Vulkanoidi su hipotetska populacija asteroida koji orbitiraju oko Sunca u dinamički stabilnoj zoni unutar orbite planeta Merkura. Nazvani su po hipotetičkom planetu Vulkan, čije je postojanje osporeno 1915. godine pojavom opće teorije relativnosti. Do sada nisu otkriveni vulkanoidi, a još nije jasno postoje li uopće.

Ako postoje, vulkanoidi bi lako mogli izbjeći otkrivanje, jer bi bili vrlo mali i blizu sjajnog sunca. Zbog blizine Sunca, pretraživanja sa zemlje mogu se obavljati samo tijekom sumraka ili pomračenja Sunca. Svi vulkanoidi moraju biti veliki između 100 metrara i 6 kilometara u promjeru i vjerojatno se nalaze u gotovo kružnim orbitama u blizini vanjskog ruba gravitacijski stabilne zone.

Ako ih se pronađe, vulkanoidi mogu znanstvenicima pružiti materijal iz prvog razdoblja formiranja planeta, kao i uvid u uvjete koji su postojali u ranom Sunčevom sustavu. Iako je pronađeno da svaka druga gravitacijsko stabilna regija Sunčevog sustava sadrži objekte, negravitacijske sile (poput Yarkovskyevog efekta ) ili utjecaj planetne migracije u ranim fazama razvoja Sunčevog sustava možda su ispraznile ovo područje od bilo kojeg asteroida koji je možda bio tamo.

Povijest i promatranje
Nebeska tijela unutar orbite Merkura stoljećima se hipotezira i traži. Njemački astronom Christoph Scheiner smatrao je da je 1611. vidio mala tijela kako prolaze ispred Sunca, ali su se kasnije pokazala sunčanim pjegama. U 1850-ima, Urbain Le Verrier detaljno je izračunao Merkurovu orbitu i ustanovio malo odstupanje u zakretu perihela od predviđenih vrijednosti. Postulirao je da bi gravitacijski utjecaj malog planeta ili prstena asteroida unutar orbite Merkura objasnio odstupanje. Ubrzo nakon toga, amater astronom po imenu Edmond Lescarbault tvrdio je da je vidio predloženi Le Verrierov planet kako prolazi preko Suncem. Novi je planet brzo nazvan Vulkan, ali više nikada nije viđen, a anomalijsko ponašanje u Merkurovoj orbiti objašnjeno je Einsteinovom općom teorijom relativnosti 1915. godine. Vulkanoidi uzimaju svoje ime po ovoj hipotetskom planetu. Lescarbault je vjerojatno vidio još jednu sunčevu pjegu.

Vulkanoidi, ako postoje, su teško uočljivi zbog jakog svjetla obližnjeg Sunca, i zemaljska pretraživanja mogu se provesti samo u sumrak ili tijekom pomrčine Sunca U ranim 1900-ima provedeno je nekoliko pretraga za vrijeme pomrčina, koje nisu otkrile vulkanoide, a opažanja tijekom pomrčina ostaju uobičajena metoda pretraživanja. Konvencionalni teleskopi ne mogu se koristiti za njihovo traženje, jer obližnje Sunce može oštetiti njihovu optiku.

Godine 1998. astronomi su analizirali podatke iz SOHO-vog LASCO instrumenta, koji je komplet od tri koronagrafa. Podaci uzeti između siječnja i svibnja te godine nisu pokazali da su vulkanoidi svjetliji od magnitude 7. To odgovara promjeru od oko 60 kilometara, pod pretpostavkom da asteroidi imaju albedo sličan onome Merkura. Konkretno, isključen je veliki planetoid na udaljenosti od 0,18 AU, predviđen teorijom relativnosti skale.

Kasniji pokušaji otkrivanja vulkanoida koji su sudjelovali u uzimanju astronomske opreme iznad smetnji Zemljine atmosfere, do visina gdje je nebo tijekom sumraka tamnije i bistrije nego na tlu. Godine 2000. planetarni znanstvenik Alan Stern izvršio je istraživanja vulkanoidne zone pomoću špijunskog zrakoplova Lockheed U-2. Letovi su izvedeni na visini od 21,300 m tijekom sumraka. 2002. godine on i Dan Durda izvršili su slična promatranja na borbenom avionu F-18. Obavili su tri leta nad pustinjom Mojave na nadmorskoj visini od 15,000 m i obavio opažanja s Jugozapadnim univerzalnim sustavom za obradu slika.

Čak i na ovim visinama atmosfera je još uvijek prisutna i može ometati potragu za vulkanoidima. Godine 2004. pokušan je podorbitalni svemirski let kako bi se kamera postavila iznad Zemljine atmosfere. Raketa Black Brant lansirana je 16. siječnja iz White Sandasa u Novom Meksiku, noseći snažnu kameru pod nazivom VulCam, na desetominutnom letu. Ovaj let dosegao je nadmorsku visinu od 274,000 m i snimio preko 50.000 slika. Nijedna od slika nije sadržavala vulkanoide, ali bilo je tehničkih problema.

Pretrage NASA-inih podataka svemirskih letjelica STEREO nisu uspjele otkriti nijedan vulkanoidni asteroid. Dvojbeno je da postoje vulkanoidi veći od 5.7 kilometara u promjeru.

Svemirska sonda MESSENGER snimila je nekoliko slika vanjskih područja vulkanoidne zone; međutim, njezine su mogućnosti bile ograničene, jer su joj instrumenti morali biti usmjereni od Sunca svakovremeno kako bi se izbjegla šteta. Prije pada na Merkur 2015., međutim, MESSENGER nije uspio pružiti značajne dokaze o vulkanoidima.

Orbita
Vulkanoid je asteroid u stabilnoj orbiti s i manjom velikom poluosi od one od Merkura (tj. 0,387 AJ). To ne uključuje objekte poput blizusunčevih kometa, koji, iako imaju perihel unutar orbite Merkura, imaju daleko veće polu-glavne osi.

Smatra se da vulkanoidi postoje u gravitacijski stabilnom pojasu unutar orbite Merkura, na udaljenosti od 0,06 – 0,21 AJ od Sunca. Otkriveno je da sva ostala slično stabilna područja Sunčevog sustava sadrže objekte, iako su negravitacijske sile poput tlaka elektromagnetskog zračenja, Poynting-Robertsonovog povlačenja i Yarkovskyevog efekta možda iscrpili vulkanoidno područje. Ne može biti više od 300 – 900 vulkanoida većih od 1 kilometra u radijusu koji je preostao, ako ih ima. Istraživanje iz 2020. pokazalo je da je YORP efekt dovoljno jak da uništi hipotetičke vulkanoide u radijusu veličine čak 100 km u vremenskim razmjerima daleko manjim od dobi Sunčevog sustava; Otkriveno je da bi se postojani vulkanoidni asteroidi neprekidno vrtjeli zbog YORP efekts sve dok se oni rotacijski ne raspali na manja tijela, što se događa opetovano sve dok krhotine nisu dovoljno male da bi ih Yarkovsky efekt istisnuo iz vulkanoidne regije; to bi objasnilo zašto nisu primijećeni vulkanoidi. Gravitacijska stabilnost vulkanoidne zone dijelom je posljedica činjenice da postoji samo jedan susjedni planet. U tom pogledu može se usporediti s Kuiperovim pojasom.  Vanjski rub vulkanoidne zone je približno udaljen 0,21 AJ od Sunca. Objekti udaljeniji od ovoga nestabilni su zbog interakcije s Merkurom i mogli bi se upasti u orbite koje prelaze Merkurovu orbitu u vremenskim razmjerima od 100 milijuna godina. Unutarnji rub nije oštro definiran: predmeti bliži 0,06 AJ su posebno osjetljivi na Poynting-Robertsonovo povlačenje i Yarkovskyev efekt,  pa čak i na 0,09  AJ vulkanoidi bi imali temperaturu od 1.000 K ili više, što je dovoljno vruće da isparavanje stijena postane ograničavajući faktor u njihovom vijeku trajanja.

Najveći mogući volumen vulkanoidne zone vrlo je mali u odnosu na asteroidni pojas. Sudari između objekata u vulkanoidnoj zoni bili bi česti i visoko energični, te bi vodili ka uništavanju objekata. Najpovoljnije mjesto za vulkanoide vjerojatno je u kružnim orbitama u blizini vanjskog ruba vulkanoidne zone. Vulkanoidi vjerojatno neće imati nagib veći od oko 10° prema ekliptici. Merkurovi trojanci, asteroidi zarobljeni u Merkurovim Lagrangeovim točkama također su mogući.

Fizičke karakteristike
Bilo koji vulkanoidi koji postoje moraju biti relativno mali. Prethodna pretraživanja, posebno iz svemirskih letjelica STEREO, isključuju asteroide veće od 6 kilometara u promjeru. Minimalna veličina je oko 100 metara; čestice manje od 0,2 µm snažno odbijaju pritisak zračenja i predmete manje od 70 m bi bili povučeni u Sunce Poynting-Robertsonovim povlačenjem. Između ovih gornjih i donjih granica, populacija asteroida između 1 kilometra i 6 kilometara u promjeru se smatra mogućom. Bili bi dovoljno topli da bi isijavali crvenu svjetlost.

Smatra se da bi vulkanoidi bili vrlo bogati elementima s visokom talištem, poput željeza i nikla. Oni vjerojatno neće posjedovati regolit, jer se takav fragmentirani materijal brže zagrijava i hladi, a na njega utječe jači efekt Yarkovsky, nego čvrsta stijena. Vulkanoidi su vjerojatno slični Merkuru u boji i albedu a mogu sadržavati i materijal preostao iz najranijih faza formiranja Sunčevog sustava.

Postoje dokazi da je Merkur pogodio veliki objekt relativno kasno u svom razvoju, sudar koji je oduzeo veći dio Merkurove kore i plašta i objašnjavao bi tankost Merkurovog plašta u odnosu na plaštove drugih stjenovitih planeta. Ako se takav udar dogodio, velik dio rezultirajućeg krhotina još uvijek može stajati u orbiti oko Sunca u vulkanoidnoj zoni.

Značaj
Vulkanoidi, kao potpuno nova klasa nebeskih tijela, sami bi bili zanimljivi ali otkrivanje postojanja bi ili ne bi donijelo uvid u stvaranje i razvoj Sunčevog sustava. Ako postoje, mogli bi sadržavati materijal koji je preostao iz najranijeg razdoblja formiranja planeta, i pomoći u određivanju uvjeta pod kojima su se formirali stjenoviti planeti, posebno Merkur. Konkretno, ako su vulkanoidi postojali ili su postojali u prošlosti, oni bi predstavljali dodatnu populaciju udaraca koji nisu zahvatili nijedan drugi planet osim Merkura, čineći da površina tog planeta izgleda starija nego što zapravo jest. Ako se ustanovi da vulkanoidi ne postoje, to bi postavilo drugačija ograničenja formiranja planeta i sugeriralo da su u unutarnjem Sunčevom sustavu na djelu i drugi procesi, poput planetarne migracije koja čisti područje.

Vidi također

 Atira asteroidi
 Grupe malih planeta
 Blizusunčev komet
 Popis hipotetičkih objekata Sunčevog sustava
 Vulkan (hipotetički planet)

Izvori

Merkur

Vulkanoidi


Oluf Olsson (født 30. maj 1873 i København, død 25. juni 1947 i København) var en dansk gymnast, som deltog i de olympiske mellemlege 1906 samt de olympiske lege 1908 og 1912.

