Water heating is a heat transfer process that uses an energy source to heat water above its initial temperature. Typical domestic uses of hot water include cooking, cleaning, bathing, and space heating. In industry, hot water and water heated to steam have many uses.

Domestically, water is traditionally heated in vessels known as water heaters, kettles, cauldrons, pots, or coppers. These metal vessels that heat a batch of water do not produce a continual supply of heated water at a preset temperature. Rarely, hot water occurs naturally, usually from natural hot springs. The temperature varies with the consumption rate, becoming cooler as flow increases.

Appliances that provide a continual supply of hot water are called water heaters, hot water heaters, hot water tanks, boilers, heat exchangers, geysers (Southern Africa and the Arab world), or calorifiers. These names depend on region, and whether they heat potable or non-potable water, are in domestic or industrial use, and their energy source. In domestic installations, potable water heated for uses other than space heating is also called domestic hot water (DHW).

Fossil fuels (natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, oil), or solid fuels are commonly used for heating water. These may be consumed directly or may produce electricity that, in turn, heats water. Electricity to heat water may also come from any other electrical source, such as nuclear power or renewable energy. Alternative energy such as solar energy, heat pumps, hot water heat recycling, and geothermal heating can also heat water, often in combination with backup systems powered by fossil fuels or electricity.

Densely populated urban areas of some countries provide district heating of hot water. This is especially the case in Scandinavia, Finland and Poland. District heating systems supply energy for water heating and space heating from combined heat and power (CHP) plants such as incinerators, central heat pumps, waste heat from industries, geothermal heating, and central solar heating. Actual heating of tap water is performed in heat exchangers at the consumers' premises. Generally the consumer has no in-building backup system as redundancy is usually significant on the district heating supply side.

Today, in the United States, domestic hot water used in homes is most commonly heated with natural gas, electric resistance, or a heat pump. Electric heat pump water heaters are significantly more efficient than electric resistance water heaters, but also more expensive to purchase. Some energy utilities offer their customers funding to help offset the higher first cost of energy efficient water heaters.

Types of water heating appliances

Hot water used for space heating may be heated by fossil fuels in a boiler, while potable water may be heated in a separate appliance. This is common practice in the US, especially when warm-air space heating is usually employed.

Storage water heaters (tank-type)

In household and commercial usage, most North American and Southern Asian water heaters are the tank type, also called storage water heaters. These consist of a cylindrical vessel or container that keeps water continuously hot and ready to use. Typical sizes for household use range from 75400 L (20100 US gallons). These may use electricity, natural gas, propane, heating oil, solar, or other energy sources. Natural gas heaters are most popular in the US and most European countries, since the gas is often conveniently piped throughout cities and towns and currently is the cheapest to use. In the United States, typical natural gas water heaters for households without unusual needs are  with a burner rated at .

This is a popular arrangement where higher flow rates are required for limited periods. Water is heated in a pressure vessel that can withstand a hydrostatic pressure close to that of the incoming mains supply. A pressure reducing valve is sometimes employed to limit the pressure to a safe level for the vessel. In North America, these vessels are called hot water tanks, and may incorporate an electrical resistance heater, a heat pump, or a gas or oil burner that heats water directly.

Where hot-water space heating boilers are installed, domestic hot water cylinders are usually heated indirectly by primary water from the boiler, or by an electric immersion heater (often as backup to the boiler). In the UK these vessels are called indirect cylinders and direct cylinders, respectively. Additionally, if these cylinders form part of a sealed system, providing mains-pressure hot water, they are known as unvented cylinders. In the US, when connected to a boiler, they are called indirect-fired water heaters.

Compared to tankless heaters, storage water heaters have the advantage of using energy (gas or electricity) at a relatively slow rate, storing the heat for later use. The disadvantage is that over time, heat escapes through the tank wall and the water cools down, activating the heating system to heat the water back up, so investing in a tank with better insulation improves this standby efficiency. Additionally, when heavy use exhausts the hot water, there is a significant delay before hot water is available again. Larger tanks tend to provide hot water with less temperature fluctuation at moderate flow rates.

Volume storage water heaters in the United States and New Zealand are typically vertical cylindrical tanks, usually standing on the floor, a 'cylinder tray' or on a platform raised a short distance above the floor. Volume storage water heaters in Spain are typically horizontal. In India, they are mainly vertical. In apartments they can be mounted in the ceiling space over laundry-utility rooms. In Australia, gas and electric outdoor tank heaters have mainly been used (with high temperatures to increase effective capacity), but solar roof tanks are becoming fashionable.

Tiny point-of-use (POU) electric storage water heaters with capacities ranging from 832 L (26 gallons) are made for installation in kitchen and bath cabinets or on the wall above a sink. They typically use low power heating elements, about 1 kW to 1.5 kW, and can provide hot water long enough for hand washing, or, if plumbed into an existing hot water line, until hot water arrives from a remote high capacity water heater. They may be used when retrofitting a building with hot water plumbing is too costly or impractical. Since they maintain water temperature thermostatically, they can only supply a continuous flow of hot water at extremely low flow rates, unlike high-capacity tankless heaters.

In tropical countries like Singapore and India, a storage water heater may vary from 10 L to 35 L. Smaller water heaters are sufficient, as ambient weather temperatures and incoming water temperature are moderate. The Coldest regions in India like Kashmir, people are mostly dependent on the storage type electric water heaters. Mostly 50L or 75L Storage type electric water heaters are connected to overhead water source.

Point-of-use (POU) vs centralized hot water
A locational design decision may be made between point-of-use and centralized water heaters. Centralized water heaters are more traditional, and are still a good choice for small buildings. For larger buildings with intermittent or occasional hot water use, multiple POU water heaters may be a better choice, since they can reduce long waits for hot water to arrive from a remote heater. The decision where to locate the water heater(s) is only partially independent of the decision of a tanked vs. tankless water heater, or the choice of energy source for the heat.

Instantaneous water heaters (tankless-type)

Tankless water heaters—also called instantaneous, continuous flow, inline, flash, on-demand, or instant-on water heaters—are gaining in popularity. These high-power water heaters instantly heat water as it flows through the device, and do not retain any water internally except for what is in the heat exchanger coil. Copper heat exchangers are preferred in these units because of their high thermal conductivity and ease of fabrication.

Tankless heaters may be installed throughout a household at more than one point-of-use (POU), far from a central water heater, or larger centralized models may still be used to provide all the hot water requirements for an entire house. The main advantages of tankless water heaters are a plentiful continuous flow of hot water (as compared to a limited flow of continuously heated hot water from conventional tank water heaters), and potential energy savings under some conditions. The main disadvantage is their much higher initial costs; a US study in Minnesota reported a 20- to 40-year payback for the tankless water heaters. In a comparison to a less efficient natural gas fired hot water tank, on-demand natural gas will cost 30% more over its useful life.

Stand-alone appliances for quickly heating water for domestic usage are known in North America as tankless or on demand water heaters. In some places, they are called multipoint heaters, geysers or ascots. In Australia and New Zealand they are called instantaneous hot water units. In Argentina they are called calefones. In that country calefones use gas instead of electricity, although gas powered tankless water heaters can also be found in other countries. A similar wood-fired appliance was known as the chip heater.

A common arrangement where hot-water space heating is employed is for a boiler also to heat potable water, providing a continuous supply of hot water without extra equipment. Appliances that can supply both space-heating and domestic hot water are called combination (or combi) boilers. Though on-demand heaters provide a continuous supply of domestic hot water, the rate at which they can produce it is limited by the thermodynamics of heating water from the available fuel supplies.

Electric shower heads

An electric shower head has an electric heating element which heats water as it passes through. These self-heating shower heads are specialized point-of-use (POU) tankless water heaters, and are widely used in some countries.

Invented in Brazil in the 1930s due to a lack of central gas distribution and used frequently since the 1940s, the electric shower is a home appliance often seen in South and Central American countries due to the higher costs of gas distribution, combined with households that in most cases do not support conventional water heaters. Earlier models were made of chromed copper or brass, which were expensive, but since 1970, units made of injected plastics are popular due to low prices similar to that of a hair dryer.

Electric showers have a simple electric system, working like a coffee maker, but with a larger water flow. A flow switch turns on the device when water flows through it. Once the water is stopped, the device turns off automatically. An ordinary electric shower often but not always has three heat settings: high (5.5 kW), low (2.5 kW), or cold (0 W) to use when a central heater system is available or in hot seasons. Higher power (up to 7.5 KW) and lower power (up to 3.2 KW) versions are also made, as well as versions with 4 heat settings or a variable heat setting.

Energy usage
The power consumption of electric showers in the max. heating setting is about 5.5 kW for 120 V and 7.5 kW for 220 V. The lower costs with electric showers compared to the higher costs with tank boilers is due to the time of use: an electric shower uses energy only while the water flows, while a tank boiler works many times a day to keep a quantity of standing water hot for use throughout the day and night. Moreover, the transfer of electric energy to the water in an electric shower head is very efficient, approaching 100%. Electric showers may save energy compared to electric tank heaters, which lose some standby heat.

Safety
There is a wide range of electric shower heads, with various designs and types of heating controls. The heating element of an electric shower is immersed in the water stream, using an often replaceable nichrome resistive heating element which is often not sheathed and electrically isolated, in which case isolation is provided by earthing electrodes that directly touch the water before it exits the head. Electric shower heads with sheathed and electrically isolated heating elements are often marketed as such (chuveiros blindados in Portuguese) and are more expensive. Due to electrical safety standards as well as cost, modern electric showers are made of plastic instead of using metallic casings like in the past.

As an electrical appliance that uses more electric current than a clothes washer or a hair dryer, an electric shower installation requires careful planning, and generally is intended to be wired directly from the electrical distribution box with a dedicated circuit breaker and ground system. A poorly installed system with old aluminum wires, bad connections or an unconnected ground wire (which is often the case) may be dangerous, as the wires can overheat or electric current may leak via the water stream through the body of the user to earth.

Solar water heaters

Increasingly, solar powered water heaters are being used. Their solar collectors are installed outside dwellings, typically on the roof or walls or nearby, and the potable hot water storage tank is typically a pre-existing or new conventional water heater, or a water heater specifically designed for solar thermal. In Cyprus and Israel 90 percent of homes have solar water heating systems.

The most basic solar thermal models are the direct-gain type, in which the potable water is directly sent into the collector. Many such systems are said to use integrated collector storage (ICS), as direct-gain systems typically have storage integrated within the collector. Heating water directly is inherently more efficient than heating it indirectly via heat exchangers, but such systems offer very limited freeze protection (if any), can easily heat water to temperatures unsafe for domestic use, and ICS systems suffer from severe heat loss on cold nights and cold, cloudy days.

By contrast, indirect or closed-loop systems do not allow potable water through the panels, but rather pump a heat transfer fluid (either water or a water/antifreeze mix) through the panels. After collecting heat in the panels, the heat transfer fluid flows through a heat exchanger, transferring its heat to the potable hot water. When the panels are cooler than the storage tank or when the storage tank has already reached its maximum temperature, the controller in closed-loop systems stops the circulation pumps. In a drainback system, the water drains into a storage tank contained in conditioned or semi-conditioned space, protected from freezing temperatures. With antifreeze systems, however, the pump must be run if the panel temperature gets too hot (to prevent degradation of the antifreeze) or too cold (to prevent the water/antifreeze mixture from freezing.)

Flat panel collectors are typically used in closed-loop systems. Flat panels, which often resemble skylights, are the most durable type of collector, and they also have the best performance for systems designed for temperatures within  of ambient temperature. Flat panels are regularly used in both pure water and antifreeze systems.

Another type of solar collector is the evacuated tube collector, which are intended for cold climates that do not experience severe hail and/or applications where high temperatures are needed (i.e., over ). Placed in a rack, evacuated tube collectors form a row of glass tubes, each containing absorption fins attached to a central heat-conducting rod (copper or condensation-driven). The evacuated description refers to the vacuum created in the glass tubes during the manufacturing process, which results in very low heat loss and lets evacuated tube systems achieve extreme temperatures, far in excess of water's boiling point.

Geothermal heating
In countries like Iceland and New Zealand, and other volcanic regions, water heating may be done using geothermal heating, rather than combustion.

