En las instalaciones de los edificios se denomina caloportador al fluido que transporta, por conducciones, calor de un lugar a otro. El caloportador se calienta (se le aporta calor) en una parte de la instalación y lo cede en otra. Normalmente se lleva por un circuito cerrado, de modo que, una vez ha cedido parte del calor trasportado, vuelve al calentador para reiniciar el ciclo.

Usos

Climatización

Los caloportadores más empleados en las instalaciones de climatización son el agua y el aire.

Desde los primeros sistemas centralizados de calefacción (con caldera, tuberías de acero y radiadores) se empleó como caloportador el vapor de agua. El agua es barata, hay instalación de suministro en todos los edificios y, cuestión muy importante, el calor latente de vaporización es muy alto,  kJ/kg, que cede en los emisores al condensar para volver de nuevo a la caldera; por ello, se transporta mucho calor con caudales pequeños de vapor. Los emisores (radiadores) eran pequeños, aunque el funcionamiento de este sistema tiene inconvenientes: la temperatura de los emisores es alta, por lo que su contacto puede producir quemaduras y además tuesta el polvo atmosférico, dejando unas feas manchas negras sobre ellos. También requiere una disposición específica de los elementos que forman la red para un buen funcionamiento por termosifón. Por todo ello ya no se emplea en instalaciones nuevas, por su dificultad de regulación y porque no es fácil hacerlo circular mecánicamente.

Por estas razones se pasó a utilizar el agua, cuyo calor específico es alto (4,186 kJ/kg·K), en comparación con otras sustancias, por lo que es capaz de transportar gran cantidad de calor con un caudal razonablemente bajo. Las primeras calefacciones por agua caliente funcionaban también por termosifón. Sin embargo, la gran ventaja sobre el vapor es que se puede utilizar una bomba para la recirculación, por lo que las tuberías pueden ser más delgadas y puede emplearse cualquier disposición en la red. Tiene el inconveniente de que se vaporiza por encima de los 100 °C y se hiela por debajo de 0 °C. En los sistemas de calefacción, no es inconveniente que pueda helarse, por cuanto esta instalación funciona precisamente en la estación fría, cuando aparecería el peligro, aunque en caso de edificios que estén deshabitados en esos periodos, conviene añadir un anticongelante. Para evitar la vaporización basta un termostato.

También se emplea el aire como caloportador, en instalaciones de climatización, especialmente en la climatización de verano (refrigeración). En este caso el caloportador recibe el calor en los ambientes y lo cede en el climatizador, desde donde se llevará al exterior, por medio de la torre de enfriamiento. En este caso el inconveniente es que el aire es el fluido vital para las personas, por lo que debe ser tratado también para ser saludable.

Energía solar
En las instalaciones con colectores solares, el agua, como caloportador, se calienta en los colectores y cede el calor en el intercambiador del depósito de acumulación. En climas donde haya peligro de heladas invernales, se utiliza agua con anticongelante en este circuito.

Los líquidos caloportadores que más se utilizan en instalaciones termo-solares son los siguientes:
 Agua
 Una mezcla de agua y anticongelante
 Aceites de silicona
 Combinaciones de líquidos orgánicos sintéticos
Los anticongelantes son glicoles y los más usados son el etilenglicol y el propilaglicol.

Hay que tener en cuenta las diferentes características que tienen:
 Son tóxicos: Contienen inhibidores de corrosión (beneficiosos para la instalación) que son extremadamente tóxicos, por lo que se hace necesario tomar las precauciones necesarias para evitar que estos fluidos entren en contacto con los depósitos de ACS Agua Caliente Sanitaria para el consumo.
 Son muy viscosos: Es algo a tener en cuenta, ya que disminuye la velocidad de carga y hace más lenta su distribución por la instalación, por lo que la electro bomba a elegir ha de ser más potente que la usada en instalaciones solo con agua.
 Dilatación: Suelen ser líquidos que dilatan más que el agua, por lo que hemos de tenerlo en cuenta para evitar que una sobre presión dañe la instalación. Para evitar sobrepresiones se utilizan los vasos de expansión.
 Inestabilidad: A más de 120 °C estos fluidos se transforman convirtiéndose en ácidos muy corrosivos que pondrían en peligro la instalación, ya que además perderían sus propiedades anticongelantes.

 PH: Está entre 5 y 9 en condiciones normales.
 Salinidad: Hay que vigilar la aparición de depósitos salinos, ya que estos pueden dañar la instalación solar.
Durante el año 2013 y 2014 la Fundación de la Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio (FUAX) junto con la empresa Valoralia I más D están investigando en la optimización de instalaciones termo-solares mediante el uso de estos fluidos caloportadores.

Automoción
Otro caso de caloportador es el que se utiliza en los automóviles para el enfriamiento del motor. En este caso el caloportador es una mezcla de agua y anticongelante, que lleva el calor desde el motor al radiador, donde se enfría para volver al motor, manteniendo su temperatura a un nivel adecuado. Hay que tener en cuenta que al añadir el anticongelante, el calor específico de la mezcla es menor que el del agua, por lo que es necesario mover mayor caudal de caloportador para el mismo enfriamiento.

Enfriadores
También puede considerarse un caloportador el que lleva calor, por medio de un cambio de estado, desde el evaporador hasta el condensador en una máquina de refrigeración (máquina frigorífica o refrigerador), aunque en este caso se utiliza el nombre específico de refrigerante. Desde la planta refrigeradora a los elementos terminales (climatizadores, ventiloconvectores) se suele llevar el calor mediante agua, teniendo en cuenta que, en este caso, el sistema funciona en sentido contrario, el calor se toma en los elementos terminales y se cede en la máquina refrigeradora.

Véase también
 Calefacción
 Climatización
 Colector solar
 Agua caliente solar

Notas y referencias

Referencias

Instalaciones de los edificios
Sistemas de climatización
Energía solar

Caloportador


الإخراج هو عملية التخلص من الفضلات الناتجة عن تمثيل غذائي والمواد الأُخرى غير النافعة التي تخرج من الكائن الحي "المتعضي" ويتم تنفيذ هذا بشكل رئيسي عن طريق الرئة والكلى والجلد. وتختلف عملية الإفراز عن عملية الإخراج تمامًا، حيث قد تؤدي المواد وظائف محددة بعد خروجها من الخلية. لذلك تعد عملية الإخراج عملية أساسية في كافة أشكال الحياة.

في الكائنات وحيدة الخلية، يكون التخلص من الفضلات مباشرةً عن طريق سطح الخلية. وتستخدم الكائنات متعددة الخلايا طرق إخراج أكثر تعقيدًا. تُخرج النباتات الراقية الغازات عبر الفوهات أو المسام الموجودة على السطح الخارجي للأوراق. أما بالنسبة للحيوانات فلديها أعضاء إخراجية خاصة بها.

اللاثدييات

تُعد عملية تفكك المواد الكيميائية في النباتات بطيئة أكثر من تلك التي تحدث في الحيوانات وبالتالي فإن تراكم الفضلات سيكون بطيئًا أكثر مع الوضع في الاعتبار افتقاد النباتات لأعضاء خاصة مسئولة عن عملية الإخراج. وتُنتِج النباتات الخضراء الموضوعة في الظلام أو النباتات التي لا تحتوي على الكلوروفيل ثاني أكسيد الكربون والماء كفضلات ناتجة عن عملية التنفس. تتم الاستفادة من ثاني أكسيد الكربون الناتج أثناء التنفس في عملية البناء الضوئي. كما يمكن تعريف الأكسجين كمادة تنتج خلال عملية التمثيل الضوئي، وتخرج من خلال المسام، جدران الخلايا الجذرية وطرق أخرى. يمكن للنباتات التخلص من الماء الزائد عن طريق عملية النتح وعمليةالإدماع. وربما تُختَزن الفضلات في الأوراق التي تسقط. وتُفرز بعض النباتات أنواعًا أخرى من الفضلات مثل الراتنج، النُسْغ، عصارة بيضاء، إلخ وتصل هذه المواد الإخراجية إلى السطح نتيجة تعرضها لضغوط هيدروستاتيكية أو هيدروستاتية (hydrostatic pressures) في باطن النبات وتعرضها أيضًا لقوى ماصة في خلايا النبات. ولا تحتاج هذه العمليات إلي طاقة إضافية، حيث إنها تتم تلقائيًا دون بذل مجهود. تُخرِج النباتات أيضًا بعض الفضلات إلى التربة المحيطة بها.

تُخرج الحيوانات المائية عادةً الأمونياك مباشرةً إلى البيئة الخارجية، حيث إن هذا المركَّب سريع الانحلال (الذوبان) ويوجد ماء وفير يساعد على تخفيفه. بينما تتحول مركبات الأمونياك التي تُخرجها الحيوانات البرية إلى مواد نيتروجينية حيث كمية الماء تصبح أقل على اليابسة ويصبح مركب الأمونياك ساما.

تُخرج الطيورفضلاتها النيتروجينية مثل الحمض البولي على شكل عجينة. وبالرغم من أن ذلك يعد أكثر تكلفة بالنسبة لعملية الأيض، لكنه يسمح بحفظ الماء بصورة أكثر فعالية بالإضافة إلى إمكانية تخزينه في بيضة. تُخرج العديد من أنواع الطيور وخاصةً الطيور البحرية الملح، ويتم ذلك عن طريق غُدد الملح الأنفية، مع خروج محلول ملحي من خلال الفتحات الأمامية الجانبية للمنقار.

بينما تحتوي الحشرات على جهاز يتضمن أنابيب مالبيجي (Malpighian tubule) وهي المسئولة عن عملية التخلص من الفضلات الأيضية. وتنتشر الفضلات الأيضية أو يتم نقلها بفعالية إلى الأنبوب الذي يقوم بنقلها إلى الأمعاء. وأخيرًا يتخلص الجسم من الفضلات الأيضية مع خروج البراز.

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المراجع

وصلات خارجية
 UAlberta.ca, Animation of excretion

إخراج (فسلجة)
أيض
جهاز هضمي
علم الأدوية
علم وظائف الأعضاء

إخراج (فسلجة)


Aşağıtarlacık, Tunceli ilinin Mazgirt ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Aşağı ve yukarı olmak üzere ikiye ayrılmadan önce yerleşiminden 1530 yılı tahririnde "Hezirge" adıyla, Çemişgezek sancağının Mazgirt nahiyesine bağlı bir köy olarak bahsedilmiştir. Osmanlı dönemi tahrirlerine göre köyün geliri Mazgirt'te bulunan Şeyh Çoban zaviyesinin masrafları için kullanılmaktaydı. 1935 yılı nüfus sayımında "Hazirgeisüfla", 1940 yılı nüfus sayımında "Hezirge süfla", 1945 ve 1950 yılı nüfus sayımlarında "Aşağı Hızırge", 1955 yılı nüfus sayımında "Aşağıhezirge" olarak kaydedilen yerleşimin adı 1960 yılı nüfus sayımından itibaren Aşağıtarlacık olarak kayıtlarda yer almaktadır.

Coğrafya
Tunceli il merkezine 31 km, Mazgirt ilçesine 18 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Mazgirt belde ve köyleri

Aşağıtarlacık, Mazgirt


Hertz (birim): frekans birimi

Kişiler
 Alfred Hertz (1872-1942),
 Arne Hertz (d. 1939),
 Carl Hellmuth Hertz (1920-1990),
 Carl Hertz (1859-1924),
 Gustav Hertz (1887-1975),
 Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1857-1894), Alman fizikçi
 Henrik Hertz (1797-1870),
 John Hertz (fan) (d. mid-20th century),
 John D. Hertz (1879-1961),
 Joseph H. Hertz (1872–1946),
 Naftali Hertz (fl. 1648),
 Noreena Hertz (d. 1967)
 Robert Hertz (1881-1915),
 Wilhelm Hertz (1835-1902),

Diğer
 The Hertz Corporation,
 Hertz (krater), ayda bir meteor krateri
 Suzanne Hertz,

Yahudi soyadları
Almanca soyadları

Hertz (anlam ayrımı)


Gar Robinson, né le  à Houston, est un pilote automobile américain. Il participe actuellement, au volant d'un sport-prototype à des championnats tels que le WeatherTech SportsCar Championship.

Il a gagné le championnat pilote WeatherTech SportsCar Championship 2021 dans la catégorie LMP3.

Carrière
En 2019, Gar Robinson s'engage avec l'écurie texane Lone Star Racing afin de participer aux épreuves sprint du championnat  WeatherTech SportsCar Championship au volant d'une Mercedes-AMG GT3 dans la catégorie GTD. Gar Robinson est associé au pilote américain Lawson Aschenbach.

En 2020, toujours dans le championnat WeatherTech SportsCar Championship, Gar Robinson s'engage avec l'écurie Riley Motorsports afin de participer à l'intégralité du championnat  au volant d'une Mercedes-AMG GT3 Evo dans la catégorie GTD. Gar Robinson est associé, comme la saison précédente, au pilote américain Lawson Aschenbach.

En 2021, toujours dans le championnat WeatherTech SportsCar Championship et avec l'écurie Riley Motorsports, Gar Robinson s'engage afin de participer à l'intégralité du championnat au volant d'une Ligier JS P320 dans la catégorie LMP3. Gar Robinson est associé au pilote brésilien Felipe Fraga.

En 2022, toujours dans le championnat WeatherTech SportsCar Championship avec l'écurie Riley Motorsports et au volant d'une Ligier JS P320 dans la catégorie LMP3, Gar Robinson s'engage afin de participer à l'intégralité du championnat. Gar Robinson est associé, comme la saison précédente, au pilote brésilien Felipe Fraga.

