වෙල්ගම් වෙහෙර  ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ත්‍රිකුණාමලය පරිපාලන දිස්ත්‍රික්කයට අයත් කට්ටුකුලම්පත්තුව, පෙරියකුලම ගම්මානයේ පෙරියකුලම වැව බටහිර අයිනට වන්නට පිහිටි ක්‍රි.ව පළමු සියවසයේදී  පමණ කරවන ලද ඓතිහාසික බෞද්ධ පන්සලකි. දෙමළ බසින් ලියවුනු ශිලාලේඛන දැකගත හැකි ස්ථාන සුළු ප්‍රමාණයෙන් එකක් වන මෙය අනුරාධපුර  රාජධානියේ අවසානයට හේතු වූ ආක්‍රමණය දියත් කළ රාජේන්ද්‍ර රාජ නැමැති ආක්‍රමණිකයාගේ සේනාවේ සිටි බෞද්ධ සෙබළුන්ගේ වන්දනා කටයුතු සඳහා භාවිතා කළ බව සැලකේ.

ඉතිහාසය

දේවානම්පිය තිස්ස රජු විසින් දෙතිස්ඵලරුහ බෝධි අංකුරයක් රෝපණය කරමින් වෙල්ගම් වෙහෙර කරවූ බව වංශ කතාහී සඳහන් වේ. කෙසේනමුදු විහාරයේ මුල් ඉතිහාසය සම්බන්ධ තොරතුරු අපැහැදිලි වේ. ආසන්නව පිහිටි කඳුගැටයක වූ භාතික තිස්ස රජුගේ (ක්‍රි.ව. 143-167) සෙල්ලිපියකට අනූව මෙම විහාරය වෙලගම අබහර විහර යනුවෙන් දක්වා තිබේ. අනුරාධපුර සමයේ අග භාගයට අයත් සිව්වන මිහිදු රජුගේ (ක්‍රි.ව. 975–991) වේවැල්කැටිය සෙල් ලිපියේ පිටපතක් විහාරයේ පිළිම ගෙය ආශ්‍රිතව හමුවී තිබේ.

පස්වන මිහිදු රජුගෙන් (ක්‍රි.ව. 982–1017) පසු මෙරට ඇතිවූ සොළී පාලන සමයේ සිංහල විරෝධය මැඩලීම උදෙසා රජරට නොයෙක් තැන්හී සොළී සේනා රඳවා තැබූ බව පැවසෙන අතර ඉන් එක් කඳවුරක් වෙල්ගම ආශ්‍රිතව ස්ථාපනය කොට තිබී ඇත. මෙම සමයේ දකුණු ඉන්දියාවේ බුදුධහම දියුණු තත්වයක පැවති බවත් මේ හේතුවෙන් වෙල්ගම කඳවුරෙහි ද්‍රවිඩ බෞද්ධයන් සිටි බවත් කියැවෙයි. මෙම දමිළ බෞද්ධයන් විසින් වෙල්ගම් වෙහෙර පිළිම ගෙය දෙමළ සම්ප්‍රදාය අනූව ප්‍රථිසංස්කරණය කොට රාජ රාජ පෙරුම් පල්ලි (රාජ රාජ යනු සොලී අධිරාජයාගේ නාමය වන අතර පෙරුම් පල්ලි යනු විශාල විහාරය යන්න වේ) ලෙස හැඳින්වූ බව හා බුද්ධ ප්‍රථිමාවට දොළොස්මහ පහන් පූජා සිදු කල බවද සඳහන් වේ. විහාරයෙන් හමුවූ ක්‍රි.ව. 1022-1057 සමයට අයත් දමිළ සෙල් ලිපි අතුරින් අටකම මෙම විහාරය වෙල්ගම් වේර යනුවෙන් දක්වා ඇති අතර තවත් තැන්හී එය රාජ රාජ පෙරුම් පල්ලි ලෙස දක්වා තිබේ.

ආක්‍රමණිකයන් පළවා හැර පොළොන්නරු රාජධානියේ උරුමය හිමිකරගත් පළමුවන විජයබාහු රජු (ක්‍රි.ව. 1055-1110) විසින් මෙම විහාරය අලුත්වැඩියා කල බව එම සමයේ ස්ථාපනය කෙරූ ශිලා ලිපියක සඳහන් වේ. පසුකාලීනව මහා පරාක්‍රමබාහු රජු හා නිශ්ශංක මල්ල රජු විසින්ද මෙම විහාරයට අනුග්‍රහ කොට තිබේ.

පොළොන්නරුව රාජධානිය බිඳවැටීමෙන් අනතුරුව වෙල්ගම විහාරය පිළිබඳව වූ අවධානය හීන වී යාම සිදුවූ අතර පසුකාලීනව ඇතිවූ මහනුවර යුගයේ රචනා කෙරූ නම්පොත ග්‍රන්ථයේ, වෙල්ගම් වෙහෙර යන නාමය හා කොට්ටේ සමයේ රචිත කඩයිම් පොත්හී වෙල්ගම් නුවරක් හා මානාවතු නුවරක් සම්බන්ධ තොරතුරු යන්තම් සටහන් කොට තිබේ.

සොයා ගැනීම
පෙරියකුලම වැවට නුදුරින් දීර්ඝ කාලයක් තිස්සේ වනාන්තරයේ ගිලී තිබූ වෙල්ගම් වෙහෙර නටඹුන් අවට දමිළ ගම්වාසීන් විසින් ඊශ්වර දේවාලයක නටඹුන් යැයි සිතා නාතනාර් කෝවිල ලෙස හැඳින්වූ බව සඳහන් වේ. පසුව පුරාවිදු සෙනරත් පරණවිතාන මහතා විසින් මෙම භූමියෙහි සිදුකල පිරික්සීම් මගින් සෙල්ලිපි කිහිපයක් සොයා ගනු ලැබූ අතර එමගින් මෙම බෞද්ධ විහාරස්ථානය, වෙල්ගම් වෙහෙර බැව් හඳුනා ගැණිනි.

නටඹුන්

දාගැබ්
වෙල්ගම් වෙහෙර භූමි පරිශ්‍රය තුල නටඹුන් වූ දාගැබ් තුනක් හඳුනාගත හැකි වේ. ඉන් විශාලතම දාගැබ විහාර චතුරස්‍රයේ නැගෙනහිර පවුරට නුදුරුව පිහිටා තිබේ. දාගැබේ සිදුකල කැණීම් වලදී ක්‍රි.ව. 1වන සියවසට අයත් අක්ෂර සහිත ගඩොලක් හමුවී තිබේ. 1954 වසරේ දාගැබ් මළුවේ නිරිත දිශාවෙහි තිබීයදී හමුවූ 11 වන සියවසට අයත් වටිනා ලපියක් සහිත පිත්තල පහන් ගසක් වර්ථමානයේ ත්‍රිකුණාමල පුරාවිදු කෞතුකාගාරයේ තැම්පත් කොට තිබේ.

මහ පිළිම ගෙය
හින්දු කෝවිල් නිර්මාණ ලක්ෂණ පෙන්නුම් කරන බැවින් මෙම ප්‍රථිමා ගෘහය බොහෝ දෙනෙකුගේ විශේෂ සැළකිල්ලට භාජනය වූවක් වේ.

සෙල් ලිපි
වෙල්ගම් වෙහෙරින් හමුවූ ශිලා ලිපි ක්‍රි.ව. දෙවන සියවසේ සිට 11 වන සියවස දක්වා කාලයට අයත් වේ. ඉන් ශිලා ලිපි 18 ක් දමිළ හා 6ක් සිංහල ඒවා වන අතර ඉන් බොහොමයක් ශිලා ලේඛන කැබලි වී තිබේ. දමිළ ශිලා ලේඛන පළමුවන රාජේන්ද්‍ර චෝල හා දෙවන රාජේන්ද්‍ර දේව යන රජවරුන්ගේ සමයට අයත් වේ.

මීට අමතරව විහාර පරිශ්‍රයෙහි කළුගල් පොකුණක්, දොරකොටු ගෙයක්, බෝ කොටුවක් හා පැරණි ළිඳක් දැකගත හැකි වේ.

පින්තුර එකතුව
2014 දී ලබාගන්නා ලද පින්තුර එකතුව

යුධ සමය
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ත්‍රස්තවාදය  උත්සන්නව තිබූ සමයේ  එල්.ටී.ටී.ඊ. ත්‍රස්තවාදීන්ගේ ප්‍රහාරයන්ට මෙම විහාර භූමිය සහ අවට ප්‍රදේශ කිහිප විටක් ලක් විය.

ආශ්‍රිත ග්‍රන්ථ
වෙල්ගම් වෙහෙර සහ මානාවතු නුවර - පූජ්‍ය අම්පිටියේ සීලවංස තිස්ස ස්ථවීර - 2014 මුද්‍රණය

මූලාශ්‍ර

ත්‍රිකුණාමලය දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ බෞද්ධ සිද්ධස්ථාන
ත්‍රිකුණාමලය දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පුරාවිද්‍යා ආරක්‍ෂිත ස්මාරක

වෙල්ගම් වෙහෙර


Café Express (titlul original: în ) este o comedie dramatică italiană, realizată în 1980 de regizorul Nanni Loy, făcând pare din genul Commedia all'italiana. Protagoniști sunt actorii Nino Manfredi, Adolfo Celi, Vittorio Caprioli.

Conținut

Michele Abbagnano este un invalid napolitan de vârstă mijlocie, care pentru a putea supraviețui și a suporta cheltuielile operației fiului său în vârstă de 14 ani, bolnav de insuficiență cardiacă, vinde clandestin cafea, lapte cald și cappuccino în trenul de noapte pe traseul Vallo della Lucania la Napoli. Tot timpul trebuie să facă față la diverse situații dificile care apar pe parcursul călătoriei, evitarea controlorilor de bilete, a poliției feroviare sau a unui grup de hoți de buzunare care încearcă să-l șantajeze pentru a-l face complicele lor.

Distribuție

Premii
 1980 Nastro d'argento
 cel mai bun actor protagonist lui Nino Manfredi
 cel mai bun subiect lui Elvio Porta

Vezi și
 Listă de filme străine până în 1989
 Commedia all'italiana

Referințe

Legături externe

Filme din 1980
Filme dramatice
Filme Commedia all'italiana
Filme în limba italiană
Filme regizate de Nanni Loy

Café Express


Almaz (Rusça: Алмаз, mücevher) Sovyetler Birliği'nin çok gizli askeri uzay istasyonu projesi. Üç Almaz istasyonu fırlatıldı, bunlar gizlilik nedeniyle Salyut sivil programına dahilmiş gibi gösterildiler: Salyut 2, Salyut 3 ve Salyut 5.

Salyut 2, yörüngeye oturduktan kısa süre sonra düştü, fakat Salyut 3 ve 5 başarılı olarak kullanıldı. Salyut 5'ten sonra Sovyet askeri yönetimi uzay istasyonlarının bakım masraflarının sağladığı yarardan fazla olduğuna karar verdi ve proje iptal edildi.

Almaz projesi, Vladimir Çelomey tarafından ABD hava kuvvetlerinin insanlı uzay istasyonu projesi Manned Orbiting Laboratory'e karşı başlatıldı. Başlangıçta iki proje benzer özellikler taşıyordu. İstasyonun içinde iki kişilik bir mürettebatla bir Proton roketi kullanılarak fırlatılması, mürettebatın bir aylık gözlem çalışmalarından sonra bir kapsülle dünyaya dönmesi planlanıyordu. Soyuz projesindeki gecikmeler üzerine, Almaz askeri uyduları düşürme görevini de üstlendi. Almaz uzayda yine Çelomey'in tasarım bürosunce geliştirilen ve Proton roketiyle fırlatılan TKS araçlarıyla ikmâl edilecekti.

Gözetleme cihazlarına ek olarak Almaz'da bir 23mm Nudelmann uçak topu vardı. Salyut 3, bu topla başarılı deneme atışları yaptı. Almaz programı iptal edilmeden önce imal edilen son istasyonlardan olan OPS-4'te top yerine iki güdümsüz füze bulunuyordu. OPS-4 uzaya gönderilmedi.

İnsanlı Almaz programının iptal edilmesinden sonra kalan Almaz istasyonları takip eden onyılda insansız radar uyduları olarak kullanıldılar. Almaz'ın cankurtaran sandalı TKS, Mir'in ve Uluslararası Uzay İstasyonu'nun modüllerine temel oluşturdu.

Günümüzde özel uzay uçuş şirketi Excalibur Almaz, modernize edilmiş Almaz istasyonları fırlatmayı ve bunlara TKS kapsülleriyle hizmet vermeyi planlamaktadır.

Kaynakça
 İngilizce Vikipedi, Almaz maddesi, 3 Şubat 2007 19:54 sürümü.

Dış bağlantılar
 The Almaz Space Station Program
 Russian Space Web

Salyut
Uzay istasyonları
Kızıl Ordu
1973'te uzay çalışmaları

Almaz


Mözen, Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Segeberg iline bağlı bölge. 7,72 km² yüzölçüme sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Eylül 2006 itibarıyla yaklaşık 462 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Sabine Meyer tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-leezen.de

Segeberg iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Mözen


Tayvan aborjinleri (Çince: 原住民, yuan zhu min), Tayvan'da nüfusları 444.000'i (toplam Tayvan nüfusunun %2'si) bulan etnik grup.

Adaya 4.000 yıl önce yerleştikleri tahmin edilen Tayvan aborjinleri, genetik olarak Malay-Polinezya halklarına akrabadır. 16 kabilenin dilleri Austronezyen dil ailesi içinde sınıflandırılmıştır.

Bugün bu etnik grup içinde hükûmet tarafından tanınan ve kültürleri koruma altına alınan 16 kabile vardır:

 Amis (Ami, Pangcah) (阿美)
 Atayal (Tayal, Tayan) (泰雅)
 Bunun (布農)
 Kavalan (噶瑪蘭)
 Paiwan (排灣)
 Puyuma (卑南)
 Rukai (魯凱)
 Saisiyat (Saisiat) (賽夏)
 Tao (Yami) (雅美/達悟)
 Thao (邵)
 Tsou (Cou) (鄒)
 Truku (Taroko) (太魯閣)
 Sakizaya (撒奇萊雅)
 Seediq (賽德克)
 Saaroa (拉阿魯哇)
 Kanakanavu (卡那卡那富)

Bunlar daha çok Tayvan'ın dağlık bölgelerinde yaşamaktadır, bu nedenle Dağlılar (山地人, Shandi ren) olarak da anılırlar. Bunların dışında ovalara ve kıyı bölgelerinde yerleşmiş başka kabileler de vardı. Bunlar ise Ova Hakları (平埔族, Pinpu zu) olarak adlandırılır. Bu kabilelerden bazıları hükûmet tarafından resmen tanınmasa da varlıklarını bugün de devam ettirmekte: Siraya (西拉雅), Taokas (道卡斯), Ketagalan (凱達格蘭).