Gravity-fed system
Where a space-heating water boiler is employed, the traditional arrangement in the UK is to use boiler-heated (primary) water to heat potable (secondary) water contained in a cylindrical vessel (usually made of copper)—which is supplied from a cold water storage vessel or container, usually in the roof space of the building. This produces a fairly steady supply of DHW (domestic hot water) at low static pressure head but usually with a good flow. In most other parts of the world, water heating appliances do not use a cold water storage vessel or container, but heat water at pressures close to that of the incoming mains water supply.

Other improvements
Other improvements to water heaters include check valve devices at their inlet and outlet, cycle timers, electronic ignition in the case of fuel-using models, sealed air intake systems in the case of fuel-using models, and pipe insulation. The sealed air-intake system types are sometimes called "band-joist" intake units. "High-efficiency" condensing units can convert up to 98% of the energy in the fuel to heating the water. The exhaust gases of combustion are cooled and are mechanically ventilated either through the roof or through an exterior wall. At high combustion efficiencies a drain must be supplied to handle the water condensed out of the combustion products, which are primarily carbon dioxide and water vapor.

In traditional plumbing in the UK, the space-heating boiler is set up to heat a separate hot water cylinder or water heater for potable hot water. Such water heaters are often fitted with an auxiliary electrical immersion heater for use if the boiler is out of action for a time. Heat from the space-heating boiler is transferred to the water heater vessel/container by means of a heat exchanger, and the boiler operates at a higher temperature than the potable hot water supply. Most potable water heaters in North America are completely separate from the space heating units, due to the popularity of HVAC/forced air systems in North America.

Residential combustion water heaters manufactured since 2003 in the United States have been redesigned to resist ignition of flammable vapors and incorporate a thermal cutoff switch, per ANSI Z21.10.1. The first feature attempts to prevent vapors from flammable liquids and gases in the vicinity of the heater from being ignited and thus causing a house fire or explosion. The second feature prevents tank overheating due to unusual combustion conditions. These safety requirements were made in response to homeowners storing, or spilling, gasoline or other flammable liquids near their water heaters and causing fires. Since most of the new designs incorporate some type of flame arrestor screen, they require monitoring to make sure they do not become clogged with lint or dust, reducing the availability of air for combustion. If the flame arrestor becomes clogged, the thermal cutoff may act to shut down the heater.

A wetback stove (NZ), wetback heater (NZ), or back boiler (UK), is a simple household secondary water heater using incidental heat. It typically consists of a hot water pipe running behind a fireplace or stove (rather than hot water storage), and has no facility to limit the heating. Modern wetbacks may run the pipe in a more sophisticated design to assist heat-exchange. These designs are being forced out by government efficiency regulations that do not count the energy used to heat water as 'efficiently' used.

History

Another type of water heater developed in Europe predated the storage model. In London, England, in 1868, a painter named Benjamin Waddy Maughan invented the first instantaneous domestic water heater that did not use solid fuel. Named the geyser after an Icelandic gushing hot spring, Maughan's invention made cold water at the top flow through pipes that were heated by hot gases from a burner at the bottom. Hot water then flowed into a sink or tub. The invention was somewhat dangerous because there was no flue to remove heated gases from the bathroom. A water heater is still sometimes called a geyser in the UK.

Maughn's invention influenced the work of a Norwegian mechanical engineer named Edwin Ruud. The first automatic, storage tank-type gas water heater was invented around 1889 by Ruud after he immigrated to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (US). The Ruud Manufacturing Company, still in existence today, made many advancements in tank-type and tankless water heater design and operation.

Thermodynamics and economics

Water typically enters residences in the US at about , depending on latitude and season. Hot water temperatures of  are usual for dish-washing, laundry and showering, which requires that the heater raise the water temperature about  if the hot water is mixed with cold water at the point of use. The Uniform Plumbing Code reference shower flow rate is  per minute. Sink and dishwasher usages range from  per minute.

Natural gas is often measured by volume or heat content. Common units of measurement by volume are cubic metre or cubic feet at standard conditions or by heat content in kilowatt hours, British thermal units (BTU) or therm, which is equal to 100,000 BTU. A BTU is the energy required to raise one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit. A US gallon of water weighs . To raise  of water from  to  at 90% efficiency requires . A  heater, as might exist in a tankless heater, would take about 15 minutes to do this. At $1 per therm, the cost of the gas would be about 40 cents. In comparison, a typical  tank electric water heater has a  heating element, which at 100% efficient results in a heating time of about 2.34 hours. At $0.16/kWh the electricity would cost $1.68.

Energy efficiencies of water heaters in residential use can vary greatly, particularly depending on manufacturer and model. However, electric heaters tend to be slightly more efficient (not counting power station losses) with recovery efficiency (how efficiently energy transfers to the water) reaching about 98%. Gas-fired heaters have maximum recovery efficiencies of only about 8294% (the remaining heat is lost with the flue gasses). Overall energy factors can be as low as 80% for electric and 50% for gas systems. Natural gas and propane tank water heaters with energy factors of 62% or greater, as well as electric tank water heaters with energy factors of 93% or greater, are considered high-efficiency units. Energy Star-qualified natural gas and propane tank water heaters (as of September 2010) have energy factors of 67% or higher, which is usually achieved using an intermittent pilot together with an automatic flue damper, baffle blowers, or power venting.

Direct electric resistance tank water heaters are not included in the Energy Star program; however, the Energy Star program does include electric heat pump units with energy factors of 200% or higher. Tankless gas water heaters (as of 2015) must have an energy factor of 90% or higher for Energy Star qualification. Since electricity production in thermal plants has efficiency levels ranging from only 15% to slightly over 55% (combined cycle gas turbine), with around 40% typical for thermal power stations, direct resistance electric water heating may be the least energy efficient option.

However, use of a heat pump can make electric water heaters much more energy efficient and lead to a decrease in carbon dioxide emissions, even more so if a low carbon source of electricity is used. Using district heating utilizing waste heat from electricity generation and other industries to heat residences and hot water gives an increased overall efficiency, removing the need for burning fossil fuel or using high energy value electricity to produce heat in the individual home.

Fundamentally, it takes a great deal of energy to heat water, as one may experience when waiting to boil a gallon of water on a stove. For this reason, tankless on-demand water heaters require a powerful energy source. A standard 120V, 15-ampere rated wall electric outlet, by comparison, only sources enough power to warm a disappointingly small amount of water: about  per minute at  temperature elevation.

The energy used by an electric water heater can be reduced by as much as 18% through optimal schedule and temperature control that is based on knowledge of the usage pattern.

US minimum requirements
On April 16, 2015, as part of the National Appliance Energy Conservation Act (NAECA), new minimum standards for efficiency of residential water heaters set by the United States Department of Energy went into effect. All new gas storage tank water heaters with capacities smaller than  sold in the United States in 2015 or later shall have an energy factor of at least 60% (for 50-US-gallon units, higher for smaller units), increased from the pre-2015 minimum standard of 58% energy factor for 50-US-gallon gas units. Electric storage tank water heaters with capacities less than 55 US gallons sold in the United States shall have an energy factor of at least 95%, increased from the pre-2015 minimum standard of 90% for 50-US-gallon electric units.

Under the 2015 standard, for the first time, storage water heaters with capacities of 55 US gallons or larger now face stricter efficiency requirements than those of 50 US gallons or less. Under the pre-2015 standard, a  gas storage water heater with a nominal input of  or less was able to have an energy factor as low as 53%, while under the 2015 standard, the minimum energy factor for a 75-US-gallon gas storage tank water heater is now 74%, which can only be achieved by using condensing technology. Storage water heaters with a nominal input of  or greater are not currently affected by these requirements, since energy factor is not defined for such units. An  electric storage tank water heater was able to have a minimum energy factor of 86% under the pre-2015 standard, while under the 2015 standard, the minimum energy factor for an 80-gallon electric storage tank water heater is now 197%, which is only possible with heat pump technology. This rating measures efficiency at the point of use.

Depending on how electricity is generated, overall efficiency may be much lower. For example, in a traditional coal plant, only about 30–35% of the energy in the coal ends up as electricity on the other end of the generator. Losses on the electrical grid (including line losses and voltage transformation losses) reduce electrical efficiency further. According to data from the Energy Information Administration, transmission and distribution losses in 2005 consumed 6.1% of net generation. In contrast, 90% of natural gas's energy value is
delivered to the consumer. (In neither case is the energy expended exploring, developing and extracting coal or natural gas resources included in the quoted efficiency numbers.) Gas tankless water heaters shall have an energy factor of 82% or greater under the 2015 standards, which corresponds to the pre-2015 Energy Star standard.

In 2022 the Department of Energy proposed rules that would take effect in 2026 and would effectively eliminate inefficient non-condensing gas water heaters in commercial buildings. Non-condensing models waste heat, while condensing models capture and used otherwise lost energy. The change will reduce emissions by 38 million tons of carbon dioxide over 30 years and reduce buildings' energy costs.

Water heater safety

Explosion hazard

Water heaters potentially can explode and cause significant damage, injury, or death if certain safety devices are not installed. A safety device called a temperature and pressure relief (T&P or TPR) valve, is normally fitted on the top of the water heater to dump water if the temperature or pressure becomes too high. Most plumbing codes require that a discharge pipe be connected to the valve to direct the flow of discharged hot water to a drain, typically a nearby floor drain, or outside the living space. Some building codes allow the discharge pipe to terminate in the garage.

If a gas or propane fired water heater is installed in a garage or basement, many plumbing codes require that it be elevated at least  above the floor to reduce the potential for fire or explosion due to spillage or leakage of combustible liquids in the garage. Furthermore, certain local codes mandate that tank-type heaters in new and retrofit installations must be secured to an adjacent wall by a strap or anchor to prevent tipping over and breaking the water and gas pipes in the event of an earthquake.

For older houses where the water heater is part of the space heating boiler, and plumbing codes allow, some plumbers install an automatic gas shutoff (such as the "Watts 210") in addition to a TPR valve. When the device senses that the temperature reaches , it shuts off the gas supply and prevents further heating. In addition, an expansion tank or exterior pressure relief valve must be installed to prevent pressure buildup in the plumbing from rupturing pipes, valves, or the water heater.

Thermal burns (scalding)

Scalding is a serious concern with any water heater. Human skin burns quickly at high temperature, in less than 5 seconds at , but much slower at  — it takes a full minute for a second degree burn. Older people and children often receive serious scalds due to disabilities or slow reaction times. In the United States and elsewhere it is common practice to put a tempering valve or thermostatic mixing valve on the outlet of the water heater. The result of automatically mixing hot and cold water via a tempering valve is referred to as "tempered water".

A tempering valve mixes enough cold water with the hot water from the heater to keep the outgoing water temperature fixed at a more moderate temperature, often set to . Without a tempering valve, reduction of the water heater's setpoint temperature is the most direct way to reduce scalding. However, for sanitation, hot water is needed at a temperature that can cause scalding. This may be accomplished by using a supplemental heater in an appliance that requires hotter water.
Most residential dishwashing machines, for example, include an internal electric heating element for increasing the water temperature above that provided by a domestic water heater.

Bacterial contamination

Two conflicting safety issues affect water heater temperature—the risk of scalding from excessively hot water greater than , and the risk of incubating bacteria colonies, particularly Legionella, in water that is not hot enough to kill them. Both risks are potentially life-threatening and are balanced by setting the water heater's thermostat to . The European Guidelines for Control and Prevention of Travel Associated Legionnaires' Disease recommend that hot water should be stored at  and distributed so that a temperature of at least  and preferably  is achieved within one minute at points of use.

If there is a dishwasher without a booster heater, it may require a water temperature within a range of  for optimum cleaning, but tempering valves set to no more than  can be applied to faucets to avoid scalding. Tank temperatures above  may produce limescale deposits, which could later harbor bacteria, in the water tank. Higher temperatures may also increase etching of glassware in the dishwasher.

Tank thermostats are not a reliable guide to the internal temperature of the tank. Gas-fired water tanks may have no temperature calibration shown. An electric thermostat shows the temperature at the elevation of the thermostat, but water lower in the tank can be considerably cooler. An outlet thermometer is a better indication of water temperature.

In the renewable energy industry (solar and heat pumps, in particular) the conflict between daily thermal Legionella control and high temperatures, which may drop system performance, is subject to heated debate. In a paper seeking a green exemption from normal Legionellosis safety standards, Europe's top CEN solar thermal technical committee TC 312 asserts that a 50% fall in performance would occur if solar water heating systems were heated to the base daily. However some solar simulator analysis work using Polysun 5 suggests that an 11% energy penalty is a more likely figure. Whatever the context, both energy efficiency and scalding safety requirements push in the direction of considerably lower water temperatures than the legionella pasteurization temperature of around .

