Jennifer Louise Tonge, Baroness Tonge (née Smith; born 19 February 1941) is a politician in the United Kingdom. She was Liberal Democrat Member of Parliament (MP) for Richmond Park in London from 1997 to 2005. In June 2005 she was made a life peer as Baroness Tonge, of Kew in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, which entitled her to a seat in the House of Lords.

Critical of Israel and vocal in support of the Palestinian cause, controversial acts and comments led to accusations of anti-Semitism and to her eventual suspension from the Liberal Democrats group in the Lords in 2012, then her suspension and resignation from the party itself in October 2016. She sat as an independent in the Lords from 2012 until her retirement in 2021.

Early life
Born in Walsall, Staffordshire, her parents were both schoolteachers. She attended Dudley Girls High School from 1951 to 1959. She trained to be a doctor at University College Hospital, gaining an MB and BS in 1964.

She is also MFFP (Membership of the Faculty of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care of the RCOG). She holds an honorary FFFP. From 1968–78, she worked in General Practice and Family Planning. From 1980 to 1985, she worked as Senior Medical Officer in Women's Services in Ealing. She was a manager of Community Health Services in Ealing from 1992 to 1996.

Tonge was a councillor in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames from 1981 to 1990, and served as chair of the Social Services Committee. She stood as the Liberal Democrat candidate for the Richmond and Barnes constituency at the 1992 general election. It was considered to be the party's most winnable seat, but Tonge was not elected.

Parliamentary career

Member of Parliament

Election and PMQs
In 1997, Tonge was elected to Parliament, representing Richmond Park. While in the House of Commons, she was Liberal Democrat spokesperson on International Development from 1997 to 2003, and then the party spokesperson for children from 2003 to 2004.

In 2002, during the Emmanuel College creationism controversy, she asked Prime Minister Tony Blair if he was "happy to allow the teaching of creationism alongside Darwin's theory of evolution in state schools". Blair replied that he supported a "diverse school system", and praised the teachers at Emmanuel College for their commitments to "deliver[ing] better results for our children". Tonge was concerned about Blair's response, because it implied the government was "prepared to accept money from anybody, regardless of the doctrine or religious beliefs of the donor".

Visit to Gaza Strip (2003)
In 2003, Tonge and Labour MP Oona King visited the Gaza Strip. At a subsequent press conference after their return, Tonge compared Gaza Strip living conditions for Palestinians to conditions Jews had suffered in the Warsaw Ghetto during World War II. Tonge said "You are almost getting a situation like the Warsaw ghetto. People can't get in or out. They can't work, they can't sell anything. There is this gradual squeeze", adding "It was an apartheid system." Tonge recommended economic sanctions be applied against Israel and for European Union or United Nations troops be sent to Gaza. Tonge and King claimed that an Israeli soldier wielding a grenade had confronted them when they tried to leave the Gaza Strip.

Yad Vashem museum chair Avner Shalev criticized Tonge and King for making the comparison with conditions under Nazi rule.

Palestinian suicide bombers (2004)
In January 2004, Tonge was sacked as the Liberal Democrat children's spokeswoman by the party leader, Charles Kennedy. At a pro-Palestinian parliamentary meeting, Tonge had said of Palestinian suicide bombers: "If I had to live in that situation – and I say that advisedly – I might just consider becoming one myself". She repeated her comments on Sky News, but added, "I do not condone suicide bombers, nobody can condone them". Tonge refused to apologise, commenting "I was just trying to say how, having seen the violence and the humiliation and the provocation that the Palestinian people live under every day and have done since their land was occupied by Israel, I could understand".

Kennedy said her comments were "completely unacceptable" and "not compatible with Liberal Democrat party policies and principles", adding "there can be no justification, under any circumstances for taking innocent lives through terrorism". Tonge said that suicide bombers' actions are "appalling and loathsome" but that "we have to try and understand where they are coming from and understand the situation in which they live."

Tonge retired from the House of Commons at the 2005 general election, and was made a life peer and member of the House of Lords later in the year.

Life peer

Allegations about the Israel lobby (2006)
Tonge remarked at a Liberal Democrat party conference fringe meeting in September 2006: "The pro-Israeli lobby has got its grips on the western world, its financial grips. I think they've probably got a grip on our party".

In response, Liberal Democrat leader Sir Menzies Campbell wrote to Tonge, commenting that her unacceptable assertion had "clear anti-Semitic connotations". An all-party group of peers led by the former Archbishop of Canterbury, George Carey, said, in a letter to The Times, that "the language deployed by Baroness Tonge, as a member of the House of Lords, was irresponsible and inappropriate". At a later meeting at Edinburgh University the following November, Tonge said that professors Stephen Walt and John Mearsheimer's article "The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy" which appeared in the 23 March 2006 issue of the London Review of Books supported her assertion that the "Israel lobby had a disproportionate voice in Anglo-American foreign policy". She said her comments "were about the Israeli lobby in politics. They were a big distance from being about Jewishness or anti-Semitism".

The Gaza strip and other issues (2008–10)
In November 2008, Tonge visited the Gaza Strip again, this time with Lord Ahmed, Clare Short, and members of the European Parliament.

From 8 January 2009 to 12 February 2010, Tonge was the Liberal Democrat Spokesperson for Health. On 12 January 2009, Tonge asked in the House of Lords about investigations into alleged Israeli war crimes in the December 2009–January 2010 Gaza War, saying:Is the Minister aware that Mrs Pillay, the new UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, has spoken of war crimes being committed in Gaza? Will the Government, therefore, show leadership and call for the immediate—and I mean immediate—establishment by the United Nations Security Council of an independent fact-finding commission to Palestine to investigate all breaches of international law?

In March 2009, Tonge joined a six-person delegation of British politicians which met with Hamas political leader Khaled Meshaal in Syria. Tonge told an interviewer that their goal was to force the British government to talk to Hamas and press the United States to do likewise. She stated: "You don't make peace by talking to your friends. You make peace by talking to your enemies", and said she knew that her meeting with Meshaal might be considered illegal and lead to her arrest. "That is one of the risks that you take", she said.

During the 2008–2009 Gaza War, Tonge spoke at a London rally against the war, saying: "It is a disgusting, obscene outrage what is going on in Gaza". She said that eventually activists must look to "a full trade embargo and boycotting everything Israeli".

On 1 February 2010, The Palestine Telegraph, of which Tonge was then a patron, published an article which made false claims that an Israel Defence Forces emergency aid hospital in Haiti (deployed in the aftermath the 2010 Haiti earthquake) was secretly harvesting organs and selling them on the black market, based partly on a report made on Hezbollah's Al-Manar television which cited a YouTube video produced by a group called AfriSynergy Productions. The video did not cite any evidence, nor did it portray any actual organ removal. She later resigned as a patron of The Palestine Telegraph after it published a video of an interview with American neo-Nazi David Duke.

On 11 February, The Jewish Chronicle published an article containing a statement by Tonge which congratulated the IDF on its swift and generous response to the emergency in Haiti, and said: "To prevent allegations such as these—which have already been posted on YouTube—going any further, the IDF and the Israeli Medical Association [sic] should establish an independent inquiry immediately to clear the names of the team in Haiti."

On 12 February 2010, Liberal Democrat leader Nick Clegg removed her from her position as health spokeswoman in the House of Lords calling the comments "wrong, distasteful and provocative". The released statement said she had apologised "unreservedly" for any offence she had caused and that neither Clegg nor Tonge gave the allegations "any credence whatsoever". In an email message sent to an anti-Israel activist, Tonge wrote that she had called for an inquiry to dispel any rumours and that the idea that organs could be being harvested in the situation which existed in Haiti was ludicrous and nonsense.

Comments about Israel and the Gaza strip (2012–2021)
In 2012, Tonge appeared at an Israeli Apartheid Week talk at Middlesex University on 23 February 2012, during which she said: "Beware Israel. Israel is not going to be there forever in its present form. One day, the United States of America will get sick of giving £70bn a year to Israel to support what I call America's aircraft carrier in the Middle East – that is Israel. One day, the American people are going to say to the Israel lobby in the USA: enough is enough. Israel will lose support and then they will reap what they have sown." A party spokesman said: "Jenny Tonge does not speak for the party on Israel and Palestine. Her presence and comments at this event were extremely ill-advised and ill-judged. The tone of the debate at this event was wholly unacceptable and adds nothing to the peace process. The Liberal Democrats are wholehearted supporters of a peaceful two state solution to the Israel- Palestine issue".

Baroness Tonge resigned the Liberal Democrats whip position immediately after being given an ultimatum by party leader Nick Clegg to apologise or resign for her remarks. From this point onwards, she sat in the House of Lords as an independent Liberal Democrat.

She spoke at a London rally at the Israeli Embassy against the Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip and the November 2012 Israeli bombings of Gaza in retaliation for militant rocket attacks on Israel.

In January 2015, the New York Jewish newspaper Algemeiner Journal described Tonge as having "a long record of inflammatory, often anti-Semitic, statements against both Israel and the British Jewish leadership" in discussing a written question she had tabled in the Lords, which urged for "Jewish faith leaders in the United Kingdom publicly to condemn settlement building by Israel".

Jonathan Sacerdoti of the Campaign Against Antisemitism told the Algemeiner: "It is despicable to see her using the House of Lords to try to harass Jewish people". In July 2016, Tonge repeated her call for British Jews to condemn Israel resulting in calls from Campaign Against Antisemitism for her to be expelled from the Liberal Democrats.

Following Jeremy Corbyn's election as Leader of the Labour Party, Tonge said that she was considering joining Labour, having not seen the party as left-wing enough until then. Tonge expressed support for Corbyn and the former Labour MP Tony Benn: "I marched alongside Tony Benn and Jeremy Corbyn, one on either side. I went to Gaza with Jeremy Corbyn and we met Hamas leaders together". Deputy Labour Leader Tom Watson said Tonge would be "welcome" in the party.

Tonge chaired a meeting of the Palestine Return Council at the House of Lords on 25 October 2016 to launch a campaign for Britain to apologise for the Balfour Declaration, which advocated a home for Jews in Palestine, ahead of its hundredth anniversary in 2017. Jennifer Gerber, the Director of Labour Friends of Israel told The Jewish Chronicle about the absence of any "reproach or redress from Baroness Tonge as chair" at the gathering, at which "attendees compared Israel to ISIS and claimed Jews 'provoked' their own genocide. Silence in the face of such abhorrence amounts to tacit endorsement". Tonge was suspended by the Liberal Democrats, and then resigned from the party on 27 October 2016. Speaking about London's Israeli embassy at the time, she commented: "They are attacking the Lib Dems as they do Labour. They like to be in control of things".

In October 2018, Tonge faced calls to resign over a post she made on Facebook in the aftermath of the Pittsburgh synagogue shooting, in which she claimed that the Israeli government's actions towards Palestinians may have contributed to a rise in anti-Semitism. Tonge made a similar comment in January 2021 during a House of Lords debate concerning rising anti-Semitic incidents in universities, saying "The victims are innocent Jewish people—students, in this case. They are victims because of the illegal actions of the Israeli government."

Population, health and development
Tonge is strongly in favour of stem cell research and has stated so in the House of Lords. She is pro-choice on abortion and has supported "Patient (Assisted Dying)" laws in the United Kingdom.

Tonge was chair of the All Party Parliamentary Group on Population, Development and Reproductive Health for five years, which in November 2012 issued a report on child marriage, A Childhood Lost, which urged the British government to act to stop child marriage in Britain and abroad.

This followed other reports on Maternal Morbidity, "Better off Dead", and most recently, a new report has been published on Population Dynamics and Sustainable Development. She was President of the European Parliamentary Forum on Population and Development from 2011-15. In November 2015, she was made an Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists for services to women's health in the UK and in developing countries.

Personal life
Tonge met her future husband, Dr Keith Tonge, in 1959, at university. The couple married on 23 May 1964 in Tipton. He was a consultant neuroradiologist, formerly at St Thomas's Hospital in Lambeth; they have two surviving grown children and seven grandchildren. Keith Tonge died on 5 July 2013. Tonge's daughter died by accidental electrocution in 2004.

She lives in Kew and owns property in Hérault, southern France.