Tayvan aborjinleri yakın tarihlere kadar, ağırlıklı olarak avcı-toplayıcı bir kabile hayatı sürdürmekteydi. Tayvan aborjinlerine ait ilk kayıtlar 17. yüzyılda adayı ticaret kolonisi olarak kullanmak isteyen Hollandalılara aittir. Hollandalılar Tayvan'da yerlilerin direnişiyle karşılaştıklarını, yerlilerin vahşi, kelle avcısı olduklarını kaydetmiştir.

Daha sonraki dönemlerde ada Fujian ve Guangdong'dan gelen Çinli göçmelerin yoğun akınına uğramıştır. İlk Çinli yerleşimciler daha çok adanın batısındaki kıyı bölgelerini seçmişler, buraları tarıma açmışlardır. Dolayısıyla Ova Halkları kültürel bütünlüklerini koruyamamış, büyük oranda Çin kültürünü benimsemişlerdir. Çinli yerleşimcilerin baskılarından kendilerini korumayı başaran kimi Ova Halkı ile dağlık bölgelerdeki Tayvan aborjinleri, Japon Koloni Döneminde (1895-1945) bu kez Japonların uygarlaştırma baskılarına maruz kalmıştır. Japonca konuşmaya zorlanan, Japon okullarında eğitim verilen, hatta Japon ordusunun ön saflarında savaşa sürülen aborjinlerin kimi zaman başlattıkları ayaklanmalar, Japon Koloni İdaresi tarafından zorlukla bastırılmıştır.

Kabileler büyük oranda yok olmuş olsa da günümüz Tayvan'ın da hala Ova Halklarının dinlerinden, kültürlerinden kalıntılara rastlamak mümkündür.

Kaynakça

Bibliyografya
 Bellwood, Peter. 1979. Man's Conquest of the Pacific. New York, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-520103-5
 Ed. Blundell, David. 2000. Austronesian Taiwan: Linguistics; History; Ethnology; Prehistory. Taipei, Shung Ye Museum of Formosan Aborigines Publishing. ISBN 0-936127-09-0
 Ed. Blusse, Leonard & Everts, Natalie. 2000. The Formosan Encounter: Notes on Formosa's Aboriginal Society-A selection of Documents from Dutch Archival Sources Vol. I & Vol. II. Taipei, Shung Ye Museum of Formosan Aborigines. ISBN 957-99767-2-4 & ISBN 957-99767-7-5
 Blust, Robert A. Austronesian Root Theory. 1988. Philadelphia, John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 90-272-3020-X
 Borao Mateo, Jose Eugenio 2002. Spaniards in Taiwan Vol. I & Vol. II. Taipei, SMC Publishing. ISBN 957-638-566-0 & ISBN 957-638-589-X
 Brown, Melissa J. Is Taiwan Chinese? : The Impact of Culture, Power and Migration on Changing Identities. 2004, University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23182-1
 Campbell, Rev. William. 1915. Sketches of Formosa. Marshall Brothers Ltd. London, Edinburgh, New York, reprinted by SMC Publishing Inc 1996. ISBN 957-638-377-3
 Chen, Chiu-kun, 1997, Qing dai Taiwan tu zhe di quan, (Land Rights in Qing Era Taiwan), Academia Historica, Taipei, Taiwan. ISBN 957-671-272-6
 Cohen, Marc J. 1988. Taiwan At The Crossroads: Human Rights, Political Development and Social Change on the Beautiful Island. Asia Resource Center, Washington D.C.
 Ed. Faure, David. 2001. In Search of the Hunters and Their Tribes. Taipei, Shung Ye Museum of Formosan Aborigines Publishing. ISBN 957-30287-0-0
 Ed. Harrison, Henrietta. 2001. Natives of Formosa: British Reports of the Taiwan Indigenous People, 1650-1950. Taipei, Shung Ye Museum of Formosan Aborigines Publishing. ISBN 957-99767-9-1
 Hong, Mei Yuan, 1997, Taiwan zhong bu ping pu zhu (Plains Tribes of Central Taiwan), Academia Historica, Taipei, Taiwan.
 Hsu, Mutsu, 1991, Culture, Self and Adaptation: The Psychological Anthropology of Two Malayo-Polynesian Groups in Taiwan. Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. ISBN 957-9046-78-6.
 Keliher, Macabe.2003. Out of China or Yu Yonghe's Tales of Formosa. Taipei, SMC Publishing. ISBN 957-638-609-8
 Ed. Knapp, Ronald G. China's Island Frontier: Studies in the Historical Geography of Taiwan. 1980. Honolulu, University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 957-638-334-X
 Leo T.S. Ching. 2001. Becoming "Japanese". Berkeley, University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22551-1
 Li, Paul Jen-Kuei & Tsuchida Shigeru. 2001. Pazih Dictionary. Academia Sinica Institute of Linguistics, Taipei, Taiwan. ISBN 957-671-790-6
 Li, Paul Jen-Kuei and Tsuchida, Shigeru. 2002. Pazih Texts and Songs. Institute of Linguistics Preparatory Office, Academia Sinica. ISBN 957-671-888-0
 Interview: 2003: Lin Tan Ah (age 94) -in Shi Men, Ping Tung
 Mackay, George L. 1896. From Far Formosa. London, Oliphant Anderson and Ferrier, Reprinted 1991,1998, SMC Publishing, Taipei. ISBN 957-638-072-3
 Meskill, Johanna Menzel. 1979. A Chinese Pioneer Family: The Lins of Wu-Feng, Taiwan 1729-1895. Princeton University Press, Princeton New Jersey
 Montgomery-McGovern, Janet B. 1922. Among the Head-Hunters of Formosa. Boston, Small Maynard and Co. Reprinted 1997, SMC Publishing, Taipei. ISBN 257-638-421-4
 Interview: 2003: Pan Jin Yu (age 93) -in Puli
 Peng, Tan Ming, 1999, Da du she gu wen shu (Old Records of the Da Du Tribes), Academia Historica, Taipei, Taiwan. ISBN 957-02-7661-4
 Peng, Tan Ming, 2000, Ping pu bai she gu wen shu (Old Records of 100 Plains Villages), Academia Historica, Taipei, Taiwan. ISBN 957-01-0937-8
 Pickering, W.A. 1898. Pioneering In Formosa. London, Hurst and Blackett, Republished 1993, Taipei, SMC Publishing. ISBN 957-638-163-0:
 Ed. Rubinstein, Murray A. 1999. Taiwan: A New History. New York, M.E. Sharpe, Inc. ISBN 1-56324-816-6
 Shepherd, John R. 1993. Statecraft and Political Economy on the Taiwan Frontier, 1600-1800. California, Stanford University Press. Reprinted 1995, SMC Publishing, Taipei. ISBN 957-638-311-0
 Shepherd, John Robert. 1995. Marriage and Mandatory Abortion among the 17th Century Siraya. The American Anthropological Association, Arlington VA
 Taylor, George. Ed. Dudbridge, Glen. 1999. Aborigines of South Taiwan in the 1880s. Taipei, Shung Ye Museum of Formosan Aborigines Publishing. ISBN 957-99767-1-6
 Teng, Emma Jinhuang. 2004. Taiwan's Imagined Geography: Chinese Colonial Travel Writing and Pictures, 1683-1895.  Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA, ISBN 0-674-01451-0
 Wilson, Richard W. 1970. Learning To Be Chinese:The Political Socialization of Children in Taiwan. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
 Yosaburo Takekoshi. 1907. Japanese Rule in Formosa. London, Longmans, Green and Co. Reprinted 1996, SMC Publishing, Taipei. ISBN 957-638-378-1

Dış bağlantılar

 Introduction to the 10 tribes of Taiwanese indigenous peoples
 Council of Indigenous Peoples (Taiwan)
 Taiwan Aboriginal Handicraft Art
 Academia Sinica: Formosan Languages
 an overview of the tribes
 Taiwan Aborigines Studies
 Taiwan First Nations
 Reed Institute's Formosa Digital Library
 Shung Ye Museum of Formosan Aborigines
 BBC News: Taiwan's aborigines find new voice  (2005-07-04)

Tayvan aborjinleri


Trekløftalant (Inula conyzae) er en vildstaude med en opret vækst. Planten tilhører de kurvblomstrede, men er kendelig på, at kurvene mangler de ydre tungeblomster, og den har i stedet oprette og mere eller mindre trekløvede randkroner. Kurvsvøbbladene har desuden udadbøjede eller tilbagekrummede spidser.

Arten findes i det meste af Eurpoa. Nordgrænsen for dens udbredelse går gennem Danmark hvor den kun findes på få lokaliteter. Den er kategoriseret som næsten truet på den danske rødliste 2019.

Kendetegn
Trekløftalant er en to- eller flerårig, urteagtig plante med en opret vækst. Skuddene er tynde og rødlige med bløde, filtagtige hår. Bladene er spredt stillede og ægformede til lancetformede med en grovtakket bladrand. Oversiden er græsgrøn med tydeligt forsænkede bladribber, mens undersiden er lysegrøn og hvidfiltet. Blomstringen foregår i juli-august, hvor man finder de endestillede blomster samlet i smalle, oprette kurve, som igen er samlet i en løs top. De enkelte blomster er alle rørformede (egentlige randkroner mangler) og brungule. Frøene er nødder med en kort fnok.

Rodsystemet består af en tyk, lodret rodstok, som er forlænget i en dybtgående pælerod med mange siderødder.

Trekløftalant når en højde på 100 cm og en bredde på ca. 25 cm.

Hjemsted
Trekløftalant hører hjemme på tørre, lysåbne områder med en kalkrig jordbund. Derfor findes den på overdrev, kystskrænter og i skovbryn og lysninger. Planten er på sin nordgrænse i Danmark, hvor den kun findes i Molslandet, ved Horsens og den nordlige del af Storebæltsregionen. Ved landsbyen Vellinge i det sydvestlige Skåne, findes en lav skråning. Her er jorden veldrænet, kystnær og kalkrig, og her vokser arten sammen med bl.a. Agerpadderok, Agertidsel, Almindelig kvik, Draphavre, Enggedeskæg, Følfod, Horsetidsel, Hvas randfrø, Lodden dueurt, Rød svingel, Rørgræs og Stortoppet hvene

Galleri

Kuriosa
Arten er udset til at være underlagt Aarhus Kommunes særlige beskyttelse, idet den nemlig findes "i den nordligste del af kommunen".

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger
 Trekløft-alant - Inula conyzae på arter.dk

Kurvblomst-familien
Gule blomster
Tørketålende planter
Kalkbundsplanter

Trekløftalant


Janusz Kotliński (* 19. Dezember 1946 in Łódź) ist ein ehemaliger polnischer Bahnradsportler und Weltmeister im Radsport.

1975 und 1976 wurde Janusz Kotliński Weltmeister im Tandemrennen, gemeinsam mit Benedykt Kocot. 1975 wurde das Duo im Nachhinein disqualifiziert, weil sie die Dopingkontrolle nicht wahrgenommen hatten. Siebenmal wurde er zudem zwischen 1968 und 1978 polnischer Meister im Sprint und neunmal im Tandemrennen, letztmals 1979. Er startete für den Verein Widzew Łódź.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Radsportler (Polen)
Weltmeister (Radsport)
Polnischer Meister (Radsport)
Bahnradfahrer
Sportler (Łódź)
Pole
Geboren 1946
Mann

Janusz Kotliński


Klimm ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Franz Klimm (1881–1952), deutscher Theologe und Kunsthistoriker
 Georg Klimm (1913–2000), deutscher Lehrer und Politiker
 Johann Albrecht Klimm (1698–1778), deutscher Astronom, siehe Johann Albrecht Klein
 Karl Klimm (1856–1924), deutscher Architekt, in Breslau tätig
 Wolfgang Klimm (* 1943), deutscher Zahnmediziner

Klimm ist der Name folgender Orte:

 Klimm (Gemeinde Elmen), Ortschaft von Elmen, Bezirk Reutte, Tirol

Siehe auch:
 Klim
 climm
 Glimm

Klimm


Sévero-Kavkazskoi Zonalnoi Opytnoi Stantsi VNIILR  es un posiólok del raión de Dinskaya del krai de Krasnodar del sur de Rusia. Está situado en las tierras bajas de Kubán-Azov, al norte del embalse de Krasnodar, 17 km al sudeste de Dinskaya y 33 km al este de Krasnodar, la capital del krai. Tenía 84 habitantes en 2010.

Pertenece al municipio Vasiúrinskoye.

Enlaces externos y referencias

 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde este enlace.
 ''Este artículo es una traducción de su correspondiente en la edición en ruso de Wikipedia, Северо-Кавказской Зональной Опытной Станции ВНИИЛР
 El municipio en el sitio web del raión .

Localidades del raión de Dinskaya del krai de Krasnodar


Olaylar
 - De Re Metallica, cevherden metal üretme sürecini anlatan ilk yazılı eser yayımlandı.
 23 Ocak - Shaanxi Depremi, 830.000 kişi öldü.
 10 Mayıs - Marmara Denizi depremi meydana geldi.

Doğumlar
 ? - Carlo Maderno, erken barok mimarlığının oluşmasında önemli rol oynayan İtalyan mimar (ö. 1629),

Ölümler
 2 Temmuz - Michel de Nostradamus, Fransız hekim, öngörümcü (kahin).
31 Temmuz - Loyolalı Ignatius, İspanyol asıllı din adamı, Cizvitler tarikatının kurucusu (d. 1491)
 ? - Fuzûlî, Türk divan şairi (d. 1483)
 ? - Ahmed Karahisari, Türk Hattat (d. 1469)

1556


Joan Geraldine Bennett (February 27, 1910 – December 7, 1990) was an American stage, film, and television actress. She was one of three acting sisters from a show-business family. Beginning her career on the stage, Bennett appeared in more than 70 films from the era of silent films, well into the sound era. She is best remembered for her film noir femme fatale roles in director Fritz Lang's films—including Man Hunt (1941), The Woman in the Window (1944), and Scarlet Street (1945)—and for her television role as matriarch Elizabeth Collins Stoddard (and ancestors Naomi Collins, Judith Collins, Flora Collins, and Flora Collins PT) in the gothic 1960s soap opera Dark Shadows, for which she received an Emmy nomination in 1968.

