Die Deklaration von Helsinki zur Patientensicherheit in der Anästhesiologie  wurde in Anlehnung zur Deklaration von Helsinki in Helsinki vom European Board of Anaesthesiology (EBA) und der European Society of Anaesthesiology (ESA) zur Verbesserung der Patientensicherheit veröffentlicht.

Geschichte

Die Erklärung wurde gemeinsam von den beiden wichtigsten anästhesiologischen Organisationen in Europa, EBA und ESA, vorbereitet. Es zielt darauf ab, zur Verbesserung der Sicherheit der Patientenversorgung in Anästhesiologie und den verwandten medizinischen Bereichen, wie perioperative Betreuung, Intensivmedizin, Schmerztherapie und Notfallmedizin in ganz Europa beizutragen.

Ab Juni 2009 beriet sich der Unterausschuss des EBA zur Patientensicherheit und beteiligte viele Einzelpersonen und Vertreter der jeweiligen nationalen Gesellschaften in die Ausarbeitung und Entwicklung dieser Erklärung. Die ESA-Unterausschüsse für Evidenzbasierte Praxis und Qualitätsverbesserung und Patientensicherheit wurden von Anfang an beteiligt. Der erste Entwurf wurde in einem Treffen in London mit Vertretern aus ganz Europa im November 2009 diskutiert. Im Anschluss daran, wurde es durch Einbeziehung aller EBA-Vertreter sowie das Board of Directors der ESA abgeschlossen. Die Erklärung in ihrer heutigen Form ist das Ergebnis eines Konsenses zwischen dem ESVG Board of Directors und der EBA.

Das Papier wurde offiziell am Euroanaesthesia-Kongress in Helsinki im Juni 2010 gestartet und wurde anschließend von mehreren Vertretern der europäischen Anästhesiologie und anderen Interessengruppen, wie Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO), World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists (WFSA), Europäischem Patientenforum (EPF), unterzeichnet. Die EBA und die ESA haben eine Patient Safety Task Force zur Fortführung dieser Arbeiten etabliert.

Grundsätze und Ziele
Ziel ist die weitere Reduzierung von Fehlern in der Anästhesie.

Die Erklärung stützt sich auf frühere Aussagen über die Sicherheit und Qualität der Versorgung. Es stellt eine gemeinsame europäische Einigung dar, was getan werden muss, um die Patientensicherheit in der Anästhesie im Jahr 2010 zu verbessern. Die Erklärung empfiehlt praktische Schritte, die alle Anästhesisten befolgen sollten. Diese sind relativ unkompliziert. Von allen europäischen Einrichtungen der Anästhesiologie wird erwartet, dass sie die Safe Surgery Saves Lives-Initiative der WHO, einschließlich der WHO Surgical Safety Checklist, unterstützen. Diese hat zur Verbesserung der Patientensicherheit nachweislich beigetragen.

Alle Einrichtungen, die an der anästhesiologischen Versorgung in Europa beteiligt sind, sollen den Minimalstandard für die Sicherheit und Qualität in der Anästhesie einhalten. Sie sollen über die Handlungsanweisungen verfügen, um Folgendes zu beherrschen:
 Überprüfung von Geräten und Medikamenten
 Präoperative Untersuchung und Vorbereitung
 Aufkleber zur Kennzeichnung von Spritzen nach ISO-Norm 26825/20071
 Schwierige bzw. misslungene/unmögliche Intubation
 Maligne Hyperthermie
 Anaphylaxie
 Intoxikation durch Lokalanästhetika
 Massive Blutungen
 Infektionskontrolle / Hygiene
 Postoperative Überwachung inklusive Schmerztherapie

Literatur
 A Gottschalk, H Van Aken, M Zenz, T Standl: Is anesthesia dangerous? In: Dtsch Arztebl Int, 2011, 108(27), S. 469–474, doi:10.3238/arztebl.2011.0469, PMID 21814522
 DK Whitaker, G Brattebø, AF Smith, SE. Staender: The Helsinki Declaration on Patient Safety in Anaesthesiology: putting words into practice. In: Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol., 2011 Jun, 25(2), S. 277–290, doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2011.02.001, PMID 21550551
 F Petrini, M Solca, E De Robertis, VA Peduto, A Pasetto, G Conti, M Antonelli, P Pelosi: The Helsinki Declaration on Patient Safety in Anesthesiology: a way forward with the European Board and the European Society of Anesthesiology. In: Minerva Anestesiol., 2010 Nov, 76(11), S. 971–977, PMID 21102394

Weblinks
 Deklaration von Helsinki zur Patientensicherheit in der Anästhesiologie. (PDF; 21,7 kB) patientensicherheit-ains.de (deutsch)
 Deklaration von Helsinki zur Patientensicherheit in der Anästhesiologie. patientensicherheit-ains.de
 DAC: Ein Internet-Portal verbessert die Sicherheit der Anästhesie. pflegeportal.ch (zur Umsetzung seitens der deutschen DGAI und BDA)
 euroanesthesia.org

Einzelnachweise

Anästhesie
Patientensicherheit
Politik 2010


غاستوري (Γαστούρι) هي مدينة في كيركيرا في مقاطعة كينتريكي إلادا في اليونان.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 1435 نسمة.

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في كورفو (مقاطعة)
مدن اليونان

غاستوري (كيركيرا)


Keith Michell (Adelaida, Australia, 1 de diciembre de 1926 -Hampstead, Reino Unido, 20 de noviembre de 2015) fue un conocido actor australiano, en especial por sus actuaciones en televisión y cine como el rey Enrique VIII de Inglaterra.

Primeros años
Nació en Adelaida (Australia) y creció en Warnertown, cerca de Port Pirie. El teatro de Port Pirie recibió su nombre en su honor.

Carrera
Michell enseñó arte hasta que debutó en obras teatrales en Adelaida en 1947 y luego actuó en Londres en 1951. Ha protagonizado varios musicales, incluyendo la producción de El hombre de La Mancha, en donde dio vida tanto a Miguel de Cervantes como a su inmortal creación, Don Quijote de La Mancha. En 1964, dio vida a Robert Browning, el protagonista del musical Robert And Elizabeth, junto a June Bronhill.

Michell actuó con el Teatro Shakespeare Memorial, y también apareció en varias películas y televisión, destacando en sus interpretaciones del rey Enrique VIII, en The Six Wives of Henry VIII en 1970, y de Heathcliff, en Cumbres Borrascosas. En la televisión estadounidense, Michell ha aparecido en Murder, She Wrote, interpretando a Dennis Stanton.

Vida personal

Estuvo casado con la actriz Jeanette Sterke y tuvo un hijo, Paul, y una hija, Helena.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 IMDb

Actores de cine de Australia
Actores de televisión de Australia
Actores de teatro de Australia
Actores de Adelaida
Actores masculinos de Australia
Nacidos en Adelaida

Keith Michell


Archibald Campbell, Marquess of Argyll, 8th Earl of Argyll, Chief of Clan Campbell (March 160727 May 1661) was a Scottish nobleman, politician, and peer. The de facto head of Scotland's government during most of the conflict of the 1640s and 1650s known as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, he was a major figure in the Covenanter movement that fought for the maintenance of the Presbyterian religion against the Stuart monarchy's attempts to impose episcopacy. He is often remembered as the principal opponent of the royalist general James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose.

Early life
Archibald Campbell, Marquess of Argyll, was the eldest son of Archibald Campbell, 7th Earl of Argyll, by his first wife Agnes Douglas, daughter of William Douglas, 6th Earl of Morton, and was educated at St Andrews University, where he matriculated on 15 January 1622. He had early in life, as Lord Lorne, been entrusted with the possession of the Argyll estates when his father renounced Protestantism and took arms for Philip III of Spain; and he exercised over Clan Campbell an authority almost absolute, disposing of a force of 20,000 retainers, being, according to Baillie, "by far the most powerful subject in the kingdom".

Argyll was said to be of above average height, but slight in build. He had reddish hair, which darkened in later life – among the Highlanders he was often called "red Argyll" – and a pronounced squint. Contemporaries said he had a very charming and persuasive manner, although early in life he developed a habit of abruptly leaving the room if a conversation took a turn he did not like. Clarendon said that "his wit was pregnant, and his humour gay and pleasant, except when he liked not the company or the argument".

In the Covenanter movement

On the outbreak of the religious dispute between the king and Scotland in 1637, Lord Lorne's support was eagerly sought by Charles I. He was made a privy councillor in 1628. In 1638, the king summoned him, together with the earls of Traquair and Roxburgh, to London, but he refused to be won over, warned Charles against his despotic ecclesiastical policy, and showed great hostility towards William Laud. In consequence, a secret commission was given to the Randal MacDonnell, Earl of Antrim to invade Argyll and stir up the MacDonalds against the Campbells. Argyll, who inherited the title at the death of his father in 1638, originally had no preference for Presbyterianism, but now definitely took the side of the Covenanters in defence of national religion and liberties.
Argyll continued to attend the meetings of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland after its dissolution by the Marquess of Hamilton, when Episcopacy was abolished. In 1639, he sent a statement to Laud, and subsequently to the king, defending the General Assembly's action.

Argyll raised a body of troops and seized Hamilton's castle of Brodick in Arran. After the pacification of Berwick-upon-Tweed, he carried a motion, in opposition to James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose, by which the estates secured to themselves the election of the lords of the articles, who had formerly been nominated by the king. This was a fundamental change to the Scottish constitution, whereby the management of public affairs was entrusted to a representative body and withdrawn from the control of the crown.

An attempt by the king to deprive Argyll of his office as justiciary of Argyll failed, and on the prorogation of the parliament by Charles, in May 1640, Argyll moved that it should continue its sittings and that the government and safety of the kingdom should be secured by a committee of the estates, of which he was the guiding spirit. In June, he was trusted with a Commission of fire and sword against the royalists in Atholl and Angus, which, after succeeding in entrapping John Murray, 1st Earl of Atholl, he carried out with completeness and cruelty.

It was on this occasion that the Bonnie Hoose o' Airlie was burned. By this time, the personal dislike and difference in opinion between Montrose and Argyll led to an open breach. The former arranged that on the occasion of Charles's approaching visit to Scotland, Argyll would be accused of high treason in the parliament. The plot, however, was disclosed, and Montrose, among others, was imprisoned. Accordingly, when the king arrived, he found himself deprived of every remnant of influence and authority. It only remained for Charles to make a series of concessions. He transferred control over judicial and political appointments to the parliament, created Argyll a marquess in 1641, and returned home, having, in Clarendon's words, made a perfect deed of gift of that kingdom. Meanwhile, there was an unsuccessful attempt to kidnap Argyll, Hamilton, and Lanark, known as The Incident. Argyll was mainly instrumental in this crisis in keeping the national party faithful to what was to him evidently the common cause, and in accomplishing the alliance with the Long Parliament in 1643.

English and Scottish Civil Wars
In January 1644, he accompanied the Scottish army into England as a member of the Committee of Both Kingdoms and in command of a troop of horse, but was soon compelled, in March, to return to suppress Royalists in the Scottish Civil War and to defend his own territories. He forced Huntly to retreat in April. In July, he advanced to abet the Irish troops now landed in Argyll, which were fighting in conjunction with Montrose, who had put himself at the head of the Royalist forces in Scotland. Neither general succeeded in obtaining an advantage over the other, or even in engaging in battle. Argyll then returned to Edinburgh, threw up his commission, and retired to Inveraray Castle. Montrose unexpectedly followed him in December, compelling him to flee to Roseneath, and devastating his territories. On 2 February 1645, while following Montrose northwards, Argyll was surprised by him at Inverlochy. He witnessed, from his barge on the lake to which he had retired after falling from his horse, a fearful slaughter of his troops, which included 1,500 of the Campbells. He arrived at Edinburgh on 12 February and was again present at Montrose's further great victory on 15 August at Kilsyth, whence he escaped to Newcastle. Argyll was at last delivered from his formidable antagonist by Montrose's final defeat at Philiphaugh on 12 September.

In 1646, he was sent to negotiate with the king at Newcastle after his surrender to the Scottish army, when he endeavoured to moderate the demands of the parliament and at the same time to persuade the king to accept them. On 7 July 1646, he was appointed a member of the Assembly of Divines.

