Esmeraldo Barreto de Farias IdP (* 4. Juli 1949 in Santo Antônio de Jesus, Bahia) ist ein brasilianischer Geistlicher und römisch-katholischer Bischof von Araçuaí.

Leben
Esmeraldo Barreto de Farias studierte Philosophie an der Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais in Belo Horizonte und Katholische Theologie am Theologischen Institut der Katholischen Universität von Salvador. Er trat dem Säkularinstitut Istituto del Prado bei und empfing am 9. Januar 1977 die Priesterweihe.

Nach der Priesterweihe war Esmeraldo Barreto de Farias zunächst als Pfarrvikar in verschiedenen Pfarreien tätig. Später war er Koordinator für die Pastoral im ländlichen Raum, Spiritual am Priesterseminar in Amargosa, nationaler Koordinator der Priester des Istituto del Prado und Diözesanadministrator des Bistums Amargosa.

Papst Johannes Paul II. ernannte ihn am 22. März 2000 zum Bischof von Paulo Afonso. Der Bischof von Amargosa, João Nílton dos Santos Souza, spendete ihm am 11. Juni desselben Jahres die Bischofsweihe; Mitkonsekratoren waren Jairo Rui Matos da Silva, Bischof von Bonfim, und André de Witte, Bischof von Ruy Barbosa. Als Wahlspruch wählte er LEVANTA-TE E ANDA.

Papst Benedikt XVI. ernannte ihn am 28. Februar 2007 zum Bischof von Santarém. Am 30. November 2011 wurde er zum Erzbischof von Porto Velho ernannt.

Am 18. März 2015 ernannte ihn Papst Franziskus zum Weihbischof in São Luís do Maranhão und zum Titularbischof von Summula. Papst Franziskus berief ihn am 18. November 2020 zum Bischof von Araçuaí. Die Amtseinführung erfolgte am 6. Februar 2021.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Bischof von Araçuaí
Römisch-katholischer Bischof (21. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Bischof (20. Jahrhundert)
Weihbischof
Titularbischof
Diözesanadministrator
Mitglied des Istituto del Prado
Person (Porto Velho)
Brasilianer
Geboren 1949
Mann
Person (Santarém, Pará)
Religion (Pará)

Esmeraldo Barreto de Farias


Ferdinand Romualdez Marcos Jr. (fæddur 13. september 1957), betur þekktur sem Bongbong Marcos er filippseyskur stjórnmálamaður og núverandi forseti Filippseyja. Hann er sonur Ferdinand Marcos, fyrrum einræðisherra landsins, og fyrrum forsetafrúarinnar Imeldu Marcos. Marcos var þingmaður frá 2010 til 2016. Hann bauð sig fram sem varaforseti landsins árið 2016 en tapaði fyrir mannréttindalögfræðingnum Leni Robredo. Aftur atti hann kappi við Robredo í forsetakosningunum árið 2022. Hann vann kosningarnar með nokkrum mun.

Bonbbong Marcos hefur sagst hafa útskrifast úr Oxford-háskóla en hann kláraði ekki námið og hefur skólinn áréttað það.

Tilvísanir

Forsetar Filippseyja

Bongbong Marcos


Olaylar
 Kavimler Göçü sona erdi.

Doğumlar

Ölümler
 3 Haziran - Stavrakios, Bizanslı hadım bürokrat ve Bizans İmparatoriçesi Atinalı İrini'nin en önemli ve etkili danışmanlarından biri

800


Die Stadtbusverkehr Bruchsal GmbH betreibt den öffentlichen Personennahverkehr in Bruchsal und seinen Stadtteilen. Sie ist eine Tochter der Stadtwerke Bruchsal GmbH und in den Karlsruher Verkehrsverbund (KVV) integriert.

Betrieb
Aufgenommen wurde der Betrieb im September 2000. Der als MAX bezeichnete Stadtbus verkehrt dabei in einem Rendezvous-System. Hierfür wurde auf der Verbindungsachse zwischen Innenstadt und Bahnhof ein zentraler Umsteigeknoten errichtet, das Rendezvous.

Linien
Die fünf Linien verkehren montags bis samstags von ca. 6:00 Uhr – 19:30 Uhr. Drei dieser Linien bedienen Ziele in der Kernstadt, die übrigen beiden stellen als gegenläufige Ringlinien eine Verbindung zu den Stadtteilen her. Das Rendezvous wird von den innerstädtischen Buslinien im 30-Minuten-Takt angefahren. Die Verbindungen aus den Stadtteilen bedienen es aufgrund des längeren Fahrweges stündlich. Außerhalb der Betriebszeiten besteht die Möglichkeit, das Anruf-Sammel-Taxi zu nutzen.

Fuhrpark
Der Fuhrpark der Stadtbusverkehr Bruchsal GmbH umfasst derzeit insgesamt neun Fahrzeuge, darunter vier Solobusse vom Typ MAN Lion's City und ein Solobus MAN Lion's City Ü. Die anderen vier Busse sind Midibusse, Modell MAN Lion's City M. Alle Busse sind niederflurig und verfügen an der hinteren Einstiegstür über eine Klapprampe für mobilitätseingeschränkte Personen. Außerdem ist es über Kneeling möglich, die Fahrzeuge auf der Einstiegsseite abzusenken, um den Fahrgästen das Einsteigen zu erleichtern.

Weblinks
Webseite des Unternehmens

Busunternehmen (Baden-Württemberg)
Verkehr (Bruchsal)
Bruchsal
Karlsruher Verkehrsverbund

Stadtbus Bruchsal


Flor (Fransızca: fluor), atom numarası 9, atom ağırlığı 19, yoğunluğu 1,265 olan, kokusu ozonu andıran, kahverengimsi sarı renkte, halojenler grubunun ilk elementidir (simgesi F). 1529 yılında Georigius Agricola, kalsiyum florür bileşiğini tanımlamıştır. İlk defa 1886 yılında Henri Moissan tarafından izole edilmiştir.

Özellikleri

En önemli minerali fluorit veya florspati denilen CaF2 dir. Florun saf olarak eldesi (1:2) oranında sıcak erimiş KF, HF bileşiklerinin elektrolizi ile gerçekleşir.

Flor en reaktif element olup argon, neon ve helyum hariç tüm elementlerle tepkimeye girer. Fazla reaktif olmasının nedeni F-F bağının kolay kopması yani dissiyasyon enerjisinin az olmasıdır. Sadece (-1) oksidasyon sayısına sahiptir, yani tek bağ yapabilir. Fakat ortaklanmamış elektronları sayesinde metallerle –F şeklinde köprülü bileşikler yapabilir. Bir içme suyunda 1 ppm'den fazla flor olursa dişlerde sarı plaklar olur. Ayrıca Flor asal gazlardan Ksenonla bile tepkimeye girmiştir.
Diş macunları ve deodorantların yapısında bulunmaz.

Halojenler arasında en az polarize olabilen elementtir.

Periyodik sıralamada bulunmaktadır.

Pek çok kimyasalın yapısında bulunur

Kaynakça
 TDK

Oksitleyici maddeler
Elementler
Halojenler
Ametallar

Flor


Maria Stokkenbech (født i Hamborg i 1759) var en kvindelig skræddersvend i 1780'erne. Hendes historie er ikke helt almindelig og fortæller om hvilke muligheder og valg kvinder havde i 1700-tallet. Usædvanligvis fik hun arbejde i et mandefag, og fik tilladelse til både skilsmisse og til at drive værksted.

Hun var den yngste i en børneflok på ti, som flyttede med moderen til Ærø da faderen døde da Maria var et år.

Efter at have startet med at arbejde som tjenestepige på et værtshus i Kiel, flyttede hun som femtenårig til København for at arbejde som tjenestepige.

Hun giftede sig hurtigt men hendes mand drak alle deres penge op. Imidlertid kunne Maria ikke få arbejde, fordi hun var gift. Hun rejste fra manden, tog til Kiel og fik ideen til at klæde sig ud som mand for at kunne arbejde. Hun begyndte at udgive sig selv for at være skræddersvend og fik arbejde med det samme. Maria gav sig selv navnet Gotfried Jacob Eichstedt. I årene efter lykkedes det hende at få fat i et svendebrev og rejste rundt som skræddersvend, kun afbrudt at et enkelt år hvor hun sejlede som koksmat på et skib. Hun kom i militærtjeneste som trompetist efter at have  været kommet i slagsmål med en soldat og derefter måtte overtage hans tjeneste.

Efter militærtjenesten rejste hun igen rundt som skræddersvend i Danmark. Da hun nogle år senere kom til København, blev hun genkendt, afsløret og arresteret.

Efter Maria kom ud af arresten, ansøgte hun Kong Christian d. 7 om bevilling til selv at holde værksted og svende, som hun endte med at få.

Hun udgav i 1806 en selvbiografi med hendes historie (et skillingstryk).

Kilder og henvisninger

Danskere i 1700-tallet
Håndværkere fra Danmark

Maria Stokkenbech


Cricetidae, porodica mišolikih glodavaca (Myomorpha) iz natporodice Muroidea koja se sastoji od nekoliko potporodica, to su: Arvicolinae, kojoj pripadaju voluharice, ondatra i leminzi;  Cricetinae kojoj pripadaju hrčci; Lophiomyinae s vrstom Lophiomys imhausi; Neotominae, štakori i miševi novog svijeta (sjeverna Amerika);  Sigmodontinae, razne vrste štakora iz Južne Amerike; Tylomyinae s četiri roda.

U hrvatskom jeziku ova porodica često se pogrešno naziva hrčci, ali oni čine samo jednu od njezinih potporodica.

Izvori

Mišoliki glodavci

Cricetidae


is a town located in Sōraku District, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. , the town has an estimated population of 3571. and a population density of 54 persons per km². The total area is 64.93 km².

Geography
Wazuka is located in the hills of far southeastern of Kyoto Prefecture.

Neighboring municipalities
Kyoto Prefecture
Kizugawa
Sōraku District (Kasagi・Minamiyamashiro)
Tsuzuki District (Ujitawara・Ide)
Shiga Prefecture
Kōka

Climate
Wazuka has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall.  The average annual temperature in Wazuka is 13.7 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1439 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 25.7 °C, and lowest in January, at around 2,1 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Wazuka has declined in recent decades.

History
The area of Wazuka was part of ancient Yamashiro Province. During the Edo Period, the area was part of the holdings of the Imperial family.  The villages of Nishiwazuka, Nakawazuka and HIgashiwazuka were merged to form the town of Wazuka on December 15, 1954.

Government
Wazuka has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of ten members. Wazuka, collectively with the other municipalities of Sōraku District and the city of Kizugawa, contributes two members to the Kyoto Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of the Kyoto 6th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
Wazuka is a rural area, with an economy based on agriculture, with the area noted for its production of green tea.Wazuka is home to roughly 300 tea growing families. The area was selected in the Kamakura period (1192–1333) for tea production and has enjoyed an 800-year history as one of the main production areas of Uji tea. Today Uji tea comprises only about 4% of the tea produced in Japan, and Wazuka tea only half of that. Also a considerable crop of rice is produced among other agricultural products. The local community is in cooperation with NICE, a major volunteer program, and together hold a large annual work camp at the end of August lasting 2 weeks. The program is open to about 12 foreigners per year and an equal number of Japanese work campers.

Wazuka tea History
Kaijūsen-ji temple is often credited with bringing tea to Wazuka village. Shonin Jishin, a Zen Buddhist monk of the temple, was the first person to begin cultivation of tea there. He began cultivation on Mt. Jubu, where the practice began to spread to the village of Wazuka below. The original function of tea that was grown in Wazuka was grown for medicinal use for Zen Buddhist monks. The monks in the area used it for training at their temples.