Bennett's career had three distinct phases: first as a winsome blonde ingenue, then as a sensuous brunette femme fatale (with looks that movie magazines often compared to those of Hedy Lamarr), and finally as a warmhearted wife-and-mother figure.

In 1951, Bennett's screen career was marred by scandal after her third husband, film producer Walter Wanger, shot and injured her agent Jennings Lang. Wanger suspected that she and Lang were having an affair, a charge which she adamantly denied. She married four times.

For her final film role, as Madame Blanc in Dario Argento's cult horror film Suspiria (1977), she received a Saturn Award nomination.

Early life

Joan Geraldine Bennett was born in the Palisade section of Fort Lee, New Jersey, on February 27, 1910, the youngest of three daughters of actor Richard Bennett and actress/literary agent Adrienne Morrison. Her elder sisters were actress Constance Bennett and actress/dancer Barbara Bennett, who was the first wife of singer Morton Downey and the mother of Morton Downey Jr.
Part of a famous theatrical family, Bennett's maternal grandfather was Jamaica-born Shakespearean actor Lewis Morrison, who embarked on a stage career in the late 1860s. On the side of her maternal grandmother, actress Rose Wood, the profession dated back to traveling minstrels in 18th-century England.

Bennett first appeared in a silent movie as a child with her parents and sisters in her father's drama The Valley of Decision (1916), which he adapted for the screen. She attended Miss Hopkins School for Girls in Manhattan, then St. Margaret's, a boarding school in Waterbury, Connecticut, and L'Hermitage, a finishing school in Versailles, France.

On September 15, 1926, 16-year-old Bennett married John M. Fox in London. They divorced in Los Angeles on July 30, 1928, based on charges of his alcoholism. They had one child, Adrienne Ralston Fox (born February 20, 1928), for whom Bennett fought successfully in court to rename Diana Bennett Markey when the child was eight years old. Her name changed to Diana Bennett Wanger in 1944.

Career

Bennett's stage debut was at age 18, acting with her father in Jarnegan (1928), which ran on Broadway for 136 performances and for which she received good reviews. By the time she turned 20 she had become a movie star through such roles as Phyllis Benton in Bulldog Drummond starring Ronald Colman, which was her first important role, and Lady Clarissa Pevensey opposite George Arliss in Disraeli (both 1929).

She moved quickly from movie to movie throughout the 1930s. Bennett appeared as a blonde (her natural hair color) for several years. She starred in the role of Dolores Fenton in the United Artists musical Puttin' On The Ritz (1930) opposite Harry Richman and as Faith Mapple, his beloved, opposite John Barrymore in an early sound version of Moby Dick (1930) at Warner Brothers.

Under contract to Fox Film Corporation, she appeared in several movies. She played the role of Jane Miller opposite Spencer Tracy in She Wanted a Millionaire (1932), receiving top billing. She was billed second, after Tracy, for her role as Helen Riley, a personable waitress who trades wisecracks, in Me and My Gal (1932).

On March 16, 1932, she married screenwriter/film producer Gene Markey in Los Angeles, but the couple divorced in Los Angeles on June 3, 1937. They had one child, Melinda Markey (born February 27, 1934, on Bennett's 24th birthday).

Bennett left Fox to play Amy, a pert sister competing with Katharine Hepburn's Jo in Little Women (1933), which was directed by George Cukor for RKO. This movie brought Bennett to the attention of independent film producer Walter Wanger, who signed her to a contract and began managing her career. She played the role of Sally MacGregor, a psychiatrist's young wife slipping into insanity, in Private Worlds (1935) with Joel McCrea. Bennett starred in the film Vogues of 1938 (1937), including the title sequence, in which she donned a diamond-and-platinum bracelet set with the Star of Burma ruby. Wanger and director Tay Garnett persuaded her to change her hair from blonde to brunette as part of the plot for her role as Kay Kerrigan in the scenic Trade Winds (1938) opposite Fredric March.

With her change in appearance, Bennett began an entirely new screen career as her persona evolved into that of a glamorous, seductive femme fatale. She played the role of Princess Maria Theresa in The Man in the Iron Mask (1939) opposite Louis Hayward, and the role of the Grand Duchess Zona of Lichtenburg in The Son of Monte Cristo (1940) opposite Hayward.

During the search for an actress to play Scarlett O'Hara in Gone with the Wind, Bennett was given a screen test and impressed producer David O. Selznick to such an extent that she was one of the final four actresses, along with Jean Arthur, Vivien Leigh, and Paulette Goddard.

On January 12, 1940, Bennett and producer Walter Wanger were married in Phoenix, Arizona. They were divorced in September 1965 in Mexico. The couple had two children together, Stephanie Wanger (born June 26, 1943) and Shelley Wanger (born July 4, 1948). The following year, on March 13, 1949, Bennett became a grandmother at age 39.

Combined with her sultry eyes and husky voice, Bennett's new brunette look gave her an earthier, more arresting persona. She won praise for her performances as Brenda Bentley in The House Across the Bay (1940), also featuring George Raft, and as Carol Hoffman in the anti-Nazi drama The Man I Married, a film in which Francis Lederer also starred.

She then appeared in a sequence of highly-regarded film noir thrillers directed by Fritz Lang, with whom she and Wanger formed their own production company. Bennett appeared in four movies under Lang's direction, including as Cockney Jerry Stokes in Man Hunt (1941) opposite Walter Pidgeon, as mysterious model Alice Reed in The Woman in the Window (1944) with Edward G. Robinson, and as vulgar blackmailer Katharine "Kitty" March in Scarlet Street (1945), another film with Robinson.

Bennett was the shrewish, cuckolding wife, Margaret Macomber, in Zoltan Korda's The Macomber Affair (1947) opposite Gregory Peck, as deceitful wife Peggy, in Jean Renoir's The Woman on the Beach (also 1947) opposite Robert Ryan and Charles Bickford, and as tormented Lucia Harper in Max Ophüls' The Reckless Moment (1949) as the victim of a blackmailer played by James Mason. Then, easily shifting images again, she changed her screen persona to that of an elegant, witty and nurturing wife and mother in two comedies directed by Vincente Minnelli.

Playing the role of Ellie Banks, the wife of Spencer Tracy and mother of Elizabeth Taylor, Bennett appeared in both Father of the Bride (1950) and Father's Little Dividend (1951).

She made a number of radio appearances from the 1930s to the 1950s, performing on such programs as The Edgar Bergen and Charlie McCarthy Show, Duffy's Tavern, The Jack Benny Program, Ford Theater, Suspense and the anthology series Lux Radio Theater and Screen Guild Theater.

With the increasing popularity of television, Bennett made five guest appearances in 1951, including an episode of Sid Caesar and Imogene Coca's Your Show of Shows.

Political views
She was a very active member of both the Hollywood Democratic Committee and The Hollywood Anti-Nazi League and donated her time and money to many liberal causes (such as the Civil Rights Movement) and political candidates (including Franklin D. Roosevelt, Henry A. Wallace, Adlai Stevenson II, John F. Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy, and Jimmy Carter) during her lifetime.

Scandal
For 12 years Bennett was represented by agent Jennings Lang, the onetime vice-president of the Sam Jaffe Agency, who then headed MCA's West Coast television operations. She and Lang met on the afternoon of December 13, 1951, to talk over an upcoming TV show.

Bennett parked her Cadillac convertible in the lot at the back of the MCA offices, at Santa Monica Boulevard and Rexford Drive, across the street from the Beverly Hills Police Department, and she and Lang drove off in his car. Meanwhile, her husband Walter Wanger drove past about 2:30 p.m. and noticed his wife's car parked there. Half-an-hour later, he again saw her car there and stopped to wait. Bennett and Lang drove into the parking lot a few hours later and he walked her to her convertible. As she started the engine, turned on the headlights, and prepared to drive away, Lang leaned on the car, with both hands raised to his shoulders, and talked to her.

In a fit of jealousy, Wanger walked up and twice shot and wounded the unsuspecting agent. One bullet hit Jennings in the right thigh, near the hip, and the other penetrated his groin. Bennett said she did not see Wanger at first. She said she suddenly saw two vivid flashes, then Lang slumped to the ground. As soon as she recognized who had fired the shots, she told Wanger, "Get away and leave us alone." He tossed the pistol into his wife's car.

She and the parking lot's service station manager took Lang to the agent's doctor. He was then taken to a hospital, where he recovered. The police station was located across the lot, officers had heard the shots, and came to the scene and found the gun in Bennett's car when they took Wanger into custody. Wanger was booked and fingerprinted, and underwent lengthy questioning.

"I shot him because I thought he was breaking up my home," Wanger told the chief of police of Beverly Hills. He was booked on suspicion of assault with intent to commit murder. Bennett denied a romance. "But if Walter thinks the relationships between Mr. Lang and myself are romantic or anything but strictly business, he is wrong," she declared. She blamed the trouble on financial setbacks involving film productions Wanger was involved with, and said he was on the verge of a nervous breakdown. The following day Wanger, out on bond, returned to their Holmby Hills home, collected his belongings and moved out. Bennett, however, said there would not be a divorce.

On December 14, Bennett issued a statement in which she said she hoped her husband "will not be blamed too much" for wounding her agent. She read the prepared statement in the bedroom of her home to a group of newspapermen while TV cameras recorded the scene.

Wanger's attorney Jerry Giesler mounted a "temporary insanity" defense. He then decided to waive his right to a jury, and threw himself on the mercy of the court. Wanger served a four-month sentence in the County Honor Farm at Castaic, California, 39 miles north of Downtown Los Angeles, quickly returning to his career to make a series of successful films.

Meanwhile, Bennett went to Chicago to appear on the stage in the role as the young witch Gillian Holroyd in Bell, Book, and Candle, then went on national tour with the production.

She made only five movies in the decade that followed the 1951 shooting incident, and only two films in the 1970s, for the incident was a stain on her career and she became virtually blacklisted. Blaming the scandal that occurred for destroying her career in the motion picture industry, Bennett once said, "I might as well have pulled the trigger myself." Although Humphrey Bogart, a longtime friend, pleaded with Paramount Pictures on her behalf to keep her after her role as Amelie Ducotel in We're No Angels (1955), the studio refused.

As the movie offers dwindled after the scandal, Bennett continued touring in stage successes, such as Susan and God, Once More, with Feeling, The Pleasure of His Company and Never Too Late. Her next TV appearance was in the role of Bettina Blane in an episode of General Electric Theater in 1954. Other roles included Honora in Climax! (1955) and Vickie Maxwell in Playhouse 90 (1957). In 1958, she appeared as the mother in the short-lived television comedy/drama Too Young to Go Steady to teenagers played by Brigid Bazlen and Martin Huston.

She starred on Broadway in the comedy Love Me Little (1958), which ran for only eight performances.

Of the scandal, in a 1981 interview, Bennett contrasted the judgmental 1950s with the sensation-crazed 1970s and 1980s. "It would never happen that way today," she said, laughing. "If it happened today, I'd be a sensation. I'd be wanted by all studios for all pictures."

Later years
Despite the shooting scandal and the damage it caused Bennett's film career, she and Wanger remained married until 1965. She continued to work steadily on the stage and in television, including a guest role as Denise Mitchell in an episode of TV's Burke's Law (1965).

Bennett received star billing in the gothic soap opera Dark Shadows for its entire five-year run, 1966 to 1971, receiving an Emmy Award nomination in 1968 for her performance as Elizabeth Collins Stoddard, mistress of the haunted Collinwood Mansion. Her other roles in Dark Shadows were Naomi Collins, Judith Collins Trask, Elizabeth Collins Stoddard PT (parallel time, as the show described its alternate reality), Flora Collins, and Flora Collins PT. In 1970, she appeared as Elizabeth in House of Dark Shadows, the feature film adaptation of the series. However, she declined to appear in the sequel Night of Dark Shadows, and her character Elizabeth was mentioned therein as being recently deceased.

Her autobiography The Bennett Playbill, written with Lois Kibbee, was published in 1970.

Her other TV guest appearances include Bennett's roles as Joan Darlene Delaney in an episode of The Governor & J.J. (1970) and as Edith in an episode of Love, American Style (1971). She starred in five made-for-TV movies between 1972 and 1982.

Bennett also appeared in one more feature film, as Madame Blanc in director Dario Argento's horror film Suspiria (1977), for which she received a 1978 Saturn Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress.

Bennett and retired publisher/movie critic David Wilde were married on February 14, 1978, 13 days before her 68th birthday, in White Plains, New York. Their marriage lasted until her death in 1990.

Celebrated for not taking herself too seriously, Bennett said in a 1986 interview, "I don't think much of most of the films I made, but being a movie star was something I liked very much."

Bennett has a motion pictures star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for her contributions to the film industry. Her star is located at 6300 Hollywood Boulevard, a short distance from the star of her sister Constance.

Death
Bennett died of heart failure on Friday evening, December 7, 1990, aged 80, at her home in Scarsdale, New York.

Filmography
Bennett appeared in many movies and television productions, listed below in their entirety.