Palmarès

Résultats aux 24 Heures de Daytona

Résultats en WeatherTech SportsCar Championship

Notes et références

Liens externes

 ;

  Gar Robinson sur motorsportmagazine.com
  Gar Robinson sur racingsportscars.com

Naissance à Houston
Naissance en janvier 1995
Pilote automobile américain
Pilote du Championnat unifié des voitures de sport
Pilote des 24 Heures de Daytona
Pilote des 12 Heures de Sebring

Gar Robinson


Rezac (stracijotes, oštrika, lat. Stratiotes),  monotipski rod vodenih, poluzimzelenih trajnica iz porodice žabogrizovki kojemu pripada vrsta S. aloides, rasprostranjena po velikim dijelovima Euroazije, uključujući i Hrvatsku, gdje se naziva rezac ili oštrika.

Sinonimi
 Stratiotes aculeatus Stokes
 Stratiotes aloides f. submersa Glück
 Stratiotes aquaticus Pall.
 Stratiotes ensiformis Gilib.
 Stratiotes generalis E.H.L.Krause

Galerija

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Žabogrizovke

Rezac


Jean Chardin (), născut Jean-Baptiste Chardin și, de asemenea, cunoscut sub numele de Sir John Chardin, a fost un bijutier francez, călător a cărui lucrare în zece volume The Travels of Sir John Chardin este considerată una dintre cele mai bune relatări occidentale timpurii despre Persia și Orientul Apropiat în general.

Legături externe

John Emerson's biography of Chardin in Encyclopaedia Iranica.
Partial extracts from Dirk Van der Cruysse's Chardin le Persan, Fayard, Paris, 1998.

Nașteri în 1643
Decese în 1713
Oameni din Paris
Exploratori francezi
Istoria Iranului
Exploratori din Iran
Hughenoți
Fellows of the Royal Society
Exploratori din India
Bijutieri

Jean Chardin


Terminal, başrolünde Tom Hanks'in oynadığı politik komedi-drama türünde 2004 yapımı bir film. 1988'den 2006'ya kadar tam 18 yıl Paris-Charles de Gaulle Havalimanı'nda yaşayan Mehran Karimi Nasseri'den esinlenilerek çekilmiştir.

Film, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ne girişi reddedilince New York'un John F. Kennedy Havaalanı terminalinde mahsur kalan ve aynı zamanda bir askeri darbe nedeniyle memleketine dönemeyen Doğu Avrupalı bir adamı konu alıyor.

Spielberg, önceki filmi olan Catch Me If You Can'ı bitirdikten sonra, daha sonra "bizi güldüren, ağlatan ve dünya hakkında iyi hissettirecek" bir film yapmak istediği için The Terminal'i yönetmeye karar verdi.

Yapım için tesislerini sağlamaya istekli uygun havalimanlarının bulunmaması nedeniyle, LA/Palmdale Bölgesel Havaalanında büyük bir hangarın içine, filmin çoğu Montréal-Mirabel Uluslararası Havaalanından çekilmiş dış mekan çekimleriyle bir çalışma setinin tamamı inşa edildi.

Film, 18 Haziran 2004'te Kuzey Amerika'da hafif olumlu eleştirilerle gösterime girdi ve ticari bir başarıydı ve dünya çapında 219 milyon dolar kazandı.

Konusu
Steven Spielberg'ün gerçek bir olaydan esinlendiği ilgi çekici bir öyküye sahip bir politik komedi olan film, Doğu Avrupa'daki Krakozya adlı bir ülkeden New York'a gelen Viktor Navorski'nin (Tom Hanks) öyküsünü anlatıyor. Amerika yolundayken ülkesinde askerî darbe olması üzerine Viktor, John F. Kennedy Uluslararası Havalimanı'na gelir, ancak pasaportunun artık geçerli olmadığını öğrenir ve Havaalanında mahsur kalır. Çünkü Birleşik Devletler artık bir iç savaşın patlak vermesinden sonra Krakozhia'yı bağımsız bir ülke olarak tanımamaktadır ve Viktor'un şu anda vatansız olduğu için ülkeye girmesine veya eve dönmesine izin verilmemektedir. Bu nedenle Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Gümrük ve Sınır Muhafaza pasaportuna ve uçak biletine el koyar. Havaalanının Güvenlik müdürü Frank Dixon (Stanley Tucci) sorun çözülene kadar transit salonunda kalmasına izin vermekten başka bir seçenek göremez. Viktor, yalnızca valizi ve elindeki fıstık kutusuyla terminale yerleşir. Zamanla havaalanı görevlileri ile dost olur ve hatta Amelia Warren adlı bir hostesle (Catherine Zeta-Jones) arasında duygusal bir bağ gelişir. Terfi için düşünülen Güvenlik müdürü Frank Dixon, Viktor'un varlığını bir türlü kontrol edemediği bürokratik bir facia olarak görür ve bu sorundan bir an önce kurtulmanın çaresini bulmaya çalışır, Viktor'dan kurtulmaya giderek daha fazla takıntılı hale gelir. Viktor, İngilizce öğrenmek için dergi ve gazete makaleleri okumaya başlar.

Viktor'un Amerika'ya gelme amacı ise babasının bir zamanlar çok sevdiği Amerikalı bir müzik grubundan aldığı imzalı fotolardan eksik olanı tamamlamaktır. O sanatçıyı bulup imzalatmak için yolculuğa çıkmıştır.

Dokuz ay sonra arkadaşları Viktor'u Krakozhia'daki savaşın sona erdiği haberiyle uyandırır ve yolculuk belgesine yeşil bir damga vurarak havaalanını terk etmesine izin verir. Amelia ayrıca "arkadaşından" (aslında ilişkisi olduğu evli bir hükûmet görevlisinden) Viktor'a hayalini gerçekleştirmek için bir günlük acil vize almasını istemiştir ancak Viktor, Amelia'nın adamla ilişkisini yenilediğini öğrenince hayal kırıklığına uğrar. Ayrıca Viktor, Dixon'ın vizeyi imzalaması gerektiğini öğrenir. Bu fırsatı değerlendiren Dixon, Viktor'un arkadaşlarının başına bela açmakla tehdit eder. Bunun olmasına izin vermek istemeyen Viktor, sonunda Krakozhia'ya evine dönmeyi kabul eder.

Dixon, polis memurlarına Viktor'u tutuklamalarını emreder, ancak bunun yerine memurlar Viktor'un havaalanını terk etmesine izin verirler. Viktor taksiye binerken, Amelia başka bir taksiyle gelir ve kısa süreliğine göz teması kurarlar. Dixon, Viktor'un taksisi gittikten sadece birkaç dakika sonra taksi durağına varır. Memurlar yanına gelince Dixon, ilgilenmeleri gereken yolcuları olduğunu söylemeden önce bir an için durur. Viktor, New York'a Benny Golson'ın sahne aldığı otele gelir ve sonunda son imzayı alır. Sonra bir taksiye binerek şoföre "Eve gidiyorum" der.

Krakozya
Krakozhia (Кракозия veya Кракожия), eski bir Sovyet Cumhuriyeti veya Doğu Bloku devletine çok benzeyen, film için yaratılmış kurgusal bir ülkedir. Kendine özgü bir dili vardır. 2004 yılında iç savaş çıkar ve ülkede darbe olur. Krakozya'nın kesin konumu, Doğu Avrupa ya da eski bir Sovyet Cumhuriyeti olma fikriyle kasıtlı olarak belirsiz bir şekilde tutulmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, filmin sahnelerinden birinde, devam eden çatışmayla ilgili bir haber raporu sırasında havaalanının televizyon ekranlarından birinde Krakozya'nın haritası kısaca gösteriliyor ve günümüz Kuzey Makedonya sınırları içinde olduğu görülüyor.

Filmin bestecisi John Williams Krakozhia için bir milli marş yazmıştır.

Tom Hanks'ın karakteri, anadili olan Krakozyaca olarak Bulgar dilini konuşmakta, ancak Rusça konuşan bir yolcunun gümrük ile ilgili sorununa yardım ettiği bir sahnede, hem Bulgarca hem de Rusça'ya benzeyen bir Slav dili konuşmaktadır.

Ödülleri

Adaylıkları
 2005 Golden Trailer Awards (Altın Fragman Ödülleri) - En iyi romantik film
 2005 Motion Picture Sound Editors, Golden Reel Awards (Altın Makara Ödülleri) - En iyi ses kurgusu

Kazandıkları
 2005 Art Directors Guild (Sanat Yönetmenleri Derneği) - Yapım tasarımında mükemmellik ödülü
 2005 BMI Film & TV Awards (BMI Film & TV Ödülleri) - En iyi film müziği ödülü (John Williams)

Oyuncular
 Tom Hanks .... Viktor Navorski, Geçici olarak JFK havalimanı terminalinde yaşayan bir Krokozya Vatandaşı.
 Catherine Zeta-Jones .... Amelia Warren, uçuş görevlisi
 Stanley Tucci .... Frank Dixon, JFK Gümrük ve Sınır Muhafaza Direktörü
 Chi McBride .... Joe Mulroy, Kargo işleyicisi ve Viktor'un bir arkadaşı
 Diego Luna .... Enrique Cruz, Yemek hizmetlisi ve Viktor'un bir arkadaşı
 Barry Shabaka Henley .... Thurman, Dixon'ın asistanı
 Kumar Pallana .... Gupta Rajan, Kapı görevlisi ve Hindistan'da tutuklanmaktan kaçmak için Amerika'da saklanan Viktor'un bir arkadaşı
 Zoë Saldana .... Dolores Torres, Bir göçmenlik görevlisi ve Star Trek hayranı.
 Eddie Jones .... Richard Salchak, Dixon'ın patronu
 Jude Ciccolella .... Karl Iverson, Viktor'un inşaat müdürü
 Corey Reynolds .... Waylin, güvenlik görevlisi
 Guillermo Díaz .... Bobby Alima
 Rini Bell .... Nadia
 Stephen Mendel .... First Class Steward
 Valery Nikolaev .... Milodragovich
 Michael Nouri .... Max, Amelia'nın evli erkek arkadaşı
 Benny Golson .... kendisi
 Scott Adsit .... taksi şoförü

Yapımı
Bazı eleştirmenler filmin, 1988'de mülteci kâğıtlarının çalınmasından dolayı 2006 yılına kadar Charles de Gaulle Havalimanı'nın Birinci Terminali'nde yaşayan ve İranlı bir mülteci olan Mehran Karimi Nasseri'nin hikâyesinden esinlendiği belirtmiştir. The New York Times gazetesi, Eylül 2003'te Steven Spielberg'in Nasseri'nin yaşam hikâyesini filmin temelini olarak aldığını kaydetti ve Eylül 2004'te The Guardian gazetesi de, Nasseri'nin film yapımcılarından binlerce dolar aldığını belirtti. Bununla birlikte, stüdyonun tanıtım materyallerinden hiçbiri, Nasseri'nin hikâyesinin ilham kaynağı olduğundan bahsetmemektedir.

Steven Spielberg, üretim uzunluğu boyunca filme almasını sağlayacak gerçek bir havaalanı bulmak için dünyayı dolaştı, ancak bulamadı. Terminal seti LA/Palmdale Bölgesel Havaalanında büyük bir hangarda yapılmıştır. Rockwell International B-1B bombardıman uçağını inşa etmek için ABD Hava Kuvvetleri Fabrikası 42 kompleksinin bir parçası olan hangar kullanıldı. Set, tam deprem yönetmeliğine göre inşa edildi ve Düsseldorf Uluslararası Havalimanı'na dayanıyordu. Hem fiili terminalin hem de yanlamasına olarak görülen kümenin şekli, bir uçak kanadının kesitidir. The Roger Ebert'in yaptığı incelemelerde belirttiği ve Spielberg'in Empire dergisinin bir özelliği tarafından onayladığı Terminal için set tasarımı, Jacques Tati'nin klasik filmi Play Time'dan büyük ölçüde esin kaynağı oldu. Hanks, Viktor Navorsky'nin karakterini, "Rusça, Türkçe, Lehçe, Yunanca, biraz İtalyanca, biraz Fransızca" konuşabilen Bulgar göçmeni olan kayınpederi Allan Wilson'a dayandırdı. Hanks, ayrıca Peter Budevski adlı bir Bulgar çevirmen tarafından yardım aldı.

Film setinde her şey gerçek hayatta olduğu gibi çalıştı. Gerçek yiyecekler, dondurma ve kahveler uygun dükkanlarda vardı. Yürüyen merdivenler iflas eden bir mağazadan satın alındı. Konsolosluğun her birinde gerçek şirket sponsorluğunda gerçekleştirildi. Birçok mağazada ve Viktor, Brookstone, La Perla ve Discovery Channel mağazalarında bir iş istiyor, Burger King'de yemek yiyor, New York City rehber kitaplarını Borders'dan satın alıyor ve takım elibisesini Hugo Boss'tan satın alıyor. Enrique ise, Sbarro'daki Dolores'e öneriyor.

Çoğu dış çekim ve gerçek uçakların bulunduğu yerler Montréal-Mirabel Uluslararası Havalimanı'nda çekildi: orada, göç masalarına bakan asma katın ve arkalarından bagaj taşıyıcılarına bakan ilave iç çekimler de yapıldı.

