The Jackson–Vanik amendment to the Trade Act of 1974 is a 1974 provision in United States federal law intended to affect U.S. trade relations with countries with non-market economies (originally, countries of the Soviet Bloc) that restrict freedom of Jewish emigration and other human rights. The amendment is contained in the Trade Act of 1974 which passed both houses of the United States Congress unanimously, and signed by President Gerald Ford into law, with the adopted amendment, on January 3, 1975. Over time, a number of countries were granted conditional normal trade relations subject to annual review, and a number of countries were liberated from the amendment.

On December 14, 2012, President Barack Obama signed the Magnitsky Act (formally titled the Russia and Moldova Jackson–Vanik Repeal and Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012) that repealed the application of the Jackson–Vanik amendment to Russia and gave normal US trade relations to Russia and Moldova, instead punishing individuals violating human rights.

The amendment is named after its major co-sponsors Henry M. Jackson of Washington in the Senate and Charles A. Vanik of Ohio in the House of Representatives, both Democrats.

Background

Antisemitism in the Soviet Union under Brezhnev
Antisemitism in the Soviet Union once again peaked during the rule of Leonid Brezhnev, following Israeli victory in the 1967 Six-Day War. "Anti-Zionist" propaganda, including the film Secret and Explicit, was often antisemitic in nature. Many of Brezhnev's close advisors, most principally Mikhail Suslov, were also fervent antisemites. Jewish emigration to Israel and the United States, which had been allowed in limited amounts under the rule of Khrushchev, once more became heavily restricted, primarily due to concerns that Jews were a security liability or treasonous. Would-be emigrants, or refuseniks, often required a vyzov, or special invitation from a relative living abroad, for their application to be even considered by the Soviet authorities. In addition, in order to emigrate, one needed written permission from all immediate family members. The rules were often stretched in order to prevent Jews from leaving, and ability for appeal was rarely permitted. Substantial fees were also required to be paid, both to emigrate and as "reimbursement".

Institutional racism against Jews was widespread in the Soviet Union under Brezhnev, with many sectors of the government being off-limits. Following the failure of the Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair, in which 12 refuseniks unsuccessfully attempted to hijack a plane and flee west, crackdowns on Jews and the refusenik movement followed. Informal centres for studying the Hebrew language, the Torah and Jewish culture were closed.

Immediately following the Six-Day War in 1967, the antisemitic conditions started causing desire to emigrate to Israel for many Soviet Jews. A Jewish Ukrainian radio engineer, Boris Kochubievsky, sought to move to Israel. In a letter to Brezhnev, Kochubievsky stated:

Within the week he was called in to the KGB bureau and without questioning, was taken to a mental institution in his hometown of Kiev (for more information, see: Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union).   While this may seem as an isolated incident, the aftermath of the Six-Day War affected almost every Jew within the Soviet Union.   Jews who had been subject to assimilation under previous regimes were now confronted with a new sense in vigour and revival in their Jewish faith and heritage.
On February 23, 1979, a six-page article was distributed throughout the cities of Moscow and Leningrad, which criticized Brezhnev and seven other individuals for being "Zionist". The article contained traces of deep-rooted antisemitism in which the anonymous author, a member of the Russian Liberation Organization, set out ways to identify Zionists; these included "hairy chest and arms", "shifty eyes", and a "hook-like nose".

A major stride was made in the United States in regards to helping the Soviet Jews on 18 October 1974, when Senator Henry M. Jackson, National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger, Senator Jacob Javits and Congressman Charles Vanik met to discuss the finalization of the "Jackson–Vanik amendment" which had been in limbo in the United States Congress for nearly a year. After the meeting, Jackson told reporters that a "historic understanding in the area of human rights" had been met and while he did not "comment on what the Russians have done [...] there [had] been a complete turnaround here on the basic points". The amendment set out to reward the Soviet Union for letting some Soviet Jews leave the country.

On February 22, 1981, in a speech, which lasted over 5 hours, Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev denounced antisemitism in the Soviet Union. While Lenin and Stalin had much of the same in various statements and speeches, this was the first time that a high-ranking Soviet official had done so in front of the entire Party. Brezhnev acknowledged that antisemitism existed within the Eastern Bloc and saw that many different ethnic groups existed whose "requirements" were not being met.  For decades, people of different ethnic, or religious backgrounds were assimilated into Soviet society and denied the ability or resources to get the education or practice their religion as they had previously done. Brezhnev made it official Soviet Policy to provide these ethnic groups with these "requirements" and cited a fear of the "emergence of inter-ethnic tensions" as the reason.   The announcement of the policy was followed with a generic, but significant Party message;

While to most, the issue of antisemitism seemed to be dropped very casually and almost accidentally, it was very much calculated and planned, as was everything else the Party did. At this time the Soviet Union was feeling pressure from around the world to solve many human rights violations that were taking place within their borders, and the statement responded to the inquiries of countries such as Australia and Belgium. While the Party seemed to be taking a hard stance against antisemitism, the fact remained that antisemitic propaganda had long been present in the Soviet Union, making it extremely difficult to solve the problems right away. Furthermore, Jewish organizations in Washington D.C. were calling attention to the problems of Soviet Jewry to American leaders.

Antisemitism, however, remained widespread both within and outside the Communist Party; antisemitic media continued to be published with the assent of the government, while antisemitic propaganda (believed variously to be the work of far-right groups or the Soviet government) spread throughout cities in the Soviet Union during the late 1970s. Mikhail Savitsky's 1979 painting, Summer Theatre, depicted a Nazi extermination camp guard and Jewish prisoner grinning between a pile of Russian corpses.

Timeline
From 1972 to January 1975, Congress debated and added the Jackson-Vanik Amendment to the Trade Act of 1974, which had restricted the president's ability to provide most favored nation (MFN) status to the Soviet Union and other non-market economies of the Soviet bloc. The timing and provisions of the amendment reflected the presidential ambitions and distrust of the Soviet Union of Senator Henry Jackson (D-WA).

After the Soviet Union allowed a number of Soviet Jews to emigrate in the years after the 1967 June War in the Middle East, expectations of freer emigration to buttress Jewish settlers to Israel were raised, but they were soon shattered as the 1972 Soviet emigration head tax made emigration very difficult. This Soviet edict levied an additional exit tax on educated emigrants, which appeared to have the effect of singling out Jews, who anonymously had the highest  state paid education costs and wealth, most heavily. The education tax, imposed  after the 1972 Moscow summit of superpower leaders Richard Nixon and Leonid Brezhnev, emboldened those who criticized the Nixon administration's policy of detente for downplaying concerns for human rights. Nixon's handling of the issue of Soviet Jewish emigration and US National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger's reluctance to broach the subject disappointed US Jewish activists. The Soviets announced the abolishing of the tax just before the introduction of the amendment in Congress, arguably in an attempt to halt its enactment.

At first, Jackson organized the political movement to link trade and emigration in US relations with the Soviet Union in concert with Jewish activists, but he soon took matters into his own hands. Jackson drafted what would become the Jackson–Vanik amendment in mid-1972 and introduced it to the 92nd Congress on October 4, 1972. Jackson's efforts, rooted in his own domestic political agenda and ideological distrust of and antipathy toward the Soviet Union, complicated the Nixon White House's pursuit of detente, which it had worked on since 1969. However, three-quarters of the Senate co-sponsored the amendment, neutralizing opposition from President Nixon.

Jackson's staffer Richard Perle said in an interview that the idea belonged to Jackson, who believed that the right to emigrate was the most powerful among the human rights in certain respects: "if people could vote with their feet, governments would have to acknowledge that and governments would have to make for their citizens a life that would keep them there." While there was some opposition, the American Jewish establishment on the whole and Soviet Jewry activists (particularly the Washington Committee for Soviet Jewry and the National Conference on Soviet Jewry) supported the amendment over Nixon's and Kissinger's objections.

In 1973 Rep. Charles Vanik, chair of the House Ways and Means Subcommittee on Trade, introduced in the House of Representatives the legislation drafted with Jackson. The amendment would deny normal trade relations to certain countries with non-market economies that restricted freedom of emigration. The amendment was intended to allow primarily Jewish refugees and other religious minorities to escape from the Soviet bloc.  Vanik's aide, Mark E. Talisman, is regarded as having played an instrumental role in securing passage.

Jackson attached his amendment to legislation the Nixon administration badly wanted. In the House of Representatives, Vanik lined up House leaders as primary sponsors of the amendment. During this period, Jackson also expanded his base of support, adding other ethnic, economic, and ideological groups as supporters. Labor, ethnic groups originally from Eastern European and Baltic States, human rights organizations and liberal intellectuals were the most significant additions to organized labor and Jewish activists. While building support, Jackson resisted compromise with the administration and the Soviet Union.

Once the Nixon administration began to appreciate the threat Jackson presented its policy of detente, and in particular the linkage of detente to expanded trade, it made a number of attempts to thwart Jackson. The administration tried to keep the amendment out of the committee version of the bill during the House Ways and Means Committee's markup sessions. When it became clear that this was impossible, delay was the administration's next option, along with the threat of a veto.

The Yom Kippur War in October 1973 further complicated Congressional views of the Soviet Union. Soviet involvement in the conflict may have stoked distrust of the USSR by some members of Congress, but there were other members who feared that pressure on the Nixon Administration to advance the goals of the Jackson–Vanik amendment complicated the emergency supply of US military weapons to Israel. Israel prevailed in the Yom Kippur War, and on December 11 the House of Representatives voted by an overwhelming 319-80 vote to include the entire Jackson–Vanik amendment in the trade bill, which passed 272–140. With that, Congress recessed until January 1974.

On January 21, 1974, the second session of the 93rd United States Congress began, and the Jackson amendment was introduced in the Senate. Having lost the legislative battle in the House of Representatives, the administration and Soviet authorities turned to negotiations with Jackson. Trilateral talks began in spring 1974 involving Congress, the Executive Branch and the Soviet Union. The prominent individuals involved were Jackson, Kissinger, and Soviet Ambassador to the U.S. Anatoly Dobrynin, a skilled senior diplomat who had served in Washington for decades. Kissinger enjoyed a special status in these negotiations since he alone controlled the communications between Jackson and the Soviet Union. In effect, Kissinger was the only one of the three parties involved who knew what all sides were saying in secret, informal sessions, while he also conducted a long-standing "back channel" dialogue with Soviet authorities via Dobrynin. Kissinger's influence only grew as Nixon was increasingly consumed by the Watergate political scandal.

In March 1974, Kissinger returned from Moscow with news that the Soviets were willing to cooperate with the members of Congress. Jackson, however, would complicate matters by making public the demands that had been accommodated in quiet diplomatic dialogue.

Jackson pursued negotiations with the administration and the Soviet Union on the terms of the amendment. The outline of an agreement was perceivable, but by summer the talks seemed to bog down as Watergate sapped the Executive Branch's political energy. Nixon resigned on August 9, 1974.

In August 1974, when the national deadlock was broken by Nixon's resignation and Ford's appointment, Jackson had to decide whether or not to concur with an agreement that was not perfect or hold out longer and possibly sink the entire trade bill. Given the choice of having the bill with the Jackson amendment or doing away with both the bill and the Jackson amendment together, Kissinger was apparently willing to let the two die. So to compromise, Jackson had agreed to grant, at least temporarily, trade concessions, including extensions of credit, to the Soviet Union.

Eventually, Jackson accepted less than perfect terms. Jackson was anxious to achieve a legislative victory after years of battle and apparently decided it best not to ask too many more questions nor press too hard for less ambiguous pledges lest he be left with nothing to show for his efforts.

President Ford signed the 1972 Trade Agreement on January 3, 1975, with the Jackson amendment. On January 10, the Soviet government sent a letter that apparently indicated the Soviets' refusal to comply with the need to provide assurances on emigration or to make technical changes in the 1972 Trade Agreement. On January 13, Kissinger met with Soviet officials and subsequently issued a statement "that the 1972 Trade Agreement cannot be brought into force at this time and the President will therefore not take the steps required for this purpose by the Trade Agreement. The President does not plan at this time to exercise the waiver authority."

Business involvement
Harry Stone, vice president and his brother, Irving Stone, president of American Greetings based in Vanick's home town, Cleveland, Ohio, played a major role in gaining sponsorship for the amendment. Harry Stone served as campaign chairman to the late U.S. Representative Charles Vanik, a connection that gained significance when Vanik asked Stone and his brother Irving, then American Greetings president, to encourage congressman Wilbur Mills to schedule a floor vote on the Jackson-Vanik Amendment requiring the Soviet Union to allow Jewish emigration to the U.S. in order to qualify for "most favored nation status" for its exports. Senator J. William Fulbright, chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee characterized the amendment as "idealistic meddling" in the amendment's attempts to use free Jews using trade and credit as levers against the Soviet Union. American Greetings was the largest employer in Mills's Arkansas district. Fulbright, apparently saw the same light as Mills, as American Greetings opened one of its largest printing plants in Fulbright's and Mills's state of Arkansas.

"The role that Harry Stone played in making the Jackson-Vanik bill a reality will go down as one of the most meaningful contributions that a Clevelander has ever made," says Vic Gelb, an honorary for life director of the Cleveland Jewish News. "It made a world of difference in the history of events and enabled the exodus of Jews from the former Soviet Union."

