Philippe Boulland (* 18. August 1955 in Markala (Mali)) ist ein französischer Politiker (UMP).

Boulland trägt den Titel Doktor der Medizin und war zunächst Facharzt für Allgemeinmedizin. Er erwarb das Zeugnis über Sonderstudien im Fach Luft- und Raumfahrtmedizin, das Arztdiplom und das Diplom in Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie. 1985 begann er als Facharzt für Allgemeinmedizin.

Boulland war von 1989 bis 1995 stellvertretender Bürgermeister von Betz und wurde danach Bürgermeister. Seit 2005 ist er wieder stellvertretender Bürgermeister. Seit 2001 ist er erster Vizepräsident der Communauté de communes du Pays de Valois und Mitglied des Generalrats des Departements Oise. Ferner ist er Präsident der örtlichen Arbeitsvermittlungsagentur und Vorsitzender der Bürgermeistervereinigung sowie Mitglied oder Schirmherr mehrerer humanitärer Verbände. Am 13. Dezember 2010 rückte Boulland für Pascale Gruny in das Europäische Parlament nach.

EU-Abgeordneter
Boulland ist in der Fraktion der Europäischen Volkspartei und Mitglied im Ausschuss für Beschäftigung und soziale Angelegenheiten, im Petitionsausschuss und in der Delegation im Gemischten Parlamentarischen Ausschuss EU-Türkei.

Weblinks
Offizieller Webauftritt

Quellen

Mitglied des Europäischen Parlaments für Frankreich
Bürgermeister (Hauts-de-France)
UMP-Mitglied
Geboren 1955
Mann
Franzose
Département Oise

Philippe Boulland


As competições do pentatlo moderno nos Jogos Pan-Americanos de 2023 em Santiago, no Chile, foram realizadas de 21 a 27 de outubro de 2023 na Escola Militar, em Las Condes. No total, cinco provas por medalhas foram disputadas, composta de dois eventos individuais, um por gênero, além de outros três de revezamento (masculino, feminino e misto).

Os dois melhores atletas da América do Norte e da América do Sul nas provas individuais, juntamente ao melhores pentatletas de cada gênero ainda não classificados conquistaram vagas para os Jogos Olímpicos de 2024, em Paris.

Qualificação

Um total de 66 pentatletas poderiam se qualificar para competir. Cada CON poderia inscrever até seis atletas (três por gênero), exceto os vencedores dos eventos individuais dos Jogos Pan-Americanos Júnior de 2021 que conquistaram vagas prévias. As vagas foram distribuídas por dois torneios classificatórios. O país-anfitrião, Chile, classificou automaticamente quatro competidores (dois por gênero).

As vagas restantes foram distribuídas durante o Campeonato Pan-Americano de 2022, com o mínimo de um e o máximo de três atletas por gênero por CON.

Nações participantes
Um total de 14 CONs qualificaram pentatletas em pelo menos uma das modalidades, com o número de competidores representado entre parênteses.

Medalhistas
Masculino

Feminino

Misto

Quadro de medalhas

Ver também
Pentatlo moderno nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2024

2023
Pentatlo moderno
Jogos Pan-Americanos

Pentatlo moderno nos Jogos Pan-Americanos de 2023


Georges St-Pierre (), de asemenea, cunoscut sub numele de GSP, este un actor si luptator de arte marțiale mixte canadian, care a fost campion UFC în două rânduri. St-Pierre a fost pentru mai mulți ani, clasat ca semimijlocie nr.1 in lume de Sherdog, și multe alte publicații.
 În 2008, 2009 și 2010 a fost numit Sportivul canadian al Anului de către Rogers Sportsnet. pe 13 decembrie 2013, St-Pierre a eliberat titlul său și a decis să ia ceva timp liber de la sport, dar în 2017 s-a întors și se așteaptă să lupte cu Michael Bisping pentru centură pe 4 noiembrie 2017.

Rezultate în MMA

|-
|Victorie
|align=center|26–2
|Michael Bisping
|Technical Submission (rear-naked choke)
|UFC 217
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|4:23
|New York City, New York, United States
|
|-
| Victorie
| align=center| 25–2
| Johny Hendricks
| Decizie (split)
| UFC 167
|
| align=center| 5
| align=center| 5:00
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Victorie
| align=center| 24–2
| Nick Diaz
| Decizie (unanim)
| UFC 158
|
| align=center| 5
| align=center| 5:00
| Montreal, Quebec, Canada
|
|-
| Victorie
| align=center| 23–2
| Carlos Condit
| Decizie (unanim)
| UFC 154
|
| align=center| 5
| align=center| 5:00
| Montreal, Quebec, Canada
|
|-
| Victorie
| align=center| 22–2
| Jake Shields
| Decizie (unanim)
| UFC 129
|
| align=center| 5
| align=center| 5:00
| Toronto, Ontario, Canada
|
|-
| Victorie
| align=center| 21–2
| Josh Koscheck
| Decizie (unanim)
| UFC 124
|
| align=center| 5
| align=center| 5:00
| Montreal, Quebec, Canada
|
|-
| Victorie
| align=center| 20–2
| Dan Hardy
| Decizie (unanim)
| UFC 111
|
| align=center| 5
| align=center| 5:00
| Newark, New Jersey, United States
|
|-
| Victorie
| align=center| 19–2
| Thiago Alves
| Decizie (unanim)
| UFC 100
|
| align=center| 5
| align=center| 5:00
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
|  Victorie
| align=center| 18–2
| B.J. Penn
| TKO (corner stoppage)
| UFC 94
|
| align=center| 4
| align=center| 5:00
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Victorie
| align=center| 17–2
| Jon Fitch
| Decizie (unanim)
| UFC 87
|
| align=center| 5
| align=center| 5:00
| Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
|
|-
| Victorie
| align=center| 16–2
| Matt Serra
| TKO (knees to the body)
| UFC 83
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 4:45
| Montreal, Quebec, Canada
|
|-
| Victorie
| align=center| 15–2
| Matt Hughes
| Verbal Submission (armbar)
| UFC 79
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 4:54
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Victorie
| align=center| 14–2
| Josh Koscheck
| Decizie (unanim)
| UFC 74
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Înfrângere
| align=center| 13–2
| Matt Serra
| TKO (punches)
| UFC 69
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:25
| Houston, Texas, United States
|
|-
| Victorie
| align=center| 13–1
| Matt Hughes
| TKO (head kick and punches)
| UFC 65
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 1:25
| Sacramento, California, United States
|
|-
| Victorie
| align=center| 12–1
| B.J. Penn
| Decizie (split)
| UFC 58
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Victorie
| align=center| 11–1
| Sean Sherk
| TKO (punches and elbows)
| UFC 56
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 2:53
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Victorie
| align=center| 10–1
| Frank Trigg
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| UFC 54
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:09
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Victorie
| align=center| 9–1
| Jason Miller
| Decizie (unanim)
| UFC 52
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Victorie
| align=center| 8–1
| Dave Strasser
| Submission (kimura)
| TKO 19: Rage
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:52
| Montreal, Quebec, Canada
|
|-
| Înfrângere
| align=center| 7–1
| Matt Hughes
| Submission (armbar)
| UFC 50
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:59
| Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States
|
|-
| Victorie
| align=center| 7–0
| Jay Hieron
| TKO (punches)
| UFC 48
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:42
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Victorie
| align=center| 6–0
| Karo Parisyan
| Decizie (unanim)
| UFC 46
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Victorie
| align=center| 5–0
| Pete Spratt
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| TKO 14: Road Warriors
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:40
| Victoriaville, Quebec, Canada
|
|-
| Victorie
| align=center| 4–0
| Thomas Denny
| TKO (doctor stoppage)
| UCC 12: Adrenaline
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 4:45
| Montreal, Quebec, Canada
|
|-
| Victorie
| align=center| 3–0
| Travis Galbraith
| TKO (elbows)
| UCC 11: The Next Level
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:03
| Montreal, Quebec, Canada
|
|-
| Victorie
| align=center| 2–0
| Justin Bruckmann
| Submission (armbar)
| UCC 10: Battles
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:53
| Gatineau, Quebec, Canada
|
|-
| Victorie
| align=center| 1–0
| Ivan Menjivar
| TKO (punches)
| UCC 7: Bad Boyz
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:59
| Montreal, Quebec, Canada
|

Filmografie
 Kickboxer: Răzbunarea (2016) - Kavi

Referințe

Actori canadieni
Nașteri în 1981
Practicanți de arte marțiale

Georges St-Pierre


Istočna Tracija (tur. Doğu Trakya, grč. Ανατολική Θράκη/Anatoliki Thraki, bug. Източна Тракия), također poznata kao Europska Turska ili Turska Tracija (tur. Türkiye Trakyası) je turski dio povijesne regije Tracije. Nalazi se u jugoistočnoj Europi, graniči s Grčkom na zapadu i s Bugarskom na sjeveru i čini jedini europski dio moderne Republike Turske. Regija obuhvaća čitavo područje turskih pokrajina Edirne, Tekirdağ i Kırklareli te europski dio pokrajina Çanakkale i Istanbul. Suprotno popularnom mišljenju, Karaağaç, koji leži na drugoj strani rijeke Marice, nalazi se u Zapadnoj Traciji, iako je i dalje u sastavu Turske.

Zemljopis

Istočna Tracija zauzima površinu od 23,764 km2 (3% od površine Turske), a u njoj živi oko 11 milijuna stanovnika (otpr. 14% od ukupnog stanovništva Turske). Gustoća naseljenosti iznosi oko 430 st/km2. Istočnu Traciju od ostatka države odvajaju tjesnaci Dardaneli i Bospor (koji su zajedno poznati kao Turski tjesnaci) te Mramorno more. Najjužniji dio Istočne Tracije čini Galipoljski poluotok. Jugozapadno od Tracije leži Egejsko, a sjeveroistočno Crno more.

Pokrajine

Povijest

Istočna Trakija bila je poprište nekoliko važnih povijesnih događaja:
 grčki mit o Hero i Leandru odvija se u drevnom gradu Sestosu, na zapadnoj obali Dardanela
 Eneja je osnovao grad Enos dok je pokušavao pronaći nove zemlje tijekom svojih mitoloških osvajanja
 nakon smrti Aleksandra Velikog, u periodu zvanom Dijadosi, Aleksandrov general Lizimah (360. – 281. pr. Kr.), postao je kralj Tracije i kao njen glavni grad osnovao Lizimahiju (na Galipolju)
 Utvrda Çimpe bila je prvo što je Osmansko Carstvo osvojilo od europskog kontinenta
 Edirne je bio drugi glavni grad Osmanskog Carstva nakon Burse
 Galipoljska bitka, jedna od najvažnijih bitaka u Prvom svjetskom ratu, vođena je u blizini grada Galipolja

Vidi još
 Tracija
 Regija Tracija
 Rimska Tracija
 Zapadna Tracija

Izvori

Zemljopis Turske

Istočna Tracija


Álasund er sveitarfélag í Mæri og Raumsdalur í Noregi. Fjöldi íbúa í sveitarfélaginu er 67.114 (2022).

Stjórnsýslumiðstöð sveitarfélagsins er borgin Álasund. Sveitarfélögin innihalda einnig þéttbýlið Austnes, Brattvåg, Hoffland, Myklebost, Sjøholt, Skodje, Steinshamn, Søvik, Valle, Vatne og Årset.

Sveitarfélagið liggur að sveitarfélögunum Vestnes í norðaustri, Fjord í suðaustri, Sykkylven og Sula í suðri og Giske í vestri.

Sveitarfélög í Mæri og Raumsdal

Álasund (sveitarfélag)


A Igreja Presbiteriana Reformada do Malawi (IPRM) - em inglês Reformed Presbyterian Church of Malawi (ARPCM)  - é uma denominação reformada presbiteriana no Malawi, formada em 1985, por evangelístas do Malawi, com o auxílio de missionários da Igreja Presbiteriana Livre da Escócia.

História

A Igreja Presbiteriana Reformada do Malawi foi formada em 1984, por evangelistas do Malawi, com a ajuda de missões da Igreja Presbiteriana Livre da Escócia. Com o crescimento, a denominação organizou seu sínodo em 2005.

Em 2020, a denominação incorporou a Igreja Presbiteriana Reformada Associada no Malawi.

Doutrina

A IPRM subscreve a Confissão de Fé de Westminster, Catecismo Maior de Westminster e Breve Catecismo de Westminster.

