Papratnice (prave paprati; lat. Polypodiopsida), najvažniji razred papratnjača (Pteridophyta) kojemu pripada preko 10 000 vrsta pretežno zeljastih trajnica. Većina pravih paprati rastu u tropskim područjima gdje su neke paprati i drvolike.

Zeljaste paprati imaju podanke iz kojih izbijaju, često puta veiki listovi, koji mogu biti jednostgruko, dvostruko ili trostruko raspareni, a rjeđe cjeloviti (kao jelenjak ili jelenak, Asplenium scolopendrium).

Listovi paprati mogu biti sporofili, na kojima se s donje strane razvijaju trusne gomilice (sorusi) i trofofili, koji se razlikuju jedni od drugih samo kod vlasaste rebrače (Blechnum spicant) i smeđe stele (Matteuccia struthiopteris).

Većina papratnjača su za raliku od mahovnjača, uz nekoliko iznimaka, izosporne, dok su za razliku od njih mahovine pretežno heterosporne, opetr uz nekoliko iznimaka.

Redovi
Papratnice se dijele na 14 redova

 Ordo Lycopodiales 	DC. ex Bercht. & J. Presl
 Familia Lycopodiaceae P. Beauv. ex Mirb. (473 spp.)
 Subfamilia Lycopodielloideae W. H. Wagner & Beitel ex B. Øllg.
 Lycopodiella Holub (12 spp.)
 Pseudolycopodiella Holub (13 spp.)
 Lateristachys Holub (3 spp.)
 Palhinhaea Franco & Vasc. (26 spp.)
 Brownseya Li Bing Zhang, L. D. Sheph., D. K. Chen, X. M. Zhou & H. He (1 sp.)
 Subfamilia Lycopodiastroideae Li Bing Zhang & X.M.Zhou
 Lycopodiastrum Holub ex R. D. Dixit (1 sp.)
 Subfamilia Lycopodioideae W. H. Wagner & Beitel ex B. Øllg.
 Diphasium C. Presl ex Rothm. (4 spp.)
 Dendrolycopodium A. Haines (5 spp.)
 Austrolycopodium Holub (7 spp.)
 Pseudodiphasium Holub (1 sp.)
 Pseudolycopodium Holub (1 sp.)
 Lycopodium L. (7 spp.)
 Spinulum A. Haines (2 spp.)
 Diphasiastrum Holub (20 spp.)
 Subfamilia Huperzioideae W. H. Wagner & Beitel ex B. Øllg.
 Phylloglossum Kunze (1 sp.)
 Phlegmariurus (Herter) Holub (307 spp.)
 Huperzia Bernh. (62 spp.)
 Ordo Isoetales Prantl
 Familia Isoetaceae Rchb. (194 spp.)
 Isoetes L. (194 spp.)
 Ordo Selaginellales Prantl
 Familia Selaginellaceae Rchb. (726 spp.)
 Selaginella P. Beauv. (726 spp.)
 Ordo Equisetales DC. ex Bercht. & J. Presl
 Familia Equisetaceae Michx. ex DC. (15 spp.)
 Equisetum L. (15 spp.)
 Ordo Psilotales Prantl
 Familia Psilotaceae J. W. Griff. & Henfr. (18 spp.)
 Psilotum Sw. (2 spp.)
 Tmesipteris Sw. (16 spp.)
 Ordo Ophioglossales Link
 Familia Ophioglossaceae Martynov (116 spp.)
 Subfamilia Mankyuoideae J. R. Grant & B. Dauphin
 Mankyua B. Y. Sun, M. H. Kim & C. H. Kim (1 sp.)
 Subfamilia Helminthostachyoideae C. Presl
 Helminthostachys Kaulf. (1 sp.)
 Subfamilia Botrychioideae C. Presl
 Sahashia Li Bing Zhang & Liang Zhang (1 sp.)
 Botrypus Michx. (1 sp.)
 Japanobotrychum Masam. (2 spp.)
 Sceptridium Lyon (23 spp.)
 Botrychium Sw. (34 spp.)
 Subfamilia Ophioglossoideae C. Presl
 Cheiroglossa C. Presl (2 spp.)
 Ophioderma (Blume) Endlicher (6 spp.)
 Rhizoglossum C. Presl (1 sp.)
 Ophioglossum L. (44 spp.)
 Ordo Marattiales Link
 Familia Marattiaceae Kaulf. (155 spp.)
 Danaea Sm. (62 spp.)
 Marattia Sw. (6 spp.)
 Angiopteris Hoffm. (47 spp.)
 Christensenia Maxon (2 spp.)
 Eupodium J. Sm. (4 spp.)
 Ptisana Murdock (34 spp.)
 Ordo Osmundales Link
 Familia Osmundaceae Martynov (23 spp.)
 Todea Willd. (2 spp.)
 Leptopteris C. Presl (6 spp.)
 Osmundastrum C. Presl (1 sp.)
 Claytosmunda (Y. Yatabe, N. Murak. & K. Iwats.) Metzgar & Rouhan (1 sp.)
 Plenasium C. Presl (4 spp.)
 Osmunda L. (9 spp.)
 xOsmunasium Hong M.Liu, Schuettp. & H.Schneid. (0 sp.)
 xOsmuntonia Hong M.Liu, Schuettp. & H.Schneid. (0 sp.)
 Ordo Gleicheniales Link
 Familia Matoniaceae C. Presl (4 spp.)
 Matonia R. Br. (2 spp.)
 Phanerosorus Copel. (2 spp.)
 Familia Dipteridaceae (Diels) Seward & E. Dale (11 spp.)
 Dipteris Reinw. (8 spp.)
 Cheiropleuria C. Presl (3 spp.)
 Familia Gleicheniaceae (R. Br.) C. Presl (151 spp.)
 Dicranopteris Bernh. (22 spp.)
 Gleichenella Ching (1 sp.)
 Sticherus C. Presl (91 spp.)
 Gleichenia J. E. Sm. (14 spp.)
 Rouxopteris Hong M.Liu (1 sp.)
 Stromatopteris Mett. (1 sp.)
 Diplopterygium (Diels) Nakai (21 spp.)
 Ordo Hymenophyllales A.B. Frank
 Familia Hymenophyllaceae Mart. (584 spp.)
 Subfamilia Trichomanoideae C. Presl
 Cephalomanes C. Presl (5 spp.)
 Abrodictyum C. Presl (36 spp.)
 Trichomanes L. (72 spp.)
 Callistopteris Copel. (6 spp.)
 Polyphlebium Copel. (16 spp.)
 Didymoglossum Desv. (52 spp.)
 Vandenboschia Copel. (26 spp.)
 Crepidomanes (C. Presl) C. Presl (55 spp.)
 Subfamilia Hymenophylloideae Burnett
 Hymenophyllum J. E. Sm. (316 spp.)
 Ordo Schizaeales
 Familia Lygodiaceae M. Roem. (29 spp.)
 Lygodium Sw. (29 spp.)
 Familia Schizaeaceae Kaulf. (38 spp.)
 Schizaea J. E. Sm. (14 spp.)
 Actinostachys R. Br. ex Wall. (17 spp.)
 Microschizaea C. F. Reed (7 spp.)
 Familia Anemiaceae Link (117 spp.)
 Anemia Sw. (117 spp.)
 Ordo Salviniales Link
 Familia Marsileaceae Mirb. (57 spp.)
 Marsilea L. (50 spp.)
 Regnellidium Lindm. (1 sp.)
 Pilularia L. (6 spp.)
 Familia Salviniaceae Rchb. (17 spp.)
 Salvinia Ség. (11 spp.)
 Azolla Lam. (6 spp.)
 Ordo Cyatheales A.B. Frank
 Familia Thyrsopteridaceae C. Presl (1 sp.)
 Thyrsopteris Kunze (1 sp.)
 Familia Loxsomataceae C. Presl (2 spp.)
 Loxsomopsis Christ (1 sp.)
 Loxsoma R. Br. (1 sp.)
 Familia Culcitaceae Pic. Serm. (2 spp.)
 Culcita C. Presl (2 spp.)
 Familia Plagiogyriaceae Bower (12 spp.)
 Plagiogyria (Kunze) Mett. (12 spp.)
 Familia Cibotiaceae Korall (10 spp.)
 Cibotium Kaulf. (10 spp.)
 Familia Metaxyaceae Pic. Serm. (6 spp.)
 Metaxya C. Presl (6 spp.)
 Familia Dicksoniaceae M. R. Schomb. (39 spp.)
 Calochlaena (Maxon) R. A. White & M. D. Turner (5 spp.)
 Dicksonia L´Hér. (32 spp.)
 Lophosoria C. Presl (2 spp.)
 Familia Cyatheaceae Kaulf. (701 spp.)
 Sphaeropteris Bernh. (107 spp.)
 Gymnosphaera Blume (40 spp.)
 Cyathea J. E. Sm. (303 spp.)
 Alsophila R. Br. (251 spp.)
 Ordo Polypodiales Link
 Familia Saccolomataceae Doweld (21 spp.)
 Saccoloma Kaulf. (12 spp.)
 Orthiopteris Copel. (9 spp.)
 Familia Cystodiaceae J. R. Croft (1 sp.)
 Cystodium J. Sm. (1 sp.)
 Familia Lonchitidaceae C. Presl ex M. R. Schomb. (2 spp.)
 Lonchitis L. (2 spp.)
 Familia Lindsaeaceae C. Presl (250 spp.)
 Sphenomeris Maxon (3 spp.)
 Odontosoria (C. Presl) Fée (35 spp.)
 Nesolindsaea Lehtonen & Christenh. (2 spp.)
 Osmolindsaea (K. U. Kramer) Lehtonen & Christenh. (7 spp.)
 Tapeinidium (C. Presl) C. Chr. (19 spp.)
 Xyropteris K. U. Kramer (1 sp.)
 Lindsaea Dryand. (183 spp.)
 ×Lindsaeosoria W. H. Wagner (0 sp.)
 Familia Pteridaceae E. D. M. Kirchn. (1380 spp.)
 Subfamilia Parkerioideae Burnett
 Acrostichum L. (3 spp.)
 Ceratopteris Brongn. (8 spp.)
 Subfamilia Cryptogrammoideae S. Linds.
 Coniogramme Fée (26 spp.)
 Cryptogramma R. Br. (8 spp.)
 Llavea Lag. (1 sp.)
 Subfamilia Pteridoideae C. Chr. ex Crabbe, Jermy & Mickel
 Taenitis Willd. ex Spreng. (16 spp.)
 Pterozonium Fée (14 spp.)
 Jamesonia Hook. & Grev. (62 spp.)
 Tryonia Schuettp., J. Prado & A. T. Cochran (5 spp.)
 Pteris L. (339 spp.)
 Actiniopteris Link (5 spp.)
 Onychium Kaulf. (10 spp.)
 Cosentinia Tod. (1 sp.)
 Gastoniella Li Bing Zhang & Liang Zhang (3 spp.)
 Anogramma Link (3 spp.)
 Pityrogramma Link (24 spp.)
 Cerosora Baker ex Domin (4 spp.)
 Austrogramme E. Fourn. (6 spp.)
 Syngramma J. Sm. (16 spp.)
 Subfamilia Vittarioideae (C. Presl) Crabbe, Jermy & Mickel
 Adiantum L. (233 spp.)
 Rheopteris Alston (1 sp.)
 Vaginularia Fée (6 spp.)
 Hecistopteris J. Sm. (3 spp.)
 Radiovittaria (Benedict) E. H. Crane (10 spp.)
 Haplopteris C. Presl (41 spp.)
 Antrophyopsis (Benedict) Schuettp. (4 spp.)
 Antrophyum Kaulf. (33 spp.)
 Polytaenium Desv. (13 spp.)
 Scoliosorus T. Moore (1 sp.)
 Ananthacorus Underw. & Maxon (1 sp.)
 Vittaria J. E. Sm. (7 spp.)
 Subfamilia Cheilanthoideae Horvath
 Calciphilopteris Yesilyurt & H. Schneid. (4 spp.)
 Baja Windham & L. O. George (1 sp.)
 Bommeria E. Fourn. (5 spp.)
 Cheilanthes p. p. (skinneri clade) (3 spp.)
 Myriopteris Fée (42 spp.)
 Pellaea Link (50 spp.)
 Paragymnopteris K. H. Shing (6 spp.)
 Astrolepis D. M. Benham & Windham (8 spp.)
 Argyrochosma (J. Sm.) Windham (19 spp.)
 Mildella Trevis. (2 spp.)
 Cheilanthes p. p. (1 sp.)
 Notholaena R. Br. (34 spp.)
 Mineirella Ponce & Scataglini (4 spp.)
 Cheiloplecton Fée (1 sp.)
 Pentagramma Yatsk., Windham & E. Wollenw. (6 spp.)
 Aleuritopteris Fée (44 spp.)
 Oeosporangium Vis. (28 spp.)
 Cheilanthes Sw. (59 spp.)
 Cheilanthes sensu lato (26 spp.)
 Mickelopteris Fraser-Jenk. (1 sp.)
 Hemionitis L. (6 spp.)
 Doryopteris p. p. (7 spp.)
 Gaga Pryer, Fay W. Li & Windham (19 spp.)
 Aspidotis (Nutt. ex Hook.) Copel. (4 spp.)
 Trachypteris André (4 spp.)
 Adiantopsis Fée (34 spp.)
 Doryopteris s. lat. (11 spp.)
 Doryopteris J. Sm. (23 spp.)
 Lytoneuron (Klotzsch) Yesilyurt (16 spp.)
 Ormopteris J. Sm. (5 spp.)
 Familia Dennstaedtiaceae Lotsy (238 spp.)
 Microlepia C. Presl (52 spp.)
 Dennstaedtia T. Moore (59 spp.)
 Oenotrichia Copel. (2 spp.)
 Leptolepia Mett. ex Kuhn (1 sp.)
 Monachosorum Kunze (4 spp.)
 Paesia A. St.-Hil. (12 spp.)
 Hiya H. Shang (4 spp.)
 Pteridium Gled. ex Scop. (4 spp.)
 Hypolepis Bernh. (69 spp.)
