Solomon Adaları (İngilizce: Solomon Islands), Okyanusya'da 6 büyük ve 900'den fazla küçük adadan oluşan bir ülkedir. Papua Yeni Gine'nin doğusunda ve Vanuatu'nun kuzeybatısında yer alır. Yüzölçümü 28.400 km² ve nüfusu 650.000 civarındadır. Başkent Honiara, Guadalcanal adasındadır. Ülke ismini üzerinde bulunduğu Solomon Takımadaları'ndan alır, Melanezya'ya dâhil olan bu takımadalar Solomon Adaları ülkesinin yanı sıra Kuzey Solomon Adaları olarak adlandırılan Papua Yeni Gine'ye bağlı Bougainville'i de içerir. Ancak Solomon Adaları'na bağlı olan Santa Cruz Adaları ile Rennell ve Bellona bu takımadalara dâhil değildir.

Adalardaki insan yerleşiminin MÖ 30.000 ile 28.000 yılları arasında başladığı düşünülmektedir. Sonradan gelen göç dalgaları, en önemlisi Lapitalar olmak üzere, yerel halkla karışarak günümüz ada toplumunun oluşmasını sağlamıştır. İspanyol denizci Alvaro de Mendaña 1568 yılında adaları keşfetti ve onlara Islas Salomón adını verdi. Mendaña 1595'te adalara tekrar geldi, bunu Portekizli denizci Pedro Fernandes de Queirós'un 1606'daki ziyareti takip etti. Adaların güney bölümü 1893'te İngiliz Kaptan Gibson tarafından  Britanya himayesine geçirildi. II. Dünya Savaşı'nda Solomon Adaları Seferi (1942-1945) Birleşik Devletler ve Britanya ile Japon İmparatorluğu arasında çetin savaşlara sahne oldu, bunların en önemlisi Guadalcanal Muharebesi'dır.

Adalardaki Britanya yönetiminin resmi adı olan İngiliz Soloman Adaları Himayesi, 1975'te Solomon Adaları ismiyle değiştirildi. Ertesi yıl adalara kendini yönetme hakkı tanındı. 1978'de meşrutiyetle yönetilen bağımsız bir ülke ilan edildi. Solomon Adaları Kralı III. Charles bir genel valiyle temsil edilmektedir.

Tarih

İlk yerleşimcilerin 30.000 M.Ö. gelmeye başladığı düşünülmektedir.

Ülke,19. yüzyılda misyonerler tarafından ziyaret etmeye başlandı. Bu durum ülkede birtakım karışıklıklara, katliamlara neden oldu. Birleşik Krallık, Haziran 1893'te Güney Solomon üzerinde himaye kurduğunu açıkladı. Bu olay Britanya Solomon Adaları'nın temeli oldu.

Misyonerler, nüfusun çoğunluğunu Hristiyana dönüştürdü ve adalara yerleşti. 20. yüzyılın başlarında bazı Birleşik Krallık ve Avustralya firmaları, ülkede hindistan cevizi ekimine başladı. Ülke ekonomisi böylece yavaş yavaş büyümeye başladı.

II. Dünya Savaşı

II. Dünya Savaşı'nın patlak vermesiyle, Avustralya, adalardaki hindistan cevizi ekimini durdurdu ve tüccarlar, tahliye edildi. İkinci Dünya Savaşı'nın en yoğun mücadelelerinin bazıları bu ülke topraklarında yaşandı. Japon İmparatorluğu Kuvvetleri'ne karşı müttefik kuvvetlerin desteğiyle çatışmalar yaşandı. Solomon Adaları Güney Pasifik'teki  önemli alanlardan biriydi. Guadalcanal Savaşı ile müttefikler, Japonlar'ı geri püskürttü.

2007 Yılındaki Deprem ve Tsunami

2 Nisan 2007 tarihinde, Solomon Adaları'nda büyük bir deprem ve ardından büyük bir tsunami felaketi yaşandı. En az 52 kişinin öldüğü, 900'den fazla evin kullanılamayacak hale geldiği ve binlerce kişinin evsiz kaldığı açıklandı.

İdari Yapı

Ekonomi

Az gelişmiş bir ülke olan Solomon Adaları'nda halkın en önemli geçim kaynağı balıkçılıktır. Ülkede petrol ürünleri ithal edilmektedir ve 1998 yılına kadar ülkede kereste, ana ihraç ürünüydü. Diğer önemli ihracat ürünleri hindistancevizi ve hurma yağıdır. Adalar ayrıca kurşun, çinko, nikel ve altın gibi maden kaynakları bakımından zengindir.

İhracat
1998 yılına kadar, tropik kereste dünya fiyatlarının keskin bir şekilde düştüğü zaman, kereste Solomon Adaları'nın ana ihracat ürünü idi ve son yıllarda Solomon Adaları ormanları tehlikeli bir şekilde aşırı derecede kullanıldı. Haziran 2000'deki etnik şiddetin ardından hurma yağı ve altın ihracatı dururken, kereste ihracatı düştü. Son zamanlarda, Solomon Adaları mahkemeleri canlı yunusların kar için ihracatını yeniden onayladı, en son Dubai, Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri'ne ihracat yapıldı. Bu uygulama başlangıçta hükûmet tarafından Meksika'da 28 canlı yunus sevkiyatı üzerine uluslararası kargaşadan sonra durduruldu. Hareket, hem Avustralya hem de Yeni Zelanda'nın yanı sıra çeşitli koruma örgütlerinden gelen eleştirilerle son buldu.

Tarım
Diğer önemli nakit ürünler ve ihracatlar arasında kopra, kakao ve palmiye yağı bulunur. 2017 yılında 317.682 ton hindistan cevizi hasat edildi ve ülke dünya çapında 18. sırada hindistan cevizi üreticisi oldu ve ihracatın % 24'üne karşılık geldi. Kakao çekirdekleri esas olarak Guadalcanal, Makira ve Malaita adalarında yetiştirilir. 2017'de 4.940 ton kakao çekirdeği hasat edildi ve Solomon Adaları dünya çapında 27. sırada kakao üreticisi oldu.

Madencilik
1998'de Guadalcanal'daki Gold Ridge'de altın madenciliği başladı. Diğer alanlarda mineral araştırmaları devam etti. Adalar kurşun, çinko, nikel ve altın gibi gelişmemiş mineral kaynakları bakımından zengindir. 2006 yılındaki isyanlardan sonra kapatılan Gold Ridge madeninin tekrar açılmasına yol açabilecek müzakereler devam ediyor.

Balıkçılık

Ülkedeki tek balık konservesini işleten bir Japon ortak girişimi olan Solomon Taiyo Ltd., etnik rahatsızlıkların bir sonucu olarak 2000 yılının ortalarında kapandı. Tesis yerel yönetim altında yeniden açılmasına rağmen ton balığı ihracatı devam etmemiştir.

Turizm
Özellikle dalış, Solomon Adaları için önemli bir hizmet sektörü haline gelebilir. Bununla birlikte, turizm büyümesi, altyapı ve ulaşım kısıtlamalarının eksikliği nedeniyle engellenmektedir. 2017 yılında Solomon Adaları, dünyanın en az ziyaret edilen ülkelerinden biridir ve ülke 26.000 turist tarafından ziyaret edildi. Hükûmet, turist sayısını 2019 sonuna kadar 30.000'e, 2025 yılı sonuna kadar yılda 60.000 turiste çıkarmayı umuyor.

Resimler

Kaynakça

İngiliz Milletler Topluluğu üyesi ülkeler
Birleşmiş Milletler üyesi ülkeler

Solomon Adaları


Wonderful World es una película de 2009 dirigida y escrita por Joshua Goldin, quien hace su debut como director con esta película. La película es protagonizada por Matthew Broderick, Sanaa Lathan, Michael K. Williams y Jodelle Ferland.
Fue producida por Ambush Entertainment, Back Lot Pictures y Cold Iron Pictures. En el verano de 2009, la película fue elegida por Magnolia Pictures para distribución en 2010. La filmación tuvo lugar en Shreveport, Louisiana.

Sinopsis
Cuando el amigo de cuarto de Ben Singer, Ibou, cae en un coma diabético y es llevado al hospital, su hermana Khadi llega de Senegal para cuidarlo. Después que Khadi y Ben se enamoran, las circunstancias llevan a Ben a reconsiderar su forma de pensar.

Elenco
 Matthew Broderick como Ben Singer.
 Sanaa Lathan como Khadi.
 Michael K. Williams como Ibou.
 Jodelle Ferland como Sandra.
 Philip Baker Hall como The Man.
 Jesse Tyler Ferguson como Cyril.
 Patrick Carney como Evan.
 Ally Walker como Eliza.
 David L. J. George como el enfermero.

Referencias
 IMDb

Wonderful World (película)


Microlicia est un genre  de plantes  dicotylédones appartenant à la famille des Melastomataceae. Ce groupe comprend à l'heure actuelle   quelque 186 espèces décrites et acceptées. Les espèces de ce genre sont originaires du Brésil, de Bolivie, de Colombie, Guyane, Pérou et Venezuela .

Taxonomie
Le genre a été décrit par David DON et publié sur Memoirs of the Wernerian Naturel History Society 4: 283, 301. en 1823.

Quelques espèces
Un petit nombre des espèces du genre Microlicia acceptées avant février de 2013, cette liste alphabétique ne comporte que les premières espèces nommées dans ce groupe :

 Microlicia benthamiana Triana
 Microlicia cerifera (Gardner) À.B. Martins & Almeda
 Microlicia cordata (Spreng.) Cham.
 Microlicia fulva (Spreng.) Cham.
 Microlicia giuliettiana (Markgr.) À.B. Martins & Almeda
 Microlicia guanayana Wurdack
 Microlicia mucugensis (Wurdack) Almeda & À.B. Martins
 Microlicia myrtoidea Cham.
 Microlicia noblickii (Wurdack) À.B. Martins & Almeda
 Microlicia ordinata (Wurdack) Almeda & À.B. Martins
 Microlicia parvula (Markgr.) Koschn. & À.B. Martins
 Microlicia sphagnicola Gleason
 Microlicia vernicosa (À. Barreto Ex Pedersoli) À.B. Martins & Almeda
 Microlicia weddellii Naudin

Références

Biographie

 Forzza, R. C. et Al. 2010. Liste de espèces Flore do Brésil.

Liens externes

 Images sur Google

Melastomataceae
Genre d'Angiospermes (nom scientifique)

Microlicia


Samuel ben Moshé de Medina (en abrégé RaShDaM,    ou Maharashdam ; 1505 – 12 octobre 1589), est un rabbin, talmudiste et auteur de Salonique dans l'Empire ottoman. Il a été directeur d'une yeshiva de cette ville, dont sont issus un grand nombre d'érudits éminents des XVIe et XVIIe siècles. Ses professeurs sont de célèbres talmudistes Joseph Taitazak et Levi Ibn Chaviv. Parmi ses condisciples se trouvent Isaac Adarbi, Joseph ibn Leb et Moses Almosnino . Au cours d'un séjour à Constantinople, il fait la connaissance du célèbre grammairien Menahem Lonzano, qui étudie auprès de lui pendant un certain temps et le mentionne donc comme de son professeur.

Parmi les nombreux disciples de Samuel ayant une notoriété figurent Abraham de Boton, Joseph ibn Ezra et Ḥayyim Shabbethai . Il a alimenté une controverse avec Joseph Karo et d'autres rabbins à Safed, contre lesquels il a écrit une lettre polémique (Ketav Tochachah). Il est mort à Salonique. Un de ses petits-fils est Samuel Hayyun, auteur de Bene Shemuel , romans et responsa (Salonique, vers 1613).

Il a été enterré au cimetière juif de Salonique ou sa sépulture était l'objet de pèlerinages.

Écrits
Les œuvres de Samuel incluent :

 Ben Shemuel, Mantoue, 1622, trente homélies sur divers sujets, publiés avec une préface de son petit-fils Shemaiah
 Hiddushim (inédit), novellæ sur quelques traités talmudiques
 un recueil de 956 responsa en quatre parties, dont les deux premières publiées du vivant de l'auteur (1578-87 ?) sous le titre Piske RaShDaM

Une édition complète de ce dernier ouvrage a été entreprise ultérieurement par le fils de l'auteur, Moïse, qui y a ajouté une préface.

Références

Rosh yeshiva
Rabbin du XVIe siècle
Décès en 1589
Naissance en 1505

Samuel de Medina


() a fost actriță americană. Este fiica dramaturgului britanic Eugene O'Neill și a scriitoarei Agnes Boulton și sora profesorului de literatură greacă Eugene O'Neill Jr.. A fost a patra și ultima soție a actorului și regizorului britanic Charlie Chaplin cu care a avut opt copii.

