Morden im Norden ist eine deutsche Vorabend-Krimiserie, die seit Februar 2012 im Ersten ausgestrahlt wird. Sie spielt in Lübeck. Die Serie startete ursprünglich als Teil der Vorabend-Krimireihe Heiter bis tödlich, daher liefen die ersten drei Staffeln noch mit dem Reihenobertitel als Heiter bis tödlich: Morden im Norden. Redaktionell betreut wird die Serie von der NDR-Redaktion Film, Familie & Serie in Hamburg, produziert von der ndF:neue deutsche Filmgesellschaft mbH, Berlin.

Handlung
Die Serie spielt in Lübeck und zeigt den Ermittlungsalltag von Hauptkommissar Finn Kiesewetter. Kiesewetter plante ursprünglich auf seinem Hof im Brandenburgischen ein einfaches, aber naturnahes Leben als Biobauer zu führen. Ein Brand machte alles zunichte, und so ging er zurück in seinen alten Beruf als Kommissar und in seine alte Heimat Lübeck. Anfangs fand er Quartier bei seinen Tanten, bei denen er aufgewachsen war, bis er sich später eine eigene Wohnung nahm: Eine Kate an der Steilküste.
Die Situation im Kommissariat ist bei seinem Dienstantritt nicht spannungslos: Finn trifft auf seine Jugendliebe Elke Rasmussen, die leitende Staatsanwältin, die schon ein bisschen mit daran gedreht hatte, Finn wieder in ihrer Nähe zu haben. Doch ausgerechnet Lars Englen ist Finns Vorgesetzter, er war einmal mit Elke verheiratet. Ansonsten muss er feststellen, dass hinter Lübecks ehrbarer Fassade das Verbrechen nur so lauert und Finn Kiesewetter viel Arbeit vor sich hat.

Hintergrund
Die Serie startete im Februar 2012 auf einem Sendeplatz am Dienstagabend. Dort löste sie die Serie Heiter bis tödlich: Nordisch herb ab. Die erste Staffel von Morden im Norden wurde mit 16 Folgen produziert und noch im gleichen Jahr wurde die Produktion weiterer Folgen beschlossen. Die Ausstrahlung der zweiten Staffel startete am 2. April 2013 und die dritte Staffel am 18. März 2014. In der 3. Staffel ging Tessa Mittelstaedt ab Folge 36 in eine Babypause. Ab dem 30. Juni 2015 wurde eine vierte Staffel gedreht, die ab 31. Oktober 2016 ausgestrahlt wurde. Vom 13. Juni 2017 bis zum 12. November 2017 wurde die fünfte Staffel (Folgen 65–80) gedreht und vom 9. April bis zum 5. November 2018 im Ersten ausgestrahlt. Die Produktion der 6. Staffel (Folgen 81–96) erfolgte vom 5. Juni bis zum 14. Dezember 2018. Am 23. September 2019 startete die 6. Staffel. Am 21. Mai 2019 hatten die Dreharbeiten zur 7. Staffel (16 Folgen) begonnen, die seit 2. November 2020 im Vorabendprogramm des Ersten zu sehen ist. Eine 8. Staffel mit 16 Folgen (113–128) wurde seit 21. Juli 2020 bis 18. März 2021 in Lübeck und Umgebung gedreht, die Ausstrahlung ist für 2022 vorgesehen. Der Dreh zu einer 9. Staffel mit 12 neuen Folgen (Folgen 129–140) begann am 20. Juli 2021 und dauerte bis zum 25. November 2021. Die Ausstrahlung der Staffel ist ab 30. Januar 2023 vorgesehen. Vom 26. April 2022 bis zum 28. Oktober 2022 wurde eine 10. Staffel mit 16 weiteren Folgen (141–156) gedreht. Die Ausstrahlung dieser Folgen ist ab 8. Januar 2024 vorhergesehen. Regie führen unter anderem Tanja Roitzheim und Christoph Eichhorn. Aktuell wird eine 11. Staffel mit 14 neuen Folgen (157–170) sowie ein Spielfilm gedreht, die Ausstrahlung des Spielfilms ist für den 2. Januar 2024, die der 11. Staffel für 2025 geplant.

Besetzung

Hauptdarsteller

Nebendarsteller

Figuren
Im Folgenden werden die Hauptfiguren der Serie aufgeführt.

Finn Kiesewetter
Finn Kiesewetter (Sven Martinek), in Lübeck geboren, wächst ab seinem fünften Lebensjahr bei seinen Großtanten Ria und Toni auf, weil seine Eltern bei einem Autounfall ums Leben gekommen sind. Mit 18 zieht er nach Hamburg, holt hier sein Abitur nach und fängt bei der Polizei an. Als herausragender Polizist macht er relativ schnell Karriere und bringt es zum Kriminalhauptkommissar. Jedoch kommt er auf Dauer nicht mit den hierarchischen Strukturen der Behörde klar. Mit Mitte dreißig wagt er den Ausstieg und kauft sich von seinem Ersparten ein großes Stück Land mit einem alten Hof. Die größtenteils menschenleere Landschaft der Uckermark entspricht seiner tiefverwurzelten Sehnsucht nach Weite, Platz, Luft, Einsamkeit. Doch dann brennt sein Hof ab. Ob es Brandstiftung oder Eigenverschulden ist, kann zunächst nicht geklärt werden. Finn bleibt nichts anderes übrig, als nach Lübeck zurückzugehen. Seine Großtanten, die sich sehr freuen, dass ihr Finn endlich zurück nach Lübeck kommt, verschaffen ihm die Stelle bei der Lübecker Kripo, weil sie die Staatsanwältin Elke Rasmussen von früher kennen und sie gebeten haben, ihren Einfluss geltend zu machen. Da Elke ihre Jugendliebe Finn nie vergessen hat, kommt sie der Bitte gern nach.

Elke Rasmussen
Staatsanwältin und Exfrau von Kiesewetters Vorgesetztem Lars Englen, erscheint auf den ersten Blick ehrgeizig und tough. Das ist jedenfalls das Bild, das Elke Rasmussen (Tessa Mittelstaedt) gerne anderen vermittelt. Sie ist fest entschlossen, ihre Jugendliebe Kiesewetter neu zu erobern, und meint, gute Karten zu haben. Doch sie weiß nicht, wie Kiesewetter wirklich tickt, und rechnet auch nicht mit dem erbitterten Widerstand ihres Exmannes Lars Engelen gegen diese Verbindung.
Rasmussen hatte einige Hebel in Bewegung gesetzt, damit Kiesewetter nach Lübeck wechseln kann. So tough wie sie sich gibt, sehnt sie sich dennoch heimlich nach einer starken Schulter. Elke ist also Vernunft vs. Gefühl, Realität vs. Träumerei, Karriere vs. Privatleben, im Grunde also: Rasmussen vs. Elke.

