Giovanni Villani (;  1276 or 1280 – 1348) was an Italian banker, official, diplomat and chronicler from Florence who wrote the Nuova Cronica (New Chronicles) on the history of Florence. He was a leading statesman of Florence but later gained an unsavoury reputation and served time in prison as a result of the bankruptcy of a trading and banking company he worked for. His interest in and elaboration of economic details, statistical information, and political and psychological insight mark him as a more modern chronicler of late medieval Europe. His Cronica is viewed as the first introduction of statistics as a positive element in history.
However, historian Kenneth R. Bartlett notes that, in contrast to his Renaissance-era successors, "his reliance on such elements as divine providence links Villani closely with the medieval vernacular chronicle tradition." In recurring themes made implicit through significant events described in his Cronica, Villani also emphasized three assumptions about the relationship of sin and morality to historical events, these being that excess brings disaster, that forces of right and wrong are in constant struggle, and that events are directly influenced by the will of God.

Villani was inspired to write his Cronica after attending the jubilee celebration in Rome in 1300 and noting the venerable history of that city. He outlined the events in his Cronica year for year, following a strictly linear narrative format. He provided intricate details on many important historical events of the city of Florence and the wider region of Tuscany, such as construction projects, floods, fires, famines, and plagues.

While continuing work on the Cronica and detailing the enormous loss of life during the Black Death in 1348, Villani died of the same illness. His work on the Cronica was continued by his brother and nephew. Villani's work has received both praise and criticism from modern historians. The criticism is mostly aimed at his emphasis on supernatural guidance of events, his organizational style, and his glorification of the papacy and Florence.

Life and career

Giovanni Villani was born into the Florentine merchant middle class. He was the son of Villano di Stoldi di Bellincione, who came from an old and well-respected arti maggiori family of merchants. Villani was a member of the Arte di Calimala (wool finishers) guild in Florence since 1300, serving on the mercanzia council of eight. During that year he visited Rome during the jubilee celebration. After observing the well-known ancient monuments of Rome and acknowledging its renowned historical personages, he was inspired to write the Cronica, a universal history of Florence in a strictly linear, year-by-year format. During the early years of the 14th century, he gained political perspective by travelling throughout Italy, Switzerland, France and Flanders for the Peruzzi bank, of which he was a shareholder from 1300 to 1308. Traveling abroad as a factor for the company, Villani was paid a regular salary in addition to his shareholding profits. On May 15, 1306, one of the first exchange contracts (cambium) to mention the city of Bruges involved two parties: Giovanni Villani, representing the Peruzzi Company, granting a loan to Tommaso Fini, representing the Gallerani Company of Siena. Villani and his brother Matteo transferred most of their economic activities to the Buonaccorsi firm by 1322. Giovanni Villani was a co-director of Buonaccorsi in 1324. The Buonaccorsi handled banking and commodity trade activities, spreading their influence throughout Italy, France, Flanders, England and several places in the Mediterranean.

Villani returned to Florence in 1307 where he married and settled down for a life of city politics. He became one of the priors of Florence in 1316 and 1317. At the same time, he participated in the crafty diplomatic tactics that resulted in peace with Pisa and Lucca. As head of the mint beginning in 1316, he collected its earlier records and created a register of all the coins struck in Florence. In 1321, he was again chosen prior, and in 1324 was deputed to inspect the rebuilding of the city walls. He went with the Florentine army to fight against Castruccio Castracani, lord of Lucca, and was present at Altopascio during Florence's defeat. In his Cronica, he gave a detailed account of why Florence was unable to acquire Lucca after the death of Castruccio Castracani.

A famine spread across Tuscany in 1328. From 1329 to 1330 Villani was a commune-appointed magistrate of provisioning protecting Florence from the famine's worst effects. In order to mitigate rising levels of starvation and assuage peasant discontent, grain was speedily imported from Sicily through Talamone,  were taken from the city purse by the Florentine commune to aid the relief effort, and all the city's bakers had their ovens requisitioned by the government so that loaves of bread could be sold at affordable prices to the riotous and starving poor.

Villani was sent on another diplomatic mission in 1329, this time to Bologna to meet Cardinal Bertrand de Pouget. From 1330 to 1331 he superintended the making of Andrea Pisano's bronze doors for the Baptistry. At the same time, he served as the consul for his guild of the Arte di Calimala and watched over the raising of the campanile of the Badìa. He was also sent with others as a hostage to Ferrara, to ensure that Florence made good on a debt; he resided there for some months in 1341.

Villani often expressed an optimistic viewpoint in his writing; this changed with the short-lived regime of Walter VI of Brienne, a despot invited to Florence and granted signoria. In fact, after experiencing his own financial troubles, a terminated career, and the failure of Florence in international affairs, and witnessing a host of different natural calamities and the onset of the Black Death in Europe, he became convinced that the apocalypse and final judgement was near. The bankruptcy of the Buonaccorsi Company led to Villani's conviction and imprisonment in 1346, as he was a main partner. Other banking companies also went bankrupt, such as the Peruzzi in 1343 and the Compagnia dei Bardi in 1346 (they were allied in a joint venture by 1336); Villani calculated that before their bankruptcy the Peruzzi had lost some 600,000 florins and the Bardi had lost some 900,000 florins. Although Villani attributed the losses to the companies' massive monetary loans to Edward III of England which were never repaid, historian Edwin S. Hunt suggests that the firms simply lacked the resources to have made such loans, which in all probability were much smaller and were not the key reasons for the companies' failures. The Bardi and Peruzzi were just two of many European banks that Edward III accepted loans from, prominent members of the Bardi and other Florentine families were owed only 63,000 Florins by Edward in 1348, and even a mass of small lenders and investors in Florence could not have made the necessary loan to England. The figure Villani asserted of 400,000 Florins owed to the Peruzzi by Edward alone equalled Villani's estimate for the entire payroll of 30,000 workers of the Florentine cloth industry in 1338. Hunt asserts that the failures of the Florentine banks seems closely tied to the expansionist policy of Florence in Tuscany, hoping that newly conquered territory would yield greater security for their trade with northern Europe, but instead resulted in costly campaigns and little profit. In addition to the questionable figures Villani posed for the Peruzzi and Bardi companies, it is also known that several events described in his Cronica surrounding the Buonaccorsi's bankruptcy were written to deliberately obscure the truth about the company's fraudulent behavior; Miller writes that "this is one of the most convincing conclusions" of historian Michele Luzzati's Giovanni Villani e la Compagnia dei Buonaccorsi (1971).

Villani and the Buonaccorsi had gained an unsavory reputation as early as 1331, when Villani was tried (and cleared) for barratry for his part in building the new third circuit of walls around Florence. Charles, Duke of Calabria had granted the Buonaccorsi the right to tax three of the six districts of Florence, which did not help Villani's reputation amongst his fellow citizens. In early June 1342, partners and agents of the Buonaccorsi suddenly fled Florence, Avignon, and Naples, following bankruptcy proceedings by creditors, nearly all of whom had deposits in the Buonaccorsi bank. Like other Florentine bankers and companies having difficulty with bankruptcy at the time, in September 1342 they supported the move to invite Walter VI of Brienne to become the next signor of Florence. Walter later suspended all legal actions taken against the Buonaccorsi and other company partners for nearly a year.

However, the legal case against the company was reopened and resumed in October 1343, after the violent overthrow of Walter VI. It is unclear how long Villani served his prison sentence for alleged misconduct during the economic disaster of 1346. It is known that he was imprisoned in the Carceri delle Stinche. After the overthrow of the Brienne regime and a subsequent but short-lived aristocratic signoria, the novi cives or new families—some even from the lesser guilds—rose up in late September 1343 and established a government that provided them with much greater representation in officialdom. Villani and other chroniclers disdained these rustic non-aristocrats who suddenly rose to power, considering them brazen upstarts incapable of governance. Villani's class was at a constitutional disadvantage, as twenty-one guilds representing twenty-one equal voices in government meant that the oligarchy of higher guildsmen was "helplessly outnumbered" as historian John M. Najemy states. Yet by the 1350s the general attitude towards the novi cives had changed much, as even Villani's brother Matteo depicted them in a heroic light for being united in a coalition with the merchants and artisans to curb oligarchic power. Villani was also a staunch supporter of what he deemed the liberties of the Church, while criticizing the new popular government of the novi cives since they protested against the many legal exemptions the Church enjoyed. However, he did find civic pride in that the whole city—including the novi cives—had joined together in an uprising against Walter VI, whose sins of imposing tyranny were, to Villani, sufficient justification for the violence needed to overthrow him.

Nuova Cronica

Villani's work is an Italian chronicle written from the perspective of the political class of Florence just as the city rose to a rich and powerful position. Only scanty and partly legendary records had preceded his work, and there is little known of events before the death of Countess Matilda in 1115. The Chronica de origine civitatis was composed sometime before 1231, but there is little comparison between this work and Villani's; mid-20th-century historian Nicolai Rubinstein states that the legendary accounts in this earlier chronicle were "arbitrarily selected by a compiler whose learning and critical faculties were considerably below the standard of his age." In contrast, Rubinstein states Villani provided "a mature expression" of Florentine history. Yet Villani still relied upon the Chronica de origine civitatis as the prime source for Florence's early history in his narrative.

In the 36th chapter of Book 8, Villani states that the idea of writing the Cronica was suggested to him during the jubilee of Rome in 1300, under the following circumstances after Pope Boniface VIII made in honor of Christ's nativity a great indulgence; Villani writes:

And being on that blessed pilgrimage in the sacred city of Rome and seeing its great and ancient monuments and reading the great deeds of the Romans as described by Virgil, Sallust, Lucan, Livy, Valerius, Orosius, and other masters of history ... I took my prompting from them although I am a disciple unworthy of such an undertaking. But in view of the fact that our city of Florence, daughter and offspring of Rome, was mounting and pursuing great purposes, while Rome was in its decline, I thought it proper to trace in this chronicle the origins of the city of Florence, so far as I have been able to recover them, and to relate the city's further development at greater length, and at the same time to give a brief account of events throughout the world as long as it please God, in the hope of whose favor I undertook the said enterprise rather than in reliance on my own poor wits. And thus in the year 1300, on my return from Rome, I began to compile this book in the name of God and the blessed John the Baptist and in honor of our city of Florence.

In his writing, Villani states that he considers Florence to be the "daughter and creation of Rome," but asserts Rome's decline and Florence's rise as a great city compelled him to lay out a detailed history of the city. To emphasize the imperial greatness of Florentine history, Villani also asserted that the city was given a second founding when it was rebuilt by Charlemagne (r. 800–814 as Holy Roman Emperor)—which was absent from the Chronica de origine civitatis. Historian J. K. Hyde writes that the idea of Florence being the daughter of Rome would have given the Florentines a sense of destiny, while the second founding by Charlemagne provided historical context for alliance with France, which Hyde calls "the touchstone of Guelphism". Villani's reasoning for Rome's decline was the schisms of the Church and rebellion against the papal institution, while the ascension of Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 962–973) allowed for the conditions of Florence's rise against enemies of papal authority, such as Florentine-conquered Fiesole. Villani was certain that the Republic of Florence had experienced a great setback on its path to glory with the defeat of the Guelphs by the Ghibellines at the Battle of Montaperti in 1260. Despite this, Villani states that the paramount prosperity and tranquility of the city by 1293 was evidenced by the fact that its gates were no longer locked at night and that indirect taxes such as the gate fee (common in times of war) were not levied. Historian Felicity Ratté states that the validity of this comment should be heavily scrutinized considering the Florence statutes of 1290 that designated employment for individuals in charge of locking the city gates. Villani also contradicts himself by writing of a night attack on Florence in 1323 which clearly demonstrates the fact that the gates were locked at night.

In 1300 or shortly after, Villani began working on the Cronica, which was divided into twelve books; the first six deal with the largely legendary history of Florence, starting at conventionally biblical times with the story of the Tower of Babel up to the year 1264. The second phase, in six books, covered the history from 1264 until his own time, all the way up to 1346. He outlined the events in his Cronica in year-to-year accounts; for this he has gained criticism over the years for writing in an episodic manner lacking a unifying theme or point of view. He wrote his Cronica in the vernacular language rather than Latin, the language of the educated elite. His chronicles are intercut with historical episodes reported just as he heard them, sometimes with little interpretation. This often led to historical inaccuracies in his work, especially in the biographies of historical or contemporary people living outside of Florence (even with well-known monarchs).

Despite numerous mistakes, Villani often displayed an insider's knowledge on many subjects, as a result of his extensive travels and access to both official and private documents. For example, De Vries states that he wrote one of the most accurate accounts of the Battle of Crécy during the Hundred Years' War, including information that the archers were placed precariously behind the English and Welsh infantry, not on the flanks as others asserted. While describing detailed events unfolding within the city, Villani would name every individual street, square, bridge, family, and person involved, assuming his readers would have the same intimate knowledge of Florence as he did.

Villani is perhaps unequalled for the value of the statistical data he has preserved. For example, he recorded that in Florence there were 80 banks, 146 bakeries, 80 members in an association of city judges with 600 notaries, 60 physicians and surgical doctors, 100 shops and dealers of spices, 8,000 to 10,000 children attending primary school each year, 550 to 600 students attending 4 different schools for Scholastic knowledge, 13,200 bushels of grain consumed weekly by the city, and 70,000 to 80,000 pieces of cloth produced in the workshops of the Arte della Lana each year, the latter having a total value of .

