فؤاد الزاوش رسام وكاتب تونسي. عصامي في الرسم، ويكتب الرواية بالفرنسية.

الروائي
صدر لفؤاد الزاوش منذ عام 1999 سبع روايات جميعها باللغة الفرنسية، وتحمل على التوالي العناوين التالية:
 نظرات (Regards)، عام 1999
 المواجهة (L'affrontement)، عام 2001
 خطيبة عمر (La fiancée de Amor)، عام 2002، وهي الرواية الوحيدة التي صدرت بالعربية إلى جانب الفرنسية
 أكاذيب (Mensonges) عام 2003
 المتحكم في اللعبة (Le maître du jeu) عام 2004
 الإنسان والوعي (L'homme, ce Cro-Magnon de la conscience) عام 2007
 الوقائع (Chroniques) عام 2008

الرسام
أقام فؤاد الزاوش أول معرض شخصي له بالعاصمة الفرنسية باريس وذلك عام 1979، وعرض مرة ثانية بباريس في السنة الموالية، وفي عام 1981 عرض لأول مرة في تونس برواق يحيى ومنذ 1983 أصاح يعرض سنويا بانتظام يمتحف سيدي بوسعيد.

وصلة خارجية
موقع فؤاد الزاوش

مراجع

رسامون تونسيون
كتاب وكاتبات تونسيون
مدفونون في مقبرة الجلاز

فؤاد الزاوش


Marie Dressler (født Leila Marie Koerber, 9. november 1868, død 28. juli 1934) var en canadisk-amerikansk teater- og filmskuespiller.

Hendes far var musiklærer, og hun blev medlem af et teatersemble som en 14-årig. I en alder af 20 år var hun allerede veteran i operetta. I 1892 kom hun til Broadway og blev en revystjerne.

I 1914 fik hun sin filmdebut overfor Charles Chaplin i Chaplin som Millionær. Hun var heltinden i en serie af stumfilm. I midten af 1920'erne gik hendes karriere lidt tilbage, efter hendes inddragelse i en arbejdskonflikt, men i 1927 gjorde hun comeback.

Dressler var langt fra at være en skønhed, stor og ru med en enorm taljemål - næppe indbegrebet af en filmstjerne. Ikke desto mindre var hun USAs mest populære kvindelige skuespiller i begyndelsen af 1930'erne. Blandt hendes mest mindeværdige roller markeret hun som den grimme kælling i Anna Christie og hendes tragikomisk rolle i Min and Bil det samme år, som hun vandt en Oscar for.

Filmografi (udvalg)
 1914 - Chaplin som Millionær
 1918 - The Agonies of Agnes (kortfilm)
 1918 - The Red Cross Nurse (kortfilm)
 1929 - The Divine Lady
 1930 - Anna Christie
 1930 - Min and Bil
 1932 - Emma
 1933 - Tugboat Annie
 1933 – Middag kl. 8

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra Canada
Oscar for bedste kvindelige hovedrolle
Canadiere i 1800-tallet
Canadiere i 1900-tallet
Pseudonymer

Marie Dressler


Agrilus priamus é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Kerremans, 1912.

Referências

priamus

Agrilus priamus


Bovense Kirke ligger i landsbyen Bovense og er sognekirke for Bovense Sogn i Nyborg Kommune. Indtil 1970 lå kirken i Vindinge Herred, Svendborg Amt.

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger
 Bovense Kirke hos KortTilKirken.dk

Kirker i Nyborg Kommune
Kirker i Fyens Stift
Kirker i Svendborg Amt

Bovense Kirke


نخلة الآساي   وهي أحد فصائل الفوفلية من جنس الإيتيرب ، المزروعة لفاكهتها ولقلب النخلة العلوي. فصيلة نخل الآساي يُدعى عادة نخلة الآساي، بعد تبني الأوروبيون الكلمة التيبية إيواساي "ïwasa'i " «(الفاكهة التي) تبكي أو تقذف ماءً» الطلب العالمي على الثمرة توسع بشكل سريع في السنوات الأخيرة، والآن يزرع الآساي لهذا الغرض في المقام الأول. فإن أقرب الأنواع صلة هو إيترب إدوليس (جاكارا) " Euterpe edulis (juçara)" وغالبا ما يستخدم لقلوب النخلة.

معرض صور

مراجع

أشجار أمريكا الجنوبية
ثمار صالحة للأكل
فوفليات
نباتات وصفت في 1824

نخل الآساي


ألكمار زانستريك  المعروف عالمياً باسم ايه زد ألكمار  هو نادٍ هولندي من مدينة ألكمار، يلعب في الدوري الهولندي الممتاز.

تاريخ النادي
تأسس نادي أي زد الكمار في 10 ماي 1967 وهو عبارة عن اندماج بين نادي (الكمار 54) ونادي
( زانستريـك الهولندي ) نتيجة للظروف الصعبة التي كان يمر بها الفريقين.

بعد الوصول إلى دوري الدرجة الأولى عاني فريق AZ من الإفلاس ولكن قام الأخوان مولينار بدعم الفريق ماليا والوصول به لدرجات عالية من الثراء وشراء اللاعبين الأجانب.

موسم 1979-1980 كان الكمار قريبا من الفوز بلقب الدوري الهولندي ولكن أبعدته نقطة واحدة عن أياكس وكان ذلك بفضل تقوية الفريق بلاعبين جدد وهما كيـس كيسـت وكريستيـن نيـغارد.

دعم الأخوان مولينار الفريق بمجموعة من اللاعبين وهم رونالد سيلبوس، هوغو هوفنكامب، بيتر ارنتز، جونـي ميتخـود يـان بيترز، بير تـول، ايدي تريتل والاسم الأكبـر من هؤلاء هـو فان هانيغيم. وكان مدرب الفريق جورج كيسلر الذي شكل فريقا قويا ومميزا تـلك الآونـة

حقق الكمار لقب الدوري الهولندي موسم 1980 -1981 ولم يخسر الفريق في ذلك الموسم أي مباراة عدا هزيمته أمام أياكس أمستردام 1:0 , وحقق في تلك السنة كأس هولندا ووصل للمباراة النهائية في كأس الاتحاد الأوروبي.

في عام 1988 هبط الكمار لدوري الدرجة الثانية وذلك بعد مغادرة الكثير من اللاعبين الفريق ووفاة كيس مولينار وانسحاب كلاس مولينار من دعم الفريق.

في موسم 1993 قام رجل الأعمار ديرك تشيرنجا بدعم الكمار والنهوض به من جديد وأصبح هو رئيس للفريق.

في موسم 1998 عاد الكمار من جديد لدوري الدرجة الأولى واستطاع المنافسة على لقب الدوري بقوة ووصل إلى كأس الاتحاد الأوروبي.

قدِم المدرب ادريانسي إلى الكمار في كانون الثاني 2005 وكون فريق قوي جدا، وتجاوز كل التوقعات فوصل إلى نصف نهائي كأس الاتحاد الأوروبي.

بعد موسم واحد فقط غادر ادريانسي الكمار تولى لويس فان غال تدريب الفريق بدلا منه.

موسم 2005-2006 احتل الكمار المركز الثاني في الدوري الهولندي

موسم 2006-2007 كاد الكمار أن يفوز بالدوري لولا الهزيمة في آخر مباراة واحتل المركز الثالث بفارق 3 نقاط عن بي إس في آيندهوفن البطل.

موسم 2007-2008 ظهر الكمار في أسوأ حالته وحصل على المركز ال11 في ترتيب الدوري.

موسم 2008-2009 فاز الكمار بالدوري الهولندي.

17 ماي 2009، عقد فريق الكمار، مع المدرب رونالد كومان لسنتين.

اللاعبون

التشكيلة الأساسية

اللاعبون المُعارون

الإنجازات

محلي

 الدوري الهولندي الممتاز
 الفائزون (2): 1980-81، 2008-09
 الوصفاء (3): 1979-80، 2005-06، 2019-20
 الدوري الهولندي الدرجة الثانية
 الفائزون (3): 1959-60، 1995-96، 1997-98
 الوصفاء (3): 1956–57، 1967–68، 1971–72
 تويد ديفيسي
 الفائزون (1): 1955-56
 الوصفاء (1): 1963–64
 كأس هولندا
 الفائزون (4): 1977-78، 1980-81، 1981-82، 2012-13
 الوصفاء (3): 2006–07، 2016–17، 2017–18
 كأس السوبر الهولندي
 الفائز (1): 2009
 الوصفاء (1): 2013

دولي

 كأس الاتحاد الأوروبي
 الوصفاء (1): 1980-81
 المتأهلون إلى نصف النهائي (1): 2004-05

المتأهلون إلى ربع النهائي (3): 2006–07، 2011–12، 2013–14

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 الموقع الرمي لإي زد ألكمار

أندية كرة قدم في ألكمار
أندية كرة قدم في شمال-هولندا
أندية كرة قدم في هولندا
أندية كرة قدم أسست في 1967
تأسيسات سنة 1967 في هولندا
صفحات تستعمل قالبا ببيانات مكررة
نادي ألكمار

ايه زد ألكمار


La Estación de Chão de Maçãs-Fátima, más conocida como Estación de Fátima, es una plataforma ferroviaria de pasajeros de la línea del Norte, que sirve a parroquias de Sabacheira, en el ayuntamiento de Tomar, en Portugal. Aunque esta plataforma ostenta el nombre de Fátima, la localidad de Fátima se encuentra a más de 20 kilómetros de la estación.

Historia

Siglo XXI
En enero de 2011, estaban previstas obras de mantenimiento de catenaria, en el interior de esta estación, durante el primer trimestre de 2012.

Características

Localización y accesos
Esta plataforma se encuentra junto a la localidad de Chao de Maçãs, teniendo acceso de transporte por la Ruta Nacional 113

Descripción física
En enero de 2011, poseía cuatro vías de circulación, con longitudes entre los 269 y 338 metros; las plataformas tenían todas 308 metros de extensión, y 90 centímetros de altura.

Véase también
 Red Ferroviaria Nacional
 Comboios de Portugal

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Página con fotografías de la Estación de Chao de Maçãs-Fátima, en el portal Railfaneurope

Chão de Maçãs-Fátima
Tomar

Estación de Chão de Maçãs-Fátima


El Otkrytie Arena , también conocido como Estadio Spartak , es un estadio de fútbol de Moscú, Rusia, propiedad del Spartak de Moscú. El estadio fue inaugurado el 5 de septiembre de 2014 y cuenta con una capacidad total de 45.360 espectadores todos sentados, con los máximos estándares de la UEFA y para la Copa Mundial de Fútbol de 2018 tuvo una capacidad de 50.000 espectadores.

El estadio fue construido en el sitio del aeródromo Tushino. El diseño actual ha sido desarrollado por AECOM y Dexter Moren Associates y también cuenta con un estadio cubierto independiente. La financiación principal de la construcción fue aportada por el dueño del club, Leonid Fedun a través de empresas afiliadas como la compañía Lukoil e IFD Kapital.

El estadio acoge los partidos como local del Spartak Moscú y, ocasionalmente, de la selección de fútbol de Rusia. Anunciado como parte de las sedes de la Copa FIFA Confederaciones 2017 y de la Copa Mundial de Fútbol de 2018 en Rusia, albergó 3 partidos de fase de grupos y el partido por el tercer lugar en el primer torneo, Además de 4 partidos de fase de grupos y uno de octavos de final en el segundo.