Dr. Hilke Zobel
Nach einer folgenschweren Fehlentscheidung während einer Kindesentführung muss die Staatsanwältin Elke Rasmussen die Konsequenzen tragen und das Team der Lübecker Mordkommission verlassen. Ihre Nachfolgerin ist Dr. Hilke Zobel (Proschat Madani), eine prinzipientreue Hardlinerin mit Optimierungsabsichten. Ihr Eintreffen erhöht den Druck auf Finn Kiesewetters Team. In Folge 112 wird sie zur Oberstaatsanwältin befördert und wechselt nach Kiel.

Sandra Schwartenbeck
Die aus Mecklenburg-Vorpommern stammende Polizeioberkommissarin ist, trotz robuster Physis und sonnigen Gemüts, eine Hypochonderin, die viel Energie aufbringt, um sich neue Krankheiten auszudenken. Sandra Schwartenbeck (Marie-Luise Schramm) ist seit neun Jahren mit Holger, dem Versandleiter einer Lübecker Spedition, verlobt, kann sich aber noch nicht zur Heirat entschließen, weil sämtliche Lebensumstände perfekt sein sollen, bevor sie diesen Schritt wagt. Sandra ist eine pragmatische und tatkräftige Polizistin, aber reichlich phantasielos, wenn es um psychologische Feinheiten geht. Sie verlässt das Team in Folge 56 aus persönlichen Gründen.

Nina Weiss
Polizeiobermeisterin Nina Weiss (Julia Schäfle) ersetzt ab Folge 57 Polizeioberkommissarin Sandra Schwartenbeck, nachdem diese der Karriere wegen überraschend nach Hamburg wechselt. Nina Weiss ist eine engagierte, junge und selbstbewusste Polizistin und fügt sich gut in das Team von Finn Kiesewetter ein. Entsprechend genießt sie die Wertschätzung ihrer neuen Kollegen. Sie wechselt auf Wunsch der neuen Staatsanwältin Zobel zur Mordkommission Lübeck und soll für frischen Wind sorgen.

Lars Englen
Lars Englen (Ingo Naujoks) ist Kriminaldirektor und Gruppenleiter, damit Finns direkter Chef im Lübecker Kriminalkommissariat, in zweiter Ehe verheiratet mit einer 15 Jahre jüngeren Frau, frischgebackener Vater von zwei kleinen Zwillingsmädchen. Englen ist Machtmensch und Bürokrat, der im Revier ebenso patriarchalisch auftritt wie im Privatleben. Er liebt Pressekonferenzen, Interviews und öffentliche Aufmerksamkeit, das sind die Werte, für die Englen fast alles stehen und liegen lassen würde.
Mit Kiesewetter führt Englen anfangs einen permanenten Konkurrenzkampf, bis er eines Tages Opfer interner Umstrukturierungen und zu Kiesewetters Partner wird.

Herr Schroeter
Herr Schroeter (Veit Stübner) ist dienstältester Mitarbeiter des Kommissariats und Polizeihauptkommissar, der sehnsüchtig auf seine Pensionierung wartet. Er möchte so wenig wie möglich in (womöglich gefährliche) Aktion treten und hat sich regelrecht hinter seinem Schreibtisch verschanzt, von wo aus er vorzugsweise die Aktenablage delegiert. Wenn kein Mord passiert, ist er zuständig für Verkehrsdelikte und Raub. In seiner Lieblingsschublade hat er immer eine Flasche Frühstückskorn.
Als Polizist ist Schroeter zwar routiniert, doch wenig inspiriert. So laufen seine Theorien über Tathergänge meist ins Leere bis Absurde. Kiesewetters Erscheinen in Lübeck macht Schroeter vor allem Angst. Angst davor, richtig arbeiten zu müssen. Wird in Folge 100 von einem flüchtenden Auto angefahren, wobei er noch davor seine Kollegin Nina rettet. Im Krankenhaus verkündet er dann, dass er nun in Pension geht.

Ernst
Herr Ernst (Jürgen Uter) ist so etwas wie das Faktotum der Dienststelle, sein Alter ist ebenso schwer zu schätzen wie seine eigentliche Funktion, und auch privat weiß man rein gar nichts über ihn. Ernst sitzt am Empfang und ist ansonsten für alles zuständig, was irgendwie mit Hausmeisterdiensten zu tun hat. In u. a. Staffel 3 Folge 12 wird er als Hausmeister für mangelnde Hilfe bei technischen Problemen kritisiert. Er verbringt auch manche Nächte im Gebäude. Hört grundsätzlich gern bei Besprechungen der Fälle zu und überschreitet gern seine Kompetenzen, indem er z. B. Zeugen "von oben herab" behandelt oder Kritik an den Kommissaren oder Staatsanwaltschaft übt.

In Folge 92 geht er in Rente.

Hauptspielorte
Neben dem Polizeikommissariat und der Gerichtsmedizin gibt es innerhalb des Stadtgebietes viele Orte, die in der Serie eine wichtige Rolle spielen: die Ober- und Untertrave, der Lübecker Hafen, der Lübecker Marktplatz, das Holstentor, der Lübecker Jachthafen, die Gänge und Höfe in der Altstadt und viele weitere.

Polizeikommissariat
Hier befindet sich die "Zentrale" des Ermittlerteams um Hauptkommissar Finn Kiesewetter. Das Kommissariat befindet sich in dem Gebäude der Wasserschutzpolizei. Über die Jahre sind Technik und Mobiliar immer mal wieder ergänzt und ausgetauscht worden. Im gesamten Kommissariat herrscht eine beruflich sachliche Atmosphäre, die in einigen Büros durch kleine persönliche Eigenarten der Bewohner unterbrochen wird: Herr Schroeter kümmert sich liebevoll um eine ganze Reihe verschiedener Pflanzen, und Lars Englen besitzt eine Galerie seiner größten Erfolge, aufgereiht in einer Vitrine.
Die Büros des Teams befinden sich alle auf einer Etage, damit möglichst kurze Wege garantiert sind und nichts die zügige Ermittlung behindern kann. Finn Kiesewetter und Herr Schroeter teilen sich ein großes geräumiges Büro, Sandra Schwartenbeck hat gegenüber ein eigenes kleines Büro. Gegenüber von den Kommissaren ist das Büro von Lars Englen. Elke Rasmussen hat ihr Büro auf der anderen Seite des Gebäudes.

In den ersten Folgen lag das Präsidium (der Drehort) in Hamburg-Eilbek. Es wurde die Fassade eines ehemaligen Krankenhausgebäudes gezeigt. Die Kirchtürme, die im Hintergrund zu sehen waren, gibt es in Hamburg dagegen nicht.
Später wurde das Gebäude der Wasserschutzpolizei in Hamburg gezeigt. Auch das WS-Boot Elbe 23 ist zu sehen.

Die im Film gezeigte Justizvollzugsanstalt ist die JVA in Hamburg-Fuhlsbüttel (Santa Fu).