References

External links
 TheyWorkForYou.com – Jenny Tonge
 The Public Whip – Jenny Tonge voting record
 Official House of Lords webpage

1941 births
Alumni of University College London
Councillors in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames
Liberal Democrats (UK) life peers
Liberal Democrats (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Living people
People from Dudley
People from Walsall
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
Crossbench life peers
People educated at St James Academy, Dudley
Female members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
20th-century British women politicians
21st-century British women politicians
Liberal Democrats (UK) councillors
20th-century English women
20th-century English people
21st-century English women
21st-century English people
Women councillors in England
Life peeresses created by Elizabeth II
Help
Peers retired under the House of Lords Reform Act 2014
Anti-Zionism in the United Kingdom
Palestinian solidarity activists

Jenny Tonge, Baroness Tonge


වයි-ෆයි () යනු වයි-ෆයි සන්ධානයෙහි වෙළඳ ලකුණ වේ. පෞද්ගලික පරිගණක, වීඩියෝ ක්‍රීඩා පාලන පුවරු, ස්මාට්ෆෝන්, සහ සංඛ්‍යාංක ශ්‍රව්‍ය වාදක වැනි වයි-ෆයි සක්‍රීය වූ උපාංග අන්තර්ජාලයට සම්බන්ධ වී ඇති නිස්තර ජාල පරාසයක් අතර ඇත්නම් එමගින් ඒවා සදහාද   අන්තර්ජාල පහසුකම ලබා ගත හැක. වයි-ෆයි යනු තාක්ෂණික වචනයක් නොවේ. IEEE 802.11 යන තාක්ෂණික වචනය සමග මාරු කළ හැකි ලෙස වයි-ෆයි භාවිතා කරයි, එහෙත් ගෙවී ගිය වසර   කිහිපය අතර IEEE 802.11 අවලංගු කිරීමටද වයි-ෆයි තාක්ෂණයට හැකියාව ලැබී ඇත.

වයි-ෆයි සහතික කිරීම

වයි-ෆයි නාමය

භාවිතය

වාසි සහ අභියෝග

මේවාද බලන්න
 WLAN චැනල් ලැයිස්තුව
 වයි-ෆයි මෙහෙයුම් පද්ධති සහය
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 අධි වයි-ෆයි
වයි ෆයි 6

බාහිර සැබැදි
 වයි-ෆයි සන්ධානය

වයි-ෆයි


Vichada je crnovodna rijeka u Kolumbiji, lijeva pritoka rijeke Orinoco. Pripada atlantskom slijevu.

Izvori

Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993.

Rijeke u Kolumbiji
Pritoke Orinoca

Vichada (rijeka)


مسجد أحمد بن عبد الله هو أحد مساجد الكويت يقع في منطقة شرق في مدينة الكويت، وبالتحديد في حي السيد: هلال المطيري، أما موقعه الآن فيقع في الشرق، على شارع خالد بن الوليد من جهة البحر، ولقد غلب عليه اسم أحمد العبد الله، وهو إمام صلى فيه طويلاً، فنسب المسجد إليه.
وجد ورثة السيد: سعد الناهض من ضمن أوراقه وصية مكتوباً فيها ما يفيد أن السيد: سعد الناهض اشترى أرضاً قرب بيته الواقع في (فريج) هلال بالشرق وأوصى بتخصيص هذه الأرض لبناء مسجد عليها، وقد أوصى كذلك بدفع خمسمئة روبية كإعانة منه لبناء المسجد، كما تبرع السيد سعيد بن محمد العطيبي الهاجري بجزء من أرض منزله لتكميل الأرض التي تبرع بها سعد الناهض فبنى هذا المسجد على الأرضين ولما علم أهل الخير بهذا العمل شاركوا في التبرع فيه، ونذكر منهم ملا: حسين التركيت، والسيد هلال المطيري. ولقد تم هذا العمل المبارك في عام 1333 هـ الموافق 1914م.

الوصف العام للمسجد

1 - الموقع: يقع المسجد في منطقة الشرق من مدينة الكويت - العاصمة - على امتداد شارع خالد بن الوليد قرب البحر ويقع حالياً ضمن القرية التراثية وتنوي وزارة الأوقاف عمل توسعة وتجديد شامل للمسجد ليصبح بالصورة التي تتناسب واهتمام الدولة بالمساجد التراثية.

2 - التأسيس والتجديد: أسس المسجد ورثة سعد الناهض عام 1333هـ ـ 1914م.
ويقول عدنان الرومي ان المسجد باسم الإمام الذي أم المصلين فيه فترة طويلة، وقامت دائرة الأوقاف العامة بتجديده عام 1347هـ - 1955م.

3 - وصف المسجد: ينقسم المسجد إلى خمسة أجزاء رئيسة، نذكرها حسب ترتيب الداخل من الباب الرئيسي المقابل لواجهة المحراب:
1 - صحن المسجد (الفناء ـ الفضاء): ومساحته الحالية هي: 168.14م2.
وهو يمثل الساحة المفتوحة لتحقيق الخدمات التالية:
أ- التهوية العامة.
ب - إقامة الصلاة في أجواء اعتدال الطقس.
ج - استيعاب المصلين في حالات ازدحام المسجد نحو صلاة يوم الجمعة والتراويح في رمضان.
والمدخل الرئيسي للمسجد توجد بجواره المئذنة وبجانبها غرفة صغيرة وبجوارها غرفة الإمام إلى يسار المئذنة وغرفة الميضأة والحمامات إلى يمينها.
2 - الليوان (الممرات المغطاة) ومساحته الحالية: 48.35م2:
ويمثل الساحة المغطاة والمفتوحة على صحن المسجد، وهي مكونة من أربع فتحات ترتكز على ثلاثة أعمدة حرة موزعة بانتظام.
3 - حرم المسجد (المصلى -قبلية المسجد - الخلوة): ومساحته الحالية: 123.04م2.
وهو الجزء الرئيسي من المسجد وهو مفروش بالسجاد، والداخل من الليوان إليه يشاهد مباشرة المحراب في منتصف الواجهة وهو يمثل الاتجاه نحو الكعبة المشرفة في مكة المكرمة قبلة المسلمين في أنحاء الدنيا، ويوجد على يمين ويسار المحراب عدد من الشبابيك للإضاءة والتهوية.
4 - المئذنة (المنارة) ومساحتها الحالية: 3.14م2:
وتمثل شعاراً وعلامة للوصول إلى المسجد كما أنها كانت في السابق قبل اكتشاف الكهرباء والإذاعة والاتصالات يصعد إليها المؤذن للنداء إلى الصلاة، فبمجرد رؤية الناس المؤذن وهو يدور حول المئذنة رافعاً صوته بالآذان يعلم الناس أنه قد حان وقت الصلاة حتى لو لم يصل الصوت إليهم، ومن هنا كانت المئذنة أعلى من أي سطح حولها وارتفاع المئذنة قرابة العشرين متراً. وهي مكونة من جزء اسطواني ثم شرفة محملة على كوابيل ثم جزء اسطواني يعلوه قبة المئذنة.
وقبة المئذنة المخروطية مع التقوس والتحدب يعلوها الهلال الحديدي، وتظهر النوافذ الكبيرة تحت قبة المئذنة والتي يظن أنها لتمرير أكبر كمية ممكنة من الهواء إلى درج المئذنة في الداخل.
5ـ الخدمات العامة: ومساحة هذا القسم حالياً: 127.03 م2:
تتوزع على صحن المسجد خدمات عدة أهمها: الميضأة ودورات المياه، وغرفة للإمام وغرفة للمؤذن وحمام.
وبذلك تكون المساحة الكلية للمسجد هي: 487.70م2.
6ـ أبواب المسجد الرئيسية: يوجد للمسجد مدخلان رئيسان كل منهما مكون من ضلفتين، الباب الأول في الجهة الغربية والباب الآخر في الجهة الجنوبية.

أهمية تأهيل المسجد وترميمه

إن المحافظة على أصالة المسجد وتكويناته الرئيسية القديمة يحقق عدداً من الأهداف فيما نرى وهي:
1 - تذكير الأجيال الجديدة بما كان عليه الأجداد وربط الماضي بالحاضر.
2 - المحافظة على طريقة البناء القديمة قدر الإمكان للتعرف على أسلوب ونمط حياة الأجداد.
3 - المحافظة على وقفية المسجد.
4 - تأسيس التاريخ الماضي وربطه بالحاضر والمستقبل، وإثبات حالة الحياة الاجتماعية السائدة في تلك العصور.
5 - دراسة التطور المعماري والهندسي القديم.

انظر أيضا

 مسجد الناهض
 مسجد سعد أخو ناهض

مراجع
الموقعي الرسمي لوزارة الأقاف والشؤون الإسلامية - دولة الكويت

مساجد الكويت

مسجد أحمد بن عبد الله


The 17th Airborne Division, "The Golden Talons", was an airborne infantry division of the United States Army during World War II, commanded by Major General William M. Miley.

It was officially activated as an airborne division in April 1943 but was not immediately sent to a combat theater, remaining in the United States to complete its training. During this training process, the division took part in several training exercises, including the Knollwood Maneuver, in which it played a vital part in ensuring that the airborne division remained as a military formation in the U.S. Army. As such it did not take part in the first two large-scale airborne operations conducted by the Allies, Operation Husky and Operation Neptune, transferring to Britain only after the end of Operation Overlord.

When the division arrived in Britain, it came under the command of Maj. Gen. Matthew B. Ridgway's XVIII Airborne Corps, a part of Maj. Gen. Lewis H. Brereton's First Allied Airborne Army, but was not chosen to participate in Operation Market Garden, the airborne landings in the Netherlands, as Allied planners believed it had arrived too late and could not be "trained up" in time for the operation. However, after the end of Operation Market Garden the division was shipped to France and then Belgium to fight in the Ardennes during the Battle of the Bulge. The 17th gained its first Medal of Honor during its time fighting in the Ardennes, and was then withdrawn to Luxembourg to prepare for an assault over the River Rhine. In March 1945, the division participated in its first, and only, airborne operation, dropping alongside the British 6th Airborne Division as a part of Operation Varsity, where it gained three more Medals of Honor. The division then advanced through Northern Germany until the end of World War II, when it briefly undertook occupation duties in Germany before shipping back to the United States. There, it was officially inactivated in September 1945, although it was briefly reactivated as a training division between 1948 and 1949.

Formation
The German Armed Forces pioneered the use of large-scale airborne formations, first during the invasion of Norway and Denmark and later that year during the assaults on the Netherlands and Belgium in 1940 and later in the Battle of Crete in 1941. The Allied governments were aware of the success of these operations (but not of the heavy German casualties incurred, particularly during the assault on the Netherlands and the invasion of Crete) and decided to form their own airborne formations. This decision would eventually lead to the creation of five American and two British airborne divisions, as well as many smaller units. The 17th Airborne Division was activated on 15 April 1943 at Camp Mackall in North Carolina, under the command of the newly promoted Major General William Miley, a veteran of World War I. The division was originally composed of the 513th Parachute Infantry Regiment, activated on 11 January 1943 at Fort Benning, the 193rd Glider Infantry Regiment, and the 194th Glider Infantry Regiment. The official dedication ceremony for the unit took place on 1 May 1943, with thousands of civilian and military spectators, including Major General Elbridge Chapman, overall commander of Airborne Command and of all American airborne forces during World War II.

Once activated, the division remained in the United States for training and exercises. As the division, like all airborne units, was intended to be an elite formation, the training regime was extremely arduous. There were  and  towers built from which prospective airborne troops would jump off of to simulate landing by parachute, lengthy forced marches and practice jumps from transport aircraft; to pause in the doorway of an aircraft during a practice jump resulted in an automatic failure for the candidate. The resultant failure rate was accordingly high, but there was never a shortage of candidates, especially for the American divisions, as the rate of pay was much higher than that of an ordinary infantryman. As the division trained, a debate developed in the U.S. Army over whether the best use of airborne forces was en masse or as small compact units. On 9 July 1943, the first large-scale Allied airborne operation–the Allied invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky)–was carried out by elements of the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division and the British 1st Airborne Division. The Commanding General (CG) of the U.S. 11th Airborne Division, Major General Joseph May Swing, had been temporarily assigned to act as airborne advisor to General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Supreme Allied Commander in the Mediterranean, for the invasion of Sicily, and had observed the airborne assault, which went badly. The U.S. 82nd Airborne Division had been deployed by both parachute and glider and had suffered high casualties, leading to a perception that it had failed to achieve many of its objectives.

Swing Board
General Eisenhower had reviewed the airborne role in Operation Husky, and had concluded that large-scale formations were too difficult to control in combat to be practical. Lieutenant General Lesley J. McNair, commander of Army Ground Forces, had similar misgivings: once an airborne supporter, he had been greatly disappointed by their performance in North Africa and, more recently, Sicily. However, other high-ranking officers believed otherwise, notably the U.S. Army Chief of Staff, George Marshall. He persuaded Eisenhower to set up a review board and to withhold judgement on the effectiveness of divisional-sized airborne forces until a large-scale maneuver could be tried in December. When Swing returned to the United States to resume command of the 11th Airborne Division in mid-September 1943, he had an additional role. McNair ordered him to form a committee–the Swing Board–composed of U.S. Army Air Forces, parachute and glider infantry, and artillery officers to arrange a large-scale maneuver that would effectively decide the fate of the divisional-sized airborne force. As the 11th Airborne Division was in reserve in the United States, and had not yet been earmarked for overseas shipment, the Swing Board chose it as the test formation; it would be opposed by a composite combat team from the 17th Airborne Division with a battalion from the 541st Parachute Infantry Regiment temporarily attached. The maneuver would also provide both divisions with further airborne training, as had occurred several months previously in a large-scale maneuver undertaken by the 82nd and the 101st Airborne Divisions.