Boeing 747 uçağı, United Airlines tarafından sağlandı. Star Alliance filme büyük sponsor oldu ve oyuncuların yanı sıra üniforma, ekipman ve figüranlar da sağladı. Star Alliance havayollarının ağır varlığına rağmen, Delta Air Lines pilotu filmin son beş dakikasında Viktor'u bir sahneye geçiriyor.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

2004 çıkışlı komedi-drama filmleri
2000'lerde romantik dram filmleri
2000'lerde İngilizce filmler
2000'lerde Fransızca filmler
Bulgarca filmler
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri havacılık filmleri
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri komedi-drama filmleri
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri romantik komedi filmleri
Steven Spielberg'in yönettiği filmler
Steven Spielberg'in yapımcısı olduğu filmler
Walter F. Parkes'ın yapımcısı olduğu filmler
Jeff Nathanson'un senaryosunu yazdığı filmler
John Williams'ın müziğini yaptığı filmler
Amblin Entertainment filmleri
DreamWorks filmleri
Konusu havalimanında geçen filmler
Konusu New York'ta geçen filmler
Montreal'de çekilmiş filmler
Film ödülü sahipleri
Askerî darbeler ile ilgili filmler
Star Alliance
Vatansızlık
2000'lerde Rusça filmler

Terminal (film)


Listele episcopilor luterani ai Transilvaniei:

 Lista episcopilor evanghelici de confesie augustană din Transilvania (sași)
 Lista episcopilor evanghelici luterani din Transilvania  (maghiari)

Lista episcopilor luterani ai Transilvaniei


Şevket Kazan, né le  à Adapazarı (Turquie) et mort le  à Ankara (Turquie), est un avocat et homme politique turc, ancien ministre de la Justice.

Biographie
Diplômé de la  de l'université d'Istanbul en 1971, il fait son entrée en politique la même année en rejoignant le  de Necmettin Erbakan, peu de temps avant sa dissolution pour cause d'. L'année suivante, Şevket Kazan intègre le Parti du salut national (MSP) qui regroupe beaucoup d'anciens membres du MNP. L'année suivante, il est élu à la Grande Assemblée nationale de Turquie sur une liste du MSP dans la circonscription de Kocaeli. L'année suivante, il devient le ministre de la Justice du premier gouvernement de Bülent Ecevit, fruit d'une coalition contre-nature entre le MSP et le Parti républicain du peuple (CHP). Quelques années plus tard, il occupe le poste de ministre du Travail au sein du  constitué par Süleyman Demirel.

En 1977, il est candidat à la députation dans la circonscription de Zonguldak puis candidat à la mairie dans la ville d'Istanbul mais échoue aux deux élections.

Dans la foulée du coup d'État du 12 septembre, Şevket Kazan est arrêté le , soit le surlendemain de l'arrestation de Necmettin Erbakan. En attente de son jugement par les nouvelles autorités, il est placé en détention provisoire dans l'enceinte de l'école de langues et de renseignement de l'armée à Mamak, aux côtés d'autres cadres du MSP. Le , le procureur militaire Nurettin Soyer dépose une plainte contre Şevket Kazan et 33 autres cadres du MSP. Le , leur procès s'ouvre devant le tribunal militaire de première instance d'Ankara. Le , Şevket Kazan et neuf autres membres du Conseil d'administration général du MSP sont libérés alors que leur procès se poursuit. Le , Şevket Kazan est condamné à trois ans et demi de prison pour violation de l'article 163, alinéa  du  sur la laïcité en Turquie. Le , la  de la Cour d'appel militaire annule le verdict ayant abouti à sa condamnation au motif que les preuves présentées lors du procès étaient insuffisantes. Le , les peines de prison prononcées à l'encontre des cadres du MSP (Şevket Kazan compris) sont à leur tour annulées la Cour d'appel militaire. Le , un nouveau procès organisé devant le tribunal militaire aboutit à l'acquittement de Şevket Kazan et de ses coaccusés. Le , l'acquittement est formellement confirmé par la  de la Cour d'appel militaire.

En 1991, Şevket Kazan est une nouvelle fois élu député de Kocaeli. Pendant son mandat, il se propose d'assurer la défense des accusés du massacre de Sivas mais cela lui est refusé en raison du fait qu'il siège au parlement (ce qui ne l'empêche pas de leur rendre visite en prison et de se présenter au tribunal en tenue d'avocat).

Le , alors qu'il est gravement malade, le président Recep Tayyip Erdoğan se rend à son chevet.

Mort
Le , Şevket Kazan décède à l'âge de 86 ans dans une clinique d'Ankara où il était traité pour une défaillance multiviscérale. Le lendemain, sa prière funéraire à proximité de la  est dirigée par  et suivie par de nombreuses autres personnalités politiques telles que Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Mustafa Şentop, Abdulhamit Gül, Abdullah Gül, Mehmet Ali Şahin, Cemil Çiçek, Bülent Arınç, Numan Kurtulmuş, Temel Karamollaoğlu, Meral Akşener, , , Ahmet Davutoğlu, , , Hayati Yazıcı, , Vasip Şahin, Bekir Bozdağ, ,  etc. Plus tard dans la journée, son cercueil est porté en terre par Abdulhamit Gül, Temel Karamollaoğlu, , quelques députés et adhérents du Parti de la félicité ainsi que des membres de sa famille et ses proches.

Médias

Cinéma
  (2007), il est interprété par İskender Altın.

Notes et références

Naissance à Adapazarı
Naissance en décembre 1933
Décès à Ankara
Décès en mars 2020
Décès à 86 ans
Étudiant de l'université d'Istanbul
Avocat turc
Personnalité du Parti du salut national
Député à la Grande Assemblée nationale de Turquie
Ministre turc de la Justice
Ministre turc du Travail
Personnalité du Parti du bien-être
Personnalité du Parti de la félicité

Şevket Kazan


Der W. Zuckschwerdt Verlag ist ein deutscher Fachverlag für Medizin und Naturwissenschaften mit Sitz in München. Das Programm des konzernunabhängigen Hauses umfasst Fachliteratur für Ärzte, Pfleger und andere Gesundheitsberufe sowie Ratgeber für Patienten. Veröffentlicht werden Zeitschriften und Bücher in elektronischer und gedruckter Form sowie Apps und Websites.

Verlagsprogramm

Fachliteratur und Ratgeber
Während der Schwerpunkt des Fachprogramms im Bereich Onkologie/Hämatologie liegt, ist das Ratgeberprogramm breiter gestreut. Von Ärzten verfasst, bieten die Patientenratgeber Informationen zu zahlreichen Diagnosen etwa aus der Inneren Medizin, der Neurologie oder der Orthopädie. Dazu zählen z. B. Schilddrüsenerkrankungen, Multiple Sklerose, Nahrungsmittelunverträglichkeiten.

Ein großer Teil der über 1000 veröffentlichten Fachbücher und Ratgeber kann neben der Printausgabe auch als E-Book bezogen werden. Der Verlag kooperiert mit medizinischen Zentren und Fachgesellschaften wie dem Tumorzentrum München, der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Gynäkologische Onkologie e.V. (AGO) einer Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Deutschen Krebsgesellschaft, sowie der Deutschen Krebsgesellschaft selbst.

Zeitschriften
2011 wurde das Organ "Onkologische Pflege" gegründet, das als vierteljährlich erscheinende Zeitschrift das Ziel hat, die Versorgung in der onkologischen Pflege zu fördern. In Zusammenarbeit mit der Konferenz Onkologischer Kranken- und Kinderkrankenpflege, einer Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Deutschen Krebsgesellschaft, werden aktuelle Themen, praxisrelevante Berichte und Fortbildungsarbeiten veröffentlicht.

Geschichte
Der seit 1979 bestehende Verlag wurde von Werner Zuckschwerdt in München gegründet, 1995 der Firmensitz in das benachbarte Germering verlegt. 2019 zog der Verlag zurück nach München. 2017 übernahm der Verleger Jörg Meidenbauer das Unternehmen, das er seitdem auch leitet. Während der Verlag in den ersten Jahren überwiegend medizinisch-wissenschaftliche Literatur verlegte, wurde seit 2005 auch ein Ratgeber-Programm aufgebaut, das sich an Patienten und medizinisch interessierte Leser wendet.

Weblinks
 Verlagsseite
 Hämatologie und Onkologie 2022/23
 Vademecum Hämatologie und Onkologie 2021/22 (onkovademecum.de)
 Blaue Manuale Online – Empfehlungen zur Diagnostik, Therapie und Nachsorge - Blaue Manuale Online (blaue-manuale.de)
 Onkologische Pflege: Onkologische Pflege (onkopflege.de)

Zuckschwerdt
Zuckschwerdt
Zuckschwerdt
Zuckschwerdt

W. Zuckschwerdt Verlag


Astragalus bisulcatus es una  especie de planta herbácea perteneciente a la familia de las leguminosas. Se encuentra en Norteamérica.

Descripción
Astragalus bisulcatus es una planta herbácea perenne con un fondo leñoso y grueso rizoma, que alcanza un tamaño de 30 a 100 cm de altura. Tiene numerosos tallos simples y largas hojas pinnadas. Las flores se producen en racimos alargados estrechos. Las flores son de color púrpura llamativo y la floración se produce a finales de primavera y principios de verano. Las vainas de las semillas característicamente tienen dos ranuras en la superficie superior. Los frutos maduran y liberan sus semillas en julio y agosto. Las semillas son de color marrón oscuro o negro, en forma reniforme, 4 mm de largo y 2 mm de ancho.

Distribución
Es una planta herbácea perennifolia que se encuentra en Estados Unidos y Canadá.

Taxonomía
Astragalus bisulcatus fue descrita por (Hook.) A.Gray y publicado en Reports of explorations and surveys : to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, made under the direction of the Secretary of War 12(2): 42, en el año 1860.
Etimología
Astragalus: nombre genérico derivado del griego clásico άστράγαλος y luego del Latín astrăgălus aplicado ya en la antigüedad, entre otras cosas, a algunas plantas de la familia Fabaceae, debido a la forma cúbica de sus semillas parecidas a un hueso del pie.

bisulcatus: epíteto latín que significa  "con dos surcos".
Variedades aceptadas
Astragalus bisulcatus var. haydenianus (A.Gray) Barneby
Astragalus bisulcatus var. nevadensis (M.E.Jones) Barneby
Sinonimia
Astragalus bisulcatus f. albiflorus B.Boivin
Astragalus bisulcatus f. decalvans Gand.
Astragalus bisulcatus f. hedysaroides Gand.
Astragalus diholcos Tiderstr.
Astragalus haydenianus A.Gray
Astragalus haydenianus f. leiocarpus Gand.
Astragalus haydenianus var. major M.E.Jones
Astragalus haydenianus f. nelsonii Gand.
Astragalus haydenioides Porter
Astragalus scobinatulus E.Sheld.
Diholcos bisulcatus (Hook.) Rydb.
Diholcos micranthus Rydb.
Phaca bisulcata Hook.
Tragacantha bisulcata (Hook.) Kuntze

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 USDA, NRCS. 2006. The PLANTS Database, 6 March 2006 (http://plants.usda.gov).
 Pacif. Railr. Rep. 12:42.  1859

bisulcatus
Flora de América del Norte
Plantas descritas en 1860
Plantas descritas por Hooker
Plantas descritas por Asa Gray

Astragalus bisulcatus


නයිල් ටීවී ඉන්ටර්නැෂනල් යනු ඊජිප්තු රජයට අයත්, ප්‍රවෘත්ති නාලිකාවකි. මෙය ඊජිප්තුවේ සැටලයිට් තාක්ෂණයෙන් මුදා හැරි දෙවන පුවත් නාලිකාව වන අතර, විදේශ භාෂාවලින් වැඩසටහන් සම්පාදනය කල ප්‍රථම අරාබි සැටලයිට් නාලිකාවද වෙයි. නාලිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන මෙහෙයුම් භාෂාවන් වන්නේ ඉංග්‍රීසි, ප්‍රංශ සහ හීබෲ වේ.

නයිල් ටීවී ඉන්ටර්නැෂනල් නාලිකාව සිය විකාශනයන් සැටලයිට් හරහා, අරාබි ලෝකය, මැද පෙරදිග, යුරෝපය සහ එක්සත් ජනපදය වෙත මුදා හරින අතර, කලාපීය වශයෙන් සිදු කරන විකාශන කටයුතු යූඑච්එෆ් (ultra high frequency) තාක්ෂණය හරහා සිදු කරයි.

2009 ජුලි මස සිට, නයිල් ටීවී ඉන්ටර්නැෂනල් නාලිකාව, Egyptian Radio and Television Union (ERTU) හී, පාර්ශවයක් ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරයි.

හීබෲ සේවාව
නයිල් ටීවී ඉන්ටර්නැෂනල් නාලිකාව, එරට වේලාවෙන් සවස 6 සිට 8 දක්වා පැය දෙකක කාලයක් සිය විකාශන කටයුතු හීබෲ භාෂාවෙන් සිදු කරයි.

මේවාද බලන්න
 ජාත්‍යන්තර ප්‍රවෘත්ති නාලිකා

මූලාශ්‍ර

භාහිර සබැදි
 Nile TV International
 ERTU

නයිල් ටීවී


قاعدة الذهب أو عيار الذهب نظام الذهب الدولي، وهو نظام مالي يستعمل فيه الذهب كقاعدة لتحديد قيمة العملة الورقية، وكان بناءً على هذا النظام تُقَيَّمُ عملةُ بلدٍ مَا، ويقوم البلد الذي يتبنى هذا النظام بتحويل أي عملة لديه إلى ذهب بعدما يوافق على اعتماد أسعار ثابتة لبيع وشراء الذهب.