Gerichtsmedizin
Die Gerichtsmedizin ist das Reich des Dr. Strahl (Christoph Tomanek). Hier wird jede Leiche und so manch anderes Beweisstück untersucht, das Finn und seinen Kollegen weiterhelfen kann einen Fall zu lösen. Die Pathologie befindet sich im Keller des Kommissariats und ist ebenso alt wie das Gebäude selbst, die Technik jedoch befindet sich auf dem neuesten Stand. Dr. Strahl verfügt in der Gerichtsmedizin über ein kleines Büro, in dem sich eine hervorragend ausgestattete naturwissenschaftliche Bibliothek befindet. Mit Hilfe dieses gesammelten Wissens ist Dr. Strahl in der Lage, Finn auch abseits seines eigentlichen Fachgebietes, der Pathologie, zur Seite zu stehen und manch kniffliges Rätsel zu lösen.

Episodenliste

DVD-Veröffentlichung
 Staffel 1 erschien am 26. Oktober 2012
 Staffel 2 erschien am 12. Juli 2013
 Staffel 3 erschien am 10. April 2015
 Staffel 4 erschien am 2. März 2018
 Staffel 5 erschien am 23. November 2018
 Staffel 6 erschien am 5. März 2021
 Staffel 7 erschien am 4. Juni 2021
 Staffel 8 erschien am 24. Juni 2022
Die Altersfreigabe liegt jeweils bei FSK 12.

Literatur
Über die Fernsehserie Morden im Norden ist ein Buch mit dem Titel Der Norden mordet in Hamburg erschienen. In dem Nachschlagewerk werden die Darsteller und ihre Rollen sowie Drehorte vorgestellt. Anhand von Beispielen kritisiert der Autor, dass die meisten Szenen in Hamburg gedreht werden, obwohl die Serie in Lübeck spielt. Zudem geht er auf Filmfehler ein, listet Mitwirkende, Filmcrew und prominente Gastdarsteller auf und gibt Einblicke in die Dreharbeiten der achten Staffel.

Weblinks

 Morden im Norden auf DasErste.de

Einzelnachweise

Fernsehserie der 2010er Jahre
Fernsehserie der 2020er Jahre
Kriminal-Fernsehserie
Fernsehserie (Das Erste)
Medien (Lübeck)
Fernsehen (Schleswig-Holstein)

Morden im Norden


Thy Music Collective er et dansk sammenslutning af bands og artister fra Thy i Nordvestjylland. Kollektivet er dannet med det formål at styrke sammenholdet og det kunstneriske samarbejde mellem artister fra musikmiljøet i Thy, der i stedet for at være konkurrenter kan agere som hinandens sparringspartnere og støtter.
De deltagende bands og artister placerer sig bredt i deres karriereforløb, og blandt kollektivets medlemmer findes både bands, der er på vej mod deres første store optræden eller indspilning, og etablerede navne, der optræder på store festivaler i ind- og udland.

 De deltagende artister er ikke nødvendigvis repræsenteret ved det samme pladeselskab.
Thy Music Collective optræder lejlighedsvis som samlet gruppe med artister fra adskillige af kollektivets deltagende bands på scenen samtidigt. Bands fra Thy Music Collective har spillet på blandt andet Roskilde Festival (The Entrepreneurs), SPOT Festival, (Quick Quick Obey, This Is You mfl.) Alive Festival (kollektiv optræden, The Entrepreneurs, Quick Quick Obey, Magnolia Shoals, Jonah Blacksmith mfl.) og Musik i Lejet (The Entrepreneurs).

Artister
Thy Music Collective består blandt andet af følgende bands og artister:

The Entrepreneurs
The Entrepreneurs blev dannet i 2014 af sanger og guitarist Mathias Bertelsen og guitarist Anders Hvass, og siden da er trommeslager Jonas Wetterslev blevet fast medlem.  Deres musikalske udtryk beskrives af dem selv som "noise and romance" mens andre har kaldt deres musik for melodisk punk, og støjrock. Bandet slog igennem med debutsinglen Brutal Summer i 2015, der fik betydeligt airplay, og som blev efterfulgt af EP'en Tony Rominger i 2016, der blev modtaget godt blandt anmeldere.
The Entrepreneurs har blandt andet spillet på Alive Festival i 2014, Roskilde Festivals Rising-scene i 2015 og Musik i Lejet i 2017.

Magnolia Shoals
Magnolia Shoals består af Nicolai Noa (vokal og keys), Kristian Lorenzen (vokal og trommer), Samuel Medina (guitar) og Thomas Halkier (bas og percussion). Bandet er tidligere kendt under navnene Wonder Rubber Stars, White Lights, og det nuværende navn er inspireret af et digt af Sylvia Plath. Magnolia Shoals udgav i 2014 debutalbummet Tenants og har optrådt på blandt andet SPOT festival og Alive Festival.

Quick Quick Obey
Quick Quick Obey består af Esben Halkier, Mikkel Roar Christensen, Søren Dahl Poulsen og Nikolaj Poulsen, der mødte hinanden på en efterskole i 2009. Quick Quick Obey udsendte deres første single Sunn i efteråret 2013 og udgav i 2014 deres første album Bulb Days. I 2017 udgav de albummet Realistic Friendship, der tre uger tidligere end den officielle udgivelse blev tilgængeligt som computerspil, Realistic Friendship: The Game, på bandets hjemmeside.

 DRENGEBANDE
 The Enormous Sea
 This is you
 Summers
 Corridor Club
 Jonah Blacksmith
 Bjarke Kirk & Kujonerne
 Maggie & Lil E
 STRANGLR

Referencer

Ekstern henvisning
Thy Music Collectives hjemmeside

Musikgrupper fra Danmark
Thy
Har spillet på Roskilde Festival

Thy Music Collective


Güvercinlik, güvercin ve kumruların barınması için inşa edilmiş bir yapı
 Güvercinlik, Beşiri - Batman ili Beşiri ilçesine bağlı köy
 Güvercinlik, Sason - Batman ili Sason ilçesine bağlı köy
 Güvercinlik, Osmancık - Çorum ili Osmancık ilçesine bağlı köy
 Güvercinlik, Yenişehir - Diyarbakır ili Yenişehir ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Güvercinlik, Şebinkarahisar - Giresun ili Şebinkarahisar ilçesine bağlı köy
 Güvercinlik, Gümüşhane - Gümüşhane ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Güvercinlik, Elbistan - Kahramanmaraş ili Elbistan ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Güvercinlik, İzmit - Kocaeli ili İzmit ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Güvercinlik, Çumra - Konya ili Çumra ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Güvercinlik, Kula - Manisa ili Kula ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Güvercinlik, Bodrum - Muğla ili Bodrum ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Güvercinlik, Nevşehir - Nevşehir ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Güvercinlik, Havza - Samsun ili Havza ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Güvercinlik, Mağusa - Kıbrıs'ta Mağusa kazasının köy

Güvercinlik (anlam ayrımı)


وقعت معركة كركميش حوالي 605 قبل الميلاد، بين جيوشمصر المتحالفة مع ما تبقى من جيش آشور ضد جيوشبابل، المتحالفة مع الميديين، الفرس، السكيثيين. حدثت حينما كان نبوخذ نصر قائدًا عامًا للجيش والملك نبوبولاسر ملكاً على بابل. وبعدها أصبح نبوخذ نصر ملكًا بعد هذه المعركة مباشرةً.