Up to this point, Argyll's statesmanship had been highly successful. The national liberties and religion of Scotland had been defended and guaranteed, and the power of the king in Scotland reduced to a mere shadow. In addition, these privileges had been still further secured by the alliance with the English opposition, and by the subsequent triumph of the Parliament and Presbyterianism in the neighbouring kingdom. The king himself was a prisoner in their midst. But Argyll's influence could not survive the rupture of the alliance between the two nations on which his whole policy was founded. He opposed in vain the Engagement, concluded in December 1647, between Charles I and the Scots against the English Parliament. James, Duke of Hamilton commanded an Engager army that marched into England and was defeated by Cromwell at Preston the following August. Argyll, after a narrow escape from a surprise attack at the Battle of Stirling in September 1648, joined the Whiggamores, a body of Covenanters at Edinburgh; and, supported by John Campbell, 1st Earl of Loudoun and Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven, he established a new government, which welcomed Oliver Cromwell on his arrival there on 4 October 1648.

War with the English Parliament and personal ruin

This alliance, however, was at once destroyed by the execution of Charles I on 30 January 1649, which excited universal horror in Scotland. In the series of tangled incidents which followed, Argyll lost control of the national policy. He describes himself at this period as "a distracted man ... in a distracted time" whose "remedies ... had the quite contrary operation".

Argyll supported the invitation from the Covenanters to Charles II to land in Scotland, and gazed upon the captured Montrose, bound on a cart to execution at Edinburgh. When Charles II came to Scotland, having signed the Covenant and repudiated Montrose, Argyll remained at the head of the administration. After the defeat of Dunbar, Charles retained his support by the promise of a dukedom and the Garter, and an attempt was made by Argyll to marry the king to his daughter, Lady Anne. On 1 January 1651, he placed the crown on Charles's head at Scone. But his power had now passed to the Hamiltonian party.

Argyll strongly opposed, but was unable to prevent, the expedition into England. In the subsequent reduction of Scotland, after holding out in Inveraray Castle for nearly a year, he was at last surprised in August 1652 and submitted to the Commonwealth. His ruin was then complete. His policy had failed, his power had vanished. He was hopelessly in debt, and on terms of such violent hostility with his eldest son and heir Archibald as to be obliged to demand a garrison in his house for his protection.

Later life and writings

During his visit to Monck at Dalkeith in 1654 to complain of this, Argyll was subjected to much personal insult from his creditors, and on visiting London in September 1655 to obtain money due to him from the Scottish Parliament, he was arrested for debt, though soon liberated. In Richard Cromwell's Parliament of 1659 Argyll sat as member for Aberdeenshire.

At the Restoration, Argyll presented himself at Whitehall, but was at once arrested by order of Charles II and placed in the Tower of London (1660), before being sent to Edinburgh to stand trial for high treason. He was acquitted of complicity in the death of Charles I, and his escape from the whole charge seemed imminent, but the arrival of a packet of letters written by Argyll to Monck showed conclusively his collaboration with Cromwell's government, particularly in the suppression of Glencairn's Royalist rising in 1652. He was immediately sentenced to death, his execution by beheading on the 'Maiden' taking place on 27 May 1661, before the death warrant had even been signed by the king. He was attended in his final hours by Rev Archibald Hutchison of Tolbooth Parish (contained in St Giles Cathedral) which oversaw the Tolbooth prison.

His head was placed on the same spike upon the west end of the Tolbooth, as that of Montrose, who had previously been exposed there, and his body was buried at Kilmun Parish Church near the Holy Loch, where the head was also deposited in 1664. A monument was erected to his memory in Church of St Giles in Edinburgh in 1895.

Works
While imprisoned in the Tower he wrote Instructions to a Son (1661). Some of his speeches, including the one delivered on the scaffold, were published and are printed in the Harleian Miscellany.

Family
Argyll married Lady Margaret Douglas, second daughter of William Douglas, 7th Earl of Morton, with whom he had two sons, the elder of whom, Archibald, succeeded him as the 9th Earl, and four daughters.

Ancestry

In Fiction
Archibald Campbell, Marquess of Argyll features as a character in Neil Munro's novel of the Little Wars of Lorn, John Splendid (1898).

Notes

References

Attribution:
  Endnotes:
Life and Times of Archibald Marquess of Argyll (1903), by John Willcock, who prints for the first time the six incriminating letters to Monk
Eng. Hist. Review, xviii. 369 and 624
Scottish History Society, vol. xvii. (1894)
Charles II. and Scotland in 1650, ed. by S. R. Gardiner, and vol. xviii. (1895)
History of Scotland, by A. Lang, vol. iii. (1904)

Further reading

1607 births
1661 deaths
Covenanters
Archibald Campbell, Marquess of Argyll
Marquesses in the Peerage of Scotland
Executed Scottish people
People executed by Stuart Scotland
Scottish generals
17th-century Scottish writers
17th-century Scottish peers
Alumni of the University of St Andrews
Scottish Commissioners at the Westminster Assembly
Members of the pre-1707 Parliament of Scotland
Members of the Convention of the Estates of Scotland 1643–44
Members of the Parliament of Scotland 1644–1647
Members of the Parliament of Scotland 1648–1651
English MPs 1659
Politics of Aberdeenshire
People associated with Aberdeenshire
People executed for treason against Scotland
Commissioners of the Treasury of Scotland
People executed by the Kingdom of Scotland by decapitation
17th-century Scottish landowners
Extraordinary Lords of Session
Scottish politicians convicted of crimes
Burials at the kirkyard of St Giles
8
Burials at the Argyll Mausoleum

Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll


Apis mellifera sahariensis er ein undirtegund alibýflugna. Útbreiðsla hennar er í N-Afríku (Sahara). Hún er náskyld Apis mellifera intermissa frá svipuðu svæði.

Hún er vel aðlöguð að blómgun döðlupálma (Phoenix dactylifera) og öðrum plöntum Sahara. Almennt er undirtegundin talin mjög friðsöm.

Tilvísanir

Recherches sur l'abeille saharienne au Maroc

Býflugur

Apis mellifera sahariensis


حديقة حيوانات النزهة أو جنينة حيوانات النزهة أو حديقة حيوان الإسكندرية هي ثاني أكبر حديقة للحيوان في مصر بعد حديقة حيوانات الجيزة. تقع بحي النزهة في مدينة الإسكندرية قرب حدائق أنطونيادس وحي سموحة، وتتبع الادارة المركزية لحدائق الحيوان.

تطويرها
تم إضافة مساحات مضاعفة إلى الحديقة وإعادة تخطيطها بحيث تشمل إنشاء بحيرة صناعية للطيور المائية وبرج عال لمشاهدة الحديقة من فوقه، ومتحف للتاريخ الطبيعى، وإقامة بيئة طبيعية لحيوانات الحديقة وإضافة أعداد جديدة من فصائل الحيوانات والأنواع النادرة وتشييد الحظائر والأماكن والأقفاص بها بالإضافة إلى الاهتمام بالكازينو المشرف على البحيرة وحديقة الأطفال التي أنشئت داخل حديقة الحيوان.

معرض الصور

انظر أيضًا
 حديقة حيوانات الجيزة
 حديقة حيوان الفيوم
 حديقة حيوان بني سويف
 حديقة حيوان طنطا
 حديقة حيوان كفر الشيخ
 حديقة حيوان الزقازيق
 حديقة حيوان العريش
 حديقة حيوان المنصورة
 حديقة الأسماك

فيسبوك

تسجيلات فيديو

وصلات خارجية
 حديقة حيوانات الإسكندرية مأوي للكلاب الضالة والحشرات ، الأهرام المسائى في 4 مايو 2013
 حديقة انطونيادس.. تاريخ يمتد150 عاما ، الأهرام المسائى
 مضاعفة أسعار تذاكر «حديقة النزهة» في عيد الأضحى 7 نوفمبر 2010 ، المصري اليوم في 7 نوفمبر 2010
 حدائق انطونيادس بالإسكندرية  ، أخبار مصر في 31 مارس 2010
 حديقة حيوان النزهة بالإسكندرية: تذاكر مرتفعة "للأغنياء فقط" ، البديل في 12 مارس 2013
 لأنه مهدد بالانقراض: «الشمبانزى الحزين» في ضيافة حديقة حيوان الجيزة، الأهرام في 2 ديسمبر 2012
 حزن بحديقة حيوان الإسكندرية لوفاة الفيلة "كريمة" ، الوفد في 20 يناير 2012
 بحديقة حيوان الإسكندرية: جمع شمل"مشمش وأوسكار وفطوطة"  ، الأهرام في 15 أكتوبر 2011
 شمبانزي فرنسي بحديقة حيوان الإسكندرية يقلد الفنانين ، نورت في 2009
 زواج " فطوطة " بحديقة الحيوان، الأهرام في 24 مايو 2010
 حديقة الحيوان تستقبل نصف مليون زائر في العيد  ، الشروق الجديد في 27 نوفمبر 2009
 حديقة حيوان «الثغر» تفقد رونقها في «شم النسيم» ، صوت الأسكندرية في 2010
 حديقة حيوان الإسكندرية تستقبل مواليد جددا من الأسود والحمار الوحشي ، الأهرام في 20 أغسطس 2002
 بالصور.ازدحام شديد بحديقة حيوانات الإسكندرية ، الوفد في 31 أغسطس 2011
 تدعيم حديقة حيوان الإسكندرية بـ "40″ طاووس و" أبوعق" !الحديقة تعانى عجزاً في الزرافة والدب القطبى والكانجرو وتشهد ولادات جديدة للنسانيس والقرود! ، صوت الأسكندرية في يوليو 2009
 حديقة حيوان الإسكندرية تستغيث. فهل تحظي بنظرة عطف ، الأهرام المسائى في 22 فبراير 2010
 لماذا تتجاهل محافظة الإسكندرية حديقة حيواناتها؟ ، المصري اليوم في 27 فبراير 2009
 أسود ودببة وزواحف في عرض أوكروباتي بحديقة حيوان ، صوت الإسكندرية في نوفمبر 2009
 حديقة حيوان الإسكندرية تستقبل زوارها في العيد بعرض أوكروباتى، أبو الهول في نوفمبر 2009
 أفعى «نخنوخ» تنسلخ من جلدها ، مجلة أكتوبر في 2 ديسمبر 2012
 قرود وأسود نخنوخ تستعرض في حديقة الإسكندرية.. أيام العز راحت  ، المساء في 26 أكتوبر 2012
 مطلوب زرافة وخرتيت وشمبانزي لحديقة حيوان إسكندرية ، المصري اليوم في 20 مايو 2007
 ع البحري حديقة حيوان النزهة  ، المساء في 13 يناير 2011
 حينما ركبت «زرافة» محمد على البحر من الإسكندرية إلى مارسيليا ، الأهرام في 31 ديسمبر 2011
 ضبط المتهمين بقتل حارس حديقة الحيوان بالإسكندرية على طريقة ريّا وسكينة ، الأهرام في 29 ديسمبر 2010

حدائق الإسكندرية
حدائق حيوان في مصر
مبان ومنشآت في الإسكندرية
متنزهات في مصر
مواقع جذب سياحي في الإسكندرية

حديقة حيوان الإسكندرية


Marie Jaisson (née en 1962) est une sociologue française spécialisée la sociologie des pratiques médicales, de la maladie et de la santé, et l'histoire de la sociologie.

Biographie
Marie Jaisson naît en 1962.

Dans les années 1980, elle suit un cursus en sociologie à l'École des  Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS) à Paris. Elle y obtient son doctorat "Les Lieux de l'art : études sur la structure sociale du milieu médical dans une ville universitaire de province [Dijon]" sous la direction de Pierre Bourdieu en 1995 avec qui elle travaille.

Elle réalise par la suite plusieurs séjours à New York, pour fréquenter la bibliothèque de l'université de Columbia, où elle se confronte aux travaux américains sur la médecine et les professions qui y sont liées.

Elle est particulièrement intéressée par les travaux portant sur la mémoire et le temps. En ce sens, ses travaux avec Christian Baudelot revisite la notion de mémoire collective et ses remaniements possibles dans le cadre d'un travail de reconnaissance, requestionnant ainsi les problématiques du sociologue allemand Maurice Halbwachs. Elle retravaille également les théories du philosophe Henri Bergson.

