Founded in 1925, The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and Maids, commonly referred to as the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (BSCP), was the first labor organization led by African Americans to receive a charter in the American Federation of Labor (AFL). The BSCP gathered a membership of 18,000 passenger railway workers across Canada, Mexico, and the United States.

Beginning after the American Civil War, the job of Pullman porter had become an important means of work by African-Americans. The leaders of the BSCP—including A. Philip Randolph, its founder and first president, Milton Webster, vice president and lead negotiator, and C. L. Dellums, vice president and second president—became leaders in the Civil Rights Movement, especially concerning fair employment and continued to play a significant role in the movement after it focused on the eradication of segregation in the Southern United States. BSCP members such as E. D. Nixon were among the leadership of local desegregation movements by virtue of their organizing experience, constant movement between communities, and freedom from economic dependence on local authorities.

As a result of a decline in railway transportation in the 1960s, BSCP membership declined. It merged in 1978 with the Brotherhood of Railway and Airline Clerks (BRAC), now known as the Transportation Communications International Union.

The Pullman Company
In the 1920s and 1930s the Pullman Company was one of the largest single employers of black people and had created an image for itself of enlightened benevolence via financial support for black churches, newspapers, and other organizations.  It also paid many porters well enough to have a middle-income lifestyle and prominence within their own communities.

Working for the Pullman Company was, however, less glamorous than the image the company promoted. Porters depended on tips for much of their income and thus on the generosity of white passengers who often referred to all porters as "George", the first name of George Pullman, the company's founder (see also Society for the Prevention of Calling Sleeping Car Porters "George"). The company required porters to travel 11,000 miles, nearly 400 hours, per month to earn a basic wage.  In 1934, porters on regular assignments worked an average of over 73 hours per week and earned 27.8 cents an hour while workers in manufacturing jobs averaged under 37 hours per week and earned an average of 54.8 cents per hour.  They spent roughly ten percent of their time in unpaid "preparatory" and "terminal" set-up and clean-up duties, and they had to pay for their food, lodging, and uniforms, which could consume up to half of their wages.  They were also charged whenever their passengers stole a towel or a water pitcher. Porters could ride at half fare on their days off—but not on Pullman coaches. They were not eligible for promotion to conductor, a job reserved for whites, despite frequently performing some of the  conductor duties.

The company had squelched any efforts they made to organize during the first decades of the 20th century by isolating or firing union leaders. Like many other large companies of the time, the company employed spies to keep tabs on their employees; in extreme cases, company agents assaulted union organizers.

When 500 porters met in Harlem on August 25, 1925, they decided to make another effort to organize. During this meeting, they secretly launched their campaign, choosing Randolph, not employed by Pullman and thus beyond retaliation, to lead the effort. The union chose a motto to sum up their resentment over the working conditions: "Fight or Be Slaves".

Organizing the union

The AFL, despite touting equal rights for workers, was actively discriminatory. Furthermore, and foremost, white supremacy remained entrenched in almost every institution that existed in the US, and these racist beliefs, both subtle and overt, precluded the white labor movement from recognizing the black workers or their organized fronts.

In the 1920s, as some elements within the AFL began to lower these barriers, while groups as diverse as the Urban League, the Socialist Party of America and Communist Party began to focus on the rights of black workers. Randolph himself was a prominent member of the Socialist Party. From its inception, the BSCP fought to open doors in the organized labor movement in the US for black workers, even though it faced staunch opposition and blatant racism.  As BSCP co-founder and First Vice President Milton Price Webster, put it, "...any time we have an American institution composed of white people there is prejudice in it....In America, if we should stay out of everything that's prejudiced we wouldn't be in anything."

As early as 1900, efforts were put forth by various collectives of Pullman porters to organize the porters into a union, each effort having been crushed by Pullman.  In 1925, in the early days of organizing the BSP union, Randolph was invited, by BSCP union organizer Ashley Totten, to address the Porters Athletic Association, in New York City.  Exhibiting a sound understanding of the plight of the black worker and the need for a genuine labor union, Randolph was asked to undertake the job of organizing the porters into a bona fide labor union. The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters was launched on the night of August 25, 1925.

Key to the success of the union was to galvanize membership by way of a national membership drive, with three of the Pullman company's largest terminals being most important—Chicago, Oakland, and St. Louis. The man to see in Chicago was Milton Price Webster. He was the son of enslaved parents from Clarksville, Tennessee, who, after successfully purchasing their own freedom, eventually moved to Chicago, where Webster was raised.  A former Pullman Porter of twenty years, and a devoted husband (Louie Elizabeth Harris) and father of three, Webster had been fired by the company for attempting to organize porters in the Railroad Men's Benevolent Association.

Webster was a man of strong convictions. As a Lincoln Republican and a tenured, highly respected captain of Chicago's Sixth Ward black Republican machine, Webster was a stern, but gregarious leader of men who was well connected throughout the Chicago politic.  Not the orator of Randolph's skill, and not college educated, Webster devoured books and the news of the day, and was a stalwart back room negotiator.  He captured his audience with his command of the subject, his keen wit and sharp intellect, and his commitment to alleviating the struggles of the working man.

Although skeptical of Randolph's socialist affiliations, on the recommendations of fellow union organizer John C. Mills of Chicago, Webster facilitated a series of public meetings for Randolph and Chicago porters, nightly for two weeks.  At the initial meeting, after hearing Randolph speak, Webster turned to Mills, agreeing that Randolph was the man to head the organization of the new union.  For the next two weeks, nightly meetings were held, with two speakers campaigning for Chicago chapter membership—Milton Webster opening and A. Philip Randolph closing—effectively launching the Chicago division of the Brotherhood.

The Pullman Company's response was to denounce, with support from the ministers and African American newspapers whom it had cultivated (or bought), the new union as an outside entity motivated by foreign ideologies, while sponsoring its own company union, variously known as the Employee Representation Plan or the Pullman Porters and Maids Protective Association, to represent its loyal employees. Local authorities, such as Boss Crump in Memphis, Tennessee in some cases helped the company by interfering with or banning BSCP meetings.

For the first several years of its existence, the union continued fighting the Pullman Company, its allies in the black community, the white power structure, and rival unions within the AFL that were hostile to its members' job claims.  The BSCP also tried to involve the federal government in its fight with the Pullman Company: on September 7, 1927 the brotherhood filed a case with the Interstate Commerce Commission, requesting an investigation of Pullman rates, porters' wages, tipping practices, and other matters related to wages and working conditions; the ICC ruled that it did not have jurisdiction.

While it had organized roughly half of the porters within the company, the union was seemingly no closer to obtaining recognition than it had been in 1925. By 1928 BSCP leaders decided that the only way to force the issue was to strike the company. The leadership was, however, divided on what a strike could accomplish: some rank-and-file leaders wanted to use the strike as a show of strength and an organizing tool, while Randolph was more cautious, hoping to use the threat of a strike as the lever to get the federal National Mediation Board established pursuant to the Railway Labor Act to bring the Pullman Company to the table while mobilizing support from supporters outside the industry.

After secretly meeting with the Pullman Company, the NMB refused to follow precedent it had set in the case of a group of white railroad workers, and refused to act on behalf of the BSCP.  The NMB argued that the brotherhood was incapable of disrupting the Pullman sleeping car service.  Although the union had voted for a strike, the Pullman Company convinced the NMB that the union did not have the strength in numbers or resources to pull it off. In July 1928, the NMB formally retired the case and Randolph called off the strike just hours before it was scheduled to begin.  Randolph, Webster, and the leadership of the BSCP recognized, in the end, that a strike at that time would have seriously crippled the brotherhood, agreeing that the union was still not strong enough to carry off a strike against the powerful corporate giant like Pullman.

That provoked an internal crisis, deepened by the Great Depression, paucity of funding for the union, and perpetual reprisals against the porters by the Pullman company, which led to a sharp drop in BSCP membership. The union might have disappeared altogether if it had not been for the vigilance and dedication of Randolph, Webster, Totten, Mills, C. L. Dellums, Bennie Smith, S. E. Grain, E. J. Bradley, Paul Caldwell, George Price, C. Francis Stratford and Roy Lancaster, who formed the initial organizers and board members of the BSCP.

The relationship between Randolph and Webster, the long-standing first vice president of the BSCP and the head of the Chicago Division, was centered on their common devotion to a common cause. Together they had a mutually aggressive and genuine commitment to the imperative that the black worker be organized to improve the working conditions, workers rights and the lives of black workers, their families and their communities.

In 1929, the American Federation of Labor granted affiliated status to individual chapters of the BSCP as local unions rather than to the international organization as a whole.  The locals were Chicago, Cleveland, Denver, Detroit, Fort Worth, Kansas City, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York City, Oakland, St. Louis, St. Paul, and Washington, D.C.

By 1933, BSCP membership dropped to 658, and the headquarters lost telephone and electric service because of nonpayment of bills. In 1934 the Roosevelt administration amended the RLA, then passed the Wagner-Connery Act, which outlawed company unions and covered porters, the following year. The BSCP immediately demanded that the NMB certify it as the representative of these porters. The BSCP defeated the company union in the election held by the NMB and on June 1, 1935, was certified.

Negotiations for increasing labor standards with the Pullman Company began but were repeatedly deadlocked. The BSCP requested the assistance of the National Mediation Board in April 1937, a time when the company was still using informants to report on union meetings.

A contract between the BSCP and the Pullman Company was signed on August 25, 1937.  It went into effect in October 1937, raising the wages of porters and maids, establishing a basic 240-hour month, and providing time-and-a-half overtime pay after 260 hours.  Pullman claimed the wage increases would cost the company approximately $1,500,000 per year.  The company also agreed to pay for the uniforms of porters after they'd been employed for ten years.

Role of women
The BSCP was founded for all Pullman attendants, including maids. Many of the maids were well-educated African-American or Chinese-American women but were classified as "unskilled service workers," expected to clean berths, care for the unwell, and give free manicures to passengers.

Six weeks after the foundation of the BSCP, female Pullman employees and relatives of male union members formed the Women's Economic Councils, officially recognized as the International Ladies' Auxiliary to the BSCP in 1938. Many of these women had worked in New York's booming garment industry and gained experience in union activism within the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, which sought to increase African-American membership in the late 1920s. This adjunct organization focused on fundraising and disseminating pro-union information to the general public. Maids were often fired for union activism.

Individuals also made impacts. When her husband was fired due to his BSCP work, Rosina C. Tucker successfully demanded his reinstatement; she later became a founding member of the ILA, a recruiter for the BSCP, and a civil rights activist in Washington, D.C. Halena Wilson (1895–1975), president of the Chicago ILA, pushed the chapter to fight for wage and price controls and consumer cooperatives and against poll taxes.  Frances Albrier organized her fellow Pullman maids during the 1920s, recalling: "Our responsibility was trying to educate the black public and black women" about the union.

International growth
During 1917–1939 working conditions on Canadian railways and transportation industries were poor. Porters working under the Canadian National Railways (CNR) began resistance movements, demanding representation and bargaining rights.

In 1942, the union expanded divisions into the Canadian cities of Montreal, Toronto and Winnipeg followed later by Calgary, Edmonton and Vancouver. There was widespread enthusiasm amongst Canadian workers for the adoption of BSCP. Just three years after expanding to Canadian provinces, the work of the BSCP brought about reforms in wages, working standards among other matters, while expanding the number of workers represented by the union.