Villani was a Guelph, but his book is much more taken up with an inquiry into what is useful and true than with factional party considerations. In a departure from Guelph politics, he favored republicanism over monarchy, praising the philosopher Brunetto Latini as "the master and initiator in refining the Florentines, in making them skilled in good speaking and in knowing how to guide and rule our republic according to political science." However, Villani admitted in his writing that republicanism bred factional strife, that benevolent rulers like Robert of Naples were sometimes needed to keep order, and republicanism could become tyrannical if it came to represent only one class (such as exclusive favoring of aristocrats, merchants, or artisans). When detailing the construction of the Florence Cathedral and the artist Giotto di Bondone as the designer of the new bell tower, Villani called him "the most sovereign master of painting in his time." Villani's Cronica also provides the first known biography of Dante Alighieri (1265–1321), author of the Divine Comedy, who Villani described as haughty, disdainful, and reserved. In his revised Cronica of 1322, Villani shortened Dante's biography and the amount of quotations taken from his Divine Comedy. Villani's actions are explained by Richard H. Lansing and Teodolinda Barolini, who write: "Evidently two decades after the poet's death a conservative writer closely identified with the Florentine state still felt obliged to distance himself from the most outspoken critic of the basis of that state's prestige."

Historian Louis Green writes that the Cronica was written with three general assumptions about morality which shaped the organization of the work, "[channeling] events into recurring patterns of significance." These general assumptions were that excess brings disaster, that history is governed by a struggle between right and wrong, and that there is a direct connection between the events of the natural world and the overriding, supernatural and divine will of God who intercedes in these events. For example, Villani described the story of Count Ugolini of Pisa, who at the height of attaining his ill-gotten wealth and power was overthrown and eventually starved to death along with his sons. Green writes that this story in the Cronica bears a resemblance to the ancient Greek story of Polycrates and his ring in the work of Herodotus. However, Green notes that Villani's "cautionary tales" disembarked from the Classical Greek tradition of the arrogant and haughty rich falling from fortune due to the Greek belief in equalizing forces determining one's unavoidable fate, which Green calls "excessive good fortune having to be balanced by an appropriate measure of sorrow." Villani's adherence to Medieval Christianity allowed him to suggest retribution was delivered because of sin and insult to God. He stressed that those who gained prestige would fall prey to pride; confidence in their position would then lead them to sin, and sin would bring on a stage of decline. Villani wrote:

... it seems that it happens in the lordships and states of earthly dignitaries, that as they are at their highest peak, so presently does their decline and ruin follow, and not without the providence of divine justice, in order to punish sins and so that no one should place his trust in fallacious good fortune.

For Villani, this theory of sin and morality being tied directly with fate and fortune fit well with the ultimate fate of the Capetian dynasty of France. The House of Capet was once the champion of the Church and ally of the papacy. However, Villani correlated Philip the Fair's defiance of Pope Boniface VIII and seizure of the Templar's wealth with later Capetian misfortunes, such as Philip's death in a hunting accident, the adultery of the wives of his three sons, the death of his heirs, and even French defeats in the early stages of the Hundred Years' War. Green points out that in Villani's writing there are two significant earthly powers that seem to be exempt or immune from this theory of immorality leading to downfall: Florence and the papacy. The interests of these two powers represent, as Green states, "the kingpin of Villani's scheme of historical interpretation."

Besides Divine Providence, Villani acknowledged other events that he believed were explainable via the supernatural. He wrote of many instances where holy men offered prophetic statements that later proved true, such as Pope Clement IV's prophecy on the outcome for the Battle of Tagliacozzo. He believed that certain events were really omens of what was to come. For instance, when a lion was sent to Florence as a gift by Boniface VIII, a donkey purportedly killed the lion. He interpreted this as an omen that foretold the Pope's beating and untimely death shortly after fighting Philip IV at Anagni; Villani wrote: "when the tamed beast kills the King of Beasts, then the dissolution of the Church will begin." He also believed in astrology and changes in the heavens as indication of political changes, the deaths of rulers and popes, and natural calamities. However, he noted that the movement of the heavens would not always predetermine the actions of men and did not trump the divine plan of God.

Marilyn Aronberg Lavin states that Villani was most likely serving as a Peruzzi representative in Flanders when he heard the story of the French Jew who in 1290 tried to destroy Host bread (of the Eucharist) but was unsuccessful as the bread allegedly bled profusely as he stabbed it, and turned into flesh as he attempted to boil it in water. In the original account by the Ghent monk Jean de Thilrode in 1294, the Jew was compelled to convert to Christianity, but Villani's account followed that of the later Chronicles of Saint-Denis (1285–1328) which told that the Jew was burned to death for his crime. Villani's Cronica marks the first appearance in Italian literature of this legend, while "Villani's report includes details which establish an independent Italian branch of the tradition" according to Lavin. St. Antoninus, archbishop of Florence, repeated the story of Villani in his Latin Chronicles, while Villani's illustrated Cronica featured a scene of this French Jew that later appeared in a painting by Paolo Uccello.

Death and continuation of Villani's work

Villani wrote during the bubonic plague: "The priest who confessed the sick and those who nursed them so generally caught the infection that the victims were abandoned and deprived confession, sacrament, medicine, and nursing ... And many lands and cities were made desolate. And this plague lasted till "; Villani left the "___" in order to record the time in which the plague was to end. Villani was unable to finish the line as he succumbed to the same plague. He was buried in the Church of Santissima Annunziata, Florence.
Villani's Cronica was considered an important work at the time, valuable enough for his brother and nephew to continue it. Little is known of Villani's brother, Matteo, save that he was twice married, that he died of the plague in 1363, and that he continued work on the Cronica until his death. Filippo Villani, Matteo's son, flourished in the latter half of the 14th century and ended the Cronica at 1364; his portion includes details of the lives of many Florentine artists and musicians, including Giotto di Bondone and Francesco Landini. Filippo's chronicles were approved by the Chancellor of Florence, Coluccio Salutati, who made corrections to the work and added commentary. The 15th-century Florentine historian Domenico di Leonardo Buoninsegni also featured in the first two chapters of his Istoria Fiorentina a summary of Villani's Cronica.

By the 16th century, more than one edition of the Cronica was available in printed form. There was also an abundance of handwritten illuminated manuscripts, including one from Venice by Bartholomeo Zanetti Casterzagense in 1537 and one from Florence by Lorenzo Torrentino in 1554.

Legacy and criticism

Historian J.K. Hyde states that the Nuova Cronica of Villani is representative of the strong vernacular tradition in Florence, appealing to the people of the time as a narrative that was "easy to read, full of human interest and occasionally spiced with novella-type anecdotes." Hyde also notes that Villani's criticisms of the commune politics in Florence promoted a trend of personal expression amongst later chroniclers that defied official conformity. The Cronica is also an incredibly rich historical record; its greatest value to modern historians is its descriptions of the people, data, and events experienced by Villani during his lifetime. Historian Mark Phillips states that all subsequent Florentine accounts of the tyrannical regime of Walter VI of Brienne—including those by Leonardo Bruni and Niccolò Machiavelli—were based upon the primary source of Villani's Cronica. Villani's written work on Dante Alighieri and the age in which he lived has provided insight into Dante's work, reasoning, and psyche. The reprinting of new editions of Villani's work in the early 20th century provided material for a resurgence in the study of Dante. However, Villani's descriptions of events which preceded him by centuries are riddled with inaccurate traditional accounts, popular legend, and hearsay.

In regard to his own time, Villani provides modern historians with valuable details on Florentine social and living habits, such as the growing trend and craze of wealthy Florentines in building large country homes far outside of the city. However, the early 20th-century historian Philip Wicksteed stated of Villani, "When dealing with his own times, and with events immediately connected with Florence, he is a trustworthy witness, but minute accuracy is never his strong point; and in dealing with distant times and places he is hopelessly unreliable." For example, although Nicolai Rubinstein acknowledged that Villani's chronicles were much more matured and developed than earlier ones, Villani still relied on legend and hearsay to account for the origins of cities such as Fiesole. On Villani's estimation that a third of Antwerp's population died off during the Great Famine of 1315-1317, the early 20th-century historian Henry S. Lucas wrote, "not much faith can be placed in such statistics which are little better than guesses." Louis Green notes Villani's limitation as a chronicler and not a full-fledged historian:

Recording as he did incidents in the order of their occurrence without any of the historian's pretensions to a thematic organization of his material, he could not feed back the lessons of a changing present into a reinterpreted past. Nor did his devotion to the justification and glorification of Florence permit him to see in the altered fortunes of his city a repetition of the pattern of decline he had illustrated in the histories of the great dynasties of his age.

Louis Green asserts that Giovanni's Cronica expressed the outlook of the merchant community in Florence at the time, but also provided valuable indications of "how that outlook was modified in a direction away from characteristically medieval to embryonically modern attitudes." Green writes that Villani's Cronica was one of three types of chronicles found in the 14th century, the type which was largely a universal history. Other types would be chronicles of particular historic episodes such as Dino Compagni's account of the White Guelphs and Black Guelphs or the more domestic chronicle that focused on the fortunes and events of one family, as written by Donato Velluti or Giovanni Morelli.

See also
 Battle of Campaldino
 :Category:Italian historians
 Assassin's Creed II, a video game that features Giovanni Villani as "Giovanni Auditore Da Firenze"

Notes

References

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 De Roover, Raymond. (2007). Money, Banking, and Credit in Medieval Bruges: Italian Merchant-Bankers, Lombards, and Money-Changers, A Study in the Origins of Banking. Cambridge: The Medieval Academy of America.
 De Vries, Kelly. (2006). Infantry Warfare in the Early Fourteenth Century: Discipline, Tactics, and Technology. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. .
 Goldthwaite, Richard A. (1980). The Building of Renaissance Florence: An Economic and Social History. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. .
 Green, Louis. "Historical Interpretation in Fourteenth-Century Florentine Chronicles," Journal of the History of Ideas (Volume 28, Number 2, 1967): 161–178.
 Green, Louis, "Chronicle into History : An Essay on the Interpretation of History in Florentine Fourteenth-Century Chronicles", Cambridge University Press, 1972, pp. 9–43
 Hunt, Edwin S. "A New Look at the Dealings of the Bardi and Peruzzi with Edward III," The Journal of Economic History (Volume 50, Number 1, 1990): 149–162.
 Hyde, J. K. "Some Uses of Literacy in Venice and Florence in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries," Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (5th series, Volume 29, 1979): 109–128.
 Kleinhenz, Christopher. (2004). Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia. New York: Routledge. .
 Lansing, Richard H. and Teodolinda Barolini, Joan M. Ferrante, Amilcare A. Iannucci, Christopher Kleinhenz. (2000). The Dante Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc., a member of the Taylor and Francis Group. .
 Lavin, Marilyn Aronberg. "The Altar of Corpus Domini in Urbino: Paolo Uccello, Joos Van Ghent, Piero della Francesca," The Art Bulletin (Volume 49, Number 2, March 1967): 1–24.
 Lopez, Robert S. and Irving W. Raymond. (2001). Medieval Trade in the Mediterranean World. New York: Columbia University Press. .
 Lucas, Henry S. "The Great European Famine of 1315, 1316, and 1317," Speculum (Volume 5, Number 4, 1930): 343–377.
 Miller, Edward (2002). Progress and Problems in Medieval England: Essays in Honour of Edward Miller. Edited by Richard Britnell and John Hatcher. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .
 Molho, Anthony. "Domenico di Leonardo Buoninsegni's Istoria Fiorentina," Renaissance Quarterly (Volume 23, Number 3, 1970): 256–266.
 Najemy, John M. "Guild Republicanism in Trecento Florence: The Successes and Ultimate Failure of Corporate Politics," The American Historical Review (Volume 84, Number 1, 1979): 53–71.
 Olson, Roberta J.M. "An Early Drawing by Luigi Sabatelli Rediscovered," Master Drawings (Volume 35, Number 3, 1997): 289–292.
 Phillips, Mark. "Machiavelli, Guicciardini, and the Tradition of Vernacular Historiography in Florence," The American Historical Review (Volume 84, Number 1, 1979): 86–105.
 Ratté, Felicity. "Architectural Invitations: Images of City Gates in Medieval Italian Painting," Gesta (Volume 38, Number 2, 1999): 142–153.
 Rubinstein, Nicolai. "The Beginnings of Political Thought in Florence. A Study in Mediaeval Historiography," Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes (Volume 5, 1942): 198–227.
 Rudolph, Julia. (2006). History and Nation. Danvers: Rosemont Printing & Publishing Corp; Cranbury: Associated University Presses. .
 Selby, Talbot R. "Filippo Villani and his Vita of Guido Bonatti," Renaissance News (Volume 11, Number 4, 1958): 243–248.
 Toker, Franklin. "A Baptistery below the Baptistery of Florence," The Art Bulletin (Volume 58, Number 2, 1976): 157–167.
 Vauchez, André, Richard Barrie Dobson and Michael Lapidge. (2000). Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. .
 Wicksteed, Philip H. (1906). Villani's Chronicle: Being Selections from the First Nine Books of the Croniche Fiorentine of Giovanni Villani. Translated by Rose E. Selfe. London: Archibald Constable & Co. Ltd.
 Wolfgang, Marvin E. "A Florentine Prison: Le Carceri delle Stinche," Studies in the Renaissance (Volume 7, 1960): 148–166.