Relações intereclesiásticas

A denominação tem relações com a  Igreja Presbiteriana Livre da Escócia e Igreja Reformada Restaurada.

Denominações presbiterianas no Malawi


Sırtlangiller (Hyaenidae), etçiller (Carnivora) takımına ait bir familya. Dış görünüşleri ile köpeklere benzemelerine rağmen aslında kedimsiler (Feliformia) alt takımına dahillerdir ve bilimcilerin fikirlerine göre misk kedisigiller (Viverridae) familyasından türemişlerdir. Günümüzün sırtlangilleri Afrika'da ve Güney ile batı Asya'da yaygındırlar. Leş yiyicileri olarak tanılırlar.

Türkiye'de rastlanılabilen tek temsilcisi çizgili sırtlan'dır.

Adlandırma
Sırtlan adı Türkçe kökenlidir ve Eski Kıpçakçada da aynen geçmektedir. Fakat, Orta Türkçe dönemine ait Divânu Lügati't-Türk'te sırtlan kelimesi yerine «ar böri» (اارْبُرى) biçimi geçer. Diğer çağdaş Türk dillerinde de kullanılır: Türkmence sırtlan, Tatarca sırtlan, Başkurtça hırtlan. Kökü «kıl, kalın kıl» anlamındaki sırt sözüdür ve bu anlam Çuvaşça (şărt) ile Macarcada (serte) da saklanmıştır. Türkçede sırtlan için yeleli kurt adı da kullanılır ve bu kullanım Moğolcada (deltü çina) da görülür. Sırtlan kelimesindeki ikinci birleşenin kaplan, aslan, kulan, ... gibi örneklerdeki "-lan" eki olduğu yönündeki iddia Hasan Eren başta olmak üzere kimi etimologlar tarafından inandırıcı bulunmamaktadır.

Özellikleri
Sırtlanların ortak özelliklerinden en mühimi, ön bacaklarının arka bacaklarından daha uzun olması. Tırnaklarını kedigiller gibi geriye çekebilme kabiliyetine sahip değillerdir. Sırtlanların cinsel organları tüm memelilerin arasında en ilginçleridir. Dişilerin klitorisi o kadar büyüktür ki, hatta "pseudopenis" olarak tanımlanır. Ayrıca etrafında testislere benzeyen torbacıkları vardır. Bu yüzden sırtlanların cinsiyetini belirlemek yakından izlenilse bile zor olabilir. Bu anatomik özelliklerinden dolayı eskiden çift cinsiyetli oldukları düşünülmüştür ama bu kesinlikle yanlıştır.

Fosil kalıntılar
Sırtlangiller eski bir memeli familyasıdır. Bugün yaşayan sırtlan türlerinden daha çok nesli tükenmiş türlerinin fosillerine rastlanılır. Tanılan en eski sırtlan Miosen devrinden kalan fosilleri bulunmuş olan Protictitherium 'dur. Bu cins aslında daha çok misk kedisigillere benzemesine ve ağaçlarda yaşamış olmasına rağmen sırtlanların atası olarak kabul edilir. Daha geç bir zamanda Plioviverrops adı verilen bir cins Avrupa'da da yaşamıştır. Bu küçük sırtlan cinsi böceklerle beslenmiştir. Asıl sırtlanlar ve yer kurtları bu dönemde ayrılmış oldukları kabul edilir.

Sonra gitgide daha büyük sırtlan türleri ortaya çıkmıştır. Miyosen devrinin sonunda çakala benzeyen Ictitherium cinsi tüm Avrasya'ya yayılmış, Adcrocuta cinsi gibi büyük leş yiyiciler, Lycyaena ve Hyaenictis cinsleri gibi av yapan sırtlanlar ve hatta Kuzey Amerika'ya kadar yayılmış olan Chasmaporthetes cinsi ortaya çıkmışlardır. Pliosen devrinde köpekgillerin gitgide yayılması ve sırtlanlardan daha başarılı olmasından dolayı bu eski sırtlan cinslerinin neslinin tükenmış olduğu düşünülür. Günümüzde neslini koruyabilmiş 4 sırtlan türü kalmıştır.

Sınıflandırma
 Alt familya: Hyaeninae
Çizgili sırtlan (Hyaena hyaena)
 Kahverengi sırtlan (Hyaena brunnea)
 Benekli sırtlan veya Gülen sırtlan (Crocuta crocuta)
Alt familya: Protelinae
Yer kurdu veya Böcekçil sırtlan (Proteles cristatus) 10 000 ferdi kalmıştır (popülasyonu hakkında güvenilir bir bilgi yok)
 Alt familya: incertae sedis
 †Adcrocuta
 †Allohyaena
 †Belbus
 †Chasmaporthetes
 †Herpestides
 †Hyaenictis
 †Hyaenotherium
 †Ictitherium
 †Ikelohyaena
 †Leecyaena
 †Lycyaena
 †Metahyaena
 †Miohyaenotherium
 †Palinhyaena
 †Pachycrocuta
 †Pliocrocuta
 †Plioviverrops
 †Protictitherium
 †Thalassictis
 †Tongxinictis
 †Tungurictis
 †Werdelinus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

John Edward Gray tarafından adlandırılmış taksonlar
Leşçiller

Sırtlangiller


كلمة  قد ترمز إلى:-

 قاذفة صواريخ كاتيوشا هي نوع من المدفعية الصاروخية، التي بنيت في الأصل واستعملت من قبل الاتحاد السوفيتي في الحرب العالمية الثانية.
 أغنية كاتيوشا هي أغنية شعبية ذائعة الصيت في روسيا، كانت تغنى أيام الحرب العالمية الثانية.

كاتيوشا (توضيح)


Ardoyne (irski: Ard Eoin) četvrt je u sjevernom Belfastu, poznata po incidentima koji su se desili tijekom tzv. The Troubles u Sjevernoj Irskoj. Ardoyne je također poznat i kao turističko odredište jer se na njemu mogu vidjeti murali koji opisuju događaje tijekom sjevernoirskog sukoba.

Ova četvrt je naseljena katolicima i nacionalistima, i graniči s unionističkom četvrti Shankill Road, što je za posljedicu imalo veliki broj nasilnih akcija koji se ovdje odigrao.
Između ovih četvrti sagrađen je zid.

U Ardoyneu živi oko 6000 stanovnika, od kojih je 500 osuđeno na kaznu zatvora tijekom sjevernoirskog sukoba a 99 je umrlo.

Ime naselja dolazi iz irskog jezika Ard Eoin.

Svake godine Oranski red maršira kroz Ardoyne što obično dovodi do uličnih nereda. Ulični neredi 2010. smatraju se najgorima otkad je potpisan Sporazum iz Belfasta.
Sinn Fein je jako kritiziran kako se nosio s ovim pitanjem zadnjih godina.

Belfast
Sjevernoirski sukob

Ardoyne


Dieter Kemper (født 11. august 1937 i Dortmund, død 11. oktober 2018 i Berlin-Pankow) var en cykelrytter fra Tyskland. Hans foretrukne disciplin var banecykling, hvor han vandt guld og bronze ved europa- og verdensmesterskaberne.

Kemper vandt 26 seksdagesløb, heriblandt Københavns seksdagesløb i 1976 med makker Graeme Gilmore.

I 1961 deltog han ved Tour de France, men udgik tidligt på grund af et styrt.

Eksterne henvisninger

Mandlige cykelryttere fra Tyskland
Vindere af Københavns seksdagesløb

Dieter Kemper


The Correlates of War project is an academic study of the history of warfare. It was started in 1963 at the University of Michigan by political scientist J. David Singer. Concerned with collecting data about the history of wars and conflict among states, the project has driven forward quantitative research into the causes of warfare. The Correlates of War project seeks to facilitate the collection, dissemination, and use of accurate and reliable quantitative data in international relations. Key principles of the project include a commitment to standard scientific principles of replication, data reliability, documentation, review, and the transparency of data collection procedures.

The project has collected data on many attributes of international politics and national capabilities over time.  Available data collected by the Correlates of War project start in 1816.  The most widely used databases developed by the project include an identification of independent states since 1816, a list of interstate and civil wars since 1816, a list of "militarized disputes" (militarized crises that end short of war), and national capabilities measured annually for all countries since 1816 (including the size of countries' military, their energy consumption as a proxy for industrialization, population size, urbanized population, and raw material production of iron and steel).  Other databases include an identification of all alliances since 1816, territorial relationships and changes over time, and membership in intergovernmental organizations.  All Correlates of War databases are available free for public and academic use with proper citation.

In addition to generating these several data sets and constructing quantitative indicators of key variables that might turn out to be correlates of war, the project has completed and published a variety of statistical analyses and hypotheses. The data has also been used by researchers examining such relationships and seeking to explain when countries go to war or avoid it, when they trade, when they form alliances (and the effect of such alliances), and so on.

The project was transferred to Penn State University in March 2001. The director  is Zeev Maoz, a political scientist at University of California, Davis.

Country codes
Singer's group used a three-digit identification code for states (per the system since the Congress of Vienna) in their dataset correlated loosely with geography. The code was published in 1968 and 1980 to ease interoperability between researchers' datasets, and it became an important part of historical data science.

The main criteria to be identified as a state for the purpose of CoW are membership in the League of Nations or the United Nations, or a population of at least 500,000 and diplomatic recognition by two major powers. For membership to change, the status of a state must be changed for at least one month. Other criteria may include territorial occupation, and having an independent foreign policy and sovereign authority so that satellite states are excluded.

Researchers have modified CoW's encodings for their specific needs, or have offered improved systems.

Categories of wars

The Correlates of War web site provides separate data sets (in different formats) for four different categories of wars:

 Non-State Wars: Between or among non-state entities.
 Intra-State Wars: Predominantly take place within the recognized territory of a state.
 Inter-State Wars: Occur between or among recognized states.
 Extra-State Wars: Between one or more states and a non-state entity outside the borders of the state.

The COW data includes a "WarType" variable assuming integer values 1-9.  Interstate wars all have WarType 1.  Extra-state wars are either "colonial" (WarType 2) to maintain control of a particular colony or "imperial" (WarType 3) to extend an empire.  Intra-state wars are classified as either a civil war for central control (WarType 4), a civil war over local issues (WarType 5) a regional internal war (WarType 6), or an intercommunal war (WarType 7).  Non-state wars are classified by whether they take place in non-state territory (WarType 8) or across state borders (WarType 9).

In each of these cases, a "war must involve sustained combat, involving organized armed forces, resulting in a minimum of 1,000 battle-related combatant fatalities within a twelve month period."

References

Sources

External links
Correlates of War official site
 CoW country codes
Correlates of War Bibliography
 Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research (HIIK) - an alternative approach

Causes of war
1963 establishments in Michigan

Correlates of War


Viscount Trenchard, of Wolfeton in the County of Dorset, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1936 for Marshal of the Royal Air Force, Hugh Trenchard, 1st Baron Trenchard. He had already been created a Baronet, of Wolfeton in the County of Dorset, in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom in 1919 and Baron Trenchard, of Wolfeton in the County of Dorset, in 1930, also in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. His second son, the second Viscount, held junior ministerial positions from 1979 to 1983 in the Conservative administration of Margaret Thatcher.  the titles are held by the latter's son, the third Viscount, who succeeded in 1987. In 2004 he replaced the recently deceased Lord Vivian as one of the ninety elected (by hereditary peers) hereditary peers that are allowed to remain in the House of Lords after the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999. Lord Trenchard sits on the Conservative benches.

The family seat is Standon Lordship, near Ware, Hertfordshire.

Viscounts Trenchard (1936)
Hugh Montague Trenchard, 1st Viscount Trenchard (1873–1956)
Thomas Trenchard, 2nd Viscount Trenchard (1923–1987)
Hugh Trenchard, 3rd Viscount Trenchard (b. 1951)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son Hon. Alexander Thomas Trenchard (b. 1978). He is a former Page of Honour to Elizabeth II and was educated at Eton College and St Hugh's College, Oxford.

The heir apparent's heir apparent is his son Frederick Hugh Rainer Trenchard (b. 2008)

Notes

References
Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,

Viscountcies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1936

Viscount Trenchard


Die Japanische Badmintonmeisterschaft 1991 fand im Dezember 1991 in Tokio statt. Es war die 45. Austragung der nationalen Titelkämpfe im Badminton in Japan.