În filmul biografic din 1992, Chaplin, rolul său este interpretat de Moira Kelly (care interpretează și rolul lui Hetty Kelly, prima iubire din Anglia a lui Charlie).  Oona O'Neill seamăna la înfățișare cu Hetty Kelly.

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
Listă de actori americani

Nașteri în 1925
Decese în 1991
Actori americani
Charlie Chaplin

Oona O'Neill


Alouette, Kanada'nın yapay uydularına verilen addır.

Alouette 1
İyonosfer içindeki elektronların yoğunluklarındaki değişiklikleri gün, zaman ve enlemin bir işlevi olarak ölçmek için geliştirilen Alouette, NASA'yla ortak bir çalışma sonucu gerçekleştirildi. Batı Test Rampası'ndan (Vandenberg Hava Kuvvetleri Üssü, Kaliforniya) 28 Eylül 1962'de Thor-Agena tarafından fırlatıldı. En uzak noktası 1027 km, en yakın noktası 998 km olan bir yörüngeye oturtuldu ve görevini başarıyla gerçekleştirdi.

Alouette 2
Alouette 2, 29 Kasım 1965'te Alouette 1'in özelliklerini taşıyarak aynı amaçla fırlatılmıştır.

Yapay uydular
Kanada'da bilim ve teknoloji
1962'de uzay çalışmaları

Alouette


The Round Rock Express are a Minor League Baseball team of the Pacific Coast League (PCL) and the Triple-A affiliate of the Texas Rangers. They are located in Round Rock, Texas, and play their home games at the Dell Diamond. The team is named for Baseball Hall of Famer Nolan Ryan, who was nicknamed "The Ryan Express." Ryan, along with son Reid Ryan and Don Sanders make up the team's ownership group, Ryan Sanders Baseball.

The Express were established as a Double-A team of the Texas League (TL) in 2000. They won the Texas League championship in 2000. Round Rock was replaced by a Triple-A Pacific Coast League team in 2005. The Triple-A Express carried on the history of the Double-A team that preceded them. With Major League Baseball's restructuring of Minor League Baseball in 2021, the Express were shifted to the Triple-A West, which was renamed the PCL in 2022.

History
The ownership group led by Nolan Ryan and Don Sanders began its operations in Round Rock in 2000 as the Dell Diamond opened, moving the Double-A Texas League's Jackson Generals to the new park, affiliating with the Houston Astros and setting attendance records for the Double-A level. By 2003, Corpus Christi had offered the Ryan-Sanders group $20 million to build a stadium and move a professional franchise there, and the ownership group was convinced Round Rock could support Triple-A baseball.

Meanwhile, the Pacific Coast League's Edmonton Trappers franchise, left isolated by the departure of the Calgary Cannons after the 2002 season for Albuquerque, was under pressure from the rest of the league to relocate to the United States. After the 2003 season, the Ryan group purchased the Trappers franchise with plans to relocate that franchise to Round Rock for 2005, once the Corpus Christi stadium would be ready for the Double-A franchise. The Triple-A club would carry on the Round Rock Express identity; the Double-A club would become the Corpus Christi Hooks, and the Ryan group was able to negotiate an affiliation swap with the New Orleans Zephyrs to obtain the Astros' Triple-A affiliation for the newly-arriving PCL club.

In 2006, the Round Rock Express clinched the Southern Division of the league's American Conference with a win–loss record of 85–59. After defeating the Nashville Sounds in five games to take the American Conference championship, they advanced to the PCL championship series, but lost to the Tucson Sidewinders in three straight games.

In 2011, after 6 seasons of serving as the Triple-A affiliate of the Houston Astros, and 11 seasons of being affiliated with the Astros overall, the Express became the Triple-A affiliate of the Texas Rangers. Through the end of the 2018 season, attendance figures have dropped 8% since changing affiliations from Houston to Texas (see table below). Each of the top 9 season attendances all occurred in the 11 seasons the team was affiliated with Houston.

In 2016, Forbes listed the Express as the sixth-most valuable Minor League Baseball team with a value of $40 million.

On September 20, 2018, the Express announced a 4-year Player Development Contract with the Houston Astros. In conjunction with Major League Baseball's reorganization of the minors after the 2020 season, the Astros opted to discontinue their affiliation with Round Rock, leaving them in need of a new major league affiliate.

The Express later re-affiliated with the Texas Rangers for 2021 and were organized into the Triple-A West. Round Rock ended the season tied for second place in the Eastern Division with a 61–58 record. No playoffs were held to determine a league champion; instead, the team with the best regular-season record was declared the winner. However, 10 games that had been postponed from the start of the season were reinserted into the schedule as a postseason tournament called the Triple-A Final Stretch in which all 30 Triple-A clubs competed for the highest winning percentage. Round Rock finished the tournament tied for seventh place with a 6–4 record. In 2022, the Triple-A West became known as the Pacific Coast League, the name historically used by the regional circuit prior to the 2021 reorganization.

Playing under a split-season format in 2023 in which the teams with the best league-wide records at the end of each half qualified for the playoffs, Round Rock won the second-half title at 45–30. Overall, the team posted the league's second-best record, 89–60. In a single round of playoffs to determine the PCL championship versus the Oklahoma City Dodgers, winners of the first half, the Express were defeated, two games to none.

Season-by-season records

Dell Diamond attendance

Season average attendance

Attendance ranking by affiliation (through 2018)

Roster

Notable alumni
Josh Banks (born 1982), MLB pitcher
Richard Bleier (born 1987), MLB pitcher
John Buck, MLB catcher
Roger Clemens, MLB pitcher
Chris Davis, MLB first baseman
Morgan Ensberg, MLB third baseman
Mike Gallo, MLB pitcher
Craig Gentry, MLB outfielder
Keith Ginter, MLB onfielder
Jason Hirsh, MLB pitcher
Roy Oswalt, MLB pitcher
Humberto Quintero, MLB catcher
Taylor Teagarden, MLB catcher
Hunter Pence, MLB outfielder
Willy Taveras, MLB outfielder
José Urquidy, MLB pitcher

Popular culture
The "Play Ball" episode of The Simple Life, a reality television series starring young wealthy socialites Paris Hilton and Nicole Richie, took place during an Express game. The show aired on July 21, 2004, as the 15th episode of the show's second season.

The team made headlines in 2010 when it "signed" Billy Ray "Rojo" Johnson, described in a press release as an East Texan who grew up in Venezuela and had run-ins with the law. In reality, Johnson was actor Will Ferrell, who briefly took the mound at Dell Diamond to promote his nearby charity golf tournament.

References

External links

Official website

Pacific Coast League teams
Texas League teams
Professional baseball teams in Texas
Texas Rangers minor league affiliates
Houston Astros minor league affiliates
Baseball teams established in 2000
Round Rock, Texas
2000 establishments in Texas
Triple-A West teams

Round Rock Express


Jeanne du Barry é um longa-metragem de drama histórico e biográfico francês lançado em 2023 escrito, dirigido e produzido por Maïwenn, estrelado pela mesma e Johnny Depp, em seu primeiro filme após inocentado das acusações de Amber Heard pelo Tribunal do Condado de Fairfax da Virginia. O elenco também incluí Pierre Richard, Benjamin Lavernhe, Noémie Lvovsky, Pascal Greggory, Melvil Poupaud e India Hair. Seu enredo é centrado em Madame du Barry, que utiliza de sua inteligência e sedução para subir na escada social. Ao se tornar favorita do rei Luís XV, eles se apaixonam e contra toda a tradição e etiqueta, du Barry se muda para Versalhes, onde sua chegada deixa a corte em choque.

Produzido pela Why Not Productions, IN.2 Film e distribuído pela Le Pacte, com um orçamento de US$ 22,4 milhões, Jeanne du Barry foi um dos longa-metragem franceses mais caros de 2022, sendo um dos três com orçamento superior a 10 milhões de euros. Filme de abertura no Festival de Cannes de 2023 em 16 de maio de 2023, teve seu lançamento nos cinemas da França no mesmo dia, antes de seu lançamento no streaming pela Netflix.

Premissa
Jeanne, uma jovem trabalhadora faminta por cultura e prazer, usa sua inteligência e encanto para subir os degraus da escada social um por um. Ela se torna a favorita do rei Luís XV que, sem saber de sua condição de cortesã, recupera através dela seu apetite pela vida. Eles se apaixonam perdidamente e, contra toda a tradição e etiqueta, Jeanne se muda para Versalhes, onde sua chegada choca a corte.

Elenco

 Maïwenn como Madame du Barry
 Johnny Depp como Louis XV
 Pierre Richard
 Noémie Lvovsky
 Benjamin Lavernhe
 Melvil Poupaud
 Pascal Greggory
 India Hair

Produção

Desenvolvimento
Em entrevista ao Harper's Bazaar France, Maïwenn revelou seu desejo de dirigir um filme sobre Madame du Barry desde 2006, após assistir Marie Antoinette (2006) de Sofia Coppola. Ela se sentiu particularmente atraída pela personagem Madame du Barry, interpretada por Asia Argento, e logo depois começou a ler biografias sobre ela. Nos dez anos seguintes, Maïwenn brincou com a ideia de um dia dirigir um filme de época, cuja protagonista seria Madame du Barry, permanecendo ainda muito insegura sobre isso, temendo não conseguir capturar adequadamente um filme que seria comparável a outros feitos sobre o assunto. Após ler muitas biografias sobre du Barry e assistir a muitos filmes de época, como Barry Lyndon de Stanley Kubrik, Marie Antoinette de Sofia Coppola e A Morte de Luís XIV de Albert Serra, Maïwenn começou esboçar seu próprio filme. Ela chegou à conclusão de que todos esses três filmes, que ela adora, têm algo em comum: eles não são muito falantes.

Maïwenn escreveu o filme pensando em um ator francês, cujo nome ela não revelou, apresentou o roteiro a ele e esperou três anos por uma resposta. Ele recusou em questão de minutos, alegando, segundo Maïwenn, que "o cinema está morto" e que "só restava a Netflix". Ela então propôs o papel a outro ator francês, cujos problemas de saúde o impediram de desempenhar o papel. Após esse desapontamento, Maïwenn foi aconselhada a criar uma lista de atores que ela ama, não importa a origem. Ela, assim, o fez, e o primeiro ator da lista foi um estadunidense, que lhe pareceu acessível, mas não se interessou. O segundo ator dessa lista foi Johnny Depp, que recebeu o roteiro em um momento em que Maïwenn havia perdido a esperança de que o projeto se materializasse.

Ela abordou Johnny Depp pela primeira vez e ofereceu-lhe o papel de Luís XV antes do Natal, em 2019. Sem ter lido o roteiro pessoalmente, Depp concordou imediatamente, depois que seu assistente e amigo, Stephen Deuters, que também é roteirista e produtor, leu e se apaixonou pelo roteiro. Após perder o julgamento por difamação contra o The Sun, em novembro de 2020, Maïwenn não tinha certeza se Depp ainda estaria a bordo do projeto. Ela o contatou e descobriu que ele temia que ela não o quisesse no filme, após o resultado do julgamento. Maïwenn garantiu a ele que o filme não continuaria sem ele e que ele era a única pessoa, em sua opinião, que poderia desempenhar o papel.

Em janeiro de 2022, foi anunciado oficialmente que Johnny Depp foi escalado como o rei Luís XV no drama. Em maio de 2022, Louis Garrel, Pierre Richard e Noémie Lvovsky foram escalados para papéis não revelados, enquanto Wild Bunch vendeu o filme para distribuição durante o Festival de Cannes de 2022. Em julho de 2022, foi revelado que o filme foi encenado em francês, com a Netflix cuidando da distribuição na França e com Benjamin Lavernhe, Melvil Poupaud, Pascal Greggory e India Hair no elenco.

Filmagens
As filmagens começaram no dia 26 de julho de 2022, em Versalhes e outras regiões de Paris, por 11 semanas. Em 10 de agosto de 2022, a primeira imagem teaser de Depp no papel de Luís XV foi compartilhada pela Why Not Productions. As filmagens foram encerradas em meados de outubro de 2022. Em 1º de novembro de 2022, a Wild Bunch International revelou os principais territórios que adquiriram os direitos do drama. Outra imagem de Depp no papel foi compartilhada no mesmo dia.

Maïwenn concedeu sua primeira entrevista sobre o filme ao Le Journal de Dimanche em 31 de dezembro de 2022. Nela, menciona que sua encenação para o filme "não é pop nem rock", ao contrário de Marie Antoinette de Sofia Coppola, mas que de fato levou liberdades com ele e espera que "puristas" a critiquem. Posteriormente, ela ainda comentou sobre a capacidade de Depp de se transformar em um personagem, chamando-o de "um verdadeiro camaleão" que realmente gosta de transformação. Sobre os diálogos e o fato de Depp ter atuado pela primeira vez em francês, Maïwenn comentou que seu filme com muitos diálogos e que a expressividade de Depp a impressionou muito, comparando-o ao de um ator de cinema mudo.