External links
 Fordham's "Medieval Sourcebook" gives illuminating and flavorful excerpts from the Florentine Chronicle.
 Villani's Chronicles Rose E. Selfe's English translation of Dante relevant selections.
 Giovanni Villani: La Nuova Cronica – Un'opera emblematica della storiografia trecentesca

13th-century births
1348 deaths
14th-century Italian historians
14th-century deaths from plague (disease)
14th-century people from the Republic of Florence
Italian chroniclers
Economic history of Italy
History of banking
Italian bankers
Medieval bankers
Italian republicans
13th-century Italian businesspeople
14th-century Italian businesspeople

Giovanni Villani


Roger David Griffin (nascido em 31 de janeiro de 1948)  é um professor britânico de história moderna e teórico político na Oxford Brookes University, Inglaterra. Seu principal interesse é a dinâmica sócio-histórica e ideológica do fascismo, bem como várias formas de fanatismo político ou religioso.

Educação e carreira
Griffin obteve um primeiro em literatura francesa e alemã da Universidade de Oxford, depois começou a ensinar História das ideias na Oxford Polytechnic (agora Oxford Brookes). Tornando-se interessado no estudo dos movimentos e regimes de extrema-direita que moldaram a história moderna, Griffin obteve um doutorado na Universidade de Oxford em 1990. Ele primeiro desenvolveu sua teoria da palingese do fascismo em sua tese de doutorado. Seu trabalho mais conhecido é The Nature of Fascism (1991). Em maio de 2011, ele recebeu um doutorado honorário da Universidade de Lovaina em reconhecimento por seus serviços ao estudo comparativo do fascismo.

Obras selecionadas

Monografias

 The Nature of Fascism (St. Martin's Press, 1991 , Routledge, 1993, )
 Fascism (Oxford Readers) (Oxford University Press, 1995, )
 International Fascism: Theories, Causes and the New Consensus, Edward Arnold, 1998, )
 Fascism: Critical Concepts in Political Science editado com Matthew Feldman (Routledge, 2004, )

 Modernism and Fascism: The Sense of a Beginning under Mussolini and Hitler (ver Índice, Introdução e Índice, Palgrave, 2007, )
 A Fascist Century: Essays by Roger Griffin, ed. por Matthew Feldman (ver Índice, Capítulo 1 e Índice, Palgrave, 2008, )
 Terrorist's Creed: Fanatical Violence and the Human Need for Meaning, Palgrave, 2012,
 Fascism. An Introduction to Comparative Fascist Studies (Polity, 2017)
 Fascism in the series Quick Immersions (Tibidado, 2020)
 The Divisible Self: Heroic Doubling and the Origins of Modern Violence (Columbia: Agenda, Columbia University Press, 2021)

Artigos

 'Interregnum or endgame? Radical Right Thought in the 'Post-fascist' Era', in Michael Freeden (ed.), Reassessing Political Ideologies (Routledge, London, 2001), pp. 116-131.

 Football in No-Man's-Land? The prospects for a fruitful "inter-camp" dialogue within fascist studies between Marxists and non-Marxists, for special issue of European Journal for Political Theory, vol. 9, no. 2 (2012)
 Fixing Solutions: Fascist Temporalities as Remedies for Liquid Modernity]. In: Journal of Modern European History 13 (2015), 1, 15–23. (Introduction to a forum on Fascist Temporalities)
 The role of heroic doubling in terrorist radicalisation: a non-psychiatric perspective', International review of psychiatry, vol. 29, no. 4 (2017), pp. 355-61.
 'Building the visible immortality of the nation: The centrality of 'rooted modernism' to the Third Reich's Architectural New Order', Fascism, vol. 7, no. 1 (2018), pp. 9-44.

Referências

Links externos

 Roger Griffin CV
 Roger Griffin at Oxford Brookes University

Historiadores do Reino Unido

Roger Griffin


Hanna-Renate Laurien (Gdańsk,  - Berlin, ) est une professeure et femme politique allemande.

Biographie

Distinctions

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Naissance en avril 1928
Décès en mars 2010
Naissance à Gdańsk
Décès à Berlin
Personnalité de l'Union chrétienne-démocrate d'Allemagne
Membre du Landtag de Rhénanie-Palatinat
Ministre de Rhénanie-Palatinat
Sénateur de Berlin
Député à la Chambre des députés de Berlin
Étudiant de l'université libre de Berlin
Docteur honoris causa de l'université de Münster
Grand officier de l'ordre du Mérite de la République fédérale d'Allemagne
Commandeur de l'ordre du Mérite de la république de Pologne
Grand-croix de l'ordre du Faucon
Vierge consacrée
Femme politique allemande
Décès à 81 ans

Hanna-Renate Laurien


O Rans S-4 Coyote e o Rans S-5 Coyote são uma família de aviões monomotores americanos, em configuração por tração, monoposto, monoplano de asa alta projetados por Randy Schlitter e fabricados pela Aero-Max (mais tarde Rans Inc).

O Coyote estava disponível em forma de kit para construção amadora ou como um ultraleve.

A produção de ambos os modelos foi encerrada em 1 de junho de 2006, depois de estar disponível durante 23 anos.

Projeto e desenvolvimento
O monoposto Coyote foi projetado por Randy Schlitter em 1982, como resultado de sua insatisfação com os projetos ultraleves existentes na época. A construção do primeiro protótipo S-2 Coyote foi iniciada em novembro de 1982, com o primeiro vôo em março de 1983. Originalmente o projeto deveria ser fabricado por uma nova empresa Aero-Max, que era uma parceria entre Schlitter e um amigo dele. A parceria fracassou devido a questões financeiras e a fabricação do kit foi passada para a empresa de Schlitter, a Rans, que na época estava construindo triciclos à vela.

Ambos os modelos da família apresentam um cockpit de tubo de aço 4130 soldado, com uma fuselagem traseira de tubo de alumínio aparafusado, asas e superfícies da cauda todas cobertas com envelopes de Dacron pré-costurados, que reduzem o tempo de construção. O tempo de construção relatado é de 211 horas-homem.

O Coyote S-4 possui trem de pouso convencional, enquanto o S-5 possui trem triciclo. Ambos podem ser equipados com flutuadores e esquis. O motor básico original era o Rotax 277 de 28 hp (21 kW), com o Rotax 447 de 40 hp (30 kW) e o Rotax 503 de 50 hp (37 kW) disponíveis posteriormente como opções.

O Coyote II de dois lugares foi posteriormente desenvolvido a partir do S-5.

Histórico operacional
Havia 246 S-4 e S-5 construídos e voados até dezembro de 1998.

Muitos S-4 voam como ultraleves não registrados nos EUA, mas em novembro de 2010 havia quatro registrados junto com quatro S-5. Em novembro de 2010 havia quatro S-4 e um S-5 registrados no Canadá. Em dezembro de 2010 havia nove S-4 e três S-5 registrados no Reino Unido.

Variantes
S-2
O protótipo voou pela primeira vez em março de 1983
S-3
Protótipo melhorado voado em setembro de 1983, entrou em produção como o S-4
S-4
Versão com trem de pouso convencional projetada como um projeto compatível com a especificação de ultraleves nos EUA quando equipado com o motor padrão Rotax 277 de . Não está mais em produção.
S-5
Versão com trem de pouso triciclo para a categoria "Experimental de construção caseira" dos EUA com opções como freios. Os motores incluem Rotax 447 de  e o Rotax 503 de . Não está mais em produção.

Ver também
Desenvolvimentos comparáveis
 Denney Kitfox
 Fisher FP-505 Skeeter
 Fisher FP-606 Sky Baby

Ligações externas

 Foto de um S-4 Coyote
 Foto de um S-5 Coyote

S-4
Aeronaves de construção caseira
Aviões monomotor

Rans S-4 Coyote


Die Tause war ein Schweizer Volumenmaß für Flüssigkeiten und trockene Dinge.

 Flüssigkeiten: 1 Tause = ½ Eimer = 2 Viertel
 Trockene  Ware: 1 Tause = 3 Viertel
 Zürich, Flüssigkeiten: 1 Tause = 25 bis 30 Maß

Im Schwäbischen steht der Begriff Tause für eine "Büchse".

Literatur
 Joachim Heinrich Campe: Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache: S und T (nebst einer Beilage). Band 4,  Schulbuchhandlung, Braunschweig 1810, S. 788.
 Leipziger Handwörterbuch der Handlungs-, Comptoir- und Waarenkunde nebst einem Europäischen Handlungs-Adreß-Buche. Band 2, F. A. Brockhaus, Leipzig 1819,  S. 1073.

Einzelnachweise

Altes Maß oder Gewicht (Schweiz)
Volumeneinheit

Tause


The Rolls-Royce T406 (company designation AE 1107) is a turboshaft engine that powers the Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey tiltrotor. The engine delivers 6,000 shp (4,470 kW).

Development

In 1982, Detroit Diesel Allison (DDA) prepared a new engine design to enter the United States Army's Modern Technology Demonstrator Engine (MTDE) competition, which was expected to be developed into the powerplant for the United States Navy's JVX experimental tiltrotor aircraft program (which would eventually become the Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey). After this engine, which DDA called the Model 580, lost the competition to Pratt & Whitney and General Electric in 1983, Allison was separated from Detroit Diesel as a separate division within General Motors, and Allison's new management decided to pursue the V-22 engine contract anyway.

On 24 December 1985, the U.S. Navy selected Allison's engine for full-scale engine development and production on the U.S. Marine Corps's V-22 Osprey. Before the engine was given its United States military aircraft engine designation of T406, it was known as the Model 501-M80C. The Navy and Allison signed a formal contract on 2 May 1986, and the first engine to test ran six months after.

The T406 is based on the Allison T56 turboprop from the P-3 and the C-130, with the free power turbine of the Allison T701 turboshaft from the defunct Heavy Lift Helicopter program.
It was selected over the Pratt & Whitney PW3000 and General Electric GE27 competing for the US Army's Modern Technology Demonstrator Engine program. The T406 began flight testing on 19 March 1989.

The T406/AE 1107C Liberty shares a common core with the AE 3007 turbofan and AE 2100 turboprop series of engines, both of which have sold in the thousands of copies. 44-46 percent of parts are common between the T406 and the AE 3007, while about 76 percent of parts are common between the T406 and the AE 2100. In addition, Allison attempted to develop other types of engines based on the T406. In 1988, the company signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm (MBB) of West Germany and the China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation (CATIC) to work on a version of the MPC 75 regional aircraft to be powered by a T406-derived propfan. In 1990, Allison studied a  propfan powerplant driving  contra-rotating propellers to power Euroflag's proposed military airlift aircraft. Also, the MT7 gas turbines that will be used to power the Ship-to-Shore Connector are a derived design of the T406.

In 2009, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) found that the engines failed after less than 400 hours of service, as compared to the estimated life of 500–600 hours. Multiple updates to the engine platform in 2012-2013 have increased the lifespan significantly.

In April 2012, the United States Department of Defense (DoD) ordered 70 AE 1107C engines for the Osprey, with options for up to 268 engines.

Rolls-Royce introduced a Block 3 turbine upgrade, which replaced the old turbine design with sturdier and more efficient components. The upgrade increased engine power by at least 17 percent, and the engine achieved a power output of over  during ground testing. The Block 3 turbine became standard in July 2012 for new production models. By September 2012, all older engines that were undergoing regular maintenance were systematically upgraded to the Block 3 turbine.

Engines with a future planned block 4 upgrade would be expected to deliver nearly .

An ongoing problem with the engines was their propensity for surging or stalling with 68 incidents reported between 2003 and October 2016 though this rate had reduced after the introduction of the Block 3 engine version. The US Naval Air Systems Command intends to award Rolls-Royce two contracts to examine the effectiveness of proposed reliability improvements, the first is a software tweak to the engine management software for the compressor guide vanes that internal testing showed could improve surge margin by 0.8% at sea level and 3% at altitude. The second is the discovery that a temperature sensor at the inlet of the compressor sends incorrect readings leading to 2.5% out of 4% steady power shortfall at the compressors correct rotational speed again correctable with a software fix. In addition, Bell Boeing is developing an inlet barrier system to reduce the power loss from the engine ingesting dust and sand particles to supplement the engines existing centrifugal based particle separators as they can only do so much to improve the quality of air they receive.

In October 2021, Bell and Rolls-Royce jointly announced that the Bell V-280 Valor powerplant would switch from the General Electric T64 turboshaft used on the prototype to a derivative of the 1107C used on the Osprey which would be named the 1107F. At the same time as increasing power from 5,000 to 7,000 horsepower, the 1107C is a known element in tiltrotor aircraft with its two decades of prior use which lowers sustainment costs and de-risks the project.

Design

The V-22's T406 powerplants are housed in wing-tip tilting nacelles, allowing the distinctive flight characteristics of the V-22. For take off and landing the nacelles are directed vertically (90° to fuselage), while for forward flight they are rotated parallel to fuselage. The engine has been considered as a cost-effective upgrade for existing heavylift helicopters such as the CH-47 Chinook and the CH-53.