Ved de olympiske mellemlege 1906 i Athen var Olsson med på 18 mandsholdet, der vandt sølvmedalje i holdgymnastik. To år senere bestod holdet af 20 mand, der endte på fjerdepladsen i samme disciplin, mens han i 1912 ligeledes på et 20 mandshold var med til at vinde bronzemedalje i holdgymnastik efter frit system, Ved legene i 1906 med seks deltagende hold vandt Norge med 19,00 point, Danmark fik 18,00 point, mens det italienske hold fra Pistoja/Firenze på tredjepladsen fik 16,71 point. Ved legene i 1908 var der otte deltagende hold, og her sluttede Sverige, Norge og Finland foran Danmark. Det danske hold kæmpede i 1912 med fire andre om placeringerne, og her vandt Norge med 22,85 point foran Finland med 21,85 og Danmarks 21,25.

Referencer

Gymnaster fra Danmark
Deltagere for Danmark ved de olympiske mellemlege 1906
Deltagere for Danmark ved sommer-OL 1908
Deltagere for Danmark ved sommer-OL 1912
Olympiske sølvmedaljevindere fra Danmark
Olympiske bronzemedaljevindere fra Danmark

Oluf Olsson


تشير كلمة تُرْبَة راجحًا إلى الطبقة السطحية الهشة من الأرض. وقد تشير أيضًا إلى:

 مقبرة في بعض اللهجات.

مدن وأماكن

 تربة الباي: ضريح ملكي للبايات في تونس.

أحياء جيولوجيا
  وأنواعها:

تربة (توضيح)


La route régionale 756 () est une route régionale à Kokkola en Finlande.

Présentation
La seututie 685 est une route régionale d'Ostrobotnie centrale.
Elle relie la valtatie 8 à la zone industrielle d'Ykspihlaja et au port de Kokkola.

Références

Annexes

Liens externes

Articles connexes
 Seututie

756

Transport à Kokkola

Seututie 756


Kejsaren est un film suédois réalisé par Jösta Hagelbäck, sorti en 1979.

Synopsis
Elje, un homme handicapé mental et victime de maltraitance, rencontre une prostituée polonaise qui ressemble à sa mère.

Fiche technique
 Titre : Kejsaren
 Réalisation : Jösta Hagelbäck
 Scénario : Jösta Hagelbäck et Sten Holmberg d'après le roman La Maladie de Birgitta Trotzig
 Musique : Ragnar Grippe
 Photographie : Sten Holmberg et Harald Gunnar Paalgard
 Montage : Peter Emanuel Falck
 Société de production : Treklövern
 Pays :
 Genre : Drame
 Durée : 97 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
 :

Distribution
 Anders Åberg : Elje Ström
 Bo Lindström : Albin Ström
 Emy Storm : Gerda
 Peter Lindgren : Sjökapten
 Jan Jönson : Dåre
 Sigurd Björling : le vicaire
 Grazyna Brattander : la prostituée polonaise
 Kent-Arne Dahlgren : le marin
 Jan Dolata : le proxénète
 Gunnar Ekström : Anton

Distinctions
Le film a été présenté en sélection officielle en compétition lors de Berlinale 1979.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film suédois sorti en 1979
Film dramatique suédois
Adaptation d'un roman suédois au cinéma

Kejsaren


An Lycaste tricolor in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach. An Lycaste tricolor in nahilalakip ha genus nga Lycaste, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Image gallery

Lycaste

Lycaste tricolor


AT-6 may refer to:

 AT-6 Spiral, the NATO reporting name for an anti-tank missile system of the Soviet Union
 T-6 Texan, a WW2-era training aircraft used by numerous air forces
 AT-6B Wolverine, Armed version of the Beechcraft T-6 Texan II training aircraft for primary weapons training or light attack roles

AT-6


Kazánskaya  es una stanitsa del raión de Kavkázskaya del krai de Krasnodar, en el sur de Rusia. Está situada en la orilla derecha del río Kubán, frente a Podlesni, 10 km al oeste de Kropotkin y 121 km al este de Krasnodar, la capital del krai. Tenía 10 991 habitantes en 2010.

Es cabeza del municipio Kazánskoye.

Historia

La localidad tiene origen en una fortaleza construida como parte de una serie de ellas a lo largo del Kubán por orden de Aleksandr Suvórov, que sirvió de reducto para las tropas (regimiento de Kazán) y se estableció entre 1788 y 1791. El asentamiento es fundado por cosacos del Don en 1802-1804, como parte del territorio de los cosacos de la Línea del Cáucaso, tras el desplazamiento de la línea defensiva decidido por el Senado Gobernante (:ru:Правительствующий сенат) de Pablo I, asentándose 223 familias. A finales del  contaba con 6 546 habitantes Hasta 1920 formó parte del otdel de Kavkázskaya del óblast de Kubán.

Demografía

Transporte

Cuenta con una estación (Milovanovo) en la línea de ferrocarril Krasnodar-Kropotkin.

Enlaces externos y referencias

 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde este enlace.
 Este artículo es una traducción parcial de su correspondiente en la edición en ruso de Wikipedia, Казанская (Краснодарский край).
  en Panoramio
 Kazánskaya en el Diccionario Enciclopédico Brockhaus y Efron .

Localidades del raión de Kavkázskaya del krai de Krasnodar
Localidades establecidas en 1802

Kazánskaya (Krasnodar)


Englewood est une ville américaine située dans le comté de Clark, au Kansas. Selon le recensement de 2020, sa population est de .

Liens externes

Ville au Kansas
Comté de Clark (Kansas)

Englewood (Kansas)


Söğütlüçeşme Camii, Kadıköy'de bir cami. Kuşdili Camii de denir. İki minareli caminin temeli 27 Temmuz 1963'te atılmıştır.

Tarihi
Türkiye Anıtlar Derneği tarafından büyük şehir belediye başkanlığından 1959 yılında satın alınan arsa üzerinde çevre halkının yardımları ile inşasına başlanılan cami 1963 yılında ibadete açılmıştır.

Mimari yapısı
Cami arası 2.388 m² büyüklüğünde olup, caminin oturduğu alan 1.500 m²'dir. Caminin altında pasaj vardır. Cami,Selçuklu-Osmanlı mimari tarzında inşa edilmiş fakat kubbe dayanakları kare şeklinde yapılmıştır. Yan mahfelerin üstü yay şeklindeki kemerlere geçilmiş ve köşelere dört adet ufak kubbe yerleştirilmiştir. Son cemaat mahallinde de iki sıra bulunan caminin minare ve dış cephesi küfeki taşı ile kaplanmıştır. Minaredeki taşlar zamanla bozulmaları nedeniyle sökülmüş, kuvvetlendirme yapılarak tek şerefeye dönüştürülmüştür. Camide yan ve arkada bayanlar mahfeli vardır. Caminin iç tezyinatı ve çini döşemesi yapılmıştır. Kalorifer sistemi mevcuttur.

Müştemilatı
Caminin bahçesinde kubbeli şadırvan ve cenaze namazına gelen cemaat için bekleme salonu, konferans salonu ile din görevlileri için mekanlar vardır. Şadırvan ve tuvalet alt katta bulunmaktadır. Din görevlileri ve dernek yönetimi için iki ayrı bina bulunur.

Dış bağlantılar
 Söğütlüçeşme Camii'nde sabaha kadar dua
 Türkiye Anıtlar Derneği - Söğütlüçeşme Camii
 Söğütlüçeşme Camii'ne imamevi, dernek binası ve otopark
 Söğütlüçeşme'de Modern Değişim

Kadıköy'deki camiler
1965'te tamamlanan dinî yapılar
1960'larda tamamlanan camiler
1965'te Türkiye'de kurulan oluşumlar
Rasimpaşa, Kadıköy

Söğütlüçeşme Camii


Onthophagus puberulus é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus, família Scarabaeidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por D'Orbigny em 1902.

Referências

Ligações externas

puberulus
Coleópteros descritos em 1902

Onthophagus puberulus


Supermjehur (eng. superbubble, rus. сверхпузыр, fra. superbulle) ili superljuska (eng. supershell, rus. супероболочка) je šupljina koja je promjera jedan ili više stotinjaka svjetlosnih godina. Ispunja ju plin vruć 106 K upuhan u međuzvjezdani medij. Upuhali su ga višestruke supernove i zvjezdani vjetrovi. Vjetrovi novorođenih zvijezda otkidaju supermjehurima prašinu i plin. Sunčev sustav je u središtu starog supermjehura Mjesnog mjehura čije se granice može pratiti zbog iznenadnim porastom prašinske ekstinkcije zvijezda na udaljenostima većim od nekoliko stotinjaka svjetlosnih godina.
Supermjehur je oblast međuzvjezdanog prostranstva. Za razliku od mjehura zvjezdanog vjetra, koji čine pojedinačne zvijezde, supermjehuri nastaju oko OB-asocijacija koje se nalaze unutar molekularnih oblaka. Zvjezdani vjetar od OB-zvijezda i energija od eksplozija supernova zagrijavaju tvar supermjehura do temperature 106 K.Stari supermjehuri koji imaju više gustu vanjsku ljusku od prašine i više razrijeđeno i hladnije unutarnje prostranstvo također nazivamo superljuskama.

Dovoljno veliki supermjehuri mogu propuhati kroz cijeli galaktički disk, oslobađajući si energiju u okružujući galaktički halo ili u međugalaktički medij.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 (eng.) Tenorio-Tagle, G., & Bodenheimer, P. "Large-scale expanding superstructures in galaxies". 1988, Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 26, 145-197. General overview

Galaktička astronomija
Međuzvjezdana tvar
Supernove

Supermjehur


Marie-Ségolène Royal (; born 22 September 1953) is a French politician who was the Socialist Party candidate for the Presidency of France in the 2007 election.

Royal was president of the Poitou-Charentes Regional Council from 2004 to 2014. She won the 2006 Socialist Party primary, becoming the first woman in France to be nominated as a presidential candidate by a major party. In the subsequent 2007 presidential election, she earned further distinction as the first woman to qualify for the second round of a presidential election, but ultimately lost to Nicolas Sarkozy.

In 2008, Royal narrowly lost to Martine Aubry in the Socialist Party's election for First Secretary at the Party's twenty-second national congress. She lost the Socialist Party presidential primary in 2011, and failed in an attempt to win a seat in the National Assembly in the June 2012 parliamentary elections.

She has four children with François Hollande, the former president, and was appointed by him to the vice-chair directorship of the Banque Publique d'Investissement (BPI) in 2013. She served as Minister for Ecology from 2014 to 2017, in the Valls, then Cazeneuve cabinets.

Early life
Marie-Ségolène Royal was born on 22 September 1953 in the military base of Ouakam, Dakar, French West Africa (now Senegal), the daughter of Hélène Dehaye and Jacques Royal, a former artillery officer and aide to the mayor of Chamagne (Vosges). Her parents had eight children in nine years: Marie-Odette, Marie-Nicole, Gérard, Marie-Ségolène, Antoine, Paul, Henri and Sigisbert.