Puis, elle a été maître de conférences à l'université de Tours et elle est professeur émérite au laboratoire IRIS (Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire sur les enjeux Sociaux) à l'université Sorbonne Paris Nord (Paris 13).

Elle est également directrice adjointe de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme (MSH) de Paris Nord et tient un blog Hypothèse sur ses publications.

Liens externes

 Le blog d'information de Marie Jaisson.

Principales publications
Elle a publié de nombreux ouvrages et articles

 Le Sexisme de la première heure. Hasard et sociologie , avec Eric Brian, Paris, Raisons d'agir, 2007.
 La descente du rapport de masculinité humaine à la naissance. Un dialogue entre mathématiques, biologie et sociologie, avec Eric Brian, Dordrecht, Springer Verlag, 2007.
 Maurice Halbwachs, sociologue retrouvé, éd. avec Christian Baudelot . Paris, éditions Rue d'Ulm, 2007.
 [Maurice Halbwachs ] et coll., Le Point de vue du nombre (1936), éd. avec Eric Brian. Paris, Ined, 2005.
 Médecines, patients et politiques de santé, Numéro spécial des Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales, , juin 2002.

Thèses

Elle a soutenu 1 thèse

 1995 : Les Lieux de l'art : études sur la structure sociale du milieu médical dans une ville universitaire de province [Dijon], sous la direction de Pierre Bourdieu, Paris, EHESS

Elle a dirigé 2 thèses

 2019 : Faire bon poids, bonne figure : Sociologie des suivis diététiques en libéral, par  Étienne Bard   Paris 13

 2017 : La question sociale en santé : L'hôpital public et l'accès aux soins des personnes en marge du système de santé en France à l'aube du , par  Jérémy Geeraert, Sorbonne Paris Cité

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en 1962
Enseignant à l'université de Tours
Sociologue français du XXe siècle
Sociologue français du XXIe siècle

Marie Jaisson


Kausativ kan henvise til:

 Kausativ (diatese) (grammatik)
 Kausativ (kasus) (grammatik)
 Kausativ (modus) (grammatik)

Grammatik

Kausativ


In number theory, quadratic Gauss sums are certain finite sums of roots of unity. A quadratic Gauss sum can be interpreted as a linear combination of the values of the complex exponential function with coefficients given by a quadratic character; for a general character, one obtains a more general Gauss sum. These objects are named after Carl Friedrich Gauss, who studied them extensively and applied them to quadratic, cubic, and biquadratic reciprocity laws.

Definition

For an odd prime number  and an integer , the quadratic Gauss sum  is defined as

where  is a primitive th root of unity, for example .
Equivalently,

For  divisible by  the expression  evaluates to . Hence, we have

For  not divisible by , this expression reduces to

where

is the Gauss sum defined for any character  modulo .

Properties

 The value of the Gauss sum is an algebraic integer in the th cyclotomic field .
 The evaluation of the Gauss sum for an integer  not divisible by a prime  can be reduced to the case :

 The exact value of the Gauss sum for  is given by the formula:

 Remark
In fact, the identity

was easy to prove and led to one of Gauss's proofs of quadratic reciprocity. However, the determination of the sign of the Gauss sum turned out to be considerably more difficult: Gauss could only establish it after several years' work. Later, Dirichlet, Kronecker, Schur and other mathematicians found different proofs.

Generalized quadratic Gauss sums

Let  be natural numbers. The generalized quadratic Gauss sum  is defined by

.

The classical quadratic Gauss sum is the sum .

 Properties

The Gauss sum  depends only on the residue class of  and  modulo .
Gauss sums are multiplicative, i.e. given natural numbers  with  one has

This is a direct consequence of the Chinese remainder theorem.

One has  if  except if  divides  in which case one has
.

Thus in the evaluation of quadratic Gauss sums one may always assume .

Let  be integers with  and  even. One has the following analogue of the quadratic reciprocity law for (even more general) Gauss sums
.

Define

for every odd integer . The values of Gauss sums with  and  are explicitly given by

Here  is the Jacobi symbol. This is the famous formula of Carl Friedrich Gauss.

 For  the Gauss sums can easily be computed by completing the square in most cases. This fails however in some cases (for example,  even and  odd), which can be computed relatively easy by other means. For example, if  is odd and  one has

where  is some number with . As another example, if 4 divides  and  is odd and as always  then . This can, for example, be proved as follows: because of the multiplicative property of Gauss sums we only have to show that  if  and  are odd with . If  is odd then  is even for all . By Hensel's lemma, for every , the equation  has at most two solutions in . Because of a counting argument  runs through all even residue classes modulo  exactly two times. The geometric sum formula then shows that .

If  is an odd square-free integer and , then

If  is not squarefree then the right side vanishes while the left side does not. Often the right sum is also called a quadratic Gauss sum.

Another useful formula

holds for  and an odd prime number , and for  and .

See also

Gauss sum
Gaussian period
Kummer sum
Landsberg–Schaar relation

References

Cyclotomic fields

Quadratic Gauss sum


Detuners are mechanical devices used to simplify the tuning of a stringed instrument during performance. This allows musicians to quickly and accurately reach notes outside the normal range of their instruments. These devices are also known by other names including 'drop head' and 'hipshot'.

They can be fitted at either or both ends of any or all of the strings. For example, a relatively common arrangement on the bass guitar is to use a detuner on the lowest string to allow the bassist to switch between 'standard tuning' (E A D G) and 'drop D' (D A D G). The latter provides two extra notes (D and D# / Eb) that are particularly useful in several common keys.

However, there are many possible variants – for example, bass guitarist Michael Manring has made extensive use of detuners in some of his compositions and has a four-stringed bass guitar with multiple detuners. Bass guitarist and youtuber Charles Berthoud also makes extensive use of detuners, generally on a LeFay D-Tuner (which as the name hints was designed with a detuner on each string). Adrian Legg is a popular guitarist making use of rapid tuning changes. He was prominent in the late 1980s.

The idea may have originated from the double bass extenders.

Guitar parts and accessories

Detuner


A 2.50 la Cuba libre es la primera obra de teatro hiperrealista de Venezuela escrita, producida y dirigida por el escritor venezolano Ibrahim Guerra. Fue estrenada el 23 de noviembre de 1982, en la sala Rajatabla del Ateneo de Caracas. En 2009 fue presentada nuevamente bajo la producción de Lazo Producciones y la dirección de Luis Fernández basada en el guion original. La obra fue presentada en diferentes teatros de Venezuela hasta 2012, con actrices como Mimí Lazo, Nohely Arteaga, Beatriz Valdés, Lourdes Valera, Haydée Balza, Rosalinda Serfaty, Daniela Alvarado, Beatriz Vásquez, Mirtha Pérez, Chelo Rodríguez, Hilda Abrahamz, Amanda Gutiérrez, Mayra Alejandra, Carmen Julia Álvarez, Nacarid Escalona, entre otras.

Espacio escénico
La obra se desarrolla en un bar. A diferencia de una obra de teatro con una sala habitual donde el público y los actores están en espacios diferentes, el escenario es todo el local donde existen mesas para los comensales, en este caso, el público, las actrices desarrollan todo el drama entre el público consumidor. En las mesas están 1 botella de ron y refresco de Coca Cola, hielera y servilletas, el alcohol mezclado con el refresco hace la bebida conocida como Cubalibre y será consumida por el público en el transcurso de la obra. Toda la sala de teatro está ambientada de forma que sea un bar de Caracas también llamado «botiquín». Las actrices van recibiendo al espectador y los ubica en las diferentes mesas, para este momento ya la rockola está funcionado.

Personajes

Doris Josefina, alias La Caimana: Nació en la ciudad de Cali en Colombia y tiene 39 años. Estuvo en diferentes hogares donde fue maltratada, cuando cumplió 15 años se muda a Maracaibo abandonando su último hogar. Comienza a trabajar en un bar como bailarina y luego se muda a Caracas donde trabaja como fichera de diferentes night club. Con los ahorros que pudo obtener compra un bar llamado «El Acuario».

Carmen Alicia, alias, Blanca Rosa: Tiene 42 años, es una mujer violenta y deprimida a causa de la muerte de su hijo por inanición y las decepciones que ha sufrido no tener éxito en su vida amorosa. Solo ha podido encontrar consuelo en el alcohol y la cantante de boleros Blanca Rosa Gil.

Eneida, alias La Sabrosa: Es una maracucha de 26 años que reside en Caracas. Vivió siempre en un barrio muy pobre acompañada de sus hermanos y su madre. Siempre tuvo la intención de contraer matrimonio y después de un fracaso y su larga búsqueda logra compartir su vida con un funcionario policial que le permite trabajar como fichera en el bar El Acuario.

Yajaira, alias La Enrollada: Nació en Barinas y tiene 25 años. Su familia es muy humilde y ella queda embarazada muy joven. Dejó sus estudios y decide abortar trayendo como consecuencia que quedara estéril por el método utilizado. Consiguió un trabajo como mesera en un bar local pero, para no avergonzar a su familia por el trabajo se muda a la Caracas. Comenzó a trabajar en El Acuario y a los seis meses la dueña (La Caimana), le advierte que de no mejorar será echada a la calle.

Lourdes Coromoto, alias La Güevona: Fue criada por una familia que la encontró abandonada siendo una bebé. Tiene 24 años y trabajó recolectando basura de los mercados de Caracas. Con 12 años fue violada por su padre adoptivo. Comienza a trabajar en algunos prostíbulos de La Guaira con apenas 17 años pero decidió entrar en El Acuario. Quedó embarazada y el padre del niño la abandonó.

Reparto Original de Caracas 1982

 La Caimana: Nacki Guttman.
 Blanca Rosa: Teresa Selma y Eva Moreno.
 La Sabrosa: Carlota Sosa.
 La Enrollada: Virginia Urdaneta.
 La Güevona: María Elena Dávila.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Vivencias, angustias y finales de cinco mesoneras Luis Britto García (Prólogo)
 Montajes, Venezuela y Puerto Rico

Obras de teatro de Venezuela
Obras de teatro de 1982

A 2.50 la Cuba libre


PCI-X, (Kapsamı genişletilmiş birbirine bağlı çevresel parçalar) bir bilgisayara ait bir veri yoludur ve PCI 'ın yerini almak için standart olarak tasarlanmış yaygın bir karttır. Bu kart PCI 'ın daha hızlı bir versiyonudur, iki kat daha hızlı çalışır ve diğer yönden, fiziksel uyarlama ve temel tasarımı ile benzerlik gösterir. Modern tasarımlarda benzer bir seslendirmeyle kendi kendisinin yerini tutan PCI Express çok farklı bir mantıksal tasarıma sahiptir.

PCI-X , IBM , HP ve Compaq tarafından geliştirilmiştir. PCI-X saat hızını (66 Mhz 'den 133 Mhz'e) ve dahası bilgisayar işlemcisi ve bilgisayarın dış yüzeyine ait veri miktarını iki katına çıkaran , standart PCI 'ın yeniden gözden geçirilmiş halidir. Standart PCI 66 Mhz de 64 bite kadar destekler (33 Mhz de 32 bit üstündeki her şey sadece yüksek sonlandırıcılı sistemlerde görülür ) ve ek olarak veri yollarının standartları 66 Mhz ' de , 32 bitte veya 33 Mhz'de 64 bitte hareket eder. Teorik olarak , PCI-X ile işlemci ve dış yüzeyleri arasındaki maximum bilgi akışı, standart 532 MB/ s ile 1.06 GB/s olarak karşılaştırılır. PCI -X genellikle PCI -X 'in arka alanına uyumludur, bu şu anlama gelir ki ,mesela ,standart bir PCI boşluğuna PCI-X kartını yükleyebilirsin (fakat bu PCI veri yolu hızı limitinde olacaktır) PCI ve PCI-X kartları bir PCI-X veri yolu üzerinde birleştirilebilir fakat hızı içlerindeki en yavaş olan kartın hızı kadar olacaktır. PCI-X , PCI 'ın geçirdiği hata toleransını yoluna koyar, mesala ,hatalı kartlar yeniden başlatılabilir veya çevrimdışına alınabilir.