Knollwood Maneuver
The objective for the 11th as the attacking force was to capture Knollwood Army Auxiliary Airfield near Fort Bragg in North Carolina, after which the maneuver was named. The defending forces were to try to defend the airport and the surrounding area and repel the airborne assault. The entire operation would be observed by Lieutenant General McNair. His observations and reports to the U.S. War Department, and ultimately General Eisenhower, would do much to decide the success or failure of the exercise. The Knollwood Maneuver took place on the night of 7 December, with the troops of the 11th Airborne Division being delivered to thirteen separate objectives by 200 C-47 Dakota transport aircraft and 234 Waco CG-4A gliders, with eighty-five percent of the airborne troops being delivered to their target without navigational error. The transport aircraft were divided into four groups, each taking off from a different airfield in the Carolinas, with two groups dropping paratroopers and two towing gliders, and between them deployed 4,800 airborne troops in the first wave. These airborne troops then seized the Knollwood Army Auxiliary Airfield from the defending troops and secured the area in which the rest of the division landed, all before daylight. Having secured their initial objectives, the 11th Airborne Division then conducted a coordinated ground attack against a reinforced infantry regiment, as well as several aerial resupply and casualty evacuation missions in coordination with transport aircraft. The exercise was judged to be a great success by those who observed it. McNair reported that the success of the maneuver pleased him, and highlighted the great improvements in airborne training that had occurred in the months between the end of Operation Husky and the Knollwood Maneuver. Due to the success of the units of the 11th Airborne Division during the exercise, the divisional-sized airborne force was deemed to be effective and was allowed by Eisenhower to remain.

World War II
The division also participated in the Second Army maneuvers in the Tennessee Maneuver Area from 6 February 1944. It finished its training on 27 March 1944, and transferred to Camp Forrest on 24 March 1944. The division staged at Camp Myles Standish on 12 August 1944 before departing Boston Port of Embarkation on 20 August 1944. The 17th Airborne Division arrived in the United Kingdom on 26 August.

Once in Britain the division was attached to U.S. XVIII Airborne Corps, under Major General Matthew Ridgway, which commanded all American airborne formations, and which in turn became part of the First Allied Airborne Army when it was formed on 21 August, under the command of Lieutenant General Lewis H. Brereton. Although attached to XVIII Airborne Corps, the division was not chosen to participate in Operation Market Garden, a large-scale airborne operation intended to seize several bridges through the Netherlands to allow the Allied armies to bypass the Rhine river and enter Germany. The 17th was passed over in favour of the 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions because it had only recently arrived in the European Theater and was considered to be unprepared logistically as it was still collecting its combat equipment. The division was also given command of the 507th Parachute Infantry Regiment. The 507th had fought in Normandy under command of the 82nd Airborne Division and remained in England as a theater reserve during Market Garden. The 507th continued to remain in England as the Allied armies continued their advance towards Germany.

Battle of the Bulge
On 16 December 1944 the Wehrmacht launched an offensive in the Ardennes region of Belgium, breaking through Allied lines and rapidly advancing towards Antwerp. On the afternoon of 17 December, Eisenhower decided to commit his theater reserve to the Ardennes in an attempt to halt the German advance; this consisted of the 17th, 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions under the control of XVIII Airborne Corps. The three divisions were to be attached to Courtney Hodges's U.S. First Army and were ordered to concentrate around the town of St Vith. However, while the other two airborne divisions were able to immediately make their way to the Ardennes as they were already stationed in France, bad weather prevented the 17th from flying in from where the division was stationed in Britain for several days. On 23 December the weather cleared and the division was finally flown to France by emergency night flights. It moved to an assembly area near Rheims. On Christmas Day, the division was attached to George Patton's U.S. Third Army and ordered to assume a thirty-mile long defensive position that ran along the Meuse River near Charleville.

By 1 January 1945 the threat to Charleville had eased sufficiently for the division to be transferred to another area of the Ardennes, being transported to an area south-west of Bastogne near the village of Morhet on 3 January; there it relieved the 11th Armored Division which had occupied the village prior to its arrival. On 4 January the division entered combat for the first time when it was ordered alongside the 87th Infantry Division to seize a number of key towns to the west of Bastogne, in order to prevent German forces from encircling the town a second time; it had been relieved by the Third Army on 26 December. With the 87th Infantry Division on its left flank, the division advanced towards German positions with the 194th Glider Infantry Regiment and 513th Parachute Infantry Regiment forming the division's assault element; the 193rd Glider Infantry Regiment and the 507th Parachute Infantry Regiment moved behind these two regiments to deal with expected German armoured counter-attacks against them. During its initial advance the division engaged German forces, including infantry and armour, in an attempt to secure a narrow, high-rimmed road to the north-west of Bastogne; during a battle that lasted three days the division suffered nearly 1,000 casualties attempting to hold what the division's official historian labeled "Dead Man's Ridge". It was during the opening stages of this battle that the division earned its first Medal of Honor. Staff Sergeant Isadore S. Jachman of the 513th Parachute Infantry engaged and damaged with a bazooka two German tanks that formed part of an armoured column attacking American positions, forcing the column to retreat but simultaneously being killed by machine gun fire. Between 19 and 26 January, the division broke through German lines and captured several towns before linking up with elements of the British 51st Infantry Division. After it had captured the town of Espeler on 26 January the entire division was withdrawn from the front and transported by truck to Luxembourg, effectively ending its participation in the Ardennes campaign.

Operation Varsity

Preparation
After participating in the Battle of the Bulge, the division was moved behind the front-lines as a reserve formation and theater reserve, whilst the Allies continued their advance towards the German interior. However, even as the division received replacements and trained, it had already been selected to take part in a highly ambitious airborne operation code-named Operation Eclipse. This operation, which got to such an advanced stage that plans had been created and divisional commanders briefed, called for the 17th and 82nd Airborne divisions, along with a brigade from the British 6th Airborne Division, to be dropped in daylight in and around Berlin to capture the city. The operation received the support of General Henry H. Arnold, the Chief of the United States Army Air Corps, but planning ended on 28 March, when General Eisenhower sent a message to Joseph Stalin indicating that the Allied armies would not attempt to capture Berlin, thereby making Eclipse obsolete. Eclipse and several other similarly ambitious airborne operations came to nothing, but in February the division finally received word that it would be involved in an Allied airborne operation to cross the River Rhine in support of the Anglo-Canadian 21st Army Group that would take place during March.

By March 1945, the Allies had advanced into Germany and had reached the River Rhine. The Rhine was a formidable natural obstacle to the Allied advance, but if breached would allow the Allies to access the North German Plain and ultimately advance on Berlin and other major cities in Northern Germany. Following the "Broad Front Approach" laid out by General Eisenhower, it was decided to attempt to breach the Rhine in several areas. British Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery, commanding the 21st Army Group, devised a plan to allow the forces under his command to breach the Rhine, which he entitled Operation Plunder, and which was subsequently authorized by Eisenhower. Plunder envisioned the British Second Army, under Lieutenant General Miles Dempsey and the U.S. Ninth Army under Lieutenant General William Simpson crossing the Rhine at Rees, Wesel, and an area south of the Lippe Canal. To ensure that the operation was a success, Montgomery insisted that an airborne component was inserted into the plans for the operation to support the amphibious assaults that would take place, which was code-named Operation Varsity. Three airborne divisions were initially chosen to take part in Varsity, these being the British 6th Airborne Division, the U.S. 13th Airborne Division and the 17th Airborne Division, all of which were assigned to the U.S. XVIII Airborne Corps.

However, as planning for Operation Varsity began, it soon became obvious that there was a lack of suitable transport aircraft to transport all three airborne divisions. As such the 13th Airborne Division was dropped from the operational plan, primarily because it had no combat experience, whereas the 6th Airborne Division had participated in Operation Tonga, the British airborne landings during Operation Neptune, and the 17th had seen combat in the Ardennes. The plan for the operation was therefore altered to accommodate the two remaining airborne divisions. This would be the first airborne operation the 17th would take part in, and indeed would be its only before it was disbanded. The two airborne divisions would be dropped behind German lines, with their objective to land around Wesel and disrupt enemy defences in order to aid the advance of the British Second Army. To achieve this, both divisions would be dropped near the town of Hamminkeln, and were tasked with a number of objectives; they were to seize the Diersfordter Wald, a forest that overlooked the Rhine and had a road linking several towns together; several bridges over a smaller waterway, the Issel, were to be seized to facilitate the advance; and the town of Hamminkeln was to be captured. Once these objectives were taken, the airborne troops would consolidate their positions and await the arrival of Allied ground forces, defending the territory captured against the German forces known to be in the area.

The 17th Airborne was to land its units in the southern portion of the area chosen for the operation, engaging the German forces that were defending the area, securing the Diersfordterwald Forest which dominated the surrounding area and capturing three bridges that spanned the River Issel. It would then hold the territory it had captured until it linked up units from the British 6th Airborne Division, which would land in the northern section of the operational area, and finally advance alongside 21st Army Group once the Allied ground forces had made contact with the airborne forces. To avoid heavy casualties such as those incurred by the British 1st Airborne Division during Operation Market Garden, both Allied airborne divisions would be dropped only after Allied ground units had secured crossings over the Rhine; the two divisions would also be dropped only a relatively short distance behind German lines, to ensure that reinforcements would be able to link up with them after only a few hours and they would not be isolated.

Battle

Operation Plunder began at 21:00 on 23 March after a week-long aerial bombardment of Luftwaffe airfields and the German transport system, involving more than ten thousand Allied aircraft. By the early hours of 24 March units of 21st Army Group had crossed the Rhine against heavy German opposition and secured several crossings on the eastern bank of the river. In the first few hours of 24 March, the transport aircraft carrying the two airborne divisions that formed Operation Varsity took off from airbases in England and France and rendezvoused over Brussels, before turning north-east for the Rhine dropping zones. The airlift consisted of 541 transport aircraft containing airborne troops, and a further 1,050 troop-carriers towing 1,350 gliders. The 17th Airborne Division consisted of 9,387 personnel, who were transported in 836 C-47 Dakota transports, 72 C-46 Commando transports, and more than 900 Waco CG-4A gliders. At 10:00 on the morning of the 24th, the first Allied airborne units began to land on German soil on the eastern bank of the Rhine, some thirteen hours after the Allied assault had begun.

The 507th Parachute Infantry Regiment, under the command of Colonel Edson Raff, was the lead assault formation for the 17th Airborne Division, and was consequently the first U.S. airborne unit to land as part of Operation Varsity. The entire regiment was meant to be dropped in drop zone W, a clearing two miles north of Wesel; however, excessive ground haze confused the pilots of the transport aircraft carrying the 507th, and as such when the regiment dropped it split into two-halves. Colonel Raff and approximately 690 of his paratroopers landed north-west of the drop zone near the town of Diersfordt, with the rest of the regiment successfully landing in drop zone W. The colonel rallied his separated paratroopers and led them to the drop zone, engaging a battery of German artillery en route, killing or capturing the artillery crews before reuniting with the rest of the regiment. By 14:00 the 507th PIR had secured all of its objectives and cleared the area around Diersfordt, having engaged numerous German troops and destroying a German tank. The actions of the regiment during the initial landing also gained the division its second Medal of Honor, when Private George J. Peters posthumously received the award after charging a German machine gun nest and eliminating it with rifle fire and grenades, allowing his fellow paratroopers to gather their equipment and capture the regiments first objective.

The 513th Parachute Infantry Regiment was the second divisional unit to land, and was under the command of Colonel James W. Coutts. En route to the drop zone, the transport aircraft containing the regiment had the misfortune to pass through a belt of German anti-aircraft weapons, losing twenty-two of the C-46 transport aircraft and damaging a further thirty-eight. Just as the 507th had, the 513th also suffered from pilot error due to the ground haze, and as such the regiment actually missed their designated drop zone, and were dropped on one of the landing zones designated for the British 6th Airlanding Brigade. However, despite this inaccuracy the paratroopers swiftly rallied and aided the British glider-borne troops who were landing simultaneously, eliminating several German artillery batteries which were covering the area. Once the German troops in the area had been eliminated, a combined force of American and British airborne troops stormed Hamminkeln and secured that town. By 14:00, Colonel Coutts reported to the Divisional Headquarters that the 513th had secured all of its objectives, having knocked out two tanks and destroyed two complete regiments of artillery during its assault. During its attempts to secure its objectives, the regiment also gained a third Medal of Honor for the division when Private First Class Stuart S. Stryker posthumously received the award after leading a charge against a German machine gun nest, creating a distraction to allow the rest of his platoon to capture the fortified position the machine gun was situated in.