 Blotiella R. M. Tryon (20 spp.)
 Histiopteris (J. Agardh) J. Sm. (11 spp.)
 Familia Cystopteridaceae (Payer) Shmakov (37 spp.)
 Cystopteris Bernh. (25 spp.)
 Acystopteris Nakai (3 spp.)
 Gymnocarpium Newman (9 spp.)
 ×Cystocarpium Fraser-Jenk. (0 sp.)
 Familia Diplaziopsidaceae X. C. Zhang & Christenh. (4 spp.)
 Diplaziopsis C. Chr. (3 spp.)
 Homalosorus Small ex Pic. Serm. (1 sp.)
 Familia Desmophlebiaceae Mynssen, A. Vasco, Sylvestre, R. C. Moran & Rouhan (2 spp.)
 Desmophlebium Mynssen, A. Vasco, Sylvestre, R. C. Moran & Rouhan (2 spp.)
 Familia Hemidictyaceae Christenh. & H. Schneid. (1 sp.)
 Hemidictyum C. Presl (1 sp.)
 Familia Aspleniaceae Newman (828 spp.)
 Asplenium L. (765 spp.)
 Hymenasplenium Hayata (63 spp.)
 Familia Rhachidosoraceae X. C. Zhang (8 spp.)
 Rhachidosorus Ching (8 spp.)
 Familia Thelypteridaceae Ching ex Pic. Serm. (1181 spp.)
 Subfamilia Phegopteridoideae Salino, A. R. Sm. & T. E. Almeida
 Macrothelypteris (H. Itô) Ching (9 spp.)
 Phegopteris (C. Presl) Fée (7 spp.)
 Pseudophegopteris Ching (26 spp.)
 Subfamilia Thelypteroideae C. F. Reed
 Thelypteris Schmidel (2 spp.)
 Coryphopteris Holttum (70 spp.)
 Metathelypteris (H. Itô) Ching (17 spp.)
 Amauropelta Kunze (236 spp.)
 Oreopteris Holub (3 spp.)
 Steiropteris (C. Chr.) Pic. Serm. (28 spp.)
 Hoiokula S.E. Fawc. & A.R. Sm. (2 spp.)
 Cyclogramma Tagawa (9 spp.)
 Stegnogramma Blume (7 spp.)
 Leptogramma J. Sm. (29 spp.)
 Ampelopteris Kunze (1 sp.)
 Cyclosorus Link (3 spp.)
 Mesophlebion Holttum (17 spp.)
 Meniscium Schreb. (25 spp.)
 Goniopteris C. Presl (137 spp.)
 Pakau S.E. Fawc. & A.R. Sm. (1 sp.)
 Menisorus Alston (6 spp.)
 Pelazoneuron (Holttum) A.R. Sm. & S.E. Fawc. (19 spp.)
 Glaphyropteridopsis Ching (11 spp.)
 Mesopteris Ching (6 spp.)
 Grypothrix (Holttum) S.E. Fawc. & A.R. Sm. (13 spp.)
 ×Chrinephrium Nakaike (0 sp.)
 Menisciopsis (Holttum) S.E. Fawc. & A.R. Sm. (7 spp.)
 Chingia Holttum (25 spp.)
 Plesioneuron (Holttum) Holttum (60 spp.)
 Strophocaulon S.E. Fawc. & A.R. Sm. (2 spp.)
 Amblovenatum J. P. Roux (7 spp.)
 Abacopteris Fée (14 spp.)
 ×Chrismatopteris Quansah & D. S. Edwards (0 sp.)
 Trigonospora Holttum (7 spp.)
 Pseudocyclosorus Ching (13 spp.)
 ×Glaphypseudosorus Hong M.Liu, Schuettp. & H.Schneid. (0 sp.)
 Christella Lév. (70 spp.)
 Pronephrium C. Presl (40 spp.)
 Reholttumia S.E. Fawc. & A.R. Sm. (28 spp.)
 Pneumatopteris Nakai (32 spp.)
 Sphaerostephanos J. Sm. (192 spp.)
 Familia Woodsiaceae (A. Gray) Herter (51 spp.)
 Woodsia R. Br. (31 spp.)
 ×Woodsimatium Li Bing Zhang, N.T.Lu & X.F.Gao (0 sp.)
 Physematium Kaulf. (20 spp.)
 Familia Onocleaceae Pic. Serm. (5 spp.)
 Matteuccia Tod. (1 sp.)
 Onocleopsis Ballard (1 sp.)
 Onoclea L. (1 sp.)
 Pentarhizidium Hayata (2 spp.)
 Familia Blechnaceae Newman (265 spp.)
 Subfamilia Woodwardioideae Gasper, V. A. O. Dittrich & Salino
 Lorinseria C. Presl (1 sp.)
 Anchistea C. Presl (1 sp.)
 Woodwardia J. E. Sm. (13 spp.)
 Subfamilia Stenochlaenoideae (Ching) J. P. Roux
 Salpichlaena Hook. (4 spp.)
 Telmatoblechnum Perrie, D. J. Ohlsen & Brownsey (2 spp.)
 Stenochlaena J. Sm. (6 spp.)
 Subfamilia Blechnoideae Gasper, V. A. O. Dittrich & Salino
 Struthiopteris Scop. (3 spp.)
 Brainea J. Sm. (1 sp.)
 Spicantopsis Nakai (3 spp.)
 Sadleria Kaulf. (6 spp.)
 Cleistoblechnum Gasper & Salino (1 sp.)
 Blechnidium T. Moore (1 sp.)
 Blechnopsis C. Presl (2 spp.)
 Lomaridium C. Presl (16 spp.)
 Lomaria Willd. (6 spp.)
 Icarus Gasper & Salino (1 sp.)
 Cranfillia Gasper & V. A. O. Dittrich (24 spp.)
 Blechnum L. (23 spp.)
 Austroblechnum Gasper & V. A. O. Dittrich (34 spp.)
 Neoblechnum Gasper & V. A. O. Dittrich (1 sp.)
 Oceaniopteris Gasper & Salino (8 spp.)
 Doodia R. Br. (19 spp.)
 Diploblechnum Hayata (6 spp.)
 Lomariocycas J. Sm. (18 spp.)
 Parablechnum C. Presl (65 spp.)
 Familia Athyriaceae Alston (769 spp.)
 Deparia Hook. & Grev. (79 spp.)
 Anisocampium C. Presl (4 spp.)
 Cornopteris Nakai (14 spp.)
 Pseudathyrium Newman (2 spp.)
 ×Schnellerathyrium Hong M.Liu, Schuettp. & H.Schneid. (0 sp.)
 Ephemeropteris R. C. Moran & Sundue (3 spp.)
 Athyrium Roth (181 spp.)
 Diplazium Sw. (486 spp.)
 Familia Hypodematiaceae Ching (26 spp.)
 Hypodematium Kunze (23 spp.)
 Leucostegia C. Presl (3 spp.)
 Familia Didymochlaenaceae Ching ex Li Bing Zhang & Liang Zhang (12 spp.)
 Didymochlaena Desv. (12 spp.)
 Familia Dryopteridaceae Herter (2149 spp.)
 Subfamilia Polybotryoideae H. M. Liu & X. C. Zhang
 Polybotrya Willd. (39 spp.)
 Maxonia C. Chr. (1 sp.)
 Cyclodium C. Presl (13 spp.)
 ×Cyclobotrya Engels & Canestraro (0 sp.)
 Olfersia Raddi (4 spp.)
 Trichoneuron Ching (1 sp.)
 Polystichopsis (J. Sm.) Holttum (7 spp.)
 Stigmatopteris C. Chr. (26 spp.)
 Subfamilia Elaphoglossoideae (Pic. Serm.) Crabbe, Jermy & Mickel
 Bolbitis Schott (67 spp.)
 Lomagramma J. Sm. (18 spp.)
 Arthrobotrya J. Sm. (3 spp.)
 Teratophyllum Mett. ex Kuhn (10 spp.)
 Mickelia R. C. Moran, Labiak & Sundue (10 spp.)
 Elaphoglossum Schott ex J. Sm. (755 spp.)
 Pleocnemia C. Presl (20 spp.)
 Rumohra Raddi (10 spp.)
 Megalastrum Holttum (99 spp.)
 Lastreopsis Ching (21 spp.)
 Parapolystichum Keyserl. (30 spp.)
 Subfamilia Dryopteridoideae B. K. Nayar
 Ctenitis C. Chr. ex C. Chr. (144 spp.)
 Phanerophlebia C. Presl (10 spp.)
 Polystichum Roth (405 spp.)
 xDryostichum W. H. Wagner (0 sp.)
 Cyrtomium C. Presl (37 spp.)
 Dryopteris Adans. (343 spp.)
 Arachniodes Blume (73 spp.)
 Subfamilia nesigurno Atalopteris Maxon (3 spp.)
 Familia Lomariopsidaceae Alston (61 spp.)
 Cyclopeltis J. Sm. (7 spp.)
 Dryopolystichum Copel. (1 sp.)
 Dracoglossum Christenh. (2 spp.)
 Lomariopsis Fée (51 spp.)
 Familia Nephrolepidaceae Pic. Serm. (29 spp.)
 Nephrolepis Schott (29 spp.)
 Familia Tectariaceae Panigrahi (338 spp.)
 Subfamilia Pteridryoideae ined.
 Malaifilix Li Bing Zhang & Schuettp. (1 sp.)
 Draconopteris Li Bing Zhang & Liang Zhang (1 sp.)
 Polydictyum C. Presl (4 spp.)
 Pteridrys C. Chr. & Ching (22 spp.)
 Subfamilia Arthropteridoideae ined.
 Arthropteris J. Sm. (13 spp.)
 Subfamilia Tectarioideae ined.
 Triplophyllum Holttum (27 spp.)
 Hypoderris R. Br. (3 spp.)
 Tectaria Cav. (267 spp.)
 Familia Oleandraceae (J. Sm.) Ching ex Pic. Serm. (30 spp.)
 Oleandra Cav. (30 spp.)
 Familia Davalliaceae (Gaudich.) M. R. Schomb. (65 spp.)
 Davallia J. E. Sm. (65 spp.)
 Familia Polypodiaceae J. & C. Presl (1737 spp.)
 Subfamilia Loxogrammoideae H. Schneid.
 Dictymia J. Sm. (2 spp.)
 Loxogramme (Blume) C. Presl (39 spp.)
 Subfamilia Drynarioideae Crabbe, Jermy & Mickel
 Drynaria (Bory) J. Sm. (33 spp.)
 Pichisermollodes Fraser-Jenk. & Challis (14 spp.)
 xSellimeris Fraser-Jenk., Sushil K. Singh & J. Fraser-Jenk. (0 sp.)
 Selliguea Bory (112 spp.)
 Gymnogrammitis Griffith (1 sp.)
 Subfamilia Platycerioideae B. K. Nayar
 Platycerium Desv. (17 spp.)
 Hovenkampia Li Bing Zhang & X. M. Zhou (3 spp.)
 Pyrrosia Mirb. (64 spp.)
 Subfamilia Microsoroideae B. K. Nayar
 Tribus Thylacoptereae C. C. Chen & H. Schneider
 Thylacopteris Kunze ex J. Sm. (3 spp.)
 Tribus Goniophlebieae C. C. Chen & H. Schneider
 Goniophlebium (Blume) C. Presl (34 spp.)
 Tribus Lecanoptereae C. C. Chen & H. Schneider
 Bosmania Testo (3 spp.)
 Lecanopteris Reinw. (24 spp.)
 Tribus Microsoreae V. N. Tu
 Microsorum Link (46 spp.)
 Leptochilus Kaulf. (33 spp.)
 Podosorus Holttum (1 sp.)
 Tribus Lepisoreae Ching ex E. Hennipman, P. Veldhoen & K. U. Kramer
 Lepisorus (J. Sm.) Ching (100 spp.)
 Subfamilia Polypodioideae Sw.
 Synammia C. Presl (3 spp.)
 Pleurosoriopsis Fomin (1 sp.)
 Polypodium L. (54 spp.)
 Pleopeltis Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. (93 spp.)
 Phlebodium (R. Br.) J. Sm. (3 spp.)
 xPhlebosia Viane & Pompe (0 sp.)
 Pecluma M. G. Price (47 spp.)
 Microgramma C. Presl (31 spp.)
 Niphidium J. Sm. (11 spp.)
 Campyloneurum C. Presl (64 spp.)
 Adetogramma T. E. Almeida (1 sp.)
 Serpocaulon A. R. Sm. (48 spp.)
 Subfamilia Grammitidoideae Parris & Sundue
 Terpsichore A. R. Sm. (16 spp.)
 Parrisia Shalisko & Sundue (2 spp.)
 Adenophorus Gaudich (10 spp.)
 Lomaphlebia J. Sm. (2 spp.)
 Grammitis Sw. (30 spp.)
 Cochlidium Kaulf. (17 spp.)
 Leucotrichum Labiak (6 spp.)
 Alansmia M. Kessler, Moguel, Sundue & Labiak (24 spp.)
 Luisma Murillo & A. R. Sm. (1 sp.)
 Enterosora Baker (29 spp.)
 Ceradenia L. E. Bishop (76 spp.)
 Ascogrammitis Sundue (18 spp.)
 Mycopteris Sundue (18 spp.)
 Galactodenia Sundue & Labiak (5 spp.)
 Melpomene A. R. Sm. & R. C. Moran (30 spp.)
 Stenogrammitis Labiak (25 spp.)
 Lellingeria A. R. Sm. & R. C. Moran (52 spp.)
 Moranopteris R. Y. Hirai & J. Prado (32 spp.)
 Ctenopterella Parris (21 spp.)
 Grammitis sensu lato, part 1 (6 spp.)
 Chrysogrammitis Parris (2 spp.)
 Notogrammitis Parris (12 spp.)
 Grammitis sensu lato, part 2 (5 spp.)
 Archigrammitis Parris (7 spp.)
 Micropolypodium Hayata (3 spp.)
 Prosaptia C. Presl (70 spp.)
 Oreogrammitis Copel. (195 spp.)
 Dasygrammitis Parris (8 spp.)
 Scleroglossum Alderw. (10 spp.)
 Tomophyllum (E. Fourn.) Parris (37 spp.)
 Xiphopterella Parris (14 spp.)
 Calymmodon C. Presl (60 spp.)
 Acrosorus'' Copel. (9 spp.)