Legionella pneumophila has been detected at the point of use downstream from horizontally-mounted electric water heaters with volumes of 150 Liters.

However, legionella can be safely and easily controlled with good design and engineering protocols. For instance raising the temperature of water heaters once a day or even once every few days to  at the coldest part of the water heater for 30 minutes effectively controls legionella. In all cases and in particular energy efficient applications, Legionnaires' disease is more often than not the result of engineering design issues that do not take into consideration the impact of stratification or low flow.

It is also possible to control Legionella risks by chemical treatment of the water. This technique allows lower water temperatures to be maintained in the pipework without the associated Legionella risk. The benefit of lower pipe temperatures is that the heat loss rate is reduced and thus the energy consumption is reduced.

See also

 Aquastat
 Architectural engineering
 Condensing boiler
 Electric water boiler
 Energy conservation
 Heat trap
 Joule heating
 List of home appliances
 Outdoor wood-fired boiler
 Solar water heating
 Thermal immersion circulator
 Water heat recycling

References

External links
 How It Works - Water Heater from Popular Mechanics
 More Information India BIS

Boilers
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
Plumbing

Water heating


(Theodor) Gottfried Nicolai Angelo (* 9. Oktober 1767 in Schleswig; † 21. Juni 1816 in Kopenhagen) war ein Kupferstecher und Lehrer für das Stechen von Landkarten an der dänischen königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften. Sein Werk umfasst eine kleine Anzahl Landkarten, Gartenpläne und wenige Porträts.

Leben
Angelo war ein Sohn des aus Nancy gebürtigen Soldaten Anton Angelo, der seit etwa 1760 in Schleswig als Uhrmacher tätig war und 1801 als Bürger von Schleswig starb. Er erhielt als Jugendlicher in Schleswig Unterricht im Zeichnen. 1780 ging er nach Kopenhagen und absolvierte eine Lehre der Karten- und Schriftstecherei an der königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften. Sein Lehrer war C. A. Guitaer, die Ausbildung wurde vom König des dänischen Gesamtstaates bezahlt.

Nach dem Tod seines Lehrers übernahm Angelo 1787 dessen Tätigkeit. Bis 1800 fertigte er eine begrenzte Anzahl von Karten, Plänen und Porträts an. 1804 wurde ihm sein Wunsch nach Festanstellung und einer höheren Bezahlung abgeschlagen. Sein Sohn Anton Angelo (1805–1873) wurde Kunstmaler.

Werke
 Stich des Peter Olivarius Bugge nach Thorvaldsen (1793)
 Titelblatt zu: Oluf Christian Olufsen  (1797)
 7 Landkarten dänischer Landstriche nach Vorlage (1798–1806)
 Stich des Rudolf Buchhave nach  (1798)
 22 Gartenpläne zu Johan Ludvig Mansa  (1798)

Literatur

 Magdalena Firesch: Gottfried Nicolai Angelo. In: Allgemeines Künstler-Lexikon. Die Bildenden Künstler aller Zeiten und Völker. Band 4. Saur, München 1992, ISBN 3-598-22744-2, S. 20.
 Angelo, G. N. In: Dictionary of Artists. Gründ, Paris 2006, Band 1: A–Bedeschini. (Leseprobe,  – ).

Einzelnachweise

Kupferstecher (Dänemark)
Geboren 1767
Gestorben 1816
Mann

Gottfried Nicolai Angelo


Agostino Steuco (em latim Agostinus Steuchus ou Eugubinus ) (1497/1498-1548) foi um humanista italiano, estudioso do Antigo Testamento. Nasceu em Gubbio na Úmbria . Ele discorreu sobre o tema da filosofia perene e cunhou o termo philosophia perennis.

Escritores renascentistas
Teóricos do Absolutismo
Filósofos do século XIV
Filosofia perene

Agostino Steuco


An Habenaria tridactylites in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni John Lindley. An Habenaria tridactylites in nahilalakip ha genus nga Habenaria, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo diri gud kababarak-an.

Mabibilngan ini ha Canary Is.. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Habenaria

Habenaria tridactylites


The First Army was a formation of the British Army that existed during the First and Second World Wars. The First Army included Indian and Portuguese forces during the First World War and American and French units during the Second World War.

First World War
The First Army was part of the British Army during the First World War and was formed on 26 December 1914 when the corps of the British Expeditionary Force were divided into the First Army under Lieutenant-General Sir Douglas Haig and the Second Army under Horace Smith-Dorrien. First Army had the Ist, IVth and the Indian Corps under command. It made advances of 1,200 yards at the beginning of the Battle of Neuve Chapelle in March 1915 before the momentum died out. The First Army suffered reverses at Vimy Ridge in May 1916 and at Fromelles the following month. From 1917, the First Army also included the Portuguese Expeditionary Corps. The First Army took part in the 1918 offensive that drove the Germans back and virtually ended the war.

Commanders
 26 December 1914 – 22 December 1915 General Sir Douglas Haig
 22 December 1915 – 4 February 1916 General Sir Henry Rawlinson
 4 February – 7 August 1916 General Sir Charles Monro
 7 August – 30 September 1916 Lieutenant-General Sir Richard Haking (temporary)
 30 September 1916 – 1918 General Sir Henry Horne

Second World War

The British First Army was reformed during the Second World War. It was formed to command the American and British land forces which had landed as part of Operation Torch, the Allied invasion of French North Africa, in Morocco and Algeria on 8 November 1942. It was commanded by Lieutenant-General Sir Kenneth Anderson. The First Army headquarters was formally activated on 9 November 1942 when Anderson arrived in Algiers to assume command of the redesignated Eastern Task Force.

The First Army initially consisted of American and British formations only. After the surrender of French forces following the German abrogation of their armistice agreement with Vichy France, French units were also added to the First Army's order of battle. It eventually consisted of four corps, the US II Corps, the British V Corps, British IX Corps and French XIX Corps.

After the landings, Anderson's forces rushed east in a bid to capture Tunis and Bizerte before German forces could reach the two cities in large numbers. They failed. Following that lack of success, a period of consolidation was forced upon them. The logistics support for the First Army was greatly improved and bases for its accompanying aircraft greatly multiplied. By the time General Sir Bernard Montgomery's British Eighth Army approached the Tunisian border from the east, following its long pursuit of Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel's forces after El Alamein, the First Army was again ready to strike.

Supported by elements of XII Tactical Air Command and No. 242 Group RAF, the First Army carried the main weight of General Sir Harold Alexander's 18th Army Group's offensive to conclude the Tunisian Campaign and finish Axis forces in North Africa off. The victory was won in May 1943 in a surrender that, in numbers captured at least, equalled Stalingrad. Shortly after the surrender, the First Army was disbanded, having served its purpose.

Commanders
July 1942 – August 1942 Lieutenant-General Edmond Schreiber
August 1942 – July 1943 Lieutenant-General Kenneth Anderson

See also

 British First Army order of battle, 20 April 1943
 British First Army order of battle, 4 May 1943

Notes

References

Military units and formations established in 1914
Military units and formations disestablished in 1943
1914 establishments in the United Kingdom
01
01
01
Military units and formations of the British Empire in World War II

First Army (United Kingdom)


الشنان هي بلدة ومقر محافظة الشنان في منطقة حائل في المملكة العربية السعودية، تبعد عن مدينة حائل حوالي 84كم إلى الشرق. يبلغ عدد سكان بلدة الشنان حوالي 29,419 نسمة حسب تعداد عام 1444هـ/ 2022م.

الخصائص الطبيعية

تقع بلدة الشنان ضمن أراض ذات منسوب يتراوح بين (890-930 متر) فوق سطح البحر، وهي منطقة طبقات ثانوية حاملة للمياه والتكوين الجيولوجي للمنطقة من صخور العصر الثلاثي والرباعي البركانية والتربة طميية صالحة للزراعة مع منكشفات صخرية، والمدينة يحدها من الغرب سلسلة جبال الحمراء ودخنا والقفيل، ويحدها من الجنوب شعب أبو المسران، وتمتد الأراضي المنبسطة من الغرب إلى الشرق مع وجود انحدار يتراوح بين (1.3%-1.5%) في اتجاه الغرب، مما يجعل السيول والمياه السطحية تتحرك من الغرب إلى الشرق.

المناخ

مناخ المحافظة من مناخ منطقة حائل قاري، ففي نهار فصل الصيف الطقس حار وتتراوح درجات الحرارة ما بين 30 إلى 40 درجة مئوية، ومع غروب الشمس تنخفض درجات الحرارة ويصبح المناخ معتدلا. أما في فصل الشتاء فالطقس بارد تنخفض فيه درجات الحرارة إلى درجات ما دون الصفر، وتسقط الأمطار في فصلي الشتاء والربيع. تهب على المنطقة خلال العام رياح مختلفة الاتجاهات لا يتجاوز متوسط سرعتها 10كم/ساعة ولعل أفضل موسم لزيارة المنطقة هو فصل الربيع حيث يكون الجو معتدلا مع سقوط الأمطار.

الخصائص الاجتماعية والاقتصادية

يعتبر النشاط الرائد في البلدة هو الزراعة حيث تنتشر الأراضي الصالحة للزراعة مع الوفرة النسبية للمياه، كما يوجد نشاط الرعي وتربية الماشية مما أوجد حركة تجارية محلية على مستوى المنطقة، ونشاط تجاري على مستوى المملكة نظراً لوجود شركات زراعية كبرى مثل هادكو والمراعي، وذلك إلى جانب النشاط الخدمي للمدينة مما استدعى توفير بعض الخدمات الأساسية مثل الإمارة ومركز الشرطة والدفاع المدني والهلال الأحمر وشعبة المرور وشعبة الجوازات ومكتب للأحوال المدنية ومكتب لوزارة العمل وهيئة التحقيق والادعاء العام ومكتب للتربية والتعليم ومكتب الشؤون الإسلامية ومستشفى الشنان العام.

الخصائص العمرانية

يغطي عمران بلدة الشنان مساحة تقدر بحوالي 3147.36 هكتارا في الوضع الراهن، بكثافة سكانية تصل إلى 2.8 شخص/هكتار. البلدة متوسطة الحجم وتوجد بها مخططات عمرانية حديثة إلى جانب الديرة القديمة، وكذلك المخطط الصناعي والمحلات التجارية ومنطقة أسواق، كما يضم نطاق بلدة الشنان العديد من المدن والقرى والمراكز.

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في منطقة حائل
محافظات السعودية
شنان

الشنان


Damir Vučko (Rijeka, 24. travnja 1990.), hrvatski reprezentativni rukometaš

Igrač RK Buzet/Buzeta.

S mladom reprezentacijom 2009. osvojio je zlato na svjetskom prvenstvu.  Hrvatska mlada reprezentacija za taj uspjeh dobila je Nagradu Dražen Petrović.

Izvori

Hrvatski rukometaši

Damir Vučko


Wittenborn er en by og en kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Leezen under Kreis Segeberg. Kreis Segeberg ligger i den sydøstlige del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Wittenborn ligger omkring fem kilometer vest for Bad Segeberg ved den sydøstlige udkant af Segeberger Forsts, og ved nordvestbredden af Mözener See. Videreførelsen mod vest af den øst/vest-gående motorvej A 20, er planlagt til at gå gennem kommunen.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens websted
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2014 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Kommuner i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Segeberg

Wittenborn


Palma Sola steht für:

 Palma Sola (Formosa), Ort in Argentinien
 Palma Sola (Jujuy), Ort in Argentinien
 Palma Sola (Santa Catarina), Gemeinde in Brasilien
 Palma Sola (Oaxaca), Ort in Mexiko
 Palma Sola (Alto Lucero de Gutiérrez Barrios), Ort in Mexiko (Bundesstaat Veracruz)
 Palma Sola (Coatzintla), Ort in Mexiko (Bundesstaat Veracruz)
 Palma Sola (Tierra Blanca), Ort in Mexiko (Bundesstaat Veracruz)
 Palma Sola (Tlalixcoyan), Ort in Mexiko (Bundesstaat Veracruz)
 Palma Sola (Guerrero), archäologische Fundstätte in Mexiko

Siehe auch:
 Palmasola, Gefangenenstadt in Bolivien

Palma Sola


Em físico-química, o teorema de Gibbs-Konovalov relaciona-se ao equilíbrio de fases, particularmente ao equilíbrio líquido-vapor de azeótropos e aos pontos de fusão congruentes do equilíbrio líquido-sólido.