Conclusion
The difficulty faced by Senator Jackson in the three-way negotiation process that took place from August 1974 through January 1975, demonstrated some of the institutional constraints on congressional involvement in foreign policy making. The Jackson–Vanik amendment is a case study of how domestic politics shapes American Foreign policy making. It exemplifies the fact that one cannot understand U.S. foreign policy if one does not understand the domestic politics in Congress and the White House that shape policy decisions.

Content
The amendment denied most favored nation status to certain countries with non-market economies that restricted emigration, which is considered a human right. Permanent normal trade relations can have been extended to such country only if the president determined that it complies with the freedom of emigration requirements. However, the president had authority to grant an annual waiver, which was granted to the People's Republic of China in the late 1970s and to Vietnam and Laos in later decades.

The core provision of the amendment was codified as 19 U.S.C. 2432(a), Sec. 402 "Freedom of Emigration in East-West Trade" of the Trade Act of 1974 ():

(a) Actions of nonmarket economy countries making them ineligible for normal trade relations, programs of credits, credit guarantees, or investment guarantees, or commercial agreements To assure the continued dedication of the United States to fundamental human rights, and notwithstanding any other provision of law, on or after January 3, 1975, products from any nonmarket economy country shall not be eligible to receive nondiscriminatory treatment (normal trade relations), such country shall not participate in any program of the Government of the United States which extends credits or credit guarantees or investment guarantees, directly or indirectly, and the President of the United States shall not conclude any commercial agreement with any such country, during the period beginning with the date on which the President determines that such country -
(1) denies its citizens the right or opportunity to emigrate;
(2) imposes more than a nominal tax on emigration or on the visas or other documents required for emigration, for any purpose or cause whatsoever; or
(3) imposes more than a nominal tax, levy, fine, fee, or other charge on any citizen as a consequence of the desire of such citizen to emigrate to the country of his choice, and ending on the date on which the President determines that such country is no longer in violation of paragraph (1), (2), or (3).

Effects

The countries subject to the amendment included the Soviet Union (and later the post-Soviet states), the People's Republic of China, Romania, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Bulgaria, Mongolia, Albania, Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam.

Of Soviet Bloc countries, Poland was exempt from the amendment, but from 1982 to 1987 its unconditional MFN status was suspended due to its actions against Solidarność.  Yugoslavia was also exempt; however, in 1991–1992, due to violent events in the former Yugoslavia, the MFN status of Serbia and Montenegro was suspended.

Soviet Union

At first the Jackson–Vanik amendment did little to help free Soviet Jewry. The number of exit visas declined after the passing of the amendment. However, in the late 1980s Mikhail Gorbachev agreed to comply with the protocols of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe. Lazin (2005) states that scholars differ on how effective the amendment was in helping Soviet Jews. Some argue that it helped bring the plight of Soviet Jews to the world's attention, while others believe it hindered emigration and decreased America's diplomatic bargaining power.

Since 1975 more than 500,000 refugees, large numbers of whom were Jews, evangelical Christians, and Catholics from the former Soviet Union, have been resettled in the United States. An estimated one million Soviet Jews have immigrated to Israel in that time.

Jackson–Vanik also led to great changes within the Soviet Union.  Other ethnic groups subsequently demanded the right to emigrate, and the ruling Communist Party had to face the fact that there was widespread dissatisfaction with its governance.

Former Soviet dissident Natan Sharansky wrote in his 2004 book The Case for Democracy (p. 3):

Lautenberg Amendment (1990)
Enacted on November 21, 1989, the Lautenberg Amendment, Public Law 101–167, took effect in 1990 which provided refugee status in the United States for nationals from the Soviet Union and later the former Soviet Union, Ukraine, Estonia, Latvia or Lithuania who are Jews, Evangelical Christians, Ukrainian Catholics or Ukrainian Orthodox; as well as nationals of Vietnam, Laos, or Cambodia; and Jews, Christians, Baha'is and other religious minorities from Iran. The Lautenberg measure allowed refugee status to people from historically persecuted groups without requiring them to show that they had been singled out. Under the Lautenberg Amendment, 350,000 to 400,000 Jews from the former Soviet Union which had not presented any form of evidence of persecution gained entry to the United States by October 2002 according to the Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Beginning in 2002, a special "Refugee Corps" in the Department of Homeland Security handled issues involving the Lautenberg Amendment.

Post-soviet states

Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania
Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were subject to the amendment because they had been forcibly incorporated into the Soviet Union. They were liberated from the amendment upon the US recognition of their independence on September 6, 1991.

Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan's Jewish community reportedly requested the US to cancel Jackson Vanik amendment for Kazakhstan. In an article titled "A Relic of the Cold War", journalist Robert Guttman refers to the Amendment as an "outdated and rather meaningless piece of legislation". The U.S. Chamber of Commerce argues that the application of Jackson-Vanik on Kazakhstan puts U.S. companies at a competitive disadvantage. The Chamber urges the U.S. Congress to graduate Kazakhstan from Jackson-Vanik.

Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan  first received conditional normal trade relations in 1992. In 1997 it was found fully compliant with the Jackson-Vanik provisions, but its status remained subject to annual review. On May 18, 2000, Public Law 106-200 authorized the President to extend unconditional normal trade relations to Kyrgyzstan.

Moldova
Moldova first received conditional normal trade relations in 1992. In 1997 it was found to be fully compliant with the Jackson-Vanik provisions, but its status remained subject to annual review.

On November 16, 2012 the U.S. House of Representatives passed a bill that would repeal the Jackson–Vanik amendment for Russia and Moldova. After approval by the Senate, the law repealing the effects of the Jackson–Vanik amendment on Russia and Moldova was signed by President Barack Obama on December 14, 2012.

Russia
In 2003, Vladimir Putin pursued an economic agenda for Russia to begin normalized trade relations with the West which included Russia joining the European Union and the repeal of the Jackson–Vanik amendment. Putin tried to use his relationships with both the Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi, who was the head of the European Union's Council in 2003, to gain Russia's membership in the European Union, and also Hank Greenberg, who was the chairman and CEO of the American International Group (AIG), to repeal the Jackson-Vanik provisions in the United States. Putin wished for Greenberg to support through Greenberg's AIG greater development of the nascent Russian home-mortgage market.

On November 16, 2012 the U.S. House of Representatives passed a bill that would repeal the Jackson–Vanik amendment for Russia and Moldova. After approval by the Senate, the law repealing the effects of the Jackson–Vanik amendment on Russia and Moldova was signed together with Magnitsky bill by President Barack Obama on December 14, 2012.

Ukraine
On March 8, 2006, the U.S. House of Representatives passed a bill permanently exempting Ukraine from trade restrictions imposed under the 1974 Jackson–Vanik amendment.

People's Republic of China
Until the accession of the PRC to the World Trade Organization in December 2001 the PRC was covered by the provisions of Jackson-Vanik.  Although the President of the United States, starting in the late 1970s, used the waiver provisions of the amendment to grant normal trade relations trade status, the existence of the amendment meant that there was a congressional effort to overturn this waiver each year, creating a yearly controversy especially during the 1990s after the Tiananmen protests of 1989.  Congress specifically removed the PRC from coverage by Jackson-Vanik in the late 1990s as part of its entry into the World Trade Organization, as the provisions of Jackson-Vanik were inconsistent with WTO rules.

U.S. legal challenge
In April 2011, American University in Moscow professor Eduard Lozansky and former Reagan administration official Antony Salvia filed a federal lawsuit in Washington, D.C. against the Obama administration arguing the law is illegal.

See also
Antisemitism in the Soviet Union
Aliyah from the Soviet Union in the 1970s
Migration diplomacy
Refugees as weapons
Refusenik
Jewish emigration from Communist Romania

References

Sources

Further reading

External links
 Subchapter IV—Trade Relations With Countries Not Receiving Nondiscriminatory Treatment

1974 in law
Immigration to Israel
Jews and Judaism in the Soviet Union
United States federal trade legislation
United States foreign relations legislation
Foreign relations of the United States
Soviet Union–United States relations
Israel–Soviet Union relations
1974 in international relations
Russia–United States relations
Sanctions against Russia

Jackson–Vanik amendment


Halogenidi su tipični ionski kristali pretežno homodezmičnih, a rjeđe heterodezmičnih rešetaka. Većina ima jednostavan kemijski sastav i visok stupanj simetrije. Nižesimetrijski su kompleksni halogenidi, osobito oni od teških kovina, koji sadrže hidroksilne skupine ili molekule vode.

Glavna značajka većine halogenida je njihova topljivost u vodi.

Prema kemijskom sastavu to su soli klorovodične (HCl), fluorovodične (HF), jodovodične (HI) i bromovodične (HBr) kiseline, pa se razlikuju kloridi, fuoridi, jodidi i bromidi.

Kloridi

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Izvori

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Halogenidi


Ruralna cjelina Ume, ruralna cjelina u sklopu sela Tugara, područje Grada Omiša.

Povijest
Ume ili kako ga mještani nazivaju Staro selo, je u sastavu sela Tugare. Podijeljene su na Gornje i Donje Selo. U Gornjem Selu, koje se formiralo uz crkvu sv. Roka, obiteljski sklopovi dvorovi čine zatvorene cjeline sa stambenim kućama te prizemnim vatrenicama, kuhinjama te gospodarskim zgradama u neposrednoj blizini. U Donjem selu sklopovi se nižu uz glavnim kamenom popločani put. Stambene katnice su ulaznim pročeljima okrenute prema putu, a iz njih su smještene vatrenice i druge gospodarske zgrade. Ume su sačuvale tradicijsku arhitekturu i prostornu organizaciju s mrežom puteva, suhozida i bunara te mediteranskog raslinja koje uokviruje sklopove.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-4647 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - kulturno-povijesna cjelina, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "kulturno-povijesna cjelina".

Izvori

Zaštićene ruralne cjeline u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Omiš

Ume (ruralna cjelina)


Bahía Cumberland puede referirse a:

 Bahía Cumberland en la isla Robinson Crusoe del archipiélago Juan Fernández, perteneciente a Chile.
 Bahía Cumberland, en la isla San Pedro, la principal del archipiélago de las islas Georgias del Sur, administrado por el Reino Unido y reivindicado por Argentina. Se divide en dos brazos denominados bahía Cumberland Este y bahía Cumberland Oeste.

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A Sociedade de Adoração a Deus, em sua tradução literal Sociedade de Adoração ao Imperador (), foi um movimento religioso fundado e liderado por Hong Xiuquan que se baseou em sua própria interpretação única do cristianismo protestante e o combinou com a religião popular chinesa, baseada na fé em Shangdi (o Imperador), e outras tradições religiosas. De acordo com evidências históricas, seu primeiro contato com panfletos cristãos ocorreu em 1836, quando recebeu diretamente a cópia pessoal do missionário congregacionalista americano Edwin Stevens das "Boas Palavras para Admoestar a Era" (por Liang Fa, 1832). Ele apenas olhou brevemente e não o examinou cuidadosamente. Posteriormente, Hong afirmou ter experimentado visões místicas na sequência de seu terceiro fracasso nos exames imperiais em 1837 e depois de falhar pela quarta vez em 1843, sentou-se para examinar cuidadosamente os folhetos com seu primo distante, Feng Yunshan, acreditando que eles eram "a chave para interpretar suas visões" e chegando à conclusão de que ele era "o filho de Deus Pai, Shangdi, e o irmão mais novo de Jesus Cristo que havia sido direcionado para livrar o mundo da adoração de demônios (isso significa, submissão à dinastia Qing; de acordo com Xiuquan, os Qing eram demônios que oprimiam a maioria étnica han)".

Crenças
A Sociedade de Adoração ao Imperador acreditava na filiação divina, o conceito bíblico de que todos os crentes cristãos se tornam filhos e filhas de Deus quando redimidos por Cristo. Hong não alegou ter um nascimento sobrenatural; foi meramente considerado como o segundo filho mais velho de Shangdi depois de Jesus Cristo, com Feng Yunshan como terceiro filho mais velho, e Yang Xiuqing o quarto mais velho.

A Bíblia Taiping
Hong havia lido partes da Bíblia em um folheto do assistente de Gutzlaff, Liang Fa, mas essas seleções não deram nenhuma base para iconoclastia ou rebelião contra o governo manchu. Hong então estudou o Antigo e o Novo Testamento "longa e cuidadosamente" sob a tutela de um missionário batista americano em Hong Kong em 1847. Quando voltou para casa, ele usou a Bíblia de Gutzlaff como base de sua "Versão Taiping Autorizada da Bíblia", que era a base religiosa de seu movimento. Algumas de suas revisões e adições foram menores, como corrigir caracteres impressos incorretamente e esclarecer ou melhorar o estilo. Hong alterou outras passagens para se adequar aos seus próprios ensinamentos teológicos e morais e aumentar a autoridade moral das escrituras para seu público chinês. Na Bíblia Taiping, por exemplo, em Gênesis 27:25, o povo favorecido de Deus não bebia vinho, e as filhas de Ló não o intoxicaram e tiveram relações sexuais com ele para continuar sua linhagem familiar, como em Gênesis 38:16-26.

