The Nivkh, or Gilyak (also Nivkhs or Nivkhi, or Gilyaks; ethnonym: Нивхгу, N'ivxgu (Amur) or Ниғвңгун, N'iɣvŋgun (E. Sakhalin) "the people"), are an Indigenous ethnic group inhabiting the northern half of Sakhalin Island and the lower Amur River and coast on the adjacent Russian mainland. Historically, they may have inhabited parts of Manchuria.

Nivkh were traditionally fishermen, hunters, and dog breeders. They were semi-nomadic, living near the coasts in the summer and wintering inland along streams and rivers to catch salmon. The land the Nivkh inhabit is characterized as taiga forest with cold snow-laden winters and mild summers with sparse tree cover. The Nivkh are believed to be the original inhabitants of the region, and to derive from a proposed Neolithic people that migrated from the Transbaikal region during the Late Pleistocene.

The Nivkh had long maintained trade and cultural relations with neighboring China and Japan. Previously within Qing China's sphere of influence, the Russian Empire annexed the region following two treaties in 1858 and 1860. Subsequently, traditional Nivkh lifestyle was significantly altered by colonization and collectivization. Today, the Nivkh live in Russian-style housing and with the overfishing and pollution of the streams and seas, they have adopted many foods from Russian cuisine. The Nivkh practice shamanism, which is important for the winter Bear Festival, though some have converted to Russian Orthodoxy.

The population of Nivkhs has decreased with each of the last two censuses: . Most speak Russian today, while less than 5 percent speak their native Nivkh language. Nivkh is considered a language isolate or small family, although it is grouped for convenience with the Paleosiberian languages. Nivkh is divided into four dialects or languages.

Etymology
Nivkh (plural Nivkhgu in the Nivkh language), an endonym, means "person" in the Nivkh language. They may also be referred to as Nivkhi in 1920s Western literature, due to the romanization of the Russian term plural "" from "" (nivkh). In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Russian explorers first termed the group Gilyak (also Giliaks or Giliatski). The etymology of the name "Gilyak" is disputed by linguists, with some believing the name originated from an exonym given to the Nivkhs by a nearby Tungusic group. Other scholars believe that "Gilyak" derives from Kile, another nearby Tungusic group that the Russians had mistakenly named Nivkhs. "Gilyak" is the Russian rendering of terms derived from the Tungusic "Gileke" and Manchu-Chinese "Gilemi" (Gilimi, Gilyami) for culturally similar peoples of the Amur River region, and was applied principally to the Nivkh in Western literature.

Origins

The origins of the Nivkh are hard to discern from current archaeological research. Their subsistence by fishing and coastal sea-mammal hunting is very similar to the Koryak and Itelmen on the Kamchatka Peninsula. The rigging of dog-sledges is also similar to these Chukotko-Kamchatkan groups. Spiritual beliefs are similar to those of the Northwest Coast Indians of North America, whose ancestors migrated from this area. The Nivkh are physically and genetically different from the surrounding peoples, and scholars believe they are the Indigenous inhabitants of the area. The current archaeological model suggests that a sub-Arctic microlithic culture originating from the Transbaikal region migrated across Siberia and populated the Amur and Sakhalin region during the Late Pleistocene, or perhaps earlier. Scientists believe that people of this culture were the first to migrate eastward into the Americas.

The microlithic culture was technologically adept in the harsh climate of Siberia during the last ice age. After the ice receded, Tungusic peoples from the south pressed into the warmer northern areas, soon dominating the settled peoples. The Nivkh are considered the last surviving ethnic group able to adapt to the warmer climate and not be assimilated or squeezed out by the newcomers, hence the Nivkh isolate language. The earliest archeological radiocarbon dating for Northern Sakhalin as of 2004 is the Neolithic Age Imchin Site 2, dated to 4950–4570 BCE near the Tym' River estuary on the west coast.

Michael Fortescue suggests that Nivkh might be related to the Mosan languages of North America (however, Mosan is generally considered a Sprachbund rather than a language family). Fortescue also presents evidence that Nivkh is related to the Chukotko-Kamchatkans, forming a Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric family, though the evidence was judged to be "insufficient" by Glottolog.

More recently, Sergei Nikolaev argued in two papers for a systematic relationship between Nivkh and the Algic languages of North America and a more distant relationship between these two together and the Wakashan languages of coastal British Columbia.

History

Pre-modern history
The Sakhalin Nivkhs populated the island during the Late Pleistocene period, when the island was connected to the Continent of Asia via the exposed Strait of Tartary. When the ice age receded, the oceans rose and the Nivkh were split into two groups. It is suggested that the Nivkh people were present in a wide area of Northeast Asia and influenced other people and their cultures. Nivkhs may be related to the Susuya, Okhotsk, and Tobinitai culture that reached Hokkaido and met the Satsumon culture. Several historians suggest that the Nivkh were present in the kingdom of Goguryeo. There are indications that the ancestors of the Nivkh may have played a much more prominent role in pre- and protohistorical Manchuria. Nivkh lands extended along the northern coast of Manchuria from the Russian fortress at Tugur Bay eastward to the mouth of the Amur River at Nikolayevsk, then south through the Strait of Tartary as far as De Castries Bay. Formerly their territories had extended westwards at least as far as the Uda river and the Shantar Islands until pushed out by the Manchus and, later, the Russians.

The earliest mention of the Nivkh in history is believed to be a 12th-century Chinese chronicle, referring to a people called Jílièmí (), who were in contact with the Mongol rulers of Yuan China. They had been allied with the Mongols since 1263, and the Mongols invaded Sakhalin to aid the Nivkh against the Ainu, who had been encroaching on Sakhalin from Hokkaido. In 1643, Vassili Poyarkov was the first Russian to write of the Nivkh, calling them Gilyak, a Tungus exonym, by which they would be referred until the 1920s.

After the Yuan period, Ainu and Nivkh of Sakhalin became tributaries to the Ming dynasty of China after Manchuria came under Ming rule as part of the Nurgan Regional Military Commission. Boluohe, Nanghar and Wuliehe were Yuan posts set up to receive tribute from the Ainu after their war with the Yuan ended in 1308. Ming Chinese outposts in Sakhalin and the Amur river area received animal skin tribute from Ainu on Sakhalin, Uilta and Nivkh in the 15th century after the Tyr-based Yongning Temple was set up along with the Nurkan (Nurgan) outposts by the Yongle emperor in 1409. The Ming also held the post at Wuliehe and received marten pelt fur tribute from assistant commander Alige in 1431 from Sakhalin after the Ming assigned titles like weizhenfu (official charged with subjugation), zhihui qianshi (assistance commander), zhihui tongzhi (vice commander) and Zhihuishi (commander) to Sakhalin Indigenous headmen. The Ming received tribute from the headmen of Alingge, Tuolingha, Sanchiha and Zhaluha in 1437.

The position of headman among Sakhalin Indigenous peoples was inherited paternally from father to son and the sons came with their fathers to Wuliehe. Ming officials gave silk uniforms with the appropriate rank to the Sakhalin Ainu, Uilta and Nivkh after they paid tribute. The Maritime Province region had the Ming "system for subjugated peoples' implementers in it for the Sakhalin Indigenous peoples.  Sakhalin received iron tools from mainland Asia through this trade, as Tungus groups joined in from 1456-1487. Local Indigenous hierarchies had Ming Chinese given political offices integrated with them. The Ming system on Sakhalin was imitated by the Qing.

Nivkh women in Sakhalin married Han Chinese Ming officials when the Ming took tribute from Sakhalin and the Amur river region. Local Sakhalin native chiefs had their daughters taken as wives by Manchu officials, as sanctioned by the Qing dynasty when the Qing exercised jurisdiction in Sakhalin and took tribute from them.

Due to Ming rule in Manchuria, Chinese cultural and religious influence such as Chinese New Year, the "Chinese god", Chinese motifs like the dragon, spirals, scrolls, and material goods like agriculture, husbandry, heating, iron cooking pots, silk, and cotton spread among the Amur natives like the Udeghes, Ulchis, and Nanais.

Tsarist Russia and Imperial Japan

For many centuries, the Nivkh were tributaries of the Manchus. After the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689, they functioned as intermediaries between the Russians, Manchu and Japanese, and also the Ainu, who were vassals of the Japanese. Early contact with the southern Sakhalin Ainu was generally hostile, although trade between the two was apparent.

The Nivkh suffered severely from the Cossack conquest and imposition of Tsarist Russians; they called the latter  (devils). The Russian Empire gained complete control over Nivkh lands after the 1858 Treaty of Aigun and the 1860 Convention of Peking. The Russians established a penal colony (katorga) on Sakhalin, which operated from 1857 to 1906. They transported numerous Russian criminal and political exiles there, including Lev Sternberg, an important early ethnographer of the Nivkh. The Nivkh were soon outnumbered; they were sometimes employed as prison guards and to track escaped convicts. The Nivkh suffered epidemics of smallpox, plague, and influenza, brought by the immigrants and spread in the crowded, unsanitary prison environment.

Though the Empire of Japan never controlled the northern part of Sakhalin, Japan and Russia jointly ruled the island as part of the 1855 Treaty of Shimoda. From the 1875 Treaty of Saint Petersburg until the 1905 Treaty of Portsmouth, Russia governed all of Sakhalin. From 1905 to 1945, Sakhalin was partitioned between Russia and Japan along the 50th N parallel. Russia allowed Japanese entrepreneur fishermen in Nivkh lands from the 1880s until 1948. The Russian Priamur governor-generalship had difficulty finding Russian labour and allowed Japanese and Nivkh fishermen to develop the area, though they were heavily taxed. Russian authorities prevented the Nivkh from fishing in prior coastal and river systems via bans and high taxes from cached fish. The first of many incidents of over-exploitation of fisheries by the Japanese (and later the Russians) on the Tartar Strait and lower Amur occurred in 1898. It drove many Nivkhs into starvation if they could not import expensive Russian foods.

Under Soviet rule

Russia underwent the October Revolution forming the Soviet Union in 1922. The new government altered prior Russian Imperial policies towards the Nivkh that were in line with communist ideology. Soviet officials embraced the autonym Nivkh to replace the old term Gilyak, as a hallmark for new native self-determination. A brief autonomous okrug was created for the Nivkh. The government granted them extensive fishing rights, which were not rescinded until the 1960s. But, other Soviet policies proved devastating. The Nivkh were forced into mass agricultural and industrial labour collectives called kolkhoz. Nivkh fishermen were difficult to convert to agricultural practices because of their belief that ploughing the earth was a sin. The Nivkh were soon working and living as a second-class minority group among the massive Russian labour force.

These collectives irrevocably altered the lifestyle of the Nivkh. The traditional hunter-gatherer lifestyle disappeared. Soviet authorities showcased the Nivkh as a 'model' nation for a culture quickly transforming from the Neolithic to a socialist industrial model. They banned the use of the Nivkh language from schools and the public square. The Russian language was mandated and russification of the Nivkh accelerated. Many Nivkh stories, beliefs, and clan ties were forgotten by new generations. From 1945 to 1948, many Nivkh, as well as half of the Oroks and all of the Sakhalin Ainu, who had been living under Japanese jurisdiction in the southern half of Sakhalin, were forced to move to Japan along with the ethnic Japanese settlers. Many indigenous people would later return to the area. According to "Modern Ainu: The Romance of Ethnic Migration" (現代のアイヌ : 民族移動のロマン, by Kosuge Sugawara,  1966 under Genbunsha), these Nivkh people in Japan resided in Abashiri, Hakodate, and Sapporo.

Chuner Taksami, an anthropologist, is considered the first modern Nivkh literary figure and supporter of Siberian rights. In the post-Soviet Russian commonwealth of nations, the Nivkh have fared better than the Ainu or the Itelmens, but worse than the Chukchi or the Tuvans. The Soviet government in 1962 resettled many of the Nivkh into fewer, denser settlements, such that Sakhalin settlements had been reduced from 82 to 13 by 1986. This relocation was accomplished via the Soviet collectives that the Nivkh had become so dependent on. The closure of state-funded amenities such as a school or electricity generator prompted citizenry to move into government-preferred settlements.