After secondary school in the small town of Melle, Deux-Sèvres, Marie-Ségolène attended a local university where she graduated 2nd in her class with a degree in economics. Her eldest sister then suggested she prepare the entrance exam to the elite Institut d'études politiques de Paris popularly called Sciences Po, which she attended on scholarship. There she discovered politics of class and feminism ("Sciences Po" at the time was 85% upper-class Parisian, mostly male).

In 1972, at the age of 19, Royal sued her father because he refused to divorce her mother and pay alimony and child support to finance the children's education. She won the case after many years in court, shortly before Jacques Royal died of lung cancer in 1981. Six of the eight children had refused to see him again, Ségolène included.

Royal, like the majority of France's political elite, is a graduate of the École nationale d'administration. She was in the same class as her former partner of 30 years, François Hollande, as well as Dominique de Villepin (prime minister under Jacques Chirac). Each class year at the ENA receives a nickname to distinguish it: Royal tried to get her peers to name their class after Louise Michel, a revolutionary from the 1870s, but they chose the name "Voltaire" instead. During her time at the ENA, Royal also dropped "Marie" from her hyphenated first name.

Political career

Beginnings
After graduating in 1980, she elected to serve as a judge (conseiller) of an administrative court before she was noticed by President François Mitterrand's special adviser Jacques Attali and recruited to his staff in 1982. She held the junior rank of chargée de mission from 1982 to 1988.

Member of the French National Assembly
She decided to become a candidate for the 1988 legislative election; she registered in the rural, Western Deux-Sèvres Département. Her candidacy was an example of the French political tradition of parachutage (parachuting), appointing promising "Parisian" political staffers as candidates in provincial districts to test their mettle. She was up against an entrenched UDF incumbent, and Mitterrand is said to have told her: "You will not win, but you will next time." Straddling strongly Catholic and Protestant areas, that district had been held by conservatives since World War II.
She did win against the odds, and remarked: "Pour un parachutage, l'atterrissage est réussi." ("As far as parachuting goes, the landing was a success").

After this election, she served as representative in the National Assembly for the Deux-Sèvres' 2nd constituency (1988–1992, 1993–1997, 2002–2007).

Minister
Minister of Environment : 1992–1993.
Minister of School Education : 1997–2000.
Minister of Family and Children : 2000–2001.
Minister of Family, Children and Disabled persons : 2001–2002.

President of the region Poitou-Charentes
On 28 March 2004, she obtained 55% in the second round in the regional election in Poitou-Charentes, notably defeating Prime Minister Jean-Pierre Raffarin's protégée, Élisabeth Morin, in his home region. She was elected president of the region the next week. She kept her National Assembly seat until June 2007, when she chose not to run in the legislative election, in agreement with one of her presidential campaign's promises. She organised a run-off between two contenders; the winner, Delphine Batho, went on to win the district for her and Royal's party.

2007 presidential candidacy

On 22 September 2005 Paris Match published an interview in which she declared that she was considering running for the presidency in 2007. In 2006 the CPE (first employment contract) laws were proposed with large protests as a result. Rather than going to the organised protest, she voted a law in her "région" whereby no company using that type of contract would receive the Région's subsidies. The government backed down and stated that the law would be put on the statute book, but that it would not be applied. After this event Royal was tipped as the lead contender in what is dubbed the "Sarko-Ségo" race against Nicolas Sarkozy. Until that time, she had not been thought a likely candidate as she had stayed out of the Socialist Party's power struggles.

On 7 April 2006, Royal launched an Internet-led electoral campaign at  ("Desires for the future"), publishing the first of ten chapters of her political manifesto.

By the beginning of September, her intentions had become quite clear. She has said that only widespread sexism in the Socialist Party had prevented it from rallying around her candidacy as it would have had she been a man. She announced an official team to promote her campaign on 30 August. At this point, polls showed her to be much more popular than her closest competitor, former Prime Minister Lionel Jospin, and other Socialist heavyweights Dominique Strauss-Kahn, Jack Lang, another former Prime Minister Laurent Fabius and François Hollande.

Her status as a presidential candidate became more likely on 28 September 2006, when Lionel Jospin, the Socialist former Prime Minister and a fixture in French politics for nearly three decades, announced that he would not run after all. Jack Lang followed suit. On 16 November, Royal defeated Laurent Fabius and Dominique Strauss-Kahn in the French Socialist Party primary, becoming the party's candidate for the 2007 presidential election. The Socialist party's members voted 60.69% for her and gave a bit under 20% each to the more traditional contenders. She also won in 101 of 104 of the Socialist Party's fédérations, losing only Haute-Corse, Mayotte and Seine-Maritime (the latter being the home region of Laurent Fabius).

One of her top advisors, Éric Besson, resigned soon afterwards over a disagreement about the costs of this programme, which he believes could reach €35 billion, while others in the campaign team wanted to delay bringing out that figure.[The figure was equivalent to that of Mr. Sarkozy's but higher than Mr. Bayrou's, who was becoming a key figure in the race.] This led to an unusually bitter fall-out, and Mr Besson writing a book titled Qui connaît Madame Royal ? (Who knows Mrs Royal?), published on 20 March. In it, Besson accuses Royal of being a populist, an authoritarian and a luddite and says that he will not vote for her and hopes that she is not elected. He then went on to join the Sarkozy campaign and was rewarded with a junior position in the next government on 18 May 2007.

Following the first round of the presidential election, she faced Nicolas Sarkozy in the second round of voting on 6 May in a two-way runoff.
In the final round of voting on Sunday, 6 May, Sarkozy won the presidency with 53% of the vote. Royal conceded defeat and wished Sarkozy the best, requesting he keep her supporters in mind.

Royal later revealed she had offered defeated centrist candidate, François Bayrou, the premiership should she be elected.

2008 Socialist Party leadership election

Royal entered the leadership election of the Socialist Party to replace her former common law husband François Hollande as head of the party. She garnered the largest plurality of votes in the first round of voting, but not enough to win outright; she was eventually narrowly defeated in the second round by rival Martine Aubry by the margin of 42 votes. After a vote recount, Aubry was declared the winner 25 November 2008, with the margin widening to 102 votes. Royal has announced her intentions to contest the result. Royal has blamed party leaders and her former partner for her loss in the 2007 election.

2011 Socialist Party presidential primary

Royal ran in the French Socialist Party presidential primary election of 2011, the party's first ever open primary.  She arrived 4th in the first round on 9 October 2011 with a mere 6.95% of votes, considerably below the figures suggested by opinion polls.

Defeat in the 2012 legislative election
In 2012, Royal ran for office representing Charente-Maritime's 1st constituency.  She lost the election to a dissident Socialist, Olivier Falorni.

After her separation with Hollande, political relations between them were tense, though they have both stated that they remained friends. In the 2008 Socialist Party leadership election, Hollande backed another candidate, and Royal has blamed him and the party establishment for her 2007 Presidential defeat.

2014 return to government
On 2 April 2014 Royal was appointed Minister of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy in the second cabinet of Prime Minister Manuel Valls, In January 2015 she was third in line in governmental rank, after the Prime Minister and Foreign Minister.

Increasingly, commentators have seen Royal as President François Hollande's stand-in for some important state occasions. When Pope Francis touched down on French soil for the first time in his papacy with a visit to the European Parliament in Strasbourg in November 2014, Royal was the senior French official there to greet him. After the deadly attacks against a satirical newspaper and a kosher supermarket in January 2015, she traveled to Israel to represent France at the memorial services.
In 2016 Royal promised to install 1,000 km of 'solar roadways' in the next five years. One kilometre was installed in Normandie, and after producing about a quarter of the power predicted, was mostly torn up inside three years.

2017–2020: Ambassador for the Arctic and Antarctic
When Emmanuel Macron was elected French President in May 2017, Royal hoped to be offered a position in his government but instead was offered the position of Ambassador for the Poles, which she accepted in June 2017.  In late 2018 the publication of Royal's book "Ce que je peux enfin vous dire" (What I can finally tell you) detailing the sexism she had suffered throughout her political career, coincided with a decline in Macron's popularity at the time of the Gilets jaunes protests and resulted in speculation that Royal was contemplating a political comeback. After repeatedly and publicly criticizing Macron's handling of pension reform, it was announced by the Council of Ministers that the Mission to the Poles would be ended, effectively removing Royal from her position, in tandem with an official investigation being launched inquiring about alleged misuse of public funds during Royal's time in office.

Policies
Royal has tended to campaign on family and other socially-oriented issues, rather than on economic or foreign policy issues. For instance, she has mounted campaigns against the exposure of children to violent television shows, including cartoons (see her 1989 book, listed below, Le Ras-le-bol des bébés zappeurs, roughly translated as "The Channel-Surfing Kids Are Fed Up"), and more generally has taken a stand on several issues regarding family values and the protection of children.

Royal stated as part of her 100-point platform that if elected, she would raise the lowest state pensions by five percent, increase the monthly minimum wage to €1,500, raise benefits of handicapped citizens, implement state-paid rental deposits for the poorest citizens, and guarantee a job or job training to every student within six months of graduation. She pledged to abolish a flexible work contract for small companies. She pledged free contraception for all young women and a €10,000 interest-free loan for all young people.

Economy

Royal opposes movements of jobs between EU countries and outsourcing to developing countries.  She pledged to abolish a flexible work contract for small companies. She did not directly address whether additional taxes would need to be raised to fund these programs, stating that they can be paid for by cutting waste in government.
She was appointed to the vice-chair directorship of the Banque Publique d'Investissement, from which position she stated that the "BPI's purpose is not to do business nor to make profits".

Environment
The Socialist Party website states that during her tenure as Minister for the Environment, 1992–1993, Royal campaigned actively and successfully for the "Law on the treatment and recycling of Waste" (), the "Law to preserve the countryside" (), a "Save our countrysides, savour their products" campaign to provide proper labelling for the products of 100 local areas (), and the "Law against noise pollution" (). She provided compensation for people adversely affected by airport noise.

Education
During her tenure as Minister-delegate for the Family, Children, and the Handicapped, 2000–2002, Royal was active in the re-launch of the Priority Education Zones program (ZEP / zone d'éducation prioritaire), the creation of a government student lunch program, the implementation of language instruction as a priority in primary schools, the creation of a national home-tutoring program, Heures de Soutien Scolaire, and the creation of programs for parental involvement in schools, "la Semaine des parents à l'école", and national campaigns for the elections of parent-representatives. She also campaigned for the creation of local education and citizenship education contracts, the "Initiatives citoyennes" program for teaching children how to live together, the law on "Defense of children's rights and campaign against violence in the schools" (Loi de juin 1998 relative à la prévention et à la répression des infractions sexuelles ainsi qu'à la protection des mineurs), the "Campaign against hazing rituals in higher education" (Loi de juin 1998 contre le bizutage), the "Campaign against violence and racketeering" which included implementation of the "SOS Violence" telephone number, and the implementation of mandatory civics instruction in secondary schools.

In January 2006, she criticised secondary school teachers (workers of state public service) who give private lessons outside school hours, saying that they should spend more time in school. When a bootleg video of the speech surfaced on the Internet in November 2006, the teachers' union SNES rebuffed her, requesting that she renounce her proposal.

Family and social affairs

In 1989, Royal wrote The Channel-Surfing Kids Are Fed-Up, a book in which she criticised Japanese animation (then dominant in certain TV programs) as poor quality production detrimental for children.