Historia

Orígenes y otros intentos
A lo largo de la historia del Spartak, el club no ha contado nunca con su propio estadio de fútbol. El equipo jugó en varios estadios como en el estadio Lokomotiv, Dinamo, Eduard Streltsov y especialmente en el Olímpico de Luzhniki, pero nunca en propiedad.

Después del colapso de la Unión Soviética y la transición a una economía de mercado, el club inicialmente tampoco podía permitirse un estadio propio debido a la falta de fondos para la construcción. Los intentos de construir su estadio se iniciaron en 1994. El Ayuntamiento de Moscú asignó un terreno en las inmediaciones del Jardín Botánico, pero la construcción no tuvo lugar debido a las protestas de los grupos verdes y de los vecinos. En 1998 el costo estimado del proyecto era de 250 millones de dólares y daría cabida a cerca de 65 000 aficionados. Pero el 31 de marzo de 1999 la Resolución del Gobierno de Moscú prohibió la construcción de un estadio en el sitio.

En septiembre de 2001 se planeó la construcción de un estadio en la intersección de la perspectiva Michurinsky y la calle Lobachevsky. Este estadio contaría con un aforo mucho más modesto que el anterior proyecto al acoger 10 000 espectadores. Por diversas razones, entre ellas debido a la falta de dinero del gobierno de Moscú y del Spartak, el estadio no se construyó.

Construcción del estadio

En noviembre de 2006 se produjo otro intento para retomar los planes de la construcción del estadio del equipo moscovita, esta vez con éxito. Se decidió construir un estadio en el distrito del aeródromo Tushino. La financiación de la construcción fue garantizada por Leonid Fedun, propietario del Spartak. El 2 de junio de 2007 se produjo la solemne ceremonia de colocación de la primera piedra. Pero la construcción del estadio se suspendió gradualmente, en un principio debido a retrasos burocráticos y de las características del lugar (cerca de pistas de túnel de metro y de la línea Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya del Metro de Moscú), y más adelante en relación con la crisis financiera y económica mundial.

El 19 de febrero de 2013 se anunció que el nuevo estadio se llamaría «Otkrytiye Arena» debido al patrocinador principal, el banco Otkrytiye. El total de la operación se fue hasta los catorce mil millones de rublos y la construcción se alargó durante un período de seis años. El nombre del banco se muestra en el emblema estadio en rojo y blanco, aunque los colores corporativos del banco son azul y blanco. De acuerdo con los requisitos de la FIFA y la UEFA en los partidos de competiciones de la UEFA del club y partidos oficiales de las selecciones nacionales, el estadio no podrá usar el nombre del patrocinador principal y deberá aparecer simplemente como estadio Spartak.

El 21 de agosto de 2014, cerca del terreno de juego y junto a la tribuna B del estadio se desveló al público un monumento a los cuatro hermanos Starostin, fundadores y jugadores del Spartak. Cerca del estadio fue inaugurada una escultural figura del gladiador Espartaco, símbolo del club, con una altura de 24,5 metros (con pedestal). En 2013, se informó que también se planeaba instalar monumentos de las grandes leyendas del club Igor Netto y Nikita Simonyan. En el cuarto piso de la tribuna oeste se sitúa el museo del Spartak, con una superficie total de unos 800 m².

El 27 de agosto de 2014 se inauguró la estación de metro Spartak, el mismo día que visitó el estadio el presidente ruso Vladímir Putin. El 30 de agosto tuvo lugar el partido de veteranos del Spartak (dos mitades de 20 minutos), al que asistieron cerca de 8 000 personas. El partido inaugural lo disputaron el Spartak y Estrella Roja serbio, el 5 de septiembre de 2014. El partido contó con una asistencia de 37 734 espectadores. El defensa internacional Dmitry Kombarov anotó el primer gol en el nuevo estadio a los 8 minutos.

El primer partido oficial en el Otkrytiye Arena del Spartak fue en la séptima jornada de la Liga Premier de Rusia 2014/15, cuando los locales vencieron al Torpedo Moscú en el derbi moscovita con un marcador de 3:1 (con dos goles de Quincy Promes y uno de José Manuel Jurado). El primer partido oficial del Spartak en el nuevo estadio tuvo una asistencia total de 36 058 espectadores.

Poco después, el 12 de octubre de 2014, el estadio celebró su primer partido internacional de la selección de fútbol de Rusia, valedero para la clasificación para la Eurocopa 2016 ante . El partido terminó con el marcador de 1:1 y el único gol de los rusos fue desde el punto de penal, anotado por el delantero del Spartak Artiom Dziuba.

Características

El estadio fue construido a partir de tribunas de gradas prefabricadas de hormigón y un techo arqueado sostenido de acero. El techo está diseñado para hacer frente a las extremas temperaturas de Moscú y su estructura puede soportar las pesadas y continuas nevadas del invierno en Rusia.

El Otkrytie Arena es, globalmente, un complejo deportivo que consiste en un estadio de fútbol, dos estadios de hockey sobre hielo, una academia de tenis, un centro de deportes acuáticos, varias escuelas de deportes y dos jardines de infantes. La capacidad del estadio es de 42 000 espectadores sentados, pero la capacidad aumentará a 46 000 en el momento de la celebración de la Copa del Mundo de 2018.

Eventos

Copa FIFA Confederaciones 2017

El Otkrytie Arena fue uno de los cuatro estadios elegidos para albergar encuentros de la Copa FIFA Confederaciones 2017, que se disputó en junio de 2017 en Rusia. Los encuentros que se han jugado en este estadio son:

Copa Mundial de Fútbol de 2018

Este estadio fue una de las sedes de la Copa Mundial de Fútbol de 2018.

Servicios para los espectadores
En el estadio se prevé ayuda de orientación prestada por voluntarios, consignas, cuidado de los niños, servicio de objetros extraviados. Para las personas con discapacidad están apartados dos sectores de 50 asientos cada uno. Esta parte de la arena está dotada de rampas y ascensores.

Seguridad en el estadio
Para el Campeonato Mundial 2018 en el estadio instalaron sistemas de videoobservación e identificación de los espestadores y equipos de registro. Las medidas de seguridad fueron elaboradas por el Comité Organizador CM-2018, Ministerio del interior y Servicio federal de Seguridad conjuntamente con la administración del estadio.

Galería

Mundial 2018

Confederaciones 2017

Véase también
 Anexo:Estadios de fútbol de Rusia

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Sitio web oficial

 Artículo del futuro estadio

Estadios de fútbol de Moscú
FC Spartak Moscú
Estadios de fútbol inaugurados en 2014
Estadios de la Copa Mundial de Fútbol de 2018
Estadios de fútbol de Rusia del siglo XXI
Estadios de categoría 4 de la UEFA
Deporte en Rusia en 2014
Estadios de la Copa FIFA Confederaciones 2017

Otkrytie Arena


Ein Tropfenverschluss beschreibt im Gegensatz zum Knopf- oder Haken-Verschluss nicht das Verbindungselement selbst, sondern die Art der geschlossenen Öffnung und gibt somit auch die Möglichkeit eines dekorativen Elements als Hals- bzw. Dekolleté-Ausschnitt. Dementsprechend gibt es auch die Bezeichnung Tropfenausschnitt.

Ein solcher Verschluss ist oft im Rücken von Leotards, weniger bei Catsuits, als Alternative zu einem langen Reißverschluss zu finden. Ebenfalls bei Bodysuits mit straffer BH-Funktion, da hier der typisch kurze Hakenverschluss bereits vorhanden ist.

Weblinks

Verbindungselement
Ausschnitt- und Kragenform

Tropfenverschluss


Rajaküla ist ein Dorf (estnisch küla) in der Landgemeinde Alutaguse (bis 2017 Mäetaguse). Es liegt im Kreis Ida-Viru (Ost-Wierland) im Nordosten Estlands.

Das Dorf hat 37 Einwohner (Stand 1. Januar 2011). Es liegt nordöstlich von Mäetaguse.

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Estland
Alutaguse

Rajaküla (Alutaguse)


Madiinae, podtribus glavočika, dio tribusa Madieae. Sastoj ise od 24 roda

Rodovi

 Raillardella (A. Gray) Benth. (3 spp.)
 Adenothamnus D. D. Keck (1 sp.)
 Hemizonella (A. Gray) A. Gray (1 sp.)
 Kyhosia B. G. Baldwin (1 sp.)
 Anisocarpus Nutt. (2 spp.)
 Carlquistia B. G. Baldwin (1 sp.)
 Madia Molina (11 spp.)
 Argyroxiphium DC. (5 spp.)
 Wilkesia A. Gray (2 spp.)
 Dubautia Gaudich. (26 spp.)
 Deinandra Greene (22 spp.)
 Holocarpha Greene (4 spp.)
 Centromadia Greene (4 spp.)
 Calycadenia DC. (10 spp.)
 Osmadenia Nutt. (1 sp.)
 Hemizonia DC. (1 sp.)
 Blepharizonia (A. Gray) Greene (2 spp.)
 Lagophylla Nutt. (5 spp.)
 Holozonia Greene (1 sp.)
 Layia Hook. & Arn. (15 spp.)
 Blepharipappus Hook. (1 sp.)
 Achyrachaena Schauer (1 sp.)
 Harmonia B. G. Baldwin (5 spp.)
 Jensia B. G. Baldwin (2 spp.)

Izvori

Madieae

Madiinae


5 Danses (Five Dances) est un film américain réalisé par Alan Brown, sorti en 2013.

Synopsis
Chip, un jeune danseur récemment arrivé à New York, commence à s'entraîner avec trois autres danseurs et un maître de ballet dans le quartier de SoHo.

Fiche technique
 Titre : 5 Danses
 Titre original : Five Dances
 Réalisation : Alan Brown
 Scénario : Alan Brown
 Musique : Nicholas Wright
 Photographie : Derek McKane
 Montage : Jarrah Gurrie
 Production : Alan Brown, Agathe David-Weill et Tracy Utley
 Société de production : Perry Street Pictures
 Société de distribution : Optimale (France) et Wolfe Releasing (États-Unis)
 Pays :
 Genre : Drame et romance
 Durée : 83 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
 :
 :

Distribution
 Ryan Steele : Chip Daniel
 Reed Luplau : Theo
 Catherine Miller : Katie
 Kimiye Corwin : Cynthia
 Luke Murphy : Anthony

Accueil
Le film a reçu un accueil mitigé de la critique. Il obtient un score moyen de 51 % sur Metacritic.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 2013
Film dramatique américain
Film romantique américain
Film de danse
Film américain sur l'homosexualité masculine

5 Danses


Martsa ist ein Dorf (estnisch küla) in der Landgemeinde Toila (Toila vald). Es liegt im Kreis Ida-Viru (Ost-Wierland) im Nordosten Estlands.

Beschreibung und Geschichte
Das Dorf hat 25 Einwohner (Stand 19. September 2012). Der Ort wurde erstmals 1538 urkundlich erwähnt.

Er liegt direkt an der estnischen Ostsee-Küste. Vom Kalkstein-Klint aus ergibt sich ein weiter Blick über den Finnischen Meerbusen.