Applications
 Aurora XV-24 LightningStrike (1107C)
 Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey (1107C Liberty)
 Bell V-280 Valor (1107F)
 US Navy Ship-to-Shore Connector Landing Craft (MT7)

Specifications (T406)

See also

References

Further reading

External links

 AE 1107C-Liberty at Rolls-Royce site
 AE 1107C-Liberty Fact Sheet

1980s turboshaft engines
T406

Rolls-Royce T406


S&M aşağıdaki anlamlara gelebilir:

 Sadizm & Mazoşizm: Karşısındakine ve kendine eziyet etmekten zevk alma şeklinde ortaya çıkan ruhsal bozukluk.
 S&M (albüm): Metallica'nın bir albümü.
 S&M (şarkı): Rihanna'nın bir şarkısı.

S&M


دولة أزَواد هي الدولة التي أعلنت الحركة الوطنية لتحرير أزواد استقلالها في 6 أبريل 2012م عن جمهورية مالي، بعد أن قادت ثورة الطوارق 2012م، ولم تحظ الدولة بالاعتراف الدولي أو الإقليمي الذي يكفله حق تقرير المصير الوارد في ميثاق الأمم المتحدة.

أصل التسمية

اسم أزواد اسم عريق ويعني في لغة الطوارق (تماشق) «الحوض»، أي المنطقة التي تكون جغرافيا أخفض في الوسط من الأطراف. وقد كان الاسم معروفا في الخرائط الأولى للصحراء الكبرى، التي رسمها الرحالة المسلمون والأوروبيون قبل الاستعمار بفترة طويلة. وقد اُستخدم اسم أزواد في كل ثورات الطوارق ضد مالي منذ عام 1962م.

التاريخ

سلطنات الطوارق

بسطت سلطنات الطوارق نفوذها على معظم أراضي إقليم أزواد الحالية قرون عديدة قبل قدوم القوات الاستعمارية الفرنسية في أواخر القرن التاسع عشر الميلادي، والتي جوبهت بمقاومة شرسة من قبل الطوارق، وتمكن الفرنسيون من قمع مقاومة الطوارق بفضل أسلحتهم الحديثة مقابل سيوف الطوارق ورماحهم، وهكذا سيطر الفرنسيون على الإقليم وأصبح ضمن المستعمرات الفرنسية. وسلطنتا كل آضاغ وإوليميدن كل أترام هما السلطنتان الطارقيتان اللتان سيطرتا على أغلب مناطق أزواد.

سلطنة كل آضاغ

تقع السلطنة في جبال أدرار إيفوغاس.

سلطنة إوليميدن كل أترام

يقع مركز السلطنة في بلدة منكا، وتغطي منطقة منحنى نهر النيجر كلها.

الحكم الفرنسي

عندما علم الأزاوديون في أربعينيات القرن العشرين أن الإدارة الاستعمارية الفرنسية كانت تنوي إلحاق أزواد بمستعمرة السودان الفرنسي، والتي أصبحث لاحقاً في عام 1960م جمهورية مالي، أرسل قادة وأعيان وعلماء كل مكونات الشعب الأزوادي خلال عامي 1957م و1958م رسائل إلى الرئيس الفرنسي آنذاك الجنرال ديغول طالبوا فيها بإقامة دولة أزواد المستقلة بعيداً عن مالي، ولكن لم تستجب فرنسا لمطالب الأزواديين في حقهم الشرعي في نيل استقلالهم، وهكذا ضُم أزواد لمجمهورية مالي.

الحكم المالي

تعرض الشعب الأزوادي - تحديداً الطوارق والعرب - لما يزيد عن 50 عاماً من التهميش، والاضطهاد، والإبادات الجماعية، وذلك منذ استقلال جمهورية مالي عن فرنسا عام 1960م. ففي عهد موديبوكيتا أول رئيس مالي سعت الحكومة المالية لتطبيق الاشتراكية، حيث أرسلت جنودها لإحصاء مواشي الطوارق والعرب في إقليم أزواد شمال البلاد، تحت غطاء حقن المواشي بدواء صيني، فصدق البدو ذلك على طيبتهم، لكن الجنود في الواقع كانوا يختمون على المواشي باعتبار أنها صارت من أملاك الدولة، وكان الجنود أيضاً في تجوالهم ينهبون الخيام ويمدون أيديهم على أموال الناس، وشعر سكان الصحراء من الطوارق والعرب بنوايا الحكومة، وأنهم خرجوا من استعمار أبيض ليحل محله استعمار أسود، لذلك قاموا بأول ثورة لهم ضد مالي وهي ثورة كيدال 1962م، وقوبلت الثورة بالقمع الوحشي من قبل الجيش المالي، الذي هاجم المخيمات وبدأ يقتل الناس كباراً وصغاراً، واستولى على مواشي الطوارق وسمم آبارهم، وراتكب النقيب ديبي أسوأ ما يمكن أن يرتكبه إنسان ضد أخيه الإنسان. ولم تستطع مالي أن تخمد الثورة إلا بمساعدة المغرب والجزائر اللتان سلمتا 35 رجلاً من قادة الثورة إليها. لتفرض مالي بعد ذلك حكماً عسكرياً على مناطق الطوارق بعد الثورة. ومع استمرار تهميش الحكومة المالية لإقليم أزواد، وغياب أبسط مقومات الحياة، أُجبر الطوارق على الثورة مجدداً مطالبين بحقهم المشروع في التنمية والتمثيل السياسي، لذلك قاموا بثورتهم الثانية والتي بدأت عام 1990م وانتهت عام 1996م بحل الحركات الطارقية الثائرة بفعل الضغوط الدولية والإقليمية، وقد ارتكب الجيش المالي خلالها العديد من الجرائم بحق المدنيين الطوارق العزل. وبعد تعنت مالي في تنفيذ كل الاتفاقيات المبرمة بينها وبين الحركات الأزوادية، قام الطوارق بقيادة إبراهيم أغ بهنقا بثورتهم الثالثة والتي بدأت عام 2006م وانتهت عام 2009م، وقام خلالها الثوار بهجمات على ثكنات عسكرية للجيش المالي وأسر عدد من جنوده.

ثورة الطوارق 2012م

تم تأسيس الحركة الوطنية لتحرير أزواد في مدينة تمبكتو في الأول من نوفمبر 2010م. وبعد عودة آلاف الطوارق الذين كانوا يقاتلون ضمن جيش الليبي إلى أزواد وبحوزتهم أسلحة ثقيلة بعد سقوط نظام العقيد الراحل معمر القذافي عام 2011م، انضموا للحركة الوطنية لتحرير أزواد. وفي يناير 2012م بدأت الحركة الوطنية لتحرير أزواد هجوماً استغرق أسابيع على مدن تساليت وأجلهوك ومنكا في شمال شرقي أزواد قرب الحدود مع الجزائر، وبعد قيام النقيب أمادو سانوغو بانقلاب عسكري أطاح بالرئيس أمادو توماني برفقة ضباط آخرين متوسطي الرتب، استثمرت الحركة الوطنية لتحرير أزواد حالة الفوضى التي نتجت عن الانقلاب لتبدأ الفصل الأخير من ثالث ثورة كبيرة في تاريخ الطوارق، وقد أفضى في غضون أيام إلى تحريرها مناطق كيدال وتمبكتو وغاو. غير أن جماعات أرهابية مسلحة مدعومة من قبل مخابرات بعض دول الجوار، مثل حركة التوحيد والجهاد في غرب أفريقيا استغلت بدورها الوضع، وباتت تشارك في السيطرة على مدن رئيسة مثل تمبكتو وغاو.

إعلان الحركة الوطنية لتحرير أزواد الاستقلال

أعلنت الحركة الوطنية لتحرير أزواد في 6 أبريل 2012م استقلال أزواد، وأكدت اعترافها بحدود دول الجوار، ورغبتها في الانخراط بميثاق الأمم المتحدة، وتعهدت بالعمل على توفير الأمن، والشروع في بناء مؤسسات تتوج بدستور ديمقراطي لدولة أزواد المستقلة، لكن الإعلان قوبل بالرفض الدولي والإقليمي دون أي مراعاة لحق تقرير المصير الذي تكلفه الأمم المتحدة، وفقاً للمادة 1 في ميثاق الأمم المتحدة: «تساوي الشعوب في الحقوق وحقُّها في تقرير المصير».

التدخل الفرنسي في أزواد

بعد سيطرة الجماعات الإرهابية المدعومة من مخابرات بعض دول الجوار، مثل أنصار الدين، وحركة التوحيد والجهاد في غرب أفريقيا على بعض المدن في إقليم أزواد، وخوف الحكومة المالية من تقدمها نحو العاصمة باماكو، طلبت الحكومة المالية من فرنسا التدخل العسكري لمنع الأزواديين من نيل استقلالهم ، لتنشر فرنسا قوات ضمن ما أطلقت عليه اسم «عملية سيرفال أو القط المتوحش» في 11 يناير 2013م، وهكذا شنت الطائرات الفرنسية ميراج ورافال المقاتلة ضربات جوية طالت حزاماً واسعاً من معاقل الإرهابيين، يمتد من غاو ويمر بكيدال في شمال شرق أزواد، بالقرب من الحدود مع الجزائر، ويصل بلدة ليرا في الغرب بالقرب من الحدود مع موريتانيا ، وفي غضون أقل من شهر منذ بدء التدخل تمكنت القوات الفرنسية من السيطرة على مناطق أزواد الثلاث كيدال، وغاو، وتمبكتو  ، ولا يزال التدخل العسكري الفرنسي مستمراً في أزواد.

الجغرافيا

المساحة والحدود

يغطي إقليم أزواد مساحة تبلغ 932,490 كم2 ، وتحده الجزائر من الشمال والشمال الشرقي، وموريتانيا من الشمال والشمال الغربي والغرب، والنيجر من الشرق والجنوب الشرقي، ومالي من الجنوب والجنوب الغربي، وبوركينافاسو من الجنوب.

المناخ والتضاريس

يعد مناخ أزواد صحراوي أو شبه صحراوي. وجاء في تقرير لرويترز عن تضاريس أزواد أن: «معظم أراضيه تشكل جزءاً من الصحراء الكبرى القاسية: صخور وكثبان رملية وغبار يظهر عند تغيير المسارات». وقد كان أزواد في حقبة 6500 سنة ق.م عبارة عن أراض تحتوي 90 ألف كم2 من أحواض البحيرات والمستنقعات. ويُعتقد أن تينبكتو الحالية كانت غارقة بالكامل في ذلك الوقت. وفي الأجزاء الداخلية من أزواد كانت هناك بحيرات ضخمة كانت ممتلئة جزئياً من مياه الأمطار، وجزئياً من المياه الجوفية. وكانت البحيرات والجداول الموسمية ترتوي من فيضان نهر النيجر. وقد كان فيضان نهر النيجر السنوي يتوزع عبر أزواد عن طريق شبكة من قنوات قديمة موزعة على مساحة 130 في 180 كيلومتراً. وأشهر تلك القنوات القديمة هو الوادي الأحمر حيث كان بعرض 1200 متر في نهايته الجنوبية عند منحنى النيجر ثم ينعطف مسافة من 70 إلى 100 كم نحو الشمال.

السكان واللغات

السكان

يمثل الطوارق، والعرب، والسونغاي، والفولان القوميات التي تشكل المجتمع الأزوادي. وقد عاشت هذه القوميات تاريخيا في تناغم سوياً. وقد عمقت الروابط التاريخية، والثقافية، والاجتماعية المشتركة بينها حس الانتماء لأزواد. ويقدر تعداد سكان أزواد بثلاثة ملايين نسمة، نصفهم يعيشون في المنفى. ونتيجة للاضطهاد أجبر الطوارق والعرب، الذين يشكلون نحو 60 في المئة من السكان، على النزوح من الإقليم إلى الدول المجاورة. كذلك دفعت سياسات التهميش التي انتهجتها الحكومية المالية، التي أدت إلى انعدام التنمية، مئات الألوف من الأزواديين إلى مغادرة أرضهم والهجرة إلى جنوب البلاد أو إلى الدول المجاورة. ويشكل الطوارق والعرب غالبية السكان، بينما توجد القوميات الأخرى بشكل رئيس في المناطق الحضرية. وبينما قدرت الإدارة الاستعمارية الفرنسية تعداد الطوارق في أزواد عام 1960م بحوالي 500,000 نسمة، أشار إحصاء السكان في مالي عام 1998م إلى أقل من 400,000 من الطوارق. كيف يمكن علمياً تفسير انخفاض سكاني كهذا، فمالي تشهد واحداً من أعلى معدلات النمو السكاني في إفريقيا، إذ أن تعداد سكان مالي ازداد من 3 ملايين في عام 1960م إلى 15 مليون عام 2010م.

اللغات

 تماشق: يتحدث بها الطوارق.
 الحسانية: يتحدث بها العرب.
 لغة السونغاي: يتحدث بها السونغاي.
 الفولانية: يتحدث بها الفولان.

الاقتصاد

الأنشطة الاقتصادية

تمثل تربية الماشية، والزراعة، والتجارة الأنشطة الاقتصادية الأساسية في إقليم أزواد. ولطالما سعت مالي للتقليل من الإمكانيات الاقتصادية لإقليم أزواد، وزعمت بأن الرعي، الركيزة الأهم لاقتصاد الإقليم، غير منتج، ولكن الواقع يقول خلاف ذلك، فأزواد كان دائماً المُصدر لأنواع اللحوم إلى مناطق مالي الجنوبية والدول المجاورة.