A Bíblia Taiping, argumenta o historiador Thomas Reilly, teve um impacto político e religioso. A Bíblia Gutzlaff, especialmente o Antigo Testamento, mostrava uma divindade que punia as nações que faziam o mal e recompensava as que faziam o bem. Essa divindade também prestava muita atenção às práticas culturais, incluindo música, comida e costumes de casamento. As doutrinas da Bíblia Taiping foram aceitas por membros pobres e impotentes da China de meados do século porque foram apresentadas como uma restauração da autêntica religião chinesa da antiguidade clássica, uma religião que os imperadores e o sistema imperial confucionista haviam destruído.

Formação
Começando com Robert Morrison em 1807, missionários protestantes começaram a trabalhar em Macau, Pazhou e na cidade de Cantão. Seus empregados domésticos e os impressores que empregavam para o dicionário de Morrison e a tradução da Bíblia - homens como Cai Gao, Liang Afa e Qu Ya'ang - foram seus primeiros convertidos e sofreram muito, sendo repetidamente presos, multados e levados ao exílio em Malaca. No entanto, eles corrigiram e adaptaram a mensagem dos missionários para alcançar os chineses, imprimindo milhares de folhetos de sua própria autoria. Ao contrário dos ocidentais, eles puderam viajar pelo interior do país e começaram a frequentar particularmente os exames de prefeitura e provinciais, onde os estudiosos locais competiam pela chance de subir ao poder no serviço civil imperial. Um dos folhetos nativos, o tomo de nove partes e 500 páginas de Liang,  "Boas Palavras para Admoestar a Era", chegou às mãos de Hong Xiuquan em meados da década de 1830, embora permaneça uma questão de debate em qual exame exatamente isso ocorreu. Hong inicialmente folheou sem interesse.

Feng Yunshan formou a Sociedade dos Adoradores do Imperador em Quancim depois de uma viagem missionária para lá em 1844 para difundir as ideias de Hong. Em 1847, Hong tornou-se o líder da sociedade secreta. A fé Taiping, inspirada pelo cristianismo missionário, diz um historiador, "desenvolveu-se em uma nova religião chinesa dinâmica... o cristianismo Taiping". Hong apresentou esta religião como um renascimento e uma restauração da antiga fé clássica em Shangdi, uma fé que havia sido deslocada pelo confucionismo (sua versão corrompida, usada pelos Qing para submeter os han) e regimes imperiais dinásticos. No ano seguinte, Hong e Feng Yunshan, primo distante de Hong e um dos primeiros convertidos à fé de Hong, viajaram para Sigu, condado de Guiping, Quancim para pregar sua versão do cristianismo. Em novembro de 1844, Hong voltou para casa sem Feng, que permaneceu na área e continuou a pregar. Após a partida de Hong, Feng viajou cada vez mais fundo no coração da região das montanhas Zijing (), pregando e batizando novos convertidos. Feng batizou este grupo de crentes de "Sociedade de Adoração ao Imperador". Hacás desta área, geralmente pobres e assediados por bandidos e famílias chinesas locais indignadas com a presença dos hacás em suas terras ancestrais, encontraram refúgio no grupo com sua promessa de solidariedade.

Embora a Sociedade de Adoração ao Imperador compartilhasse algumas características semelhantes com as sociedades secretas tradicionais chinesas, diferia no fato de os participantes adotarem uma nova fé religiosa que rejeitava firmemente a tradição chinesa como a estabelecida pelo regime manchu, pois acreditavam que estavam seguindo a tradição chinesa, mas a original, a tradição han. A Sociedade foi militante desde o seu início, devido à prevalência de lutas entre aldeias e conflitos entre aldeões hacás e não-hacás. Geralmente, os indivíduos não se convertiam sozinhos, mas famílias inteiras, clãs, grupos ocupacionais ou mesmo aldeias se convertiam "em massa". Em 27 de agosto de 1847, quando Hong Xiuquan retornou às montanhas Zijing, os Adoradores do Imperador somavam mais de 2 mil. Nessa época, a maioria dos Adoradores do Imperador eram camponeses e mineiros.

Crescimento
Com o retorno de Hong, a Sociedade de Adoração ao Imperador assumiu um caráter mais rebelde. Hong começou a se descrever como um rei e identificou explicitamente os manchus governantes e seus apoiadores como demônios que deveriam ser destruídos. Os Adoradores do Imperador tratavam toda a sua comunidade como uma família, levando ao estabelecimento de um tesouro comum e à exigência de castidade.

Em janeiro de 1848, Feng Yunshan foi preso e exilado para a província de Cantão. Hong Xiuquan partiu para Cantão logo depois para se reunir com Feng. Na ausência de Feng e Hong, dois novos líderes surgiram para preencher o vazio: Yang Xiuqing e Xiao Chaogui. Ambos afirmavam entrar em transes que lhes permitiam falar como membros da Trindade: Deus Pai (Shangdi) no caso de Yang e Jesus Cristo no caso de Xiao. Ao falar como Jesus ou Shangdi, Xiao e Yang necessariamente teriam mais autoridade do que Hong Xiuquan. Após seu retorno no verão de 1849, Hong e Feng investigaram as alegações de Yang e Xiao e as declararam genuínas.

Revolta de Jintian

Em fevereiro de 1850, tropas locais passaram por várias aldeias de Adoração ao Imperador e ameaçaram matar os convertidos. Em resposta, Feng Yunshan começou a pedir uma revolta aberta pelos Adoradores do Imperador. Em julho de 1850, os líderes de Adoração ao Imperador orientaram seus seguidores a convergir em Jintian e rapidamente reuniram uma força de 10 a 30 mil pessoas. Enquanto a maioria do grupo era hacá, alguns seguidores eram punti, miao ou membros de outros grupos tribais locais. A participação nos Adoradores do Imperador era eclética; contavam com comerciantes, refugiados, fazendeiros, mercenários e membros de sociedades secretas e alianças de proteção mútua entre suas fileiras. Os Adoradores do Imperador também se juntaram a vários grupos de bandidos, incluindo vários milhares de piratas liderados por Luo Dagang.

O Reino Celestial Taiping

No dia 11 do primeiro mês lunar de 1851, que também era o aniversário de Hong Xiuquan, a Sociedade de Adoração ao Imperador proclamou a Revolta de Jintian contra a dinastia Qing governante, e declarou a formação do Reino Celestial Taiping, iniciando assim a Rebelião Taiping, que foi descrita como o "mais gigantesco desastre causado pelo homem" do século XIX. Os Adoradores de Deus treinados para lutar eram considerados revolucionários protestantes.

Notas

Referências

Citações

Fontes

 Trabalhos citados

Rebelião Taiping
Século XIX na China
Seitas
Religião na China
Convertidos ao cristianismo
Revolucionários da China
Dissidentes da China
Cristãos da China

Sociedade de Adoração a Deus


José Leopoldo González González (Cañadas de Obregón, Jalisco, México, 7 de fevereiro de 1955) é um clérigo mexicano e bispo católico romano de Nogales.

Em 27 de maio de 1984, José Leopoldo González González recebeu o Sacramento da Ordem das mãos do Arcebispo de Guadalajara, Cardeal José Salazar López.

Em 15 de novembro de 2005, o Papa Bento XVI o nomeou bispo titular de Thuburnica e o nomeou bispo auxiliar de Guadalajara. O Arcebispo de Guadalajara, Cardeal Juan Sandoval Íñiguez, o consagrou em 25 de janeiro de 2006; Co-consagrantes foram o Núncio Apostólico no México, Arcebispo Giuseppe Bertello, e o Bispo de León, José Guadalupe Martín Rábago.

Em 19 de março de 2015, o Papa Francisco o nomeou o primeiro bispo de Nogales. A inauguração ocorreu em 22 de maio do mesmo ano.

Ver também

Bispos católicos do México

José Leopoldo González González


An Epidendrum insectiferum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni John Lindley. An Epidendrum insectiferum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Epidendrum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Bolivia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Epidendrum

Epidendrum insectiferum


Serghei Tarnovschi (în ; ) este un canoist moldovean de origine ucraineană.

Fratele său mai mare, Oleg, este și el un canoist de performanță. Amândoi au fost naturalizați de Republica Moldova în anul 2013.

A fost medaliat cu bronz la proba de 1000 m din cadrul Campionatului Mondial de caiac-canoe din 2015 de la Milano. La Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016 de la Rio de Janeiro a cucerit medalia de bronz la proba de canoe simplu pe 1000 m. Această medalie a fost prima pentru Republica Moldova în competiție.

În comunicatul de presa din 2 februarie 2017, Comitetul Național Olimpic al Republicii Moldova a constatat că Tarnovschi a fost descalificat de la competițiile de canoe viteză pe o durata de 4 ani, și toate rezultatele obținute după 8 iulie 2016 i-au fost invalidate. Prin urmare, medalia sa de bronz obținută la Jocurile Olimpice de vară de la Rio de Janeiro 2016 i-a fost retrasă, fiind acordată următorului clasat, canoistul rus Ilia Ștokalov.

Această descalificare a survenit după ce s-au depistat urme de dopaj în testele efectuate în a doua zi după ce a cucerit medalia de bronz la proba de canoe simplu 1000 m in Rio. În ambele probe de urină era prezent peptidul hormonului de creștere, o substanță sintetică interzisă de Agenția Mondială Anti-Doping.

Federația Internațională de Canoe a condus o investigație în cazul de dopaj a lui Tarnovschi, și a constatat că acesta într-adevăr s-a dopat, și că natura substanței cu care el s-a dopat i-a sporit efectiv performanța sportivă.

La Jocurile Olimpice de la Tokyo a câștigat medalia de bronz.

Note

Legături externe
 Serghei Tarnovschi pe Sports.md

Moldoveni în viață
Canoiști moldoveni
Canoiști la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2016
Canoiști la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2020
Medaliați olimpici cu bronz moldoveni
Decorați cu Ordinul de Onoare al Republicii Moldova
Oameni din Liov

Serghei Tarnovschi


Christophe Maurice Jean Kempé (Aubervilliers, Francuska, 2. svibnja 1975.) je bivši francuski rukometaš i nacionalni reprezentativac. Gotovo cijelu karijeru proveo je u Toulouseu gdje je nosio dres s brojem 9 dok je s Francuskom (broj 14) osvojio sve tri glavne rukometne titule.

Karijera
Kempé je rukometnu karijeru započeo 1992. igrajući za PSG a od 1995. za USAM Nîmes da bi nakon jedne sezone prešao u Toulouse s kojim je 1998. osvojio nacionalni kup. Dvije sezone proveo je nastupajući za španjolsku Bidasou Irún da bi se 2001. vratio u matični Toulouse. Ondje je i završio igračku karijeru 2010. godine.

Christophe je za Francusku debitirao 16. prosinca 1996. u susretu protiv Alžira. Prve veće uspjehe s reprezentacijom ostvario je osvajanjem svjetskih bronci u Portugalu 2003. odnosno Tunisu 2005. Godinu potom postao je europski prvak da bi se u Pekingu 2008. osvojio i olimpijski naslov. Jedna lijepa reprezentativna priča završena je 2009. kada je objedinjen i svjetski naslov na Prvenstvu u Hrvatskoj.

Ukupno govoreći, izbornik Claude Onesta koristio ga je u reprezentaciji uvijek u sporednoj ulozi kao rotacijskog igrača koji je uvijek bio u sjeni Bertranda Gillea.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Profil rukometaša na Sports-reference.com

Francuski rukometaši

Christophe Kempé


Drapelul Laosului este drapelul național al Republicii Populare Democrate Laos. Acesta a fost adoptat la 2 decembrie 1975. Drapelul curent a fost folosit pentru prima dată în perioada 1945-1946 de guvernul separatist Lao Issara. El a fost apoi preluat de organizația separatistă și comunistă Pathet Lao, care a decis ca acesta să fie steagul național în timpul preluării puterii și proclamarea Republicii.

Drapelul este compus din trei dungi orizontale, benzile superioare și inferioare de culoare roșie, cea din mijloc de culoare albastră care are o lățime dublă față de oricare din cele două roșii. În centru se află un disc alb, al cărui diametru este egal cu 4/5 din înălțimea benzii albastre.

Culoarea roșie reprezintă sângele vărsat pentru independență, iar albastrul reprezintă râul Mekong sau starea de sănătate a țării. Discul alb simbolizează luna peste râul Mekong sau unitatea țării sub guvernul comunist.

Drapelul precedent

Din 1952 până la căderea monarhiei laoțiene în 1975, țara a avut un steag roșu, cu un elefant cu trei capete pe un piedestal de cinci trepte și acoperit de o umbrelă de soare de culoare albă. Elefantul alb este un simbol regal folosit în Asia de Sud-Est, iar cele trei capete reprezintă cele trei regate antice Vientiane, Luang Prabang și Champassak din care s-a format Laos. Umbrela alba este, de asemenea, un simbol regal, găsindu-și originile în Muntele Meru al filozofiei hinduse. Postamentul reprezintă legea, pe care este așezată țara.