The type of tea grown in Wazuka, Uji tea, was first introduced on to the world stage when Commodore Perry, head of the United States East Indian Squadron, influenced Japan to open up trade in the Edo Bay in 1853.

Later, the village of Wazuka itself, along with former villages Kamo-Mura and Koma-Mura, began to reach acclaim within Japan when it won a prize in a national tea exposition in Ueno Park, Tokyo in 1890.

Education
Wazuka has one public elementary school and one public junior high school operated by the Sōraku Tōbu kōiki rengō. The town does not have a high school

Transportation

Railways
Wazuka does not have any passenger railway service. The nearest train station is Kamo Station on the JR West Kansai Main Line.

Highways

Local attractions

References

External links

Wazuka official website

Towns in Kyoto Prefecture

Wazuka


Osamnaesta hrvatska istočnobosanska brigada bila je istočnobosanska brigada Hrvata u NOVJ.

Osnovana je 10. listopada 1943. godine. To je bilo u trenutku povoljnog strateškog trenutka, jer je rujna 1943. kapitulirala Italija, što je njemačke i snage NDH prisililo angažirati snage na razoružavanju talijanske vojske, da ne bi ista poslije mogla to oružje kao novi saveznik Saveznicima okrenuti protiv njih ili da to oružje ne padne u ruke partizanima ni četnicima. To je velike snage odvuklo ka priobalnom području, što je ostavilo sjeverne krajeve NDH slabije čuvanima. Brigada je osnovana u selu Husinu kod Tuzle, za vrijeme 40-dnevne partizanske vlasti u Tuzli. Pridružili su joj se rudari, većinom Hrvati iz Bukinja, Kreke, Bukinja, Moluha te drugih sela iz doline rijeke Spreče i planine Majevice.

Zapovjednik trećega husinskog bataljuna bio je Mijo Kerošević - Guja, i s njime njegov stric Juro Kerošević. Juro je poslije postao politički komesar Prve čete. Zapovjednik brigade bio je Franjo Herljević.

10. listopada 1943. u Živinicama kod Tuzle, po zapovijedi VŠ NOV i POJ, formirana je 27. udarna divizija 3. udarnog korpusa NOVJ, u čiji su sastav ušla 18. hrvatska (bosanska) brigada, 2. krajiška udarna, 17. majevička i i Birčanski i Romanijski NOP odred. Formirana je kao 3. udarna divizija 3. udarnog korpusa NOVJ, a od 17. listopada divizija nosi naziv: 27. udarna divizija NOVJ. 6. ožujka 1944. U Brđanima kod Bijeljine, odlukom VŠ NOV i POJ, od 17. majevičke i 18. hrvatske brigade, Majevičkog, Tuzlanskog i Posavsko-trebavskog NOP odreda formirana je 38. udarna divizija 3. udarnog korpusa NOVJ, a po drugim podatcima formirana je 10. ožujka.

18. istočnobosanska hrvatska brigada ratovala je na raznim ratištima, oslobodila je Tešanj, sudjelovala u borbama za oslobođenje Sarajeva i dr.

Izvori

Literatura
 Osamnaesta hrvatska istočnobosanska brigada. "Univerzal" Tuzla, 1988. godina. Uvod - Riječ redakcije. I - Uvodna tema i borbeni put brigade. II - Sjećanja boraca. III - Spiskovi boraca.

Bibliografija
  Bogomir Brajković; Fikret Ibrić; Dževad Pašić i dr.: Osamnaesta hrvatska istočnobosanska narodnooslobodilačka udarna brigada, Tuzla : IGTRO "Univerzal", OOUR "Grafičar", 1988.
 Osamnaesta hrvatska istočnobosanska brigada,  August Cesarec, Zagreb, 1988.

Brigade NOVJ-a
Bosna i Hercegovina u Drugom svjetskom ratu
Povijest Hrvata Bosne i Hercegovine
Husino

Osamnaesta hrvatska istočnobosanska brigada NOVJ-a


Den Bestøvlede Kat (originaltitel: Puss in Boots), er en amerikansk computeranimationsfilm, instrueret af Chris Miller. Filmen havde præmiere den 28. oktober 2011. Filmen er en spin-off af Shrek og handler om figuren Den Bestøvlede Kat som først optrådte som en bifigur i Shrek 2. Den kan ses i 2D, Digital 3D og IMAX 3D. I 2011 fik filmen en oscarnominering i kategorien bedste animerede film.

I Danmark havde Den Bestøvlede Kat præmiere den 2. februar 2012

Handling
Filmen handler om Den Bestøvlede Kats ungdom da han slog sig sammen med mesterhjernen Klumpe Dumpe og den handlekraftige og forførende Kitty Fløjlspote for at stjæle den berømte Gåsen som lægger gyldne æg.

Origninale stemmer (udvalgt)

 Antonio Banderas – Den Bestøvlede Kat
 Salma Hayek – Kitty Fløjlspote
 Zach Galifianakis – Klumpe Dumpe
 Billy Bob Thornton – Jack
 Amy Sedaris – Jill
 Zeus Mendoza - Rancher
 Constance Marie – Imelda
 Guillermo del Toro – Mustache Man, Kommendanten
 Bob Joles – Giuseppe
 Robert Persichetti, Jr. – the Ohhh Cat
 Mike Mitchell – Andy Beanstalk
 Latifa Ouaou – Gal kvinde

Danske stemmer (udvalgt)
 Kristian Boland – Den Bestøvlede Kat
 Christiane Schaumburg-Müller – Kitty Fløjlspote
 Søren Ulrichs – Klumpe Dumpe
 Jesper Lohmann – Jack
 Mette Frobenius – Jill
 Sofie Gråbøl – Imelda
 Tom Jensen – Mustache Man, Kommendanten

Eksterne henvisninger

 Offcielle hjemmeside

Noter

Computeranimationsfilm
Amerikanske film fra 2011
Animationsfilm fra USA
Komediefilm fra USA
Oscar for bedste animationsfilm
Børnefilm fra USA

Den Bestøvlede Kat (film)


Side Müzesi, Side'de Side Antik Kenti'nde kurulu müze.

Side Müzesi, Roma döneminde inşa edilen hamam kompleksi üzerine yapılan restorasyonlarla kurulmuştur.

Müze'ye doğu yönündeki bir kapıdan girilir. Daha sonra tabanı taşlarla kaplı ve hamamın ikinci tepidariumu olduğu anlaşılan bir avludan geçilerek büyük bir bahçeye çıkılır. Bu avlunun etrafında ve bahçenin içinde Side'de yapılan kazılarda bulunan lahitler, sütunlar, büstler, torsolar, yazıtlar, heykeller, heykel kaideleri, sütun başlıkları, frizler, rölyefler ve steller görülmektedir.

Müze bahçesi aslında Roma Hamamı'nın jimnastik salonu ve palaestrasının avlularıdır. Tabanı mermer parçaları ile kaplı olan bu avluların içindeki en önemli eser, avlunun kuzey duvarında görülen denizler tanrısı Poseido'nun mitolojik öykülerinin yer aldığı friz serisidir. Burada tanrı ve tanrıçaların doğayla olan ilişkileri tasvir edilmektedir.

Müzeler
Antalya'daki arkeoloji müzeleri
1962'de kurulan müzeler

Side Müzesi


The New Zealand Census of Population and Dwellings () is a national population and housing census conducted by government department Statistics New Zealand every five years. There have been 34 censuses since 1851. In addition to providing detailed information about national demographics, the results of the census play an important part in the calculation of resource allocation to local service providers.

The most recent census, the 2023 census, took place on 7 March 2023.

Census date
Since 1926, the census has always been held on a Tuesday and since 1966, the census always occurs in March. These are statistically the month and weekday on which New Zealanders are least likely to be travelling. The census forms have to be returned by midnight on census day for them to be valid.

Conducting the census
Until 2018, census forms were hand-delivered by census workers during the lead-in to the census, with one form per person and a special form with questions about the dwelling. In addition, teams of census workers attempt to cover all hospitals, camp grounds, workplaces and transport systems where people might be found at midnight.

In 2018, the process was different. The majority of households received an access code in the post and were encouraged to complete their census online. If preferred, households could request paper census forms.

The smallest geographic unit used in the census for population data is the mesh block, which there are 53,589 of, with an average of 88 people in each.

The 2023 census can be completed online or on paper forms. Forms with an access code were mailed out to householders from 20 February, but paper forms can be requested online or by telephone (free call 0800 CENSUS (0800 236–787)).

Data collected

The 2018 census collected data on the following topics:

Population structure
Location
Culture and Identity
Education and training
Work
Income
Families and households
Housing
Transport
Health and disability

* Required to be included under the Statistics Act 1975 or the Electoral Act 1993

History
The first full census in New Zealand was conducted in 1851, and the census was triennial until 1881, at which time it became five-yearly. The 1931 census was cancelled due to the effects of the Great Depression, as was the 1941 census due to World War II. The 1946 census was brought forward to Tuesday 25 September 1945, so that the results could be used for an electoral redistribution (the first for ten years) before the .

1951 was the first year in which Māori and European New Zealanders were treated equally, with European New Zealanders having had a different census form in previous years and separate censuses in the nineteenth century. Results for those censuses before 1966 have been destroyed with a few exceptions and those since will not be available before 2066.

The 2006 census was held on Tuesday, 7 March. For the first time, respondents had the option of completing their census form online rather than by a printed form.

The 2011 census was scheduled for Tuesday, 8 March. However, due to the Christchurch earthquake on 22 February 2011, it was cancelled. For the first time ever, all 2011 census forms would have been digitally archived. On 27 May 2011 Statistics New Zealand announced that a census would take place in March 2013. The legislation required to change the census date was introduced to Parliament in August 2011.

The 2013 census was held on Tuesday 5 March 2013 and the 2018 census was held on Tuesday 6 March 2018. The 2018 census faced wide criticism for low response rates, a poor rollout of the online component of the census and delays. This resulted in an independent review of the census process, and the resignation of the then-Chief Executive of Statistics New Zealand Liz MacPherson.

The 2023 census was held on Tuesday, 7 March (despite Statistics New Zealand initially not ruling out a delay due to the effects of Cyclone Gabrielle), and it implemented measures that aimed to increase the census' effectiveness in response to the issues faced with the 2018 census, including supporting Māori to complete the census. It also included new questions on topics such as gender, sexual identity, and disabilities/health conditions.

Evasion of the census
A few people object to the census and attempt to evade it. The most famous of these is The Wizard of New Zealand, Ian Brackenbury Channell, who has avoided the census on numerous occasions. He spent the night of the 1981 census in a boat beyond New Zealand's  territorial limit in order to avoid enumeration in the country. He has also publicly burnt census forms.

Following the 2006 census, Statistics New Zealand prosecuted 72 people for failing to return their forms, with 41 convictions. After the 2013 census, they wrote to 450 people in July 2013 who had failed to return the forms, of whom 99 were prosecuted, resulting in 46 convictions. Most of those convicted faced two charges and were fined $50 to $500 per charge.

Results

Results of the 2013 census were released over an 18-month period, beginning 15 October 2013. It recorded 4,242,048 people who were resident in New Zealand on 5 March 2013. This represents an increase of 214,101 people (5.3 percent) since the 2006 census.

Results from the 2018 census were released to the public on 23 September 2019. The population of New Zealand was counted as 4,699,755 – an increase of 457,707 (10.79%) over the 2013 census.