Medaillengewinner

Weblinks
http://www.badminton-a.com/nbaevent/index/aj.htm

1991
Badminton 1991
Badmintonwettbewerb in der Präfektur Tokio

Japanische Badmintonmeisterschaft 1991


Dritan Abazović (crnogorska ćirilica: Дритан Абазовић, albanski: Dritan Abazoviq; Ulcinj, 25. prosinca 1985.) crnogorski je političar koji je obnašao dužnost potpredsjednika Vlade Crne Gore od 4. prosinca 2020. do 28. travnja 2022., kad je postao premijer Crne Gore.

Predsjednik je Ujedinjene reformske akcije (URA) od travnja 2017. godine. Poslanik je 27. saziva Skupštine Crne Gore.

Osnovnu školu i Gimnaziju završio je u Ulcinju. Diplomirao je na Fakultetu političkih znanosti, smjer Politikologija, Sveučilište u Sarajevu, stekavši zvanje diplomiranog politologa. Bio je student generacije i dobitnik "Zlatne značke" i "Zlatne povelje" Sveučilišta u Sarajevu. Magistrirao je 2008. godine na Fakultetu političkih znanosti Sveučilišta Crne Gore, na smjeru Međunarodni odnosi. Doktorirao je 2019. godine na Fakultetu političkih znanosti Sveučilišta u Sarajevu, obranio je doktorsku disertaciju na temu "Globalna politika – Etički aspekti globalizacije".

U siječnju 2022. godine imenovan je za člana Savjetodavnog odbora Instituta za vjerske slobode i sigurnost u Europi (IFFSE).

U travnju 2022. godine imenovan je za člana Europskog Savjeta za međunarodne odnose (ECFR).

Životopis
Rođen je 25. prosinca 1985. u Ulcinju, u albanskoj obitelji.

Izvori

Crnogorski političari od 1989.
Albanci u Crnoj Gori
Predsjednici crnogorske vlade

Dritan Abazović


Hidrojenasyon, bir kimyasal reaksiyon sınıfıdır ve organik bileşiklere  hidrojen (H2) eklenmesi işlemidir. Hidrojenasyon, özellikle doymamış organik bileşikler (alkenler, alkinler, ketonlar ve nitriller ) için önemli bir reaksiyondur. Genellikle basınç altında katalizörler yardımı ile direkt hidrojen eklemesi ile gerçekleştirilir. Hidrojenasyon için en klasik örnek, alkenlerdeki doymamış karbon kimyasal bağına bir hidrojenin ekleyerek,  alkeni alkana dönüştürmektir. İlaç ve petrokimya endüstrisinde çok değişik uygulamaları vardır.
Bu kimyasal işlemin tersi dehidrojenasyondur. Alkenlere hidrojenin katılması sonucunda Alkanlar oluşur. Alkankar sadece karbon-karbon tekli bağlara sahiptirler.  Bu tepkimede katalizör kullanıldığından katalitik hidrojenleme olarak da adlandırılır. Alkenlere hidrojen katılma tepkimeleri ekzotermik tepkimeler olup oda sıcaklığında katalizörsüz tepkime gerçekleşmez. Burada katalizör kullanılarak tepkimenin oda sıcaklığında gerçekleşmesi sağlanır. Yalnız katalizörün etkisi bununla sınırlı kalmıyor.  Kullanılan katalizör elde edilecek olan ürünün cis-Alkan ya da trans-Alkan olmasını etkilemektedir. Eğer kullanılan katalizör heterojen bir katalizör ise ,  (bir parça nikel, platin, paladyum) yani çözelti içerisinde heterojen olarak karışıyorsa katılan her iki hidrojen atomu alkenin aynı tarafına eklenir ve böylece cis-Alkan oluşur. Şayet bu katalizör çözelti içerisinde homojen olarak yayılan bir katalkizörse  bu seferde trans-Alkan oluşmuş olacak.

Heterojen Katalizörlü Hidrojenasyon
Hidrojen atomunun kararlılığından dolayı hidrojenleme tepkimeleri için  bir katalizöre ihtiyaç vardır. Burada katalizör hidrojen atomları arasındaki bağları zayıflatır ve katalizör ve hidrojen atomları arasında orta dereceli bağlar kurulur.  Bu yüzden elektron eksikliği oluşur ve sadece elektron bakımından yengin olan çift bağlarla tepkimeye girerler.  Hidrojen katılması alkene iki hidrojen atomunun katalizör tarafından aktarılması sonucunda sona erer.

Organik Kimyadaki kullanımı

Hidrojenasiyon tepkimeleri hidrojen atomlarını çoklu bağlara katmak için kullanılır. Çoğunlukla heterojen katalizörlü  katılma tepkimeleri kullanılır ancak bazı istisnayi durumlarda homojen katalizörlerde kullanılır. Bu tepkimede genellikle geçiş metaller katalizör olarak kullanılır. Bunun yanı sıra element haldeki hidrojen atomları kullanılmasıyla tepkime esnasındaki basınç ve sıcaklığın büyük ölçüde değişkenlik göstermesine sebep olur.
Özellikle laboratuvarda  katalizörlü  hidrojnasyonlarda hidrazinin, sikloheksadienen ya da Formik asitin hidrojen kaynağı olarak kullanılmasının amacı  ısısal olarak daha dayanıklı olan Azot, Benzol, ve Karbondioksit oluşturmaktır.

Hidrojenasyonda Kullanılan Katalizatörler
Hidrojenasyonda katalizatör olarak peryodik cetveldeki 8.grup elementlerin hepsi kullanılmaktadır. Yalnız bu işlem esnasında Paladiyum ve nikel özellikle tercih edilmektedir. Bunların yanı sıra Pılatin, Rohodiyum, Rutheniyum, Kobalt, Demir, Bakır kromit ve Çinko kromit kullanılmaktadır.

Gıda sektöründeki uygulamaları
Hidrojenasyonun gıda sektöründeki en önemli uygulamasıdır, doymamış yağların ihtive ettiği ikili ve üçlü bağların platin ya da nikel katalizörlüğünde hidrojen ile doyurulması ile margarin elde edilmesidir

Kaynakça
Harold Hart (Autor), Leslie E. Craine (Autor), David J. Hart (Autor), Christopher M. Hadad (Autor); Nicole Kindler (Übersetzer): Organische Chemie, 3. Auflage, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2007, ISBN 978-3-527-31801-8.

T.W Graham Solamons( Yazar), Craig B. Fryhle (Yazar),Güral Okay (Çeviri Editörü), Yılmaz Yıldırır (Çeviri Editörü) Organik Kimya, ( Organik Chemsty),  7. Basımdan Çeviri, Literatür Yayıncılık 2002, ISBN  975-8431-87-0.

Kimyasal reaksiyonlar
Hidrojen

Hidrojenasyon


الفريق محمد الليثي ناصف ( 1922- 24 أغسطس 1973 ) هو مؤسس الحرس الجمهوري المصري وأول قائد له. ساند الرئيس محمد أنور السادات في القضاء على مراكز القوى حيث قام بإلقاء القبض على خصوم السادات من كبار القيادات والمسؤولين في الدولة. فيما عرف بثورة التصحيح في 15 مايو 1971.

توفي بظروف غامضة بتاريخ 24 أغسطس 1973. أثناء وجوده مع أسرته بالعاصمة البريطانية لندن لتلقي العلاج بعد سقوطه بطريقة غريبة من شرفة الشقة التي كان يقطنها في بناية ستوارت تاور بمنطقة مايدا فاليل غرب لندن من الطابق الحادي عشر (هو نفس البرج التي سقطت منه الفنانة سعاد حسني عام 2001).

عسكريون مصريون
مواليد 1922
وفيات 1973
وفيات بسبب السقوط
وفيات مجهولة السبب

الليثي ناصف


Dnevno.hr je hrvatski web portal sa sjedištem u Zagrebu. Osnovan je 2012.

Povijest portala
Osnovao ga je poduzetnik Michael Ljubas 2012. Od 2013. izlazi i politički tjednik 7Dnevno. Portal je 2017. preuzela Marija Dekanić, članica Hrvatske narodne stranke.

O portalu
Portal ima devet kronika, od kojih većina ima po nekoliko potkronika. To su:

1. Vijesti: Hrvatska, Svijet, Regija, Crna kronika, Komentari, Dnevni detektor
2. Novac
3. Šport: Nogomet, Borilački športovi, Sportstyle, Navijači, Košarka, Športski muzej, Tenis, Ostali športovi
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Vanjske poveznice

Dnevno, Facebook stranica

Dnevno, Twitter stranica

Dnevno, YouTube kanal

Web stranice

Dnevno


شركة فسفاط قفصة  شركة تونسية ذات صبغة صناعية مختصة في إنتاج الفوسفاط تم انشاؤها سنة 1897.

اكتشاف الفسفاط
اكتشف البيطري الفرنسي فيليب توماس الفسفاط بقفصة خلال بحوثه الاستكشافية في أفريل من سنة 1885 بين جبل الثالجة ورأس العيون. نشر فيليب توماس نتائج بحوثه سنة 1887 وهو ما جلب اهتمام العديد من الباعثين الفرنسيين لبعث مؤسسة لاستغلال الفسفاط بتونس.

ميلاد شركة فسفاط قفصة
انعقدت الجلسة العامة الأولى للشركة في 18 مارس 1897 بباريس، 60 نهج النصر، وتلتها جلسة عامة ثانية بتاريخ 3 أفريل 1897 تقرر بمقتضاها بعث شركة فسفاط قفصة بصفة نهائية.

انعقد أول مجلس إدارة للشركة بتاريخ 5 أفريل 1897 وانتخب دلفوس غالين رئيسا له.
أبرز المحطات التاريخية لشركة فسفاط قفصة:

 1885 : اكتشاف الفسفاط بجبال الثالجة من قبل الفرنسي فيليب توماس
 1896 : تأسيس شركة الفسفاط والسكك الحديدية
 1899 : فتح منجم المتلوي
 1903 : فتح منجم الرديف
 1904 : فتح منجم أم العرائس
 1905 : تأسيس الشركة التونسية لاستغلال الفسفاط وبداية استغلال منجم القلعة الخصبة بجهة الكاف
 1920 : تأسيس الشركة الجديدة لفسفاط جبل المظيلة وبداية استغلال منجم المظيلة
 1969 : اندماج شركة جبل المظيلة مع شركة الفسفاط والسكك الحديدية
 1970 : فتح منجم صهيب بالمظيلة
 1976 : اندماج كل شركات الفسفاط في شركة واحدة هي شركة فسفاط قفصة
 1978 : فتح مقطع كاف الشفايربالمتلوي
 1980 : فتح مقطع أم الخشب
 1984 : فتح قسم كاف الدور
 1986 : فتح مقطع وادي الخسفة بالمظيلة
 1991 : فتح مقطع الجلابية بالمظيلة
 1995 : فتح مقطع المائدة الشمالية بأم العرائس
 1994 : بعث إدارة عامة موحدة تنسق بين شركة فسفاط قفصة والمجمع الكيميائي.

شعار الشركة
يحتوي شعار الشركة على ثلاثة حروف لاتينية وهي C وP وG وترمز إلى الحروف الأولى لإسم الشركة باللغة الفرنسية: Compagnie de Phosphate de Gafsa

انظر أيضًا
 منجم سراورتان.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الإلكتروني لشركة فسفاط قفصة

شركات تونسية
شركات حكومية تونسية
مؤسسات تونسية
ولاية قفصة
مناجم فوسفات في تونس

شركة فسفاط قفصة


Maria Alexandrina de Almeida, primeira baronesa de Santa Luzia, (1791 —1879) foi uma nobre brasileira.

Casou-se em primeiras núpcias com o Barão de Santa Luzia, Comendador Manuel Ribeiro Vianna (1768-1844), Tenente-coronel das Ordenanças de Macaúbas.

Biografia
Nasceu no Distrito da Paz, paróquia de São Francisco das Chagas, Vila da Barra (então Bispado de Pernambuco), atual Barra, no vale são-franciscano da Bahia. Descendente de mineradores de Lençóis, Bahia.. Teve como padrinho de batismo Dom Pedro II.

Filha do Coronel José Joaquim de Almeida.

Casou-se com Manuel Ribeiro Viana em 23 de outubro de 1824. Após a morte do cônjuge, casou-se com Quintiliano Rodrigues da Rocha Franco.

Em 1881 recebeu no Solar da Baronesa, o imperador D. Pedro II, que lá ficou hospedado junto de sua comitiva.

Ao lado do esposo, fundou o Hospital de São João de Deus, destinado às pessoas carentes e o Teatro de Santa Luzia, construído para celebrações de aniversário natalício de Dom Pedro I, em 1825.