Note

Laos
laos

Drapelul Laosului


Gonnosfanadiga (sardisk: Gònnos) er en by og en kommune (comune) i provinsen Sud Sardegna i regionen Sardinien i Italien. Byen ligger i 180 meters højde og har 6.611 indbyggere (2016). Kommunen har et areal på 125,19 km² og grænser til kommunerne Arbus, Domusnovas, Fluminimaggiore, Guspini, Pabillonis, San Gavino Monreale og Villacidro.

Referencer

Henvisninger

Kommuner i provinsen Sud Sardegna

Gonnosfanadiga


Chitala hypselonotus es un pez de agua dulce del género Chitala que puede ser encontrado en Sumatra y Borneo. Puede llegar a medir 100 cm. y pesar 15 kg.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Osteoglossiformes
Notopteridae
Peces de Sumatra
Peces de Borneo

Chitala hypselonotus


An Caustis dioica in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Robert Brown. An Caustis dioica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Caustis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Caustis

Caustis dioica


This list includes those birds of South Asia in the passerine families from Old World warblers to buntings.

For an introduction to the birds of the region, see List of birds of the South Asia.

For the rest of the species lists, see:
 part 1 – Megapodes, Galliformes, Gruiformes and near passerines
 part 2 – remainder of non-passerines
 part 3 – passerines from pittas to cisticolas

Passeriformes

 Family: Sylviidae
 Chestnut-headed tesia, Tesia castaneocoronata – r
 Slaty-bellied tesia, Tesia olivea – r
 Grey-bellied tesia, Tesia cyaniventer – r
 Asian stubtail, Urospena squameiceps
 Pale-footed bush warbler, Cettia pallidipes – r
 Japanese bush warbler, Cettia diphone – V
 Brownish-flanked bush warbler, Cettia fortipes – r
 Chestnut-crowned bush warbler, Cettia major – r
 Aberrant bush warbler, Cettia flavolivacea – r
 Yellowish-bellied bush warbler, Cettia acanthizoides – r
 Grey-sided bush warbler, Cettia brunnifrons – r
 Cetti's warbler, Cettia cetti – W
 Spotted bush warbler, Bradypterus thoracicus – r
 Long-billed bush warbler, Bradypterus major – N r
 Chinese bush warbler, Bradypterus tacsanowskius – V
 Brown bush warbler, Bradypterus luteoventris – r
 Russet bush warbler, Bradypterus seebohmi – V
 Sri Lanka bush warbler, Bradypterus palliseri – N r
 Lanceolated warbler, Locustella lanceolata – W
 Grasshopper warbler, Locustella naevia – W
 Pallas's grasshopper warbler, Locustella certhiola – W
 Moustached warbler, Acrocephalus melanopogon – r w
 Sedge warbler, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus  – V
 Black-browed reed warbler, Acrocephalus bistrigiceps – W
 Paddyfield warbler, Acrocephalus agricola – W
 Blunt-winged warbler, Acrocephalus concinens – r
 Blyth's reed warbler, Acrocephalus dumetorum – W
 Great reed warbler, Acrocephalus arundinaceus – W
 Oriental reed warbler, Acrocephalus orientalis – W
 Large-billed reed-warbler, Acrocephalus orinus – R ?
 Clamorous reed warbler, Acrocephalus stentoreus – R
 Thick-billed warbler, Acrocephalus aedon – W
 Booted warbler, Hippolais caligata – r w
 Sykes's warbler, Hippolais rama
 Upcher's warbler, Hippolais languida – r
 Mountain tailorbird, Orthotomus cuculatus – r
 Common tailorbird, Orthotomus sutorius – R
 Dark-necked tailorbird, Orthotomus atrogularis – r
 White-browed tit warbler, Leptopoecile sophiae – r
 Chiffchaff, Phylloscopus collybita – s W
 Mountain chiffchaff, Phylloscopus sindianus – R w
 Plain leaf warbler, Phylloscopus neglectus – W
 Dusky warbler, Phylloscopus fuscatus – W
 Smoky warbler, Phylloscopus fuligiventer – s w
 Tickell's leaf warbler, Phylloscopus affinis – s W
 Buff-throated warbler, Phylloscopus subaffinis – V
 Sulphur-bellied warbler, Phylloscopus griseolus – s w
 Radde's warbler, Phylloscopus schwarzi – V
 Buff-barred warbler, Phylloscopus pulcher – r
 Ashy-throated warbler, Phylloscopus maculipennis – r
 Pallas's warbler, Phylloscopus chloronotus – r W
 Chinese leaf warbler, Phylloscopus sichuanensis
 Brooks's leaf warbler, Phylloscopus subviridis – W
 Yellow-browed warbler, Phylloscopus inornatus – r W
 Hume's warbler, Phylloscopus humei – W
 Arctic warbler, Phylloscopus borealis – V
 Greenish warbler, Phylloscopus trochiloides – r W
 Pale-legged leaf warbler, Phylloscopus tenellipes – V
 Large-billed leaf warbler, Phylloscopus magnirostris – r w
 Tytler's leaf warbler, Phylloscopus tytleri – r
 Western crowned warbler, Phylloscopus occipitalis – r
 Eastern crowned warbler, Phylloscopus coronatus – W
 Blyth's leaf warbler, Phylloscopus reguloides – r
 Yellow-vented warbler, Phylloscopus cantator – r
 Green-crowned warbler, Seicercus burkii – R
 Grey-hooded warbler, Seicercus xanthoschistos – R
 White-spectacled warbler, Seicercus affinis – r
 Grey-cheeked warbler, Seicercus poliogenys – r
 Chestnut-crowned warbler, Seicercus castaniceps – r
 Broad-billed warbler, Tickellia hodgsoni – r
 Rufous-faced warbler, Abroscopus albogularis – r
 Black-faced warbler, Abroscopus schisticeps – r
 Yellow-bellied warbler, Abroscopus superciliaris – r
 Striated grassbird, Megalurus palustris – R
 Bristled grassbird, Chaetornis striatus – V r
 Rufous-rumped grassbird, Graminicola bengalensis – N r
 Broad-tailed grassbird, Schoenicola platyura – V r
 Garden warbler, Sylvia borin – V
 Greater whitethroat, Sylvia communis – p
 Lesser whitethroat, Sylvia curruca blythi – W
 Hume's lesser whitethroat, Sylvia althaea – W
 Small whitethroat, Sylvia minula – W
 Menetries warbler, Sylvia mystacea – s
 Eastern desert warbler, Sylvia nana – W
 Barred warbler, Sylvia nisoria – V
 Eastern Orphean warbler, Sylvia crassirostris – r W
 Family: Timaliidae
 Abbott's babbler, Malacocincla abbotti – r
 Buff-breasted babbler, Pellorneum tickelli – r
 Spot-throated babbler, Pellorneum albiventre – r
 Marsh babbler, Pellorneum palustre – V r
 Puff-throated babbler, Pellorneum ruficeps – R
 Brown-capped babbler, Pellorneum fuscocapillum – r
 Large scimitar babbler, Pomatorhinus hypoleucos – r
 Spot-breasted scimitar babbler, Pomatorhinus erythrocnemis – r
 Rusty-cheeked scimitar babbler, Pomatorhinus erythrogenys – r
 White-browed scimitar babbler, Pomatorhinus schisticeps – r
 Indian scimitar babbler, Pomatorhinus horsfieldii – r
 Streak-breasted scimitar babbler, Pomatorhinus ruficollis – r
 Red-billed scimitar babbler, Pomatorhinus ochraciceps – r
 Coral-billed scimitar babbler, Pomatorhinus ferruginosus – r
 Slender-billed scimitar babbler, Xiphirhynchus superciliaris – r
 Long-billed wren-babbler, Rimator malacoptilus – r
 Streaked wren-babbler, Napothera brevicaudata – r
 Eyebrowed wren-babbler, Napothera epilepidota – r
 Scaly-breasted wren-babbler, Pnoepyga albiventer – r
 Nepal wren-babbler, Pnoepyga immaculata – r
 Pygmy wren-babbler, Pnoepyga pusilla – r
 Rufous-throated wren-babbler, Spelaeornis caudatus – N r
 Rusty-throated wren-babbler, Spelaeornis badeigularis – V r
 Bar-winged wren-babbler, Spelaeornis troglodytoides – r
 Spotted wren-babbler, Spelaeornis formosus – r
 Long-tailed wren-babbler, Spelaeornis chocolatinus – r
 Tawny-breasted wren-babbler, Spelaeornis longicaudatus – V r
 Wedge-billed wren-babbler, Sphenocichla humei – r
 Rufous-fronted babbler, Stachyris rufifrons – r
 Rufous-capped babbler, Stachyris ruficeps – r
 Black-chinned babbler, Stachyris pyrrhops – R
 Golden babbler, Stachyris chrysaea – r
 Grey-throated babbler, Stachyris nigriceps – r
 Snowy-throated babbler, Stachyris oglei – V r
 Tawny-bellied babbler, Dumetia hyperythra – R
 Dark-fronted babbler, Rhopocichla atriceps – r
 Striped tit babbler, Macronous gularis – R
 Chestnut-capped babbler, Timalia pileata – R
 Yellow-eyed babbler, Chrysomma sinense – R
 Jerdon's babbler, Chrysomma altirostre – V r
 Spiny babbler, Turdoides nipalensis – r
 Common babbler, Turdoides caudatus – R
 Striated babbler, Turdoides earlei – R
 Slender-billed babbler, Turdoides longirostris – V r
 Large grey babbler, Turdoides malcolmi – R
 Rufous babbler, Turdoides subrufus – r
 Jungle babbler, Turdoides striatus – R
 Orange-billed babbler, Turdoides rufescens – N r
 Yellow-billed babbler, Turdoides affinis – R
 Chinese babax, Babax lanceolatus – V
 Giant babax, Babax waddelli – r
 Silver-eared mesia, Leiothrix argentauris – r
 Red-billed leiothrix, Leiothrix lutea – r
 Cutia, Cutia nipalensis – r
 Black-headed shrike babbler, Pteruthius rufiventer – r
 White-browed shrike babbler, Pteruthius flaviscapis – r
 Green shrike babbler, Pteruthius xanthochlorus – r
 Black-eared shrike babbler, Pteruthius melanotis – r
 Chestnut-fronted shrike babbler, Pteruthius aenobarbus – r
 White-hooded babbler, Gampsorhynchus rufulus – r
 Rusty-fronted barwing, Actinodura egertoni – r
 Hoary-throated barwing, Actinodura nipalensis – r
 Streak-throated barwing, Actinodura waldeni – r
 Blue-winged minla, Minla cyanouroptera – r
 Chestnut-tailed minla, Minla strigula – r
 Red-tailed minla, Minla ignotincta – r
 Golden-breasted fulvetta, Alcippe chrysotis – r
 Yellow-throated fulvetta, Alcippe cinerea – r
 Rufous-winged fulvetta, Alcippe castaneceps – r
 White-browed fulvetta, Alcippe vinipectus – r
 Streak-throated fulvetta, Alcippe cinereiceps – r
 Ludlow's fulvetta, Alcippe ludlowi – r
 Rufous-throated fulvetta, Alcippe rufogularis – r
 Rusty-capped fulvetta, Alcippe dubia – r
 Brown-cheeked fulvetta, Alcippe poioicephala – R
 Nepal fulvetta, Alcippe nipalensis – r
 Rufous-backed sibia, Heterophasia annectans – r
 Rufous sibia, Heterophasia capistrata – R
 Grey sibia, Heterophasia gracilis – r
 Beautiful sibia, Heterophasia pulchella – r
 Long-tailed sibia, Heterophasia picaoides – r
 Striated yuhina, Yuhina castaniceps – r
 White-naped yuhina, Yuhina bakeri – r
 Whiskered yuhina, Yuhina flavicollis – R
 Stripe-throated yuhina, Yuhina gularis – R
 Rufous-vented yuhina, Yuhina occipitalis – r
 Black-chinned yuhina, Yuhina nigrimenta – R
 White-bellied yuhina, Yuhina zantholeuca – r
 Fire-tailed myzornis, Myzornis pyrrhoura – r
 Bearded parrotbill, Panurus biarmicus
 Great parrotbill, Conostoma oemodium – r
 Brown parrotbill, Paradoxornis unicolor – r
 Grey-headed parrotbill, Paradoxornis gularis – r
 Black-breasted parrotbill, Paradoxornis flavirostris – V r
 Spot-breasted parrotbill, Paradoxornis guttaticollis – r
 Fulvous parrotbill, Paradoxornis fulvifrons – r
 Black-throated parrotbill, Paradoxornis nipalensis – r
 Lesser rufous-headed parrotbill, Paradoxornis atrosuperciliaris – r
 Greater rufous-headed parrotbill, Paradoxornis ruficeps – r
 Family: Alaudidae
 Singing bushlark, Mirafra cantillans – r
 Indian bushlark, Mirafra erythroptera – R
 Bengal bushlark, Mirafra assamica – R
 Rufous-winged bushlark, Mirafra affinis – R
 Black-crowned sparrow lark, Eremopterix nigriceps – r
 Ashy-crowned sparrow lark, Eremopterix grisea – R
 Bar-tailed lark, Ammomanes cincturus – r
 Rufous-tailed lark, Ammomanes phoenicurus – R
 Desert lark, Ammomanes deserti – r
 Greater hoopoe lark, Alaemon alaudipes – r
 Bimaculated lark, Melanocorypha bimaculata – W
 Tibetan lark, Melanocorypha maxima – r
 Short-toed lark, Calandrella brachydactyla – W
 Hume's lark, Calandrella acutirostris – r w
 Lesser short-toed lark, Calandrella rufescens – W
 Asian short-toed lark, Calandrella cheleensis – V
 Sand lark, Calandrella raytal – R
 Crested lark, Galerida cristata – R
 Malabar crested lark, Galerida malabarica – r
 Sykes's lark, Galerida deva – r
 Eurasian skylark, Alauda arvensis – W
 Oriental skylark, Alauda gulgula – R
 Horned lark, Eremophila alpestris – r
 Family: Nectariniidae
 Thick-billed flowerpecker, Dicaeum agile – R
 Yellow-vented flowerpecker, Dicaeum chrysorrheum – r
 Yellow-bellied flowerpecker, Dicaeum melanoxanthum – r
 Legge's flowerpecker, Dicaeum vincens – N r
 Orange-bellied flowerpecker, Dicaeum trigonostigma – r
 Pale-billed flowerpecker, Dicaeum erythrorynchos – R
 Plain flowerpecker, Dicaeum concolor – r
 Fire-breasted flowerpecker, Dicaeum ignipectus – r
 Scarlet-backed flowerpecker, Dicaeum cruentatum – r
 Ruby-cheeked sunbird, Anthreptes singalensis – r
 Purple-rumped sunbird, Nectarinia zeylonica – R
 Crimson-backed sunbird, Nectarinia minima – r
 Purple-throated sunbird, Nectarinia sperata – r
 Olive-backed sunbird, Nectarinia jugularis – r
 Purple sunbird, Nectarinia asiatica – R
 Loten's sunbird, Nectarinia lotenia – R
 Gould's sunbird, Aethopyga gouldiae – r
 Green-tailed sunbird, Aethopyga nipalensis – r
 Black-throated sunbird, Aethopyga saturata – r
 Crimson sunbird, Aethopyga siparaja – R
 Fire-tailed sunbird, Aethopyga ignicauda – r
 Little spiderhunter, Arachnothera longirostra – r
 Streaked spiderhunter, Arachnothera magna – r
 Family: Passeridae
 House sparrow, Passer domesticus – R
 Spanish sparrow, Passer hispaniolensis – W
 Sind sparrow, Passer pyrrhonotus – r
 Russet sparrow, Passer rutilans – R
 Dead Sea sparrow, Passer moabiticus – V
 Eurasian tree sparrow, Passer montanus – R
 Chestnut-shouldered petronia, Petronia xanthocollis – R
 Rock sparrow, Petronia petronia – W
 Tibetan snowfinch, Montifringilla adamsi – r
 White-rumped snowfinch, Pyrgilauda taczanowskii – r
 Rufous-necked snowfinch, Pyrgilauda ruficollis – W
 Plain-backed snowfinch, Pyrgilauda blanfordi – W
 Family: Motacillidae
 Forest wagtail, Dendronanthus indicus – r W
 White wagtail, Motacilla alba  – r W
 White-browed wagtail, Motacilla maderaspatensis – R
 Citrine wagtail, Motacilla citreola citreola – r W
 Yellow wagtail, Motacilla flava  – W
 Grey wagtail, Motacilla cinerea – r W
 Richard's pipit, Anthus richardi – W
 Paddyfield pipit, Anthus rufulus – R
 Tawny pipit, Anthus campestris – W
 Blyth's pipit, Anthus godlewskii – W
 Long-billed pipit, Anthus similis – R w
 Tree pipit, Anthus trivialis – r W
 Olive-backed pipit, Anthus hodgsoni – R W
 Meadow pipit, Anthus pratensis – V
 Red-throated pipit, Anthus cervinus – p
 Rosy pipit, Anthus roseatus – r
 Water pipit, Anthus spinoletta – W
 Buff-bellied pipit, Anthus rubescens – W
 Upland pipit, Anthus sylvanus – r
 Nilgiri pipit, Anthus nilghiriensis – N r
 Family: Prunellidae
 Alpine accentor, Prunella collaris – r
 Altai accentor, Prunella himalayana – W
 Robin accentor, Prunella rubeculoides – R
 Rufous-breasted accentor, Prunella strophiata – r
 Radde's accentor, Prunella ocularis – V
 Brown accentor, Prunella fulvescens – r
 Black-throated accentor, Prunella atrogularis – W
 Maroon-backed accentor, Prunella immaculata – r
 Family: Ploceidae
 Black-breasted weaver, Ploceus benghalensis – R
 Streaked weaver, Ploceus manyar – R
 Baya weaver, Ploceus philippinus – R
 Finn's weaver, Ploceus megarhynchus – V r
 Family: Estrildidae
 Red avadavat, Amandava amandava – R
 Green avadavat, Amandava formosa – V r
 Indian silverbill, Lonchura malabarica – R
 White-rumped munia, Lonchura striata – R
 Black-throated munia, Lonchura kelaarti – r
 Scaly-breasted munia, Lonchura punctulata – R
 Black-headed munia, Lonchura malacca – R
 Java sparrow, Lonchura oryzivora – I r
 Family: Fringillidae
 Common chaffinch, Fringilla coelebs – V
 Brambling, Fringilla montifringilla – V
 Fire-fronted serin, Serinus pusillus – R
 Yellow-breasted greenfinch, Carduelis spinoides – R
 Black-headed greenfinch, Carduelis ambigua – r
 Eurasian siskin, Carduelis spinus – V
 Tibetan serin, Carduelis thibetana – r
 European goldfinch, Carduelis carduelis – r
 Twite, Carduelis flavirostris – r
 Eurasian linnet, Carduelis cannabina – W
 Plain mountain finch, Leucosticte nemoricola – r
 Black-headed mountain finch, Leucosticte brandti – r
 Red-browed finch, Callacanthis burtoni –
 Crimson-winged finch, Rhodopechys sanguinea – r
 Trumpeter finch, Bucanetes githagineus – W
 Mongolian finch, Bucanetes mongolicus – W
 Desert finch, Rhodospiza absoleta – V
 Blanford's rosefinch, Carpodacus rubescens – r
 Dark-breasted rosefinch, Carpodacus nipalensis – r
 Common rosefinch, Carpodacus erythrinus – r w
 Beautiful rosefinch, Carpodacus pulcherrimus – r
 Pink-browed rosefinch, Carpodacus rodochrous – r
 Vinaceous rosefinch, Carpodacus vinaceus – r
 Dark-rumped rosefinch, Carpodacus edwardsii – r
 Three-banded rosefinch, Carpodacus trifasciatus – V
 Spot-winged rosefinch, Carpodacus rodopeplus – r
 White-browed rosefinch, Carpodacus thura – r
 Red-mantled rosefinch, Carpodacus rhodochlamys – r
 Streaked rosefinch, Carpodacus rubicilloides – r
 Great rosefinch, Carpodacus rubicilla – r
 Red-fronted rosefinch, Carpodacus puniceus – r
 Crimson-browed finch, Propyrrhula subhimachala – r
 Scarlet finch, Haematospiza sipahi – r
 Red crossbill, Loxia curvirostra – r
 Brown bullfinch, Pyrrhula nipalensis – r
 Orange bullfinch, Pyrrhula aurantiaca – r
 Red-headed bullfinch, Pyrrhula erythrocephala – r
 Grey-headed bullfinch, Pyrrhula erythaca – r
 Hawfinch, Coccothraustes coccothraustes – W
 Japanese grosbeak, Eophona personata – V
 Black-and-yellow grosbeak, Mycerobas icterioides – r
 Collared grosbeak, Mycerobas affinis – r
 Spot-winged grosbeak, Mycerobas melanozanthos – r
 White-winged grosbeak, Mycerobas carnipes – r
 Gold-naped finch, Pyrrhoplectes epauletta – r
 Family: Emberizidae
 Crested bunting, Melophus lathami – R
 Yellowhammer, Emberiza citrinella – W
 Pine bunting, Emberiza leucocephalos – W
 Rock bunting, Emberiza cia – R
 Godlewski's bunting, Emberiza godlewskii – r
 Grey-necked bunting, Emberiza buchanani – W
 Ortolan bunting, Emberiza hortulana – V
 Chestnut-breasted bunting, Emberiza stewarti – r w
 Striolated bunting, Emberiza striolata – r
 Chestnut-eared bunting, Emberiza fucata – r w
 Little bunting, Emberiza pusilla – W
 Rustic bunting, Emberiza rustica –
 Yellow-breasted bunting, Emberiza aureola – W
 Chestnut bunting, Emberiza rutila – W
 Black-headed bunting, Emberiza melanocephala – W
 Red-headed bunting, Emberiza bruniceps – W
 Black-faced bunting, Emberiza spodocephala – W
 Pallas's reed bunting, Emberiza pallasi – V
 Reed bunting, Emberiza schoeniclus – r w
 Corn bunting, Miliaria calandra – V