وقد كانت المملكة المتحدة أول بلد يتبنى قاعدة الذهب وذلك في عام 1821م، ثم تبعتها بعد ذلك كثير من الدول الغربية، ومنذ عام 1930م تناقص دور الذهب في أنظمة النقد العالمية، واختفى تأثيره في أواخر سبعينيات القرن العشرين. حيث اِسْتُبْدِلَ بنظامٍ آخرٍ يُسَمَّى التثبيت، تكمن فوائد نظام قاعدة الذهب في أنه يكبح التضخم، ويقلل الإنفاق الحكومي، ثم أنه يثبت أسعار العملات بين الدول التي تتبعه كنظام لتقييم عملاتها.

ولقد اتبعت الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية في عام 1934 نوعا من نظام السبائك الذهبية أوقفت على أثره حرية السَّكِ لمعدن الذهب ومنعت تداول القطع الذهبية، ولكن سُمِحَ بموجب هذا النظام الحصول على سبائك ذهبية لأغراض الصناعة وتسوية المبادلات الخارجية، ولكن لم يُكْتَبُ النَّجاح لهذا النظام مدةً طويلةً بسبب أَنَّ بعض المكتنزين للذهب في الخارج كانوا مستعدين لشراء سبائك الذهب وإيداعها لحسابهم في المصارف بينما أمكن للمتعاملين الكبار أن يجزئوا السبائك الذهبية الكبيرة المسموح بشرائها وأعادوا بيعها إلى صغار المكتنزين مما أدى إلى تسرب الذهب وعدم استعماله بالتالي لأغراض التجارة الخارجية.

ومنذ إلغاء قاعدة الذهب من على عملة الدولار الأمريكي، اختفى (النقد المعدني) وأصبحت المعاملات بما يسمى () المطبوعة مبنية على مفاهيم أخرى.

انظر أيضًا
 تضخم اقتصادي
 نظام السبائك الذهبية

مراجع

بنوك مركزية
تاريخ التجارة الدولية
تاريخ القطاع البنكي
تاريخ النقد
تاريخ الولايات المتحدة الاقتصادي
تاريخ اليابان الاقتصادي
ذهب
سوق صرف العملات
سياسة نقدية
مصطلحات اقتصادية

قاعدة الذهب


Xilithus yeniu est une espèce d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Phrurolithidae.

Distribution
Cette espèce est endémique du Jiangxi en Chine.

Description
La femelle holotype mesure  et le mâle paratype .

Systématique et taxinomie
Cette espèce a été décrite sous le protonyme Acrolithus yeniu Liu et Li en 2022. Acrolithus Liu & Li, 2022, préoccupé par Acrolithus Freytag & Ma, 1988, a été remplacé par Xilithus par Lin et Li en 2023.

Publication originale
 Liu, Li, Zhang, Ying, Meng, Fei, Li, Xiao & Xu, 2022 : « Unknown species from China: the case of phrurolithid spiders (Araneae, Phrurolithidae). » Zoological Research, , , , Suppl. I : 5 p., Suppl. II :  (texte intégral).

Liens externes

Notes et références

Phrurolithidae
Espèce d'araignées (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique du Jiangxi

Xilithus yeniu


Christine Zander est une actrice, scénariste et productrice américaine.

Biographie

Filmographie

Scénariste
 1986-1993 : Saturday Night Live (130 épisodes)
 1994 : Nurses (1 épisode)
 1994 : She TV (1 épisode)
 1995 : Bringing Up Jack
 1996-2001 : Troisième planète après le Soleil (19 épisodes)
 1998 : Saturday Night Live: The Best of Phil Hartman
 2000 : Saturday Night Live: The Best of Chris Farley
 2000 : Shadow Life
 2002 : That '80s Show (1 épisode)
 2002-2006 : Less Than Perfect (6 épisodes)
 2005 : Saturday Night Live: The Best of Jon Lovitz
 2007 : Samantha qui ? (1 épisode)
 2007 : The Singles Table (1 épisode)
 2009 : Ab Fab
 2009-2010 : Nurse Jackie (2 épisodes)
 2011 : Running Wilde (1 épisode)
 2011 : Raising Hope (2 épisodes)
 2013 : The Goodwin Games (1 épisode)
 2013 : Mom (4 épisodes)
 2014 : Jennifer Falls (1 épisode)
 2015 : Kevin from Work (2 épisodes)
 2016-2018 : *Loosely Exactly Nicole (13 épisodes)
 2019-2021 : The Unicorn (3 épisodes)

Actrice
 1987-1994 : Saturday Night Live : plusieurs personnages (25 épisodes)
 1996-2000 : Troisième planète après le Soleil : plusieurs personnages (4 épisodes)
 2009-2010 : Nurse Jackie :  Zander (2 épisodes)

Productrice
 1996-2001 : Troisième planète après le Soleil (135 épisodes)
 2001-2002 : Parents à tout prix (8 épisodes)
 2002 : That '80s Show (13 épisode)
 2002-2006 : Less Than Perfect (65 épisodes)
 2007-2008 : Samantha qui ? (14 épisode)
 2009 : Ab Fab
 2009-2010 : Nurse Jackie (23 épisodes)
 2010-2011 : Running Wilde (12 épisode)
 2011-2012 : Raising Hope (31 épisodes)
 2013 : The Goodwin Games (7 épisode)
 2013 : Mom (5 épisodes)
 2014 : Jennifer Falls (9 épisode)
 2015 : Kevin from Work (7 épisodes)
 2016-2018 : *Loosely Exactly Nicole (16 épisodes)
 2019 : Mrs. Fletcher (7 épisodes)
 2019-2021 : The Unicorn (30 épisodes)

Liens externes

Scénariste américaine de télévision
Actrice américaine de télévision
Productrice américaine de télévision
Actrice américaine du XXIe siècle

Christine Zander


Léglise Saint-Samson est une église catholique située dans la commune de Lintot, en France.

Localisation
L'église est située à Lintot, commune du département français de la Seine-Maritime.

Historique
L'église est datée du ,  et .

Le curé fait restaurer l'édifice après la guerre de Cent Ans et des prédations commises par les troupes anglaises.

L'édifice est transformé aux  et .

L'édifice est inscrit au titre des monuments historiques depuis le  : le clocher et le chœur font l'objet de l'inscription.

Description

L'église contient une cloche datée de 1860.

Références

 Le patrimoine des communes de Seine-Maritime

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Liste des monuments historiques de la Seine-Maritime
 Liste des monuments historiques de l'arrondissement du Havre

Liens externes

Bibliographie
 .

Lintot
Lintot
Monument historique inscrit en 1926

Église Saint-Samson de Lintot


Durham Castle er en normannisk borg i byen Durham i England. Siden 1840 har hele borgen været brugt til Durham Universitys college. Den er åben for offentligheden på guidede ture, da den er hjem for over 100 studerende. Borgen står på toppen af en bakke ved floden Wear på Durhams halvø overfor Durham Cathedral. Den og borgen er på UNESCOs Verdensarvsliste

Se også
 Liste over borge og slotte i England

Eksterne henvisninger
 UNESCO's side

Verdensarvsområder i Storbritannien
Slotte i County Durham
Castle

Durham Castle


is a town located in Nagaoka District, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 3277 in 1968 households and a population density of 10 persons per km².The total area of the town is .

Geography
Ōtoyo is located in northeastern Kōchi Prefecture on the island of Shikoku. The Yoshino River and the Ananai River flow through the town, which extends 32 kilometers from east to west and 28 kilometers from north to south. The elevation is between 200 and 1,400 meters.

Neighbouring municipalities
Kōchi Prefecture
 Kami
 Motoyama
Tokushima Prefecture
 Miyoshi
Ehime Prefecture
 Shikokuchūō

Climate
Ōtoyo has a Humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light snowfall.  There are significant differences in the weather depending on the topography. but since Ōtoyo is a heavy rainfall area in general, the annual rainfall reaches 3,000mm in some places, causing landslides and other disasters. The annual average temperature is 14°C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Ōtoyo has declined precipitously since the 1960s.  It is the only municipality in Shikoku where over 50% of the population is aged over 65, therefore qualifying as a genkai shūraku.

History
As with all of Kōchi Prefecture, the area of Ōtoyo was part of ancient Tosa Province.  During the Edo period, the area was part of the holdings of Tosa Domain ruled by the Yamauchi clan from their seat at Kōchi Castle. The area was organized into villages within  Nagaoka District with the creation of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889, including Higashitoyonaga, Nishitoyonaga, Ōsugi, and Tentsubo. These four villages merged on March 31, 1955  to form the village of Ōtoyo. The name Ōtoyo came from taking the  in  and the  in . Following this, a section of Ōtoyo was absorbed into the town of Tosayamada (present day Kami, Kōchi). On the April 1, 1972, the village became a town.

Government
Ōtoyo has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of ten members. Ōtoyo, together with the other municipalities of Nagaoka and Tosa Districts,  contributes one member to the Kōchi Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Kōchi 1st district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The economy of Ōtoyo is centered on forestry.

Education
Ōtoyo has one public combined elementary/middle school operated by the town government. The town does not have a high school.

Transportation

Railway
 JR Shikoku - Dosan Line
  -  -  - -  -  -

Highways
  Kōchi Expressway

Local attractions

Historic Sites
Buraku-ji, Buddhist temple whose Yakushi-do is a National Important Cultural Property
 former Tajikawa Domain Bansho Shoin, National Important Cultural Property

Events
Osugi Summer Festival
Otaguchi Summer Festival
Wild Game Festival
Fukujuso Flower Festival

Tourist sites
 , Special Natural Monument

 Whitewater Rafting - Due to its prime location on the Yoshino River and its proximity to Oboke Gorge Otoyo is the location of a large number of rafting companies.

Local products
Goishicha (fermented tea)
Yuzu lemon juice
 Wild Game

Notable people from Ōtoyo
Tomoyuki Yamashita, general in the Imperial Japanese Army
Masaya Tokuhiro,manga artist

References

External links

Towns in Kōchi Prefecture
Ōtoyo, Kōchi

Ōtoyo, Kōchi


A gadget is a mechanical device or any ingenious article. Gadgets are sometimes referred to as gizmos.

History
The etymology of the word is disputed. The word first appears as reference to an 18th-century tool in glassmaking that was developed as a spring pontil. As stated in the glass dictionary published by the Corning Museum of Glass, a gadget is a "metal rod with a spring clip that grips the foot of a vessel and so avoids the use of a pontil". Gadgets were first used in the late 18th century. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, there is anecdotal evidence for the use of "gadget" as a placeholder name for a technical item whose precise name one can't remember since the 1850s; with Robert Brown's 1886 book Spunyarn and Spindrift, A sailor boy's log of a voyage out and home in a China tea-clipper containing the earliest known usage in print.

A widely circulated story holds that the word gadget was "invented" when Gaget, Gauthier & Cie, the company behind the repoussé construction of the Statue of Liberty (1886), made a small-scale version of the monument and named it after their firm; however this contradicts the evidence that the word was already used before in nautical circles, and the fact that it did not become popular, at least in the USA, until after World War I. Other sources cite a derivation from the French gâchette which has been applied to various pieces of a firing mechanism, or the French gagée, a small tool or accessory.

The October 1918 issue of Notes and Queries contains a multi-article entry on the word "gadget" (12 S. iv. 187). H. Tapley-Soper of The City Library, Exeter, writes:

A discussion arose at the Plymouth meeting of the Devonshire Association in 1916 when it was suggested that this word should be recorded in the list of local verbal provincialisms. Several members dissented from its inclusion on the ground that it is in common use throughout the country; and a naval officer who was present said that it has for years been a popular expression in the service for a tool or implement, the exact name of which is unknown or has for the moment been forgotten. I have also frequently heard it applied by motor-cycle friends to the collection of fitments to be seen on motor cycles. 'His handle-bars are smothered in gadgets' refers to such things as speedometers, mirrors, levers, badges, mascots, &c., attached to the steering handles. The 'jigger' or short-rest used in billiards is also often called a 'gadget'; and the name has been applied by local platelayers to the 'gauge' used to test the accuracy of their work. In fact, to borrow from present-day Army slang, 'gadget' is applied to 'any old thing.'

The usage of the term in military parlance extended beyond the navy. In the book Above the Battle by Vivian Drake, published in 1918 by D. Appleton & Co., of New York and London, being the memoirs of a pilot in the British Royal Flying Corps, there is the following passage: "Our ennui was occasionally relieved by new gadgets—'gadget' is the Flying Corps slang for invention! Some gadgets were good, some comic and some extraordinary."

By the second half of the twentieth century, the term "gadget" had taken on the connotations of compactness and mobility. In the 1965 essay "The Great Gizmo" (a term used interchangeably with "gadget" throughout the essay), the architectural and design critic Reyner Banham defines the item as:

A characteristic class of US products––perhaps the most characteristic––is a small self-contained unit of high performance in relation to its size and cost, whose function is to transform some undifferentiated set of circumstances to a condition nearer human desires.  The minimum of skills is required in its installation and use, and it is independent of any physical or social infrastructure beyond that by which it may be ordered from catalogue and delivered to its prospective user. A class of servants to human needs, these clip-on devices, these portable gadgets, have coloured American thought and action far more deeply––I suspect––than is commonly understood.

Other uses

The first atomic bomb was nicknamed the gadget by the Scientists of the Manhattan Project, tested at the Trinity site.