Weblinks
 Beschreibung und Geschichte (estnisch)

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Estland
Geographie (Toila)
Ersterwähnung 1538

Martsa


Kale , also known as , is a retrograde irregular satellite of Jupiter. It was discovered in 2001 by astronomers Scott S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, and J. Kleyna, and was originally designated as .

Kale is about  in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of  in 736.55 days, at an inclination of 165° to the ecliptic (166° to Jupiter's equator), in a retrograde direction and with an orbital eccentricity of 0.2011.

It was named in August 2003 after Kale, one of the Charites (, , 'Graces'), daughters of Zeus (Jupiter). Kale is the spouse of Hephaestus according to some authors (although most have Aphrodite play that role).

It belongs to the Carme group, made up of irregular retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between  and at an inclination of about 165°.

References

Carme group
Moons of Jupiter
Irregular satellites
Discoveries by Scott S. Sheppard
20011209
Discoveries by David C. Jewitt
Discoveries by Jan Kleyna
Moons with a retrograde orbit

Kale (moon)


HMAS Psyche (formerly HMS Psyche) was a  protected cruiser built for the Royal Navy at the end of the 19th century. Initially operating on the North America and West Indies Station, the cruiser was transferred to the Australian Squadron in 1903, and remained there until the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) took over responsibility in 1913. After a stint in New Zealand waters and involvement in the Occupation of German Samoa, Psyche was paid off in 1915.

At the recommendation of the Australian government, the ship was commissioned into the RAN in 1915, and assigned to patrol the coast of Burma, in response to the threat of a German-instigated uprising. Psyche operated in the Bay of Bengal and around Sumatra until 1916, when she was docked at Hong Kong for refit. During this, personnel from the ship were used to commission and man the river gunboat . After the refit's conclusion, Psyche patrolled in Chinese waters, before returning to the Bay of Bengal. Psyche returned to Sydney and was paid off in October 1917, but recommissioned a month later for patrols in Australia's northern waters. She was decommissioned for the final time in early 1918. The ship was sold for use as a timber lighter in 1922, and sank in 1940 at Salamander Bay, New South Wales following a storm.

Design and construction
Psyche was a third-class protected cruiser of the nine-ship Pelorus- or P-class. She had a displacement of 2,135 tons, was  long overall and  long between perpendiculars, had a beam of , and a draught of . Propulsion was supplied by inverted three-cylinder triple expansion steam engines, built by Keyham, providing  to two propeller shafts. Psyche was capable of reaching , although she normally operated at the more economical speedo of .

The cruiser was armed with eight single QF  guns, eight single QF 3-pounder guns, two 4.7-inch guns, two field guns, three Maxim machine guns, and two  torpedo tubes sited above the waterline. Armour protection was limited to  thick section of deck plating over vital areas. The ship's company initially stood at 220, but this was later reduced to 188; 12 officers, and 176 sailors.

Psyche was laid down for the Royal Navy at HM Devonport Dockyard, Plymouth on 15 November 1897. She was launched on 19 July 1898 by Miss E. Carr, sister of the dockyard's admiral superintendent. The cruiser was completed on 28 April 1899, and was placed in reserve until her commissioning on 2 May 1899.

Operational history

Psyche was commissioned on 2 May 1899 by Captain Francis Raymond Pelly, for service on the North America and West Indies Station. Commander Edmund Moore C. Cooper-Key replaced Pelly in command in June 1901. She was at Bermuda in March 1902, visited Colón, Panama in early May, and Havana in late May 1902; and was in Nicaragua in July 1902, when the government captured revolutionists from an attempted coup. The following month she left Bermuda homeward bound, returning to Devonport on 20 August, to pay off on 5 September when she was placed in the D division of the dockyard reserve.

In December 1903, she was transferred to the Royal Navy's Australian Squadron, where she served until October 1913, when the Australia Station was handed to the control of the fledgling RAN. Psyche was then assigned to New Zealand waters. In 1914, Psyche formed part of the escort for the New Zealand Force which occupied German Samoa (now Samoa). Psyche also escorted troop ships heading from New Zealand to the Middle East. She returned to Sydney in late 1914, and was decommissioned on 22 January 1915.

In May 1915, the Australian government suggested to the Admiralty that Psyche be reactivated and loaned to the RAN as a training ship. Approval was granted on 1 June, but before the ship's 1 July commissioning as HMAS Psyche, the Admiralty instead requested that the Australian Commonwealth Naval Board orchestrate a patrol of the Bay of Bengal, in response to the threat of a German-inspired uprising in India and Burma. Psyche was hastily fitted out, provided with a ship's company consisting primarily of untrained sailors, and sailed on 16 August with  for Singapore. From there, the ships sailed to Ragoon, arriving on 10 September with Psyches captain, Commander Henry Feakes, under instructions to establish patrols along the Burmese coast with the two warships, plus three British India Steam Navigation Company vessels. Command of the Burma Coast Patrol was passed to Captain George Hutter of  on 20 September, with Feakes appointed as Senior Naval Officer Burma and overall commander of the three British India vessels and ten coastal launches. For Psyche, 10- to 12-day patrols along the Burmese coast were the norm, interspersed with crew training duties.

On 17 January 1916, the demobilisation of the Burma Coast Patrol was ordered, as the threat of insurrection in India and Burma had ceased, and German machinations had focused on the Malay Peninsula. Psyche arrived at Penang on 28 January, then sailed three days later for Port Blair. From here, the ship performed patrols of Sumatra. On 12 February, seven stokers refused duty in protest over the poor quality of food being provided to the sailors aboard. All seven were found guilty of disobeying orders, and were punished with prison sentences between 12 and 14 months, plus dismissal from the RAN. The remaining stokers were supplemented by native personnel until 25 April, when replacement RAN personnel arrived. During March, the ship patrolled the Gulf of Siam, and escorted a Russian troop convoy sailing to Europe. During April, further patrols of the Bay of Bengal were made, before Psyche sailed to Hong Kong for inspection and refit. During the period from late 1915 to early 1916, Psyche served as escort to two ships carrying Turkish prisoners of war, was responsible for the transportation of two Chinese spies (one of whom escaped), and helped capture the ringleaders of an Indian soldiers' mutiny in Singapore.

During the refit period, personnel from Psyche were used to commission the river gunboat  on 6 July, and then man her to evacuate European civilians from Canton. The gunboat was halfway up the Pearl River Delta when it was learned that the civilians had been recovered by another vessel, and returned to Hong Kong, where Moorhen decommissioned on 23 July. Also during July, sickness ran through the ship, with 67 personnel sent to the naval hospital ashore, while another 41 were treated aboard: about 60% of the ship's company were unfit for duty during this period. Recurring illnesses had been a problem while the ship operated in tropical climates, and the ship's surgeon recommended the ship be deployed to cooler regions. For one day, the reassignment of flag officers meant that Psyche was Flagship of the China Squadron.

Released from dockyard hands on 14 August, Psyche began patrols along the Chinese coast, with a marked improvement of the health of all aboard. These continued until 14 October, when the cruiser was assigned to Singapore for further patrols of the Bay of Bengal and Sumatra. In March and April 1917, she was assigned to escort duties between Burma and India. On 11 August, Psyche was relieved by , and sailed to Sydney, where she arrived on 28 September.

The ship was paid off on 16 October 1917. Psyche was reactivated on 20 November 1917 for service along Australia's north-east coast, but after uneventful patrols, she was decommissioned for the final time on 26 March 1918.

Fate
The ship was sold to the Moreland Metal Company on 21 July 1922, who used her as a timber lighter. Psyche sank in 1940 at Salamander Bay, New South Wales, during a heavy storm, which rolled the ship onto her side. The wreck was used by RAN clearance divers for training between 1950 and 1973, and was later broken up during an underwater demolitions exercise. The remains sit  below sea level, around  off Roy Wood Reserve.

A memorial to the ship was unveiled at Roy Wood Reserve on 27 June 2015.

Citations

References

External links

 HMAS Psyche Australian War Memorial webpage
 World War I Naval Combat webpage

Pelorus-class cruisers of the Royal Navy
Ships built in Plymouth, Devon
1898 ships
Pelorus-class cruisers of the Royal Australian Navy
World War I cruisers of Australia
Maritime incidents in 1940

HMAS Psyche


Silvina Bosco (Rosario, 18 de junio de 1966-Buenos Aires, 30 de abril de 2019) fue una actriz argentina.
Trabajó en series de televisión como Chiquititas, Amigovios, Poné a Francella, Poliladron, Casi ángeles, Mujeres Asesinas y en películas argentinas como Buenos Aires me mata, La fuga, Animalada, Arregui, la noticia del día (2001) y Apasionados (2002).

Síntesis biográfica
Nació en Rosario pero se mudó con su familia a la ciudad de Buenos Aires.

A lo largo de su vida, Bosco realizó todo tipo de artes: clown, mimo, improvisación, comedia y drama.

Estudió en la Escuela Nacional de Arte Dramático (en Buenos Aires).
Se formó con Raúl Serrano, Agustín Alezzo, Augusto Fernandes, Rubén Szuchmacher y Joey Morris. Se perfeccionó en clown con Cristina Moreira y Gabriel Chamé. Estudió comedia musical y danza moderna con Ricky Pashkús, dramaturgia con Mauricio Kartún, guion con Marta Betoldi y canto con Alicia Allerand.

Vida privada

Estuvo casada con el actor Iván Espeche (n. 1970). En enero de 2018 viajó a París junto a su hija Olivia nacida en 2005.

Desde 2018 Silvina Bosco estaba trabajando en la obra de teatro Madre Coraje, de Bertolt Brecht, dirigida por José María Muscari, junto Claudia Lapacó, Osvaldo Santoro, Natalia Lobo, Héctor Díaz, Emilio Bardi, Iride Mockert, Esteban Pérez y Agustín Sullivan. Debido a su delicada salud ―se le había diagnosticado cáncer, enfermedad contra la cual decidió luchar en privado―, el 3 de febrero de 2019 debió ser reemplazada por la actriz Rita Terranova.

Fallecimiento
En marzo de 2019 fue internada en la clínica Trinidad, en el barrio de Palermo.

Falleció por un cáncer de huesos con metástasis en el hígado el 30 de abril de 2019 a los 52 años de edad.

Filmografía

 1986: El hombre que ganó la razón.
 1995: El censor.
 1998: La sonámbula, recuerdos del futuro.
 1998: Buenos Aires me mata.
 1999: El visitante.
 2001: Animalada.
 2001: Arregui, la noticia del día.
 2001: La fuga.
 2001: Te besaré mañana.
 2001: Causa efecto (en 16 mm).
 2001: El transcurso de las cosas.
 2002: Apasionados.
 2003: Click.
 2003: Un día en el paraíso.
 2003: Vivir intentando.
 2003: Whisky Romeo Zulú.
 2004: Dolores de casada.
 2004: 18-J.
 2004: Conversaciones con mamá.
 2004: El abrazo partido.
 2005: Esas noches de insomnio.
 2007: La cámara oscura.
 2007: El salto de Christian.
 2008: Ningún amor es perfecto.
 2011: La suerte en tus manos.
 2012: Uno.
 2013: Caídos del mapa.
 2015: Tras la pantalla.

Teatro

 2015: Ojos que no ven.
 2016: Tres.
 2018: Jazmín de invierno.
 2018-2019: Madre coraje.