Willard Gibbs estabeleceu o teorema de modo puramente teórico em 1876. Este foi verificado experimentalmente por Dmitri Petrovich Konovalov, aluno de Dmitri Mendeleev, em sua tese em 1881 e, em seguida, em uma publicação em 1884 relativa ao equilíbrio líquido-vapor. A segunda regra de Konovalov, da qual pode-se derivar o teorema de Gibbs-Konovalov, é a seguinte:

O teorema de Gibbs-Konovalov é uma generalização dessa regra nos extremos de pressão e de temperatura em todos os equilíbrios de fases:

Ilustração

A Figura 1 mostra um diagrama de fases líquido-vapor de uma mistura binária sob pressão constante: nele, a temperatura é traçada em função da composição. Esse diagrama mostra um azeótropo com uma temperatura máxima, comum às curvas de bolha e orvalho, em que o líquido e o vapor têm a mesma composição. Isso também se aplica a azeótropos com temperatura mínima e àqueles nos quais a pressão atinge um mínimo ou um máximo em temperatura constante.

Tal teorema é aplicável a todas as transições de fase. A Figura 2 mostra um diagrama de fase líquido-sólido: o ponto indicado (1850) é denominado ponto de fusão congruente, e não deve ser confundido com um ponto eutético, ponto no qual o líquido e o sólido também têm mesma composição, mas que é um ponto angular.

Demonstração
Considere-se uma mistura binária (contendo apenas duas espécies químicas  e  ) em equilíbrio entre quaisquer duas fases ( e  ). Com isso, denote-se por:

  a pressão;
  a temperatura;
  e  as respectivas frações molares das substâncias  e  na fase ;
  e  as respectivas frações molares das substâncias  e  na fase ;
  e  os respectivos potenciais químicos das substâncias  e  na fase ;
  e  os respectivos potenciais químicos das substâncias  e  na fase .

Uma vez que as fases  e  estão em equilíbrio, tem-se as relações entre potenciais químicos:

Variando-se a temperatura de  até  ou a pressão de  até , os potenciais químicos variam. Se for mantido o equilíbrio de fases, ter-se-ão as novas relações:

Delas, obêm-se as relações entre as variações dos potenciais químicos:

 (1a)
 (1b)

A relação de Gibbs-Duhem relaciona as variações das variáveis de estado de cada substância:

 (2)

sendo:

  e  os respectivos volumes molares das fases  e ;
  e  as respectivas entropias molares das fases  e .

Subtraindo-se a segunda relação da primeira, obtém-se:

Substituindo-se (1a) e (1b) na relação anterior, obtém-se:

(3)

As relações entre as frações molares:

podem ser subtraídas, originando:

que pode-se substituir em (3):Além disso, considerando-se temperatura constante (), um extremo de pressão () leva à igualdade:

(4)

A relação de Gibbs-Duhem (2) em temperatura constante e a uma pressão extrema torna-se:

A relação (4) resulta em:

Não há razão para que, no extremo, o próprio potencial químico tenha atingido um valor limite: . Consequentemente, o extremo de pressão em temperatura constante é alcançado se , isso é, . O raciocínio é idêntico caso considere-se pressão constante (): uma temperatura extrema () só pode ser alcançada se . Uma vez que considera-se uma mistura binária, exclui-se o caso , ou seja, o corpo  puro, e o caso , ou seja, o corpo  puro.

Conclui-se que um extremo de pressão ou de temperatura no equilíbrio entre duas fases de uma mistura binária só pode existir se essas possuírem a mesma composição, o que corresponde ao teorema de Gibbs-Konovalov.

Ver também

 Azeótropo
 Equilíbrio de fases

Bibliografia

 .
 .
 .
 .

Mudanças de fase
Físico-química

Teorema de Gibbs-Konovalov


La Peau de chagrin (título original en francés; en español, La piel de zapa) es una ópera en cuatro actos con música de Charles-Gaston Levadé y libreto escrito por Pierre Decourcelle y Michel Carré, basado en la novela homónima de Honoré de Balzac. Se estrenó el 24 de abril de 1929 en la Opéra-Comique de París.

Enlaces externos

Óperas de Charles-Gaston Levadé
Óperas de 1929
Óperas en francés
Óperas estrenadas en París

La Peau de chagrin (Levadé)


مقبس تي  والمعروف باسم أل جي إي 775 (LGA 775) وهو مقبس من إنتاج شركة إنتل للحواسيبب المكتبية. وأل جي أي تعني Land Grid Array أي شبكة سطوح مصفوفة وهي تكنولوجيا استبدلت إبر وحدة المعالجة بسطوح نحاسية مطلية بالذهب وضعت الإبر على المقبس. وهذه الخطوة أمنت توزيع للطاقة الكهربائية أفضل على الوصلات الكهربائية لتساعدة للوصول إلى 400 هرتز نقل رباعي 1600 MT/s الذي لا تأمنه تكنولوجيا شبكة إبر مصفوفة. ومن حسناتها أيضا أن الإبر أصبحت على لوحة الأم مما يعني أن خطر تني الإبر هو للوحة الأم وليست لوحد المعالجة التي تكون عادة أغلى من لوحة الأم. وبالإضافة إلى أن هذه الإبر مصنعة لتعمل كزنبرك لتحميها من التني. وتضغط وحد المعالجة المركزية على المقبس عن طريق صفيحة معدنية تجلس فوق المقبس وتضغط عن طريق مقبض للتأكد من تواصل جميع الإبر مع جميع السطوح. والصفيحة المعدنية تغطي فقط أطراف وحدة المعالجة لكي يتمكن المبرد أن يمس وحدة المعالجة المركزية.

وقد تم إطلاق هذا المقبس قبل عام من مقبس دجي المعروف باسم أل جي أي 771 (LGA771) وبذلك يعرف أن التكنولوجيا المستخدمة في مقبس دجي هي آتية من تكنولوجيا مقبس تي. واختلافهما هو إزالة أربعة إبر من مقبس تي ومبادلة إبرتين من إبر العناوين. وبذلك تصبح وحدات المعالجة المستخدمة لمقبس تي غير صالحة للاستخدام في مقبس دجي والعكس صحيح.

مراجع

مقابس وحدة المعالجة المركزية

مقبس تي


PolarNEWS ist eine deutschsprachige Informationsplattform für polare Gebiete. Mit ihrem Magazin und ihrer Webpage ist sie die einzige Plattform ihrer Art, die sich mit allen Belangen der Polarregionen, sowohl Arktis wie auch Antarktis, befasst.

Geschichte
PolarNEWS wurde 2004 von Heiner und Rosamaria Kubny gegründet. Beide hatten zu diesem Zeitpunkt bereits seit 7 Jahren die Antarktis mehrfach für photographische Zwecke bereist und waren fasziniert von der wilden und ungebändigten Schönheit der südpolaren Region. Daraus resultierten zwei Multivisionsshows "Antarctica" (2001) und "Im Reich der Pinguine" (2004), mit denen sie erfolgreich im In- und Ausland auf Tournee waren.

Vor einigen Jahren begannen sie, auch für die Nordpolargebiete zu bereisen und zu fotografieren und erkannten, dass trotz augenscheinlicher Gemeinsamkeiten die beiden Gebiete sehr unterschiedlich sind. Sie bemerkten aber auch, dass bei vielen Leuten aufgrund der Faszination, die von diesen eisigen Welten ausging, ein großes Bedürfnis nach Informationen vorhanden war, welches aber nur schwer zu sättigen war. Viele Informationen waren nicht einfach zu erhalten und eine wirkliche zentrale Kommunikationsplattform, gerade in der Schweiz, fehlte. Daher beschlossen sie 2004, das Magazin "PolarNEWS" in der Schweiz zu lancieren, um diese Lücke zu füllen. Seit 2008 ist das Magazin auch online und liefert regelmäßig alles Wissenswerte über die polaren Gebiete. Im Laufe der Zeit gewann PolarNEWS immer mehr Popularität über die Grenzen der Schweiz hinaus und daher wurde beschlossen, dass ab Dezember 2012 das Magazin auch in Deutschland und in Österreich mit einer Startauflage von 30'000 Exemplaren erscheinen soll. Innert zwei Jahren stieg die Auflagenzahl für Deutschland auf 40'000 Exemplare (Stand: Dezember 2014). In Deutschland etablierte sich auch bis 2019 die jährlich stattfindende Arktis-Antarktis-Multivisionsshow für naturbegeisterte polarinteressierte Menschen. Nach der Herausgabe der Ausgabe 27 im Dezember 2018 übernahm der deutsche mittelständische Reiseveranstalter IKARUS TOURS das Magazin. Diese Firma war bereits über viele Jahre als Reiseveranstalterpartner von "PolarNEWS" für die Durchführung seiner Leser-Expeditionsreisen in die polaren Regionen für Schweizer, deutsche und österreichische Gäste zuständig. Im Juni 2020 erschien die 29. Ausgabe des Magazins als reine Online-Ausgabe bzw. als Blättermagazin. Die Redaktion des Magazins setzt sich federführend aus dem redaktionsverantwortlichen Frank Frick und den Mitarbeiterinnen Vreni Gerber und Eva Fuchs zusammen.

Plattform

Das Magazin "PolarNEWS" erscheint zwei Mal jährlich kostenlos mit einer Auflage zwischen 65'000 und 75'000 Exemplaren und wird größtenteils direkt an die Abonnenten verschickt. Ein Teil der Auflage wird auch an interessierte Besucher an den Messeständen des Verlags auf Verbrauchermessen in Deutschland, der Schweiz und in Österreich verteilt. Darin werden Artikel aus den verschiedensten Bereichen der polaren Regionen wie beispielsweise Mensch & Politik, Forschung & Umwelt, Fauna & Flora, Polarexpeditionen & Geschichte und Technik & Reisen von diversen Autoren publiziert. Es wird dabei viel Wert darauf gelegt, dass die Artikel von qualifizierten Personen, die sich persönlich mit der Materie befassen, geschrieben werden. Da "PolarNEWS" strikt politisch und konfessionell neutral ist, können Themen auch kontrovers diskutiert werden, beispielsweise der Abbau von Bodenschätzen im Nordpolarmeer oder die momentane Diskussion um die Grenzen in der Arktis. Das Magazin erschien bis Ende 2019 in Heftform als hochwertiger Druck auf gestrichenem Papier, im Juni 2020 erschien das Magazin erstmals in ausschließlich digitaler Form. Seit dem 30. November 2012 wird das Magazin PolarNEWS auch in Deutschland und Österreich in einer Auflage von 40'000 Stück (Stand: Dezember 2014) und seit 2019 in einem frisch-modernen Layout vertrieben.

Seit 2008 ist "PolarNEWS" auch online und veröffentlicht auf Deutsch aktuelle Meldungen, die sich auf die arktischen und antarktischen Gebiete beziehen. Die Inhalte der Nachrichten werden dabei von offiziellen Pressemeldungen verschiedener Polarstationen und Institutionen entnommen und mit eigenem Bildmaterial versehen auf der Webpage publiziert. Wichtig ist dabei, dass sämtliche Artikel wissenschaftlich fundiert und in unabhängigen Medien ebenso veröffentlicht worden sind. Seit November 2014 ist eine Webseite auch auf Englisch aufgeschaltet mit denselben Artikeln, jedoch in Englisch und mit einem neuen, moderneren Layout.

Der Inhalt
Inhaltlich beschäftigt sich das Magazin mit allen Aspekten polarer Natur, Forschung, Geschichte und Kultur. Dabei werden auch entsprechende Hintergrundinformationen geliefert, die dem Leser ein ganzheitliches Bild vermitteln soll und die Meinungsbildung fördern soll. Im Normalfall werden mehrere Bereiche pro Ausgabe abgedeckt, das heißt, mindestens ein Artikel aus der Biologie (zum Beispiel ein Porträt einer Pinguinart), aus der Geschichte (zum Beispiel der Wettlauf zum Südpol), aus der Technik (zum Beispiel ein Porträt der 50 Years of Victory) und weitere Artikel. Des Weiteren werden moderne Reisen und Expeditionsfahrten oder Artikel zum Thema "Photographie" veröffentlicht.