Film

Television

The Nash Airflyte Theater (1951) episode: Peggy
Your Show of Shows (1951) 1 episode
Danger (1951) episode: A Clear Case of Suicide
Somerset Maugham TV Theatre (1951) episode: Smith Serves
Somerset Maugham TV Theatre (1951) episode: The Dream
General Electric Theater (1954) episode: You Are Young Only Once, as Bettina Blane
The Best of Broadway (1954) episode: The Man Who Came to Dinner, as Lorraine Sheldon
Climax! (1955) episode: The Dark Fleece, as Honora
The Ford Television Theatre (1955) episode: Letters Marked Personal, as Marcia Manners
The Ford Television Theatre (1956) episode: Dear Diane, as Marion
Playhouse 90 (1957) episode: The Thundering Wave, as Vickie Maxwell
The DuPont Show of the Month (1957) episode: Junior Miss, as Grace Graves
Pursuit (1958) episode: Epitaph for a Golden Girl
Too Young to Go Steady (1959) (own series), as Mary Blake
Burke's Law (1965) episode: Who Killed Mr. Colby in Ladies' Lingerie?, as Denise Mitchell
Dark Shadows (1966–1971) (series regular, 386 episodes), as Elizabeth Collins Stoddard / Naomi Collins / Judith Collins Trask / Flora Collins / Flora Collins (PT)
The Governor & J.J. (1970) episode: Check the Check, as Joan Darlene Delaney
Love, American Style (1971) episode segment: Love and the Second Time, as Edith
Dr. Simon Locke (1972) episode: The Cortessa Rose, as Cortessa

Made-for-TV movies
Gidget Gets Married (1972) as Claire Ramsey
The Eyes of Charles Sand (1972) as Aunt Alexandra
Suddenly, Love (1978) as Mrs. Graham
This House Possessed (1981) as Rag Lady
Divorce Wars: A Love Story (1982) as Adele Burgess

As herself

Screen Actors (1950) (uncredited)
The Colgate Comedy Hour (1951) 1 episode
What's My Line? (1951) 1 episode
The Ken Murray Show (1951) 1 episode
Ford Festival (1951)
I've Got A Secret (1953)
Climax! (1956) episode: The Louella Parsons Story
To Tell the Truth (1958) 1 episode
The Mike Douglas Show (1964, 1967, 1970, 1970, 1977) 5 episodes
The Merv Griffin Show (1967) 1 episode
Personality (1968) 1 episode
The Hollywood Squares (1970) 1 episode
The Virginia Graham Show (1970) 1 episode
The Hollywood Greats (1977) 2 episodes: Humphrey Bogart; Spencer Tracy
The Guiding Light (1982) 1 episode
The Spencer Tracy Legacy: A Tribute by Katharine Hepburn (1986)

Short subject
Screen Snapshots (1932)
Hollywood on Parade No. A-12 (1933)
The Fashion Side of Hollywood (1935)
Hollywood Party (1937)
Screen Snapshots Series 19, No. 9: Sports in Hollywood (1940)
Hedda Hopper's Hollywood, No. 6 (1942)
Screen Actors (1950) (uncredited)

Radio appearances

Further reading

References

External links

 Photos of Joan Bennett in 'Trade Winds' 1938 by Ned Scott
 Joan Bennett Photo Gallery
 A collection of old time radio recordings featuring Joan Bennett

1910 births
1990 deaths
American people of English descent
American people of Jewish descent
American people of Spanish descent
American film actresses
American silent film actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
American radio personalities
20th-century American memoirists
American women memoirists
Actresses from New Jersey
People from Fort Lee, New Jersey
People from Scarsdale, New York
20th-century American actresses
20th Century Studios contract players
RKO Pictures contract players

Joan Bennett


A transcriptômica espacial é um termo abrangente para uma família de métodos para atribuir tipos de células (identificados pelas leituras de mRNA) às suas localizações nas seções histológicas. Este método também pode ser usado para determinar a localização subcelular de moléculas de mRNA. O termo é uma variação da Genômica Espacial, descrita pela primeira vez por Doyle, et al., em 2000 e depois expandida por Ståhl et al. al. em uma técnica desenvolvida em 2016, que desde então passou por diversas melhorias e modificações.

Referências
Biotecnologia

Transcritômica espacial


محمد فؤاد معصوم  (1 يناير 1938-)، سياسي كردي عراقي شغل منصب الرئيس السابع للعراق من 24 يوليو 2014 إلى 2 أكتوبر 2018. انتخب رئيسا بعد الانتخابات البرلمانية عام 2014.

معصوم هو أحد قادة ومؤسسي الاتحاد الوطني الكردستاني. حاصل على دكتوراه في الفلسفة الإسلامية من جامعة الأزهر. تولى في عام 1992 منصب أول رئيس وزراء لحكومة كردستان العراق، وترأّس خلال فترة حكومة إياد علاوي رئاسة المجلس الوطني بعد عام 2003، ثم عضوًا في الجمعية الوطنية العراقية، ومن ثم أصبح النائب الأول لرئيس لجنة صياغة الدستور العراقي، ثم عضو في مجلس النواب العراقي في دورتيه الأولى والثانية.

النشأة والتعليم
ولد فؤاد معصوم في مدينة كوي سنجق في شمال العراق عام 1938م، وهو نجل الملا معصوم خضر الرئيس السابق لهيئة علماء المسلمين في كردستان الذي ينتمي إلى سلالة سياسية راسخة ذات صلات دينية إسلامية. تنحدر عائلته من قرية خبانين التابعة لهورمان. درس في مدارس دينية مختلفة في كردستان العراق حتى سن الثامنة عشرة، ودرس القانون والشريعة في جامعة بغداد. في عام 1958 سافر معصوم إلى القاهرة لإكمال تعليمه العالي في جامعة الأزهر. عمل أستاذا في جامعة البصرة عام 1968. حصل على درجة الدكتوراه في الفلسفة الإسلامية من الأزهر عام 1975.

الحياة العملية والسياسية
زاول مهنة التدريس في علم الفلسفة العامة وفلسفة العلوم في كليات الآداب والتربية والعلوم في جامعة البصرة، وخلال فترة منتصف السبعينيات للسنوات من 1973 إلى 1975، عمل ممثلا رسميا للحركة الكردية في القاهرة، وبعدها عاد إلى العراق وشارك في تأسيس الاتحاد الوطني الكردستاني عام 1975، وفي عام 1992، تولّى منصب أول (رئيس وزراء لحكومة كردستان العراق) المنشقة عن الحكومة العراقية إبّان حكم الرئيس العراقي الراحل صدام حسين، ثم ترك المنصب وتفرَّغ للعمل الحزبي حتى سقوط بغداد في 9 نيسان 2003، وترأّس خلال فترة حكومة الدكتور إياد علاوي رئاسة المجلس الوطني الذي كان نواة لبداية تشكيل الدولة العراقية الحديثة بعد غزو العراق عام 2003، وبعدها أصبح عضوا منتخبا في الجمعية الوطنية العراقية، ومن ثم أصبح النائب الأول لرئيس لجنة صياغة الدستور العراقي، ثم شغل منصب عضو في مجلس النواب العراقي في دورتيه الأولى والثانية، وكان رئيس التحالف الكردستاني في مجلس النواب العراقي.

تولّي الرئاسة
انتخبه مجلس النواب العراقي لمنصب رئيس جمهورية العراق في الدورة الانتخابية الثالثة في يوم 24 تموز 2014م، وبعد إجراء جولتين انتخابيتين حصل في الجولة الأولى على 175 صوتا وفاز في الجولة الثانية بحصوله على 250 صوتًا، وأدى القسم القانوني لمنصب الرئاسة أمام رئيس المحكمة الاتحادية العليا القاضي مدحت المحمود وأمام مجلس النواب.

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من كويسنجق
أعضاء الجمعية الوطنية الانتقالية في العراق (2004-2005)
أعضاء مجلس النواب العراقي عن انتخابات كانون الأول 2005
أكراد العراق
حكومة كردستان العراق
خريجو جامعة الأزهر
رؤساء العراق
رؤساء مجلس النواب العراقي
سياسيو حزب الاتحاد الوطني الكردستاني
سياسيون أكراد
سياسيون عراقيون
مسلمون أكراد
مسلمون سنة عراقيون
مواليد 1356 هـ
مواليد 1938
مواليد في كوي سنجق

فؤاد معصوم


Mandi-chumbado (nome científico: Aguarunichthys tocantinsensis), também popularmente designado como rubinho ou jauzinho-do-canal, é uma espécie de bagre bentopelágico da família dos pimelodídeos (Pimelodidae) nativa do Brasil.

Etimologia

O nome do gênero Aguarunichthys deriva de aguarã, o nome de uma tribo indígena peruana que vive na fronteira com o Equador, e do grego ichthys, "peixe". O nome popular mandi deriva do tupi mandi'i, "peixe de rio" ou "peixe de água doce". Foi registrado em ca. 1594 como mandaig, 1618 como mandeii e 1806 como mandis. Por sua vez, jauzinho é a forma diminutiva de jaú, um termo de origem tupi que, em sentido literal, designa peixes da família dos pimelodídeos. Segundo Teodoro Sampaio em O Tupi na Geografia Nacional (TupGN), o étimo significa "aquele que devora". Foi registrado em 1594 como jaû, em 1751 com jaus e 1783 como jahús.

Descrição
O mandi-chumbado mede 31,7 centímetros de comprimento. Sua cabeça é mais longa do que larga e levemente deprimida. Tem olhos grandes, focinho largo. A boca é nitidamente subterminal. A cabeça, o corpo e as nadadeiras são verde-acastanhadas com manchas pretas. Os barbilhões são enegrecidos. Conta com pequenas manchas ao redor da base da nadadeira anal. A espécie alimenta-se de invertebrados, em especial das espécies de camarão de água doce, e de peixes menores. Habita águas doces com fortes correntes e fundo rochoso da represa de Tucuruí, no rio Tocantins. É encontrada nos estados brasileiros do Pará, Tocantins, Mato Grosso e Goiás.

Conservação

O mandi-chumbado encontra-se atualmente extinta na maior parte da bacia do Tocantins. Como causas, foram citadas as alterações antrópicas nos ambientes das corredeiras. A construção de empreendimentos hidrelétricos representa risco extremamente negativo à espécie. Em 2007, a espécie foi classificada como vulnerável na Lista de espécies de flora e fauna ameaçadas de extinção do Estado do Pará; em 2018, como em perigo no Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção do Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio); e como em perigo no anexo três (peixes) da Lista Oficial da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção da Portaria MMA Nº 148, de 7 de junho de 2022. No Tocantins, sua pesca foi proibida em 2023.

Peixes descritos em 1993
Peixes de água doce do Brasil
Peixes do Pará
Peixes do Tocantins
Peixes de Mato Grosso
Peixes de Goiás
Espécies citadas na Portaria MMA N.º 148
Espécies citadas na lista Extinção Zero do Estado do Pará
Espécies citadas no Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção
Pimelodídeos

Mandi-chumbado


بي إم بي-1   هي مركبة قتالية مدرعة روسية من الجيل الأول صممت ما بين 1961 و1965 ودخلت الخدمة في الجيش السوفيتي سنة 1966، عدت تصميما ثوريا لتجمع بين خصائص وميزات دبابات القتال الخفيفة وبين ناقلات الجند المدرعة،وقد بلغ مجموع ما انتج من مركبات القتال المدرعة بي إم بي-1 مايزيد عن 20,000 مدرعة في الاتحاد السوفيتي.

يشمل تسليح مدرعات البي إم بي-1 بمدفع رئيسي عيار 73 ملم ومنصة صواريخ موجهة مضادة للدروع نوع ماليوتكا، كما زودت بمحرك ديزل بقوة 300 حصان وتبلغ سرعتة المدرعة القصوى 65 كم على الطريق، وتزن البي إم بي-13 طن.

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مراجع

أسلحة الاتحاد السوفيتي
أسلحة الحرب الباردة
مركبات الدعم الناري
مركبات برمائية
مركبات عسكرية 1960–1969
مركبات عسكرية روسية
مركبات قتالية مدرعة
مركبات مشاة قتالية مجنزرة
بي إم بي-1

بي إم بي-1


Isaac Ware (1704  - 1766) est un architecte anglais et traducteur de l'architecte italien de la Renaissance Andrea Palladio .

Jeunesse
Ware est né dans la pauvreté, vivant comme un gamin des rues et travaillant comme ramoneur, jusqu'à ce qu'il soit adopté par Richard Boyle (3e comte de Burlington) à l'âge de huit ans (vers 1712), après quoi il est soigné et éduqué en tant que jeune noble. Apparemment, il dessinait sur le trottoir de Whitehall, et Burlington, reconnaissant le talent, l'intelligence et la personnalité, l'emmène dans sa propre maison. Son éducation ultérieure comprend un Grand Tour d'Europe et l'étude de l'architecture .

Carrière d'architecte

Il est apprenti chez Thomas Ripley, le  août 1721, et le suit dans des postes au Bureau des Travaux, mais son mentor en design est Lord Burlington. Ware est membre de la St Martin's Lane Academy, qui rassemble plusieurs des principales figures du mouvement rococo anglais, parmi lesquelles Louis François Roubillac, qui sculpte le buste de Ware vers 1741 .

Bien qu'il ait occupé divers postes au Bureau des travaux entre 1728 et sa mort, dont celui de secrétaire, poste précédemment occupé par Nicholas Hawksmoor, les principaux travaux de Ware sont destinés à des clients privés . Outre Chesterfield House, Westminster, (1747–52; démoli en 1937) avec son extérieur palladien et ses détails intérieurs rococo, il construit un petit nombre de maisons de campagne, dont la plupart sont ensuite rénovées ou démolies. Clifton Hill House, Bristol et Wrotham Park, Hertfordshire subsistent, Clifton Hill House, construite en 1746-1750, est une villa palladienne, un type Ware également utilisé pour deux maisons en Écosse dans les dix années suivantes, toutes deux avec des ailes de service reliées à la maison principale par des passages . A Wrotham (1756) le bloc central est flanqué d'ailes terminées par des pavillons octogonaux . Il s'engage également dans la construction spéculative dans le West End de Londres.

Ware n'est pas satisfait de la première édition en langue anglaise de Les Quatre Livres de l'architecture d'Andrea Palladio, traduit par Giacomo Leoni), et en particulier des illustrations de Leoni. En 1738, Ware publie sa traduction illustrée de ses propres gravures soignées. La version de Ware des Four Books of Architecture reste la meilleure traduction anglaise jusqu'au  de l'avis de Howard Colvin.

"Ayant complètement assimilé la théorie palladienne", écrit Colvin, "il regarda au-delà et, dans les années 1740, contribua lui-même à dissoudre la dictature du goût imposée par Burlington dans les années 1720". En 1756, il publie A Complete Body of Architecture, un ouvrage de grande envergure destiné à "suppléer la place de tous les autres livres". Il est décrit par John Summerson comme "bien compilé, reflétant très fidèlement la compétence solide et réfléchie des œuvres exécutées par son auteur" .

Ouvrages
La liste suivante est tirée de Colvin; tous sont publiés à Londres.