Application gadgets

In the software industry, Gadget refers to computer programs that provide services without needing an independent application to be launched for each one, but instead run in an environment that manages multiple gadgets. There are several implementations based on existing software development techniques, like JavaScript, form input, and various image formats. Proprietary formats include Google Desktop, Google Gadgets, Microsoft Gadgets, the AmigaOS Workbench and dashboard software Apple Widgets.

The earliest documented use of the term gadget in context of software engineering was in 1985 by the developers of AmigaOS, the operating system of the Amiga computers (intuition.library and also later gadtools.library). It denotes what other technological traditions call GUI widget—a control element in graphical user interface. This naming convention remains in continuing use (as of 2008) since then.

The X11 windows system 'Intrinsics' also defines gadgets and their relationship to widgets (buttons, labels, etc.). The gadget was a windowless widget which was supposed to improve the performance of the application by reducing the memory load on the X server. A gadget would use the Window id of its parent widget and had no children of its own.

It is not known whether other software companies are explicitly drawing on that inspiration when featuring the word in names of their technologies or simply referring to the generic meaning. The word widget is older in this context. In the movie "Back to School" from 1986 by Alan Metter, there is a scene where an economics professor Dr. Barbay, wants to start for educational purposes a fictional company that produces "widgets: It's a fictional product."

See also

 Domestic technology
 Electronics
 List of gadget magazines
 Gizmo (disambiguation)
 Gadget Flow
 Inspector Gadget
 Merchandising
 Multi-tool
 Widget

References

Tools
Placeholder names
Software

Gadget


Hernani do Val Penteado (Taquaritinga, 10 de julho de 1901 – Mirandópolis, 29 de março de 1980) foi um engenheiro-arquiteto brasileiro. Dentre suas obras que foram tombadas como patrimônio cultural pelo CONDEPHAAT está o Aeroporto de Congonhas.

Infância
Nasceu em 10 de julho de 1901, na cidade de Taquaritinga, no interior do estado de São Paulo. Filho de Maria Da Glória do Val e José Augusto Penteado.

Carreira
Hernani do Val Penteado formou-se engenheiro-arquiteto em 1933, pela Escola Nacional de Belas Artes da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.

Quatro anos após sua formatura (em 1937), começou a trabalhar na então Diretoria de Obras Públicas, da Secretaria de Viação e Obras Públicas do Estado de São Paulo (SVOP), como responsável pelo planejamento e a gestão de obras públicas, passou a engenheiro-chefe no escritório técnico (1945 a 1947) e diretor da Divisão Técnica (1963-1968). Foi exonerado da SVOP no ano de 1968.

Sua atuação na SVOP fez com que assinasse diversos projetos institucionais de relevância estaduais (escolas, hospitais, fóruns, central de abastecimento, campus universitário e aeroporto), já que esse foi um período da história do governo paulista em que buscou-se a consolidação e a expansão da infraestrutura pública e administrativa.

Vida pessoal
Hernani do Val Penteado teve dois filhos, Luís Augusto e Noeli (bibliotecária).

Faleceu em 29 de março de 1980, aos 78 anos, na cidade de Mirandópolis, interior do estado de São Paulo.

Em 1989, a coleção particular de Hernani, composta por 95 projetos desenvolvidos entre 1922 e 1989, foi doada pela família para a Biblioteca da Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade de São Paulo (FAU/USP). A coleção é composta por 300 projetos de mobiliário e 95 projetos. São "Desenhos de arquitetura do período de 1922 a 1989, em papel vegetal, manteiga, cartão, papel-tecido e cópia heliográfica. Projetos de arquitetura para edifícios residenciais, comerciais, públicos, transporte, para saúde, educação e lazer".

Reconhecimentos
Alguns dos projetos de Hernani do Val Penteado foram tombados como patrimônio cultural:

Aeroporto de Congonhas
O tombamento refere-se aos elementos construtivos e decorativos que restaram do projeto original do Aeroporto de Congonhas, da década de 1950 e é dividido pelo Decreto de tombamento em três grandes conjuntos: 1. Pavilhão das Autoridades; (E002 -Planta Cadastral / Infraero/2001); 2. Terminal de Embarque e Desembarque de Passageiros (antiga Estação de Passageiros); (E001 -Planta Cadastral / Infraero/2001); 3. Estrutura de madeira em arco triarticulado do Hangar. (H012 -Planta Cadastral /Infraero/2001). O nome de Hernani aparece como parte da justificativa para o tombamento.

Fórum de Sorocaba
"Que o antigo Fórum de Sorocaba é obra direta da administração pública cujo projeto é de autoria do arquiteto Hernani do Val Penteado, profissional funcionário público responsável por notáveis edificações do patrimônio cultural público paulista".

Obras

A coleção particular de projetos que hoje se encontra na Biblioteca da FAU/USP é composta por:

Aeroporto de Congonhas (1949),
Apartamento n° 13 na Rua Alabastro, 428, Aclimação (sem data),
Usina Hidroelétrica de Bariri (1958),
Casa do Trabalhador para Secretaria da Viação (1944),
Central de Abastecimento do Estado de São Paulo: CEASA no Jaguaré (1961),
Chalé com quatro cômodos (sem data),
Churrasqueira à gaúcha para a residência do Engenheiro Eduardo Celestino Rodrigues (sem data),
Cine Teatro São Paulo (sem data),
Clube recreativo (sem data),
Colégio de Freiras na Ponta da Praia em Santos para a Madre Maria Diomira do Santíssimo Sacramento (1957),
Colônia de Férias Santos Dumont dos Aeroviários do Estado de São Paulo (1956-1957),
Conjunto residenciais para fim de semana em praia de banho (1958),
Departamento e Escola de Educação Física. Secretaria de Viação e de Obras Públicas à Rua Abílio Soares e Rua Manoel da Nobrega (1943),
Desenhos para Escola Nacional de Belas Artes (sem data),
Edifício Álvares de Azevedo (1940),
Edifício Bratar (1939),
Edifício para o Comendador Martinelli (1938),
Escola Preparatória de Cadetes em Campinas (1969-1970),
Escola Profissional de São Manoel (1943),
Escola Profissional Rural de Ribeirão Preto (1942),
Estação da Estrada de Ferro Santos - Jundiaí (1956-1958),
Estante tipo rack (sem data),
Estudo para uma mesa de desenho (sem data),
Fazenda para o Dr. João de Morais Barros (sem data),
Fazenda Santa Helena para o Dr. Augusto T. de Azevedo Antunes (1960),
Grupo Escolar Godofredo Furtado à Rua João Moura, 727 (sem data),
Grupo Escolar Padre Manoel da Nóbrega, Freguesia do Ó (1936),
Grupo Escolar Prudente de Morais à Avenida Tiradentes, 273 (1947),
Hospital das Clínicas em São José do Rio Preto (1954),
Hospital de Guarantã (1954),
Hospital de Isolamento Emílio Ribas (sem data),
Hospital Infantil de Londrina (1957),
Hospital Oswaldo Cruz na Rua Treze de Maio (1948-1949),
Hospital para a Usina Santa Bárbara em Piracicaba (sem data),
Hospital para Associação dos Funcionários Públicos do Estado de São Paulo na Rua José Getúlio (1949),
Hospital Santa Casa em Ribeirão Preto (1954),
Hospital São Luiz de Presidente Prudente (1951),
Hospital São Luís (1951-1953),
Igreja Nossa Senhora do Carmo à Rua Martiniano de Carvalho (sem data),
Jóquei Clube de Guarulhos (sem data),
Lareira sem identificação (sem data),
Loteamento e arruamento da Fazenda Chapadão em Campinas (1946),
Mosteiro, Capela e Colégio Nossa Senhora de Fátima em Itararé (1961-1967),
Móveis para sala e banheiro (1951),
Museu Agrícola e Industrial e Palácio de Produção (1970),
Paço Municipal de São Paulo (sem data),
Palácio da Justiça - Fórum de Santos (1961),
Palácio de Segurança Pública do Estado de São Paulo - Edifício Central da Polícia na Avenida Ipiranga (1944),
Plano Geral de Urbanização da Praia do Perequê (1959),
Ponte de Itapecerica - Canal de Pinheiros (sem data),
Ponte desconhecida (1939),
Reforma da residência na Rua João Ramalho, 172 esquina com a Rua Cardoso de Almeida (sem data),
Rádio Cruzeiro do Sul (sem data),
Residência de Campo em Santo Amaro (sem data),
Residência de fim de Semana para o Sr. Hernani do Val Penteado na Praia Grande (1950),
Residência geminada (sem data),
Residência na Rua Bucareste (1940-1941),
Residência na Rua Darzan (sem data),
Residência na Rua Macapá (sem data),
Residência não Identificada em São Paulo (1941),
Residência para a Sra. Helena Chebe na Avenida Miguel Stefano, Praia da Enseada em Guarujá (1972),
Residência para o Dr. Alkindar Junqueira (1959),
Residência para o Dr. Heitor M. Bittencourt na Fazenda Nossa Senhora do Amparo em Ubatuba (1942),
Residência para o Dr. Nestor Goulart Reis na Rua M. Elias Lobo, 11 (1935-1936),
Residência para o Engenheiro Adolpho V. Arruda (1957),
Residência para o Sr. Antonio Cintra Gordinho na Avenida Higienópolis, 870 (1949),
Residência para o Sr. Arthur Voigtlahder na Alameda Lorena (sem data),
Residência para o Sr. Hernani do Val Penteado à Rua Dr. Ferreira da Rosa, 111 (1962),
Residência para o Sr. Luis do Val Penteado em Cabrália (sem data),
Residência para o Sr. Watalino de Lucca (sem data),
S. A. Lar Brasileiro na Rua Groelândia (sem data),
Sanatório Caetano Munhoz da Rocha em Curitiba (sem data),
Santa Casa de Descalvado (1952),
Santa Casa de Jaú (sem data),
Santa Casa de Paranavaí (sem data),
Santa Casa de Pirajuí (sem data),
Sede da Prefeitura Municipal de Mogi-Mirim (1957),
Sobrado sem identificação (1958).

Arquitetos do Brasil
Arquitetos do estado de São Paulo
Arquitetos do Brasil do século XX

Hernani do Val Penteado


An Okie is a person identified with the state of Oklahoma, or their descendants. This connection may be residential, historical or cultural. For most Okies, several (or all) of these connections exist and are collectively the source of their being Oklahoman. While not an official demographic used or recognized by the United States Census Bureau, Okies, due to various factors, have developed their own distinct culture within larger social groupings both akin to and separate from Midwestern and Southern influences. Included are their own dialect, music, and Indigenous-derived folklore.

In California, the term came to refer to very poor migrants from Oklahoma coming to look for employment. The Dust Bowl and the "Okie" migration of the 1930s brought in over a million migrants, many headed to the farm labor jobs in the Central Valley. A study in the 1990s indicated that about 3.75 million Californians were descendants of this population. By 1950, four million individuals, or one quarter of all persons born in Oklahoma, Texas, Arkansas, or Missouri, lived outside the region, primarily in the West.

Prominent Okies included singer/songwriter Woody Guthrie and country musician Merle Haggard.  John Steinbeck wrote about Okies moving west in his Pulitzer Prize-winning 1939 novel The Grapes of Wrath, which was filmed in 1940 by John Ford.

Great Depression usage

In the mid-1930s, during the Dust Bowl era, large numbers of farmers fleeing ecological disaster and the Great Depression migrated from the Great Plains and Southwest regions to California mostly along historic U.S. Route 66. Californians began calling all migrants by that name, even though many newcomers were not actually Oklahomans.  The migrants included people from Oklahoma, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, Texas, Colorado and New Mexico, but were all referred to as  "Okies" and "Arkies". More of the migrants were from Oklahoma than any other state, and a total of 15% of the Oklahoma population left for California.

Ben Reddick, a free-lance journalist and later publisher of the Paso Robles Daily Press, is credited with first using the term Oakie, in the mid-1930s, to identify migrant farm workers. He noticed the "OK" abbreviation (for Oklahoma) on many of the migrants' license plates and referred to them in his article as "Oakies".  The first known usage was an unpublished private postcard from 1907.<ref>Stewart, Roy P. "Postal Card Proves Sooners Were 'Okies' Way Back In 1907," Thomes Mrs. Agnes Hooks of Thomas with a postal card mailed at Newcastle, Ind. in 1907, address to a Miss Agness Kirkbridge, with the salutation: "Hello Okie – Will see you next Monday night." Signed: Myrtle M. Pence. Mrs. Hooks says Agness Kirkbridge was an aunt of hers. The Kirkbridge family came to Oklahoma Territory in 1904 and settled south of Custer City.</ref>

Living conditions in California during the Great Depression

Once the Okie families migrated from Oklahoma to California, they often were forced to work on large farms to support their families. Because of the minimal pay, these families were often forced to live on the outskirts of these farms in shanty houses they built themselves. These homes were normally set up in groups called Squatter Camps or Shanty Towns, which were often located near the irrigation ditches which ran along the outskirts of these farms. Indoor plumbing was inaccessible to these migrant workers, and so they were forced to resort to using outhouses. Unfortunately, because of the minimal space allotted to the migrant workers, their outhouses were normally located near the irrigation ditches, and some waste would inevitably runoff into the water. These irrigation ditches provided the Okie families with a water supply. Due to this lack of sanitation in these camps, disease ran rampant among the migrant workers and their families. Also contributing to disease was the fact that these Shanty Town homes that the Okie migrant workers lived in had no running water, and because of their minimal pay medical attention was out of the question. However, what native Californians failed to realize at the time was that these Okie migrant farm workers did not always live in the conditions that the Dust Bowl left them in. In fact, often these families had once owned their own farms and had been able to support themselves. This had often placed these migrant workers in a relatively comfortable situation for these families prior to the devastating drought (the Dust Bowl) in Oklahoma.

