has co-chaired CUGH's last 7 global health conferences that attract over 1800 scientists and students from over 50 nations. (www.cugh.org). He is a member of the Lancet Commission on Pollution and Health, a member of the editorial Board of the Annals of Global Health (www.annalsofglobalhealth.org), a member of the Board of Directors of the Jane Goodall Institute (www.janegoodall.org) and an adviser to the International Cancer Expert Corps.

References

External links

 Keith Martin's Twitter
 Consortium of Universities for Global Health

Canadian Alliance MPs
Physicians from British Columbia
English emigrants to Canada
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Living people
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from British Columbia
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
Politicians from London
Politicians from Victoria, British Columbia
Reform Party of Canada MPs
21st-century Canadian politicians
1960 births

Keith Martin (politician)


Jens Ole Wowk McCoy (født 25. november 1994) er en dansk producer, der er bedst kendt som en del af hiphopduoen Ukendt Kunstner. Han er også bror til Morten McCoy, den ene halvdel af jazzduoen Bremer/McCoy.

Baggrund
Han er født på Christianshavn og boede der indtil han blev seks år, derefter flyttede han til Hellerup ved København.

Karriere
Efter Ukendt Kunstner gik fra hinanden i 2017, komponerede han soundtracket til filmen Underverden i 2017. Han producerede Noah Carters andet album 2nd Demo i 2018. Kombinationen af Noah Carter og Jens Ole McCoy blev påpeget af Gaffa, som mente, Jens Ole McCoy som producer "er et scoop i sig selv. Hans drømmende pianoer, der ofte møder bløde trap-inspirerede trommelinjer af høj, høj kvalitet giver umiddelbart god mening at dele med Noah Carter". Gaffa tildelte albummet fire ud af seks stjerner.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Musikere fra Danmark

Jens Ole McCoy


Fintan McCarthy (Skibbereen, 23 de novembro de 1996) é um remador irlandês, campeão olímpico.

Carreira

McCarthy conquistou a medalha de ouro nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020 em Tóquio na prova de skiff duplo leve, ao lado de Paul O'Donovan, com o tempo de 6:06.43.

Remadores olímpicos da Irlanda
Campeões olímpicos da Irlanda
Remadores nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020

Fintan McCarthy


Sarıbelen, Antalya ilinin Kaş ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Antalya iline 232 km, Kaş ilçesine 24 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Kaş'ın mahalleleri

Sarıbelen, Kaş


La Coupe des Pays-Bas de football 2006-2007, nommée la KNVB beker, est la  édition de la Coupe des Pays-Bas. La finale se joue le 6 mai 2007 au stade De Kuip à Rotterdam.

Le club vainqueur de la coupe est qualifié pour le premier tour de la Coupe UEFA 2007-2008.

Finale
Ajax Amsterdam gagne la finale aux tirs au but contre l'AZ Alkmaar et remporte son dix-septième titre. La rencontre s'achève sur le score de 1 à 1 après 120 minutes de jeu, lors de la séance des tirs au but l'Ajax l'emporte par 8 à 7.

Notes et références

Lien externe
 tous les résultats de la Coupe 2006-07 sur rsssf.com

2006-2007
Pays-Bas
Football
Football


نادي باستيا  نادي كرة قدم فرنسي يلعب في الدوري الفرنسي الدرجة الثانية، ويقع مقره في باستيا في جزيرة كورسيكا. تم تأسيس النادي في سنة 1905.

مراجع

أندية الدوري الفرنسي
أندية كرة قدم أسست في 1905
أندية كرة قدم في كورسيكا
الرياضة في هوت كورس (إقليم فرنسي)
تأسيسات سنة 1905 في فرنسا
هوت كورس (إقليم فرنسي)

نادي باستيا


Os ataques de março de 2022 na Somália ocorreram em 23 de março de 2022, quando uma série de ataques coordenados na Somália por jihadistas da al-Shabaab em Mogadíscio, Beledweyne e em outros lugares do país mataram mais de 60 pessoas.

Contexto
A al-Shabaab é um grupo islamista somali cuja insurgência começou no final da década de 2000. Seus ataques incluíram muitos na capital do país, Mogadíscio, incluindo o atentado bombista mais mortal da história africana, em outubro de 2017. Também atacaram frequentemente Beledweyne, incluindo ataques suicidas em junho de 2009, outubro e novembro de 2013 e fevereiro de 2022.

Na semana do ataque, as eleições somalis estavam programadas para o Parlamento Federal da Somália, antes das eleições presidenciais somalis de 2022. Este atentado bombista visava candidatos e locais de votação.

Ataques

Tiroteio no Aeroporto Internacional Aden Adde
Em 23 de março, homens armados atacaram a área leste do Aeroporto Internacional Aden Adde, matando cinco pessoas, incluindo um soldado da AMISOM. Dois atacantes também foram mortos. A fumaça preta foi vista saindo do solo perto da pista de pouso e decolagem.

Atentados a bomba em Beledweyne
O próximo ataque ocorreu algumas horas depois, quando a deputada do Parlamento somali Amina Mohamed Abdi deixou uma seção eleitoral em Beledweyne. Um homem-bomba detonou seu colete explosivo, matando várias pessoas. Abdi morreu instantaneamente juntamente com vários guarda-costas.

Os feridos foram levados às pressas para o Hospital de Beledweyne, onde terroristas detonaram um carro-bomba, matando pelo menos 30 pessoas. O impacto da detonação foi poderoso, com as explosões destruindo não apenas o hospital, mas também prédios e carros próximos.

As autoridades estimaram que pelo menos 48 pessoas foram mortas pelos ataques bombistas e outras 108 ficaram feridas.

Ataque a um restaurante de Beledweyne
Militantes do Al-Shabaab atacaram um restaurante em Beledweyne, matando o político aposentado Hassan Dhuhul e muitos outros.

Consequências
A al-Shabaab reivindicou a responsabilidade pelos atos terroristas. O primeiro-ministro da Somália, Mohamed Hussein Roble, e o presidente da Somália, Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed, condenaram os ataques. Ali Abdullahi Hussein disse que os ataques foram os piores incidentes desse tipo na história de Beledweyne.

O Ministério das Relações Exteriores e Expatriados da Jordânia repudiou o ataque ao aeroporto em 24 de março, expressando condolências às famílias das vítimas. O Ministério das Relações Exteriores da Turquia também condenou os ataques.

Atentados terroristas do Al-Shabaab
Atentados terroristas na Somália
2022 na Somália

Ataques de março de 2022 na Somália


Günther Massenkeil (* 11. März 1926 in Wiesbaden; † 17. Dezember 2014 in Bad Honnef) war ein deutscher Musikwissenschaftler, Hochschullehrer, Autor und Konzertsänger.

Biographie

Kindheit und Jugend
Günther Massenkeil war Sohn von Josef Massenkeil (1891–1987) und Lotte Massenkeil, geb. Böhlen (1901–1997). Der Vater stammte aus einer Rheingauer Lehrerfamilie, lehrte lange als Studienrat in Wiesbaden und war nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg Oberregierungs- und Schulrat und zuletzt Direktor des Humanistischen Gymnasiums in Wiesbaden. Er hatte Altphilologie und Zeitungswissenschaft studiert und war schriftstellerisch vor allem auf dem Gebiet der Geschichte seiner nassauischen Heimat tätig. Einen Neudruck seiner Publikationen gab Günther Massenkeil 2009 im Selbstverlag heraus. Bis zur Auflösung 1933 war Josef Massenkeil Abgeordneter der Zentrumspartei im Hessischen Kommunallandtag. Nach dem Krieg gehörte er zu den Gründern der CDU in Wiesbaden.

Günther Massenkeil war das dritte Kind der Familie. Das erste Kind starb im Kindesalter. Der ältere Bruder Heinz Josef (* 1925) wurde Arzt (Gynäkologe) und war Chefarzt in Mönchengladbach, der jüngere Bruder Jürgen (* 1931) wurde Rechtsanwalt und wirkte in Koblenz.

Günther Massenkeil erhielt den ersten Klavierunterricht bei seinem Vater, später im Wiesbadener Musikseminar Elisabeth Güntzel. Dort entwickelte er sich auch zum Klavierbegleiter von Sängern wie dem Tenor Franz Fehringer (1910–1988). Daneben bekam er Orgelunterricht und erhielt im Alter von 14 Jahren in Vertretung des zum Kriegsdienst eingezogenen Organisten eine Stelle an St. Kilian (Wiesbaden). Der Pfarrer einer anderen Kirche in Wiesbaden-Bierstadt vertraute ihm 1941 die Vertonung seines Patronatsliedes zur hl. Birgit an, das dort bis heute gesungen wird.

Wegen einer schweren Erkrankung wurde Günther Massenkeil vom Wehrdienst zurückgestellt. Anfang März 1945 wurde er doch noch zur Wehrmacht eingezogen, brauchte aber nicht mehr zu kämpfen, sondern kam krankheitshalber in ein Lazarett in Sigmaringen und wurde von dort nach Kriegsende in französische Kriegsgefangenschaft entlassen. Der Aufenthalt dort dauerte zwei Jahre. Zuletzt saß Günther Massenkeil im Dépôt de prisonniers de guerre 101 Mutzig ein. Dort gründete er einen Chor und organisierte Konzerte. Dadurch erhielt er das Privileg, öfter das Lager unter Bewachung verlassen zu können und in dem naheliegenden Weinort Soultz-les-Bains in der Kirche Orgel zu spielen.