Televisión

 1992: La Banda del Golden Rocket
 1993: Gerente de familia.
 1995: Amigovios.
 1995-1997: Poliladron
1995-1996: Por siempre mujercitas.
 1996: Hola Papi.
 1996: El último verano.
 1997: Milady, la historia continúa.
 1998: Socios y más.
 1998: Desesperadas por el aire.
 1999: Chiquititas.
 2000: Susana Giménez, en el sketch «T-Teens», con el desopilante personaje La Yénifer
 2001: Poné a Francella.
 2002: Maridos a domicilio.
 2002: Kachorra.
 2002: Infieles (miniserie).
 2003: Tres padres solteros.
 2003: Abre tus ojos.
 2003: Los simuladores Temporada 2 Capítulo 9 "El debilitador social".
 2005: Floricienta.
 2005: Mujeres asesinas; episodio «Clara, la fantasiosa»
 2005: Amor mío.
 2006: Mujeres asesinas; episodio «Irma, la de los peces»
 2006: El código Rodríguez.
 2008: Aquí no hay quien viva.
 2010: Casi ángeles.
 2011: Tiempo de pensar.
 2012: La pelu
 2013: Historias de corazón, capítulos 9 y 28.
 2013: Historia clínica.
 2014: Somos familia.
 2015: Signos (miniserie), capítulo 11.
 2017: Las Estrellas.
 2018: El marginal.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 «Silvina Bosco», ficha biográfica publicada en el sitio web Cine Nacional (Buenos Aires).
 «Silvina Bosco», ficha publicada en el sitio web Alternativa Teatral (Buenos Aires).

Actrices de Argentina
Actores de cine de Argentina
Actores de televisión de Argentina
Actores de Rosario
Actrices de teatro de Argentina
Fallecidos por cáncer de hueso
Nacidos en Rosario (Argentina)
Reparto de Floricienta
Fallecidos por cáncer en Argentina

Silvina Bosco


Steroller, veya steroid alkoller steroidlerin bir alt grubu olup, A halkasının 3-pozisyonunda bir hidroksil grubuna sahiptirler. Asetil koenzim A'dan sentezlenen amfipatik lipitlerdir. Molekül olarak yassı bir şekilleri vardır. A halkasındaki hidroksil polardır, molekülün geri kalanı apolardır.

Sterollar ökaryotik organizmaların fizyolojisinde önemlidirler. Hücre zarında yer alarak onun akışkanlığını ve işlevini düzenlerler. Ayrıca ikincil haberci olarak gelişim sürecine katkıda bulunurlar.

Farklı organizmalar farklı sterollar kullanırlar. En önemlileri hayvanlarda kolesterol, fitosterol ve steroid hormonlar, mantarlarda (fungus) ergosterol, bitkilerde kampesterol, sitosterol ve stigmasteroldur.

Sterol


La France participe aux championnats d'Europe d'athlétisme en salle depuis la première édition, en 1970 à Vienne. Après les championnats d'Europe en salle 2023, son bilan est de 170 médailles, dont 50 d'or, 51 d'argent et 69 de bronze.

Bilan global

Médailles

Or

Argent

Bronze

Résultats par édition

Vienne 1970

Sofia 1971

Grenoble 1972

Rotterdam 1973

Göteborg 1974

Katowice 1975

Munich 1976

Saint-Sébastien 1977

Milan 1978

Vienne 1979

Sindelfingen 1980

Grenoble 1981

Milan 1982

Budapest 1983

Göteborg 1984

Le Pirée 1985

Madrid 1986

Liévin 1987

Budapest 1988

La Haye 1989

Glasgow 1990

Gênes 1992

Paris 1994

Stockholm 1996

Valence 1998

Gand 2000

Vienne 2002

Madrid 2005

Birmingham 2007

Turin 2009

Paris 2011

Göteborg 2013

Prague 2015

Belgrade 2017

Glasgow 2019

Toruń 2021

Istanbul 2023

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Championnats du monde en salle
 Championnats d'Europe en salle
 Fédération française d'athlétisme (FFA)
 France aux Jeux olympiques
 France aux championnats du monde en plein-air
 France aux championnats du monde en salle
 France aux Championnats d'Europe en plein-air

Liens externes

Athlétisme en France

France aux championnats d'Europe d'athlétisme en salle


Garmik, Rize ilinin Çamlıhemşin ilçesine bağlı bir yayladır. 2600 rakımdadır ve 3 ev barındırır. İçerisinde bir tane göl bulunmaktadır.

Rize ilinin yaylaları
Çamlıhemşin

Garmik Yaylası


Guanyu Zhou (Šangaj, Kina, 30. svibnja 1999.) je kineski vozač Formule 1 za momčad Alfa Romeo. Godine 2015. osvojio je titulu viceprvaka u Talijanskoj Formuli 4, a 2021. naslov prvaka u Azijskoj Formuli 3. Od 2019. do 2021. se natjecao u FIA Formula 2 prvenstvu u kojem je ostvario ukupno četiri pobjede, a najbolji plasman je ostvario u posljednjoj sezoni, kada je završio na trećem mjestu u konačnom poretku. Godine 2022. postao je prvi kineski vozač koji je nastupio na utrci Formule 1.

Početak utrkivanja

Karting
Zhou se u kartingu utrkivao od 2010. do 2014., a prvi veći uspjeh je postigao 2012. kada je u prvenstvu Super 1 National Rotax Mini Max Championship osvojio četvrto mjesto. Sljedeće 2013. osvaja dva naslova prvaka u kategorijama Rotax Max Euro Challenge - Junior i Super 1 National Rotax Max Junior, te titulu viceprvaka u Rotax Max Wintercup - Rotax Max Junior prvenstvu. Godine 2014. osvaja titule viceprvaka u kategorijama Rotax Max Wintercup - Rotax Max Senior i Rotax Euro Challenge - Senior.

Formula 4
Zhou je debitirao u jednosjedu 2014. u talijanskom F4 Winter Trophy prvenstvu na stazi Adria, gdje je odvezao dvije utrke, te osvojio dva treća mjesta.

Godine 2015. paralelno natjecao u Talijanskoj Formuli 4 i ADAC Formuli 4.

Talijanska Formula 4
Sezona Talijanske Formule 4 se sastojala od sedam rundi, gdje su se na svakoj rundi vozile tri utrke. Utrke su počele 2. svibnja na stazi Vallelunga, a završile 4. listopada na stazi Misano. Zhou je vozio za momčad Prema Powerteam u bolidu F.4 Tatuus FA T014, gdje su mu momčadski kolege bili Giuliano Raucci i Ralf Aron. Prvi pole position je osvojio na trećoj utrci prve runde, gdje je na kraju osvojio drugo mjesto i prvo postolje. Uslijedile su tri utrke na drugoj rundi u Monzi, gdje je Zhou ostvario tri pobjede. Na trećoj rundi u Imoli je upisao još dva druga mjesta i prvo odustajanje u sezoni. Na četvrtoj rundi na Mugellu je osvojio bodove na sve tri utrke, ali bez ostvarenog postolja. Još dva postolja osvojio je na petoj rundi na stazi Adria, dok je posljednje postolje osvojio na šestoj rundi, koja se vozila također na Imoli. Zhou je s osvojenih 223 bodova osvojio titulu viceprvaka iza momčadskog kolege i prvaka Arona.

ADAC Formula 4

Sezona njemačke ADAC Formule 4 se sastojala od osam rundi, gdje su se na svakoj rundi vozile tri utrke. Utrke su počele 25. travnja na stazi Oschersleben, a završile 4. listopada na stazi Hockenheimring. Zhou je vozio za momčad Prema Powerteam u bolidu Tatuus F4-T014 s Abarthovim motorom. Momčadski kolege su mu bili također Giuliano Raucci i Ralf Aron. Zhou je odvezao devet utrka na stazama Oschersleben, Red Bull Ring i Spa-Francorchamps. Prve bodove osvojio je na drugoj utrci prve runde, gdje je osvojio osmo mjesto. Trećim mjestom na prvoj utrci druge runde, Zhou osvaja prvo postolje. Uslijedilo je sedmo mjesto na drugoj utrci, te prvo odustajanje u sezoni na trećoj utrci na Red Bull Ringu. Posljednje postolje u sezoni je osvojio na prvoj utrci treće runde na Spa-Francorchampsu, kada je osvojio drugo mjesto iza pobjednika Joela Erikssona. Na posljednje dvije utrke je upisao još jedno odustajanje, te deveto mjesto. Ostatak sezone nije vozio, jer se posvetio Talijanskoj Formuli 4. S osvojenih 45 bodova u devet utrka, Zhou je na kraju zauzeo 15. mjesto konačnog poretka ADAC Formule 4 2015.

Toyota Racing Series

Europska Formula 3

Formula 2

UNI-Virtuosi Racing (2019. − 2021.)

2019.

2020.

2021.

Formula 1
Zhou je 2. srpnja 2021. debitirao na grand prix vikendu Formule 1, gdje je na prvom slobodnom treningu u petak, za Veliku nagradu Austrije na Red Bull Ringu, vozio bolid Alpine A521, umjesto dvostrukoga svjetskog prvaka Fernanda Alonsa. Dana 16. studenog iste godine, Alfa Romeo je potvrdio da će Zhou voziti umjesto Antonija Giovinazzija sljedeće 2022.

Alfa Romeo (2022.)

2022.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Guanyu Zhou - Driver Database
 Guanyu Zhou - Stats F1

Vozači Formule 1
Kineski športaši
Automobilizam u Kini

Guanyu Zhou


Hugo Ebbinghaus (* 18. Januar 1884 in Lüttringhausen; † August 1945) und seine Frau Hildegard Helene Ebbinghaus waren  deutsche Kommunisten und Widerstandskämpfer gegen das NS-Regime.

Leben

Anfang der 1920er Jahre wurden Hugo Ebbinghaus und seine Frau Hilde Mitglied der Kommunistischen Partei Deutschlands (KPD), nachdem sie zuvor aus der Kirche ausgetreten waren. Das Ehepaar hatte zwei Kinder, Egon und die um acht Jahre jüngere Waltraud. Ebbinghaus wurde in Ronsdorf Ortsgruppenleiter der KPD. Der gelernte Bandwirker eröffnete nach längerer Arbeitslosigkeit gemeinsam mit seiner Frau ein Tabak- und Schreibwarengeschäft in Ronsdorf.

Nach der "Machtergreifung" der Nationalsozialisten wurde Ebbinghaus verhaftet und verbrachte ein Jahr im KZ Kemna. Nach seiner Haftentlassung hielt er Verbindung zu seinen Parteigenossen. 1935 wurde sein Sohn Egon Ebbinghaus verhaftet und im April 1935 im so genannten "Jugendprozeß" wegen illegaler Betätigung für den Kommunistischen Jugendverband Deutschlands (KJVD) zu zwei Jahren Gefängnis verurteilt. Das Geschäft der Familie musste geschlossen werden, weil die Kunden auch aus Angst wegblieben.