الخلفية
عندما احتلت عاصمة آشور نينوى من قبل الميديين والسكيثيين والبابليين وحلفائهم عام 612 قبل الميلاد، نقل الآشوريون عاصمتهم إلى حران. وعندما تم أستولى التحالف على حران في 609 قبل الميلاد،  أنهى الإمبراطورية الآشورية، انضمت بقايا الجيش الآشوري كركميش، وهي مدينة خاضعة للحكم المصري، على نهر الفرات. كانت مصر متحالفة مع الملك الآشوري آشور أوباليط الثاني، وسارت في عام 609 قبل الميلاد لمساعدته ضد البابليين.

اعترض جيش الملك المصري نخاو الثاني في مجدو من قبل قوات الملك يوشيا من يهوذا مما تسبب في تأخره عن المعركة. قُتل يوشيا وهُزم جيشه في معركة مجدو.

عبر المصريون والآشوريون معًا نهر الفرات وحاصروا حران، لكنهم فشلوا في استعادته. ثم انسحبوا إلى شمال غرب آشور (فيما يعرف اليوم بشمال شرقي سوريا).

معركة
واجه المصريون القوة الكاملة للجيش البابلي والميدي بقيادة نبوخذ نصر الثاني في كركميش، حيث تم تدمير القوات المصرية والآشورية المشتركة. توقفت آشور عن الوجود كقوة مستقلة، وتراجعت مصر ولم تعد قوة مهمة في الشرق الأدنى القديم. بلغت بابل ذروتها الاقتصادية بعد 605 ق.م

سجلات المعركة
تدعي سجلات نبوخذ نصر، الموجود الآن في المتحف البريطاني، أن نبوخذ نصر «عبر النهر ليواجه الجيش المصري الذي كان يقع في كركركميش. فقاتلوا مع بعضهم البعض وانسحب الجيش المصري من قبله. لقد أنجز هزيمتهم بشكل حاسم. أما باقي الجيش المصري الذي نجا من الهزيمة بسرعة كبيرة لدرجة أنه لم يصلهم سلاح، في منطقة حماة تغلبت القوات البابلية عليهم وهزمتهم حتى لا يهرب رجل واحد إلى بلده. في ذلك الوقت، غزا نبوخذ نصر كامل منطقة حماة.»

كما تم ذكر المعركة ووصفها في الكتاب المقدس، في سفر إرميا. المعركة المذكورة في أخبار الأيام الثاني 35:20 -27 ليست هي نفسها؛ الحدث المشار إليه هناك هو معركة مجدو، التي حدثت قبل أربع سنوات، بالقرب من كركميش أيضًا (أخبار الأيام الثاني 35:20).

تناقض
ومع ذلك، فمن غير الواضح تاريخيًا ما إذا كان الملك نخاو الثاني مع ملك آشور أم ضده، وفقًا لـ يوسيفوس فلافيوس في سجله «آثار اليهود»  ومعلقون مسيحيون مختلفون، مثل ماثيو هنري  وجون بيتر لانج. تجعل هذه الروايات المعركة وكأن الملك يوشيا إما يحاول بطوليًا إنقاذ الآشوريين من أعدائهم المصريين أو محاولة تجنب أن يحاصرهم العدو المصري.

مصادر

605 ق م
آثار العراق
آثار سوريا
القرن 7 ق م
معارك البابليين
معارك الفراعنة
معارك تشمل آشور
معارك في الكتاب العبري
معارك مصر القديمة
نزاعات في القرن 7 ق م

معركة كركميش


Marcolin ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Dario Marcolin (* 1971), italienischer Fußballspieler und -trainer
 Fulvio Marcolin (* 1930), italienischer Filmregisseur

Siehe auch:
 Marcolini

Marcolin


"Carousel" je pjesma američkog rock sastava Blink-182. Prva je pjesma na debitantskom studijskom albumu sastava, Cheshire Cat iz 1995. godine. Pjesma je nastala tijekom prve probe između gitarista Toma DeLongea i basista Marka Hoppusa.

Pjesma se svira na svakom koncertu od njena usavršavanja, što je bilo i prije same objave na albumu. "Carousel" je jedina pjesma koja nije objavljena kao singl, a nalazi se na kompilaciji sastava Greatest Hits.

Pozadina
Nastanak pjesme "Carousel" krije se iza prve probe između gitarista Toma DeLongea i basista Marka Hoppusa u kolovozu 1992. godine. Duo se, u DeLongeovoj garaži, upoznao preko Hoppusove sestre, Anne. Duo je tada satima vježbao pjesme koje je DeLonge napisao (koje su se nalazile u njegovoj crvenoj knjižici) i Hoppusove kompozicije. Do kraja dana, duo je stvorio temelj za "Carousel"; Odmah sam znao da imamo isti glazbeni stil; on ga je samo utjelovljavao na drugom instrumentu," rekao je DeLonge. Pjesma je prvi put snimljena za treći demoalbum sastava, Buddha, koji je objavljen u siječnju 1994. godine na kazeti. Pjesma je ponovno snimljena, u nešto drugačijem aranžmanu, za debitantski studijski album sastava, Cheshire Cat, iz 1995. godine.

Pjesma se svira na svakom koncertu od njena usavršavanja te je jedan od favorita obožavatelja. "Osjetio sam ogromnu ljubav kad sam vidio kako su likovi reagirali [dok smo svirali pjesmu]," rekao je DeLonge Rolling Stone časopisu 2013. godine, nakon koncerta u Music Hall of Williamsburg u Brooklynu. "Zaintrigirao me njihov entuzijazam sinoć, pokušao sam shvatiti koja je pjesma još aktualna." Kada su ga pitali da li još uvijek osjeća povezanost s pjesmom, dva desetljeća nakon njena snimanja, odgovorio je: "To je voli-ne voli stvar. Meni je to filozofsko pitanje: Kako bi imali našu prvu pjesmu, ako to nije ona prva? Kako se ne bi osjećao povezanost? Uvijek žalim što nisam napisao bolji tekst, ali ipak je u to vrijeme bila dosta drugačija za pop punk. Bila je, pa jako brza."

Kompozicija
Pjesma je skladana u D dur tonalitetu, s mjerom 4/4 i brzim tempom od 148 otkucaja u minuti. DeLongeov raspon glasnica kreće se od A4 do G5. Pjesma "počinje s umjereno brzim riffom i dobrom gitarom bez distrozije pa postaje ludo zadovoljavaćuje brza punk pjesma, u stilu dinamičkog NOFXa."