Ergänzend zu dieser Berichterstattung werden auf der Webpage von PolarNEWS aktuelle Berichte und Pressemitteilungen veröffentlicht, die von wissenschaftlichen Presseverlagen und auch von polaren Organisationen direkt stammen. Mit Hilfe von Verlinkungen auf die verschiedenen Homepages werden die interessierten Leser zum einen zu den Originalmeldungen geführt, zum anderen auf verwandte Webpages, die generelle Informationen zu den verschiedenen Bereichen der polaren Gebieten bieten. Das Angebot wird laufend ausgebaut.

Weitere Aktivitäten
PolarNEWS bietet neben seiner Kommunikationsplattform via Magazin und Internetauftritt auch Informationsveranstaltungen, Messeauftritte, Vorträge und Multivisionshows an. Damit soll das Bewusstsein bei Besuchern, Zuschauern und Leserinnen und Lesern für die Wichtigkeit der Polargebiete und die Probleme, mit denen sie konfrontiert sind, gestärkt werden.

Weblinks
 http://www.polar-news.ch
 http://www.polar-news.com
http://www.polar-news.de

Quellen
 Polarnews im Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek

Zeitschrift (Schweiz)
Onlinemagazin
Arktis
Antarktis
Ersterscheinung 2004
Deutschsprachiges Medium

Polarnews


Ižkovce este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Michalovce din regiunea Košice. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 99 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Ižkovce este atestată documentar din 1297.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Ižkovce


Marele Masturbator (1929) este un tablou realizat de Salvador Dalí în epoca suprarealistă, în prezent expus la Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, Madrid.

Descriere
Centrul picturii conține o față umană distorsionată, în profil, uitându-se în jos, similar cu formațiunea naturală pietroasă de la Cap de Creus de-a lungul coastei din Catalonia. Un profil similar poate fi observat în tabloul mai celebru al lui Dalí, pictat cu doi ani mai târziu, Persistența Memoriei. Un nud feminin (asemănător muzei lui Dalí, Gala) iese din spatele capului. Acesta ar putea reprezenta fantezia de masturbare sugerată de titlu. Gura femeiii este aproape de zona intimă a unui bărbat îmbrăcat subțire, ceea ce sugerează o posibilă felație. Personajul masculin, care poate fi văzut numai de la talie în jos, are tăieturi sângerânde proaspete pe genunchi. Sub profilul feminin central se află o lăcustă, o insectă pe care Dalí o menționează de mai multe ori în scrierile sale. Un roi de furnici (un motiv popular reprezentând anxietatea sexuală în opera lui Dalí) se adună pe abdomenul lăcustei, precum și pe fața capului. În peisajul de mai jos sunt pictate alte trei personaje, alături de un ou (de obicei folosit ca simbol al fertilității) și alte caracteristici pe alocuri. Două dintre personajele din peisaj sunt amplasate astfel încât să producă o singură umbră, în timp ce al treilea personaj merge grăbit în distanță la periferia pânzei. Pe partea din spate capului central se află o formațiune de două pietre și o plantă uscată în ghiveci. Planta în ghiveci este amplasată pe una din pietre, iar a doua piatră se află pe planta uscată într-un mod nerealist. Se presupune că această parte reprezentă ideea evadării din realitate găsită în multe dintre operele lui Dalí.

Interpretarea

Pictura poate reprezenta atitudinile conflictuale ale lui Dalí față de actul sexual. În tinerețe, tatăl lui Dalí lăsase o carte cu fotografii explicite cu oameni care sufereau de boli venerice netratate, în stări avansate, pentru a-l "educa" pe băiat. Fotografiile grotești cu organe genitale bolnave l-au fascinat și îngrozit pe tânărul Dalí, iar el a continuat să asocieze sexul cu putrefacția și descompunerea chiar și la maturitate.

Tabloul a fost comparat cu Grădina deliciilor, pictura lui Hieronymus Bosch. Marele Masturbator este similar cu o imagine din partea dreaptă a panoului stâng din Grădina deliciilor, compusă din pietre, arbuști și animale mici care seamănă cu o față cu un nas proeminent și gene lungi.

Istoric
Dalí a păstrat pictura în colecția lui personală, expusă la Teatrul și Muzeul Dalí din Figueres. După moartea sa, tabloul a fost lăsat ca moștenire în colecția națională a Spaniei, când a fost adus la muzeul din Madrid.

Note

Picturi realizate de Salvador Dalí
Artă erotică
Picturi suprarealiste
Picturi din 1929

Marele Masturbator


Quai de la Rapée () is a station of the Paris Métro, serving Line 5, located in the 12th arrondissement of Paris.

Location

The station is located above ground between Pont Morland road bridge and the Voie Mazas, above the Saint-Martin canal, overhanging one of the locks leading to the Seine. The metro line connects to the Gare d'Austerlitz metro station by crossing the Seine via the Viaduc d'Austerlitz after the track winds to the right around the Institut médico-légal de Paris (morgue) on a viaduct called the Viaduc du quai de la Rapée. Since the closure of the nearby Arsenal station in 1939, the Quai de la Rapée station also serves the Bassin de l'Arsenal. Gare de Lyon is about 600 meters to the southeast.

History
The station was opened in 1906, under the name Station Contrescarpe, the former name of the Boulevard de la Bastille. On 13 July 1906, Line 5 from the Place d'Italie crossed the Seine via the Viaduc d'Austerlitz to the station and temporarily became its terminus. From 1 August, in order to facilitate connections, the metro returned to Gare de Lyon station using a preserved service road. This operation lasted until 17 December 1906, on which the line was extended to the Lancry (Jacques Bonsergent from 1946) station. From the station, the tracks plunge abruptly into tunnels at either end and it was submerged during the historic flood of 1910. The station is named after the Sieur de la Rapée, commissioner of war under Louis XV.

In 2018, the station had 1,273,466 passengers access it, which placed it at the 288th position out of 302 metro stations.

Services for passengers

Access
The station has a single access from Place Mazas.

Station layout

Bus connections
The station is served by line 72 of the RATP Bus Network, and at short distance by lines 24, 57, 61, 63 and 91 of the RATP bus network and, at night, by lines N01, N02 and N31 of the Noctilien network.

Gallery

References

Roland, Gérard (2003). Stations de métro. D'Abbesses à Wagram. Éditions Bonneton.

Paris Métro stations in the 12th arrondissement of Paris
Railway stations in France opened in 1906

Quai de la Rapée station


La Porteuse de pain est un film muet français réalisé par Georges Denola, sorti en 1912.

Il s'agit d'une adaptation de La Porteuse de pain, roman-feuilleton en 216 épisodes de Xavier de Montépin, paru d'abord dans Le Petit Journal du  au  et de la pièce éponyme, drame en 5 actes et 9 tableaux de Xavier de Montépin et Jules Dornay, adaptée du roman, créée au théâtre de l'Ambigu le .

Synopsis

Fiche technique
 Titre : La Porteuse de pain
 Réalisation : Georges Denola
 Scénario : d'après le roman de Xavier de Montépin (1884) et la pièce de Xavier de Montépin et Jules Dornay (1889)
 Photographie :
 Montage :
 Producteur :
 Société de production : Société cinématographique des auteurs et gens de lettres (S.C.A.G.L)
 Société de distribution :  Pathé Frères
 Pays d'origine :
 Langue : film muet avec les intertitres en français
 Format : Noir et blanc — 35 mm — 1,33:1 — Muet
 Genre : Film dramatique
 Métrage :  mètres
 Durée : 32 minutes 20
 Dates de sortie :
  :

Distribution
 Jean Kemm : Labroue père
 Henri Etiévant : Jacques Garaud
 Charles Dechamps : Robert Labroue
 Émile Mylo :
 Jeanne Grumbach : la porteuse de pain
 Andrée Pascal : Lucie
 Maria Fromet : Lucie enfant

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 Ciné-Journal, n° n°209, 24 août 1912
 Pathé Journal, n° 29

Articles connexes
 Liste de films français sortis en 1912

Liens externes

 La Porteuse de pain sur le site de la Fondation Jérôme Seydoux-Pathé

Film français sorti en 1912
Film dramatique français
Moyen métrage français
Film réalisé par Georges Denola
Adaptation d'un roman français au cinéma
Adaptation d'une pièce de théâtre française au cinéma
Film en français
Film muet français
Film français en noir et blanc
Film distribué par Pathé
Août 1912

La Porteuse de pain (film, 1912)


El Himno de Azuay es una composición musical creada por la letra y música de Renato Albornoz Moreno. Es el himno oficial de la provincia del Azuay, por lo que también se lo conoce como Himno de Azuay.

El himno consta de cuatro estrofas de cuatro versos cada una en total 52 versos, de los cuales hoy se canta el coro, la primera, la segunda, la tercera y la cuarta estrofa.

Himno al Azuay

 CORO

 Azuay, Azuay
 Te canto con fervor.
 De tus ríos emanan.
 Huertos paz y amor.
 Azuay, Azuay
 Puñado de semillas.
 Que la tierra nos brinda.
 Con toda su alegría.

 ESTROFAS
 I

 Azuay tu nombre surca mi horizonte.
 Mapa de colores bajo un cielo azul.
 Campiñas que rebosan mazorcas y trigales.
 Hermosos manantiales, floresta y colibrí.
 Tejedoras de sombreros, de macanas y de ponchos.
 De sus chales mil colores, sus bordados y el telar.
 Cuenta el tiempo en mil canciones, entre historias y leyendas.
 De lo bello de esta tierra, De lo bello del Azuay.

 II

 Azuay tu nombre murmura entre la luna.
 Entre bosques entre montes y arroyos de cristal.
 Espejos tus lagunas provincia del ensueño.
 Tierra tersa y generosa para el alma un manantial.
 Son quince tus hijos que altivos te cantan.
 Desde Guapondelig, orgullo de Ecuador.
 Parroquias y cantones bruñidos en tus valles.
 Leyendas de granizo, calor de un tibio sol.

 III

 Guacamayas y serpientes en tu sangre milenaria.
 En la piel de tus montañas el arado y una flor.
 Lleva el viento por tus campos melodías de alegría.
 En los Andes majestuosa tu silueta bajo el sol.
 Tu nombre escrito en barro y poesía.
 Entre historia, armonía y gestas de valor.
 Con el pulso de tu gente, tus mujeres y tus hombres.
 Con sus sueños, sus manos, su fuerza y su tesón.

 IV

 Azuay tu nombre surca mi horizonte.
 Ríos y cascadas juegan en tu piel.
 La magia de la vida con su fuerza y su dulzura.
 Está presente en esta tierra, tierra del edén.
 Quipas, rondadores, bandas y danzantes.
 Festejan junto al agua un nuevo amanecer.
 El viento vuela inquieto entre paramos y cerros.
 Acariciando a Pachamama su vientre de mujer.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Azuay
Provincia de Azuay

Himno de Azuay


توم دوف أو توماس دوغلاس سالكيرك داف (ب: Tom Duff أو Thomas Douglas Selkirk Duff) هو مبرمج كندي، ولد في 8 ديسمبر 1952 بتورونتو (أونتاريو، كندا). ترعرع في تورونتو، أنهى دراسته في الرياضيات عام 1974 في جامعة واترلو، ثم واصل لمدة عامين دراسته في الرياضيات أيضا في جامعة تورونتو.

مهنته
اشتغل توم دوف في معهد نيويورك للتكنولوجيا في مختبر الحاسوب والرسومات وأيضا لدى شركة مارك ويليامز في شيكاغو. فيما بعد اشتغل في شركة لوكاس فيلم في قسم الأبحاث والتطوير، يعمل دوف منذ عام 1996 لدى شركة بيكسار الأمريكية.

تحصل عام 1995 مع مجموعة أخرى على جائزة أكاديمية العلوم والهندسة لعمله في «تركيب الصور الرقمية».