الثروات الطبيعية

الاحتياطيات النفطية الممكنة في أزواد قد جذبت اهتمام المسثمرين منذ زمن بعيد. فهذه الاحتياطيات الممكنة قد وثقّت منذ السبعينيات بشكل متقطع، وقد كشفت عمليات التنقيب دلائل محتملة لوجود النفط. أزواد قد يزود طريق نقل استراتيجي للنفط والغاز من دول إفريقيا جنوب الصحراء للتصدير إلى العالم الغربي، وهناك احتمالية لربط حوض تودني بالسوق الأوروبي من خلال الجزائر. وقد بدأ العمل بالفعل لإعادة تقدير البيانات الجيولوجية والجيوفيزيائية المجمعة، مع التركيز على الأحواض الرسوبية التالية: تودني، وتمسنا، وإولميدان، وغاو، ونارا. ويعد حوضا تودني وتمسنا من بين الأهم في الصحراء الكبرى.

وأما عن الثروات المعدنية في أزواد؛ فهناك علامات مشجعة على وجود اليورانيوم، حيث تجري الاستكشافات على قدم وساق. هذه الاستكشافات تنفذ حالياً من قبل شركات عديدة، حيث الدلائل واضحة على وجود احتياطيات لليورانيوم في أزواد. فمنطقة غاو وحدها يُعتقد أنها تحوي 200 طن من اليوارنيوم. وهناك معادن إستراتيجية أخرى من بينها الفوسفات والرصاص والنحاس، كذلك الأحجار الكريمة، مثل، الغارنيت، والبغماتايت، والكوارتز.

لمحات تاريخية

 1893م: وصول الاستعمار الفرنسي إلى المنطقة، والذي جوبه بمقاومة شرسة من الطوارق.
 1959م: اتحاد السودان الفرنسي (والذي غير اسمه إلى جمهورية السودان) مع السنغال، لتأسيس اتحاد مالي.
 1960م: نيل اتحاد مالي استقلاله عن فرنسا.
 1960م: انسحاب السنغال من اتحاد مالي، وتحول جمهورية السودان إلى جمهورية مالي.
 1962م: اندلاع ثورة كيدال نتيجة انتهاكات الجيش المالي.
 1991م: توقيع اتفاق تمنغست بين الحركات الأزوادية والحكومة المالية.
 1992م: توقيع المعاهدة الوطنية بين الحركات الأزوادية والحكومة المالية.
 1996م: نهاية الاشتباكات المسلحة بين الحركات الأزوادية والجيش المالي.
 2005م: تأسيس حركة التحالف من أجل التغيير، واستئناف القتال ضد الحكومة المالية.
 2009م: تسليم حركة التحالف من أجل التغير أسلحتها ضمن تسوية تنافس على إعدادها كل من ليبيا والجزائر.
 2010م: تأسيس الحركة الوطنية الأزوادية.
 2012م: انطلاق ثورة الكفاح المسلح بقيادة الحركة الوطنية لتحرير أزواد.
 2012م: إعلان أزواد كدولة مستقلة عن مالي من طرف الحركة الوطنية لتحرير أزواد.
 2013م: بدء التدخل الفرنسي في أزواد.

انظر أيضًا

 الحركة الوطنية لتحرير أزواد.
 الحركة العربية لتحرير أزواد.

وصلات خارجية

 مقالة: المرامي الحقيقية للتدخل الفرنسي في أزواد.
 فيديو: أطماع شركات النفط الأوروبية والأمريكية في أزواد.

المراجع

الانفصالية في مالي
أقاليم متنازع عليها في إفريقيا
بلدان وأقاليم ناطقة بالعربية
تأسيسات سنة 2012 في مالي
دول إسلامية
دول سابقة غير معترف بها
دول وأقاليم انحلت في 2013
دول وأقاليم أسست في 2012
دول وأقاليم تأسست في 2012
طوارق

أزواد


Melstedgård eller Melstedgård Landbrugsmuseum (tidligere Bornholms Landbrugsmuseum) er et frilandsmuseum, der er indrettet i en bindingsværksgård i Melsted lige syd for Gudhjem på Bornholm. Det er en del af Bornholms Museum, og det dækker landbrug og madkultur.

Museet er indrettet i en gård, der kan spores tilbage til 1600-tallet. I 1796 blev stuehuset revet ned og den nuværende nordlige længe opført. De øvrige længer er først kommet til 1867-69.
På gården er der forskellige dyr, og i sommerperioden er der aktiviteter bl.a. med madlavning i køkkenet. Derudover rummer museet en betydelig samling landbrugsredskaber, flere gamle hestevogne og traktorer. Til gården hører en have, hvis afgrøder bruges i madformidlingen.

På den anden side af landevejen råder museet over et jordstykke, hvor der avles korn og holdes kvæg. Der står også stubmøllen Tejn Mølle, der blev flyttet hertil fra Tejn i 2006.

Stuehuset
Stuehuset er bevaret med størstedelen af de historiske møbler (eller kopier) og giver et indblik af indretningen i 1800-tallet. I den store stue (folkestuen) findes en svensk jernovn fra 1600-tallet og en alkove med olmerdugsdyner. Der er også et bornholmerur fra 1700-tallet.

Køkken og bryggers
Køkkenet har et komfur fra Strands jernstøberi i Nexø, der blev købt i 1870'erne. Der er også et grovkøkken og bryggers med "murgryder" (gruekedler).

Soveværelse

Soveværelset er (som stalden) malet blåt for at holde fluerne væk. Det er et separat soveværelse med dobbeltseng, hvilket var usædvanligt i 1860'erne, da sovepladserne normalt fandtes i stuerne.

I 2015 åbnede GAARDEN, som er et moderne madkulturhus. Her kan skoleklasser og kursister lære om bornholmske madtraditioner og lave mad.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 GAARDEN - Bornholms Madkulturhus

Museer på Bornholm
Fredede bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Bornholms Regionskommune
Museer etableret i 1982
Landbrugsmuseer

Melstedgård


Drina er en 346 km lang flod i Montenegro, Serbien og Bosnien-Hercegovina.

Den starter i De dinariske alper i Montenegro ved floderne Tara og Piva. Den løber derefter ind i Bosnien-Hercegovina, og bliver grænseflod mellem Bosnien og Serbien. Nordøst for Bijeljina i Bosnien løber den sammen med Sava.

Forfatteren Ivo Andrich (1892–1975) fik i 1961 Nobels Litteraturpris for sit hovedværk Broen over Drina. Bogen strækker sig fra 1561 til 1914 og viser hvordan historiens gang influerer folk og levevis i Višegrad, en lille by øst for Sarajevo.

Litteratur
 Andrich, Ivo: Broen over Drina,  Paperback 1995

Floder i Bosnien-Hercegovina
Floder i Serbien
Montenegros geografi
Jugoslavien

Drina


Dunaliellaceae, porodica zelenih algi u redu Chlamydomonadales. Sastoji se od 65 priznatih vrsta unutar 13 rodova.

Rodovi
 Chloronephris Pascher & Jahoda  1
 Dunaliella Teodoresco   27
 Hafniomonas Ettl & Moestrup    10
 Hyaliella Pascher     1
 Medusochloris Pascher   1
 Papenfussiomonas T.V.Desikachary    1
 Phyllocardium Korshikov     1
 Platella Proshkina-Lavrenko   1
 Polytomella Aragão    9
 Quadrichloris Fott    8
 Silvamonas Skvortzov     1
 Spermatozopsis Korshikov   3
 Ulochloris Pascher  1

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Porodice Chlamydomonadales

Dunaliellaceae


رموز جياهو (الصينية:贾湖契刻符号) يشير هذا الاسم إلى 16 رمزاً تعود إلى ما قبل التاريخ في جياهو، وهو موقع ثقافي لحضارة بيلي جانغ خنان، في الصين. تؤرخ الرموز إلى 6600 قبل الميلاد، يشير بعض علماء الآثار إلى صلة القرابة بين هذه الكتابة وخط جياغو ون (بالإنجليزية:Oracle bone script) (مثال:تشابه رموز 目 "عين"، 日 "شمس، يوم)، ولكن البعض يشكك في ذلك ولا يعتقد أنها رموز صينية نهائياً بل هي نوعٌ من الرسومات.

أنظمة كتابية غامضة
الصين ما قبل التاريخ
تاريخ الصين
تاريخ قديم
علم الآثار
كتابة بدائية

رموز جياهو


සරසවිය හොඳම නිළිය සම්මානය පිරිනමනු ලබන්නේ "ලේක් හවුස්" හි සමානුබද්ධිත පුවත්පතක් වන සරසවිය මගිනි.
මෙම සම්මානයද පළමු වරට පිරිණැමූයේ 1964 වර්ෂයේදීයි. මෙහි සම්මාන හිමි කර ගත් අය අතර ස්වර්ණා මල්ලවආරච්චි සම්මාන 5ක්, අනෝජා වීරසිංහ 4ක් සහ ගීතා කුමාරසිංහ 4ක් ද වශයෙන් සටහන් වී ඇත.

පහත දැක්වෙන්නේ පසුගිය වසර පුරා සම්මාන ලැබූ නාමයන්.

සරසවිය සම්මාන
සිංහල සිනමාව

සරසවිය හොඳම නිළිය සම්මානය


Cilve, şirin görünmek için takınılan hal tavır ve davranışlardır.

Cilve anlamı pek çok kişi için yanlış bilinen bir sözcüktür. Genellikle cilvenin cinsel çekicilik için yapılan hali olan işve ile karıştırılır. Anlamını nazlanmak ya da naz ile karıştıranlar da vardır. Cilve ve cilveli sadece kadınlara ait bir hal değildir. Çocuklar doğal olarak cilveler yaparlar. Güzel cilve yapan kadın için "cilve kutusu", "cilveli" denir. Cilve yazılı edebiyatta ve halk edebiyatında sık kullanılan bir sözcüktür. Birçok türkü cilve ve cilveli üzerinedir. Hatta bazı içecekler içinde kullanıldığı görülür "cilveli " kahve gibi.

Cilve


Ballophilus alluaudi é uma espécie de centopéia do gênero Ballophilus. Pode ser encontrada no Quênia, Somália, África do Sul, Uganda, Zâmbia e Zimbábue.

Referências

Ballophilidae

Ballophilus alluaudi


Niphon Plaiwan, bedre kendt med kunstnernavnet ยอดรัก สลักใจ / Yodrak Salakjai (født 8. februar 1956, død 9. august 2008) var en thailandsk sanger.

Diskografi
 Jam Jai Doo
 Mareng Mai Ma Ying
 Sam Sib Yang Jaew
 Jakkayan Khon Jon
 Aao Nae
 Kha Tha Ma Ha Ni Yom
 Phra Rong Nang Rong Hai
 Tha Han Ruea Ma Laew

Referencer

Sangere fra Thailand

Yodrak Salakjai


Divers partis, coalitions ou groupes politiques portent le nom de Démocrates libres ou utilisent ce syntagme dans leur nom :

 L'Alliance des démocrates libres, parti politique libéral hongrois du centre ayant existé de 1988 à 2013 ;

 Le Parti démocratique libre, parti politique est-allemand fondé en 1989 et disparu l'année suivante ;

 La Fédération des démocrates libres, coalition libérale est-allemande constituée à l'occasion des premières élections libres en RDA en  ;

 Démocrates libres - Parti libéral national social, nom porté de 1995 à 1997 par l'actuel Parti national social tchèque ;

 Notre Géorgie - Démocrates libres, parti politique géorgien fondé en 2009 ;

 Le Groupe des démocrates libres, groupe parlementaire de l'Assemblée parlementaire du Conseil de l'Europe créé en 2017.

Démocrates libres


Ivan Alduk (arheolog), hrv. arheolog
Ivan Alduk (modni dizajner), hrv. modni dizajner

Ivan Alduk


ඛේමා භිකෂුණිය බුදුන් වහන්සේගේ අග්‍ර ශ්‍රාවිකාවන් දෙදෙනාගෙන් කෙනෙකු වූවාය (අනෙක් අග්‍ර ශ්‍රාවිකාව වූයේ උප්පලවණ්ණාය).තවද ඛේමා තෙරණිය ප්‍රඥාවත් තෙරණියන් අතර අග්‍රස්ථානය ලැබූහ.

ඛේමා යන නමෙහි තේරුම 'ඉතා ශාන්ත' යනුයි. ඇය ඉතා රූමත්ය. මෙම භික්ෂුණිය මගධ රාජකීය පවුලේ කාන්තාවකි. එමෙන්ම බිම්බිසාර රජතුමන්ගේ අග බිසවුන්ගෙන් කෙනෙකි.

ඛේමා බුදු හිමියන් දැකීමට යාමට කැමැත්තක් නොදැක්වූවාය. බුදු හිමියන් ඇගේ  රූමත් භාවය ගැන සැලකිල්ලක් නොදක්වන බව ඇය දැන සිටියාය. ඇය තමාගේ රූමත්කම ගැන ආඩම්බරයෙන් පසු වූවාය. ඇයගේ ස්වාමි පුරුෂයා වූ බිම්බිසාර රජුගෙන් බුදු හිමියන් ගැන තොරතුරු දැන ගත්තාය. ඔහු බුදු හිමියන්ගෙන් බණ ඇසීමට ඇය උනන්දු කළේය. බුදුන් වැඩ වසන ආරාමයේ අලංකාරය ගැන ඇයට විස්තර කර තිබුණි. රාජකීය වස්ත්‍රාභරණයෙන් අලංකාර ලෙස සැරසී පියකරු දේ දකිනු රිසියෙන් ඇය බුදුන් වැඩ වසන ආරාමයට ගියාය. බුදුන් වහන්සේ ඇය එනු දැක ප්‍රාතිහාර්ය බලයෙන් ඛේමාවන්ට වඩා රුවින් යුත් තරුණියකු මවා බුදුන්ගේ පසෙකින් සිටින්නට සැලැස් වූ සේක. ඛේමා ඒ දැක වශී වූවාය.  බුදුන් වහන්සේ ක්‍රමයෙන් එම තරුණ කාන්තාව මහලු වන සැටි පෙනෙන්නට සැලැස් වූ සේක.