References

South Asia

List of birds of South Asia: part 4


An Bambusa angustissima in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Liang Chi Chia ngan Hok Lam Fung. An Bambusa angustissima in nahilalakip ha genus nga Bambusa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Bambusa

Bambusa angustissima


César Augusto Socarraz (Lima, Provincia de Lima, Perú, 4 de noviembre de 1919 - Lima, Provincia de Lima, Perú, 18 de enero de 1984) fue un futbolista peruano. Se desempeñaba en la posición de interior derecho.

Trayectoria
Socarraz surgió de las divisiones inferiores de Universitario de Deportes de Lima, Perú en 1930. A los 14 o 15 años ya jugaba por su equipo de "calichines". Rápidamente destacó entre sus compañeros de equipo y a los 17 años ya figuraba entre los jugadores de Primera División. Defendió la camiseta crema por 10 años. En Colo-Colo de Chile actuó entre los años 1941 y 1943, formando en el equipo albo campeón invicto de 1941, en las tres temporadas jugó 69 partidos y marcó 38 goles.

En 1944 el equipo de Colo-Colo decidió chilenizar el plantel, siendo ese el motivo por el cual debió emigrar a otro equipo. Fue transferido a Banfield de Argentina pero no llegó a inscribirse a tiempo por lo que tuvo que regresar a Universitario de Deportes, luego pasó al Centro Iqueño y a Deportivo Municipal.

Selección nacional
Fue internacional con la selección de fútbol del Perú en 6 ocasiones y marcó 1 gol. Debutó el 19 de enero de 1941, en un encuentro amistoso ante la selección de Argentina que finalizó con marcador de 1-1. Su último encuentro con la selección lo disputó el 26 de febrero de 1941 en la derrota por 2-0 ante Uruguay.

Falleció el 18 de Enero del año 1984 a los 64 años de arterioesclerosis cerebral en la Clínica Tezza del distrito limeño de Santiago de Surco.

Participaciones en el Campeonato Sudamericano

Clubes

Palmarés

Campeonatos nacionales

Copas internacionales

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Revista Estadio N° 6 del 28 de noviembre de 1941.
 Revista Punto y Gol Nº 29 del 30 de enero de 1984.

Nacidos en Lima
Fallecidos en Lima
Futbolistas del Club Universitario de Deportes en los años 1930
Futbolistas del Club Universitario de Deportes en los años 1940
Futbolistas del Club Social y Deportivo Colo-Colo en los años 1940
Futbolistas del Club Centro Iqueño
Futbolistas del Club Centro Deportivo Municipal
Futbolistas de Perú en el Campeonato Sudamericano 1939
Futbolistas de Perú en el Campeonato Sudamericano 1941

César Socarraz


Beşsaray, Erzincan - Erzincan ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Beşsaray, Seyitgazi - Eskişehir ili Seyitgazi ilçesine bağlı mahalle

Beşsaray


Joan Kelly-Gadol est une historienne américaine spécialiste de la Renaissance.

Elle est notamment connue pour son article  «  » (1977). En remettant en cause la notion de Renaissance en s'appuyant sur le genre, l'article a été pionnier et a ouvert la voie à de nombreux autres travaux.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Historienne américaine
Naissance en mars 1928
Décès en août 1982
Décès à 54 ans

Joan Kelly-Gadol


Bitka kod Gergovije bila je jedna od bitaka Galskog rata. Odvila se u blizini oppiduma Gergovije, negdje u današnjoj Francuskoj. Završila je taktičkom pobjedom Gala i porazom rimskih snaga, kojima je Cezar zbog velikih gubitaka naredio povlačenje.