مراجع

خريجو جامعة واترلو
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من تورونتو
أعلام بيكسار
أعلام يونكس
مبرمجون كنديون
مواليد 1952
مواليد في تورونتو
علماء في مختبرات بل

توم داف


Befolkningsudvekslingen i 1923 mellem Grækenland og Tyrkiet fandt sted efter et forslag fra den græske regering, som organiserede den allerede tidligere fordrivelse: Fordrivelsen ramte de græske ortodokse borgere i Tyrkiet og de muslimske indbyggere i Grækenland.
Udvekslingen fandt sted efter religiøse kriterier og førte til ophør af de græske bosættelser i Anatolien og en ende for de muslimske menigheder i Grækenland. Tvangsforflyttelsen fandt sted efter den 1. verdenskrig og den følgende græsk-tyrkiske krig.

Efter grækernes nederlag i Anatolien før januar 1923 var allerede det store flertal af muslimske grækere under krigen fordrevet, men de blev alligevel optaget i konventionen. Man regner med at over 900.000 ortodokse flygtninge kom ril Grækenland (derunder 50.000 armeniere) og 400.000 muslimer i Grækenland inklusive øen Kreta emigrerede til Tyrkiet.

Fordrivelsen
Da den tyrkisken regering under Kemal Atatürk efter den den tyrkiske uafhængighedskrig afviste Sèvres-traktaten, som det Osmanniske Rige havde undertegnet, blev der i  Lausanne på initiativ af Fridtjof Nansen organiseret en fredskonference. Under Lausanner Fredskonferencen blev den 30. Januar 1923 konventionen om "udvekslingen af  græske og tyrkiske indbyggere" undertegnet af den tyrkiske og græske regering. Konventionen gjaldt med tilbagevirkende kraft for alle migratiosbevægelser siden udbruddet af den 1. Balkankrig den 18. oktober 1912. Da udvekslingen trådte i kraft den 1. maj 1923, var den største del af den ortodokse-græske før krigs-befolkning i det ægæiske Tyrkiet allerede fordrevet.

Grækenlands historie
Tyrkiets historie


François Gall, născut Ferenc Gáll, (n. 22 martie 1912, Cluj – d. 12 decembrie 1987, Paris) a fost un pictor impresionist originar din Transilvania, stabilit la Paris.

Studiile
A fost elev al lui Aurel Popp. În perioada 1929-1933 s-a alăturat Școlii de la Baia Mare.

Note

Nașteri în 1912
Decese în 1987
Clujeni

François Gall


Anglo-saska umjetnost, umjetnost nastala u anglo-saskom razdoblju engleske povijesti, počevši od stila iz seobenog razdoblja koji su Anglo-Sasi donijeli sa sobom s kontinenta u 5. stoljeću. Konac je 1066. godine s normanskim osvajanjem velike anglo-saske države-nacije čija je sofisticirana umjenost bila utjecajna u većem dijelu sjeverne Europe. Dva razdoblja izvanrednog dosega bila su u 7. i 8. stoljeću, s obradom kovine i dragulja iz Sutton Hooa i niza veličanstvenih oslikanih rukopisa i završnog razdoblja koje je nastupilo poslije oko 950. godine, kad je nastupilo oživljenje engleske kulture nakon svršetka vikinškihinvazija. Do vremena osvajanja pomak ka romanici bio je skoro gotov. Važna središta umjetnosti bila su usredotočena na krajnjim dijelovima Engleske, u Northumbriji, posebice u ranom razdoblju, te Kraljevstvu Zapadnih Sasa i Kentu na južnoj obali.

Anglosaska umjetnost preživjela je većinom u oslikanim rukopisima, arhitekturi, brojnim vrlo finim rezbarijama u bjelokosti (morževoj i dr.) te nekim radovima u kovinama i ostlaim materijalima. Opus Anglicanum je već prepoznat kao najfiniji vez u Europi, premda je tek nešto dijelova iz anglosaskog razdoblja ostalo - tapiserija iz Bayeuxa, koja je drukčija vrsta veza na daleko većoj ljestvici. Anglosaski rad u metalu bio je cijenjen diljem Europe, ali je malo što preživjelo, jer je bilo obimno pljačkanje crkva, samostana i posjeda plemstva kojima su normanski vladari u prvim desetljećima oduzeli posjede, kao i Normani poslije njih te anglikanska reformacija te je veći dio preživjelih predmeta završio na kontinentu.

Izvori

Referentna literatura

"Dodwell (1982)": Dodwell, C. R., Anglo-Saxon Art, A New Perspective, 1982, Manchester UP,
"Dodwell (1993)": Dodwell, C. R., The Pictorial arts of the West, 800–1200, 1993, Yale UP,
"Golden Age": Backhouse, Janet, Turner, D.H., and Webster, Leslie, eds.; The Golden Age of Anglo-Saxon Art, 966–1066, 1984, British Museum Publications Ltd,
Henderson, George. Early Medieval, 1972, rev. 1977, Penguin.
"History": Historia Ecclesie Abbendonensis: The History of the Church of Abingdon, Translated by John Hudson, Oxford University Press, 2002,
Nordenfalk, Carl. Celtic and Anglo-Saxon Painting: Book illumination in the British Isles 600–800. Chatto & Windus, London (New York: George Braziller), 1977.
Schiller, Gertrud, Iconography of Christian Art, Vol. II, 1972 (English trans from German), Lund Humphries, London,
Wilson, David M.; Anglo-Saxon: Art From The Seventh Century To The Norman Conquest, Thames and Hudson (US edn. Overlook Press), 1984.
Zarnecki, George and others; English Romanesque Art, 1066–1200, 1984, Arts Council of Great Britain,

Daljnja literatura
 Brown, Michelle, The Lindisfarne Gospels and the Early Medieval World (2010)
 Webster, Leslie, Anglo-Saxon Art, 2012, British Museum Press,
 Karkov, Catherine E., The Art of Anglo-Saxon England, 2011, Boydell Press, ,
 Coatsworth, Elizabeth; Pinder, Michael, The Art of the Anglo-Saxon Goldsmith; Fine Metalwork in Anglo-Saxon England: its Practice and Practitioners, 2002, Boydell Press

Anglo-saska umjetnost


Proturele din România numără circa 27 de specii descrie în special în pădurile din Munții Carpați și în suburbia Bucureștilor. Apariția publicațiilor despre aceste hexapode este sporadică și sunt puține date privind diversitatea lor în diferite regiuni. Din numărul total de specii, 15 au fost descrise prima dată pentru fauna românească într-un studiu din 2016.

Ordinul Acerentomata

Familia Hesperentomidae

Subfamilia Hesperentominae
Ionescuellum carpaticum (Ionescu, 1930)

Subfamilia Protentomidae
Proturentomon minimum (Berlese, 1908)
Proturentomon sp.

Familia Acerentomidae

Subfamilia Berberentulinae
Acerentulus alni Szeptycki, 1991
Acerentulus confinis (Berlese, 1908)
Acerentulus cf. confinis
Acerentulus exiguu Condé, 1944
Acerentulus halae Szeptycki, 1997
Acerentulus traegardhi Ionescu, 1937
Acerentulus xerophilus Szeptycki, 1979
Acerentulus  sp. cunhai

Subfamilia Acerentominae
Acerentomon affine Bagnall, 1912
Acerentomon carpaticum Nosek, 1961
Acerentomon mesorhinus Ionescu, 1930
Acerentomon microrhinus Berlese, 1909
Acerentomon quercinum Ionescu, 1932
Acerentomon cf. quercinum
Acerentomon rostratum Ionescu, 1951

Subfamilia Acerentominae
Acerella muscorum (Ionescu, 1930)

Ordinul Eosentomata

Familia Eosentomidae
Eosentomon armatum Stach, 1926
Eosentomon carpaticum Szeptycki, 1985
Eosentomon enigmaticum Szeptycki, 1986
Eosentomon pinetorum Szeptycki, 1984
Eosentomon semiarmatum Denis, 1927
Eosentomon silvaticum Szeptycki, 1986
Eosentomon stachi Rusek, 1966
Eosentomon transitorium Berlese, 1908

Referințe

Bibliografie
 Falcă, M. Species of Protura from scientific reservation: Retezat National Park. In. Studii și comunicări, 1972, pp. 95‒99.
 Ionescu, MA. Note sur quelques Protoures de Sinaia (Roumanie). In: Bulletin de la Section scientifique de l'Académie Roumaine, 1930, 13(1-2), pp. 1‒9.
 Ionescu, MA. Contributions to study of the fauna of beech litter. Statistical, ecological and systematics research of beech forest from Sinaia and Prahova Valley. Bucharest, 1932, 100 p.
 Ionescu, MA. La chaetotaxie des stades larvaires chez le genre Eosentomon (Ord. Protura). In: Entomologisk Tidskrift, nr. 58, 1937, pp. 101‒105.
 Ionescu MA. Insecta Fascicula 1 Protura. In: Fauna Republicii Populare Române, vol. 7. București: Academia Republicii Populare Românei, 1951, pp.1-38.
 Nosek, J. The European Protura. Their taxonomy, ecology and distribution with keys for determination. Museum d'Histoire Naturelle. Geneve, 1973. 345 p.
 Shrubovych, Julia; Bernard, Ernest. A key for the determination of European species of Eosentomon Berlese, 1909 (Protura, Eosentomata, Eosentomidae). In: ZooKeys , 742 (1), 2018, pp. 1-12. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.742.22664
 Szeptycki, A. Protura. In: Fauna Europaea, version 2.6.2. [last updated on 29 august 2013 by Shrubovych J] http://www.faunaeur.org [accessed 05 august 2015]
 Szeptycki, A. Catalogue of the world Protura. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 50B: 1–210. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/isez/azcb/2007/00000050/00000001/art00001

Protura
Proture din România

Listă de proture din România


Agrilus notoclavus é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Jendek, no ano 2000.

Referências

notoclavus

Agrilus notoclavus


تضمين الطور  هو أحد أشكال التضمين التي تظهر المعلومات في شكل تغيرات في طور الموجة الحاملة.
يتميز هذا النوع من التضمين بالتوفيق بين مزايا التضمين السعوي والتضمين الترددي حيث يحافظ على جودة الإشارة باستخدام نطاق ترددي أقل من ذلك المستخدم في التضمين الترددي ولكن يعيبه تعقيد التجهيزات.

النظرية

بفرض  الإشارة المراد إرسالها وأن التردد الحامل هو

وبإدراج دالة التضمين بحيث تكون:

ليس من السهل استنتاج علاقة رياضية مباشرة لدالة التضمين ولكن يمكن الأخذ بعين الاعتبار منطقتين هما:
 يمكن تقريب دالة تضمين الطور بدالة تضمين السعة عند السعات الصغيرة فيلاحظ ظهور نطاقين جانبيين وكفاءة رديئة نسبيا.
 بالنسبة لقيم الإشارة الجيبية الكبيرة نسبيا، يمكن تقريب تضمين الطور بتضمين التردد وبالتالي يكون عرض النطاق تقريبا
,
حيث  و معامل التضمين.

معامل التضمين
يعبر معامل التضمين الطوري عن مدى تغير الإشارة المضمنة بالنسبة لمستواها قبل التضمين ويعطى بالعلاقة

,
حيث  هي الانحراف الاعظمي في الطور.

إنظر أيضا
 تضمين
 تضمين زائد

مراجع

أشكال تضمين راديوية

تضمين الطور


2,7 er en dokumentarfilm fra 2013 instrueret af Cille Hannibal. I den medvirker 2 professionelle atleter, søstrene Sara Sig Møller og Maria Sig Møller.

Handling

Maria er langdistanceløber. Hun og hendes enæggede tvillingesøster Sara er Danmarks bedste. Opvokset i en familie af elite-sportsfolk har konkurrencen i mellem de to søstre vokset sig så stor at det har fået alvorlige konsekvenser følelsesmæssigt for begge piger. Relationen imellem dem belastes yderligere da Maria begynder at få problemer med sin fysik. Et symptom på den overbelastning hun hver dag har udsat sin krop for i kampen om at blive den bedste.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Sport i Danmark
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2013

2,7


Nónfjall er et fjeld, der ligger syd for bygden Sørvágur på Vágar i Færøerne, nær ved Vágar Lufthavn. Mod øst ligger Høgafjall.

På færøsk betyder nón klokken 15.00 om eftermiddagen - ordet er beslægtet med engelsk (after-)noon. Hvis man står i midten af den gamle bygdekerne i Sørvágur klokken 15.00, ståer solen præcis over Nónfjall, deraf navnet.

Fjeldet ligger i dalen Kjóvadalur.