The third component of the 17th Airborne Division to take part in the operation was the 194th Glider Infantry Regiment, under the command of Colonel James Pierce. The regiment landed accurately in landing zone S, but their gliders and the aircraft that towed them took heavy casualties; twelve C-47 transports were lost due to anti-aircraft fire, and a further one hundred and forty were damaged by the same fire. The regiment landed in the midst of a number of German artillery batteries that were engaging Allied ground forces crossing the Rhine, and as such many of the gliders were engaged by German artillery pieces which had their barrels lowered for direct-fire. However, these artillery batteries and their crews were defeated by the glider-borne troops, and the regiment was soon able to report that its objectives had been secured, having destroyed forty-two artillery pieces, ten tanks, two mobile-flak wagons and five self-propelled guns.

Aftermath

Operation Varsity was a successful large-scale airborne operation. All of the objectives that the airborne troops of the 17th had been tasked with had been captured and held, usually within only a few hours of the operation's beginning. The bridges over the Issel had been successfully captured, although one later had to be destroyed to prevent its capture by counter-attacking German forces. The Diersfordter Forest had been cleared of enemy troops, and the roads along which the Germans might have moved reinforcements against the advance had been cut by airborne troops. By nightfall of the 24th, the British 15th Infantry Division had joined up with elements of the British 6th Airborne Division, and by midnight the first light bridge was across the Rhine. By the 27th, twelve bridges suitable for heavy armour had been installed over the Rhine and the Allies had fourteen divisions on the east bank of the river which had penetrated up to ten miles. The division also gained its fourth Medal of Honor in the days following Operation Varsity, when Technical Sergeant Clinton Hedrick of the 194th Glider Infantry Regiment received the award posthumously after aiding in the capture of Lembeck Castle, which had been turned into a fortified position by the Germans. In terms of casualties, the 17th Airborne Division suffered a total of 1,346 casualties in the space of five days, between 24 and 29 March, when Operation Plunder came to an end. After it had participated in Operation Varsity, the 17th Airborne Division continued to advance through Germany as a part of XVIII Airborne Corps, engaging German forces around Wesel, Essen and Münster. When Germany unconditionally surrendered on 7 May 1945, the division was conducting occupation duties in northern Germany.

Composition
The division was composed of the following units:

 193rd Glider Infantry Regiment (disbanded 1 March 1945, assets merged into the 194th GIR)
 194th Glider Infantry Regiment
 507th Parachute Infantry Regiment (attached 27 August 1944 to 1 March 1945, thereafter assigned)
 513th Parachute Infantry Regiment (replaced 517th Parachute Infantry Regiment on 10 March 1944)
 517th Parachute Infantry Regiment (relieved 10 March 1944, replaced by the 513th Parachute Infantry Regiment)
 139th Airborne Engineer Battalion
 155th Airborne Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion
 17th Parachute Maintenance Company (assigned 1 March 45)
 224th Airborne Medical Company
 17th Airborne Division Artillery
 464th Parachute Field Artillery Battalion (75 mm) (assigned 1 March 1945)
 466th Parachute Field Artillery Battalion (75 mm)
 680th Glider Field Artillery Battalion (75 mm)
 681st Glider Field Artillery Battalion (75 mm)
 Special Troops (Headquarters activated 1 Mar 45)
 Headquarters Company, 17th Airborne Division
 411th Airborne Quartermaster Company
 517th Airborne Signal Company
 717th Airborne Ordnance Company
 Reconnaissance Platoon (assigned 1 March 45)
 Military Police Platoon
 Band (assigned 1 March 45)

Attached units:
 550th Airborne Infantry Battalion (not assigned; under division operational control during the Ardennes Offensive, disbanded 1 March 1945 and assets merged into the 3rd Battalion, 194th GIR)
 761st Tank Battalion (attached 15–27 January 1945)
 811th Tank Destroyer Battalion (attached 17–27 January 1945)

Casualties
Total battle casualties: 6,745
Killed in action: 1,191
Wounded in action: 4,904
Missing in action: 224
Prisoner of war: 426

Awards
During World War II the division and its members were awarded the following awards:

 Distinguished Unit Citations: 4
 Medal of Honor: 4
 Staff Sergeant Isadore S. Jachman(KIA)
 Private George J. Peters(KIA)
 Private First Class Stuart S. Stryker(KIA)
 Technical Sergeant Clinton Hedrick(KIA)
 Distinguished Service Cross: 4
 Distinguished Service Medal: 1
 Silver Star: 179
 Legion of Merit: 15
 Soldier's Medal: 6
 Bronze Star Medal: 727
 Air Medal: 21

Postwar and inactivation
The 17th Airborne Division was relieved of occupation duty on 14 June by British troops, and the division was split up and its component units attached to other airborne divisions, either to the 82nd Airborne Division in Berlin or to the 13th Airborne Division which was preparing to participate in the invasion of Japan. When Japan surrendered, all of the division's units returned to their parent formation and the division moved to Camp Myles Standish in Taunton, Massachusetts, being officially inactivated on 16 September 1945. The formation was reactivated at Camp Pickett, VA, on 6 July 1948 as a training division, but on 19 June 1949 it was permanently inactivated.

Notes

References

External links

017th Airborne Division, U.S.
Airborne Division, U.S. 017th
Military units and formations established in 1943
Military units and formations disestablished in 1949

17th Airborne Division (United States)


Memorial Marco Pantani er et italiensk endagsløb i landevejscykling som arrangeres hvert år i oktober. Løbet er blevet arrangeret siden 2004. Løbet er af UCI klassificeret som 1.1 og er en del af UCI Europe Tour.

Løbet blev dannet til minde om den tidligere store cykelrytter Marco Pantani. Han er blandt de få cykelryttere som vandt Tour de France og Giro d'Italia i samme sæson. I 2004 døde han af en overdose kokain efter at have været ude af form i nogle år.

Vindere

Eksterne henvisninger

Cykelløb i Italien
Etableret i 2004

Memorial Marco Pantani


هيرتسا (Герца) هي مدينة في محافظة تشيرنيفتسي في أوكرانيا.

مراجع

مدن أوكرانيا
مدن مقاطعة تشيرنيفتسي

هيرتسا


محمد فرج عامر رجل أعمال مصري ، يرأس مجلس إدارة مجموعة فرج الله، من مواليد الإسكندرية في 16 مارس 1951. متزوج وله ثلاث بنات وولد: ياسمين ونهال ودينا وعمر. حصل علي بكالوريوس الهندسة تخصص ميكانيكا قوي من جامعة الإسكندرية دفعة 1973.

المجال الصناعي

 مؤسس ورئيس مجلس إدارة مجموعة شركات فرج الله.
 رئيس مجلس إدارة جمعية مستثمري برج العرب.
 رئيس لجنة الصناعة بمجلس النواب سابقا
 حاصل علي جائزة رجل الصناعة لدول العالم النامي من هيئة التنمية الدولية بالولايات المتحدة الأمريكية عام 1994.
 حائز علي لقب رجل الصناعة علي مستوي قارة أفريقيا اعوام 1995، و1996، و1997.
 حاصل علي جائزة الجودة الاوربية في الصناعات الغذائية علم 1996.
 حاصل علي جائزة الابداع والابتكار في مجال الصناعات الغذائية من منظمة الامم المتحدة ووزارة الصناعة المصرية عام 1997.
 المصدر الأول للغذاء في الشرق الأوسط طبقا لاحصاء الامم المتحدة الصادر رسميا في 2005/2006.

المجال الرياضي

 رئيس مجلس إدارة نادي سموحة الرياضي الحالي .
 رئيس مجلس إدارة نادي أصحاب الجياد سابقا.
 رئيس الهيئة العليا لسباق الخيل سابقا.
 رئيس لجنة الشباب و الرياضة بمجلس النواب سابقا

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من الإسكندرية
أصحاب أعمال مصريون
أعضاء مجلس النواب المصري 2015
خريجو جامعة الإسكندرية
مواليد 1370 هـ
مواليد 1951

فرج عامر


ව්‍යාජ කඳ රතු පැහැතිය. ව්‍යාජ කඳ මීටර් 3-6 උස් වන අතර පත්‍ර කඳ මීටර් 0.3-1 උස්ව වැඩේ. පත්‍ර නටුව පිටතට වක් වී ඇත. පත්‍රයේ මැද නාරටිය රතු පැහැතිය. පත්‍ර තලයේ උඩ පෘෂ්ඨය තද කොළ පාටය, යටි පෘෂ්ඨය ලා රතු පාටට හුරු කොළ පාටය. කෙසෙල් මුහය දම් පාටය. කෙසෙල් ගෙඩියේ මදය රසවත්ය, පිටි රහිතයි. මෙම කෙසෙල් කැනක ඇවරි 7 -13 ක් ලබාගත හැකි ය. මෙම කෙසෙල් ප්‍රභේදය ඉදුණු විට කහ පැහැයට හැරේ. කැනේ මැද නාරටිය කොළ පැහැතිය. කැනක බර කි.ග්‍රෑම් 18-25 ක් පමණ වේ. මෙම කෙසෙල් ප්‍රභේදය පැනමා රෝගය සඳහා ප‍්‍රතිරෝධීතාවය ඇත. මෙම කෙසෙල් ප්‍රභේදයට වෙළඳපොලෙහි සාමාන්‍ය වටිනාකමක් පවතී.

ඇඹුල්


Salvador Edward Luria, numele la naștere Salvatore Edoardo Luria, (n. 13 august 1912, Torino – d. 6 februarie 1991, Lexington, Massachusetts) a fost un medic și biolog italian naturalizat american. Lucrările sale cu caracter de pionierat asupra bacteriofagilor au contribuit la crearea biologiei moleculare. Este laureat, împreună cu Max Delbrück și Alfred Hershey, al Premiului Nobel pentru Fiziologie sau Medicină (1969), "pentru descoperirile lor privitoare la mecanismul replicării și structura genetică a virusurilor".

Note

Nașteri în 1912
Decese în 1991
Microbiologi americani
Biologi italieni
Laureați americani ai Premiului Nobel
Laureați evrei ai Premiului Nobel

Salvador Luria


Ribonuclease H (abbreviated RNase H or RNH) is a family of non-sequence-specific endonuclease enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of RNA in an RNA/DNA substrate via a hydrolytic mechanism.  Members of the RNase H family can be found in nearly all organisms, from bacteria to archaea to eukaryotes.

The family is divided into evolutionarily related groups with slightly different substrate preferences, broadly designated ribonuclease H1 and H2. The human genome encodes both H1 and H2. Human ribonuclease H2 is a heterotrimeric complex composed of three subunits, mutations in any of which are among the genetic causes of a rare disease known as Aicardi–Goutières syndrome. A third type, closely related to H2, is found only in a few prokaryotes, whereas H1 and H2 occur in all domains of life. Additionally, RNase H1-like retroviral ribonuclease H domains occur in multidomain reverse transcriptase proteins, which are encoded by retroviruses such as HIV and are required for viral replication.

In eukaryotes, ribonuclease H1 is involved in DNA replication of the mitochondrial genome. Both H1 and H2 are involved in genome maintenance tasks such as processing of R-loop structures.

Classification and nomenclature
Ribonuclease H is a family of endonuclease enzymes with a shared substrate specificity for the RNA strand of RNA-DNA duplexes. By definition, RNases H cleave RNA backbone phosphodiester bonds to leave a 3' hydroxyl and a 5' phosphate group. RNases H have been proposed as members of an evolutionarily related superfamily encompassing other nucleases and nucleic acid processing enzymes such as retroviral integrases, DNA transposases, Holliday junction resolvases, Piwi and Argonaute proteins, various exonucleases, and the spliceosomal protein Prp8.

RNases H can be broadly divided into two subtypes, H1 and H2, which for historical reasons are given Arabic numeral designations in eukaryotes and Roman numeral designations in prokaryotes. Thus the Escherichia coli RNase HI is a homolog of the Homo sapiens RNase H1. In E. coli and many other prokaryotes, the rnhA gene encodes HI and the rnhB gene encodes HII. A third related class, called HIII, occurs in a few bacteria and archaea; it is closely related to prokaryotic HII enzymes.

Structure

The structure of RNase H commonly consists of a 5-stranded β-sheet surrounded by a distribution of α-helices. All RNases H have an active site centered on a conserved sequence motif composed of aspartate and glutamate residues, often referred to as the DEDD motif. These residues interact with catalytically required magnesium ions.