 Dessins d'Inigo Jones et autres, 1731. Deuxième édition, 1743.
 Les plans, élévations et coupes de Houghton à Norfolk, 1735.
 Les quatre livres de l'architecture d'Andrea Palladio 1738. Dédié à Burlington.
 Deux gravures de Rokeby Hall, Yorkshire.
 A Complete Body of Architecture, publié en parties 1756-57. Deuxième édition, 1767, rééditée en 1768.
 La pratique de la perspective, de l'original italien de Lorenzo Sirigatti, avec les figures gravées par Isaac Ware, Esq. Une traduction de Sirigatti, La Practica di Prospettiva (Venise, 1596).

Références

Liens externes

Décès en 1766
Naissance en 1704
Architecte anglais
Architecte britannique du XVIIIe siècle
Traducteur anglais du XVIIIe siècle

Isaac Ware


Guadalupe es el primer distrito y ciudad cabecera del cantón de Goicoechea, en la provincia de San José, de Costa Rica.

Este distrito es uno de los más importantes del Gran Área Metropolitana por su gran concentración de servicios, desarrollo urbanístico y comercial.

Toponimia
El nombre del distrito nació en honor a la Virgen de Guadalupe, tras declararse esta como la patrona del distrito por el presbítero Raimundo Mora, en 1850.

Historia
En 1844 los vecinos del cuartel de San José gestionaron un permiso para construir una ermita que dedican a su patrono San José. Seis años después, el primer párroco de la localidad presbítero Raimundo Mora, cambió el santo patrono, lo mismo que el nombre del cuartel de San José por el de Guadalupe, en honor a la Virgen de Guadalupe, por ser devoto. Además estableció el cementerio, que es una de las obras más antiguas del distrito.

En 1851, se le cambia el nombre al cuartel de San José por Guadalupe en honor a la Virgen de Guadalupe. Por decreto n.º 20 del 24 de julio de 1867, se vuelve a dividir el territorio de la República para efectos municipales, la mayor parte del barrio de Los Santos formó el distrito noveno del cantón de San José con el nombre de Guadalupe. En 1855 se comenzó a construir una nueva iglesia situada donde está la actual. Al año siguiente se erigió la parroquia, durante el episcopado de monseñor Joaquín Anselmo Llorente y Lafuente, primer obispo de Costa Rica, y actualmente es sufragánea de la arquidiócesis de San José, de la provincia eclesiástica de Costa Rica.

El cultivo del café conformó el desarrollo demográfico y económico del lugar, que a partir de 1850 se convirtió en el producto dominante de la región, sustituyendo a los grandes tabacales que habían constituido la principal fuente de ingresos de la población original. En Guadalupe el cultivo del grano de oro fue introducido en 1840 por José Manuel Núñez, quien lo sembró y estableció el primer patio de beneficio donde antes tenía un molino de trigo. Otro elemento importante en el desarrollo regional, fue el Camino de Carrillo, sitio que estuvo ubicado en la zona aledaña a la confluencia de los ríos Sucio y Honduras; el cual surgió por la necesidad de los cafetaleros de sacar el grano por el puerto de Limón, para así acortar la travesía hacia los principales mercados europeos. Originalmente se pensó en construir una vía férrea de San José a Limón, cruzando por el Paso de La Palma; posteriormente, en 1881, cuando el tramo había llegado a Carrillo, el gobierno de la república propone descontinuar su construcción y a cambio abrir un camino de San José a Carrillo, al año siguiente se inauguró esa vía, la cual se utilizó poco tiempo, ya que cayó en desuso, al concluirse la construcción del Ferrocarril al Atlántico en 1890 y a los altos costos de mantenimiento.

Para 1890, debido al crecimiento demográfico y económico que el distrito había alcanzado, un grupo de habitantes del lugar pertenecientes al club político "El Bienestar", consideraron que el sitio contaba con las condiciones necesarias para ser declarado cantón y tener su propia Municipalidad. Por ello elevaron la solicitud respectiva ante el Congreso de la República el 28 de julio de 1890. En la administración de José Joaquín Rodríguez Zeledón, el 6 de agosto de 1891, en ley n.º 56, se le otorgó el título de villa a la aldea de Guadalupe, cabecera del nuevo cantón creado en esa oportunidad. Posteriormente, debido al crecimiento de Guadalupe, el 10 de agosto de 1920, en el gobierno de Julio Acosta García, se promulgó la ley n.º 69 que le confirió a la villa, la categoría de ciudad.

El 13 de septiembre de 1891, se lleva a cabo la primera sesión del Concejo de Goicoechea. Este primer Concejo Municipal estuvo integrado por los regidores propietarios, señores Francisco Jiménez Núñez, Presidente; Tomás Gutiérrez, Vicepresidente; el fiscal fue don Jesús Zeledón.

Al ser la sede del gobierno local del cantón, la Municipalidad de Goicoechea, su área urbana posee el rango de ciudad de acuerdo a la División Territorial Administrativa.

Ubicación
Se ubica en el oeste del cantón, limita al norte con el cantón de Moravia, al este con los distritos de Mata de Plátano y Purral, al oeste con el distrito de San Francisco y Calle Blancos, y al sur limita con el cantón de Montes de Oca y de San José.

Geografía

Demografía

Desde alrededor de 1984, el distrito ha experimentado un leve decrecimiento de su población.

Localidades
El distrito de Guadalupe se conforma por las siguientes comunidades o barrios:
 Barrios: Bloquera, Borracé, Colonia del Río, Colonia Florida (comparte con Calle Blancos y San Francisco), El Alto (comparte con Ipís), El Ensueño, El Roblar, Esquivel Bonilla (comparte con Calle Blanco), Fátima, Guadalupe (centro), Independencia, Jardín, Jiménez Núñez, La California, La Flor (comparte con Ipís), Las Brisas, Las Flores, Los Árboles, Magnolias, Maravilla, Margarita, Minerva, Miraflores, Moreno Cañas (comparte con Calle Blancos), Orquídea, Pilar Jiménez, Rothe, San Gerardo, Santa Cecilia, Santa Eduvigis, Santo Cristo, Unión, Unión Jardín, Yurusti, Zoko

Cultura

Deporte
El distrito cuenta con diversos parques recreativos, como el Parque Centenario, y además alberga la piscina y gimnasio municipales de Goicoechea, y el estadio "Coyella" Fonseca.

Educación
Ubicadas propiamente en el distrito de Guadalupe se encuentran los siguientes centros educativos:
 C.E.I. San Jorge
 Centro Educativo Mi Patria
 Colegio Madre del Divino Pastor
 Escuela Pilar Jiménez Solís
 Father's Home School
 I.E.G.B. América Central
 Liceo Napoleón Quesada Salazar

Salud
En el distrito se puede encontrar el servicio de EBAIS y la clínica Dr. Dr. Ricardo Jiménez Núñez y el Hospital La Católica.

Sitios de interés
 Centro Comercial de Guadalupe
 Centro Comercial Novacentro
 Estadio Coyella Fonseca
 Iglesia San Antonio de Padua
 Municipalidad de Goicoechea
 Parque Central Santiago Jara
 Parroquia Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe
 Tribunales de Justicia de Goicoechea

Transporte

Carreteras
Al distrito lo atraviesan las siguientes rutas nacionales de carretera:
 Ruta nacional 39
 Ruta nacional 108
 Ruta nacional 200
 Ruta nacional 201
 Ruta nacional 205
 Ruta nacional 218

Concejo de distrito
El concejo de distrito del distrito de Guadalupe vigila la actividad municipal y colabora con los respectivos distritos de su cantón. También está llamado a canalizar las necesidades y los intereses del distrito, por medio de la presentación de proyectos específicos ante el Concejo Municipal. La presidenta del concejo del distrito es la síndica propietaria del partido Liberación Nacional, Elizabeth Díaz Fernández.

El concejo del distrito se integra por:

Referencias

Distritos del cantón de Goicoechea

Guadalupe (Costa Rica)


Alvega Portekiz'de Abrantes belediyesine bağlı olan, 56,44 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip, 1.729 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Portekiz'in freguesiaları
Abrantes

Alvega


was a Japanese writer of novels, short stories, poetry and essays, noted for his historical and autobiographical fiction. His most acclaimed works include The Bullfight (Tōgyū, 1949), The Roof Tile of Tempyō (Tenpyō no iraka, 1957) and Tun-huang (Tonkō, 1959).

Biography
Inoue was born into a family of physicians in Asahikawa, Hokkaido in 1907, and later raised in Yugashima, Izu, Shizuoka Prefecture. He was born in Hokkaido but is from Shizuoka Prefecture. In his essay "Hometown Izu", he wrote, "I was born in Asahikawa, Hokkaido, but in the yearbooks and directories, most of my birthplace is Shizuoka Prefecture. When I write it myself, I write it separately from Asahikawa as my place of birth and Shizuoka Prefecture as my birthplace...". In My History of Self-Formation, he wrote, "It seems safe to assume that Izu, where I spent my childhood, was my true hometown, and that everything that would form the basis of my person was created here."

During his high school years, he was an active practitioner of judo. He first studied law and literature at Kyushu University and later changed to philosophy at Kyoto University, where he graduated in 1936 with a degree in aesthetics and a thesis on Paul Valéry. After winning the Chiba Kameo Prize for his early work Ryūten, Inoue started working for the Mainichi Shimbun. In 1937, he was drafted into the Sino-Japanese War, but soon returned due to illness and resumed his occupation at the Mainichi Shimbun. His military service in northern China brought forth his interest in Chinese history.

After the end of the Pacific War, Inoue won critical acclaim with his 1949 novellas The Hunting Gun (Ryōjū) and The Bullfight, the latter earning him the Akutagawa Prize. In the following years, he published several novels and short stories in a variety of genres: contemporary love stories, stories addressing social and political aspects of post-war Japan like Kuroi Ushio, historical novels set in accurately depicted settings like the 1957 The Roof Tile of Tempyō and the 1959 Tun-huang (Tonkō), and works with an autobiographical background like the 1975 Chronicle of My Mother (Waga haha no ki), which documented his mother's deterioration into senility.

Inoue was elected a member of the Japan Art Academy in 1964 and received the Order of Culture in 1976. He died in Tokyo in 1991 at the age of 83.
He had a deep knowledge of shrines, temples, and Japanese history, and served as a supervisor and editorial committee member at several publishing companies.

Selected works
 1937: Ryūten (流転) story
 1949: The Hunting Gun (猟銃, Ryōjū) novella
 1949: The Bullfight (闘牛, Tōgyū) novella
 1950: Kuroi Ushio (黯い潮) novel
 1950: Shi to koi to nami (死と恋と波と) short story collection
 1951: Life of a Counterfeiter (ある偽作家の生涯, Aru gisakka no shōgai) short story collection
 1953: Asunaro monogatari (あすなろ物語) novel
 1956: Hyōheki (氷壁) novel
 1957: The Roof Tile of Tempyō (天平の甍, Tenpyō no iraka) novel
 1958: Kitaguni (北国) poetry collection
 1959: Lou-Lan (楼蘭, Ro-ran) short story collection
 1959: Tun-huang (敦煌, Tonkō) novel
 1960: Yodo dono no nikki (淀どの日記) novel
 1962: Chikūkai (地中海) poetry collection
 1963: Wind and Waves (風濤, Fūtō) novel
 1967: Kaseki (化石) novel
 1967: Unga (運河) poetry collection
 1968: Oroshiyakoku suimutan (おろしや国酔夢譚) novel
 1969: Journey Beyond Samarkand (西域物語, Seiiki monogatari) novel
 1971: Kisetsu (季節) poetry collection
 1975: Chronicle of My Mother (わが母の記, Waga haha no ki) novel
 1976: Enseiro (遠征路) poetry collection
 1979: Zen shishū (全詩集) poetry collection
 1981: Hongakubō ibun (本覺坊遺文) novel
 1989: Confucius (孔子, Kōshi) novel

Awards
 1936: Chiba Kameo Prize for Ryūten
 1950: Akutagawa Prize for The Bullfight
 1957: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology Award for The Roof Tile of Tempyo
 1959: Mainichi Press Prize for Tun-huang
 1959: Japan Art Academy Award for Hyōheki
 1961: Noma Literary Prize for Yodo dono no nikki
 1963: Yomiuri Prize for Wind and Waves
 1969: Japanese Literature Grand Prix for Oroshiyakoku suimutan
 1976: Order of Culture
 1980: Kikuchi Kan Prize
 1984: Asahi Prize
 1989: Noma Literary Prize for Confucius

Adaptations (selected)
Films
 1954: Kuroi Ushio, directed by Sō Yamamura
 1955: Asunaro monogatari, directed by Hiromichi Horikawa
 1961: Ryōjū, directed by Heinosuke Gosho
 1972: Kaseki, directed by Masaki Kobayashi
 1989: Sen no Rikyū: Honkakubō ibun, directed by Kei Kumai
 2012: Waga no haha no ki, directed by Masato Harada

Inoue's works have also repeatedly been adapted for television and the stage.

References

External links

1907 births
1991 deaths
20th-century Japanese novelists
Japanese historical novelists
People from Asahikawa
Kyoto University alumni
Akutagawa Prize winners
Yomiuri Prize winners
20th-century Japanese male writers
Presidents of the Japan Writers' Association

Yasushi Inoue


Caillou este un serial de animație americano-canadian produs de Four Me Productions (sezoanele 2-3), Caillou Productions (sezoanele 1, 4-5), CINAR (sezoanele 1-3), Cookie Jar Entertainment (sezoanele 4-5), DHX Media (Sezonul 5) și PBS Kids.

Intrigă
Caillou trăiește într-o casă albastră la 17 Pine Street (așa cum se menționează în episodul "Unde locuiesc eu"), împreună cu mama sa, tatăl său și sora sa mai mică, Rosie. Are multe aventuri cu familia și prietenii și își folosește imaginația în fiecare episod.

Fiecare episod din Sezonul 1-3 are o temă și este împărțit în mai multe secțiuni scurte, care combină animații, schițe de păpuși și videoclipuri ale copiilor în situații reale. În sezoanele 4-5, episoadele sunt împărțite în 3 secțiuni scurte; segmentul de păpuși a fost abandonat, împreună cu versiunea "Real Kids" a segmentului.

În primul sezon, multe dintre poveștile din versiunea animată au început cu o bunică (care este și naratorul spectacolului), introducând povestea nepoților ei, apoi citind povestea dintr-o carte. Din cel de-al doilea sezon, naratorul / bunica este un personaj nevăzut.