ඛේමා ඒ තරුණ කාන්තාවගේ හම රැළි වැටෙන ආකාරය, කෙස් කළඹ සුදු වන අයුරු, සිරුර ක්‍රමයෙන් වියපත්වන සැටි දුටුවාය. අවසානයේ එම කාන්තාව එතැනම ඇද වැටී මිය ගියාය. අනතුරුව මළ සිරුර ඇට සැලකිල්ලක් බවට පත් විය. පවතින සියලු දෙය අනිස්ථිර බවත් තමනටද එයම සිදු වන බවත් ඛේමා තේරුම් ගත්තාය.

ඛේමා අවසානයේ බුදුන්ට සවන් දීමට කැමති වූවාය. බුදුන්ගේ දේශනාවෙන් පසු ඇය සත්‍යය අවබෝධ කොට අරහත් භාවය ලබා ගත්තාය. තම ස්වාමි පුරුෂයාගේ කැමැත්ත ගෙන අනතුරුව ඇය භික්ෂුණී ශාසනයට ඇතුළු වූවාය.පසුකලෙක භික්ෂුණීන්ට අගතනතුරු දෙන කල්හි බුදුන් විසින් ඛඑමආවඔ ගෞතම බුද්ධ ශාසනයේ ප්‍රඤ්‍රවත් භික්ෂුණීන් අතරින් අග්‍රස්ථානය තබා වදාළහ. එසේම එතුමිය ගෞතම බුදු සසුනේ දකුණත් අග්‍ර ශ්‍රාවිකාව වශයෙන් ද නම් කලහ.

බුදු දහම
භික්ෂුණී ශාසනය
රහත් තෙරණියන්

ඛේමා රහත් තෙරණිය


Rio Haryanto (født 22. januar 1993 i Surakarta) er en indonesisk racerkører, der i 2016-sæsonen kørte Formel 1 for Manor Racing i sæsonens første halvdel. Det var Haryantos debutsæson i serien, ligesom han blev den første Formel 1-kører fra Indonesien.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Rio Haryantos officielle hjemmeside

Formel 1-kørere fra Indonesien

Rio Haryanto


William Bigler (January 1, 1814August 9, 1880) was an American politician from Pennsylvania who served as a Democrat as the 12th governor of Pennsylvania from 1852 to 1855 and as a member of the United States Senate for Pennsylvania from 1856 to 1861. His older brother, John Bigler, was elected governor of California during the same period. As of 2022, he is the last Democratic incumbent to lose reelection as Governor of Pennsylvania.

Early life and education
Bigler was born in Sherman Valley, Pennsylvania, to Jacob and Susan Dock Bigler.  He attended public schools and worked as a printer's apprentice, a journalist and as a member of the staff of the Centre County Democrat newspaper under his elder brother John Bigler who later became the governor of California.

Career
In 1833, at the urging of his friends, including future Pennsylvania Governor Andrew Curtin, Bigler founded his own political newspaper, the Clearfield Democrat which supported Jacksonian democracy. In 1836, he married Maria Jane Reed and together they had five children.  He sold the newspaper and joined his father-in-law's lumber business as co-partner. Between 1845 and 1850, his lumber business became the largest producer of building supplies on the West branch of the Susquehanna River, earning him the nickname "The Clearfield Raftsman".

He served as a Jackson Democrat member of the Pennsylvania Senate for the 20th district from 1841 to 1846, including as Speaker from 1845 to 1846. He played a key role in the abolition of imprisonment for debt in Pennsylvania and the development of two insane asylums in Philadelphia and Harrisburg.  He was a proponent of a central railroad from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh as competition to the B&O Railroad. His efforts resulted in a cross-state line in 1847 which was eventually sold and became the Pennsylvania Railroad. In 1849, he served as Pennsylvania revenue commissioner.

He was elected the 12th Governor of Pennsylvania in 1851, defeating incumbent governor William F. Johnston. He and his brother John were the first brothers to serve as governors of two states simultaneously. He fought vigorously against wildcat banking and vetoed multiple bank charters and bank bills in his time as governor.  He lost popularity through his support of the Walker Tariff, the right of southern states to retain slavery, and the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and his enforcement of the 1850 Fugitive Slave Act.

In 1855, he was defeated for re-election by James Pollock, the candidate of the newly formed Republican Party.

After leaving the governor's office, he became president of the Philadelphia and Erie Railroad. He was elected to the United States Senate for Pennsylvania in 1856 (the legislature having failed to elect anyone in 1855), and served until 1861.

As a senator, he supported pro-slavery measures to appease the South. He visited Kansas Territory in 1857, and thereafter advocated Kansas statehood under the pro-slavery Lecompton Constitution. He was a delegate to the 1860 Democratic National Convention and opposed the nomination of Stephen A. Douglas.

During the secession crisis in 1861, he supported the compromise proposed by Kentucky Senator John J. Crittenden as a last ditch effort to avoid secession.

He remained active in Pennsylvania politics and served as a delegate to the Pennsylvania constitutional convention in 1873 and as a key organizer of the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia.

He died on August 9, 1880, in Clearfield, Pennsylvania, and was interred in Hillcrest Cemetery.

Legacy
Biglerville, Pennsylvania in Adams County, Pennsylvania is named after him. Bigler Hall on the University Park campus of Penn State is named after Bigler, as are Bigler Street in Philadelphia, Bigler Township in Clearfield County, and Bigler Avenues in both Clearfield and Northern Cambria, Pennsylvania.

Gallery

References

External links
 Bigler Family collection, 1852-1918. Collection guide, California State Library, California History Room.

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1814 births
1880 deaths
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American railroad executives
Democratic Party governors of Pennsylvania
Democratic Party United States senators from Pennsylvania
Burials in Pennsylvania
Democratic Party Pennsylvania state senators
People from Clearfield, Pennsylvania
People from Perry County, Pennsylvania

William Bigler


Kerr (dezambiguizare)- se poate referi la:
 Comitatul Kerr, Texas
 Biologii Kerr
 Fizicienii Kerr:
Roy Patrick Kerr
John Kerr
 Hugh Kerr
 Deborah Kerr
 Miranda Kerr
 Philip Kerr

Kerr (dezambiguizare)


An Polycycnis villegasiana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Günter Gerlach. An Polycycnis villegasiana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Polycycnis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Colombia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Polycycnis

Polycycnis villegasiana


Kan du høre mig Peter? er en dansk dokumentarfilm instrueret af Hans-Jørgen Poulsen.

Handling

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Kan du høre mig Peter?


10717 Dickwalker este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
10717 Dickwalker este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Stația Anderson Mesa de Edward L. G. Bowell. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,29 ua, o excentricitate de 0,17 și o înclinație de 7,6° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 10001-11000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1983
Centura de asteroizi

10717 Dickwalker


الهدايا هو ألبوم للمغني راشد الماجد صدر سنة 2003.

أغاني الألبوم

الهدايا

من كلمات أنور المشيري وتلحين محمد الدوسري وتوزيع سيروس

اعذريني يالهدايا.. لو هملتك بالزوايا

ماني متحمل اشوفك.. واللي جابك مو معايا

اللي جابك وينه عني.. يا ترى زعلان مني

ما درى اني في غيابه.. كم شكيته للمرايا

راح وخلاني لحالي.. شفت ويش سوى في حالي

خبريني ويش اسوي.. لو عشق قلبه سوايا

قولي لو هو حب غيري.. وش يكون اسمه مصيري

غير اموت انا فمكاني.. واترك الدنيا ورايا.

العيون

من كلمات غازي السعدي وتلحين مهند محسن وتوزيع شاكر حسن.

سود العيون كبار والشامة حلوه.. شايل جمال الكون وباليني بلوه

هالعيون اشلون املها.. سحر ذوبني بغزلها

بوسه من عندك حبيبي.. تسوى عندي الدنيا كلها

ياضوى عيوني وحياتي.. قلب أقدم لك هديه

اطلب اش ما ردت مني.. قول واتدلل عليّ

أنت مني وانا منك.. مستحيل ابتعد عنك

ابتسم يا بعد عمري.. ضحكتك ماكو مثلها

ذاب قلبي بالمحبة.. لا تظن عنك اتوب

طيّرت عقلي بغرامك.. ياما ذوبت القلوب

أنت حبي نبض قلبي.. بس تعال شويه قربي

يا اعز إنسان عندي.. وأغلى من هالناس كلها

من يقول

من كلمات عبد الله بودله وتلحين محمد بودله وتوزيع سيروس.

من يقول اني لغيرك.. انا لك ماني لغيرك

انا متعلق مصيري.. يا حبيبي في مصيرك

خلهم يحكون فيا.. مهما هم قالوا عليا

أنت منهم وش عليك.. وانا منهم وش عليا

ودهم بس يتعبونك.. وعن عيوني يبعدونك

حاولوا ادري كثير.. بس صعبه يوصلونك

أنت أكبر منهم.. وما اصدق حكيهم

زيديني حب وغرام.. يالله اضحك غيضهم

ما اتصلتي

من كلمات مجتبى شاكر وتلحين حسن عبد الله وتوزيع سيروس.

ما اتصلتي ما سألتي.. ولا قلتي فلان شخباره

ما سهرتي ما تعبتي.. وما وصلتي لعتبت داره

وينك عني وينك.. ودي بشوفت عينك

انا مالي غيرك انتي هوا.. ولا غيرك لجروحي دوا

كاني غالي لي تعالي.. قبل حالي لا تذبل ازهاره

يا حنيني اللي فيني.. وعلى عيني تبين آثاره

ما عشقتي ولا ذقتي.. ما احترقتي بالهوا وناره

لو تجيني انسى ويلي.. وفيك ليلي تنور انواره.. ولا قلتي فلان شخباره

غلاها

من كلمات محمد الخميساني وتلحين فايز السعيد وتوزيع علي المسافر.

غلاها يأكبر عندي غلاها.. عشقها القلب ولخاطر هواها

تولعت بهواها دون مدري.. وباع الناس قلبي واشتراها

تلاشى البدر من طلعت ضياها.. جمال الكون كله في سناها

بديت اغار من نفسي عليها.. واغار من العيون اللي تراها

إلاه العرش بالحسن انتقاها.. يحق لها بطلعتها تتباها

عليها من الدلع نظرات تأسر.. اشوف القلب ما يصبر بلاها

معاها بهجة ايامي معاها.. رضاها غاية النفس ومناها

عساها ترحم بحبٍ متيم.. شفا المجروح كله في لقاها

لك بعد عين

من كلمات عبد الرحيم السيد الهاشمي وتلحين أحمد الهرمي وتوزيع محمد صالح.

لك بعد عين نتواجه.. أو تشوف عيوني فيها

أنت ما خليت حاجه.. اغفر ذنوبك عليها

اختلف قلبك وقلبي.. من بعد ذاك الوفا

صار دربك غير دربي.. وانتى عهد الصفا

مهما في الدنيا يصير.. الوفي يبقى وفي

واللي في حبه كبير.. ما يهزه أي شي

ما بتشفع لك دموعك.. أنت من قلبي انتهيت

ما كسر قلبي خضوعك.. لو ترجيت وبكيت

بخيل

من كلمات سعود بن عبد الله وتلحين طلال مداح وتوزيع شاكر حسن.

يا بخيل في هواك.. من يشاور ما عطاه

ولو يموتني غلاه.. الغلا ماهو خطاه

دايم ادور رضاه.. لك عيوني تنعطى

الامل سامر جفاك.. وجرح ظنوني البطى

يا دفا وينه دفاك.. صار لي بردي غطا

ينحرق شوق وهلاك.. من على جمرك وطى

قلبك الليلة معاك.. حبك بقلبي سطى

صاحبي شاور تراك.. بالبخل كل العطى

غلطة الأيام

من كلمات ناصر وتلحين عبد الرب إدريس وتوزيع شاكر حسن.

غلطة الايام احنا ما غلطنا.. كنا مشتاقين يوم انا افترقنا

كلنا ملهوف واحزانه كبيره.. العيون تشوف وإيدينا قصيره

لعبة الاقدار تلعب في هوانا.. والزمن غدار ما يحفظ أمانه

هذا شي معروف من يملك مصيره.. العيون تشوف وايدينا قصيره

يا حبيبي وين كنا وانتهينا.. صار دمع العين يتحسر علينا

الزمان سيوف وجروحه كثيره.. العيون تشوف وإيدينا قصيره

غرشوب

من كلمات حمد بن سهيل الكتبي وتلحين موسى محمد وتوزيع محمد صالح.