After the Soviet collapse
With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the kolkhoz collectives were abandoned. The Nivkh were dependent on the state-funded collectives, and with their dissolution, rapid economic hardship ensued for the already impoverished populace. At present, the Nivkh living in the north of Sakhalin see their future threatened by the giant offshore oil extraction projects known as Sakhalin-I and Sakhalin-II, operated by foreign Western firms. Since January 2005, the Nivkh, led by their elected leader Alexey Limanzo, have engaged in non-violent protest actions, demanding an independent ethnological assessment of Shell's and Exxon's plans. Solidarity actions have been staged in Moscow, New York City and later in Berlin. The monthly Nivkh newspaper, Nivkh Dif, established in 1990, is published in the West-Sakhalin dialect and is headquartered in the village of Nekrasovka.

Society

Village life
The Nivkh were semi-sedentary hunter-gatherers with summer and winter settlements. Nivkh villages consisted of three to four households shared by several families with larger villages rare, and mostly located on the Amur estuary. Households were shared for reasons of community and survival during the harsh cold winters. Villages would last for several decades but were susceptible to floods and sometimes vanished. Many were wiped out during the devastating Amur floods of 1915 and 1968. Often households contained families that were not related. The village was usually composed of people from two to eight different clans, four being standard.

In the late fall able-bodied Nivkh men would leave the villages to hunt for game in the surrounding hunting grounds whereas women would gather foods from the forests. Nivkh would move to winter settlements near rivers to survive the harsh snows and catch salmon spawning (see list of Nivkh settlements). The Nivkh were very hospitable, such that the Nanai located upstream on the Amur when faced with hard times would often visit or stay in Nivkh villages.

Clan
Nivkh clans (khal) were a group of people united by marriage ties, a common derived deity, arranging marriages, and responsible for group dispute resolution. The clan is divided into three exogamous sub-clans. A clan would cooperate with other members on hunts and fishing when away from the village. A Nivkh clan believed they had "one (common) akhmalk or imgi, one fire, one mountain man, one bear, one devil, one tkhusind (ransom, or clan penalty), and one sin."

Marriage
Marriage tended to be exogamic unlike many paleo-Siberian groups. Although within the clan, marriage is endogamic, while sub-clans are exogamic. Nivkh marriage customs were very complicated and controlled by the clan. Cross-cousin marriage seems to be the original custom with the clan, a latter necessity when the clan was unable to marry individuals without breaking taboo. The bride price was probably introduced by the Neo-Siberians. The dowry was shared by the clan. The number of men generally exceeded the number of women. It was hard to gain wives, as they were few and expensive. This led to the wealthier men having more than one wife and poor men being unable to obtain wives.

Religion
Nivkh's traditional religion was based on animist beliefs, especially via shamanism, before colonial Russians made efforts to convert the population to Eastern Orthodox Christianity. Nivkh animists believe the island of Sakhalin is a giant beast lying on its belly with the trees of the island as its hair. When the beast is upset, it awakens and trembles the earth causing earthquakes. Nivkh have a pantheon of vaguely defined gods () that presided over the mountains, rivers, seas and sky. Nivkhs' have extensive folklore, songs, and mythos of how humans and the universe were created, and of how fantastic heroes, spirits and beasts battled with each other in ancient times. Some Nivkhs have converted to Russian Orthodoxy or other religions, though many still practice traditional beliefs. Fire is especially venerated. It is the symbol of the unity of the clan. Fire is considered a deity of their ancestors, protecting them from evil spirits and guarding their clan from harm. An open flame would be "fed" a leaf of tobacco, spices, or a tipple of vodka in order to please the spirits for protection. Nivkhs would also frequently offer items to the deities by 'feeding'. The sea would be "fed" an item of importance in order that the sea god protects the travellers.

Shamanism
Shamans' (ch'am) main role was in diagnosing and curing disease for the Nivkh. The rare shamans typically wore an elaborate coats with belts often made of metal. Remedies composed of plant and sometimes animal matter were employed to cure sickness. Talismans were used or offered to patients to prevent sickness. Shamans additionally functioned as a conduit to combat and ward off evil spirits that cause death. A shaman's services usually were compensated with goods, quarters and food.

Bear Festival

Nivkh Shamans also presided over the Bear Festival, a traditional holiday celebrated between January and February depending on the clan. Bears were captured and raised in a corral for several years by local women, who treated the bear like a child. The bear was considered a sacred earthly manifestation of Nivkh ancestors and the gods in bear form (see Bear worship). During the festival, the bear would be dressed in a specially-made ceremonial costume. It would be offered a banquet to take back to the realm of gods to show benevolence upon the clans. After the banquet, the bear would be sacrificed and eaten in an elaborate religious ceremony. Dogs were often sacrificed as well. The bear's spirit returned to the gods of the mountain 'happy' and would then reward the Nivkh with bountiful forests. The festival typically would be arranged by relatives to honour the death of a kinsman. Generally, the Bear Festival was an inter-clan ceremony where a clan of wife-takers restored ties with a clan of wife-givers upon the broken link of the kinsman's death. The Bear Festival was suppressed during Soviet occupation though the festival has had a modest revival since the decline of Soviet Union, albeit as a cultural instead of religious ceremony.

A very similar ceremony, Iomante, is practiced by the Ainu people of Japan.

Environment
The Russian Far East has a cold and harsh climate. In the fish-rich Amur River estuary in the districts of Nixhne-Amruskii and Takhtinskii, winters have high winds and heavy snows with mid-winter usually averaging from . Summers are wet and moderately warm ranging between . The area's biome is characterized as Taiga and evergreen coniferous forests consisting of larch, yew, birch, maple, lilac, honeysuckle, and extensive low-lying swamp grasses. Higher elevations have spruce, fir, ash, lime, walnut and mountain tops have cedar and lichens. Bears, foxes, sables, hares, Siberian tigers, elks, grouse, and deer typical near the Amur outlet which usually floods during the rainy season.

Northern Sakhalin is harsher ecologically with mostly Taiga. Winters are longer, with a mean temperature of , however, short summers are warmer averaging  due to warmer Pacific Ocean currents moving around the island. Heavy snows blanket the island of Sakhalin (Yh-mif in Nivkh) during winter, due to monsoon winds blowing from Siberia, drawing humidity as they pass over the Sea of Okhotsk, Sea of Japan, and the Strait of Tartary. Barren tundra dominates the north, with sparse trees such as larch, birch and various grasses, while moving southward, spruce and fir are seen. Bears, foxes, otters, lynx, and reindeer are common wildlife. The Island's major rivers are the Tym' and Poronai, rich in fish, especially salmon. Before Russian colonization, Nivkh villages could be found on these rivers approximately every 5 km.

The Strait of Tartary is currently only  wide and is shallow enough that an ice bridge forms during the winter that can be traversed by foot or dog-sledge. At the glacial maximum of the Ice Age, sea levels were  lower than they are today. The Eurasia continent was connected to Sakhalin via the Strait of Tatar and Hokkaidō via the Soya Strait of which humans migrated. This connection explains the similarities of trees, plants, and animals including now-extinct mammoths. The receding ice age warmed the area, allowing greater tree cover and wildlife, thus new resources for the Nivkhs to exploit. The opening of the Soya and then the shallower Strait of Tartary allowed warm pacific currents to bathe the island and the lower Amur River.

Technology

Dwellings
Nivkhs lived in two types of self-built winter dwellings. The most ancient of these was the  (or to). The dwelling was a round dugout about 7.5 meters (23 feet) in diameter, shored up by wooden poles and covered with packed dirt and grass. The  had a fireplace in the centre and a smoke hole for light and smoke escape. The other type of dwelling used for winter is the  similar to the Nanai dio which was modelled after Manchurian and Chinese dwellings of the Amur. The  were one-room structures with a gable roof and a kang (Chinese furnace) for heating. A nearby shed held sledges, skis, boats, and dogs.

Clothing

Nivkhs traditionally wore robes (skiy for men,  for women) having three buttons, fastened on the left side of the body. Winter garments were made of skins from fish, seal, sable, and furs from otter, lynx, fox, and dog. Women's  extended below the knee and were light multicoloured with intricate embroideries and various ornaments sewed on the sleeves, collar and hem. Ornaments were coins, bells, or beads made of wood, glass, or metal mostly originating from Manchurian and Chinese traders. Men's skiy were darker coloured, shorter, and had pockets built into the sleeves. Men's clothing were less elaborate with ornaments on the sleeve and left lapel. Men would also wear a loose kilt called a kosk when hunting or travelling on dog-sledge. Boots were made of fish-, seal-, or deerskin, and very watertight. Fur hats (hak) were worn in winter, with the furry tails and ears of the animal often adorning the back and crown of the hat. Summer hats (hiv hak) were conical and made from birch-bark. Since Soviet collectivization, Nivkh mostly wear mass-produced Western clothing, but traditional clothing is worn for holidays and cultural events.

Diet

The Nivkh had a diverse diet, as they were semi-sedentary before colonization. Fish was the main source of food for the Nivkh, including pink, Pacific, and chum salmon as well as trout, red eye, burbot and pike found in rivers and streams. Saltwater fishing provided saffron cod, flatfish, and marine goby caught on the littoral coasts of the Strait of Tartary, Sea of Okhotsk, and the Pacific Ocean, though over fishing by Russian and Japanese trawlers has depleted many of these fish stocks. Additionally, industrial pollution such as phenols and heavy metals in the Amur River have devastated fish stocks and damaged the soil of the estuaries. There is a traditional preservation process called yukola, involving slicing the fish in a particular way and drying the strips by hanging them in the frigid air, without salt. The preservation process created a lot of dried fish waste, unpalatable for human consumption but utilized for dog food. Pulverizing dried fish and mixing it with fish skins, water, seal fat, and berries until the mixture had a sour cream consistency is a favorite Nivkh dish called mos. Nivkhs would hunt seal (larga, ringed, ribbon, sea lions), duck, sable, and otters. They would gather various berries, wild leeks, lily bulbs, and nuts. Contacts with the Chinese, Manchu, and Japanese from the 12th century on introduced new foods incorporated in the Nivkhs' diet, such as salt, sugar, rice, millet, legumes and tea. Russian 19th-century colonisation introduced flour, bread, potatoes, vodka, tobacco, butter, canned vegetables and fruits, and other meats.

Population genetics

Y-chromosomal DNA haplogroups

Lell et al. (2002) tested a sample of seventeen Nivkh males and found that six of them (35%) belonged to Haplogroup C-M48, six of them (35%) belonged to haplogroup P-M45(xQ-M3, R-M17), two of them (12%) belonged to haplogroup C-M130(xM48), two of them (12%) belonged to haplogroup K-M9(xO-M119,O-M122,N-Tat,P-M45), and one of them (6%) belonged to haplogroup O-M119.

Tajima et al. (2004) tested a sample of twenty-one Nivkh males and found that eight of them (38%) belonged to haplogroup C-M217, a haplogroup which is also common among Koryaks, Itelmens, Yukaghirs, Tungusic peoples, and Mongols; six (29%) belonged to haplogroup K-M9(xO-M122, O-M119, P-P27), four of them (19%) belonged to haplogroup P-P27(xR-SRY10831.2), two of them (9.5%) belonged to R-SRY10831.2, and one of them (4.8%) belonged to Haplogroup BT-SRY10831.1(xC-RPS4Y711, DE-YAP, K-M9).

According to the abstract for a doctoral dissertation by Vladimir Nikolaevich Kharkov, a sample of 52 Nivkhs (Нивхи) from Sakhalin Oblast (Сахалинская область) contained the following Y-DNA haplogroups: 71% (37/52) C-M217(xC-M77/M86, C-M407), 7.7% (4/52) O-M324(xO-M134), 7.7% (4/52) Q-M242(xQ-M346), 5.8% (3/52) D-M174, 3.8% (2/52) O-M175(xO-P31, O-M122), 1.9% (1/52) O-P31, and 1.9% (1/52) N-M46/M178.

Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups

Torroni et al. (1993) reported collecting blood samples from 57 "unrelated and unhybridized Nivkh individuals living in Rybnovsk and Nekrasovka villages in northern Sakhalin Island." According to Starikovskaya et al. (2005) and Bermisheva et al. (2005), the members of this sample of Nivkhs belong to haplogroup Y (37/57 = 64.9%), haplogroup D (16/57 = 28.1%), haplogroup G1 (3/57 = 5.3%), and haplogroup M(xC, Z, D, G) (1/57 = 1.8%).

In another sample of Nivkhs, possibly "those living on the continent" (although there appears to be an error in the original text), Bermisheva et al. (2005) have found the following mtDNA haplogroups: 67.3% (37/55) haplogroup Y, 25.5% (14/55) haplogroup G, 3.6% (2/55) haplogroup D, 1.8% (1/55) haplogroup M(xC, Z, D, G), and 1.8% (1/55) haplogroup N or R(xA, B, F, Y).

According to Duggan et al. (2013), the members of a sample of 38 Nivkhs collected in northern Sakhalin belonged to haplogroup Y1a (25/38 = 65.8%), haplogroup D4m2 (10/38 = 26.3%), and haplogroup G1b (3/38 = 7.9%). One identical Y1a haplotype was shared by eight Nivkh individuals, another Y1a haplotype was shared by six Nivkh individuals, and two other Y1a haplotypes were shared by three Nivkh individuals each, indicating a low genetic diversity of this population. Likewise, one identical D4m2 haplotype was shared by four Nivkh individuals, another D4m2 haplotype was shared by two Nivkh individuals, and a third D4m2 haplotype was shared by two or three Nivkh individuals and a Northeast Yakut individual. The authors also have found Haplogroup Y1a in 13.3% (2/15) of Berezovka Evens, 12.5% (3/24) of Taimyr Evenks, 6.5% (2/31) of Udegeys, 2.6% (1/39) of Kamchatka Evens, and 2.3% (2/88) of Central Yakuts, and they have noted that other studies have reported finding this haplogroup in high frequency in the Ulchi and Negidal, in 9%-10% of Koryaks and eastern Evenks, as well as in low frequency in Central and Vilyuy Yakuts. Besides the Nivkhs, the authors also have found mtDNA that belongs to haplogroup D4m2 in 8.7% (2/23) Sakkyryyr Evens, 3.7% (1/27) Tompo Evens, and 3.1% (1/32) Northeast Yakuts, with the Northeast Yakut individual sharing an identical haplotype with several of the Nivkhs. The authors have noted that mtDNA sequences that belong to the same branch of haplogroup D have been found in Evenks, Evens, Yukaghirs, and South Siberian Buryats and Turkic speakers, and another study has reported one instance of D4m2 in a sample of 154 Dolgans. As for G1b, the other mtDNA haplogroup found among Nivkhs, Duggan et al. (2013) also have found it in their samples of Kamchatka Evens (6/39 = 15.4%), Koryaks (2/15 = 13.3%), Yukaghirs (2/20 = 10.0%), Iengra Evenks (2/21 = 9.5%), and Tompo Evens (1/27 = 3.7%), and they have cited Starikovskaya et al. (2005) as evidence for their statement that haplogroup G1 is also common in the Negidal. According to YFull and Dryomov et al. (2020), two members of haplogroup G1b from the Nivkh sample of Duggan et al. (2013) belong to G1b-G16129A!*, whereas the remaining member of haplogroup G1b from that sample belongs to G1b1a-G16244A.

М. А. Gubina et al. (2013) examined the mitochondrial DNA of a sample of seventeen Nivkhs from the village of Nogliki, Nogliksky District, Sakhalin Oblast and found that they belonged to haplogroup Y (8/17 = 47.1%, all Y1a+T16189C!), haplogroup D (3/17 = 17.6%, including 2/17 D4e5b and 1/17 D4j4a), haplogroup G (3/17 = 17.6%, including 2/17 G1b1-16207 and 1/17 G1b1a-16244), haplogroup H (2/17 = 11.8%), and haplogroup U5 (1/17 = 5.9%). Besides the Western Eurasian influence apparent in the presence of haplogroups H and U5 among Nivkhs of Nogliki, it is also notable that there is no overlap between the Nivkh samples of Duggan et al. (2013) and Gubina et al. (2013) in regard to the subclades of haplogroups D4 and G1b to which they belong except for a single member of G1b1a-G16244A in each sample.

Notable Nivkhs

 Chiyo Nakamura (1906–1969), Japanese Nivkh writer
 Chuner Taksami (1931–2014), Russian Nivkh ethnographer
 Vladimir Sangi (b. 1935), Russian Nivkh writer, publicist
 Alexey Limanzo, President of the Association of Indigenous Peoples of North Sakhalin Region

See also

List of Nivkh settlements
Ainu
Itelmen
Koryaks
Chukchis

References

Citations

Sources

 Bassett, Elizabeth (retrieved Nov. 2007) Gilyak (Nivkh) Culture - Minnesota State University, Mankato - EMuseum
Black, Lydia (1973) Nivkh (Gilyak) of Sakhalin and the Lower Amur. Arctic Anthropology. Volume 10 No.1, 110p.
Chaussonnet, Valerie (1995) Native Cultures of Alaska and Siberia. Arctic Studies Center. Washington, D.C. 112p.
Czaplicka, Marya Antonina and Collins, David (1999) The Collected Works of M. A. Czaplicka, 1st Edition. RoutledgeCurzon. 1600p.
Fitzhugh, William, and Durbreui (1999) Ainu: Spirit of a Northern People. Washington, D.C.: Arctic Studies Center, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution and University of Washington Press. 415p.
Friedrich and Diamond (1994) Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Russia and Eurasia- China. Volume 6. G.K.Hall and Company. Boston, Massachusetts.
Gall, Timothy L. (1998) Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life:Nivkhs. Detroit, Michigan: Gale Research Inc. 2100p.
Kaminaga, Eisuke (2007) Maritime History and Imperiology Japan's "Northern Fisheries" and the Priamur Governor-Generalship. Slavic Research Center
Kolga, Margus (2001)The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire. NGO Red Book. Tallinn, Estonia 399p
Kuzmin, Vasilevski, Gorbunov, Burr, Jull, Orlova Shubina (2004) Chronology of Prehistoric Cultural Complexes of Sakhalin Island. Radiocarbon, Vol 46. Nr. 1. University of Arizona
Mattissen, Johanna (2001) Facts about the World's Languages. New England Publishing. 896p.
Mote, Victor L. (1998) Siberia: Worlds Apart. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. 258p.
Reid, Anna (2003) The Shaman's Coat: A Native History of Siberia. New York, New York: Walker & Company. 224p.
Shiraishi, Hidetoshi. (2006) Chapter 1: Topics in Nivkh Phonology. - University of Groningen. - (Adobe Acrobat *.PDF document)
Shternberg, Lev Iakovlevich and Bruce Grant. (1999) The Social Organization of the Gilyak. New York: American Museum of Natural History. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 280 pages.
 Smolyak, A. V. (2001) Traditional Principles of Natural Resources Use among Indigenous Peoples of the Lower Amur River. Journal of Legal Pluralism, Num. 46. .

Further reading
Chekhov, Anton Pavlovich, and Brian Reeve. (1993) A Journey to Sakhalin. Cambridge: Ian Faulkner.
Grant, Bruce (1995) In the Soviet House of Culture. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Taksami, Ch. M (1967) Nivkhi: Sovremennoe Khoziaistvo, Kul'tura i Byt. [The Nivkhs: Contemporary Economy, Culture, and Way of Life].  Leningrad: Nauka

External links

The Nivkhs from The Red Book
Norwegian Polar Institute article
Sound Materials of the Nivkh Language The World's Largest Sound Archive of the Nivkh Language on the Web
Shell Oil on Sakhalin - Putting Profits before People and the Environment

Ethnic groups in Siberia
Ethnic groups in Japan
Indigenous peoples of North Asia
History of Northeast Asia
Sakhalin
Khabarovsk Krai
Sakhalin Oblast
Fishing communities in Russia
Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East
Ethnic groups in Russia

Nivkh people


Olga Bucătaru () a fost o actriță română de film, radio, televiziune, scenă și voce.

Biografie
În 1965, Olga Bucătaru a absolvit Institutul de Artă Teatrală și Cinematografică "I.L.Caragiale", clasa George Dem Loghin. A debutat în 1966 la Teatrul Tineretului din Piatra Neamț unde a lucrat până în 1973. Aici a jucat roluri ca Alta în Act venețian sau Vidra în Răzvan și Vidra. În 1969-1970 este actriță la Teatrul de Stat din Satu Mare. Din 1974 devine membră a Teatrului Odeon din București unde joacă diverse roluri cum ar fi Hortensia în A cincea lebădă, Tofana în Patima roșie sau Nina Damian în ...escu. În 1977 interpretează rolul Doamna Stanca în filmul istoric românesc Buzduganul cu trei peceți. Din 2001 Olga Bucătaru este lector universitar la Academia de Arte Luceafărul. În 2002 i s-a acordat Ordinul Național "Serviciul Credincios" în grad de Cavaler.

Filmografie
 Bariera (1972) - Lucica
 Cursa (1975)
 Serenadă pentru etajul XII (1976) - Silvia, soția "Balaurului"
 Buzduganul cu trei peceți (1977) - Doamna Stanca
 Ecaterina Teodoroiu (1978) - sora Lucreția
 Dumbrava minunată (1980) - Primăvara
 Începutul adevărului (Oglinda) (1994)
 Aici nu mai locuiește nimeni (film TV, 1995)

 Trenul vieții (1998, regia Radu Mihăileanu) - Femme Wagon
 Trahir (1993, regia Radu Mihăileanu) - Ana
 Avaria (1978, regia Ștefan Traian Roman) - ca Despina
 Prometeu (1970)

Teatru

Teatrul Odeon
 Mari în Veronika se pregătește să moară după Paulo Coelho, regia Gelu Colceag
 Zmeukina în Nuntă cu răpiri după Nunta de A.P. Cehov și Frumoasele Sabine de Leonid Andreev, regia Beatrice Bleonț
 Cântăreața în Astă seară se joacă fără piesă de Luigi Pirandello, regia Alexa Visarion
 Doamna Tepan în Picnic pe câmpul de luptă de Fernando Arrabal, regia Diana Manole
 Fiica în Întâlnire în pădure de Ofelia Strahl, regia Cătălina Buzoianu
 Ea în Ar fi fost o mare iubire de Ion Băieșu, regia Tudor Mărăscu
 Reagan în Regele Lear de W. Shakespeare, regia Mircea Marin
 Domnica în Să nu-ți faci prăvălie cu scară de Eugen Barbu, regia Sanda Manu
 Despina în Zidarul de Dan Tărchilă, regia Tudor Mărăscu
 Stanca în Ordinatorul de Paul Everac, regia Tudor Mărăscu
 Hortensia în A cincea lebădă de Paul Everac, regia Tudor Mărăscu
 Tofana în Patima roșie de Mihail Sorbul, regia Cristian Hadjiculea
 Nina Damian în ...escu de Tudor Mușatescu, regia Dinu Cernescu
 Vulpea în Scufița Roșie de Evgheni Swartz, regia Alexa Visarion

Teatrul Tineretului din Piatra Neamț
 Ara în Arca bunei speranțe de Ion D. Sîrbu, regia Crin Teodorescu
 Belous în Neîncredere în foișor de Nelu Ionescu, regia Dinu Cernescu
 Branguen în Tristan și Isolda de Jean de Beer, regia Dinu Cernescu
 Alta în Act venețian de Camil Petrescu, regia Gabriel Negri
 Vidra în Răzvan și Vidra de Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu, regia Gabriel Negri
 Trei roluri în Afară-i vopsit gardu', înăuntru-i leopardul de Alecu Popovici, regia Ion Cojar
 Alice în Arden din Kent de un autor englez anonim din secolul al XVI-lea, regia Andrei Șerban

Note

Legături externe
 Olga Bucătaru la Imdb.com
 Olga Bucătaru la CineMagia.ro
 Olga Bucătaru  la CinemaRx.ro

Nașteri în 1942
Nașteri pe 27 martie
Decese în 2020
Decese pe 10 aprilie
Actori ai Teatrului Odeon
Actori ai Teatrului Tineretului din Piatra Neamț
Actrițe române din secolul al XX-lea
Actrițe române din secolul al XXI-lea
Actrițe de film române
Actrițe de radio române
Actrițe de teatru române
Actrițe de televiziune române
Actrițe de voce române
Decorați cu Ordinul Național Serviciul Credincios
Suceveni

Olga Bucătaru


An Deschampsia mejlandii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Charles Edward Hubbard. An Deschampsia mejlandii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Deschampsia, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Tristan da Cunha. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Deschampsia

Deschampsia mejlandii


William T. Gross (né en 1958) est un homme d'affaires américain ayant fondé plusieurs entreprises et siégeant sur le conseil d'administration de plusieurs autres.