Civil rights leadership
The BSCP won a charter from the AFL in 1935, the same year it was certified by the NMB.  In the years before then, when the AFL refused to recognize the organization itself, Randolph accepted "federal local" status for a number of locals of the BSCP—an unsatisfactory compromise that assumed that these locals had no union of their own, and allowed them to affiliate directly with the AFL on that basis.  That half-measure, however, allowed Randolph into AFL conventions and other meetings, where he advocated organization of black workers on an equal footing with whites.  Randolph kept the BSCP in the AFL, where most of the railroad brotherhoods remained, after John L. Lewis led the split that resulted in the formation of the Congress of Industrial Organizations.

Randolph expanded his agenda once he became the leader of the foremost black labor organization in the US.  Randolph was chosen as the leader of the National Negro Congress, an umbrella organization founded in 1937 that united many of the major black civil rights organizations of the day.  Randolph later resigned from the NNC in a dispute over policy with communist activists within it.  The NNC went into eclipse, while Randolph's stature continued to grow.

In 1941 he used the threat of a march on Washington and support from the NAACP, Fiorello La Guardia and Eleanor Roosevelt to force the administration to ban discrimination by defense contractors and establish the Fair Employment Practices Committee to enforce that order.  Milton Webster, the BSCP's First Vice-President, worked to make the FEPC an effective tool in combatting employment discrimination.  Randolph achieved his other demand—the end of racial segregation within the military—seven years later, when President Harry S. Truman signed Executive Order 9981 banning it.

BSCP members played a significant role in the Civil Rights Movement in the 1940s and 1950s.  E. D. Nixon, a BSCP member and the most militant spokesperson for the rights of African Americans in Montgomery, Alabama for most of the 1940s and 1950s, exemplified the leadership that the union provided.  Nixon could take advantage of his experience organizing under difficult circumstances and his immunity to economic reprisals from local businesses and authorities.  BSCP members also helped spread information and create networks between the different communities their work took them to, bringing the newspapers and political ideas they picked up in the North back to their hometowns.

Randolph helped negotiate the return of the CIO to the AFL in 1955.  Randolph by that time had achieved elder statesman status within the civil rights movement, even as changes in the railroad industry were gradually displacing many of the union's members.

Randolph and one of his chief lieutenants, Bayard Rustin—who, ironically, had bitterly criticized Randolph for calling off the 1941 March on Washington—were the moving force behind the 1963 March on Washington.  As Randolph said from the podium at that march:Let the nation know the meaning of our numbers.  We are not a pressure group.  We are not an organization.  We are not a mob.  We are the advance guard of a massive moral revolution that is not confined to the Negro, nor is it confined to civil rights, for our white allies know that they are not free while we are not.In 1953, when Violet King Henry became the first black woman lawyer in Canada (and the first black law graduate in Alberta) the union's president and vice-president traveled to Alberta to recognize her.

Merger with BRAC
Passenger rail travel dropped sharply after its peak in the 1940s, when the BSCP had 15,000 members, to the 1960s, when only 3000 porters had regular runs.  After four decades of service as the first vice president of the BSCP, Milton Webster was designated to be Randolph's successor as president when Randolph retired.  That transition never occurred.  In February 1965, Webster suffered a fatal heart attack in the lobby of the Americana Hotel in Bal Harbour, Florida while he and Randolph were attending an AFL-CIO Convention.  C. L. Dellums replaced Randolph as president of the BSCP in 1968.

The BSCP merged with the Brotherhood of Railway and Airline Clerks (BRAC) a decade later.  Dellums' successor and last president of the BSCP as an independent organization, Leroy J. Shackelford, became president of BRAC's Sleeping Car Porters Division.  In 1984, the Sleeping Car Porters Division was combined, along with Amtrak clerical employees, into a new Amtrak Division of the union having approximately 5000 members, 3500 clerical and 1500 in on-board services, comprising the largest single unit of organized labor on the Amtrak system.

Upon Mr. Shackelford's retirement in 1985, his position was not filled, its duties devolving upon the general chairman of the BRAC Amtrak Division, Michael J. Young, and his successors.  Thus ended the direct lineage of BSCP leadership, with Young becoming the first non-African American to lead the on-board group.

The three unions representing Amtrak on-board service workers, BRAC, the Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees (HERE), and the Transport Workers Union (TWU) joined to form the Amtrak Service Workers Council (ASWC).  Craft lines and separate seniority lists for on-board workers were eliminated, with one labor agreement covering all.  The chairmanship of the ASWC rotates annually among the chief executive officers of each constituent union's Amtrak bargaining unit.

Stage and film
In 1982 an award-winning documentary was produced titled Miles of Smiles, Years of Struggle. An oral history book of the same name inspired by and based on the film was produced several years later.

The story of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters was made into the 2002 Robert Townsend film 10,000 Black Men Named George starring Andre Braugher as A. Philip Randolph.

The play Pullman Porter Blues (2012) by Cheryl West dramatizes a night aboard the Panama Limited train and the challenges and tensions among three generations of Pullman Porters.

The Porter (2022) is an 8-part CBC and BET television drama. It is a work of fiction partly inspired by the creation of the BSCP.

Notable Pullman porters
 Frank L. Boyd
 Big Bill Broonzy
 Matthew Henson
 Claude McKay
 Benjamin Mays
 Oscar Micheaux
 Mozart Mimms
 E. D. Nixon
 Gordon Parks
 Simon Haley
 Cecil Newman
 Milton Webster

Footnotes

Further reading
 Jervis Anderson, A. Philip Randolph: A Biographical Portrait. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1973.
 Eric Arnesen, Brotherhoods of Color: Black Railroad Workers and the Struggle for Equality. Cambridge, Massachusetts Harvard University Press, 2001.
 Beth Tompkins Bates, Pullman Porters and the Rise of Protest Politics in Black America, 1925–1945. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 2001.
 William H. Harris, Keeping the Faith: A. Philip Randolph, Milton P. Webster, and the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 1925–37. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1977.
 Lyn Hughes, An Anthology of Respect:The Pullman Porters National Historic Registry of African American Railroad Employees Chicago: Hughes Peterson Publishing, 2007.
 Paula F.A. Pfeffer, Philip Randolph: Pioneer of the Civil Rights Movement. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press, 1990.
 Jack Santino, Miles of Smiles, Years of Struggle: Stories of Black Pullman Porters. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1989.
 Larry Tye, Rising from the Rails: Pullman Porters and the Making of the Black Middle Class. New York: Macmillan, 2005.

External links
 A. Philip Randolph Pullman Porter Museum in Chicago, Illinois, United States
 Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Headquarters Site, Oakland, Alameda County from Five Views: An Ethnic Historic Site Survey for California
 Dunbar Apartments from We Shall Overcome: Historic Places of the Civil Rights Movement
 C. L. Dellums. International President of The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and civil rights leader. oral history transcript / and related material, 1970–1973
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Records at Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, & Rare Book Library, Emory University
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Oral History Collection, Tamiment Library & Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives at New York University

African-American history between emancipation and the civil rights movement
History of African-American civil rights
History of labor relations in the United States
Defunct trade unions in the United States
Railway unions in the United States
1925 establishments in the United States
Trade unions established in 1925
Trade unions disestablished in 1978
International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers
African-American trade unions
A. Philip Randolph

Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters


Gson (también conocido como Google Gson) es una biblioteca de código abierto para el lenguaje de programación Java que permite la serialización y deserialización entre objetos Java y su representación en notación JSON.

Características
 Permite la conversión entre objetos Java y JSON de una manera sencilla, simplemente invocando los métodos toJson() o fromJson().
 Permite la conversión de objetos inmutables ya existentes.
 Soporte para tipos genéricos de Java.
 Permite la representación personalizada de objetos.
 Soporte para "Objetos arbitrariamente complejos".

Historia
La biblioteca Gson nació como un proyecto interno de Google para su propio uso. Finalmente se decidió publicarla bajo una licencia Apache License 2.0.

Ejemplo de uso

De objeto Java a notación JSON
Partiendo del siguiente JavaBean:
public class Persona implements Serializable {
    private String nombre;
    private int edad;

    public String getNombre() {
        return nombre;
    }

    public void setNombre(String nombre) {
        this.nombre = nombre;
    }

    public int getEdad() {
        return edad;
    }

    public void setEdad(int edad) {
        this.edad = edad;
    }
}
Se puede obtener su representación JSON de la siguiente manera:
    Persona persona = new Persona();
    persona.setNombre("Unai");
    persona.setEdad(28);

    Gson gson = new Gson();
    System.out.println(gson.toJson(persona));

Con lo que obtendríamos la salida:

{"nombre":"Unai","edad":28}

De notación JSON a objeto Java

    String json = "{\"nombre\":\"Unai\",\"edad\":28}";

    Gson gson = new Gson();

    Persona persona = (Persona) gson.fromJson(json, Persona.class);

    System.out.println(persona.getNombre());
    System.out.println(persona.getEdad());
Con lo que obtendríamos la salida:
Unai
28

Enlaces externos
 Página oficial

Bibliotecas de Java
JSON
Software de Google
Introducciones relacionadas a la ciencia de la computación de 2008

Gson


Janesville Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Janesville Township (Kansas)
 Janesville Township (Minnesota)

Janesville Township


Seymour Dorothy Fleming (5 octobre 1758 - 9 septembre 1818), connue sous le nom de Lady Worsley de 1775 à 1805, est une noble britannique, connue pour son implication dans un procès de haut-vol pour adultère.

Jeunesse et famille
Fleming est la plus jeune fille, et cohéritière, de Sir John Fleming (✝ 1763),  baronnet de Brompton Park, Middlesex, et de sa femme, Jane Coleman (✝ 1811). Son père et deux de ses sœurs meurent quand elle n'a que cinq ans. Elle est alors élevée, avec une autre de ses sœurs, par leur mère, qui se remarie en 1770 à Edwin Lascelles,  baron Harewood, un riche sexagénaire ayant fait fortune dans les Antilles grâce aux esclaves exploités et torturés dans les plantations de canne à sucre qu'il avait usurpé. La sœur aînée de Seymour, Jane Stanhope, comtesse Harrington, est connue pour être un "modèle de vertu".

Mariage avec Richard Worsley

Le 20 septembre 1775, à l'âge de , Seymour Fleming épouse Sir Richard Worsley,  baronnet d'Appuldurcombe House, Île de Wight, et prend le nom de Lady Worsley, qu'elle garde jusqu'à sa mort. Sa dot apporte  à son époux.

Le couple est mal assorti, et leur mariage bat rapidement de l'aile. Ils ont un fils, Robert Edwin, qui meurt jeune. En août 1781, Seymour donne naissance à un autre enfant, Jane Seymour Worsley, fruit de sa liaison avec Maurice George Bisset, mais reconnu par Worsley pour éviter le scandale. Bisset, un capitaine de la milice du South Hampshire, a été par le passé l'ami intime de Worsley, et son voisin à Knighton Gorges, sur l'Île de Wight.

La rumeur attribue à Lady Worsley vingt-sept amants. En novembre 1781, elle s'enfuit avec l'un d'eux, Maurice Bisset. En février 1782, Worsley intente un procès contre ce même amant, sur le motif de  (litige découlant d'un adultère, où une action en justice est menée contre le tiers ayant interféré dans le mariage, même dans le cas où l'un des partis est consentant). Worsley réclame un dédommagement de . Lady Worsley tourne la plainte en sa faveur à la suite de révélations scandaleuses, appuyées par ses amants passés et présents, remettant en question le statut juridique de son mari. Le docteur de Lady Worsley, William Osborn, révèle qu'elle souffrait d'une maladie vénérienne, contractée après une relation avec James Graham,  marquis de Montrose. Il est déclaré que Worsley a volontairement exposé la nudité de sa femme à Bisset aux bains publics de Maidstone, détail illustré dans une caricature de James Gillray. Ce témoignage mit fin aux poursuites, et Worsley ne fut dédommagé d'un shilling (l'équivalent de £ en 2015).