حبيت غرشوب ولعني ولوعني.. واسقاني الحب في كاسه واشقاني

دلوع مدري وش اللي فيه مولعني.. كل ما تركته اعود لدنيته ثاني

ان قال احبك يحاول ما يسمعني.. يلعب بأعصاب قلبي بس يهواني

لكنه ساعه يدلعني يدلعني.. ويقول احبك وميت فيك يا فلان

ما شي في الكون عن شوفته يمنعني.. إلا النظر لو يفارق مقلة أعياني

من دون ما اشعر له الاشواق تدفعني.. واظن حتى بحلم النوم يلقاني

حسن الغراشيب لو فتان ما يعني.. بالنسبة لي شي غيره نقوت اوطاني

حبيب قلبي انا غرشوب لوعني.. ما انساه لحظه ولا هو لحظه ينساني

توصي شي

من كلمات مساعد الشمراني وتلحين وتوزيع أحمد الهرمي.

توصي شي انا بكره مسافر... وابي الليلة اسافر قبل باكر

ولكن قبل ما ارحل ودي تعرف... ترا موتي ولا موت المشاعر

توصي شي توصي شي توصي شي انا بكره مسافر

انا رتبت جرحي مع ثيابـي... واخذت احزاني وآلامي تذاكر

يروح العمر وما راحت همومي... صحيح اللي يقول الهم كافر

توصي شي توصي شي توصي شي انا بكره مسافر

خسارة أنت والدنيا عليا... تكابر والزمن مثلك يكابر

حبيبي كل من حولي ظلمني... وتبغاني بعد هذا ما اسافر

توصي شي توصي شي توصي شي انا بكره مسافر.

المراجع

ألبومات 2003
ألبومات راشد الماجد

الهدايا (ألبوم)


David Allen Zubik (Sewickley, Pensilvânia, 4 de setembro de 1949) é um ministro americano e bispo católico romano de Pittsburgh.

Zubik cresceu em Ambridge e frequentou a escola aqui antes de entrar no seminário. Ele estudou teologia católica na Duquesne University e no Saint Mary's Seminary em Baltimore. Em 3 de maio de 1975 foi ordenado sacerdote da Diocese de Pittsburgh pelo bispo Vincent Martin Leonard. Depois de várias atividades pastorais e estudos posteriores, tornou-se secretário e cerimônias dos bispos Anthony Joseph Bevilacqua e Donald William Wuerl.

A partir de 1991 Zubik foi responsável pela implantação do clero na diocese de Pittsburgh e tornou-se vigário geral em 1996.

Em 18 de fevereiro de 1997, o Papa João Paulo II nomeou Zubik Bispo Titular de Jamestown e Bispo Auxiliar de Pittsburgh. Ele recebeu a consagração episcopal em 6 de abril de 1997 do bispo Donald Wuerl. Os co-consagradores foram os bispos Nicholas Carmen Dattilo, de Harrisburg e Thomas Joseph Tobin, de Youngstown.

Em 10 de outubro de 2003, Zubik foi nomeado bispo de Green Bay.

Papa Bento XVI nomeou-o Bispo de Pittsburgh em 18 de julho de 2007.

Ver também

Bispos católicos dos Estados Unidos

David Allen Zubik


مجلس أبوظبي للتخطيط العمراني هو الهيئة المسؤولة عن مستقبل البيئة العمرانية في إمارة أبوظبي، وهو السلطة المختصة التي وضعت خطة أبوظبي 2030: خطة إطار الهيكل العمراني. تأسس مجلس أبوظبي للتخطيط العمراني بموجب قرار رقم (23) لسنة 2007. يترأسه سمو الشيخ محمد بن زايد آل نهيان، ولي عهد أبوظبي ورئيس المجلس التنفيذي. ويعمل مجلس أبوظبي للتخطيط العمراني على تحديد ملامح الإمارة والحرص على توفير عوامل التنمية المستدامة والبنية التحتية والتخطيط المجتمعي ونوعية وجودة الحياة المتميّزة من خلال الإشراف على مشاريع التطوير في المدينة والإمارة ككل. كما يعمل المجلس على ضمان أفضل الممارسات في التخطيط لكلتا المناطق المستقبلية والقائمة.

ويهدف مجلس أبوظبي للتخطيط العمراني أولاً إلى تنفيذ رؤية صاحب السمو الشيخ خليفة بن زايد آل نهيان، رئيس دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة وحاكم أبو ظبي التي تمتد من الرؤية العظيمة التي وضعها الشيخ زايد بن سلطان آل نهيان، كما يتناول التطور المستمر لأبوظبي بحيث تمتلك كافة مقومات العاصمة العالمية، ومن خلال وضع المخططات العمرانية محلياً وفي دول الخليج وحول العالم، يهدف مجلس أبوظبي للتخطيط العمراني إلى أن يصبح السلطة الرائدة عالمية في مجال التخطيط والتصميم.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
الموقع الرسمي لمجلس أبوظبي للتخطيط العمراني

اقتصاد إمارة أبو ظبي
وكالات حكومية في أبو ظبي

مجلس أبو ظبي للتخطيط العمراني


5866 Sachsen este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
5866 Sachsen este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Tautenburg de Freimut Börngen. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,79 ua, o excentricitate de 0,08 și o înclinație de 5,1° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 5001-6000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1988
Centura de asteroizi

5866 Sachsen


إذاعة إذاعة دلتا هي اذاعة لبنانية تبث من بيروت. تبث على موجاتها العديد من البرامج والمنوعات التعليمية والترفيهية والغنائية إضافة إلي بثها لأهم الأنباء والتحليلات الإخبارية.

موجاتها
 تبث في لبنان على الموجتين 102.5 أف أم.
 تبث في جنوب لبنان على الموجة 102.0 أف أم.
 تبث على الإنترنت على موقع لبث الحي.

مراجع

 الموقع الرسمي.

إذاعات لبنان

إذاعة دلتا


Das Gebäude der Bürgerressource (: Gmach Resursy Obywatelskiej) befindet sich in der Warschauer Prachtstraße Krakowskie Przedmieście 64 und liegt damit im Innenstadtdistrikt der Stadt. Es diente als Sitz der Resursa Obywatelska von 1861 bis 1939. Heute befindet sich in dem nach dem Krieg wiederaufgebauten Gebäude die "Gesellschaft für Zusammenarbeit mit dem Auslandspolentum" (Towarzystwo Współpracy z Polonią Zagraniczną "Polonia").

Geschichte
Ursprünglich (im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert) befand sich an dieser Stelle ein Anwesen des polnischen Magnaten Aleksander Michał Lubomirski. Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts war Antonina Zamoyska die Besitzerin, die hier einen Palast nach einem Entwurf von Giacomo Fontana errichten ließ. Im Jahr 1754 ging das Gebäude an den Bischof Andrzej Stanisław Załuski über. Bis zur Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts wechselte das Anwesen mehrfach seine Besitzer (u. a. Ludwika Maria Poniatowska) und wurde allmählich zu einem schmucklosen Mietshaus umfunktioniert.

1860 erwarb die Nowa Resursa Kupiecka den ehemaligen Palast. Sie ließ ihn abreißen und bis 1861 unter Edward Cichocki (Ausschreibungssieger; Außenarchitektur) und Piotr Leon Karasiński (Zweiter der Ausschreibung; vor allem Innenraumarbeiten) einen Neubau errichten, in den sie ihren bisherigen Sitz vom Tarnowski-Palast verlegte. Das Erdgeschoss beherbergte Geschäfte sowie einen großen Speisesaal, im Obergeschoss befanden sich zwei Ballsäale mit einer Kolonnade. Hier wurden neben Festen auch Konzerte, Kongresse und Ausstellungen veranstaltet. Der Sitz der Gesellschaft war eines der ersten Warschauer Gebäude im Stil des Eklektizismus mit Elementen von Neorenaissance, Neobarock und Neoklassizismus.

Im Jahr 1864 wurde ein Nebengebäude auf dem Hof an den Verleger Samuel Orgelbrand verkauft. 1925 traf sich Maria Skłodowska-Curie hier mit Warschauer Physik- und Chemie-Professoren.

Zu Beginn des Zweiten Weltkrieges wurde das Gebäude beschädigt. Während der Kämpfe des Warschauer Aufstandes brannte es ab. Von 1948 bis 1950 wurde es unter Leitung von Michał Ptic-Borkowski wieder aufgebaut und diente zunächst als Erholungsheim. Heute beherbergt das Gebäude verschiedene Institutionen, wie die Gesellschaft für Zusammenarbeit mit dem Auslandspolentum (polnisch: Towarzystwo Współpracy z Polonią Zagraniczną "Polonia") und den polnischen Presseclub. In den 2000er Jahren wurde es komplett saniert.

Einzelnachweise und Anmerkungen

Literatur
 Julius A. Chroscicki und Andrzej Rottermund: Architekturatlas von Warschau, 1. Auflage, Arkady, Warschau 1978, S. 84f.

Weblinks

 Geschichte und historische Ansichten bei Warszawa1939.pl (in Polnisch)
 Geschichtliches bei Pascal.pl (in Polnisch)

Śródmieście (Warschau)
Bauwerk des Historismus in Warschau
Erbaut in den 1860er Jahren
Bauwerk des Eklektizismus in Polen

Gebäude der Bürgerressource


Frano Veraja, hrvatski reprezentativni rukometaš

Sudionik SP do 19 održanog 2005. u Kataru na kojem je osvojio broncu.

Izvori

Hrvatski rukometaši
Rukometaši RK Metkovića
Životopisi, Metković

Frano Veraja


Nenad Bićanić (Zagreb, 6. rujna 1945. – Veli Lošinj, 8. listopada 2016.) bio je dopisni član Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti, jedan od vodećih znanstvenika u svijetu s područja građevinarstva i računalne mehanike.

Životopis

Nenad Bićanić je kao rođeni Zagrepčanin u rodnom gradu proveo djetinjstvo, završio četverogodišnju osnovnu školu i nižu gimnaziju, a potom je upisao jednu godinu na Građevinsko-tehničkoj školi u Klaićevoj ulici, da bi potom nastavio kao prva generacija u novoj školi u Novom Zagrebu. Zbog već pokazanih sklonosti tehnici, ali i po savjetu oca, odluka o prijelazu iz Klasične gimnazije u Križanićevoj na Građevinsko-tehničku školu činila se prirodnim izborom. Posebno ga je zanimala veza arhitekture i konstrukcija, sve što je povezano s čvrstoćom i konstruktorskom vizualizacijom, zapravo sve što je u skladu sa zahtjevima da građevine odgovaraju idealu odnosno tzv. Vitruvijevom trokutu – firmitas, utilitas i venustas (čvrstoća, smisao i estetika). Sa zahvalnošću se Bićanić prisjećao koliko su u srednjoj školi za njegovo daljnje profesionalno usmjerenje utjecala predavanja iz statike profesora Lucijana Delaka i iz nacrtne geometrije profesora Milana Plešea. Građevinski je fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu upisao 1964., a diplomirao je krajem 1968. godine.

Nakon diplome na Građevinskom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, doktorirao je na Velškom sveučilištu (University of Wales, Swansea) 1978. Radio je na Građevinskom fakultetu u Zagrebu gdje je 1985. izabran za redovitog profesora. Od 1985. do 1994. bio je predavač na Velškom sveučilištu. Izabran je za profesora građevinarstva 1994. na Sveučilištu u Glasgowu (Glasgow University), a ujedno je bio redoviti profesor u naslovnom zvanju Građevinskog fakulteta u Zagrebu i Građevinskog fakulteta u Rijeci. Od 1997. do 2001. bio je predstojnik Građevinskog odjela Sveučilišta u Glasgowu.

Bio je direktor Zajedničkog istraživačkog instituta za mehaniku materijala i struktura te bioinženjering (Joint Research Institute of Mechanics of Materials and Structures and Bioengineering).

Za dopisnog člana HAZU izabran je 2010.

Prof. dr. sc. Nenad Bićanić svojim je radovima znatno doprinio razvoju građevinarstva i računalne mehanike i odgojio brojne mlade znanstvenike, među kojima i nekoliko iz Hrvatske. Područje njegova rada bile su metoda konačnih elemenata, metoda diskretnih elemenata, metoda diskontinuiranih deformacija, statika i dinamika konstrukcija, konstitutivni modeli krhkih materijala, modeliranje ponašanja betona pri naglim opterećenjima i velikim temperaturama.

Objavio je više od 150 članaka u međunarodnim časopisima i zbornicima sa skupova koji su 296 puta citirani u Web of Science. Bio je organizator dugogodišnje serije međunarodnih konferencija o modeliranju ponašanja betona i betonskih konstrukcija te jedan od osnivača i bivši predsjednik Udruge za računalnu mehaniku u inženjerstvu (Association for Computational Mechanics in Engineering).

Izabran je za člana Instituta za građevinarstvo u Londonu i Međunarodne asocijacije za računalnu mehaniku. Također je bio urednik međunarodnog časopisa International Journal of Computers & Concrete za Europu.

I nakon odlaska u Veliku Britaniju prof. dr. sc. Nenad Bićanić intenzivno je surađivao s hrvatskim znanstvenicima i stručnjacima sudjelujući u poslijediplomskoj nastavi, u realizaciji dva TEMPUS-ova projekta i radom u Hrvatskom društvu za mehaniku koje ga je izabralo za svog počasnog člana.