Ausbildung und Studium
Günther Massenkeil konnte seine Schulzeit am Humanistischen Gymnasium wegen seiner Rückstellung vom Wehrdienst regulär 1944 mit dem Abitur abschließen. Er studierte anschließend ein Semester an der Technischen Hochschule Darmstadt, um gegebenenfalls Orgelbauer zu werden. Nach der Entlassung aus der Kriegsgefangenschaft studierte er von 1947 bis 1951 Musikwissenschaft und Schulmusik an der Universität Mainz. Ab 1950 war er Mitglied der katholischen Studentenverbindung VKDSt Hasso-Rhenania Mainz. Er bewarb sich um ein Stipendium der französischen Regierung, das ihn 1951/1952 an die Sorbonne in Paris führte. 1952 promovierte er in Mainz zum Dr. phil. mit einer Arbeit über Giacomo Carissimi (Die oratorische Kunst in den lateinischen Historien und Oratorien G. Carissimis). 1953 legte er das Staatsexamen für das künstlerische Lehramt Musik an höheren Schulen ab. 1954 wurde er in Mainz wissenschaftlicher Assistent. 1961 habilitierte er sich mit einem Beitrag über Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Untersuchungen zum Problem der Symmetrie in der Instrumentalmusik W. A. Mozarts) und wurde Privatdozent.

Wissenschaftliche Tätigkeit
1966 erhielt er einen Ruf als ordentlicher Professor und Direktor des Musikwissenschaftlichen Seminars an die Universität Bonn. 1991 wurde er emeritiert. Von 1972 bis 1974 war er auch Direktor des Bonner Beethovenarchivs und fungierte von 1972 bis 1998 als Kuratoriumsvorsitzender des Max-Reger-Instituts. Von 1975 bis 2011 war er Leiter der Sektion für Musikwissenschaft der Görres-Gesellschaft und Herausgeber des Kirchenmusikalischen Jahrbuchs. In den Jahren 1991–1992 leitete er das neugegründete Institut für Musik und Theater des Landes Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (die heutige Hochschule für Musik und Theater) in Rostock.

Sein Hauptarbeitsgebiet war die geistliche Musik des 16. bis 20. Jahrhunderts. Daraus erwuchsen Schriften über Giacomo Carissimi und Marc-Antoine Charpentier ebenso wie über Mozart, und ein zweibändiges Werk über Oratorien und Passion. Im deutschsprachigen Raum wurde er bekannt durch das achtbändige Lexikon Das Große Lexikon der Musik. Die Grundlage dafür bildete das Dictionnaire de la musique (1970–1976) von Marc Honegger, das Günther Massenkeil weitgehend bearbeitete und ergänzte.

Künstlerische Tätigkeit
Ab 1954 war Günther Massenkeil auch als Sänger (Bassbariton) tätig. 1975 ergänzte er dies durch ein Studium bei Ellen Bosenius von der Musikhochschule Köln. Er trat international als Oratorien- und Liedersänger auf. Davon zeugen zahlreiche Funk- und Schallplattenaufnahmen. Die Lieder der Rheinromantik um 1840 erschienen auch als CD. Günther Massenkeil beendete seine Karriere als Konzertsänger 1994.

Familie
1954 heiratete er Ursula Gross (1928–2000). Dieser Ehe entstammen vier Kinder. Die Familie wohnte zunächst in Wiesbaden, ab 1960 in Mainz. Während er ab 1966 an der Universität Bonn wirkte, erfolgte 1969 ein Umzug nach Bad Honnef, wo er im Stadtteil Rhöndorf lebte.

Massenkeil reiste viel, vor allem nach Frankreich. Eine dieser Reisen führte ihn auch wieder nach Soultz-les-Bains und zu der Orgel seiner Kriegsgefangenschaft. 2005 erfuhr er, dass es sich dabei um ein Instrument Johann Andreas Silbermanns handelt. Er unterstützte eine Restaurierung mit Aktionen und wurde (nicht nur dafür) mit der Ehrenbürgerschaft von Soultz-les-Bains ausgezeichnet. 2008 wurde die Orgel im Beisein von Günther Massenkeil wieder in Gebrauch genommen.

Massenkeil arbeitete auch nach seiner Emeritierung noch als Autor, Vortragsredner und Kirchenmusiker.

Ehrungen und Auszeichnungen
 1991: Orlando-di-Lasso-Medaille des Allgemeinen Cäcilien-Verbands für Deutschland
 2006: Ehrenring der Görres-Gesellschaft
 2006: Ritter des päpstlichen Gregorius-Ordens
 2011: Ehrenbürgerschaft von Soultz-les-Bains im Elsass

Werke (Auswahl)
 Die oratorische Kunst in den lateinischen Historien und Oratorien Giacomo Carissimis. o. O. 1952, (Mainz, Universität, Dissertation, 1952, maschinenschriftlich).
 Untersuchungen zum Problem der Symmetrie in der Instrumentalmusik W. A. Mozarts. Steiner, Wiesbaden 1962, (Zugleich: Mainz, Universität, Habilitations-Schrift, 1961).
 Das Oratorium (= Das Musikwerk. 37, ). Volk Verlag Gerig, Köln 1970.
 in Englisch: The Oratorio (= Anthology of Music. 37, ). ebenda 1970.
 als Herausgeber, mit Marc Honegger: Das Große Lexikon der Musik. 8 Bände. Herder, Freiburg (Breisgau) u. a. 1978–1982.
 Oratorium und Passion (= Handbuch der musikalischen Gattungen. 10, 1–2). 2 Teile. Laaber-Verlag, Laaber 1998–1999, ISBN 3-89007-133-3 (Tl. 1), ISBN 3-89007-481-2 (Tl. 2).
 als Herausgeber: Ein Wiesbadener Philologe als Schriftsteller. Joseph Massenkeil (1891–1987). Beiträge zur Volkskunde und Geschichte seiner Hessen-Nassauischen Heimat und zu anderen Themen. Selbstverlag, Bad Honnef 2010.

Beiträge
 Die Wiederholungsfiguren in den Oratorien Giacomo Carissimis. In: Archiv für Musikwissenschaft. Bd. 13, Nr. 1, 1956, S. 42–60, .
 Marc-Antoine Charpentier als Messenkomponist. In: Carl Dahlhaus, Reiner Kluge, Ernst H. Meyer, Walter Wiora (Hrsg.): Bericht über den Internationalen Musikwissenschaftlichen Kongress, Leipzig, 1966. Bärenreiter u. a., Kassel u. a. 1970, S. 228–238.
 Religiöse Aspekte der Gellert-Lieder Beethovens. In: Walter Wiora (Hrsg.): Religiöse Musik in nicht-liturgischen Werken von Beethoven bis Reger (= Studien zur Musikgeschichte des 19. Jahrhunderts. 51). Bosse, Regensburg 1978, ISBN 3-7649-2135-8, S. 83–96.
 Rheinromantik im deutschen Sololied um die Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts. In: Siegfried Kross (Hrsg.): Musikalische Rheinromantik (= Beiträge zur rheinischen Musikgeschichte. 140 = Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Rheinische Musikgeschichte. Bericht über die Jahrestagung. 1985). Merseburger, Kassel 1989, ISBN 3-87537-234-4, S. 146–166.
 Die Bonner Beethoven-Kantate (1845) von Franz Liszt. In: Jobst Peter Fricke (Hrsg.): Die Sprache der Musik. Festschrift Klaus Wolfgang Niemöller zum 60. Geburtstag am 21. Juli 1989 (= Kölner Beiträge zur Musikforschung. 165). Bosse, Regensburg 1989, ISBN 3-7649-2407-1, S. 381–400.
 Die Heiligen Drei Könige in der Musik. In: Peter Ackermann, Ulrike Kienzle Adolf Nowak (Hrsg.): Festschrift für Winfried Kirsch zum 65. Geburtstag (= Frankfurter Beiträge zur Musikwissenschaft. 24). Schneider, Tutzing 1996, ISBN 3-7952-0857-2, S. 21–33.
 Christliche Musik als Manifestation europäischer Kultur. In: Die kulturelle Eigenart Europas, hrsg. v. Günter Buchstab. Herder, Freiburg i. Br. 2010, ISBN 978-3-451-30287-9, S. 112–148.

Zahlreiche weitere Veröffentlichungen in Zeitschriften, Sammelwerken und Lexika, teilweise im Neudruck als Wort und Ton in christlicher Musik, Paderborn, 2008.

Editionen
 Mehrstimmige Lamentationen aus der ersten Hälfte des 16. Jahrhunderts. 1965.
 Cantatas by G. Carissimi (1605–1674). 1986.
 Franz Liszt – Kantate zur Inauguration des Beethoven-Monuments zu Bonn. 1986.
 Max Reger – Vier Choralkantaten. 4 Bd. 1988–1990.

Quellen

Weblinks

 Bernhard Hartmann: Wissenschaftler und Musiker aus Leidenschaft. In: Bonner General-Anzeiger online vom 11. März 2006.