Biographie
Gross grandit à Encino (Los Angeles). Il obtient un baccalauréat ès sciences en génie mécanique du California Institute of Technology.

Gross fonde plusieurs entreprises : GNP Loudspeakers (maintenant GNP Audio Video), un fabricant d'équipements audio, Starship Video, une salle de jeux vidéo, GNP Development Inc., rachetée par Lotus Software, Knowledge Adventure, une société de logiciels éducatifs rachetée plus tard par , et, en mars 1996, l'incubateur d'entreprises , dont il est président du conseil d'administration et chef de la direction.

Gross siège aussi au conseil d'administration de nombreuses institutions telles le California Institute of Technology et l'Art Center College of Design.

En 1996, Gross a achète le nom de domaine answer.com, qu'il vend ensuite à NetShepard puis à GuruNet

En 1998, Gross fonde GoTo.com, Inc., qui produit un moteur de recherche sur Internet s'appuyant sur des résultats de recherche commandités et des publicités au paiement par clic. GoTo.com est ensuite renommé Overture Services Inc., puis est racheté par Yahoo! afin de créer le Yahoo search marketing.

En 2010, Gross fonde TweetUp, un moteur de recherche pour Twitter qui promeut les meilleurs éditeurs sur n'importe quel sujet. TweetUp est par la suite renommé "PostUp" pour refléter son inclusion à Facebook et LinkedIn. Le 24 janvier 2011, PostUp acquiert UberTwitter — après avoir précédemment acheté Echofon (pour iPhone/iOS) et Twidroyd (pour Android OS) — et est rebaptisé UberMedia.

Énergie solaire
Une entreprise de Gross, Energy Innovations, travaille au développement d'un capteur solaire photovoltaïque destiné aux bâtiments commerciaux à toit plat. En 2006, ils achèvent la plus grande installation solaire d'entreprise au monde au siège de Google.

En 2010, Gross est le pdg de , une entreprise qui vise à rendre les énergies renouvelables compétitives par rapport aux énergies fossiles en utilisant la technologie CSP. eSolar produit ainsi des unités d'alimentation individuelle de 46 mégawatts (MW) sur 200 acres, qui peuvent être associées pour atteindre jusqu'à  ou plus.

Gross a également fondé Heliogen, une entreprise d'énergie propre soutenue par Bill Gates. L'entreprise a découvert un moyen d'utiliser l'intelligence artificielle et un champ de miroirs pour refléter et concentrer la lumière du Soleil, amenant cette dernière à produire des chaleurs de l'ordre du millier de degrés Celsius.

Notes et références

Étudiant du California Institute of Technology
Homme d'affaires américain
Personnalité liée aux énergies renouvelables
Naissance en 1958

Bill T. Gross


Sir Alan Stewart od Darnleya (nakon 1406.–1439.) bio je škotski plemić, iz obitelji Stewartâ od Darnleya, sudionik Stogodišnjega rata

Život
Kao sin Ivana Stewarta od Darnleya i Elizabete, kćeri Donnchadha, grofa od Lennoxa, Alan je pratio svoga oca i braću u bitku u Francusku.

Nakon smrti njegova oca u bitci kod Herringsa, 1429., za vrijeme opsade Orléansa, Darnley je naslijedio očeve titule kao gospodar Aubignyja i Concressaulta, ali ne i grofoviju Évreux. Također je naslijedio naslov višega časnika (Constable) škotske vojske u Francuskoj i poglavarstvo nad obitelji Stewartâ od Darnleya.

Međutim, do 1437., odrekao se svojih francuskih posjeda u korist svoga mlađega brata, Sir Johna Stewarta, te se vratio u Škotsku.

Bio je umiješan u krvnu osvetu s klanom Boyd iz dvorca Dean. Ubio ga je 1439. Sir Thomas Boyd od Kilmarnocka, a njegovu je smrt kasnije osvetio njegov mlađi brat Alexander Stewart, u bitci kod brijega Craignaught.

Ženidba i potomstvo
Alan Stewart od Darnleya oženio je Catherine Seton, kćer Sir Williama Setona, gospodara Setona, i Janet Dunbar, kćeri George, grofa od Dunbara. Imali su potomstvo:
 John Stewart, 1. grof od Lennoxa
 Alexander Stewart od Galstona

Nakon Darnleyeva ubojstva, njegova se udovica Catherine udala za Herberta Maxwella, 1. lorda Maxwella.

Bilješke

Vanjske poveznice
Škoti u opsadi Orléansa (francuski)

Bibliografija
Sir James Balfour Paul, Scots Peerage, IX tomova. Edinburgh, 1904.

Alan Stewart od Darnleya

Alan Stewart od Darnleya


Aosa, biljni rod iz porodice Loasaceae, dio reda Cornales. Postoji šest vrsta na Karibima, Srednjoj Americi i Brazilu i Kolumbiji.

Rod je opisan 2006.

Vrste
 Aosa gilgiana (Urb.) Weigend
 Aosa grandis (Standl.) R.H.Acuña & Weigend
 Aosa parviflora (Schrad. ex DC.) Weigend
 Aosa plumieri (Urb.) Weigend
 Aosa rupestris (Gardner) Weigend
 Aosa sigmoidea Weigend

Sinonimi
 Chichicaste Weigend

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Drjenolike

Aosa


Louder ist ein Lied des britischen Produzenten DJ Fresh gemeinsam mit Sian Evans. Es wurde erstmals am 3. Juli 2011 auf iTunes unter dem Label Ministry of Sound veröffentlicht und stieg direkt nach seiner Veröffentlichung auf Platz eins der britischen Charts. In diesen blieb es insgesamt 15 Wochen.

Teile des Liedes wurden außerdem im Intro vom Videospiel Wipeout 2048 verwendet.

Musikvideo
Das von Ben Newman gedrehte offizielle Musikvideo zum Lied wurde erstmals am 23. Mai 2011 auf YouTube veröffentlicht. Im Video sieht man zwei junge Frauen, die auf Rollschuhen durch die Gegend fahren und Stunts vollführen. Nach einiger Zeit kommen mehr Leute, die unter anderem Stunts auf Skateboards machen, wie z. B. über jemanden mit dem Skateboard springen. Dies findet auf einem Skateboard-Park statt. Am Ende werfen alle ihre Skateboards in die Luft.

Rezeption
Das Lied bekam in der Regel positive Kritik.

Chartplatzierungen

Einzelnachweise

Lied 2011
Nummer-eins-Hit
Dubstep-Song

Louder (Lied)


Türk İntikam Tugayı (TİT), 1970'li yıllarda Kıbrıs'ta sol görüşlü Kıbrıs Türklerine ve 12 Eylül Darbesi'ne kadar geçen süreçte Türkiye'de solcu olarak bilinen ve Türkiye'ye hakaret etmekle suçladıkları kişi ve gruplara karşı suikast ve çoğunluğu ölümle sonuçlanan saldırıları düzenlediği iddia edilen yasa dışı antikomünist aşırı milliyetçi örgüt. TİT olarak üstlendikleri eylemler haricinde, bünyesindeki isimler ve lider kadrosu hiçbir zaman açığa çıkmamıştır.

12 Eylül Darbesi'nin ardından bir anda ortadan kaybolan ve uzunca bir süre duyulmayan örgütün adı, 1990'lı yılların ortalarından itibaren kimi eylemlerin sonucunda kullanılmış, fakat sonradan bu ismi kullanan grupların birbirleriyle bir alakalarının olmadığı ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu yönüyle, günümüzde varlıklarını sürdürmedikleri, fakat kimi küçük aşırı milliyetçi grupların TİT'in mirasçılığına soyundukları söylenebilir. Ergenekon davası sırasında mahkeme tarafından örgüt hakkında bilgi talebi üzerine MİT "TİT adının 1978 yılından beri solcu kesimin korkutulması amacıyla aşırı milliyetçi unsurlarca kullanıldığı, TİT adının hedef alınan şahıs veya kuruluşları psikolojik yönden etkilemek ve korkutmak amacıyla zaman zaman kullanıldığı, örgütün merkez komitesi ve organik yapısının oluşmadığı, paravan bir isim olarak kullanıldığı" belirtilmiştir.

Son yıllarda örgütün bazı üyeleri PKK'ya karşı yapılan askerî eylemlerde MİT'in yardımcı olmaları şartıyla serbest bırakıldı.

Örgüt tarafından düzenlendiği iddia edilen eylemler

Suikast girişimleri
İnsan Hakları İzleme Örgütü'ne göre milletvekili Mehmet Sincar'ın ve gazeteci Ferhat Tepe'nin 1993'deki cinayetleri TİT tarafından gerçekleşirilen suikastlerdi. Daha sonra Susurluk Skandalı sonrası Mehmet Sincar cinayeti ilgili bir rapor hazırlayan Kutlu Savaş; cinayeti, Mahmut Yıldırım, PKK itirafçıları Alaattin Kanat, İsmail Yeşilmen ve Mesut Mehmetoğlu'nun işlediğini öne sürdü. Daha sonra Hizbullah örgütü üyesi olmak suçuyla tutuklanan sanıklar cinayeti işlediklerini ama asıl hedeflerinin Nizamettin Toğuç olduğunu itiraf ettiler. Ancak cinayet tam olarak aydınlatılamadı.

Kıbrıs Türkü gazeteci yazar Kutlu Adalı'nın 7 Temmuz 1996'da evinin önünde öldürülmesinin ardından basında cinayeti Türk İntikam Tugayı'nın üstlendiğine dair haberler yer aldı.

12 Mayıs 1998'de, dönemin İnsan Hakları Derneği Başkanı Akın Birdal'a suikast girişiminde bulunan Demir Demirok ve Selçuk Gürz'ün azmettiricisi olan Semih Tufan Gülaltay hakkındaki mahkeme kayıtlarında Türk İntikam Tugayı üyesi olduğu iddiası yer aldı. 17 Mayıs 2006'da, Danıştay İkinci Dairesi'ne silahlı saldırı düzenleyen Alparslan Arslan ile birlikte adı geçen Saim Özmen'in, Semih Tufan Gülaltay ile bağlantı içinde olduğu iddia ediliyor.

Tehdit mektupları
2005 yılında İnsan Hakları Derneği İstanbul şubesi başkanı avukat Eren Keskin, Marmara bölge temsilcisi Doğan Genç, İstanbul şubesi yönetim kurulu üyesi Şaban Dayanan ve derneğin genel başkan yardımcısı Kiraz Biçiçi'nin ev ve iş yeri adreslerine gönderilen Türk İntikam Tugayı imzalı mektupta şu sözler yer aldı:

Kıbrıs'ta kayıp Türk ve Rumları aramak üzere 1981 yılından bu yana faaliyet gösteren Kayıp Şahıslar Komitesi'nin Türk üyesi Gülden Pülümer Küçük, altında örgütün imzası bulunan bir tehdit mektubu aldığını açıkladı.