On 30 June 2023, the field collection phase of the 2023 census ended with an estimated 89–91% of the New Zealand population having participated. Results of the 2023 census will be released in May 2024.

Notes

References

External links
Statistics New Zealand - census page
New Zealand 2013 Census

New Zealand census


Die Saison 1999/2000 ist die 25. Spielzeit der 2. Basketball-Bundesliga. Die reguläre Saison begann am 25. September 1999 und endete am 7. März 2000. Die "Postseason" mit Auf- und Abstiegsrunde dauerte vom 12. März 2000 bis zum 29. April 2000.

Modus
Die Liga war vor Saisonbeginn in zwei Staffeln (Nord und Süd) mit jeweils zwölf Mannschaften unterteilt. Nach der regulären Saison im Modus "Jeder gegen Jeden" mit Hin- und Rückspiel spielten die besten sechs Mannschaften eine Aufstiegsrunde, wobei die Ergebnisse der Hauptrunde mitgenommen wurden. Nach der Aufstiegsrunde spielten die Tabellenersten und die Tabellenzweiten der beiden Staffeln überkreuz mit den beiden schlechtesten Mannschaften der Basketball-Bundesliga 1999/2000 in einer Qualifikationsrunde mit zwei Gruppen je drei Mannschaften zwei Mannschaften für die Basketball-Bundesliga 2000/01 aus. Die jeweils sechs schlechtesten Teams der beiden Zweitliga-Staffeln nahmen an einer Abstiegsrunde teil. Pro Staffel stiegen regulär zwei Mannschaften in die zugeordneten Regionalligen ab. Die Ergebnisse der Hauptrunde wurden in die Abstiegsrunden mitgenommen.

Saisonnotizen
 Aufsteiger aus den Regionalligen waren in der Gruppe Nord BSG Bremerhaven, SG Sechtem und der OBC Wolmirstedt sowie in der Gruppe Süd der TSV Ansbach, Eintracht Frankfurt, ASC Theresianum Mainz und Bayern München.
 In die Gruppe Süd gab es aus der BBL zwei sportliche Absteiger mit dem USC Freiburg und Basket Bayreuth. Während die Bayreuther die Mannschaft zurückzogen und als BBC Bayreuth in der Regionalliga neu anfingen, zog auch der SV Oberelchingen seine Mannschaft aus der BBL zurück, spielte aber in der 2. Liga Gruppe Süd weiter.
 Der Rhöndorfer TV verkaufte seine Erstliga-Lizenz an die Skyliners Frankfurt, erwarb aber dafür die Zweitliga-Lizenz der BG Ludwigsburg aus der Südgruppe, die als BSG Basket Ludwigsburg in der Regionalliga weitermachten, und spielte mit dieser Lizenz aber in der Nordgruppe.
 Aus der zweiten Liga zogen neben der BG Ludwigsburg auch der TSV Speyer seine Mannschaft aus der Gruppe Süd zurück und machte als SG Speyer/Bad Dürkheim in der Regionalliga weiter.
 Durch den Rückzug der Oberelchinger in die Gruppe Süd spielte am Ende die Gruppe Süd mit dreizehn Mannschaften. In der Gruppe Nord zogen sich mitten in der Saison die Hannover Flyers zurück, so dass die reguläre Saison mit elf Mannschaften zu Ende gespielt wurde.
 Meister der 2. Basketball-Bundesliga wurden am Saisonende: Oldenburger TB (Nord) und DJK Falke Nürnberg (Süd).

Nord

Tabelle

1 Die Hannover Flyers wurden mitten in der Saison vom Spielbetrieb zurückgezogen und standen damit als erster Absteiger fest. Ihre Ergebnisse wurden aus der Wertung genommen.

Aufstiegsrunde
Die Ergebnisse der Hauptrunde wurden in die Abstiegsrunden mitgenommen.

2 Der TuS Lichterfelde qualifizierte sich wie 1994 sportlich für die erste Basketball-Bundesliga, verzichtete aber als Kooperationspartner von Meister ALBA Berlin auf den Aufstieg.

Abstiegsrunde
Die Ergebnisse der Hauptrunde wurden in die Abstiegsrunden mitgenommen.

3 Die Hannover Flyers wurden mitten in der Saison vom Spielbetrieb zurückgezogen und standen damit als erster Absteiger fest. Ihre Ergebnisse wurden aus der Wertung genommen.

Süd

Tabelle

Aufstiegsrunde
Die Ergebnisse der Hauptrunde wurden in die Aufstiegsrunde mitgenommen.

Abstiegsrunde
Die Ergebnisse der Hauptrunde wurden in die Abstiegsrunde mitgenommen.

3 Durch die nachfolgende Aufstockung musste nur ein Verein absteigen. Bayern München verzichtete auf den Ligaverbleib, so dass der Tabellenletzte TSV Ansbach in der Liga verbleiben konnte.

Qualifikationsrunde
Für die Qualifikationsrunde 1999/2000 zum Aufstieg in die erste Basketball-Bundesliga, siehe Basketball-Bundesliga 1999/2000#Hauptrunde

Siehe auch
 Basketball-Bundesliga
 Liste von deutschen Basketballmannschaften

Weblinks
 2. Basketball-Bundesliga

Literatur
 Basketball (Zeitschrift), amtl. Organ des Deutschen Basketball-Bundes, , Jahrgänge 1999 und 2000.

1999/2000
Basketballsaison 1999/2000

2. Basketball-Bundesliga 1999/2000


Die Wiener Parteischule in der Praterstraße ist die wichtigste und älteste Bildungseinrichtung der Wiener SPÖ. Sie wurde 1924 gegründet.

Geschichte
Die Wiener Schule wurde 1924 gegründet, jedoch existierte eine Vorgängerschule (Parteischule in Bodenbach 1910–1914) bereits vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg. Die Wiener Schule existierte bis 1934. Sie bildete in den 1920er und 1930er Jahren 60 bis 100 Absolventen pro Jahr aus. Sie war Teil eines Bildungssystems, das von den Bezirksparteischulen über die Wiener Parteischule bis zur Oberstufe der Wiener Arbeiterhochschule reichte. Leiter der Schule war von 1927 bis 1934 der spätere Staatssekretär im Bundesministerium für Vermögenssicherung und Wirtschaftsplanung Franz Rauscher (1900–1988).

Zu den Unterrichtsthemen und Lehrenden gehörten von 1923 bis 1932: Marx' ökonomische Lehren (anfangs Karl Renner, der spätere Bundespräsident, anschließend Benedikt Kautsky); Soziale und ökonomische Schichtung der Bevölkerung Deutschösterreichs (Adolf Schärf, der spätere Bundespräsident); Wirtschaftliche Krisenerscheinungen; Wirtschaftsprobleme der Gegenwart (Helene Bauer, Kautsky); Gewerkschaftliche Probleme (Viktor Stein); Verfassung der Republik (Max Adler).

1947 wurde sie durch Karl Czernetz wieder eröffnet. In den letzten fast 80 Jahren haben über 1.000 Funktionäre der Partei diese Ausbildungsschiene erfolgreich absolviert. Im Jänner 2022 wurden der 50. Lehrgang der Wiener Parteischule – Bruno Pittermann und Anna Altmann Lehrgang (vormittags) sowie der 51. Lehrgang der Wiener Parteischule – Josef Staribacher und Marie Jahoda Lehrgang (abends) gestartet. Im September 2022 wurde der 52. Lehrgang der Wiener Parteischule - Jolanda Offenbeck und Adolf Schärf Lehrgang gestartet. Diese drei Lehrgänge wurden im Juni 2023 abgeschlossen.

Im September 2022 wurde die 75-Jahr-Feier durchgeführt. Redner und Rednerinnen waren der Wiener Bürgermeister Michael Ludwig sowie der Sohn von Käthe Leichter, Franz Leichter, ehemaliger demokratischer Senator in New York, die damalige SPÖ Bundesparteivorsitzende Pamela Rendi-Wagner, der Wiener Landtagspräsident Ernst Woller, der spätere Landeshauptmannstellvertreter von Tirol Georg Dornauer und der Präsident des Abgeordnetenhaus von Berlin Dennis Buchner

Absolventen
Unter anderem haben folgende Personen die Wiener Parteischule absolviert: Rudolf Gelbard, Christian Deutsch (Politiker), Michael Ludwig (Politiker, 1961), Christian Kern, Gerhard Zatlokal, Christian Hursky, Ewa Samel, Marcus Gremel, Marcus Schober, Benjamin Schulz (Politiker), Silvia Janković, Renate Kaufmann, Birgit Jischa

Literatur
 Benedikt Kautsky: Die Wiener Parteischule, In: Sozialistische Bildung. Hrsg. Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, Juni 1931, S. 167 ff.

Weblinks
 Wiener Parteischule
 Wiener Parteischule auf der Homepage der Wiener Bildungsakademie

Einzelnachweise

Schule in Wien
Politische Bildungseinrichtung
Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei (Österreich)
Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs
Gegründet 1924

Wiener Parteischule


János József Kádár (; ; 26 May 1912 – 6 July 1989), born János József Czermanik, was a Hungarian Communist leader and the General Secretary of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party, a position he held for 32 years. Declining health led to his retirement in 1988, and he died in 1989 after being hospitalized for pneumonia.

Kádár was born in Fiume in poverty to a single mother. After living in the countryside for some years, Kádár and his mother moved to Budapest. He joined the Party of Communists in Hungary's youth organization, KIMSZ, and went on to become a prominent figure in the pre-1939 Communist party, eventually becoming First Secretary. As a leader, he would dissolve the party and reorganize it as the Peace Party, but the new party failed to win much popular support.

After World War II, with Soviet support, the Communist party took power in Hungary. Kádár rose through the party ranks, serving as Interior Minister from 1948 to 1950. In 1951, he was imprisoned by the government of Mátyás Rákosi but was released in 1954 by reformist Prime Minister Imre Nagy. On 25 October 1956, during the Hungarian Revolution, Kádár replaced Ernő Gerő as General Secretary of the Party, taking part in Nagy's revolutionary government. A week later, he broke with Nagy over his decision to withdraw from the Warsaw Pact. After Soviet intervention in Hungary, Kádár was selected to lead the country. He ordered Nagy to be executed shortly after coming to power. He gradually moderated, releasing the remaining prisoners of this period in 1963. His leadership was characterized by unrelenting Realpolitik; for a long time, he successfully maneuvered between Moscow's wishes, local interests and the expectations of the Western world. In an interview with a Western journalist, he called himself a "toiler for compromise".

Kádár was succeeded by Károly Grósz as General Secretary on 22 May 1988. Grósz would only serve a year in this post due to the fall of Communism in Europe in 1989. During his time as leader of Hungary, Kádár pushed for an improvement in standards of living. Kádár increased international trade with non-communist countries, in particular those of Western Europe. Kádár's policies differed from those of other Communist leaders, such as Nicolae Ceaușescu, Enver Hoxha, and Wojciech Jaruzelski, all of whom favored more orthodox interpretations of Marxism–Leninism. Kádár's reformist policies and the increasing commercial ties to the Western World would in turn worsen relations with Leonid Brezhnev in the Soviet Union. As the leader of Hungary, Kádár attempted to liberalize the Hungarian economy with a greater focus on consumer goods, in what would become known as Goulash Communism.