Recenzije
Online časopis Consequence of Sound, uvrstio je pjesmu u top 10 pjesama sastava, na čak peto mjesto, uz komentar, "Pjesma je vrlo vjerojatno usavršila pop punk formulu '90-ih: za razliku od publike, četvero-akordni sećer i kofeinski bubnjarski udarci Scotta Raynora nikad nisu zastarjeli."

Osoblje
Blink-182
Mark Hoppus – bas-gitara, vokali
Tom DeLonge – gitara, vokali
Scott Raynor – bubnjevi

Bibliografija
Hoppus, Anne (1. listopada 2001.). Blink-182: Tales from Beneath Your Mom. MTV Books / Pocket Books. ISBN 0-7434-2207-4.
Shooman, Joe (24. lipnja 2010.). Blink-182: The Bands, The Breakdown & The Return. Independent Music Press. ISBN 978-1-906191-10-8.

Izvori

Skladbe sastava Blink-182

Carousel (Blink-182)


An Phymatidium delicatulum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni John Lindley. An Phymatidium delicatulum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Phymatidium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 P. d. curvisepalum
 P. d. delicatulum

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Image gallery

Phymatidium

Phymatidium delicatulum


Arnoldus de Fine, søn af kapelmester Arnold de Fine, var en dansk kongelig musiker hos Christian IV.

Liv og gerning

Han blev opdraget i Christian IV's kapel og blev i 1603 ansat som kgl. instrumentist. I 1620 fik han et vikariat i Roskilde. Han afgik fra tjenesten omkring 1628.

Litteratur
Angul Hammerich: "Fine, de, Arnold" (i: Salmonsens Konversationsleksikon, 2. udgave, bind VIII; København 1916; s. 60)

Musikere fra Danmark

Arnoldus de Fine


Marked på Stege Torv er et maleri af Albert Gottschalk fra 1892.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Statens Museum for Kunst

Malerier fra 1892
Malerier af Albert Gottschalk
Malerier fra Statens Museum for Kunst

Marked på Stege Torv


Poppenbüll, Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Nordfriesland iline bağlı yerleşim yeri. 15,52 km² yüzölçüme sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Eylül 2006 itibarıyla yaklaşık 210 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Wiebke Buschmann tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-eiderstedt.kommunen.nordfriesland.city-map.de

Nordfriesland iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Poppenbüll


Le chlorure de molybdène(), ou trichlorure de molybdène, est un composé chimique de formule . Il se présente comme une poudre rouge cuivrée à brune qui peut être conservée indéfiniment à température ambiante sous atmosphère inerte mais s'oxyde et s'hydrolyse lentement dans l'air humide. Il est insoluble dans l'eau, l'acide chlorhydrique dilué, l'acétone, le tétrachlorométhane, le benzène et l'éthanol, mais est soluble dans l'acide nitrique dilué et l'acide sulfurique concentré. Il se dismute au-dessus de  en chlorure de molybdène(II)  et tétrachlorure de molybdène . Il cristallise dans le système monoclinique selon une forme α et une forme β. La première est de type chlorure d'aluminium  du groupe d'espace C2/m () avec pour paramètres cristallins , ,  et . Cette forme est constituée d'octaèdres , chaque octaèdre étant lié à trois octaèdres voisins par des arêtes. La forme β appartient au groupe d'espace C2/c () avec les paramètres , ,  et . Il existe également un trihydrate.

Le chlorure de molybdène() peut être obtenu en faisant réagir du chlorure de molybdène(V)  avec de l'hydrogène , du chlorure d'étain(II)  ou du molybdène métallique :
 +  ⟶  + 2 HCl ;
 +  ⟶  +  ;
3  + 2 Mo ⟶ 5 .

Le chlorure de molybdène() forme un complexe  avec le tétrahydrofurane (THF). Ce solide orange pâle est obtenu en réduisant une solution de  avec de l'étain réduit en poudre. Il présente une géométrie oactaédrique, avec un spectre infrarouge dépourvu de raies intenses dans le domaine de , caractéristique des espèces oxo du molybdène. Ce complexe peut donner de l'hexa(tert-butoxy)dimolybdène()  par métathèse avec le tert-butylate de lithium  :
2  + 6 LiOBu-t ⟶  + 6 LiCl + 6 thf.

Notes et références

molybdene

Chlorure de molybdène(III)


Arthur Holly Compton (d. 10 Eylül 1892 - ö. 15 Mart 1962), 1927'de elektromanyetik radyasyonun parçacık doğasını gösteren Compton etkisinin keşfi ile Nobel Fizik Ödülü kazanmış Amerikalı fizikçidir. Zamanında çok dikkat çeken bir buluştur. Işığın dalga doğası o zamanlarda iyi anlaşılmış olsa da ışığın hem dalga hem parçacık olabileceği fikri kolay kabul görmemiştir. Kendisi ayrıca Manhattan Projesindeki Metallurji Laboratuvarının başı ve 1945 ile 1953 seneleri arasında  St. Louis Washington Üniversitesi Rektörüdür.

1919'da Compton Ulusal Araştırma Kurulu tarafından ilk defa verilen iki burstan birini alarak yurtdışında eğitim görme fırsatı kazanmıştır. Gamma ışınlarının saçınımı ve absorpsiyonu konusunda çalışacağı Cambrigde Üniversitesi'ndeki Cavendish Laboratuvarını tercih etmiştir. Daha sonraki araştırmaları sonucunda Compton etkisini bulmuştur. X-ışınlarını kullanarak ferromanyetizmi incelemi ve bu olayın elektron spinlerinin aynı hizaya gelmesi sonucu olduğu sonucuna varmıştır, ayrıca kozmik ışınlar üzerine çalışmış ve bunların prensipte pozitif yüklü parçacıklar olduğunu keşfetmiştir.

2. Dünya Savaşı sırasında ilk nükleer silahların geliştirildiği Manhattan Projesinde anahtar rollerden birini oynamıştır. Raporları projenin başlatılmasında önemli rol oynamıştır. 1942'de Metalurji Laboratuvarının lideri konumuna gelmiştir ve sorumlulukları arasında uranyumu plutonyuma çevirecek reaktörleri üretmek ve tasarlamak, uranyum ile plutonyumu birbirinden ayıracak yolları bulmak ve bombanın tasarımını yapmak vardır. Compton Enrico Fermi'nin Chicago Pile-1 tasarımını öngörmüştür ve ilk nükleer reaktör olarak tasarım ilk defa 2 Aralık 1942'de çalıştırılmıştır. Metalurji Laboratuvarı ayrıca Oak Ridge Tennessee'deki X-10 Graphite Reaktörünün tasarlanması ve işletilmesinden de sorumludur. Plutonyum üretimi Hanford alanındaki reaktörlerde 1945'te başlamıştır.

Savaşın ardından Compton St. Louis Washington Üniversitesinde rektör olarak görev almıştır. Çalıştığı sırada üniversite resmi olarak ırk ayrımını lisans bölümlerinde sonlandırmış, ilk bayan profesörünü işe almış ve savaş emeklilerinin Amerika'ya dönmesi ile rekor sayıda öğrenci almıştır.