Pela primeira vez em sua carreira, Maïwenn decidiu usar câmeras de película 35 milímetros para rodar um filme, usando Barry Lyndon de Stanley Kubrick como modelo para o que ela queria alcançar visualmente. Dirigir o filme e ao mesmo tempo interpretar uma de suas protagonistas, Madame du Barry, foi um desafio para Maïwenn, que decidiu, no final das filmagens, que nunca mais atuaria em um filme que está dirigindo.

Financiamento e orçamento
No início de janeiro de 2023, foi anunciado que a Red Sea Film Foundation estava apoiando financeiramente o filme, com o produtor de cinema saudita e CEO da fundação Mohammed Al Turki complementando o filme e afirmando que é um "recurso biográfico incrivelmente único e ambicioso e um prova do nosso compromisso de apoiar novos talentos e colaborar com roteiristas, diretores e produtores de classe mundial".

Em 30 de março de 2023, foi anunciado que Jeanne Du Barry fazia parte de 33% de todos os filmes FIF aprovados em 2022, dirigidos ou codirigidos por uma mulher e que era um dos únicos três filmes franceses com um orçamento superior a 10 milhões de euros. O orçamento do filme foi anunciado em US$ 22,4 milhões.

Lançamento
Em 5 de abril de 2023, foi oficialmente anunciado que Jeanne du Barry teria sua estreia mundial como filme de abertura no Festival de Cannes de 2023 em 16 de maio de 2023, antes de ser lançado nos cinemas na França no mesmo dia.  Questionado sobre a decisão de escolher este como filme de abertura do festival, em entrevista ao Deadline em 13 de abril de 2023, o diretor do festival e crítico de cinema francês Thierry Frémaux respondeu afirmando que é um "belo filme", "um sucesso" e que "Johnny Depp estaria magnífico nele".

Recepção da crítica
Jeanne du Barry recebeu uma classificação média de 3,1 de 5 estrelas no site francês AlloCiné, baseada em 32 avaliações. No Rotten Tomatoes, 50% de 30 avaliações são positivas, com classificação média de 4,9/10. Metacritic atribuiu uma pontuação média ponderada de 51 em 100 com base em 13 críticos, recebendo, no geral "críticas mistas ou médias" Aplaudido de pé por 7 minutos no Festival de Cannes de 2023, levou Depp às lágrimas.

Catherine Balle, ao Le Parisien, deu ao filme 4,5 de 5 estrelas escrevendo que Maïwenn consegue um filme clássico, mas muito contemporâneo e totalmente habitado". O jornal francês Le Journal du Dimanche atribuiu ao filme 4 de 5 estrelas, escrevendo: "O filme toca o coração com seu romantismo trágico, lirismo e diálogos cinzelados que transmitem uma modernidade feroz. Diante do casal formado por Maïwenn e Johnny Depp, em osmose, Benjamin Lavernhe relembra a extensão de seu talento." Eric Neuhoff, ao Le Figaro, deu ao filme 3 de 4 estrelas chamando-o de "brilhante, com o efeito mais agradável". Ele acrescentou que Maïwenn "merece os aplausos do tribunal reunido". Rana Moussaoui, do La Presse, elogiou o francês de Depp e sua expressão, escrevendo: "Com um francês quase perfeito, Depp impressiona especialmente com suas expressões faciais, amorosas, divertidas ou imperiosas, ao longo deste filme rodado em vários castelos na França e no estúdio."

Ligações Externas

 Jeanne du Barry na MUBI.

Filmes da França de 2023
Filmes de drama biográfico da década de 2020
Representações culturais de Luís XV de França
Representações culturais de Madame Du Barry
Filmes dirigidos por Maïwenn
Filmes ambientados em Paris
Filmes gravados em Paris
Filmes de drama biográfico da França
Filmes distribuídos pela Netflix

Jeanne du Barry


Natten er en dansk kortfilm fra 2013 instrueret af Christian Winther Bergstrøm efter eget manuskript.

Handling
Henrik har det perfekte liv, han er blevet forfremmet, konen er gravid, alt kører, indtil han vælger at tage bilen hjem fra en firmafest.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2013

Natten (film)


Nintendo tarafından geliştirilen Game Boy taşınır oyun cihazları için üretilmiş oyunların listesi:

#
 3 Choume no Tama - Tama and Friends: 3 Choume Obake Panic!! (B-Ai, 1992) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 4 in 1 Funpak (Interplay / Imagineer / Beam Software, 1992)
 4 in 1 Funpak: Vol. II (Interplay / Beam Software, 1993)
 4 in 1 Vol. 1 (Sachen, 199X) - Lisanslanmamıştır
 4 in 1 Vol. 2 (Sachen, 199X) - Lisanslanmamıştır
 4 in 1 Vol. 3 (Sachen, 199X) - Lisanslanmamıştır
 4 in 1 Vol. 4 (Sachen, 199X) - Lisanslanmamıştır
 4 in 1 Vol. 5 (Sachen, 199X) - Lisanslanmamıştır
 4 in 1 Vol. 6 (Sachen, 199X) - Lisanslanmamıştır
 4 in 1 Vol. 7 (Sachen, 199X) - Lisanslanmamıştır
 4 in 1 Vol. 8 (Sachen, 1995) - Lisanslanmamıştır
 4 in 1 Vol. 9 (Sachen, 199X) - Lisanslanmamıştır

A
 The Addams Family (Ocean Software, 1992)
 The Addams Family: Pugsley's Scavenger Hunt (Ocean Software, 1992)
 Adventures of Lolo (Nintendo / HAL Laboratory, 1995)
 The Adventures of Pinocchio (Bit Managers, 1993)
 The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle (THQ / Imagineering, 1992)
 The Adventures of Star Saver (Taito / A Wave, 1992) - AKA Rubble Saver
 Aerostar (Vic Tokai, 1991)
 After Burst (NCS / Masaya, 1990) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Aguri Suzuki: F-1 Super Driving (LOZC / G.Amusements, 1993) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Aa Harimanada (Ask Kodansha, 1993) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Akazukin Chacha (Tomy, 1995) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Akumajou Dracula: Shikkokutaru Zensoukyoku (Konami / KCEN, 1997) - AKA Castlevania Legends
 Akumajou Special: Boku Dracula Kun (Konami, 1993) - AKA Kid Dracula
 Aladdin (Virgin Interactive / NMS Software, 1994)
 Alfred Chicken (Mindscape / Sunsoft / Twilight Games, 1993)
 Alien³ (LJN / B.I.T.S., 1992)
 Alien Olympics: 2044AD (Ocean Software / Dark Technologies, 199X)
 Alien vs Predator: The Last of His Clan (Activision / Ask Kodansha, 1993)
 Alleyway (Nintendo 1989)
 Altered Space: A 3-D Alien Adventure (Sony Imagesoft / Software Creations, 1991)
 Amazing Penguin (Natsume, 1990) - AKA Osawagase Penguin Boy
 The Amazing Spider-Man (LJN / Rare, 1990)
 The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (LJN / B.I.T.S., 1992)
 The Amazing Spider-Man 3: Invasion of the Spider-Slayers (LJN / B.I.T.S., 1993)
 Amazing Tater (Atlus, 1991) - AKA Puzzle Boy II
 America Oudan Ultra Quiz (Tomy, 199X) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 America Oudan Ultra Quiz Part 2 (Tomy, 199X) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 America Oudan Ultra Quiz Part 3 (Tomy, 199X) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 America Oudan Ultra Quiz Part 4 (Tomy, 199X) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Amida (Coconuts Japan / Sofix, 1990) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Animal Breeder (J-Wing, 199X) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Animal Breeder 2 (J-Wing, 199X) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Animaniacs (Konami / Factor 5, 1995)
 Another Bible (Atlus, 1995) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Aoki Densetsu Shoot (Banpresto, 1995) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Aretha (Yanoman / Japan Art Media, 1990) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Aretha II (Yanoman / Japan Art Media, 1991) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Aretha III (Yanoman / Japan Art Media, 1992) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Asmikkun World 2 (Asmik, 1991) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Astérix (Infogrames, 1993)
 Asteroids (Accolade / The Code Monkeys, 1991)
 Asteroids & Missile Command (Nintendo / Accolade / The Code Monkeys, 1995)
 Astro Rabby (IGS, 1990) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Atomic Punk (Hudson Soft, 1991) - AKA Bomber Boy, Dynablaster
 Attack of the Killer Tomatoes (THQ / Altron / Equilibrium, 1991)
 Avenging Spirit (Jaleco, 1992 - AKA Phantasm
 Ayakashi no Shiro (Seta, 1990) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.

B
 Bakenou TV '94 (Asmik, 1994) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Bakenou V3 (Asmik, 1993) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Balloon Kid (Nintendo, 1990)
 Bamse (Laser Beam / Beam, 1993) - Sweden only
 Banishing Racer (Jaleco, 1991) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Barbie: Game Girl (Hi Tech Expressions / Imagineering, 1992)
 Baseball (Nintendo, 1989)
 Baseball Kids (Jaleco, 1990) - AKA Bases Loaded GB
 Bases Loaded GB (Jaleco, 1990) - AKA Baseball Kids
 Batman: Return of the Joker (Sunsoft, 1992)
 Batman: The Animated Series (Konami, 1993)
 Batman (Sunsoft, 1990)
 Batman Forever (Acclaim / Probe Entertainment, 1995)
 Battle Arena Toshinden (Nintendo / Laguna / Takara, 1996) - AKA Nettou Toshinden
 Battle Bull (Seta 1990)
 Battle Crusher (Banpresto, 1995) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Battle Dodge Ball (Banpresto, 1992) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Battle of Kingdom (Meldac / Live Planning / Lenar, 1991) - AKA ???
 The Battle of Olympus (Imagineer / Radical Entertainment, 1993)
 Battle Pingpong (Quest, 1990) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Battle Space (Namco / Sofel, 1992) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Battle Unit Zeoth (Jaleco, 1990)
 Battle Zone & Super Breakout (Black Pearl / Solid Software, 1996)
 BattleCity (Nova / Namco, 1991) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Battleship (Mindscape / Use Corporation, 1992) - AKA Navy Blue
 Battletoads Double Dragon (Sony Electronic Publishing / Tradewest / Rare, 1993)
 Battletoads (Tradewest / Masaya / Rare, 1991)
 Battletoads in Ragnarok's World (Tradewest / Nintendo / Rare, 1993)
 BC Kid (Hudson Soft / Red, 1992) - AKA Bonk's Adventure, GB Genjin
 BC Kid 2 (Hudson Soft / Red, 1994) - AKA Bonk's Revenge, GB Genjin 2
 Beavis and Butt-Head (GT Interactive / Torus Games, 1998)
 Beethoven (Hi Tech Entertainment / Unexpected Development, 1994)
 Beetlejuice (LJN / Rare, 1991)
 Best of the Best: Championship Karate (Electro Brain / Loriciel, 1992) - AKA The Kick Boxing
 Bikkuri Nekketsu Shin Kiroku: Dokodemo Kin Medal (Technos, 1993) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Bill & Ted's Excellent Game Boy Adventure (LJN / Beam Software, 1990)
 Bill Elliot's NASCAR Fast Tracks (Konami / Distinctive Software, 19??)
 Bionic Battler (Toei Animation / Electro Brain / Use Corporation, 1992) - AKA VS Battler
 Bionic Commando (Capcom, 1992)
 Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon (Angel, 1992) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon R (Angel, 1994) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 The Black Bass: Lure Fishing (Hot-B, 1992)
 Blades of Steel (Konami, 1991) - AKA Konamic Ice Hockey
 Blaster Master Boy (Sunsoft / Aicom, 1991) - AKA Blaster Master Jr., Bomber King: Scenario 2
 Blaster Master Jr. (Sunsoft / Aicom, 1991) - AKA Blaster Master Boy, Bomber King: Scenario 2
 Block Kuzushi GB (Planning Office Wada, 1995)
 Blodia (Tonkin House / Broderbund, 1990) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.?
 The Blues Brothers (Titus Software, 1991)
 The Blues Brothers: Jukebox Adventure (Titus Software, 1994)
 Bo Jackson - Hit and Run (THQ / Equilibrium (game developer), 1990)
 Boggle Plus (Parker Brothers / Sculptured Software, 1992)
 Bokujou Monogatari GB (Pack In Soft / Victor Interactive Software, 1997) - AKA Harvest Moon GB
 Bomb Jack (Infogrames / Tecmo, 1992)
 Bomber Boy (Hudson Soft, 1990) - AKA Atomic Punk, Dynablaster
 Bomber King: Scenario 2 (Sunsoft / Aicom, 1991) - AKA Blaster Master Boy, Blaster Master Jr.
 Bomberman GB (Japan) (Hudson Soft, 1994) - AKA Wario Blast
 Bomberman GB (USA) (Hudson Soft, 1995) - AKA Bomberman GB 2
 Bomberman GB 2 (Hudson Soft, 1995) - AKA Bomberman GB (USA)
 Bomberman GB 3 (Hudson Soft, 1996)
 Bonk's Adventure (Hudson Soft / Red, 1992) - AKA BC Kid, GB Genjin
 Bonk's Revenge (Hudson Soft / Red, 1994) - AKA BC Kid 2, GB Genjin
 Booby Boys (Nihon Bussan, 1993)
 Boomer's Adventure in ASMIK World (Asmik, 1990) - AKA Teke! Teke! Asmikkun World
 Boulder Dash (First Star Software / Victor Musical Industries / Beam Software, 1990)
 Boxing (Tonkin House, 1990) - AKA Heavyweight Championship Boxing
 Boxxle (FCI/Pony Canyon / Thinking Rabbit, 1989) - AKA Soukoban
 Boxxle II (FCI/Pony Canyon / Thinking Rabbit, 1991) - AKA Soukoban 2
 A Boy and His Blob in The Rescue of Princess Blobette (Imagineering / Absolute Entertainment, 1990) - AKA Fushigina Blobby: Princess Blob wo Tsukue!
 Brain Drain (Bandai / Acclaim / Visual Impact, 1997)
 Brainbender (Electro Brain / Gremlin Graphics, 1991)
 Bram Stoker's Dracula (Sony Imagesoft / Psygnosis / Probe, 1992)
 Break Thru! (Zoo Corporation / Spectrum Holobyte / Realtime Associates, 1994)
 Bubble Bobble (Taito, 1990)
 Bubble Bobble Junior (Taito, 1993) - AKA Bubble Bobble Part 2
 Bubble Bobble Part 2 (Taito Corporation, 1993) - AKA Bubble Bobble Junior
 Bubble Ghost (FCI / Pony Canyon / Infogrames, 1990)
 Bubsy 2 (Accolade, 1994)
 Bugs Bunny (Kemco, 1990)
 The Bugs Bunny Crazy Castle II (Kemco, 1991)
 Bugs Bunny Collection (Kemco, 1997) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Burai Fighter Deluxe (Taxan / Taito / KID, 1990)
 Burger Time Deluxe (Data East, 1991)
 Burning Paper (LOZC / G.Amusements, 1992) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Bust-a-Move 2: Arcade Edition (Acclaim / Probe / Taito, 1997)
 Bust-a-Move 3 DX (Acclaim / Probe / Crawfish Interactive / Taito, 1998)
 Buster Brothers (Hudson Soft / Mitchell Corporation, 1993) - AKA Pang