Einzelnachweise

Musiker (Deutschland)
Sachbuchautor
Herausgeber (Musik)
Bassbariton
Beethoven-Forscher
Hochschullehrer (Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn)
Träger des Gregoriusordens (Ritter)
Ehrenringträger der Görres-Gesellschaft
Ehrenbürger in Grand Est
Ehrenbürger im Elsass
Korporierter im CV
Deutscher
Geboren 1926
Gestorben 2014
Mann

Günther Massenkeil


Elias Boudinot (født 1802, død 22. juni 1839), oprindeligt Gallegina Uwati [ᎦᎴᎩᎾ ᎤᏩᏘ], også kendt som Buck Watie var et medlem af en fremtrædende cherokee-slægt i begyndelsen af 1800-tallet i det, der nu er Georgia. Hans cherokee-navn betyder enten 'rådyrhan' eller 'kalkun'. Han gik på en missionærskole i Connecticut og blev en af flere ledere, der troede på, at akkulturation var afgørende for cherokesernes overlevelse. Han havde en betydelig indflydelse i perioden op til forflytningen til Indianerterritoriet. I 1828 blev Boudinot redaktør af avisen Cherokee Phoenix, den første avis udgivet af oprindelige folk i USA. Avisen udkom i både en engelsk- og en cherokee-sproget udgave for at demonstrere cherokesiske bedrifter og for at opbygge en enhed inden for cherokee-folket, mens det var under pres for at blive forflyttet af den amerikanske regering.

I 1826 ægtede Elias Boudinot Harriet R. Gold, datter af en prominent New England-familie fra Cornwall (Connecticut). Han mødte hende, mens han studerede på missionsskolen i byen. Skønt hans fætter, John Ridge, året forinden ligeledes havde giftet sig med en kvinde af europæisk afstamning, var Boudinots giftermål kontroversielt og mødte modstand fra mange af byens beboere. I 1825 havde cherokesernes nationalråd besluttet, at efterkommere efter cherokee-fædre og hvide mødre blev opfattet som hørende til cherokee-folket. Boudinot-parret flyttede derfor tilbage til hans hjemstavn og bosatte sig i New Echota, hvor de fik seks børn.

Boudinot troede på, at forflytningen var uundgåelig. Han og andre ligesindede underskrev New Echota-aftalen i 1835, men den blev ikke underskrevet af overhøvdingen, John Ross, og der var modstand mod aftalen i store dele af stammen. Året efter blev stammen tvunget til at rømme deres område og flytte mod vest.

Efter hans hustrus død i 1836 flyttede Boudinot til Indianerterritoriet. Han og tre andre af lederne fra aftaletilhængerne blev myrdet i juni 1839 af medlemmer af Ross-tilhængerne. Hans forældreløse børn blev derpå sendt til hans svigerforældre i Connecticut, hvor de kom til at gå i skole. Hans søn, Elias Cornelius Boudinot, vendte efter at være blevet uddannet igen vestpå og bosatte sig i Fayetteville (Arkansas), hvor han blev advokat. Han var også aktiv i politik hos cherokee-folket og i det Demokratiske Parti.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Cherokee Phoenix, officiel hjemmeside

Cherokeestammen

Elias Boudinot


බහු සෛලික ජීවින්

බහු සෛලිකයන් ලෙස හදුන්වන්නේ එක් සෛලයකට වඩා පවතින ජීවින්ය. ඔවුන් ඒක සෛලකියන්ගෙන්[] ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන්ම වෙනස් වන්නේ සෛල සංඛ්‍යාවෙනි.

බහු සෛලිකයන් අතර ඇසට නොපෙනෙන ක්ෂුද්‍ර ජීවින් මෙන්ම මහා ජීවින්ද වේ. ක්ෂුද්‍ර ජීවින් ලෙස ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් දිලීර ගත හැකිය. මහා ජීවින් ලෙස සතුන්, විශාල ශාක, වැනි කොටස් අයත් වේ.

ජීව විද්‍යාව
විද්‍යාව

බහුසෛලික ජීවින්


est une station de la ligne Seishin-Yamate du métro municipal de Kobe. Elle est située dans l'arrondissement Hyōgo-ku de Kobe, dans la préfecture de Hyōgo au Japon.

Mise en service en 1983, elle est desservie par les rames de la ligne Seishin-Yamate.

Situation sur le réseau

Établie en souterrain, Minatogawa-koen est une station de passage de la ligne Seishin-Yamate (verte) du métro municipal de Kobe. Elle est située entre la station Ōkurayama, en direction du terminus nord Shin-Kōbe, et la station Kamisawa, en direction du terminus sud Seishin-chūō.

Elle dispose d'un quai central encadré par les deux voies de la ligne.

Histoire
La station Minatogawa-koen est mise en service le , lorsque le Bureau des transports municipaux de Kobe ouvre à l'exploitation du prolongement de Shin-Nagata à Ōkurayama.

Services aux voyageurs

Accès et accueil
La station dispose de neuf accès équipés d'escalier et de deux ascenseurs, permettant le lien entre la surface et les halls ouest et est du niveau -1. Les deux halls de billetterie et contrôle n'ont pas de lien direct entre eux au niveau -1. Le hall est dispose d'escaliers mécaniques pour rejoindre le quai au niveau -2. Le hall ouest est également équipé d'escaliers mécaniques pour rejoindre le quai au niveau -2, par ailleurs l'accessibilité de la station au personnes à la mobilité réduite passe par ce hall qui dispose aussi d'un ascenseur pour le niveau -2.

Desserte
Minatogawa-koen est desservie par les rames de la ligne Seishin-Yamate.

Intermodalité
La gare de Minatogawa de la compagnie Shintetsu est en correspondance.

À proximité

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Bureau des transports municipaux de Kobe
 Métro municipal de Kobe
 Ligne Seishin-Yamate

Liens externes
 .
 .

Station de métro mise en service en 1983
Ligne Seishin-Yamate
Station du métro municipal de Kobe

Minatogawa-koen (métro municipal de Kobe)


Arsenalul din Sibiu, cunoscut și drept Cazarma Kempel, este un monument istoric și de arhitectură situat în Piața Armelor (Zeughofplatz) din Sibiu. Clădirea a fost proiectată de inginerul Conrad Haas în secolul al XVI-lea. Turnul de apărare din secolul al XV-lea este anterior restului clădirii.

Istoric
Din anul 1785 clădirea a servit drept spital militar. În perioada cedării Ardealului de Nord, între anii 1940-1945, clădirea a servit drept sediu al Facultății de Medicină din Cluj, refugiată la Sibiu.

În anul 2009 a fost dezvelită o placă memorială în amintirea lui Conrad Haas, comandant al arsenalului și pionier al rachetei în trepte.

Galerie de imagini

Note

Legături externe
Monumente sibiene: "Arsenalul" din Piața Armelor, tribuna.ro, 22 februarie 2008. Accesat la 10 aprilie 2019.

Clădiri și structuri din Sibiu
Arsenalul
^

Arsenalul din Sibiu


William Morton Dey  (* 23. Juni 1880 in Norfolk (Virginia); † 1961) war ein US-amerikanischer Romanist.

Werk
Dey studierte an der University of Virginia und promovierte 1906 an der Harvard University mit der Arbeit The history of the prefix por- in Old French (erschienen u. d. T. The Latin prefix "pro" in French, in: Studies in Philology 12, 1915, Nr. 4). Er war von 1909 bis 1949 (der erste) Professor für Romanische Philologie an der University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, zuletzt als Kenan Professor of Romance Languages and Literatures.

Dey war Ritter der Ehrenlegion (1949). In Chapel Hill ist die Dey Hall nach ihm benannt.

Werke
 (Hrsg.) Benjamin Constant, Adolphe, New York 1918
 (mit André Béziat de Bordes [1870–1924]) French grammar, Richmond 1927

Literatur
 Romance studies presented to William Morton Dey on the occasion of his seventieth birthday by his colleagues and former students, hrsg. von Urban Tigner Holmes, Jr., Alfred Garvin Engstrom und Sturgis Elleno Leavitt, Chapel Hill 1950
 [Nachruf] in: Studies in Philology 58, 2, 1961, S. 93–94

Weblinks
 William Morton Dey (1880-1961) and Dey Hall (mit Bild)

Romanist
Hochschullehrer (Chapel Hill, North Carolina)
Mitglied der Ehrenlegion (Ritter)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1880
Gestorben 1961
Mann

William Morton Dey


Superstition Mountain (, ) is a prominent mountain and regional landmark located in the Phoenix metropolitan area of Arizona, immediately east of Apache Junction and north of Gold Canyon. It anchors the west end of the Superstition Mountains (within the federally designated Superstition Wilderness Area) and is a popular outdoor recreation destination, home to numerous trails for hiking and horseback riding. The legend of the Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine centers around the mountain.

Name
Apache Junction resident and Superstition Mountain historian Tom Kollenborn reported the Pima people's name for the mountain (in the O'odham language) was "kakatak tamai", meaning "Crooked-Top Mountain". The name "Superstition Mountains" first appears on a map produced in 1872, with the singular "Superstition Mountain" appearing on an 1874 map. A 1927 map shows both "Coronado Mountain" and "Monte de Espuma" for the mountain, while the USGS reports "Monte de la Expuma" as an alternative name. "Sierra de Espuma" is another reported name for the mountain, sometimes attributed to Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, but it is unlikely he saw the mountain.