A Igreja Matriz de Santa Luzia possui lustres de cristais que foram doados pela baronesa.

Recebeu do imperador o monopólio da venda de sal na região. Morreu de embolia cerebral em 2 de julho de 1897 e foi enterrada com joias.

Homenagens
O bairro Baronesa em Santa Luzia, Minas Gerais, foi assim denominado em homenagem à dona Maria Alexandrina.

Em 2019 foi homenageada em Santa Luzia, na data em que se completou 140 anos de sua morte, evento realizado no Solar da Baronesa e que contou com a presença de mais de 50 pessoas, além de ter sido rezada em seu nome uma missa, pelo pároco Felipe Lemos de Queiróz, no oratório deste solar, mesmo local onde havia se casado, pela primeira vez.

Nobres do Brasil

Maria Alexandrina de Almeida Franco


CRO, Cro, o CrO es un acrónimo que puede referirse a:
 Cro, serie animada estadounidense emitida entre 1993 y 1994.
 Cro, protagonista principal de la serie de televisión Cro.
 Cro, concepto legal escocés descrito en el Leges inter Brettos et Scottos.
 ČRo, prefijo utilizado por la emisora de radio pública de la República Checa.
 Osciloscopio de rayos catódicos (Cathode-ray oscilloscope en inglés), un tipo de equipamiento de testeo electrónico.
 CRO, código de país utilizado para designar a  por parte de la FIFA y el Comité Olímpico internacional (el código ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 es HRV).
 CRO, código de aerolínea utilizado para designar a Crown Airways (operada por USAir Express) por parte de la OACI.
 CRO (satélite), serie de tres satélites artificiales (CRO-A, CRO-B y CRO-C) de la USAF.
 CRO, acrónimo de conversion rate optimization.
 Ciclo Rankine orgánico, para generación de energía eléctrica a partir de calor de baja temperatura.
 Cable de recarga ocasional, para vehículo eléctrico.

En organizaciones:
 CRO, siglas de Cave Rescue Organisation, una organización inglesa de servicios de emergencia fundada en 1935.
 CRO, siglas de Companies Registration Office, una organización gubernamental de Irlanda.
 Organización de investigación por contrato (Contract research organization en inglés).

En ocupaciones:
 Director de riesgos (Chief risk officer en inglés).
 CRO, acrónimo de Chief research officer (Jefe de Investigación y Desarrollo).
 CRO, acrónimo del título Certified Radio Operator regulado por la Society of Broadcast Engineers de Estados Unidos.
 CRO, acrónimo de Control Room Operator, término utilizado en la industria petrolera para designar a la persona que opera la sala de control.

En química:
 CrO, un óxido de metal con Cromo en estado +2 de oxidación.

En música:
 Cro, rapero y productor alemán.
 C.R.O, rapero argentino.

CRO


Emel Müftüoğlu (d. 14 Ekim 1961, İzmir), Türk şarkıcı ve oyuncu.

Hayatı
Baba tarafı Merdivenci ailesine mensup, aslen Afyonkarahisarlı bir baba ve Artvinli bir annenin kızı olan olan Emel Müftüoğlu, babasının asker olması nedeniyle ilk ve ortaöğrenimini farklı şehirlerde tamamladı. Meşhur olmadan önce, yıllarca Afyonkarahisar TEK görevlisi olarak çalıştı.

Müziğe başlaması
1985 yılında profesyonel müzik hayatına ilk adımını Güneş gazetesinin açtığı müzik yarışmasında birincilik alarak attı. Aynı yarışmada ikincilik alan Erdal Çelik'le bir ikili oluşturma kararı aldı. Emel-Erdal ikilisi, Atilla Özdemiroğlu'nun kurduğu ART'den 1985 yılında "Öyle Bir Aşk" ve 1988 yılında da "Alaturka Benim Canım" isimli iki albüm çıkardı.

Emel'in Erdal ile müzikal ortaklığına son vererek solo kariyerine başlaması 1989 yılında gerçekleşti.

Şahin Özer Plak'la anlaştı ve 25 Eylül 1990 tarihinde bu müzik yapım firmasından yayınlanan "Karlar Düşer" isimli albümüyle iyi bir satış rakamı yakaladı. Albümdeki şarkılardan "Hangimiz?" haricindekiler Yunan şarkılarına Türkçe söz yazılarak yapılmıştı. Ardından 5 Eylül 1992 tarihinde yayınlanan ikinci albümü "Faka Bastın" geldi. İlk albümdeki başarıyı aratmadı ve daha büyük satış rakamlarına ulaştı. Müzik tarihinde billboard'u yapılan ilk albüm olan "Faka Bastın"ın aynı adlı şarkısının klibini Sinan Çetin yönetti. O yıla kadar klipleri hep televizyon yönetmenleri çekiyordu. İlk defa bir sinema yönetmeni bir kliple izleyici karşısına çıkmıştı. "Faka Bastın" bir Şehrazat şarkısıydı. Bundan iki yıl sonra 12 Mayıs 1994 tarihinde Emel'ce isimli üçüncü solo albümü piyasaya çıktı. Bu albümün fotoğrafları ve imajı Fransa'da gerçekleştirildi. "Korkuyorum", "Deli Et Beni", "Yeter" ve "Çal Beni" adlı şarkılar hit oldu. "Korkuyorum" klibi İlknur Bozkurt ile beraber çekilmişti ve lezbiyenlik teması işlenmişti. Bu, o zamanın Türkiye'si için çok büyük bir girişimdi.

"Emel'ce"den bir yıl sonra 20 Ocak 1995 tarihinde Emel yine bir ilke imza attı. Sezen Aksu ile tanışan ve ondan iki şarkı alıp "Hovarda" adlı teklisini yapan Emel, gelmiş geçmiş en çok satan, hatta albümlerden bile daha çok satan bir tekliye imza atmış oldu. MTV Avrupa'nın ülkeler arası düzenlediği bir video klip yarışması olan "Euro Video Grand Prix"de, Türkiye'nin üç adayı arasında ipi göğüsleyerek finale katılmaya hak kazanan Abdullah Oğuz imzalı "Hovarda" klibi 16 ülke arasında 51 puanla yarışmanın yedincisi oldu. Klipte, Deniz Arcak ve Seray Sever gibi ünlüler de yer almıştı.

1995 yılının Aralık ayında Emel, hayranlarının karşısına yapımcılığını Sezen Aksu'nun, düzenlemelerini ise Onno Tunç ve Murat Yeter'in üstlendiği "Ruhun Duymaz" albümü ile çıktı. Hit olmaya aday "Bir Ümit Doğmaz mı?", "Her Gece" ve müziği Ercan Saatçi'ye ait olup sonrasında Saatçi'nin de seslendirdiği "Sakatlık Bende" gibi şarkılara rağmen 150.000 tirajının altında kalan albüm büyük hayal kırıklığı yarattı.

"Ruhun Duymaz" albümünün ardından 28 Mayıs 1998 tarihinde "Bana Özel" çıktı. Albümde Nazan Öncel, Bendeniz gibi ilk defa şarkı aldığı yorumcuların şarkıları da yer aldı. "Bana Özel", hayranlarının dinleye dinleye bıkmadığı bir albüm olurken albümdeki Şehrazat şarkıları biraz geri planda kalmıştı.

İki yıl sonra yine ilginç bir albümle merhaba dedi Emel. "Mucize" 2000 yılının Mart ayında piyasaya çıktı. "Gel Günaha Girelim" adlı Sezen Aksu şarkısı dillere pelesenk olmuştu. Bu albümde de ilkler vardı. Serdar Ortaç ve Doğuş'tan şarkı alan Emel, eski albümlerindeki şarkılardan "Kal Benimle" ve "Çal Beni"yi tekrar seslendirmiş, üstelik "Kal Benimle"de sanatçı kızı Çağrı'yla düet yapmıştı. "Mucize" adlı Sezen Aksu şarkısının klibi MTV'de yayınlanırken aynı adlı albüm Türkiye'de internet erişimi yüklenerek promosyonu yapılan ilk CD olmasıyla da dikkat çekti. Ayrıca 2000 yılında Emel sadece yorumcu kimliğiyle değil, Özer Plak'ın pop müzik sanatçılarının sanat direktörü olarak da çalışmalarına devam ediyordu. Ferda Anıl Yarkın "Yaralıyım", Deniz Seki "Anlattım", Murat Başaran "Azıcık Ucundan", Fulden Uras "Birileri Gelse" gibi albümlerin kaset kapaklarından promosyon (televizyon, radyo, basın) çalışmalarına her şeyiyle bizzat ilgilenmeye başladı.

22 Kasım 2002 tarihinde "Arabesk" albümü çıktı. Sessiz sedasız çıkan bu albümdeki şarkıların neredeyse tamamı Emel'in keşfettiği Alper Narman-Fettah Can ikilisine aitti. Bu ikili daha sonra bir sürü isme şarkı verdi. Albümde yer alan "İllallah" adlı Sezen Aksu şarkısı, "Kader" ile birlikte radyolarda en çok çalınan şarkılar arasına girdi.

Aslında bir tekli çıkarmak istediği 15 Aralık 2004 tarihinde Emel, Sezen Aksu'nun ısrarıyla bu projeyi albüme dönüştürdü. "Yaz Geldi" ve "Zorlama" tekli çıkacak diye radyolara verilmiş ve bütün yaz boyunca çalmıştı ama albüm yeni yıla yaklaşırken çıktı. Yapımcılığını yine Sezen Aksu'nun üstlendiği "Çok Ayıp", Müftüoğlu'nun yakın arkadaşlarını buluşturan bir albüm oldu. İzel, Deniz Seki ve Işın Karaca gibi isimler albümün vokallerinde yer aldı.

Müftüoğlu'nun 25 Mayıs 2007'de çıkan "Eğlenilecek Kızlar Evlenilecek Kızlar" EP'si çok sayıda gazeteye haber konusu oldu. EP'de Sezen Aksu'ya ait şarkılarla, Sude Demir'in, Eda-Metin Özülkü çiftinin ve Kenan Doğulu'ya vokalistlik yapmış olan Sıla Gençoğlu'nun da birer şarkısı yer aldı.

2016 yılında Best Of albümü "Emel ile Yeniden"i çıkardı.

Filmografisi
Emel ilk olarak 1991 yılında Star TV'de yayınlanan, yönetmenliğini Funda Aras'ın yaptığı, senaryosunu Necef Uğurlu'nun yazdığı "Şen Dullar" adlı TV dizisinde oynadı. Bir sonraki oyunculuk denemesini ise 1995 yılında Sinan Çetin'in yazıp yönettiği "Bay E" filminde yaptı.

2003 yılında Talat Bulut ile başrolünü oynadığı "Aşk Olsun" Kanal D'de yayınlanmaya başladı. Yönetmenliğini Yasemin Türkmenli'nin yaptığı, senaryosunu Mustafa Uğur Yağcıoğlu'nun yazdığı dizi yüksek izlenme oranlarına erişti. Dizi bittiğinde ise diziye hâlâ çok yoğun bir ilgi vardı ve sevenleri sürekli "Neden bitti?" diye sordu.

2005 yılında Show TV'de kısa süre yayınlandıktan sonra yayından kalkan, yönetmenliğini Kartal Çidamlı ve Ersoy Güler'in yaptığı, senaryosunu İnci Uluçay'ın yazdığı "Sessiz Gece" adlı dizide rol aldı.

Bunların dışında uzun yıllar TRT, atv, TV8 ve 360 tv'de Emelce, Kanal D'de Emel İçgüdü, TGRT'de İdil Çeliker'in eşlik ettiği Emelce Sabahlar ve 2008 yılının yaz aylarında Şafak Sezer'le birlikte Çifte Kavrulmuş adlı TV programlarını yaptı. 2004 yılının Eylül ayında Deniz Seki ile birlikte sabahları Kadınca Çarkıfelek programını sundu, ancak program kısa ömürlü oldu.

Star TV'de yayınlanan Son Ağa dizisinde Tamer Karadağlı'yla başrolde yer aldı. TRT'de Ahmet Uğurlu ile birlikte "Zoraki Başkan" adlı dizinin başrolünde oynadı. 2013 yılının Eylül ayından itibaren FOX'ta yayınlanan Çocuklar Duymasın adlı dizide rol aldı. 2022'de FOX'ta yayınlanan Senden Daha Güzel dizisinde kendisini canlandırarak konuk oyuncu olarak yer aldı.