Hrant Dink'in öldürülmesinin ardından Agos gazetesine Türk İntikam Tugayı tarafından gönderildiği öne sürülen 20 Ocak 2007 tarihli e-postada, "Ayağınızı denk almazsanız bir dahaki sefere Agos binasını havaya uçuracak kadar patlayıcı madde elimizde var" şeklinde tehditte bulunulduğu açıklandı. Bir sonraki tehdit mektubunun İstanbul Emniyet Müdürlüğü mail adresine atıldığı ve ölüm listesinde bulunan kişilerin sanatçı Ferhat Tunç ile dönemin Diyarbakır Büyükşehir Belediye Başkanı Osman Baydemir ve Hakkâri Belediye Başkanı Metin Tekçe olduğu açıklandı.

30 Mayıs 2008'de, örgüt imzası taşıyan bir elektronik postada, Agos ve Radikal İki yazarı Baskın Oran'ın Hrant Dink'ten sonra yeni hedef olduğu açıklandı.

25 Haziran ve 17 Temmuz 2011' de Evrensel gazetesine gönderilen Türk İntikam Tugayı imzalı tehdit mektuplarında "15 Ağustos 2011' e kadar taleplerinin yerine getirilmemesi durumunda Diyarbakır ve İstanbul'da kanlı eylemler yapılacağı" ifade edilmiştir.

Fidye istekleri
Kendilerini Türk İntikam Tugayı üyeleri olarak tanıtıp, "Yeşil" kod adlı Mahmut Yıldırım imzalı mektuplarla fidye isteyen Ahmet Mert Kuştekin, Metin Kuştekin, Murat Galata ve Alp Babacan adlı dört kişi, 2005 yılında sekizer yıl dörder ay ağır hapis cezasına çarptırıldılar. Sanıklar olayda Fenerbahçe Spor Kulübü Başkanı Aziz Yıldırım'dan 1 milyon dolar, öldürülen tefeci Nesim Malki'nin eşi Meri Malki'den de 600 bin dolar istemişlerdi.

Mart 2012' de "Türk İntikam Tugayı (TİT) Tuğra Grubu" imzasıyla İmmap Ltd. sahibi İlhan Mustafa Yeniada tehdit mektubu yollanmış ve kendisinden 100 bin Sterlin talep edilmiştir.

Diyarbakır bombalamasındaki şaşırtmaca
12 Eylül 2006 tarihinde, Diyarbakır Koşuyolu Parkı'nın ihata duvarı dibine 12 litrelik su termosu içine yerleştirilen A-4 tipi bombanın telsiz düzeneğiyle patlatılması sonucu 7'si çocuk 10 kişi öldü, 16 kişi de yaralandı. Patlamanın ardından Türk İntikam Tugayı'na ait bir İnternet sitesinde bombanın fotoğrafları ortaya çıktığı iddia edildi.

Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü yapılan araştırmalar neticesinde, kullanılan bomba düzeneğinin PKK tarafından daha önce Diyarbakır'da dört ayrı eylemde kullanıldığını tespit etti. Ancak internetteki bir site aracılığı ile eylemi üslenen grubun Türk İntikam Tugayı olması kafaları karıştırdı ve araştırmalar bu yönde derinleştirildi. Yapılan araştırmaların sonucunda eylemin failleri yakalanarak adalet karşısına çıkarıldı. Ancak yine de aksi açıklanmadı. BBC daha sonra saldırının TAK tarafından üstlenildiğini rapor etti.

Ele geçirilen örgüt üyeleri
1979'da, polis Mersin'de Cengiz Ayhan isimli bir adamı TİT'in lideri olduğu gerekçesiyle tutukladı. Ayhan suçlamaları reddetti ve kendisinin Türkiye'deki solcu gruplara karşı olması nedeniyle yanlış olarak suçlandığını iddia etti.

Kendisini TİT üyesi olarak tanıtan ve "Veli Küçük paşanın emriyle hareket ediyorum" dediği polis tarafından saptanan Vatan Bölükbaşı adlı bir kişi, Ergenekon örgütüne yönelik operasyonlarda tutuklandı.

Kaynakça

Konuyla ilgili yayınlar
 Necdet Pekmezci ve Nurşen Büyükyıldız, Ülkücüler: Öteki Devletin Şehitleri, Kaynak Yayınları, 1999, ISBN 979-975-343-277-0
 Aytekin Gezici, Ergenekon: Çelik Çekirdek'ten Susurluk'a, Sauna Çetesi'nden Türk İntikam Tugayı'na, Karakutu Yayınları, 2008, ISBN 978-9944-71-439-6

Dış bağlantılar
 Ergenekon'un tetikçisi Türk İntikam Tugayı mı?, Radikal, 23 Temmuz 2008

Derin devlet
Milis gruplar
Gizli örgütler
Ergenekon davası
Düzensiz ordular

Türk İntikam Tugayı


Edwin John Prévost (né le  à Hitchin dans l'Hertfordshire) est un percussionniste anglais qui a fondé le groupe d'improvisation AMM.

Biographie
Élevé dans le quartier londonien de Bermondsey, il obtient une bourse d'État pour étudier à Addey and Stanhope Grammar School, Deptford, où les cours de musique se limitent au chant et à l'appréciation de la musique classique. Adolescent Prévost travaille à temps partiel après l'école et peut ainsi s'acheter sa première caisse claire. Il quitte l'école à 16 ans et joue dans divers groupes de jazz. C'est avec l'un de ces groupes qu'il rencontre le trompettiste David Ware avec qui il partage une passion pour le jazz hard bop. Au début de la vingtaine, ils forment un quintette de jazz moderne qui comprend Lou Gare.

AMM est co-fondé en 1965 avec Lou Gare et Keith Rowe. Ils sont bientôt rejoints par Lawrence Sheaff et par le compositeur Cornelius Cardew. Par la suite, Cardew, Gare, Prévost et Rowe restent à la base de l'ensemble jusqu'à ce que le groupe se fracture en 1972. D'autres musiciens entrent dans les rangs de l'AMM après le départ de Cardew. Ceux qui apportent des contributions significatives sont le violoncelliste Rohan de Saram et le pianiste John Tilbury. Ce dernier est un ami de Cardew et devient plus tard son biographe.

Cependant, la batterie doit passer au second plan dans la production musicale de Prévost. Hormis de rares sorties musicales, il ne se réengage plus pleinement dans la batterie jazz. Bien que, continuant à jouer des percussions, un projet aux accents jazz avec Seymour Wright et Ross Lambert dans un ensemble appelé SUM est le précurseur d'une période plus consacrée à la batterie.

AMM entretient une longue relation avec des œuvres particulières indéterminées et expérimentales, en particulier celles de Cardew. Ces pièces et d'autres de Christian Wolff et John Cage, étaient parfois jouées avec une improvisation. Certains organisateurs de concerts étaient plus intéressés par la diffusion de ces pièces que par la principale production musicale d'AMM. D'où l'ambivalence de Prévost quant à l'inclure dans les programmes de concerts. La recherche créative est détournée, dans de telles œuvres, conformément aux exigences de la notation ou du schéma de composition. Cela a inévitablement empêché le musicien "d'être au cœur de l'expérience".

Bien que les labels commerciaux aient manifesté un certain intérêt pour la nouvelle musique d'improvisation dès la fin des années 1960, cela s'avère ne pas être satisfaisant ni durable. Avec un certain nombre d'initiatives, Prévost cherche à prendre le contrôle de son propre travail en fondant sa propre maison pour publier sa musique et ses écrits. Matchless Recordings and Publishing est fondé en 1978. Les premières années, c'est un travail lent et laborieux, peu est produit et peu de ventes réalisées. Peu à peu cependant, les enregistrements de Matchless commencent à être la base de diffusion d'œuvres en développement. La plupart de la production d'AMM est présentée sur Matchless et cela s'est diversifié pour inclure d'autres artistes et groupes.

Au fil des ans, Prévost anime de nombreux ateliers de musique improvisée. Lors d'un séminaire qu'il dirige au Canada en 1999, Prévost écrit :"J'avais, bien sûr, déjà une longue expérience de l'improvisation et de la musique expérimentale, principalement grâce à ma participation à l'AMM et à ma collaboration étroite avec les compositeurs Cornelius Cardew et Christian Wolff. De cette expérience j'avais commencé une hypothèse de travail dans mon livre 'No Sound is Innocent'. Cependant, il y a toujours plus à découvrir. Au cours de mon long vol à travers l'Atlantique, j'ai eu l'intuition qu'il était possible d'en savoir plus. Non pas par l'introspection, si elle est rationnelle, mais, par la découverte ou l'expérimentation : la praxis. Aucune théorie ne vaut si elle n'est pas entièrement testée. Par conséquent, en novembre 1999, j'ai fait savoir qu'un atelier d'improvisation gratuit commencerait chaque semaine dans une salle du Community Music Centre de Londres. Le premier vendredi soir arriva. La chambre était disponible justement parce que personne ne l'a jamais louée un vendredi ! J'ai attendu."Depuis lors, l'atelier s'est poursuivi chaque semaine et il y règne une forte ambiance collégiale. Comme espéré et anticipé, la présence continue de Prévost n'est plus nécessaire. Cette activité est complétée par des forums de discussion occasionnels et aussi occasionnellement de l'expérimentation musicale en atelier collectif.

Liens externes

Percussionniste britannique
Batteur britannique de jazz
Musicien de free jazz
Musicien expérimental britannique
Naissance en juin 1942
Naissance à Hitchin

Eddie Prévost


An Limnophyton obtusifolium in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl von Linné, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel. An Limnophyton obtusifolium in nahilalakip ha genus nga Limnophyton, ngan familia nga Alismataceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo diri gud kababarak-an. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Limnophyton

Limnophyton obtusifolium


Atalah ist der Familienname folgender Personen:
 Jorge Atalah (* 1968), chilenischer Sportschütze
 Nicolas Atalah (* 1938), chilenischer Sportschütze

Siehe auch:
 Atallah
 Atala

Atalah


Menorah en flammes est une sculpture créée en 1997 par le sculpteur  pour commémorer la Shoah à Thessalonique, ville grecque où la communauté juive, la plus importante des Balkans, a été presque totalement exterminée.

La sculpture, initialement installée en périphérie, est implantée depuis 2006 sur la place Eleftherías où a eu lieu en 1942 une rafle de  hommes juifs.

Il s'agit du premier mémorial de la Shoah situé dans l'espace public en Grèce et son installation marque un changement d'attitude des autorités grecques à ce sujet après un demi-siècle de silence. Le monument est régulièrement vandalisé.

Description
Cette sculpture d'environ  de hauteur, moulée en bronze, représente une menorah, chandelier qui est l'un des symboles du judaïsme. Vu de loin, le mémorial ressemble à un arbre mais lorsque l'on s'en approche, on peut distinguer le candélabre dont les sept branches symbolisent des corps se transformant en flammes.

Histoire

Projet
Dès les années 50, la communauté juive a demandé l'érection d'un monument commémorant la Shoah sur la place Eleftherías où s'est déroulée, samedi 11 juillet 1942, une rafle au cours de laquelle  hommes juifs ont été forcés d'accomplir des exercices physiques humiliants sous un soleil de plomb avant d'être, pour certains d'entre-eux, envoyés aux travaux forcés.

En 1954, la communauté juive effectue une première demande auprès de la municipalité, elle est rejetée. Chaque nouveau conseil élu de la communauté juive réitère la demande au fil des décennies.

Un premier monument commémorant la Shoah à Salonique est érigé en avril 1962, dans le nouveau cimetière juif, aux frais de la communauté. Il est excentré et très peu connu en dehors de la communauté juive.