Hugo Ebbinghaus war Kontaktmann der Knöchel-Gruppe um Wilhelm Knöchel und Willi Seng. Die Aufforderung Sengs, intensiver illegale Arbeit zu leisten und im Betrieb eine Zelle aufzubauen sowie eine größere Verbreitung von Druckschriften zu organisieren, lehnte Ebbinghaus jedoch ab. Er vertrat die Auffassung, dass ein solches Vorgehen nicht verantwortbar sei. Seiner Meinung nach war es notwendiger, den Zusammenhalt untereinander durch Diskussionen und gegenseitige Informierungen zu fördern. Deshalb brachte er Seng mit einigen zuverlässigen Genossen zusammen, darunter Irmgard Schwebinghaus, der Ehefrau des Emigrantenleiters in den Niederlanden, Eugen Schwebinghaus.

Anfang 1943 begann die Gestapo, die Knöchel-Organisation zu zerschlagen. Unter Folter gaben Alfons Kaps, Wilhelm Knöchel und Willi Seng Namen preis. Über 200 Menschen wurden verhaftet, schwer misshandelt und vor dem Oberlandesgericht Hamm sowie dem Volksgerichtshof wegen "Vorbereitung zum Hochverrat, Feindbegünstigung, Wehrkraftzersetzung, Schwächung der inneren Front" angeklagt. 23 Männer, darunter Knöchel, Seng und Schwebinghaus, wurden zum Tode verurteilt und hingerichtet. Hilde und Hugo Ebbinghaus wurden zu Haftstrafen verurteilt, die Ehefrau zu drei Jahren und sechs Monaten Zuchthaus sowie vier Jahre Ehrverlust und ihr Mann zu acht Jahren Zuchthaus. Hugo Ebbinghaus starb im August 1945 während eines Transportes nach der Auflösung des Zuchthauses im Schloss Coswig an den Folgen der Haft, ohne seine Familie wiedergesehen zu haben. Seine Frau Hilde, die während der Haft schwer erkrankt war, starb 1947.

Am 25. März 2013 wurden für die Eheleute Ebbinghaus jeweils ein Stolperstein vor ihrem ehemaligen Wohnhaus Remscheider Straße 46 in Wuppertal-Ronsdorf verlegt.

Literatur
 Heike Herrberg: "Man muss Zivilcourage haben". In: "Se krieje us nit kaputt". Gesichter der Wuppertaler Widerstands. Hrsg. v. der Forschungsgruppe Wuppertaler Widerstand. Didot-Verlag, Essen 1995. ISBN 3-9804014-2-1, S. 97–116

Weblinks

 Hugo Ebbinghaus auf gedenkbuch-wuppertal.de
 denkmal-wuppertal.de

Einzelnachweise

KPD-Mitglied
Person (Widerstand gegen den Nationalsozialismus)
Opfer der NS-Justiz
Häftling im KZ Kemna
Deutscher
Geboren 1884
Gestorben 1945
Mann
Person, für die in Wuppertal ein Stolperstein verlegt wurde
Person der Knöchel-Seng-Gruppe

Hugo Ebbinghaus (Widerstandskämpfer)


Koçaklama, konusu savaş, yiğitlik ve kahramanlık olan Türk halk edebiyatı şiirlerine  verilen ad.

Koçaklama kavramı
Koçaklama bir genel bir tür kavramından çok, yiğitlik ve meydan okuma içerikli şiirlere verilen addır. Yani koçaklama semaiye veya koşmaya özgü bir tür değildir, genel ve anlamsal bir kategoridir. Örneğin halk destanları da bir koçaklamadır. Kısacası koçaklamalar bir nevi epik kavramının halk şiirindeki yansımasıdır. Bunu TDK'nin tanımından da anlayabiliriz:

"Halk edebiyatında biçimi ne olursa olsun, konusu yiğitlik, savaş, kahramanlık olan veya bir kahramanı öven, kahramanlık duygularını canlandıran şiir, yiğitleme."

Genel olarak Türk edebiyatına baktığımız zaman, yiğitlik belirten söylemlerin azımsanamayacak düzeyde olduğunu görürüz. Battalname gibi Divan edebiyatı geleneğinden beslenen ürünler dahil, bugün dahi hamasi bir anlayışla yazılan birçok modern şiire rastlamak mümkündür. Türk halk edebiyatına baktığımız zaman ise karşımıza iki tür koçaklama anlayışı çıkar. Bunlardan ilki duygusal koçaklama, ikincisi ise coşkun koçaklamadır.

Duygusal koçaklama
Duygusal koçaklama, olayın psikolojik bir analize tabii tutularak kahramanlık yönlerinin yanında trajik yönlerinin de ön plana çıkarıldığı koçaklama türüdür. Bu tür eserlerde coşkun bir yiğitlik teminin ardında duygu gizlidir. Birçok kahramanlık bildiren halk destanı bu ulamda incelenir. Kayıkçı Kul Mustafa'ya ait olan Genç Osman Destanı bu tür koçaklamaların güzel bir örneğidir. Eserde yalnızca hamasi duygular yoktur, Genç Osman'ın ölümünden sonraki asker ve padişah nazarında yaşanan üzüntü hali de tahlil edilmiştir. Duygusal koçaklamalar halk tarafından çok sevilen bir türü oluşturur, bunun için bu eserler genellikle halk hikâyesi oluşum sürecinin bir parçası haline gelir. Örneğin Genç Osman Destanı halk öyküsü oluşum süreci bakımından incelenen ilk eserlerden biridir.

Coşkun koçaklama
Coşkun koçaklama, en yaygın koçaklama türüdür. Bu tür koçaklamalarda ozanın korkusuz ve meydan okuyan bir söyleyişi vardır. Gerek savaş meydanındaki kahramanlıklar gerekse mevcut düzene karşı yapılan başkaldırı bu yolla ifade edilir. Otoriteler tarafından coşkun koçaklamaların en güzel örnekleri Köroğlu ve Dadaloğlu'ya ait koçaklamalar olarak kabul edilir. Köroğlu'nun bir koçaklamasını örnek olarak incelersek,

Benden selam olsun Bolu Beyi'ne
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Der Palazzo Barbaran da Porto ist ein Stadtpalast in Vicenza, an der contrà Porti Nr. 11. Er ist nicht zu verwechseln mit dem Palazzo Iseppo Porto in unmittelbarer Nähe an derselben Straße Nr. 21, der oft als Palazzo Porto abgekürzt wird. Als Teil der Palladio-Villen im Veneto gehört er seit 1994 zum UNESCO-Weltkulturerbe.

Andrea Palladio entwarf den Palazzo 1569 für den vicentinischen Adligen Montano Barbarano; der Bau wurde zwischen 1570 und 1575 errichtet.

Im Palazzo befinden sich seit Oktober 2012 das Museo Palladio und das Centro Internazionale di Studi di Architettura Andrea Palladio (CISA).

Die zweigeteilten Fassade besteht aus übereinandergestellten Halbsäulen ionischer und korinthischer Ordnung. Im Mezzaningeschoss befinden sich in nur sechs Fensterachsen Reliefs, da der Palast im sechzehnten Jahrhundert um zwei Fensterachsen nach links erweitert wurde.

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 vicenza-unesco.com
 visitpalladio.com

Barbaran da Porto
Palazzo Barbaran da Porto
Altstadt von Vicenza und die Villen Palladios in Venetien
Bauwerk von Andrea Palladio
Erbaut in den 1560er Jahren

Palazzo Barbaran da Porto


An Arisaema quinquelobatum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Hen Li ngan Jin Murata. An Arisaema quinquelobatum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Arisaema, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Arisaema

Arisaema quinquelobatum


The Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist) (; abbr. CPN (UML)) is a communist political party in Nepal. The party emerged as one of the major party in Nepal after the end of the Panchayat era.

Khadga Prasad Oli has been serving as party chairman since the party's ninth general convention in 2014. The party currently holds 80 seats in the House of Representatives, having won 26.95% of the party list votes in the 2022 general election and is the second largest parliamentary group. The party was the major coalition partner in the current CPN (Maoist Centre) led coalition government until withdrawing it's support on 27 February. There have been four prime ministers from the party while the party has led the government five times.

CPN (UML) was the main opposition after the first election following the restoration of multi-party democracy. The party led a minority government under Manmohan Adhikari following the 1994 election. The party joined a coalition government with CPN (Maoist) in 2008 in the first elections after the end of the monarchy in Nepal and led two governments under Madhav Kumar Nepal and Jhala Nath Khanal during the term of the 1st Constituent Assembly. The party also led the first government after the promulgation of the new constitution with KP Sharma Oli serving as prime minister. Oli again served as prime minister following the 2017 election.

The party was formed in January 1991 after the merger of the Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist) and the Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist). The party merged with CPN (Maoist Centre) to form the Nepal Communist Party on 17 May 2018 but the new party was dissolved and CPN (UML) was revived by a Supreme Court decision on 8 March 2021. The party claimed to have 855,000 members as of December 2021 making them the largest party in Nepal by membership which later fell down to 550,000 in October 2023.

History

Origins and early years, 1991–1993
The United Left Front was formed in 1990 to protest the Panchayat system and restore multi-party democracy. They organized a joint movement with the Nepali Congress, and King Birendra yielded to their Jana Andolan in November 1990. Two constituents of the United Left Front, CPN (Marxist) and CPN (Marxist–Leninist), merged on 6 January 1991 to form the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist) before the 1991 elections, and the United Left Front became inactive.

In the 1991 elections, the party won 69 of 205 seats and was the second-largest party in the House of Representatives. Man Mohan Adhikari was elected head of the parliamentary group, and became the Leader of the Opposition in May 1991. On 28 June 1991, CPN (Burma) which had reconstituted itself after breaking away from CPN (United) merged into the party. The fifth party congress was held in Kathmandu in January 1993, and People's Multiparty Democracy was adopted as its main ideology. The same ideology of People's Multiparty Democracy theorized by Madhan Bhandari made it one of the most prominent political parties in years to come. In the fifth party congress, Adhikari was elected chairman, and Madan Bhandari was elected general secretary. Bhandari was killed in a vehicle accident in Chitwan later that year, and Madhav Kumar Nepal became the party's general secretary. In November 1993, CPN (Amatya) led by Tulsi Lal Amatya, which had also broken off from CPN (United), merged into the party.

First government and split, 1994–1997
After the mid-term elections in 1994, the party won 88 of 205 seats in a hung parliament and formed a minority government under Man Mohan Adhikari. The government lasted for nine months after Adhikari was forced to resign when he lost a no-confidence motion in September 1995. The party was back in the government in March 1997, after supporting the Lokendra Bahadur Chand-led Rastriya Prajatantra Party government. Following dissension in the RPP, Lokendra Bahadur Chand resigned and CPN (UML) returned to the opposition.

The party faced its first split in March 1998, after disagreements about a water-sharing agreement with India. The new party formed with 46 legislators from the mother party as the Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist), under the leadership of Bam Dev Gautam. The party joined the government again in December 1998, backing the Girija Prasad Koirala-led Nepali Congress–Nepal Sadbhawana Party coalition government. In the 1999 elections, the party won 70 of 205 seats and was the second-largest party in the House of Representatives.

Reunification and direct rule, 2002–2006
Most members of the Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist) rejoined the parent party on 15 February 2002, while other members led by Chandra Prakash Mainali decided to restructure the party. The party's seventh general convention was held in Janakpur on February 1–6, 2003. The convention decided to abolish the post of party chair, vacant after the death of Man Mohan Adhikari and Madhav Kumar Nepal was unanimously reelected as general secretary of the party.