Solo diskografisi

Albümleri
 Karlar Düşer (25 Eylül 1990)
 Faka Bastın (1992)
 Emel'ce (1994)
 Ruhun Duymaz (1995)
 Bana Özel (1998)
 Mucize (2000)
 Arabesk (2002)
 Çok Ayıp (2004)
 Emel ile Yeniden (2016)

Teklileri ve EP'leri
 Hovarda (1995)
 Eğlenilecek Kızlar Evlenilecek Kızlar (EP, 25 Mayıs 2007)
 Gündem Yaratayım mı? (2018)

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

İzmir doğumlu kadın şarkıcılar
Yaşayan insanlar
1961 doğumlular
1980'lerin şarkıcıları
1990'ların şarkıcıları
2000'lerin şarkıcıları
2010'ların şarkıcıları
2020'lerin şarkıcıları
Türk kadın pop şarkıcıları
Türk kadın dizi oyuncuları
Türk kadın şarkıcı-şarkı yazarları
Türk televizyon sunucuları
Şahin Özer Müzik sanatçıları
Türk söz yazarları
Raks Müzik sanatçıları
Sony BMG sanatçıları
DMC sanatçıları
Poll Production sanatçıları
Sony Müzik sanatçıları

Emel Müftüoğlu


106 (مائة وستة) هو عدد صحيح. يلي العدد 105 ويسبق العدد 107 وهو عدد طبيعي موجب.

مراجع

أعداد صحيحة
أعداد موجبة

106 (عدد)


Pădurea Radovan este o pădure din comuna omonimă, județul Dolj, România, aflată aproape de municipiul Craiova. Ea este punctul de atracție a mai multor preoți, parapsihologi și jurnaliști din România și din străinătate, datorită unei fantome numită Ileana care bântuie pădurea.

Referințe

Radovan

Pădurea Radovan


Wilfred Gordon Bigelow (* 18. Juni 1913 in Brandon (Manitoba); † 27. März 2005) war ein kanadischer Herzchirurg.

Leben
Er war der Sohn des Arztes und Chirurgen Wilfred Abram Bigelow (1879–1966), der in Brandon die erste private Klinik Kanadas gründete.

Bigelow studierte an der University of Toronto, wo er 1935 seinen Bachelorabschluss und 1938 seinen M.-D.-Abschluss als Mediziner machte. Es schloss sich 1938 bis 1941 eine Facharztausbildung als Chirurg (Residency) am Toronto General Hospital an. Nach Wehrdienst im Zweiten Weltkrieg als Chirurg am europäischen Kriegsschauplatz setzte er 1946–1947 seine Ausbildung in Herzchirurgie bei Richard Bing und Alfred Blalock am Johns Hopkins University Hospital fort. Danach kehrte er ans Toronto General Hospital (TGH) zurück, wo er 1947 als Chirurg begann.

1948 wurde er Associate Professor und später Professor für Chirurgie an der University of Toronto. 1953 wurde er Leiter dritten Abteilung der Allgemeinen Chirurgie am TGH und 1956 bis zu seinem Ruhestand 1977 war er Leiter der Herzchirurgie am TGH. Auch danach arbeitete er dort als Chirurg (Consulting Surgeon). Außerdem leitete er seit 1937 das Cardiovascular Laboratory im Banting Research Institute und war Chirurg am Sunnybrook Hospital und beratender Chirurg am Women´s College Hospital. Am  TGH gründete er 1956 die Cardiovascular Investigative Unit und ab 1958 organisierte er ein Hospital-übergreifendes Ausbildungsprogramm für Herzchirurgie in Toronto.

Werk
Bigelow war in Kanada ein Pionier im Einsatz der Herzschrittmachertechnologie und ist bekannt für die Einführung von Hypothermie (Unterkühlung) bei der Operation am offenen Herzen. Während der 1940er und 1950er Jahre führte er neue Operationsmethoden in der Herzchirurgie ein und entwickelte sie weiter  wie die nach A. Vineberg benannte Vineberg-Operation oder die Kommissurotomie der Mitralklappen.

1951 entwickelte und testete Bigelow mit J. C. Callaghan und J. A. Hopps vom National Research Council of Canada die ersten Herzschrittmacher (als Notfallmaßnahme bei Herzstillstand zunächst in ihren Hypothermie-Experimenten bei Operationen an Hunden). Techniken der Hypothermie bei Herzoperationen entwickelte er ab 1947 mit Kollegen vom Cardiovascular Laboratory des Banting Research Institute, was 1953 die erste Operation am offenen Herzen beim Menschen ermöglichte. Mit Hopps zusammen gelang Bigelow 1954 die erste äußere Defibrillation bei einem Menschen. Dazu erhielt ein sechs Monate alter Säugling zwei Stromstöße mit 130 Volt. Bigelow schrieb im Ruhestand auch zwei Bücher über Medizingeschichte.

Mitgliedschaften und Ehrungen
Er war 1967 Präsident der Canadian Federation of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgeons, 1968/69 Präsident der Society for Vascular Surgery, 1970–72 Präsident der Canadian Cardiovascular Society, 1956 und 1971 Vizepräsident der International Cardiovascular Society und 1974 Präsident der American Association for Thoracic Surgery.

1959 erhielt er den Gairdner Foundation International Award und er erhielt zahlreiche weitere Auszeichnungen wie 1992 die Starr Medal der Canadian Medical Association. Er war Offizier des Order of Canada (1981). 1997 wurde er in die Canadian Medical Hall of Fame aufgenommen. Er war Ehrendoktor der Universität Hamburg (1990) und der University of Toronto und war Ehren-Fellow des  Royal College of Surgeons of England.

Privates
Er war seit 1941 mit der Krankenschwester Margaret Ruth Jennings verheiratet und hatte vier Kinder. Er war ein passionierter Jäger und Angler und war 1958 bis 1987 Vorsitzender der Nature Conservancy of Canada.

Schriften
 Cold Hearts: The Story of Hypothermia and the Pacemaker in Heart Surgery. McClelland & Stewart, Toronto 1984. (das Buch gewann 1986 die Hannah Medal der Royal Society of Canada)
 Mysterious Heparin: The Key to Open Heart Surgery. McGraw-Hill Ryerson, Toronto 1990.

Weblinks
 Biographie beim Cardiovascular Sciences Collaborative Program, University of Toronto

Einzelnachweise

Mediziner (20. Jahrhundert)
Herzchirurg
Kanadier
Träger des Canada Gairdner International Award
Geboren 1913
Gestorben 2005
Mann
Mitglied des Royal College of Surgeons of England
Ehrendoktor der Universität Hamburg
Ehrendoktor der University of Toronto
Träger des Order of Canada

Wilfred Gordon Bigelow


O Acordo de Cartum é um acordo de paz assinado em 6 de fevereiro de 2019 entre o governo da República Centro-Africana sob o presidente Faustin-Archange Touadéra e quatorze grupos armados centro-africanos. É destinado a endossar os processos de paz iniciados desde 2012.

Contexto
Desde 2012, a República Centro-Africana sofre sob uma guerra civil. Este é o décimo terceiro acordo de paz (contando os dois tratados não reconhecidos) desde 2007. A partir de 2012, é o oitavo acordo de paz assinado.

Poucos dias antes do início das negociações em Cartum, dois antigos líderes anti-balakas: o deputado Alfred Yekatom, ex-líder rebelde; e o chefe da Federação Centro-Africana de Futebol e ex-líder anti-balaka Patrice-Edouard Ngaïssona, foram presos e transferidos para o Tribunal Penal Internacional.

Negociações e assinaturas
As negociações abrem-se em Cartum, capital do Sudão, em 24 de janeiro de 2019. No entanto, diferem das negociações anteriores, pois têm a particularidade de serem as primeiras negociações para um acordo de paz a reunir o governo centro-africano e catorze altos comandantes rebeldes.

Os representantes do governo centro-africano são Firmin Ngrébada (diretor do gabinete do presidente da república), Marie-Noëlle Koyara (ministra da defesa) e Flavien Mbata (ministro da justiça).

Os grupos armados representados são a Frente Popular para o Renascimento da República Centro-Africana (FPRC) de Noureddine Adam – que está representado nas negociações por uma delegação -, Armel Sayo do grupo Revolução e Justiça (RJ), Sidiki Abass e General Ziwo do grupo 3R, Ali Darassa líder da União para a Paz na República Centro-Africana (UPC) (mesmo tendo se recusado a ir às negociações inicialmente e que a UPC enfrentou forças de manutenção da paz das Nações Unidas da MINUSCA e as Forças Armadas Centro-Africanas na quarta-feira antes do início das negociações), o ex-primeiro-ministro centro-africano Martin Ziguélé, o porta-voz de vários grupos armados Igor Lamarka. As partes interessadas são o Movimento dos Libertadores Centro-Africanos para a Justiça (MLCJ), a Frente Democrática do Povo Centro-Africano (FDPC) e o Movimento Patriótico para a República Centro-Africana (MPC).

A comunidade internacional esteve representada com o comissário para a paz e segurança da União Africana Smaïl Chergui, o presidente sudanês Omar al-Bashir e o diretor das operações de manutenção da paz (DOMP) da ONU Jean-Pierre Lacroix.

O ex-presidente da República Centro-Africana François Bozizé não foi convidado para as negociações.

As negociações em grande parte englobam o aspecto judicial e vários representantes estavam preocupados com a impunidade que os grupos armados poderiam se beneficiar.

O acordo foi rubricado em 5 de fevereiro em Cartum.

Foi assinado no Palais de la Renaissance em, Bangui, em 6 de fevereiro de 2019 pelo Presidente da República Centro-Africana Faustin-Archange Touadéra e por representantes de onze grupos armados.

Conteúdo do acordo
O conteúdo do acordo de paz não é tornado público no momento da sua assinatura. Isso traz uma imprecisão à questão da anistia e dos procedimentos legais, gerando temores de impunidade para os grupos armados. No entanto, foi acordado criar uma "comissão da verdade, justiça e reconciliação" e não suspender os processos judiciais já iniciados.

Os grupos armados serão reintegrados na vida política centro-africana e prevê-se a possibilidade de integrar os seus dirigentes como ministros - cargo que vários já ocuparam no passado.

Ver também
Declaração de Entendimento de Cartum

Cartum
Guerra Civil na República Centro-Africana (2012–presente)
2019 na República Centro-Africana
2019 nas relações internacionais

Acordo de Cartum de 2019


Paweł Łukasz Brożek (; n. 21 aprilie 1983 în Kielce) este un fotbalist polonez care joacă pentru Wisła Cracovia și pentru Echipa națională de fotbal a Poloniei pe postul de atacant.

Cariera la club

Începutul carierei
În 1992 Paweł Brożek și-a început cariera la Polonia Białogon Kielce, împreună cu fratele său geamăn, Piotr. În 1998 s-a mutat la Zabrze pentru a juca pentru echipa SMS Zabrze. Peste o jumătate de an a fost adus la Wisła Cracovia împreună cu fratele său.

Wisła Cracovia
Și-a făcut debutul pentru Wisła Cracovia în Ekstraklasa, pe 8 aprilie 2001 într-un meci împotriva Górnik Zabrze. La data de 21 aprilie 2001 a marcat primul său gol în Ekstraklasa într-un meci împotriva celor de la Odra Wodzisław. În mai 2001 Brożek a semnat un nou contract pe 10 ani cu Wisła Cracovia. A câștigat campionatul Ekstraklasa în sezonul 2000-2001 cu Wisła Cracovia. În anul 2002, el a fost împrumutat la ŁKS Łódź în al doilea eșalon polonez. O jumătate de an mai târziu, el a revenit la Wisła Cracovia și a câștigat al doilea titlu în sezonul 2002-03. În 2004, el a fost împrumutat la GKS Katowice pentru un an și jumătate. În decembrie 2004 a fost invitat să dea probe, împreună cu fratele său geamăn, Piotr, la West Ham United.

În ianuarie 2005 Paweł Brożek a revenit la Wisła Cracovia, fiind dorit de antrenorul Werner Lička . Brożek a câștigat Ekstraklasa în sezonul 2004-05 cu Wisła Cracovia. În sezonul 2005-06 el a început să fie titular. Ulterior, el a marcat 13 goluri în 30 de meciuri. În sezonul 2006-2007 Brożek a jucat foarte bine în Cupa UEFA, unde a marcat 4 goluri în faza grupelor în meciurile cu Nancy, FC Basel și Feyenoord Rotterdam. În sezonul 2007-08 Brożek a marcat 23 de goluri în 27 de meciuri și a condus Wisła Cracovia spre un nou titlu. El a fost Golgheterul Ekstraklasei în sezonul 2007-08. În sezonul 2008-09 a câștigat al șaselea titlul cu Wisła și a fost pentru a doua oară golgheter. În următoarele sezonul 2009-10, Brożek a fost cel mai bun marcator și a dat cele mai multe pase decisive, Wisła terminând campionatul pe poziția a doua.