Les responsables communautaires entreprennent en 1996 un nouvel effort  afin de faire construire un mémorial dans l'espace public. Andreas Sefihas, porte-parole de la communauté, voyage aux États-Unis pour y rencontrer des représentants de la diaspora juive grecque et des diplomates. En effet plusieurs journaux américains ont publié des articles sur l'absence de monuments commémorant la Shoah en Grèce. Le contexte politique en Grèce aide à la réalisation du projet. Le premier-ministre Andréas Papandréou, jusqu'alors très proche de l'OLP, souhaite se rapprocher d'Israël et des États-Unis afin d'obtenir gain de cause dans un conflit territorial opposant Grèce et Turquie à Imia, un îlot du Dodécanèse. Par ailleurs, Thessalonique a été désignée capitale européenne de la culture pour l'année 1997, ce qui incite le gouvernement grec à mettre en valeur son patrimoine.

Le ministre de la culture Evángelos Venizélos annonce en 1996 l'ouverture d'un concours pour le design du mémorial. Aucune des candidatures n'est acceptée et la communauté juive se tourne alors vers , artiste serbe, survivant de la Shoah, ayant perdu une grande partie de sa famille à Auschwitz. Il a déjà créÉ des mémoriaux à Dachau, à Belgrade, en Bosnie-Herzégovine et au Yad Vashem. Nandor Glid décède en mars 1997 et c'est son fils, , qui achève l'œuvre.

Le mémorial est entièrement financé par l'État grec. Il s'agit alors du premier monument commémorant la Shoah dans l'espace public grec.

Inauguration
La communauté souhaite que la statue soit installée sur la place Eleftherías, importante dans la mémoire juive locale. Cependant la proposition est rejetée par la municipalité qui décide d'installer la Menorah en flammes à l'angle de la rue Papanastasiou et de la voie rapide Egnatia (). Cette zone correspond à un ancien quartier juif d'avant la Guerre mais est de nos jours une banlieue excentrée.

La cérémonie d'inauguration est organisée sur deux jours les 23 et 24 novembre 1997, en présence du premier ministre Konstantínos Simítis, ministre de la culture et de personnalités venues des États-Unis, d'Israël et d'Europe. Elle prend des accents nationalistes de célébration de la culture grecque, il y est peu fait mention de la Shoah en Grèce et du passé juif de Salonique.

Déplacement place Eleftherías

En 2006, un parking souterrain est construit sur le site où est installée la menorah, ce qui nécessite un déplacement temporaire de l'œuvre. Les représentants de la communauté juive réitèrent alors leur demande de la relocaliser place Eleftherías. À leur surprise, le maire Vasílios Papayeorgópoulos accepte. Cette décision est à replacer dans le contexte des relations internationales entre la Grèce et Israël qui connaissent à cette époque une embellie liée entre autres à la découverte de gaz à la limite des frontières maritimes de la Grèce, de Chypre et d'Israël. Lors de sa visite officielle en Grèce en , la première d'un président israélien dans ce pays, Moshe Katsav visite le mémorial nouvellement installé sur la place. Une plaque rappelant cette visite est visible sur le socle de la sculpture.

En 2013, le maire Yiánnis Boutáris annonce vouloir mettre en valeur la menorah en la recentrant sur la place. En effet elle a été placée depuis 2006 à une extrémité, environnée d'espaces de stationnement et de rues bruyantes. Son opposition au conseil municipal s'oppose cependant au changement, arguant que le déplacement entrainerait une perte de places de stationnement. Des discussions ultérieures font émerger un consensus pour la rénovation de la place mais le conseil continue à s'opposer à la demande de Boutáris de mettre en avant l'histoire juive, soulignant que la place doit représenter tous les aspects de l'histoire municipale, dont le passé byzantin. Le projet de rénovation de la place finalement choisi ne prévoit pas de modifier l'emplacement du mémorial ni de le mettre en valeur.

Vandalismes

La Menorah en flammes a été vandalisée à plusieurs reprises, par des mouvements d'extrême-gauche et d'extrême-droite.

Juste après l'inauguration, en 1997, des militants d'extrême droite, dont des membres de l'organisation néo-nazie Aube dorée, taguent la menorah, ils écrivent . En juillet 2000 et avril 2003, des néo-nazis vandalisent encore la sculpture, y taguant des symboles nazis. Cette attaque incite la communauté juive et les autorités grecques à mettre en place une « journée nationale de la mémoire des héros juifs grecs et des martyrs de la Shoah » qui a lieu tous les ans depuis 2004.

Le , une importante manifestation anti-impérialiste est organisée par plusieurs organisations proches ou affiliées au parti communiste de Grèce pour dénoncer les actions d'Israël dans la guerre du Liban. La fédération syndicale PAME y tient une place prédominante. Afin de  ainsi que le formule le journal communiste Rizospastis, des militants rompent le cordon policier et déposent aux pieds du monuments des photos d'enfants palestiniens et libanais morts.

En 2018 la menorah est recouverte par quatre fois de graffitis antisémites.

Voir aussi

 Mémoire de la Shoah
 Shoah en Grèce
 Histoire des Juifs à Salonique
 Place Eleftherías
 Rafle de la place Eleftherías en 1942
 Mémorial de l'ancien cimetière juif de Salonique

Références

Culture à Thessalonique
Histoire des Juifs à Thessalonique
Shoah en Grèce
Mémoire de la Shoah

Menorah en flammes (Thessalonique)


Crazy Frog Racer est un jeu vidéo exclusivement européen et australien développé par Neko Entertainment et édité par Digital Jesters. Un an plus tard, en 2006, une suite est sortie, intitulée Crazy Frog Racer 2.

Système de jeu
Les joueurs font la course en tant que Crazy Frog, un personnage animé.

Réception
Crazy Frog Racer a reçu des critiques généralement défavorables avec un score global de 28% par GameRankings pour la sortie PlayStation 2.

Références

Jeu vidéo développé en France
Jeu Windows
Jeu Game Boy Advance
Jeu Nintendo DS
Jeu PlayStation 2
Jeu vidéo sorti en 2005
Jeu Neko Entertainment
Jeu vidéo de course

Crazy Frog Racer


Avengers: Endgame é o quarto filme dos Vingadores e o vigésimo segundo filme do Universo Cinematográfico Marvel (UCM), lançado sete anos após o primeiro filme dos Avengers e onze anos após o primeiro filme do UCM. Dirigido por Anthony e Joe Russo, o filme apresenta um ensemble cast de atores reprisando seus papéis de filmes anteriores do UCM.

Endgame foi lançado em abril de 2019 e quebrou vários recordes de bilheteria em vários mercados. Em todo o mundo, ele estabeleceu o recorde de filme de maior bilheteria de todos os tempos, a maior arrecadação de fim de semana de abertura, e a arrecadação cumulativa mais rápida de 2,5 bilhões de dólares. Em seu mercado doméstico dos Estados Unidos e Canadá, bateu recordes para o fim de semana de abertura de maior bilheteria, dia único, sexta-feira, sábado, e domingo, bem como o faturamento acumulado mais rápido chega a 650 milhões de dólares. Em outros lugares, tornou-se o filme de maior bilheteria de todos os tempos em vários mercados, incluindo Brasil, Chile e Tailândia, estabeleceu o recorde de maior bilheteria de abertura em mais de 40 mercados, incluindo Austrália, Brasil, China, Egito, México, e Reino Unido, e estabeleceu vários recordes de IMAX em 50 mercados diferentes em todos os seis continentes habitáveis. Muitos dos recordes do filme estão listados abaixo. Os dados sobre o recorde anterior e os recordes que já foram ultrapassados são apresentados quando disponíveis e aplicáveis. Todas as receitas brutas são expressas em dólares americanos não ajustados, exceto onde indicado de outra forma.

Mundialmente
Em todo o mundo, Endgame arrecadou mais rápido do que qualquer filme já lançado. Ele também estabeleceu recordes para o fim de semana de abertura de maior bilheteria no total, bem como nos formatos IMAX e 3D.

Estados Unidos e Canadá

Em seu mercado doméstico dos Estados Unidos e Canadá, Endgame bateu recordes de final de semana de estreia de maior arrecadação, e arrecadação acumulada mais rápida de US$ 650 milhões. Ele também bateu vários recordes em um único dia e teve a maior abertura de lançamento até hoje.

Outros territórios
O filme se tornou a maior bilheteria em vários mercados da América do Sul e da Ásia. Também estabeleceu vários recordes de abertura em mais de 50 mercados em todos os seis continentes (sem contar a Antártida). Dados sobre números precisos, detentores de recordes anteriores e recordes superados são limitados devido à ausência de rastreadores de recordes de bilheteria para esses mercados.

Ver também
 Lista de recordes de bilheteria estabelecidos por Avengers: Infinity War
 Lista de filmes de maior bilheteria
 Lista de filmes de super-heróis de maior bilheteria

Filmes em língua inglesa
Os Vingadores

Lista de recordes de bilheteria estabelecidos por Avengers: Endgame


Bradybaenus es un  género de coleópteros adéfagos de la familia Carabidae.

Especies
Comprende las siguientes especies:

 Bradybaenus cephalotes Basilewsky
 Bradybaenus czeppeli Facchini & Sciaky, 2004
 Bradybaenus festivus Dejean, 1828
 Bradybaenus halli Basilewsky, 1946
 Bradybaenus neavei Basilewsky, 1946
 Bradybaenus obscurus Basilewsky, 1984
 Bradybaenus opulentus Boheman, 1848
 Bradybaenus oxyomus Chaudoir, 1843
 Bradybaenus periphanus Basilewsky, 1951
 Bradybaenus perrieri Jeannel, 1948
 Bradybaenus plumbeus Basilewsky, 1948
 Bradybaenus puncticollis Burgeon, 1936
 Bradybaenus robustus Facchini & Sciaky, 2004
 Bradybaenus scalaris Olivier, 1808

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Bradybaenus en ION
 Nomenclator Zoologicus
 Carabidae of the World

Bradybaenina

Bradybaenus


Office Noise er en animationsfilm instrueret af Torben Søttrup, Lærke Enemark, Karsten Madsen, Mads Herman Johansen efter manuskript af Torben Søttrup.

Handling
Når forskellige personligheder støder sammen på kontoret.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2008

Animationsfilm fra Danmark

Office Noise


පුර එකොළොස්වක, යනු චන්ද්‍ර මාසයක පුර පක්‍ෂයේ වන තිථියක් වෙයි.

පුර එකොළොස්වක යනු සිංහල මාස ක්‍රමයේ දී මාසයේ එකොළොස්වන (11) තිථිය යි. එසේම මෙය පුර දසවක තිථියට පසු සහ පුර දොළොස්වක තිථියට පෙර තිථිය වෙයි.

මූලාශ්‍ර

සිංහල මාස
චන්ද්‍ර මාසයක පුර පක්‍ෂයේ දින

පුර එකොළොස්වක


En mathématiques, la mesure de Mahler est une mesure de la complexité des polynômes. Elle porte le nom de Kurt Mahler (1903–1988) et était à l'origine utilisée dans la recherche de grands nombres premiers. En raison de la connexion à des valeurs particulières des fonctions L, elle fait l'objet de nombreuses conjectures en théorie analytique des nombres .

Définition
La mesure de Mahler  d'un polynôme  à coefficients réels ou complexes est par définition :

où

est la norme  de . A l'aide de la formule de Jensen, on peut montrer que pour la factorisation :

on obtient l'expression :

 .

La mesure de Mahler logarithmique d'un polynôme est définie comme

  .

La mesure de Mahler d'un nombre algébrique  est définie comme la mesure de Mahler du polynôme minimal de  sur .

Propriétés

 La mesure de Mahler est multiplicative, c'est-à-dire :
 Pour les  polynômes cyclotomiques et leurs produits, on a   .
 Théorème de Kronecker : Si  un polynôme unitaire irréductible à coefficients entiers et  , alors soit  , soit  est un polynôme cyclotomique.
 La  stipule qu'il existe une constante  telle que tout polynôme irréductible  à coefficients entiers est soit cyclotomique soit vérifie  .
 La mesure de Mahler d'un polynôme unitaire à coefficients entiers est un nombre de Perron .