Bitka
Na proljeće 52. godine prije Krista, Cezar je s vojskom krenuo prema Gergoviji. Na raspolaganju mu je bilo 6 legija i pomoćne postrojbe. Vercingetoriksovi Gali, koji su bili brojno superiorniji, razmjestili su se izvan opide, po okolnim brdima. Znali su i da je zapadni dio Gergovije ranjiv na napade, zbog čega su ondje počeli koncentrirati vojsku. Cezar je također uočio to slabo mjesto, pa je organizirao serije napada prema tamo, no tri legije su krenule samoinicijativno napadati Gergoviju na drugom mjestu. Eduanske konjanike koji krenuli su drugim putem i u konačnici se trebali pridružiti legionarima, u trenutku dolaska dio legionara je zamijenio za neprijatelje te ih krenuo napadati. Cezar je u tom trenutku bio prisiljen uvoditi red među svoju vojskom. Sav metež koji je tada nastao čuli su branitelji i Vercingetoriks koji naređuje konjanički marš na Rimljane ispod utvrde. Munjeviti galski konjanici razbili su rimske redove te im uz dodatni pješački napad nanijeli velike gubitke, zbog čega je Cezar izdao zapovijed o povlačenju.

Vidi još
Galski ratovi

Bitka kod Bibrakta

Opsada Avarika

Bitka kod Alezije

Izvori

Gergovia
Gergovia

Bitka kod Gergovije


Marc Lauenstein (* 15. September 1980 in Cormondrèche) ist ein Schweizer Orientierungsläufer. Er ist zweifacher Vizeweltmeister auf der Langdistanz.

Bei den Ski-Orientierungslauf-Weltmeisterschaften 2002 in Bulgarien startete Lauenstein für die Schweiz und belegte dabei den sechsten Platz mit der Staffel. In den Einzelwettbewerben belegte er Platz 15 und Platz 19. Im Sommer 2002 wurde er auch im Orientierungslauf erstmals international eingesetzt. Er startete bei den Europameisterschaften in Ungarn und im Weltcup. Im Jahr darauf startete er bei der Heim-Weltmeisterschaft in Rapperswil und wurde dabei mit der Staffel Vierter. Der Durchbruch gelang ihm 2005, als er den zweiten Platz auf der Langdistanz hinter dem Russen Andrei Chramow erreichte. In der Staffel mit Matthias Merz und Daniel Hubmann gewann er Bronze. Auch bei der Weltmeisterschaft 2006 wurde er Zweiter auf der langen Strecke, diesmal hinter Jani Lakanen aus Finnland. Als Langdistanzspezialist startete er bei den folgenden Weltmeisterschaften auf der langen Strecke, kam aber nicht mehr über einen achten Platz heraus. Bei Europameisterschaften erreichte er 2010 in Primorsko einen fünften Platz auf der Langdistanz, den er bei den Europameisterschaften zwei Jahre später wiederholte. Bei seinen letzten Weltmeisterschaften im gleichen Jahr in Lausanne wurde er Neunter auf der Mitteldistanz.

Die Schweizer Meisterschaft gewann er 2002 mit dem CO Chenau und 2011 mit dem ANCO Neuchâtel in der Staffel. 2002 war er Schweizer Meister im Nachtlauf und 2005 mit Chenau Meister im Team. Mit dem Verein Vehkalahden Veikot startete er mehrfach bei der Jukola und belegte dabei viermal den dritten Platz.

2006 gewann Lauenstein den Napf-Marathon, einen Bergmarathon mit über 1500 Höhenmetern in der Zeit von 2:58:28 h.

Platzierungen

Weblinks
 Marc Lauenstein World of O Runners

Orientierungsläufer (Schweiz)
Ski-Orientierungsläufer (Schweiz)
Langstreckenläufer (Schweiz)
Marathonläufer (Schweiz)
Bergläufer (Schweiz)
Schweizer Meister (Orientierungslauf)
Schweizer
Geboren 1980
Mann

Marc Lauenstein


Arnon Milchan (Rehovot,  Mandato Británico de Palestina, actual Israel; 6 de diciembre de 1944) es un productor y productor ejecutivo de cine y televisión israelí. A lo largo de su carrera profesional ha recibido nominaciones a los Premios Óscar y los Premios BAFTA. Ha producido películas como Once Upon a Time in America (1984), Heat (1995), L.A. Confidential (1997) o Fight Club (1999), entre otras.

Biografía
Arnon Milchan nació en Tel Aviv (entonces bajo administración británica) el 6 de diciembre de 1944. Su padre era dueño de una compañía de fertilizantes; Milchan convirtió este negocio en una empresa valorada en 125 millones de dólares. Asimismo obtuvo un título de la London School of Economics. Contrajo matrimonio con Brigitte Genmaire, modelo, de la cual se separó en el año 1975. Tiene tres hijos, Alexanda y Elinor, que trabajan también como productores en la compañía creada por él mismo, y Yariv, fotógrafo y artista residente en Nueva York. En 1991 creó su propia compañía productora New Regency Productions, filial subsidiaria de New Regency Enterprises. Se encuentra en el ranking de los billonarios del mundo según la revista Forbes en 2010. En 2007 ocupó el puesto número 287 en dicho ranking, con una fortuna estimada en tres mil millones.

Carrera
A lo largo de su trayectoria profesional ha producido numerosas cintas. Once Upon a Time in America (1984), protagonizada por Robert De Niro fue una de sus primeros trabajos. Más tarde llegaría la comedia romántica Pretty Woman (1990), por la que fue candidato al BAFTA a la mejor película. También en la década de los 90 su nombre figuró en los créditos de películas como JFK (1991), cuyo reparto estaba encabezado por Kevin Costner; la cinta infantil Free Willy (1993); las adaptaciones cinematográficas de las novelas de John Grisham The Client (1994) y A Time to Kill (1996); y el thriller Heat (1995). A finales de esta década fue candidato al Óscar a la mejor película y nuevamente al BAFTA por el drama L.A. Confidential (1997). Los últimos títulos producidos en los 90 son, entre otros, el drama romántico protagonizado por Meg Ryan y Nicolas Cage City of Angels (1998), la cinta de acción Entrapment (1999), con Catherine Zeta-Jones; y Fight Club (1999), con Brad Pitt.

La década de 2000 empezó con la comedia Big Momma's House (2000) y los thrillers Ni una palabra (2001), con Michael Douglas, y High Crimes (2002). Posteriormente se llegarían el drama encabezado por Richard Gere y Diane Lane Unfaithful (2002); y las adaptaciones cinematográficas del cómic Daredevil (2003) y, nuevamente, la novela de John Grisham Runaway Jury (2003), cuyo reparto estaba encabezado por Dustin Hoffman, Rachel Weisz y Gene Hackman. En 2005 trabajó como productor ejecutivo en la película más exitoso de su carrera hasta el momento Sr. y Sra. Smith, con 478 millones de dólares recaudados globalmente. Entre sus últimos proyectos de esta década destacan el drama Stay (2005) y el thriller The Sentinel (2006), en el que aparecían Michael Douglas, Kiefer Sutherland y Eva Longoria.

En los años 2010 ha producido las comedias What Happens in Vegas (2008), Marley & Me (2008); la película de terror dirigido por Alexandre Aja Mirrors (2008); la película protagonizada por Tom Cruise Knight and Day (2010) y el drama cuyo reparto estaba encabezado por Jake Gyllenhaal y Anne Hathaway, Love and Other Drugs (2010).

Tráfico de armas y espionaje para Israel
Después de la imputación en 1985 de Richard Kelly Smyth, ejecutivo de la industria aeroespacial que había hecho envíos ilegales de disparadores nucleares a través de una de las compañías de Milchan, comenzó a conjeturarse con la participación de Milchan en actividades de espionaje y tráfico de armas. Las conjeturas salieron del estado de rumor con la publicación en 2011, por los biógrafos Meir Doron y Joseph Gelman, de Confidential - The Life Of Secret Agent Turned Hollywood Tycoon, en el que argumentan que «al menos durante la mitad de la década de 1980 ejerció en todas las dimensiones como agente de la agencia de inteligencia ultrasecreta de Israel Lakam. Sus actividades incluyeron "la compra de piezas de construcción y mantenimiento del arsenal nuclear de Israel" y la supervisión de "cuentas y empresas tapadera con respaldo gubernamental que financiaban las necesidades particulares del conjunto de las operaciones de inteligencia de Israel en el exterior"».  En una entrevista sobre las actividades de inteligencia de Milchan, el presidente israelí Shimon Peres declaró:

En noviembre de 2013, el propio Milchan admitió en el documental israelí Uvda haber llevado a cabo negocios de comercio clandestino de armas para el gobierno israelí a lo largo de la década de 1970.

Premios
Óscar

Premios BAFTA

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Arnon Milchan en Box Office Mojo (en inglés)

Productores de cine
Empresarios de Israel
Traficantes de armas
Espías de Israel
Judíos de Israel
Israelíes del siglo XX
Israelíes del siglo XXI
Personas de Tel Aviv

Arnon Milchan


Tabăra pentru refugiați Kilis Öncüpınar (în ) este o tabără din Turcia pentru refugiații din calea Războiului Civil Sirian. Tabăra este situată în satul Öncüpınar, în apropierea frontierei Turciei cu Siria, în vecinătatea orașului Kilis din provincia cu același nume. Deschisă în 2012, tabăra găzduia aproximativ 14.000 de persoane în februarie 2014. În februarie 2016, numărul refugiaților din centrul de găzduire era estimat la peste 13.000.

Tabăra este alcătuită din 2.053 de containere, conectate prin alei din pavele. Câteva școli, grădinițe și locuri de joacă au fost puse la dispoziția celor în jur de 2.000 de copii cu vârste de școlarizare. Tabăra este gestionată de comitetul turc al Președinției pentru Managementul Dezastrelor și Situațiilor de Urgență.

Kilis a fost doar una din cele șase "tabere de containere" înființate de Turcia, care a căutat să ofere o calitate superioară a vieții față de taberele obișnuite de corturi.

Fiecare familie de refugiați primește lunar un total de 43 de dolari de persoană printr-un "card de alimente", sumă ce poate fi cheltuită în diversele magazine care operează în centrul de găzduire.

Note

Kilis Oncupinar, Tabăra pentru refugiați
Provincia Kilis

Tabăra pentru refugiați Kilis Öncüpınar


Ion Andoni Goikoetxea (født 21. oktober 1965) er en tidligere spansk fodboldspiller.

Spaniens fodboldlandshold

|-
|1990||4||0
|-
|1991||5||0
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|1992||5||0
|-
|1993||5||0
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|1994||11||3
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|1995||5||1
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|1996||1||0
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!Total||36||4
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Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Spanien
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 1994

Ion Andoni Goikoetxea


Gzip, GNU zip'in kısa yazılışıdır. GNU yazılımı dosya sıkıştırma programıdır. Yapımcıları Jean-loup Gailly ve Mark Adler dır. İlk sürümü 0.1 olup 31 Ekim 1992 yılında yayınlandı. Bir diğer sürümü olan 1.0 ise Şubat 1993 yılında yayınlandı. Gzip tipinde sıkıştırma için en uygun program Gunzip'tir.

Dosya sıkıştırma formatları
Unix yazılımları

Gzip


Cowboys and Indians is an album by The Jeevas, released October 6, 2003.

Track listing
All songs by Crispian Mills, unless otherwise noted.

 "Black & Blue"
 "Have You Ever Seen the Rain?" (John Fogerty)
 "Healing Hands"
 "The Way You Carry On"
 "I Can't Help Myself"
 "Back Home"
 "Que Pasa (con tu culo)?"
 "How Much Do You Suck?"
 "Masters of War" (Bob Dylan)
 "Stoned Love"
 "Girl Without a Name"
 "Good Man Down"
 "Rio Grande"

2003 albums

Cowboys and Indians (album)


Der White River ( für "Weißer Fluss") ist ein Fluss in Vermont und rechtsseitiger Zufluss zum Connecticut River.

Er gilt als der längste unregulierte Zufluss des Connecticut River.

Flusslauf
White River entspringt auf der Ostseite der Green Mountains am Hang des Bread Leaf Mountain aus dem Skylight Pond und fließt zunächst südsüdöstlich, wobei er die Ostgrenze des Green Mountain National Forest bildet. Nach etwa 28 Kilometern wendet er sich zunächst nordöstlich, bevor er sich auf Höhe des Zuflusses des First Branch White River wieder nach Südosten richtet und bei White River Junction, neben South Royalton der einzigen größeren Siedlung im Flussgebiet, in den Connecticut River mündet.

Das Einzugsgebiet ist zu 84 % mit Wald bedeckt; 7 % werden landwirtschaftlich genutzt, 5 % werden durch Siedlungen, Verkehrswege und ähnliches bedeckt. Die verbleibenden 5 % sind durch weitere Wasserflächen belegt. Die Wasserqualität des White River ist über weite Streckenabschnitte hervorragend; nur 7 % der Flusslänge gelten als so stark belastet, dass sie Einfluss auf die Biosphäre haben. Als Hauptbelastung gelten Einträge aus der landwirtschaftlichen Nutzung. Der White River und zwei angrenzende Seen werden deswegen auch als Trinkwasserquellen genutzt.

Neben dieser Nutzung dient der White River insbesondere touristischen Zwecken. Das Angeln ist weit verbreitet, der Fluss ist eines der Laichgebiete des Atlantischen Lachses. Auch Kanutouren und vereinzelte Natur-Badestellen werden angeboten.