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Papratnjače
Biljni razredi

Papratnice


Hannover, Almanya'nın Aşağı Saksonya (Niedersachsen) eyaletinin başkentidir. 2017 verilerine göre 535.061 nüfusuyla Almanya'nın en kalabalık 13. şehri, ayrıca Kuzey Almanya'nın en büyük üçüncü şehridir. Oldukça geniş yeşil alanlara ve parklara sahip olan kent, aynı zamanda Almanya'nın en büyük fuar kentidir.

Şehirde bulunan Hannover Fuar Alanı, dünyanın en büyük fuar alanlarından biridir. Expo 2000 fuarı burada düzenlenmiştir. Ayrıca CeBIT fuarı da 2018 yılına dek burada düzenlenmekteydi.

Hannover, II. Dünya Savaşı'ndan çok zarar görmüş olan bir kent olduğu için tarihî yerleri az, eski şehri (Altstadt) ise küçüktür. Ünlü filozof ve matematikçi Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz bu kentte hayatının bir dönemini geçirmiş ve burada ölmüştür.

Tarihçe
Orta Çağ'da Leine nehrinin sol (güney) kıyısında kurulmuş olan kentin adının, "Yüksek Kıyı" anlamına gelen Honovere tabirinden geldiği sanılmaktadır. Önceleri salcı ve balıkçıların yaşadığı küçük bir kent olan Hannover, 13. yüzyılda ticaret yollarının kesiştiği, nispeten büyük bir şehir hâline gelmiştir. Kara taşımacılığının zorlu olduğu bir dönemde, nehrin gemilerle kullanılabilir kuzey kısmında yer alması, ticari açıdan büyümesinin etkenlerinden biri olarak sayılır. Bir Hansa ticaret birliği şehri olan Bremerhaven'a Leine nehri ile bağlı olması ve Kuzey Almanya Düzlüğünün (de•en) güneyinde, Harz dağlığının ise batısında bulunması doğu ile batı arasındaki katır kervanları da dâhil olmak üzere önemli bir kavşak noktası durumundaydı. Hannover şehri, Ren, Ruhr ve Saar nehri vadileri ile güneydoğusunda bulunan sanayi merkezlerine, doğusu ve kuzeyindeki düzlük bölgelere açılan bir kapı ve Harz dağlığının eteklerinde seyreden, Aşağı Saksonya, Saksonya ve Türingiya arasındaki kara trafiği için önemli bir merkez durumundaydı.

II. Dünya Savaşı'nda Hannover
II. Dünya Savaşı'nda, Hannover önemli bir kavşak noktasıydı. Bu özelliği ve oldukça gelişmiş silah sanayii 1940 yılından itibaren başlayan, müttefiklerin hava saldırılarına fazlasıyla maruz kalmasına neden oldu. Şehrin önemli holdingleri Stöcken semtindeki AFA, Misburg semtindeki Deurag-Nerag, Vahrenwald ve Limmer semtlerindeki Continental, Linden semtindeki Hanomag ve NMH ve Ricklingen semtiyle Laatzen'deki Alüminyum İşletmeleri (VLW) idi. Hava saldırıları sadece silah sanayii tesisleri ve demir yollarıyla sınırlı olmayıp, özellikle mesken alanlarını da vurdu. Savaş boyunca 6.700 civarında şehir sakini müttefiklerin bomba yağmurunda can verdi. 150.000 haneden yaklaşık %5'i ayakta kalmayı başarabilmiştir. Savaştan sonra Aegidienkirche harabesi yeniden imar edilmeyerek savaş kurbanları ve zorbalık anıtı olarak harap halde bırakıldı.

Savaştan sonra Hannover, Almanya'nın Britanya güçleri tarafından istila edilmiş bölgesinde kalıp 1946 yılında Federal Almanya'da eyaletler kurulduğunda Aşağı Saksonya eyaletinde yer aldı.

Coğrafi konumu ve yapısı
Hannover, Almanya'nın kuzeyinde yer almaktadır. Şehrin güneyinde üniversite şehri olan Göttingen, doğusunda Volkswagen fabrikasının kurulmuş olduğu Wolfsburg bulunmaktadır. Vadi üzerine kurulu olan şehir tamamen dümdüzdür, bu özelliği sayesinde özellikle yazın şehrin bisikletle dolaşılması imkânını sağlamaktadır. Şehrin içinden Leine nehri geçmektedir. Ayrıca şehirde yapay bir göl olan Maschsee vardır.

Özellikle, ağustos ayında yapılan Maschsee festivali oldukça ilgi çekicidir. Bunun haricinde, yeni belediye binasının (Neues Rathaus) arkasında da bir gölet bulunmaktadır.

Komşuları

İklim

Hannover'de yıl boyunca ortalama sıcaklık 8,7 °C civarında görülmektedir. Bunun yanında kış aylarında sıcaklık 0 °C'nin altına çok nadir düşmektedir. Bol yağış alan bir coğrafi alan içerisinde yer alan Hannover'e yılda ortalama 660 mm yağış düşmektedir. Mayıs - ağustos ayları arasında sıcaklık artmakta ve 22-27 °C civarına çıkabilmektedir.

Mahallî bölümlenme

Hannover 13 kentsel bölge (belediye) ve 51 alt yönetsel bölümlenmeden oluşmaktadır.
 Mitte (Hannover'in semti)
 Vahrenwald-List
 Bothfeld-Vahrenheide
 Buchholz-Kleefeld
 Misburg-Anderten
 Kirchrode-Bemerode-Wülferode
 Südstadt-Bult
 Döhren-Wülfel
 Ricklingen
 Linden-Limmer
 Ahlem-Badenstedt-Davenstedt
 Herrenhausen-Stöcken
 Nord (Hannover'in semti)

Ulaşım

Raylı taşımacılık

Merkez tren istasyonu olan Hannover Hauptbahnhof, yüksek hızlı trenler (ICE), şehirler arası trenler (IC), bölgesel-eyalet trenleri (Regional Express RE, Metronom), Banliyö trenleri (S-Bahn) ve kent içi hafif raylı sistem - metro hattı ile beslenmektedir.

Havayolu

Hannover Havalimanı, Aşağı Saksonya'nın başkenti Hannover'den 11 km uzaklıktadır ve Almanya'nın dokuzuncu büyük havalimanıdır.

1952 yılında, bugünkü özelliklerine göre dizayn edilen havaalanı, mimari açıdan Moskova'nın Sheremetyevo Havalimanına örnek oluşturmuştur. Uluslararası havacılık kodu HAJ'dır.

2000 yılında bölgesel banliyo hattı (S-Bahn) ile raylı taşımacılığın bir durağı haline getirilmiştir.

Karayolu
Hannover, A2 ve A7 adlı iki otoyol tarafından sarılmıştır. Lokal otoyol olan A352, bu otoyollara bağlanmaktadır. Ayrıca A37 lokal otoyolu havaalanına ulaşımı sağlamaktadır. Bunun yanında B3, B6, B65 lokal otoyolları Hannover'in batı ve güneybatısına hizmet vermektedir.

Otobüs ve hafif raylı sistem

Hannover, özellikle hafif raylı sistem bakımından yoğun fakat aksine oldukça düzenli bir ağa sahiptir. Üstra adlı şehir içi ulaşım düzenleyicisi kurum tarafından yürütülen hizmet, otobüs tramwaylar aracılığıyla sağlanmaktadır. TW 6000 ve TW 2000 tramwayları olarak iki tür ile hizmet verilmektedir. Ayrıca Mercedes tarafından üretilen doğal gaz otobüsleri, tramway hattının uğramadığı bölgelerde ve ring hattalarında taşımayı sağlamaktadır.

Mimari

İkinci dünya savaşında yoğun bombardımanlara maruz kalan Hannover'de eski mimari binaların sayısı oldukça azdır. Tarihi Altstadt semtinde şehrin eski ihtişamını gösteren bazı binalar görülebilir. Bunun dışında şehrin önemli kısmı 1945 yılından sonra imar edilmiştir.

Eğitim

 Hannover Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Üniversitesi
 Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover - Veterinerlik Üniversitesi
 Medizinische Hochschule - MHH - Tıp Üniversitesi (bağımsız kurum)
 Fachhochschule Hannover - Hannover Uygulamalı Bilimler ve Sanatlar Yüksekokulu (Mühendislik ve Güzel Sanatlar)

Hannover Üniversitesi'nin merkez kampüsü, eski bir kraliyet sarayı olan Welfenschloss ve müştemilatından oluşmaktadır.

Ekonomi

Hannover genel itibarıyla sanayi, hizmet ve ticaret kentidir. Bunların yanı sıra dünyanın en büyük fuarlarına ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. TUI, Bahlsen, Komatsu-Hanomag, Solvay, Sennheiser Electronic, KIND İşitme Cihazları, Rossman, BREE dünya çapında üretim yapan ve tanınan büyük firmalardır. Ayrıca Volkswagen Nutzfahrzeuge (VW Ticari Araçlar), Continental, Johnson Controls, WABCO firmalarını bünyesinde barındırmaktadır. Finans ve Sigorta şirketlerinin yoğun biçimde faaliyet gösterdiği kentte Niedersachsen Eyaleti'nin büyük medya kuruluşları, TV ve Radyo istasyonları da Hannover merkezli yayın yapmaktadırlar. Aynı zamanda bir fuar başkenti olan Hannover 1947 yılından itibaren bu işlevini yerine getirmektedir. Özellikle Expo 2000 fuarı ile bu unvanını kanıtlamıştır.

Ekonomik teşvik
Hannoverimpuls Hannover Eyalet Başkent Belediyesi ve Hannover Bölgesinin ortak ekonomi geliştirme kuruluşudur. Kurulduğu 2003 yılından bu yana Hannover ve çevresindeki şirketlerin kuruluşunu, yerleşimini ve iş gelişimini teşvik edip desteklemekte. Hannover ve bölgesinin ekonomisinin gelişmesi için yedi branşa ağırlık verilmektedir: Otomotiv sektörü, enerji sektörü, bilişim ve iletişim teknolojileri, sağlık sektörü, fotonik teknolojiler, yaratıcılık sektörü ve imalat teknolojileri.
Bu ana branşlarda; aktif olan şirketlerin, Almanya'ya ve özellikle Hannover çevresinde yerleşimini sağlamak için değişik programlarla destek sağlanır. Üç ayrı ülke merkezi ile uluslararası olan ilişkiler teşvik edilir. Bu ülke merkezleri; özellikle Rusya, Hindistan ve Türkiye ile ilişkileri ve iletişimi sağlar.

Spor

12 Nisan 1896 yılında kurulan kentin futbol takımı kısaca Hannover 96 olarak adlandırılmaktadır ve 2016 yılında küme düşerek Alman 2. Liginde (2. Bundesliga) oynamaktadır.

Kültür
Görülmesi gereken yerlerin başında içinde çeşitli park ve bahçe düzenlemelerinin bulunduğu, su oyunlarının düzenlendiği çeşmeleri bulunan Herrenhäuser Garten'dır. Bu parkın yakınında bir de müze vardır (Herrenhausen Museum im Fürstenhaus). Kentin tarihi yeri olan eski şehirde (Altstadt) tuğla gotiği (Backsteingotik) stilinde yapılmış eski belediye binası (Altes Rathaus), Leibniz'in yaşamış olduğu evi ve Marktkirche bulunmaktadır.

Müzeler
 Wilhelm-Busch Müzesi; Karikatür ve Grafik Müzesi
 Historisches Museum; Tarih Müzesi
 Sprengel Museum; Resim ve Sanat Müzesi
 Kestner Müzesi
 Theatermuseum; Tiyato Müzesi
 Niedersächsisches Landesmuseum; Aşağı Saksonya Eyâlet Müzesi
 Exposeeum
 Herrenhaus Museum im Fürstenhaus

Kardeş şehirler

  Bristol, Birleşik Krallık (1947)
  Perpignan, Fransa (1960)
  Rouen, Fransa (1966)
  Blantyre, Malavi (1968)
  Poznań, Polonya (1979)
  Hiroşima, Japonya (1983)
  Leipzig, Almanya (1987)

Ünlü Hannoverliler
 Hannah Arendt, Yahudi asıllı siyaset teorisyeni ve filozof.
 Rudolf Augstein, en etkili Alman gazetecilerden biri ve Der Spiegel'in kurucusu.
 Leopold Auer, Yahudi asıllı violin sanatçısı ve violin öğretmeni.
 Uri Avnery, Yahudi asıllı gazeteci.
 Elly Beinhorn, ilk uzun mesafe havacısı.
 Emile Berliner, Yahudi asıllı kaşif, disk kaydedici gramafonu geliştirdiği bilinir.
 Justus Henning Boehmer, kilise jürisi count palatine of the Duchy of Magdeburg
 Valeri Brainin, müzik yöneticisi, müzik bilimci, besteci ve şair.
 Wilhelm Busch, ressam ve şair.
 Mathieu Carrière, aktor.
 Carl Dahlhaus, müzik bilimci.
 Klaus Meine, dünyaca ünlü Scorpions grubunun vokalisti
 Doris Dörrie, sinema yönetmeni, yapımcı ve yazar.
 Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart, bitki bilimci, Carolus Linnaeus'un öğrencisi.
 Yvonne Georgi, dansçı, kareografçı ve bale öğretmeni.
 Boris Goldstein, Yahudi asıllı meşhur violin sanatçısı.
 Georg Goltermann, çello sanatçısı ve besteci.
 August Grisebach, bitki bilimci, bir bilim dalı olarak bitki coğrafyasının kurucusu.
 George Frideric Handel, bestekâr.
 William Herschel, astronom.
 Caroline Herschel, astronom.
 Ludwig Heinrich Christoph Hölty, şair.
 August Wilhelm Iffland, aktor ve oyun yazarı.
 Karl Jatho, motorlu uçakla uçan ilk havacı.
 Joseph Joachim, Yahudi asıllı orkestra şefi, violin sanatçısı, besteci ve çğretmen.
 Karl Karmarsch, eğitimci.
 Friedrich Kaulbach, ressam.
 Vladimir Krainev, Yahudi asıllı piyanist ve piyano öğretmeni.
 Louis Kugelmann, sosyal demokrat düşünür ve aktivist, Marx ve Engels'in sırdaşı.
 Gottfried Leibniz, bilge, matematikçi ve filozof.
 Heinrich Graf von Lehndorff-Steinort, Adolf Hitler'e karşı 20 Haziran entrikasının bir üyesi..
 Theodor Lessing, Yahudi asıllı filozof.
 Heinrich Marschner, besteci.
 Otto Fritz Meyerhof, Yahudi asıllı tıp alanında nobel ödüllü fizikçi ve biyokimyacı.
 Karl Philipp Moritz, yazar, editör ve Sturm und Drang makalesinin yazarı.
 Rudolf Erich Raspe, özgürlükçü, yazar ve bilim insanı.
 Dieter Roth, grafiker ve sanatçı
 Otto Sander, sinemacı, tiyatrocu ve ses aktörü.
 Georg Sauerwein, yayıncı, şair, dil bilimci ve çok dil bilen (yaklaşık 60 dil)
 August Wilhelm Schlegel, şair, çevirmen ve Alman romantizminin önde gelen lideri.
 Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel, şair, eleştirmen ve akademisyen.
 Maria Schrader, sinema sanatçısı.
 Gerhard Schröder, 1998 - 2005 arası Alman Şansölyesi.
 Heinrich Schütz, bestekâr ve org sanatçısı
 Reinhard Schwarz-Schilling, bestekâr
 Kurt Schwitters, dadaizm, inşacılık ve sürrealizm akımlarının temsilcisi ressam ve şair.
 Berthold Carl Seemann, bitki bilimcisi.
 Bernhard Sprengel, çikolata üreticisi ve modern sanat koleksiyoneri.
 Alfred von Waldersee, 1888 - 1891 arası Alman İmpratorluk komutanı.
 Frank Wedekind, drama sanatçısı.
 Grethe Weiser, aktris.
 Lena Meyer-Landrut, eurovision 2010 birincisi.
 Kai Wiesinger, sinema sanatçısı.
 Mary Wigman, dansçı, koreograf ve dans öğretmeni.
 Ricardo Wolf, Yahudi asıllı kaşif, diplomat, hayırsever ve Wolf Vakfı'nın kuucusu.
 Mousse D., Türk asıllı besteci ve müzik yapımcısı