Royal favours, and has worked for, the "Parental rights and obligations act" (Loi sur l'autorité parentale), the "Women's rights reform and anonymous childbirth act" (l'accouchement sous X), the creation of paternity leave, the creation of 40,000 new spaces in French nursery schools, and Social housing reform. She has been active in campaigns providing for "Parental time-off provisions and financial support for child illness care", Special education support (parents d'enfants handicapés), "Benefit allocations for students starting the new school year" (Allocation de rentrée scolaire), and the "Prostitution of Minors Act" (Loi contre la prostitution des mineurs) which provides penal measures for clients. Royal has supported the "Law against child pornography", the creation of the association "Childhood and the Media" (Enfance et média) against violence in the media, the creation of the Plan Handiscole for the education of handicapped children and adolescents and their integration into life at school, programs for mass and individual transportation, and the creation of the program "Tourism and the Handicapped" (Tourisme et handicap).
In 2009, she declared herself to be "profoundly shocked" by statements of Pope Benedict XVI which claimed that the distribution of condoms will not stop the spread of AIDS. Royal added that "the responsibility of any religious leader" is to "defend the principle of life, and certainly not to urge human beings towards their deaths."

When she accepted her nomination as the Socialist presidential candidate, Royal said: "There is a strong correlation between the status of a woman and the state of justice or injustice in a country." According to an article in Ms. magazine, French women currently earn 80% of a male counterpart's salary.

Royal has been a long-standing critic of violence on television. She has voiced opinions in the past linking youth crime to exposure to pornography and television violence.
She also described the M6 programme Loft Story, imitating the internationally popular Big Brother TV series, as contrary to principles of human dignity and risking transforming viewers into voyeurs instead of providing quality programming.

A law passed in February 2002, introduced by Royal on behalf of the Jospin government, allows some parental authority to be granted to same-sex partners. The law amended Article 377 of the Civil Code in allowing a parent to ask a judge to share his/her parental authority with a partner. Article 377–1, added by the law, ensures that "delegation may provide, for the needs of education of a child, that the father and mother, or one of them, shall share all or part of the exercise of parental authority with the third person delegatee".

In a June 2006 interview with LGBT publication Têtu, Royal said "opening up marriage to same-sex couples is needed in the name of equality, visibility and respect" and said that if her party formed the next government she would introduce a bill to legalise same-sex marriage and adoption.

According to her 2007 campaign website, Royal has advocated a policy of more humane prisons and supports creating better conditions inside penal institutions. The website states that she supports a system of rehabilitating offenders and reintegrating them into society.

Foreign policy
Royal initially appeared to have few opinions on key subjects, such as the accession of Turkey to the European Union, merely responding, "my opinion is that of the French people." On the subject of the Iranian nuclear program, Royal also took conflicting positions. She initially took a very hard line in a televised debate, contending that any nuclear power programme in Iran must be prevented since it would inevitably lead to weapons production. When she was criticised by French politicians for not understanding the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty – which gives signatories the right to nuclear power for non-military purposes – Royal softened her position and, through a spokesman, said that a civil nuclear program should be allowed as long as UN inspectors were permitted to conduct spot checks.

International tours
From December 2006 Royal began travelling abroad extensively, but her efforts were set back by a series of blunders, which her political opponents at UMP were quick to jump on.

Middle East
In early December 2006 controversy followed a brief tour of the Middle East. Meeting Hezbollah politician Ali Ammar, she took exception to his use of the euphemism "Zionist entity", but did not take issue with his comparison of the Palestinian territories to France under German occupation during World War II. This attracted criticism in France and in Israel which Royal visited next. However, the French ambassador to Lebanon, Bernard Emié, backed her explanation that she did not hear "the offending remarks" – the discussion took place via an interpreter supplied by the Lebanese parliament. In the same visit, Royal thanked the minister for being so "frank" when he described US foreign policy in the Middle East as "unlimited American insanity".

China
Royal visited China in January 2007; after speaking with a lawyer in that country she noted to the press that he had pointed out to her that the Chinese legal system was "faster" than the French one. She was immediately reminded by her opponents at home that the Chinese system orders 10,000 executions each year, and that defence lawyers there must be authorised by the Communist Party. She however brought up with her hosts the fate of three Chinese journalists recently imprisoned, and criticised the "meekness" of French entrepreneurs in tackling new markets such as China. Royal was criticised by French and international media by what was called "mangling the French language" in a soundbite delivered on the Great Wall of China. She used the word bravitude instead of the word bravoure, which means bravery.

Canada: Support for the Quebec independence movement
In January 2007, during a meeting with Quebec opposition leader and Parti Québécois head André Boisclair, she declared her support for the Quebec sovereignty movement in its aim to secede from Canada. Royal said Quebec and France share common values, including "sovereignty and Quebec's freedom". Soon after, Royal took a phone call from comedian Gérald Dahan pretending to be Quebec Premier Jean Charest, and was tricked into making a quip about Corsica's independence: "Not all French people would be opposed." She then added, "But don't repeat that or we'll have another scandal on our hands."

On Afghanistan
On 5 April 2007, when commenting on the kidnapping of two Frenchmen by the Taliban in Afghanistan, Royal called for sanctions to be imposed by the United Nations against regimes like the Taliban. This comment was widely interpreted as indicating that Royal did not understand that the Taliban no longer formed the Afghan government and that she was clueless on international matters.

Ukraine: Russian support
During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Royal repeatedly supported the Russian view that NATO was to blame for the war, and falsely claimed that the Mariupol hospital airstrike and the Bucha massacre never happened. According to her, the events were "war propaganda" promoted by Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy to interrupt the peace process. Royal's claims were condemned by Olivier Faure, the leader of Royal's Socialist Party, and Raphaël Glucksmann, its leader in the European Parliament.

Hijacking 'Africa-led' clean energy scheme
On 30 April 2017, Youba Sokona resigned from the Africa Renewable Energy Initiative, citing "European interference [to impose EU-preferred projects] in African governance that belongs to another era."  Reports surfaced directly accusing Ségolène Royal of undermining African leadership. The initiative was scrapped in 2017.

Personal life
From the late 1970s, Royal was the partner of François Hollande, former President of France, whom she met at ENA. The couple had four children: Thomas (born 1984), Clémence (born 1985), Julien (born 1987) and Flora (born 1992). They were neither married (considering it too "bourgeois") nor bound by a PACS (pacte civil de solidarité, which provides for a civil union between two adults, regardless of gender), contrary to rumours. A news agency leaked news of their separation in June 2007, on the evening of the legislative election. According to the Guardian, she had asked Hollande "to move out of the house" and pursue his new love interest "which has been detailed in books and newspapers" – a reference to a much-discussed chapter by journalists explaining how Hollande was having a long-term affair with a journalist.

Royal's eldest son, Thomas Hollande, served as an adviser to her during her presidential candidacy, working on a website designed to appeal to young voters.

Her brother Antoine named their brother Gérard Royal as the agent who placed the bomb that sank the Greenpeace ship Rainbow Warrior. But other sources claim that this statement is exaggerated and that Gérard was part of the logistics team.

Royal's cousin Anne-Christine Royal followed the paternal side of the family and has been a candidate of the far-right Front National party at a local election in Bordeaux.

Royal was listed as one of the fifty best-dressed over 50 by The Guardian in March 2013.

Bibliography
Royal is the author unless otherwise noted.

 Le Printemps des grands-parents : la nouvelle alliance des âges (Paris : Cogite-R. Laffont, 1987) , (Paris : France Loisirs, 1988) , (Paris : Presses pocket, 1989) .
 Le Ras-le-bol des bébés zappeurs (Paris : R. Laffont, 1989) , cover "Télé-massacre, l'overdose?", subjects): Télévision et enfants, Violence—A la télévision.
 Pays, paysans, paysages (Paris : R. Laffont, 1993) , subject(s): Environnement—Protection—France; Politique de l'environnement—France; Développement rural—France.
 France. Ministère de l'environnement (1991–1997) Ségolène Royal, une année d'actions pour la planète : avril 1992 – mars 1993 (Paris : Ministère de l'environnement, ca 1993), subject(s): Politique de l'environnement—France.
 France. Assemblée nationale (1958–) Commission des affaires étrangères Rapport d'information sur les suites de la Conférence de Rio / présenté par M. Roland Nungesser et Mme Ségolène Royal (Paris : Assemblée nationale, 1994) , subject(s): Développement durable; Conférence des Nations unies sur l'environnement et le développement.
 La vérité d'une femme (Paris : Stock, 1996) , subject(s): Pratiques politiques—France—1970–.
 Laguerre, Christian École, informatique et nouveaux comportements préf. de Ségolène Royal (Paris; Montréal (Québec) : Éd. l'Harmattan, 1999) , subject(s): Informatique—Aspect social; Éducation et informatique; Ordinateurs et enfants.
 Sassier, Monique Construire la médiation familiale : arguments et propositions preface by Ségolène Royal (Paris : Dunod, 2001) .
 Amar, Cécile and Hassoux, Didier Ségolène et François ([Paris] : Privé, impr. 2005) , subject(s): Royal, Ségolène (1953–) – Biographies; Hollande, François (1954–) – Biographies.
 Bernard, Daniel Madame Royal ([Paris] : Jacob-Duvernet, impr. 2005) , subject(s): Royal, Ségolène (1953–) – Biographies; France—Politique et gouvernement—1958–.
 Désir d'avenir ([Paris] : Flammarion, [September 2006]) .
 Malouines-Me La Madone et le Culbuto – Ou l'Inlassable Ambition de Ségolène Royal et François Hollande ([Paris] : Fayard, [5 April 2006]), series: LITT.GENE, .
 Maintenant –  Ségolène Royal répond à Marie-Françoise Colombani. (Hachette Littérature et Flammarion, 2007), .
 Ma plus belle histoire, C'EST VOUS. (Grasset, 2007), .
 Femme Debout. (Denoël, 2009), .
 Lettre à tous les résignés et indignés qui veulent des solutions. (Plon, 2011), .
 Cette belle idée du courage. (Grasset, 2013), .
 Refusez la cruauté du monde ! Le temps d'aimer est venu'', (Rocher, 2023).

References

External links

 Ségolène Royal official page French National Assembly

1953 births
Living people
People from Dakar
People of French West Africa
Socialist Party (France) politicians
French Ministers of the Environment
Deputies of the 9th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 10th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 11th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 12th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Members of Parliament for Deux-Sèvres
French general councillors
Candidates in the 2007 French presidential election
François Hollande
French socialist feminists
Women government ministers of France
21st-century French women politicians
French lawyers
Sciences Po alumni
École nationale d'administration alumni
Commanders of the Ordre du Mérite Maritime

Ségolène Royal


The New South Wales Corps, sometimes known as The Rum Corps was a regiment of the British Army, formed in England in 1789, to relieve the New South Wales Marine Corps, which had accompanied the First Fleet to Australia. In the Colony of New South Wales, the New South Wales Corps gained notoriety for its trade in rum and mutinous behaviour.

After being renamed, it was transferred to Bermuda and Nova Scotia, before seeing action against the United States in the War of 1812. The regiment was disbanded in 1818.