Episoade

PBS Kids
Desene animate
Seriale de animație
Seriale de televiziune din 1997

Caillou


Strijela-1M su sovjetski i ruski sateliti namijenjeni vojnim i vladinim komunikacijama.

Najniža je razina od triju liga konstelacija komunikacijskih satelita popunjavana je s dvama različitim sustavima posvećenih vojnim i vladinim komunikacijama. Oba sustava bila su opremljena jednostavnim sustavom repetitora pohrane-ispuštanja (eng. store-dump,) koji su osobito bili korisni u relejnom prometu između Ruske Federacije i prekomorskih postaja ili snaga. Ovi sateliti snimali su radijske poruke koje su slali ruski obavještajci diljem svijeta te ih prosljeđivali kad su letjeli iznad Moskve.

Prvi iz ovog niza poletio je 1970. godine nakon pokusa s prijašnjom generacijom Strijela-1. Ovo su bili mali (61 kg / 40 kg; 0,80 m x 0,75 m) relejni sateliti. U orbitu ga je nosila raketa-nosač Kosmos-3M u skupinama po osam. Polijetali su s kozmodroma Pljesecka. Srednja visina ove konstelacije bila je blizu 1500 km, no svaki skup od osam satelita Strijela-1 bio je uobičajeno raspršen u ponešto eliptičnim orbitama srednje visine od 1430 do 1490 km. Za razliku od konstelacije na nižoj visini, ova mreža se oslanjala na samo jednu orbitalnu ravnin od nagiba oko 74 stupnja. Namjeravana razlika vremena kruženja oko Zemlje od 0,15 minuta osiguravala je da sateliti budu nasumice razmješteni po orbitalnoj ravnini malo poslije lansiranja. Predviđeni životni vijek bio je 6 mjeseci. Zbog kratka vijeka nadopunjavana je konstelacija jednom do dvaput godišnje, u prosjeku jednom. Od 1982. postupno ih zamjenjuju kapacitivniji sateliti vrste Strijela-3. Do 1992. godine prestalo je slanje Strijele-1M. Zadnji iz ove mreže poslan je u misiju lipnja 1992. godine.

Podvrsta je skupine satelita Strijela.

Izvori
NASA (engl.)
Planet4589.org Tablični prikaz podataka o satelitima (engl.)
Prirodoslovno-matematički fakultet u Zagrebu - Matematički odsjek Goran Igaly: EH rječnik
Gunter's Space Page Strela-1M (11F625) (engl.)

Umjetni sateliti
Astronautika u Rusiji

Strijela-1M


(11339) Orlík, denumire internațională (11339) Orlik, este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
11339 Orlík este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul Kleť de Miloš Tichý și Zdeněk Moravec
. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,44 ua, o excentricitate de 0,07 și o înclinație de 5,0° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 11001-12000
 Centura de asteroizi

Note

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1996
Centura de asteroizi

11339 Orlík


Wahibre Psamtik I (Ancient Egyptian: ) was the first pharaoh of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt, the Saite period, ruling from the city of Sais in the Nile delta between 664–610 BC. He was installed by Ashurbanipal of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, against the Kushite rulers of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty, but later gained more autonomy as the Assyrian Empire declined.

Name
The Egyptian name , pronounced as , was a short form of , meaning "the man of (the deity Meṯek.")

His name was rendered by the Assyrians as Pishamilki (Akkadian:  ), by the Ancient Greeks as  (), and by the Romans as .

Psamtik was also called Nabu-shezibanni (Akkadian:  and  ), meaning "O Nabu, save me!" by the Assyrians.

Background

In 671 BCE, the Assyrian king Esarhaddon invaded Egypt. This invasion was directed against the Kushite rulers of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt, who had been in control of Upper Egypt, rather than against the native Egyptian rulers. The Assyrians created an administration relying on local Egyptian rulers, and put in place the twelve kinglets who formed a Dodecarchy ruling over the Nile Delta. They also formed alliances with the ruler of the city of Sais, Necho I, who was the most powerful of the Delta kinglets, as well as with Pakruru, the ruler of the important nome of Per-Sopdu.

In 665 BCE, the Kushite king Tantamani invaded Lower Egypt again, and Necho I and Pakruru resisted the Kushite attack. Necho I died in battle and his son Psamtik I fled to Syria, while Pakruru became the spokesperson of the Delta kinglets during the peace negotiations with Tantamani at Memphis.

The next year, in 664 BCE, the Assyrians under Esarhaddon's son Ashurbanipal invaded Egypt again, and the Assyrian army retook Memphis, proceeded with the Sack of Thebes, and expelled Tantamani from Egypt. Necho I's son Psamtik I returned to Egypt with this invading force, was installed by the Assyrians as the ruler of Sais and Memphis, and concluded with the Assyrians an  agreement, some type of superior-inferior relation, but none of the Assyrian sources details the arrangements.

Reign
For the first two years of his reign, Psamtik I ruled in conformity with the arrangement implemented by the Assyrians in Egypt as one of many vassal kinglets of the Egyptian Dodecarchy. According to Herodotus, during this period, Psamtik unwittingly fulfilled a prophecy by an oracle which promised the kingship of all Egypt to whoever poured a libation from a bronze vessel, after which the other kinglets of the Docecarchy chased him from Memphis, of which he lost the rule, and he had to flee into the swamps of the Nile Delta.

After being chased from Memphis, Psamtik I received another similar prophecy from the goddess Wadjet of Buto, who promised him the rule over all Egypt should he employ bronze men from the sea. Beginning in 662 BCE, Psamtik I formed contacts with Gyges, the king of the Anatolian kingdom of Lydia, who sent to Egypt the Ionian Greek and Carian mercenaries that Psamtik I used to reconquer Memphis and defeat the other kinglets of the Dodecarchy, some of whom fled to Libya. Psamtik I might have been also aided in these military campaigns by Arabs from the Sinai Peninsula.

After having eliminated all his rivals, Psamtik I reorganized these mercenaries and placed them in key garrisons at Daphnae in the East and Elephantine in the South to prevent a possible Kushite attack and to control trade. This military aid from Lydia lasted until 658 BCE, at which point Gyges faced an impending Cimmerian invasion. By Psamtik I's 4th regnal year, he completed the forging of an alliance with the powerful family of the Masters of Shipping from Heracleopolis, and by his 8th regnal year in 657 BCE, he was in full control of the Delta.

Interpretations of Psamtik I's wars as an alliance between Sais and Lydia against Assyria appear to be inaccurate, despite negative attitudes of the Assyrians towards Gyges's and Psamtik's actions. The Assyrians had risen Sais into preeminence in Egypt after expelling the Saites' Kushite enemies from the country, but Psamtik I and Ashurbanipal had signed a treaty with each other, and no hostilities between them is recorded. Thus Psamtik I and Ashurbanipal had remained allies ever since the former had been put in power with Assyrian military support. The participation of the Arab tribes of the Sinai, who were Assyrian vassals, further attest to the lack of enmity between Sais and Assyria at this period, and the silence of Assyrian sources concerning Psamtik I's expansion imply there was no hostility, whether overt or covert, between Assyria and Sais during Psamtik I's unification of Egypt under his rule.

Likewise, Gyges's military support of Psamtik I was not directed against Assyria and is not mentioned as hostile to Assyria or allied with other countries against Assyria in Assyrian records; the Assyrian disapproval of Gyges's support for Psamtik I was primarily motivated by Gyges's refusal to form an alliance with Assyria and his undertaking of these actions independently of Assyria, which the Assyrians interpreted as an act of arrogance, rather than by the support itself. Psamtik I's campaigns were not directed against Assyrian power and appear to have been conducted only against the rival kinglets of the Delta, and Ashurbanipal's disapproval of his actions were motivated not by his claim of kingship over Egypt, but by his revocation of the  agreement between the two kings, as well as by Psamtik I's elimination of the other kinglets allied to Assyria, especially Pakruru of Per-Sopdu and Šarru-lū-dāri, since Ashurbanipal was aware that he had to rely on those kinglets to maintain Assyrian power in Egypt.

In Psamtik I's 9th regnal year, in 656 BCE, he sent an expedition to the city of Thebes which compelled the existing God's Wife of Amun, Shepenupet II, daughter of the former Kushite Pharaoh Piye, to adopt his daughter Nitocris I as her heiress in the so-called Adoption Stela. This was concluded with the approval of the Theban aristocracy and the tacit support of Mentuemhat, who was the Fourth Priest of Amun and the Mayor of Thebes. Psamtik I had unified all of Egypt under his rule.

In 655 and 654 BCE, that is his 10th and 11th regnal years, Psamtik I carried out a war with Libyan tribes who had seized control of the area from the Oxyrhynchite nome around the Bahr Yussef till the Mediterranean Sea, and who had been joined by Psamtik I's previously defeated enemies from his wars in the Delta. Following the successful conclusion of this war, Psamtik I placed an Egyptian garrison at Marea to prevent incursions by Libyans from the desert. Thus, by the end of his first decade of rule in 654 BCE, Psamtik I was firmly in control of all Egypt.

According to Herodotus, Psamtik carried out a twenty-nine year siege of Ashdod. The exact dating of this siege is uncertain.

In the later part of Psamtik I's reign, the Neo-Assyrian Empire started unravelling following the death of Ashurbanipal in 627 BC, leaving a power vacuum in the Levant which allowed the Assyrians' former Scythian vassals to overrun the area. Some time between 623 and 616 BCE, the Scythians reached as far south as Judah and Edom until Psamtik I met them and convinced them to turn back by offering them gifts.

Following the encounter with the Scythians, Psamtik expanded his military operations through the Via Maris into the Levant to support the collapsing Assyrian Empire against the Medes, Babylonians, Scythians and Chaldeans who had revolted against it. Psamtik I's intervention implied that an alliance had already been concluded between him and the Neo-Assyrian Empire, although it is unknown whether it was a new alliance between him and the new Assyrian king Sin-shar-ishkun or a renewal of the old alliance signed when Psamtik I had been enthroned by the Assyrian army as king of Sais in 664 BCE.

Psamtik died in 610 BCE and was succeeded by his son, Necho II.

Investigation into the origin of language

The Greek historian Herodotus conveyed an anecdote about Psamtik in the second volume of his Histories (2.2). During his visit to Egypt, Herodotus heard that Psammetichus ("Psamṯik") sought to discover the origin of language by conducting an experiment with two children. Allegedly he gave two newborn babies to a shepherd, with the instructions that no one should speak to them, but that the shepherd should feed and care for them while listening to determine their first words. The hypothesis was that the first word would be uttered in the root language of all people. When one of the children cried "βεκός" (bekós) with outstretched arms, the shepherd reported this to Psammetichus, who concluded that the word was Phrygian because that was the sound of the Phrygian word for "bread". Thus, they concluded that the Phrygians were an older people than the Egyptians, and that Phrygian was the original language of men. There are no other extant sources to verify this story.

Wives

Psamtik's chief wife was Mehytenweskhet, the daughter of Harsiese, the vizier of the North and High Priest of Re at Heliopolis. Psamtik and Mehytenweskhet were the parents of Necho II, Merneith, and the Divine Adoratrice Nitocris I.

Psamtik's father-in-law—the aforementioned Harsiese—was married twice: to Sheta, with whom he had a daughter named Naneferheres, and to an unknown woman, by whom he had both Djedkare, who succeeded him as vizier of the North, and Mehytenweskhet.

Discovery of a colossal statue of Psamtik I

On 9 March 2017, Egyptian and German archaeologists discovered a colossal statue about  in height at the Heliopolis site in Cairo. Made of quartzite, the statue was found in a fragmentary state, with the bust, the lower part of the head and the crown submerged in groundwater.

It has been confirmed to be of Psamtik I due to engravings found that mentioned one of the pharaoh's names on the base of the statue.

A spokesperson at the time commented that "If it does belong to this king, then it is the largest statue of the Late Period that was ever discovered in Egypt." The head and torso are expected to be moved to the Grand Egyptian Museum.

The statue (colossus) was sculpted in the ancient classical style of 2000 BC, establishing a resurgence to the greatness and prosperity of the classical period of old, and reconstructions bear a strong similarity with a statue of a striding Senusret I (1971-1926 BC), now in the Cairo Museum. However, from the many gathered fragments (now 6,400 of them) of quartzite collected, it has also been established that the colossus was at some time deliberately destroyed. Certain discolored & cracked rock fragments show evidence of having been heated to high temperatures then shattered (with cold water), a typical way of destroying ancient colossi.

Gallery

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

610 BC
7th-century BC Pharaohs
Kings of Egypt in Herodotus
Pharaohs of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt
Year of birth unknown

Psamtik I


"Nothing Good Happens After 2 A.M." es el episodio número 18 de la primera temporada de How I Met Your Mother. Se estrenó el 10 de abril de 2006.

Trama
El Ted del futuro le dice a sus hijos un dicho que su madre solía decir y con el que está de acuerdo: "Nada bueno sucede después de las dos de la madrugada". Luego, cuenta la historia de como Robin lo invitó a su casa después de las dos de la mañana cuando él tendría que irse a acostar en lugar de ir.

Cuando Robin hace una presentación de su carrera con la clase de Lily, ella se siente amenazada cuando los niños le preguntan sobre su vida romántica. Los sentimientos de Robin de la soledad se amplifican cuando su compañero de trabajo, Sandy Rivers, le dice que deben tener sexo, ya que él sabe y en caso de que Robin no sepa a él de todas formas le gusta tener sexo, expresando interés en tener sexo con ella. Cuando ella regresa a casa, bebe un gran vaso de vino y llama a Ted, quien ha estado esperando una llamada de Victoria. Ted cree que la llamada sería sobre su ruptura, pero Victoria no llama y Ted tiene ansiedad. Cuando la llamada de Robin aparece, él está de acuerdo en ir a su apartamento, pero sus intentos para racionalizar su decisión cambia cuando comienza a conversar con su subconsciente, en el cual aparece Victoria. Cuando Ted le pregunta a Marshall y Lily, los dos tratan de decirle que no vaya, y Lily sin querer lo anima cuando menciona que Robin siente cosas por Ted.