Galeri

Dünyadaki diğer Hannover adlı şehirler
 Hannover, Ontario, Kanada
 Hannover, Northern Cape, Güney Afrika
 Hannover, Brighton, Büyük Britanya
 New Hannover, Illinois, ABD
 Hannover, Kansas, ABD
 Hannover, Maine, ABD
 Hannover, Maryland, ABD
 Hannover, Massachusetts, ABD
 Hannover, Minnesota, ABD
 Hannover, New Hampshire, ABD
 Hannover, New Mexico, ABD
 Hannover, Pennsylvania, ABD
 Hannover, Virginia, ABD

Dış bağlantılar
 Hannover Resmi İnternet Sitesi
 Hannover 96
 Hannover Fuar
 Anasayfa hannoverimpuls GmbH
 Hannover Leibniz Üniversitesi
 Hannover Havalimanı

Kaynakça

 İng. Wikipedia Hannover

Hansa Birliği üyeleri
Aşağı Saksonya'daki şehirler

Hannover


Heiligenstedten er en by og kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Itzehoe-Land under Kreis Steinburg. Kreis Steinburg ligger i den sydvestlige del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Heiligenstedten ligger umiddelbart vest for Itzehoe ved floden Stör, der fra Heiligenstedten til udløbet i Elben er en Bundeswasserstraße. Gennem kommunen går Bundesstraßen 5 og 204 samt jernbanelinjen Marschbahn fra Hamborg til Westerland. Heiligenstedten havde fra 1899 (banens åbning) til 1971 egen station på linjen. I kommunen ligger ud over hovedbyen landsbyerne Julianka og Juliankaholz, samt .

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens side  på amtets websted.
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2014 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Steinburg

Heiligenstedten


Christer Kiselman, né le , est un espérantiste suédois.

Biographie

Jeunesse
Christer Kiselman nait le  à Stockholm, en Suède.

Œuvres

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Articles connexes
 Académie d'espéranto

Liens externes

Espérantiste suédois
Espérantisation en 1980
Naissance en avril 1939
Naissance à Stockholm

Christer Kiselman


لارس جوناس هولجر جارديل  مواليد 2 تشرين الثاني 1963 في قضاءإينبيبيرغ  بلدية داندريد  شمال مدينة ستوكهولم، كاتب سويدي وكاتب سيناريو وكوميدي ومغني وممثل. ربح العديد من الجوائز من بينها جائزة مهرجان ستوكهولوم للافلام للسيناريو الذي قام بكتابته لفيلم «فندق اوسكار».

لقب الدكتوراه

عام 2007 حصل على لقب الدكتوراه التقديرية في العلوم الدينية في جامعة لوند المشهورة جنوب السويد

روابط خارجية

المراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
دراميون وكتاب مسرحيون إل جي بي تي
روائيون
روائيون سويديون
روائيون سويديون في القرن 20
روائيون سويديون في القرن 21
روائيون مثليون
فنانون وفنانات سويديون
كتاب دراما ومسرح
كتاب دراما ومسرح ذكور سويديون
كتاب سيناريو
كتاب سيناريو ذكور سويديون
كتاب سيناريو سويديون
كتاب مثليون
كتاب مثليون من السويد
كوميديون سويديون
كوميديون وكوميديات سويديون
مسيحيون مثليون
مواليد 1963
روائيون مثليون سويديون
كتاب دراما ومسرح مثليون سويديون
كتاب سيناريو مثليون سويديون

جوناس جارديل


Einar Frogner (* 19. Mai 1893 in Løten, Hedmark; † 10. Juli 1955) war ein norwegischer Politiker der Bondepartiet (Bauernpartei), der zeitweise Landwirtschaftsminister sowie von 1948 bis 1955 Parteivorsitzender war.

Leben

Landwirt, Gutsbesitzer und Kommunalpolitiker
Frogner, Sohn eines Landwirts, wurde nach Abschluss der Landwirtschaftsschule in Jønsberg 1912 zunächst Verwalter eines Gutshofes in Gudbrandsdalen, danach von 1915 bis 1920 in Østerdalen sowie zuletzt zwischen 1920 und 1924 in Vang, ehe er schließlich selbst 1924 den Gutshof Dørum in Vang erwarb.

In dieser Zeit begann er seine politische Laufbahn in der Kommunalpolitik und war zunächst von 1924 bis 1927 Mitglied des Gemeinderates sowie im Anschluss bis 1930 Mitglied des Gemeindevorstandes von Vang und zeitgleich von 1924 bis 1930 Vorsitzender der Bauernpartei in Vang.

Als Gutsbesitzer begann er darüber hinaus sich Mitte der 1930er in verschiedenen lokalen und nationalen landwirtschaftlichen Organisationen zu engagieren und war unter anderem zwischen 1935 und 1947 Vorsitzender der Vereinigung der Pferdezüchter in Vang, von 1936 bis 1948 Landesvorsitzender der Vereinigung der landwirtschaftlichen Arbeitgeber, zwischen 1941 und 1955 Vorsitzender der Molkerei und des Milchlieferantenverbandes von Hedmark sowie von 1944 bis 1955 Landesvorsitzender der Pensionskasse der Milchbauern.

Daneben war Frogner, der 1937 Vorstandsmitglied der Bauernhofschule im Fylke Hedmark wurde, viele Jahre lang Mitglied der Vorstände des Forstvereinigung Hedmark (1935 bis 1947), der Milchzentrale von Østlandet (1936 bis 1955), der Norwegischen Bauernunion (1945 bis 1947) und des Landesverbandes der Norwegischen Mildproduzenten (1951 bis 1955) sowie zugleich von 1944 bis 1955 Mitglied des Aufsichtsrates des Landesverbandes der Norwegischen Mildproduzenten.

Abgeordneter, Minister und Parteivorsitzender
Nach der Besatzung Norwegens durch die deutsche Wehrmacht und dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges wurde er als Kandidat der Bauernpartei 1945 erstmals zum Abgeordneten in das Storting gewählt, und vertrat dort bis zu seinem Tod den Wahlkreis Hedmark.

Am 25. Juni 1945 wurde er von Ministerpräsident Einar Gerhardsen zum Landwirtschaftsminister in die erste norwegische Regierung der Nachkriegszeit berufen und gehörte dieser bis zum 5. November 1945 an, nachdem Gerhardsen seine nur aus der Arbeiderpartiet bestehende zweite Regierung bildete.

Nachdem er von 1945 bis 1946 Mitglied des Landesvorstandes war, wurde er 1946 stellvertretender Vorsitzender der Bondepartiet und schließlich 1948 nach dem Tod von Nils Trædal Parteivorsitzender.

Während seiner zehnjährigen Parlamentszugehörigkeit war er zunächst von Dezember 1945 bis Januar 1950 Sekretär des Storting-Ausschusses für Straßen und Eisenbahnen (Vei- og jernbanekomité) und danach von Januar 1950 bis zu seinem Tod Vorsitzender des Verkehrsausschusses (Samferdselskomité). Zugleich war er von 1948 bis 1955 Mitglied des Verkehrsrates (Samferdselsrådet). Darüber hinaus war er zeitweise Mitglied des Wahlausschusses (Valgkomité) sowie Delegierter bei der Interparlamentarischen Union (IPU) und beim Nordischen Rat.

Nachdem er von 1945 bis 1950 Sekretär der Fraktion der Bondepartiet war, war er anschließend bis zu seinem Tod auch stellvertretender Fraktionsvorsitzender seiner Partei im Storting.

Nach seinem Tod folgte ihm 1955 Per Borten als Vorsitzender der Bondepartiet.

Weblinks
 Eintrag auf der Homepage des Storting

Landwirtschaftsminister (Norwegen)
Storting-Abgeordneter (Hedmark)
Landwirt (Norwegen)
Manager
Parteivorsitzender der Senterpartiet
Norweger
Geboren 1893
Gestorben 1955
Mann

Einar Frogner


Robert Collignon (* 10. Februar 1943 in Villers-le-Bouillet, Provinz Lüttich) ist ein belgischer Politiker der Parti Socialiste (PS), der unter anderem zwischen 1994 und 1999 Ministerpräsident der Wallonischen Region war.

Leben

Rechtsanwalt und Abgeordneter
Collignon, dessen Vater Émile Collignon Mitglied der Belgischen Abgeordnetenkammer und Bürgermeister von Villers-le-Bouillet war, nahm bereits als Schüler an den großen Streikaktionen im Winter 1960 bis 1961 teil, die von Gewerkschaftsfunktionären wie André Renard und André Genot organisiert wurden.

Nach dem Schulbesuch studierte er Rechtswissenschaften an der Universität Lüttich und schloss das Studium nach Vorlesungen bei Professoren wie Fernand Dehousse und François Perin 1967 mit der Promotion zum Dr. jur. ab. Zu seinen Kommilitonen gehörten spätere bekannte Politiker der PS wie Yvan Ylieff und Jean Gol und war danach selbst für ein Jahr als Lektor für Rechtswissenschaften tätig.

1968 wurde er für vier Monate Pressereferent im Büro von Freddy Terwagne, dem damaligen Minister für kommunale Beziehungen, und nahm anschließend eine Tätigkeit als Rechtsanwalt auf.

Nach dem Tod von Freddy Terwagne wurde er 1971 als dessen Nachfolger zum Mitglied der Belgischen Abgeordnetenkammer gewählt und gehörte dieser als Vertreter der PS bis 1974 an. Nachdem er sein Mandat bei den Wahlen 1974 verloren hatte, engagierte er sich in der Kommunalpolitik und wurde 1977 zunächst zum Schöffen für den öffentlichen Unterricht der Stadt Amay gewählt.

Zwischenzeitlich wurde er 1981 wiederum zum Mitglied der Abgeordnetenkammer gewählt und befasste sich in der Folgezeit mit institutionellen Problemen, aber auch mit Themen aus der Wirtschafts-, Rechts- und Außenpolitik.

Bürgermeister, Senator und Ministerpräsident Walloniens
Nachdem er anschließend 1983 Schöffe für Finanzen war, wurde er am 1. Mai 1987 nach dem Rücktritt von Maurice Dumongh Bürgermeister von Amay.

1988 erfolgte die Wahl von Collignon zum Mitglied des Senats, wo er Vorsitzender des Parlamentarischen Untersuchungsausschusses zur Katastrophe von Heysel war, einer Massenpanik im Rahmen eines Fußball-Europapokalspiels. Sie ereignete sich am 29. Mai 1985 vor dem Endspiel um den Pokal der Landesmeister 1984/85 zwischen dem FC Liverpool und Juventus Turin im Heysel-Stadion in Brüssel. Als Anhänger Liverpools in den neutralen Sektor stürmten, brach Panik aus und eine Wand
stürzte ein. 39 Menschen wurden getötet, 454 verletzt.

Darüber hinaus war er während seiner Zugehörigkeit zum Senat Präsident der Parti Socialiste Walloniens sowie Vorsitzender der Fraktion der PS im Senat. Als Parteivorsitzender organisierte er 1991 den Parteitag der PS in Ans.

Im Januar 1992 wurde Collignon von Ministerpräsident Guy Spitaels in die Regierung Walloniens berufen und war in dieser bis Januar 1994 Minister für Raumplanung, Wohnungswesen und Haushalt.

Danach wurde er am 25. Januar 1994 als Nachfolger von Spitaels selbst Ministerpräsident der Wallonischen Region und bekleidete dieses Amt bis zu seiner Ablösung durch Elio Di Rupo am 15. Juli 1999. 1995 wurde er auch zum Mitglied des Wallonischen Parlaments gewählt und war von 2000 bis 2004 dessen Parlament.

Im Anschluss übernahm er wieder das Amt des Bürgermeisters von Amay und behielt dieses bis Oktober 2006. Bei den anschließenden Kommunalwahlen unterlag sein Sohn Christophe Collignon knapp mit 2226 zu 2900 Wählerstimmen gegen Jean-Michel Javaux, den Kandidaten der Partei Ecolo, der daraufhin Bürgermeister der Stadt wurde.

Weblinks
 Biografie in Cent Wallons du siècle, Institut Jules Destrée, Charleroi, 1995
 Belgian Regions and Communities (rulers.org)

Mitglied der Abgeordnetenkammer (Belgien)
Amay
Ministerpräsident (Wallonien)
Minister (Französische Gemeinschaft)
Senator (Belgien)
Bürgermeister (Provinz Lüttich)
Rechtsanwalt (Belgien)
Belgier
Geboren 1943
Mann

Robert Collignon


InfoWars (styliseret som INFOWARS) er en amerikansk medieplatform ejet af Alex Jones's Free Speech Systems LLC og kendt for konspirationsteorier og misinformation. Infowars blev skabt den 6. marts 1999.