Das Flusstal wird für diverse Verkehrswege genutzt; so insbesondere für den Interstate 89 und die Bahnstrecke Windsor–Burlington. Die stillgelegte Bahnverbindung zwischen Bethel und Rochester der White River Railroad dient heute der Vermont Route 100, einer Landstraße, als Fundament.

Weblinks

 Website des Flussverbandes White River Partnership mit wichtigen Informationen zum Flusssystem (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Fluss in den Appalachen
Addison County
Rutland County
Windsor County

White River (Connecticut River)


Mittelndorf ist ein Stadtteil der Großen Kreisstadt Sebnitz im Landkreis Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge, Sachsen.

Geographie

Mittelndorf liegt im rechtselbischen Teil der Sächsischen Schweiz auf der Hochfläche zwischen den Flüssen Sebnitz im Norden und Kirnitzsch im Süden. Der Ort befindet sich im Zentrum einer von bewaldeten Hanglagen umgebenen, nur nach Osten und Westen offenen Rodungsfläche, der von Umgebinde- und Fachwerkhäusern geprägte Dorfkern liegt dabei am Beginn eines rechten Seitentälchens des Kirnitzschtals. Die höchsten Punkte sind der 352 Meter hohe Birkenberg im Osten und der 332 Meter hohe Weinberg im Westen. Vom Aussichtspunkt Rämischs Bank bietet sich ein Panoramablick auf die Schrammsteine. Im Südosten der Mittelndorfer Flur liegen die Kroatenschlucht und die Schaarwiese. Die Flurgrenzen verlaufen im Norden entlang der Sebnitz, im Westen in Höhe Hegebusch und im Süden entlang der Kirnitzsch. Die östliche Flurgrenze markiert der Beuthenbach, der kurz vor seiner Einmündung in die Kirnitzsch einen Wasserfall, den Beuthenfall, bildet. Mit seinen 255 Einwohnern (Stand: 2011) ist Mittelndorf der kleinste der fünf Ortsteile Kirnitzschtals. Die Gemarkung Mittelndorf grenzt im Westen an Altendorf und im Osten an Lichtenhain. Nördlich benachbart ist der Hohnsteiner Ortsteil Ulbersdorf. Im Süden grenzt die Flur des Bad Schandauer Ortsteils Ostrau mit dem 401 Meter hohen Tafelberg Hohe Liebe an.

Wichtigste Straßen im Ort sind die beiden von Bad Schandau nach Sebnitz führenden Staatsstraßen 165 (Kirnitzschtalstraße) und 154 (Schandauer Straße). An den ÖPNV ist Mittelndorf über die Buslinie 260 des Regionalverkehrs Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge angebunden. Im Sebnitztal liegt an der Bahnstrecke Bautzen–Bad Schandau (Sebnitztalbahn) der 1904 eingerichtete Haltepunkt Mittelndorf, ein während des Sommerhalbjahres bedienter Bedarfshalt für Wandertouristen. Er ist nur über Forst- und Wanderwege erreichbar und liegt weit abseits des öffentlichen Straßennetzes rund einen Kilometer von Mittelndorf entfernt im Wald. Durch das Kirnitzschtal führt die Kirnitzschtalbahn, eine vorrangig touristischen Zwecken dienende Überlandstraßenbahn und die einzige deutsche Straßenbahnlinie, die keine Liniennummer trägt. Im Bereich Mittelndorf hat sie fünf Haltestellen, und zwar Ostrauer Mühle/Zeltplatz, Mittelndorfer Mühle, Forsthaus, Nasser Grund und Beuthenfall. Darüber hinaus führen mehrere Fernwanderwege durch die Mittelndorfer Flur, darunter Fremdenweg, Malerweg, Dichter-Musiker-Maler-Weg (Panoramaweg) und Lausitzer Schlange. Zudem gibt es in Mittelndorf einen lehrpfadartigen Rundweg.

Geschichte

Der Ortsname ist, genau wie die Namen der meisten Orte in der Umgebung, nicht slawischen, sondern deutschen Ursprungs. Er setzt sich aus zwei Bestandteilen zusammen, "Mitte" und "Dorf". Erstmals erwähnt wurde das Dorf 1446 unter dem Namen "Mytelsdorff" als Teil der im Besitz der Berken von der Duba befindlichen Herrschaft Wildenstein. Als diese am 8. April 1451 zu Sachsen kam, hieß der Ort "Mitteldorf" und bereits 1629 war die heutige Schreibweise in Gebrauch. Mittelndorf entstand als Waldhufendorf im Zuge der Deutschen Ostsiedlung. Als Amtsdorf unterstand es mit seiner rund 14 Hufen großen Waldhufenflur in grundherrschaftlicher, erbgerichtlicher und verwalterischer Hinsicht vom 16. bis ins 19. Jahrhundert direkt dem Amt Hohnstein. Eingepfarrt war und ist es dagegen ins benachbarte Lichtenhain.

Auf Grundlage der Landgemeindeordnung von 1838 erlangte Mittelndorf Selbstständigkeit als Landgemeinde, deren Verwaltung 1856 dem Gerichtsamt Schandau oblag. Mittelndorf war 1875 Teil der Amtshauptmannschaft Pirna, die Größe der Gemeindeflur betrug im Jahre 1900 rund 536 Hektar. Auf ihr wurde vorwiegend Landwirtschaft betrieben, zudem gab es die 1518 ersterwähnte Mittelndorfer Mühle, die heute als Gaststätte und Pension dient. Im Jahre 1882 ließ Robert Sputh (1843–1913) aus Dresden im Sebnitztal nördlich von Mittelndorf die Sputhmühle errichten. Nachdem Sputh 1892 das Patent für ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von Bierglasuntersetzern erhalten hatte, fungierte die Sputhmühle als weltweit erster Produktionsort für aus Holzschliff hergestellte Bierdeckel, die bis nach Brasilien exportiert wurden. Da ein befestigtes Wegenetz zur Sputhmühle, die in Spitzenzeiten 120 Arbeiter aus den umliegenden Dörfern beschäftigte, nicht vorhanden war, diente ein Gleisanschluss zur Sebnitztalbahn zur Anlieferung des Rohmaterials und zum Abtransport der Fertigprodukte. Die Sputhmühle brannte 1937 ab und wurde später abgerissen. Im Jahr 1889 wurde die Freiwillige Feuerwehr Mittelndorf gegründet. Der Mittelndorfer Arbeiter-Turnverein legte 1928 am Waldrand nordwestlich des Ortes das Mittelndorfer Freibad an, das seit 1997 geschlossen ist.

Im Jahre 1974 wurde Mittelndorf, das seit 1952 dem Kreis Sebnitz zugeordnet war, nach Lichtenhain eingemeindet. Im Jahre 1994 kam Lichtenhain zur neuen Gemeinde Kirnitzschtal; aus dem Kreis Sebnitz ging damals durch Fusion zunächst der Landkreis Sächsische Schweiz und 2008 der Landkreis Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge hervor. Seit dem 1. Oktober 2012 gehört Mittelndorf als Teil Kirnitzschtals zur Großen Kreisstadt Sebnitz. Eine der wichtigsten Erwerbsquellen der Einwohner ist der Tourismus.

Einwohnerentwicklung

Siehe auch
 Liste der Kulturdenkmale in Mittelndorf

Weblinks

 mittelndorf.de

 Adressbuch Mittelndorf von 1925

Einzelnachweise und Fußnoten

Ort in der Sächsischen Schweiz
Ort im Landkreis Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge
Geographie (Sebnitz)
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge)
Ersterwähnung 1446
Staatlich anerkannter Erholungsort in Sachsen
Gemeindeauflösung 1974

Mittelndorf


ලෝකයේ විශාලතම දැනට ජීවත්වන සර්පයන්,  measured either by length or by weight, are various members of the boidae and pythonidae families.

සර්පයින් ලැයිhjvbbgbස්තු

විශාලතම සර්පයන් ලැයිස්තුව


Johann Heinrich Böhm (* 1740 in Oberösterreich; † 1792 in Aachen) war ein österreichischer Schauspieler, Sänger sowie Regisseur und Theaterdirektor.

Leben und Wirken
Über die frühen Jahre des wohl offensichtlich in der Wiener Theatertradition aufgewachsenen und ausgebildeten Johann Heinrich Böhm gibt es kaum Aufzeichnungen. Erstmals 1770 wird er als Darsteller in der Theatergruppe des Prinzipals Kajetan von Schaumburg in Brünn erwähnt, dessen Truppe er noch im September des gleichen Jahres übernahm. Mit diesem Wandertheater geht Böhm in den nächsten Jahren auf Reisen, wobei er versuchte, das Niveau durch weniger burleske Aufführungen anzuheben. Im Jahr 1776 gastierte Böhm zunächst am Kärntnertortheater in Wien, wo er unter anderem mit Jean Georges Noverre zusammenarbeitete und zwei Jahre später am Wiener Burgtheater am Michaelerplatz, wo er selbst auch als Schauspieler, Sänger und Regisseur auftrat.

Ab 1778 ging Böhm mit seiner Theatertruppe, der auch ein eigenes Orchester angeschlossen war, wieder auf Reisen, zunächst nach Salzburg, wo er Leopold Mozart kennenlernte, der ihm für seine Aufführungspraxis hohe Anerkennung zollte. In dieser Zeit entstand auch eine lebenslange Freundschaft mit Leopolds Sohn Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, der für ihn im Jahr 1779 das Fragment gebliebene Singspiel Zaide (KV 344/366b) komponierte. Ein Jahr später gastierte Böhm in Augsburg, wo er im Mai Mozarts Oper La finta giardiniera in der deutschen Übersetzung von Franz Xaver Stierle unter dem Titel Die verstellte Gärtnerin aufführte.

Nach mehreren Zwischenstationen unter anderem in Ulm, Nürnberg und Kassel, zog es die Böhmsche Theatertruppe ins Rheinland, wo sie am 10. Februar 1783 die Eröffnung des Neuen privilegierten Comödienhauses in der Schmierstraße in Köln mit der Aufführung von Shakespeares Drama Richard II. gestaltete. Anlässlich der Eröffnung des Theaters Koblenz brachte Böhm am 22. November 1787 Mozarts Die Entführung aus dem Serail zur Aufführung, die er auch 1790 in Frankfurt am Main im Rahmen der Krönungsfeierlichkeiten für Leopold II. zum Kaiser inszenierte. Darüber hinaus fand durch seine Truppe die Frankfurter Erstaufführung von Schillers Drama Die Räuber statt. Eigens für diese mehrfachen Veranstaltungen stellte er ein erweitertes Ensemble zusammen, das sich den Namen Kurtrierische Schauspielertruppe gab. Während dieser sich über mehrere Wochen hinziehenden Feierlichkeiten wohnte Böhm im "Backhaus" in der Kalbächer Gasse 10, in der auch zeitgleich sein Freund Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart untergebracht war.

Doch einen Großteil seiner Zeit verbrachte Böhm in Aachen, wo er bereits seit Mitte der 1780er Jahre die Vorstellungen im Alten Komödienhaus prägte. Hier bot seine Truppe dem Aachener Publikum beispielsweise im Jahre 1785 ebenfalls Mozarts Entführung, 1791 als Aachener Erstaufführung Schillers Räuber und 1792 Mozarts Don Giovanni.

Während seiner Zeit als Theaterleiter bevorzugte Böhm am liebsten melodiefreudige Singspiele, anfangs besonders Werke von Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf, wobei vor allem sein naturtreues Spiel in komischen Rollen gerühmt wurde. Ferner gehörten Ballette und Opern zu seinem Repertoire und hier vor allem die Werke von Mozart und Christoph Willibald Gluck ebenso wie zahlreiche Dramen beispielsweise Hamlet, Othello, König Lear und Macbeth.

Böhm war durch seine konsequente, auf Ordnung und Sitte bedachte Theaterleitung beliebt und seine Künstler hielten ihm teils jahrelang die Treue. Nach seinem Tod übernahm seine resolute und sparsame Frau Marianne Jacobs (* 1750), eine Schauspielerin aus Straßburg, die Theaterleitung. Sie führte vor allem die Auftritte in Aachen fort, inszenierte dort im Jahr 1794 Mozarts Zauberflöte, und als während der Franzosenzeit der Einfluss des deutschen Schauspiels zurückgedrängt werden sollte, ließ sie ab 1796 vor Beginn und teilweise auch während der Vorstellungen auf Anweisungen des Pariser Direktoriums republikanische Lieder wie Ah! Ça ira und die Marseillaise abspielen. Ab 1808 übernahm der jüngste Sohn Johann (* 1777) die Theatertruppe, doch nach einigen Auftritten ein Jahr später in Dortmund gibt es keine nennenswerten Erwähnungen des Böhmschen Wandertheaters mehr.

Weitere Kinder des Ehepaars Böhm waren der Sohn Franz (1776–1798), Bratschist und Kapellmeister und die beiden Töchter und Schauspielerinnen Nannette (* 1771) und Jeanette, die allesamt zunächst auch mit dem  Ensemble auftraten.