Bisset se sépare de Lady Worsley quand il devient apparent que Richard Worsley ne souhaite qu'une séparation, et non un divorce, empêchant ainsi Seymour de se remarier tant que son mari serait en vie. Lady Worsley doit se résoudre à devenir demi-mondaine, et de dépendre du soutien financier d'hommes riches pour survivre, rejoignant ainsi d'autres femmes de la haute société dans sa position au club social The New Female Coterie. Elle a deux autres enfants : un de Bisset, après qu'il l'ait quitté en 1783, et dont le destin n'est pas connu, et une fille, Charlotte Dorothy Hammond (née Cochard), qu'elle confie à sa famille dans les Ardennes.

Lady Worsley prend plus tard le chemin de Paris pour échapper à ses dettes. En 1788, accompagnée de son nouvel amant, le compositeur, chef d'orchestre et champion d'escrime Joseph Bologne, chevalier de Saint-Georges, elle retourne en Angleterre, où son mari accepte la séparation des biens, à la condition qu'elle passe quatre années en exil en France. Huit mois avant la fin de cet exil, elle est empêchée de quitter la France en raison des événements de la Révolution Française, et est selon toute probabilité emprisonnée sous le régime de la Terreur. Le fils qu'elle a de Worsley meurt pendant qu'elle est en exil. Début 1797, elle retourne enfin en Angleterre, où elle tombe gravement malade pendant deux mois. Par l'intercession de sa mère, sa sœur et son beau-frère, le duc d'Harrington, elle est autorisée à revenir à Brompton Park, mais ne peut jamais en avoir la propriété officielle.

Fin de vie
À la mort de Worsley en 1805, sa jointure de  lui revient, et le 12 septembre 1805, à l'âge de , elle épouse son nouvel amant de , John Lewis Cuchet (✝ 1836), à Farnham. Le même mois, par décret royal, elle reprend le nom de Fleming, que son mari prend également. Après l'armistice de 1814, qui mit fin à la guerre de la Sixième Coalition, le couple s'installa dans une villa à Passy, où Seymour Fleming mourut en 1818, à l'âge de . Elle est enterrée au cimetière du Père Lachaise, à Paris.

Dans la culture populaire
En 2015, la BBC2 réalise un film sur sa vie, The Scandalous Lady W, basé sur le livre de Hallie Rubenhold, Lady Worsley's Whim. Seymour Fleming y est incarnée par l'actrice Natalie Dormer.

Références

Bibliographie

Pour en savoir plus
 Estates and houses before 1851: The Harrington-Villars Estate
 De Bathe v Fleming. Document type: Two answers. Plaintiffs: Sir...
 Seymour Dorothy Fleming, Lady Worsley (1758-1818)
 Lady Worsley

Liens externes

Personnalité féminine britannique
Naissance en octobre 1758
Naissance en Angleterre
Décès en septembre 1818
Décès à 59 ans
Décès à Passy (Seine)
Personnalité inhumée au cimetière du Père-Lachaise (division inconnue)

Seymour Fleming


Las elecciones estatales de Chihuahua de 1983 se llevaron a cabo el domingo 3 de julio de 1983, y en ellas se renovaron los siguientes cargos de elección popular en Chihuahua:

 16 diputados del Congreso del Estado. 14 diputados electos por mayoría relativa en cada uno de los Distritos Electorales y dos por la vía de la representación proporcional.
 67 ayuntamientos. Compuestos por un presidente municipal y regidores, electos para un periodo de tres años no reelegibles para el periodo inmediato.

Contexto previo

Crisis económica y desempleo
Las elecciones de Chihuahua de 1983 se dieron en el primer año del sexenio del priista Miguel de la Madrid el cual fue marcado por una creciente y severa crisis económica causada a raíz de un sobreendeudamiento acaecido durante el gobierno de José López Portillo, crisis que terminó explotando ante la moratoria unilateral de pago de la deuda externa por parte de México y la nacionalización de la banca privada anunciada el 1 de septiembre de 1982. Asimismo, destacó que uno de los bancos nacionalizados por el gobierno federal fue el Banco Comermex que era propiedad del Grupo Chihuahua del cual el principal accionista y promotor era Eloy Vallina Lagüera.

A raíz de esta situación económica, diversos estudios destacaron que en las principales ciudades del estado se estaba gestando una desaceleración en la creación de empleo formal acentuada desde mediados de 1981, la cual además de  la situación mexicana se marcaba debido a una recesión vivida en ese mismo momento en los Estados Unidos, principal impulsor de la industria maquiladora en el norte de México, siendo las zonas más críticas las ciudades de Juárez, Chihuahua, Cuauhtémoc, Ojinaga, Hidalgo del Parral y Nuevo Casas Grandes. Finalmente, a mediados de 1982, la tasa promedio de desempleo en el estado era de 12 por ciento, ubicándose en un rango mayor al promedio nacional del 8 por ciento.

Divisiones al interior del PRI
Para este proceso electoral existía cierto recelo dentro del partido gobernante hacia el gobernador, Oscar Ornelas Kuchle dado que este había incorporado a diversos simpatizantes del Partido Acción Nacional a su gabinete y se le consideraba incapaz de lidiar con las pugnas al interior del PRI. Esta situación derivó en un marcado conflicto público entre el gobernador Ornelas y el senador y dirigente estatal de la Confederación de Trabajadores de México, José Refugio Mar de la Rosa que se tradujo en una fuerte disputa para la elección de candidatos para la elección de 1983.

Esta división derivó en que la CTM impulsara e impusiera la postulación de candidatos impopulares o con poco conocimiento público como fue el caso de la líder sindical Alicia Peinado Bonilla para diputada por Distrito 1 mientras que el grupo encabezado por el gobernador optó por impulsar a personajes más cercanos al sector empresarial como fue el caso de Luis Fuentes Molinar como candidato a presidente municipal de la ciudad de Chihuahua.

Campañas electorales

Posición de la Iglesia Católica
El 10 de junio la Arquidiócesis de Chihuahua, dirigida entonces por el arzobispo Adalberto Almeida y Merino publicó un folleto titulado «Votar con responsabilidad, una orientación cristiana» siendo este un documento orientador con un discurso pedagógico que invitaba a reflexionar a los feligreses sobre la responsabilidad social de ejercer el voto además de partir de la premisa debe participar en política para orientar al cristiano sobre este campo. El documento destacó también la importancia, desde su punto de vista, de oponerse a las formas «no cristianas» de hacer política y que el feligrés católico debía orientarse a votar poa la opción que resultase más abierta al cambio.

Irrupción de la mercadotecnia política
Durante las campañas electorales, el PRI no cambió su forma de hacer campaña pues sus candidatos seguían recibiendo el apoyo de los sectores a la par de que se organizaban desayunos y eventos de apoyo de diversos grupos sindicales y campesinos a la campaña del PRI y sus candidatos como generalmente ocurría. La campaña del PRI en la ciudad de Chihuahua se manejó con el lema «Hechos, no palabras».

Por su parte, la campaña del PAN buscó posicionarse mediante la publicación de diversos desplegados a la largo de la campaña en diversos diarios locales como El Heraldo en la capital, así como en El Diario, El Fronterizo y El Universal en Ciudad Juárez. Así mismo, el PAN desde inicios de la campaña ocupó espacios pagados en diversas emisoras de radio en las principales ciudades del estado.

Resultados electorales
Estas elecciones marcaron la historia del Estado de Chihuahua y del país, dado que las principales ciudades del Estado pasaron a ser gobernadas por la oposición lo que provocó la salida del Gobernador Óscar Ornelas.

Ayuntamientos

 Nota: No se consideran los resultados finales para el Municipio de Saucillo pues en los primeros cómputos este había sido ganado por el candidato del PAN y luego de diversas impugnaciones y la anulación de varios votos, el triunfo fue dado al candidato del PRI.
 Las elecciones de Nuevo Casas Grandes y Madera fueron anuladas por el Congreso del Estado luego de que fueran impugnadas por el PRI, obligando a la realización de unas elecciones extraordinarias al siguiente año.

Ayuntamiento de Chihuahua

Ayuntamiento de Juárez

Ayuntamiento de Cuauhtémoc

Ayuntamiento de Delicias

Ayuntamiento de Hidalgo del Parral

Ayuntamiento de Camargo

Ayuntamiento de Meoqui

Ayuntamiento de Casas Grandes

Ayuntamiento de Ignacio Zaragoza
 Cuauhtémoc Flores

Ayuntamiento de López
 Carlos Lázaro Caballero

Congreso del Estado de Chihuahua

 Nota: Debido a lo contemplado por el Artículo 40 de la constitución estatal, que refería que para tener derecho a la asignación de diputados de minoría los partidos políticos debían haber participado en la elección de diputados locales en al menos siete distritos electorales; no haber obtenido ninguna constancia de mayoría en alguno de los distritos electorales y haber logrado al menos el 5 por ciento de la votación a nivel estatal; no se asignaron diputados de representación proporcional, pues ninguno de los partidos políticos cumplió con los requisitos antes señalados.
 Le elección en el Distrito 4 fue ganada por el candidato del Partido Acción Nacional, Juan Saldaña Rodríguez aunque el resultado fue impugnado por el Partido Revolucionario Institucional ante lo cual el Colegio Electoral del Congreso de Chihuahua, con mayoría priísta, decidió anular las elecciones hecho que ocasionó que el PAN pasara de tener cinco diputados de mayoría a cuatro.

Véase también
 Elecciones estatales de México
 Chihuahua

Referencias

Chihuahua
Elecciones de Chihuahua

Elecciones estatales de Chihuahua de 1983


La ahora conocida como primera batalla de Zrínyiújvár se libró el 13 de agosto de 1663 como parte de la Guerra austro-turca, entre el reino de Croacia, con el apoyo del reino de Hungría, bajo el mando de Miklós Zrínyi y el Imperio otomano. La batalla tuvo lugar cerca de Zrínyiújvár (Legrad) en la actual Croacia, y terminó con la victoria húngaro-croata

Fuentes
Ferenc Tóth, Saint Gotthard 1664, une bataille Européenne, Éditions Lavauzelle, 2007. ISBN 978-2-7025-1064-3
Sándor Szilágyi, A Magyar Nemzet Története IV. fejezet

Guerra austro-turca (1663-1664)
Batallas de Croacia

Batallas de Hungría del siglo XVII

Batallas del Imperio otomano en el siglo XVII
Conflictos en 1663

Primera batalla de Zrínyiújvár


An Dendrochilum kingii in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Joseph Dalton Hooker, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Johannes Jacobus Smith. An Dendrochilum kingii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dendrochilum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 D. k. kingii
 D. k. tenuichilum

Mga kasarigan

Dendrochilum

Dendrochilum kingii


Bodegraven-Reeuwijk es un municipio en el oeste de Países Bajos, en la provincia de Holanda Meridional. Fue establecida por la fusión de Bodegraven y Reeuwijk el 1 de enero de 2011. El municipio tiene 88.61 km² (del que 12.41 km² es agua). Tuvo una población de 32,772 en abril de 2011.

Referencias
 Sitio web oficial

Enlaces externos

Bodegraven-Reeuwijk


Frederica Dorothy Violet Carrington, Lady Rose ( - ) est une écrivaine britannique ayant vécu en Corse. Elle est une intellectuelle du  spécialiste de la culture et l'histoire de la Corse, sur laquelle elle écrit de nombreux livres et articles.

Jeunesse
Dorothy Carrington est la fille du major-général Sir Frederick Carrington (connu pour son écrasement de la rébellion de Matabele et ami de Cecil Rhodes) et de Susan Elwes. Ses deux parents sont morts alors qu'elle n'a que huit ans.