Childhood
János Kádár was an illegitimate son of the soldier János Krezinger and the servant maid Borbála Czermanik. Krezinger came from a smallholder family of Pusztaszemes, Somogy County. Kádár's father had Bavarian German origin. The mother, Borbála Csermanek was born in Ógyalla (today Hurbanovo, Slovakia) to a landless Slovak father and Hungarian mother. The parents of Borbála were too poor to provide schooling for the girl, thus the teenager girl had to work as maid in various villas. Soon Borbála got a job in the popular seaside resort town, Opatija. Krezinger met with Borbála during his military service in Opatija, the story however how they met is unknown. Kádár only met his father once, in 1960, when Kádár was already the leader of the country.

Kádár was born out of wedlock in Fiume (now Rijeka, Croatia) on 26 May 1912. The infant was registered in the Italian version of his name: Giovanni Giuseppe Czermanik (In Hungarian: János József Czermanik) because he was born in the Italian established Santo Spirito Hospital. Being an illegitimate child, the infant could only receive the Czermanik family name of his mother. Abandoned, Borbála gave birth to János in the middle of the holiday season, no one wanted to employ a single mother with a child. His mother, Borbála went to look for Krezinger, but his family wanted nothing to do with them. She walked ten kilometres to the city of Kapoly where she persuaded the Bálint family to care for her child for a fee. Borbála found work in Budapest. To avoid the pronunciation problems of the Slovak-origin Czermanik name in Budapest, the family changed the orthography of their name to Csermanek.

Although Kádár's foster father, Imre Bálint, was in charge, it was Bálint's brother, Sándor Bálint,  that Kádár would remember as his true foster father. While Imre served in the army during World War I, Sándor was left to take care of Kádár. Sándor was the only man Kádár had a good relationship with throughout his early childhood. Kádár started working at an early age and helped Sándor take care of his sick wife. Kádár years later recalled how his early experiences moved him towards Marxist–Leninism. He recalls how he was accused of setting a building on fire when the true culprit was the corrupt inspector's son. Suddenly in 1918, at the age of six, Borbála reclaimed him, moved him to Budapest and enrolled him in school. In school he got bullied for his bumpkin manners and his peasant talk.

Borbála worked hard to ensure that Kádár would get a good education. In the summer time, Kádár would find work in the countryside. He was seen as "alien" by his contemporaries, in the countryside they would call him a "city boy" while in the city they would call him a "country boy". Then in 1920, Borbála got pregnant again; the father left soon. Kádár helped take care of his half-brother, Jenő. At the Cukor Street Elementary School, Kádár proved to be a bright student. He skipped school often, and his mother tried beatings to make it stop. Classes were easy for him and he skipped school to play sports. He did read often however, but his mother was unimpressed by this and sarcastically asked him if he was a "gentleman of leisure". Kádár left school at the age of fourteen in 1926. Kádár started his apprenticeship as a car mechanic. After he was turned down as a car mechnic, he started work as an apprentice of Sándor Izsák, chief Hungarian representative of Torpedo Typewriter Company in the autumn of 1927. Typewriter mechanics had a high standing among the working class, there were only 160 of them in the country.

Party work
His first meeting with Marxist literature came in 1928 after he won a junior chess competition organised by the Barbers Trade Union. His prize was Friedrich Engels's Anti-Dühring. The tournament organiser explained to Kádár that if he didn't understand it after his first reading, he should re-read it again until he understood it. Kádár followed his advice, even if his friends were "unimpressed" by his reading. As he later noted later in his life, he did not understand the reading but it got him thinking: "Immutable laws and connections in the world which I had not suspected." While it may be true that as Kádár comments that the book had great influence over him, it was in 1929 when he was fired after he flared up at his employer after he talked condescendingly towards Kádár. When the Great Depression hit Hungary, Kádár was the first to be fired. What ensued was low paid jobs and poverty. He later became unemployed, and it was this experience which brought him into contact with the Communist Party of Hungary. According to Kádár he became a member of the party in 1931.

In September 1930, Kádár took part in an organised trade union strike. The strike was crushed by the authorities, and many of his fellow Communists were arrested. In the aftermath of the failed strike, he supported the party by gathering signatures for candidates of the Socialist Workers' Bloc, an attempt by the Communist Party to create a front which would win over new supporters. This attempt was thwarted by the authorities, and new arrests ensued. In June 1931, he joined the Communist youth organization, the Communist Young Workers' Association (KIMSZ). He joined the Sverdlov party cell, named after Soviet Yakov Sverdlov. His alias within the party became János Barna. During his early membership, the party was illegal, following the crushing of the 1919 Hungarian Soviet Republic. In December 1931, the authorities had been able to track him down, and Kádár was arrested on charges of spreading communism, and being a communist. He denied the charges, and because of lack of evidence, was released. He was however under constant police surveillance, and after some days, he was back in contact with KIMSZ. He was given new responsibilities, and by May 1933 he became a member of the KIMSZ Budapest committee. Because of his promotion in the Communist hierarchy, he was given a new alias, Róna. The party suggested, but Kádár rejected, the offer of studying at the Lenin Institute in Moscow, claiming that he could not leave his family alone. His advance up the hierarchy came to an end when he was arrested on 21 June 1931 with other Communist activists. Kádár cracked because of police brutality, when he later confronted his fellow arrested Communists, he realized he had made a mistake and denied and retracted all his confessions. He was sentenced to two years in prison. Because of his confessions to the police, he was suspended from KIMSZ.

After being released for parole, he was politically in limbo. The hope of rejoining the Communist party was shattered by the Comintern's decision to dissolve the national Communist party in Hungary. The few remaining members of the party were told to infiltrate and work cooperatively with the Social Democratic Party of Hungary and trade unions. Kádár had in the meantime been able to persuade himself that it was because of changes within the party, and not his confessions, which had led to none of his associates making contact with him. He did, at the same time, have four more months of his prison sentence to serve before being released. In prison Kádár met with Mátyás Rákosi, a commissar of the Hungarian Soviet Republic and a renowned political prisoner. While Kádár later claimed that there grew a father-son like bond between them, the more plausible truth is that there grew a "somewhat adolescent cheekiness" between the two. In prison, Rákosi interrogated Kádár, and came to the conclusion that his confessions were due to his "shortcomings". After being released from prison for good, some former party activists made contact with him and instructed Kádár to infiltrate the Social Democratic Party with them. Within the party, Kádár and his associates made no secret of their Marxist views, frequently talking about the struggles of the working class and their gaze, which was directed towards the Soviet Union.

Kádár still lived in poverty, and found it hard to blend in with the upper working class and the intelligentsia. Paradoxically, his main Communist contact in the Social Democratic Party was a sculptor named György Goldmann. Kádár evolved into an effective speaker on "bread and butter issues", but failed at having any success on more serious and complex topics. In 1940 he was recalled to the party's ranks. At the beginning of its re-founding, the party liked to use members without any police records, therefore Kádár was given more responsibilities within the infiltration of the Social Democratic Party. During May and June the police arrested and rounded up several party activists, including Goldman, but Kádár had managed to go into hiding. As early as May 1942, Kádár became a member of the newly formed Central Committee of the Communist party, mostly due to the lack of personnel, seeing that the majority of them had been sent to prison. István Kovács, the acting party leader from December 1942, said; "he [Kádár] was extremely modest, a clever man but not then theoretically trained". Kovács brought Kádár into the party leadership and gave him a seat in the Secretariat of the Central Committee. By January 1943, had been able to get in touch with some seventy to eighty members, but this effort was torn apart by a new round of mass arrests, with Kovács being among them.

First Secretaryship
The new leadership after the last mass arrest consisted of Kádár as First Secretary, Gábor Péter, István Szirmai and Pál Tonhauser. During Kádár's first tenure as leader of the party, he faced many problems, the most important being that the Communists were becoming increasingly irrelevant in a fast-changing situation, mostly because of the Hungarian government's continuing interference. In a meeting with Árpád Szakasits, a left-leaning Social Democrat, Kádár was asked to stop the party's illegal infiltration of his party. This meeting led to criticism being mounted against him during a Central Committee plenum meeting. In February 1936, Peter came up with an idea; his idea was to dissolve the party so that party members independently could spread communism, while a small secret leadership structure could keep itself together for some years. This, he said, would stop the continuing mass arrest of the Communist party personnel and in turn strengthen the party for the future. While at the beginning Kádár was against such an idea, the idea grew on him and came to the conclusion that instead of dissolving the party, he would pretend to dissolve it and rename the party which would effectively throw the Hungarian authorities off their trail. The so-called "new party" was formed in August under the name, Peace Party. This decision was not supported by all, and the Moscow-based Hungarian Communists led by Mátyás Rákosi condemned the decision and domestic militants. Kádár disagreed with the criticism laid against him, claiming it was a "tactical retreat" which led to the renaming of the party, but with no changes to either the party's principles or structures. His attempted plan to fool the police failed, and the police continued arresting Hungarian Communists. Later in his life, this would be one of the few topics of his life Kádár would refuse to discuss.

After the German invasion of Hungary, the Peace Party, with other parties, established the Hungarian Front, the party's potential allies were still very wary of them. Therefore, the Popular Front was never able to win much support amongst the populace. In the aftermath of the invasion, the party under Kádár's leadership started partisan operations and created their own Military Committee. Kádár tried to cross the border into Yugoslavia in hope of making contact with the Yugoslav partisans and their leader, Josip Broz Tito. At the same time, Kádár probably hoped to establish better, and stronger, relations with the USSR; something they had been trying to do since 1942. Kádár was given a new identity as an army corporal trying to cross the Hungarian-Yugoslav border. This attempt failed, and he was sentenced to two and a half years in prison. The authorities never figured out his real identity therefore members such as Rákosi thought he was a secret agent for the police. There is however no hard proof for these accusations, and incompetence remains the sole plausible reason. It was later proven, when SS officer Otto Winckelmann reported to Berlin that Kádár had been arrested, they had mistakenly confused Kádár for another Communist.

Kádár, while in prison, was able to send out messages to Péter, and other high-ranking party members, they were able to orchestrate a scheme to free him. In the meantime, the leader of Hungary Miklós Horthy was conspiring against the German occupiers. There were rumours that claim that Horthy tried to get in contact with Kádár, but did not know that he was in prison. Horthy was deposed by the German government and replaced by Arrow Cross Party leader Ferenc Szálasi. Szálasi's policies had an immediate effect on Kádár; he had emptied the prison Kádár lived in and sent them to Nazi concentration camps. Kádár was able to escape and made his way back to Budapest. Immediately after his return to Budapest, Kádár headed the Communist party's military committee. The committee tried to persuade workers to help the Soviet forces, but was not able to muster much support from the populace, therefore its effect was marginal at best. After the Soviet victory in Budapest, he changed his name from Csermanek to Kádár, literally meaning "cooper" or "barrel-maker".

From leadership to show trials

Post–World War II career
After the Soviet liberation of Hungary, the Soviet–Hungarian Communist leadership sent Zoltán Vas and the new Kremlin-approved Central Committee of the Communist Party of Hungary; Kádár became a member. Kádár rose, not because of ideology, or technical knowledge, but rather for his organisational skills. He helped organize the Party's headquarters and designed its membership card. The Soviet troops stationed in Hungary committed mass rapes and pillaged Budapest and the countryside. Kádár told the Interior Minister, "The Soviet command caused really big difficulties in our work, especially in the beginning, and they still do". Kádár was appointed deputy chief of police. He had sharp critics, such as Rákosi's party deputy Ernő Gerő who felt his decision to dissolve the party during the war was a rash decision. Other peers felt he had been over-promoted. Nevertheless, he moved up to the Politburo of the Communist Party of Hungary. In February 1945, Rákosi was elected General Secretary of the Communist Party of Hungary.