İlk yılları
Elias ve Otelia Catherine Compton'un oğlu Arthur Compton 10 Ekim 1892 tarihinde Wooster Ohio'da dünyaya gelmiştir. Ailesi akademik kariyer sahibi idi. Elias Arthur'un da katıldığı Wooster Üniversitesinde dekandı. Artur'un en büyük kardeşi Karl, kendisi de Wooster'a katılmıştır, fizik alanında doktorasını Princeton Üniversitesinden 1912 senesinde almış ve MIT'de 1930 ile 1948 yılları arasında başkanlık görevi almıştır. İkinci kardeşi Wilson da Wooster'a katılmış ve ekonomi alanında doktorasını Princeton'da 1916 senesinde almıştır ve Washington Eyalet Üniversitesinde 1944 ile 1951 seneleri arasında başkanlık görevi almıştır. Her üç kardeş de Alpha Tau Omega yurdunun üyesidir.

Compton ilk başlarda astronomi alanı ile ilgilenmiştir ve Halley kuyrukluyıldızının 1910 yılında fotoğrafını çekmiştir. 1913 yılı civarında yaptığı, dairesel bir tüpün içindeki suyun hareketini inceleyerek dünyanın dönüş hareketini gösterdiği bir deney yaptığından bahsetmiştir. O sene Wooster'dan lisans derecesi ile mezun olduktan sonra Princeton a girdi ve orada 1914 senesinde beşeri bilimler yüksek lisansını tamamlamıştır. Compton bundan sonra fizik alanında doktorasını Hereward L. Cooke denetiminde "X-ray yansıma yoğunluğu ve atom içinde elektronların dağılımı" konusunda tezini yazmıştır.

Arthur Compton doktorasını 1916 senesinde doktorasını aldıktan sonra Karl ve Wilson ile beraber ilk defa 3 kardeş olarak Princeton'dan mezun olan kişiler oldular. Ablaları Mary, misyoner C. Herbert Rice ile evlenip Lahore'dakki Forman Christi an College'da müdür oldu. Haziran 1916'da Wooster'dan sınıf arkadaşı Compton Betty Charity McColaskey ile evlendi. Arthur Alan ve John Joseph Compton adında iki çocukları oldu

Compton Minnesota üniversitesinde 1916-1917 yılları arasında fizik eğitmenliği yaptı. Ardından 2 sene sodyum buhar lambasını geliştirdiği Westinghouse Lamba Şirketi'nde araştırma mühendisliği görevi aldı.1. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Haberleşme Bölüğü için uçak enstrümanları geliştirdi.

1919'da Compton Ulusal Araştırma Kurulu tarafından ilk defa verilen iki burstan birini alarak yurtdışında eğitim görme fırsatı kazanmıştır. Gamma ışınlarının saçınımı ve absorpsiyonu konusunda çalışacağı Cambrigde Üniversitesi'ndeki Cavendish Laboratuvarını tercih etmiştir. Daha sonraki araştırmaları sonucunda Compton etkisini bulmuştur. X-ışınlarını kullanarak ferromanyetizmi incelemi ve bu olayın elektron spinlerinin aynı hizaya gelmesi sonucu olduğu sonucuna varmıştır, ayrıca kozmik ışınlar üzerine çalışmış ve bunların prensipte pozitif yüklü parçacıklar olduğunu keşfetmiştir.

Bir süre Compton Vaftiz Kilisesinde papaz yardımcılığı yaptı. "Bilim insanların Tanrı'nın çocuğu olduğu postulasını ortaya atan din ile tartışamaz" demiştir.

Fizik Profesörlüğü

Compton Etkisi
Compton 1920'de Amerika'ya dönünce Wayman Crow tarafından Fizik profesörü ve St. Louis Washington Üniversitesinde Fizik  bölüm başkanlığına getirildi. 1922'de serbest elektronlar tarafından saçılan daha uzun dalga boylu X-ray miktarını ve Plank ilişkisine dayanarak olarak gelen X-ışınlarından daha az enerjili olduklarını, aradaki enerji farkını elektronlara aktardıklarını buldu. Bu buluş "Compton Etkisi" veya "Compton Saçınımı" olarak bilinir ve elektromanyetik radyasyonun parçacık konseptini gösterir.

Compton 1923 yılında fotonları partikül gibi momentumlarından kaynaklanan X-ışını kaymasını, Einstein'ın 1905'te Nobel kazandığı foto-elektrik etkiyi açıklayan makalesini Physical Review'da yayınladı. Bu çalışmalar ilk olarak Max Plank tarafından 1900 senesinde, ışığın elementlerinin sadece ışığın frekansına bağlı olarak belli miktarda enerji taşıyabileceği şekilde kuantize edilmesi şeklinde kavramsallaştırılmıştır. Makalesinde Compton, dalga boyundaki kayma ile x-ışını saçınım açısı arasındaki matematiksel ilişkileri her x-ışını fotonunun bir elektron ile etkileşime girdiği kabulü ile türetmiştir. Makalesini deneysel verilerin aşağıda türetilmiş ilişki ile onaylandığını söyleyerek sonlandırmıştır.
Yukarıdaki formülde, λ ilk dalga boyu, λ' yansıma sonrası dalga boyu, h Plank sabiti, Me Elektron serbest kütlesi, c Işık hızı, α Saçınım açısı h⁄Mec büyüklüğü elektronun Compton dalgaboyu olarak bilinir ve 2.43×10−12 m'e eşittir. Dalgaboyu kayması sıfır (θ = 0° için) ve iki elektron için Compton Dalgaboyu (θ = 180°) arasındadır.

Bazı X-ışınlarının büyük saçınım açıları ile saçınsalar dahi dalgaboylarında kayma gösterdiklerini fark etmiştir. Bu olayın gerçekleştiği her durumda foton elektron koparmayı başaramamıştır. Bu yüzden kaymanın büyüklüğü elektronun Compton Dalgaboyu ile ilişkili değil tüm atomun Compton Dalgaboyu ile ilişkilidir ki bu 10 000 kat küçük olabilir.

Compton daha sonra "Sonuçlarımı American Physical Society'e 1923'te sunduğumda hemen en ateşli şekilde tartışılan bilimsel fikir ayrılığı olmuştu ki bu benim gördüğüm en büyüğüydü" demiştir. Işığın dalga doğası iyi bir şekilde gösterilmiştir ve ikili doğası kolayca kabul görmemiştir. Söylemektedir ki krital kafes içerisinde kırınım ışığın dalga doğası ile açıklanabilmekteydi. Compton 1927'de Nobel Fizik Ödülünü kazanmıştır. Compton ve Alfred W. Simon aynı anda hem saçınan X-ışını fotonunu hem de geri tepen elektronu gözlemleyebilecek bir metot geliştirmişlerdir. Almanya'da Walther Bothe ve Hans Geiger bağımsız olarak benzer metotlar geliştirmişlerdir.