Par la suite, elle fait ses études à St Margaret's Hall, Oxford, d'où elle s'enfuit.

En 1936, elle épouse un Autrichien, Franz Otto Resseguier Waldschutz  dont les propriétés familiales en Pologne ont été détruites pendant la Première Guerre mondiale. Franz part en Rhodésie, en Afrique, où elle le rejoint pour une courte période mais la nature sauvage ne lui convient pas, elle retourne donc en Europe en 1937. Cependant, Franz préfère la Rhodésie et où il développe un domaine appelé Wilton . Finalement, ils divorcent en 1937.

En secondes noces, elle épouse Darcy Sproul-Bolton qui meurt à la fin des années 1930.

Elle s'imprègne alors du monde de l'art londonien, et organise en 1942 une exposition aux Leicester Galleries, "Imaginative Art since the War". L'un des exposants est le peintre surréaliste Sir Francis Rose, qu'elle épouse peu après. Il est un ami de Gertrude Stein.

La Corse
En juillet 1948, Dorothy Carrington et Rose effectuent un premier voyage en Corse, dans l'intention d'écrire un livre.

Et, à partir de 1954, elle s'installe sur l'île à Ajaccio, sans Rose. Ils divorcent en 1966.

En 1971, elle écrit son chef-d'œuvre, Granite Island. Elle écrit ensuite "The Dream Hunters of Corsica," qui examine le côté sombre et menaçant de la psyché corse, et "Napoleon And His Parents On The Threshold Of History".

C'est en partie grâce à son travail, que les archéologues français sont incités à se rendre en Corse et étudier le site mégalithique de Filitosa.

Dorothy Carrington est membre de la Royal Historical Society et de la Royal Society of Literature. En 1986, elle est faite Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. L'Université de Corse lui décerne un doctorat honorifique en 1991 et la Reine la fait membre de l'ordre de l'Empire Britannique.

Granite Island remporte le prix Heinemann.

Œuvres

 L'œil du voyageur (1947)
 La souris et la sirène (1948)
 La Corse - Le Guide Complet (1962)
 Granite Island: Portrait Of Corsica (en) (1971)

Références

 Nécrologie The Guardian (en)
 Nécrologie du Daily Telegraph (en)
 Nécrologie de The Independant (en)
 Nécrologie française

Liens externes

Membre de la Royal Historical Society
Membre de la Royal Society of Literature
Membre de l'ordre de l'Empire britannique
Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres
Décès en janvier 2002
Naissance en juin 1910
Personnalité liée à Ajaccio
Écrivain voyageur anglais
Décès à 91 ans

Dorothy Carrington


Saint Peter's Peacocks (en español: pavos reales de Saint Peter) es la denominación de los equipos deportivos de la Universidad de San Pedro, institución académica ubicada en Jersey City, Nueva Jersey. Los Peacocks participan en las competiciones universitarias organizadas por la NCAA, y forman parte de la Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference desde su fundación en 1981.

Apodo y mascota
Tras la reapertura de la institución en 1930, después de haber estado cerrada 12 años por el impacto de la Primera Guerra Mundial, el decano, el reverendo Gannon, decidió que la mascota de la universidad sería un pavo real, porque, según sus palabras, refleja el espíritu de la resurrección y de la vida eterna. El nombre también tiene vínculos con la ciudad, Jersey City, llamada originalmente Pavonia o tierra de pavos.

Equipos
Los Peacocks tienen 7 equipos masculinos y 8 femeninos:

Baloncesto
El equipo de baloncesto masculino ha conseguido el título de conferencia en 4 ocasiones, la última de ellas en 2022. En la temporada 2021-22, los Peacocks se convirtieron en el primer equipo sembrado en el puesto 15 en su torneo regional de la NCAA (de 16 equipos) en avanzar a la final regional (ronda de 8), conocida como Elite Eight. Cuatro de sus jugadores han llegado a jugar en la NBA, siendo el más destacado Rich Rinaldi.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Web oficial de los Peacocks

Clubes y equipos deportivos del estado de Nueva Jersey
Equipos de la National Collegiate Athletic Association
Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference
Universidad de San Pedro

Saint Peter's Peacocks


بلدية ريونانسا ، هي إحدى بلديات منطقة كانتابريا, المصنفة على أنها مقاطعة أيضاً، في شمال إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 1.341 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2002).

مراجع

بلديات كانتابريا

ريونانسا


An Kniphofia breviflora in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni William Henry Harvey ngan John Gilbert Baker. An Kniphofia breviflora in nahilalakip ha genus nga Kniphofia, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Kniphofia

Kniphofia breviflora


As eleições no território federal de Roraima em 1970 ocorreram em 15 de novembro como parte das eleições gerais em 22 estados e nos territórios federais do Amapá e Rondônia. No presente caso, a Constituição de 1967 fixou, e a Emenda Constitucional Número Um de 1969 ratificou, a eleição de um deputado federal para representar cada um dos territórios federais então existentes.

Resultado da eleição para deputado federal
Conforme o Tribunal Superior Eleitoral, foram apurados 1.890 votos nominais (38,52%), 1.371 votos em branco (27,94%) e 1.646 votos nulos (33,54%), resultando no comparecimento de 4.907 eleitores. Somando este número (63,01%) às 2.881 abstenções (36,99%), Roraima chegou a 7.788 eleitores inscritos. Nos territórios federais representados por um deputado federal, será observado o princípio do voto majoritário.

Chapa da ARENA

Roraima
1970

Eleições no Território Federal de Roraima em 1970


Sandinista Ulusal Kurtuluş Cephesi (, FSLN), Nikaragua'daki demokratik sosyalist bir siyasi partidir.

Parti; Carlos Fonseca, Tomas Borge, Silvio Mayargo önderliğinde 19 Temmuz 1979 tarihinde Nikaragua'da Anastasio Somoza Debayle diktatörlüğünü devirdi. İsmini 1927 yılında ABD Deniz Piyadelerinin Nikaragua'ya müdahalesi üzerine yandaşları ile dağa çıkarak ABD karşıtı silahlı eylemler ile halkın sempatisini kazanan Augusto César Sandino'dan almaktadır. Üyeleri Sandinist olarak adlandırılır. Günümüzde Nikaragua'da iktidar partisidir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 İran-Kontra skandalı

Kaynakça

Soğuk Savaş
Sosyalist Enternasyonal
Nikaragua'daki siyasi partiler
1961'de kurulan siyasi partiler

Sandinista Ulusal Kurtuluş Cephesi


Sir Ian McKellen, KBE (Burnley, 25. svibnja 1939.) engleski je glumac.

Životopis
Sir Ian rodio se u gradiću Burnley nekoliko mjeseci prije početka Drugog svjetskog rata, a odrastao je u gradu Wiganu gdje je otac bio protestanstki svećenik. Otac mu je 1951. godine dobio premještaj u Bolton, a neko vrijeme kasnije iste godine umire mu majka. Otac mu se ponovno ženio, ali i on umire rano te Ian s 24 godine ostaje siroče. S tri godine bio je prvi puta u kazalištu kada je gledao Petra Pana koji mu se nije previše sviđao, ali je ipak zajedno s roditeljima i sestrom rado išao na predstave Williama Shakespearea. Glumio je u školskim predstvama, a s osamnaest godina dobio je stipendiju za koledž St. Catherine's u Cambridgeu, gdje je 1961. godine diplomirao engleski jezik. Prva kazališna produkcija mu je bila Shakespearov Henrik IV., a u predstavi Miris cvijeća dobio je pozornost kritike te je od 1965. godine član Narodnog kazališta Laurence Olivier u Old Vicu.

Karijera
Između 1970. i 1980., glumio je većinom u Shakespearovim dramama (Royal Shakespeare Company i Royal National Theatre), a u Macbethu glumio je zajedno s Judi Dench. Prvu zapaženu filmsku ulogu imao je u filmu Svećenik ljubavi iz 1981. godine, a Hollyood ga je prepoznao tijekom 1990.-ih, a među ostalima se izdvajaju filmovi poput Šest stupnjeva odvojenosti (s Will Smithom i Donaldom Sutherlandom) iz 1993. te film Bogovi i čudovišta iz 1998. za što je bio nominiran za Oscara. Popularnost je stekao 2000. glumeći Magneta u X-Menu, a nakon što su Sean Connery i Patrick Stewart odbili Ian je prihvaio ponudu Petera Jacksona za ulogu Gandalfa u trilogiji Gospodar prstenova (ulogu je ponovio i u Hobitu). Kada je 2002. godine umro Richard Harris bila mu je ponuđena uloga Dumbledora, za kasnije filmove o Harry Potteru, koju je odbio te je uloga pripala Michael Gambon

Osobni život i zanimljivosti
Godine 2012. na radiju BBC-a priznao kako je homoseksualac 25 godina, prvu ozbiljnu vezu imao je s profesorom povijesti s fakulteta, a u vezi je bio i s redateljem Seanom Mathiasom. Također 2012. godine, javno je objavio i da boluje od raka prostate, a 2011. godine kupio je londonski pub za koji se pretpostavlja da je inspiriao Charlesa Dickensa za pisanje Olivera Twista. Godine 2007. objavljeno je kako je Ian McKellen postati vitezom Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva

Odabrana filmografija

Nagrade

Oscari

Zlatni globus

Emmy

BAFTA

Nagrada Saturn

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Britanski filmski glumci
Britanski televizijski glumci

Ian McKellen


Valaliky este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Košice-okolie din regiunea Košice. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 4.473 de locuitori.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Valaliky


Chimaphila japonica er tegund blómplantna af lyngætt. Hún er ættuð frá A-Asíu.

Tilvísanir

Lyngætt

Chimaphila japonica


Tom Weston-Jones es un actor británico, más conocido por haber interpretado a Sasha Gavrik en Spooks y a Kevin Corcoran en la serie Copper.

Biografía
Tom se entrenó en el Bristol Old Vic.

Vida personal
Tom está casado actualmente, su esposa es la actriz canadiense Katie Moore.

Carrera
Ha aparecido en obras como Enlightenment, Translations, Someone Who'll Watch Over Me, The Country Wife y The Good Companions, entre otras.

En el 2011 se unió como personaje recurrente a la décima y última temporada de la exitosa serie de espías Spooks donde interpretó a Sasha Gavrik, miembro del servicio secreto ruso. Ese mismo año apareció en la película e drama, guerra y romance The Night Watch donde interpretó a Jack Brown.

En el 2012 apareció en la miniserie de ocho horas World Without End donde dio vida a Merthin, junto a Cynthia Nixon, Ben Chaplin, Peter Firth, Oliver Jackson-Cohen, Carlo Rota, Sarah Gadon y Miranda Richardson.

Ese mismo año se unió al elenco principal de la serie Copper donde interpretó a Kevin Corcoran, un policía irlandés que trabaja en las comunidades de Nueva York, hasta el final de la serie en el 2013 después de que fuera cancelada tras dos temporadas. En la serie compartió créditos junto a las actrices Franka Potente y Anastasia Griffith.

Filmografía

Series de televisión

Películas

Teatro

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Digital Spy > Celebrity News > Tom Wenton-Jones
 Tom Weston-Jones | Welcome to My Portfolio Website
 Tom Weston-Jones TV.com

Nacidos en Burton upon Trent
Actores de cine de Inglaterra
Actores de teatro de Inglaterra
Actores de televisión de Inglaterra

Tom Weston-Jones


Aceasta este o listă de filme românești din 1980:

Lista

Note

Legături externe
Filme românești din 1980 la IMDb.com
Filme românești din 1980 la Cinemagia.ro

Filme din 1980Filme românești
România
Liste de filme românești

Listă de filme românești din 1980


Fazilka (en punyabí: ਫਾਜ਼ਿਲਕਾ ) es una ciudad de la India en el distrito de Firozpur, estado de Punyab.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 181  a 329 km de la capital estatal, Chandigarh, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2010 contaba con una población de 74 942 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Punyab (India)

Fazilka


خط الشكستة هو أحد الخطوط العربية التي اخترعت في إيران في عهد الصفويين في القرن السادس عشر. وقد اخترع من خط التعليق. وسمي بالشكستة بمعنى مكسّر لأن بعض حروفه تبدو مكسرة لسرعة كتابتها وقد تطور ليكتسب خصائص جديدة، وعرف بشكستة تعليق ثم شكستة نستعليق.