Rákosi's leadership consisted of Mihály Farkas the Minister of Defence. Kádár and Béla Kovács noted with puzzlement the leadership's total lack of interest in the domestic Communist's experience and outlook. As head of cadres, Kádár supervised membership appointments to the party. This position gave him contacts, some of whom would become very important to him in his later life. After failing to secure a majority in Parliament after the 1945 Hungarian parliamentary election, the Communist leadership started the divide and conquer strategy known as salami tactics. Kádár became a prominent figure during the period between 1945 and the 1947 Hungarian parliamentary election. Kádár had evolved a sense of rivalry with the Social Democratic Party of Hungary, claiming the party was "thrashing" them in government, and that they made it impossible for the Communists to negotiate policy with the Hungarian trade unions.

In 1946, Kádár campaigned for the Communist party in workers districts and factories. These areas were heavily contested between the Communists and the Social Democrats. The Communists were able to persuade the Social Democrats to hold elections in factories where the Communists held the majority. The clear majority results gained by the Communists during this election prompted the Social Democrats to postpone the rest of the election. At the 3rd Congress of the Communist Party of Hungary, Kádár was appointed one of Rákosi's two deputies. He was appointed deputy because of social and ethnic background, the majority of the leadership were of Jewish origins and were intellectuals, Kádár was however a "Hungarian" worker. In the aftermath of his appointment, he enrolled himself in Russian lessons and grew fond of reading, his favorite being The Good Soldier Švejk.

Kádár, as in 1946, was a Communist party campaigner, and was described by historian Robert Gough as "a great success". The Communists won a majority in Parliament in 1947, and because of the escalation of the Cold War, the Soviet leadership ordered them to drop all pretense of liberal democracy and create an undisguised Communist one-party state. Kádár played an active role in the creation of the Hungarian Working People's Party; created when the Social Democratic Party was forced to merge with the Communists. At the unification congress Kádár made a speech which made little impact on the Communist movement in Hungary. In May 1948 Kádár visited the Soviet Union, and for the first and last time in his life he saw Joseph Stalin with his own eyes. During his visit to the USSR, Kádár's brother, Jenő died. On 5 August 1948 László Rajk was appointed to the office of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Kádár took his place as Minister of the Interior.

As Interior Minister, Kádár did not have real power as the most important organizations of internal state security operated under the direct control of Rákosi and his closest associates. In 1949, Borbála died, and Kádár married Mária Tamáska. Just as Stalin had launched a Great Purge against those with knowledge of the pre-Stalin party, Rákosi launched a purge against those who had worked in Hungary, and not in the Soviet Union, during World War II and before. In retrospect, it is clear that Kádár was appointed Minister of the Interior with the deliberate aim to involve him in the "show trial" of Laszlo Rajk, although the investigations and proceedings were handled by the State Security Agency with the active participation of the Soviet Secret Police. Rákosi later boasted of "spending many a sleepless night" in unraveling the threads of the "anti-party conspiracy" led by Rajk and his "gang." During the public trial, Rákosi personally gave instructions to the judge over the phone. Rákosi would later attempt to blame Kádár for Rajk's death.

Later in his life, Rákosi said that Rajk died screaming "Long live Stalin! Long live Rákosi!" Instead, Tibor Szönyi died without saying a word and András Szalai crying. Farkas and Gábor Péter, upon the death of Rajk and the others, said "provocateurs to their last breaths". This event didn't assure Kádár; making him doubt if any of the accusation leveled against his coworkers were true. It is believed that after Rajk's death Kádár was seen vomiting; these rumours have not been confirmed by any sources from that time. Rákosi contacted him the following the day, asking him why he was in such a bad mood, and continued, saying; "Did the executions affect you that much?". According to certain rumours, which are probably not reliable, Kádár visited Rákosi to tell him about his reaction to the execution. Later, during a party presentation to a college, Kádár emphasized party austerity. This presentation might reflect on Kádár's reaction to Rajk's execution and his revelation that he might become the next victim of government repression. When holding his presentation, he was described by his audience as a "haggard", "distressed" and as a man under a lot of "strain".

Show trial and rehabilitation
Rákosi told Kádár, in late August 1950, that former Social Democratic party leader Árpád Szakasits had confessed to being a spy for the capitalistic countries. Szakasits' imprisonment would be the start of a long purge against former social democrats, trade union officials, and high-standing Communist party members. The purge would last until 1953, the extent of the purge went so far that the ÁVH held files on around one million, literally one-tenth of Hungary's population at that time. The purges were enacted when Rákosi and his associates were in the middle of the country's collectivising agriculture and the rapid industrialisation efforts. Ernő Gerő's ambition to make Hungary a land made out of "steel and iron" led to a decline in the national standards of living.

At this point, Rákosi had started distrusting Kádár, leading Kádár to resign as Ministry of the Interior citing health and stress reasons for his choice. Kádár believed the longer down the ladder he climbed there was a bigger chance of not being purged. In this he was wrong, and he along with new Minister of the Interior Sándor Zöld, were criticised for not doing a proper enough job to remove the anti-socialist movement within the country. Kádár would later refute most of the allegations the Rákosi leadership put against, but to no avail, and for every letter he wrote to refute an allegation another allegation was put against him. He eventually gave up and in one letter Kádár even admitted to his faults; claiming that he was still "politically backward" and "ideologically untrained" when he headed the prewar Communist Party as First Secretary. Kádár concluded that he had been fooled by the capitalists and therefore offered his resignation from active politics. Instead of resigning, and losing his seats in the Central Committee and the Politburo, his memberships in these organisations were renewed at the party congress. Believing that his position was secure and that Rákosi had given him another chance, Kádár thought nothing more of it. This proved to be wrong, and by the end of March 1951, Rákosi informed the Soviets that Kádár along with Zöld and Gyula Kállai were to be imprisoned.

On 18 April 1951, Zöld had killed his whole family and committed suicide after finding out that Rákosi and his associates had decided to purge him from the party. When the authorities found their bodies, they decided to quickly gather the remaining two before they did something rash too. Kádár, who did not know what had just taken place, was at home taking care of his wife Maria, who had been in and out of the hospital. The Hungarian leadership decided to call him, asking Kádár to meet them at the party headquarters, when leaving his home he was stopped by ÁVH officers and the ÁVH head Gábor Péter.

Only a year later, Kádár found himself the defendant in a show trial of his own—on false charges of having been a spy of Horthy's police. This time it was Kádár who was beaten by the security police and urged to "confess". During Kádár's interrogation, the ÁVH reportedly beat him, smeared him with mercury to prevent his skin pores from breathing, and had his questioner urinate into his pried-open mouth. However, at the 1954 rehearing of his trial, when asked if he had been maltreated, he answered "Physically no", a denial he repeated in later interviews towards the end of his life. It is thought by some that the stories of brutality were intended to portray him as a victim of Stalinist torture in order to counter his image at home and abroad as a Soviet stooge.

Kádár was found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment. His incarceration included three years of solitary confinement, conditions far worse than he suffered while imprisoned under the Horthy regime. He was released from prison in July 1954, after the death of Stalin and the appointment of Imre Nagy as Prime Minister in 1953. Kádár accepted the offer to act as party secretary in the heavily industrialized 13th district of Budapest. He rose to prominence quickly, building up a large following among workers who demanded increased freedom for trade unions.

Role in the Hungarian Revolution of 1956

Rákosi was forced to resign in 1956, replaced by Gerő. On 23 October 1956, students marched through Budapest intending to present a petition to the government. The procession swelled as several people poured onto the streets. Gerő replied with a harsh speech that angered the people, and police opened fire. It proved to be the start of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. As the revolution spread throughout the country, Nagy was called back as Prime Minister.

The Hungarian Working People's Party decided to dissolve itself and to reorganize itself as the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party. On 25 October 1956, Kádár was elected General Secretary. He was also a member of the Nagy Government as Minister of State.

Nagy began a process of liberalization, removing state controls over the press, releasing many political prisoners, and expressing wishes to withdraw Hungary from the Warsaw Pact. He formed a coalition government. Although the Soviet leaders issued a statement that they strove to establish a new relationship with Hungary on the basis of mutual respect and equality, in the first days of November, the Presidium of the Soviet Communist Party took a decision to crush the revolution by force.

On 1 November 1956, Kádár, together with Ferenc Münnich, left Hungary for Moscow with the support of the Soviet Embassy in Budapest. There the Soviet leaders tried to convince him that a "counter-revolution" was unfolding in Hungary that must be put to an end at any cost. He only agreed to change sides when the Soviet leaders informed him that the decision had already been taken to crush the revolution with the help of the Soviet troops stationed in Hungary. He was also told that unless he agreed to become prime minister in the new government, the Rákosi–Gerő leadership would be reinstalled. Although he was under duress, he did not, by his own admission, resist as much as he could have. In a speech given on 12 April 1989, he confessed to having played a role in Nagy's execution, calling it his "own personal tragedy." Writing in 1961, American journalist John Gunther said that "Kádár today looks like a man pursued by shadows, a walking corpse."

At dawn on 4 November 1956, Soviet tank divisions moved into Budapest with orders to crush the revolution. The proclamation of the so-called Revolutionary Workers'-Peasants' Government of Hungary, headed by Kádár, was broadcast from Szolnok the same day. He announced a "Fifteen Point Programme" for this new government:
 To secure Hungary's national independence and sovereignty
 To protect the people's democratic and socialist system from all attacks
 To end fratricidal fighting and to restore order
 To establish close fraternal relations with other socialist countries on the basis of complete equality and non-interference
 To cooperate peacefully with all nations irrespective of form of government
 To quickly and substantially raise the standard of living for all in Hungary
 Modification of the Five Year Plan, to allow for this increase in the standard of living
 Elimination of bureaucracy and the broadening of democracy, in the workers' interest
 On the basis of the broadened democracy, management by the workers must be implemented in factories and enterprises
 To develop agricultural production, abolish compulsory deliveries and grant assistance to individual farmers
 To guarantee democratic elections in the already existing administrative bodies and Revolutionary Councils
 Support for artisans and retail trade
 Development of Hungarian culture in the spirit of Hungary's progressive traditions
 The Hungarian Revolutionary Worker-Peasant Government, acting in the interest of our people, requested the Red Army to help our nation smash the sinister forces of reaction and restore order and calm in Hungary
 To negotiate with the forces of the Warsaw Pact on the withdrawal of troops from Hungary following the end of the crisis

The 15th point was withdrawn after pressure from the USSR that a 200,000 strong Soviet detachment be garrisoned in Hungary. This development allowed Kádár to divert huge defense funds to welfare. Nagy, along with Georg Lukács, Géza Losonczy and László Rajk's widow, Júlia, fled to the Yugoslav Embassy. Kádár promised them safe return home at their request but failed to keep this promise as the Soviet party leaders decided that Imre Nagy and the other members of the government who had sought asylum at the Yugoslav Embassy should be deported to Romania. Later on, a trial was instituted to establish the responsibility of the Imre Nagy Government in the 1956 events. Although it was adjourned several times, the defendants were eventually convicted of treason and conspiracy to overthrow the "democratic state order". Imre Nagy, Pál Maléter and Miklós Gimes were sentenced to death and executed on 16 June 1958. Géza Losonczy and both died in prison under suspicious circumstances during the court proceedings.

Kádár era

Kádár assumed power in a critical situation. The country was under Soviet military administration for several months. The fallen leaders of the Communist party took refuge in the Soviet Union and were planning to regain power in Hungary. The Chinese, East German, and Czechoslovak leaders demanded severe reprisals against the perpetrators of the "counter-revolution". Despite the distrust surrounding the new leadership and the economic difficulties, Kádár was able to normalize the situation in a remarkably short time. This was due to the realization that, under the circumstances, it was impossible to break away from the Communist bloc. The Hungarian people realized that the promises of the West to help the Hungarian revolution were unfounded and that the logic of the Cold War determined the outcome. Hungary remained part of the Soviet sphere of influence with the tacit agreement of the West. Though influenced strongly by the Soviet Union, Kádár enacted a policy slightly contrary to that of Moscow, for example, allowing considerably large private plots for farmers of collective farms.