History

Formation
The regiment was formed in England in June 1789 as a permanent unit to relieve the New South Wales Marine Corps, who had accompanied the First Fleet to Australia. The regiment began arriving as guards on the Second Fleet in 1790. The regiment, led by Major Francis Grose, consisted of three companies numbering about 300 men. Although drafts were sent from Britain to reinforce the regiment throughout its time in Australia, full strength was never to exceed 500.
A fourth company was raised from those Marines wishing to remain in New South Wales under Captain George Johnston, who had been Governor Arthur Phillip's aide-de-camp.

When Phillip returned to England for respite in December 1792, Grose was left in charge. Grose immediately abandoned Phillip's plans for governing the colony. A staunch military man, he established military rule and set out to secure the authority of the Corps. He abolished the civilian courts and transferred the magistrates to the authority of Captain Joseph Foveaux. After the poor crops of 1793 he cut the rations of the convicts but not those of the Corps, overturning Phillip's policy of equal rations for all. In a connived attempt to improve agricultural production and make the colony more self-sufficient, Grose turned away from collective farming and made generous land grants to officers of the Corps. They were also provided with government-fed and clothed convicts as farm labour.

Rum trading
Grose also relaxed Phillip's prohibition on trading of rum (sometimes a generic term for any form of distilled beverage, usually made from wheat), commonly from Bengal. The colony, like many British territories at the time, was short of coins, and rum soon became the medium of trade. The officers of the Corps were able to use their position and wealth to buy all the imported rum and then exchange it for goods and labour at very favourable rates, thus earning the Corps the nickname "The Rum Corps". By 1793 stills were being imported and grain was being used to make rum, exacerbating the shortage of grain.

Due to poor health Grose returned to England in December 1794 and Captain William Paterson assumed temporary command until a permanent replacement, Governor John Hunter, arrived in September 1795. Paterson had obtained his commission with the backing of Sir Joseph Banks because he was interested in natural history and would explore and collect samples for Banks and the Royal Society.

Governor Hunter attempted unsuccessfully to use the troops of the Corps to guard imported rum and stop the officers from buying it up. Attempts to stop the importation were also thwarted by the failure of other governments to co-operate and by the Corps' officers chartering of a Danish ship to bring in a large shipment of rum from India. Hunter also tried to start up a public store with goods from England to provide competition and stabilise the price of goods, but Hunter was not a good businessman and supplies were too erratic. Hunter requested greater control by authorities in England and an excise duty on rum. He also issued an order restricting the amount of convict labour that officers could use, but again had no means to enforce it. Hunter was opposed strongly by officers of the Corps, and pamphlets and letters against him were circulated. John Macarthur wrote a letter accusing Hunter of ineffectiveness and trading in rum. Hunter was required by the Colonial Office to answer the charges, and soon after was recalled for being ineffective.

In 1799 Paterson, now a Lieutenant Colonel, returned from England with orders to stamp out the trading in rum by officers of the Corps. In 1800 he charged Major George Johnston, who had also served as Hunter's aide-de-camp, with giving a sergeant part payment in rum at an exorbitant rate. Johnston claimed he was being unfairly persecuted and demanded that he be sent to England for trial. The English courts decided that colonial affairs were not a matter for them and, as all the evidence and witnesses were in Sydney, that any trial should be held there. They also decided that, as proper court martial could not be constituted in Sydney, no further action should be taken against Johnston.

Governor Philip King, appointed in September 1800, continued Hunter's efforts to prevent the Corps trading in rum. He had the power to levy an excise duty on alcohol, and the Transit Board now required all ships to lodge a bond which was forfeit for disobeying the Governor's orders, which included the prohibition of the landing of more than 500 gallons of rum. King also encouraged private importers and traders, opened a public brewery in 1804, and introduced a schedule of values for Indian copper and Spanish pieces of eight which were used as currency; there was still a serious problem keeping the coin in the colony despite it being valued higher than its face value. King's actions were not wholly effective but they still antagonised officers of the Corps, and like Hunter he was the subject of pamphlets and attacks. King tried, unsuccessfully, to court-martial the officers responsible.

The Battle of Vinegar Hill

The Corps were called into action responding to the Battle of Vinegar Hill (named after a revolt in Ireland). Late on 4 March 1804, a great number of Irish rebels rose up at the government farm at Castle Hill, armed themselves with muskets and pikes from surrounding farms, and planned to sack Parramatta and take Sydney Town. Some say they then intended to take ships and sail back to Ireland, others say the intention was to declare the Republic of New Ireland two weeks later on St. Patrick's Day. An alarm at around 11pm raised Major Johnston from his sleep; he then led 29 soldiers of the New South Wales Corps on a forced march from their barracks at Annandale to Parramatta. They arrived around dawn and then later in the morning, with 50 militia of the Loyal Volunteers, they pursued the rebels who were now heading to Green Hills, today's Windsor. At a feigned meeting with the rebels aided by a priest as lure, Johnston took the ringleaders hostage and when they and their men refused to surrender, to the shouts of 'death or liberty' the troops quickly put down the revolt. Over the next three days repercussions and summary justice reigned. Governor King highly commended Major Johnston for his actions, even though King had to intervene directly to stop a military kangaroo court from hanging one in ten of the rebels. At midnight on 4 March, Captain Daniel Woodriff of  landed 150 of his crew to assist the New South Wales Corps and Governor King.

Rum rebellion
Governor King had been requesting a replacement, for at least a year, and eventually Governor William Bligh was appointed in 1805. Although the economy had developed and diversified somewhat by 1806, Bligh arrived determined to bring the Corps, and especially John Macarthur, to heel, and stop their trading in rum. This led to the Rum Rebellion, the deposing of Bligh, and the eventual recall of the New South Wales Corps.

In 1808, the New South Wales Corps was renamed the 102nd Regiment of Foot. Having arrived in the colony in December 1809 with the 73rd Regiment of Foot, which was to take over from the 102nd Regiment of Foot, Governor Lachlan Macquarie was able to control the rum trade more effectively, introducing and enforcing a licensing system. However, due to the lack of currency he was still forced to pay for public works in rum. The construction of Sydney Hospital was entirely funded by granting a monopoly on the import of rum to the contractors, who were the merchants Alexander Riley and Garnham Blaxcell, and the colonial surgeon D'Arcy Wentworth, and troops were used to prohibit the landing of rum anywhere but at the hospital dock.

A few of the officers and long-serving privates in the 102nd Regiment were transferred to Macquarie's 73rd regiment, bringing it up to near full strength. About 100 veterans and invalids were retained for garrison duty in New South Wales.

War of 1812
Most of the regiment embarked for England in May 1810. In England, most of the returnees went to Veteran or Garrison battalions, most officers ending up in the 8th Royal Veteran Battalion. The regiment was reconstituted with new recruits after it arrived at its new base in Horsham in October 1810. It was sent to Guernsey in July 1811. The regiment was posted to the Bermuda Garrison (stationed at St. George's Garrison) in 1812 (this being part of the Nova Scotia Command), co-inciding with the start of the War of 1812, and transferred to Nova Scotia in 1813. In the war the regiment took part in seaborne raids along the US Atlantic coast. In 1813, Lieutenant-Colonel, Sir Thomas Sydney Beckwith arrived in Bermuda to command a force tasked with raiding the Atlantic Seaboard of the United States, specifically in the region of Chesapeake Bay, with the 102nd Regiment's Commanding Officer, Lieutenant-Colonel Charles James Napier, as his Second-in-Command. Beckwith split the force into two brigades, one, composed of the 102nd Regiment, Royal Marines, and a unit recruited from French prisoners-of-war, was under Napier's command, and the other under Lieutenant-Colonel Williams of the Royal Marines. They took part in the Battle of Craney Island on 22 June 1813. Detachments of the regiment remained on both sides of the border between the British colony of New Brunswick and the US State of Maine after the war's end in December 1814 (the Treaty of Ghent was signed on 24 December 1814 by the negotiators, ratified by the Prince Regent on 27 December, and by the United States President on 17 February, ending the war) at Moose Island, modern day Eastport, Maine, United States.

After the end of the wars against Napoleonic France and the United States, the British Army disbanded many units for the sake of economy. The regiment was renumbered as the 100th Regiment of Foot in 1816. The regiment was the last British unit to occupy the United States; the last detachments returned to Chatham in England, where the regiment was disbanded on 24 March 1818.

Commanding officers
The regiment's commanding officers were:New South Wales Corps

 Major Francis Grose (1789–94)
 Lieutenant Colonel William Paterson (1794–1809)

102nd Regiment of Foot

 Lieutenant Colonel William Paterson (1809–10)
 Major George Johnston (1810–11)
 Lieutenant Colonel Charles James Napier (1811–1813)

Officers who became prominent colonists
Many of the regiment's officers became wealthy and powerful individuals from their corrupt practices while in control of the colony. These officers and their descendants went on to become prominent colonists, government officials and land-holders in Australia. Examples are:

 Captain John Macarthur: pioneer of the Merino wool industry in Australia, founder of the Australian Agricultural Company, and large landowner at Camden.
 Captain William Cox: builder of the road across the Blue Mountains, important pastoralist in the Hawkesbury and Bathurst regions.
 Captain John Piper: significant land-holder in Sydney and Bathurst.
 Captain Edward Abbott: important colonist of Tasmania.
 Lieutenant William Lawson: explorer across the Blue Mountains and prominent land-holder in the Mudgee region.
 Lieutenant Anthony Fenn Kemp: significant colonist of Tasmania.
 Lieutenant Archibald Bell Sr.: important landowner in the Hawkesbury region.
 Surgeon John Harris: extensive property owner in Sydney and the Bathurst region.
 Lieutenant Nicholas Bayly: large land-holder in Cabramatta region.

See also
 Rum Rebellion
 Colonial forces of Australia

References

Sources

Further reading

 Smith, Joshua M. (2006). Borderland Smuggling: Patriots, Loyalists and Illicit Trade in the Northeast, 1783–1820, University Press of Florida.

 Zimmerman, David. (1984). Coastal Fort: A History of Fort Sullivan Eastport, Maine. Border history fathom series, no. 3. Eastport, Moose Island, Me: Research Committee, Border Historical Society.

History of New South Wales
Military units and formations of Australia
British colonial regiments
1789 establishments in England
Military units and formations established in 1789
Military units and formations disestablished in 1810

New South Wales Corps


Konungsríkið Jerúsalem (latneska: Regnum Hierosolymitanum) var krossfararríki í Landinu helga.

Konungsríkið Jerúsalem var stofnað eftir fyrstu krossferðina árið 1099. Markmið krossferðarinnar var að bola íslömskum ríkjum frá völdum í Landinu helga. Það tókst og fjögur krossfararríki voru stofnuð fyrir vikið en til þeirra taldist Konungsríkið Jerúsalem. Kristnir menn sátu á valdastóli í Jerúsalem í næstum tvö hundruð ár en hrökkluðust frá völdum árið 1291.

Heimildir

Krossferðirnar

Konungsríkið Jerúsalem


Ministerul Sănătății din Gaza este organul central însărcinat să se ocupe cu chestiunile administrative referitoare la serviciile publice de sănătate din Fâșia Gaza. Actualul ministru al Sănătății din Gaza este Mufiz al-Makhalalati, care a fost numit în această poziție în septembrie 2012, în urma restructurării guvernului Hamas din Fâșia Gaza.