Post-Great Depression usage
Historian James Gregory has explored the long-term impact of the Okies on California society.  He notes that in The Grapes of Wrath, novelist  John Steinbeck saw the migrants becoming active union and New Deal agitators demanding higher wages and better housing conditions.  Steinbeck did not foresee that most Okies would move into well-paid jobs in war industries in the 1940s. When a man named Oliver Carson visited Kern County in the 1930s, he became fascinated with the Okie culture and lifestyle. He travelled back in 1952 to see what the Okies had made of themselves and saw that the difference was astounding. They were not living in roadside encampments anymore or driving run-down cars- they had better living situations and better views on life.

When World War II began, large amounts of money went flooding to California to aid the USA in the war. This was highly helpful for the Okies, as jobs of higher quality opened up in larger numbers and they were able to make their lives better over time. Other Okies saw this and decided they wanted to go to California to make even more money. An oil worker wanted to make enough money to go back to Oklahoma and buy a farm, another family wanted to rent out their farm while they were away to potentially double their earnings. These families that came during the 1940s lived in California's biggest cities, Los Angeles, San Diego and various cities in the San Francisco Bay Area. Other families who moved to California before had usually moved to the valleys and rural areas.

While many families had plans to leave California after making a good amount of money, they often didn't; the children and grandchildren of Okies also seldom returned to Oklahoma or farming, and are now concentrated in California's cities and suburbs.  Long-term cultural impacts include a commitment to evangelical Protestantism, a love of country music, political conservatism, and strong support for traditional moral and cultural values.James N. Gregory, American Exodus: The Dust Bowl Migration and Okie Culture in California (1998)

It has been said that some Oklahomans who stayed and lived through the Dust Bowl see the Okie migrants as quitters who fled Oklahoma. Other Oklahoma natives are as proud of their Okies who made good in California as are the Okies themselves – and of the Arkies, West Texans, and others who were cast in with them.

In the later half of the 20th century, there became increasing evidence that any pejorative meaning of the term Okie was changing; former and present Okies began to apply the label as a badge of honor and symbol of the Okie survivor attitude.

In one example, Republican Oklahoma Governor Dewey F. Bartlett launched a campaign in the 1960s to popularize Okie as a positive term for Oklahomans; however, the Democrats used the campaign, and the fact that Bartlett was born in Ohio, as a political tool against him, and further degraded the term for some time.

In 1968, Governor Bartlett made Reddick, the originator of the California usage, an honorary Okie. And in the early 1970s, Merle Haggard's country song Okie from Muskogee was a hit on national airwaves. During the 1970s, the term Okie became familiar to most Californians as a prototype of a subcultural group, just like the resurgence of Southern American regionalism and renewal of ethnic American (Irish American, Italian American or Polish American) identities in the Northeast and Midwest states at the time.

In the early 1990s the California Department of Transportation refused to allow the name of the "Okie Girl" restaurant to appear on a roadside sign on Interstate 5, arguing that the restaurant's name insulted Oklahomans; only after protracted controversy and a letter from the Governor of Oklahoma did the agency relent.  Since then, the children and grandchildren of Okies in California changed the meaning of Okie to a self-title of pride in obtaining success, as well to challenge what they felt was snobbery or "the last group to make fun of" in the state's urban area cultures.

Muskogee Mayor John Tyler Hammons used the phrase "I'm proud to be an Okie from Muskogee" as the successful theme of his 2008 mayoral campaign. He was 19 years old at the time. 2020 U.S. Presidential candidate and U.S. Senator from Massachusetts Elizabeth Warren, who was born in Oklahoma, frequently referenced her "Okie" roots during campaign events.

In popular culture

Novels
John Steinbeck's 1939 novel The Grapes of Wrath won the Pulitzer Prize for its characterization of the Okie lifestyle and journey to California.
In James Blish's Cities in Flight science fiction series, the term "Okie" was applied in a similar context to entire cities that, thanks to an anti-gravity device, take flight to the stars in order to escape an economic collapse on Earth. Working as a migrant labor force, these cities act as cultural pollinators, spreading technology and knowledge throughout the expanding human civilization. The later novels focus on the travels of New York City as one such Okie city, though there are many others.
In the novel On the Road  by Jack Kerouac – written between 1948 and 1949, although not published until 1957 – the term appears to refer to some of the people the main character, a New York author, meets in one of his trips around the United States.
In the novel Paint it Black by Janet Fitch, the protagonist (an LA punk-rocker in the early 1980s) thinks of herself and her family as "Okies."
Frank Bergon's 2011 novel Jesse's Ghost draws attention to today's sons and daughters of the California Okies portrayed in Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath.
Kristin Hannah's 2021 novel The Four Winds portrays the life, struggle and survival of a single mother and her two children during the days following the Great depression (1929) and Dust Bowls. She and people like her are often termed as Okies by the Californian natives.
Sanora Babb's 2004 novel Whose Names Are Unknown is based on the author's first-hand experience.  The novel was originally scheduled to be published in 1939, but publication was shelved when Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath came out.  The title is taken from a legal eviction notice.

MusicApril The 14th Part I & Ruination day Part II "And the Okies fled. And the great emancipater" (Time-The Revelator – Gillian Welch. Welch/Rawlings (2001).California Okie – Buck Owens (1976).Dear Okie – Doye O'Dell/Rudy Sooter (1948) – "Dear Okie, if you see Arkie, tell 'im Tex's got a job for him out in Californy."Israelites & Okies -- The Lost Dogs (from the 2010 album Old Angel).Lonesome Okie Goin' Home – Merl Lindsay and the Oklahoma Night Riders (1947).Oakie Boogie – Jack Guthrie and His Oklahomans (1947) – considered by many to be the first Rock & Roll song.Okanagan Okie – Stompin' Tom Connors.Okie – J. J. Cale (1974).
Okie From Muskogee – Merle Haggard (from the 1969 album of the same name).
"Okie" – a parody of the above by Patrick Sky from his 1973 album Songs that made America Famous.Okie Skies – The Bays Brothers (2004).Okies in California – Doye O'Dell (1949).Oklahoma Swing-by Reba McEntire and Vince Gill (1990).Ramblin' Okie – Terry Fell.Southeast Texas Girl – Jeremy Castle (2021) – "I'm as Okie as a rose rock, native as the red fern grows."Poetry
Cahill, Charlie. Point Blank Poetry: Okie Country Cowboy Poems. Midwest City, OK: CF Cahill, 1991. LoC Control Number: 92179243
Harrison, Pamela. Okie Chronicles. Cincinnati: David Robert Books, 2005.
McDaniel, Wilma Elizabeth. California Okie Poet Laureate. All works.
Rose, Dorothy. Dustbowl Okie Exodus. Seven Buffaloes Press, 1987.

Other fiction
Charles, Henry P. That dumbest Okie, and other short stories: Oklahoma! "The land of honest men and slender women." Wetzel, c1952.
Cuelho, Artie, Jr. At the Rainbow's End: A Dustbowl Collection of Prose and Poetry of the Okie Migration to the San Joaquin Valley. Big Timber, Montana: Seven Buffaloes Press, 1982.
Haslam, Gerald. Okies: Selected Stories. Santa Barbara, California: Peregrine Smith, Inc, 1975.
Hudson, Lois Phillips. Reapers of the Dust. Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1984.

See also
Black Sunday
 Dust Bowl
 Grapes of Wrath Migrant worker
Hillbilly Highway
Redneck
Will Rogers
Yokel

References
Notes

Further reading
Gregory, James N. American Exodus: The Dust Bowl Migration and Okie Culture in California. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Haslam, Gerald W. The Other California: The Great Central Valley in Life and Letters. University of Nevada Press, 1993.
Igler, David; Clark Davis. The Human Tradition in California. Rowman & Littlefield, 2002.
La Chapelle, Peter. Proud to Be an Okie: Cultural Politics, Country Music, and Migration to Southern California. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007.
Lange, Dorothea; Paul S. Taylor. An American Exodus: A Record of Human Erosion. 1939.
Morgan, Dan. Rising in the West: The True Story of an "Okie" Family from the Great Depression through the Regan Years. New York: Knopf, 1992.
Ortiz, Roxanne Dunbar. Red Dirt: Growing up Okie. New York: Verso, 1997.
Ortiz, Roxanne Dunbar. "One or Two Things I Know about Us: Rethinking the Image and Role of the 'Okies'," Canadian Papers in Rural History 1996 10: 15–43
Shindo, Charles J. Dust Bowl Migrants in the American Imagination. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1997.
Sonneman, Toby F. Fruit Fields in My Blood: Okie Migrants in the West. Moscow, Idaho: University of Idaho Press, 1992.
Weisiger, Marsha L. Land of Plenty: Oklahomans in the Cotton Fields of Arizona, 1933–1942. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1995.
Windschuttle, Keith. "Steinbeck's Myth of the Okies". The New Criterion'', Vol. 20, No. 10, June 2002

External links
 What Happened to Okies After "The Grapes of Wrath"
 The Okie Legacy – ezine (archived 10 February 2010)
 An "Okie Knowledge" Quiz from the official web page of Oklahoma state government
 Embrace your "inner Okie"
 Unidentified Depression Family

California culture
Demographic history of the United States
Oklahoma culture
Pejorative demonyms
American regional nicknames
Dust Bowl
Stereotypes of rural people
Class-related slurs
Central Valley (California)
Human migration
1920s neologisms
Internal migrations in the United States

Okie


Emin Bülent Serdaroğlu (d. 1886, Halep - ö. 28 Kasım 1942, İstanbul), Galatasaray Lisesi mezunu eski Türk futbolcu ve Fecr-i Ati şairidir.

Galatasaray'ın ilk Türk kaptanıdır.  Fecr-i Ati Topluluğu kurucuları arasında yer alır. Victor Hugo'nun "Mavi Gözlü Yunan" şiirine karşılık yazdığı "Kin"(1910) şiiri meşhurdur.

Hayatı
1886 yılında Halep'de dünyaya geldi. Dedesi Serdar-ı Ekrem Ömer Paşa, babası Ömer Muzaffer Bey'dir. Annesi ise, Müşir Cemil Paşa'nın kızıdır. Çocuk yaşta annesini kaybetti.

Mekteb-i Sultani'de okudu ve futbola orada başladı. 1905 yılında liseden mezun oldu. Arkadaşı Ali Sami Yen ile birlikte Galatasaray Spor Kulübü'nü kurdu. Kulübün 2 numaralı kurucu üyesi; Galatasaray Futbol Takımının ilk Türk kaptanıdır. Fenerbahçe'yle 17 Ocak 1909'da yapılan ilk maçta iki golü de o attı.

Hudut Sıhhiyesi, İnhisarlar İdaresi, İstanbul Elektrik Tramvay ve Tünel İşletmelerinde çalıştı. Arazi ve İstimlâk Servis Şefliği yaptı.

Tevfik Fikret'in izinden giderek şiirler yazan Bülend Emin,  Fecr-i Ati Topluluğu kurucularından biriydi. Kin ve Hisarlara Karşı adlı millî temalı şiirleri önemlidir. Fecr-i Ati döneminde destansı yönü ağır basan epik bir şairdir. Bireysel ve toplumsal konulu şiirler yazmıştır.

Victor Hugo'nun Mavi Gözlü Yunan Çocuğu adlı eserine karşı yazdığı Kin adlı şiiri ile o dönemde çok geniş yankılar uyandırmıştır. Kin ve Hisarlara Karşı adlı eserleriyle Millî Edebiyat çığırının habercisi kabul edilir. Ahmet Haşim, onun şiiri için "Türk şiirinin üstünden bir kuyruklu yıldız gibi geçti. Ondan ağzımızda tamamlanmamış bir lezzet kaldı" demiştir.

Balkan Savaşı'na kendi atıyla katılan, I. Dünya Savaşı'nda Çanakkale cephesinde çarpışan Emin Bülent Serdaroğlu cumhuriyet devrinde büyükbabası Ömer Paşa'nın unvanından hareketle "Serdaroğlu" soyadını aldı.

Liman İdaresi Umumî Kâtibi (Genel Sekreter) iken 1942'nin aralık ayında karaciğer kanserinden öldü.  Ölümünden önceki son sözleri, "Lüleburgaz, Lüleburgaz. Harp ediyoruz" olmuştu. Çamlıca Selamiefendi Mezarlığına gömüldü. Serdaroğlu evliydi ve Sara adında bir kızı vardı.

Sağlığında şiirlerini kitaplaştıramayan Emin Bülend'in manzumeleri, Salih Zeki Aktay tarafından Emin Bülend'in Şiirleri (İstanbul, 1945) adıyla bir kitapta toplanmıştır. R.Necdet Evrimer'in hazırladığı Fec-i Âti Şairleri: Emin Bülend, 1958 yılında yayımlandı.

Kaynakça
 Tekil, Süleyman. Galatasaray Tarihi, 1905-1985, sf (15). İstanbul: Galatasaray Spor Kulübü, 1986.
 Tuncay, Bülent. Galatasaray Tarihi: Avrupa zaferleriyle, unutulmaz yıldızlarıyla, sf (17). Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 1696. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık, 2003. ISBN 978-975-08-0427-4
 Tekil, Süleyman. Galatasaray dünden/bugüne, 1905-1982: tarihi, olaylar, anılar, sf(39-40). İstanbul: Arset Matbaacılık Koll. Şti, 1983.