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Etableret i 1999
Konspirationsteorier
Netaviser
Konservatisme
Højreekstremisme

InfoWars


Olaylar
 16 Mart - Boroughbridge Savaşı gerçekleşti. İngiltere Kralı II. Edward, bazı baronların isyanını bastırdı.
 28 Eylül - Mühldorf Savaşı gerçekleşti. Bavyera, Avusturya'yı yendi.
 Pervâneoğulları Beyliği, Candaroğulları tarafından ele geçirilerek beyliğe son verildi (kuruluşu 1277).

Doğumlar
 11 Ocak - İmparator Kōmyō, Japonya'da Nanboku-chō dönemi sırasında ikinci Kuzey Talibi (ö. 1380)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Teftâzânî, Fars mutasavvıf ve İslam düşünürü (ö. 1390)

Ölümler
 3 Ocak - V. Philippe, Fransa Kralı (d. 1292)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Seyyid Kutbiddîn, Abdulkadir Geylani'nin torunu, İslam alimi
 Todor Svetoslav, Bulgaristan Çarı (d. 1270'ler)
 Zhao Mengfu, Yuan Hanedanı döneminde yaşamış Çinli ressam ve akademisyen (d. 1254)

1322


Tachina testaceipes est une espèce de mouches du genre Tachina de la famille des Tachinidae, endémique d'Angleterre.

Systématique
Le nom scientifique complet (avec auteur) de ce taxon est Tachina testaceipes Stephens, 1829.

Tachina testaceipes a pour synonyme :

Publication originale
 Stephens, J.F. 1829. A systematic catalogue of British insects: being an attempt to arrange all the hitherto discovered indigenous insects in accordance with their natural affinities. Containing also the references to every English writer on entomology, and to the principal foreign authors. With all the published British genera to the present time. Part II. Insecta Haustellata. Baldwin & Cradock, London. 388 pp., p. 299 [1829.07.15]

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Références biologiques

Liens externes

Insecte décrit en 1829
Tachinidae
Diptère d'Europe
Faune endémique d'Angleterre
testaceipes

Tachina testaceipes


Expresia Pământul ca un "bulgăre de zăpadă" (tradus din engleza - Snowball Earth) este o parabolă alegorică folosită pentru a ilustra o ipoteză care enunță faptul conform căruia suprafața Pământului a fost acoperită, conform unora complet iar a altora parțial de ghețari, in perioada unei din cele mai mari glaciațiuni pe care Pământul a cunoscut-o, cu aproximativ 650 de milioane de ani în urmă. Această ipoteză este în general acceptată de către comunitatea de geologi, deoarece este cea mai bună explicație a existenței depozitelor de origine glaciară, descoperite în zone localizate la paleolatitudini tropicale, precum și alte aspecte greu de explicat ale arhivei geologice. Oponenții acestei ipoteze argumentează împotriva unei glaciații globale, in special pe baza considerentelor de natură fizică conform cărora ar rezulta imposibil de a ieși dintr-o glaciație totală (ca de exemplu cea al satelitului Jovian Europa). Numeroase probleme generate de această ipoteză rămân nesoluționate, in special legate de faptul că Pământul ar fost în întregime un bulgăre de zăpadă sau a existat o bandă ecuatorială permanentă (sau sezonieră) de apă lichidă expusă la suprafață.

Episoadele "Pământ de Zăpadă" au avut loc înainte de aparenta diversificare rapidă a formelor de viață multicelulare, cunoscută sub numele de Explozia Cambriană. Cel mai recent episod "Pământ de Zăpadă" ar fi putut declanșa evoluția vieții multicelulare. Un alt episod, petrecut anterior acestuia și mai de durată, glaciația Huroniană, a avut loc între 2,4-2,1 miliarde de ani în urmă, e posibil să fi fost declanșată apariția oxigenului în atmosferă.

Note

Vezi și
 Glaciațiune
 Paradoxul Soarelui slab timpuriu

Era glaciară
Extincție în masă
Proterozoic
Schimbări climatice
Ipoteze

Pământ de Zăpadă


وجدان، ممثلة بحرينية. بدأت بمشاركة كممثلة من خلال مسلسل هدوء وعواصف عام 2004 بتشجيع من الفنانة زينب العسكري الذي كانت ترشحها للأعمال التي تقوم ببطولتها. حتى انها اعتزلت العمل الفني بنهاية عام 2008 وذلك بعد اعتزال زينب العسكري بررت ذلك بعدم شعورها بالراحة خلال المجال الفني دونها.

أعمالها

من المسلسلات
 2004: هدوء وعواصف.
 2005: عذاري.
 2006: بلا رحمة.
 2007: لحظة ضعف.
 2008: لعنة إمرأة.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

ممثلات تلفزيون بحرينيات

وجدان (ممثلة)


Abformung oder auch Abformen ist die Nachbildung körperlicher Gegenstände mit Hilfe von flüssigen, aber bald erstarrenden Substanzen (Abguss) oder formbaren festen Materialien (Abdruck). Abformung gehört nach DIN 8580 Fertigungsverfahren zu der Gruppe der Urform-Verfahren.

Verwendung

Abformung dient der Reproduktion von Originalen, etwa in der Archäologie und Restaurierung, zur Herstellung von Kunstwerken aus einer Urform, dem Modell im Kunstguss, dem Kopieren von Originalen, in der Kriminalistik zur Spurensicherung und in der Medizin beispielsweise zur Herstellung von Zahnersatz.

Technik
Der erste Abguss oder Abdruck des Gegenstands ergibt die Matrize, und erst wenn man von dieser wieder einen Abguss nimmt, erhält man einen Körper, welcher dem Original (völlig) gleicht.

Erstellung der Form
Für die Erstellung der Form gibt es sehr unterschiedliche Techniken:
 Darf das Original zerstört werden (verlorene Form) und ist dieses verbrennbar, so befestigt man es in einem Gießkasten auf ein kegelförmiges Stück (etwa Holz oder Wachs), das später den Gusstrichter bildet, fixiert es mit starken Drähten – oder gewachsten Schnüren, die später Entlüftungskanäle bilden –, und füllt den Kasten mit einer erstarrenden Masse (Gips, Silikon). Nach dem Aushärten glüht man das Stück, um das Original und allfällig auch Trichter und Fixierung zu zerstören, entascht und gießt in erwünschtem Verfahren.
 Von Gegenständen, die nicht zerstört werden dürfen, kann man eine Kopie in Wachs ausführen und diese verlieren lassen.
 Im Allgemeinen stellt man aber mehrteilige Matrizen her, indem man Hinterschneidungen vermeidet oder eine hinreichend elastische Formmasse benutzt. Zusammengefügt ergeben die einzelnen Teile eine brauchbare Matrize, wenn vorher mittels Passermarken für eine exakte und stabile Passung gesorgt wurde. In diesem Fall zeigt der Abguss feine Unreinheiten an den Stellen, wo die Teile der Matrize zusammenstießen (Gussnaht), die umso schwächer sind, je sorgfältiger die Matrizen angefertigt wurden.
 In der Medizin muss der Abformprozess physiologisch verträglich sein.

Abformmasse
Bis um 1900 benutzte man zu Abgüssen am häufigsten gebrannten Gips (s. a. Gipsabdruck), Ton, feinen Sand oder Tripel (besonders für die Metallgießerei), Glas, Schwefel, Siegellack, Alaun, Salpeter, Metalllegierungen, Guttapercha, Wachs, Schellack, Brotkrume, Leim- und Hausenblasenlösung, Metallfolie, Seidenpapier und ähnliche. Die moderne Medizinaltechnik kennt Silikone, Alginat, Agar, Polyether und Polysulfid, die flexible Abdruckformen ermöglichen. In der Bildhauerei wird z. B. Polyester-Urethan-Kautschuk oder Latex verwendet.

Kopie und Original
Beim Kunstguss entfernt man die Gussnähte und den Ansatz des Gusstrichters oder lässt sie je nach künstlerischer Absicht stehen, um jede Möglichkeit der Beschädigung auszuschließen oder die Entstehung des Werks mit einfließen zu lassen (Werkspur) – genauso bei der Abformung wertvoller Originale, um die Reproduktion vom Original zu unterscheiden und den Abformungsprozess zu dokumentieren. Entfernen der Gussnähte hieße hier, den Abguss in die Nähe einer Fälschung zu bringen. Weniger bedeutend ist diese Frage allerdings bei Abgüssen allgemein bekannter Kunstwerke, da hier selbst ein gutgläubiger Interessent nicht davon ausgehen kann, ihm werde das Original angeboten.

Einen besonderen Stellenwert erhalten Abformungen, wenn das zugrunde liegende Original später beschädigt oder zerstört wurde, die Abformung also noch den ursprünglichen Zustand überliefert oder gar einziges erhaltenes Abbild eines verlorenen Objektes ist.

Beispiele

In der 2. Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts wurden sehr viele Gipsabgüsse von Kunstwerken für Museen und Privatpersonen hergestellt. So besaß das Germanische Nationalmuseum damals mehr Abgüsse als Originalskulpturen. Keineswegs darf man jedoch davon ausgehen, dass derartige Abgüsse immer das Original 1:1 abbilden; so konnte Röding anhand der Hildesheimer Chorschranken zeigen, dass durchaus starke Abweichungen vorkommen konnten, wenn sich ein komplexes Werk so "besser" in den Museumskontext einfügen ließ.

Das Museum für Abgüsse Klassischer Bildwerke in München verfügt heute wieder über eine der größten Sammlungen von Abgüssen antiker Kunstwerke. Mit rund 2000 Gipsabgüssen gehört das Museum zu den vier größten Abguss-Sammlungen Deutschlands.

Siehe auch
 Abformung (Medizin), Arbeitsschritt in der Zahnmedizin
 Körperabformung, künstlerische Technik
 LIGA (Fertigungsverfahren), ein Fertigungsverfahren in der Mikrotechnik
 Gießen (Metall)
 Spritzgießen

Literatur
 G. Spur, Th. Stöferle: Handbuch der Fertigungstechnik. Band 1 Urformen.  Carl Hanser Verlag, München Wien 1981

Einzelnachweise

Urformendes Fertigungsverfahren
Reproduktion

Abformung


Reyniblaðka (fræðiheiti Sorbaria sorbifolia) er hálfrunni af rósaætt, ættaður frá norður Asíu.

Heimildir
 Reyniblaðka (Lystigarður Akureyrar)

Tilvísanir

Reyniblaðka


Eleanor of Viseu (2 May 1458 – 17 November 1525;  ) was a Portuguese infanta (princess) and later queen consort of Portugal. She is considered one of her country's most notable queens consort and one of the only two who were not foreigners. To distinguish her from other infantas of the same name, she is commonly known as Eleanor of Viseu (after her father's title) or Eleanor of Lancaster (Lancaster, a name used by some Portuguese royals after her great-grandmother Queen Philippa of Lancaster). In Portugal, she is known universally as Rainha Dona Leonor.

Family
Eleanor was a daughter of Infante Fernando, Duke of Viseu, and his wife and cousin Beatrice of Portugal. Her maternal grandparents were Infante João of Portugal and his wife and niece Isabel of Barcelos.

Eleanor's sister Isabel of Viseu married Fernando II of Braganza, who was later accused and executed of treason by Eleanor's husband King John II.
Eleanor's older brother Diogo, Duke of Viseu, was also involved in activities that John II considered treasonous and was executed by the king himself. Her younger brother succeeded John II as King Manuel I of Portugal.

Marriage

Eleanor married John, Prince of Portugal, on 22 January 1470. She thereby became the Princess of Portugal. The bride was eleven years old, and the groom was fourteen years old. Her spouse was the only living son of Afonso V of Portugal and Isabel of Coimbra and heir apparent to the Portuguese throne. Eleanor and John spent a lot of their childhood together and were good friends.

Queen consort
On 28 August 1481, Eleanor's father-in-law died, and her husband became John II of Portugal, thus she became the new queen consort. The queens consort of Portugal were awarded fiefs and villages to grant them independent incomes, and Eleanor was granted Silves e Faro and Terras de Aldeia Galega e Aldeia Gavinha for this purpose.

She founded what became the city of Caldas da Rainha, which was named in her honor ("rainha" means "queen" in Portuguese).

Eleanor and John II survived both their sons. Eleanor opposed the wish of her spouse to have his illegitimate son recognized as heir to the throne and appealed to the Pope, who sided with her and had her brother Manuel recognized as the heir of her husband.

John II died on 25 October 1495; the hypothesis of poisoning was never ruled out.

Queen dowager

After her brother Manuel I succeeded to the throne in 1495, Eleanor moved to the palace of Xabregas, where she hosted the royal court and continued to be socially active. For a short period between 1500 and 1502, Eleanor's brother Manuel found himself childless, and Eleanor herself became the heir to the throne. As she had no children, she declined to make the oath as an heir in favour of her sister Isabel.

Eleanor was extremely wealthy and used much of her money for charity. In 1498, she spearheaded the creation of the Santa Casa da Misericórdia as confraternities with humanitarian purposes, especially the care of the poor, the sick, and abandoned children. The original foundations survive today, and more have since been founded in other towns and cities of Portugal and in the Portuguese colonies.

Eleanor is also credited with having introduced the printing press to Portugal, when she commissioned a translation of Vita Christi into Portuguese. When the first of its four volumes were published in 1502, it became the first book to be printed in Alcalá de Henares.

Eleanor supported the foundation of the Hospital Real de Todos-os-Santos (All Saints' Royal Hospital) in Lisbon, considered the best in contemporary Europe. She also founded the convent Madre de Deus (1509), considered a great architectural work, where she spent many of her later years, dressed almost as a nun.

Issue

Ancestry

Sources

1457 births
1525 deaths
Queens consort of Portugal
House of Aviz
Portuguese infantas
Princesses of Portugal
People from Beja, Portugal
People from Caldas da Rainha
15th-century Portuguese people
16th-century Portuguese people
15th-century Portuguese women
16th-century Portuguese women
Women who experienced pregnancy loss

Eleanor of Viseu


Düşman kuvvetleri, harekât alanları, mevcut dost kuvvetler, siyasi ve askeri hedefler vesaire hakkında elde edilebilen bilgilere dayanılarak hazırlanan etraflı ve genel mahiyette stratejik plan. Bu terimi, bir seferberliğin hazırlanmasına ait esasları hazardan itibaren düzenlemek maksadıyla yapılan ve ancak harp tehlikesinin katileşmesi halinde tatbik mevkiine konulan seferberlik planı (mobilization plan) ile karıştırmamak gerekir. Buna (campaign plan) da denir.