Trabzonspor
În ianuarie 2011, Paweł, împreună cu fratele său geamăn, Piotr, au fost transferați de clubul turc din Süper Lig, Trabzonspor, semnând un contract pe doi ani și jumătate. Brożek și-a făcut debutul pentru Trabzonspor în Cupa Turciei într-un meci cu Beșiktaș, disputat la 26 ianuarie 2011, oferind o pasă de gol cu călcâiul lui Alanzinho. În sezonul Süper Lig 2010-11 sezon, el a contribuit cu două goluri și două pase de gol echipa clasându-se pe locul al doilea. Burak Yılmaz i-a luat locul odată cu venirea lui Senol Güneș.

Wisła Cracovia
Pe 23 iulie 2013 Brożek a fost supus unor analize medicale de Wisła Cracovia în vederea revenirii la club. Negocierile au dus la salarii mici și la bonusuri mari. O săptămână mai târziu, Brożek a confirmat că a semnat cu Wisla.

Pe 3 mai 2014, el a marcat un hat-trick împotriva lui Pogoń Szczecin, fiind al 100-lea său gol în Ekstraklasa în 227 de meciuri.

Carieră la națională

Paweł Brożek a jucat la nivel internațional pentru Polonia începând cu echipa de tineret sub 15 ani și terminând cu echipa mare. În 1999 a jucat la CM FIFA U-17. În anul 2000 Brożek a jucat la CE U-16. Cu naționala Poloniei sub 17 ani Brożek a câștigat turneul Vaclav Jezek, fiind golgheterul turneului, cu 6 goluri. În 2001 a câștigat Campionatul European de Fotbal sub 19 ani. El a jucat în prima echipă în toate meciurile de la turneu, fiind cel mai tânăr membru al echipei.El a arătat o mare disponibilitate de joc la calificările de la Campionatul European de Fotbal sub 21 din 2004-2006, marcând 9 goluri în 8 meciuri.

Brożek a debutat la naționala mare împotriva Mexicului în 2005, meci în care a marcat. A făcut parte din lotul de la Campionatul Mondial din 2006, lovind bara în înfrângerea suferită în fața Ecuadorului, scor 2-0.

În mai 2012, el a fost chemat în lotul de 23 al Poloniei care a jucat la UEFA Euro 2012. La turneu, Brożek a jucat în două din cele trei meciuri disptuate de Polonia.

Statistici

Meciuri la națională

Titluri

Club
 Wisła Cracovia U-19
 Campionatul Poloniei sub 19 ani: 2000
 Wisła Cracovia
 Ekstraklasa: 2000-01, 2002-03, 2003-04, 2004-05, 2007-08, 2008-09, 2010-11
 Cupa Poloniei: 2001-02, 2002-03
 Cupa Ekstraklasa: 2000-01
 Supercupa Poloniei: 2001

Națională
 Polonia
 Campionatul UEFA U-18: 2001

Note

Legături externe
 Profilul de jucător pe FIFA.com
 Statistici pe site-ul Asociației Poloneze de Fotbal (poloneză)

Nașteri în 1983
Fotbaliști ai Campionatului Mondial de Fotbal 2006
Fotbaliști ai lui Celtic
Fotbaliști ai Wisła Cracovia
Fotbaliști internaționali polonezi
Gemeni sportivi
Sportivi polonezi în viață

Paweł Brożek


Der Junkerhof im oberschwäbischen Memmingen ist ein unter Denkmalschutz stehendes Gebäude. Es hat die heutige Adresse Zangmeisterstraße 10. Das Gebäude liegt innerhalb des unter Ensembleschutz stehenden Bereichs der Memminger Altstadt in der alten Welfenstadt. Westlich des Gebäudes befindet sich der Hermansbau. Als dessen Gartenhaus wurde der Junkerhof 1766 als eingeschossiger, mit drei zu einer Achse bestehender Bau genutzt. Er besitzt ein Mansarddach. Die Gliederung wird durch genutete Lisenen erreicht. Die Fenster sind stichbogig. Im Inneren befinden sich an den Wänden in Stuckrahmen vier Landschaften in Braunmalerei. Über den Fenstern befinden sich Rocaillen und Putten. In dem Gebäude befinden sich mehrere Deckengemälde. Diese zeigen die Huldigung an eine Frau mit Kugel und Szepter, Ceres, ein Putto bringt einen Fruchtkorb. Daneben befinden sich Apoll und Diana und weitere olympische Götter. An der Westwand ist ein aus grauem Marmor bestehender Kamin.

Literatur

Bauwerk in Memmingen
Baudenkmal in Memmingen
Memmingen
Erbaut in den 1760er Jahren

Junkerhof (Memmingen)


The Flemish Movement () is an umbrella term which encompasses various political groups in the Belgian region of Flanders and, less commonly, in French Flanders. Ideologically, it encompasses groups which have sought to promote Flemish culture and the Dutch language as well as those seeking greater political autonomy for Flanders within Belgium. It also encompassed nationalists who seek the secession of Flanders from Belgium, either through outright independence or unification with the Netherlands.

In the 19th century, the Flemish Movement emerged around a form of cultural patriotism which celebrated Flemish traditions and history and sought equal status for Dutch in the Belgian nation-state, often under the auspices of the Catholic Church. Although gaining many of its initial objectives, it became increasingly radical in the aftermath of World War I. Inspired by authoritarian and fascist politics, it was widely discredited for its association with collaboration in German-occupied Belgium during World War II. However, it re-emerged in the post-war period under the auspices of the Volksunie (1954–2002) and increasingly permeated into other parties in Flanders. The Flemish Movement's right wing is dominated by right-wing nationalist organizations such as Vlaams Belang, Voorpost, Nationalistische Studentenvereniging (Nationalist Students Union), and several others. The most radical group on the left side is the socialist and Flemish independentist Flemish-Socialist Movement. The militant wing also still comprises several moderate groups such as the New Flemish Alliance (N-VA, Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie), and several extra-parliamentary organisations, many of which are represented in the Overlegcentrum van Vlaamse Verenigingen (OVV, Consultation Centre of Flemish Associations). The most important of these is the Vlaamse Volksbeweging (VVB, Flemish People's Movement).

In recent history, the Flemish Movement has increasingly grown amid the 2007-2011 Belgian political crisis and its aftermath. Since 2010, the separatist N-VA party has been the biggest polled in Flanders, while Vlaams Belang has become the second largest in the 2019 federal and regional elections.

History

Early roots

In the Spanish and then Austrian Netherlands in the 18th century and until the Brabant Revolution, the language of the literate was Spanish and then gradually French, but accompanied by a vernacular language. Language problems did not arise at that time.

In 1788 Jan Baptist Chrysostomus Verlooy (1747–1797), a jurist and politician from the Southern Netherlands, wrote an essay titled Verhandeling op d'Onacht der moederlycke tael in de Nederlanden (Essay on the disregard of the native language in the Low Countries). It is considered to be the first movement in favour of the Flemish language, but also in favour of freedom and democracy.

Before the creation of the Belgian state, the French language had already been for centuries a lingua franca for the bourgeoisie and noble elites among Europe (including the territories that would then become Belgium). With the French Revolution and Napoleon's conquests, today's Belgium was attached to France in 1795. France imposed its official language on the Belgian territory with the result of accelerating the conversion of the upper class from current Wallonia and Flanders to the French language.

At that time, most of the population however spoke Germanic languages and dialects in the north and south (Flemish, Brabantian, Limburgish and Luxembourgish) as well as Romance languages and dialects in the south of the territory (Walloon, Picard, Champenois and Lorrain) which were not standardized and unified languages. Those people often could not understand or speak any French.

Belgian Independence

After the fall of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna of 1815 led to the creation of a buffer state: the United Kingdom of the Netherlands composed of today's Netherlands, Luxembourg and Belgium.

The United Kingdom of the Netherlands survived for a short period of 15 years; that was put to an end by the Belgian revolution. The revolution was due to a combination of factors, the main one being the difference of religion (Catholic in today's Belgium, Protestant in today's Netherlands). Other important factors also played a role in the independence. Among those factors, we can cite:
 The under-representation of Belgians in the parliament (62% of the population for 50% of the seats);
 The over-representation of Dutch people in the administration and important positions (4 times more);
 The fact that the public debt of the Netherlands (higher than the one of the south) had to be supported by the today's Belgium as well;
 The diminution in the freedom of the press and freedom of assembly.
 William I of the Netherlands imposed the standard Dutch everywhere in the Flemish-speaking part of Belgium, provoking the anger of the Flemish (albeit close to their language, Flemish people did not master at the time standard Dutch and were not considering this language as theirs ) and of the French-speaking upper-class of today's Belgium. On 4 June 1830 (before the revolution) linguistic freedom was however restored.

A common grievance of the Flemish movement is that the Belgian revolution was a will of the French-speaking Belgians. They invoke that the volunteers were mainly Walloons and from the French-speaking bourgeoisie. This argument has also been invoked by Walloon nationalists in the past.

Two studies conducted by prof. John W. Rooney Jr. and prof. Jean Stengers however contradict those statements. These studies have shown that the vast majority of the revolutionaries originated from Brussels and from the province of Brabant and were of modest origin. According to John W. Rooney Jr., between 73% and 88% of the dead and injured were from Brussels and 91% and 95% were from Brabant. Jean Stengers reaches the same conclusion (76% of the fighters from Brussels). Prof. Els Witte comes to the same conclusion regarding the origin of the fighters. At the time, Brussels and the province of Brabant are mainly Brabantian-speaking (close to Flemish), which shows that Flemish speakers actively took part in the Belgian revolution. Rooney concludes that 60% of the workers who took part in the revolution were Flemish speakers. According to the same study, the upper class accounted for only 5% of revolutionaries.

A large part of the Francophone Belgian elites were in fact opposed to the revolution and wanted to remain within the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, considering that their interests would be better served there. This led to a movement called "Orangism" which spread among a substantial part of the French-speaking elites of Flanders, Brussels and Wallonia.

After the Belgian revolution, protests occurred in large Flemish cities, notably in Ghent, where the textile industry was deeply hurt by the new political situation. Those events are however not to be misplaced in time, as they occurred months after the actual revolution.

French Flanders
Upon Belgium becoming an independent state from the Netherlands, there was an (administrative) reaction against the Dutch and their language. In an attempt to remove Dutch from the new country, Belgian officials declared that the only official language in Belgium now was French. The Administration, Justice System, and higher education (apart from elementary schools in Flanders) all functioned in the French language. Even Brussels, the capital where more than 95% of the population spoke Dutch, lacked a formal, state-sanctioned Flemish school of higher education. The consequence was that every contact with the government and justice was conducted in French. This led to a number of erroneous legal judgements where innocent people received the death penalty because they were not able to verbally defend themselves at trials.

The French-speaking Belgian government succeeded in removing the Dutch language from all levels of government more quickly in Brussels than in any other part of Flanders. Because the administration was centered in Brussels, more and more French-speaking officials took up residency there. Education in Brussels was only in French which led to a surplus of young, unskilled and uneducated Flemish men. Dutch was hardly taught in the French schools. For example: Dutch was worth 10 points in French schools, but drawing earned 15 points. Today 16% of Brussels is Dutch-speaking, whereas in 1830 it was over 95%.

The French-speaking bourgeoisie showed very little respect for the Flemish portion of the population. Belgium's co-founder, Charles Rogier, wrote in 1832 to Jean-Joseph Raikem, the minister of justice:

"Les premiers principes d'une bonne administration sont basés sur l'emploi exclusif d'une langue, et il est évident que la seule langue des Belges doit être le français. Pour arriver à ce résultat, il est nécessaire que toutes les fonctions civiles et militaires soient confiées à des Wallons et à des Luxembourgeois; de cette manière, les Flamands, privés temporairement des avantages attachés à ces emplois, seront contraints d'apprendre le français, et l'on détruira ainsi peu à peu l'élément germanique en Belgique."