When King Gyanendra dissolved Parliament and sacked Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba of Nepali Congress in 2003, five other parties protested his decision. However, when Deuba was reinstated CPN (UML) joined the provisional government with Bharat Mohan Adhikari as deputy prime minister. This government was dissolved by the king on 1 February 2005 and Seven Party Alliance was formed to protest his decision. Following an agreement with the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist), a joint struggle was launched against the king's direct rule. On 10 April 2006, the parliament was reconvened by the king and a government was formed under Congress leader Girija Prasad Koirala.

1st Constituent Assembly, 2008–2012

In the 2008 Constituent Assembly elections, the party won 108 of 605 seats and finished third. Madhav Kumar Nepal resigned as general secretary, and was replaced by Jhala Nath Khanal. The party backed Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) candidate Pushpa Kamal Dahal, and joined his government in August 2008. Khanal was elected party chairman and Ishwor Pokhrel general secretary by the eighth general convention in Butwal in February 2009.

In early May 2009, the CPN (UML) joined several other parties in leaving Dahal's coalition government after he sacked Army Chief of Staff Rookmangud Katawal. Following their withdrawal, they formed a new coalition government with the Nepali Congress and the Madhesi Jana Adhikar Forum under Madhav Kumar Nepal. Nepal resigned in June 2010 after failing to draft a new constitution. Following more than seven months of political stalemate, Khanal was elected prime minister in February 2011 with support from the UCPN (Maoist). He resigned in August after he failed to reach a consensus with the other parties on drafting a new constitution and the peace process. The party joined the next government, led by Baburam Bhattarai, on 28 August 2011. In November 2012, Ashok Kumar Rai broke away from the party along with other indigenous leaders and formed the Federal Socialist Party claiming that the party failed to address their concerns during the discussions for promulgation of the constitution.

2nd Constituent Assembly, 2013–2017
Following Bhattarai's dissolution of the 1st Constituent Assembly after its failure to draft a new constitution before the deadline, the CPN (UML) became the second-largest party after winning 175 of 575 elected seats in the 2013 elections. The party joined a coalition government under Sushil Koirala with the ruling Nepali Congress and the Rastriya Prajatantra Party. In July 2014, Khadga Prasad Oli became party chair after he defeated Madhav Kumar Nepal in the party's ninth general convention.

The new constitution was delivered by the coalition government on 20 September 2015. After the new constitution was drafted, Sushil Koirala resigned and party chairman Khadga Prasad Oli was elected prime minister with support from the UCPN (Maoist), the Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal and other parties. Oli resigned in July 2016 before a motion of no confidence supported by the Nepali Congress and the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre).

In the 2017 local elections, 14,099 councilors, including 294 municipal mayors and rural chairs, were elected from the party to local governments. Candidates for the party were elected as mayors in major cities, including the two largest cities Kathmandu and Pokhara Lekhnath.

1st Federal Parliament, 2017–2022

Left alliance and dissolution, 2017–2018

The party announced an alliance with the CPN (Maoist Centre) before the 2017 legislative and provincial elections. The party won 121 seats, becoming the largest party in the House of Representatives, and became the largest party in six of Nepal's seven provinces. After the election, the party maintained its alliance with the CPN (Maoist Centre) and formed coalition governments in Nepal's centre and six of the seven provinces. According to the power-sharing agreement, the CPN (UML) would lead governments in Province 1, Province 3, Province 4 and Province 5. In accordance with the agreement Sher Dhan Rai, Dormani Paudel, Prithivi Subba Gurung and Shankar Pokharel were appointed as chief ministers of their respective provinces.

In the 6 February 2018 National Assembly election, the CPN (UML) won 27 of 56 contested seats and again became the country's largest party. Party chairman Oli was elected the party's parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives and appointed prime minister on February 15. Bidya Devi Bhandari was re-elected president on March 13. After eight months of planning, the Unification Coordination Committee met to finalize plans for the merger of Nepal's biggest left-wing parties. On 17 May 2018, the party was dissolved and a new party, the Nepal Communist Party was formed from the CPN (UML) and the CPN (Maoist Centre).

Revival and internal conflict, 2021

On 8 March 2021, the Supreme Court of Nepal stated that the allocation of the name Nepal Communist Party upon the merger of the CPN (UML) and CPN (Maoist Centre), and by extension the merger itself, was void ab initio, as the name was already allotted to a party led by Rishiram Kattel, and that the NCP stood "dismissed". The Election Commission on 9 March 2021 formally split the party and the CPN (UML) was revived. Four members of the House of Representatives and one member of the National Assembly for CPN (Maoist Centre) also defected to CPN (UML) during the split but were dismissed as parliamentarians following their defection.

KP Sharma Oli lost a no-confidence motion on 9 May 2021 but was reappointed as prime minister four days later after the opposition failed to prove a majority. Chief minister of Gandaki, Prithvi Subba Gurung resigned before a no-confidence motion and chief Minister of Lumbini, Shankar Pokharel also lost a no-confidence motion but were similarly reappointed after the opposition failed to prove their majority.

A cabinet meeting chaired by prime minister and party chairman KP Sharma Oli recommended the president to dissolve the House of Representatives on 22 May 2021 after members of his party led by former prime ministers Madhav Kumar Nepal and Jhala Nath Khanal supported Nepali Congress leader Sher Bahadur Deuba as the next prime minister. The Supreme Court reinstated the House of Representatives on 12 July 2021 and Oli resigned from his post the next day and Deuba was appointed prime minister. Twenty-two members of the CPN (UML) voted for Deuba during his confidence vote defying the party whip.

The party also lost its government in Gandaki and Lumbini with Gurung losing a no-confidence motion and Pokharel resigning. Province 1 chief minister, Sher Dhan Rai and Bagmati chief minister Dormani Paudel were replaced in August of that year after losing support within their parliamentary party. They were replaced by Bhim Acharya and Asta Laxmi Shakya respectively who were elected by the parliamentary party.

Opposition and splits, 2021–2022

On 25 August 2021, former prime ministers Madhav Kumar Nepal and Jhala Nath Khanal split from the party along with 55 members of the Central Committee, 25 members of the House of Representatives and seven members of the National Assembly and formed the CPN (Unified Socialist). Following the split, the party lost its majority in Bagmati and Province 1 and Shakya and Acharya resigned following which the party was in opposition in all seven provinces.

The 10th National Convention of the party was held in Chitwan between 26 and 29 November 2021. The convention reelected KP Sharma Oli as the party chair. Hridayesh Tripathi who had been elected to the House of Representatives from the CPN (UML) formed a separate party, the People's Progressive Party in December 2021. Bamdev Gautam who served as the senior vice-chairman left the party in September 2021 and in June 2022 announced the formation of CPN (Unity National Campaign).

In the 2022 local elections, 11,929 councillors were elected from the party including 206 mayors and rural chairs. The party lost their mayoral seats in Kathmandu and Pokhara and failed to win the mayoral elections in any of the six metropolitan cities in the country.

2nd Federal Parliament (2022–present)
The party formed electoral pacts with People's Socialist Party, Rastriya Prajatantra Party and other minor parties to contest the 2022 general and provincial elections. Former deputy prime minister and Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal chair Kamal Thapa also contested the election under the party's electoral symbol. Influential leaders and incumbent members of parliament including Bhim Rawal, Ghanashyam Bhusal and Ram Bir Manandhar were denied tickets from the party. Bhusal and Manandhar later filed their candidacy as independents. Leaders associated with former MP Prabhu Sah who had joined the party from CPN (Maoist Centre) in 2021 also decided to contest the election as independents following dissatisfaction with the electoral pact with People's Socialist Party in Madhesh. The three leaders were later supported by the Democratic Left Alliance during the elections. Later leaders including Prabhu Sah and Ram Bir Manandhar formed Aam Janata Party.

The party won in 44 constituencies at the 2022 general election. The party got the most votes through proportional voting and won an additional 34 seats for a total of 78 seats to the House of Representatives making them the second largest parliamentary party. The party also emerged as the largest party in provincial assemblies in Province 1, Madhesh and Lumbini at the 2022 provincial elections.

The party backed CPN (Maoist Centre) chairman Pushpa Kamal Dahal's bid to become prime minister and joined a coalition government under him on 26 December 2022. Bishnu Prasad Paudel joined the cabinet as deputy prime minister and Minister of Finance along with three other CPN (UML) MPs but the alliance couldn't last more than 2 months. In the by-elections held in Bara 2, Tanahun 1 and Chitwan 2, the party was limited to third position in all these constituincies and couldn't cross 15% votes in any.

Ideology

The guiding principle of the party is Marxism–Leninism and it supports a socialism oriented economy but within the confines of a parliamentary system of governance. The party had adopted the line of People's Multiparty Democracy which was proposed by Madan Bhandari at the party's 5th National Convention in 1993. The party supports the establishment of a welfare system that guarantees social security and social justice to all citizens.

Symbol
The election symbol of CPN (UML) is the sun which is also present in the party logo. The hammer and sickle, a common symbol of communism, is also used in the party flag and logo. The party constitution determines that a golden hammer and sickle inside a red sun is the party's logo.

Organisation

Central organisation
The National Convention is the supreme body of CPN (UML) and it is organized every five years by the party's Central Committee. The national convention elects the central secretariat and the central committee of the party. The convention also discusses and approves political documents, organisational proposals and amendments to the party constitution.

The Central Committee of the party is the highest decision making body within general conventions and is responsible to the national convention. The National Convention elects a Central Secretariat consisting of a chair, a senior vice-chair, six vice-chairs, one general secretary, three deputy general secretaries and seven secretaries. The Central Secretariat along with other elected members make up the 301-member Central Committee of the party. The chairs of the seven provincial committees of the party are also ex-officio members of the Central Committee. One-third of the committee is also required to be female. The Central Committee also elects a 99-member Politburo and a 45-member Standing Committee among its members.

When the Central Committee is not in session the Politburo is the highest decision making body, the Standing Committee follows the Politburo in hierarchy and the Central Secretariat follows the Standing Committee. The National Convention also elects a Central Disciplinary Commission, a Central Accounts Commission and a Central Electoral Commission. A Central Advisory Council can also be formed by the Central Committee if needed.

Provincial and local organisation
Party committees exist at the provincial, district, local, ward and neighborhood level. In addition to this the party has a separate special committee in the Kathmandu Valley which is in the same level as the provincial committees in the party. The provincial committee holds a provincial convention every four years and the rest of the committees hold a convention every three years except for neighborhood committees which hold a convention every two years. The convention elects the leadership and members of the committee which is the supreme decision making body in between conventions. The party also has organisational committees for areas where the party does not have presence yet.