C
 Ca Da (Yonezawa / S'Pal, 199X) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Cadillac II (Hector, 1990) - AKA Square Deal: The Game of Two Dimensional Poker
 Caesar's Palace (Arcadia Systems / Virgin Games / Coconuts Japan, 1990)
 Capcom Quiz: Hatena? no Daibouken (Capcom, 1990) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Captain Tsubasa J: Zenkoku Seiha Heno Chousen (Bandai, 1995) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Captain Tsubasa VS (Tecmo, 1992) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Card Game (Coconuts Japan, 1990) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Casino Funpak (Beam Software/Interplay, 1993)
 Casper (Natsume / Laguna / Bonsai Entertainment / Hi-Tech Expressions, 1995)
 Castelian (Triffix / Rollogame / B.I.T.S., 1990)
 Castle Quest (Hudson Soft / OPR, 1993)
 The Castlevania Adventure (Konami, 1989) - AKA Dracula Densetsu
 Castlevania II: Belmont's Revenge (Konami, 1991) - AKA Dracula Densetsu II
 Castlevania Legends (Konami / KCEN, 1997) - AKA Akumajou Dracula: Shikkoku daru Zensoukyoku
 Catrap (Asmik / Ask Kodansha, 1990) - AKA Pitman
 Cavenoire (Konami, 1991) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Centipede (Accolade/Majesco/The Code Monkeys, 1992)
 Chachamaru Panic (Human Entertainment, 1991) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Chachamaru Boukenki 3: Abyss no Tou (Human Entertainment, 1991) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Chalvo 55: Super Puzzle Action (Digipark/Japan System Supply, 1997) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Championship Pool (Mindscape/Bitmasters, 1993)
 Chase H.Q. (Taito/B.I.T.S., 1990) - AKA Taito Chase H.Q.
 The Chessmaster (Hi Tech Expressions/The Software Toolworks/Park Place Production Team, 1990)
 Chibi Maruko Chan: Maruko Deluxe Gekijou (Takara, 1995) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Chibi Maruko Chan: Okuzukai Daisakusen (Takara, 1990) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Chibi Maruko Chan 4: Korega Nihon Dayo Ouji Sama (Takara, 1992) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Chiki Chiki Tengoku (Nacoty/J-Wing, 1995) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Chiki Chiki Machine: Mou Race (Atlus, 1992) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Choplifter II (Beam Software/Broderbund/Victor Musical Industries, 1991)
 Choplifter III (Broderbund/Ocean Software/Teeny Weeny Games, 1994)
 Chuck Rock (Sony Imagesoft/Core Design, 1993)
 Chuugaku Eijukugo 350 (Imagineer, 19XX) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Chuugaku Eitango 1700 (Imagineer, 19XX) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Cliffhanger (Sony Imagesoft, 1993)
 College Slam (Acclaim/Torus Games, 1996)
 Contra (Konami, 1991) - AKA Operation C, Probotector
 Contra: The Alien Wars (Konami/Factor 5, 1994) - AKA Contra Spirits, Probotector 2
 Cool Ball (Takara/Infogrames, 1993)
 Cool Spot (Virgin Interactive Entertainment/NMS Software, 1994)
 Cool World (Ocean Software, 1992)
 Cosmo Tank (Atlus/Asuka Technologies, 1990)
 Crayon Shin Chan: Ora no Gokigen Collection (Bandai, 1996) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Crayon Shin Chan: Ora to Shiro ha Otomodachi Dayo (Bandai, 1993) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Crayon Shin Chan 2: Ora to Wanpaku Gokko Dazo (Bandai, 1993) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Crayon Shin Chan 3: Ora no Gokigen Athletic (Bandai, 1994) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Crayon Shin Chan 4: Ora no Itazura Dai Henshin (Bandai, 1994) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Crystal Quest (Data East/Novalogic, 1991)
 Cultmaster: Ultraman ni Miserarete (Bandai, 1993) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Cutthroat Island (Acclaim/Software Creations, 1995)
 Cyraid (Epoch/Nexoft, 1990) - AKA Warrior

D
 Daedalian Opus (Vic Tokai, 1990)
 Daffy Duck Marvin Missions (Sunsoft, 1994)
 Darkman (Ocean Software, 1991)
 Darkwing Duck (Capcom, 1990)
 Days of Thunder (Mindscape / Argonaut Software, 1991)
 Dead Heat Scramble (Toei Animation / Electro Brain, 1990)
 Defender/Joust (Williams, 1995)
 Dennis the Menace (Ocean Software, 1993)
 Desert Strike (Ocean Software, 1994)
 Dexterity (SNK, 1990)
 Dick Tracy (Bandai, 1991)
 Dig Dug (Namco, 1992)
 Disney's Aladdin (Virgin Games, 1994)
 Disney's Hercules (THQ, 1997)
 Disney's The Hunchback of Notre Dame (THQ, 1996)
 Disney's The Jungle Book (Virgin Games, 1994)
 Disney's The Lion King (Virgin Games / Dark Technologies, 1994)
 Disney's The Little Mermaid (Capcom, 1992)
 Disney's Mulan (THQ, 1998)
 Disney's Pinocchio (Virgin Games / NMS Software, 1995)
 Disney's Pocahontas (THQ, 1996)
 Dodge Boy (Tonkin House, 1991) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Donkey Kong 94 (Nintendo, 1994)
 Donkey Kong Land (Rare, 1995)
 Donkey Kong Land 2 (Rare, 1996)
 Donkey Kong Land III (Rare, 1997)
 Double Dragon (Technos, 1988)
 Double Dragon II (Technos, 1991)
 Double Dragon 3 (Acclaim, Technos, 1992)
 Double Dribble (Konami, 1991)
 Dr. Franken (Kemco / Movietime, 1992)
 Dr. Franken II (Movietime, 1993)
 Dr. Mario (Nintendo, 1990)
 Dracula Densetsu (Konami, 1989) - AKA The Castlevania Adventure
 Dracula Densetsu II (Konami, 1991) - AKA Castlevania II: Belmont's Revenge
 Dragonheart (Acclaim / Torus Games, 1996)
 Dragon's Lair (CSG Imagesoft / Movietime, 1990)
 Dragon Slayer (Epoch, 1990) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Dragon Slayer II (Epoch, 1992) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Dropzone (Eurocom, 1992)
 Duck Tales (Capcom, 1990)
 DuckTales 2 (Capcom, 1993)
 Dungeonland (Enix, 1992) - Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.
 Dynablaster (Hudson Soft, 1990)

E
 Earthworm Jim
 Edd the Duck
 Elevator Action
 Elite Soccer
 Extra Bases

F
 F1 Pole Position
 F1 Race
 F15 StrikeEagle
 F1 PolePosition
 F1 Spirits
 Faceball 2000
 Family Jockey
 Fastest Lap
 Felix the Cat
 Ferrari GP Challenge
 Fidgetts
 FIFA Soccer
 FIFA Soccer 96
 FIFA Soccer 97
 FIFA Soccer 98
 Fightbird GB
 Fighting Simulator 2-in-1
 Final Fantasy Adventure
 Final Fantasy Legend
 Final Fantasy Legend II
 Final Fantasy Legend III
 Final Reverse
 Firefighter
 Fish Dude
 Fist of the North Star
 Flappy Special
 The Flash
 Flintstones: KingRock
 Flintstones the Movie
 Flip Pull
 Flying Dragon SD
 Flying Warriors
 Football International
 Foreman for Real
 Fortified Zone
 Fortified ZoneII
 Fortress of Fear
 Frank Thomas Baseball
 Funny Field

G
 G-Arms
 Galaga/Galaxian
 Gameboy Wars
 Game of Harmony
 Game and Watch Gallery
 Game Boy Gallery
 Ganbare Goemon
 Garfield
 Gargoyle's Quest
 Gargoyle's QuestII
 Gauntlet II
 GB Basketball
 Gear Works
 George Foreman KO Boxing
 Getaway
 Ghostbusters II
 Go! Go! Tank
 Goal
 Godzilla
 Golf
 Gradius: Interstellar Assault
 Great Greed
 Gremlins II

H
 HAL Wrestling
 Hammerin' Harry
 Harvest Moon GB
 Hatris
 Head On
 Heavyweight Championship Boxing
 Heinkyo Alien
 High Stakes Gambling
 HittheIce
 Home Alone
 Home Alone II
 Hong Kong
 Hook
 Hudson's Adventure Island
 Hudson's Adventure Island 2
 Hudson Hawk
 Humans
 Hunt for Red October
 Hyper Black Bass
 Hyper Dunk
 Hyper Lode Runner

I
 In Your Face
 Incredible Crash Dummies
 Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade
 Infogenius Frommer's Travel
 Infogenius Personal Organizer
 Infogenius Spell Checker
 Infogenius Translator (French)
 Infogenius Translator (Spanish)
 International Superstar Soccer
 Irem Fighter
 Iron Leaguer
 IronMan/Manowar
 Ishido
 Itchy and Scratchy Minigolf

J
 J League Soccer
 Jack Nicklaus Golf
 James Bond Jr
 James Bond 007
 James Pond II
 Jeep Jamboree
 Jelly Boy
 Jeopardy
 Jeopardy Platinum Edition
 Jeopardy Sports Edition
 Jeopardy Teen Edition
 Jetsons: Robot Panic
 Jimmy Connors' Tennis
 Joe and Mac
 John Madden Football 95
 John Madden Football 96
 John Madden Football 97
 Jordan vs Bird
 Judge Dredd
 Jungle Strike
 Jurassic Park
 Jurassic Park II
 Jurassic Park: Lost World

K
 Ken Griffey Jr. Baseball
 Kick Off
 Kid Dracula
 Kid Icarus: Of Myths and Monsters
 Kid Niki
 Killer Instinct
 King of Dragons
 King of Fighters 95
 King of Fighters 96
 King of the Zoo
 Kingdom Crusade
 Kirby's Block Ball
 Kirby's Dream Land
 Kirby's Dream Land 2
 Kirby's Pinball Land
 Kirby's Star Stacker
 Klax
 Knight's Quest
 Konami Golf
 Konami Sports
 Korodice
 Krusty's Funhouse
 Kung Fu Master
 Kwirk