Cuando llega Ted al apartamento de Robin, Ted miente sobre su ruptura con Victoria y comienzan a besarse. Sin embargo, cuando Ted pide para ir al baño para llamar a Victoria, su subconsciente le dice que piense con cuidado sobre romper con Victoria y luego tener sexo con Robin. Ted está de acuerdo con que le debe a Victoria una llamada de una ruptura real, pero expresa que está cansado de pretender que no está enamorado de Robin y sólo quiere tener sexo con alguien. Justo cuando se convence de que está bien acostarse con Robin, él se da cuenta de que tiene el teléfono de Robin, y que Robin ha respondido su teléfono cuando Victoria llama: Furiosa que Ted le mintió y estaba dispuesto a dormir con ella todavía involucrado con alguien más, Robin le da su teléfono diciendo que la llame de vuelta.

Mientras tanto, Barney intenta probarle a Lily y Marshall que buenas cosas pueden suceder después de las dos de la madrugada, cuando intentan irse de un bar karaoke. Barney invita al "Elvis Coreano" para que vaya con el grupo a MacLaren's, donde Marshall y Lily pasaron la mayor parte de la tarde tratando de disuadir a Ted de comenzar una relación con Robin. Cuando el Elvis Coreano trata de convencerlos para que se queden, le susurra algo en el oído a Lily, lo que cause que ella le de una patada en su zona pélvica. Después de unos minutos de silencio, Barney proclama que la noche se ha vuelto legendaria al decir, "Hey, chicos, ¿recuerdan la vez que Lily le pegó una patada al Elvis Coreano?".

Mientras Ted va a su apartamento, llama a Victoria y los dos terminan. El Ted del futuro le recuerda a sus hijos que nada bueno sucede después de las dos de la madrugada, y dice que mentirle a Robin fue la cosa más estúpida que haya hecho. Finalmente, Ted llega a su casa y hace lo que debería haber hecho desde el comienzo de la tarde... irse a la cama, aunque es claro que él ni Robin pudieron dormir.

referencias en otros episodios
En el episodio 15 de la temporada 9 existe la excepción de la regla el nacimiento de Luke como el les dice en mismo episodio.

Música
 Supergrass - "Alright"
 Robin Hackett - "Hard Left"
 Rachael Yamagata - "Quiet"
 Maureen McGovern - "The Morning After"
 Michelle Featherstone - "God Bless the Child"

Referencias culturales
 Cuando Robin y Barney hacen presentaciones en la clase de Lily, el pizarrón enlista a Barney como "Barney (no el púrpura)" en referencia a Barney y sus amigos.

Referencias

Episodios de How I Met Your Mother

Nothing Good Happens After 2 A.M.


Eli Upfal, né le 29 juillet 1954, est un informaticien théoricien, titulaire de la chaire Rush C. Hawkins d'informatique à l'université Brown.

Biographie

Il fait ses études à l'université hébraïque de Jérusalem en Israël où il termine le premier cycle en mathématiques et statistiques en 1978, il obtient un M. Sc. en informatique à la Feinberg Graduate School de l'Institut Weizmann en 1980, et obtient son doctorat en informatique à l'université hébraïque en 1983 sous la direction d'Eliahu Shamir.

Upfal est research fellow à l'université de Californie à Berkeley (1983-1984), chercheur postdoctoral
à l'université Stanford (1984-1985), chercheur à la division de recherche d'IBM à Almaden (1985-1996), chercheur sénior à l'Institut Weizmann (1988-1989), professeur associé (1989-1995) puis titulaire (1995-1997) toujours à l'Institut Weizmann, depuis 1998 professeur d'informatique à l'université Brown.

Recherche

Upfal a contribué dans divers domaines d'informatique théorique. La plupart de ses travaux portent sur l'algorithmique online et/ou les algorithmes randomisés, les processus stochastiques et l'analyse probabiliste d'algorithmes déterministes. Des applications particulières incluent les réseaux de routage et de communication, la biologie numérique  et la . Il travaille aussi sur les modèles stochastiques pour les agents Web et l'environnement Web. L'objectif du groupe qu'il anime est de développer un cadre théorique pour la conception et l'analyse d'agents Web et de systèmes d'agents basés sur des modèles mathématiques de leur environnement.

Distinctions

Il a remporté plusieurs prix, dont le « IBM Outstanding Innovation Award » en 1986 et le « Levenson Prize in Mathematical Sciences » en 1994, et le « Best Paper Award », RECOMB 2013. En 2002, Eli Upfal devient membre de l'Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers et en 2005, il est élu membre de l'Association for Computing Machinery. Il a reçu, avec Yossi Azar, Andrei Broder, Anna Karlin et Michael Mitzenmacher, le prix ACM Paris Kanellakis 2020.

Publications
Upfal, en plus de ses publications scientifiques , détient également plusieurs des brevets. Upfal est co-auteur du livre :
.
Une deuxième édition est parue sous le titre :
.

Notes et références

Liens externes
 Page personnelle d'Eli Upfal

Professeur à l'université Brown
Personnalité israélienne de l'informatique

Eli Upfal


Germaine Mitty ou Mitti, née Germaine Belay le  à Caudéran et morte le  à Six-Fours-les-Plages, est une artiste de music-hall française, danseuse et chanteuse des Folies Bergère, qui a dansé aussi dans les Ziegfeld Follies et dans des revues de vaudeville des années 1920 aux États-Unis.

Elle est considérée comme la créatrice, avec son partenaire Eugène Fressé dit Tillio, de la danse acrobatique de music-hall.

Biographie

Jeunesse et vie privée
Catherine Germaine Marie Belay naît à Caudéran en 1892, fille naturelle de Pierre Théophile dit Gaston Belay, comptable, et de mère non dénommée. Quelques mois plus tard, elle est officiellement reconnue par sa mère, Marie Catherine Isabelle Serres. Sa grand-mère, , est née à Pauillac.

En 1913, désormais artiste et établie à Nogent-sur-Marne, Germaine Mitty y épouse le compositeur et chef d'orchestre de théâtre Laurent Halet (1863-1932). Sa mère est alors dite . Parmi les témoins du mariage figurent le comédien Gaston Dupray, et le parolier Gaston Auguste Coullerez, dit Léonce Paco.

Les époux Halet se séparent en 1920, au moment où Germaine Mitty crée son duo avec Tillio, mais restent mariés jusqu'à la mort d'Halet en 1932. En 1926, Germaine Mitty réside, seule, au 39 avenue du Parc-Montsouris et, dix ans plus tard, au 99 rue Jouffroy-d'Abbans, avec un industriel.

Formation
Germaine Mitty est une élève de Louise Stichel qui règle les ballets aux Folies-Bergère

Carrière

Germaine Mitty apparait au concert Mayol en 1913 et à l'Alcazar de Marseille en 1914. Elle se produit comme danseuse fantaisiste dans les revues à La Cigale en 1917 et en 1918 ; aux Folies-Bergère et à la Gaîté-Rochechouart la même année, au Casino de Paris en 1919.

En mars 1920, elle devient danseuse acrobatique aux Folies-Bergère avec son partenaire Eugène Tillio dans la revue l'Amour en folie de Louis Lemarchand. Gustave Fréjaville écrit dans Paris-Midi : .

En mai 1921, Germaine Mitty et Tillio partent pour un engagement à New York. Ils apparaissent dans les Ziegfeld Follies de 1921, dans Le Harem et dans Passion's Altar (L'Autel de la passion), une danse algérienne. Leur numéro est considéré comme l'un des points forts du show par les critiques, dont l'un note que . Elle fait partie des tableaux élaborés par le scénographe Ben Ali Haggin et porte un costume si minimal qu'on dit qu'il tient .

En 1921, Mitty et Tillio exécutent la Danse jalouse et l'Oiseau blessé dans la revue Fan of the Fayre au  à Londres.

Mitty et Tillio réapparaissent au Casino de Paris dans La Revue des étoiles en 1922, et à l'Olympia en juillet de la même année.

Mitty et Tillio partent du Havre, le , sur Le France, et arrivent à New-York, le  pour une tournée de quarante semaines organisé par  : New-York, Boston , Philadelphie, Washington, Baltimore, Pittsburg, Cleveland, Montréal, Winnipeg (à l'Orpheum Theatre), Vancouver, Saint-Louis, Seattle, Portlands, San-Francisco, Los Angeles, Chicago. Mitty est décrite par la presse américaine comme une athlète qui aime le patinage, la natation, le tennis, la boxe et les activités équestres.

Ils passent au Casino de Paris dans la revue On dit ça en .

Mitty et Tillio retournent aux Ziegfeld Follies en 1924 pour l'édition d'automne où ils dansent The Phantom Ship et The Mirage.

En 1926, Mitty et Tillio jouent la comédie dans la revue de Sacha Guitry et Albert Willemetz à Marigny.

En 1927, Mitty et Tillio font un numéro dans la revue Rufus LeMaire's Affairs .au Majestic Theatre à Broadway.

En 1928, elle forme un trio avec Tillio et Gustave Ricaux au Casino de Paris où ils dansent Rugby et La Fée verte, qu'ils reprennent en 1931.

En , Mitty et Tillio dansent Le Poison des Borgia dans la revue du Casino de Paris au cours de laquelle elle se blesse sérieusement au genou en tombant sur un morceau de vaisselle cassée d'un numéro précèdent. Ils ne dansent plus pendant un an.

En , elle joue le rôle de Corinne dans Nina Rosa, opérette d'après Otto Harbach ; livret d'André Mouëzy-Éon, lyrics d'Albert Willemetz, musique de Sigmund Romberg, première française au Châtelet le  et dans la reprise au Châtelet en .

En 1940, elle présente un spectacle à Medrano avec Rita Sangetti comme partenaire. En 1941, elle passe à l'Étoile avec le danseur Naudin dans deux numéros, L'Absinthe et Adage, dans le spectacle Descendons les Champs-Élysées, et en 1943 à l'ABC, avec Naudin dans un rôle de panthère et de dompteur.

Germaine Mitty meurt en 1979 à Six-Fours-les-Plages, à l'âge de 87 ans.

Iconographie
Elle pose pour la collection de cartes postales publiée par le journal Comœdia en 1921.

Références

Bibliographie
  :
 .
.
.
 .

Liens externes

.
.

Danseuse française du XXe siècle
Ziegfeld Girl
Danseuse de comédie musicale
Naissance en octobre 1892
Naissance à Caudéran
Décès en décembre 1979
Décès à Six-Fours-les-Plages
Décès à 87 ans
Nom de scène

Germaine Mitty


Nikolaye Mavrokordato (3 Mayıs 1670 - 3 Eylül 1730) İstanbul'daki Fenerli Rum Mavrokordat ailesinin üyesi, Osmanlı Devletinin baş tercümanı, Osmanlılar tarafından tayin edilmiş Eflak ve Boğdan voyvodasıydı.

Nikolaye Mavrokordato (3 Mayıs 1670 tarihinde İstanbul'un Fener semtinde doğdu. Ailesi zengin ve nüfuzlu bir Fenerli Rum ailesi olan Mavrokordato ailesi'ydi. Nikolaye'nin babası İskerletzâde İskender uzun yıllar Osmanlı Devletinin baş tercümanı olarak görev yapmıştı. Nikolaye Mavrokordato 1697 yılında babasının yerine baş tercüman oldu. 1709 yılında baş tercümanlığı oğlu Yenaki Mavrokordato'ya bırakarak Boğdan beyliğine atandı. 1 yıl sonra yerini Dimitri Kantemiroğlu'ya bırakmak zorunda kalmasına rağmen, Dimitri Kantemiroğlu'nun isyanı üzerine 1711 yılında tekrar Boğdan beyliğine atandı. 4 yıl Boğdan beyliği yaptıktan sonra Eflak beyliğine atandı. 1730 yılındaki ölümine kadar kendisi ve oğlu Yanni defalarca Eflak ve Boğdan beyliği görevinde bulundular.

Osmanlı padişahı III. Ahmet'in zamanına kadar Eflak ve Boğdan bölgenin asil ailelerinden seçilen beylerle yönetiliyordu. Ancak Dimitri Kantemiroğlu ve diğer voyvodaların Ruslarla işbirliği yaparak Osmanlı Devleti'ne isyan etmeleri yüzünden Osmanlılar bölgenin asillerine olan güvenlerini yitirdiler ve İstanbul'un Fenerli Rum aileleri arasında seçtikleri kişileri Eflak ve Boğdan'a bey olarak göndermeğe başladılar. Nikolaye Mavrokordato III. Ahmet tarafından bölgeye gönderilen ilk Fenerli Rum Bey idi. Bundan sonra 18. yüzyıl boyunca Fenerli Rumların Eflak ve Boğdan beyliği yapmaları bir gelenek haline geldi.

Kaynakça

1670 doğumlular
İstanbul doğumlu devlet görevlileri
1730 yılında ölenler
Nikolas
Osmanlı Rumları
Tercüme Odası
Bâb-ı Âli tercümanları
17. yüzyıl çevirmenleri
18. yüzyıl çevirmenleri
Fenerli Rumlar
Bükreş'te ölenler

Nikolaye Mavrokordato


ريه أيانامي ، هي شخصية خيالية من مسلسل الأنمي نيون جينيسيس إيفانجيليون، ريه هي الولد الأول وقائدة إيفانجيليون الوحدة-00.

في بداية المسلسل، ظهرت ريه كفتاة غامضة حيث يربك سلوكها الغير طبيعي زملاءها. مع تقدم القصة، أصبحت ريه أكثر تواصلاً مع الناس حولها، وخاصة زمليها في الصف وقيادة الإيفا شينجي إيكاري. اتضح فيما بعد أن لها دوراً مهماً في الأحداث التي تختم سير القصة. دورها في الخاتمة لم يتضح تماماً في المسلسل التلفزيوني، ولكن دورها أحد النقاط الرئيسية والهامة في نهاية إيفانجيليون.

الفكرة
مثل العديد من شخصيات إيفانجيليون، فاسم ريه الأخير مقتبس من اسم سفينة بحرية يابانية من الحرب العالمية الثانية، المدمرة أيانامي من نوع فوبوكي. المعنى الدقيق للاسم غير واضح عمداً.

وجه هيدياكي أنّو يوشيوكي ساداموتو على أن يصمم ريه على أنها «أي شيء آخر، نحتاج إلى أن نجعلها فتاة غير سعيدة مع حس ضئيل بالحضور.» أُلهم ساداموتو في رسم ريه بأغنية الشارة لفرقة كينّيكو شوجو تاي، «هوتاي دي ماشّيرو نا أونّا» (الفتاة البيضاء ذات الضمادات). أوكينا، شخصية من عمل ساداموتو السابق كوتو كانت بمثابة نموذج لريه. من أجل تمييزها جسدياً عن بقية الشخصيات، أعطاها ساداموتو عينين حمراوين.