Valeurs spéciales des fonctions L
Il existe de nombreuses relations, en partie conjecturées et en partie également prouvées, entre les mesures de Mahler (logarithmiques) des polynômes et des valeurs partiulières des fonctions L .

Historiquement, le premier exemple est la formule de Smyth

où

  .

Une conjecture de Ted Chinburg affirme que, pour tout entier positif  , il existe un polynôme de Laurent  et un nombre rationnel  tel que

où

est le discriminant du caractère .

Une approche qui remonte à  consiste à représenter les mesures logarithmiques de Mahler d'une certaine classe de polynômes comme des combinaisons linéaires rationnelles de valeurs du dilogarithme de Bloch-Wigner d'arguments algébriques, et de mettre ces valeurs à leur tour en relation avec le volume d'une variété hyperbolique, et en les reliant à des valeurs spécifiques de fonctions zêta via le théorème de Borel.

Mesure de Mahler pour les polynômes de plusieurs variables
La mesure de Mahler  d'un polynôme  est défini de manière analogue par la formule

On peut montrer que  converge .

Pour , soit

Alors on a :

Bibliographie

 .
 .

 .
 .
 .
 . — Réimpression dans la collection Modern Birkhäuser Classics, Birkhäuser , xviii + 310 p. (2011).

 .
 .
 .
 .
 .

Notes et références

Liens externes

Théorie analytique des nombres

Mesure de Mahler


ماركو غراسي (لاعب كرة قدم) .
 ماركو غراسي (رسام ايطالي) .

صفحات توضيح أشخاص

ماركو غراسي (توضيح)


Johan(n) Christian Kitzling (Kiszling) (født ca. 1748 i Sachsen, død 10. august 1816 i Kalundborg) var en dansk arkitekt.

Johan Christian Kitzling virkede som tømrermester i Kalundborg, hvor han også døde og er begravet. Meget lidt vides om hans liv, men i årene 1782-84 opførte han en ny hovedbygning på Svenstrup for vicelandsdommer Jens Bruun de Neergaard. Svenstrup er udformet som et trefløjet anlæg opført med ydermure i mursten, der er pudsede og kalkede i en hvidlig-lysegul farve, og beklædt med sandstensudsmykninger omkring hovedportal og vinduer. Hovedfløjen har en midtrisalit med attika, vaser og slægtens våben udført i sandsten og modelleret over Nicolas-Henri Jardins forbilleder.

Det er tvivlsomt, om Kitzling selv kan have tegnet kompositionen til herregården, da alle periodens øvrige klassicistiske herregårde blev tegnet af håndværkere eller bygmestre, som havde frekventeret Kunstakademiet og lært af Jardin ellers C.F. Harsdorff. Enten savnes der oplysninger om hans uddannelse, eller også må han have samarbejdet med andre om udformningen af Svenstrup.

Han var gift med Anna Hedvig Blænmers (født ca. 1750, død 27. marts 1824 i Kalundborg).

Kilder og eksterne henvisninger

Arkitekter fra Danmark
Tømrere fra Danmark
Danskere i 1700-tallet
Klassicistiske arkitekter
Personer fra Sachsen

Johan Christian Kitzling


"See You Again" este un cântec înregistrat de rapper-ul american Wiz Khalifa alături de cântărețul american Charlie Puth. Acesta a fost făcut pentru soundtrack-ul filmului de acțiune din 2015 Furious 7 ca un tribut în memoria lui Paul Walker, care a murit într-un accident de mașină pe 30 noiembrie 2013 în Valencia, California. Artiștii au scris cântecul alături de producători, DJ Frank E și Andrew Cedar, cu producție adițională din partea lui Puth și mixing asigurat de Manny Marroquin. "See You Again" a fost lansată pe 10 martie 2015, ca single-ul principal al soundtrack-ului în Statele Unite.

"See You Again" a fost un succes comercial global, devenind cel mai mare single de până acum atât al lui Khalifa cât și al lui Puth. A petrecut 12 săptămâni non-consecutive pe prima poziție în SUA în Billboard Hot 100, egalând "Lose Yourself" al lui Eminem și "Boom Boom Pow" al celor de la Black Eyed Peas pentru cea mai lungă perioadă a unui single rap pe prima poziție în țară, și a fost pe prima poziție în UK Singles Chart pentru două săptămâni consecutive. De asemenea a ajuns pe prima poziție în multe alte țări incluzând Australia, Austria, Canada, Germania, Irlanda, Noua Zeelandă și Elveția. Cântecul deține recordul pentru cele mai multe ascultări într-o singură zi pe Spotify în Statele Unite. A stabilit recordul pentru cele mai multe ascultări într-o săptămână în lume, și, de asemenea în Marea Britanie. Pe 7 octombrie 2015, videoclipul a devenit primul cântec hip-hop care ajunge la 1 miliard de vizualizări pe YouTube, și pe 3 septembrie 2016, a devenit primul cântec hip-hop care ajunge la 2 miliarde de vizualizări, cât și al doilea videoclip din toate timpurile să facă asta după "Gangnam Style" al lui PSY. "See You Again" a primit trei nominalizări la a 58-a ediție a Premiilor Grammy: Song of the Year, Best Pop Duo/Group Performance and Best Song Written for Visual Media. A ajuns și pe lista nominalizărilor pentru Song of the Year la BBC Music Awards și pentru Globul de Aur pentru cea mai bună melodie originală la a 73-a ediție a Globurilor de Aur. "See You Again" a fost cântecul cu cele mai multe vânzări din 2015 în lume, cu vânzări totale de până la 20,9 milioane de unități conform IFPI.

Compunere și desfășurare
"See You Again" a fost scris de DJ Frank E, Charlie Puth, Wiz Khalifa, și Andrew Cedar. A fost produs de DJ Frank E, Charlie Puth și Andrew Cedar. Frank E și Puth au fost abordați de către compania lor de publicare, Artist Publishing Group, pentru a crea o melodie care să fie un tribut în memoria lui Paul Walker pentru filmul Furious 7 (2015). Președintele companiei de publicare, Ben Maddahi,  a fixat apoi o primă sesiune de studio pentru Puth cu DJ Frank E la un studio în Los Angeles.

Puth a devenit atașat emoțional în timpul compunerii cântecului, amintindu-și de un prieten de-al său care a murit de asemenea într-un accident de mașină. La început el era ezitant că label-ul soundtrack-ului filmului, Atlantic Records, va alege vocea lui pentru melodie. Într-un interviu cu Los Angeles Times, Puth își amintea: "Pur și simplu a părut să apară de nicăieri. Și practic 10 minute mai târziu Justin și cu mine l-am scris, l-am trimis, și am crezut că n-o să mai auzim de el niciodată". Producția sesiunii lui Puth și DJ Frank E a fost bine primită de producătorii Furious 7, Universal Pictures și Atlantic. Drept rezultat, cântecului i-au fost adăugate versuri rap din partea lui Khalifa bazate pe subiectul familiei, combinate cu vocea lui Puth și un pian. Cântecul a trecut apoi printr-un proces intens de editare și producție. Puth e de părere că vocea sa a fost aleasă de Atlantic datorită atașamentului său emoțional față de tema melodiei.

Cântecul a fost ales pentru redare la sfârșitul filmului. După retragerea lui O'Conner el este trimis să stea cu soția și familia, personajele Brian O'Conner și Dominic Toretto conduc pe un drum de munte și o iau pe drumuri diferite în momentul în care ajung la o bifurcație.

Videoclip
Videoclipul pentru "See You Again" a fost regizat de Marc Klasfeld. A fost încărcat pe YouTube pe 6 aprilie 2015.

Videoclipul începe cu o scenă a unei stânci la apus, urmată de Khalifa mergând pe o autostradă; Puth apare apoi cântând refrenul în timp ce stă, și cântă, la un pian localizat între două mașini. Versurile rap ale lui Khalifa și Puth cântând al doilea refren și bridge-ul sunt amestecate cu imagini din Furious 7. După bridge, vedem scena finală a filmului: Dominic Toretto (Vin Diesel) și Brian O'Conner (Cody Walker, în locul fratelui său, Paul), conducând împreună, în mașinile lor și zâmbesc unul la celălalt pentru ultima dată înainte de a conduce pe drumuri separate la apus. În timp ce camera de filmat se ridică în cer, apare un mesaj "For Paul" ("Pentru Paul") și videoclipul se termină.

Începând cu 3 septembrie 2016, videoclipul a obținut peste 2 miliarde de vizualizări, fiind al doilea most-viewed video of all time, după "Gangnam Style" al lui PSY. În plus, "See You Again" este al patrulea cel mai rapid videoclip ce ajunge la un miliard de vizualizări pe site, reușind acest lucru în 185 de zile, după "Gangnam Style" (159 de zile), "Sorry" al lui Justin Bieber (137) și "Hello" al lui Adele (88). A primit peste 11,29 milioane de like-uri și 332.000 dislike-uri începând cu 3 septembrie 2016. Videoclipul este de asemenea al doilea care ajunge la 10 milioane de like-uri; singurele videoclipuri care mai au peste 10 milioane de like-uri sunt "Gangnam Style" și "Hello". The video was nominated for Best Hip-Hop Video and Best Collaboration at the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards, but lost both. On 27 august 2016, the music video succeeded "Gangnam Style" as the most liked YouTube video of all time, after "Gangnam Style" held the record for almost 4 years; however, "Gangnam Style" remains the most rated video of all time, with over 1.57 million dislikes.

On 3 septembrie 2016, the video became the 2nd YouTube video to reach 2 billion views.

Pe 3 septembrie 2016, videoul a ajuns pe locul 2 din perspectiva vizualizarilor stranse pe Youtube.

Pe 10 iulie 2017, "See You Again" devine pentru prima data cel mai vizualizat videoclip muzical de pe Youtube.

Referințe

See You Again (cântec de Wiz Khalifa)


ජය් ජොවාන් ජය් කිසාන් (සිංහල: සොල්දාදුවාට ජය වේවා, ගොවියාට ජය වේවා) යනු, 1965 වසරෙහිදී දිල්ලියේ, රාම්ලීලා මැදාන් හිදී පැවැති මහජන රැස්වීමකදී, ඉන්දියානු අග්‍රාමාත්‍ය  ලාල් බහාදූර් ශාස්ත්‍රී විසින් ඉන්දියාව වෙත ලබා දුන් උද්‍යෝග පාඨයයකි. එහි අර්ථය වූයේ,  සොල්දාදුවාට ජය වේවා සහ ගොවියාට ජය වේවා යන්නයි.

ආශ්‍රිත

ජය් ජොවාන් ජය් කිසාන්


Giancarlo Maria Bregantini CSS (* 28. September 1948 in Denno) ist Erzbischof von Campobasso-Boiano.

Leben
Giancarlo Maria Bregantini trat der Ordensgemeinschaft der Stigmatiner bei, legte am 13. Juni 1974 die Profess ab und empfing am 1. Juli 1978 die Priesterweihe.

Papst Johannes Paul II. ernannte ihn am 12. Februar 1994 zum Bischof von Locri-Gerace und er wurde am 7. Mai desselben Jahres in das Amt eingeführt. Der Erzbischof von Crotone-Santa Severina, Giuseppe Agostino, spendete ihm am 7. April desselben Jahres die Bischofsweihe; Mitkonsekratoren waren Vittorio Luigi Mondello, Erzbischof von Reggio Calabria-Bova, und Giovanni Maria Sartori, Erzbischof von Trient.

Als Wahlspruchlspruch wählte er Dominus meus et Deus meus. Am 8. November 2007 wurde er von Papst Benedikt XVI. zum Erzbischof von Campobasso-Boiano ernannt und am 20. Januar des nächsten Jahres in das Amt eingeführt.