Human history
Native peoples of the Salado culture settled near the mountain, possibly as early as 1,000 CE, and constructed cliff dwellings in nearby Rogers Canyon. Sometime between  and , the Hohokam people left petroglyphs in the incorrectly named Hieroglyphic Canyon. The Superstition Wilderness contains other petroglyph sites. The Pima people arrived in the region around , by which point the Hohokam were no longer living there. By the time Europeans entered the region, the Yavapai also lived in the region near the mountain, and Western Apache bands conducted hit-and-run raids on settlers and travelers into the 19th century.

Marcos de Niza may have been the first European to see Superstition Mountain in 1539 during his search for the Seven Cities of Cibola. Superstition Mountain was located on the northern frontier of New Spain, and then fell within the territory of Mexico prior to the end of the Mexican–American War in 1848. The Mexican Cession moved the mountain into the United States when the border shifted south to the Gila River. By 1853, a United States War Department map of the area showed Weaver's Needle. Two minor skirmishes may have occurred around the mountain during the American Civil War. A skirmish with the Yavapai also occurred near the mountain during a campaign led by John D. Walker in 1866. The first Anglo-American settler in the wilderness was Elisha Reavis, who established a homestead and garden east of the mountain around 1878.

Gold prospecting and mining activity occurred around the mountain in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The possibly-apocryphal Peralta massacre reportedly occurred in 1848, when members of the Peralta family tried to transport gold out of the mountains before they became U.S. territory. The first mining claim in the region was the Buckhorn Claim, now known as the Palmer Mine, staked in 1886, and at least 15 gold mines were established near the mountain, including the Mammoth Mine and Bull Dog Mine. The mountain is featured in the legend of the Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine, and treasure hunters have continued to search for the mine to the present day, despite strict rules limiting prospecting and mining activity in the Superstition Wilderness Area.

Ranching in the area began with a few cattlemen moving into the area in 1872, with an organized ranch established as early as 1876 at the present-day Quarter Circle U Ranch. The first survey benchmark was placed on Superstition Peak in 1899. The Apache Trail was constructed near the western base of the mountain between 1903 and 1905, connecting Mesa to Roosevelt Dam. Apacheland Movie Ranch was built near Gold Canyon and served as the backdrop for numerous western films. The Superstition Wilderness was established in 1964, protecting much of the mountain and the range it lies within, and it was expanded to approximately  in 1984.

Superstition Mountain has been the site of several airplane crashes, including the 1948 crash of a World War II training aircraft on the west side of the mountain in Monument Canyon and the 2011 crash of a Rockwell Turbo Commander near the Flatiron with six fatalities. Other plane crashes have occurred in the vicinity of the mountain, such as the crash of a Fleet Aircraft biplane in 1942 or 1943 near Whiskey Spring Canyon with both occupants surviving; the aircraft was recovered in 1963 and returned to flying condition.

During the 20th and 21st centuries, the Phoenix metropolitan area has expanded to the vicinity of the mountain. In 1940, nearby Apache Junction was "nothing more than a filling station and a small zoo", but by 2019 its population was estimated at 42,571. The population of the unincorporated community of Gold Canyon located south of the mountain has grown rapidly, increasing 68.5% between the United States Census in 2000 and 2010. Both now serve as bedroom communities for the fast-growing Phoenix area.

Geography
Superstition Mountain is located within the greater Superstition Mountains range 43 miles east of Phoenix, Arizona, in the fringe of the state's central mountain region. It is a prominent landmark located generally south and east of the Salt River, rising approximately  above the Salt River Valley. The city of Apache Junction is located immediately to the west of the mountain, and the unincorporated community of Gold Canyon is located to the south.

The mountain has two major peaks, Superstition Peak or Peak 5057 (elevation recorded as  using NAVD 88, but formerly recorded as ) near Hieroglyphic Canyon and Peak 5024 () above Lost Dutchman State Park near a visually prominent feature called the Flatiron. Lost Dutchman State Park is located on the western side of the mountain, as is the Goldfield ghost town in modern-day Youngberg. The northern and eastern sides of the mountain consist of very rugged terrain and wilderness. Weavers Needle, popular for rock climbing, is on the east side of the mountain.

Geology
The mountain was formed by a series of volcanic eruptions between 20.5 and 18 million years ago. The west face of the mountain is composed of dacite lava and rhyolitic tuff. The overlying tuff was deposited during an eruption which created a collapse caldera bounded by faults. Dome resurgence reactivated these faults, causing uplift of the caldera floor which juxtaposed the softer tuff and more resistant dacite. Differential weathering caused the outer tuff to erode faster, leaving the dacite cliffs exposed and creating the prominent mountain visible today.

Climate
Superstition Mountain is located in a semi-arid zone, receiving between  and  of precipitation annually, depending on elevation. The average annual temperature is , but summer temperatures above  are common, with temperatures sometimes falling below freezing in winter. The North American Monsoon brings rain and thunderstorms in July and early August, with a danger of flash floods.

Recreation

The mountain has numerous trails for hiking and horseback riding, along with limited trails for mountain biking. Trailheads include the First Water Trailhead near Youngberg, several trailheads in Lost Dutchman State Park, the Tonto Trailhead and Broadway Trailhead near Apache Junction, and the Hieroglyphic Trailhead and Peralta Trailhead near Gold Canyon. The Superstition Ridgeline Trail follows the contour of the top of the mountain. Mountain bikes are not permitted within the Superstition Wilderness, which protects much of the mountain.

Rock climbing is also popular on and around Superstition Mountain, with popular climbs including The Hand (also known as Praying Hands) and Crying Dinosaur along trails near Lost Dutchman State Park, as well as Weaver's Needle north of Fremont Saddle.

Due to the extreme summer heat, Lost Dutchman State Park advises hikers to carry  of water per person, and the Mesa Ranger District advises hikers to remain on trails, as some people scaling the mountain off-trail have suffered serious injuries.

Transportation
U.S. Route 60 and Apache Trail are two primary roads used to access Superstition Mountain.

Notable residents
 Bill Mensch

References

External links

Superstition Mountains
Mountains of Arizona
Landforms of Pinal County, Arizona
Volcanic plugs of Arizona
Tonto National Forest
Mountains of Pinal County, Arizona
Volcanoes of Arizona

Superstition Mountain


فيليا (Βίλια) هي مدينة في إقليم أتيكا في اليونان.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 2073 نسمة.

مراجع

مدن اليونان
مقاطعة أتيكا الغربية
أماكن مأهولة في أتيكا الغربية

فيليا (أتيكي)


Mikiah Brisco (née le  à Baton Rouge) est une athlète américaine, spécialiste des épreuves de sprint.

Biographie
En 2022, elle remporte la médaille d'argent du 60 mètres lors des Championnats du monde en salle de Belgrade.

Palmarès

Records

Notes et références

Liens externes

Sprinteuse américaine
Coureuse de 100 mètres
Naissance en juillet 1996
Naissance à Baton Rouge

Mikiah Brisco


Se ha denominado Escuela Americana de Barbizon a un grupo de pintores con claras resonancias de estilo con respecto a la Escuela Francesa de Barbizon, esencialmente la práctica plenairista y la producción preferente de paisajes y temas rurales.

Génesis y evolución
William Morris Hunt, alumno de Millet en  Barbizón entre 1851 y 1853, sería considerado como el pionero de dichos postulados pictóricos en Estados Unidos, cuando, a su regreso de Francia, montó su estudio en Boston. Fue uno de los primeros artistas estadounidenses en estudiar con los maestros de la escuela de Barbizon, conocida por concentrarse en escenarios rurales informales que se ajustan a las concepciones románticas de la naturaleza. Los pintores de Barbizon en Europa, como Théodore Rousseau, Jules Dupre, Camille Corot y Jean-François Millet, se sumergieron por completo en los escenarios naturales que utilizaron como inspiración. William Morris Hunt fue uno de los primeros en adoptar y promover el estilo de Barbizon en Estados Unidos. Hunt había estado estudiando arte en París y estaba buscando una forma más espontánea de enfocar la pintura. Compró The Sower de Millet para exhibirlo en Boston. "La idea de los artistas de Barbizon fue que una práctica más libre de la pintura podría capturar una nueva apreciación de los ritmos espontáneos del paisaje natural"  lo que Hunt abrazó y llevó a Estados Unidos.

Entre los pintores englobados en esta escuela fantasma o círculo teórico de artistas, se encuentran autores tan dispares como el propio Morris, pintor tardo-romántico, hijos de la escuela del río Hudson como Innes, naturalistas con genio impresionista como Homer, místicos de tendencia  simbolista como Tanner o impresionistas casi puros como Hassam.
No obstante, el "estilo de Barbizon" no cuajó entre los artistas y el público norteamericanos hasta los años 1880, consiguiendo sin embargo en la década de 1890 una gran popularidad y difusión.

Artistas de la Escuela Americana de Barbizon
 Henry Golden Dearth (estudió en París y vivió en Normandía)
 Edward Mitchell Bannister
 Winckworth Allan Gay (En Francia de 1847 a 1851)
 Alexander Helwig Wyant
 Maria a'Becket
 Thomas Eakins (en París de 1866-1870)
 Childe Hassam (en la Académie Julian de París en 1886-1889)
 Winslow Homer (en 1867 en París)
 Robert Crannell Minor
 William Morris Hunt (con Millet en 1851-1853)
 Wilson Irvine (miembro de la colonia artística de Old Lyme desde 1914)
 George Inness (en París de 1850-1854)
 Homer Dodge Martin
 Henry Ward Ranger (entre 1883-1889 en París y La Haya)
 Henry Ossawa Tanner (en París desde 1891 hasta su muerte en 1937)
 Horatio Walker (en París en 1880)
 Alexis Jean Fournier

Referencias

Bibliografía

Bermingham, Peter. American Art in the Barbizon Mood. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1975. (en inglés)

Enlaces externos

Escuela de Barbizon
Escuelas pictóricas del siglo XIX
Pintores paisajistas de Estados Unidos
Realismo
Plenairismo
Pintura de Estados Unidos
Estados Unidos en el siglo XIX

Escuela Americana de Barbizon


Events from the year 1829 in Canada.