Se også
 Fjelde på Færøerne

Referencer

Bjerge i Færøerne
Vágar

Nónfjall


Liturgika (crkv. grč. λεıτουργıϰός: koji se odnosi na obred, obredni) teološka je grana koja sustavno proučava postanak i razvoj crkvenih obredâ. Dijeli se na rubricističku (praktičnu) liturgiku, koja se bavi proučavanjem crkvenih propisa o liturgijskim činima (misa, časoslov, sakramenti i sakramentali) i povijesnu liturgiku, koja proučava njihov povijesni razvoj.

Bibliografija
Važniji liturgički priručnici:

 Joseph Gelineau i dr., Pastoralna teologija liturgijskih slavlja (Teologia pastorale delle celebrazioni liturgiche, 1970.)
 Adolf Adam, Uvod u katoličku liturgiju (Grundriss Liturgie, 1985.)
 Vladimir Zagorac, Kristova svećenička služba (1997.)
 Bernardin Škunca, Duh i obred : o bitnosti i primjenjivosti katoličkog bogoslužja (1998.)
 Joseph Ratzinger, Duh liturgije (2000.)

Povezani članci
 Sacrosanctum Concilium
 Summorum Pontificum
 Kongregacija za bogoštovlje i sakramente
 Liturgijsko pravo
 Služba Božja

Izvori
 liturgika, Hrvatska enciklopedija, www.enciklopedija.hr, pristupljeno 13. kolovoza 2021.
 Osnove liturgike,www.djkbf.unios.hr, pristupljeno 13. kolovoza 2021.

Vanjske poveznice
Mrežna mjesta
 Hrvatski institut za liturgijski pastoral, službeno mrežno mjesto
 Ante Crnčević, Liturgijska obnova u svjetlu poslijesaborskih smjernica, Bogoslovska smotra 3/2005.
 Dragutin Kniewald, Lirurgika (1937.), predkoncilski liturgički priručnik

Kršćanska liturgija
Kršćanska teologija

Liturgika


Skarnbassen er en tegnefilm i serien Der var engang... (eng. titel The Fairytaler), der blev udsendt i forbindelse med H.C. Andersens 200 års fødselsdag i 2005.

Danske Stemmer:
 H.C. Andersen Henrik Koefoed
 Skarnbasse Donald Andersen
 Skarnbasse mor Margrethe Koytu
 Tynd skarnbasse Jacob Morild
 Tyk skarnbasse Christian Damgaard
 Skarnbassepige Mille Lehfeldt
 Billemor Tammi Øst
 Larve Thomas Mørk
 Frede Frø Ole Lemmeke
 Smede Søren Hauch-Fausbøll
 Pige Signe Lerche
 Erik Joachim Helvang

Øvrige stemmer:
 Sofus Addington
 Vibeke Dueholm
 Lasse Lunderskov
 Trine Clasen
 Amanda Brunchmann
 Sofie Lassen-Kahlke

Bagom:
 Instruktør: Jørgen Lerdam
 Original musik af: Gregory Magee
 Hovedforfatter: Gareth Williams
 Manuskriptredaktører: Linda O' Sullivan, Cecilie Olrik
 Oversættelse: Jakob Eriksen
 Lydstudie: Nordisk Film Audio
 Stemmeinstruktør: Steffen Addington
 Animation produceret af: A. Film A/S
 Animationsstudie: Wang Film Production

En co-produktion mellem
Egmont Imagination, A. Film & Magma Film

I samarbejde med:
Super RTL & DR TV

Eksterne henvisninger

Der var engang
Film fra Danmark (administrationskategori)

Skarnbassen (Der var engang...)


Agrilus comes é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Kerremans, 1896.

Referências

comes

Agrilus comes


قانون بيو وسافارت هو المكافئ المغناطيسي لقانون كولوم حيث أنه قانون يربط بين المجال المغناطيسي وبين التيار الكهربائي الذي ولده باستخدام الضرب الإتجاهي, في صياغة أخرى للصورة التي يربط بها قانون أمبير بين المجال المغناطيسي والتيار الكهربائي الذي أوجده.

الصيغة الرياضية
يعبر عن قانون بايوت-سافارت بالشكل التالي :

أو بصيغة أخرى :

حيث أن :

 هو التيار المار في الجزء الصغير
 هو متجه مقداره هو طول الجزء متناهي الصغر واتجاهه هو نفسه اتجاه التيار
 الفيض المغناطيسي متناهي الصغر الناشئ عن التيار
 هي نفاذية الفراغ
 هو متجه الوحدة الذي يحدد الاتجاه للمتجه  من نقطة التيار نحو نقطة المجال
 المسافة بين نقطة التيار والنقطة المراد حساب قيمة المجال المغناطيسي عندها

مراجع

ديناميكا هوائية
قوانين فيزيائية
كهرومغناطيسية

قانون بيوت - سافارت


La presentación en el templo es un cuadro del pintor francés Simon Vouet realizado en 1640 y que se halla en el Museo del Louvre.

En él, Vouet representa la escena evangélica de la Presentación de Jesús en el Templo, una de las más representadas en la historia del arte. María presenta a su hijo al anciano Simeón que lo recibe envuelto en paños. Al lado, José lleva una pequeña jaula con el sacrificio de dos tórtolas.

Véase también
 Anexo:Cuadros de Simon Vouet
 Presentación en el Templo (Fray Bartolomeo)

Referencias

Pinturas del Museo del Louvre
Cuadros de Simon Vouet
Cuadros del Barroco
Cuadros de 1640
Pinturas representando temas del Nuevo Testamento
Pinturas representando a Jesús
Pinturas representando a la Virgen María
Pinturas representando a San José
Representaciones de ángeles

Presentación en el templo (Vouet)


Hüseyin Necati Çiller (1898 - 24 Aralık 1973), Türk gazeteci ve bürokrat; gazetecilikten yetişmiş, 1940'lı ve 1950'li yıllarda üst düzey mülki amirliklerde bulunmuştur, Tansu Çiller'in babasıdır.

1898'de Muğla'nın Milas ilçesinde dünyaya gelen Necati Çiller, Mülkiye'de eğitim aldı ve maliye okudu. 1920'lerin başlarında Vakit gazetesinin Ankara muhabiri olan Necati Çiller, 1925-1927 yılları arasında Muğla'da Akyol gazetesini çıkardı. Tansu Çiller'in annesi olan ve Balkan Savaşı yıllarında Selanik'ten göç etmiş bir aileye mensup Muazzez hanım ile bu dönemde evlendi. 1950 seçimleri sonrasında İstanbul vali ve belediye reisi muavinliği yapmakta iken (İstanbul'da vilayet ve belediye 1957'de birbirlerinden ayrılmıştır) Bilecik Valiliğine atadı. 1954 Genel Seçimlerinde Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi'nden Muğla adayı olan Necati Çiller, Demokrat Parti'nin tüm Muğla milletvekillerini elde etmesiyle seçimi kaybetti. CHP'den aday olmanın bedeli ise valilikten emekli edilmesi oldu.

Ankara'da Vakit muhabirliği yaptığı yıllara ilişkin bir anekdot, 1924'te Kozan Milletvekili Ali Saip Ursavaş ve arkadaşları tarafından TBMM koridorlarında dövülmesidir. Olayın nedeni, Hüseyin Necati'nin Halk Fırkası'nın grup toplantısında milletvekillerinin maaşlarına zam talep etmeleriyle ilgili tartışmaları yazmasıydı. Gazete haberinde zam isteyenlerden Ali Saip'in bir fotoğrafı da basılmıştı. Milletvekillerinin zam talebini eleştiren Necati'nin Meclis'te dövülmesi üzerine Ankara'daki muhabirler üç gün süreyle Ankara'dan İstanbul'a haber göndermeme kararı alarak olayı protesto ettiler. Kozan Milletvekili Ali Saib ise, şerefiyle oynandığını ileri sürerek Tanin Gazetesi'ne yaptığı açıklamada, "Daha göstereceğim. Düello hakkını temin edeceğim. Bu hususta kanun teklifinde bulunacağım" diyordu. Ali Saip gerçekten de düellonun yasallaştırılması yönünde bir kanun teklifi verdi, ancak bu teklif işleme konulmadı.

1898 doğumlular
1973 yılında ölenler
Muğla doğumlular
Zincirlikuyu Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
Türk bürokratlar
Türk gazeteciler
Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi mensubu siyasetçiler

Necati Çiller


Mylesinus paucisquamatus é uma espécie de peixe do gênero Mylesinus.

É encontrado na bacia do Rio Tocantins.

Serrasalmidae

Mylesinus paucisquamatus


Mitsutoshi Tsushima (født 30. juli 1974) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Nagoya Grampus Eight.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Mitsutoshi Tsushima


Der BE Circuit 2010/2011 war die 24. Auflage dieser europäischen Turnierserie im Badminton. Die für Mai 2010 vorgesehenen Toulouse Open und die für März 2011 vorgesehenen Finnish International wurden bereits im Frühjahr 2010 abgesagt.

Die Wertungsturniere

Endstände

Herreneinzel

Dameneinzel

Herrendoppel

Damendoppel

Mixed

Weblinks
 badminton.de

Sportsaison 2010/11
2010

BE Circuit 2010/11


Acıbadem, İstanbul'un Anadolu yakasında Kadıköy ilçe sınırları içerisinde bulunan bir mahalledir. Kuzeyinde, Üsküdar ilçesine bağlı Acıbadem Mahallesi bulunur.

Yerleşim

Acıbadem semti; İstanbul Anadolu yakasında, Kuzey-Güney ekseninde Küçük Çamlıca'nın güney yamaçlarından Haydarpaşa ve Mısırlıoğlu'na, Doğu-Batı ekseninde ise Hasanpaşa'dan Altunizâde ve Koşuyolu'na kadar uzanan geniş bir bölgede yer almaktadır. Kızıltoprak Sapağı'yla birlikte Kadıköy'den çıkan Halitağa Caddesi isim değiştirerek Acıbadem Caddesi'ne dönüşür. Acıbadem semtinin alt sınırı bu noktadan başlamaktadır. Bu cadde Küçük Çamlıca'ya kadar ulaşır. Acıbadem Caddesi'nin Küçük Çamlıca Caddesi'ne dönüştüğü yer, semtin üst sınırını oluşturmaktadır. Semt, ana damarı olan Acıbadem Caddesi'nin doğu ve batı kısmında konumlanmıştır. Acıbadem Köprüsü, semtin ortasından geçen D-100 karayolunun üzerindedir.

Cumhuriyet devri kadastro çalışmaları sırasında, Şevket Paşa Sokak'tan Acıbadem Caddesi yönüne ilerlenip, devamında Faikbey Mescidi Sokak'ı boylu boyunca takip etmekle elde edilecek hattın, kuzeyinin Üsküdar Tapu Kadastro Müdürlüğü'nün, güneyinin ise Kadıköy Tapu Kadastro Müdürlüğü'nün yetki alanında kalacağına karar verilmiş ve Acıbadem semti dahilindeki kadastro çalışmaları bu minvalde tamamlanmıştır. Şevket Paşa Sokak - Faikbey Mescidi Sokak hattının kuzeyi tapuda her ne kadar Üsküdar'a bağlı olmuşsa da, 1984'e kadar semtin tamamı, mahallî idare teşkilatı açısından Kadıköy Belediye Şubesi'ne bağlıydı. 1984'te Büyükşehir Belediyesi ile beraber ilçe belediyeleri de kurulmaya başlanınca, belediye sınırları yeniden gözden geçirilmiş ve Acıbadem semtinin tapuda Üsküdar İlçesi'ne bağlı olan kısımları Üsküdar Belediyesi'ne bağlanmıştır. Bu işlem sonucunda İstanbul'da, biri Üsküdar Belediyesi sınırları içerisinde, diğeri Kadıköy Belediyesi sınırları içerisinde bulunan birbirine komşu 2 tane Acıbadem Mahallesi olmuştur.

Taşköprü Caddesi, Kadıköy Acıbadem Mahallesi'ni Rasimpaşa Mahallesi'nden ayırır. Yine benzer şekilde Nazifbey Sokak'tan Tur Sokak'a ve oradan da Yeni Duygu ve Boyacı Mehmet sokaklarına devam eden hat Kadıköy Acıbadem Mahallesi ile Hasanpaşa Mahallesi arasındaki sınırı oluştururken, Tekin-Gömeç-Eminbey-Alidede sokakları ve devamında Dinlenç Caddesi boyunca uzanan çizgi Koşuyolu Mahallesi ile, Faikbey Mescidi Sokak ile Şevket Paşa Sokak ise Üsküdar Acıbadem Mahallesi ile sınırı oluşturmaktadır.