Giancarlo Bregantini, der auch als Kritiker der Mafia bekannt ist, verfasste die Texte für die 14 Stationen des Kreuzwegs, den Papst Franziskus am Karfreitag 2014 im Kolosseum betete.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Römisch-katholischer Bischof (20. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Bischof (21. Jahrhundert)
Stigmatiner
Italiener
Geboren 1948
Mann

Giancarlo Maria Bregantini


أمن الإنترنت  عندما يتصل الكمبيوتر لديك بالشبكة ويبدأ التواصل مع الآخرين،
والخطر هنا يشمل الضرر المتأتي على الإنسان من سرقة معلومة أو نشر معلومة أو أي كان ذا الضرر. المجازى شرعيا أو أخلاقيا. ومن هنا يأتي دور الحماية، بكل أشكالها. كما أن طرق الاختراق كثيرة فإن طرق الحماية أيضا كثيرة وتأتي من الاحتمالات المتوقعة من بعض الهكر. وكما تأتي الحماية من بعض برامج الحماية، تأتي معها ملفات خبيثة، يتم استقلالها من طرف مبرمجين يديرون تصرفها عكس ماهي مكتوبة لها أصلا، والحماية في الأنترنت محصورة كلها في البرامج  أي لا دخل للهاردوير  في شأنها. إلا إذا كان الهاردوير Hardware فيه حماية خاصة، يأتي اختراق من طرف أخر يمسى بـ هكر يحمل نفس الهاردوير.
وبما أن البرامج تكتب كلها بلغة الكبيوتر سواء كانت هذه اللغة فردية أو لغة تجميع، أو لغة رقاقة معينه، فإن المعالج أو الرقاقة هي من تحلل مادة هذه اللغة، بمعطيات أصحاب الرقاقات، فنادر ما يتم كشف اختراق هكر يستخدم رقاقة معينه لاختراق معين.

المصطلحات

الأمن

يعني أمن المعلومات إبقاء معلوماتك تحت سيطرتك المباشرة والكاملة، أي بمعنى عدم إمكانية الوصول لها من قبل أي شخص آخر دون إذن منك، وان تكون على علم بالمخاطر المترتبة عن السماح لشخص ما بالوصول إلى معلوماتك الخاصة.
أنت بالتأكيد لا ترغب أن يكون للآخرين مدخلاً لمعلوماتك الخاصة. ومن الواضح أن معظم الأشخاص يرغبون في الحفاظ على خصوصية معلوماتهم الحساسة مثل كلمات المرور ومعلومات البطاقة الائتمانية وعدم تمكن الآخرين من الوصول إليها، والكثير من الأشخاص لا يدركون بأن بعض المعلومات التي قد تبدو تافهة أو لا معنى لها بالنسبة لهم فإنها قد تعني الكثير لأناس آخرين وخصوصاً إذا ما تم تجميعها مع أجزاء أخرى من المعلومات. فعلى سبيل المثال، يمكن للشركة الراغبة في الحصول على معلومات شخصية عنك للأغراض التسويقية أن تشتري هذه المعلومات من شخص يقوم بتجميعها من خلال الوصول إلى جهاز كمبيوترك بشكل غير شرعي.
ومن المهم كذلك أن تفهم أنك حتى ولو لم تقم بإعطاء معلوماتك لأي شخص عبر الإنترنت، فقد يتمكن بعض الأشخاص من الوصول إلى نظام الكمبيوتر لديك للحصول على المعلومات التي يحتاجونها دون علم أو إذن منك.

القوانين
تختلف القوانين من دولة عن أخرى حسب منظوماتها..! التشريعية والقانونية..!ولم يحدد بعد قانون عام لجميع الدول لأمن الأنترنت لكن هناك تعاملات إلاكترونية وتعاهدات إلاكترونية دولية بين بعض الدول لأن الدول تختلف من حيث المصادر في جيمع شؤونها لغويا وماديا وجغرافيا. المعترف به دوليا هو البروتوكولات الاتصالات.

العقوبات
تختلف العوقبات من دولة عن أخرى حسب منظوماتها..! التشريعية والقانونية..!ولم يحدد بعد قانون يحدد العقوبات لجيمع الدول لأمن الأنترنت لكن هناك تعاملات إلاكترونية وتعاهدات إلاكترونية دولية بين بعض الدول لأن الدول تختلف من حيث المصادر في جيمع شؤونها لغويا وماديا وجغرافيا، المعترف به دوليا هو البروتوكولات الاتصالات.

الإنترنت

الإنترنت أو الشبكة هو نظام ووسيلة اتصال من الشبكات الحاسوبية يصل ما بين حواسيب حول العالم ببروتوكول موحد هو بروتوكول إنترنت. تربط الإنترنت ما بين ملايين... بلغ عدد مستخدمي الإنترنت في العالم 1.319 مليار شخص في ديسمبر 2007 ، وتعد الصين أولى دول العالم في عدد مستخدمي الإنترنت الذين بلغ عددهم فيها 221 مليون شخص في شهر فبرابر 2008  ويرمز لها بـ (WWW) يعني الشبكة العالمية للإنترنت

التدابير الأمنية الأساسية

أمن الحاسوب

أولا أمن الحاسوب الذي يعطي ويأخذ المعلومات، سواء كان هذا الحاسوب شخصي أو حاسوب ضخمة لشركة معلومات ضخمة ومن ثم تأتي التدابير وتعني العمليات والعملية سواء كانت صغيرة لحاسوب صغير هي نفسها لحاسوب كبير تختلف فقط من حيث العمل على المعالج، والآليات الجماعية التي من خلالها تٌحمى المعلومات والخدمات الحساسة والقيمة من النشر، والعبث بها أو الانهيار الذي تسببه الأنشطة غير المأذون بها، وتشمل إفراغ مخزون البيانات الخاصة بالمستخدم العادي، من أثار التصفح وارتباطات الملفات لصفحات الإنترنت. وإفراغ عدة مجلدات أخرى كل بحسب النظام المستخدم له. ولأمثلة على ذلك كثيرة وتوجد عدة برامج تقوم بهذه العمليات آلياً، ولها عدة مسميات، أيضا، تغيير أذونات الملفات وعمل نسخ احتياطية للبيانات التي على الحاسوب.التي تحتوي على حماية كلمات السرهذا بالنسبة للمستخدم العادي، أما بالنسبة لأصحاب الشركات ذات الاهتمام بالشبكة فعادة ما يتم ذكر برامج خاصة بهم وكما ذكرنا يتم صنع رقاقات خاصة لوحدة معالجة معين.

الاختراق الإمني

الاختراق بشكل عام هو القدرة على الوصول لهدف معين بطريقة غير مشروعة عن طريق ثغرات في نظام الحماية الخاص بالهدف... وحينما نتكلم عن الاختراق بشكل عام فنقصد بذلك قدرة المخترق على الدخول إلى جهاز شخص ما بغض النظر عن الأضرار التي قد يحدثها، فحينما يستطيع الدخول إلى جهاز آخر فهو مخترق (Hacker) أما عندما يقوم بحذف ملف أو تشغيل آخر أو جلب ثالث فهو مخرب (Cracker).

الهكر

الهاكر هو الشخص المخترق أي الذي قام باختراق حاسوب ما أو شبكة ما، وهو الذي يقوم بإنشاء وتعديل البرمجيات والعتاد الحاسوبي. وقد أصبح هذا المصطلح ذا مغزى سلبي حيث صار يطلق على الشخص الذي يقوم باستغلال النظام من خلال الحصول على دخول غير مصرح به للأنظمة والقيام بعمليات غير مرغوب فيها وغير مشروعة. غير أن هذا المصطلح (هاكر) يمكن أن يطلق على الشخص الذي يستخدم مهاراته لتطوير برمجيات الكمبيوتر وإدارة أنظمة الكمبيوتر وما يتعلق بأمن الكمبيوتر.

مفهوم الفيروسات

الفيروس مفهومه هو عبارة عن أمر أو عدة أوامر يعطي معكوس أو أنتشار على ماهو مفهوم به الفيروس الخاص بالفيروسات الحية نفس الشء يفعله الفايروس بالنسبة للكمبيوتر أما أن يكون خبيث أو تجسس أو سارق أو مدمر

الخبيثة

هو الاسم الأكثر عمومية لأية برامج ضارة مصممة على سبيل المثال التسلل، تجسس على جهاز كمبيوتر أو تعريضه للتلف أو غيره من الأجهزة القابلة للبرمجة أو نظم معقدة، مثل نظام حاسوب المنزل أو المكتب والشبكات والهاتف المحمول والمساعد الشخصي الرقمي، الجهاز الآلي أو الروبوت.

الفيروسات

هي البرامج التي تكون قادرة على تكرار هيكلها أو التأثير من خلال دمج نفسها أو إشارات إلى نفسها، إلى الملفات أو الهياكل القائم عليها الحاسوب واختراقها. وعادة ما يكون لها أيضا حمولة خبيثة تهدف إلى تهديد أو تعديل إجراءات أو بيانات الجهاز المضيف أو النظام من دون موافقة. على سبيل المثال عن طريق حذف، إفساد أو باخفاء معلومات عن صاحبها.

مضادات الفيروسات

هي برامج ذات أوامر معين أحيانا تكون مضادة لجهات معين مثل الحاسوب الشخصي، وأحيانا أخرى تكون عامة للداخل والخارج من الإنترنت مثل أجهزة الخوادم والاستضافات، وعادة ما توظف مجموعة متنوعة من الاستراتيجيات. تشتمل على الفحص المستند على الكشف عن نماذج معروفة من البرمجيات الخبيثة في كود قابل للتنفيذ. "exe" ومع ذلك، فمن الممكن للمستخدم أن يكون مصابا ببرمجيات خبيثة جديدة، كما يمكنها أيضا التعرف على الفيروسات الجديدة، أو مختلف أشكال الفيروسات الموجودة بالبحث عن أكواد البرمجيات الخبيثة المعروفة (أو تكون هناك اختلافات طفيفة في هذا الكود) وفي الملفات، بعض برامج الحماية من الفيروسات أو مضادات الفيروسات ويمكنها التنبؤ بما سوف يقع إذا فتح الملف بمحاكاته وتحليله،

مكافحة التجسس

هناك نوعان من التهديدات الرئيسية بالنسبة لبرامج التجسس:
التجسس بجمع البيانات من الحاسوب إلى جانب طرف ثالث.
ادواري تلقائيا يشغل ويعرض، أو يحمل إعلانات. بعض أنواع ادواري هي أيضا برامج التجسس والتي يمكن تصنيفها على النحو البرمجيات الخصوصية الغازية. ادواري غالبا ما تكون متكاملة مع برامج أخرى.

انظر أيضا

 أمن الحاسوب
 برامج مكافحة الفيروسات
 maldet لاكتشاف الملفات الضارة في سيرفرات لينكس
 كاسبرسكي لاب
 أنظمة أمن الإنترنت في آي بي إم
 مركز أمن الإنترنت

المراجع

وصلات خارجية

 المسنجر وبناء الشبكات الافتراضية الخاصة لأمن الإنترنت—Anonyproz المسنجر تحجب عنوان بروتوكول الإنترنت عن طريق إرسال حركة المرور الخاصة بك عن طريق نفق مشفرة باستخدام المسنجر العملاء والملقمات. والثاني 30 - إعداد عميل والأداء الممتاز للالمسنجر يجعل Anonyproz.com يكون خيارا سهلا لالمسنجر تستند الشبكة الافتراضية الخاصة.
 اللاسلكية السلامة—حتى الآن معلومات عن آخر التهديدات الأمنية وكبار الأخبار، وخطوة خطوة من الدروس بشأن أفضل السبل لحماية نفسك وعائلتك أو المنظمة.
 تقارير ذات النطاق العريض—أسئلة وأجوبة والمنتديات على شبكة الإنترنت، الخ الأمن
 PasswordMaker وPwdHash—فايرفوكس & هاء ملحقات المستعرض الذي يحول بشفافية كلمة مرور المستخدم في المجال كلمة السر الخاصة.
 FoxyProxy—فايرفوكس التمديد الوكيل
 أمن الإنترنت—من كيركراده & Goio (برامج الأمن).
 شبكة الإنترنت، وأمن البيانات الدليل—الألف إلى الياء معجم المصطلحات

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