Electoral performance

Legislative elections

Provincial Assembly elections

Province 1

Madhesh

Bagmati

Gandaki

Lumbini

Karnali

Sudurpaschim

Local election

Leadership

Chairmen
 Man Mohan Adhikari, 1991–1999
 Jhala Nath Khanal, 2009–2014
 Khadga Prasad Oli, 2014–2018, 2021–present

General secretaries
 Madan Bhandari, 1993
 Madhav Kumar Nepal, 1993–2008
 Jhala Nath Khanal, 2008–2009
 Ishwor Pokhrel, 2009–2018, in 2021
 Shankar Pokhrel, 2021–present

Prime Ministers of Nepal

Chief Ministers

Province 1

Bagmati Province

Gandaki Province

Lumbini Province

Sudurpashchim Province

Sister organizations
 General Federation of Nepalese Trade Unions
 National Youth Association, Nepal
 All Nepal National Free Students Union
 All Nepal Women's Association
 All Nepal Peasants Association
 All India Nepalese Free Students Union
 Nepal National Teachers Association
 National People's Cultural Forum
 Democratic National Organization of Persons with Disabilities–Nepal

See also
 Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist)
 Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist) (1986–91)
 Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist) (1998)
 Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Socialist)
 Nepal Communist Party
 List of communist parties in Nepal

References

External links

  (in English and Nepalese)
 Information on the party from FES

1991 establishments in Nepal
2018 disestablishments in Nepal
2021 establishments in Nepal
Communist parties in Nepal
Political parties disestablished in 2018
Political parties established in 1991
Political parties established in 2021
International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties


البيبل (باللاتينية biblia أي كتاب) يشير عادة إلى
 الكتاب المقدس لدى المسيحيين أي العهد القديم والعهد الجديد أو طبعاته
 الكتاب العبري المقدس لدى اليهود التناخ
 كتاب مرجعي في أحد المواضيع

بيبل (توضيح)


Die Route nationale 612, kurz N 612 oder RN 612, war eine französische Nationalstraße, die von 1933 bis 1973 zwischen Estagel und Elne verlief. Ihre Länge betrug 42,5 Kilometer.

N 612a

Die Route nationale 612A, kurz N 612A oder RN 612A, war von 1933 bis 1973 eine französische Nationalstraße und zugleich ein Seitenast der N 612, der von dieser in Thuir abzweigte und nach Perpignan führte. Ihre Länge betrug 13,5 Kilometer.

Weblinks
 Route nationale française 612 auf WikiSara (französisch)
 Route nationale française 612A auf WikiSara (französisch)

612

Route nationale 612


En Mr. Potato Head er et legetøj bestående af en plastikmodel af en kartoffel, der kan dekoreres med en række plastdele, der kan fastgøres til hovedlegemet. Den blev opfundet af George Lerner fra Brooklyn i New York City i 1949.

Eksterne henvisninger

 http://www.hasbro.com/playskool/en_US/mrpotatohead/

Legetøj
Hasbro

Mr. Potato Head


Saraybosna, Bosna-Hersek'in başkenti.
 Saraybosna Kantonu,  Bosna-Hersek Federasyonu'nu oluşturan 10 kantondan biri.
 Yeni Saraybosna, Bosna-Hersek'te bir belediye.

Saraybosna (anlam ayrımı)


El Fantasma de las Navidades Futuras o Espíritu de las Navidades Futuras es un personaje de ficción de la obra de Charles Dickens, A Christmas Carol (Cuento de Navidad). Su llegada es la tercera visita anunciada por el fallecido Marley. Según el relato, era un espectro al que no se le veía la cara, el cual se vestía completamente de negro. En todo caso, si tuviera, sería una calavera parecida a la muerte. En el Cuento de Navidad, hace que Scrooge cambie definitivamente. Es la cuarta y última aparición que se le presenta a Scrooge esa noche.

Según Un Cuento de Navidad
Es un espíritu que nace de la sombra de Scrooge. Era un espíritu silencioso. Su primera acción fue arremeter contra Scrooge de forma tan violenta que el señor cayo por aquellas escaleras. Scrooge vio que había caído por las escaleras. Unos hombres se reían de la muerte de alguien. Esos hombres se separaron dejando a Scrooge solo, en medio de la plaza. La sombra de Scrooge volvió a cambiar, formando la del espíritu. El espíritu tenía un brazo extendido señalando a un coche fúnebre. El coche empezó a perseguirlo. Scrooge vio que el conductor, los caballos negros, la marca del coche... ¡Era el mismo coche fúnebre que había llevado el cuerpo muerto de su socio, Jacob Marley! ¡Venía hacia él! Scrooge fue menguando y se metió en unos tubos. Al salir del tubo observó que el coche fúnebre estaba ahora dirigido por el mismo espíritu, que hizo que Scrooge cayera a unas alcantarillas. Llegó a la tienda de trapos y botellas "El viejo Joe". La criada de Scrooge comerciaba con unos pijamas, telas y prendas. La Sra. Tilber, la criada, se pavoneaba de las prendas que eran terriblemente familiares para Scrooge. Joe, el dueño de la tienda, divisó a una rata que miraba a Scrooge. Joe golpeó a la rata con una vara que hizo saltar por los aires a Scrooge. Al caer, Scrooge noto que se encontraba en una habitación, donde vio a un hombre fallecido en una cama; cuando el espíritu extendió su mano para quitarle la sábana que cubría su cara, Scrooge le dijo que no lo hiciera, ya que el no se encontraba capaz de verlo, entonces, el espíritu retiró su mano. Luego de esto, el espíritu le mostró una joven pareja en su casa, alegrándose de la muerte del hombre, quien era el Acreedor de dicha pareja. Cayó en un cementerio. Finalmente, el espíritu lleva a Scrooge a la casa de su empleado, Bob Cratchit, y le muestra que el hijo de este último, El pequeño Tim, falleció debido a que no tenían los recursos para pagar su tratamiento. Luego de esto, Scrooge horrorizado le pide al espíritu que le muestre el hombre fallecido que tanto habían mencionado, así que el espíritu lleva a Scrooge a un cementerio, donde el espíritu le muestra entonces la tumba abandonada de ese hombre, y Scrooge descubre con horror que el nombre escrito en la lápida es el suyo, y que el hombre muerto del que hablaban las personas que ha visto era él mismo. Llorando, Scrooge asegura al espíritu que cambiará de actitud para poder borrar el nombre escrito en la lápida. En ese momento, Scrooge despierta en su habitación, descubriendo que es la mañana de Navidad y que su viaje con los espíritus ha durado una sola noche. Es entonces cuando se convierte en un hombre generoso y amable y decide finalmente celebrar la Navidad feliz y tranquilo.

Personajes navideños
Brujos ficticios

Fantasma de las Navidades Futuras


A cake is a doughy confection made of flour, sugar and other ingredients and usually baked. In their earliest forms, cakes were a modification of bread, but cakes now encompass a wide range of preparations that can be simple or elaborate and share features with desserts such as pastries, meringues, custards, and pies. The most common ingredients are flour, sugar, eggs, fat (such as butter, oil, or margarine), liquid, and a leavening agent such as baking soda or baking powder. Common additional ingredients include dried, candied or fresh fruits, nuts, extracts such as cocoa and vanilla, many substitutes for the primary ingredients. Cakes may be iced with preserves, nuts or dessert sauces (such as custard, jelly, cooked fruit, whipped cream or syrup),[1] buttercream or other icing, and decorated with marzipan, piped borders or candied fruit. Cake is often served as a celebratory dish on festive occasions like weddings, anniversaries and birthdays. There are countless cake recipes; Some are bread-like, some are rich and elaborate, and many are centuries old. Cake making is no longer a complicated procedure; Once upon a time making cakes (especially whipping eggs) involved considerable labor, baking equipment and directions have been simplified for even the most novice of cooks.

කේක් යනු පිටි, සීනි සහ අනෙකුත් අමුද්‍රව්‍ය වලින් සාදන ලද පිටි රසකැවිල්ලක් වන අතර සාමාන්‍යයෙන් බේක් කරනු ලැබේ. ඔවුන්ගේ පැරණිතම ආකාරවලින්, කේක් යනු පාන් වෙනස් කිරීමකි, නමුත් කේක් දැන් සරල හෝ විස්තීර්ණ විය හැකි සහ පේස්ට්‍රි, මෙරිංගු, කස්ටඩ් සහ පයි වැනි අතුරුපස සමඟ විශේෂාංග බෙදා ගන්නා පුළුල් පරාසයක සූදානම ආවරණය කරයි. වඩාත් සුලභ අමුද්‍රව්‍ය වන්නේ පිටි, සීනි, බිත්තර, මේදය (බටර්, තෙල් හෝ මාගරින් වැනි), දියරයක් සහ ෙබ්කිං සෝඩා හෝ ෙබ්කිං පවුඩර් වැනි මුහුන් දැමීමේ කාරකයකි. සාමාන්‍ය අතිරේක අමුද්‍රව්‍ය අතර වියලන ලද, කැන්ඩිඩ් හෝ නැවුම් පලතුරු, ඇට වර්ග, කොකෝවා සහ වැනිලා වැනි සාරය, ප්‍රාථමික අමුද්‍රව්‍ය සඳහා බොහෝ ආදේශක ඇතුළත් වේ. කේක් ගෙඩි කල් තබා ගන්නා ද්‍රව්‍ය, ඇට වර්ග හෝ අතුරුපස සෝස් (කස්ටඩ්, ජෙලි, පිසූ පලතුරු, විප් ක්‍රීම් හෝ සිරප් වැනි),[1] බටර් ක්‍රීම් හෝ වෙනත් අයිසිංවලින් අයිස් කර, මාසිපන්, පයිප් බෝඩර් හෝ කැන්ඩිඩ් පලතුරුවලින් සරසා ගත හැකිය. කේක් බොහෝ විට මංගල උත්සව, සංවත්සර සහ උපන්දින වැනි උත්සව අවස්ථාවන්හිදී සැමරුම් කෑමක් ලෙස සේවය කරයි. ගණන් කළ නොහැකි කේක් වට්ටෝරු තිබේ; සමහර ඒවා පාන් වැනි ය, සමහර ඒවා පොහොසත් හා විස්තීර්ණ ය, බොහෝ ඒවා සියවස් ගණනක් පැරණි ය. කේක් සෑදීම තවදුරටත් සංකීර්ණ ක්රියා පටිපාටියක් නොවේ; වරෙක කේක් සෑදීමට (විශේෂයෙන් බිත්තර පෙණ ගැසීම) සැලකිය යුතු ශ්‍රමයක් වැය වූ අතර, වඩාත් ආධුනික කෝකියන්ට පවා පිළිස්සීමේ උපකරණ සහ දිශාවන් සරල කර ඇත

Chocolate Birthday cake


Metilensko modrilo ili tetrametiltionin-klorid, je fenotiazinski kemijski spoj, zelenomodra kristalna tvar metalna sjaja, najvažniji predstavnik (bazičnih) tijazinskih bojila. Upotrebljava se kao bojilo za papir, rjeđe i za pamuk, lan, konoplju i kožu, u mikroskopiji za bojenje bakterija, u medicini kao antiseptik. Lako se reducira u bezbojan oblik pa kao akceptor (primalac) vodika i kemijski indikator služi u istraživanju bioloških redoks reakcija.

Organski obojeni pigmenti
Za razliku od anorganskih pigmenata, koji su poznati od davnine, organski su se pigmenti u posljednjih stotinjak godina veoma razvili, zahvaljujući velikim dostignućima kemije sintetskih materijala, te razvoju grafičke industrije i sve većoj upotrebi raznobojnog tiska. Organski su pigmenti, kao i bojila, obojene čvrste tvari, koje se prema svom sastavu ubrajaju u organske spojeve. Međutim, od bojila se bitno razlikuju po tome što su praktički netopljivi u mediju u kojemu se primjenjuju, pa se upotrebljavaju u obliku sitne suspenzije.