Google Maps üzerinden Kadıköy Acıbadem Mahallesi'ni incelemek için bu bağlantıya tıklayabilirsiniz.

Tarihi

Eskiden geniş çayırların, bağların, bahçelerin ve koruların arasında Osmanlı saray mensuplarının, sultanların, şehzadelerin, paşaların köşklerinin bulunduğu Acıbadem, bugün yoğun yerleşme alanıdır. Bu yoğun yerleşme arasında, geçmişin izlerini taşıyan yapılar ve mekânlar vardır. Semtin Nişantaşı olarak bilinen kesimine II. Mahmud döneminde bir nişan taşı dikilmiştir. Padişahın, bugün yerinde bulunmayan kasrından bin adım uzaktaki bir yumurtayı vurduğu, bu nişan taşının da buraya dikildiği söylenir. Komşu semti Koşuyolu ise yine Osmanlı saray mensuplarının at bindikleri, 1900-1920 yıllarında ise at yarışlarının düzenlendiği semttir.

Acıbadem semtinin önemli tarihsel yapıları arasında, Sokullu Köşkü olarak da bilinen Şehzade Ziyaeddin Efendi Köşkü, günümüzde TSK Çamlıca Özel Bakım Merkezi sınırlarında kalan Köçeoğlu Köşkü ile Ahmet Celâleddin Paşa Köşkü, Acıbadem Nişantaşı, Çamlıca Kız Lisesi olarak hizmet vermiş Ahmet Ratip Paşa Köşkü, Mabeyinci Emin Bey Köşkü, sonradan Safter Köşkü adını alan Tırnakçı Salim Bey Köşkü, İbrahim Ağa Camii, Ethem Kaptan Camii, Faik Paşa Camii olarak da bilinen kare planlı ve tek minareli Acıbadem Camii, Baba Oğul Çeşmesi, Ayrılık Çeşmesi ve Acıbadem Su Terazisi sayılabilir.

Ulaşım

Acıbadem semti, ulaşım açısından oldukça verimli bir bölgede bulunmaktadır. Gerek Kadıköy'e gerek Üsküdar'a olan yakınlığı, E5 otoyolunun Acıbadem'i ortasından kesmesi, çevreyollarına hakim olması sayesinde Acıbadem, ulaşımın hiç de zor olmadığı bir semttir.

Toplu taşıma ile ulaşım

Kadıköy'den ve Üsküdar'dan hareket edip Acıbadem Caddesi'ni kat eden İETT otobüsleri, Kadıköy'den ve -semtin yalnızca üst kısımlarından geçseler de- Üsküdar'dan hareketli Acıbadem minibüsleri mevcuttur. Eğer D100 karayolu tercih edilecekse Kadıköy ve Üsküdar'dan kalkıp D100 karayolunu takip eden herhangi bir toplu taşıma aracı da sizin işinizi görecektir. D100 üzerindeki Acıbadem Köprüsü durağı Acıbadem Caddesi'ne ve semt merkezine, Emek Sitesi durağı Acıbadem'in doğu kısmına, İstek Vakfı durağı ise güney kısmına ulaşım için idealdir. Yukarı Acıbadem'e ulaşım için Acıbadem Caddesi'ni takip eden toplu taşıma araçları kullanılmalıdır. Kadıköy-Kartal (M4 hattı) metrosunun Acıbadem istasyonu Acıbadem Köprüsü'nün altında; Acıbadem Metrobüs durağı ise semtin Küçük Çamlıca'ya yakın kısmında, köprü yolu üzerindedir.

Avrupa Yakası'na ulaşım

Acıbadem semtinin geniş anlamda bakıldığında komşuları Kadıköy, Üsküdar, Altunizade, Bağlarbaşı, Göztepe olarak sayılabilir. Bu da semtin çevreyollarıyla ulaşım için uygun olduğunu göstermektedir.

Acıbadem'den Koşuyolu'na geçip sırayla Koşuyolu ve Tophanelioğlu Caddelerini kullanarak Altunizade'ye ulaşılabilir ve 15 Temmuz Şehitler Köprüsü'ne giriş yapılabilir. Aynı köprüye ikinci bir yoldan ulaşım için ise E5 otoyolunu kullanmak gereklidir. İzmit-Ankara yönüne doğru otoyolu takiben, Göztepe Köprüsü'ne gelmeden önce köprü girişi verilmektedir. 15 Temmuz Şehitler Köprüsü çıkışında Altunizade sapağından sonra Acıbadem'e giriş de mevcuttur. Ancak Acıbadem Caddesi bu şekilde sadece tek yönlü olarak Çevreyolu'na bağlanmıştır. 1. Köprü Çevreyolu Acıbadem Caddesi'ne bağlanmasına rağmen, Acıbadem Caddesi Çevreyolu'na direkt çıkışa sahip değildir.

Fatih Sultan Mehmet Köprüsü için ise yine E5 otoyolunu takip etmek gereklidir. İzmit-Ankara yönünde ilerlerken sırayla Göztepe ve Yenisahra'ya ulaştıktan sonra Kozyatağı'na gelmeden 2. Köprü girişi verilmektedir.

Koşuyolu'na komşu olan Acıbadem'den, kolayca Avrasya Tüneli'ne ulaşmak da mümkündür.

Acıbadem'de yaşam

Hasan Tan İlkokulu, Acıbadem Türk Telekom Şehit Mete Sertbaş Ortaokulu, Bilfen Koleji'nin anaokulu ile ilk-orta ve lise kısımları, Mihriban Suat Bedük İlkokulu, Özdemiroğlu İmam Hatip Ortaokulu, 60. Yıl Anadolu İlkokulu, Dr. Sait Darga İlkokulu, Çamlıca Kız Lisesi, İstek Vakfı Okulları, Özel Helikon Acıbadem Anadolu Lisesi, Avrupa Koleji, Doğa Okulları, Kadıköy Ahmet Sani Gezici Kız Anadolu İmam Hatip Lisesi, General Ali Rıza Ersin Mesleki ve Teknik Anadolu Lisesi, Özel Acıbadem Koleji, Marmara Üniversitesi Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesi ve Doğuş Üniversitesi semtteki eğitim kurumlarından bazılarıdır. Birbirleri ile komşu olan Ahmet Sani Gezici Lisesi ile Kadıköy İmam Hatip/Anadolu İmam Hatip liseleri binaları yıkıldıktan sonra okulların bulunduğu arsa üzerine tek bir okul binası yapılmış ve bu yeni okul Kadıköy Ahmet Sani Gezici Kız Anadolu İmam Hatip Lisesi adını alarak imam-hatip lisesi olmuştur. Acıbadem Sağlık Grubu'nun ilk şubesi olan Acıbadem Kadıköy Hastanesi, TSK Çamlıca Özel Bakım Merkezi (eski GATA Çamlıca Askerî Hastanesi), Anadolu Yakası Telekom Müdürlüğü, Anadolu Yakası Posta İşleme Merkezi (PTT), İş Bankası Konutları ve içerisinde CarrefourSA'yı barındıran Tepe Nautilus Alışveriş Merkezi bu semttedir. Semt pazarı perşembe günleri kurulmaktadır. Tarihi Salı Pazarı'nın kurulduğu alan semte uzak olmamakla beraber Üsküdar Amerikan Lisesi, Kadıköy Anadolu Lisesi, St. Joseph Lisesi gibi okullar da araçla ortalama 10 dakikada erişilebilecek konumdadırlar. Semtin Uzunçayır'a bakan çukur kısmındaki eski Otosan arazisi üzerine Akasya Acıbadem sitesi ile alışveriş merkezi, bu projenin biraz ilerisindeki bir alana da Almondhill konutları inşa edilmiş, bu yapılaşma Acıbadem'deki nüfus yoğunluğu ile motorlu taşıt trafiğini artırmıştır. Acıbadem semtinin Altunizâde ile sınır kısmında bulunan Validebağ Korusu, günümüzde hâlâ Acıbademlilerin en önde gelen nefes alma yerlerinden biridir.

Kaynakça

 https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx Genel Mahalle Listesi, T.C.İçişleri Bakanlığı, Mart 2020.

Kadıköy'ün mahalleleri

Acıbadem, Kadıköy


HMAS Shoalwater (M 81), named for Shoalwater Bay in Queensland, was a Bay class minehunter of the Royal Australian Navy.

She was built by Carrington Slipways at its Ramsay Fibreglass facility in Tomago, New South Wales, launched on 20 June 1987 and commissioned on 10 October 1987. During her sea trials, Shoalwater travelled to Townsville where a number of charges were detonated around the vessel to test her tolerance to underwater explosions. Shoalwater performed above expectations during these tests. For the duration of her service with the RAN, Shoalwater was assigned to HMAS Waterhen in Sydney, where the Navy established a Mine Warfare Systems Centre ahead of the Bay class ships entering service.

Shoalwater was decommissioned on 14 August 2001. She and sister ship  were sold in 2002 for service in the Persian Gulf.

Citations

References

Bay-class minehunters
Ships built in New South Wales
1987 ships

HMAS Shoalwater (M 81)


Zahvat, na japanskom katame-waza (固め技 "tehnika hvatanja"), je borilačka tehnika koja se najčešće koristi u raznim hrvačkim borilačkim športovima kao što su: džudo, hrvanje, džiju-džicu, aikido, hapkido, shuai jiao, sambo i tome slične vještine borbe.

Zahvati se uglavnom koriste za kontrolu protivnika i napredovanje u bodovima ili pozicioniranju.
Zahvati se mogu kategorizirati prema njihovoj funkciji, ili prema anatomskom učinku:

 Klinč – zahvat držanja protivnika u uspravnom položaju.
 Zahvat držanja – sputavanje protivnika na tlu.
 Poluga – zahvat koji uključuje manipulaciju i bolno istezanje ili izvrtanje protivnikovih zglobova, kako bi ga se primoralo na predaju borbe (poluga na ruci, nozi, vratu, kralježnici, prstima itd).
 Gušenje – zahvat koji kritično smanjuje ili sprječava dotok zraka i/ili krvi u mozak, pritiskom na vrat, kako bi se blokirali dišni kanali ili krvne žile.
 Zahvati kompresije – zahvati koji uzrokuju jaku bol pritiskom mišića na kost, stezanjem tetiva i stiskanjem ligamenata.

Izvori
 Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu: Theory and Technique by Renzo Gracie and Royler Gracie (2001).
 Championship Wrestling, Revised Edition. (Annapolis MD: United States Naval Institute, 1950).
 No Holds Barred Fighting: The Ultimate Guide to Submission Wrestling by Mark Hatmaker with Doug Werner.
 Small-Circle Jujitsu by Wally Jay. (Burbank CA: Ohara Publications, 1989).

Vanjske poveznice

 Free Jiu-Jitsu and Submission Grappling Videos
 The Subtle Science of the Muay Thai Clinch By Roberto Pedreira Uključuje slike uobičajenih muay thai klinč zahvata.
 Lessons in Wrestling and Physical Culture, a scan of the 1912 correspondence course from Martin 'Farmer' Burns.
 List of Submissions for MMA Hrvački zahvati koji se koriste u MMA-u. Svaki zahvat povezan je s videozapisima i uputama korak po korak.
 categorized judo techniques on video – Tournaments, champions, Olympics etc.
 Mixed Martial Arts Search Engine A search engine covering all things exclusive to MMA.
 MMA Training Free MMA Training help and advice.
 MMM Submission Moves  10 Submission Moves For MMA Athlets.
 Female Wrestling Channel Rules Competitive Female Wrestling Pin and Submission Rules at the Female Wrestling Channel
 Free book focusing on the mount position

Borilačke vještine i športovi
Hrvanje
Džudo
Džiju-džicu
Aikido

Zahvat


McGrail ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Peter McGrail (* 1996), britischer Boxer im Bantamgewicht
 Walter McGrail (1888–1970), US-amerikanischer Filmschauspieler

McGrail


An Bromelia flemingii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Ivón Mercedes Ramírez Morillo ngan Germán Carnevali. An Bromelia flemingii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Bromelia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Bromelia

Bromelia flemingii