Starting in the early 1960s, he gradually lifted Rákosi's more draconian measures against free speech and movement, and also eased some restrictions on cultural activities. He even tolerated samizdat publications to a far greater extent than his counterparts. As Kádár once said, "what kind of regime is it that doesn't have even a tiny little opposition, just for show? But there's also the fact that they can't go beyond a certain limit, and if they try, they'll pay for it." Hungarians had much more freedom than their Eastern Bloc counterparts to go about their daily lives.

The result was a regime that was far more humane than other Communist regimes, especially so when compared to the first seven years of undisguised Communist rule in Hungary. However, it was not a liberal regime in any sense. The Communists maintained absolute control over the government and also encouraged citizens to join party organizations. The National Assembly, like its counterparts in other Communist countries, did little more than approve decisions already made by the MSZMP and its Politburo. Voters were presented with a single list from the Patriotic People's Front, which was dominated by the MSZMP. All prospective candidates had to accept the Front's program in order to stand; indeed, Kádár and his advisers used the Front to weed out candidates they deemed unacceptable. The secret police, the Ministry of Internal Affairs III, while operating with somewhat more restraint than their counterparts in other Eastern Bloc countries (such as the AVH), was nonetheless a feared tool of government control. The Hungarian media remained under censorship that was considered fairly onerous by Western standards, but far less stringent than was the case in other Communist countries.

As a result of the relatively high standard of living, and more relaxed restrictions on speech, movement, and culture than that of other Eastern Bloc countries, Hungary was generally considered one of the better countries in which to live in Eastern Europe during the Cold War. The dramatic fall in living standards after the fall of Communism led to some nostalgia about the Kádár era. However, the relatively high living standards had their price in the form of  58% of GDP or US$22 bn state debt left behind by the Kádár régime. As mentioned above, the regime's cultural and social policies were still somewhat authoritarian; their impact on contemporary Hungarian culture is still a matter of considerable debate.

While Kádár's regime remained strictly loyal to the Soviet Union in foreign policy, its intent was to establish a national consensus around its domestic policies. In notable contrast to Rákosi, who repeatedly declared "he who is not with us is against us" in his rally speeches, Kádár declared that "who is not against us is with us." Kádár was the first Eastern European leader to develop closer ties with the Social Democratic parties of Western Europe. He also attempted to establish good relations with the United States, though could only go so far due to the limitations imposed by Kádár's ultimate commitment to communist internationalism. He tried to mediate between the leaders of the Czechoslovak reform movement of 1968 and the Soviet leadership to avert the danger of military intervention. When the Soviet leaders took the decision to intervene to suppress the Prague Spring, Kádár decided to participate in the Warsaw Pact operation.

The regression towards Stalinist economic policies in the Soviet Union at the end of the 1960s had an impact in Hungary. In the political-economic structure, which had been left untouched by the reforms, it was relatively easy for the "conservative" political offensive with Soviet support to take hold. Zoltán Komócsin, Béla Biszku and Árpád Pullai, who had aimed to stop economic reform and seize political power, defeated the reform wing, which was led by Rezső Nyers, Lajos Fehér and Jenő Fock, and implemented the renewed centralisation of the economy.

Unqualified people were appointed to leading positions en masse, and a campaign was launched against certain sections of the intelligentsia.

At the same time, the oil crisis caused an unfavorable turn in the world economy for the Hungarian economy: Hungarian goods for export were paid less, while imported goods needed for economic growth and modernization became more expensive. Thus, the increase in real wages, which the leadership considered important, could only be covered by loans. In the early 1970s, credit was cheap and was freely used: by the end of the 1970s, $8 billion in debt had been accumulated.

During Kádár's rule, international tourism increased dramatically, with many tourists (including Hungarians who emigrated 1956 or before) from Canada, the US, and Western Europe bringing much-needed money into Hungary. Hungary built strong relations with developing countries and many foreign students arrived. The "Holy Crown" (referred to in the media as the "Hungarian Crown", so as to prevent it carrying a political symbolism of the Horthy régime or an allusion to Christianity) and regalia of Hungarian kings were returned to Budapest by the United States in 1978.

Kádár was known for his simple and modest lifestyle and avoided the self-indulgence persona of other Communist leaders. Although he was never personally corrupt, he sometimes overlooked corrupt dealings of other members of the elite to an extent. To strengthen his popularity, whispering propaganda depicted him as totally intolerant to corruption by his underlings. Playing chess was one of his favorite pastimes. However, he was an avid hunter (hunting for sport used to be an aristocratic hobby before 1945 in Hungary and this pattern continued during the Communist era when it became a cherished pastime and occasion for the new elite to informally socialize and to get drunk), and was a member of an exclusive hunting association made up by Party leaders and other dignitaries. He wasn't a heavy drinker though and demanded modesty when he was present. Also, foreign guests often visited the Hungarian forests too, from the Shah of Iran through Fidel Castro to the King of Nepal, and Leonid Brezhnev hunted with Kádár several times. The popularity of this "gentleman's sport" among Communist leaders was marked by political decisions made on hunting excursions.

Kádár was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize (1975–76). He was also awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union on 3 April 1964.

Resignation, final months and death
János Kádár held power in Hungary until the "apparat coup" in the spring of 1988, when he resigned under pressure as General Secretary in the face of mounting economic difficulties and his own ill health. At a party conference in Budapest on 22 May 1988, at which half a dozen of his Politburo associates were also removed, Kádár announced his resignation and was officially replaced as General Secretary by Prime Minister Károly Grósz, who strove to continue Kádár's policies in a modified form adapted to the new circumstances. Kádár was named instead to the ceremonial position of Party President. He did not wish to be re-elected to the Political Committee, the most important decision-making body of the party. Nevertheless, the post allowed him the right to speak at Central Committee plenums. By May 1989, Kádár was showing unmistakable signs of mental deterioration; his increasingly incoherent speeches were becoming an embarrassment. Doctors encouraged him to go on vacation in the Crimea, but Kádár balked; he remembered how Rákosi had died in Soviet exile and was wary of the same fate. On 8 May, Kádár lost his remaining posts; officially, he retired for health reasons. Grósz and his associates were in no position to resist, as they were in turn were being sidelined by a faction of young "radical reformers" who set out to dismantle Communism altogether and rehabilitate the party's image ahead of free elections due the following year.

On 12 April 1989 Kádár unexpectedly appeared and made a rambling, incoherent speech at the closed meeting of the Central Committee. By the "right of the last word", he wanted to confess about his negotiations in 1956 in Moscow (about which he never spoke publicly) and about the conviction and execution of Imre Nagy. But all the changes that occurred in Eastern Europe and Hungary between 1956 and 1989 were at the same time in his head. An interpretation of Kádár's thoughts was offered by Mihály Kornis, who gave a lecture about János Kádár. According to Miklós Németh's testimony, in late May or early June 1989, a few weeks before his death, Kádár asked a Roman Catholic priest to hear his confession, which some have theorised as a sign of a possible revelation and conversion to Christianity.

Kádár died of cancer on 6 July 1989 aged 77, three months before the formal end of the regime he had largely created. Kádár's grave at the Kerepesi Cemetery in Budapest was vandalized on 2 May 2007 as a number of his bones, including his skull, were dug up and stolen, along with his wife Mária Tamáska's urn. A message reading "murderers and traitors may not rest in holy ground 1956–2006" (taken from a song titled "Neveket akarok hallani" written by the rock band Kárpátia) was written nearby. The two dates refer to the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and the 2006 protests in Hungary, respectively. This act was received with widespread revulsion across the political and societal spectrum in Hungary. Police investigations focused on extremist right-wing groups which had been aspiring to "carry out an act that would create a big bang."

Legacy
Kádár's legacy remains disputed in Hungary. Supporters of Kádár argue that the Kádár era was one of peace and stability with widespread job security and robust social protections for average people. Others argue that although Kádár increased the standard of living for Hungarians, and instituted broad liberalization, the country was still fundamentally a dictatorship and a Soviet satellite state.

Polls indicate that nostalgia for the Kádár era remains widespread in Hungary. According to a 2020 poll carried out by Policy Solutions in Hungary, 54 percent of Hungarians believe most people had a better life under Kádár, compared to 31 percent who say life for most people was worse under Kádár.

Decorations and awards
 Hero of Socialist Labour, three times (1962, 1972, 1982)
 Hero of the Soviet Union (1964)
 Order of Lenin, twice
 Lenin Peace Prize "for peace between nations" (1977)

In popular culture
An interpretation of events in Kádár's political and personal life, beginning circa 1945, including an association with the trial, execution, reburial, atonement of László Rajk, and ending with the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, are portrayed in Robert Ardrey's 1958 play, Shadow of Heroes.

References

Notes

Bibliography
 Felkay, Andrew. Out of Russian orbit, Hungary gravitates to the West (Greenwood, 1997).
 Felkay, Andrew. Hungary and the USSR, 1956-1988: Kadar's Political Leadership (Praeger, 1989)

Horbulák, Zsolt. "János Kádár as an Economic Reformist and Gustáv Husák as an Antireformist." Slovenská politologická revue 16.1 (2016): 5–19. online
 Niklasson, Tomas. "Regime stability and foreign policy change: interaction between domestic and foreign policy in Hungary 1956-1994" (PhD dissertation Lund University, 2006) online.
 Tőkés, Rudolf L. Hungary's Negotiated Revolution: Economic Reform, Social Change and Political Succession, 1957-1990 (Cambridge University Press, 1996).

Primary sources
 János Kádár: Selected Speeches and Interviews

External links

Kádár János 1988.05.
Kádár János temetése

1912 births
1989 deaths
Politicians from Rijeka
People from the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia
Converts to Roman Catholicism from atheism or agnosticism
Hungarian Roman Catholics
Hungarian Communist Party politicians
Members of the Hungarian Working People's Party
Members of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party
Prime Ministers of Hungary
Hungarian Interior Ministers
Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (1945–1947)
Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (1947–1949)
Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (1949–1953)
Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (1953–1958)
Collaborators with the Soviet Union
People of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956
People of the Cold War
Hungarian People's Republic
Foreign Heroes of the Soviet Union
Recipients of the Lenin Peace Prize
Grand Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (civil)
Heroes of Socialist Labour
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Hungarian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Hungary
Hungarian people of Slovak descent
Hungarian people of German descent
Burials at Kerepesi Cemetery
Hungarian politicians convicted of crimes
Deaths from cancer in Hungary

János Kádár


An Sudamerlycaste cinnabarina in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni John Lindley ngan J.C.Stevens, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Fredy Archila. An Sudamerlycaste cinnabarina in nahilalakip ha genus nga Sudamerlycaste, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Sudamerlycaste

Sudamerlycaste cinnabarina


La bibliothèque d'Etelä-Haaga () est une bibliothèque de la section Etelä-Haaga du quartier de Haaga à Helsinki en Finlande.

Présentation
La bibliothèque d'Etelä-Haaga a été fondée en 1946 et en 1964, elle occupe par un bâtiment  recouvert de briques jaune-brun conçu par l'architecte Helvi Mether-Borgström dans la cour de l'école primaire de Kyläneva à Etelä-Haaga.