L
 Lamborghini American Challenge
 Last Action Hero
 Last Bible
 Lawnmower Man
 Lazlo's Leap
 Legend of the Mystical Ninja
 Legend of the River King
 The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening
 Lemmings
 Lemmings 2: The Tribes
 Lethal Weapon III
 Lock 'n' Chase
 Looney Tunes
 Loopz
 Lucle
 Lunar Lander

M
 Magnetic Soccer
 MahJong
 Malibu Beach Volleyball
 Marble Madness
 Mario and Yoshi
 Mario's Picross
 Maru's Mission
 Master Karateka
 Maui Mallard
 Max
 McDonaldland
 McKids
 Mega Man
 Mega Man II
 Mega Man II
 Mega Man III
 Mega Man IV
 Mega Man V
 Mercenary Force
 Metaljack
 Metal Masters
 Metroid II: Return of Samus
 Mickey's Dangerous Chase
 Mickey Mouse Magic Wands
 Mickey's Ultimate Challenge
 Micro Machines
 Micro Machines II
 Mighty Morphin Power Rangers
 Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie
 Milon's Secret Castle
 Miner 2049er
 Minesweeper
 MiniputtGolf
 Missile Command/Asteroids
 Mole Mania
 Monopoly
 Monster Max
 Monster Maker J
 Monster Truck
 Mortal Kombat
 Mortal Kombat II
 Mortal Kombat 3
 Motocross Maniacs
 Mouse Trap Hotel
 Mr. Chin's Gourmet Paradise
 Mr. Do!
 Mr. Nutz
 Ms. Pac Man
 Muhammad Ali Boxing
 Mysterium
 Mystical Ninja Starring Goemon

N
 Nail 'n' Scale
 NavySEALS
 NBA All-Star Challenge
 NBA All-Star Challenge II
 NBA Jam
 NBA Jam Tournament Edition
 NBA Live 96
 Nebulus
 Nemesis
 Nemesis II
 New Chessmaster
 NFL Football
 NFL Quarterback Club
 NFL Quarterback Club II
 NFL Quarterback Club 96
 NHL Hockey 95
 NHL Hockey 96
 Nigel Mansell Racing
 Ninja Boy
 Ninja Boy II
 Ninja Gaiden Shadow
 Ninja Gay Den Too by RyanV (RyanVG)
 Ninja Taro
 Nintendo World Cup
 Nobunaga's Ambition

O
 Olympic Summer Games
 On the Tiles
 Operation C
 Othello
 Outburst
 Out of Gas

P
 Pac Attack
 Pacin Time
 Pac Man
 Pagemaster
 Palamedes
 Panel Action Bingo
 Pang!
 Paperboy
 Paperboy II
 Parodius Da!
 PGA Golf
 PGA Golf 96
 Penguin Land
 Penguin Wars
 Pinball
 Pinball Deluxe
 Pinball Dreams
 Pinball Fantasies
 Pipe Dream
 Pit Fighter
 Play Action Football
 Pocket Bomberman
 Pocket Monsters: Green (Sadece Japonya için üretilmiştir.)
 Pokémon Blue
 Pokémon Red
 Pokémon Yellow
 Popeye II
 Populous
 Pop Up
 Power Mission
 Power Paws
 Power Racer
 Prehistorik Man
 Primal Rage
 Prince of Persia
 Prophecy: Viking Child
 Pro Soccer
 Pro Wrestling
 Punisher
 Puzzle Bobble
 Puzzle Road
 Puzznic
 Pyramids of Ra

Q
 QBillion
 Q*Bert
 Qix
 Quarth

R
 R-Type
 R-Type II
 Race Days
 Race Drivin'
 Radar Mission
 Raging Fighter
 Rampart
 Ranma 1/2
 Ranma 1/2 Part II
 Ranma 1/2 Kakugeki
 Real Ghostbusters
 Ren and Stimpy: Space Cadets
 Ren and Stimpy: Veediots
 Rescue of Princess Blobette
 Revenge of theGator
 Riddick Bowe Boxing
 Ring Rage
 Road Rash
 Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves
 Robocod
 Robocop
 Robocop II
 Robocop vs Terminator
 Rocky and Bullwinkle
 Rodland
 Roger Clemens MVP Baseball
 Rolan's Curse
 Rolan's Curse II

S
 SaGa
 SaGa II
 SaGa III
 Sailor Moon GB
 Samurai Shodown
 Scotland Yard
 Seaquest: DSV
 Seiken Densetsu
 Sensible Soccer
 Serpent
 Shadowgate Classic
 Shadow Warrior
 Shanghai
 ShaqFu
 SidePocket
 The Simpsons: Bart and the Beanstalk
 The Simpsons: Bart vs Juggernauts
 The Simpsons: Escape from Camp Deadly
 Skate or Die: Bad 'n' Rad
 Skate or Die: Tourde Thrash
 Small Soldiers
 Small World
 Smurfs
 Snakes
 Sneaky Snakes
 Snoopy's Magic Show
 Snow Bros Jr
 Soccer
 Soccer Boy
 Soccer Mania
 Solar Striker
 Solitaire Funpak
 Solomon's Club
 Space Invaders 94
 Space Invaders
 Spanky's Quest
 Speedball II
 Speedy Gonzales
 Spider-Man and X-Men
 Splitz
 Spot: Cool Adventure
 Spud's Adventure
 Spy vs. Spy
 Square Deal
 Stargate
 StarHawk
 Star Trek
 Star Trek: Generations
 Star Trek TNG
 Star Wars
 Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back
 Star Wars: Return of the Jedi
 Stargate
 Stop That Roach
 Street Fighter II
 Street Racer
 Sumo Fighter
 Superman
 Super Battletank
 Super Bikkuri Man
 Super Chinese World
 Super Deformed Gundam
 Super Deformed Lupin III
 Super Hunchback
 Super Kick Off
 Super Mario Land
 Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins
 Super Off Road
 Super R.C. Pro-Am
 Super Scrabble
 Swamp Thing
 Sword of Hope
 Sword of Hope II

T
 Tail Gator
 Tale Spin
 Tama and Friends
 Tamagotchi
 Tarzan
 Tazmania Story
 TazMania
 Taz-Mania II
 Tecmo Bowl
 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II
 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III
 Tengoku Trappers
 Tennis
 Terminator II: Arcade Game
 Terminator II: Judgment Day
 Tesserae
 Tetris
 Tetris 2
 Tetris Attack
 Tetris Blast
 Tetris Bombliss
 Tetris Plus
 Tiny Toon Adventures: Babs' Big Break
 Tiny Toon Adventures 2: Montana's Movie Madness
 Tiny Toon Adventures: Wacky Sports Challenge
 Tip Off
 Titus the Fox
 Tom and Jerry
 Top Gun:Guts and Glory
 Top Ranking Tennis
 Torpedo Range
 Total Carnage
 Toxic Crusaders
 Toy Story
 Track and Field
 Track Meet
 Trax
 True Lies
 Tumble Pop
 Turn and Burn
 Turok: Battle of the Bionosaurs
 Turrican
 Twinbee Da!

U
 Ultima: Runes of Virtue
 Ultima: Runes of Virtue II
 Ultra Golf
 Ultraman
 Undercover Cops
 Universal Soldier
 Urban Strike
 Urusei Yatsura

V
 Vegas Stakes
 Velious II
 Virtual War
 Volley Fire

W
 Wario Blast: Featuring Bomberman!
 Wario Land: Super Mario Land 3
 Wario Land II
 Waterworld
 Wave Race
 Wayne's World
 WCW Main Event
 We're Back!
 Wheel of Fortune
 Who Framed Roger Rabbit?
 WildSnakes
 Winter Olympics
 Wizards and Warriors X
 Wizardry
 Word Zap
 Wordtris
 Workboy Suite
 World Bowling
 World Circuit Series
 World Cup98
 World CupUSA94
 World Cup Soccer
 World CupStriker
 World Heroes II Jet
 WWF King of the Ring
 WWF Raw
 WWF Superstars
 WWF SuperstarsII

X
 Xenon II

Y
 Yakuman
 Yoda Stories
 Yogi Bear
 Yoshi
 Yoshi's Cookie

Z
 Zen Intergalactic Ninja
 Zoids
 Zool
 Zoop

Platforma göre video oyun listeleri

Game Boy oyunları listesi


Santa Maria do Oeste () es un municipio brasileño del estado del Paraná. Su población estimada en 2004 era de 13.705 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Blog de la Ciudad

Localidades de Paraná

Santa Maria do Oeste


Agrilus artevansi é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Curletti & Bellamy, 2006.

Referências

artevansi

Agrilus artevansi


Die Programmiersprache Alef wurde als Teil des Betriebssystems Plan 9 von Phil Winterbottom als Angestellter der Forschungs- und Entwicklungsabteilung Bell Labs entworfen.

Bei einer Präsentation im Februar 2000 bemerkte Rob Pike: "… obwohl Alef eine fruchtbare Sprache ist, hat es sich als zu schwierig erwiesen, die Entwicklung einer Variante der Sprache über mehrere Architekturen hinaus aufrechtzuerhalten. Daher haben wir das genommen, was wir von ihr gelernt haben und die Thread-Bibliothek für C erstellt."

Beispiel
Dieses Beispiel wurde dem Alef-Sprachreferenzhandbuch entnommen. Der Auszug veranschaulicht die Verwendung des Datentyps Tupel.

 (int, byte*, byte)
 func()
 {
  return (10, "hallo", 'c');
 }

 void
 main()
 {
   int a;
   byte* str;
   byte c;
   (a, str, c) = func();
 }

Siehe auch
 Limbo, ein direkter Nachfolger von Alef, die am häufigsten verwendete Sprache des Betriebssystems Inferno.

Literatur

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Programmiersprache

Alef (Programmiersprache)


Arkitekten der blev væk - eller hvem var Eigtved? er en dansk portrætfilm fra 2005 om arkitekten Nicolai Eigtved (1701-1754) med manuskript og instruktion af Nils Vest.

Handling
Arkitekten Nicolai Eigtveds grav blev sprængt i luften i 1807. Et portræt af ham er også forsvundet. Der er ingen spor tilbage af ham i familien. Ingen personlige breve. Han er blevet væk. Hvad var Eigtved for en person? Født i 1701 i fattige kår og siden uddannet som gartner, drager han ud i verden og opholder sig i 12 år i Tyskland, Polen og Italien. Det er her han lærer rokokoens formsprog. Fra 1735 og til sin død i 1754 præger han som hofarkitekt på afgørende vis Danmarks hovedstad med sin bygningskunst: Marmorbroen, Prinsens Palæ, Eigtveds Pakhus, Frederiksstaden og Amalienborg-palæerne er eksempler på hans store talent. Overfor Eigtved står hans kollega og rival, Lauritz de Thurah. Er det Thurah, der har efterladt en antydning af Eigtveds udseende? Det fortæller filmen også om.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Arkitekter fra Danmark
Portrætfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2005


Die Operation Journeyman war eine militärische Operation der Royal Navy im November 1977, deren Ziel es war, eine argentinische Invasion der Falkland-Inseln zu verhindern. Vorausgegangen war, dass Argentinien die Forschungsstation Corbeta Uruguay auf den Südlichen Sandwichinseln  etablierte hatte, was von der britischen Regierung jedoch nicht als Forschungsvorhaben, sondern als Versuch eine Militärbasis zu etablieren, betrachtet wurde.

Unter der Führung des atomgetriebenen U-Bootes HMS Dreadnought entsandte der britische Premierminister James Callaghan die Fregatten HMS Alacrity und HMS Phoebe sowie die Hilfsschiffe RFA Resource und RFA Olwen zu den Falkland-Inseln.

Der Einsatzbefehl für die beteiligten Schiffe war sehr zurückhaltend formuliert: So sollten sie nur zur Selbstverteidigung und in jedem Fall erst als zweite Waffen gebrauchen. Der Waffengebrauch durfte in keinem Falle das Waffenpotential des Angriffs übertreffen und war unverzüglich einzustellen, wenn ein Erfolg erkennbar war und nicht als Vergeltung auszuführen. Der Kommandant der HMS Dreadnought hatte sogar den Befehl, in keinem Falle auf einen direkten Angriff mit Waffengewalt zu reagieren, sondern sich aus der Gefahrenzone zurückzuziehen.

Die Argentinier blieben zwar bis 1982 auf den südlichen Sandwichinseln, gleichzeitig fand aber 1977 keine Invasion statt, was die Briten als Erfolg der Operation Journeyman sehen. David Owen, Außenminister unter James Callaghan, urteilte später, dass der Falklandkrieg 1982 hätte verhindert werden können, wenn die Regierung von Margaret Thatcher ähnlich schnell und entschlossen gehandelt hätte.

Die Argentinier wurden inoffiziell über die Tatsache, dass die Operation Journeyman durchgeführt würde, informiert. Die geheimen Akten der Operation wurden 2005 veröffentlicht.