Nagrade i priznanja
 2004. 	Počasni član Hrvatsko Društvo za Mehaniku
 2010. 	Dopisni član HAZU, Hrvatska Akademija Znanosti i Umjetnosti
 2001. 	Fellow International Association Computational Mechanics (FIACM)
 1998. 	Fellow Institution of Civil Engineers, London (FICE) 1998

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Nenad Bićanić, HAZU
 Popis radova na Hrvatskoj znanstvenoj bibliografiji

Životopisi, Zagreb
Životopisi, Lošinj
Akademici HAZU

Nenad Bićanić


An Cycnoches ventricosum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni James Bateman. An Cycnoches ventricosum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cycnoches, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Cycnoches

Cycnoches ventricosum


Biserica de lemn din Duțești, oraș Târgu Cărbunești, datează din anul 1698. Are hramul "Cuvioasa Paraschiva". Biserica se află pe noua listă a monumentelor istorice sub codul LMI: .

Istoric și trăsături
Biserica este clădită din bârne de lemn, tencuită; are formă de navă, de mari dimensiuni, cu turn deasupra pronaosului, și pridvor pe stâlpi pe latura vestică; anul vehiculat pentru construcție este 1698, biserica fiind, ulterior, radical transformată.

Bibliografie
Studii regionale

Vezi și
 Duțești, Gorj

Note

Legături externe
 Fișă de monument
Monumente istorice din România Fișă de monument

Galerie de imagini

Duțești
Monumente istorice din județul Gorj
Biserici din secolul al XVII-lea din România
Biserici cu hramul Sfânta Parascheva

Biserica de lemn din Duțești


Daniel Lytle Dolan (Detroit, 28 de maio de 1951 – 26 de abril de 2022) foi um bispo sedevacantista católico americano.

Biografia
Daniel Lytle Dolan nasceu em 28 de maio de 1951, em Detroit, Michigan, Estados Unidos. Em 1965, iniciou sua preparação para o sacerdócio no seminário menor arquidiocesano de Detroit. Continuou seus estudos na Ordem de Cister e no seminário da tradicionalista Sociedade de São Pio X (SSPX) em Écône, Suíça.

Em 1973, como seminarista em Écône, chegou à conclusão de que "a única explicação lógica" para a Missa Nova e a suposta heresia do Concílio Vaticano II era que o Papa Paulo VI havia perdido o pontificado romano. Desde então, ele ocupou a posição de sedevacantismo.

Em 29 de junho de 1976, em Écône, Dolan foi ordenado sacerdote pelo arcebispo Marcel Lefebvre da FSSPX. Em 1977, Dolan retornou aos Estados Unidos, onde estabeleceria mais de 35 centros de missa tradicionalistas.

Lefebvre orientou os padres americanos da FSSPX a seguirem os livros litúrgicos de 1962. Dolan e outros oito padres americanos se recusaram a fazer isso. Em 27 de abril de 1983, esses nove padres, juntamente com alguns seminaristas que simpatizavam com eles, foram prontamente expulsos da FSSPX por Lefebvre, por sua recusa em usar o Missal de 1962 e por outras razões, como sua resistência à ordem de Lefebvre de que os padres da FSSPX devem aceitar os decretos de nulidade proferidos pelos tribunais matrimoniais diocesanos, e sua desaprovação da política da FSSPX de aceitar na sociedade novos membros que foram ordenados ao sacerdócio de acordo com os ritos sacramentais revisados de Paulo VI. Quase imediatamente, esses padres formaram a Fraternidade São Pio V (SSPV).

Em 1989, Dolan e o padre Anthony Cekada (outro dos nove padres americanos expulsos da FSSPX em 1983) deixaram a SSPV por motivos como a rejeição do superior geral padre Clarence Kelly da validade dos bispos sedevacantistas consagrados por ou na linhagem do Bispo Ngô Đình Thục . Outros padres originais da SSPV mais tarde seguiram o exemplo. Dolan continuou seu trabalho em sua igreja principal em West Chester, Ohio, Estados Unidos.

Em 1989, iniciou contatos com a Congregação sedevacantista americana de Maria Imaculada Rainha (CMRI). Discussões subsequentes revelaram acordo sobre as principais questões teológicas. Em 1992, com o objetivo de ajudar o clero anteriormente pertencente à FSSPX, bem como os tradicionalistas de língua espanhola e francesa, o bispo Mark Pivarunas da CMRI pediu a Dolan que recebesse a consagração episcopal. Em 1993, após considerável hesitação, Dolan concordou.

Episcopado
Em 30 de novembro de 1993, na igreja de Santa Gertrudes, a Grande, em West Chester, Mark Pivarunas consagrou Dolan como bispo.

Em 11 de maio de 1999, em Acapulco, Guerrero, México, Dolan ajudou como co-consagrador na consagração episcopal de Pivarunas do padre Martín Dávila Gandara da Sociedad Sacerdotal Trento (União Sacerdotal de Trento).

Em 22 de fevereiro de 2018, em Brooksville, Flórida, Estados Unidos, Dolan auxiliou como co-consagrador na consagração episcopal do padre Joseph Selway pelo bispo Donald Sanborn do Instituto Católico Romano.

Em 29 de setembro de 2021, Dolan consagrou o padre brasileiro Rodrigo da Silva,  um ex-padre da FSSPX, como bispo para o México e América do Sul.
Dolan serviu na Igreja de Santa Gertrudes, a Grande, bem como em outras comunidades sedevacantistas nos Estados Unidos, México, Brasil e Europa .

Em 26 de abril de 2022, o padre Stephen McKenna da igreja de Santa Gertrudes, a Grande, anunciou a morte súbita do bispo Dolan no mesmo dia.

Referências

Ligações externas

 Igreja de Santa Gertrudes, a Grande

Sedevacantistas

Daniel Dolan


Stone Butch Blues est un roman de fiction historique écrit par Leslie Feinberg sur la vie d'une lesbienne butch dans l'Amérique des années 1970. Bien que fictive, l'œuvre s'inspire également de la propre vie de Feinberg, et elle l'a décrite comme son « appel à l'action ». Il est souvent considéré comme un travail difficile mais essentiel pour les communautés LGBT, car il « n'hésite jamais à dépeindre l'antisémitisme, le classisme, l'homophobie, l'animosité anti-butch et la transphobie auxquels le protagoniste Jess Goldberg est confronté quotidiennement - mais cela montre aussi le pouvoir de guérison de l'amour et de l'activisme politique ».

Réception et impact
Stone Butch Blues a reçu des éloges pendant de nombreuses années. Laura Sackton de Book Riot l'a nommé l'un des quarante meilleurs livres queer de tous les temps, le décrivant comme « le genre de récit queer et trans dont nous avons cruellement besoin: honnête, libérateur et vital ». La bibliothèque publique de New York l'a répertorié comme l'un des 125 livres qu'ils aiment, le marquant comme l'avant-garde d'un « nouveau mouvement d'identité politique et de solidarité transgenre qui prenait forme dans les années 1990 ». The Guardian a également classé Stone Butch Blues parmi les « 10 meilleurs livres transgenres ».

Feinberg couvre des sujets liés à l'organisation syndicale et à l'activisme politique dans sa vie réelle, faisant de Stone Butch Blues une pièce politique en plus d'une œuvre LGBT. Le roman est également un travail important pour de nombreux organisateurs syndicaux, répertorié dans Autostraddle comme lecture essentielle de l'histoire du travail LGBT. Comme mentionné par Diane Anderson-Minshall dans The Advocate, les relations de Jess tout au long du roman mettent également en évidence l'importance historique des travailleuses du sexe au sein des communautés lesbiennes.

Stone Butch Blues est considéré comme un classique culte dans les communautés LGBT et continue d'être populaire près de 30 ans après sa publication originale. À la bibliothèque LGBTQ Michael C. Weidemann, qui abrite plus de 9 000 livres, Stone Butch Blues « est toujours recherché ». Les personnes LGBT trouvent souvent du réconfort dans le sens du roman « d'espoir sombre, au cœur de l'auto-préservation queer ». Cependant, il a également été discuté comme un roman qui devrait être lu en dehors de la communauté LGBT, avec Jo Livingstone déclarant que « Stone Butch Blues, la pierre angulaire de sa carrière, est un très bon livre à tous points de vue », et qu'il vaut la peine lire « si vous êtes d'âge moyen ou âgé ou un adolescent qui n'a pas encore décidé quoi devenir ». Après la mort de Feinberg en 2014, le livre a reçu une attention médiatique renouvelée, mentionné dans Slate, The Guardian, CNN, Jezebel et d'autres.

Historique des publications
Le roman a été publié pour la première fois par  en 1993 et repris par  en 2003. Une édition du 20e anniversaire est sortie en 2014. Une édition e-book gratuite est actuellement disponible sur le site de Leslie Feinberg. Feinberg a demandé que l'édition du  anniversaire soit disponible gratuitement dans le cadre de « l'ensemble de son travail de vie en tant que communiste pour » changer le monde « dans la lutte pour la justice et la libération de l'oppression ».

En France, le livre a été publié au éditions Hystériques et associées.

Récompenses
Le livre a été finaliste du Lambda Literary Award 1994 dans la catégorie Fiction lesbienne et a partagé le prix dans la catégorie Small Press Books avec Sojourner: Black Gay Voices in the Age of AIDS. Il a également remporté le 1994 American Library Association Gay & Lesbian Book Award (maintenant le Stonewall Book Award).

Thèmes majeurs
Stone Butch Blues est le plus souvent décrit comme un récit genderqueer. Il est parfois considéré comme postmoderne en raison de la manière dont il présente le genre comme un signifiant dépourvu de référent fixe dans le corps, et de la manière dont l'identité de Jess décompose les catégories du masculin et du féminin. En tant que tel, il s'agit également de franchir les frontières et de chercher un chez-soi. Jay Prosser écrit que « Jess ne se sent pas chez elle dans son corps féminin dans le monde et tente de le refaire avec des hormones et de la chirurgie ». En raison de sa masculinité, elle n'est pas non plus chez elle dans sa communauté d'origine, et ainsi la recherche d'un foyer devient également un thème.

Feinberg montre également comment le sexe et la classe se croisent pour façonner l'identité de Jess, en décrivant son malaise avec les féministes de la classe moyenne qui méprisent à la fois les identités de butch et de femme qui sont les normes de la propre communauté ouvrière de Jess. Cat Moses écrit que « Stone Butch Blues est informé par un désir sous-jacent pour le développement d'une conscience de classe révolutionnaire parmi le prolétariat, à travers les divisions sexuelles et raciales ».

Traductions
Stone Butch Blues a été traduit en chinois, russe, allemand, italien, hébreu, slovène, basque, français, et espagnol.

Références

Liens externes

 Téléchargement gratuit du livre électronique de Stone Butch Blues
 Stone Butch Blues sur le site de l'éditeur, Alyson.com
 Pour un aperçu de l'histoire des bars gays à Buffalo, NY à l'époque du roman, voir Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold par Elizabeth Lapovsky Kennedy et Madeline D. Davis.
 "Construire nos propres maisons: stéréotypes frustrés dans Stone Butch Blues de Leslie Feinberg". Warkentin, Elyssa, America@, 2(1).

Roman historique américain
Roman se déroulant dans l'État de New York
Roman à thématique lesbienne
Roman à thématique transgenre
Roman américain à thème LGBT
Roman autobiographique américain
Roman américain paru en 1993
Lesbianisme dans la littérature

Stone Butch Blues


U drevnoj rimskoj religiji, Bidental je bilo sveti hram podignut na mjestu gdje je udarila munja.

Stvaranje
Sve ostatke i spaljenu zemlju na tom mjestu spalili su svećenici zvani bidentales u rupi na tom mjestu. Svaka osoba koju je usmrtila munja trebala je biti pokopana u zemlju gdje je udarila munja, za razliku od tradicionalnog kremiranja.

Puteal (izvor bunara), jedan ili ponekad više njih, postavljao se tada na mjesto spaljene zemlje. Kako bi dodatno posvetio mjesto, službenik bi žrtvovao dvogodišnju ovcu (zvanu bidens). Naposljetku, sagrađen je oltar i okružen zidom ili ogradom kako bi se svi prijestupnici držali podalje. Povremeno, kada bi pali u stanje propadanja, Bidentali bi bili popravljeni ili rekonstruirani.

Značaj
Bidental je smatran svetim prostorom, pa se nije smio dirati, gaziti po njemu, pa čak ni gledati u njega nakon završetka.

Mjesta koja su pogođena gromom smatrala su se zastrašujućim primjerom božanskog gnjeva i nije ih se smjelo olako shvatiti. Ako je netko počinio svetogrđe, bio je strogo kažnjen bijesom. Prije svega, vjerovalo se da je ove predstave božanske moći pokazao upravo Jupiter, rimski bog neba i groma, kao i kralj bogova.

Izvori
 "The Divine Thunderbolt." Google Books. Web. 21 Nov. 2015.
 "Gentleman's Magazine, and Historical Chronicle." Google Books. Web. 17 Nov. 2015.
 "P996 Bidental." LacusCurtius • Roman Religion. Web. 23 Oct. 2015.
 "The Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary and Greek Lexicon." Internet Archive. 1849. Web. 11 Nov. 2015.

Rimske religije

Bidental


Le hiatus sacré (ou échancrure sacrée ou hiatus sacro-coccygien) est une échancrure formée par la divergence des cornes du sacrum à l'extrémité inférieure de la crête sacrale médiane.

Il est situé au niveau des deux dernières vertèbres sacrées et limite l'orifice inférieur du canal sacral.

Colonne vertébrale

Hiatus sacré