1886 doğumlular
1942 yılında ölenler
Türk erkek futbolcular
Galatasaray SK futbolcuları
Galatasaray SK kurucuları
Galatasaray SK teknik direktörleri
Fecr-i Ati edebiyatı
Galatasaray Lisesinde öğrenim görenler
I. Dünya Savaşı'nda Osmanlı askerleri
Defans futbolcuları
20. yüzyıl Türk şairleri

Emin Bülent Serdaroğlu


SL-95 (forkortelse for Sporvogn Ledd bestilt i 1995) er en type sporvogn, der benyttes af Oslos sporveje. Sporvognene er bygget af Ansaldo/Firema (nu AnsaldoBreda) i Italien (deraf tilnavnet "Italiatrikkene") og blev leveret i 32 eksemplarer i perioden 2000-2003. Pr. 2010 havde de en samlet værdi på omkring en halv milliard norske kroner. Sporvognene kendes også under tilnavnet "Gerhardsen-trikker" (efter byrådslederen da blev bestilt i 1995) og de mindre smigrende "tordentrikker" og "stridsvogner".

Egenskaber og drift
SL-95 er ca. 50 % længere og dobbelt så tung som sin forgænger SL-79. I modsætning til denne har den lavt gulv ved alle døre undtagen fordørene og har tre led mod SL-79's to. Sporvognene har vognstyrerplads i begge ender og døre på begge sider, hvilket betyder at de kan køre i begge retninger og ikke er afhængig af vendesløjfer. En vogn har 88 siddepladser i vis-a-vis-opstilling og 124 ståpladser. Vognene har en højeste hastighed på 80 km/t.

SL-95 udgør 32 af Oslos 72 sporvogne, men de har over halvdelen af passagerkapaciteten, da de er større end de ældre SL-79, der udgør resten af vognparken. SL-95 bruges på hele sporvejsnettet undtagen til Majorstuen, da enkelte kurver i Homansbyn er for skarpe, og der visse stedet er for lidt plads mellem sporene. Det er planlagt at udbedre sporene.

Siden januar 2014 krydser sporvognene kommunegrænsen til Bærum og kører som duosporvogn ad T-banen Kolsåsbanen til Bekkestua.

Problemer
Til trods for at sporvognene blev bestilt i 1995, kom de ikke ud at køre før efter 3½ år. Det skyldtes blandt andet, at taget på fabrikken blæste af. Problemerne fortsatte imidlertid efter, at sporvognene kom i drift. Her gjorde følgende forhold sig bemærket:
 Støj - Til at begynde med lavede sporvognene en voldsom larm, når hastigheden oversteg 28 km/t. Fejlen blev rettet, men sporvognene støjer fortsat meget, selv når de står stille. En beregning viser, at en SL-95 der kører 60 km/t støjer lige så meget som 40 sporvogne, der følger anbefalingerne fra Verband Deutscher Verkehrsunternehmen (VDV, forbundet for tyske trafikselskaber).
 Kulde - I februar 2001 opdagede man, at sporvognene ikke tålte kulde. De må derfor holdes inde, når det bliver koldere end -10 °C.
 Høj vægt - SL-95 er betydeligt tungere end andre sporvogne af samme størrelse. De er mere end dobbelt så tunge end forgængere SL-79 og med en vægt der er fordelt på fire bogier mod SL-79's tre. Udover rystelser og vibrationer betyder det, at gadebelægningen bliver ødelagt, og det har været nødvendigt med kostbare reparationer.
 Rust og sprækker - I 2004 begyndte der at dukke rustpletter op. Problemerne nåede et højdepunkt i 2013. I slutningen af året før havde man ganske vist efter fire år endeligt fået repareret to vogne efter en kollision, men i januar blev der alvorlig vognmangel, fordi mange sporvogne måtte på værksted. I april opdagedes en fatal rustskade på syv sporvogne. En grundigere undersøgelse viste sprækkedannelser på 30 ud af 32 sporvogne, der derfor måtte tages ud af drift. Dermed blev sporvejenes kapacitet mere end halveret, samtidig med at det også var svært at skaffe nok busser som erstatning. 20. juni havde man dog fået repareret tilstrækkelige mange sporvogne og fået dem tilbage i drift, så det ikke længere var nødvendigt at indsætte busser.

Til trods for problemerne har SL-95 alligevel medvirket til at sporvejene passagertal med 60 % steg fra 2004 til 2011. Det kan dog ikke skjules, at der også har været problemer med Ansaldo-materiel andre steder, for eksempel med sporvogne i Göteborg og DSB's IC4-togsæt. NSB's lokaltog af type 72 fungerer til gengæld glimrende.

Udfasning
SL-95 bliver næppe blandt de mange sporvogne, der får en levetid på 30-35 år eller mere. De alvorlige problemer har længe ført til diskussioner om, at de må erstattes på samme måde, som det er planlagt for SL-79. I september 2010 foreslog Sosialistisk Venstreparti at skrotte dem. Daværende samferdselsbyråd i Oslo, Jøran Kallmyr (Frp), udtalte: "De støjer alt for meget, de er så tunge at de ødelægge gaderne, og de virker ikke som de skal." Et par dage efter kom han med en ny uddybende udtale om situationen og indkøbsprocessen: "Alle involverede parter fik lov at være med til at bestemme hvilke specifikationer, sporvognen skulle have. Vi endte med en tung, stor og uegnet sporvogn, der er frygtelig dyr i drift. Derfor må vi regne på, hvor meget det koster at have dem i forhold til at købe nye." Økonomien faldt også i øjnene hos trafikselskabet Ruter, der skrev følgende i en rapport i 2013: "På den baggrund bør det vurderes, om det samlet set ville være gunstig for økonomi og kvalitet, hvis udfasningen af SL-95 blev fremskyndet, og man fik en ensartet, moderne vognpark."

I 2014 igangsatte Oslo kommune et udviklingsprogram for byens sporveje. Formålet var at anskaffe nye sporvogne, opgradere infrastruktur og undersøge fremtidige behov. Programmet ledes af Ruter i samarbejde med Oslo Vognselskap, Sporveien og Bymiljøetaten i Oslo. Det er planen at SL-95 skal erstattes inden 2024. På en pressekonference 11. juni 2018 offentliggjorde finansdirektør i Sporveien, Marianne Vik, at spanske Grupo CAF (Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles) havde vundet et udbud med sporvognstypen Urbos 100.

Noter

Eksterne lenker

 Dagbladet.no – Oslo har mistet to av sine nyeste trikkevogner (25.09.2010)

Oslos sporveje
Sporvogne

SL-95


Camille Guillaume Bigourdan (; 6 April 1851 – 28 February 1932) was a French astronomer.

Personal life
Bigourdan was born at Sistels, Tarn-et-Garonne to Pierre Bigourdan and Jeanne Carrière.  When his teachers and local curate recognised his intelligence, he was transferred to a local boarding school in Valence d'Agen, where he excelled. In 1870, he received his Baccalauréat with mention of "Assez Bien".

He married Marie Mélanie Sophie Mouchez, the eldest daughter of Admiral Amédée Mouchez. Together, the two had nine children. The entire family, including the Mouchez cousins, would frequently vacation in Sistels until the outbreak of the First World War, after which Bigourdan would vacation alone. During these vacations, he would farm his land and visit former classmates.

He was fluent in Occitan, and spoke it when in Sistels.

Academic and scientific career
Bigourdan studied at the University of Toulouse from 1870, where he received a physics degree in 1874 and a mathematics degree in 1876. To finance these studies, he taught at a boarding school.

In 1877 he was appointed by Félix Tisserand as assistant astronomer at the Toulouse Observatory, and in 1879 followed Tisserand to the Paris Observatory when the latter became director there.

In 1886, he submitted his doctoral thesis  (FR: On the personal equation in double star measurements) on the measurements of 2800 double stars.

He spent many years verifying the positions of 6380 nebulae.  He hoped to set a basis for future studies of the proper motion of nebulae; this turned out to be more or less in vain, since distant nebulae will not show any proper motion. However, he did discover approximately 500 new objects. These observations are published throughout 5 volumes of the Annales of the Paris observatory, over 3000 pages. Additionally, in 1894, Bigourdan discovered the asteroid 390 Ama.

Biogrourdan was an avid traveler for astrological events; he took part in the observation of the transit of venus in Martinique in June 1882.  On the same trip, he visited St Petersburg, Kraków, Berlin and Vienna. In 1892, he visited Joal, Senegal, to observe the total eclipse of the sun on 16 April 1893.

In 1902 he participated in an effort to redetermine with greater precision the longitude difference between London and Paris.  He became a member of the Bureau des Longitudes in 1903, and a member of the French Academy of Sciences in 1904. Due to his interest in the transmission of time signals by wireless, he was instituted as the director of the newly founded International Time Service in 1913, which was in charge of maintaining the switch to the new Greenwich time. He remained in this position until 1928.

He described a method for adjusting equatorial mount telescopes, which was known as "Bigourdan's method".

Bigourdan won the Lalande Prize of the French Academy of Sciences in 1883 and in 1891, the Valz Prize of the same institution in 1886, and the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1919. He was director of the Bureau International de l'Heure from 1919 to 1928. In 1919, he received the Prix Jules Janssen, the highest award of the Société astronomique de France, the French astronomical society. In 1924, he was made president of the Académie des Sciences and the Institute of France, after serving as its vice-president in 1923.

In addition, Gifourdan discovered various lost manuscripts, particularly those of J.A.G Pingré, and contributed to numerous historical studies. He published  in 1901.

References

Further reading

External links

 Awarding of RAS gold medal
 G. Bigourdan @ Astrophysics Data System

Obituaries
 JRASC 26 (1932) 276 (one line)
 MNRAS 93 (1933) 233
 Obs 55 (1932) 116
 PASP 44 (1932) 133

20th-century French astronomers
Discoverers of asteroids
1851 births
1932 deaths
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
People from Tarn-et-Garonne
19th-century French astronomers
Recipients of the Lalande Prize

Guillaume Bigourdan


Morten Boesdal Halvorsen (også kendt som Morten BH) (født 3. januar 1978 i Århus) er en dansk filminstruktør og forfatter, uddannet som filminstruktør på Den Danske Filmskole fra 2003 til 2007.

Morten BH fik spillefilmsdebut i 2014 med Kolbøttefabrikken, og er blandt initiativtagerne til filmuddannelse Super8.

Filmografi
 Lev vel (2002)
 Den eneste ene 2 (2002)
 Vimmersvej (2003)
 Mig & Che (2007)
 Promise (2010)
 A-klassen (2012)
 Kolbøttefabrikken (2014)
 Viggos Vlog (2014)
 Anti (2016)
 Klassens jul (2017)

Bibliografi
 Klassen - Drømmeklassen (2018, , Carlsen)
 Klassen - Super Mads (2018, , Carlsen)

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Filminstruktører fra Danmark
Personer fra Aarhus

Morten Boesdal Halvorsen


Theodor Wolfgang Hänsch (Heidelberg, 30. listopada 1941.), njemački fizičar. Doktorirao (1969.) na Sveučilištu Ruprecht Karl u Heidelbergu. Bio je profesor na Sveučilištu Stanford (od 1975. do 1986.), ravnatelj Instituta Max Planck za kvantnu optiku u Garchingu kraj Münchena i profesor na Sveučilištu Ludwig Maximilian u Münchenu (od 1986.). Izumio je laser (1970.) koji emitira svjetlosne pulseve iznimno visoke spektralne rezolucije, a tijekom 1990-ih razvio metodu preciznoga (do 15 decimalnih mjesta) mjerenja frekvencije laserske svjetlosti. Za doprinos razvoju kvantne optike i metoda precizne laserske spektroskopije s J. L. Hallom dobio Nobelovu nagradu za fiziku 2005. (te je godine nagrađen i R. J. Glauber). Član je Američke akademije umjetnosti i znanosti (od 1983.), Nacionalne akademije znanosti SAD-a (od 2001,) i Europske akademije (Academia Europea; od 2009).

Laserska spektroskopija

Laserska spektroskopija je spektroskopska tehnika u kojoj se kao izvor elektromagnetskoga zračenja koristi laser s kontinuirano promjenljivom valnom duljinom. Prednost je uporabe lasera velika gustoća energije po širini spektralne linije, monokromatičnost emitiranoga zračenja i paralelnost snopa, što spektroskopu s laserom daje velike prednosti pred spektroskopima koji koriste dio spektra izvora bijele svjetlosti. Najvažnije su i najčešće metode laserska spektroskopija zasićenja, laserska polarizacijska spektroskopija i dvofotonska laserska spektroskopija, kod kojih se uklanja Dopplerov učinak, prisutan kod svih drugih spektroskopskih metoda, pa se dobivaju vrlo uske spektralne linije, s pomoću kojih se može znatno točnije proučavati struktura tvari. Najčešće se koriste takozvani tekućinski laseri, kod kojih je aktivno sredstvo neka otopina organskog ili anorganskoga podrijetla, koji rade kontinuirano u vidljivom dijelu spektra, a potiču se na rad vidljivim i ultraljubičastim zračenjem organsko-ionskoga lasera, ili pak laserski sustavi kod kojih je aktivno sredstvo kristal safira dopiran titanijem (za valne duljine od 700 do 1000 nm).