X-ışınları
1923 senesinde Compton Chicago Üniversitesine  önündeki 22 yılını geçireceği fizik profesörü pozisyonunda taşınmıştır. 1925'te J.J.Thomson'un ön gördüğü şekilde 130 000 volt X-ışınının periyodik cetveldeki ilk 16 elementin polarize hallerinden saçınımını göstermiştir. Harvard Üniversitesinden William Duane'in öncülüğünde Compton'un Compton etkisi üzerine yaptığı yorum yanlış olduğunu kanıtlamak için çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Duane bir seri deney yaparak Compton'un fikrini çürütmek istemiştir fakat Compton'ın haklı olduğuna dair sonuçlar elde etmiştir. 1924'te Duane durum Compton'ın dediği gibi olduğu sonucuna varmıştır.

Compton X ışınlarının tuz içerisindeki sodyum ve klorin çekirdekleri üzerindeki etkisini incelemiştir. X ışınlarını ferromanyetizmi incelemek için kullanmış ve bu etkinin elektron spinlerinin aynı hizaya gelmesi sonucu olduğunu bulmuştur. 1926'da General Electric Lamba Departmanına danışmanlık hizmeti vermeye başlamıştır. 1934'te İngiltere'ye dönmüş ve Oxford Üniversitesinde misafir profesörlük yapmıştır. Bu sırada Wembley'de bulunan General Electric Company'nin araştırma laboratuvarındaki aktiviteler ile ilgili rapor vermesini istemiştir. Orada yapılan flüoresan lambalar konusunda araştırmaların olanakları Compton'ın merakını çekmiştir. Hazırladığı rapor Amerika'da bu lambayı geliştiren araştırma programını başlatmış.

Compton'un ilk kitabı X-ışınları ve Elektronlar 1926'da basıldı. Kitabında X-ışını kırınım desenlerinden nasıl kırınım yoğunluğunun hesaplanacağını göstermiştir. Samuel K. Allison'ın yardımı ile kitabını revize etmiş ve Teoride ve Pratikte X-Işınları olarak 1935'te yayınlamıştır. Bu çalışması sonraki 30 yıl daha standart referans olarak yerini korumuştur.

Kozmik ışınlar
1930'ların başında Compton kozmik ışınlar ile ilgilenmeye başladı. O zamanda varlıkları bilinmekte fakat kaynakları ve doğaları çok spekülatif kalmaktaydı. Varlıkları hava veya argon gazı ile dolu küresel "bomba" kapta gazın iletkenliğinin ölçülmesi ile belirlenebilmekteydi. Avrupa Hindistan, Meksika, Peru ve Avustralya'ya yaptığı geziler Compton'a farklı yükseklik ve enlemlerde kozmik ışınları ölçme fırsatı sunmuştur. Dünyanın diğer yerlerinde de ölçüm yapan gruplarla birlikte  fark edilmiştir ki kozmik ışınlar kutuplarda ekvatora göre %15 daha yoğundur. Compton bunun sebebinin kozmik ışınların, Robert Milikan'ın önerdiği fotonlardan oluşmanın aksine,kısmi olarak yüklü parçacıklardan oluştuğu sonucuna varmıştır. Enlem etkisini Dünya'nın elektromanyetik alanından dolayı olduğunu düşünmüştür.

Manhattan Projesi
Nisan 1941'de Vannevar Bush, Ulusal Savunma Araştırma Komitesi (NDRC) başkanı, Compton tarafından yönetilen özel bir komite oluşturup NDRC uranyum programı ile ilgili rapor vermelerini istemiştir. Mayıs 1941'de gönderilen Compton'un raporu uranyum-235 veya daha yeni keşfedilen plutonyum ile radyolojik silahlar, nükleer itme güçlü gemiler ve nükleer silahlar üretmenin mümkün olabileceğini öngörmüştür. Ekimde atom bombasının uygulanabilirliği ile ilgili bir rapor sunmuştur. Bu rapor için Enrico Fermi uranyum-235 için kritik kütle ile hesaplamalar için çalışmış ve bunun 20 kg ile 2 ton arasında olduğunu tahmin etmişlerdir. Ayrıca uranyum zenginleştirmenin başarı şansını Harold Urey ile tartışmış, nükleer reaktör içerisinde plutonyum üretiminin olabileceği ile alakalı Eugene Urey ile konuşmuş ve Robert Serber ile reaktör içerisinde üretilen plutonyumun uranyumdan ayrıştırılabileceğini tartışmıştır. Raporu kasım ayında gönderilmiştir ve raporda atom bombasının yapılabilir olduğunu fakat bombanın yıkıcı gücü konusunda Mark Oliphant ve İngiliz meslektaşlarından daha tutucu olduğunu belirtmiştir.

Compton'ın kasım ayında hazırladığı raporun son halinde plutonyumun kullanılması ile ilgili bir kısım bulunmamaktadır fakat Ernest Lawrance'ın son araştırmalarından sonra Compton plutonyum bombasının da yapılabilir olacağı konusunda ikna olmuştur. Aralık ayında Compton plutonyum projesinin başına getirilmiştir. Haziran 1943'e
kadar kontrollü zincirleme reaksiyonu gerçekleştirmeyi ve haziran 1945'e kadar da bombayı üretmiş olmayı ummuştur. Problemi aşmak için plutonyum ve nükleer reaktör tasarımları üzerine Metalurji Laboratuvarında beraber çalışacak Columbia, Princeton, California, Berkeley gibi üniversitelerden gelen farklı araştırma gruplarına sahipti. Amaçları uranyumu plutonyuma çevirecek reaktörler üretmek ve plutonyumu uranyumdan kimyasal olarak ayrıştırmanın yollarını bulmak ve ayrıca tasarlayıp atom bombasını yapmaktı.

Haziran 1942'de ABD Ordu Mühendisleri Bölümü nükleer silah programını kontrolü altına almaya başladı ve Compton'un Metallurji Laboratuvarıyla Manhattan Projesinin bir parçası oldu. O ay Compton Robert Oppenheimer'a bombanın tasarlanması sorumluluğunu verdi. Metalurji Laboratuvarlarında çalışanların geliştirdiği farklı reaktör tasarımlarından birini seçip onun doğrultusunda devam etme görevi daha önce başarılı bir reaktör yapılmamış olsa da Compton'a düştü.

İşçi anlaşmazlıklarından dolayı Red Gate Woods'daki yeni evindeki Metalurji Laboratuvarlarının inşası ertelendiğinde, Compton Chicago Pile-1, ilk nükleer reaktörü Stagg Fields'da kurmaya karar verdi. Fermi'nin direktörlüğünde 2 Aralık 1942'de ilk defa çalıştırıldı. Compton Mallinckrodt'un urantum madenini saflaştırma işini üstlenmesini ve DuPont'un Oak Ridge, Tennessee'de plutonyum yarısını inşa etmesini ayarladı.