Incumbents
Monarch: George IV

Federal government
13th Parliament of Lower Canada
10th Parliament of Upper Canada

Governors
Governor-General of the Province of Canada: James Kempt
Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick: Sir Howard Douglas
Governor of Nova Scotia: Thomas Nickleson Jeffery
Colonial Governor of Newfoundland: Thomas John Cochrane
Lieutenant-Governor of Prince Edward Island: John Ready

Events
January 4 – Sir John Colborne, Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada founds Upper Canada College, as a feeder school to the newly formed University of Toronto and a home for the colony's upper class.
November 30 – Construction of the First Welland Canal is completed (construction to begin again in 1831)

Births
May 28 – A. B. Rogers, surveyor (died 1889)
June 7 – Joseph Godéric Blanchet, politician (died 1890)
July 10 – Louis-Adélard Senécal, businessman and politician (died 1887)
August 1 – John James Fraser, lawyer, judge, politician and 4th Premier of New Brunswick (died 1896)
December 5 – Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière, politician, Minister, 4th Premier of Quebec and Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia (died 1908)

Deaths
June 6 – Shanawdithit, last recorded surviving member of the Beothuk people of Newfoundland             (b. c1801)

References

Canada
Years of the 19th century in Canada
1829 in North America

1829 in Canada


Fogh bag facaden er en dansk portrætfilm fra 2003, der er instrueret af Christoffer Guldbrandsen.

Handling
Filmen følger statsminister Anders Fogh Rasmussen i efteråret 2002, hvor han - som formand for EU - leder forhandlingerne om EU's udvidelse mod øst. Filmen skildrer spin, pres og manipulation blandt politikere og embedsmænd og affødte en heftig debat i medierne.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2003

Portrætfilm fra Danmark

Fogh bag facaden


Olaylar
 Varsangali Sultanlığı kuruldu (dağılışı 1886).
 Zürih, Zähringer Hanedanı'nın sona ermesiyle bağımsız bir şehir haline geldi ve eyalet ile karşılaştırabilir bir statü kazandı.
 Salamanca Üniversitesi kuruldu.

Doğumlar
 30 Ekim - Chūkyō, Japonya'nın geleneksel veraset düzenine göre 85. imparatoru (ö. 1234)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 I. Manuil, Trabzon İmparatorluğu imparatoru (ö. 1263)

Ölümler
 19 Mayıs - IV. Otto, Kutsal Roma imparatoru (d. 1175 / 1176)
 1 Ağustos - I. Adil, Eyyûbîler Suriye Sultanı, Eyyûbîler Mısır Sultanı (d. 1143)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Kuçluk, Karahitaylar'ın son hükümdarı olan Batı Moğolistan'daki Nayman kabilesi üyesi

1218


94th NBR Awards

Melhor Filme:Top Gun: MaverickO 94º National Board of Review Awards, que homenageia os melhores filmes de 2022, foi anunciado em 8 de dezembro de 2022. A gala será realizada no dia 8 de janeiro de 2023 na Cipriani 42nd Street, em Nova York e será apresentada pelo jornalista e personalidade da televisão, Willie Geist.

Listas

Vencedores em Categorias Individuais

Ligações Externas

Prémios National Board of Review
2022 no cinema

National Board of Review Awards 2022


"Jesus Muzik"  é o segundo single do segundo álbum de estúdio do rapper Lecrae, After the Music Stops. A música recebeu críticas e foi indicada a dois GMA Dove Awards. Na música, há a participação de seu colega de hip hop cristão, Trip Lee. A letra fala sobre os problemas com o conteúdo do hip hop secular e a importância para os cristãos de ouvirem música cristã para glorificar a Deus.

Prêmios
No ano de 2007, "Música de Jesus" foi indicado ao Dove Award de Canção do Ano de Rap/Hip-Hop Recorded Song no 38º GMA Dove Awards.

Singles de 2006
Canções de 2006
Lecrae
Canções em inglês

Jesus Muzik


Cypsiurus é um género de aves da família Apodidae.

Lista de espécies
O género Cypsiurus compreende três espécies:

 Andorinhão-das-palmeiras-africano, Cypsiurus parvus
 Andorinhão-das-palmeiras-malgaxe, Cypsiurus gracilis
 Andorinhão-das-palmeiras-asiático, Cypsiurus balasiensis

Apodidae

Cypsiurus


Die Neue Jülicher Straße in der nordrhein-westfälischen Kreisstadt Düren ist eine Innerortsstraße.

Die Straße verbindet die Josef-Schregel-Straße mit der Veldener Straße im Stadtteil Düren-Nord.

An der Ecke Neue Jülicher Straße/Karlstraße steht ein denkmalgeschütztes Wohn- und Geschäftshaus, siehe Eckhaus Karlstraße/Neue Jülicher Straße. Im weiteren Verlauf stehen die Gebäude der RWE-Niederlassung Düren.

Geschichte
Die Straße wurde 1838 aus einem Feldweg erbaut. Sie sollte Teil einer geplanten Straße von den Niederlanden über Jülich, Zülpich und Rheinbach nach Sinzig am Rhein werden. Der 1852 begonnene Bau der Prämienstraße nach Jülich wurde 1859 vollendet.

Siehe auch
 Liste der Straßen in Düren

Quellen
 Straßenliste auf der Webseite der Stadt Düren (PDF-Datei; 56 kB)
 Josef Geuenich: Die Dürener Straßennamen, Düren 1965, herausgegeben von der Stadt Düren und dem Dürener Geschichtsverein

Urbaner Freiraum in Düren
Straße in Düren

Neue Jülicher Straße (Düren)


John Ryle (Bollington,  1817 - Paterson, 1887) fue un empresario y político anglo-estadounidense. Es considerardo universalmente como el "Padre de la Industria de la Seda en los Estados Unidos."

Nacido en Bollington, Macclesfield, Cheshire, Inglaterra, John Ryle empezó a trabajar en las fábricas de seda de su pueblo natal a la edad de cinco años, siendo conocido como un "bobbin boy."  Toda la familia de Ryle estuvo involucrada en la industria de la seda por generaciones, y sus dos hermanos mayores, Reuben y William Ryle, fueron los más grandes fabricantes de seda del país. Estos dos hermanos permanecieron en Inglaterra y continuaron con su sociedad durante toda sus vidas, gozaron de excelentes reputaciones y amasaron fortunas por sus negocios.

Como natural resultado del devenir de su vida, John Ryle tuvo una desbordante popularidad en toda la ciudad, y aunque nunca permitió que su nombre fuese tomado como posible candidato a cualquier cargo público, sucumbió al pedido de sus amigos y en la primavera de 1869 se convirtió en candidato a la alcaldía de Paterson. Fue elegido por una gran mayoría como ningún candidato había recibido hasta entonces.

Referencias

Empresarios de Estados Unidos
Alcaldes de Paterson
Demócratas de Nueva Jersey

John Ryle (empresario)


Andria (English: The Woman from Andros) is a Roman comedy adapted by Terence from two Greek plays by Menander the first being Samia and the other being Perinthia. It was the first play by Terence to be presented publicly, and was performed in 166 BC during the Ludi Megalenses. It became the first of Terence's plays to be performed post-antiquity, in Florence in 1476. It was adapted by Machiavelli, whose Andria was likewise the author's first venture into playwriting and was the first of Terence's plays to be translated into English ca. 1520. The second English translation was by the Welsh writer Morris Kyffin in 1588.

Characters
Simo – Athenian nobleman, father of Pamphilus. From 'simos', flat-nosed.
Sosia – Simo's freedman, party to Simo's initial plans but is not seen after the first scene. From 'sozo', saved in war.
Pamphilus – Simo's son publicly betrothed to Philumena but privately promised to Glycerium. From 'pan' and 'philos', a friend to all.
Davus – Pamphilus' slave. From Dacia, his native country.
Chremes – Athenian nobleman friend and peer of Simo, father of Philumena.
Charinus – friend of Pamphilus, in love with Philumena. From 'charis', grace.
Byrrhia – Charinus' slave. From 'purrhos', red-haired.
Mysis – Glycerium's slave. From Mysia, her native country.
Lesbia – An old nurse or midwife who attends Glycerium. From Lesbos, her native country.
Dromo – presumably also a slave of Simo's, has two short lines and is undeveloped as a character. From 'dromo', a race.
Crito – Andrian nobleman, an acquaintance of Glycerium and a friend of her father.
Chrysis – an unseen character who dies before the start of the play, Glycerium's sister. She immigrated to Athens from Andros and after a time of eking out a living at the loom became a harlot.
Glycerium – an unseen character, beloved of Pamphilus. From 'glukeros', sweet.