IBM ,HP ve Compaq , PCI -X 'in Gigabit Ethernet,Fiber kanal ve Ultra 3 SCSI gibi vericiler için yüksek bant genişliğindeki aletlerin performansını arttırmak için tasarlanmıştır ve kümelerin topluca bağlanabilmesi için PCI-X tarafından işlemcilere izin verilir. 1998 yılında IBM, HP, Compaq, PCI-X 'i PCI özel ilgi grubuna onaylatmıştır (Bilgisayar makineleri Kurumu'nun özel ilgi grubuna) . PCI SIG PCI-X 'i onaylamıştır ve şu anda bütün bilgisayar üreticileri tarafından adapte edilebilen ve kullanılabilen (ortak) açık bir standarttır. PCI SIG , PCI-X için teknik destek , eğitim ve başarı testini kontrol eder. IBM, Intel, Microelectronics ve Mylex PCI 'ı desteklemek için çip setleri geliştirmeyi planlar. 3Com ve Adaptec , PCI-X 'in dış yüzeyini geliştirmeyi hedefler.

PCI –X , standart veri yoluna , kişisel uzantıları kodlamak amacıyla geliştirildi.PCI-X'e genellikle bilinen Gigabit Ethernet kartları ,Fiber Kanalı , Ultra 3 SCSI kartları gibi bazı aletlere ihtiyaç duyuldu , aynı zamanda küme toplam bağlantıları , PCI veri yolundaki (sadece133 MB/s) bant genişliğini bozabilirdi. İlk çözüm 33 MHz PCI veri yolunu iki misli hıza 66 Mhz 'de çalıştırmak , çıkarımı 266 MB/s ' de etkili bir şekilde iki katına çıkartmaktı. Bununla birlikte çok sayıda yüksek bant genişliğine sahip makineler hala daha fazla headroom ' a ihtiyaç duydular ve bu nedenle boşluklara 120 ' den 184 'e kadar 64 bitlik düzeye sahip pinler eklendi. Bu sadece 33 Mhz 'de temelde aynı maximum 266 MB/s 'yi vererek çalıştı. Birleştirilmiş 64 bit 66 Mhz portlarda görüldü. Fakat bu uzantılar PCI 2x standartlarının opsiyonel kısımları gibi az da olsa desteklendi. Aletin uyumu temel 133 MB/s 'nin ötesinde hala çok zordu.

1998 ' de Compaq , IBM ve HP 64 bitlik uzantıyla 66 Mhz uzantıyı birleştirdiler ve 100 Mhz ve 132 Mhz 'lik bant genişliğini değerleri mümkün olan 798 MB/s ve 1064 MB/s 'e alabildiğince yükseltmeyi, gelecekteki talebi tahmin ederek geliştirdiler. Onlar ,PCI –X olarak ,ortak sonucu PCI SIG (standart özel grubu) 'e sundular. PCI SIG , PCI –X 'i onayladı ve bu şimdi bütün bilgisayar üreticileri tarafından kullanılabilen ve adapte edinile bilinen açık bir standarttır. PCI SIG , PCI-X için teknik destek eğitim ve başarı testleri kontrol etmektedir.Tüm büyük (genel) çip üreticileri genellikle şimdi üretimlerinin içinde PCI-X 'in versiyonlarından bazılarına sahiptirler.

PCI –X, PCI- 2x ya da sonraki standartlardan çoğu kartla arkadan uyumludur . Orijinalinde (Aslında) PCI-X veri yolları 5 Voltluk veri yollarına sahiptir. Sonradan, PCI-X tekrarında PCI veri yolları, çift yönlü voltajları birbirine bağlayıcıydı. 3.0'da bu sadece 3.3 Volta dönüştü. PCI-X veri yolları 5 Voltluk kartlarda uyumlu değildirler. Daha yeni PCI kartları PCI-X girişinde çalışır, yine de onlar tüm veri yolunun hızını azaltacaktır. Örneğin bir PCI 2.3 parçası 32 bit ve 66 MHz de PCI-X 133 veri yolunda çalışıyorken veri yolu tüm veri yolu çıkarımını 266 MB/s'de sınırlayacaktır. Bu limite uymak için birçok anakart,daha iyi bir arka plan uyumuna ve daha yüksek bir bant genişliği için , farklı PCI-X kanallarına sahip olacaktır.
PCI- X , PCI ' dan hata toleranslı olmak üzere tasarımlanmıştır. Örneğin , PCI-X 'in genel sistem başarısızlığı oluşmadan önce hatalı bir kart yeniden aktive etmek için şartları vardır.
Endüstriyel olarak PCI-X 'in adaptasyonunu hızlandırmak için COMPAQ adlı marka kendi web sitelerinde PCI-X 'in geliştirici araçlarını önerir.

PCI-X 2.0

2003 yılında PCI SIG 266 Mhz ve 533 Mhz 'de değişkenleri ekleyen PCI-X 2.0 'ı getirdi. Bu değişkenler yaklaşık 2.15 GB/s ve 4.3 GB/s lik çıkışlar verirler. PCI 2x sistemin güvenirliğini yoluna koyan ve veri yoluna ait hayatı düzeltmek için ECC'yi ekleyen bir sistem tasarlayan ek bir protokol yapar. PCI- X de en çok karşılaşılan şikayetlerden birini belirlemek gerekirse , 184 pin lik bağlacı , 16 bitlik port PCI-X in sabit uzay aygıtlarında kullanılmaları için geliştirilmiştir. PCI Express'e benzer olarak P2P fonksiyonları da diğerleri ile ana fikri konuşmadan ve veri yolu kontrolünde aletler için eklenmiştir her ne kadar PCI 2.0'in teorik dezavantajları olsa da aslında arka planda PCI-X ve PCI aletleriyle uyumludur bu geniş bir çizelgede (2006'nın benzeri ) gösterilmemiştir.Bu arka planda yaşanan gösterilme eksikliği başlangıçtır çünkü sabitdisk aygıtları PCI Express'in yerine geçmek için secilmektedir.

PCI Express ile ilgili karışıklıklar

PCI-X genellikle PCI-E ve PCIe olarak kısaltılan PCI Express ile karşılaştırılmaktadır.
İkisi de hızlı veri yolları olmalarına rağmen birçok yönde farklılıklar gösterirler. İlk olarak paralel bir arayüz olup en eski 5 Volt PCI aygıtlar harici her aygıt ile geri uyumludur. PCIe ise daha eski veri yolları ile uyumluluk göstermeyen bir seri veri yoludur. Gelecekte PCI-X ve PCI veri yolları , aynı ISA veri yollarının bazı bilgisayarlarda veri yollarını çalıştırmadığı (çalışmayı engellediği) bir PCI köprüsünü çökertebilir (çalıştırmayabilir). Bu uygunluk ile karşılaştırılmamalıdır. PCIe aynı zamanda en yüksek bant genişliğinde PCI-X ve hatta PCI–X 2.0 ye kafa tutacak düzeydedir. PCIe x1 250mb/s çift yönlü veri akışını sağlayabilir ve günümüzde 16x yani 4gb/s ye kadar destekler.

Bilgisayar
PCI yuvaları
PC yuvaları

PCI-X


O golpe de Estado na Venezuela em 1958 foi um golpe cívico-militar na Venezuela ocorrido em 23 de janeiro de 1958, por meio do qual pôs fim a ditadura do general Marcos Pérez Jiménez, que foi forçado a deixar o país para a República Dominicana a bordo do então avião presidencial "La Vaca Sagrada".

Antecedentes
Em dezembro de 1957 foi realizado um plebiscito para estender o mandato de Marcos Pérez Jiménez para solidificar seu regime e legitimar as Forças Armadas.

A primeira manifestação aberta contra o regime ocorreu em 27 de março de 1957, em uma apresentação de Retrato de Lincoln, de Aaron Copland, regida pelo compositor. A atriz Juana Sujo leu o texto traduzido ao espanhol na presença de Marcos Pérez Jiménez. Perto da conclusão, conforme Sujo citou do discurso de Gettysburg, o público aplaudiu e começou a gritar contra o presidente tão alto que Copland não conseguiu ouvir a música. Um funcionário do serviço de relações exteriores americano disse a Copland que seu Retrato de Lincoln lido por Sujo havia, de fato, iniciado a revolução.

Eventos
Em meados de janeiro a Junta Patriótica convocou uma greve geral para o dia 21. Em 21 de janeiro começou a greve da imprensa e horas depois, a greve geral convocada pela Junta Patriótica. A greve foi totalmente efetivada e em muitos lugares de Caracas houve confrontos com as forças do regime.

No dia 22, altos comandantes militares se reuniram na Academia Militar para ponderar a situação. Suas deliberações concluem com a formação de uma Junta de Governo Militar que pede a renúncia de Pérez Jiménez. Na noite do dia 22, a Marinha e a Guarnição de Caracas se pronunciaram contra a ditadura; e Pérez Jiménez, privado de todo o apoio das Forças Armadas, fugiu na madrugada de 23 de janeiro do aeroporto de La Carlota, com o avião La Vaca Sagrada rumo a capital dominicana Santo Domingo.

Ver também
Levante militar de setembro de 1958 na Venezuela

1958
1958 na Venezuela

Golpe de Estado na Venezuela em 1958


Sabia de sticlă este cel de-al doilea volum din seria Regina Roșie, scrisă de autoarea americană, Victoria Aveyard. A fost publicat la 9 februarie 2016, fiind urmat de Colivia regelui. Coperta acestei cărți are o nuanță de alb întunecat, cu tenta spre albastru, simbolizându-se naivitatea și inocența personajului principal, care pe parcursul volumelor va fi reprezentată prin culori ale coperții de diferite nuanțe de albastru.

Rezumat
Mare Borrow, personajul principal, fuge împreună cu Garda Stacojie și Cal, prințul de drept moștenitor al regatului Nortei, de Maven, fratele acestuia din urmă, care, cu ajutorul minciunilor spuse a reușit să-și păcălească fratele mai mare și pe Mare pentru a deveni el însuși rege. Mare însă, definită a fi cea cu talentul de a controla fulgerele, de care s-a folosit pentru a scăpa de o moartea aparent inevitabilă pe care i-a pregătit-o Maven la sfârșitul primului volum, a jurat că va face tot posibilul pentru a-l detrona pe acesta, prin recrutarea unor oameni cu sângenou, ca ea, care reprezintă o șansă pentru victoria din tentativa sa de răzbunare față de prințul de care s-a îndrăgostit și care a trădat-o.
Pe parcursul acestui volum, Cal și Mare se vor apropia unul de altul, amândoi având în comun ura lor pentru Maven. Aceasta va ajunge să-i cunoască slăbiciunile, fiind învăluită de "căldura" pe care Cal o emană, acesta stăpânind o abilitate de a controla focul.

Mare, împreună cu fratele său, Shade, care dispune de sângenou, la fel ca ea, Diana Farley, fostul căpitan al Gărzii Stacojii, Kilorn, prietenul său din copilărie, și Cal, cel care este considerat a fi o amenințare pentru cei cu sângele roșu tocmai din cauza reputației sale de soldat care a servit idealurile argintiilor, evadează de pe insula Tuck, o bază militară a Gărzii Stacojii sub conducerea tatălui Dianei. Aceștia fură un avion denumit "Fluxul Negru", astfel fugind de căpitan, care avea de gând să-l predea pe Cal fratelui său mai mic, în schimb a mii de vieți nevinovate ale roșiilor.
Cu ajutorul Fluxului Negru ei vor ateriza în satul primei persoane care va fi recrutată, Nix, care și-a exprimat revoltat ura sa pentru Cal, prințul acuzat că i-a ucis cele două fiice printr-o strategie eșuată de luptă.
După ce Nix li se alătură lor, Mare va urma o listă dată de fostul său profesor, Julian, pentru a găsi următorii oameni cu sângenou. Cu ajutorul acestei liste, ei vor reuși să înființeze o tabără numită "Șanțul", în care recruții vor fi antrenați pentru a învăța să-și stăpânească puterile, și astfel să formeze o armată care o va putea combate pe cea a lui Maven.
Mare însă începe să simtă lipsa băiatului pe care Maven l-a interpretat când susținea că este "doar umbra focului", acesta comparându-se cu fratele său, care avea parte de toată faima. Din cazurile în care Mare eșuează în încercările de a-i recruta pe cei pe care și Maven îi vrea pentru armata sa, ea găsește niște bilețele lăsate de acesta din urmă, care-i propune să renunțe la revoltă și să se întoarcă la el. Ea le păstrează, nefiindu-i cu putință să scape de ele, recitindu-le de câte ori are ocazia, și ascuzându-le de Cal, cel căruia îi trezește speranțe în momentele în care ea se refugiază în brațele sale.
Într-o ambuscadă pregătită de Maven, cu scopul de a-l captura pe fratele său și Mare, Maven o rănește pe aceasta din urmă prin imrpimarea unui "M" pe clavicula sa. Când aceasta va avea ocazia să-și trateze cicatricea de pe piele, ea va refuza.
Cartea se va sfârși când, în urma unui atac pregătit în încercarea de a-i elibera pe oamenii cu sângenou capturați de Maven, Mare îi va omorî mama acestuia, pe regina Elara, aceasta fiind capabilă să manipuleze pe oricine, astfel încât ea era sursa tuturor problemelor create. Maven va prăbuși Fluxul Negru, și se va târgui cu Mare, care îi propune să-i lase liberi pe Cal și pe cei dragi ei pentru propria ei libertate. Acceptând oferta, Maven o va captura și o va înjosi cumplit în fața multor oameni, căutând răzbunare pentru moartea mamei sale.