انظر أيضاً
 خط الرقعة
 خط الثلث
 خط النسخ

المراجع

خطوط عربية

خط الشكستة


Povijesni revizionizam označava pokušaje ponovne procjene ili reinterpretacija pogleda na dokaze, motive i proces odlučivanja koji obuhvaću pojedine povijesne događaje. Ponovnim razmatranjem ili postavljanjem novih pitanja reinterpretacije dotad od većine priznatih spoznaja ili stavova na području povijesti, politike ili znanosti.

Reinterpretacija može biti upućena bilo kojem ideološkom sustavu, dominantnom poretku ili međunarodnom ugovoru. Metodologija temelji se na kritičkom pristupu koji nastoji racionalno revidirati od javnog mnijenja opće prihvaćene ideje otvaranjem rasprava i doprinosom novih informacija te preispitivanjem povijesnih izvora.

Važnost povijesnog revizionizma sažeto je opisao američki povjesničar James M. McPherson sljedećim riječima:

Razlozi za reviziju povijesti

Najopćenitiji razlozi za pojavu povijesnog revizionizma ili novo tumačenje povijesnih događaja i procesa, mogu se sažeti na:
 pristup novim podacima, najčešće u obliku državnih arhiva s kojih je tijekom vremena skinuta oznaka "državne tajne", a koji daju potpuno novu perspektivu, ili nova objašnjenja za određene događaje o kojima je postojalo uvriježeno mišljenje ili konsenzus;
 nova znanstvena dostignuća, prije svega iz područja prirodnih ili forenzičkih znanosti, koji daju brojne nove podatke ili alate za određivanje starosti (datiranje), porijekla i drugih osobina ljudskih ostataka ili arheoloških artefakata;
 promjene političkih okolnosti koje su nalagale da se povijest tumači na drugi način, odnosno novi kulturni i politički trendovi s kojima se dotadašnja povijest ili njeno tumačenje trebaju "uskladiti"

Povijest povijesnog revizionizma
Kao povijesna metoda nastaje krajem 19. stoljeća s francuskom aferom i procesom Dreyfus.

U SFR Jugoslaviji Sarajevski atentat smatran je junačkim činom dok je danas to stajalište revidirano diljem svijeta osim u Srbiji. Primjerice povjesničar Christopher Clark smatra da je ubojstvo prijestolonasljednika Franje Ferdinanda bio terorizam i da je izabran za usmrćenje upravo zato što bi, da je ostvarena njegova trijalistička ideja o federaliziranju Dvojne Monarhije sa Zagrebom kao gradom ravnopravnim s Budimpeštom, postojala opasnost da Srbija izgubi promidžbu o ujedinjenju Srpstva.
Atentat je izvršen kod Latinske ćuprije. U bivšoj Jugoslaviji taj most je bio nazvan po atentatoru Gavrilu Principu, da bi mu nakon osamostaljenja BiH ponovo bio vraćen prvobitni naziv.

Primjeri revizionističkih povijesnih disciplina
 sovjetologija, anglosaksonska škola koja nastoji zamijeniti službenu pristranu kremljologiju kritičkim i društvenim pristupom
 revizionistički socijalizam Eduarda Bernsteina
 cionistički revizionizam Vladimira Jabotinkskog
 revizionizam Benešovih dekreta
 poljski revizionizam glede Katina
 revizionizam ukrajinskog Holodomora.

Izvori

Povijest

Povijesni revizionizam


Bulgurkaya, Kahramanmaraş ilinin Andırın ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe

Mahallenin eski adı Takvalardır.

Coğrafya

Kahramanmaraş iline ?km, Andırın ilçesine 12 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar

Andırın'ın mahalleleri

Bulgurkaya, Andırın


Yasmin Lee (Tailandia, 3 de junio de 1983) es una actriz pornográfica y modelo tailandesa.

Su familia se trasladó, inicialmente a Filipinas, y finalmente se establecieron en el Condado de Orange, California. Se enroló en la marina de los Estados Unidos con 18 años, pero la abandonó pronto debido a su orientación sexual e inició una carrera como drag-queen y artista de maquillaje. Trabajó como maquilladora para actrices de Hollywood y en vídeos musicales.

Tras declarar su transexualidad, abandonó su trabajo de maquilladora por miedo a ser víctima de discriminación transfóbica y comenzó a trabajar como asistente en platós de cine porno. Después trabajó como director de casting de películas porno, hasta que asumió su rol de mujer y comenzó su carrera como actriz en cine para adultos. Su carrera pornográfica tiene docenas de interpretaciones en películas, así como numerosas apariciones en internet. Ha sido dos veces nominada para un AVN Award por su trabajo en pornografía transexual.

Además de su trabajo de actriz porno, ha realizado también, apariciones especiales en varios shows televisivos incluyendo The Maury Povich Show y The Tyra Banks Show. Además, ha intervenido en unas pocas películas no-pornográficas, tales como en la producción de horror de 2011  Red Ice y en la comedia, número 1 en 2011, The Hangover Part II.

Premios
2008 AVN Award for Transsexual Performer of the Year (nominación)
2009 AVN Award for Transsexual Performer of the Year (nominación)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Actrices pornográficas de Estados Unidos
Actrices pornográficas trangénero
Mujeres trans de Tailandia
Emigrantes tailandeses hacia Estados Unidos
Actrices pornográficas de Tailandia
Actrices transgénero

Yasmin Lee


Delaware Bay is the estuary outlet of the Delaware River on the northeast seaboard of the United States, lying between the states of Delaware and New Jersey. It is approximately  in area, the bay's freshwater mixes for many miles with the saltwater of the Atlantic Ocean.

The bay is bordered inland by the states of Delaware and New Jersey, and the Delaware Capes, Cape Henlopen and Cape May, on the Atlantic. Delaware Bay is bordered by six counties: Sussex, Kent, and New Castle in Delaware, along with Cape May, Cumberland, and Salem in New Jersey. The Cape May–Lewes Ferry crosses Delaware Bay from Cape May, New Jersey, to Lewes, Delaware. The bay's ports are managed by the Delaware River and Bay Authority.

The shores of the bay are largely composed of salt marshes and mudflats, with only small communities inhabiting the shore of the lower bay. Several of the rivers hold protected status for their salt marsh wetlands bordering the bay, which serves as a breeding ground for many aquatic species, including horseshoe crabs. The bay is also a prime oystering ground.

Delaware Bay was designated a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance on May 20, 1992. It was the first site classified in the Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network.

Hydrology

While the Delaware River is by far the largest tributary of Delaware Bay, numerous smaller rivers and streams also drain to the bay. These include the Appoquinimink River, Leipsic River, Smyrna River, St. Jones River, Mispillion River, Broadkill River and Murderkill Rivers on the Delaware side, and the Salem River, Cohansey River, and Maurice Rivers on the New Jersey side.

Ecology

Delaware Bay ecosystem is a key stopover site for over 30 species of migrating shorebirds that migrate north come May. Many birds like red knots use this Bay area to fuel up their energy reserves on horseshoe crab eggs after the long journey. Delaware Bay hosts the largest population of horseshoe crabs in the world.

History

At the time of the arrival of the Europeans in the early 17th century, the area around the bay was inhabited by the Native American Lenape people.  They called the Delaware River "Lenape Wihittuck", which means "the rapid stream of the Lenape". Delaware Bay was called "Poutaxat", which means "near the falls".

In 1523, Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón had received from Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor a grant for the land explored in 1521 by Francisco Gordillo and slave trader Captain Pedro de Quejo (de Quexo). In 1525 Ayllón sent Quejo northward and received reports of the coastline from as far north as Delaware Bay. In 1525 De Ayllon and Captain Quejo called Delaware Bay by the name Saint Christopher's Bay. In the 1600s, the bay was known as "Niew Port May" after Captain Cornelius May.

Another recorded European visit to the bay was by Henry Hudson, who claimed it for the Dutch East India Company in 1609.  The Dutch called the estuary "Godyns Bay", or "Godins Bay" after a director of the company, Samuel Godijn. As part of the New Netherland colony, the Dutch established several settlements (the most famous being Zwaanendael) on the shores of the bay and explored its coast extensively.  The thin nature of the corporate colony's presence in the bay and along what was called the South River (now the Delaware) made it possible for Peter Minuit, the former director of New Netherland, to establish a competing Swedish sponsored settlement, New Sweden in 1638.  The resulting dispute with the Dutch colonial authorities in New Amsterdam (New York City) was settled when Petrus Stuyvesant led a Dutch military force into the area in 1655.  After the English took title to the New Netherland colony in 1667 at the Treaty of Breda the bay came into their possession and was renamed Delaware Bay, the name given it in 1610 by Samuel Argall, after the then new Governor of Virginia, Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr. The Native American tribe living along the bay and river were later called the Delaware by the Europeans due to their location.  The U.S. state also takes its name from the bay and the river.

Conflicting crown grants were made to the James, Duke of York and William Penn on the west bank of the bay and river. Settlement grew rapidly, leading Philadelphia, upriver on the Delaware, to become the largest city in North America in the 18th century.  Penn viewed access to Delaware Bay as being so critical to Pennsylvania's survival that he engaged in an eighty-year long legal boundary dispute with the Calvert family to secure it. During the French and Indian War the dissemination of Joshua Fisher's original publication of the "Chart of Delaware Bay" was restricted by the authorities as its accuracy might advantage an enemy approach. In 1782 during the American Revolutionary War, Continental Navy Lieutenant Joshua Barney fought with a British squadron within the bay. Barney's force of three sloops defeated a Royal Navy frigate, a sloop-of-war and a Loyalist privateer.

The strategic importance of the bay was noticed by the Marquis de Lafayette during the American Revolutionary War, who proposed the use of Pea Patch Island at the head of the bay for a defensive fortification to protect the important ports Philadelphia and New Castle, Delaware. Fort Delaware was later constructed on Pea Patch Island. During the American Civil War it was used as a Union prison camp.

In 1855, the United States government systematically undertook the formation of a  channel  wide from Philadelphia to deep water in Delaware Bay. The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 provided for a  channel  wide from Philadelphia to the deep water of the bay. Other names for the bay have been "South Bay" and "Zuyt Baye".

Today
The bay is one of the most important navigational channels in the United States; it is the second busiest waterway after the Mississippi River. Its lower course forms part of the Intracoastal Waterway. The need for direct navigation around the two capes into the ocean is circumvented by the Cape May Canal and the Lewes and Rehoboth Canal at the north and south capes respectively. The upper bay is connected directly to the north end of Chesapeake Bay by the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal.

The U.S Coast Guard sector for Delaware Bay was established in 2005, and has 570 active personnel, and 195 reservists.