في بداية المسلسل، بدت ريه كفتاة منطوية اجتماعياً، وبلا مشاعر ظاهرياً، ونادراً ما تتحدث مع الآخرين، باستثناء غيندو، الذي أظهرت له إخلاصها ولكن مع علاقة بعيدة على وجه العموم. تعيش ريه وحدها في شقة قاتمة قليلة الفراش في طوكيو-3. بالقرب من نهاية المسلسل، قال شينجي بأن شقة ريه مشابهة للمكان الذي تقول ريتسكو بأنه ريه ولدت فيه.

مع تقدم القصة، بدأت ريه بإظهار علاقاتها مع الآخرين لإظهار لحظات من المشاعر الحقيقية، حتى كونها حزينة أو باكية. ممثلة أداء صوت ريه الإنجليزية، أماندا وين-لي وصفتها قائلة، '«ريه ليست منزوعة الشخصية بالكامل، وإلا فإنها لن تكون مثيرة للاهتمام.» هنالك شرارة صغيرة بالإنسانية، لكنها «مغطاة بإحساس كبير بإنكار قيمة النفس وإدراكها بأنها مستهلكة.» فرحة أداء دور ريه هو اكتشاف تلك الشرارة الصغيرة.'.

ليست هناك معلومات تفصيلية عن أصل ريه أو قراباتها. قالت ريتسكو أكاغي بأن ريه ولدت في غرفة خاصة في المستويات السفلى من مقر نيرف. ذكر في كتاب الصليب الأحمر أن ريه خلقت من «البقايا المنقذة» من يوي إيكاري بعد امتصاص يوي داخل الوحدة-01 في 2004. الرابط بين ريه ويوي أشير إليه في بعض الأوقات في المسلسل. قدم غيندو ريه إلى طاقم غيهرن في 2010 ك«ابنة صديق له» حيث يقوم بالاعتناء بها لفترة. في الحلقة 21، قالت ناوكو أكاغي بأن ريه تشبه يوي جسدياً. تصاميم الشخصية المستخدمة في تمثيل ريه في مشاهد العام 2010 مقتبسة من مواد الإنتاج حيث كان عمرها 4 سنوات فقط. في الأفلام، ريه نفسها أظهرت مشابهتها مع ليليث المتجددة وامتزجت معها، معتبرة أنها تملك بيانات وراثية تطابق بيانات ليليث.

الظهور

نيون جينيسيس إيفانجيليون
ظهرت ريه في مسلسل الأنمي نيون جينيسيس إيفانجيليون كإحدى الشخصيات البطلة في القصة وقائدة إيفانجيليون الوحدة-00. ظهرت ريه لأول مرة في المسلسل في الحلقة الأولى وهي مصابة بشدة بعد فشل اختبار تنشيط الإيفانجيليون التي تقودها. بعد شفائها من الإصابات، بدأت ريه بمساعدة شينجي في هزيمة الملائكة مع الانتصار الكبير الأول ضد رامييل. معركة ريه الهامة التالية كانت أثناء هجوم الملاك ماتارايل على طوكيو-3 حيث تعاونت مع شينجي وأسكا في هزيمة الملاك. ماتت ريه في معركتها مع أرميسايل في آخر حلقات المسلسل ثم عادت للحياة في ظروف غامضة؛ اتضح فيما بعد أن ريه التي عادت للحياة هي التجسيد الثالث لريه، ريه الأولى ماتت قبل سنوات من بداية القصة.

نهاية إيفانجيليون
في نهاية إيفانجيليون، تؤدي ريه الثالثة دور المحفزة للاصطدام الثالث، الذي بدأ بعد اندماجها مع ليليث. خلال الاصطدام الثالث، ظهر جسدان مضيئان لريه في بعض المشاهد ينظران إلى ريتسكو وميساتو قبل موتهما. هذه الصور الطيفية ظهرت أيضاً فوق جثث عملاء نيرف المقتولين.

إعادة بناء إيفانجيليون
عادت ريه للظهور كشخصية رئيسية في إعادة بناء إيفانجيليون مع ظهورها الأول في الفيلم إيفانجيليون: 1.0 أنت (غير) وحيد. في هذا الفيلم، بقي دور ريه بشكل عام نفسه في مسلسل الأنمي حيث قادت إيفانجيليون الوحدة-00 وساعدت شينجي في هزيمة رامييل. ظهرت ريه في الفيلم الثاني إيفانجيليون: 2.0 أنت (لا) تستطيع التقدم حيث بدأت شخصيتها بالتطور أكثر وظهرت علاقتها مع شينجي أكثر انفتاحاً مقارنة بنظيرتها في الأنمي. حاولت ريه استضافة حفلة للعشاء لزملائها في العمل وظهرت تعمل بجد أثناء تحضير العشاء. أثناء وصول الفيلم إلى ذروته، قام زيرويل بالتهام الوحدة-00 وريه بداخلها. عندما هاجت الوحدة-01، ظهر شينجي يشق طريقة بقوة داخل الملاك وسحبها من نواة الملاك واحتضن الاثنان بعضهما. في نهاية الفيلم، بقي الاثنان محتجزين داخل الوحدة-01 قبل بدء الاصطدام الثالث. في إيفانجيليون: 3.0 أنت (لا) تستطيع الإعادة، اتضح أثناء حمل والدته به، أن الاسم الذي كان سيعطى لشينجي لو ولد كفتاة كان ريه، وأن اسم والدته قبل الزواج كان أيانامي. وإضافة لذلك، فريه مستنسخة من والدة شينجي، يوي أيانامي. التي فُقدت أثناء تطوير وحدات الإيفا عندما «امتُصَّت» داخل نواة إيفا الوحدة-01. ريه التي حاول شينجي إنقاذها في نهاية إيفانجيليون: 2.0 قد امتُصَّت أيضاً داخل إيفا الوحدة-01، وريه التي ظهرت ببزة قابس سوداء مجرد مستنسخة جديدة.

في وسائل أخرى
ظهرت ريه في العديد من الوسائل الجانبية وغيرها لنيون جينيسيس إيفانجيليون ومن بينها ألعاب الفيديو مثل إيفانجيليون 64 وسلسلة الألعاب المعروفة في اليابان سوبر روبوت وورز، والعديد من المانغا، مثل مانغا يوشيوكي ساداموتو للأنمي. في مانغا ساداموتو، ظهرت ريه بصورة منفتحة أكثر من الأنمي، كونها متفاعلة بشكل أكبر بقليل. بعيداً عن التعديلات الطفيفة في الشخصية، بقي دور ريه نفسه في الأنمي. بعيداً عن هذه المانغا، ظهرت ريه في العديد من المانغا الغير رسمية مثل صديقة الفولاذ 2 ومشروع تدريب شينجي إيكاري.

ظهرت ريه أيضاً في مسلسل بوتشي إيفا: إيفانجيليون@سكول في تجسيدات ريه الثلاث يعشن معاً، ويسكنّ معاً كأخوات. الأخوات الثلاث ريه يستخدمن ترتيباً عن المانغا: ريه I في ريه «العادية»، وتظهر في زي المدرسة العادي. ريه II هي ريه «الحقيقة البديلة»، من تخيلات شينجي بكون ريه فتاة عادية، وتظهر في زي مدرسة مختلف، ريه III هي ريه «الطفلة»، ببساطة ريه الأولى من عالم إيفانجيليون قبل موتها، حيث في هذا المسلسل تحمل ريه الطفلة العديد من الألعاب والدمى. شخصية ريه الأولى بشكل طبيعي متباعدة، ولكنها ترد على الجميع؛ وخاصة شينجي. شخصية ريه الثانية نشيطة بشكل كبير. شخصية ريه الثالثة طفولية، وتبكي عندما لا تحصل على ما تريده أو تتعرض للضرب. في كل من هذه المانغا، ظهرت ريه بشخصية أكثر انفتاحاً وتفاعلاً من نظيرتها في الأنمي.

الاستقبال
وصف فرنتشي لوننغ كشخصية شينجي الأنثوية. نجاح ريه كشخصية، وفقاً لهيروكي أزوما، صار محفزاً في صناعة الأنمي للابتعاد عن سرد القصص والتوجه نحو تصوير الشخصيات صفات الإلهام بالموي. تأثرت صناعة الأنمي بشخصية ريه وصارت تستعمل صفاتها بشكل كبير من البشرة الشاحبة، والشعر المزرق القصير و«الشخصية الصامتة».يعتبر أزوما الشخصية روري هوشينو من الخليفة المريخي ناديسيكو أنها متأثرة بشكل مباشر بريه. وضعت آي جي إن ريه في المركز العاشر من «أفضل 25 شخصية أنمي في جميع الأوقات» حيث علق الكاتب كريس مكنزي قائلاً بأن ريه إحدى الشخصيات الملهمة في مسلسلات الأنمي، ولكنه علق أيضاً بأن ريه كانت مختلفة عن الشخصيات المشابهة لها حيث أنها «غموض لن نستطيع حله، عندما تفكر في الأمر.» حصلت ريه على المركز نفسه في قائمة مانيا إنترتينمنت لأبرز عشر بطلات أنمي من كتابة ثوماس زوث الذي علق على العدد الكبير من التجارات المقتبسة منها وأنها بدأت «انفجار الموي في الأنمي.» في دراسة لل«صداقة» التي درست من قبل rankingjapan.com حيث يقوم الناس باختيار شخصية الأنمي التي يريدون أن يصادقوها، حصلت ريه على المركز التاسع. أثناء مشاهدة أفلام إعادة بناء إيفانجيليون، علق بعض الكتاب من شبكة أخبار الأنمي على ريه: حيث في الفيلم الأول، انتقد كارلو سانتوس شخصية ريه كونها تكراراً لشخصيتها في الأنمي، لكن جاستن سيفاكيس امتدح رد ريه للطف شينجي.

روابط خارجية

المصادر

 نيون جينيسيس إيفانجيليون: الدليل الغير رسمي، تأليف كازوهيسا فوجيي ومارتن فوستر، 2004، ردمك 0-9745961-4-0

أشخاص خياليون انتحروا
أفاتار خياليون
جنديات ومحاربات خياليات
جنود أطفال خياليون
جنود خارقون خياليون
شخصيات أطفال في مسلسل رسوم متحركة
شخصيات أفلام الخيال العلمي
شخصيات أنمي ومانغا إناث
شخصيات رسوم متحركة تلفزيونية ظهرت في 1995
شخصيات خيالية تعاني من اضطراب الكرب التالي للصدمة النفسية
شخصيات خيالية ظهرت في 1995
شخصيات قصص مصورة ظهرت في سنة 1995
شخصيات مراهقين في التلفاز
شخصيات نسائية في الفيلم
شخصيات نيون جينيسيس إيفانجيليون
قناصون خياليون
مستنسخون خياليون
ملائكة خيالية
يابانيون خياليون
يابانيون خياليون في أنمي ومانغا
شخصيات تلفزيونية اخترعت في 1995

ريه أيانامي


Krešića gradina je gradina u BiH.

Zemljopisni položaj
Smještena je kod Par Sela Gornjeg, 200 metara sjevernije, na nadmorskoj visini od od 333 m. Prostire se na nekoliko hektara. Sliči na prevlaku jezičastog oblika. Pruža se u smjeru sjeverozapad – jugoistok.

Povijest
Nastala je u pretpovijesti. Iskopavanjima je nađeno mnogo keramike. Od metala tu je pronađena samo jedna fragmentirana brončana igla. Arheolozi su analizanjem nalaza datirali osnivanje naselja na ovom mjestu unutar kasnog brončanog doba. Mlađi sloj nalaza sadrži latensku keltsku keramiku. Život se ovdje odvijao i u metalnom dobu, čega je u ovom kraju bilo i na području Gradovrha, Kreke, Tuzle (prostor između Glazbene škole na istoku, kina Mladost na zapadu, bivše zgrade Interne bolnice na sjeveru i Gradske tržnice na jugu), Gornje Tuzle i Slavinovića. Ilirski nalazi datirani su u halštatsko razdoblje. U srednjem vijeku od gradine napravljena je utvrda.

Istraživana je sredinom 1950-ih i početkom 1980-ih. Veljko Milić je 1983. izvršio sondažna iskopavanja. Pronađeni materijal prenesen je u Muzej istočne Bosne.

Izvori

Par Selo Gornje
Brončano doba
Ilirski arheološki lokaliteti u Bosni i Hercegovini

Krešića gradina


El pico mexicano (Dryobates scalaris) es una especie de ave piciforme de la familia Picidae. Es un ave de tamaño medio, nativa de América Central y América del Norte: Belice, El Salvador, Estados Unidos, Guatemala, Honduras, México y Nicaragua. También se le conoce como Carpintero mexicano y en México se le ha observado en todos los estados del país.

Subespecies
Se distinguen las siguientes subespecies:
 Dryobates scalaris cactophilus (Oberholser, 1911)
 Dryobates scalaris eremicus (Oberholser, 1911)
 Dryobates scalaris graysoni (S. F. Baird, 1874)
 Dryobates scalaris leucoptilurus (Oberholser, 1911)
 Dryobates scalaris lucasanus (Xantus de Vesey, 1860)
 Dryobates scalaris parvus (Cabot, 1844)
 Dryobates scalaris scalaris (Wagler, 1829)
 Dryobates scalaris sinaloensis (Ridgway, 1887)
 Dryobates scalaris soulei Banks, 1963

Referencias

 BirdLife International (2011) Species factsheet: Picoides scalaris. Consultado: 29/11/2011.

Enlaces externos

 Enciclovida tiene un artículo sobre Dryobates scalaris.
 Naturalista tiene una ficha sobre Dryobates scalaris.

Scalaris
Aves de América Central
Aves de América del Norte
Taxones descritos por Johann Georg Wagler

Dryobates scalaris


Haven este al unsprezecelea album de studio înregistrat de formația americană de power metal Kamelot. Albumul a fost produs de Sascha Paeth și remasterizat de Jacob Hansen. Coperta a fost creată de Stefan Heilemann . Printre interpreții care au contribuit pe album se mai numără Alissa White-Gluz (Arch Enemy), Troy Donockley (Nightwish) și Charlotte Wessels (Delain).

Lista melodiilor

Clasamente

Referințe

Albume din 2015
Albume de Kamelot

Haven (album)