Mufiz al-Makhalati l-a înlocuit pe Basem Naim, care a ocupat postul în timpul primului cabinet Hamas.

Miniștri ai Sănătății din Fâșia Gaza

Referințe

Sănătate
Gaza, Fâșia

Ministerul Sănătății din Gaza


Gustavo Manuel Larrazábal (San José, Departamento de Guaymallén, Argentina, 31 de janeiro de 1961) é bispo auxiliar em San Juan de Cuyo.

Biografia

Primeiros anos e treinamento
Gustavo Manuel nasceu em , em San José , Departamento de Guaymallén , Argentina.

Completou o ensino fundamental na Escola "Guillermo G. Cano" de sua cidade natal. Completou os estudos secundários no Liceo Militar Gral Espejo (Mendoza).

Completou seus estudos eclesiásticos no Centro de Estudos Filosóficos e Teológicos (CEFyT).

Vida religiosa
Ingressou na Ordem dos Claretianos em , em Córdoba.

Fez o noviciado em , em Chascomús.

Fez sua primeira profissão de votos religiosos, em , em Santiago do Chile. Fez a profissão solene em , em Córdoba.

Foi ordenado diácono em , em Córdoba. Sua ordenação sacerdotal foi em , em Buenos Aires .

Como sacerdote desempenhou os seguintes ministérios:

Formadora de pré-noviços (1995).
Vigário Provincial dos Claretianos (2002-2012).
Prefeito de Economia da Província Argentina-Uruguai.
Vice-diretor da Editora Claretiana de Buenos Aires (1996).
Diretor da Editora Claretiana em Buenos Aires (1997-2013).
Vigário Paroquial de Corazón de María (1997).
Vigário paroquial de São Jorge , em Florencio Varela (2000-2001).
Decano e Vice-Decano da Arquidiocese de Mendoza .
Delegado de Vida Consagrada no Conselho Presbiteral Arquidiocesano, em 2021.
Reitor do Santuário de Nossa Senhora de Lourdes , em El Challao (2013-2022).
Ele tem uma relação próxima e uma comunicação fluida com o Papa Francisco , a ponto de o próprio Papa muitas vezes chamá-lo para pedir recomendações.

Episcopado

Bispo Auxiliar de San Juan
Em , o Papa Francisco o nomeou Bispo Titular de Buslacena e Bispo Auxiliar de San Juan de Cuyo .

Em datas futuras será anunciada a data da consagração episcopal.

Claretianos
Bispos católicos da Argentina

Gustavo Manuel Larrazábal


Saylan, Ordu ilinin Ünye ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Saylan'ın kuruluşu çok eskiye dayanır. Canik bölgesinin Osmanlı Devleti'ne bağlandığı 15. yüzyıl ortalarından itibaren varlığı tüm resmi ve gayri resmi kayıtlarda bugünkü hali ile geçmektedir.

Saylan, Türklerin Karadeniz'de ilk duraklarından biridir. Ulaşılabilen en eski yazılı kaynaklara göre Çepniler Ünyeli Türklerin ataları sayılmaktadır.

Çepni, Oguz-Han'ın oğullarından Gök-Han'ın dört oğlundan en küçüğünün adıdır. Ve beyi olduğu boyun ve oymağın adı "ÇEPNİ" dir. Çepniler Malazgirt zaferinden sonra birkaç koldan Anadolu'ya gelmişler ve oraları kendilerine yurt edinmişlerdir. Bir kol da Orta Anadolu'dan iki yüz bin çadırla Karadeniz'e gelerek Sinop ve Trabzon arasında yerleşmişlerdir. Bunlardan birkaç boy ve oymak da Ünye'yi (Onea-Halibia) fethetmişlerdir. Ünye'yi fetheden Çepni oymağının beyi bugün halen Bayramca denilen yere adını veren Bayram Bey'dir. Oymaklar yerleştikleri yerlere kendi adlarını vermişlerdir. Bu isimler bugün halen yaşamaktadır, Bunlardan en meşhurları halen Ünye'nin en büyük köylerinden biri olan "Saylan" Köyümüzdür. Diğer isim boy ve köy adlarına gelince şöyledir: Balağuz, Alamanan" Bayramca, Cinis, Cimbis, Corgi, Milan, Gökbey Göbeğ, Hüsamlı İncürlü, Kelengerlü, Ketsen, Kurna, Caferlü, Küplü, Mahyalu, Nazır Nazurlu, Saraç, Saraçlu Şuruş, Şahna, Şıhna, Lahna Bozulus, Sülübeg, Turmuşlu, Yazman, Yazmanlu, Yomalu, Karaöy, Karlı, Kargı, Nadur, Nadırlı, Göbü gibi bugün dahi yaşan yöre isimleri buralara yerleşen oymak ve aşiretlerin isimleridir.

Çepni, cesur ve atak demektir.

Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi'nde Tapu Defterleri Fihristi'nde 387 numara ile kayıtlı bulunan 926/1520 başlangıç tarihli Tahrir Defteri'nin Canik Livası'na ait bölümünde yer alan kayıtlara göre; Karye-i SAYLAN Nefer 53 Hâne 50 Mücerred 2 Ma'lûl 1 Hâsıl 2694 Hassa-i Küreciyân Nefer 5 Hâsıl 200 Hizmetkârân-ı Kal'a-i Ünye, mâdâm ki hidmet ideler, avârız-ı divâniyeden mu'aflardır. Nefer 8 Hâne 350 Zemîn-i Selimşah, bir çiftlik yer, kim ekerse behresin verir,* Nefer 5 Hâsıl 300 El - Müsellemiye : Nefer 4 Hâsıl 300

Cumhuriyet tarihi boyunca sürekli 1000-1200 civarında nüfusa sahip olmuştur. Saylan Köyü Cumhuriyet dönemi ve özellikle son dönemde yapılan idari değişikliklerle epeyce bölünmüş ve küçülmüştür. Mahalleden ayrılan mahallelerle başta Düz Saylan, Pınarbaşı, Kale, Çatalpınar olmak üzere 4 tane yeni ve büyük köy kurulmuştur. Şu an itibari ile Cimbis, Hüsemli, Yerli, Alamanlı, Bazmanlı, Aksırak adlarında 6 mahallesi vardır. Sürekli göç verdiği için nüfusu sabit kalmıştır .

Kültür
Mahallenin tarihinin eskiye dayanması sebebi ile gelenekleri ve görenekleri de köklüdür. Düğünler genellikle pazar günü yapılır ancak erkek tarafı açısından cuma sabahından başlar ve pazar günü gelin alınıp erkek evine teslim edilmekle nihayetlenir. Cumartesi akşamı erkek tarafında düğün gecesi, kız tarafında da kına gecesi ayrı ayrı yapılır. Pazar günü gelin alma töreninden önce kısa bir mevlid ve Kuran'an okuması yapılır.. Düğünde takı merasiminde tellallık yapan kişinin takı takanları ve takıları ilan etmesi adettendir. Takı töreninden sonra gelin almaya gidilir. Köy'de sebze yemekleri yaygındır. Mahallenin en bilinen ve en yaygın yemekleri; pancar çorbası, pancar diblevisi, pancar sarması(kara lahana yemekleri), mısır çorbası, mısır ekmeği, mısır unundan yapılan çalmaç, mısır unu ile yapılan sarımsaklı tarhana çorbası, turşu kavurması; melevcen (merulcen), sütlücen, kaldirik, nivik, perzü, tirmit kavurmaları ve yemekleri, kesme makarna, yufka ve su böreği, bayram lokumu, kıvırma tatlısı, kabak tatlısı, dağ çileği reçeli, un helvası.

Coğrafya
Ordu iline 70 km, Ünye ilçesine 4–8 km uzaklıktadır. Denizden yüksekliği ortalama 200–300 m. olup mahallenin en yüksek noktası Cimbis Mahallesinde yer alan 535 m. yüksekliğindeki Kıblekayası'dır. Köy sınırları içinden geçen iki dere mevcut olup; bunlardan Lahna Deresi Cimbis Mahallesinden ve Tabakhane Deresinin bir kolu da Hüsemli Mahallesinden doğar. Saylan Köyü, gerek denizden yüksekliği gerekse eğim oranı ile fındık tarımına en elverişli bölgelerdendir.

İklim
Mahallenin iklimi, Karadeniz iklimi etki alanı içerisindedir. Bu hali ile gerek denizden yüksekliği gerekse eğim oranı ile fındık tarımına en elverişli bölgelerdendir == Nüfus ==. Yaklaşık 400 hanedir. Devamlı göç veren köy, en büyük göç hareketini 1994 ve sonrasında vermiştir. Fındık vakti olan Temmuz-Eylül döneminde nüfusu 3500-4500 civarına ulaşmaktadır.

Nüfus

Ekonomi
Mahallenin ekonomisi tarım ve hayvancılığa dayalı olup fındık tarımı açısından Ünye'nin en verimli topraklarına sahip ve en çok fındık üretilen köylerindendir.

Dış bağlantılar

Ünye'nin mahalleleri

Saylan, Ünye


Protiviti Inc. (Protiviti) is a global consulting firm headquartered in Menlo Park and San Ramon, California, that provides consulting in internal audit, risk and compliance, technology, business processes, data analytics and finance. It is a subsidiary under Robert Half. Protiviti and its independently and locally owned Member Firms serve clients through a network of more than 85 locations in over 27 countries.

Protiviti was formed in 2002 when the Company hired more than 700 professionals who had been affiliated with the internal audit, business and technology risk consulting practice of Arthur Andersen, including more than 50 individuals who had been partners of that firm. These professionals formed the base of Protiviti.

Protiviti has served more than 80 percent of Fortune 100, nearly 80 percent of Fortune 500 and 70 percent of Fortune 1000 companies. From 2018 to 2022, the firm has been consistently listed by Forbes as being one of the world's best management consulting firms. Protiviti has also been listed as one of the 100 Best Companies to Work For by Fortune Magazine for 8 consecutive years from 2015 to 2022.

History
In 2006, Protiviti acquired the assets of PG Lewis & Associates, a leading national provider of Data Forensics and Cybersecurity services founded in 2003 by serial technology entrepreneur, Paul G. Lewis. Financial terms were not disclosed.

In January 2019, Protiviti expanded its Middle East & North African presence by launching an office in Cairo, Egypt. The new location is the first Member Firm in North Africa, and is led by Managing Director Ashraf Fahmy, a former Deloitte partner in Egypt and with the firm's enterprise risk practice in Abu Dhabi.

In February 2019, Protiviti added Gauteng-based internal audit and forensic services firm SekelaXabiso CA (SkX) as its first member firm in South Africa. The new firm will serve domestic firms as well as international firms looking for support to enter the South African market. The firm houses over 200 consultants, and has offices in the major financial centres of Gauteng and Durban.

For fiscal year 2019, Protiviti's revenue exceeded US$1 billion for the first time in its 18-year history.

In March 2020, Protiviti expanded its European footprint by opening 3 new offices in Zurich, Switzerland, and Berlin and Düsseldorf, Germany. Protiviti's global network of member firms operate as independently owned and operated entities, but have access to the firm's resources despite not possessing agency to act on Protiviti's behalf.