According to the ancient commentator Donatus, the characters of Charinus and Byrrhia were not in the original Menander play, but were copied by Terence from a different Menander play (the Perinthian) so that Philumena would not be left without a husband when Pamphilus married Glycerium. Another part of the Perinthian apparently used by Terence was the dialogue in the first scene, with the substitution of the freedman Sosia for the old man's wife. It seems that the original Andrian of Menander began with a soliloquy.

Plot
Pamphilus has a secret relationship with Glycerium (the eponymous but unseen girl from Andros) and has made her pregnant. But meanwhile his father has arranged for him to marry Chremes's daughter Philumena. However, following Pamphilus' behaviour at the funeral of Glycerium's sister Chrysis, a woman of loose morals, Chremes withdraws his permission for the union.

Wishing to publicly shame his son for his dalliance with a woman of low birth, Simo pretends that not only will the match still go ahead but that it is scheduled for that same day. Pamphilus, on the advice of the cunning slave Davus, who has learnt of Simo's scheme, accepts the proposal willingly in order to wrong-foot his father. However, the plan goes wrong, since Simo persuades Chremes to again accede to giving his daughter away. This leaves Pamphilus in an awkward position as he has promised Glycerium's sister Chrysis on her death bed to protect Glycerium, Glycerium is pregnant with their child and in addition Pamphilus' friend Charinus is in love with Philumena. Davus faces the three-way wrath of Pamphilus (for his advice), Charinus (for causing the loss of his beloved) and Simo (for double-dealing between him and his son).

The situation is saved by the fortuitous arrival of a stranger from Andros called Crito. He tells the protagonists that Glycerium was not Chrysis' natural sister. She had been left in her family's care when her uncle Phania, while searching for his lost brother, was shipwrecked on Andros and died. Chremes realises that Phania was his brother and therefore he himself is Glycerium's true father. He gives Glycerium's hand in marriage to Pamphilus which leaves Philumena free to marry Charinus and absolves Davus from fault.

Prologue
The poet defends himself against his critics who have accused him of adding parts of Menander's play the Perinthian Girl to his Andrian Girl.

Act one
Simo tells his freedman Sosia that the nuptials he is preparing for his son Pamphilus are a sham. When Sosia enquires as to the purpose of the sham, Simo tells him of Pamphilus' shameful secret attachment to Glycerium, the sister of a harlot. While Chremes had previously been so impressed by Pamphilus' moderate and upright behaviour he had offered his daughter unprompted; but following the uncovering of the affair between Pamphilus and Glycerium at Chrysis' funeral he has withdrawn his offer. Simo is outraged that Pamphilus does not feel abashed by his private admonition of Pamphilus' behaviour and is continuing with the appearance of the nuptials so that he will be seen as publicly defying his father. He also hopes he might draw out the roguish plotting of Pamphilus' slave Davus.

Davus comes out talking to himself and is overheard by Simo. Having made himself known he is told by Simo to ensure the planned nuptials go to plan, as any hint that Davus' scheming had caused the wedding's cancellation will result in Davus being severely punished. After Simo's departure Davus vows to undermine Simo's plan. He also reveals that in order to curry favour with Simo, Glycerium has concocted a story that she is a free-born citizen of Athens who was shipwrecked as a child on Andros and thus is not of base birth. Davus heaps scorn on this idea.

Glycerium is soon to give birth. Mysis leaves her mistress' house to make some preparations for this when she overhears Pamphilus bemoaning the fact that his marriage to Philumena is still going ahead. Mysis reveals herself to him. Pamphilus earnestly repeats that he will not desert Glycerium. Mysis leaves to find a midwife.

Act two
Charinus and Byrrhia talk, Byrrhia confirms the rumour that Pamphilus is still proceeding with the marriage to Philumena. Charinus declares his love of Philumena and as he is unsure why Pamphilus is going ahead with the match he vows to go and beg him at least to delay. Byrrhia warns him not to as it might appear to Pamphilus that Charinus is effect telling him that he will cuckold him at the first opportunity.

Charinus catches up with Pamphilus and begs him to break-off or delay the wedding. Pamphilus tells him that he would love nothing better than acquiesce to this request and is endeavouring to bring about its termination. Charinus is relieved by this. He dismisses Byrrhia for his poor counsel. Davus approaches them and they surmise from his happy disposition that Davus is unaware of their fated heartbreak. Davus tells them that in fact the planned nuptials are a ruse and that he has checked Chremes' house and there is no sign of preparations. Charinus leaves happy that he will have his beloved Philumena.

Davus counsels Pamphilus to accept Simo's wish to marry. This will cause the match to be publicly ended by Chremes. As a disclosed libertine Simo will be willing to let him marry Glycerium rather than no one at all. Pamphilus agrees but asks Davus to ensure his father does not discover that he has agreed to bring up Glycerium's child.

Simo enters to set his trap. Byrrhia enters and hides himself as he is under orders to watch Pamphilus' movements in regard to Philumena. Simo tells Pamphilus he must marry today. Pamphilus surprises him by agreeing. Byrrhia believes that Pamphilus is betraying his master.

Simo collars Davus and voices his suspicions of Pamphilus' volte face. Davus parries these queries and the accusation that Davus is somehow plotting against him. Davus says that any unhappiness Simo might have detected was due to Simo's mean expense on the celebrations.

Act three
Simo and Davus overhear Mysis and Lesbia, who in the course of their conversation reveal that Pamphilus has made a pledge to support Glycerium's child. Simo believes that this is a ruse concocted by his son to anger Chremes and thereby end his wedding to Philumena. While they are talking, they hear a cry while Glycerium gives birth to a son.

Simo accuses Davus of advising his master in this deception. Davus denies this. To avoid suspicion as to his true plans, Davus tells Simo this is a plan by Glycerium to keep the attentions of his son and the next move of Glyceium's servants will be to place the new-born son on Simo's doorstep so as to prevent the wedding.

Simo meets Chremes in the street. Chremes asks why there is a rumour about town that their children will still be wed. Simo implores Chremes to reagree to the match. He reveals that, as Davus has said, Glycerium is faking a birth in order to get back together with Pamphilus. Believing Simo appraisal of the situation Chremes agrees. Simo meets Davus and thanks him for helping with his plans. He 'reveals' the nuptials had been a sham and says if they now go ahead it is wholly due to Davus' good advice. Davus privately berates himself. Pamphilus searches for Davus seeking to imprison or kill him for putting him in an intractable situation. Davus implores him to let him redeem himself and promises to come up with something to stop the wedding, but no plan comes to mind.

Act four
Charinus on hearing that the wedding will proceed believes that his friend has betrayed him taking Philumena only because he had revealed his love of the girl. He comes on Davus and Pamphilus and accuses his friend. Pamphilus says that it was not his doing but down to the plotting of Davus. Facing a two-time wrath Davus doubles his promise that, somehow, he will extricate Pamphilus from the union. Mysis enters telling Pamphilus that Glycerium needs his presence. Davus tells Charinus that he has a plan but there may not be enough time to pull it off, but he should go and wait in his house.

Davus bids Mysis to stay a moment, and returns with the child. He tells her to place it on the doorstep of Simo's household. Davus retires into the background as Chremes comes onto the scene, and then reappears after Chremes has seen what Mysis was doing. Chremes hides himself not realising that Davus knows he is present. Davus berates a confused Mysis for her actions, saying that it would be terrible if Chremes had come on the scene and not him. Chremes reveals himself and says the wedding is off.

Crito arrives in Athens, and on learning of Chrysis' death berates his ill fortune because, as Glycerium is in reality an orphan, he is Chrysis' closest relative and will need to take a case to law to claim her estate ahead of Glycerium who will no doubt be defended by some gallant protector.

Act five
Chremes berates Simo for enticing him into giving permission for the wedding again. Simo mollifies his rage saying what he saw was a ruse orchestrated by Glycerium and that Davus had even warned him beforehand that this would be attempted in order to break the wedding off. They then spy Davus exiting Glycerium's house. They ask him why he was there. Davus replies that he was attending Pamphilus and that there is news that claims Glycerium is an Athenian citizen. Not believing him Simo has Davus arrested. Pamphilus arrives and Simo berates him for breaking his word. Pamphilus responds that he will indeed break his word but that his father ought to listen to Crito's story before he scolds him. Crito tells all present that Glycerium is the niece of an Athenian nobleman shipwrecked on Andros while searching for his brother. Chremes reveals that he was that brother and, approving of the match, gives a dowry of ten talents.

Metrical structure

The majority (98%) of lines in the Andria consist of the following metres:
iambic senarii (ia6): 52% (this metre was unaccompanied, while the others were sung)
trochaic septenarii (tr7): 22%
iambic octonarii (ia8): 18%
iambic septenarii (ia7): 4%
cretic quaternarii (cr4): 1%
trochaic octonarii (tr8): 0.7%

Many Roman comedies, such as Terence's Phormio, have a clear metrical structure, with sections generally in the order A = iambic senarii, B = other metres, C = trochaic septenarii. The Andria does not follow this scheme exactly. In several places the iambic senarii are preceded not by trochaic septenarii, but by iambic octonarii and once by iambic septenarii. There are no fewer than 11 polymetric passages with different metres (ia8, ia4, tr7, tr8, tr4) following each other in rapid succession. (The Andria has 90 changes of metre, which is more than any other Terence play.)

The Andria also differs from Plautus's plays by its unusually large use of the iambic octonarius metre. Another unusual feature is that it contains a short passage (481–484) in bacchiac quaternarii and another passage (626–639) in various cretic metres, which Terence otherwise mostly avoided.