Quellen
 Secret Falklands fleet revealed. BBC News 1. Juni 2005.
 Secret Falklands task force revealed. Daily Telegraph, 12. April 2008.
 Nigel West (Rupert Allason), The secret war for the Falklands : SAS, MI6 And the War Whitehall Nearly Lost, Little Brown, 1997. ISBN 0-7515-2071-3

Falklandkrieg
Konflikt 1977
Journeyman
Journeyman
Royal Navy

Operation Journeyman


الإقلاع أو الإقلاع التمهيدي في الحوسبة  تعتبر عملية الإقلاع أهم وأول العمليات التي تتم في الحاسوب؛ وهي عملية قد تكون مباشرة Hard بعد تحويل الطاقة الكهربائية من التوقف إلى التشغيل أو soft عندما يتم التغاضي عن اختبار التشغيل الذاتي وهذا الاختبار من أهم مراحل الإقلاع المستخدمة في البرنامج الرئيسي مثل البيوس أو غيره من الطرق الأحدث.

يمكن أن تبدأ عملية الإقلاع من النوع Soft booting من أي عتاد (Hardware) مثل الضغط على زر التشغيل أو عن طريق أمر برمجي Software Command، وتنتهي عملية الإقلاع بمجرد تسلم نظام التشغيل المسؤلية للتحكم.

محمل الإقلاع هو برنامج كمبيوتر يتحمل عبئ تحميل ومساعدة نظام التشغيل أو أحد برمجيات النظام بعد إتمام عملية اختبار التشغيل الذاتي POST، هذا المحمل يحمل نظام التشغيل نفسه، تتم أثناء التشغيل وبعد نهاية الاختبار الذاتي وبعد تحميل البرامج الرئيسية المطلوبة، محمل الإقلاع يتم تحميله في الذاكرة الرئيسية RAM main memory من الذاكرة الثانوية persistent memory مثل القرص الصلب أو من وسائط أخرى كما في أجهزة الحاسب القديمة مثل البطاقة المثقوبة punched cards أو الشريط المثقوب punched tape أو الشريط المغناطيسي magnetic tape ، بعد ذلك يتم تحميل وتنفيذ العمليات النهائية للإقلاع.

في أجهزة الحاسوب الحديثة لا تستغرق عملية الإقلاع وقتاً، ويتم بواسطتها الاختبار الذاتي وتهيئة المكونات ثم إيجاد وتحميل نظام التشغيل، عملية وضع الاستعداد للجهاز (sleeping mode) والسبات للجهاز
Hibernation لا يشملهما الإقلاع.

كلمة اقلاع Boot هي اختصار لكلمة Bootstrap ,
إن الهدف الرئيسي من عملية الإقلاع هو السماح لجهاز التشغيل بالتعرف على محتوياته ومن ثم استدعاء برامج أكثر سهولة ومرونة وأداء.

نبذة تاريخية

هناك العديد من الطرق المختلفة لتحميل البرنامج الاولي القصير (محمل الإقلاع الاولي)، هذه الطرق يمكن أن تكون بسيطة ويمكن أن تكون معقدة في حالات مثل الوسائط القابلة للإزالة removable media .

امثلة سابقة لبعض الدوائر المتكاملة ROM

أجهزة الكمبيوتر القديمة
الحواسيب القديمة التي كانت في الفترة بين أربعينيات وخمسينيات القرن الماضي كانت عبارة عن جهود هندسية مبذولة وقد تأخذ أسابيع للبرمجة، وكان تحميل البرنامج أحد المشاكل العديدة التي كان يجب حلها. أحد الحواسيب القديمة: إينياك، لم يكن يحوي على أي برمجية مخزنة في الذاكرة، وإنما وُضع لحل كل مشكلة على حدى بواسطة تكوين أسلاك الربط. لم يكن نظام الإقلاع مُطبّق في إينياك، حيث كان جاهزاً لحل المشاكل بمجرد تزويده بالطاقة.

أجهزة الكمبيوتر التجارية الأولى
احتوت أولى الحواسيب القابلة للبرمجة وللبيع التجاري _ مثل UNIVAC I وIBM 701 _ على مزايا لتبسيط العمليات. حيث احتووا على تعليمات تُنجز عمليات دخل أو خرج كاملة.

محمل الإقلاع
محمل الإقلاع  هو البرنامج الموكل بتحميل باقي أجزاء نظام التشغيل بعد نجاح اختبارات التشغيل الذاتي (POST)، ويتواجد عادة في أول قرص الإقلاع ويتم استدعائه من قبل البيوس.

محملات إقلاع المرحلة الثانية

الإقلاع من الشبكة
معظم الأجهزة الحديثة لها القدرة على الإقلاع عبر الشبكة (computer network)، في هذا السيناريو يتم تخزين نظام التشغيل على قرص الخادم (server)، ويتم نقل أجزاء معينة منه إلى جهاز العميل (client) باستخدام بروتوكول بسيط مثل بروتوكول نقل الملفات المبسط Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)، بعد أن يتم نقل هذه الأجزاء يصبح نظام التشغيل مسيطر على عملية الإقلاع.

مراحل الإقلاع
هناك مرحلتان أساسيتان عند بدء تشغيل الحاسوب هما:
 إقلاع تمهيدي Pre-booting
 إقلاع النظام System booting

الإقلاع التمهيدي
بعد تشغيل الجهاز أو إعادة تشغيله يتم استدعاء برنامج صغير تم تخزينه مسبقا على ذاكرة للقراءة فقط ROM. قد يكون هذا البرنامج مخزونا ضمن وحدة المعالجة المركزية CPU أو ضمن وحدة أخرى تدعى البيوس BIOS أو نظام الإدخال والإخراج الأساسي. وظيفة هذا البرنامج تتلخص في الاتي:
 التأكد من سلامة وحدات الجهاز الأساسية مثل ذاكرة التخزين RAM ولوحة المفاتيح والشاشة ومحركات الأقراص بالإضافة إلى وحدات أخرى مثل الفأرة والكروت الملحقة وكل وحدات الإدخال والإخراج وأي أجهزة أخرى ملحقة بالحاسوب. في الحواسيب المعتمدة على البيوس BIOS تدعى هذه الخطوة باختبار التشغيل الذاتي POST.
 قراءة وتنفيذ تفضيلات المستخدم (إن وجدت) مثل السماح باستمرارية الإقلاع وترتيبات الأجهزة المراد الإقلاع عبرها.
 البحث عن برنامج ذو مستوى أعلى من الإقلاع وتسليمه المهمة.

إقلاع النظام
تنتهي مهمة البيوس بالبحث عن وحدة قابلة للإقلاع فتقوم بتحميل قطاع الإقلاع وتسليم المهام للشفرة المخزونة في هذا القطاع ويدعى هذا القطاع في محركات الأقراص الصلبة بسجل الإقلاع الرئيسي (MasterBoot Record MBR) حيث يقوم بدوره بقراء جدول الاقسام والبحث عن التقسيم الفعال. عند العثور على التقسيم الفعال يتم تحميل شفرة قطاع الإقلاع (النواة في بعض أنظمة التشغيل). بالنسبة لمحركات الأقراص ذات السعات التي تفوق 2TB تتم عمليات الإقلاع بطريقة مختلفة عن البيوس وذلك بواسطة جدول التقسيم ذو المعرفات الفريدة الشامل GPT .

إقلاع دوس
يعتمد نظام تشغيل دوس DOS وميكروسوفت دوس MS-DOS على مجموعة ملفات رئيسية هي IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS, CONFIG.SYS, COMMAND.COM بالإضافة إلى ملف اختياري هو autoexec.bat. توجد هذه الملفات في القطاع الفعال كما يشترط وجود IO.SYS في قطاع الإقلاع كي يتم تحميله بواسطة سجل الإقلاع الرئيسي MBR.

إقلاع ويندوز

تختلف أنظمة إقلاع ويندوز باختلاف الإصدارات مثلا ويندوز 3x يعتمد على MS-DOS في الإقلاع ثم يضاف أمر Win.com في الملف الدفعاتي Autoexec.bat لاستكمال عملية إقلاع ويندوز. الحالة مشابهة في كل من ويندوز 95 وويندوز 98 إلا أن ويندوز يستطيع الإقلاع دون الحاجة لتضمين win.com في الملف الدفعاتي autoexec.bat.

بالنسبة لويندوز NT و2000 وXP تتم عملية الإقلاع بطريقة مختلفة تماما عن سابقاتها حيث أن عملية تهيئة نظام الملفات تمهد قطاع بدء الإقلاع بحيث يتم البحث عن ملف يدعى ntldr والذي يقوم بدوره في البحث عن تقسيمات الإقراص والتقسيمات الفعالة، بعد ذلك يقوم هذا الملف بالبحث عن ملف آخر يدعى boot.ini وهو ملف نصي تخزن فيه أنظمة التشغيل المراد إقلاعها ونظام الإقلاع الافتراضي. إذا كان نظام الإقلاع المطلوب هو ويندوز 2000 أو XP يتم التوجيه باستكمال عمليات الإقلاع عبر ملف يدعى ntdetect.com.

تختلف عملية إقلاع ويندوز فيستا كليا عن جميع أنظمة ويندوز السابقة وذلك لكي تتوافق مع أنظمة التشغيل الأخرى مثل يونكس ولينكس. يستخدم ويندوز فيستا Windows Boot Manager (BOOTMGR) بدلا من NTLDR والذي يقوم بقراءة بيانات إعداد الإقلاع BCD. يختلف إقلاع ويندوز فيستا عن نسخ ويندوز السابقة في قدرته على التعرف على أنظمة أخرى كـ لينكس ويونكس وتعديل قائمة BCD عند بدء الإقلاع للسماح للمستخدم باختيار نظام التشغيل المناسب.

إقلاع لينكس

لتحميل نواة لينكس على الذاكرة الرئيسية للنظام يمكن استخدام أي من واجهات الإقلاع التالية:
 ليلو: وهي واجهة بدء تشغيل تقوم بقراءة بيانات بدء الإقلاع المخزونة في المسار /etc/lilo.conf إلا أنها تستمد بعض بياناتها من MBR مثل معرفة أنظمة تشغيل ويندوز.
 جرب: واجهة بدء إقلاع مستقلة كليا عن MBR أكثر مرونة وقادرة على تفادي الأخطاء.
 لودلين: واجهة بدء إقلاع تقوم بتحميل لينكس من أنظمة دوس.

إقلاع عبر الشبكة
تدعم بعض أنظمة البيوس وأنظمة التشغيل طريقة الإقلاع عبر الشبكة في أجهزة الحاسوب الحديثة.

إعادة التشغيل
 إعادة تشغيل بارد: ينجم عنه إغلاق زر التشغيل ثم تشغيله مرة أخرى وتتم هذه العملية لضمان إعادة تشغيل الجهاز آليا دون الحاجة لضغط زر الطاقة مرة أخرى.
 إعادة تشغيل ناعم: تقوم بها بعض البرامج لإعادة ضبط خط البيانات.

انظر أيضًا
 البيوس BIOS
 نظام تشغيل
 جنو جرب GRUB
 سجل الإقلاع الرئيسي MBR
 سجل إقلاع القسم VBR
 سجل الإقلاع الموسع EBR

مصادر ومراجع

إقلاع
بيوس
مصطلحات حوسبة
نظم تشغيل

إقلاع (حاسوب)


Donald F. "Don" Otten (nacido el 18 de abril de 1921 en Bellefontaine, Ohio y fallecido el 18 de septiembre de 1985 en Lima, Ohio) fue un jugador de baloncesto estadounidense que disputó cuatro temporadas en la NBA y otras dos en la NBL. Con 2,08 metros de estatura, jugaba en la posición de pívot. Era hermano del también jugador profesional Mac Otten.

Trayectoria deportiva

Universidad
Jugó durante tres temporadas con los Falcons de la Universidad de Bowling Green, llevando al equipo en dos ocasiones a participar en el National Invitation Tournament. Fue uno de los responsables directos de la prohobición del tapón ilegal (goaltending, tocar el balón cuando se encuentra en trayectoria descendente) en 1945 por parte de la NCAA.

Profesional
Comenzó su andadura profesional en 1946 en las filas de los Tri-Cities Blackhawks, entonces en la NBL. En dicha competición jugó durante tres temporadas, siendo el máximo anotador de la misma en la última de ellas, con 14,0 puntos por partido. En 1948 fue incluido en el segundo mejor quinteto del campeonato, mientras que en 1949 lo hacía en el primero, siendo además elegido mejor jugador del año. Acabó su participación en la liga como el cuarto mejor anotador de todos los tiempos, con 13,6 puntos por partido.

Ya en la NBA, mediada la temporada 1949-50 es traspasado a los Washington Capitols a cambio de Jack Nichols, donde acaba la temporada como el mejor anotador del equipo, promediando 14,9 puntos por partido.