"The first principles of a good administration are based upon the exclusive use of one language, and it is evident that the only language of the Belgians should be French. In order to achieve this result, it is necessary that all civil and military functions are entrusted to Walloons and Luxemburgers; this way, the Flemish, temporarily deprived of the advantages of these offices, will be constrained to learn French, and we will hence destroy bit by bit the Germanic element in Belgium."

In 1838, another co-founder, senator Alexandre Gendebien, even declared that the Flemish were "one of the more inferior races on the Earth, just like the negroes".

The economic heart of Belgium in those days was Flanders. However, Wallonia would soon take the lead due to the Industrial Revolution. The Belgian establishment deemed it unnecessary to invest in Flanders and no less than 80% of the Belgian GNP between 1830 and 1918 went to Wallonia. This had as a consequence that Wallonia had a surplus of large coal mines and iron ore facilities, while Flanders, to a large extent, remained a rural, farming region. When Belgium became independent, the economy of Flanders was hard hit. Antwerp was now almost impossible to reach by ships (The Scheldt River was blocked by the Netherlands) and foreign trade was drastically affected. The prosperous textile industry of Ghent lost a major portion of its market to Amsterdam.

A call for change

It was decades after the Belgian revolution that Flemish intellectuals such as Jan Frans Willems, Philip Blommaert, Karel Lodewijk Ledeganck, Ferdinand Augustijn Snellaert, August Snieders, Prudens van Duyse, and Hendrik Conscience began to call for recognition of the Dutch language and Flemish culture in Belgium. This movement became known as the Flemish Movement, but was more intellectual than social, with contributors such as the poets Guido Gezelle, , and Albrecht Rodenbach (all of whom were associated with the Minor Seminary, Roeselare).

Cultural organizations promoting the Dutch language and Flemish culture were founded, such as the Willemsfonds in 1851, and the Davidsfonds in 1875. The first Vlaemsch Verbond (Constant Leirens, Ghent) and the Nederduitse Bond, were founded in 1861. The Liberale Vlaemsche Bond was founded in 1867. Writers such as Julius de Geyter and Max Rooses were active in the Nederduitse Bond. On 26 September 1866, Julius de Geyter founded the Vlaamsche Bond in Antwerp. The Flemish weekly magazine Het Volksbelang, founded by Julius Vuylsteke, appeared for the first time on 12 January 1867.

In 1861, the first Flemish political party, the Meetingpartij was founded in Antwerp, by radical liberals, Catholics and Flamingants (Jan Theodoor van Rijswijck, J. De Laet and E. Coremans), and it existed until 1914. In 1888, Julius Hoste Sr. founded the moderate liberal Flemish newspaper Het Laatste Nieuws, to support the Flemish Movement in Brussels. In 1893, the Flemish priest Adolf Daens, founded the Christene Volkspartij, which would cause a radicalization and democratization of the Catholic party. The first Flemish political success was the passing of the Gelijkheidswet (Equality law) in 1898 that for the first time recognized Dutch as equal to French in judicial matters (legal documents).

World War I
The liberal politician Louis Franck, the Roman Catholic Frans Van Cauwelaert and the socialist Camille Huysmans (together they were called the three crowing cocks) worked together for the introduction of Dutch at Ghent University. In 1911 the proposal by Lodewijk De Raet to this end was accepted, though it would not be implemented until 1930. With the coming of the 20th century the Flemish Movement became more radical and during World War I some activists welcomed the occupiers as "liberating Germanic brothers". The young Marnix Gijsen and the poet Paul van Ostaijen were involved in this activist movement during the war. The Germans did indeed help out their "Germanic brothers" by setting Dutch as the sole administrative language and by creating the Dutch language Von Bissing University in Ghent. Such steps were dictated by the German tactics of taking advantage of the Flemish-Walloon animosity in order to further Germany's own aims and to boost the occupying power's position known as the Flamenpolitik. With German support, Flemish activists formed a regional government, known as the Raad van Vlaanderen (RVV) which declared Flemish autonomy in December 1917. During World War I several Flemish soldiers were punished for their active or passive involvement in the Flemish Movement. Ten of these soldiers were sent to a penal military unit in 1918 called the Special Forestry Platoon in Orne, Normandy, France. They were forced to work as woodchoppers in hard living conditions until several months after the war ended. Most of the Flemish population disapproved of those who collaborated with the German occupiers. The language reforms implemented by the Germans during occupation did not remain in place after the defeat of Germany. The collaboration and subsequent prosecution of certain leaders of the Flemish Movement did not produce a climate congenial to compromise.

Post World War I

The Flemish Movement became more socially oriented through the Frontbeweging (Front Movement), an organization of Flemish soldiers who complained about the lack of consideration for their language in the army, and in Belgium in general, and harbored pacifistic feelings. The Frontbeweging became a political movement, dedicated to peace, tolerance and autonomy (Nooit Meer Oorlog, Godsvrede, Zelfbestuur). A yearly pilgrimage to the IJzertoren is still held to this day. The poet Anton van Wilderode wrote many texts for this occasion.
Many rumours arose regarding the treatment of Flemish soldiers in World War I, though Flemish historians debunked many of these. One such rumour is that many Dutch-speaking soldiers were slaughtered because they could not understand orders given to them in French by French speaking officers. Whether a disproportionate number of Flemish died in the war compared to Walloons remains a point of contention to this day. It is clear, however, that the Belgian army de facto had only French as the official language. The phrase "et pour les Flamands, la meme chose" originated in this environment also, allegedly being used by the French-speaking officers to "translate" their orders into Dutch. It literally means "and for the Flemish, the same thing", which adds insult to injury for Flemish soldiers not understanding French.
Another source of further frustration was the Belgian royal family's poor knowledge of Dutch. King Albert I enjoyed some popularity in the early ages of the war because he was a proponent of the bilingual status of Flanders – even though Wallonia was monolingual French, because he declared his oath to be king in both French and Dutch, and because he gave a speech at the start of the war in Dutch, referring to the Battle of the Golden Spurs. In the last years of the war, however, it became clear that his only wish was to keep his country peaceful, and not to give the Flemish the rights the French-speaking establishment denied them.

In the 1920s the first Flemish nationalist party was elected. In the 1930s the Flemish Movement grew ever larger and Dutch was recognized for the first time as the sole language of Flanders. In 1931, Joris Van Severen founded the Verbond van Dietse Nationaal-Solidaristen Verdinaso, a fascist movement in Flanders.

World War II
During World War II, Belgium was once again occupied by Germany. The Third Reich enacted laws to protect and encourage the Dutch language in Belgium and, generally, to propagate ill-feelings between Flemings and Francophones, e.g. by setting free only Flemish prisoners-of-war (see Flamenpolitik). The Nazis had no intentions of allowing the creation of an independent Flemish state or of a Greater Netherlands, and instead desired the complete annexation of not only Flanders (which they did de jure during the war through the establishment of a "Reichsgau Flandern" in late 1944), but all of the Low Countries as "racially Germanic" components of a Greater Germanic Reich. Most  Flemish nationalists embraced collaboration as a means to more autonomy. Because of this collaboration by a few, after the war being part of the Flemish movement was associated with having collaborated with the enemy.

Post War
While the Vermeylenfonds had been founded in 1945, the Flemish Movement lay dormant for nearly 20 years following the Second World War. In the 1960s the Flemish movement once more gathered momentum and, in 1962, the linguistic borders within Belgium were finally drawn up with Brussels being designated as a bilingual city. Also, in 1967 an official Dutch version of the Belgian Constitution was adopted. For more than 130 years, the Dutch version of the Belgian constitution had been only a translation without legal value.
The late 1960s saw all major Belgian political parties splitting up into either Flemish or Francophone wings. It also saw the emergence of the first major nationalist Flemish party, the Volksunie (Popular Union). In 1977 more radical far right-wing factions of the Volksunie became united and, together with earlier far right nationalist groups, formed Vlaams Blok. This party eventually overtook the Volksunie, only to be forced later, on the grounds of a discrimination conviction, to change its name to Vlaams Belang. It has become an important right-wing party of the Flemish Movement.

Language border

During the existence of Belgium more and more Dutch-speaking regions have become French-speaking regions; for example, Mouscron (Moeskroen), Comines (Komen), and particularly Brussels (see Francization of Brussels). Every ten years the government counted the people who spoke Dutch and those who spoke French. These countings always favoured the French-speaking part of Belgium. In 1962 the Linguistic Border was drawn. In order to do so, a complicated compromise with the French-speakers was orchestrated: Brussels had to be recognised as an autonomous and bilingual region while Flanders and Wallonia remained monolingual regions. The French-speakers also demanded that in certain regions where there was a minority of more than 30% French-speaking or Dutch-speaking people; there would be language facilities. This means that these people can communicate with the government in their birth language.

Present day
The Flemish saw these facilities as a measure of integration to another language, as opposed to viewing it as a recognition of a permanent linguistic minority. The French-speaking people, however, saw these language facilities as an acquired right, and a step for an eventual addition to the bilingual region of Brussels, even though that would be unconstitutional. As a result, the amount of French-speaking people in these regions (mostly around Brussels) did not decline, and contain a growing majority of French-speaking Belgians, even though they reside in the officially monolingual Flanders. Francization is considered frustrating by the Flemish Movement and a reason for a call to separate.

The situation is intensified due to a lack of Dutch language classes in the French-speaking schools.

Transfers
Since the 1960s and continuing into the present time, Flanders is significantly richer than Wallonia.  Based on population and GDP figures for 2007, GDP per capita in that year was €28,286 (US$38,186) in Flanders and €20,191 (US$27,258) in Wallonia. Although equalization payments between richer and poorer regions are common in federal states, the amount, the visibility and the utilization of these financial transfers are a singularly important issue for the Flemish Movement. A study by the University of Leuven has estimated the size of the annual transfers from Flanders to Wallonia and Brussels in 2007 at 5.7 billion euros. If the effect of interest payments on the national debt is taken into account the figure could be as high as 11.3 billion euros or more than 6% of Flemish GDP. Flemish criticism is not limited to the size of the transfers but also extends to the lack of transparency and the presumed inability or unwillingness of the recipients to use the money wisely and thus close the economic gap with Flanders. Although no longer relevant in the current economic context, the discussion is often exacerbated by the historic fact that even in the 19th century, when Flanders was much the poorer region, there was a net transfer from Flanders to Wallonia; this was mainly because of relatively heavier taxation of agriculture than of industrial activity.
The tax system was never adjusted to reflect the industrial affluence of Wallonia, which led to an imbalance in tax revenue placing Flanders (average for 1832–1912 period: 44% of the population, 44% of total taxes) at a disadvantage compared with Wallonia (38% of population, 30% of taxes).

Current Belgian politics

As a result of escalating internal conflicts the Volksunie ceased to exist in 2000, splitting into two new parties: Spirit and N-VA (Nieuwe Vlaamse Alliantie, New Flemish Alliance). Both parties tried their luck in cartel with a bigger party, N-VA allying with the Christian Democrats of CD&V, and Spirit with the Flemish socialists of SP.a.
The cartel CD&V – N-VA emerged as the clear winner of the Belgian general election in June 2007 on a platform promising a far-reaching reform of the state. However, coalition negotiations with the French-speaking parties, who rejected any reform, proved extremely difficult. When the CD&V leader Yves Leterme was eventually able to form a government, his reform plans had been greatly diluted and with the onset of the financial crisis in the autumn of 2008 they were shelved completely. This led N-VA to break up the cartel in September 2008, withdrawing its parliamentary support for the federal government (which was thus left without a parliamentary majority in Flanders, a situation that is not unconstitutional but has been deemed undesirable by politicians and constitutional experts).

The role of Spirit, which represented the more left-leaning part of the former Volksunie, gradually declined. After a series of defections, two unsuccessful attempts to broaden its appeal (each time accompanied by a name change) and ending far below the 5% threshold in the Flemish regional elections of 2009, what was left of the party merged with Groen! (the Flemish green party) at the end of 2009.