La bibliothèque est voisine de l'école primaire d'Haaga (niveaux 1 à 6).

La bibliothèque est l'un des établissements de la bibliothèque municipale d'Helsinki.

Groupement Helmet de bibliothèques
La bibliothèque de Etelä-Haaga fait partie du groupement Helmet, qui est un groupement de bibliothèques municipales d'Espoo, d'Helsinki, de Kauniainen et de Vantaa ayant une liste de collections commune et des règles d'utilisation communes.

Références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

 Bibliothèques Helmet

Liens internes

Haaga
Haaga
Bâtiment à Helsinki

Bibliothèque d'Etelä-Haaga


ශබ්දාර්ථ විද්‍යාව යනු සන්නිවේදනයේ අර්ථය අධ්‍යයනය කිරිමයි. වාග් විද්‍යාවේදී එය කිසියම් විශේෂිත අවස්ථාවන්හිදි සහ සන්දර්භයන්හිදී නියෝජිතයින් හෝ ප්‍රජාවන් විසින් යොදා ගනු ලබන සංඥාවන්හි අර්ථ නිරූපණය අධ්‍යයනය කිරිමයි. වෙනත් විවිධ ක්ෂේත්‍රයන් කිහිපයක ඒ හා සම්බන්ධ අර්ථයක් ඇත.

ප්‍රකාශනයක තේරුම සංයුක්ත වන්නේ කුමකින් ද යන්න පිළිබඳව ශබ්දාර්ථ විද්‍යාඥයින් වෙනස් මත දරති. උදාහරණයක් ලෙස 'ජෝන් බේගල් :ඉටැකවලට කැමතිය'' යන වාක්‍යයෙහි බේගල් යන වචනය එහි වචනාර්ථය හෝ මුඛ්‍යාර්ථය නොව එම ද්‍රව්‍යය හැදින්වීමට යොදන වචනය විය හැකිය. නමුත් එයින් එය 'ජෝන් ගේ බඩගින්න හඟවන්නේ කෙසේද වැනි ඉන් ඇතිවන ඇඟවිමක් ද විය හැකිය. උපමාලංකාර සම්බන්ධතාවයක් ද විය හැකිය. සාම්ප්‍රදායිකව විධිමත් ශබ්දාර්ථ විද්‍යා දෘෂ්ටි කෝණයට අනුව ශබ්දාර්ථ විද්‍යාව එහි වචනාර්ථ තේරුමට සීමා කරන අතර එහි සියලුම රූපාලංකාර සම්බන්ධතාවයන් ප්‍රායෝගිකවාදයට පවරයි. නමුත් මෙම වෙනස පවත්වාගැනීම වඩ වඩාත් දුෂ්කර වේ. යමෙක් විධිමත් ශබ්දාර්ථ විද්‍යාව, ලක්ෂණ වීමංසාව, යෝගිකතාව යනාදියෙන් ඥානාත්මක ශබ්දාර්ථ විද්‍යාව දෙසට ගමන් කිරිමේදී න්‍යායවාදියෙක් වචනාර්ථ සාලංකාර වෙනසට දායක වන ප්‍රමාණයෙහි අඩුවීමක් සිදු වේ.

ශබ්දාර්ථ විද්‍යාව යන වචනය එහි නුතන අර්ථයෙන් ප්‍රථමවරට දිස්වුයේ 'මයිකල් බි රියල්' ගේ ක්‍රි.වර්ෂ 1897 'එසේ ඞී සෙමැන්ටික්' නම් පොතෙහි ප්‍රංශ බසින් 'සෙමැන්ටික් ප්බඑසුමැ යනුවෙනි. ජාත්‍යන්තර විද්‍යාත්මක ශබ්දාවලියෙහි ශබ්දාර්ථ විද්‍යාව. ශබ්දාර්ථ වේදය :ීැප්ිසදකදටහ_ යනුවෙන් ද හැඳින් වේ. ශබ්දාර්ථ විද්‍යා ශික්ෂාව ක්ෂිණ නොවන සාරාංශ අර්ථයන් දෙස බැලීම සඳහා යොදාගත් ක්‍රමයක් වන 'ඇල්ෆ‍්‍රඞ් කෝසිබ්ස්කි' ගේ සාමාන්‍ය ශබ්දාර්ථ විද්‍යාවෙන් වෙනස් වේ.

සටහන්

ශබ්දාර්ථ විද්‍යාව


Miss Rosewood er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 2017 instrueret af Helle Jensen.

Handling
Miss Rosewood er en selvudnævnt transgender-terrorist på New Yorks hardcore performance-scene, en omvandrende skandale på høje hæle, og den eneste kvinde i byen med balls nok til at tømme et kondom ud i håret på Leonardo DiCaprio. Ingen grænser er for fine at oversk(r)ide for den frygtløse missus, der spreder både skræk, rædsel, beundring og kropsvæsker til højre og venstre i et miljø, der ellers er vant til lidt af hvert. Men der er et følsomt og sympatisk menneske bag den tykke make-up, og hende har den danske instruktør Helle Jensen fundet ind til i en film, der ikke er bleg for selv at tage 'a walk on the wild side', men som også spadserer med Rosewood om backstage, hvor hun går under fødselsnavnet Jon Cory og har en familie, der har lært at forstå den persona, som hun udlever sine drømme og fantasier igennem (CPH:DOX' programtekst).

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2017

Miss Rosewood


An Alocasia reversa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Nicholas Edward Brown. An Alocasia reversa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Alocasia, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Alocasia

Alocasia reversa


Le COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium (COG-UK) est un groupe d'agences de santé publique et d'institutions universitaires au Royaume-Uni créé en avril 2020 pour collecter, séquencer et analyser les génomes du SARS-CoV-2 dans le cadre de la réponse à la pandémie de COVID-19. Le consortium comprend les quatre agences de santé publique du Royaume-Uni, des organisations du National Health Service, des partenaires universitaires et le Centre Sanger. Le consortium est connu pour avoir identifié pour la première fois le variant Alpha du SARS-CoV-2 (à l'époque, appelée Variant of Concern 202012/01) en novembre 2020. En janvier 2021, 45% de toutes les séquences du SRAS-CoV-2 téléchargées dans la base de données de séquençage GISAID provenaient du COG-UK.

En avril 2021, COG-UK a commencé la transition prévue du séquençage vers un service national, qui devrait s'achever d'ici septembre 2021. COG-UK a déclaré que ses priorités après cette transition sont le couplage de données, la recherche et la formation internationale.

Impact
Le séquençage national coordonné précoce et à grande échelle des génomes viraux du SRAS-CoV-2, ainsi que le partage ouvert et rapide des données génomiques, ont eu l'impact suivant sur les 12 premiers mois de la réponse à la pandémie de COVID-19 :

 Permettre l'identification et la surveillance des « variants préoccupants » et des « variants faisant l'objet d'une enquête » pour éclairer les actions de santé publique et les décisions politiques,
 Suivi de l'introduction et de la propagation du COVID-19 pour éclairer le contrôle des frontières, la gestion des épidémies et les politiques de santé publique,
 Faciliter les principales études COVID-19 au Royaume-Uni :
 L'étude COG-UK HOCI (Hospital-Onset COVID-19 Infections),
 Enquête sur les infections COVID-19 (CIS) de l'Office of National Statistics (ONS),
 L'étude d'évaluation en temps réel de la transmission communautaire (REACT),
 L'étude Vivaldi,
 L'essai du vaccin Oxford,
 L'essai du vaccin Novavax,
 Améliorer la compréhension de la biologie et de l'évolution du virus SARS-CoV-2 pour guider les traitements, le développement de vaccins et les diagnostics,
 Stimuler la riposte à la pandémie grâce à la publication rapide de données génomiques et au développement de protocoles de séquençage efficaces et rentables et d'outils d'analyse de données publiques en libre accès.

En avril 2021, COG-UK a annoncé ses priorités stratégiques pour les 12 mois suivants :

 Améliorer la valeur des données de séquence du génome viral grâce à un couplage de données plus étendu, y compris les données du génome humain et les ensembles de données cliniques,
 Faire avancer la recherche sur la transmission, les variantes, les méthodes et les outils d'analyse du SRAS-CoV-2,
 Coordonner un programme mondial de formation en génomique SARS-CoV-2

Structure
COG-UK est soutenu par un financement de 20 millions de livres sterling du ministère de la Santé et des Affaires sociales, de la Recherche et de l'Innovation du Royaume -Uni (UKRI) et du Wellcome Sanger Institute. Le consortium a également été soutenu par le Fonds d'innovation pour les tests du ministère de la Santé et des Affaires sociales le 16 novembre 2020 pour faciliter la capacité de séquençage du génome nécessaire et pour répondre au nombre croissant de cas de COVID-19 au Royaume-Uni au cours de la période hivernale.

Les partenaires du consortium comprennent le Wellcome Sanger Institute, le Quadram Institute et 15 autres universités dont l'université Queen's de Belfast, l'université de Birmingham, l'université de Cardiff, l'université de Cambridge, l'université d'Édimbourg, l'université d'Exeter, l'université de Glasgow, l'université de Liverpool, l'université de Northumbria, l'université de Nottingham, l'université d'Oxford, l'université de Portsmouth, l'University College de Londres, l'Imperial College London et l'université de Sheffield.

Personnes clés
Le directrice exécutive du consortium est Sharon Peacock, professeur et microbiologiste à l'université de Cambridge. Sharon Peacock est également en détachement à temps partiel auprès de Public Health England en tant que directrice scientifique, où elle se concentre sur le développement du séquençage des agents pathogènes via COG-UK.

Développements
Pendant la pandémie de COVID-19, les outils développés par le consortium COG-UK ont été largement utilisés, y compris, par exemple, l'affectation phylogénétique des lignées d'épidémie mondiales nommées (PANGOLIN). Le variant Alpha du SARS-CoV-2 a été détecté en novembre 2020 par le consortium COG-UK. Le variant fait l'objet d'enquêtes en cours par les agences de santé publique britanniques, coordonnées par le Public Health England et soutenues par COG-UK.

Le nombre de séquences que COG-UK a téléchargées sur GISAID est d'un peu moins de 5 % de tous les cas de COVID-19 au Royaume-Uni, contre 3,2 % pour les États-Unis et 60 % pour l'Australie. Environ 60% d'entre eux ont été séquencés au Wellcome Sanger Institute. En décembre 2020, le consortium COG-UK aurait retracé .