See also
Partnership for the Delaware Estuary
Lewes and Rehoboth Canal
Chesapeake and Delaware Canal
Broadkill River
St. Jones River

References

Further reading
 Myers, Albert Cook, ed.  Narratives of Early Pennsylvania, West New Jersey, and Delaware, 1630 -1707. (New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1912)
Ward, Christopher.  Dutch and Swedes on the Delaware, 1609 – 1664 (University of Pennsylvania Press. 1930)
Leiby, A. C.  The Early Dutch and Swedish Settlers of New Jersey   (Princeton: D. Van Nostrand Co. 1964)

External links

Delaware Riverkeeper Network
Discover Delaware Bay New Jersey

Bays of Delaware
Bays of New Jersey
Bay
Estuaries of Delaware
Estuaries of New Jersey
Intracoastal Waterway
Bodies of water of Cape May County, New Jersey
Bodies of water of Cumberland County, New Jersey
Bodies of water in New Castle County, Delaware
Bodies of water in Kent County, Delaware
Bodies of water of Salem County, New Jersey
Bodies of water in Sussex County, Delaware
Borders of Delaware
Borders of New Jersey
Ramsar sites in the United States
Bays of Sussex County, Delaware

Delaware Bay


Philip Madoc (* 5. Juli 1934 in Twynyrodyn, Merthyr Tydfil County Borough, Wales; † 5. März 2012 in Northwood, Middlesex, England) war ein britischer Schauspieler.

Leben

Herkunft und Ausbildung
Madoc wurde als Philip Jones in dem walisischen Dorf Twynyrodyn in der Nähe von Merthyr Tydfil geboren. Er besuchte die Cyfarthfa Castle Grammar School in Merthyr Tydfil. Dort entdeckte er sein Interesse für Sprachen. Er studierte Klassische und Moderne Sprachen, mit Schwerpunkt Sprachwissenschaft, am University College der Universität Cardiff. Weitere Studien absolvierte er an der Universität Wien. Dort studierte er Deutsch und Russisch und erwarb dort, als erster ausländischer Student, ein Diplom als Übersetzer. Madoc sprach insgesamt sieben Sprachen, unter anderem auch Schwedisch, Albanisch, Hindi und Mandarin. Einen Ruf, als Sprachwissenschaftler an die Universität Göteborg zu kommen, lehnte er ab.

Er bewarb sich dann, mittlerweile 24 Jahre alt, für ein Stipendium an der Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London, wo er insgesamt drei Jahre eine Schauspielausbildung absolvierte.

Theater
Madoc begann seine Karriere als Theaterschauspieler 1959 bei verschiedenen Repertoiretheatern; in dieser Zeit legte er sich den Künstlernamen Philip Madoc zu. Madoc interpretierte als Theaterschauspieler ein breites Repertoire, das insbesondere Stücke von William Shakespeare, die klassischen englischen Theaterautoren, das Theater der Jahrhundertwende, aber auch Stücke der Moderne und des zeitgenössischen Theaters umfasste. Zu seinen wichtigen Bühnenrollen gehörten im Verlauf seiner Karriere die Titelrolle und Jago in Othello, die Titelrolle in Macbeth, Shylock in Der Kaufmann von Venedig, König Lear, Antonius in Antonius und Cleopatra und Falstaff in Die lustigen Weiber von Windsor. Er spielte die Titelrolle in Goethes Faust; im Bereich des modernen Theaters übernahm er die Rolle des Geschichtsprofessors George in dem Theaterstück Wer hat Angst vor Virginia Woolf? von Edward Albee. 1991 spielte er bei der Royal Shakespeare Company bei Aufführungen in Stratford-upon-Avon den Herzog in Maß für Maß und den Professor Rath in einer Bühnenfassung des Romans Professor Unrat.

Filmkarriere
Seit Anfang der 1960er Jahre arbeitete Madoc regelmäßig für das britische Fernsehen. Zu seinen frühen Fernsehrollen gehörten: der Wissenschaftler von Koren in einer Verfilmung der Novelle Das Duell von Anton Tschechow, Lord Byron in einer Fernsehverfilmung des Theaterstücks Camino Real von Tennessee Williams (1964, als Partner von Pamela Brown und Diane Cilento) und Charles Lomax in dem Schauspiel Major Barbara von George Bernard Shaw (1962, neben Dame Judi Dench und Brewster Mason).

Häufig wurde er auf den Rollentypus des Bösewichts oder des deutschen Offiziers festgelegt. In der im Zweiten Weltkrieg spielenden Fernsehserie Manhunt (1969) spielte er den SS-Offizier Lutzig. In der BBC-Fernsehserie Der letzte Mohikaner (1971) verkörperte er, halbnackt, mit dunklem Körper-Make-Up und Irokesenschnitt, den Anführer der Huronen, Magua. Besondere Bekanntheit erlangte er 1973 als in Gefangenschaft geratener deutscher U-Boot-Kapitän in der Sitcom Dad's Army. In der Fernsehserie The Life and Times of David Lloyd George (1981) übernahm er die Rolle des britischen Premierministers David Lloyd George.

In dem Fernsehfilm Zina (1986) spielte er die Rolle von Leo Trotzki. Er übernahm die Rolle des Nazi-Offiziers Freddi von Flugel in dem Fernsehmehrteiler Fortunes of War (1987, mit Emma Thompson und Kenneth Branagh). Eine durchgehende Serienrolle hatte er von 1994 bis 2002 als Detective Chief Inspector Noel Bain in der Kriminalserie Der Tod war schneller. In der Krimiserie Inspector Barnaby war er 2007 in der Episode Mord mit Groove als Detective Chief Inspector Owen Jenkins zu sehen.

Madoc übernahm außerdem Episodenrollen und Gastrollen in zahlreichen britischen Fernsehserien, unter anderem in Mit Schirm, Charme und Melone (mehrfach zwischen 1962 und 1968, an der Seite von Patrick Macnee und Diana Rigg), Kommissar Maigret (1963, mit Rupert Davies), Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased) (1969), Z-Cars (1970), UFO (1970/1971, mit Ed Bishop und George Sewell), Paul Temple (1971, mit Francis Matthews und Ros Drinkwater), The Goodies (1975), Porridge (1975), Crown Court (1976), Another Bouquet (1977, als Dr. Evan Lewis), Casualty (1992, als behinderter, alter Mann in der Folge If It Isn't Hurting) und Doctors (2003). Mehrfach spielte er in der Fernsehserie Doctor Who, so als kaum wiederzuerkennender Warlord in den Episoden The War Games (1969) oder den an die Figur Viktor Frankenstein angelehnten Wissenschaftler Solon, Schöpfer eines menschlichen Monsters in den Episoden The Brain of Morbius (1976).

In verschiedenen Kinofilmen spielte Madoc kleinere Rollen, häufig auch hier Offiziere, so unter anderem in Geheimaktion Crossbow (1965), Der Spion, der aus der Kälte kam (1965), Das Quiller-Memorandum – Gefahr aus dem Dunkel (1965) und Operation: Daybreak (1975).

Tätigkeit als Sprecher
Madoc arbeitete intensiv als Sprecher für Hörspiele, Hörbücher und Rundfunkproduktionen. Er las unter anderem Le Morte d'Arthur, die Canterbury Tales und The History of the Decline and the Fall of the Roman Empire von Edward Gibbon. Er galt als hervorragender Rezitator der Gedichte von Dylan Thomas. Für BBC Radio nahm er König Lear (2007) und Prospero in Shakespeares Spätwerk Der Sturm auf.

Privates
Madoc war zweimal verheiratet. Seine erste Ehefrau war die Schauspielerin Ruth (Llewellyn) Madoc; aus der Ehe gingen zwei Kinder (ein Sohn und eine Tochter) hervor. Die Ehe wurde 1981 geschieden. In zweiter Ehe war Madoc mit der Innenarchitektin Diane Madoc verheiratet.

Zu seinen Hobbys gehörten Bergwanderungen im Himalaya, Kamelreiten in der Wüste Gobi, Motorradfahren, Windsurfen, Squash und Gesellschaftstanzen. Er war Fellow des Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama sowie Vize-Präsident der London Welsh Society und des London Welsh Male Voice Choir.

Madoc starb am 5. März 2012 im Alter von 77 Jahren im Michael Sobell Hospice in Middlesex nach kurzer Krankheit. Im Januar 2012 war bekannt geworden, dass er an Krebs erkrankt war.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 1962: Top Secret (Fernsehserie)
 1962: Out of This World (Fernsehserie)
 1962: The Sword in the Web (Fernsehserie)
 1962: The Monsters (Fernsehserie)
 1962: Major Barbara (Fernsehverfilmung)
 1962–1968: Mit Schirm, Charme und Melone (Fernsehserie)
 1963: Kommissar Maigret (Maigret) (Fernsehserie)
 1964: Camino Real (Fernsehverfilmung)
 1966: Dr. Who – Die Invasion der Daleks auf der Erde 2150 n. Chr. (Dr. Who: Daleks Invasion Earth 2150 A.D.)
 1965: Geheimaktion Crossbow (Operation Crossbow)
 1965: Der Spion, der aus der Kälte kam (The Spy Who Came in from the Cold)
 1965: Das Quiller-Memorandum – Gefahr aus dem Dunkel (The Quiller Memorandum)
 1967: The Gamblers (Fernsehserie)
 1968: Der Mann mit dem Koffer (Man in a Suitcase) (Fernsehserie, 2 Folgen)
 1969: Randall & Hopkirk – Detektei mit Geist (Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased)) (Fernsehserie)
 1969: Unfall im Weltraum (Doppelgänger)
 1970: Z Cars (Fernsehserie)
 1970: Manhunt (Fernsehserie)
 1970–1971: UFO (Fernsehserie)
 1971: Dr. Jekyll und Sister Hyde (Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde)
 1971: Der letzte Mohikaner (The Last of the Mohicans) (Fernsehserie)
 1971: Paul Temple (Fernsehserie)
 1973: Dad's Army (Fernsehserie)
 1975: The Goodies (Fernsehserie)
 1975: Porridge (Fernsehserie)
 1975: Das Sonderkommando (Operation: Daybreak)
 1975: Die Füchse (The Sweeney, Fernsehserie, 1 Folge)
 1976: Poldark (Fernsehserie)
 1976: Crown Court (Fernsehserie)
 1977: Another Bouquet (Fernsehserie)
 1977–1978: Target (Fernsehserie)
 1981: The Life and Times of David Lloyd George (Fernsehmehrteiler)
 1986: Zina (Fernsehfilm)
 1987: Fortunes of War (Fernsehmehrteiler)
 1988: Agent ohne Namen (The Bourne Identity) (Fernsehmehrteiler)
 1988: King & Castle (Fernsehserie)
 1992: Casualty (Fernsehserie)
 1994–2002: Der Tod war schneller (A Mind To Kill) (Fernsehserie)
 2003: Doctors (Fernsehserie)
 2007: Inspector Barnaby (Midsomer Murders) (Fernsehserie)
 2007: Y Pris (Fernsehserie)

Weblinks

 Philip Madoc Nachruf in: The Daily Telegraph vom 5. März 2012
 Philip Madoc Nachruf in: The Guardian vom 5. März 2012
 Philip Madoc: Actor forever remembered as the U-boat captain in 'Dad's Army' Nachruf in: The Independent vom 7. März 2012

Einzelnachweise

Filmschauspieler
Theaterschauspieler
Waliser
Brite
Geboren 1934
Gestorben 2012
Mann

Philip Madoc


لياندرو رينودو  (مواليد 9 مايو 1983 في باليرمو - إيطاليا) لاعب كرة قدم إيطالي يلعب حاليا لصالح نادي الدرجة الأولى نابولي الإيطالي منذ 2011 في مركز قلب الدفاع.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم من باليرمو
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون من باليرمو
قلوب دفاع كرة قدم
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي
لاعبو باري
لاعبو باليرمو
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو ساليرنيتانا
لاعبو سيينا
لاعبو فيتشينزا
لاعبو كرة قدم إيطاليون
لاعبو كرة قدم من صقلية
لاعبو نابولي
لاعبو نادي تشيزينا
لاعبو نادي فاريزي
لاعبو نادي ليفورنو
لاعبو نوفارا
لاعبو يوفنتوس
مواليد 1983
مواليد في باليرمو