Izvori

Njemački fizičari
Dobitnici Nobelove nagrade za fiziku

Theodor Wolfgang Hänsch


Annabelle 2  (titlu original: Annabelle: Creation) este un film de groază supranatural american din 2017 regizat de David F. Sandberg și scris de Gary Dauberman. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Stephanie Sigman, Talitha Bateman, Anthony LaPaglia și Miranda Otto și descrie originile păpușii posedate drept Annabelle. Este un prequel al filmului din 2014 Annabelle si al patrulea din seria de filme The Conjuring.

La mulți ani dupa moartea fiicei lor Annabelle Mullins , parintii acesteia Samuel si Esther primesc in gazduire 6 fete orfane , ce erau in grija calugaritei Charllote, de la un orfelinat desfiintat . Dupa ce Janice , fata cu dizabilitate la piciorul drept, deschide usa camerei fiicei gazdelor, elibereaza papusa posedata drept Annabelle, care fusese creata de catre Samuel Mullins pentru fiica lui decedata.
Dupa aceasta greseala gazdele dar si fetele primite de acestea au de a face cu demonul din papusa Annabelle cat si cu foamea de suflete a acestuia dezlantuita.

Distribuție
 Stephanie Sigman ca Maicuta Charlotte
 Talitha Bateman ca Janice
 Tree O'Toole ca adulta Janice / Annabelle Higgins
 Lulu Wilson ca Linda
 Anthony LaPaglia ca Samuel Mullins
 Miranda Otto ca Esther Mullins
 Alicia Vela-Bailey ca Evil Esther Mullins
 Grace Fulton ca Carol
 Philippa Coulthard ca Nancy
 Samara Lee ca Annabelle "Bee" Mullins
 Tayler Buck ca Kate
 Lou Lou Safran ca Tierney
 Mark Bramhall ca Father Massey
 Adam Bartley ca Ofiter Fuller
 Lotta Losten ca agent de adopție
 Joseph Bishara ca Annabelle Demon
 Fred Tatasciore ca vocea demonului
 Brian Howe ca Pete Higgins
 Kerry O'Malley ca Sharon Higgins
 Annabelle Wallis ca Mia Form (cameo)
 Ward Horton ca John Form (cameo)
 Bonnie Aarons ca Valak / Demon Nun

Producție
In octombrie 2015, s-a confirmat ca o continuare a filmului Annabelle este în dezvoltare. David F. Sandberg l-a înlocuit pe regizorul primului film Annabelle, John R. Leonetti în martie 2016. Sandberg s-a auto-descris ca fiind un fan al francizei.

Filmările principale au început la 27 iunie 2016, în Los Angeles, California, la Warner Bros. Studios, Burbank și s-au terminat la 15 august 2016.. Filmul a aparut pe micile ecrane pe data de 11 august 2017.(SUA)

Note

Legături externe

Filme din 2017
Filme americane
Filme în limba engleză
Filme regizate de David F. Sandberg
Filme de groază din anii 2010
Filme supranaturale
Filme New Line Cinema
Filme Warner Bros.
Filme thriller de groază
Filme thriller din anii 2010
Filme religioase
Filme religioase de groază
Filme cu demoni
Filme cu păpuși bântuite

Annabelle 2


El pijuí rojizo (Synallaxis rutilans), también denominado chamicero colorado o rastrojero colorado (en Colombia), colaespina rojiza (en Ecuador),  cola-espina rojizo (en Perú), gϋitío rojizo (en Venezuela) o pijuí rojo,  es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Furnariidae perteneciente al numeroso género Synallaxis. Es nativa del escudo guayanés y de la cuenca del Amazonas en América del Sur.

Distribución y hábitat
Se distribuye ampliamente desde el este de Colombia, hacia el este por el sur y este de Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, Guayana francesa y todo la región amazónica brasileña, y desde el sur de Colombia, por el este de Ecuador, este de Perú, hasta el norte de Bolivia y Mato Grosso (Brasil).

Esta especie es considerada generalmente poco común y local en su hábitat natural: el estrato inferior del bosque húmedo de terra firme, hasta los 1200 m de altitud en Venezuela.

Descripción
Mide 14,5 a 15 cm de longitud y pesa entre 15 y 22 g. El plumaje presenta variación entre las subespecies. Las occidentales tienen un plumaje castaño rojizo (rufo) en el dorso, la cabeza y el pecho, con lores y garganta negros, cola negruzca y vientre gris pardusco. El las subespecies centrales el dorso tiene un aspecto ligeramente oliváceo. La subespecie oriental S. r. omissa solamente presenta las alas rojizas (rufas), con el plumaje de la cabeza, el dorso y las partes inferiores color gris pardusco y la garganta y la cola negras.

Comportamiento
Generalmente anda en pareja, forrajeando en el suelo o cerca, a menudo alrededor de árboles caídos, donde inspecciona enmarañados o amontonados de hojas muertas; es bastante furtivo. Algunas veces sabe acompañar bandadas mixtas.

Alimentación
Se alimenta de insectos, que busca entre las hojas secas, las enredaderas y en el suelo.

Reproducción
Construye un nido de formato globular con una masa de ramitas, con un largo túnel de entrada horizontal. Deposita de tres a cuatro huevos.

Vocalización
Su canto es una frase insistente, rápidamente repetida «kií-kauóu» o «kií-kou», a veces continuada interminablemente.

Sistemática

Descripción original
La especie S. rutilans  fue descrita por primera vez por el naturalista neerlandés Coenraad Jacob Temminck en 1823 bajo el mismo nombre científico; localidad tipo «Cametá, Río Tocantins, Brasil».

Etimología
El nombre genérico femenino «Synallaxis» deriva del término francés «Synallaxe» dado por Vieillot (1818) a estas aves con referencia a las características diferenciadas que garantizan las separación genérica, que por su vez deriva del griego «συναλλαξις sunallaxis, συναλλαξεως sunallaxeōs» que significa 'intercambio'; una acepción diferente sería que deriva del nombre griego «Synalasis», una de las ninfas griegas Ionides. El nombre de la especie «rutilans», proviene del latín «rutilans, rutilantis» que significa 'de color rojizo brillante'.

Taxonomía
Los datos genéticos indican que la presente especie es hermana de Synallaxis cherriei (cuyo espécimen tipo ya fue alguna vez considerado un individuo aberrante de la subespecie amazonica de la presente); ambas están cercanamente emparentadas con S. cinnamomea. La distintiva subespecie omissa puede ser una especie separada, pero su canto es igual al de las otras subespecies. La diferenciación y la distribución de las subespecies es incierta y el arreglo presentado es tentativo; algunas subespecies descritas pueden no ser distinguibles; mientras pequeñas series de especímenes del norte de Bolivia sugieren que la oscuridad de la coloración del plumaje varía clinalmente desde el oeste de la Amazonia hasta el extremo este de Bolivia (cerca de la localidad tipo de tertia); son necesarios análisis más amplios y profundos.

Subespecies

Según las clasificaciones del Congreso Ornitológico Internacional (IOC) y Clements Checklist/eBird, se reconocen siete subespecies, con su correspondiente distribución geográfica:

 Synallaxis rutilans dissors , 1935 – oriente de Colombia (Vichada, Guainía), sur de Venezuela (Amazonas, Bolívar), las Guayanas y el norte de Brasil (al este del Río Negro).
Synallaxis rutilans caquetensis , 1914 – suroriente de Colombia (Meta, Caquetá, Guaviare y Vaupés), oriente de Ecuador y nororiente de Perú.
Synallaxis rutilans confinis , 1935 – noroeste de Brasil (al oeste del río Negro).
Synallaxis rutilans amazonica , 1907 – oriente de Perú, oeste y centro de Brasil (sur del río Amazonas, al este hasta el río Tapajós) y norte de Bolivia (Pando y norte de Beni).
 Synallaxis rutilans rutilans , 1823 – centro este de Brasil, desde el río Tapajós hasta el río Tocantins, sur a noreste de Mato Grosso.
Synallaxis rutilans tertia , 1907 – suroeste de Brasil (sur y suroeste de Mato Grosso) y oriente de Bolivia (oriente de Santa Cruz).
Synallaxis rutilans omissa , 1901 – desde el río Tocantins hacia el este hasta el norte de Maranhão (oriente de Brasil).

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Videos, fotos y sonidos de Synallaxis rutilans en eBird.
 Sonidos y mapa de distribución de Synallaxis rutilans en xeno-canto.
 Fotos y sonidos de joão-teneném-castanho Synallaxis rutilans en Wikiaves.

rutilans
Aves de América del Sur
Animales descritos en 1823
Taxones descritos por Coenraad Jacob Temminck

Synallaxis rutilans


Vicente Damasco (25 de agosto de 1925-Buenos Aires, 14 de noviembre de 2001) fue un militar y político argentino.

Biografía

Se recibió en el Colegio Militar de la Nación en 1947.

Se graduó en 1963 en el Centro de Institutos Blindados del Ejército de los Estados Unidos, en Fort Knox, Kentucky. Junto con sus destinos militares se desempeñó como profesor de historia en el nivel secundario y de administración de empresas en el nivel universitario.

Por su estrecho vínculo con el teniente general Juan Domingo Perón, este le encargo la organización del acto de asunción de su tercera presidencia en 1973. Más tarde, Perón le encomendó la redacción del "Modelo argentino", su testamento político. Ese mismo año fue jefe del Regimiento de Granaderos a Caballo.

El 11 de agosto de 1975 la presidenta María Estela Martínez de Perón lo nombró ministro del Interior. En su breve gestión no logró impedir el pronunciamiento de los altos mandos militares - entre ellos Roberto Eduardo Viola y Guillermo Suárez Mason - que llevó a los altos mandos del Ejército al general Jorge Rafael Videla, que meses después derrocaría al gobierno constitucional de Isabel Martínez de Perón. A poco más de un mes de haber asumido renunció a dicho ministerio.

Más tarde fue designado embajador en Venezuela. Ocupó ese puesto hasta el golpe militar ocurrido en marzo de 1976.

Durante la dictadura fue sancionado y estuvo preso por criticar a los militares que produjeron el golpe de Estado.

En 1983, durante el proceso de retorno a la democracia, fue precandidato a presidente por una línea interna del Partido Justicialista (PJ), denominada Pensamiento y Acción Justicialista.

En 1985 fue nombrado como asesor de planificación del gobierno de la provincia de Santa Cruz.

Falleció el 14 de noviembre de 2001 en Buenos Aires a los 74 años.

Referencias

Egresados del Colegio Militar de la Nación
Coroneles de Argentina del siglo XX
Políticos de Argentina del siglo XX
Ministros del Interior de Argentina
Políticos del Partido Justicialista
Embajadores de Argentina en Venezuela
Gabinete de María Estela Martínez de Perón

Vicente Damasco


William Purcell may refer to:
 William E. Purcell (1856–1928), state senator from North Dakota
 William Frederick Purcell (1866–1919), arachnologist and biologist
 William Gray Purcell (1880–1965), architect
 William R. Purcell (born 1931), state senator from North Carolina
 William Purcell (priest) (1912–1994), Archdeacon of Dorking

See also
 Bill Purcell (disambiguation)
 Bill Pursell, American musician

William Purcell


Jellystone! est une série d'animation américaine développée par . Elle est diffusée sur la plateforme de streaming HBO Max depuis le , puis à partir du 4 septembre 2021 sur Cartoon Network. En France la série est diffusée sur Cartoon Network France depuis le 27 novembre 2021, au Canada la série est diffusée à partir du 10 octobre 2021 sur Teletoon et Au Québec sur Télétoon depuis le 5 Mars 2022.

Présentation

Personnages

Au Jellystone Hospital
 Yogi l'ours (avec la voix de Jeff Bergman) - Un ours brun qui est médecin au Jellystone Hospital. Yogi est sûr de lui, bien que d'une bêtise comique. Son premier amour est la nourriture, ce qui fait qu'il n'hésite pas à inventer des plans un peu fous pour mettre la patte sur des gourmandises.
 Boo Boo (avec la voix de C.H. Greenblatt) - C'est une ourse brune qui est infirmière au Jellystone Hospital.
 Cindy Bear (avec la voix de Grace Helbig) - C'est un ours brun qui est médecin au Jellystone Hospital. Cindy complète le trio des ours de l'hopital.

Jellystone Elementary School

Distribution

Voix françaises

 Serge Faliu : Yogi l'ours, Fleegle, Magilla le gorille, le Fantôme Funky
 Benjamin Bollen : Boo Boo, le Grand Gazoo
 Stéphane Ronchewski : Roquet Belles-Oreilles, Wally Gator, Le King, Alcibiade, Mildiou le loup
 Karine Foviau : Cindy, Chouchou, Yakky Doodle, Susan la guitare
 Jérémy Prévost : Pappy Toutou, Capitaine Caverne, Pierre Popotame, El Kabong, Bidule, Lippy le lion
 Youna Noiret : Squiddly la pieuvre, Petitro, Floral, Granny Sweet (Melle Rose), Chopper
 Gabriel Bismuth-Bienaimé : Shag Rugg, Capitaine Caverne Junior, Fancy-Fancy, Yippie
 Emmanuel Curtil : Le Pacha, M. Jules, Shazzan
 Charlotte Hervieux : Jappy Toutou, P'tite Tête, Loopy De Loop
 Magali Rosenzweig : Sophie la sorcière, Mantalo

Références

Liens externes

Série télévisée américaine des années 2020
Série d'animation américaine

Jellystone!