Askerî terimler

Sefer planı


Alessio Nieri, né le  à Santa Maria a Monte, est un coureur cycliste italien. Il évolue au sein de l'équipe Green Project-Bardiani CSF-Faizanè.

Biographie
Alessio Nieri est originaire de Santa Maria a Monte une commune située en Toscane. Vers l'âge de seize ans, il participe à ses premières courses cyclistes en VTT. Il passe ensuite au cyclisme sur route. Rapidement, il se fait remarquer par ses qualités de grimpeur, en particulier dans des contre-la-montre en côte.

En 2020, il rejoint l'équipe Mastromarco-Sensi-FC Nibali pour ses débuts espoirs (moins de 23 ans). L'année suivante, il se classe notamment deuxième du Giro del Valdarno chez les amateurs et septième d'une étape sur le Tour d'Italie espoirs. Il participe également au Tour de Toscane, sous les couleurs d'une sélection nationale italienne. Au milieu des professionnels, il parvient à prendre la trente-deuxième place.

Il passe professionnel en 2022 au sein de l'équipe Bardiani CSF Faizanè. Il commence sa saison en Turquie, avant de prendre le départ du Gran Camiño. On le retrouve ensuite engagé dans diverses courses italiennes. Début mai, il termine onzième de la Carpathian Couriers Race, réservée aux coureurs de moins de 23 ans. Durant cette épreuve, il se classe sixième du contre-la-montre en côte, disputé le dernier jour.

En mars 2023, il est échappé sur Milan-Turin. Quatre mois plus tard, il remporte le classement de la montagne du Tour du lac Qinghai.

Palmarès
 2020
 Cronoscalata Per Sempre Alfredo
 2021
  du Giro del Valdarno

Notes et références

Liens externes

Coureur cycliste italien
Naissance en avril 2001
Naissance à Santa Maria a Monte

Alessio Nieri


Formula Two (F2 or Formula 2) is a type of open-wheel formula racing category first codified in 1948. It was replaced in 1985 by Formula 3000, but revived by the FIA from 2009–2012 in the form of the FIA Formula Two Championship. The name returned in 2017 when the former GP2 Series became known as the FIA Formula 2 Championship.

History
While Formula One has generally been regarded as the pinnacle of open-wheeled auto racing, the high-performance nature of the cars and the expense involved in the series has always meant a need for a path to reach this peak.  For much of the history of Formula One, Formula Two has represented the penultimate step on the motorsport ladder.

Pre-war
Prior to the Second World War, there usually existed a division of racing for cars smaller and less powerful than Grand Prix racers. This category was usually called voiturette ("small car") racing and provided a means for amateur or less experienced drivers and smaller marques to prove themselves. By the outbreak of war, the rules for voiturette racing permitted 1.5 L supercharged engines; Grand Prix cars were permitted 3.0 L supercharged or 4.5 L naturally aspirated.

Official beginnings (post war–1953)

In 1946, the 3.0 L supercharged rules were abandoned and Formulae A and B (later 1 and 2) introduced, effective from 1 January 1947. Formula A permitted the old 4.5 L naturally aspirated cars, but as the 3.0 L supercharged cars were more than a match for these (and the pre-War German and Italian cars were no longer available), the old 1.5 L voiturette formula replaced 3.0 L supercharged cars in an attempt to equalise performance.

This left no category below Formula A/Formula One, so Formula Two (originally known as Formula B) was first formally codified by the FIA as a smaller and cheaper complement to the Grand Prix cars of the era to be effective from 1 January 1948 . Among the races held in this first year of Formula Two was the 1948 Stockholm Grand Prix.

In 1948 Scuderia Ferrari built the Ferrari 166 F2, which made its racing debut at the Florence Grand Prix on September 26, 1948.

The rules limited engines to two-litre naturally aspirated or 500 cc supercharged (an option very rarely used). As a result, the cars were smaller, lighter, and cheaper than those used in Formula One. This encouraged new marques such as Cooper to move up to Formula Two, before competing against large manufacturers like Alfa Romeo and Maserati.

In fact, Formula One in its early years attracted so few entrants that in 1952 and 1953 all World Championship Grand Prix races, except the unique Indianapolis 500, were run in Formula Two (there were, however, non-championship Formula One events).

1.5-litre era (1957–1960)

F2 went into decline with the arrival of the 2.5 L F1 in 1954 (with small-capacity sports car racing becoming particularly popular), but a new Formula Two was introduced for 1957, for 1.5 L cars. This became dominated by rear-engined Coopers drawing on their Formula 3 and 'Bobtail' sports car, with Porsches based on their RSK sports cars enjoying some success. Ferrari originally developed their 'Sharknose' Dino 156 as a Formula Two car, while still racing front-engined Grand Prix cars. The dominant engine of this formula was the Coventry Climax FPF four-cylinder, with the rare Borgward sixteen-valve unit enjoying some success.

A slightly enlarged version of the F2 Cooper won the first two Formula One Grands Prix in 1958, marking the beginning of the rear-engined era in Formula One. The 1.5 L formula was short-lived, with Formula Junior effectively replacing first Formula Three and then Formula Two until 1963—but the 1961 1.5 L Formula One was effectively a continuation of this Formula Two. For 1960, in preparation for the new Formula One, two international championships were held, the Formula Two Constructors' Championship and the Formula Two Drivers' Championship. The Drivers' championship was won by Jack Brabham, while the Manufacturers' championship ended in a tie between Porsche and Cooper.

Formula Junior (1961–1963) and 1-litre Formula Two (1964–1966)
Formula Junior was introduced in 1959, an attempt to be all things to all people (both a training formula replacing Formula Three and a high-level international category below Formula One replacing Formula Two), and it was soon realised that there was a need to split it into two new formulae; Formula Two and Formula Three were reintroduced for the 1964 season, with Formula Three requiring one-litre production-based engines, which were similar to Formula Junior with very restricted tuning, and Formula Two also having a 1.0 L engine size, but permitting pure-bred racing engines. Formula Two was largely the domain of Formula One stars on their days off. Engines were mostly by Cosworth (based on Ford blocks) and Honda, though some other units appeared, including various Fiat based units and dedicated racing engines from BMC and BRM.

1.6-litre era and driver grading (1967–1971)
For 1967, the FIA increased the maximum engine capacity to 1600cc. With the "return to power" of Formula One the gap between Formula One and Formula Two was felt to be too wide, and the introduction of new 1600cc production-based engine regulations for Formula Two restored the category to its intended role as a feeder series for Formula One. The FIA also introduced the European Formula Two Championship in 1967. Ickx, driving a Matra MS5, won the inaugural championship by 11 points from the Australian, Frank Gardner.

The most popular 1600cc engine was the Cosworth FVA, the sixteen-valve head on a four-cylinder Cortina block that was effectively the "proof of concept" for the legendary DFV. The 1967 FVA gave  at 9000 rpm. Other units also appeared, including a four-cylinder BMW and a V6 Dino Ferrari.

Nevertheless, many Formula One drivers continued to drive the smaller and lighter cars on non-championship weekends, and some Grand Prix grids (notably in Germany, where the long circuit at the Nürburgring could cope with large entries) would be a mix of Formula One and Formula Two cars. Jacky Ickx made his Grand Prix debut at the Nürburgring in a Formula Two car in 1966. The following year Ickx qualified with the third fastest time overall but was forced to start behind the slower Formula One cars. Ickx quickly forced his way back into a points position, only to be forced to retire with broken suspension. Jim Clark, regarded as one of the greatest race drivers of all time, was killed in a Formula Two race early in 1968, at the Hockenheimring. A year later Gerhard Mitter was killed at the Nürburgring while practising for the 1969 German Grand Prix in a Formula Two car.

The "invasion" of Formula One drivers in Formula Two ranks (a situation similar to that of buschwhacking in modern-day NASCAR) was permitted because of the unique grading system used. Any driver with an A grading was not permitted to score championship points. A driver gained an A rating via various means which changed somewhat over the years, such as finishing in the points in two Grand Prix events or the top three in two World Sports Car events. The annual Formula Two champion was also granted an A rating for one year, and a Formula One World Champion was A graded for five. This system permitted less experienced drivers to work towards the championship and forward their careers, while allowing senior drivers to keep their hand in during the long breaks between Grands Prix of the time.

In the early years of the 1600cc formula, Brabham and Lotus were the most numerous constructors, although Ferrari intermittently entered a works team, as did BMW (with Lola and Dornier-built chassis). A number of smaller constructors such as Matra and Tecno were successful. Chevron also provided cars. The French firm Matra won the three first editions of the European championship, with Tecno winning the fourth.

2.0-litre era (1972–1984)
In 1972, the formula was changed to increase power by permitting 2.0 L production-based engines—Cosworth BDs and BMW four-cylinder engines dominated the early years, with BMW-powered Marches gradually establishing dominance. For 1976, engines developed purely for racing were permitted to compete, with Renault developing a particularly potent V6; allied to a sponsorship scheme from oil company Elf the formula was briefly dominated by French teams and drivers; BMW started to back a works March team and raised the stakes in the late-Seventies. Even the Ferrari engine returned briefly with minimal success. The Hart 420R (ultimately derived from the Cosworth BDA) was briefly successful in Marches and Team Surtees won the European F2 Championship in 1972 with Hart engines, driver Mike Hailwood, but most notably in the works Toleman team's cars. Dominant chassis of this era were generally from March and Ralt, with Chevron, the French Elf and Martinis and German Maurers being briefly successful.

Honda returned to Formula Two in the early 1980s with a powerful V6, but this was very much a works engine and the cost of competing with the works Ralt-Honda team became prohibitive. As a result, grids diminished in size and declining interest in the series threatened it with extinction.

Superseded
After the 1984 season, the FIA replaced Formula Two with the newly created Formula 3000 category, which was designed to cut the cost of competition. The initial regulations joined F2-style chassis with the naturally aspirated 3000 cc Cosworth DFV V8 engines, that were by then obsolete in the all-turbocharged Formula One. The premier series was the FIA Formula 3000 International Championship, though a number of other championships were also run to Formula 3000 regulations.

Revival (2009–2012)

Following an absence of 25 years, a Formula Two championship was re-established by the FIA in 2009. Unlike the previous incarnation, the FIA Formula Two Championship was a one make series, with the competitors all using the same chassis and engine. Jonathan Palmer's MotorSport Vision company managed the championship and also operated and maintained the cars on behalf of the drivers. There were no teams in the championship – unlike other professional motorsport series each driver instead worked with engineers supplied by MotorSport Vision. The cars were designed by Williams Grand Prix Engineering, and were powered by a 1.8L turbocharged Audi engine developed by Mountune Racing, with . The cars fell between Formula One and Formula Three in performance, and cost each driver £195,000 for a season.

The 2009 championship comprised eight events in Europe between the months of May and November. There were two races per weekend – each 110 km long (around 40 minutes). Two 30-minute practice sessions and two 30-minute qualifying sessions preceded both races. The inaugural championship was won by Andy Soucek although was marred by the death of Henry Surtees during the fourth round at Brands Hatch.

The series was discontinued by the FIA and MSV after the 2012 season. The championship had struggled to attract enough drivers in the final year, with the single team concept proving to be unpopular compared to championships run on a more conventional basis. Despite being marketed as a feeder series for Formula One, the competing GP2 and Formula Renault 3.5 series had significantly more powerful cars, and no Formula Two driver had managed to progress to a Formula One team until Jolyon Palmer in 2016 with Renault Sport F1 Team.

Second revival (2017)

In 2015, the FIA announced plans to overhaul the Super Licence system, streamlining the qualification criteria and weighting the various feeder series to allow drivers a more linear progress system. Included with this were plans for a revival of the Formula Two category, which was given priority over all other categories of competition. Further details were published by the World Motorsport Council, revealing plans to model the new Formula Two championship along the same lines as the revived European Formula 3 Championship and the newly introduced Formula 4 category. The series will be a part of the FIA Global Pathway.

Rather than reviving the series by creating a new one where none had previously existed, the FIA chose to rebrand the GP2 Series as the FIA Formula 2 Championship in early 2017. Since then, drivers to have graduated to F1 include Charles Leclerc, George Russell and Oscar Piastri. All eleven teams run the Dallara F2 2018 chassis, powered by a Mecachrome engine.

Other Formula Two series

Soviet Formula 2 Championship

The Central Automotoclub of the USSR (CAMK) joined the FIA in October 1956, aiming to develop Soviet motorsport after seeing international races like the British F1 GP. In 1959, CAMK introduced a new classification system for racing cars in the USSR. However, F2 cars were not part of the 1960 Soviet motorsport championship because there were no suitable stock engines available, and the Soviet Union did not produce specialized racing engines at that time. Consequently, it wasn't until 1962 that the F2 category made its debut in Soviet autosport championships. Two years later, updated F2 regulations were introduced. It wasn't until 1971 that F2 cars started to regularly appear on Soviet tracks, and F2 series were included in Soviet motorsport championships until 1977.

Japanese Formula Two

Prior to the Formula Nippon, during the 1.6 L 1967–1971 era, a Formula 2 series championship existed in Japan. Japanese teams were building their own cars and engines. As for races ran in Europe, the series was simply called Formula 2. Amongst the makes, the best known was the Mitsubishi Colt. Cars raced with parallel FIA rules, using 1600 cc displacement engines, from 1967 to 1970.

Japan ran a series known as "Japanese Formula 2000 championship" to rules similar to two-litre F2 between 1973 and 1977. Production-based single-cam engines were permitted to run at 2.4 L, but they soon came into line with FIA rules in the mid-1970s. The Japanese Formula 2 championship ran between 1978 and 1986, before Japan too adopted a set of regulations very similar to F3000 rules, with the series being known as Japanese Formula 3000 from 1987. The series is now known as Super Formula, after using the name Formula Nippon from 1996 to 2012. Japan also ran a series for full-bodied versions of F2 cars called Fuji Grand Champion Series—somewhat akin to the F5000-based revival of Can-Am.