Publications sélectionnées

 Lo, Stéphanie W.; Jamrozy, Dorota (20 juillet 2020). "Génomique et surveillance épidémiologique" . Avis sur la nature. Microbiologie : 1. doi : 10.1038/s41579-020-0421-0. ISSN 1740-1526. PMC 7371787 . PMID 32690878.
 Meredith, Luke W. ; Hamilton, William L. ; Avertissez, Ben ; Houldcroft, Charlotte J. ; Hosmillo, Myre ; Jahun, Aminu S.; Curran, Martin D.; Parmar, Surendra ; appelant, Laura G.; Caddie, Sarah L.; Khokhar, Fahad A. (1er novembre 2020). « Mise en œuvre rapide du séquençage du SRAS-CoV-2 pour enquêter sur les cas de COVID-19 associés aux soins de santé : une étude prospective de surveillance génomique ». The Lancet Maladies infectieuses. 20 (11) : 1263-1271. doi : 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30562-4. ISSN 1473-3099. PMID 32679081.
 Rambaut, André ; Holmes, Edward C. ; O'Toole, ine ; Colline, vérité ; McCrone, John T. ; Ruis, Christophe ; du Plessis, Louis ; Pybus, Oliver G. (novembre 2020). "Une proposition de nomenclature dynamique pour les lignées SARS-CoV-2 pour aider l'épidémiologie génomique". Nature Microbiology. 5 (11) : 1403-1407. doi: 10.1038/s41564-020-0770-5. ISSN 2058-5276.
 da Silva Filipe, Ana; Berger, James G. ; Williams, Thomas ; Hughes, Joseph; Aranday-Cortes, Elihu ; Asamaphan, Patawee ; Achraf, Chirine ; Balcazar, Carlos ; Brunker, Kirstyn; Campbell, Alasdair ; Carmichael, Stephen (janvier 2021). "L'épidémiologie génomique révèle de multiples introductions de SARS-CoV-2 d'Europe continentale en Ecosse". Nature Microbiology. 6 (1) : 112-122. doi: 10.1038/s41564-020-00838-z. ISSN 2058-5276.
 Thomson, Emma C.; Rosen, Laura E.; Berger, James G. ; Spreafico, Roberto; da Silva Filipe, Ana; Wojcechowskyj, Jason A.; Davis, Chris ; Piccoli, Luca ; Pascall, David J.; Dillen, Josh; Lytras, Spyros (janvier 2021). "Les variantes N439K du pic SARS-CoV-2 en circulation maintiennent la forme physique tout en évitant l'immunité à médiation par les anticorps". Cell. doi : 10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.037. ISSN 0092-8674. PMC 7843029.

Références

Liens externes

Recherche médicale sur la Covid-19
Pandémie de Covid-19 au Royaume-Uni

COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium


معالي الفريق محمد بن عبد الله الطويان مستشار وزير الداخلية والمدير العام لكلية الملك فهد الأمنية سابقا في المملكة العربية السعودية.

ولد في بريدة عام 1943م وعاش طفولته في بيت جده لأبيه التاجر المعروف في بريدة الشيخ عبد الرحمن السليمان الطويان
حيث رحل والده وهو لم يبلغ عامه الرابع وتوفي والده في رحلة العمرة بعد إصابته بحمى شديدة
"حسب ما ذكر الدكتور أحمد آل سليمان عن سيرة الفريق الطويان في سلسلة "سير الرموز"

 وبعد إنهاء مراحل التعليم الأولي التحق بالمدرسة الثانوية العسكرية في الطائف
ومنها إلى كلية الملك عبد العزيز الحربية حيث أتم تأهليه العسكري متخرجاً
 برتبة ملازم في الجيش العربي السعودي القوات البرية ودرس في عدة دورات متقدمة في المملكة المتحدة وفرنسا ولبنان.

عمل في عدة قطاعات تدريبية وعسكرية ميدانية في الجيش العربي السعودي
إلى أن انضم إلى قوى الأمن الداخلي السعودي بطلب شخصي من الأمير فهد بن عبد العزيز، وزير للداخلية آنذاك.

وكان أبرز ما قام به في تلك الفترة تأسيسه لكلية قوى الأمن الداخلي
إلى جانب محمد السحيلي وعبد الله آل الشيخ. واقترح إطلاق اسم الملك فهد بن عبد العزيز على الكلية فيما بعد وتسمى اليوم كلية الملك فهد الأمنبة.

تدرج في مناصب قيادية عدة منها:

- أركان حرب كلية قوى الأمن الداخلي
- مساعد مدير عام كلية قوى الأمن الداخلي
- قائد قوات أمن الحج والمواسم
- مدير الإدارة العامة للتدريب
- نائب مدير عام الجوازات
- مدير عام الجوازات بالنيابة
- مدير عام السجون في المملكة
- مدير عام كلية الملك فهد الأمنية والمعاهد
-مستشار النائب الثاني لرئيس مجلس الوزراء ووزير الداخلية

وقد استمر لسنوات طويلة مديراً عاماً لكلية الملك فهد الأمنية والمعاهد، صدر خلالها
أمر الملك فهد بن عبد العزيز بترقيته إلى رتبة فريق العسكرية سنة 1998م. اختاره الأمير نايف بن عبد العزيز مستشاراً خاصاً له.

وهو صاحب اقتراح إسقاط أو تخفيض مدة المحكومية على حفاظ كتاب الله في السجون، وهو الاقتراح
الذي صدر أمر ملكي بتطبيقه في المملكة العربية السعودية.
ينسب للفريق محمدالطويان تأسيسه مبدأ القيادة الذاتية الذي طبقه في كلية الملك فهد الأمنية
واستحق عليه جائزة المرتبة الأولى والدرع الذهبي للقائد المجدد في المؤتمر الدولي للتدريب العسكري في أبوظبي عام 1996م.

و قد أخضع هذا المبدأ للبحث والدراسة والمناقشة في العديد من الكليات العسكرية حول العالم.

له مؤلفات مختلفة عن التكتيك العسكري، وعلم الطبوغرافيا، وكتب في القيادة الإدارية صدر آخرها عام 1999،
 ومؤلفات في الإدارة بالاهداف، وكتاب عن حقوق الإنسان، ألقى العديد من المحاضرات عن الأمن الوطني وأساليب تطبيق مفهوم الأمن الفكري.
عرف عن الفريق الطويان كرمه وأخلاقه العالية المنضبطة، كما أنه يعتبر من الوطنيين المخلصين الذين خدموا بلادهم لسنوات طويلة.

 وللفريق الطويان اهتمامات رياضية حيث يعتبر رائد لرياضة الدفاع عن النفس في السعودية
 فقد تولى رئاسة الاتحادين العربي والسعودي للكاراتيه والتايكواندو والجودو
وعضوية اللجنة الأولمبية السعودية لسنوات طويلة ومعالي الفريق عضو شرف في الاتحاد العربي للكاراتيه تقديراً من مجلس الاتحاد لمجهوداته ودعمه لهذه اللعبة.

له من الأبناء عبد الله وأحمد وثلاث كريمات.
'''

أشخاص عرب
أشخاص من منطقة القصيم
ضباط الجيش السعودي
مستشارون عسكريون سعوديون

محمد بن عبد الله الطويان


Omul care ne trebuie este un film românesc din 1979 regizat de Manole Marcus. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Ilarion Ciobanu, Jeana Gorea, Octavian Cotescu și Catrinel Dumitrescu.

Prezentare

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

 Ilarion Ciobanu — maistrul betonist Vasile Mutu
 Jana Gorea — Aneta Mutu, soția lui Vasile
 Octavian Cotescu — Nedelcu, directorul general al trustului de construcții
 Catrinel Dumitrescu — Geta Mutu, fiica soților Gorea, pasionată de actorie
 Jean Constantin — nea Titi, antrenorul echipei de fotbal C.S. Avîntul
 Mircea Anghelescu — Șerpescu, adjunctul primarului
 Marga Barbu — soția lui Șerpescu
 Vasile Cosma — președintele clubului de fotbal C.S. Avîntul
 Ovidiu Schumacher — profesorul de matematică
 Cornel Coman — primarul orașului
 Dem Niculescu — Ionașcu, șeful Serviciului Personal al trustului de construcții
 Adrian Petrache — Otto, pasagerul din tren care o agață pe Geta
 Dinu Apetrei — Liviu, fiul soților Șerpescu, iubitul Getei
 Dumitru Rucăreanu — bișnițarul Eduard
 George Mihăiță — instructorul de la Casa de Cultură a orașului
 Nicolae Praida — maistrul Grigore, coleg de serviciu al lui Mutu
 Alexandru Stark — reporterul TV
 Emil Bozdogescu — inspectorul Dimoftache de la ICRAL
 Maria Rotaru — profesoară la IATC
 Zephi Alșec — președintele comisiei de admitere la IATC
 Aristide Teică — croitorul Hudac, noul locatar
 Mircea Stoian — Gigel Mutu, fiul soților Mutu, pasionat de matematică și de fotbal
 Gheorghe Țoropoc
 Dumitru Drăgan
 Matei Alexandru — secretarul comitetului de partid al trustului (nemenționat)
 Vasile Popa — actor în filmul Zbor pe verticală (nemenționat)
 Cristian Șofron — candidat la admiterea la IATC (nemenționat)

Primire
Filmul a fost vizionat de 2.711.634 de spectatori în cinematografele din România, după cum atestă o situație a numărului de spectatori înregistrat de filmele românești de la data premierei și până la data de 31 decembrie 2014 alcătuită de Centrul Național al Cinematografiei.

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1979 în film

Filme din 1979
Filme regizate de Manole Marcus
Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme cu acțiunea pe șantier
Scenarii de Ion Băieșu

Omul care ne trebuie


Glenea clavifera é uma espécie de escaravelho da família Cerambycidae. Foi descrita por Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius em 1925 e é conhecida a sua existência em Bornéu.

Referências

Borneo catalog 2005

clavifera
Coleópteros descritos em 1925

Glenea clavifera


Stephen Billington, né le  est un acteur anglais, surtout connu pour avoir joué Greg Kelly dans Coronation Street (pour lequel il remporte le British Soap Award 1999 du méchant de l'année).

Biographie

Né à Farnworth dans le Lancashire, Billington se forme au  et n'est pas connu lorsqu'il est choisi lors d'une audition pour jouer le rôle principal de Lysander Hawkley dans The Man Who Made Husbands Jealous (1997). Il travaille ensuite avec de nombreux réalisateurs de premier plan, dont Peter Greenaway, Franco Zeffirelli et Mel Gibson.

En parallèle, il enseigne actuellement à la London School of Dramatic Art, au Drama Centre London, au Method Studio, Londres, et au City Literary Institute.

Filmographie

Cinéma

Court métrage
 2007 : The Un-Gone : Julian Salinger

Longs métrages
 1995 : Braveheart : Phillip
 2002 : Resident Evil : Mr. White
 2002 : Callas Forever : Brendan
 2003 : Dracula II : Ascension : Dracula II
 2004 : The Tulse Luper Suitcases, Part 3: From Sark to the Finish : Tulse Luper
 2005 : The Prophecy: Uprising : Ion
 2005 : Dracula III : Legacy : Dracula II
 2005 : A Life in Suitcases : Tulse Luper
 2007 : Northern Cowboys : Deano
 2007 : Oh Happy Day : David
 2007 : Exitz : Theo
 2010 : Exorcismus : Christopher
 2015 : Lake Placid vs. Anaconda : Beach
 2015 : Angel : Blunt

Télévision
 1994 : Space Precinct : Ross
 1995 : The Buccaneers : Lieutenant James
 1995 : Out of the Blue : P.C. Alex Holder
 1997 : The Man Who Made Husbands Jealous : Lysander Hawkley
 1997 : Rules of Engagement : Gary
 1998 : Jonathan Creek : Neville Bruce
 1998–1999 : Coronation Street : Greg Kelly
 1999 : Highlander: The Raven : Derrick Markham
 2001 : Queen of Swords : Bernardo
 2001 : Relic Hunter : Palmer
 2002 : Inquisition : The healer / prisoner
 2002 : Young Arthur : Lord Vortigen
 2006–2013 : Doctors : Dutch / Colin Tierney
 2010 : Casualty : Edward Thurlow / Edward Furlow
 2013 : Invasion Roswell : Burkis
 2013–2014 : Hollyoaks : Danny Lomax
 2017 : Armchair Detectives : DI Knight

Distinctions
 British Soap Awards : Méchant de l'année 1999 pour Coronation Street

Références

Liens externes

Acteur britannique de cinéma
Acteur britannique de télévision
Naissance en décembre 1969

Stephen Billington


Yoshihito Fujita (født 13. april 1983) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Blaublitz Akita.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Yoshihito Fujita