Personaje
Mare Borrow: personajul principal, în vârstă de 17 ani. O roșie cu putere specifică argintiilor, cei care se folosesc de acest avantaj pentru a-i înrobi pe cei cu sânge roșu.
Tiberias Calore VII "Cal": prințul moștenitor al Nortei. Un soldat argintiu cu talentul de a controla focul, care se îndrăgostește de Mare și care are de gând să se răzbune pe Maven pentru trădarea suferită.
Maven Calore: cel de-al doilea fiu al lui Tiberias Calore VI, și singurul dintre rege și actuala reignă, Elara. Acesta îi păcălește pe Mare și Cal, crezând că Mare îi preferă fratele, astfel devenind gelos și trădându-i pe aceștia. De-a lungul celui de-al doilea volum, Maven îi "vânează".
Elara Merandus: regina argintie și mama lui Maven, care are de gând s-a folosit de Mare pentru a-și face fiul rege. Aceasta poate manipula oamenii, fiind în stare de lucruri îngrozitoare.
Shade Borrow: fratele lui Mare, cel cu sângenou, care se poate teleporta oriune, oricând. Acesta îi este foarte loial surioarei sale, pentru care se sacrifică de două ori pentru ea, a doua oară murind.
Diana Farley: fostul căpitan al Gărzii Stacojii, cea care este dedicată sută la sută cauzei sale. Aceasta este foarte curajoasă.
Kilorn Warren: cel mai bun și vechi prieten al lui Mare. Din ambiție, el se alătură Gărzii și adeseori, din cauza tuturor talentelor celorlalți din prejur, se simte inutil.
Willis Farley: tatăl Dianei, căpitanul actual al Gărzii Stacojii care vrea să-l predea pe Cal fratelui său, în schimbul unor prizoenieri ținuți de Maven, pe care acesta promite că-i va elibera dacă îi este adus fratele său.
Cameron Cole: o fată sângenou care a fost recrutată de Mare în ciuda voinței sale. Aceasta poate să oprească puterile argintiilor și a celor cu sângeou.
Julian Jacos: unchiul lui Cal și fostul profesor al lui Mare. El deținea o listă despre toți oamenii cu sângenou pe care i-a înmânat-o lui Mare înainte de a fi închis de Maaven.
Coriane Jacos: mama lui Cal, cea care a fost omorâtă de Elara prin manipularea minții sale. Aceasta este amintită a fi cea mai de preț pentru Cal, astfel fiindu-i și cea mai mare slăbiciune.
Sara Skonos: cea mai bună prietenă a lui Coriane, tămăduitoarea care i-a vindecat pe Cal și Mare când aceștia au fost răniți în tentativa de a-i elibera pe prizonierii din închisoarea în care Maven i-a aruncat.
Adda Wallace: o altă fată sângenou care a fost recrutată. Aceasta poate reține foarte multe lucruri, și este de multe ori de mare ajutor lui Mare.
Bree Borrow: cel mai mare frate dintre copiii Borrow.
Gisa Borrow: sora lui Mare.
Tramy Borrow: fratele lui Mare, cel care îl ia adesea exepmplu pe fratele său mai mare, Bree.

Note

Romane din 2015
Romane americane
Romane fantastice

Sabia de sticlă


Lisas dag er en kortfilm instrueret af Laurits Munch-Petersen efter manuskript af Laurits Munch-Petersen.

Handling
Lisa forlader sit hjem på landet for at tage til byen. Nogen gange kan man opleve, at et hel liv opleves på én dag, og det sker for Lisa.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1994

Kortfilm fra Danmark

Lisas dag


«Best Thing I Never Had» es una canción de la cantante estadounidense Beyoncé, la cual pertenece a su cuarto álbum de estudio titulado 4. Fue lanzado como el segundo sencillo del álbum el 1 de junio de 2011. La canción es una balada R&B, la cual habla sobre venganza y el karma, además de expresar su felicidad por haber dejado a su antiguo amor.

La canción recibió críticas positivas, especialmente comparándola con su canción Irreplaceable. Según Nielsen SoundScan, hasta octubre de 2012, «Best Thing I Never Had» vendió 1 000 000 de descargas en Estados Unidos, donde se convirtió en el sencillo más vendido de 4. Alcanzó el top 10 en países como Reino Unido, Irlanda y Nueva Zelanda, como también el puesto 16 en Estados Unidos. Ingresó a casi todas las listas del mundo.

Escritura y grabación
Knowles y Patrick "J. Que" Smith escribieron «Best Thing I Never Had», en colaboración con sus productores Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds, Symbolyc, Uno de ellos, Antonio Dixon, Taylor Shea, y Caleb McCampbell. Según Smith, «Best Thing I Never Had» es una balada, pero no fue escrita originalmente para los primeros demos sonaba como material de finales de 1980 el hip hop. La principal fuente de inspiración para la canción fue la batería de la canción de Doug E. Fresh "The Show" (1985). Smith le dijo a Gyant de Black Entertainment Television (BET) que fue intimidado inicialmente a la idea de trabajar con Knowles. Él estaba en Los Ángeles cuando Tony Dixon le llamó por teléfono para decir que él y Edmonds se va a escribir algunas canciones con Knowles. Smith se le preguntó a unirse a ellos en el estudio y el trío escribió parte de «Best Thing I Never Had». Después de unos días, Dixon y Smith se dirigieron al estudio de nuevo para completar la redacción. La canción fue modificada por Edmonds después de escuchar un demo, lo ajustado de las letras y añadió algunas melodías más.
Knowles se registraron en el estudio de KMA en la ciudad de Nueva York. Cuando el trío tocó Knowles la demo de «Best Thing I Never Had», ella inmediatamente se aprobó después de hacer ligeras modificaciones. Smith dice que Knowles fue, literalmente, saltando arriba y abajo después de escuchar el demo. Una hora más tarde Knowles grabaron «Best Thing I Never Had» y otras dos canciones. Smith recordó que Knowles se centró exclusivamente en la grabación, haciendo caso omiso de hambre mientras trabajaba en la noche. Knowles ha declarado que cada hombre y cada mujer puede referirse a una materia de la canción porque en un momento, casi todo el mundo termina una relación, debido a la falta de compromiso por parte de su pareja.

Arte de la canción
En una fiesta privada para escuchar el cuarto trabajo de estudio de Knowles, se llevó a cabo el 12 de mayo de 2011. Knowles ofreció a un selecto grupo de fanes de una vista previa de cinco canciones de 4, incluyendo «Best Thing I Never Had». El 20 de mayo de 2011, una canción llamada «End Of Time», con Knowles profesando amor eterno, se filtró en Internet, la marca de agua con la etiqueta de "sólo para uso interno". Varios sitios web, incluyendo MTV News informó de que podría ser lanzado como el segundo sencillo de 4. Sin embargo, estas especulaciones fueron eclipsados rápidamente por la liberación de «1+1» el 25 de mayo de 2011, un sencillo promocional en los Estados Unidos exclusivamente. Sin embargo, Columbia Records informó que «1+1» no sería lanzado previamente y que «Best Thing I Never Had» fue favorecido como el segundo sencillo de 4, después de «Run the World (Girls)».
El 27 de mayo de 2011, en Pittsburgh la estación de radio 96.1 Kiss FM recibió un correo electrónico de gestión de Knowles, informándoles de que «Best Thing I Never Had», se estrenará en la radio el 1 de junio de 2011. El sencillo debutó en las radios de Estados Unidos a las 8 a. m. (EST) ese día. Su portada se dio a conocer también el 1 de junio de 2011, en el sitio web oficial de Knowles.

Fue fotografiada por Ellen von Unwerth y muestra Knowles posando en un cuarto de baño frente a un espejo mientras lleva puesto un vestido ajustado, diseñado por Lleah Rae. Ella tiene un tubo de lápiz de labios rojo, que se ha utilizado para escribir "King B" en el espejo. La canción fue lanzada digitalmente en Australia, Canadá, Nueva Zelanda y Estados Unidos el 1 de junio de 2011, y en Europa el 9 de junio de 2011. «Best Thing I Never Had» fue lanzado como descarga digital en el Reino Unido el 3 de julio de 2011, y como un solo CD en Alemania el 29 de julio de 2011, y en el Reino Unido el 2 de agosto de 2011. Un EP digital que contiene cuatro remixes de la canción fue lanzada en Australia, Nueva Zelanda, Europa y el Reino Unido el 2 de septiembre de 2011.

Composición de la canción

«Best Thing I Never Had» es un pop midtempo y R & B balada, que incorpora elementos de la música gospel. La canción se encuentra en un tiempo común con un ritmo moderado de 100 latidos por minuto, y está escrito en la tonalidad de sol ♭ mayor. La introducción sigue la progresión de acordes de G ♭ ♭-C-E ♭ m-D ♭, mientras que los versos siga E ♭ m-G ♭ ♭ sus4-G-E ♭ m-D ♭ 6-G ♭ sus4-G ♭. capas voces femeninas proporcionan un respaldo a las voces de Knowles ocasionalmente agresivas. La instrumentación incluye un piano, el estadio del tamaño de los bombos y las cadenas de «Best Thing I Never Had» es una canción de temática kiss-off; que es en este sentido similares a las canciones de Knowles propias como "Irreplaceable" (2006) y "If I Were a Boy" (2008). Kyle Anderson de la revista Entertainment Weekly escribió que los elementos de la balada han emanado de Celine Dion "Eso es The Way It Is" (1999), y Bruce Hornsby, "The Way It Is" (1986). Caryn Ganz de Yahoo! Música escribió que «Best Thing I Never Had», se asemeja a la canción de 2002 de Vanessa Carlton llamada "A Thousand Miles" junto con ritmo golpeando Ryan Tedder de. Priya Elan de NME señaló que la balada es una reminiscencia de los propios Knowles 2008 canciones "Halo" y "Scared Of Lonely", debido a su obra para piano en cascada y el ritmo del tambor.

James Dinh de MTV News, escribió que «Best Thing I Never Had» suena como una canción de un musical de Broadway, que atribuyó la comparación con la colaboración de Knowles con la banda de Fela! para obtener inspiración del sujeto de la obra, el músico y compositor nigeriano Fela Kuti.

La letra de la canción es acerca de la ruptura de una relación entre Knowles y su amante, una situación que se adapte a los dos. También toca en la venganza y el karma, en particular la línea de apertura, "When I think of the time that I almost loved you / You showed your ass and I saw the real you / Thank God you blew it, I thank God I dodged a bullet / I'm so over you, so baby good looking out / I wanted you bad / I'm so through with that / Because honestly / You turned out to be the best thing I never had / And will always be the best thing you never had."  En el segundo verso, Knowles sigue a despedir a su antiguo amante mientras ella canta "So sad, you're hurt / boo hoo ...", sobre un riff de piano tintineante y de bombos. A continuación, canta el coro de ascenso, que en esta ocasión cuenta con cadenas de subida y un acompañamiento de piano que eleva agresiva. Nadine Cheung de AOL Radio señaló que si bien arranca Knowles a través de los versos, canta el estribillo y el puente con moderación, en este último, afirma que ella ha pasado en la vida. La canción termina, como en repetidas ocasiones Knowles canta: "What goes around comes back around / I bet it sucks to be you right now."