لياندرو رينودو


Radošević je staro hrvatsko plemstvo čije su obitelji izvorno živile na podrucju Omis-a i Hum-a u doba kada se to pdrucje nazivalo "Bosansko primorje) X-XIV stoljece. Na tome poducju su vladali Humski Knezovi. Omis je bio centar toga podrucja kojeg se spominje kao "Paganski kraj". 1262 g. knez je bio Radosav Radossio pl.a njegov sin Vojislav Radosevic bio je od 1254. g. Satnik Humskog Zupana Bogdana. 1322. g. Bosanski Ban Stjepan Kotromanovic zaposjeda Humski kraj, a 1333 su Dubrovcani od kralja Tvrtka isti otkupili i nazvali "Tera Nova".Mlecani su u Omisu uredili glavni trg i tu stvorili "trgovacko srediste". Stjepan Kosaca je 1403. g. Omis prepustio Mlecanima. Izvor (Marko Vego) "Naselja Bosanske srednjovjekovne drzave (Omis)" Izdavac Svjetlost Sarajevo 1957. g. Moze se predpostaviti da su se Radosevici iz tih krajeva krenuli i prema otocima Hvaru, Pagu i Visu. Prvi povijesni spomen obitelji je 1254.g. godine. Prvotno su na otocma živjeli od vinograda, maslinika i solana. Uspješno su se bavili i trgovinom svojih proizvoda: vina, soli, i maslinovog ulja. Posebice su trgovali s Mletcima i kontinentalnom Hrvatskom. Postojali su intenzivni trgovački kanali s Likom i Gorskim kotarom. Obitelj Radošević bila je angažirana u visokim krugovima Katoličke Crkve. Mletačka Republika priznala ih je kao sudce i pravnike.
Dugo su bez uspjeha na Hvaru pokušavali dobiti plemićki naslov.
Veliki vojskovođa Jakov Radošević, između ostalog, poveo je veliki dio plemena u Herceg Novi u borbu protiv Osmanskog Carstvo, što je njemu i njegovom rodu donijelo naslov "conte veneto" 1689. godine. Naslov su dobili i brat mu Franjo kao i Franjin sin Juraj čiji potomci i danas žive po Lici i Slavoniji. Jedan dio te plemenske grane živi u Bosanskoj Posavini. Pleme je raseljeno po cijeloj Hrvatskoj, BiH i Herceg Novom  (ostatci obitelji iz borbi s Osmanlijama). Veliki dio plemena iselio se u Italiju gdje najčešće nosi ime Radossio. Veliki dio plemena živi u SAD-u, Argentini, Čileu te u Zapadnoj Europi gdje se često pišu Radosevich.
Od znamenitijih građevina u vlasništvu obitelji, ističe se palača Radošević u Hvaru, često pogrešno nazivana palačom Vukašinović.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Nikša Petrić, Ambroz Tudor: Prilozi povijesti umjetnosti u Dalmaciji, Ladanjska izgradnja prostora hvarske komune, sv.37 br.1, kolovoza 1998.
Marko Vego, "Naselja Bosanske srednjo vjekovne drzave", Omis, Izdavac Svjetlost Sarajevo 1957 g.

Hrvatske plemićke obitelji

Radoševići (plemstvo)


ගෘහස්ථ සිනමා  PC (HTPC) හෝ සන්නිවේදන PC යනු පුද්ගලික පරිගණකයක හා අංකිත වීඩියෝ පටිගතකරණයක එකතුවකින් සෑදුණු උපකරණයකි. එය රූපවාහිනියට හෝ රූපවාහිනී ප්‍රමාණයේ දර්ශන තිරයකට සම්බන්ධ කර ඇති අතර බොහෝවිට මෙය අංකිත ඡායාරූප, සංගීත, වීඩියෝ වාදකයන්, TV ග්‍රාහකයක් හා අංකිත වීඩියෝ පටිගතකරණයක් ලෙස භාවිතා කෙරේ. ගෘහස්ථ සිනමා පරිගණක  මාධ්‍ය මධ්‍යස්ථාන පද්ධති හෝ මාධ්‍ය සේවාදායක ලෙසද හදුන්වනු ලැබේ.

HTPC හි පොදු අරමුණු වනුයේ ගෘහස්ථ සිනමා සැකැස්මක සියලු අංග සම්බන්ධ කර තනි ඒකකයක් බවට පත් කිරීමයි. ඒවා රූපවාහිනී වැඩ සටහන් පුද්ගලික පරිගණකයට එකතු කිරීමට අවශ්‍ය දෘඩාංග හා මෘදුකාංග සමග පෙර හැඩ ගසන ලද (pre-configured) ඒකක ලෙස  මිළදී ගැනීම හෝ වින්ඩෝස් මාධ්‍ය මධ්‍යස්ථානය, GB-PVR, Sage TV, ෆමියුලන්ට් (Famulent) හෝ ලිනක්ස් MCE හි පොදුවේ සිදුකර ඇති පරිදි වියුක්ත උපාංග (Discreet Component) වලින් සකසා ගත හැක.

ගෘහස්ථ සිනමා පරිගණකය


La Ocupación de Letonia por la Unión Soviética 1944-1945 se refiere a la re-ocupación de Letonia por la Unión Soviética desde 1944 hasta 1945. El Grupo de Ejércitos Centro estaba por los suelos y el extremo norte del asalto soviético amenazó con atrapar al Grupo de Ejércitos del Norte en una bolsa en la región de Curlandia. Los panzers de Hyazinth Graf Strachwitz von Gross-Zauche und Camminetz habían sido enviados de vuelta a la capital de Letonia, Riga, y, en feroces batallas defensivas, se había detenido el avance soviético a finales de abril de 1944. Strachwitz había sido necesario en otros lugares, y no tardó en volver a actuar como cuerpo de bomberos del Grupo de Ejércitos. La división Panzerverband de Strachwitz se fragmentó a finales de julio. A principios de agosto, los soviéticos estaban de nuevo listos para intentar separar al Grupo de Ejércitos Norte del Grupo de Ejércitos Centro.

Batalla del Báltico

Un asalto soviético masivo en cortes a través de las líneas alemanas y el Grupo de Ejércitos Norte estaba completamente aislado de su vecino. Strachwitz fue atrapado fuera de la bolsa, y Panzerverband von Strachwitz reforma fue, esta vez de los elementos de la Brigada Panzer 101st

Conveniencia en Tiempos de Guerra

El precedente en la ley internacional establecido por la inicialmente adoptada Doctrina Stimson, tal como se aplica a los países bálticos en los EE.UU. bajo la declaración de la secretaria de Estado de Sumner Welles, del 23 de julio de 1940, define la base de no reconocimiento de la incorporación forzosa de la Unión Soviética de Letonia.

Los tratados de la Unión Soviética firmados entre 1940 y 1945
La Unión Soviética se unió a la Carta del Atlántico del 14 de agosto de 1941, por resolución, firmado en Londres el 24 de septiembre de 1941.
La Resolución afirmó:

 "Primero, sus países no buscan ningún engrandecimiento, territorial o de otra índole.
 "En segundo lugar, no desean ver cambios territoriales que no estén de acuerdo con los deseos expresados libremente por los pueblos interesados;
"En tercer lugar, respetan los derechos de todos los pueblos a elegir la forma de gobierno bajo la cual vivirán; y desean que se restablezcan los derechos soberanos y el autogobierno de quienes han sido privados de ellos por la fuerza ..."

Lo más importante, Stalin personalmente reafirmó los principios de la Carta del Atlántico el 6 de noviembre de 1941:

Bajas Letonas
II Guerra Mundial las pérdidas en Letonia se encuentran entre las más altas de Europa. Las estimaciones de la pérdida de población representan el 30% de Letonia. Muertes de la guerra y la ocupación se han estimado en 180.000 en Letonia. Estos incluyen las deportaciones soviéticas en 1941, las deportaciones alemanas, y las víctimas del Holocausto.

Véase también
 Ocupación soviética de Letonia en 1940
 Ocupación de Letonia por la Alemania Nazi
 Deportaciones de pueblos en la Unión Soviética
 Ocupación de las Repúblicas bálticas
 Ocupaciones de Letonia

Referencias

Notas y Referencias

Lectura adicional
 Mälksoo, Lauri (2003). Illegal Annexation and State Continuity: The Case of the Incorporation of Latvia by the USSR. Leiden – Boston: Brill. ISBN 90-411-2177-3
 The Occupation museum of Latvia
 Leonas Cerskus Crimes of Soviet Communists — Wide collection of sources and links
 Order No 001223: regarding the Procedure for carrying out the Deportation of Anti-Soviet Elements from Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. – Full text, English
 Non-Recognition in the Courts: The Ships of the Baltic Republics by Herbert W. Briggs. In The American Journal of International Law Vol. 37, No. 4 (Oct., 1943), pp. 585–596.
 The Soviet Occupation of Latvia, by Irina Saburova. In Russian Review, 1955
 Soviet Aggression Against Latvia by (Latvian Supreme Court justice) Augusts Rumpeters — Short and thoroughly annotated dissertation on Soviet-Baltic treaties and relations. 1974. Full text
 The Steel Curtain , TIME Magazine, April 14, 1947
 The Iron Heel , TIME Magazine, December 14, 1953

Territorios ocupados durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial
Ocupaciones militares de la Unión Soviética
Relaciones Alemania-Unión Soviética

Ocupación soviética de Letonia en 1944


Spaakonens Datter er en spillefilm instrueret af August Blom efter manuskript af Lars Svenné Langkjær.

Handling

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Stumfilm fra Danmark
Spillefilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1911

Spaakonens Datter


Svijet

Otkrića

Osnivanja

Događaji

Nagrade i priznanja

 Nobelova nagrada za fiziologiju ili medicinu:

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Otkrića

Osnivanja

 Akademija medicinskih znanosti Hrvatske postala samostalna udruga odvajanjem od Hrvatskoga liječničkog zbora.

Događaji

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Medicina u 1983.


أين هو موقع ويب من نوع محرك بحث أنشئ في 1997.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

شركات تكنولوجيا أسست في 1997
محركات بحث
مواقع ويب أسست في 1997
ويب

أين (موقع)


Miedź Legnica é um time polonês de futebol profissional da cidade de Legnica, que joga na Ekstraklasa, a primeira divisão da liga polonesa.

História

O clube foi fundado em 1971. Em 2018, o time conseguiu a qualificação para a primeira divisão polonesa pela primeira vez. Após 3 anos na 1ª divisão, a equipe foi rebaixada, conseguindo o acesso na temporada 2021-22 depois de vencerem a 2ª divisão.

Títulos
 I Liga (Pierwsza liga)
 (1): 2017/18, 2021/22.

 Copa da Polônia (Puchar Polski)
 Títulos (1): 1991/92.

 Supercopa da Polônia (Superpuchar Polski)
 Títulos (1): 1992

Clubes de futebol da Polônia
Clubes de futebol fundados em 1971

Miedź Legnica


Le , alors que le vice président du Sénat,  est en déplacement dans la province de Mastung au Baloutchistan, un homme a moto fait exploser son gilet d'explosif contre le véhicule du sénateur. La déflagration est puissante, 28 personnes, en majorité des partisans du JUI-F sont tuées et 40 autres sont blessées, l'attentat sera revendiquée par l'État islamique.

Déroulement

L'attentat a eu lieu alors que le convoi du sénateur Haideri circuler sur la nationale N-25, un kamikaze a moto s'est approché le véhicule transportant Haideri. Le véhicule a été très gravement endommagé par l'explosion.