Australian Formula 2

Australia has had its own Australian Formula 2 category since 1964. From 1978 the formula has specified that cars be powered by a production-based single-cam engine with a capacity between 1100 cc and 1600 cc. Induction must be by means of carburettor/s, the engine must be naturally aspirated and an 8500 rpm rev limit is applied.

An Australian Formula 2 Championship was sanctioned by the Confederation of Australian Motor Sport in the years from 1964 to 1965, from 1969 to 1977 and from 1979 to 1988.

Mexican Formula Two
Mexico ran its own Formula Two series (previously known as Formula K) for 12 years in the early 1990s. The cars were similar to Formula Atlantic vehicles, fitted with 2.2 L Chrysler engines.

British Formula Two

Formula Two racing was popular in the United Kingdom in the late 1940s and early 1950s. During the 2.0 litre engine era, HWM, Connaught and Cooper were among the constructors who built cars for the class, usually powered by Bristol. When F2 was brought back in 1.5 litre form in 1956, Cooper and Lotus were the first to build cars to the new specification, taking advantage of the availability of Coventry Climax engines.

Championships were held from 1956 to 1960, 1964 to 1967 and again in 1972. Stirling Moss, Jack Brabham, Jim Clark and Niki Lauda won titles.

The British Formula 3000 series was briefly known as "Formula Two" in an attempt to make its status more apparent to casual spectators. However, the series was in terminal decline and the change of name did not help. At one point the use of 4.2 L TVR engines cars in F3000 chassis was discussed as a possible British F2, but this did not materialise.

Trophées de France

Prior to the formation of the European Championship, France held its own, very popular championship between 1964 and 1967. Despite only running for four seasons, the Brabham marque won three titles, with the drivers going to Jack Brabham (twice), Jim Clark and Jochen Rindt. Races were held at some of the most legendary venues in France, Pau, Clermont-Ferrand and Reims, to name just three.

However once the European Championship had successfully completed this first season, the French version was abandoned.

Formula Two champions

See also
 European Formula Two Championship
 FIA Formula 2 Championship
 FIA Formula Two Championship (2009–2012)
 GP2 Series

References

 A Record of Grand Prix and Voiturette racing Volume 9 1970-1973 Paul Sheldon ISBN 0 95260 50 0 7
A Record of Grand Prix and Voiturette racing Volume 10 1974-1978 Paul Sheldon ISBN 0 95260 50 0 8

External links
 Official Website of the FIA Formula Two Championship
 Formula 2 register
 Formula 2 research at OldRacingCars.com
 Old Formula Two

2
2
Open wheel racing

Formula Two


Namnå Station (Namnå stasjon) er en tidligere jernbanestation på Solørbanen, der ligger ved bygden Namnå i Grue kommune i Norge.

Stationen åbnede som holdeplads 3. november 1893, da banen mellem Kongsvinger og Flisa blev taget i brug. Oprindeligt hed den Navnaa, men navnet blev ændret til Navnaaen i april 1894, til Navnåen i april 1921 og endelig til Namnå 1. september 1922. Året efter, 1. juni 1923, blev den opgraderet til station. Som sådan var den bemandet indtil 1. juni 1986. Persontrafikken på banen blev indstillet 29. august 1994.

Stationsbygningen er opført i træ og er ligesom de øvrige på strækningen tegnet af Paul Due. I 2011 husede den Namnå stasjon Kunst & design. På det tidspunkt var der i øvrigt kun et farbart spor på stationen, mens et andet var overgroet.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

 Norske jernbanestasjoner om Namnå stasjon

Stationer på Solørbanen
Jernbanestationer i Norge uden persontrafik
Etableret i 1893

Namnå Station


An Fosterella petiolata in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl Christian Mez, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Lyman Bradford Smith. An Fosterella petiolata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Fosterella, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Fosterella

Fosterella petiolata


La Carretera de Nebraska 15 (en inglés: Nebraska Highway 15) y abreviada NE 15, con una longitud de , es una carretera estatal de sentido sur-norte ubicada en el estado estadounidense de Nebraska. La Carretera de Nebraska 15 se inicia en su extremo sur en la frontera de Kansas en Fairbury y en el norte en la  Maskell en la frontera de Dakota del Sur.

Cruces
Los principales cruces de la Carretera de Nebraska 15 son las siguientes:

Véase también

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Lista de Autopistas por estado
 The Nebraska Highways Page: Carreteras de Nebraska del 1 al 30
 Carreteras de Nebraska: NE 11-20

Carreteras estatales de Nebraska
Condado de Cedar (Nebraska)
Condado de Colfax (Nebraska)
Condado de Dixon
Condado de Jefferson (Nebraska)
Condado de Seward (Nebraska)
Condado de Stanton (Nebraska)
Condado de Wayne (Nebraska)

Carretera de Nebraska 15


Desmond Chiam é um ator australiano mais conhecido por seu papel como Wyatt Cole em Reef Break, General Riga em The Shannara Chronicles e Dovich em The Falcon and the Winter Soldier.

Infância e educação
Chiam nasceu de pais de ascendência chinesa cingapuriana. Quando criança, ele passava um terço do ano em Singapura, pois seu pai costumava trabalhar lá. Ele é formado em direito pela Universidade de Melbourne e também possui mestrado em roteiro pela Universidade do Sul da Califórnia.

Carreira
Chiam começou a carreira como advogado depois de se formar na Universidade de Melbourne. Insatisfeito com a carreira de advogado depois de três meses, ele decidiu buscar campos mais criativos em breakdance e atuação.

Ele começou em curtas-metragens na Austrália antes de aparecer na televisão australiana em séries como Neighbours e Better Man. Ele acabou se mudando para Los Angeles para seguir a carreira de ator. Chiam teve papéis em várias séries de televisão americanas, incluindo NCIS: Los Angeles e Bones, e também esteve em Con Man, uma websérie de Alan Tudyk.

Em fevereiro de 2017, ele se juntou ao elenco principal de The Shannara Chronicles da Spike TV (a série estava anteriormente na MTV) na segunda temporada do programa, onde interpretou o vilão, General Riga.  Após Shannara Chronicles, ele foi escalado como Jethro, namorado de Carly interpretado por Kelli Berglund, na série da Starz, Now Apocalypse estrelado por Avan Jogia por Gregg Araki. Após a série, ele se juntou ao elenco do filme Empty by Design, ambientado em Manila, trabalhando ao lado dos amigos Chris Pang, Osric Chau, Yoshi Sudarso e Andrea Walter.

Em dezembro de 2018, ele foi escalado como o protagonista masculino Wyatt Cole na série criminal de verão de 2019 da ABC e M6, Reef Break, ao lado de Poppy Montgomery. Após o cancelamento de Reef Break, Chiam se juntou ao elenco da série da Marvel, The Falcon and the Winter Soldier como Dovich.

Após The Falcon and the Winter Soldier, Chiam foi escalado como Nick Zhao em With Love, a série de comédia romântica de uma hora da Amazon de Gloria Calderón Kellett e seus GloNation Studios e Amazon Studios. Chiam também fez uma incursão no mundo da dublagem e pode ser ouvido como a voz inglesa de Werewolf Cookie no popular jogo Cookie Run Kingdom.

Desmond será visto ao lado de Chris Pang, Alexander Hodge, Sherry Austria, Stephanie Hsu, Ashley Park e Sabrina Wu na próxima estreia na direção de Adele Lim. Ele também está programado para ser visto na adaptação da Netflix de Partner Track com Arden Cho.

Vida pessoal

Chiam foi o Solteiro do Ano da CLEO Cingapura em 2011.

Ele reside em Los Angeles com sua esposa.

Filmografia

Ligações externas

 Desmond Chiam no Instagram
 Desmond Chiam no Facebook

Atores de televisão da Austrália

Desmond Chiam


Dick & Dom in da Bungalow is a British children's television series presented by the duo Dick and Dom (Richard McCourt and Dominic Wood). The series was broadcast on weekend mornings for five series on the CBBC Channel, BBC One and BBC Two, running between 31 August 2002 and 11 March 2006.

Creation
McCourt and Wood met whilst presenting CBBC's in vision links from Studio TC9 at BBC Television Centre in West London, and were invited to create a new Saturday morning show to air on CBBC's new digital channel after establishing themselves as a double act. The name in da Bungalow was suggested by the BBC as a parody of Ali G Indahouse, and aired directly against SM:TV Live with H and Claire from Steps, and The Saturday Show on BBC One with Fearne Cotton and Simon Grant. After six months, da Bungalow had half a million viewers and moved to BBC One in 2003.

Show format
Much of the programme revolved around a loose game show format involving six studio contestants (or Bungalow Heads). These were all children in Series 1–4, whilst in Series 5, five children and one celebrity were the contestants on the Saturday show, and five children and a special guest ranging from family members / friends, or the cast of the show in various outfits (such as Darth Vader, or Mr. Blobby) were contestants on the Sunday show. Points were earned through success in various games throughout the show, although points could be awarded or taken away at any time by the hosts. Although they threatened to do this, for example, when a particular child was being troublesome, this was mostly never carried out.

The first and second prizes were usually desirable items such as a TV or games console, but the third prize was always a 'booby prize' like a hubcap, a cake made of carpet, a hairy cheese, bottled water from the River Hull or a chocolate tea pot. At the very end, the Bungalow Head with the fewest points was gunged, sitting on the toilet - though for the last series this practice was largely dropped, possibly because the contestants were already covered in "creamy muck muck" (custard) during the finale round.

The show's games were interspersed with random features and cartoons.

During Series 1 to 4, the points total at the end of Saturday - with an extra prize for the winner on Saturday - was carried over to the Sunday show, and prizes were awarded at the end of that show.

Recurring features

Bogies
The most infamous part of Dick and Dom in da Bungalow was a pre-recorded game called Bogies. In this game, Dick and Dom situated themselves in a quiet public place such as a museum or restaurant and took turns to shout "bogies" at gradually increasing volumes, until one of them did not shout as loud as the other (judged by a meter on the screen), or quit due to embarrassment.

The commentary for Bogies was provided by the show's producer, Steve Ryde.

Diddy Dick and Dom
Diddy Dick and Dom was a segment in which miniature versions of Dick and Dom (in reality, puppets attached to a black cloak) presented a mini sketch during an intermission of the show. The location for these sketches was in a purple cupboard, and away from the attention of Dick, Dom and the Bungalow Heads, the doors would open to show the duo. These were pre-recorded, and no more than a minute in length. Both Diddy Dick and Diddy Dom spoke with very squeaky voices, edited in post production. The sketches involving Diddy Dick and Diddy Dom tended to be either slapstick humour, puns or, more often than not, toilet humour.

In 2007, a series of 3-4 minute compilations of the sketches were made and shown on CBBC.

Cartoons
Every episode would have anywhere up to two to three cartoons shown throughout the show, including but not limited to the following.

 The Fairly OddParents
 Batfink
 Yvon of the Yukon
 Tom and Jerry Kids
 Watch My Chops
 Looney Tunes cartoons
 The New Scooby and Scrappy-Doo Show
 Taz Mania
 The Cramp Twins
 BB3B
 Zombie Hotel

Controversies
The BBC upheld a complaint in August 2004 against Wood and McCourt appearing nearly naked in promotions for the show on the CBBC Channel, deeming the material as beyond acceptable standards.

In September 2004, Ofcom said that the show breached children's programming regulations when Dominic Wood wore a t-shirt with the wording "Morning Wood", a slang term for erections. He said that it was merely a reference to the morning timeslot and his surname. The BBC said that its producers made an error in not objecting to the shirt.

Peter Luff, a Conservative MP, attacked the programme and its website for scatological content and criticised the role of the BBC as a public broadcaster of such content. The BBC responded that the show was entertainment for children 8-12 and was well-liked by that demographic, but may not appeal to adults. Luff's comments were subsequently parodied on the show in a segment titled 'Question Muck', inspired by the long running topical debate programme 'Question Time' based in the UK, where their panel of fake guests included a ball of fluff called 'Rt Hon. Pieceof Fluff MP'.

Transmissions

"No celebrities allowed" rule
The main rule of "da Bungalow" for most of its run was that there were no celebrities allowed, except for Comic Relief and the final series. A running gag through the early seasons of the show featured a minor, and often somewhat cult, celebrity, locked in a cage in the dungeon of the Bungalow. In later series, the celebrity would be found in the attic. In both cases they would normally be silent. Some people who have been in the cage or the attic included Vince Earl, Sarah Greene, John Kettley, Hugo Myatt (as Treguard from ITV's Knightmare), Su Pollard, Bodger and Badger, and Peter Simon.

For the final series, however, this rule was changed, and five Bungalow Heads were joined by a Celebrity Bungalow Head. The first celebrity to enter the Bungalow was Rachel Stevens, who refused to take part in the show's Creamy Muck Muck finale, Splativersity Challenge. Reports at the time suggested that the presenters have banned Stevens from any live broadcast they do in the future.

Accolades

Spin-offs

Diddy Dick and Dom on CBBC
Short five-minute compilations of the Diddy Dick and Dom sketches were aired as filler programmes on BBC Two and the CBBC Channel after the programme's end.

Da Dick and Dom Dairies

A new series of compilations began airing during weekday mornings on BBC2 from Monday 26 January to Friday 20 February 2009 featuring newly recorded material from the original cast and the creamy muck muck finale towards the end of each episode. Regular segments included:
 Game or No Game in which Little Noely (a parody of Noel Edmonds played by Ian Kirkby who appeared in the Bungalow on two occasions) presents a parody of Deal or No Deal in order to determine whether or not a game will be shown or not. Little Noely invited viewers to pick one of two boxes. We are led to believe that if the "No Game" box is picked the show will end. If the "Game" box is picked the name of the game shown in the box is played.
 Good Game Good Game Gamey Game Game in which parodies of Bruce Forsyth and Tess Daly pick random cards each enlisting a game until a pair is found. The game which is the subject of the pair is subsequently shown, after "Bruce" says "What do we do with a pair?" and "Tess" says something like "Eat it!" (referring to the fruit). For some reason in this feature Tess Daly is just a mini spinning cardboard cut out which talks with a gruff northern accent.
 Batt Files in which Harry Batt interrogates former Bungalow Heads and relives classic Bungalow moments. The Prize Idiot also features who we are now told is a Police Constable working for DI Batt.
 Good Bungalows Go Bad - Melvin O Doom features in a sketch in which he relives some of his personal favourite Bungalow moments.