Service Expansion
In March 2022, Protiviti formed a new service line, "Protiviti Digital", which serves as a digital marketing agency. Protiviti Digital serves clients seeking to execute complex digital and marketing strategies, as well as transform customer experiences.

In April 2022, Robert Half moved its legal consulting service line to Protiviti, which allows Protiviti to expand its legal consulting practice. The service line supports clients with a broader range of legal, compliance, governance, technology, investigation and transaction-related business needs.

See also
 List of management consulting firms
 List of IT consulting firms
 Robert Half
 Arthur Andersen

References

Corporate subsidiaries
Companies based in Menlo Park, California
Management consulting firms of the United States
International management consulting firms
Risk management companies
International information technology consulting firms
Information technology consulting firms of the United States
Financial services companies established in 2002
Consulting firms established in 2002
Internal audit
2002 establishments in California

Protiviti


She-Hulk: Attorney at Law nadolazeća je američka televizijska serija koju je Jessica Gao razvila za Disney+ i temelji se na istoimenom liku Marvel Comicsa.

Miniserija je radnjom smještena u 4. fazu Marvel Cinematic Universea (MCU) u kontinuitetu s filmovima u franšizi.

Serija će biti emitirana od 17. kolovoza do 12. listopada 2022. godine, a sastojat će se od devet epizoda od kojih će svaka trajati 30 minuta.

Glumačka postava
Tatiana Maslany kao Jennifer Walters / She-Hulk: Odvjetnica specijalizirana za slučajeve koji uključuju ljude sa supermoćima i može postati velika, moćna, zelena verzija sebe slična njezinu rođaku Bruce Banneru.
Mark Ruffalo kao Bruce Banner / Hulk: Osvetnik, genijalan znanstvenik i rođak Jennifer Walters koji je stekao nadljudsku snagu nakon eksperimentiranja s gama-zračenjem.
Tim Roth kao Emil Blonsky / Abomination: Bivši časnik rođen u Rusiji u zapovjedništvu Kraljevskih marinaca Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva koji je kombinirao serum supervojnika i gama-zračenje kako bi se transformirao u humanoidno čudovište snažno kao Hulk. Lik Abominationa također se kratko pojavio u Shang-Chiju i Legendi o deset prstenova (2021.).
Ginger Gonzaga kao najbolja prijateljica Jennifer Walters.
Renée Elise Goldsberry kao Amelia.
Jameela Jamil kao Titania: Suparnica She-Hulk nevjerojatne snage.
Glumačka ekipa također uključuje Renée Elise Goldsberry kao Ameliju, Benedicta Wonga kao Wonga, Josha Segarra i Griffina Matthewsa u ulogama koje još nisu objavljene. Frogman, lik iz MCU-a se također pojavljuje u seriji.

Megan Thee Stallion će se pojaviti kao ona sama.

Pregled serije

Produkcija

Razvoj
U rujnu je 2018. godine Marvel Studios razvijao nekoliko ograničenih serija za Disney+ streaming servis koji se usredotočio na sekundarne likove iz filmova Marvel Cinematic Universe koji nisu glumili u vlastitim filmovima. Glumci koji su igrali likove u filmovima morali su reprizirati svoje uloge za ograničene serije. Očekivalo se da će se serija sastojati od 6 do 8 epizoda i da će imati znatan proračun koji se natječe s onima velike studijske produkcije. Seriju bi producirao Marvel Studios, a ne Marvel Television, koji je producirao prethodne MCU televizijske serije. Vjerovalo se da predsjednik Marvel Studija Kevin Feige preuzima "praktičnu ulogu" u razvoju svake serije, usredotočujući se na "kontinuitet priče" s filmovima i "tretman" glumaca koji će ponoviti svoje uloge iz prethodnih filmova. Serija je službeno najavljena na sajmu D23 Expo 2019. U rujnu 2020. godine Kat Coiro angažirana je za režiju pilot epizode i nekoliko sljedećih epizoda.

Scenarij
Scenarij je napisao tim scenarista Dana Schwartz, Melissa Hunter, Cody Ziglar i Zeb Wells. Dana Schwartz 5. svibnja 2020. Twitterom je objavila da je faza pisanja TV serije završena.

Snimanje
Snimanje je prvotno trebalo započeti u srpnju 2020. u Atlanti, pod radnim nazivom Libra, ali u ožujku iste godine najavljeno je da će početi u studenom. Dana 23. ožujka 2021. Kat Coiro putem svojih profila na društvenim mrežama objavila je službeni početak snimanja koji je službeno završio 20. kolovoza iste godine.

Promocija
Na dan 12. studenog 2021. prikazan je službeni teaser serije tijekom Disney+ Daya. Dana 17. svibnja 2022. izašao je prvi trailer. Trailer je kritiziran zbog svog CGI-a, a mnogi obožavatelji na internetu izrazili su svoje razočaranje. Trailer je pregledan 78 milijuna puta u 24 sata nakon objavljivanja, što je bio drugi po broju pregleda za MCU Disney+ trailer u 24-satnom vremenskom okviru, samo iza  The Falcon and the Winter Soldier sa Super Bowla.

Serija je 24. srpnja promovirana na San Diego Comic-Conu 2022., uz izdanje drugog trailera.

Budućnost
U studenom 2019. godine Feige je izjavio da će, nakon što se She-Hulk predstavi u seriji, njezin lik prijeći u MCU filmove.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
  na marvel.com

Američke serije
Marvel Cinematic Universe televizijske serije
Televizijske serije koje su počele 2022.
Televizijske serije koje su završile 2022.

She-Hulk: Attorney at Law


The Monty Python Matching Tie and Handkerchief est le quatrième album du groupe anglais d'humour, les Monty Python.

Liste des pistes

Distribution
 Graham Chapman
 John Cleese
 Terry Gilliam
 Eric Idle
 Terry Jones
 Michael Palin
 Carol Cleveland
 Neil Innes

Crédits musicaux
 All Things Bright and Beautiful de Cecil Frances Alexander et William Henry Monk
 Saturday's Game de Len Stevens
 Bruces Song d'Eric Idle
 Voodoo Victim de Gilbert Vinter
 Terror by Night de Hubert Clifford
 Crowning Glory de Keith Papworth
 Place Omadia de Mímis Pléssas
 Days Work de Mike McNaught
 Sir Thomas Mortimer's Almand de Gleen Walters
 Oxon Song 1-3 de Neil Innes
 Funk Roll d'André Jacquemin et Dave Howman
 Trench Music d'Eric Idle

Notes et références

Liens externes

Album musical sorti en 1973
Album publié par Arista Records
Album publié par Charisma Records
Album des Monty Python


An Puccinellia stricta in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Joseph Dalton Hooker, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Carl Magnus Blom. An Puccinellia stricta in nahilalakip ha genus nga Puccinellia, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Puccinellia

Puccinellia stricta


La mijlocul secolului al VI-lea e.n., doi călugări, cu sprijinul împăratului Bizantin Iustinian I, au reușit să aducă clandestin ouă de viermi de mătase în Imperiul Bizantin, ceea ce a condus la formarea unui industrii autohtone bizantine a mătăsii. Această achiziție de viermi de mătase din China a permis bizantinilor să dețină monopolul asupra mătăsii în Europa.

Context

Mătasea, care a fost produsă pentru prima oară în mileniul al IV-lea î.e.n. în China, era o marfă foarte valoroasă pe Drumul Mătăsii. În secolul I e.n., exista un flux constant de mătase către Imperiul Roman. După creșterea Imperiului Sasanid și apoi Războaiele Romano–Persane, importul de mătase în Europa a devenit din ce în ce mai dificil și costisitor. Persanii controlau cu strictețe comerțul pe teritoriul lor și îl suspendau pe timp de război. În consecință, Împăratul Bizantin Iustinian I a încercat crearea de rute comerciale alternative pentru cea prin Sogdiana, care în timp devenise un important centru producător de mătase: una pe la nord, prin Crimeea, și una pe la sud, prin Etiopia. Eșecul acestor eforturi l-a făcut pe Iustinian I să caute altă soluție.

Expediția

Doi călugări neidentificați (cel mai probabil membri ai Bisericii Nestoriene), care predicau creștinismul în India (Biserica Orientului din India), au ajuns în China pe la 551 e.n. În timp ce se aflau acolo, au observat complicatele metode de creștere a viermilor de mătase și de producere a mătăsii. Informația era esențială, deoarece bizantinii nu știau până atunci cu exactitate cum și unde se produce mătasea. În 552 e.n., cei doi călugări au mers la Iustinian I. În schimbul unor promisiuni generoase, dar necunoscute, călugării au acceptat să achiziționeze viermi de mătase din China. Cel mai probabil, ei au parcurs un traseu pe la nord, pe Marea Neagră, luând-o apoi prin Transcaucaz și pe Marea Caspică.

Deoarece viermii de mătase adulți sunt destul de fragili și trebuie să fie păstrați în permanență la o temperatură ideală, ca să nu moară, ei și-au folosit contactele din Sogdiana pentru a obține ouă de viermi de mătase sau larve foarte tinere, pe care le-au ascuns în interiorul bastoanelor lor de bambus. Arbuști de dud, necesari pentru viermii de mătase, au fost fie dați călugărilor tot atunci, fie erau deja importați în Imperiul Bizantin. În total, se estimează că întreaga expediție a durat doi ani.

Impactul

La scurt timp după expediție, au apărut fabrici de mătase în Constantinopol, Beirut, Antiohia, Tyr, și Teba. Viermii de mătase obținuți astfel au permis Imperiului Bizantin să dețină monopolul asupra mătăsii în Europa. Achiziționarea a spart monopolurile chinez și persan. Monopolul rezultat a constituit baza economiei bizantine pentru următorii 650 de ani, până la dispariția acestuia în 1204. Hainele de mătase, mai ales cele vopsite în purpură imperială, erau aproape întotdeauna rezervate elitelor Bizanțului și purtarea lor era reglementată prin legile somptuare. Producția de mătase în regiunea din jurul Constantinopolului, în special în Tracia (nordul Greciei), continuă până în prezent.

Note

Secolul al VI-lea în Imperiul Bizantin
Contrabandă

Transportul clandestin al viermilor de mătase în Imperiul Bizantin


Henry is the name of two places in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States of America:
Henry, Franklin County, Virginia
Henry, Sussex County, Virginia

Henry, Virginia


Maibach may refer to:

Places
Maibach (Poppenhausen), a locality of Poppenhausen, in Bavaria, Germany
Maibach (Butzbach), a borough of Butzbach, in Hesse, Germany

People with the surname
Howard Maibach (born 1929), American dermatologist
Edward Maibach, an expert in public health and climate change communication

Other uses
Maibach (Axtbach), a river of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany

See also
Maybach

Maibach


Die ehemalige Kapuzinerkirche in Wolfsberg mit dem Patrozinium des Festes Mariä Himmelfahrt ist heute eine Rektoratskirche der römisch-katholischen Pfarre St. Markus.

Geschichte
1623 ließen sich die Kapuziner in Wolfsberg nieder und errichteten zwischen 1634 und 1638 die Kirche und das Kloster. Der Gebäudekomplex wurde nach dem Brand von 1777 erneuert. Nachdem die Kapuziner 2007 die Stadt verließen, übernahmen die Benediktiner des Stiftes St. Paul im Lavanttal Kirche und Kloster.