Literatur

 H. G. Fellmann: Die B.'sche Theatertruppe und ihre Zeit. 1928, = Theatergesch. F, Bd. 38 (L).
 E. L. Stahl: Shakespeare u. d. Dt. Theater. 1947, S. 128 ff.
 Heinz Friedrich Deininger: Die deutsche Schauspielergesellschaft unter der Direktion von Johann Heinrich Böhm, einem Freunde der Familie Mozart, in Augsburg in den Jahren 1779 und 1780. Schlosser, 1943.

Quellen

Weblinks
 Johann Heinrich Böhm Kurzinfo bei Uni Köln

Theaterleiter
Theaterregisseur
Theaterschauspieler
Sänger
Darstellender Künstler (Aachen)
Person (Habsburgermonarchie vor 1804)
Geboren 1740
Gestorben 1792
Mann

Johann Heinrich Böhm (Schauspieler)


සංගීත අත්පිටපත් යනු අතින් ලියැවුනු සංගීතයේ මූලික සටහන්ය. සාමාන්‍යයෙන් කියතොත් ඒවා කඩදාසි වල හෝ ඒ සඳහා සකස් කළ සත්ව හම් වල සටහන් කරනු ලැබේ. පිටපතෙහි අත් අකුරු සටහන් වන්නේ නම් එය හැඳින්වෙන්නේ ස්වරචනාවක් (හෙවත් Autograph) වශයෙනි. සංගීත පිටපත් වලට සංගීත ප්‍රස්තාර මෙන්ම පාඨ සහ පින්තූරද ඇතුලත් විය හැක.

සංගීත අත් පිටපත් (සටහන්)


La Copa Competencia fue un torneo oficial organizado por la Asociación Uruguaya de Fútbol disputado casi ininterrumpidamente entre los años 1904 y 1925. Era la serie local uruguaya de la Copa Competencia Internacional Chevallier Boutell.

La Copa Competencia Internacional Chevallier Boutell se comenzó a disputar en el año 1900, instituida por el Presidente de la Asociación Argentina Sr. Chevallier Boutell, en la cual participaban los equipos de Buenos Aires, Rosario y Montevideo.

De 1900 a 1903 los equipos uruguayos que pretendían participar en esta copa internacional como invitados (también conocida como "Copa Argentina"), se debían registrar en la propia AFA para poder hacerlo. Su inscripción y participación en la misma era voluntaria. Incluso podían participar equipos uruguayos que no estaban inscriptos en la AUF, como fue el caso del Montevideo Cricket en la edición de 1902.
En las ediciones de 1900 y 1901 solamente se inscribieron 2 equipos de Uruguay (Albion y Peñarol).

Recién en el año 1904, la Asociación Uruguaya comienza a co-organizar con AFA la Copa Competencia Internacional, y al mismo tiempo instituye la Copa Competencia Uruguaya, la cual otorgaba al ganador de la misma la clasificación a la serie Internacional

El formato de disputa del torneo era eliminatorio y participaban todos los equipos de Primera División.

En el año 1918, se resuelve que de ese año en adelante la Copa Competencia se comenzará a disputar en los años impares (1919, 1921, 1923 y 1925) y la Copa de Honor en los años pares (1918, 1920, y 1922).

Las Copas Competencia de 1914, 1921 y 1923 no tuvieron serie internacional por diferendos entre AUF y AFA. En tanto la Copa Competencia Uruguaya de 1925 quedó inconclusa cuando se estaban disputando las etapas semifinales, debido a que el Laudo del Presidente de la República Ing. José Serrato suspendió todas las actividades futbolísticas para terminar con el cisma reinante.

Ganadores de la llave uruguaya de la Competencia Internacional

Títulos por año

Títulos por equipo

  CURCC (2): 1901, 1902.
  Nacional (1): 1903.
  Albion (1): 1900.

Campeones de la Copa Competencia Uruguaya

Títulos por año

Títulos por equipo

  Nacional (7): 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1919, 1921, 1923.

  Peñarol/CURCC (6): 1904, 1905, 1907, 1909, 1910, 1916.

  Montevideo Wanderers (5): 1906, 1908, 1911, 1917, 1918.

Notas

Véase también
 Copa Competencia Rioplatense
 Copa Competencia - Zona Argentina
 Copa de Honor - Zona Uruguay

Enlaces externos
Historial de campeones

Competencia

Copa Competencia (Uruguay)


El distrito de Reutte es un distrito político del estado de Tirol (Austria). La capital del distrito es la ciudad de Reutte.

El distrito limita con Baviera (Alemania) al norte, con los distritos de Imst y Landeck al sur, y al oeste con los distritos de Bregenz y Bludenz.

Desde el punto de vista geográfico, el distrito incluye los valles de Lechtal, Tannheimer Tal y Zwischentoren. Entre las cadenas montañosas que se encuentran en el distrito están los Alpes Lechtal, las montañas Wetterstein, los Alpes Allgäu y las montañas Tannheim. Entre los lagos destacan el Plansee, el Heiterwanger See, el Haldensee, y el Vilsalpsee.

Localidades (población año 2018)

Enlaces externos

Reutte

Distrito de Reutte


Kompozisyon, farklı parçaları, nesneleri, ögeleri en iyi şekilde bir araya getirme ve bu şekilde oluşturulmuş bütün" anlamında bir kavramdır. Mimarlıktan  güzel sanatlara, müzikten edebiyata kadar çok farklı alanlarda kullanılır.

Türkçeye Fransızcadan geçmiştir.

Edebiyatta
Edebiyatta kompozisyon, duygu ve düşünceleri düzgün bir şekilde sıralama ve ifade etmeyi öğrenmek amacıyla yapılan bir düzyazı çalışmasıdır. Kompozisyon en az üç bölümden oluşur: giriş, gelişme ve sonuç. Bu bölümlerden her biri en az bir paragraftan oluşur.

Giriş (serim) bölümü
Verilen bir konuyu açıklayabilmek için önce açıklanması gereken düşünce bulunur ve bu düşünce giriş bölümünde belirtilir. Bu bölümde sadece açıklanması gereken düşünce belirtilir. Bu bölümde örnek verilmez ve açıklama yapılmaz. Kısa ve öz bilgi verilmelidir.

Gelişme (düğüm) bölümü
Gelişme bölümünde, giriş bölümünde belirtilen düşünce geniş bir şekilde açıklanır. Bu bölümde örnek verilmesi gerekiyorsa örnek verilir. Ancak örneğin diye başlanılmaz, örneğin sözcüğü kullanılmaz. Verilen örnek birden fazla olmamalıdır. Gelişme bölümü bir paragraftan fazla olabilir.
İlk paragrafta anlatılan konunun devamı gibidir ama daha geniş ve açıklayıcı bir şekilde olmalıdır. Giriş ve sonuçtan daha çok yazılmalıdır. Konular daha fazla açılmalıdır. Konu ayrıntılarıyla anlatılır."Ne olacak?" diye merak edilen bölümdür.

Sonuç (çözüm) bölümü
Sonuç bölümünde, giriş ve gelişmenin ortak düşüncesi yani ana düşünce yazılır. Bu bölüm yazılı anlatımın diğer kısa bölümünden biridir. Bu bölümde de dikkat edilmesi gereken önemli özellik fazla ayrıntıya girmemektir.Yine kısa ve öz olmalıdır. Çıkarılan ana düşünceyi anlatır. Giriş ve gelişmeden daha kısa olmalıdır.

Müzikte

Müzikte kompozisyon; biçim, melodi, ritim, armoni gibi farklı ögelerin uyumlu bir şekilde bir araya getirilmesi ile oluşturulmuş bir müzik parçasıdır.

Edebiyat terimleri
Müzik terimleri
Mimarlık terimleri
Sanat terimleri
Fransızcadan Türkçeye geçen sözcükler

Kompozisyon


REFORGER (forkortelse for "Return of Forces to Germany" - Styrkers tilbagevenden til Tyskland) var navnet på en række større NATO-øvelser under den kolde krig der blev afviklet en eller flere gange om året fra 1969 og frem til 1993.

Mål og omfang
Målet for REFORGER-øvelserne var i rammen af NATO-strategien Flexible Response (MC 14/3) en afprøvning og optimering af alliancens planer (Rapid Reinforcement Concept), træning af de involverede styrker og en magtdemonstration overfor potentielle militære modstandere såsom Warszawapagten.
Da hverken USA eller Vesttyskland ønskede at permanent udstationere et større antal konventionelle amerikanske styrker i Vesttyskland. var det nødvendigt med disse tilbagevendende øvelser så man havde erfaring med at flytte et stort antal soldater og udstyr hurtigt til Europa hvis behovet skulle opstå. Større mængder amerikansk krigsmateriel (kamp- og transportkøretøjer, våben, ammunition og andet udstyr) var på forhånd placeret i vesttyske magasiner. Ved at overføre soldater fra Nordamerika hurtigt ved hjælp af lufttransport og lade dem mødes med deres materiel i Vesttyskland kunne man undgå en langsom og dyr flytning af de enorme mængder materiel der var forventet at skulle bruges under en eventuel varm krig. I sådan et tilfælde ville man have sløjfe ordet øvelse og kaldt indsatsen for "Operation REFORGER".

Foruden de amerikanske styrker deltog alle vesttyske militære tjenestesteder der skulle understøtte den amerikanske indsats. Herudover deltog dele af de allierede styrker som havde faste styrker i Vesttyskland ofte i øvelserne, blandt andet den 7. amerikanske armé, Bundeswehr, den britiske Rheinarmé, de franske og canadiske styrker styrker i Vesttyskland.

På denne måde blev NATOs militære mobilisering for henholdsvis hær, flåde og luftvåben afprøvet under realistiske forhold. På denne måde blev et stort antal soldater sendt fra USA til Europa, amerikanske militærfly blev overflyttet til deres fremskudte flyvestationer. NATO-flåderne bevægede sig ud i Atlanterhavet for at sikre søvejen og forsyningsruterne mellem USA og Europa mod forestillede sovjetiske angreb. En stor del af de øvrige NATO-landes militære styrker blev sat i krigsberedskab og mobiliserede deres styrker som forskød ud til forberedte stillinger på forskellige øvelsesterræn.

Den sovjetiske modsætning til REFORGER-øvelsen var Warszawapagtens årligt tilbagevendende efterårsmanøvre.

REFORGER-øvelser
De første REFORGER-øvelser fandt sted i januar 1969 hvor der deltog 17.000 soldater. Den sidste øvelse fandt sted i maj 1993 med 7000 deltagere. Den mest omfattende øvelse var i 1988 hvor 124.800 soldater deltog.

Tabellens forkortelser:
 FTX = Field Training Exercise (Feltøvelse)
 CPX = Command Post/Paper Exercise (Stabs/papirøvelse)
 CFX = Command Field Exercise (Stabsfeltøvelse)

Billedegalleri

Eksterne henvisninger

 panzerbaer.de: Galleri til REFORGER '87 besøgt 01. november 2018
 Globalsecurity.org: REFORGER besøgt 01. november 2018

NATO
Den kolde krig

REFORGER


Doğan, Çorum ilinin Osmancık ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1928 yılı kayıtlarında İstir olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya
Köy, Çorum il merkezine 83 km, Osmancık ilçe merkezine 30 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

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Pollia japonica, connu sous le nom de pollia d'Asie de l'Est (East Asian pollia) en anglais, Yabumyoga (  ) en japonais, dùruò (  ) en chinois, ou plus simplement  Pollie du Japon en français . C'est une plante vivace originaire d'Asie de l'Est. Sa niche est dans les sous-bois, en forêt jusqu'à 1200 m d'altitude. Elle est originaire des provinces chinoises de l' Anhui, du Fujian, du Guangdong, du Guangxi, du Guizhou, du Hubei, du Hunan, du Jiangxi et du Sichuan. On la trouve également à Taïwan, au Japon, en Corée et au Vietnam .

Description

Pollia japonica est avant tout une plante de sous-bois , de lisière, comme pas mal de plantes d'Asie tempérée , que l'on peut cultiver sous nos latitudes, elle a une bonne résistance au froid; et supporte bien jusqu'à -15°C (Zone USDA: 8a). Elle drageonne un peu mais sans devenir envahissante, et trouve sa place parmi des petits palmiers de sous-bois (Chamaedorea radicalis, ou C. microspadix) , ou des fougères, ou d'autres misères . Cette Pollia est parfaitement rustique et ne pose pas la question de la protection hivernale. Mais si vous lui offrez un petit paillis de feuilles mortes, elle n'en sera que plus rapide a repartir au printemps.

Son feuillage luxuriant a une petite pointe d'exotisme, il est remarquable par ses rosettes de feuilles lustrées et pointues, portées par une tige qui rappelle certaines misères tropicales, style Dichorisandra thyrsiflora une autre Commelinaceae. Elle offre à l'automne des panicules terminales lâches de petites fleurs blanches de moins de un cm de large. Les fleurs sont suivies de fruits bleus de 0.5 cm de diamètre (capsules ressemblant à des baies), qui offrent des graines qui peuvent germer très facilement quand elles sont fraiche.

Galerie

Références

Liens externes

Commelinaceae
Espèce de Commelinales (nom scientifique)
Flore en Chine

Pollia japonica