Notice the deliberate spelling mistake in the title (Dairies-Diaries), which is pointed out in the final episode of Da Dick and Dom Dairies.

Diddy TV

In 2016, another new series aired on CBBC which was a sketch show featuring parodies of various other programmes. It ran for four seasons.

Future & 20th Anniversary Tour
In 2016, producer Steve Ryde has stated that there may be a one-off special in the future.

On 14 November 2019, Dick and Dom ran a poll on Twitter asking if viewers would be interested to see a revival of the show, except with adults as contestants.

Tour

On 26 January 2022, Dick and Dom posted an image of one of the Bungalow's wallpapers on Instagram, with no context. Social media users theorized that this could signify a reboot. On 3 May 2022, Dick and Dom posted on their social media pages a video of the Bungalow house logo with the number 5 next to it and with Dick's voice shouting bogies. Over the next few hours, other videos were posted to create a countdown. On 4 May 2022, it was announced that Dick and Dom in Da Bungalow would be returning as a tour in Autumn 2022 to mark the show's 20th Anniversary. The tour was delayed to 2023 with added venues across the UK. The tour officially commenced on 11 March 2023 in the Birmingham Town Hall Exactly 17 years to the day since the final episode. When asked in an interview about this Dick & Dom had not realised this and were pleasantly surprised!

References

External links

 Dick and Dom in da Bungalow at Saturday Mornings

CBBC shows
BBC children's television shows
2000s British children's television series
2002 British television series debuts
2006 British television series endings
British television shows featuring puppetry
Television series featuring gunge

Dick & Dom in da Bungalow


Theodor Waldner von Freundstein (* 27. November 1786 in Schweighouse-Thann, Elsass; † 17. Juli 1864 in Weinheim) war ein deutsch-französischer Adeliger und Militär, Schlossherr zu Weinheim und Limburgerhof.

Herkunft
Die Waldner von Freundstein sind ein alteingesessenes elsässisches Adelsgeschlecht. Ihr Stammschloss Freundstein bei Goldbach, die höchstgelegene Burg des Elsass, befindet sich bis heute im Besitz der Familie. Theodors Großvater Franz Ludwig Waldner von Freundstein (1710–1789) war Mestre de camp in der französischen Kavallerie. Sein Bruder, der Maréchal de camp und spätere Lieutenant-général Christian Friedrich Dagobert Waldner von Freundstein (1712–1783), wurde 1748 von König Ludwig XV. in den erblichen Grafenstand erhoben. Da er keine Söhne hatte, fiel der Grafentitel nach seinem Tod an den Familienzweig des vorgenannten Bruders.

Die Eltern Theodors Waldner von Freundstein waren Gottfried Waldner von Freundstein (1757–1818), Artillerie-Offizier, Mitglied des Generalrats der Oberrheinischen Ritterschaft sowie der Reichsritterschaft in der Ortenau und der Wetterau, sowie dessen Gattin Friederike von Stein zu Nord- und Ostheim.

Des Vaters Schwester, Henriette von Oberkirch, wurde durch ihre Memoiren bekannt. Theodors eigene Schwester Diana Rabe von Pappenheim (1788–1844) war zeitweise die Mätresse von Jérôme Bonaparte, König von Westfalen, dem jüngsten Bruder Kaiser Napoleons.

Leben und Wirken
Theodor Waldner von Freundstein wurde laut seiner Grabinschrift auf (dem inzwischen zerstörten) Schloss Schwaighausen im oberelsässischen Schweighouse-Thann geboren. Er war Grundherr zu Schmieheim, Mitglied der Reichsritterschaft des Kantons Ortenau, Colonel in der kaiserlich französischen Armee und Offizier der französischen Ehrenlegion, sowie des holländischen Ordens der Reunion.

Er heiratete am 2. September 1817 die sehr wohlhabende Mannheimerin Friederike von Stumm (1793–1829), Tochter des aus der Industriellenfamilie Stumm entstammenden kurpfälzischen Hofbankiers Christian Philipp von Stumm (1758–1828) und dessen Ehefrau Augusta geb. Schmalz, Erbin des gleichnamigen Mannheimer Bankhauses. Mit Friederike von Stumm zusammen erwarb Waldner 1823 ein Landgut im pfälzischen Limburgerhof, das sich beide zu einem Adelspalais mit Parkanlage, Orangerie und einem Turm ausbauen ließen. Im Untergeschoss des Turmes richtete man eine katholische Kapelle ein, die der Speyerer Bischof Nikolaus von Weis 1845 weihte.

Friederike von Stumm verstarb bereits 1829. Sie wurde in Mannheim begraben und ihr Ehemann ließ ihr ein sehr anrührendes Grabmal errichten. Er heiratete ihre Schwester Auguste von Stumm (1796–1876), die Witwe des Freiherrn Christian Friedrich von Berckheim (1781–1832).

Theodor Waldner von Freundstein und seine zweite Frau Auguste erwarben 1837 Schloss Weinheim und ließen es um- bzw. ausbauen. Neben dem Landsitz Limburgerhof lebte das Paar überwiegend in Weinheim, und die Familie war dort sehr beliebt. Zu ihren regelmäßigen Gästen zählte hier Stéphanie de Beauharnais, die verwitwete Großherzogin von Baden und Adoptivtochter Kaiser Napoleons, welche in Mannheim lebte.

Theodor Waldner von Freundstein starb 1864 in Weinheim und wurde ebenfalls auf dem Mannheimer Hauptfriedhof, an der Grabstätte seiner ersten Frau beigesetzt. Dort hat er mit seiner 1876 verstorbenen zweiten Gattin Auguste ein Doppelgrab in Thumbaform, das direkt vor dem Grabmal der ersten Ehefrau liegt.

Das Schloss in Weinheim erbte der Sohn aus der ersten Ehe von Gräfin Auguste, Staatsminister Christian Friedrich Gustav von Berckheim (1817–1889), der dort auch den sogenannten Exotenwald anlegen ließ.

Das Schloss in Limburgerhof hatte noch zu Lebzeiten des Grafen dessen Sohn aus erster Ehe, Adalbert Waldner von Freundstein (1819–1857), erhalten, der es innerhalb weniger Jahre so stark verschuldete, dass es 1858 zwangsversteigert werden musste.

Augusta Theodora Waldner von Freundstein, die Tochter des Grafen aus erster Ehe, heiratete ihren Cousin Karl August von Gersdorff. Dieser war der Sohn des sächsischen Ministers Ernst Christian August von Gersdorff (1781–1852) und dessen zweiter Gattin Diana von Gersdorf (zuvor Diana Rabe von Pappenheim), der Schwester von Theodor Waldner von Freundstein.

Literatur

Weblinks

 Genealogische Webseite zu Graf Theodor Waldner von Freundstein
 Webseite des Historischen Vereins Limburgerhof zum dortigen Schloss

Einzelnachweise

Adliger
Militärperson (Frankreich)
Mitglied der Ehrenlegion (Offizier)
Person (Weinheim)
Person (Elsass)
Geschichte (Mannheim)
Person (Mannheim)
Geboren 1786
Gestorben 1864
Mann

Theodor Waldner von Freundstein


إقليم مولدوفا شمالي شرقي رومانيا واحد من أقاليم رومانيا التسعة، يتضمن عدة محافظات رومانية منها سوتشافا ونيامتس وياش وبوتوشاني. يقع على الحدود مع جمهورية مولدوفا وقديما كانت منطقة واحدة قبل انفصال الجمهورية عن رومانيا وبقيت تسمية هذه المنطقة بهذا الاسم.

مراجع

مولدافيا (إقليم)
إمارة البغدان
دول تابعة سابقا

مولدافيا (إقليم)


Kragelund Teglværk  i Højbjerg,  Aarhus, blev opført 1851 af teglværksmanden H.P. Heide hvis søn, Rolf Wilhelm Heide, overtog gården og teglværket i år 1890. Umiddelbart efter overtagelsen udvidede han bygningerne med en herskabelig tværfløj. Det var oprindeligt en landbrugsejendom på cirka 60 tønder land med navnet Kragelund. Park og bygninger har - oprindelsen til trods - samlet set karakter af en herregård. Er blevet ombygget i flere omgange og var fra 1937 hotel, med en glansperiode i 1960'erne.  Kragelund er i dag  et Kultur- og kontaktsted  under "Socialpsykiatri og Udsatte Voksne" og  et botilbud til borgere med svære psykiske og sociale vanskeligheder under Aarhus Kommune.

Referencer

Teglværker i Danmark
Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Aarhus

Kragelund Teglværk


Myrothamnus, mali rod kserofitskih grmova smješten u vlastitu porodicu Myrothamnaceae, dio reda Gunnerales.

Postoje dvije priznate vrste raširenih po Africi i Madagaskaru

Vrste
 Myrothamnus flabellifolia Welw.
 Myrothamnus moschata Baill.

Izvori

Gunnerales

Myrothamnus


مديرية حَيْفان إحدى مديريات محافظة تعز في اليمن. بلغ عدد سكانها 75288 نسمة عام 2004م.
يحدها من الشمال مديرية خدير ومن الجنوب والشرق محافظة لحج ومن الغرب مديرية الصلو، ومديرية المواسط، وجزء من مديرية الشمايتين.

التقسيم الإداري
تتكون من خمس عُزَل هُنَّ الأعروق، الأغابرة، الأعبوس، الأثاور، الأحكوم ويقع مركز المديرية في الأغابرة.

المواقع والمزارات الأثرية والتاريخية والسياحية
تنتشر المواقع الأثرية والتاريخية القديمة مثل المساجد الإسلامية القديمة، والسدود القديمة، وبقايا أساسات لمبانٍ قديمة.. كما تتواجد في المديرية بعض الحصون التاريخية.منها حصن ناصر في قرية الفرعين- ظبي و هو معرض للهدم بسبب اهمال الجهات المعنية و غيرة الكثير ..

الأنشطة الاقتصادية للسكان
يعتمد بعض السكان على عائدات الإنتاج الزراعي ونشاط الرعي وتربية الحيوان فيما يعمل بعض السكان في الوظائف الحكومية والخاصة حيث تمتلك هذه المديرية تقريباً أعلى مستوى تعليمي في اليمن ويوجد الكثير من البيوت التجارية في اليمن والتي يمتلكها أبناء هذه المديرية من أمثال هائل سعيد أنعم وإخوان ثابت حيث يؤثر هذا على اقتصاد المديرية. والحالة الاقتصادية للمديرية متوسطة.

المقومات الاقتصادية للمديرية
 الإنتاج الزراعي:
يتم زراعة الحبوب كالذرة الرفيعة البيضاء، والدخن، والذرة الشامية والخضروات كَالبطاط، والفجل، والفلفل الأخضر. والفواكة والحمضيات كَالمانجو، والفرسك، والرمان، والليمون، والموز.
 تربية الحيوانات:
يتم تربية الماعز، والإبل، والضأن، والأبقار، وتربية الدواجن للاستهلاك الذاتي.

مراجع

محافظة تعز
مديريات اليمن
مديريات محافظة تعز

مديرية حيفان


An Dipodium squamatum in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Johann Georg Adam Forster, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Robert Brown. An Dipodium squamatum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dipodium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Dipodium

Dipodium squamatum


József Dudás, né le  à Marosvásárhely (en roumain : Târgu Mureș) en Autriche-Hongrie (aujourd'hui en Transylvanie, Roumanie) et mort le  à Budapest, est un homme politique et résistant hongrois.

Biographie
Très jeune, il rejoint le parti communiste illégal de Transylvanie. En 1933, il est arrêté et condamné à neuf ans de prison. Lorsque le nord de la Transylvanie est cédé à la Hongrie dans le cadre du deuxième arbitrage de Vienne en 1940, il est libéré et s'installe à Budapest. Pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, il travaille au sein du mouvement antifasciste comme agent de liaison entre les groupes. À la fin de la guerre, il fait partie d'une délégation non officielle qui se rend à Moscou pour un cessez-le-feu, et il est l'un des membres fondateurs du Comité de libération du soulèvement national hongrois.

À la fin 1945, il rejoint le Parti indépendant des petits propriétaires et est élu au gouvernement de Budapest. Alors que les communistes montent leur campagne pour prendre le contrôle de la Hongrie, Dudás est arrêté, détenu puis remis à la sécurité d'État roumaine en 1951. Libéré en 1954, il retourne en Hongrie.

Il travaille comme ingénieur lorsque l'insurrection de Budapest éclate en 1956. Il s'adresse alors aux foules et crée le 29 octobre le Comité national du deuxième district, avec un programme en 25 points exigeant, un gouvernement de coalition, un système multipartite et la neutralité. Il lance le un journal Magyar Függetlenség (Indépendance hongroise) qui titre : « Nous ne reconnaissons pas le gouvernement actuel ! » Au même moment est formé le « groupe Dudás », composé d'environ 400 hommes armés. Dudás gagne une mauvaise réputation parmi les forces révolutionnaires pour avoir entamé des négociations avec le colonel Malashenko, chef d'état-major par intérim des forces spéciales soviétiques, dans le but d'être reconnu par les Soviétiques comme l'homme clé du pouvoir politique et militaire en Hongrie, au lieu d'Imre Nagy. Le groupe Dudás est connu pour la campagne de terreur qu'il mène contre les membres de la police secrète AVH hongroise, lynchant ou exécutant à vue, à un tel point que d'autres révolutionnaires commencent à arrêter des officiers de l'AVH pour les protéger.

Il continue à publier son journal critiquant le gouvernement Nagy jusqu'à ce que ses propres hommes le limogent le 3 novembre et qu'il soit arrêté par les forces gouvernementales pour des actes qui lui sont imputés ou propagés par la rumeur (attaque contre le ministère des Affaires étrangères ; pillage de la Banque nationale). Le 4 novembre, il est blessé et transporté à l'hôpital.

Le 21 novembre, il est attiré par ruse dans le bâtiment du Parlement et arrêté par les Soviétiques. Accusé d'avoir fomenté un complot, il est condamné à mort  le 14 janvier 1957, et exécuté le 19 janvier 1957.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Personnalité politique hongroise
Résistant hongrois
Personnalité liée à Târgu Mureș
Naissance en septembre 1912
Naissance à Marosvásárhely
Décès en janvier 1957
Décès à Budapest
Personnalité de l'insurrection de Budapest
Décès à 44 ans

József Dudás