Beschreibung
Die schlichte Kirche ist im Langhaus und im eingezogenen Altarraum mit Tonnengewölben ausgestattet. Hinter dem Altarraum befindet sich ein Betchor. An der Nordseite der Kirche ist eine Lourdesgrotte und eine zweijochige Seitenkapelle, die durch eine Holzwand in eine Beicht- und eine Andachtskapelle geteilt ist.

Den historisierenden Hochaltar fertigte 1916 die Kunstwerkstätte Rungaldier in Gröden. Die von Gregor Lederwasch IV der Malerfamilie Lederwasch gemalten Bilder des Hochaltars zeigen in der Mitte Mariä Himmelfahrt, links den heiligen Fidelis von Sigmaringen und rechts den heiligen Josef von Leonisse.  An den Triumphbogenwänden sind Holzstatuen der Heiligen Josef und Antonius von Padua aufgestellt. In der Seitenkapelle stehen die Statuen der Heiligen Franziskus und Konrad aus Altötting sowie die Statue des Judas Thaddäus vom Kärntner Künstler Campidell. An der Nordwand des Langhauses ist eine Grabtafel der 1756 verstorbenen Maria Ziegler eingemauert.

Literatur
 Dehio-Handbuch. Die Kunstdenkmäler Österreichs. Kärnten. Neubearbeitung, 3., erweiterte und verbesserte Auflage, bearbeitet von Gabriele Russwurm-Biró. Anton Schroll, Wien 2001, ISBN 3-7031-0712-X, S. 1083.

Weblinks

Wolfsberg
Kirchengebäude in Wolfsberg (Kärnten)
Wolfsberg
Wolfsberg
Wolfsberg #Kapuzinerkirche
Baudenkmal (Kärnten)

Kapuzinerkirche Wolfsberg


An Cyperus perangustus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Stanley Thatcher Blake. An Cyperus perangustus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cyperus, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Queensland. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cyperus

Cyperus perangustus


Adèle Blanchetière, née le 16 avril 1999 à Caen, est une nageuse française.

Carrière
Adèle Blanchetière est sacrée championne de France du 100 mètres brasse aux championnats de France de natation 2022 à Limoges.

Aux championnats d'Europe de natation 2022 à Rome, elle est médaillée d'argent du relais 4 × 100 mètres 4 nages (en participant seulement aux séries).

Notes et références

Liens externes

Nageuse française
Nageuse de brasse
Naissance en avril 1999
Étudiant de l'université Toulouse-Jean-Jaurès
Étudiant de l'université de Caen
Naissance à Caen au XXe siècle

Adèle Blanchetière


Gerhard Baustian (* 19. Januar 1927 in Lübz; † 9. Dezember 1988 in Strausberg) war ein deutscher Generalmajor der Nationalen Volksarmee der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik.

Leben und Werdegang
Gerhard Baustian wurde als Sohn einer Arbeiterfamilie in Lübz, Kreis Parchim, geboren. Dort legte er das Abitur ab und erlernte von 1941 bis 1944 den Beruf eines Metallflugzeugbauers. 1944 kam er kurz zum Reichsarbeitsdienst, wurde noch im gleichen Jahr zur Wehrmacht eingezogen und war am Ende des Krieges Gefreiter der Luftwaffe.

Nach dem Krieg arbeitete er bis 1947 in Parchim als Mechaniker, danach nahm er bis 1948 an einen Lehrgang für Berufsschullehrer teil, arbeitete bis 1949 als Bürokaufmann und war schließlich bis 1952 Leiter des Volkseigenen Erfassungs- und Aufkaufbetriebs Parchim.

Militärische Laufbahn

Ausbildung und Verwendungen
Gerhard Baustian trat am 21. Februar 1952 als Freiwilligenbewerber in die bewaffneten Organe der DDR ein und wurde kurzzeitig Kursant an der VP-Dienststelle in Pirna.

Von 1952 bis 1954 war G. Baustian Hauptfachlehrer an der Fliegertechnischen Schule in Kamenz, der späteren OHS der LSK/LV. Dort wurde er Kandidat der SED und 1953 als Mitglied in die SED aufgenommen.

Im Jahre 1954 wurde er Oberingenieur im 3. Kommando des 2. Aeroklubs und 1956 Kettenkommandeur eines Fliegenden Verbandes in der 3. Fliegerdivision. Von 1957 bis 1959 wurde Gerhard Baustian als Staffelkommandeur im Fliegerausbildungsgeschwader 2 (FAG-2) eingesetzt und danach bis 1960 zum Kommandeur dieses Geschwaders berufen. Dann folgte eine Anschlussverwendung bis 1961 als Stellvertreter für fliegerische Ausbildung FAG-3. Von 1961 bis 1962 wurde er als Stellvertreter für fliegerische Ausbildung der Fliegerschule am Flugplatz Bautzen, der späteren Offiziershochschule für Militärflieger eingesetzt und Ende 1962 arbeitete er kurzzeitig als Kommandeur m. d. F. b. dieser Schule.

Von 1962 bis 1963 war G. Baustian dann wieder Stellvertreter für fliegerische Ausbildung der Fliegerschule in Bautzen.

Im Jahre 1963 wurde G. Baustian zum Kommando LSK/LV nach Strausberg versetzt und beim Stellvertreter Chef LSK/LV für Luftstreitkräfte als Abteilungsleiter Gefechtsausbildung (A-3) eingesetzt. Bis 1967 wurde er dann selbst auf den herausgehobenen Spitzendienstposten Stellvertreter Chef LSK/LV für Luftstreitkräfte berufen.

Von 1968 bis 1970 wurde er dann zur Generalstabsausbildung an die Militärakademie des Generalstabes der Sowjetischen Streitkräfte delegiert.

Dienst als General
Nach seiner Rückkehr wurde Oberst Baustian von 1970 bis 1978 wieder Stellvertreter Chef LSK/LV für Luftstreitkräfte im Kommando LSK/LV. Am 1. März 1973 erfolgte seine Ernennung zum Generalmajor.

 Anmerkung
Im Jahre 1981 ist die Bezeichnung dieses Dienstposten in Stellvertreter Chef LSK/LV und Chef für Ausbildung der Luftstreitkräfte geändert worden.

Vom 1978 bis 1984 folgte seine letzte Verwendung als Stellvertreter für Flug- und Fallschirmsprungausbildung beim Zentralvorstand der Gesellschaft für Sport und Technik. GenMaj Baustian wurde am 30. November 1984 in den Ruhestand versetzt.

Orden, Ehrenzeichen und Auszeichnungen
 Vaterländischer Verdienstorden in Bronze
 1975 Kampforden "Für Verdienste um Volk und Vaterland" in Gold
 1977 Ehrentitel Verdienter Militärflieger der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik
 Verdienstmedaille der Nationalen Volksarmee in Gold

Siehe auch
 Liste der Generale der Luftstreitkräfte der NVA

Einzelnachweise

Militärperson (Luftwaffe der Wehrmacht)
Generalmajor (Luftstreitkräfte/Luftverteidigung der NVA)
Militärpilot (Luftstreitkräfte/Luftverteidigung der NVA)
Absolvent der Generalstabsakademie der UdSSR
Träger des Vaterländischen Verdienstordens in Bronze
SED-Mitglied
DDR-Bürger
Deutscher
Geboren 1927
Gestorben 1988
Mann

Gerhard Baustian


Horacio Martín Calcaterra Thomas  (Correa, 22 de fevereiro de 1989)  é um futebolista argentino-peruano que atua como meio-campista. Atualmente defende o Universitario de Deportes.

Carreira
Horacio Calcaterra estreou-se em 2008 jogando pelo Rosario Central, onde permaneceu por três temporadas. Chegou ao Peru em 2011 e jogou pelo Unión Comercio naquele ano foi um dos melhores do time. Jogou 26 jogos e marcou 4 gols.

No início de 2012 assinou pelo Universitario de Deportes. Foi listado como uma das melhores contratações do clube no ano, disputando 34 partidas e marcando 7 gols. Em 2013, assinou pelo Sporting Cristal, clube com o qual jogou pela primeira vez na Copa Libertadores da América. Em 2014, Calcaterra conquistou o Campeonato Peruano. Em novembro de 2022, o Sporting Cristal oficializa a saída de Horacio Calcaterra, após muitas temporadas e 5 títulos conquistados.

Universitario
Em 2023 assinou pelo clube Universitario de Deportes, onde já esteve na temporada de 2012, estreou na partida de apresentação contra o Aucas, depois participou dos amistosos no Chile, onde os resultados foram adversos para o Universitario.

Numa entrevista polémica, Calcaterra afirmou que pretendia manter-se no Sporting Cristal, mas não se sentiu apoiado pelo clube. No dia 9 de abril, o Universitario enfrentou o Atlético Grau em partida válida pelo campeonato peruano, Calcaterra entrou no segundo tempo e fez o segundo gol que ajudaria o Universitario a vencer o jogo.

Títulos

Sporting Cristal

 Campeonato Peruano: 2014, 2016, 2018 e 2020
 Copa Bicentenario: 2021
 Torneo Apertura: 2015, 2018 e 2021
 Torneo Clausura: 2014, 2016
 Torneo de Verano: 2018

Ligações externas

Futebolistas do Club Universitario de Deportes
Futebolistas do Club Sporting Cristal
Futebolistas do Unión Comercio
Futebolistas do Club Atlético Rosario Central

Horacio Calcaterra


غريب محمود (10 مايو 1941 - 10 ديسمبر 2006)، ممثل مصري. اشتهر بشخصية «أبو العُريف».

أعماله

أفلام

مسلسلات

مسرحيات

روابط خارجية

مصادر

ممثلو أفلام مصريون
ممثلو تلفزيون مصريون
ممثلو مسرح مصريون
مواليد 1360 هـ
مواليد 1941
وفيات 1427 هـ
وفيات 2006
ممثلون مصريون في القرن 20
ممثلون مصريون في القرن 21

غريب محمود


Faerûn, Wizards Of the Coast adlı firmanın sahip olduğu bir Rol yapma oyunudur. Zindanlar ve Ejderhalar adlı evrenin Unutulmuş Diyarlar kurulumunda geçen Abeir-Toril adlı gezegenin en büyük kıtasıdır.

Abeir-Toril Coğrafya
Faerûn kıtası Kara-Tur ile birlikte Toril'deki en büyük kara parçasıdır. Samurayların ve devasa imparatorlukların kıtası olan Kara-Tur'dan Hordelands ile ayrılır.

Bir çeşit 1001 gece masalı olan ve Arap-bedevi benzeri bir kültürün hakim olduğu komşu Zakhara'yla arasında Büyük Deniz :en:Great Sea uzanmaktadır.

Jaguar Savaşçıların ve bol bol kahve bulunduğu egzotik Maztica'dan ise Trackless Sea adlı okyanusla ayrılır.

Faerun Coğrafya
Faerûn'un en kuzeyinde Drizzt Do'urden'in memleketi olan Buzyeli Vadisi(:en:Icewind Dale) bulunur. Güneye doğru indikçe Lady Alustriel'in yönettiği Silver Marches, High Forest, Elflerin kıta üzerindeki son sığınağı Everaska ve büyük şehir Waterdeep sayılabilir.

Unutulmuş Diyarlar
Kurgusal kıtalar

Faerûn