Recepción de la crítica
«Best Thing I Never Had» fue generalmente bien recibido por los críticos musicales que complementan las voces de Knowles, la honestidad en el mensaje de la canción, y su apelación de radio. Gerrick D. Kennedy de Los Angeles Times señaló las similitudes entre «Best Thing I Never Had» y sencillos de Knowles anteriores como "Irreplaceable" y "If I Were a Boy", y llegó a la conclusión de que Knowles, "sin duda sabe cómo deshacerse de un hombre en estilo". Mateo Perpetua de la revista Rolling Stone escribió que «Best Thing I Never Had» podría ser "parte insustituible de dos ", y señaló que el rendimiento de Knowles vocal aporta profundidad a la canción. Juzwiak Rich de The Village Voice escribió que la canción no es tan icónica como punto de referencia "Irreplaceable", pero "ni es tan sombrío". Elogió el optimismo en la letra de la canción. Consecuencia de sonido del escritor Chris Coplan comentó que la balada es un momento de gran alcance de la autorrealización, que se ve reforzada por la actuación vocal de Knowles  "como [un] pájaro herido se volvió resistente a una leona". La elección de «Best Thing I Never Had» como el punto culminante de 4, Andy Kellman de Allmusic lo describió como "un grandilocuente kiss-off salvo por la capacidad de Beyoncé para arar a través de ella". Kyle Anderson de la revista Entertainment Weekly señaló el rendimiento gráfico de moderado de "Run the World (Girls)", y escribió:

«Best Thing I Never Had» de Beyoncé se encuentra a la minería el mismo tipo de imágenes de mujer-poder como lo hizo en '«Run the World (Girls)». Pero hay algo más directo y honesto acerca de las letras en el nuevo sencillo (tal vez es la grandeza instantánea de la línea, "Cuando pienso en el momento en que casi te amaba / Se mostró el trasero y vi el verdadero tú"). «Best Thing I Never Had» se siente como el tipo de golpe cruzado que le ayudará a cuatro unirse al resto de la discografía de Beyoncé en la tierra de multiplatino

Video musical

Antecedentes

El video musical de «Best Thing I Never Had» fue dirigido por Diane Martel, y filmada en el condado de Westchester el 15 de junio de 2011 y en Fort Greene, Brooklyn, el 16 de junio de 2011. El 20 de junio de 2011, se informó de que Knowles no jugaría como la reina del baile en el video. Knowles dijo que no es la reina del baile en el vídeo le recordaba cómo ella nunca llevaba la codiciada tiara en su propio baile de la escuela secundaria. Añadió que se sentía extraña, porque su padre, Mathew Knowles, no le acompañará hasta el altar en la escena de la boda, ya que tenía cuando se casó con Jay-Z  en abril de 2008. La escena de la boda fue filmada en un club de campo en Sleepy Hollow el 15 de junio de 2011. En julio de 2011, Knowles fue entrevistada por Access Hollywood, donde dijo que del conjunto del video:

Fue un poco extraño. Y, definitivamente, cuando caminaba por el pasillo yo estaba como, 'Esto es un poco escalofriante - no hay otro hombre de pie "Fue realmente hermoso. La gente estaba muy emocionados como si fuera realmente mi boda. Mi madre estaba y siquiera me gusta, "Aww", y yo estaba como, 'Mamá, es un vídeo. Este no es mi vestido. Esta no es la boda real ". Pero creo que es sólo uno de esos momentos que cada tipo de mujer que fantasea y revive

Knowles dijo que el vestido de novia que lleva en el video era una Barachi, que vio una ventana de la tienda hace un año cuando estaba en la 52 ª edición de los premios Grammy. Agregó que el vestido era" como una bella fantasía, por lo que se llama y que todavía tenía el vestido". Knowles también lleva una tiara diseñada por Lorraine Schwartz, quien lo convirtió en un collar. Knowles dijo que el equipo de la boda la hizo sentir "como una reina ... como una reina". Agregó que la boda de vídeo de la música era más caótica que la boda real en 2008, "Esto pudo haber sido un poco más loca, en realidad. Yo tenía que cantar al mismo tiempo!" El marfil drapeado del vestido de escote en V, que Knowles luce en el video fue diseñado por el estadounidense de origen chino diseñadora de moda Vera Wang. El video se estrenó en línea a las 8 p. m. (EST) el 7 de julio de 2011.

Sinopsis
El video musical comienza con Knowles preparándose para la ceremonia de su boda. Ella está en su gabinete con un corsé de encaje y un combo de ropa interior con ligas. A medida que la canción comienza, Knowles mira hacia la cámara, dirigiéndose al espectador al tiempo que afirma el sujeto de la canción que ella era la mejor que había tenido. Los movimientos de vídeo de Knowles jugando con una tiara, un velo y tul de compensación en una cama, con las diversas fases de vestirse. Entre las escenas, las escenas de flash back de Knowles en la escuela secundaria se muestran. Knowles es visto con un novio del instituto en su mayor-Una noche para morir el 16 de mayo de 1998. Como Knowles y su novio de baile, se interesa por otra chica, dejando Knowles solo en la pista de baile.
El video a continuación, vuelve al presente, con Knowles en sus preparativos finales antes de su matrimonio. Ella se muestra con un vestido blanco y cantando al atardecer la cima de una colina cubierta de hierba, seguido de una escena de su caminar por el pasillo y el intercambio de votos. Su examante se muestra en la fiesta de graduación, sumido en sus pensamientos, con su corona del rey del baile de graduación en la cabeza ladeada. Knowles y su marido se ven celebrando en una recepción alegre y bien atendidos. El novio quita la liga de la novia con los dientes y empezar a bailar con sus familiares más jóvenes. La escena final cuenta con Knowles, que buscan en la cámara una mirada feliz y satisfecho. Ella se marcha con confianza para reunirse con su fiesta de bodas y el nuevo marido, y luego la pantalla se desvanece a negro

Video alternativo
El 26 de julio de 2011, Knowles ha anunciado planes para hacer un video de música alternativa por "Best Thing I Never Had". Pidió a sus fanes a enviar fotos de sus bodas o experiencias de fiesta del día, los que se incluirían en una versión re-editada del video. Este video alternativo estaba prevista para el lanzamiento en septiembre de 2011. Sin embargo, se estrenó el 11 de octubre de 2011, sobre Celebuzz

Presentaciones en vivo

Con un vestido de franja rosa, Knowles realizó «Best Thing I Never Had» en vivo por primera vez durante su concierto en el Palacio Nikaia en Niza, Francia el 20 de junio de 2011. Luego cantó la balada el 26 de junio de 2011, en el Festival de Glastonbury 2011, donde fue el acto de clausura, y el de cabecera de cartel a solas del primer gran mujer en aparecer en la etapa de la pirámide en más de veinte años. Llevaba una chaqueta de corte bajo de oro y lentejuelas en el escenario. El rendimiento de Knowles en «Best Thing I Never Had» en el Festival de Glastonbury fue transmitido en los Estados Unidos durante el 2011 los premios BET el mismo día. El 28 de junio de 2011, se interpretó la canción durante el final de X Factor de Francia, con un vestido de estilo romano. El 1 de julio de 2011, Knowles dio un concierto gratuito, incluido en Good Morning America como parte de su Serie de Conciertos de Verano. Con un vestido amarillo y franjas de oro stilettos, cantó «Best Thing I Never Had».

Vestida con un traje negro, Knowles cantó la balada en la 35 ª anual de Macy el 4 de julio con fuegos artificiales espectaculares a un público, que incluía a miembros en activo de las fuerzas armadas.

Knowles realizó «Best Thing I Never Had» en la vista y en Late Night con Jimmy Fallon. Durante la presentación en Late Night con Jimmy Fallon, ella estaba vestida de blanco y el respaldo de banda de la casa The Roots. Brad Wete de Entertainment Weekly escribió que Knowles "volteava la pista de tres maneras: primero, como ella lo realizó en su piano impulsado como se escucha en el álbum, y luego adoptó un estilo funky a cantar el segundo verso, antes de terminar en forma de jazz en el puente".

Caroline Shin, de la revista New York describió el desempeño de Knowles tan poderoso. Ella realizó «Best Thing I Never Had» el 14 de agosto de 2011, durante las 4 noches íntimas con Beyoncé, que se celebró en el Roseland Ballroom, en Nueva York. Con un vestido de oro, Knowles ha cantado a una audiencia de 3.500, y fue respaldado por su banda totalmente femenina, así como sus coristas, llamadas The Mamas.

Jon Caramanica de The New York Times escribió que el rendimiento "tararea muy bien, pero no con fuerza", y añadió que Knowles era "prácticamente en el modo de la madre tierra, un curandero curar sus secuaces". Durante el especial de la ITV de una noche con Beyoncé, que se emitió el 4 de diciembre en el Reino Unido, Knowles realizó la balada de un grupo selecto de aficionados. Ella estaba vestida con un traje corsé de cuero con un tren de largo.

Otras versiones
Smith publicó la versión original de la canción en su página web, El Super aleatorio, el 28 de julio de 2011. El 18 de agosto de 2011, los raperos y productores de Lil Jon and Putt Shawty reveló su DJ Kontrol Remix de "Best Thing I Never Had ". La canción fue remezclada para incorporar elementos de funk y otros géneros de hip hop, de acuerdo a Rap-Up. Lil Jon Knowles voces mixtas de más de una muestra única de 1982 The Gap Band, el "sobresaliente". Este remix cuenta con ritmos de percusión y un verso de rap de Putt.
The Horrors, una banda New Wave Inglés, realizó una versión de "Lo Mejor ", durante una edición de la sala de estar vivo en la BBC Radio 1.Chris Coplan de las consecuencias del sonido, escribió, "[...] volver a trabajar la canción del himno feroz decididamente Smiths-ian llorar-Fest, los chicos conseguido el equilibrio perfecto entre la insolencia de la original y su sonido propio deprimente. Krissi Murison de NME comentó que su cobertura era "sin duda no la mejor canción shoegaze psicodélico, tenía". "Best Thing I Never Had cosa que nunca había" también fue cubierta por el concursante de X Factor, Craig Colton, durante la segunda semana de la competición, de acuerdo con 'Love and Heartbreak' el tema

Formatos y listas de canciones
Descarga digital

Créditos y personal
Credits adapted from 4 liner notes.

Val Brathwaite – mixer assistant
Antonio Dixon – producer, songwriter
Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds – producer, songwriter
Gloria Kaba – engineer assistant
Beyoncé Knowles – vocals, producer, songwriter
Caleb McCampbell – producer, songwriter
Tony Maserati – mixer

Serge Nudel – engineer assistant
Symbolyc One – producer, songwriter
Rob Suchecki – guitar
Patrick "J. Que" Smith – songwriter
Shea Taylor – producer, songwriter
Pete Wolford – engineer assistant
Jordan "DJ Swivel" Young – recorder

Posicionamiento en tablas

Semanales

Anuales

Certificaciones

Historial de lanzamientos

Referencias

Referencias del texto

Notas al pie

Enlaces externos
 «Best Thing I Never Had», de Beyoncé, en Discogs

Canciones de 2011
Canciones de balada romántica
Canciones de pop
Canciones de rhythm and blues
Canciones en inglés
Sencillos de 2011
Sencillos de Beyoncé
Vídeos musicales certificados por VEVO
Canciones sobre la traición

Best Thing I Never Had


Kyriakos Papadopoulos (Katerini, 23. veljače 1992.) je grčki nogometaš i reprezentativac, koji trenutačno nastupa za grčki klub Atromitos na poziciji braniča.

Klupska karijera

Lokomotiva
U Lokomotivu stiže 27. listopada 2020. godine kao slobodan igrač i potpisuje jednogodišnji ugovor. Svoj prvi nastup i pogodak u dresu zagrebačke momčadi upisao je 20. studenoga 2020. protiv Varaždina.

Reprezentativna karijera
Papadopoulos je od početka karijere nastupao za omladinske sastave grčke reprezentacije.