The different metres are used for different purposes, reflecting the emotional content of the words. The iambic senarii passages are used for narrative and giving background information. They are also used five times in short sections to emphasise a point or give important information. Trochaic septenarii move the plot forward. Iambic octonarii are common when characters express their anxieties. Iambic septenarii, the "metre of love", are used especially in passages singing about love and marriage. The bacchiac metre, used briefly when the midwife Lesbia comes out of the house, is a solemn metre often sung by women characters.

Compared with a Plautus play such as Epidicus, Terence's Andria has many more changes of metre. Thus the metrical scheme is:
(1) Davus is warned not to interfere: ABAB, ABC
(2) Davus suggests a plan: BAB, B(A)C
(3) Davus carries out his plan: ABABC
(4) Davus's plan goes wrong: ABAB, BBBC, BC, BABBBB
(5) Davus escapes punishment: ACB, AC, BC

Overall, however, there is a similarity of plot. In both a wily slave tricks his master and his master's friend; in both, the plan goes badly wrong, but the slave escapes punishment in the nick of time by a lucky chance. In the end, in both plays the two old men are placated, a long-lost daughter is found, and the young man of the house gets to keep his girlfriend.

Davus is warned not to interfere

Prologue
Prologue (1–27): ia6 (27 lines)
The poet defends himself against his critics.

The wedding preparations
Act 1.1 (28–174): ia6 (147 lines)
Simo arrives with his freedman Sosia and some slaves carrying provisions. Simo sends the slaves inside, and then reveals to Sosia that the wedding which is being prepared for his son Pamphilus is a pretence. He explains that three years previously a woman had come to the neighbourhood from the island of Andros, and she had had various lovers. When she died, it became obvious that Pamphilus had a relationship with the dead girl's sister, whereupon Simo's friend Chremes, whose daughter Pamphilus was to marry, had cancelled the engagement. Now Simo says that by pretending to go ahead with the wedding he hopes to force Pamphilus to show his disobedience, and also to thwart any tricks that might be played by his wily slave Davus.

Act 1.2 (175–195): mixed metres (mostly ia8) (20 lines)
Davus comes out talking to himself; he suspects Simo is up to something. Simo overhears him and urges him to cooperate with Pamphilus's wedding plans; but Davus pretends not to understand ("I am Davus, not Oedipus!")

Act 1.2 (196–198): ia6 (3 lines)
Finally Simo threatens plainly that if Davus does anything to prevent the wedding...Act 1.2–1.3 (199–214): ia8 (16 lines)...he will be severely punished. Simo goes inside; Davus expresses his anxiety to the audience.

Glycerium's pregnancyAct 1.3 (215–224): ia6 (10 lines)Davus explains to the audience that Pamphilus' girlfriend is pregnant, and that Pamphilus has concocted a story of how she is really a freeborn woman.Act 1.3 (225–228): ia8, ia6, ia8 (3 lines)But he says that himself doesn't believe this story. He decides to go to the forum to look for Pamphilus.Act 1.4 (228–233): tr7 (6 lines)Meanwhile a slave girl, Mysis, comes out from next door. It appears from her words to someone inside that she has been sent to fetch a midwife called Lesbia.

Davus suggests a plan
Pamphilus and Mysis's anxietiesAct 1.4–1.5 (234–269): mixed iambic-trochaic (mostly ia8 and tr7) (36 lines)Suddenly Mysis notices Pamphilus approaching. While Mysis listens, Pamphilus expresses his distress over the situation that he faces. Mysis asks him anxiously if he will remain loyal to Glycerium.Act 1.5 (270–298): ia6 (29 lines)Pamphilus narrates how Glycerium's sister, on her deathbed, made him promise to protect Glycerium, which he assures Mysis he will always do. Act 1.5 (299–300), Act 2.1: ia7 (2 lines)Mysis tells Pamphilus she is going to fetch the midwife. Pamphilus begs her not to tell Glycerium about the wedding.

Charinus's anxietiesAct 2.1 (301–317): mixed iambic and trochaic (17 lines)Meanwhile Pamphilus's friend Charinus arrives with his slave Byrria. He expresses his anxieties about the imminent wedding (ia8). Byrria tries to make him forget it (tr8, tr7).Act 2.1 (318): ia6 (1 line)Charinus sees Pamphilus and greets him.Act 2.1 (319–383), 2.2: tr7 (65 lines)Charinus informs Pamphilus that he is love with Chremes' daughter, and he begs Pamphilus to put off or at least postpone the wedding. Pamphilus says he would be very pleased to do so if some way could be found. At this point Charinus sends Byrria away, since he is not being helpful.
– Davus comes running up with news. He tells the two young men that the wedding is not going to happen after all; he has found this out after going to Chremes's house. He sends Charinus off to go and try to win over Chremes.
– Davus now tells Pamphilus that his father is looking for an excuse to put the blame on Pamphilus, and then plans to drive Glycerium out of the city. He shocks Pamphilus by advising him that he must agree to the wedding.

Davus carries out the planAct 2.3 (384–393): ia6 (10 lines)Pamphilus refuses completely. Davus explains his reasoning. There is no danger that Chremes will agree to the wedding.Act 2.3 (394–403): ia8 (10 lines)Davus again urges Pamphilus to agree to marry; in this way Pamphilus will deflect his father's anger and they will buy some time. Pamphilus says he hopes his father doesn't find out about the baby since he has promised to bring it up.Act 2.4, 2.5, 3.1 (404–480): ia6 (77 lines)Pamphilus's father Simo now arrives, secretly followed by Charinus's slave Byrria, who has been sent by his master to spy on Pamphilus. When Simo asks Pamphilus if he is ready to marry, to Simo's surprise Pamphilus agrees at once. Byrria is horrified at this and departs to tell Charinus. Pamphilus also departs.
– Simo is sure that Davus is playing a trick, but Davus assures him that Pamphilus is very happy about the wedding. He adds that Pamphilus thinks that not enough money is being spent on the preparations and goads Simo by cheekily saying that he thinks Pamphilus is right.
– Meanwhile Glycerium's slave Mysis approaches with the midwife, Lesbia. Simo and Davus overhear Mysis saying that the young man has promised to bring the baby up. The two women go into Glycerium's house. Shortly afterwards Simo and Davus hear Glycerium's cries as she gives birth. Simo is even more enraged, assuming that Glycerium is only pretending to have a baby in order to trap Pamphilus.Act 3.2 (481–509): bacchiac (4 lines) + various iambic metres (25 lines)The midwife Lesbia comes out of the house, calling instructions to someone inside (ba4). She says she'll be back soon (ia4cat). She declares that a fine baby boy has been born (ia6) and prays it will survive (ia8).
– Simo, overhearing this, is highly suspicious that she is calling out instructions from the street. He assumes that Davus must have put them up to it to trick him (ia8). He simply doesn't believe that there has been a birth (ia6). Davus protests, but Simo says he knows him well (ia8); he is quite sure that no birth has taken place (ia7). Davus tells him that the truth will be obvious when the baby is laid before Simo's door (ia8).Act 3.2 (510–523): tr7 (7 lines), tr4cat (1 line), tr7 (6 lines)Davus eventually placates Simo by agreeing that the whole business is indeed highly suspicious, and he encourages him to proceed with the wedding. Simo is satisfied and sends Davus inside to help with the preparations.

Davus's plan goes wrong
Simo meets ChremesAct 3.2 (524–532): ia6 (9 lines)Pleased that he hasn't fallen for any trickery, Simo decides to ask Chremes to change his mind about the wedding.Act 3.3 (533–537): ia8 (4 lines) + ia4 (1 line)Just at that moment Chremes appears, anxious to know the meaning of the rumours that the wedding is going ahead.Act 3.3 (538–574): ia6 (37 lines)Simo entreats Chremes to change his mind. Chremes seems reluctant. Act 3.3 (575–581): ia7 (7 lines)Simo says his slave Davus will bear witness that Pamphilus is now keen to get married. At that moment Davus comes out, saying it is time for the bride to be sent for.

Pamphilus's distressAct 3.3 (582–604): ia8 (23 lines)Simo, feeling he can now trust Davus, reveals to him that the wedding preparation was only a sham. Davus pretends to be surprised. Chremes, convinced, says he agrees to the wedding, and he goes off to inform the bride. Meanwhile Simo goes inside to inform Pamphilus of the news.
– Left alone, Davus pours out his anxieties to the audience; he's really in trouble now that his plan has gone completely wrong.Act 3.4 (605–609): tr4cat, tr7, tr8, tr7 (5 lines)Suddenly he sees Pamphilus coming out. Pamphilus is furious with Davus at the latest turn of events.Act 3.4 (610–620): ia8 (11 lines)Pamphilus blames himself for his stupidity and wonders what he will tell his father. He sees Davus and chides him angrily for his bad advice. Davus assures Pamphilus that he will somehow get him out of the situation.Act 3.4 (621–624): tr7 (4 lines)Pamphilus is frustrated that he cannot yet give Davus the punishment he deserves.

Charinus's angerAct 4.1 (625–642): mixed metres (mostly cretic) (21 lines)Charinus enters, singing of his distress at having been betrayed by Pamphilus.Act 4.1 (643–649): tr7 (7 lines)Charinus angrily accuses Pamphilus of breaking his word.