Le sénateur Abdul Ghafoor Haideri, membre du JUI-F qui était assis sur le siège a survécu de justesse mais a été grièvement blessée. Plusieurs véhicules de police sécurisant le convoi ont été détruits par la forte explosion.

Parmi les victimes les plus importantes, Mawlana Hafiz Qudratullah, l'émir du JUI-F du district de Quetta, Iftikhar Mughal, directeur du cabinet du Sénat Pakistanais et Abdul Waheed, haut responsable de la force anti-terroriste pakistanaise.

Suite

Les survivants de l'explosion ont commencé à ramasser les morceaux de corps qui gisaient sur la route. Suivie par l'arrivée des forces de sécurité sur le lieu de l'attaque avec les secouristes.

L'état d'urgence a été déclaré dans tous les hôpitaux de la région, en particulier a Mastung et Quetta. Au moins 10 blessés graves ont été transférés au centre de traumatologie de Quetta. Après un traitement initial, Haideri a été transféré à l'hôpital militaire de Quetta pour réservoir un meilleur traitement.

Enquête

Après avoir recueilli les preuves sur les lieux, un responsable de l'équipe de déminage a confirmé qu'il s'agissait bien d'un attentat suicide. Il a ajouté qu'une dizaine de kilogrammes d'explosifs ont été utilisés pour l'explosion, avec un système de roulement a bille communément appelé shrapnel.

Notes et références

Attentat au Pakistan
2017 au Pakistan
Terrorisme en 2017
Mai 2017
Attentat de l'État islamique
Attentat-suicide
Explosion en 2017

Attentat de Mastung (2017)


Die 12. Faustball-Europameisterschaft für U21-Mannschaften fand vom 16. Juli bis zum 17. Juli 2011 in Ludwigshafen-Oppau (Deutschland) gleichzeitig mit der Europameisterschaft 2011 der Frauen statt. Deutschland war zum vierten Mal Ausrichter der Faustball-Europameisterschaft für U21-Mannschaften. Die deutsche Mannschaft gewann das Turnier nach einem 3:0-Sieg über die Schweiz.

Vorrunde

Spielergebnisse

Halbfinale

Platzierungs- und Finalspiele

Endergebnis

Weblinks

2010 U21
Faustballveranstaltung 2011
Sportveranstaltung in Ludwigshafen am Rhein
Faustballwettbewerb in Deutschland

U-21-Faustball-Europameisterschaft 2011


Daniel Legrand (* 1783; † 1859) war ein Industrieller und Philanthrop Schweizer Herkunft. Er gehörte der reformierten Kirche an.  Er gilt als wichtiger  Vorläufer des Internationalen Arbeitsrechts.

Leben
Daniel Legrand wurde 1783 als Sohn des Schweizer Industriellen und Politikers Johann Lukas Legrand geboren. Dieser hatte sich auf Einladung des Pfarrers Johann Friedrich Oberlin in dem Dorf Fouday niedergelassen und dort eine Band-Fabrik gegründet. Sein Sohn Daniel übernahm die Fabrik  und setzte ebenfalls Oberlins soziales und pädagogisches Engagement fort. Daniel Legrand setzte sich insbesondere für den Schutz der in Manufakturen arbeitenden Kinder ein.  Er wollte  in den Manufakturen und Fabriken den Sinn der Menschen für die  Moral  wecken und wies dabei darauf hin, dass das Familienleben der Arbeiter  gewürdigt und respektiert werden müsste. Mit großer Ehrlichkeit deckte  er  Missstände seiner Zeit  auf und prangerte sie an. So gab er zu verstehen, dass der Lohn der Väter gesenkt werden konnte, sobald die Kinder ihren Lebensunterhalt zum Teil selbst verdienten. Die Kinderarbeit führte demzufolge zu keiner Erhöhung des Einkommens der armen Bevölkerungsschichten, sondern zu einer Erhöhung der Arbeit. Daniel Legrand nahm Kontakte zu einflussreichen politischen Persönlichkeiten in Frankreich und im Ausland auf und  trug  dazu bei, dass am 22. März 1841 in Frankreich ein Gesetz  erlassen wurde, das die Basis für eine Reglementierung der Kinderarbeit legte. Das Gesetz blieb jedoch bezüglich der Dauer und der Bedingungen der Kinderarbeit weit hinter den Erwartungen Daniel Legrands  zurück. Aber er konnte Industrielle aus der Vallée de la Bruche für seine Ideen gewinnen, und so durften in deren Fabriken  Kinder nicht unter dem Alter von 12 Jahren arbeiten. Die Kinder  erhielten außerdem bis zum Alter von 16 Jahren Schulunterricht. In dem Gesetz aus dem Jahr 1841 war ein solcher Unterricht nur bis zum Alter von 12 Jahren vorgesehen. Daniel Legrand gründete in Ban de la Roche (deutsch Steintal) ebenfalls eine Schule für Kleinkinder. Er war auch der Autor eines Gesetzentwurfs mit dem Titel Entwurf für ein Internationales Gesetz zur Manufakturarbeit innerhalb der  sechs  wöchentlichen Arbeitstage.  Dieses Gesetz sollte den Schutz aller arbeitenden Minderjährigen gewährleisten. Doch wurden Daniel Legrands Forderungen nicht zu seinen Lebzeiten, sondern erst 1919 mit der Gründung der Internationalen Arbeitsorganisation verwirklicht.
Daniel Legrand wurde neben seiner Frau Adèle Scherrer auf dem Friedhof von Fouday  nicht weit von dem Grab Johann Friedrich Oberlins beerdigt. Am 2. September 1928 wurde in demselben Ort eine Gedenktafel zu Ehren von Daniel Legrand eingeweiht.

Im Centre William Rappard, dem früheren Sitz der Internationalen Arbeitsorganisation, ist im Eingangsraum eine Gedenkplakette angebracht.

Literatur
Loïc Chalmel: Jean-Luc et Daniel Legrand, des relais essentiels. In: Oberlin. Le pasteur des Lumières. La Nuée Bleue, Strasbourg 2006.
H. Monnier: Daniel Legrand et la législation internationale du travail. Société générale d'impression, Paris.
Albert Thomas: Inauguration d'une plaque commémorative en l'honneur de Daniel Le Grand à Fouday, le 2 septembre 1928. Société de l'histoire du protestantisme français, Paris 1928.
Raymond Weiss: Daniel Le Grand, 1783–1859: son œuvre sociale & internationale. Mit einem Vorwort von Albert Thomas. Paris 1926.

Einzelnachweise

Industrieller
Person (Kinderrechte)
Geboren 1783
Gestorben 1859
Mann

Daniel Legrand


Westsylvania was a proposed state of the United States located in what is now West Virginia, southwestern Pennsylvania, and small parts of Kentucky, Maryland, and Virginia. First proposed early in the American Revolution, Westsylvania would have been the fourteenth state in the newly formed United States, had it been recognized.

Background

In the years before the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), jurisdiction of the region west of the Allegheny Mountains around Pittsburgh and along the Ohio River had been disputed between the British colonies of Virginia and Pennsylvania. The Mason-Dixon line, which officially established the border between Pennsylvania and Maryland, would have also settled the Virginia-Pennsylvania boundary dispute, but the surveying of the final miles of the Mason-Dixon line was abandoned in 1767 and would not be completed until 1784. In the early 1770s it was therefore unclear whether Pittsburgh and environs were in Pennsylvania or Virginia. Both colonies proceeded as if they had the better claim to the area. Virginia administered the region as the District of West Augusta, while in Pennsylvania it was considered a part of Westmoreland County.

Complicating this border dispute were the vast land claims of the Ohio Company of Virginia and the Indiana Land Company along the Ohio River. The two companies combined forces in 1769 to create the Grand Ohio Company with the intention of creating a colony known as Vandalia, which would have had similar borders to Westsylvania had it been recognized. The outbreak of the American Revolutionary War effectively brought an end to the efforts to establish Vandalia.

Efforts at recognition
Many settlers in the region believed that the governments of Virginia and Pennsylvania were too far removed from the west and were apathetic to western concerns. Inspired by the ideals of the American Revolution, in the summer of 1776 settlers in the region proclaimed their independence from Pennsylvania and Virginia by petitioning the Second Continental Congress to recognize Westsylvania as the fourteenth state. In "The Memorial of the Inhabitants of the Country, West of the Allegheny Mountains," the petitioners reviewed the dispute between Pennsylvania and Virginia, which they believed would "in all Probability terminate in a Civil War". They also informed the Congress that "Land Jobbers" were facilitating unlawful encroachment on Indian land, which would produce "a bloody, ruinous & destructive War with the Indians...." Hoping to create order out of this chaos, the petitioners therefore asked that:

the Said Country be constituted declared & acknowledged a separate, distinct, and independent Province & Government by the Title and under the name of — 'the Province & Government of Westsylvania,' be empowered and enabled to form such Laws & Regulations & such a System of Polity & Government as is best adapted & most agreeable to the peculiar Necessities, local Circumstances & Situation thereof & its inhabitants invested with every other power, Right, Privilege & Immunity, vested, or to be vested in the other American Colonies, be considered as a Sister Colony & the fourteenth Province of the American Confederacy....

States with western land claims were reluctant to recognize the independence of frontier regions, however, and so Congress chose to ignore the petition. In an apparent effort to strengthen its political control of the area, in November 1776 Virginia reorganized the District of West Augusta into three counties: Ohio County, Monongalia County, and Yohogania County. Pennsylvania and Virginia finally settled the boundary dispute in 1780.

Settlement of the boundary dispute sparked a renewal of the Westsylvania movement among Virginians who were outraged to find themselves now living in Pennsylvania. Contributing to this separatist sentiment were those frontiersmen who believed that the national government was not doing enough to protect them from Native American attacks on the western frontier in the final years of the Revolutionary War. In 1782, Hugh Henry Brackenridge, a Pittsburgh lawyer and strong supporter of the national government, convinced the Pennsylvania Assembly to declare that agitation for a separate state was treason. This made promotion of Westsylvania subject to the death penalty. Pennsylvania also sent secret agents, such as the Reverend James Finley, to work against the Westsylvania movement. According to historian Jack Sosin, "Finley's efforts, the threat that the settlers' land might be sold, and the cool reaction to the proposed new state by Congress finally quieted the Westerners."

See also
 Westsylvania Heritage Corporation
 Whiskey Rebellion
 Trans Allegheny Virginia

For similar contemporary movements, see:
Transylvania Colony
Watauga Association
State of Franklin
Vermont Republic

References

Sources
Abernethy, Thomas Perkins. Western Lands and the American Revolution. Originally published 1937. New York: Russell & Russell, 1959.
Cranmer, Gibson Lamb. History of the Upper Ohio Valley, volume 1. Madison, Wisconsin: Brant & Fuller, 1891. Accessed via Google Book Search.
Frederic, Harold and William C. Frederick, III. The Westsylvania Pioneers, 1774–1776. Pennsylvania: Mechling Bookbindery, 1991. .
Marder, Daniel. Hugh Henry Brackenridge. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1967.
Slaughter, Thomas P. The Whiskey Rebellion: Frontier Epilogue to the American Revolution. Oxford University Press, 1986. .
Sosin, Jack M. The Revolutionary Frontier, 1763–1783. New York: Holt, 1967.

External links
Radio piece that reports on Westsylvania in the evolution of West Virginia's history and identity

Former regions and territories of the United States
History of Pittsburgh
History of the Thirteen Colonies
Pre-statehood history of Kentucky
Pre-statehood history of West Virginia
Proposed states and territories of the United States

Westsylvania


Shion Homma (født 9. august 2000) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Albirex Niigata.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Shion Homma