Al año siguiente, y con la temporada ya comenzada, el equipo desaparece, fichando por los Baltimore Bullets, quienes después de dos partidos lo traspasan a los Fort Wayne Pistons. Allí acaba la temporada promediando 8,4 puntos y 6,0 rebotes por partido.

Al término de la temporada 1950-51 es despedido, fichando como agente libre por los Milwaukee Hawks, donde en su primera temporada lidera al equipo en anotación, con 13,0 puntos por partido, a los que añade 7,3 rebotes. Jugó una temporada más en los Hawks antes de retirarse definitivamente en .

Posee un récord de la NBA curioso, y es que es el jugador que más faltas personales le han pitado en un partido, con 8, en un partido de los Tri-Cities Blackhawks en pista de los Sheboygan Red Skins, el 24 de noviembre de 1949. La explicación es que en aquella época, las reglas de la liga no permitían tener en pista menos de 5 jugadores por equipo, siendo reactivado el último jugador en cometer las 6 faltas personales reglamentarias.

Estadísticas de su carrera en la NBA

Temporada regular

Playoffs

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Ficha de Don Otten en ultimatenba.com

Baloncestistas de Ohio
Baloncestistas de la NBA
Baloncestistas de los Bowling Green Falcons
Baloncestistas de los Tri-Cities Blackhawks
Baloncestistas de los Washington Capitols
Baloncestistas de los Baltimore Bullets (original)
Baloncestistas de los Fort Wayne Pistons
Baloncestistas de los Milwaukee Hawks
Hermanos baloncestistas

Don Otten


ريتشارد الثالث  مسرحية تاريخية كتبها المسرحي الإنكليزي الشهير ويليام شكسبير. يُعتقد أن المسرحية قد كُتبت في 1591، وتتناول المسرحية صعود الملك ريتشارد الثالث من إنكلترا الميكيافيلي إلى السلطة وفترة حُكمه القصيرة اللاحقة. جُمعت المسرحية مع تاريخيات أخرى لشكسبير في المجلد الأول لأعماله، ومع ذلك، فكثيراً ما تصنف المسرحية على أنها تراجيدية. تختتم المسرحية رباعية شكسبير الأولى التي تحتوي مسرحية هنري السادس بأجزائها الثلاثة. وبعد هاملت فإنها أطول مسرحياته، وأطول مسرحيات المجلد الأول الذي يحتوي نسخة من هملت أقصر من نظيرتها في الكتاب الخاص بها. نادراً ما تُمثل المسرحية من دون اختصارها، وكثيراً ما تُحذف شخصيات ثانوية بالكامل، خصوصاً شخصية مارغريت. في مثل هذه الحالات، غالباً ما تُخترع سطورٌ أخرى وتُضاف إلى المسرحية لتوضح طبيعة العلاقات بين الشخصيات.

سببٌ آخر لاختصار المسرحية والتصرف فيها يكمن في أن شكسبير قد افترض معرفة جمهوره بمسرحيات هنري السادس، لذلك ملأ ريتشارد الثالث بإشارات غير مباشرة إلى المسرحيات الثلاث، كقيامه باغتيال هنري الرابع أو هزيمة مارغريت.

المصادر
المصدر الرئيسي الذي اعتمد عليه شكسبير لكتابة ريتشارد الثالث - كما في معظم تاريخياته - كان تاريخ رافاييل هولنشد، باعتبار أن تاريخ نشر الطبعة الثانية 1587 نقطة بداية كتابة المسرحية. كما يُحتمل أن شكسبير قد استشار كتاب إدوارد هول اتحاد عائلتي لانكاستر ويورك الطموحتين (الطبعة الثانية، 1548).

التاريخ والنص
يُعتقد أن مسرحية ريتشارد الثالث واحدة من مسرحيات شكسبير المبكرة، تسبقها أجزاء هنري السادس الثلاثة، ومجموعة من الكوميديات. يُعتقد كذلك أنها كُتبت في حوالي 1591. رغم أن ريتشارد الثالث قد أُدرجت في سجل شركة ورشيبفول للطباعة في 20 أكتوبر 1597 بواسطة بائع الكتب أندرو وايز الذي نشر المجلد الأول لاحقاً في نفس السنة (قام بطباعتها فالنتين سيمز). يُعتقد أن مسرحية كريستوفر مارلو إدوارد الثالث - التي لا يُمكن أن تكون قد كُتبت بعد 1592 لأن مارلو قُتل في 1593 - قد تأثرت بمسرحية ريتشارد الثالث. تبع ذلك نشر كتابٌ آخر في 1597 بواسطة توماس كريد لمصلحة أندرو وايز، يحتوي على تقدير لشكسبير في صفحته الأولى. ظهرت المسرحية في الكتاب الثالث في 1602 والرابع في 1605 والخامس في 1612 والسادس في 1622، مما زاد في شعبيتها. ثم تبع ذلك نشر المجلد الأول في 1623.

انظر أيضًا
 الزوجة القروية (مسرحية).

هوامش

تصوير ثقافي عن إدوارد الرابع ملك إنجلترا
تاريخيات شكسبير
تراجيديات شكسبير
تشارلز الأول ملك إنجلترا
تصوير ثقافي عن ملوك إنجلترا
روايات تجري أحداثها في المملكة المتحدة
ريتشارد الثالث ملك إنجلترا
مسرحيات النهضة الإنجليزية
مسرحيات أقتبست إلى أوبيرات
مسرحيات بريطانية حولت إلى أفلام
مسرحيات تقع أحداثها في القرن 15
مسرحيات تقع أحداثها في إنجلترا
مسرحيات تقع أحداثها في لندن
مسرحيات عقد 1590
تصوير ثقافي عن هنري السابع ملك إنجلترا
تصوير ثقافي عن ريتشارد الثالث ملك إنجلترا

ريتشارد الثالث (مسرحية)


Royal Bourbon Industries est une entreprise agroalimentaire de La Réunion. Créée en 1985 par la famille Moreau, elle a son siège à Bras-Panon. Elle commercialise principalement sous la marque Royal Bourbon des ingrédients et préparations typiques de la cuisine réunionnaise, souvent sous la forme de boîtes de conserve. L'entreprise est également active à Mayotte.

Produits

Références

Liens externes

Entreprise agroalimentaire ayant son siège à La Réunion
Entreprise fondée en 1985
Cuisine réunionnaise
Bras-Panon

Royal Bourbon Industries


Philip Julian Klass (8 de Novembro de 1919 em Des Moines, Iowa - 9 de Agosto de 2005 e m Cocoa, Florida) foi um jornalista americano, e investigador de OVNIs, conhecido pelo seu cepticismo em relação aos OVNIs.

Ufologia

Philip J. Klass


Pedro Leonardo Memelsdorff (1959, Buenos Aires, Argentina) es un flautista, director, musicólogo y músico argentino especializado en música antigua o temprana, y en la práctica de periodo o historicista y en la polifonía de la música medieval. Es un notable exponente de flauta dulce y sus derivados. Entre 2013 y 2015 ha sido director de la Schola Cantorum Basiliensis.

Biografía

Nacido en Buenos Aires, emigró a Europa en 1977 donde estudió en la Schola Cantorum Basiliensis y en el Sweelinck Conservatorium de Ámsterdam. Se doctoró en musicología en la Universidad de Utrecht.

Es colaborador de Jordi Savall y el grupo Hesperion XX desde 1980. En 1987 fundó su propio grupo llamado Mala Punica con el cual realizó una serie de grabaciones. Ha realizado giras por Europa, Norte y Sudamérica. Integró un dúo con el clavecinista y pianista Andreas Staier con el que hizo presentaciones y giras y un CD.

Como investigador y musicólogo ha publicado en las revistas Acta musicologica, Studi musicali, Plainsong and Medieval Music, Ricercare y otras publicaciones especializadas.

Desde el 1° de enero de 2013 es director de la Schola Cantorum Basiliensis. Es catedrático en la Escuela Superior de Música de Cataluña en Barcelona, donde dirige el Master en Música antigua.

Dirige los Seminarios de música antigua en la Fundación Giorgio Cini de Venecia. Ha sido catedrático en la Escuela Cívica de Música de Milán y en la Musikhochschule de Zúrich.

En 2010-11 ha dictado en la universidad de Saarland en Alemania. A principio de 2010 ha sido invitado a disertar como Ernest Bloch Lecturer en la Universidad de Berkeley.

Publicaciones
 Memelsdorff, P. (2011). Echi d'influenze pirrottiane in sessant'anni di ricerca musicologica. In Musicologia fra due continenti: l'eredità di Nino Pirrotta (pp. 185-208). Roma: Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei.
 Memelsdorff, P. (2011, januari 18). 'Vuoto legale'. Contrappunto a tre e teoria implicita nel primo Quattrocento italiano. Pavia (Italy), Lecture at the Scuola di Paleografia e Filologia Musicale, Università degli Studi di Pavia.
 Memelsdorff, P. (2011, november 09). The Codex Faenza and the MS. Mantova 518. Saarbrücken, Lecture at the Department of Musicology of the University of Saarland (Germany).
 Memelsdorff, P. The Filiation and Transmission of Instrumental Polyphony in Late Medieval Italy: The Codex Faenza 117. UU Universiteit Utrecht. Prom./coprom.: prof. dr. K. Kügle.
 Memelsdorff, P., Latour, B. & Gagliardi, P. (2010). Coping with the Past. Creative Perspectives on Conservation and Restoration. Firenze: Olschki.
 Memelsdorff, P. (2010, mei 27). Matteo da Perugia and the 'Ars contratenoris'. Saarbrücken, Lecture at the Department of Musicology of the University of Saarland.
 Memelsdorff, P. (2010). The Music of Theory. Theorist-Composers in Late Medieval Italy. 2010 Ernest Bloch Lecture Series: University of Berkeley, California (USA) (22 de enero - 30 de abril de 2010). Overig prod. v. wetensch. act.
 Memelsdorff, P. (2009). 'Ars non inveniendi'. Riflessioni su una straw-man fallacy e sul contratenor quale paratesto. In Acta musicologica, Vol.81 (pp.1-22).
 Memelsdorff, P. (28 de septiembre de 2009). The Codex Faenza 117 and the Transmission of instrumental Polyphony in Late Medieval Italy. Schola Cantorum Basiliensis, Basel (Switzerland), Lecture at the Schola Cantorum Basiliensis, Basel (Switzerland).
 Memelsdorff, P. (2009). 'Ore Pandulfum'. Il contratenor come glossa strutturale. In M.T. Barezzani & R. Tibaldi (Eds.), Musica e liturgie nel medioevo bresciano (secoli XI-XV). Brescia: Fondazione Civiltà Bresciana (pp. 381-420).
 Memelsdorff, P. (23 de octubre de 2008). The Italian Ars subtilior. National Gallery of Ireland, Dublin (Ireland), Public Lecture.
 Memelsdorff, P. (6 de marzo de 2008). 'Le grant desir'. Reflections on Matteo da Perugia. Wellesley College, Boston, Massachusetts (USA), Lecture.
 Memelsdorff, P. (2008, februari 20). Faenza 117. Scribes and readers. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (USA), Lecture.
 Memelsdorff, P. (2008, februari 25). On the structure of Faenza 117. University of Berkeley, California (USA), Lecture.
 Memelsdorff, P. (2008). Artist in residence. Creativity Project: Mondavi Center for the Performing Arts, University of California at Davis (2008, februari 26 - 2008, maart 03). Overig prod. v. wetensch. act.
 Memelsdorff, P. (2010). 'Lacuna'. The Restoration of Past Sound. In B. Latour, P. Gagliardi & P.L. Memelsdorff (Eds.), Coping with the Past. Creative Perspectives on Conservation and Restoration (pp. 47-79). Firenze: Olschki.
 Memelsdorff, P. (2007, mei 14). Codicological considerations on Faenza 117. Fondazione Ugo e Olga Levi, Venezia (Italy), organized by the Fondazione Giorgio Cini, Venezia, International Seminar 'The Codex Faenza 117 and the Alternatim in Late Medieval Italy'.
 Memelsdorff, P. (2006). John Hothby, Lorenzo il Magnifico e Robert Morton in una nuova fonte manoscritta a Mantova. In Vol.78. Acta musicologica (pp.1-32).
 Memelsdorff, P. (2006). [Bespreking van het boek Il codice Rossiano 215. Madrigali, Ballate, una caccia, un rotondello, edizione critica e studio introduttivo]. Il saggiatore musicale, 13, 427-429.
 Memelsdorff, P. (2008). 'Ars modernior'. Le avanguardie musicali italiane del primo Quattrocento. In M. Ruffini & G. Wolf (Eds.), Musica e Arti figurative. Rinascimento e Novecento. Venezia: Marsilio Editori  (pp. 59-73).
 Memelsdorff, P. (2009). 'Equivocus'. Per una nuova lettura del rapporto testo-musica nel Trecento italiano. In F. Zimei (Ed.), «Dolci e nuove note». Atti del Quinto Convegno Internazionale del Centro Studi sull'Ars nova del Trecento. Lucca: LIM, Libreria Musicale Italiana (pp. 143-187).
 Memelsdorff, P. (2003). Artist chosen by György Ligeti for his Festival Milano Musica/Teatro alla Scala, Milan (Italy). Festival Milano Musica.: Festival Milano Musica/Teatro alla Scala, Milano (Italy).. Overig prod. v. wetensch. act.
 Memelsdorff, P. (2003-04). Hanna Kiel Fellow at Villa I Tatti, The Harvard Center for Italian Renaissance Studies. Overig prod. v. wetensch. act.
 Memelsdorff, P. (2005). 'Vilage': fortuna e filiazione di un Credo di Zacara. In F. Zimei (Ed.), Antonio Zacara da Teramo e il suo tempo. Lucca: LIM, Libreria Musicale Italiana (pp. 301-335).
 Memelsdorff, P. (1997). Artist in residence. Centre européen pour la recherche et l'interprétation des musiques médiévales: Fondation Royaumont, Paris (France). Overig prod. v. wetensch. act.