Pamphilus's excusesAct 4.1 (650–654): ia8 (5 lines)Pamphilus pleads that it is Davus's fault.Act 4.1 (655–662): ia6 (8 lines)Pamphilus excuses himself again, saying that it is not his fault.Act 4.1 (663–664): ia8 (2 lines)Charinus asks who is at fault, and Pamphilus indicates Davus.Act 4.1 (665–681): ia6 (17 lines)When Charinus questions Davus, he admits it is true and promises to make amends. Act 4.1 (682–683): ia8 (2 lines)Suddenly they hear Glycerium's door opening.Act 4.2 (684–715): ia7 (32 lines)Mysis comes out. She says that Glycerium has heard about the wedding and is anxious to see Pamphilus. Pamphilus assures her that he will never be unfaithful to Glycerium. Davus says he has another plan. Pamphilus goes in to see Glycerium. Charinus, after begging Davus to help him, goes home. Then Davus also enters Glycerium's house while Mysis waits outside.

Davus escapes punishment
Chremes finds the babyAct 4.3–4.5 (716–819): ia6 (104 lines)Soon Davus comes out carrying a baby and instructs Mysis to lay it at Simo's door. Suddenly he sees Chremes coming and realises that he will have to change his plan.
– Chremes arrives and is surprised to see the baby. Before Mysis can explain, Davus appears, acting as if he has just come from the market. Pretending not to notice Chremes, he asks Mysis to speak aloud where the baby is from. She says that it is Pamphilus's child. Davus pretends to disbelieve her and protests that he saw the baby being secretly carried into the house the previous evening. Then he says that he has heard a rumour that the mother is really a citizen of Athens. Chremes now comes forward and says he has heard everything. He goes inside Simo's house to speak to him. Davus meanwhile explains to Mysis what has happened.
– At this moment, a stranger, Crito, arrives looking for Glycerium's sister Chrysis. Mysis recognises him and informs him that Chrysis is deceased. Crito says that if he were to bring a legal case to claim Chrysis's property it would have little chance of success. They go into the house, followed by Davus.Act 5.1–5.2 (820–860): tr7 (41 lines)Chremes and Simo come out. Chremes is telling Simo that the marriage is now impossible. He adds that it is rumoured that Glycerium is a citizen of Athens.
– Davus now comes out. Questioned by Simo, he says that Pamphilus is in Glycerium's house. Moreover a stranger has arrived claiming that she is an Athenian citizen. Act 5.2 (861–865): ia8 (3 lines), tr7 (1 line), ia8 (1 line)Simo, for whom this is the last straw, calls for his slave Dromo to seize Davus, take him indoors and bind him hand and foot.

Simo interrogates Pamphilus and CritoAct 5.1–5.2 (866–895): ia6 (30 lines)Simo calls Pamphilus to come out from Glycerium's house. He questions Pamphilus angrily about the man who is testifying that Glycerium is a citizen, accusing Pamphilus of having concocted the story. In his fury he is ready to disown Pamphilus as his son.Act 5.2–5.3 (896–928): tr7 (33 lines)Pamphilus begs to be allowed to fetch Crito as a witness. Crito comes out and Chremes recognises him. Simo, paying no attention, questions Crito angrily. Crito tells the story of how Glycerium and her father were shipwrecked on Andros when she was a little girl and were given hospitality by Chrysis's father.

Chremes recognises his daughterAct 5.3–5.4 (929–957): ia8 (29 lines)When he hears the father's name Chremes suddenly realises that Glycerium's father was his own brother. Pamphilus clinches the matter by mentioning the name which Glycerium told him she had as a little girl. Chremes is reconciled to the marriage and declares that he will give her a dowry of ten talents. He and Crito go into Glycerium's house. Simo suggests that Pamphilus should give the order for Glycerium to be fetched to the house. Pamphilus, hearing that Davus has been tied up, begs his father to untie him. – Meanwhile Charinus arrives unnoticed.Act 5.5–5.6 (958–981): tr7 (24 lines)Charinus is puzzled to find Pamphilus rejoicing; he listens while Davus comes out and Pamphilus tells him the good news. Pamphilus then sees Charinus and takes him inside Glycerium's house to meet Chremes. He orders Davus to arrange for the bride to be summoned to his home.

QuotesSosia – "Moderation in all things" (Act 1, Scene 1).Sosia – "...compliance raises friends, and truth breeds hate" (Act 1, Scene 1).Simo – "All who like mistresses dislike the thought of marriage" (Act 1, Scene 2).Charinus' – "...charity begins at home" (Act 4, Scene 1).

Cultural impact
Thornton Wilder, an American writer, wrote The Woman of Andros, a novel based on Terence's Andria'', which presents a fable about the emptiness of the classical world on the brink of profound changes provoked by the birth of Jesus.

References

Editions

External links

A summary of Andria
Andria at The Perseus Digital Library (in English)

Works by Terence
Ancient Andros
Plays based on other plays

Andria (comedy)


Murateli, Balıkesir ilinin Ayvalık ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Köy, Balıkesir il merkezine 118, Ayvalık İlçesine 8 km mesafededir.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar
 YerelNET

Kaynakça
https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx Genel Mahalle Listesi, T.C.İçişleri Bakanlığı, Mart 2020.

Ayvalık'ın mahalleleri

Murateli, Ayvalık


Phyllis Dillon (* 27. Dezember 1944 in Linstead, St. Catherine; † 15. April 2004 in Long Island, USA) war eine jamaikanische Sängerin. Sie gehörte in den 1960ern zu den ersten Frauen, die im jamaikanischen Musikgeschäft erfolgreich waren und wurde auch "Queen of Rocksteady" genannt.

Leben
Phyllis Dillon wurde 1944 – nach anderen Angaben 1948 oder 1945 – im ländlichen Linstead geboren, wo sie auch ihre Jugend verbrachte. Dort sammelte sie erste musikalische Erfahrungen in Schul- und Kirchenchören, später auch mit ihrer ersten Band, den Vulcans. Bei einem Auftritt in Kingston wurde sie von Gitarrist Lyn Taitt entdeckt, einem Sessionmusiker von Duke Reids Treasurer Isle Label. Dillon unterschrieb 1965 bei Reid und im folgenden Jahr nahm sie produziert von Reid Don't Stay Away auf. Die Single wurde ein durchschlagender Erfolg auf Jamaika und wurde Dillons größter Hit. In den folgenden Jahren brachte sie mit One Life to Live, The Love That a Woman Can Give a Man, Perfidia, Rock Steady und Don't Touch My Tomato weitere erfolgreiche Singles heraus. Auch mit Alton Ellis (Right Track) und Hopeton Lewis (Walk Through This World With Me und Love Was All We Had) gesungene Duette trugen zu ihrer Popularität bei.

Weil sie etwas anderes als Musik machen wollte, zog sie im Dezember 1967 nach New York in den USA um, wo sie nach einer Weile eine Anstellung bei einer Bank fand. In den ersten Jahren kehrte sie zweimal jährlich nach Jamaika zurück, um mit Reid Songs aufzunehmen und in Kingstoner Clubs aufzutreten. Auch als sich der Rocksteady-Sound zum Reggae weiterentwickelte, vollzog sie den Wandel mit und blieb erfolgreich. Mitte der 1970er zog sie sich aus dem Musikgeschäft zurück und widmete sich ganz ihrer Familie. Erst in den 1990ern versuchte und schaffte sie ein Comeback.

Anfang der 2000er Jahre wurde bei ihr Krebs diagnostiziert. Sie erlag ihrer Krankheit am 15. April 2004.

Diskographie (Auswahl)
 Don't Stay Away (Single, 1966)
 One Life to Live (Album, 2000, Creole Down Home Records)

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Reggae-Sänger
Musiker (Jamaika)
Jamaikaner
Geboren 1944
Gestorben 2004
Frau

Phyllis Dillon


Ishizaka Teruko, genannt Terry (; * 28. September 1926; † 4. Juni 2019), war eine japanische Immunologin. Sie entdeckte 1966 mit ihrem Ehemann Ishizaka Kimishige die Immunglobulin-E-Antikörper, die besondere Bedeutung in der Allergie haben.

Ishizaka erwarb 1949 ihren M.-D.-Abschluss als Medizinerin an der Frauenmedizinhochschule Tokio. 1955 wurde sie an der Universität Tokio promoviert. 1951 bis 1957 forschte sie in der Abteilung Serologie des nationalen Gesundheitsforschungszentrums in Japan. 1957 bis 1959 war sie am Caltech und 1959 an der Johns Hopkins University. 1962 bis 1970 war sie am Asthma Research Institute und Hospital der University of Colorado Medical School in Denver und ab 1970 Associate Professor und später Professor an der Johns Hopkins University (zuerst für Mikrobiologie und später für Medizin und Immunologie).

Sie forschte über Allergien und unmittelbare Hypersentivität.

1973 erhielt sie mit ihrem Mann den Gairdner Foundation International Award und 1972 den Passano Award. Zu Ehren des Ehepaares Ishizaka wurde 1995 der Tag der Allergie eingeführt, um ihrer Forschungsleistungen zu gedenken und um über Allergien aufzuklären.

Einzelnachweise

Immunologe
Mediziner (20. Jahrhundert)
Träger des Canada Gairdner International Award
Japaner
Geboren 1926
Gestorben 2019
Frau

Ishizaka Teruko