Dana 4. lipnja 2011. godine, debitirao je za seniorsku momčad svoje države u kvalifikacijskoj utakmici protiv Malte. Na istoj toj utakmici je i postigao svoj prvi pogodak u dresu Grčke.

Priznanja

Klupska
Olympiakos
 Grčka Super Liga (2): 2007./08., 2008./09.
 Grčki nogometni kup (2): 2007./08., 2008./09.
 Grčki superkup (1): 2007.

Schalke 04
 DFB-Pokal (1): 2010./11.
 Njemački superkup (1): 2011.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Profil na Transfermarktu
 Profil na Soccerwayu

Grčki nogometaši
Nogometaši Bayer Leverkusena
Nogometaši HSV-a
Nogometaši NK Lokomotive
Nogometaši Olympiakos Pireja
Nogometaši RB Leipziga
Nogometaši Schalkea 04
Aktivni nogometaši koje treba ažurirati

Kyriakos Papadopoulos


Vassula Rydén (born January 18, 1942) is an author, public speaker, and self-proclaimed Christian mystic living in Switzerland who says she receives messages from Jesus Christ and the Blessed Virgin Mary. Her writings frequently call for people "to repent, love God, and unify the churches." She has developed a large following, particularly among Roman Catholics, who come to her lectures and buy her writings and tapes.
She writes the messages in English, and has changed some writings between editions.

In 1995, the Catholic Church's Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF), led by Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, published a Notification (a message from the Holy See) on the writings of Rydén, saying her communications should not be considered supernatural, and calling all Catholic bishops to prevent Rydén's ideas from being spread in their dioceses. In 2007, Cardinal William Levada confirmed that the 1995 Notification was still in effect; he recommended that Catholics should not join prayer groups organized by Rydén. In 2011, the Greek Orthodox Church officially disapproved of Rydén's teachings, instructing their faithful to disassociate from Rydén. In 2012, the Church of Cyprus said that Rydén's teachings were heretical.

Early life
Rydén was born Vassiliki Claudia Pendakis on January 18, 1942, in Heliopolis on the outskirts of Cairo, Egypt, the daughter of Greek Orthodox parents established in Egypt. Ryden says that from the age of six, she experienced waking dreams and nightmares that she attributed to Satan who was trying to kill her. When she was 10–12 years old, she had waking dreams of a spiritual marriage with Jesus Christ, as Blessed Virgin Mary was looking on.

Rydén started school in Egypt, and then at the age of 15, she emigrated with her family to Europe. She painted and competed in tennis. During her late teens, she said she was surrounded upon occasion by the spirits of dead people, who she said were asking her to help them. None of her childhood or teenage mystical experiences resulted in a personal religious transformation, and Rydén went on to live a fairly secular life indifferent to religion.

In November 1966, she married a Lutheran man in the city of Lausanne, Switzerland, at a Greek Orthodox Church. Her husband was a student who obtained a position with the United Nations after graduation. The couple had two sons together. Because of the husband's job, the family lived in various places in Asia and Africa. From 1966 to 1980, Rydén kept up an active social life. She did not practice any particular religion. The couple was divorced in Sweden in November 1980.

On June 13, 1981, she married her current husband, Per Rydén, a Swedish Lutheran who had been working for the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) in Mozambique. He took a new position with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) department of the United Nations in Lesotho from 1981 to 1983, then worked again for SIDA from 1984 to 1987 in Bangladesh. Rydén modeled as a hobby, and painted in oils. She also competed in tennis, once winning the women's doubles in a national tournament in Bangladesh. On October 31, 1990, the Rydéns celebrated their existing union in the Greek Orthodox Church in Lausanne.

Writings

In November 1985 when Rydén was living in Bangladesh, she says she experienced an extraordinary sensation when writing a grocery list, a list of cocktail party expenses, or a list of errands. Rydén says she suddenly experienced a light electrical feeling in her right hand and, at the same time, an invisible presence. She was unable to open her hand or lift her arm. She said "an invisible force pushed my hand. I was not afraid, I do not know why." She says she permitted her hand to be guided and that she wrote a line in a very different style from her own with the words: "I am your guardian Angel and my name is Daniel." Rydén says that this guardian Angel prepared her for three months to become a conduit of spiritual messages. After a few weeks of such training, Rydén says she had a vision and message from Jesus Christ.

Rydén has also received messages from what she says is the Devil. An evil presence has moved her hand to write, sometimes making her write sensible words. She says that Jesus taught her to discern which spirits were engaging her in the writing of messages, and that the Devil's hand thus became recognizable to her.

After six months of receiving messages, Rydén says she was directed by her guardian angel to find a local American priest named James "Jim" Fannan and tell him about her experiences. First, though, she encountered a German priest named Karl who said she was mentally imbalanced and should consult a doctor. After several more visits from Rydén, Karl summoned Fannan and the two priests watched Rydén at times when she says she received messages. Fannan's initial response was that the messages were not from God but were some evil spirit. Fannan instructed Rydén to refuse the messages. Distraught, Rydén went home and asked her guardian angel for guidance about Fannan; she says that God told her "I will bend him." In early 1987, Fannan told Rydén to speak with the priest Raymond Dujarrier. Preparing to travel to Dujarrier, Rydén says she received an evil message: "A liar was guiding you, collect everything and burn it." Seconds later, Rydén says she felt the presence of God who guided her hand to write: "I will be with you till the end, we are united forever; let My Light shine on you child; I am Yahweh guiding you; glorify Me by loving Me..." Dujarrier assessed the messages as "Divine Revelations of the Heart", and he told Rydén they were given to her to benefit others. After Dujarrier's positive evaluation, Fannan changed his mind and became Rydén's first ardent supporter in the Catholic church. He served as her spiritual adviser, occasionally traveling with her to introduce her to new groups.

In August 1987, Rydén's husband began working for the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and the Rydén family moved to Switzerland. Rydén showed her messages to various Roman Catholic and Orthodox priests in Switzerland but met with little support. At Fannan's urging, in June 1988 Rydén visited the city of Medjugorje in Bosnia and Herzegovina, to learn more about Our Lady of Medjugorje—the apparition of the Virgin Mary which appeared to six children there. In November 1988, Rydén was directed by her guardian angel to publish a book of the collected messages, and to conduct prayer meetings once a month. Theologian and sociologist Patrick de Laubier became interested in Rydén's messages, and introduced her to French Mariologist Father René Laurentin in August 1989. Laurentin and Fannan were both in the Marian Movement of Priests, a group of priests who studied modern apparitions of the Blessed Virgin Mary.

Rydén is best known for a collection of nearly 2,000 of these messages published worldwide in many languages as True Life in God. She adheres to the idea that she has been called to transmit to the world the messages she receives. However, Rydén has never published the first ten months' worth of received messages. In 1993, Laurentin said that Rydén planned to publish the first messages. In 1995, Dominican theologian Father François-Marie Dermine, a Canadian-born priest serving as exorcist for the diocese of Bologna, Italy, wrote that Rydén said that she burned the early messages because there were too many, and they were loose scraps, not bound in a notebook. Dermine says that this destruction of the first messages is suspicious, as there would normally be heightened reverence held for them, if they were messages from angels and Jesus. Rydén wrote in 1995 that she destroyed or discarded the first messages.

Rydén says that prior to writing the messages, she had never studied catechism or theological formation. Rydén believes that God chose her, a "spiritual zero" before the revelations began, so as to leave no doubt that it is His power at work. She stated that: "Jesus wanted a nothing... in order to prove that I have not invented all this and that it comes from Him. He said it in a message: 'All you have comes from Me and is My Work and not yours. Without Me, you are unable to even wink your eyes-so abandon yourself to Me.'"

Rydén's first "handwritten" edition of True Life in God was produced in 1990 by Catholic publisher Editions O.E.I.L. of Paris, with a foreword written by Fannan. In 1991, the organization called Trinitas was formed to typeset Rydén's writings and publish them in many languages. In September 1991, Mariologist Father Philip Pavich was given a copy of Rydén's original messages complete with deletions and modifications showing how Rydén and an editorial assistant had modified the messages for publication. Pavich circulated a critical comparison showing the changes made from the original notebooks to the handwritten edition of True Life in God. Associates of Rydén questioned her; she responded by saying that the deleted text was "taken out with God's guidance." She explained that she keeps two notebooks: a private one filled with original messages, and a public one containing material rewritten from the private notebook. Dermine wrote in 2008 that the deleted material includes failed prophecies, and disappointments in Rydén's life, such as the Virgin Mary telling Rydén in June 1988 that she would arrange a meeting between Rydén and Marian Movement of Priests founder Stefano Gobbi—a meeting that never happened.

Rydén asked American Jesuit Father Mitchell Pacwa to review her messages, so he studied the first five volumes of handwritten messages. Pacwa sent his critique to Father Michael O'Carroll, one of Rydén's spiritual advisors, who said that Pacwa ought to refrain from publishing his findings, and implied divine retribution otherwise. Pacwa had determined that Rydén's own confused interpretation of the Trinity was echoed in the messages she received, showing that it was Rydén making the messages. Pacwa published his criticism in August 1993, arguing that Rydén and her messages both confused the roles of God the Father, God the Son (Jesus), and the Holy Spirit. Rydén had written in her own hand the explanatory note, "Jesus in this whole passage mentions the Father Himself as the Son and the Holy Spirit showing the action and the presence of the Holy Trinity," which Pacwa said demonstrated a "muddled, if not heretical" understanding of the Trinity. Pacwa listed many similar instances in the received messages of the Son and the Father being intermixed and confused in a manner not in keeping with Roman Catholic or Orthodox Catholic teaching. Years later, Dermine described the reaction of O'Carroll as typical of the Rydén organization's response to criticism—a demonization of any who oppose Rydén.

Rydén's messages are believed by her followers to have been prophetic. The Holy See instructs Catholics that the messages should be considered Rydén's personal meditations, and not divine revelations.

Handwriting

Rydén supporters claim that graphological analysis of the handwriting that Rydén says she produces as dictation shows elements of resisting or being forced and that this is evidence of external spiritual control. In Skeptical Inquirer magazine in 2011, longtime investigator Joe Nickell compared Rydén's "messages" to alleged communications from Jesus to other women claiming revelations and wrote, "the contrived handwriting, the linguistic lapses, and the indications of fantasizing all suggest that Vassula Ryden is not in touch with supernatural entities but is simply engaging in self-deception that in turn deceives the credulous. Her automatic writings therefore are not works of revelation but simply of pious imagination." Nickell says that Rydén's personal misspellings and linguistic errors are identical to those claimed to be written as Jesus, God, Mary, her own invisible "guardian angel, Daniel," and Satan, and all seem to have the same hand writing and grammar. Nickell suggests, "If God deigns to use the English language, should we not expect it to be rendered accurately?" According to Nickell, "One suspects that if Ryden were prevented from seeing what was being written, the entities supposedly guiding her hand would be unable to so faithfully follow the lines! I invite Ryden to accept my invitation to perform a scientific test to refute or confirm this suspicion."

Other publications
Rydén continues to produce new volumes of messages in the series True Life in God; in 2003 she published the 12th volume, containing messages from notebooks 102 to 107. In 1995, she published My Angel Daniel, an account of the early messages. In March 2013, Rydén published Heaven Is Real, But So Is Hell.

Reception

Positive
Following Father James Fannan, Fathers Rene Laurentin, Robert Faricy, and Michael O'Carroll as well as Archbishop Frane Franić, who are major promoters of Our Lady of Međugorje, also actively support Rydén through their public statements and publications. Upon examination of the many objections made against Rydén, Laurentin stated that: "she has excited more opposition than any other."

Supporters Fr. Edward O'Connor and Niels Hvidt believe that God is using Rydén's messages to "consolidate his church" and bring it into unity, which they feel is the main theme of her books.

Other believers such as Fr. Ferdinand Umana Montoya say that Rydén's writings are of supernatural origin of a type that he calls "hieratic" or "sacred" writing.