RNases H2 are larger than H1 and usually have additional helices. The domain organization of the enzymes varies; some prokaryotic and most eukaryotic members of the H1 group have an additional small domain at the N-terminus known as the "hybrid binding domain", which facilitates binding to RNA:DNA hybrid duplexes and sometimes confers increased processivity. While all members of the H1 group and the prokaryotic members of the H2 group function as monomers, eukaryotic H2 enzymes are obligate heterotrimers. Prokaryotic HIII enzymes are members of the broader H2 group and share most structural features with H2, with the addition of an N-terminal TATA box binding domain. Retroviral RNase H domains occurring in multidomain reverse transcriptase proteins have structures closely resembling the H1 group.

RNases H1 have been extensively studied to explore the relationships between structure and enzymatic activity. They are also used, especially the E. coli homolog, as model systems to study protein folding. Within the H1 group, a relationship has been identified between higher substrate-binding affinity and the presence of structural elements consisting of a helix and flexible loop providing a larger and more basic substrate-binding surface. The C-helix has a scattered taxonomic distribution; it is present in the E. coli and human RNase H1 homologs and absent in the HIV RNase H domain, but examples of retroviral domains with C-helices do exist.

Function
Ribonuclease H enzymes cleave the phosphodiester bonds of RNA in a double-stranded RNA:DNA hybrid, leaving a 3' hydroxyl and a 5' phosphate group on either end of the cut site with a two-metal-ion catalysis mechanism, in which two divalent cations, such as Mg2+ and Mn2+, directly participate in the catalytic function. Depending on the differences in their amino acid sequences, these RNases H are classified into type 1 and type 2 RNases H. Type 1 RNases H have prokaryotic and eukaryotic RNases H1 and retroviral RNase H. Type 2 RNases H have prokaryotic and eukaryotic RNases H2 and bacterial RNase H3. These RNases H exist in a monomeric form, except for eukaryotic RNases H2, which exist in a heterotrimeric form. RNase H1 and H2 have distinct substrate preferences and distinct but overlapping functions in the cell. In prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes, neither enzyme is essential, whereas both are believed to be essential in higher eukaryotes. The combined activity of both H1 and H2 enzymes is associated with maintenance of genome stability due to the enzymes' degradation of the RNA component of R-loops.

Ribonuclease H1

Ribonuclease H1 enzymes require at least four ribonucleotide-containing base pairs in a substrate and cannot remove a single ribonucleotide from a strand that is otherwise composed of deoxyribonucleotides. For this reason, it is considered unlikely that RNase H1 enzymes are involved in the processing of RNA primers from Okazaki fragments during DNA replication. RNase H1 is not essential in unicellular organisms where it has been investigated; in E. coli, RNase H1 knockouts confer a temperature-sensitive phenotype, and in S. cerevisiae, they produce defects in stress response.

In many eukaryotes, including mammals, RNase H1 genes include a mitochondrial targeting sequence, leading to expression of isoforms with and without the MTS present. As a result, RNase H1 is localized to both mitochondria and the nucleus. In knockout mouse models, RNase H1-null mutants are lethal during embryogenesis due to defects in replicating mitochondrial DNA. The defects in mitochondrial DNA replication induced by loss of RNase H1 are likely due to defects in R-loop processing.

Ribonuclease H2

In prokaryotes, RNase H2 is enzymatically active as a monomeric protein. In eukaryotes, it is an obligate heterotrimer composed of a catalytic subunit A and structural subunits B and C. While the A subunit is closely homologous to the prokaryotic RNase H2, the B and C subunits have no apparent homologs in prokaryotes and are poorly conserved at the sequence level even among eukaryotes. The B subunit mediates protein-protein interactions between the H2 complex and PCNA, which localizes H2 to replication foci.

Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic H2 enzymes can cleave single ribonucleotides in a strand. however, they have slightly different cleavage patterns and substrate preferences: prokaryotic enzymes have lower processivity and hydrolyze successive ribonucleotides more efficiently than ribonucleotides with a 5' deoxyribonucleotide, while eukaryotic enzymes are more processive and hydrolyze both types of substrate with similar efficiency. The substrate specificity of RNase H2 gives it a role in ribonucleotide excision repair, removing misincorporated ribonucleotides from DNA, in addition to R-loop processing. Although both H1 and H2 are present in the mammalian cell nucleus, H2 is the dominant source of RNase H activity there and is important for maintaining genome stability.

Some prokaryotes possess an additional H2-type gene designated RNase HIII in the Roman-numeral nomenclature used for the prokaryotic genes. HIII proteins are more closely related to the H2 group by sequence identity and structural similarity, but have substrate preferences that more closely resemble H1. Unlike HI and HII, which are both widely distributed among prokaryotes, HIII is found in only a few organisms with a scattered taxonomic distribution; it is somewhat more common in archaea and is rarely or never found in the same prokaryotic genome as HI.

Mechanism

The active site of nearly all RNases H contains four negatively charged amino acid residues, known as the DEDD motif; often a histidine e.g. in HIV-1, human or E. coli is also present.

The charged residues bind two metal ions that are required for catalysis; under physiological conditions these are magnesium ions, but manganese also usually supports enzymatic activity, while calcium or high concentration of Mg2+ inhibits activity.

Based on experimental evidence and computer simulations the enzyme activates a water molecule bound to one of the metal ions with the conserved histidine. The transition state is associative in nature  and forms an intermediate with protonated phosphate and deprotonated alkoxide leaving group. The leaving group is protonated via the glutamate which has an elevated pKa and is likely to be protonated.
The mechanism is similar to RNase T and the RuvC subunit in the Cas9 enzyme which both also use a histidine and a two-metal ion mechanism.

The mechanism of the release of the cleaved product is still unresolved. Experimental evidence from time-resolved crystallography and similar nucleases points to a role of a third ion in the reaction recruited to the active site.

In human biology
The human genome contains four genes encoding RNase H:
 RNASEH1, an example of the H1 (monomeric) subtype
 RNASEH2A, the catalytic subunit of the trimeric H2 complex
 RNASEH2B, a structural subunit of the trimeric H2 complex
 RNASEH2C, a structural subunit of the trimeric H2 complex

In addition, genetic material of retroviral origin appears frequently in the genome, reflecting integration of the genomes of human endogenous retroviruses. Such integration events result in the presence of genes encoding retroviral reverse transcriptase, which includes an RNase H domain. An example is ERVK6. Long terminal repeat (LTR) and non-long terminal repeat (non-LTR) retrotransposons are also common in the genome and often include their own RNase H domains, with a complex evolutionary history.

Role in disease

In small studies, mutations in human RNase H1 have been associated with chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia, a common feature of mitochondrial disease.

Mutations in any of the three RNase H2 subunits are well-established as causes of a rare genetic disorder known as Aicardi–Goutières syndrome (AGS), which manifests as neurological and dermatological symptoms at an early age. The symptoms of AGS closely resemble those of congenital viral infection and are associated with inappropriate upregulation of type I interferon. AGS can also be caused by mutations in other genes: TREX1, SAMHD1, ADAR, and MDA5/IFIH1, all of which are involved in nucleic acid processing. Characterization of mutational distribution in an AGS patient population found 5% of all AGS mutations in RNASEH2A, 36% in 2B, and 12% in 2C. Mutations in 2B have been associated with somewhat milder neurological impairment and with an absence of interferon-induced gene upregulation that can be detected in patients with other AGS-associated genotypes.

In viruses

Two groups of viruses use reverse transcription as part of their life cycles: retroviruses, which encode their genomes in single-stranded RNA and replicate through a double-stranded DNA intermediate; and dsDNA-RT viruses, which replicate their double-stranded DNA genomes through an RNA "pregenome" intermediate. Pathogenic examples include human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus, respectively. Both encode large multifunctional reverse transcriptase (RT) proteins containing RNase H domains.

Retroviral RT proteins from HIV-1 and murine leukemia virus are the best-studied members of the family. Retroviral RT is responsible for converting the virus' single-stranded RNA genome into double-stranded DNA. This process requires three steps: first, RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity produces minus-strand DNA from the plus-strand RNA template, generating an RNA:DNA hybrid intermediate; second, the RNA strand is destroyed; and third, DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity synthesizes plus-strand DNA, generating double-stranded DNA as the final product. The second step of this process is carried out by an RNase H domain located at the C-terminus of the RT protein.

RNase H performs three types of cleaving actions: non-specific degradation of the plus-strand RNA genome, specific removal of the minus-strand tRNA primer, and removal of the plus-strand purine-rich polypurine tract (PPT) primer.  RNase H plays a role in the priming of the plus-strand, but not in the conventional method of synthesizing a new primer sequence. Rather RNase H creates a "primer" from the PPT that is resistant to RNase H cleavage. By removing all bases but the PPT, the PPT is used as a marker for the end of the U3 region of its long terminal repeat.

Because RNase H activity is required for viral proliferation, this domain has been considered a drug target for the development of antiretroviral drugs used in the treatment of HIV/AIDS and other conditions caused by retroviruses. Inhibitors of retroviral RNase H of several different chemotypes have been identified, many of which have a mechanism of action based on chelation of the active-site cations. Reverse-transcriptase inhibitors that specifically inhibit the polymerase function of RT are in widespread clinical use, but not inhibitors of the RNase H function; it is the only enzymatic function encoded by HIV that is not yet targeted by drugs in clinical use.

Evolution
RNases H are widely distributed and occur in all domains of life. The family belongs to a larger superfamily of nuclease enzymes and is considered to be evolutionarily ancient. In prokaryotic genomes, multiple RNase H genes are often present, but there is little correlation between occurrence of HI, HII, and HIII genes and overall phylogenetic relationships, suggesting that horizontal gene transfer may have played a role in establishing the distribution of these enzymes. RNase HI and HIII rarely or never appear in the same prokaryotic genome. When an organism's genome contains more than one RNase H gene, they sometimes have significant differences in activity level. These observations have been suggested to reflect an evolutionary pattern that minimizes functional redundancy among RNase H genes. RNase HIII, which is unique to prokaryotes, has a scattered taxonomic distribution and is found in both bacteria and archaea; it is believed to have diverged from HII fairly early.

The evolutionary trajectory of RNase H2 in eukaryotes, especially the mechanism by which eukaryotic homologs became obligate heterotrimers, is unclear; the B and C subunits have no apparent homologs in prokaryotes.

Applications
Because RNase H specifically degrades only the RNA in double-stranded RNA:DNA hybrids, it is commonly used as a laboratory reagent in molecular biology. Purified preparations of E. coli RNase HI and HII are commercially available. RNase HI is often used to destroy the RNA template after first-strand complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis by reverse transcription. It can also be used to cleave specific RNA sequences in the presence of short complementary segments of DNA. Highly sensitive techniques such as surface plasmon resonance can be used for detection. RNase HII can be used to degrade the RNA primer component of an Okazaki fragment or to introduce single-stranded nicks at positions containing a ribonucleotide. A variant of hot start PCR, known as RNase H-dependent PCR or rhPCR, has been described using a thermostable RNase HII from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus abyssi. Of note, the ribonuclease inhibitor protein commonly used as a reagent is not effective at inhibiting the activity of either HI or HII.

History
Ribonucleases H were first discovered in the laboratory of Peter Hausen when researchers found RNA:DNA hybrid endonuclease activity in calf thymus in 1969 and gave it the name "ribonuclease H" to designate its hybrid specificity. RNase H activity was subsequently discovered in E. coli and in a sample of oncoviruses with RNA genomes during early studies of viral reverse transcription. It later became clear that calf thymus extract contained more than one protein with RNase H activity and that E. coli contained two RNase H genes. Originally, the enzyme now known as RNase H2 in eukaryotes was designated H1 and vice versa, but the names of the eukaryotic enzymes were switched to match those in E. coli to facilitate comparative analysis, yielding the modern nomenclature in which the prokaryotic enzymes are designated with Roman numerals and the eukaryotic enzymes with Arabic numerals. The prokaryotic RNase HIII, reported in 1999, was the last RNase H subtype to be identified.

Characterizing eukaryotic RNase H2 was historically a challenge, in part due to its low abundance. Careful efforts at purification of the enzyme suggested that, unlike the E. coli RNase H2, the eukaryotic enzyme had multiple subunits. The S. cerevisiae homolog of the E. coli protein (that is, the H2A subunit) was easily identifiable by bioinformatics when the yeast genome was sequenced, but the corresponding protein was found not to have enzymatic activity in isolation. Eventually, the yeast B and C subunits were isolated by co-purification and found to be required for enzymatic activity. However, the yeast B and C subunits have very low sequence identity to their homologs in other organisms, and the corresponding human proteins were conclusively identified only after mutations in all three were found to cause Aicardi–Goutières syndrome.