In the Belgian general election of June 2010, N-VA became the leading party in Flanders and even in Belgium as a whole, polling 28% of the Flemish vote, dwarfing the senior partner of their former cartel, CD&V, which ended at an all-time low of 17.5%. The enormous growth of N-VA is generally explained as caused by an influx of "moderate" Flemish voters who do not support the party's eventual aim of Flemish independence but do want consistent and far-reaching reforms with greater autonomy for the regions, something they no longer trust the traditional parties to be able to achieve. On the Walloon side, the Parti Socialiste (PS), led by Elio Di Rupo, received an even stronger electoral mandate with 37% of the vote. After the election, coalition negotiations started with seven parties: N-VA, CD&V, SP.a and Groen! on the Flemish side, and PS, CDH (nominally Christian Democrat but very much left of centre) and the green party Ecolo on the Francophone side. The talks soon ran into serious difficulties, mainly because of the totally opposed objectives of the two victors: the N-VA economically conservative but with a radical constitutional agenda, the PS socialist and very reluctant to agree to any significant reform of the state. The ensuing deadlock led to an 18-month government formation crisis. In the end, a coalition was formed by CD&V, SP.a, Open VLD on the Flemish side, and PS, CDH and MR on the Walloon side. This coalition however didn't contain a majority of the Flemish representatives, with only 43 of 88 Flemish seats supporting it. This situation had never happened since the split of the political parties into Flemish and Walloon wings. The following 2014 election saw large electoral gains for N-VA, mostly at the expense of VB.

Modern internal trends

Separatists
The militant wing of the Flemish Movement such as the Vlaams Belang advocates the foundation of an independent Flemish republic, separating from Wallonia. A part of this militant wing also advocates reunion with the Netherlands. This view is shared with several Dutch right-winged activists and nationalists, as well as some mainstream politicians both in the Netherlands and Flanders (such as Louis Tobback, the former mayor of Leuven and former minister of defence and Eurocommissioner Frits Bolkestein).

The N-VA takes a gradualist approach looking to transfer powers to Flanders and the EU working towards the final goal of an independent Flanders as a European Member State.

Confederalists
The liberal List Dedecker, as well as several representatives of important Flemish parties belonging to the moderate wing, including the Christian Democratic and Flemish (CD&V) party, the Flemish Liberals and Democrats (VLD) party, and, to a lesser extent, the Different Socialist Party (SP.A), prefer a confederal organisation of the Belgian state over the current federal organisation.  Such a scheme would make the Flemish government responsible for nearly all aspects of government, whereas some important aspects of government are currently the responsibility of the Belgian federal government. The Belgian capital of Brussels would remain a city where both Dutch-speaking and French-speaking citizens share equal rights.

As of 2010, the confederalist parties make up more than half of the Flemish Parliament, which combined with the separatist parties, would result in about 80% of the Flemish Parliament (and at least this much of the Flemish part of the Belgian Federal Parliament) occupied by parties who wish to see Flanders obtaining greater autonomy than is the case today.

Federalists
Several representatives of the SP.A and, to a lesser extent, the CD&V and VLD parties, prefer an improved federal organisation of the Belgian state over a confederal one. This view is shared with several social and cultural organisations such as the Vermeylenfonds (Vermeylen Foundation) or Willemsfonds, with labor unions, and with mutual health insurance organisations. The advocates of this view hope to improve the Belgian institutions so that they work correctly.

Opinion polling

In June 2006 a poll published by VRT found that 40% percent of respondents support Flemish independence.

In December 2019 a poll published by Le Soir and RTL found that 37% percent of Flemish respondents would vote for Flemish independence, as opposed to only 14% percent of Walloons and 17% percent of Brussels residents.

In May 2021, an article by VRT showed a poll taken by De Stemming gauging preferences in how the country is run (depicted). The research ran from late March to 19 April. Correspondents could choose between a grade ranging from 0 to 10, with 0 tending towards 'more Flanders' and 10 referring to 'more Belgium'. The study found that 63% wanted 'more Belgium' and only 27% 'more Flanders', with 10% indicating the status quo is fine.

See also
 Burgundian Netherlands
 Dietsland
 Flemish literature
 French Flemish
 Partition of Belgium
 Politics of Flanders
 Seventeen Provinces
 Walloon movement
 List of active separatist movements in Europe

References

Footnotes

Notes

Notations
 Van geyt et al., The Flemish Movement, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science.1946; 247: 128-130
 Vos Hermans, The Flemish Movement: A Documentary History, 1780–1990, Continuum International Publishing Group – Athlone (Feb 1992),
 Clough Shepard B., History of the Flemish Movement in Belgium: A study in nationalism, New York, 1930, 316 pp.
 Ludo Simons (ed.), Nieuwe Encyclopedie van de Vlaamse Beweging, Lannoo, 1998,
 M. Van Haegendoren, The Flemish movement in Belgium, (J. Deleu) Ons Erfdeel – 1965, nr 1, p. 145
 J. Dewulf, The Flemish Movement: On the Intersection of Language and Politics in the Dutch-Speaking Part of Belgium, Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, vol. 13, issue 1 (Winter/Spring 2012): 23–33.

History of Flanders

Flemish Movement


Le Protocole additionnel à la Convention des Nations unies contre la criminalité transnationale organisée visant à prévenir, réprimer et punir la traite des personnes, en particulier des femmes et des enfants (également appelé Protocole sur la traite ou Protocole UN TIP) est un protocole à la Convention des Nations Unies contre la criminalité transnationale organisée, aussi appelée Convention de Palerme. Il s'agit de l'un des trois protocoles de Palerme, les autres étant le Protocole contre le trafic illicite de migrants par terre, air et mer et le Protocole contre la fabrication et le trafic illicites d'armes à feu.

Le protocole a été adopté par l'Assemblée générale des Nations unies en 2000 et est entré en vigueur le 25 décembre 2003. En mai 2020, il avait été ratifié par 178 parties.

L'Office des Nations unies contre les drogues et le crime (ONUDC) est responsable de la mise en œuvre du protocole. Il offre une aide pratique aux États pour la rédaction de lois, la création de stratégies nationales complètes de lutte contre la traite et les ressources nécessaires à leur mise en œuvre. En mars 2009, l'ONUDC a lancé la Campagne Cœur Bleu pour lutter contre la traite des êtres humains, sensibiliser, encourager la participation et inspirer l'action.

Le protocole engage les États ratifiants à prévenir et combattre la traite des personnes, à protéger et assister les victimes de la traite et à promouvoir la coopération entre les États afin d'atteindre ces objectifs.

Contenu du protocole
Le protocole couvre les éléments suivants:
 Par «traite des personnes», on entend le recrutement, le transport, le transfert, l'hébergement ou l'accueil de personnes, au moyen de la menace ou de l'emploi de la force ou d'autres formes de coercition, d'enlèvement, de fraude, de tromperie, d'abus de pouvoir ou d'une situation de vulnérabilité ou de l'octroi ou de la réception de paiements ou d'avantages pour obtenir le consentement d'une personne ayant le contrôle sur une autre personne, à des fins d'exploitation. L'exploitation comprend, au minimum, l'exploitation de la prostitution d'autrui ou d'autres formes d'exploitation sexuelle, le travail ou les services forcés, l'esclavage ou des pratiques similaires à l'esclavage, la servitude ou le prélèvement d'organes. . . Le consentement d'une victime de la traite des personnes à l'exploitation envisagée énoncée [ci-dessus] est sans importance lorsque l'un quelconque des moyens énoncés [ci-dessus] a été utilisé.

 Faciliter le retour et l'acceptation des enfants qui ont été victimes de la traite transfrontalière, dans le respect de leur sécurité
 Interdire la traite des enfants (qui est définie comme étant une personne de moins de 18 ans) à des fins d'exploitation sexuelle commerciale des enfants (ESEC), de pratiques de travail d'exploitation ou d'enlèvement de parties du corps
 Suspendre les droits parentaux des parents, des tuteurs ou de toute autre personne qui a des droits parentaux à l'égard d'un enfant s'il est constaté qu'ils ont fait la traite d'un enfant
 Veiller à ce que les définitions de la traite reflètent la nécessité de garanties et de soins spéciaux pour les enfants, y compris une protection juridique appropriée
 Veiller à ce que les personnes victimes de la traite ne soient pas punies pour des infractions ou des activités liées au fait qu'elles ont été victimes de la traite, telles que la prostitution et les violations de l'immigration
 Veiller à ce que les victimes de la traite soient protégées contre l'expulsion ou le retour lorsqu'il existe des motifs raisonnables de soupçonner qu'un tel retour représenterait un risque important pour la sécurité de la personne victime de la traite ou de sa famille
 Envisager la résidence temporaire ou permanente dans les pays de transit ou de destination des victimes de la traite en échange de témoignages contre des trafiquants présumés, ou pour des raisons humanitaires et de compassion
 Prévoir des sanctions pénales proportionnelles à appliquer aux personnes reconnues coupables de traite dans des circonstances aggravantes, y compris des infractions impliquant la traite d'enfants ou des infractions commises ou impliquant la complicité d'agents de l'État
 Prévoir la confiscation des instruments et des produits de la traite et des infractions connexes à utiliser au profit des personnes victimes de la traite

La convention et le protocole obligent les États qui l'ont ratifiée à adopter une législation nationale sur la traite.

Action régionale contre la traite des êtres humains
A Varsovie, le 16 mai 2005, la Convention du Conseil de l'Europe sur la lutte contre la traite des êtres humains a été ouverte à l'adhésion. La convention a établi un Groupe d'experts sur la lutte contre la traite des êtres humains (GRETA) qui surveille la mise en œuvre de la convention par le biais de rapports nationaux. Il a été ratifié (en janvier 2016) par 45 États européens, tandis qu'un autre État (Turquie) l'a signé mais ne l'a pas encore ratifié.

Une protection complémentaire est assurée par la Convention du Conseil de l'Europe sur la protection des enfants contre l'exploitation et les abus sexuels (Lanzarote, 25 oct. 2007).

En outre, la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme du Conseil de l'Europe à Strasbourg a rendu des arrêts concernant la traite des êtres humains qui ont violé les obligations de la Convention européenne des droits de l'homme : Siliadin c. France, arrêt du 26 juillet 2005, et Rantsev c. Chypre et Russie, arrêt du 7 janvier 2010.

Le Conseil de l'Europe coopère étroitement avec les Nations unies.

Voir aussi

 Code de conduite pour la protection des enfants contre l'exploitation sexuelle dans les voyages et le tourisme
 Convention pour la répression de la traite des êtres humains et de l'exploitation de la prostitution d'autrui
 Convention internationale pour la répression de la traite des femmes et des enfants

Références

Liens externes

 Site de l'ONUDC
 Libellé du protocole en français, en anglais
 Ratifications Protocole TIP - Collection des traités des Nations Unies
 Travaux préparatoires des négociations pour l'élaboration de la Convention des Nations Unies contre la criminalité organisée et des Protocoles s'y rapportant
 Action du GRETA du Conseil de l'Europe
 Convention de Varsovie sur la lutte contre la traite des êtres humains
 Convention de Lanzarote sur la protection des enfants contre l'exploitation et les abus sexuels

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Traité signé par la Mauritanie
Traité signé par Malte
Traité signé par le Mali
Traité signé par la Malaisie
Traité signé par le Luxembourg
Traité signé par la Lituanie
Traité signé par le Liechtenstein
Traité signé par le Liban
Traité signé par la Lettonie
Traité signé par le Laos
Traité signé par la Jordanie
Traité signé par le Japon
Traité signé par la Jamaïque
Traité signé par l'Italie
Traité signé par Israël
Traité signé par l'Irlande
Traité signé par l'Indonésie
Traité signé par l'Inde
Traité signé par l'Islande
Traité signé par la Hongrie
Traité signé par le Honduras
Traité signé par Haïti
Traité signé par la Grèce
Traité signé par l'Allemagne
Traité signé par la Géorgie
Traité signé par la France
Traité signé par la Finlande
Traité de l'Union européenne avec un État tiers
Traité signé par l'Éthiopie
Traité signé par l'Estonie
Traité signé par l'Érythrée
Traité signé par l'Égypte
Traité signé par l'Équateur
Traité signé par la République dominicaine
Traité signé par le Danemark
Traité signé par la Tchéquie
Traité signé par Chypre
Traité signé par Cuba
Traité signé par la Croatie
Traité signé par le Costa Rica
Traité signé par la Colombie
Traité signé par le Chili
Traité signé par le Canada
Traité signé par le Cambodge
Traité signé par la Bulgarie
Traité signé par le Brunei
Traité signé par le Brésil
Traité signé par la Bolivie
Traité signé par la Belgique
Traité signé par l'Azerbaïdjan
Traité signé par l'Autriche
Traité signé par l'Australie
Traité signé par l'Arménie
Traité signé par l'Argentine
Traité signé par l'Angola
Traité signé par l'Algérie
Traité signé par l'Albanie
Traité signé par l'Afghanistan
Traité entré en application en 2003
Traité signé en 2000
Traité des Nations unies
Traité de droit pénal international
Traité relatif à la traite des êtres humains