Libros

The Codex Faenza 117: Instrumental Polyphony in Late Medieval Italy. Introductory Study and Facsimile, 2 vols., Lucca: LIM (Ars Nova, n.s. 3), 2012.
 (coeditado con Bruno Latour y Pasquale Gagliardi), Coping with the Past. Creative Perspectives on Conservation and Restoration, Olschki, 2010.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web
 Biografía en inglés

Músicos de la ciudad de Buenos Aires
Instrumentistas de Argentina
Músicos de Argentina
Pedagogos de Argentina
Flautistas de Argentina
Musicólogos de Argentina
Diáspora argentina
Expatriados argentinos
Música clásica de Argentina
Intérpretes de música antigua
Directores de grupos de música antigua
Profesores de la Escuela Superior de Música de Cataluña

Pedro Memelsdorff


Simón Bolívar est une ville équatorienne située dans la province du Guayas. Elle est le chef-lieu du canton du même nom.

Géographie
La ville de Simón Bolívar est située à mi-chemin entre  et Lorenzo de Garaicoa.

Histoire
Simón Bolívar fait originellement partie de la paroisse de Lorenzo de Garaicoa et était connue sous le nom de Vuelta de Gallina (littéralement Renversement de poulets), puisque de Colombiens qui transportaient des poulets sur le río Amarillo aurait vu leur bateau chavirer à cet endroit. Plus tard, de nombreux agriculteurs s'y sont installés et vers 1940, une communauté du nom de Simón Bolívar était formée. La communauté est élevée au statut de paroisse rurale du canton de Yaguachi en 1956. Le , le président Rodrigo Borja Cevallos décide d'en faire un canton à part entière dû au nom faisant référence au révolutionnaire sud-américain.

Démographie
En date du recensement équatorien de 2010, on comptait  dans la ville.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste de villes d'Équateur

Liens externes

Province de Guayas
Ville en Équateur

Simón Bolívar (Équateur)


Youngman (născut Simon Smith) este un MC urban și un vocalist semnat la Digital Soundboy Records, care îi aparține lui Shy FX.

Fiul lui Simon "Bassline" Smith, Youngman a crescut și trăiește în Derby din East Midlands, Anglia. El a fost MC și omul cu "hype" spre aprecierea familiei Breakage, Skream, Benga, Shy FX și Digital Soundboy. În 2008, Youngman a fost runner-up în Drum & Bass Awards, în cadrul categoriei Best Breakthrough MC.

În 2010 Youngman a intrat în studio alături de Benga pentru a înregistra "One and Only, "Ho" și "Tear It Out"/"I Warned Ya". Viitorul lui album, "Me and My Music" este un amestec de influențe urbane din Marea Britanie. Producătorii îi includ pe Shy FX, Skream, Benga, MJ Cole, Breakage, Sam Frank și Kutz.

Discografie
Drumsound & Bassline Smith* Feat Youngman* - Steal My Heart (12")
Liq-weed Ganja Recordings 2006

Crissy Criss & Youngman* - Kick Snare / Pimp Game
V Records (2) 2009

Crissy Criss & Youngman* - Give You The World Part 3
Technique Recordings 2010

Ho / One & Only
Digital Soundboy Recording Co. 2010

Crissy Criss & Youngman* - Take You Higher
V Records (2) 2010

Drumsound & Bassline Smith* Ft. Youngman* - 10 Years Of Technique Part 6
Technique Recordings 2010

Crissy Criss & Youngman* - Turn It Up / Stop
Technique Recordings 2010
Mark System* Feat Youngman* - The Hold It E.P.
Digital Soundboy Recording Co. 2011

Tear It Out
(CDr, Single) Digital Soundboy Recording Co. 2011

Note

Legături externe
 iamyoungman.com
 http://www.kmag.co.uk/editorial/features/crissy-criss-and-youngman-interview.html

Oameni în viață

Youngman (MC)


O Campeonato Brasileiro de League of Legends de 2022 foi o 11º ano do Campeonato Brasileiro de League of Legends (CBLOL), a principal competição do jogo de computador League of Legends no Brasil. Participaram dez equipes associadas à um sistema de franquias durante todo o campeonato, dividido em duas etapas.

A edição de 2022 foi a primeira a adotar o formato de dupla eliminatória, onde as quatro melhores equipes colocadas na fase de pontos se classificam para uma chave superior, com a primeira colocada podendo escolher quem enfrentará primeiro entre a terceira e a quarta colocadas, e a quinta e o sexta colocadas da fase de pontos iniciam em uma chave inferior, sem chances de voltarem caso percam uma série. Todas as séries continuam sendo em melhor de cinco.

A Primeira Etapa começou em 22 de janeiro e terminou em 23 de abril com a RED Canids Kalunga derrotando a paiN Gaming por 3 a 2 na final, na Arena CBLOL, em São Paulo.

A Segunda Etapa começou em 11 de junho e terminou em 3 de setembro com a LOUD derrotando a paiN Gaming por 3 a 0 na final, no Ginásio do Ibirapuera, em São Paulo.

Primeira Etapa

Mudanças
Vorax Liberty foi renomeada para Liberty.

Fase de pontos

Eliminatórias

Segunda Etapa

Mudanças
Netshoes Miners foi renomeada somente para Miners, devido à empresa Netshoes pertencer ao grupo Magazine Luiza, mesmo grupo que aquiriu a KaBuM!. De acordo com as regras da Riot Games, duas equipes não podem ser controladas, direta ou indiretamente, por um mesmo dono de time, gerente ou afiliado de um dono.
Flamengo foi renomeado para Flamengo Los Grandes, devido à completa aquisição da equipe pela Los Grandes.

Fase de pontos

Eliminatórias

Referências

Edições do Campeonato Brasileiro de League of Legends


The flag of South Carolina is a symbol of the U.S. state of South Carolina consisting of a blue field with a white palmetto tree and white crescent. Roots of this design have existed in some form since 1775, being based on one of the first American Revolutionary War flags. While keeping most of its design intact since its adoption, it has varied over the years.

History

Moultrie Flag

In 1775, Colonel William Moultrie was asked by the Revolutionary Council of Safety to design a flag for the South Carolina troops to use during the American Revolutionary War. Moultrie's design had the blue of the militia's uniforms and a crescent taken from their cap insignia. It was first flown at Fort Johnson.

This flag was famously flown in the defense of a new fortress on Sullivan's Island, when Moultrie faced off against a British fleet that had not lost a battle in a century. In the 16-hour battle on June 28, 1776, the flag was shot down, but Sergeant William Jasper ran out into the open, raising it and rallying the troops until it could be mounted again. This gesture was considered to be so heroic, saving Charleston from conquest for four years, that the flag came to be the symbol of the Revolution, and liberty, in the state and the new nation.

Soon popularly known as either the Liberty Flag or Moultrie Flag, it became the standard of the South Carolinian militia and was presented in Charleston by Major General Nathanael Greene when the city was liberated at the end of the war. Greene described it as having been the first American flag to fly over the South.

American Civil War
The palmetto was added in 1861, also a reference to Moultrie's defense of Sullivan's Island; the fortress he had constructed had survived largely because the palmettos, laid over sand walls, were able to withstand British cannon.

Following its declaration of secession from the Union, the newly independent state of South Carolina considered many designs for its "National Flag", with the first official draft for a flag being finalized on January 21, which was a white ensign with a green palmetto, and a blue canton with a white increscent. After a week of debate, they decided on an existing unofficial state flag with an upward facing crescent on a blue field, modifying it by adding a palmetto at the center of the field. On January 26, 1861, the South Carolina General Assembly adopted a new flag by adding a golden palmetto encircled with a white background. This flag has become known as the "2-day flag" because the golden palmetto was changed to its current design after two days on January 28 to a simple white palmetto on the blue background.

The Palmetto Flag quickly became a symbol of the secessionist movement.  During the secession winter, it was unfurled at various places around the country, even as far away as Nebraska City, Nebraska, by pockets of Southern partisans.   Less than three months after its adoption, a variation of the palmetto flag unfurled over Fort Sumter on April 14, 1861, the day it was occupied by the Confederate Army, making it the first of the Confederate flags to replace the Stars and Stripes of the United States of America, from which the Confederacy had seceded. The flag consisted of a palmetto on an entirely white background with a red star in the upper left quadrant and is commonly known as "The Palmetto Guard Flag.

The Sovereignty flag was never recognized as an official flag in South Carolina, but there are also claims that it was flown for a short period of time in South Carolina after its secession on December 20, 1860. Another significant flag is the "South Carolina Secession Flag"; the day after South Carolina seceded, a red flag with two tails, a large white star and a down-right facing crescent at the top by the flag staff was raised over the Charleston Custom House. It then spread to other cities as a symbol of secession.
At the beginning of the American Civil War a similar flag was flown at Morris Island by cadets from The Citadel as they fired upon United States supply ships.

Origin of the crescent
William Moultrie states in his memoirs: "A little time after we were in possession of Fort Johnson, it was thought necessary to have a flag for the purpose of signals: (as there was no national or state flag at that time) I was desired by the council of safety to have one made, upon which, as the state troops were clothed in blue, and the fort was garrisoned by the first and second regiments, who wore a silver crescent on the front of their caps; I had a large blue flag made with a crescent in the dexter corner, to be in uniform with the troops ..."

Moultrie's original design placed the crescent vertically, with the opening directing upward. The 1860s flag also shows the crescent with upward pointing cusps.  However, in 1910—for reasons that he did not document—Alexander Samuel Salley Jr., secretary of the state's Historical Commission, angled the crescent to its current orientation.

Design standardization

While the flag invariably includes a white palmetto and crescent design on a blue background, state law since 1940 has not provided "specifications for the shape, size, design or placement" of the symbols, or the exact color of the background. As a result, flags from different manufacturers may have different appearances. A committee of the South Carolina Senate held a hearing on the issue in January 2018 but did not immediately advance a bill to standardize the design.

A standardized design was revealed in 2020 but was immediately met with major backlash from the public for its perceived poor design and aesthetics. Two other designs were then proposed, one of which will become the official standardized version.

Commercial use
Shirts, belts, shoes, wallets, koozies, holiday decorations and other accessories featuring the flag's palmetto and crescent are popular throughout South Carolina and other southeastern states as a symbol of the state's long-standing heritage. It is also common for alumni and supporters of the state's main universities (the University of South Carolina, Clemson University, Coastal Carolina University, Furman University, the College of Charleston, Winthrop University, Wofford College, and The Citadel) to display the state flag in their school colors.

See also

 List of South Carolina state symbols
 Seal of South Carolina

References

Further reading

External links

1861 establishments in South Carolina
South Carolina
Symbols of South Carolina
South Carolina

Flag of South Carolina


Puder za lice je vrsta kozmetike, koja se nanosi prstima, četkicama ili kistovima na kožu da bi se prekrila neujednačenost boje kože ili pokoje izražene nepravilnosti kao što su akne.

Većina žena kupuje samo po jednu boju pudera, ali iskusne žene imaju po dvije nijanse. Jednu svjetliju od vlastitog tena, a drugu tamniju pa se miješanjem te dvije nijanse može savršeno pogoditi boja kože i time smanjiti dojam "žbuke" na licu. Također, problem samo jedne nijanse je i što koža kroz godišnja doba mijenja boju.

Konturiranje
Ponekad se koristi dodatna tamnija i svjetlija nijansa pudera kako bi naglasila crte lica. Naprimjer, čeljust, ključne kosti ili jednostavno stvaranje dojma užeg nosa i slično.

Rok trajanja
Treba paziti na rok trajanja.

Kozmetika

Puder za lice