References

External links
  GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Aicardi-Goutières Syndrome

Ribonucleases
EC 3.1.26
Molecular biology

Ribonuclease H


HMAS Assail (P 89) was an  of the Royal Australian Navy (RAN).

Design and construction

The Attack class was ordered in 1964 to operate in Australian waters as patrol boats (based on lessons learned through using the s on patrols of Borneo during the Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation, and to replace a variety of old patrol, search-and-rescue, and general-purpose craft. Initially, nine were ordered for the RAN, with another five for Papua New Guinea's Australian-run coastal security force, although another six ships were ordered to bring the class to twenty vessels. The patrol boats had a displacement of 100 tons at standard load and 146 tons at full load, were  in length overall, had a beam of , and draughts of  at standard load, and  at full load. Propulsion machinery consisted of two 16-cylinder Paxman YJCM diesel engines, which supplied  to the two propellers. The vessels could achieve a top speed of , and had a range of  at . The ship's company consisted of three officers and sixteen sailors. Main armament was a bow-mounted Bofors 40 mm gun, supplemented by two .50-calibre M2 Browning machine guns and various small arms. The ships were designed with as many commercial components as possible: the Attacks were to operate in remote regions of Australia and New Guinea, and a town's hardware store would be more accessible than home base in a mechanical emergency.

Assail was built by Evans Deakin and Company at Brisbane, Queensland, launched on 18 November 1967, and commissioned on 12 July 1968.

Operational history
Assail paid off on 18 October 1985, and was transferred to the Indonesian Navy and renamed KRI Sigurot (864). The patrol boat was listed in Jane's Fighting Ships as still operational in 2011.

Citations

References

Attack-class patrol boats
1967 ships

HMAS Assail (P 89)


Jennersdorf (; , ) is a town in Burgenland, Austria, and capital of the district of Jennersdorf.

Geography
Cadastral communities are Grieselstein, Henndorf im Burgenland, Jennersdorf and Rax.

Population

References

External links
 Official Web site

Cities and towns in Jennersdorf District
Slovenian communities in Burgenland

Jennersdorf


Die Portugal International 2002 im Badminton fanden vom 10. bis zum 13. Januar 2002 in Caldas da Rainha statt. Es war die 37. Auflage dieser internationalen Titelkämpfe von Portugal.

Finalergebnisse

Weblinks

 http://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/tournament.aspx?id=BC631C94-B354-40C7-AB4F-3120497E0925

2002
Badminton 2002
EBU Circuit 2001/02
Badmintonwettbewerb in Caldas da Rainha

Portugal International 2002


Seattle, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin Washington eyaletinde bulunan bir şehirdir. ABD'nin en kuzeybatı ucunda bulunan King County'de yer almaktadır.

Şehrin adı, şehrin kuruluşundan önce bölgede ikamet etmiş olup daha sonra göç ettirilen Kızılderili Duwamish ve Suquamish kabilelerinin önderi Şef Seattle (Si'ahl)'dan alındı.

Seattle, ABD'nin en zengin ilk on şehrinden biridir. Kanada'da altın bulunması ile Kaliforniya'daki altın avcıları Kanada'ya hücum etmiştir. Kanada hükûmeti bir kural getirip altın avcılarının tam teçhizatlı olarak Kanada'ya girmelerini zorunlu tutmuş ve Seattle, Kanada'dan önceki son ABD şehri olduğundan bu sayede oldukça kalkınmıştır.

Ayrıca Nirvana, Alice in Chains, Pearl Jam, Soundgarden gibi pek çok grunge müzik grubu bu şehirden çıktığı için şehir grunge müzikle anılır olmuştur. Meşhur Starbucks kafelerinin kurulduğu yer olmakla beraber Microsoft da burada kurulmuştur.

Nüfus
1990'da 516.332 olan nüfus, 2006'da 582.484 rakamına ulaşmıştır.

Seattle'da yaşayan nüfusun %12'si 65 yaşın üzerindedir. 2000 yılı değerlerine göre işsizlik oranının %4,2 olduğu Seattle'da halkın ortalama olarak %5,3'ü İspanyol ve Latin Amerika, %8,4'ü Afrika, %13,1'i ise Asya kökenlidir.

Politika ve yaşam
Seattle, kuzeybatısındaki Tacoma ve Olympia gibi kentlerin de etkisiyle ABD'nin geneline kıyasla daha çok demokratların hakim olduğu, sola yatkın bir yerdir. Yine de metro bölgesi gibi, liberallerin yoğunlukta olduğu yerler de vardır. ABD'nin en açık görüşlü yerlerinden biri olarak bilinen Seattle'ın Capitol Hill bölgesinde de hayli geniş bir eşcinsel topluluk yaşamaktadır.

İklim
Ocak ayı ortalama sıcaklığı 4,5 °C iken, temmuzda 18,4 °C'dir. 1961 - 1990 yılları arasındaki ölçümlere göre yıllık olarak ortalama 944,6 m³ yağış almaktadır. Puget Sound'daki körfezi, karla kaplı, arka planda beliren Olympic ve Cascade dağlarıyla yemyeşil bir eyalet olan Washington ve hepsinin üzerinde yükselen 4.400 metrelik Rainer Dağı'yla çevrelenmiştir. İklim, şehre "Zümrüt" unvanını kazandıracak kadar canlı ve nemlidir. İlkbahar ve yaz mevsiminde burası gerçekten de pırıl pırıldır.

Tarihindeki önemli olaylar
 1889'da çıkan büyük bir yangında, şehir merkezi ve çevresindeki iş merkezleri büyük zarar gördü. Yangında can kaybı olmadı.
 1896 yılında Kanada'nın Klondike bölgesinde altın bulunduğunda yaşanan altına hücum dönemi boyunca Seattle ana nakliyat merkeziydi.
 1909'da yapılan Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Fuarı ve 1962'deki 21. yüzyıl Fuarı Seattle'da düzenlenmişti.
 ABD genelindeki ilk genel grev olan 1919 Genel Grevi burada başladı.
 8 Nisan 1994 tarihinde Nirvana grubunun solisti Kurt Cobain, Seattle'daki evinde ölü olarak bulundu.
 20 Temmuz 1973 tarihinde yaşamını yitiren ünlü Jeet Kune Do savunma sanatı ustası Bruce Lee, Seattle'a defnedildi.
 11 Haziran 2020 tarihinde George Floyd protestoları sırasında şehrin Capitol Hill mahallesinde protestocular tarafından özerklik ilan edildi (Capitol Hill Özerk Bölgesi).

Görülmeye değer yerleri
 Museum of Flight - Boeinglerin ilk kez yapıldığı yerleri de içeren uçak müzesi.
 Space Needle - 1962'deki fuarda inşa edilen ve üst katında döner bir restoranın bulunduğu binadan Seattle manzarası görülebilir.
 Experience Music Project - Space Needle'ın yakınlarındaki fütüristik bina.
 Pioneer Square - Seattle'ın tarihi merkezi.
 Original Starbucks - 1971'de Pike Market'te açılan ilk Starbucks merkezi.
 Pike Place Market - Merkezde bulunan alışveriş merkezi.
 NewCastle Golf Club - İnanılmaz bir Washington Gol ve Seattle manzarasına karşı golf oynanabilecek bir tesis. Golf oynamasanız bile bu manzarayı görmelisiniz.
 Seattle Akvaryumu - ABD'deki en büyük dokuzuncu akvaryumdur.
 Sakız Duvarı'' - Pike Place Market'in altında bulunan bu duvar tuğlalarla örülmüştür ve üzeri çiğnenmiş sakızlarla kaplıdır.

Kardeş şehirler
Seattle'in resmen 22 tane kardeş şehri vardır:

  Cebu (Filipinler)
  Limbe (Kamerun)
  Beerşeba (İsrail)
  Bergen Norveç
  Çongçing (Çin)
  Christchurch (Yeni Zelanda)
  Daejeon (Güney Kore)
  Galway (İrlanda)
  Gdynia (Polonya)
  Haiphong (Vietnam)
  İzmir (Türkiye)
  Kobe (Japonya)
  Mazatlán (Meksika)
   Mombasa (Kenya)
  Tientsin (Çin)
  Nantes (Fransa)
   Peç (Macaristan)
   Perugia (İtalya)
  Reykjavik (İzlanda)
   Preah Seihanouk (Kamboçya)
   Surabaya (Endonezya)
  Taşkent (Özbekistan)

Panoramalar

Ayrıca bakınız
Washington
Seattle'daki en yüksek binalar listesi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Seattle şehrinin resmi sayfası
  DMOZ Open Directory Projesi "Seattle" maddesi
  "Wikivoyage" websitesi "Seattle" maddesi

Washington eyaletindeki şehirler
1853'te kurulan yerleşim birimleri

Seattle


Las cataratas Ban Gioc – Detian ( y ;  y ) son dos saltos de agua de Asia localizados en el río Quây Sơn (o Guichun), en la frontera entre China y Vietnam, en unas colinas kársticas a 272km al norte de la capital vietnamita de Hanoi. Administrativamente pertenecen, en el lado chino, al condado de Daxin de la ciudad-prefectura de Chongzuo de la región autónoma de Guangxi; y, en el lado vietnamita, al distrito de Trung Khanh de la provincia de Cao Bằng.

Las cataratas caen una altura total de 53m, siendo el mayor salto de 30 m. Está dividida en tres caídas por rocas y árboles, el efecto atronador del agua golpeando los acantilados se puede escuchar desde lejos.

Galería

Véase también
Geografía de China
Geografía de Vietnam

Notas y referencias

Cascadas de China
Cascadas de Vietnam
Geografía de la región autónoma de Guangxi

Cataratas Ban Gioc Detian


An Sauromatum hirsutum in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Shiu Ying Hu, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Cusimano och Wilbert Leonard Anna Hetterscheid. An Sauromatum hirsutum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Sauromatum, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Sauromatum

Sauromatum hirsutum


Jacopo Soldani (né le  à Florence, †  le  dans la même ville) est un poète satirique italien.

Biographie
Né à Florence le , il apprit le droit, se livra de bonne heure à l'étude des sciences et fut assez heureux pour recevoir des leçons de Galilée. Son instruction et son amabilité le firent accueillir du grand-duc Ferdinand II, qui le nomma son chambellan et le donna pour gouverneur à son frère Léopold, devenu plus tard cardinal et fondateur de l'Accademia del Cimento. Malgré ces occupations, Soldani n'abandonna jamais l'étude : il fréquentait assidûment les sociétés littéraires auxquelles il appartenait, surtout l'Académie florentine, qui le proclama consul en 1606. Le grand-duc lui accorda une plus grande marque d'estime en l'élevant au rang de sénateur, en 1637. Censeur austère des vices de la société, Soldani composa des satires, où il s'efforça d'imiter le style du Dante, dont il était admirateur passionné ; mais trop faible pour s'élever à une si grande hauteur, il se traîne péniblement sur les traces de son modèle, sans pouvoir jamais l'atteindre. Ses satires, au nombre de sept, sont écrites en terza rima, mètre adopté par les satiriques italiens et qui est celui du Dante, dont le poème offre en plusieurs endroits les premiers et les plus beaux essais en ce genre. Les satires de Soldani, avant même d'être publiées, avaient été rangées par l'Accademia della Crusca au nombre des testi di lingua. Si l'on excepte la quatrième, dans laquelle l'auteur attaque les ennemis de son maître Galilée, toutes les autres ne contiennent que des lieux communs contre les courtisans, les hypocrites, les avares, etc. Soldani mourut à Florence le , et sa famille s'éteignit dans la personne de Filippo, son fils, évêque de Fiesole.

Œuvres

 Satire, Florence, 1751, in-8°, avec un discours préliminaire de Gori et des notes fournies en grande partie par Bianchini, réimprimées dans la collection des autres satiriques, de Poggiali, Livourne, 1786, 7 vol. in-12 ;
 Delle lodi di Ferdinando I Medici, orazione recitata nell'academia degli Alterati, Florence, 1609, in-4° ;
 Orazione funebre recitata nell'esequie di Luigi Alamanni (le jeune), dans les Prose florentine, , part. 1, .

Il avait aussi composé un Trattato delle virtù morali, qui n'a pas été rendu public. Voyez le discours préliminaire de Gori, et Salvini, Fasti consolari.

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Poète italien du XVIIe siècle
Naissance en octobre 1571
Décès en avril 1641
Naissance à Florence
Décès à Florence
Poète satirique
Décès à 69 ans

Jacopo Soldani


Hastahana je zgrada najstarije bolnice u Tuzli.

Smještaj
Nalazi se u Tuzli u staroj Jala mahali, u ulici dr. Mehmeda Šerbića br. 8–10, bivšoj Strmoj ulici.