U usporedbi s anorganskim pigmentima, u organskim je pigmentima šira paleta boja i veći izbor prijelaznih nijansi, veća jakost i svjetloća boje, čišći ton, izdašniji su i veće gustoće. Organski pigmenti nisu toliko postojani na povišenim temperaturama, zbog topljivosti, iako slabe, neotporni su prema organskim otapalima, a osim toga, mnogo su skuplji od anorganskih pigmenata. Njihova je pokrivna moć slabija od moći pokrivanja anorganskih pigmenata, ali su stoga prozirni (transparentni), što je njihova posebna odlika, osobito cijenjena u tiskarstvu. To se ogleda i u pregledu njihove potrošnje: 45% organskih pigmenata troši se za pripravu tiskarskih boja, 36% za pigmentiranje sredstava za ličenje, 15% za bojenje sintetskih materijala, a ostatak od 4% u različite druge svrhe.

Za razlikovanje velikog mnoštva sintetskih organskih pigmenata od velike je pomoći njihova podjela prema oznakama navedenim u međunarodno priznatom indeksu (eng. Colour Index). Oznaka se za svaki pojedini pigment sastoji od slova i brojaka, a opisuje vrstu tvari, boju, redni broj i pripadnost nekoj od grupa kemijskih spojeva. Tako na primjer, oznaka C.I. PR 177, 65 300 označuje da je to prema Colour Index (C.I.) pigment (P) crvene (R) boje, rednog broja 177, koji pripada grupi antrakinonskih (od 58 000 do 72 999) pigmenata.

Organski su pigmenti sintetski spojevi koji se prema svojoj kemijskoj strukturi mogu višestruko razvrstati. Obično se razlikuju dvije glavne grupe organskih pigmenata: azo pigmenti i ostali organski pigmenti. Iako je zajedničko strukturno svojstvo druge grupe što su to policiklički spojevi s kondenziranim prstenima, ta grupa organskih pigmenata obuhvaća vrlo različite organske spojeve, od kojih su najvažniji ftalocijanini, dioksazini i karbonilni policiklički spojevi.

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Metilensko modrilo


Charles Benjamin Amirkhanian (born January 19, 1945; Fresno, California) is an American composer. He is a percussionist, sound poet, and radio producer of Armenian origin. He is mostly known for his electroacoustic and text-sound music. Performance artist Laurie Anderson praises his work: "The art of audio collage has been reinvented here... A brilliant sense of imaginary space."

Career
Amirkhanian received his Master of Fine Arts from Mills College in 1980, where he studied electronic music and techniques of sound recording. He was music director of Pacifica Radio's KPFA-FM in Berkeley, California, from 1969 to 1992, and he was a lecturer in the Interdisciplinary Creative Arts Department at San Francisco State University from 1977 to 1980. He co-directed the Telluride Institute's Composer to Composer festival in Telluride, Colorado, between 1988 and 1991. Amirkhanian is the executive director and artistic director of the Other Minds Music Festival in San Francisco, which he co-founded with Jim Newman in 1992. He has played a key role in recording and championing the work of Conlon Nancarrow and George Antheil, among others.

In 1984, the American Music Center awarded him its Letter of Distinction for service to American composers through his work at KPFA FM in Berkeley, California. This was followed in 2005 by another for his co-founding and directing the Other Minds Festival in San Francisco. From ASCAP in 1989 he received the Deems Taylor Award, also for service to American composers. Amirkhanian received a 1997 Foundation for Contemporary Arts Grants to Artists Award. In 2009, Chamber Music America and ASCAP honored him for his Adventurous Programming of Contemporary Music with Other Minds.
In 2017, the American Composers Forum honored him with its Champion of New Music award.

Discography

 10+2: 12 American Text-Sound Pieces (1975). 1750 Arch Records S-1752 (LP) reissued in 2003 on Other Minds/CD 1006-2 compilation which includes Amirkhanian's 'Just (1972)' and 'Heavy Aspirations (1973)
 Lexical Music (1979). 1750 Arch Records S-1779 (LP)
 Polipoetry Issues Numero 3: American Sound Poetry (1983). 3Vitre – EM 00383 (limited edition 7" LP) Compilation containing Amirkhanian's 'The Putts'
 Mental Radio: Nine Text-Sound Compositions (1985). CRI-SD 523 (LP); reissued in 2009 on New World Records NWCRL 523 (CD)
 Perspectives of New Music (1988). Compilation CD accompanying volume 26 issue. Contains: Pas de Voix (Portrait of Samuel Beckett)
 Charles Amirkhanian and Noah Creshevsky: Auxesis: Electroacoustic Music, Centaur Records 1995 – CRC 2194
 Walking Tune (1998). Starkland ST-206. "One of the Year's 20 best CDs," according to the Electronic Music Foundation.
 Charles Amirkhanian: Loudspeakers (2019). New World Records 80817 (2-CD set). "What links all these pieces is a creative ambiguity of genre, a delight in shifting back and forth between elements whose sources can be recognized and those whose can't." – Kyle Gann
 Miatsoom (2021). Other Minds Records OM 1029-2 Contains: Dzarin Bess Ga Khorim, Roussier (not Rouffier), Three Armenians, & Miatsoom
 Charles Amirkhanian & Carol Law Hypothetical Moments—Collaborative Works 1975-1985 (2022). Other Minds Records OM 4001 DVD. Video works by Carol Law, music by Amirkhanian. Contains: History of Collage, Audience, Tremolo Bank, Dog of Stravinsky, Maria, The Real Perpetual Mobile, Mahogany Ballpark, Hypothetical Moments (in the intellectual life of Southern California), Awe, And as, Dreams Freud Dreamed, Too True. 81 Minutes. All regions NTSC. "Though they fracture almost all of the rules, there remains a refined, classical undertone and motivation to their work. The resultant combination of voice and visual image was magical . . . Amirkhanian and Law presented a new approach to using the most classic instruments of all—the voice, the eyes and the ears . . . a fitting tribute to the brilliant potential of New Music."  — Jack Kolkmeyer, The Santa Fe Reporter, 1983.

Partial list of works

Tape works unless otherwise noted; † indicates optional live voice(s).

 Symphony I (for 13 players, 1965)
 Words (1969)
 Oratora Konkurso Rezulto: Autoro de la Jaro (Portrait of Lou Harrison, 1970)
 If In Is (1971)
 Radii (1970/2)
 Dzarin Bess Ga Khorim (1972)
 Just (1972)
 Heavy Aspirations (1973)
 Seatbelt Seatbelt (1973)
 Roussier (not Rouffier) (1973)
 Mugic (1973)
 she and she (1974)
 Muchrooms (1974)
 Mahogany Ballpark (1976)
 Dutiful Ducks (1977) †
 Dreams Freud Dreamed (1979)
 Egusquiza to Falsetto (chamber ensemble with tape, with Margaret Fisher, 1979)
 Church Car (1980) †
 Nite Traps (1981)
 Dot Bunch (1981)
 Hypothetical Moments (In the Intellectual Life of Southern California, 1981)
 Maroa (1981) †
 Too True (1982) †
 Dog of Stravinsky (1982)
 Andas (1982)†
 The Real Perpetuum Mobile (1984)
 Gold and Spirit (1984)
 Metropolis San Francisco (1985-6)
 Dumbek Bookache (1986) †
 Walking Tune (A Room-Music for Percy Grainger, 1986–87)
 His Anxious Hours (chamber ensemble with tape, 1987)
 Pas de Voix (Portrait of Samuel Beckett, 1987)
 Politics as Usual (1988)
 Never Say Die (1989)
 Im Frühling (1990)
 Vers Les Anges (for Nicolas Slonimsky, 1990)
 Bajanoom (1990)
 Loudspeakers (for Morton Feldman, 1990)
 A Berkelium Canon (1991, with Henry Kaiser)
 Chu Lu Lu (1992)
 Ka Himeni Hehena (The Raving Mad Hymn, 1997) †
 Miatsoom (1994–97)
 Son of Metropolis San Francisco (1997)
 Marathon (1997) †
 Octet for Ratchets (amplified percussion ensemble, 1998)
 Pianola (Pas de mains, 1997–2000)
 Mqsical Lou (2003)
 Rippling the Lamp (violin and tape, 2006–7)
 Quince Quinoa (2007) †
 Audible Autopsy (2021) (solo string bass and offstage interviewer)
 Ratchet Attach It (2021) (9 percussion with tape)

References

External links
Golden, Barbara. "Conversation with Charles Amirkhanian." eContact! 12.2 – Interviews (2) (April 2010). Montréal: Canadian Electroacoustic Community.
Other Minds: Amirkhanian
American Maverick: An interview with Charles Amirkhanian by Alan Baker, Minnesota Public Radio, June 2002.
CDeMUSIC: Charles Amirkhanian
Walking Tune Starkland CD
Starkland compilation CD
Interview by Mark Alburger, "Dinner in the Loop with Charles Amirkhanian". 20th Century Music, Vol. 4, No. 5, May 1997.
"Other Minds' Finds," Jeff Dunn, San Francisco Classical Voice, February 25, 2009.
"Future Sounds: The Other Minds Festival Gears Up," Georgia Rowe, San Francisco Classical Voice, March 1, 2011.
"Other Minds Festival: Connecting to Composers," Brett Campbell, San Francisco Classical Voice, February 16, 2012.
"Out of This World, Ahead of Time: Conlon Nancarrow," Brett Campbell, San Francisco Classical Voice, October 31, 2012.
"4,000 KPFA/OM Tapes Online: Yours for the Click," Janos Gereben, San Francisco Classical Voice, July 9, 2013.
"Exploring Depths in Other Minds," Jeff Kaliss, San Francisco Classical Voice, February 12, 2013.
"Other Minds 2015 Merges Art and Politics, Jason Victor Serinus, San Francisco Classical Voice, March 6, 2015.
"Playful Music Captures Other Minds' Spirit," Giacomo Fiore, San Francisco Classical Voice, March 10, 2015.
"The Arditti Quartet Champions the Maximalist Microtonality of Ivan Wyschnegradsky," Rebecca Wishnia, San Francisco Classical Voice, March 25, 2019.
"From the East Bay, Charles Amirkhanian gives us a new soundtrack of San Francisco," Joshua Kosman, San Francisco Chronicle, January 14, 2020.
"Keeping up with Charles Amirkhanian," Jeff Kaliss, San Francisco Classical Voice, October 19, 2020.
"Growing New Music with Other Minds," Lou Fancher, San Francisco Classical Voice, January 21, 2020.
"Improvisation Drives the Other Minds Festival This Year," Emily Wilson, San Francisco Classical Voice, October 12, 2021.
"At Other Minds, Experimental Music Is Serious Fun," San Francisco Classical Voice, October 11, 2022.
"On Screen: Films and DVDs," The Wire, Issue 469, March 2023, pg 78.

Listening
Art of the States, three works by Charles Amirkhanian
UbuWeb: Charles Amirkhanian featuring music from Amirkhanian's LP Mental Radio
Riding the Meridian: Ka Himeni Hehena, Sound/Text by Charles Amirkhanian
Author page at Lyrikline.org, with audio and text.

American classical composers
American public radio personalities
American radio producers
American sound artists
Sound poets
1945 births
Living people
American male classical composers
American people of Armenian descent
Pacifica Foundation people
Musicians from Fresno, California
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
21st-century American composers
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
Centaur Records artists

Charles Amirkhanian