Negative

In the Catholic Church
In 1995, Dermine wrote a book, Vassula Rydén: indagine critica (Vassula Rydén: critical inquiry), analyzing Rydén's first six books. Dermine described Rydén's early works as promoting a New Age-type spirituality including millennialism and pan-Christian ecumenicism, preceded by a time in which the antichrist dominated the Church. He said these ideas were heretical to Roman Catholicism, and that Rydén stopped putting them in her writings after warnings from the Church, a factor which demonstrates that they are her own thoughts, not those of spirits. He showed how Rydén's automatic writings were said by her to be from a variety of sources: guardian angels, Jesus, the Virgin Mary, God, and several Christian saints. Dermine noted that Rydén found some of her own messages to be false; she cancelled these ones. He wrote that Rydén explained away the problem by saying that God told her she could change any messages that she felt did not work. Dermine said that the whole body of Rydén's writings could be dismissed on the basis of this supposed revelation. More damning than that was Dermine's assessment that Rydén's automatic writing was directed not by Jesus or God but by the Devil. Dermine wrote that automatic writing has never been part of Christian mysticism and divine revelation, but it has been connected with demonic possession.

Some skeptics have noted how the revelations have changed with time and have alleged that this was in order to conform more with church doctrine. Dermine compares Rydén's early publications with later versions, noting that the changes made to the messages are one of the main reasons that the messages should be discredited.

In 1995, the Catholic Church's Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF) issued a Notification on the writings of Rydén, the Notification was also printed in L'Osservatore Romano, the official Vatican newspaper. The CDF stated that the "attentive examination of the entire question" had brought up "a number of basic elements that must be considered negative in the light of Catholic doctrine" as well as "several doctrinal errors". It also questioned the "suspect nature of the ways in which these alleged revelations have occurred" and considers the fact that "the aforementioned errors no longer appear in Ryden's later writings is a sign that the alleged heavenly messages are merely the result of private meditations". The Notification concludes by requesting "the intervention of the Bishops" to prevent the dissemination of Ryden's ideas in their dioceses and "invites all the faithful not to regard Mrs Vassula Ryden's writings and speeches as supernatural".

In 1996, Belgian theologian Joseph Moerman criticized an attack made by Laurentin on those who had been speaking out against Rydén. Moerman said that Laurentin's defense of Rydén included unwarranted caricaturization of CDF leaders, and unsupported positive analysis of her writings. Moerman said that Rydén's writings could not be directly from Jesus because of inconsistencies within them, and because of differences between the style of known mystics writing in a state of religious ecstasy and Rydén's writings performed in "normal lucidity".

In November 1996, the CDF issued a press release, stating that the Notification "retains all its force" and "was approved by the competent authorities and will be published in the Acta Apostolicae Sedis, the official organ of the Holy See". It instructed Catholics "not to regard the messages of Vassula Ryden as divine revelations, but only as her personal meditations".

In 1999, the Argentine organization Servicio Para el Esclarecimiento en Sectas (Foundation S.P.E.S.), formed to investigate new religious movements and sects, published a two-part bulletin critical of Rydén and her followers, authored by Mónica de López Roda. De López Roda described how Rydén's mission appeared to be the unification of all Christian churches under a non-hierarchical ecumenicism; a spiritual Christianity devoid of doctrinal differences. She said that the positive words from Rydén provoked division among Christians because of questions about whether the messages were fake. De López Roda named supporters such as Archbishop Emmanuel Milingo and Father René Laurentin who reportedly questioned the directives of the 1995 Notification by the Holy See.

In September 2005, the spokesman for the Catholic Church in Scotland warned people against going to Rydén's conference in Edinburgh. Referring to the 1995 Notification, he said Rydén "certainly did not" operate with the approval of the Church and that "the advice to Catholics is not to attend her gatherings due to the suspect nature of her alleged revelations, which contain doctrinal errors."

In January 2006, Roger Mahony, the Archbishop of Los Angeles, California, approved the withdrawal of an invitation to host to a conference at the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels at which the main speaker was to be Rydén. Mgr. Kostelnik, pastor of the cathedral, explained in a press release that the organizers had assured him that Rydén's writings had "been cleared by the Vatican", but that he had discovered that those assurances were "a serious misrepresentation of the current Vatican view of Mrs Ryden's speeches and writings" and that the 1995 and 1996 Vatican statements cautioning Catholics against following Rydén remained "in full force".

Cardinal Prosper Grech said he communicated to Rydén in the name of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the faith in some period after 1997. He had thought the CDF was satisfied, but  in a letter dated January 25, 2007, the new Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Cardinal William Levada, following continued requests for clarifications on the writings and activities of Rydén, wrote to the Catholic hierarchy around the world stating that "the Notification of 1995 remains valid as a doctrinal judgment" of the writings, which should be seen as her own personal meditations and that Catholics should not take part in prayer groups established by Rydén.

Grech reviewed Heaven Is Real But So Is Hell in 2014 and said it was an autobiography and apologia in the apocalyptic genre. Grech said that he does not know the origin of Rydén's visions but that if they bring more people to God then "there is no reason to reject them outright."

In the Orthodox Church
On March 16, 2011, the Greek Orthodox Church and synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople issued a disapproval of her teachings and instructed all Orthodox Christians not to associate with her. The Ecumenical Patriarchate "denounce[d] from the Mother Church" Rydén and her organization, "True Life In God", and refused "ecclesiastical communion" to those involved. The Synodical Committee for Matters of Heresy of the Church of Cyprus announced on January 13, 2012, that Rydén's "teachings are heretical, and her claims that she communicates directly with Christ are fantastical and outside of the spirit of the experience of our Church."

Lawsuit against critical website

In 2002, Maria Laura Pio, a former follower of Rydén's teachings, published a website critical of Rydén. The website hosted a collection of documents and interviews that were critical of Rydén's teachings. Niels Christian Hvidt cited the website in his book Christian Prophecy: The Post-Biblical Tradition. In May 2012 the website was closed because of the threat of legal action from Rydén's attorneys, who argued that the term "Vassula" was trademarked, that a website named "infovassula" must belong to Rydén. Pio announced on 3 May 2012, "I am going to close the website at the end of May and unfortunately, since I do not have the means financially nor mentally to face another lawsuit, no matter how ridiculous it is, I am constrained to hand over the domain name to Vassula in June 2012." In 2013, the Catholic research group  obtained permission from Pio to remount the critical website under a new domain: www.pseudomystica.info.

Activities
In 1998, Rydén's  True Life In God Foundation initiated the Beth Myriam (Mary's House) project to feed the poor.

Rydén has made speaking appearances a Buddhist Temple in Hiroshima, Japan in 1999, in Benin, Africa in 2000, and at a Christian Unity conference "United in Christ" at Namur, Belgium in 2009.

References

External links
True Life in God, Ryden's website

1942 births
20th-century Christian mystics
Living people
Visions of Jesus and Mary
Eastern Orthodox mystics

Vassula Rydén


Aaron Brown (born November 10, 1948) is an American broadcast journalist most recognized for his coverage of the September 11 attacks on CNN. He was a longtime reporter for ABC, the founding host of ABC's World News Now, weekend anchor of World News Tonight and the host of CNN's flagship evening program NewsNight with Aaron Brown. He was the anchor of the PBS documentary series Wide Angle from 2008 to 2009. He was a professor at the Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication at Arizona State University from 2007 to 2014.

Career

Early life and career
Brown was born to a Jewish family in Minnesota, the third of five children of Rose, a home-maker, and Morton, a scrap-metal dealer. In 1966, Brown dropped out of the University of Minnesota as a political science major and joined the U.S. Coast Guard reserves. He began his broadcasting career as a radio talk show host in Minneapolis and later in Los Angeles. Before his time at the national news networks, Brown was a Seattle broadcasting staple, spending more than 15 years at television stations there, first at the NBC affiliate and then the CBS affiliate.  He was hired by Seattle's KING-TV in 1976, initially working as an assignment editor but soon becoming a reporter and eventually anchor.  In 1986 he moved to KIRO-TV, where he anchored the evening newscast, and remained with KIRO until December 1991.

ABC
Brown was brought to New York City to be the founding anchor of the late-night news program World News Now. He also worked as a reporter for ABC's news operation. He left World News Now to work as a reporter for World News Tonight with Peter Jennings, as well as Nightline and various other ABC programming. He became the substitute anchor for Jennings and the permanent anchor of ABC's World News Tonight Saturday and Good Morning America Sunday.

CNN

9/11
Although Brown's first day at CNN was July 1, 2001, his first on-air broadcast was September 11, 2001. (Aaron Brown himself states that this is not a fact.) He received international recognition as well as winning the Edward R. Murrow Award for his reporting of the attacks from CNN's rooftop in Manhattan, as well as the World Trade Center site and the areas surrounding the remains of the Twin Towers in New York City.

When the South Tower collapsed, Brown was listening to a report from the site of The Pentagon, where there was another attack. The building started to fall while Brown was offcamera, and he had to interrupt the reporter so he could report on what he had seen. Brown remarked that there was another massive explosion and that he could not see the building anymore (he was not aware that the entire building had fallen yet). As the second tower fell on live television, Brown fell silent, until he quietly said, "...good Lord...there are no words..." and resumed reporting after several seconds.
CNN saw Brown as a protégé of Peter Jennings and wanted to duplicate Jennings' success for their network. CNN branded their flagship evening program NewsNight with Aaron Brown. Brown also served as host of CNN Presents and was assigned the lead anchor during breaking news and special events.

Post 9/11
He covered numerous other news events for CNN, including the War on Terrorism, the 2002 House and Senate elections, the Beltway sniper attacks and the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster. During the 2003 invasion of Iraq, Brown anchored from the CNN Center in Atlanta, providing viewers with the latest information from frontline reports as well as from Washington, D.C., and United States Central Command in Doha, Qatar.

In 2003, he garnered negative press attention for continuing to play in the Bob Hope Classic golf tournament in Palm Desert, California, after the Columbia Space Shuttle disaster occurred. While other major news anchors such as Tom Brokaw, Peter Jennings, and Dan Rather immediately left their vacations, Brown did not come into the studio and instead continued playing golf. The New York Times reported that Brown had actually been trying to get back to the studios, but CNN didn't go to special lengths to move Mr. Brown into position because Miles O'Brien, the channel's space expert, was anchoring the unfolding events.

During the United States 2004 presidential election, CNN used the NASDAQ Market Site for its election coverage, which some point to as the birth of the idea for Wolf Blitzer's The Situation Room. Brown was tasked to periodically make commentaries on the trends of the evening's results, while Anderson Cooper was then tasked at monitoring key Senate and House races.

Brown won three Emmys, including one Emmy for his report "Streets of Iraq" during the Iraq War. In addition, Brown won a DuPont, two New York Film Society World medals and a George Foster Peabody Award.

On November 3, 2005, CNN announced that Brown would be leaving the network, with Anderson Cooper's program Anderson Cooper 360° replacing NewsNight as the flagship program in CNN's evening lineup in an effort to shift toward a younger demographic. The two had shared anchoring duties in the 10:00 PM time slot through the early fall after Cooper's break out success covering Hurricane Katrina. Many said Brown's cerebral "news for grown-ups" style would be missed.

Public broadcasting
Brown was under contract with CNN until June 2007, which prevented him from doing interviews or returning to television. In 2008, he returned to television as the host of PBS's Wide Angle. Brown was anchor of the series, and did reports from the field through the end of the series on September 2, 2009.

In academia
In 2006, Brown assumed the John J. Rhodes Chair in Public Policy and American Institutions at Barrett, the Honors College at Arizona State University. He taught a course called "Turning Points in Television News History" at the Walter Cronkite School of Journalism at ASU from 2007 to 2014.

Personal life
While working in Seattle in 1980, Brown met fellow newscaster Charlotte Raynor. They wed in 1982. They have one daughter, Gabby (b. 1988).

References

External links

The Aaron Brown Show
"Cooper to Replace Brown on CNN's NewsNight", 11.02.05
2006 Commencement Address at Macalester College
2008 Interview with KCTS 9 Television in Seattle

1948 births
Living people
University of Minnesota College of Liberal Arts alumni
People from Hopkins, Minnesota
American broadcast news analysts
American television reporters and correspondents
Arizona State University faculty
Television anchors from Seattle
United States Coast Guard enlisted
Journalists from Scarsdale, New York
Jewish American journalists
CNN people
United States Coast Guard reservists
21st-century American Jews

Aaron Brown (journalist)


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