Povijest
Podignuta u zadnjim godinama osmanske vladavine. Prva je javna bolnica u istočnom dijelu Bosne i druga po redu bolnica u Bosni i Hercegovini. Inicijativu za gradnju je dao dr Mehmed Šerbić, prvi školovani liječnik musliman iz BiH. Gradnja je bila gotova 1874. godine, kad je i otvorena. Liječili su se civili svih vjera. Djelovala je do 1. lipnja 1886. godine i dovršetka gradnje nove suvremenije bolnice. Hastahana je poslije tog postala stambenom zgradom. Na stotu obljetnicu na objektu je postavljena spomen-ploča.

Osobine
Zgrada je slobodnostojeća jednokatnica. Kat je u odnosu na prizemlje doksatno prepušten sa svih strana približno pola metra. Tlocrt je približno četvorina usmjerena u pravcu sjeveroistok – jugozapad. U bolnici su bile četiri sobe s deset bolesničkih postelja, ordinacija i prijamna ambulanta, bolesnička kuhinja i soba za dva bolničara koji su održavali stalno dežurstvo. U dvorištu se nalazila ljetna kuhinja, pomoćno skladište i drvena ostava. Do danas je zgrada ostala iste vanjštine. Iznutra je nakon prenamjene u stambenu zgradu dispozicija promijenjena. Podijeljena je tad na dvije stambene jedinice te je danas stambena zgrada s dva dvoetažna stana.

Zaštita
Odlukom Povjerenstva za očuvanje nacionalnih spomenika 2014. godine, proglašena je nacionalnim spomenikom Bosne i Hercegovine.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Ivana Jurić Hastahana - "strma bolnica" u Tuzli

Građevine u Tuzli
Bolnice
Zdravstvo u Bosni i Hercegovini

Hastahana (Tuzla)


البردية أو البردي هي ميناء طبيعي صخري متوسطي ليبي في أقصى شرقي ليبيا شرق طبرق وشمال امساعد قرب الحدود الليبية المصرية. وتتميز كونها ميناء طبيعيا أو خليجا إضافة إلى لكونها موقعا رئيسيا أثناء الحرب العالمية الثانية في منطقة شمال أفريقيا.

المنطقة عرفت قديما بأسماء منها «ميناء باتراخوس» و«ميناء بيتراس الكبرى». خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية كانت حصنا إيطاليا رئيسيا بقيادة الجنرال أنيبال بيغونتسولي. في 21 يونيو 1941 قصفت القرية من قبل سرب من الطرادات الحربية التابعة للأسطول المتوسطي البريطاني ومن بين تلك السفن كانت السفينة أتش أم أي سي سيدني.
تم الاستيلاء على البلدة من قبل قوات الكومنولث في عملية البوصلة  والذي كان أغلبها مكونا من الكتيبة الأسترالية السادسة في قتال استمر بين 3-5 يناير 1941.

قامت قوات المحور باعادة السيطرة على القرية، ثم استعادها الحلفاء من قبل قوات جند المشاة في الكتيبة الجنوب الأفريقية إضافة إلى وحدات سلاح الفرسان النيوزلاندي وذلك في 2 يناير 1942.

الجنوب أفريقيون والذين كان الكثير منهم سيئي التدريب وسيئي التجهيز، قتل منهم المئات، لكن تم تحرير نحو 8000 من أسرى الحلفاء وأسر نحو 6000 من قوات المحور.

كما أنه توجد بها جدارية مميزة رسمت خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية، وتعتبر نقطة جذب للسياح وتعرف باسم جدارية البردية.

مراجع

بردي
بردي

مدن وبلدات ساحلية في ليبيا

البردية


كاسرات الشمس، كعنصر معماري، هي شرائح خارجية ثابتة أو متحركة، افقية أو/و راسية ،توضع على فتحات المبنى، لتسمح بدخول الشعاع الشمسي في فصل الشتاء ولتمنع أشعة الشمس من الدخول في فصل الصيف. تصنع هذة الشرائح من مواد مختلفة مثل الالومنيوم والفيبرجلاس والخرسانة.

الواجهة الغربية
هذة الواجهة هي من أصعب الواجهات في معالجتها الحرارية حيث انها تتعرض لاشعة الشمس المباشرة في أعلى درجات حرارتها لذلك يجب قبل التفكير في الوسائل المعمارية الاصطناعية هو التفكير في توجية المبنى بحيث تقل الفتحات في هذا الاتجاه.
لذلك فان في هذة الواجهة يلزم زيادة سمك الحائط واستخدام حوائط مزدوجة يوجد بينها طبقة عازلة.
وأفضل الوسائل المعمارية هو استعمال كاسرات شمس راسية تتحرك مع زوايا الشمس.

الواجهة الجنوبية
تتعرض الواجهة الجنوبية لاشعة الشمس المباشرة في فترة منتصف النهار وتكون زاوية سقوط الشمس مرتفعة في الصيف ومنخفضة في الشتاء.
وأفضل الوسائل المعمارية لمعالجة هذة الواجهات هو استخدام كاسرات الشمس افقية ثابتة ومتحركة، بلكونات وبرجولات.

وصلات خارجية
 محاضرة
 حساب ظل كاسرة

تصميم بيئي

كاسرات شمس


රත්මලාන යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ බස්නාහිර පළාතේ  කොළඹ දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පිහිටි අර්ධ නාගරික ප්‍රදේශයකි.

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ බස්නාහිර පළාතේ ජනාකීර්ණ ප්‍රදේශ
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ නගර සහ ගම්මාන

රත්මලාන


Maltas kvindefodboldlandshold repræsenterer Malta i internationale fodboldturneringer og styres af Maltas fodboldforbund. Pr. juni 2017 rangerede Malta som nummer 94 i verden.

Resultater

VM i fodbold for kvinder

EM i fodbold for kvinder

Aktuel trup
''Truppen til 2019 World Cup qualification's Indledende kvalifikationsrunde ved UEFAs Kvalifikation til VM i fodbold for kvinder 2019, der startede 11. april 2017.

Referencer

Kvindefodboldlandshold
Kvindefodboldlandshold

Maltas kvindefodboldlandshold


Graham Cyril Russell (born 11 June 1950) is an English musician, singer-songwriter, producer and guitarist of the soft rock duo Air Supply.

In 1975, with Russell Hitchcock, he formed Air Supply in Australia.  The duo have been singing and performing romantic songs and ballads, such as "Lost in Love", "All Out of Love", "Every Woman in the World", "The One That You Love", "Even the Nights Are Better", "Goodbye" and "Making Love Out of Nothing at All", for more than 45 years.

Early life
Russell was born in Arnold, Nottingham. He had a strong interest in poetry, music and books since his childhood. At the age of 11, he started writing poems and in the same year of 1961, he composed his first song, called "That Rockin' Feeling".

Self-taught, he learned to play guitar and percussion alone and, after the loss of his mother in childhood, he became a loner and thereby found in music and poems a way to express his loss and his emotions.

He attended the Carlton-Le-Willows, a technical school in Gedling, Nottingham, where his love for literature and the great English poets only grew further, fueled by study and also an interest that developed on the arts of the paranormal and occult sciences, highlighted by the works of writers Shelley, Keats, and Lord Byron.

In 1963, the music of the Beatles was a strong influence that marked his life that year, and after watching a live show in 1964, Russell decided that he wanted to be a musician. Russell joined a band called Union Blues in 1965, where he played percussion, but really wanted to play his own songs in front of the stage.

Career
In 1968, he moved to Australia and formed a second band in Melbourne, and began to also play solo in cafes and dance clubs, gaining ground on the Australian circuit.

In 1973, after reading spiritual and mystical content in search of knowledge and answers for several questions about life, Russell joined the rock opera Jesus Christ Superstar in 1975 and met Russell Hitchcock on the first day and became instant friends. They would sing Beatles songs together during and after shows and this would eventually lead them to form the band Air Supply.

After 18 months in Jesus Christ Superstar, Graham Russell and Russell Hitchcock formed the band under the name which Graham Russell had seen in a dream, a giant bright lights plate in which could be read "Air Supply". Their first single, "Love and Other Bruises", became a success.
In 1976, after opening for Rod Stewart in Australia and also in the United States in 1977, Air Supply went on tour and two more hit records ensued, "Lost in Love" and "All Out of Love".

In 1979, Clive Davis heard the song "Lost in Love", and the band signed to the label Arista Records. The first single on the Hot 100, "Lost in Love", reached the top 3 in May 1980, and Graham Russell's "The One That You Love" reached the top in July 1981.

Personal life
In 1967, Russell married a high school sweetheart, Linda, and had a son with her the following year, Simon, who is currently working with his father, organising concerts and the fan club. Graham and Linda also had a daughter, Samantha, born in March 1972. Graham Russell's marriage to Linda ended in 1978.

In 1981, Russell met Jodi Varble at a show and, after two years in which they exchanged correspondence only, became a couple and married in 1986, when Jodi was 21 and Russell was 36.

In 1983, he and Hitchcock moved to the US as members of Air Supply. He currently lives in Park City, Utah.

Discography

Solo
The Future (2007)

Of Eden
Feel (2013)
Astral Love (2020)

G and the Jolly Cucumbers
The Perfect Lover (2022)

References

  Note: Archived [on-line] copy has limited functionality.
  Note: [on-line] version established at White Room Electronic Publishing Pty Ltd in 2007 and was expanded from the 2002 edition.

1950 births
APRA Award winners
People educated at Carlton le Willows Academy
Living people
20th-century English male singers
21st-century English male singers
English male singers
English rock singers
English pop singers
Rhythm guitarists
English male guitarists
English rock guitarists
English male singer-songwriters
English singer-songwriters
English record producers
English male songwriters
British soft rock musicians
Musicians from Nottingham
Ballad musicians
Air Supply members
Arista Records artists
Giant Records (Warner) artists
Sony BMG artists
People from Arnold, Nottinghamshire

Graham Russell


An Brachiaria brevispicata in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Alfred Barton Rendle, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Otto Stapf. An Brachiaria brevispicata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Brachiaria, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Angola. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Brachiaria

Brachiaria brevispicata


An Cypripedium margaritaceum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Adrien René Franchet. An Cypripedium margaritaceum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cypripedium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo nangangarat-an. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Cypripedium

Cypripedium margaritaceum


ශ්‍රද්ධා යනුවෙන් හඳුන්වනු ලබන්නේ ස්ටාර් ප්ලස් නාළිකාව ඔස්සේ විකාශය වූ ඉන්දියානු රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලාවකි. මෙය උජ්ජයින් කේන්ද්‍ර කරගත් ජයිස්වාල් පවුල පිළිබඳ කියැවෙන කථාවකි.

කථාපුවත
ශ්‍රද්ධා යනු උජ්ජයින් ප්‍රදේශයේ සිය පවුලේ සාමාජිකයන් සමග දිවි ගෙවන ශ්‍රද්ධා (නේහා ජන්පණ්ඩිත්) නම් යුවතියගේ කථා පුවතයි. ඇය සිය දෙමාපියන්, චාචා-චාචි, වැඩිමහල් සොහොයුරන් දෙදෙනා සහ නෑනාවරුන් දෙපළ සමග දිවි ගෙවයි. ඇයට පූනේහි අධ්‍යාපනය ලබන තවත් සොහොයුරකු ද වේ. ශ්‍රද්ධාගේ දෙමාපියන් විසින් ඇයව අමිත් (ගෞරව් වදේහ්රා) නම් අයකුට විවාහ කරදීමට සූදානම් කොට ඇත. ඔවුන් දෙදෙනා ද එකිනෙකාට ප්‍රිය කරති. ශ්‍රද්ධාගේ සැබෑ අපේක්ෂාව වන්නේ චාර් ධාම්ස් වෙත යාමට ඇගේ දෙමාපියන්ට වූ සිහිනය ඉටුකර දී, සිය පවුලේ මුතුන් මිත්තන් විසින් සිදුකළ චාරිත්‍රය ඉදිරියට ගෙන යාමයි. මේ කාලයේ ශ්‍රද්ධාගේ තෙවන සොහොයුරා ද නිවස වෙත පැමිණෙයි. ශ්‍රද්ධාට සෑමදෙනාම සතුටින් සිටිනු පෙනුණ ද, සැබැවින්ම ඇගේ නෑනාවරුන් දෙපළ සහ මැදි සොයුරා ඔවුනට එරෙහිව කුමන්ත්‍රණ කරන බව ඇය නොදනී. ඔවුනට අවශ්‍ය වූයේ එම වන්දනා ගමන වළක්වා එහි මුදල ඉතිරි කරගැනීමටයි.

මේ අතර, ඇගේ චාචා-චාචි අශෝක් (තෙවන සොයුරා, නිරූපණය කරන්නේ සිද්ධාර්ත් සේති විසිනි) හට මුදල් ලබාසෙන්නේ ඔහුගේම ව්‍යාපාරයක් ඇරඹීමට සිතායි. ඔවුන් ඔහුට මුදල් ලබා දී එය යළි සොරකම් කරන්නේ එම මුදල යළි ඉතිරි කරගන්නටයි. අවසානයේ ශ්‍රද්‍ධාගේ දෙමාපියන් ඔහුට සිය වන්දනා ගමන යාමට ඉතිරි කරගත් මුදල ලබාදෙයි. මේ නිසා ශ්‍රද්ධා කලකිරීමට පත්වන නමුත්, ඇයට එම අපේක්ෂාව ඉටු කිරීමට අවැසි ය. මේ නිසා ඇය අමිත්ගෙන් ඉල්ලා සිටින්නේ සිය විවාහ මංගල්‍යය සරලව පවත්වන ලෙසයි. අමිත් සහ ඔහුගේ දෙමාපියන් එයට එකඟවන අතර, එමගින් ඇයට වන්දනා ගමන වෙනුවෙන් මුදල් ඉතිරි කරගත හැකි වේ. ශ්‍රද්ධාගේ විවාහයට වෙන් කළ මුදල් එවිට අශෝක්ට ලබාදිය හැක. නමුත් වන්දනා ගමනට වෙන්කළ මුදල් හදිසියේම අතුරුදන් වේ. සැබැවින්ම මෙය ඇගේ නෑනාවරුන් දෙපළ සහ මැදි සොයුරා විසින් සිදුකළ කුමන්ත්‍රණයකි. ශ්‍රද්ධා ව්‍යාපාරයට වෙන්කළ මුදල් ලබාදෙන මෙන් අශෝක්ගෙන් ඉල්ලා සිටිය ද, අශෝක් නිවසින් පැන යයි.

මේ නිසා වගකීම් සහගත දියණියක ලෙස තම යුතුකම ඉටු කිරීමට දැඩි තීරණයක් ගන්නා ශ්‍රද්ධා විවාහය මඳකට කල්දමන මෙන් අමිත්ගෙන් ඉල්ලා සිටියි. අමිත්ව රිදවීම පිළිබඳ ශ්‍රද්ධාට වරදකාරී හැඟීමක් දැනේ. සිය නෑනාවරුන් සහ මැදි සොයුරා‍ගේ අඩන්තේට්ටම් මධ්‍යයේ සිය දිවිය ගෙනයාමට ඇය තීරණය කරයි. මඳ කලක් යත්ම, ඇයට හෙළිව්නනේ ඇගේ චාචා-චාචි ද මසුරු තැනැත්තියක බවත්, ඇයට අවශ්‍ය සිය නිවස පැහැර ගැනීමට බවත් ය. ඇයට සිය ගැටලු පැවසිය හැකි වූයේ ඇගේ දෙමාපියන්ට සහ වැඩිමහල්ම සොයුරා වන සන්තෝෂ් (කාෂිෆ් ඛාන්) හට පමණකි. නමුත් දෛවයේ සරදමකට මෙන් ඇයට ඡායාරූප ශිල්පියකු යැයි පවසන ස්වයම් (බරුන් සොබ්ති) මුණගැසේ. නමුත් ඔහුගේ සැබෑ අරමුණ වන්නේ ඇගේ නිවස අත්පත් කරගෙන එහි වෙළඳ සංකීර්ණයක් තැනීමටයි. ඔහු ඇගේ චාචා-චාචි‍ගේ සගයකු වන සත්‍ය සර්කාර්ගේ සොහොයුරායි. මුදල් ලබාගැනීම පිණිස ශ්‍රද්ධා ඔහු සමග සේවය කිරීමට එකඟ වෙයි. ඔවුන් හොඳ මිතුරන් බවට පත්වුවත්, ඇය සත්‍යය පිළිබඳ නොදනියි. ඇය මුදල් ලබාගැනීමෙන් අනතුරුව සතයය හෙළි වේ. ඇය ඔහු සමග සම්බන්ධයක් ඇතැයි චෝදනාවට ලක්වේ. ඇගේ පවුල ඇයව පලවා හරින අතර, සන්තෝෂ් තුළ ඇය කෙරෙහි පැවති විශ්වාසය ද නැතව යයි. ශ්‍රද්ධ වික්ෂිප්තයට පත්වේ. මෙම සිදුවීම් හේතුවෙන් ඇගේ දෙමාපියන් බලවත් කම්පාවට පත්වන අතර, ඔවුහු නිවස හැර යති. දේවාලයේ දී ශ්‍රද්ධා මුණගැසෙන ඔවුහු ඇයව විශ්වාස කරති. ඔවුහු ශ්‍රද්ධා සමග ඇගේ මිතුරියක වූ ප්‍රතිමාගේ නිවසේ නවාතැන් ගනිති.

දැන් කථාව ගලායන්නේ ප්‍රතිමාගේ දිවිය සහ ඇගේ ගැටලු මධ්‍යයේ ය. ප්‍රතිමාට ගැබ් ගත නොහැකි වන්නේ, ඇගේ සැමියා ඇයට භාර්යාවකට මෙන් නොසලකන නිසායි. ඔවුන් තවත් විස්මයට පත්වන්නේ ඇය සත්‍යා සර්කාර්ගේ භාර්යාව බව ඇසීමෙනි. මේ නිසා ශ්‍රද්ධා නවාතැන් ගෙන සිටියේ ස්වයම්ගේ නිවසේ ය! ප්‍රතිමාගේ ශෝකාලාපය අසා සිටින ශ්‍රද්ධා ඇයට උපකාර කරන්නේ හැඟීම්බර අයුරිනි. මුදල් වෙනුවෙන් ශ්‍රද්ධාගේ නෑනාවරියන්, මැදි සොහොයුරා , චාචා-චාචි, අශෝක් සහ ඔහුගේ පෙම්වතිය එකතු වෙති. මේ වනවිට සන්තෝෂ් සියලු සත්‍ය දැනසිටින අතර, ඔහු ඔවුනට බැණ වදියි. සන්තෝෂ්ට හට වරදකාරී හැඟීමක් ඇතිවන අතර, ඔහු දෙමාපියන් සොය යයි. සෙස්සන් ඔවුන්ව සොයා යන්නේ දේපළ ඔප්පුවකට අත්සන් ලබාගැනීමටයි. මේ අතර ප්‍රතිමා සත්‍යා සහ ස්වයම් ශ්‍රද්ධාව සොයන බව දැනගනියි. ඔවුනට ශ්‍රද්ධාගේ අත්සන අවශ්‍යව තිබුණේ ඇය එම ඉඩමේ තනි හිමිකාරිණිය හෙයිනි. නමුත් ආරක්ෂාව පතා ප්‍රතිමා ශ්‍රද්ධාව වෙනත් ස්ථානයක් වෙත පිටත් කර හරියි.

මේ අතර ස්වයම් තීරණය කරන්නේ ශ්‍රද්ධාව විවාහ කොගෙන ඇගේ අත්සන කැමැත්තෙන් ලබා ගැනීමටයි. නමුත් මේ පිළිබඳ දැනගන්නා ප්‍රතිමා ශ්‍රද්ධාගේ පවුලට අනතුරු හඟවයි. මේ අතර ප්‍රතිමා තමන්ට විරුද්ධව ක්‍රියාකරන බව දැනගන්නා සත්‍යා ඇයව නිවසෙන් පිටුවහල් කරයි. නමුත් පසුව ඇයව යළි ගෙන්වා ගනියි. අනෙක් අතින් ශ්‍රද්ධාව සොයාගන්නා ස්වයම් ඇගෙන් සමාව ඉල්ලා සිටියි. ඇ‍ගේ දෙමාපියන් එයට එකඟ වුව ද, ඔහුට සමාව දීම ශ්‍රද්ධා ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කරයි. අනතුරුව ස්වයම් අන්ධව සිටි ශ්‍රද්ධාගේ මවගේ ඇස් සනීප කරගැනීමට උපකාර කරයි. මේ නිසා ශ්‍රද්ධා ඔහුට සමා දෙයි. පසුව ස්වයම් ශ්‍රද්ධාට විවාහ යෝජනාවක් ගෙන එයි. නමුත් ස්වයම් හට කෙමෙන් වරදකාරී හැඟීමක් ඇතිවන්නේ තමන් ශ්‍රද්ධාට පෙම් කරන බව වටහා ගැනීමෙනි. මේ නිසා සත්‍යය හෙළි කරන ඔහු නිවසෙන් පිටව යයි. ශ්‍රද්ධා සිත් තැවුලට පත්ව සිටියි. මේ අතර මනෝජ් (මැදි සොහොයුරා; නිරූපණය කරන්නේ සිද්ධාර්ත් ධවාන් විසිනි) ශ්‍රද්ධා‍ගේ දෙමාපියන්ව සොයාගන්නා අතර, ඇගෙන් සමාව ඉල්ලා නිවසට කැඳවාගෙන එයි. ශ්‍රද්ධා රාජා (විනීත් කුමාර්) සමග විවාහ වීමට එකඟ වේ. නමුත් සැබැවින්ම ඔහු අඥාන පුද්ගලයෙකි. සන්තෝෂ්ට මෙයට එකඟ නොවූවත්, ඔහුගේ භාර්යාව වන නම්රාතා (නිරූපණය කරන්නේ කරුණා පාණ්ඩේ විසිනි) පවසන්නේ අනෙක් අතට ඇයට ස්වයම්ව විවාහ කරදුනහොත් ඇය ජීවිත කාලයම පසුතැවෙනු ඇති බවයි. මේ බව දැනගන්නා ස්වම් ශ්‍රද්ධා වෙත දිව එන්නේ ශ්‍රද්ධාගේ දිවිය ආරක්ෂා කරගැනීමටයි. රාජාව සිරගත කෙරෙයි. ශ්‍රද්ධා ස්වයම්හට සමාව ලබා දෙයි. පවුල පසුතැවිලි වන අතර, අවසානයේ ශ්‍රද්ධා සහ ස්වයම් ප්‍රීතියෙන් යුතුව විවාහ වෙති. එපමණක් නොව ප්‍රතිමාගේ දිවියට ද සතුට ළඟාවන්නේ තමන්ට දරුවකු පිළිසිඳගත නොහැකි වූයේ තමන්ගේ වරදක් නිසා නොව සිය සැමියා බෙලහීන අයකු නිසා බැව් දැනගැනීමත් සමගයි. ඇයව සිය භාර්යාව ලෙස පිළිගන්නා සත්‍යා ඇගෙන් සමාව ඉල්ලා සිටියි.

චරිත නිරූපණය
නේහා ජන්පණ්ඩිත්, ශ්‍රද්ධා ස්වයම් ඛුරානා ලෙස (ප්‍රධාන කාන්තා චරිතය)
බරුන සොබ්ති, ස්වයම් ඛුරානා ලෙස (ප්‍රධාන පරිමි චරිතය)
සුධීර් දාල්වි, ජග්දීෂ් ජයිස්වාල් ලෙස; ශ්‍රද්ධාගේ පියායි.
සුකන්‍යා කුල්කර්ණි, ලක්ෂ්මී ජයිස්වාල් ලෙස; ශ්‍රද්ධාගේ මවයි.
කෂිෆ් ඛාන්, සංතෝෂ් ජයිස්වාල් ලෙස
කරුණා පාණ්ඩේ, නම්රාතා ජයිස්වාල් ලෙස; ශ්‍රද්ධාගේ නැන්දණියයි.
සිද්ධාර්ත් ධවාන්, ම‍නෝජ් ජයිස්වාල් ලෙස
ශෂංක් සේති

පිළිගැනීම
ශ්‍රද්ධා විකාශය ආරම්භ වූයේ 2009 සැප්තැම්බර් 28, එනම් දුස්සේහ්රා දිනයේ ය. එය ස්ටාර් ප්ලස් නාළිකාවේ දිනපතා සෝප් ඔපෙරාවක් ලෙසින් විකාශය විය. සඳුදා සිට සිකුරාදා තෙක් ප.ව. 7 කාල අවකාශය එයට වෙන් විය. මෙම කතාමාලාවේ ප්‍රධාන පිරිමි චරිතය නිරූපණය කරන බරුන් සොබ්ති කතාමාලාවට පිවිසියේ එය ඇරඹී මාස දෙකක් ඇතුළත ය.

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

ස්ටාර් ප්ලස් රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලා
ඉන්දියානු රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලා
ඉන්දියානු නාට්‍ය රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලා
2009 ඉන්දියානු රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලා ඇරඹීම්
2010 ඉන්දියානු රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලා අවසන් වීම්

ශ්‍රද්ධා (රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලාව)


Svijet

Umjetnička djela

Događaji

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Umjetnička djela

Događaji

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

 11. siječnja  Marija Akačić, hrvatska kazališna glumica (* 1835.)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Kazalište u 1902.