Plutonyum programında büyük kriz Temmuz 1943'te Emilio Segre'nin grubu X-10 Grafit Reaktöründe üretilen plutonyumun yüksek miktarda plutonyum-240 içerdiğini doğruladığı zaman ortaya çıktı. Bu malzemenin kendiliğinden fisyonu plutonyumun tabanca-tipi nükleer silah olarak kullanılması olasılığını ortadan kaldırıyordu. Oppenheimer'in Los Alamos Laboratuvarı bu sorunu içine patlayan tipte nükleer silah tasarımı ile aştı. Campton Eylül 1944'te ilk reaktörün çalıştırılması esnasında Hanford alanındaydı. İlk grup uranyum çubuğu Reaktör B'ye  kasım 1944'te beslendi ve Los Alamos'a plutonyum gönderilmesi Şubat 1945'te başladı. Savaş boyunca Compton bilimsel danışman ve yönetici olmaya devam etti. 1945'te Lawrance, Oppenheimer ve Fermi ile birlikte Bilimsel Panel'de Japonya'ya karşı askeri olarak nükleer silah kullanımını önerdi. Manhattan Projesindeki hizmetlerinden ötürü Liyakat Madalyası ile ödüllendirildi.

Washington Üniversitesi'ne dönüş
Savaşın ardından Compton Chicago Üniversitesindeki Charles H. Swift Seçkin Hizmet Fizik Profesörlüğü makamından istifa etmiş ve St.Louis Washington Üniversitesine geri dönüp üniversitenin 9. rektörü olarak göreve başlamıştır. Compton'ın rektörlüğü süresince  üniversite resmi olarak  lisans bölümlerinde ırk ayrımını sonlandırmış, ilk bayan profesörünü işe almış ve asker emeklilerinin savaştan dönmesi ile rekor sayıda öğrenci kabul etmiştir. Ünü ve ulusal bilimsel çevrelerdeki bağlantıları sayesinde üniversiteye birçok ulusal anlamda ünlenmiş bilimsel araştırmacı kazandırmıştır. Başarılarına rağmen Compton, tarihçiler tarafından ırksal ayrımı sonlandırma konusunda, Washington Üniversitesi'nin yüksek son büyük öğrenim kuruluşunun kapılarını Afrikalı Amerikalılara açmada yavaş davranmak ile suçlamışlardır.

Compton rektör olarak 1954'te emekli olmuş ve 1961'de tam zamanlı olarak emekli olana kadar Doğa Felsefesi Seçkin Hizmet Profesörlüğüne devam etmiştir. Emekliliğinde Atomic Quest adlı Manhattan Projesindeki rolünü anlatan kişisel notlarını 1956'da basmıştır.

Felsefe
Compton iki aşamalı özgür irade modelini öneren sayılı bilim insanları ve felsefecilerden biridir. Diğerleri William James, Henri Poincaré, Karl Popper, Henry Margenau, ve Daniel Dennett'tir. 1931'de Compton insan özgürlüğünü  kaynağı olarak kuantum belirsizliği yola çıkarak mikroskobik kuantum olaylarının makroskobik dünyaya olasılık getirdiği fikrini ortaysa atmıştır. Kendisinin, bir amfiye bağlı dinamit çubuklarının Schrödinger'in kedisi paradoksunun sonucuna bağlı olan garip mekanizmasının bulunduğu yazısı 1935'te basılmıştır.

İnsanların hareketlerinin direkt sebebinin şans olduğu fikrine karşı oluşan tepkilerden ötürü Compton iki aşamalı doğasına Atlantic Monthly'deki makalesiyle 1955'te açıklık getirmiştir.

Önce rastgele olası olay bulunur, ardından kişi seçme işlemi için belirleme faktörünü ekler.

Ölümü ve Mirası
Compton Berkeley Californiya'da 15 Mart 1962'de beyin kanaması sonucu ölmüştür. Wooster Ohio'daki Wooster Mezarlığına eşi ve çocukları hayattayken defnedilmiştir.

Compton 1927'de Nobel Fizik Ödülü, 1933'te Matteucci Altın Madalyası ve 1940'ta Franklin Enstitüsü'nün Benjamin Franklin Madalyası gibi hayatı boyunca birçok ödül almıştır. Adı birçok farklı biçimde anılmıştır. Aydaki Compton krateri kardeşi Karl ve kendisinin adını taşır.

St Louis Washington Üniversitesinin fizik araştırma binası onun adını taşır. Compton daha uzun, nazik ve kademeli bir hız tümseği bulmuş ve bunun adını "Holly hump" koymuştur. Bu tümsek Washington Üniversitesi kampüsünde birçok yerde kullanılmıştır.

Makaleleri
 Compton, Arthur, "A Quantum Theory of the Scattering of X-Rays by Light Elements ". (aip.org)

Dış bağlantılar
 Arthur Compton'un mezarı
 Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
 Biyografisi Washington University in Saint Louis

1892 doğumlular
Ohio doğumlular
Amerikalı Protestanlar
1962 yılında ölenler
20. yüzyıl fizikçileri
Amerikalı fizikçiler
Kuantum fizikçileri
Optik fizikçiler
Teorik fizikçiler
Parçacık fizikçileri
Guggenheim Fellows
Nobel Fizik Ödülü sahipleri
Amerikalı Nobel Ödülü sahipleri
Princeton Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
Washington Üniversitesi, St. Louis
Washington Üniversitesi, St. Louis öğretim üyeleri
Bilimsel Gelişme için Amerikan Birliği derneği üyeleri
Pour le Mérite
Manhattan Projesi kişileri
X ışınları
Berkeley, Kaliforniya ölenler
Amerikan Fizik Topluluğu başkanları
Matteucci Madalyası sahipleri

Arthur Compton


Ebenezer Scrooge, glavni lik romana Božićna priča (1843.) engleskog književnika Charlesa Dickensa, simbol škrtosti i mizantropije. U romanu uviđa svoje krive postupke prema bližnjima i siromašnima te doživljava preobražaj i postaje velikodušan.

Radnja počinje na Badnjak u Londonu, sedam godina nakon smrti Ebenezerovog poslovnog partnera Jacoba Marleya. Scrooge je stari škrtac koji prezire Božić. Odbija poziv na na božićnu večeru kod nećaka Freda. Odbija darovati novac za pomoć siromašnima, i nevoljko daje slobodan dan svom potplaćenom i iscrpljenom radniku Bobu Cratchitu. Nakon što Scrooge zatvori ured, posjećuje ga duh preminulog Marleya, i najavljuje mu da će ga posjetiti tri duha: prošlosti, sadašnjosti i budućnosti. Nakon što mu duh budućnosti pokaže njegov vlastiti grob zameten snjegom i obitelj koja se veseli njegovoj smrti, Scrooge uviđa da će ga njegovi stavovi i postupci dovesti do nesretnog i samotnog kraja. Odlazi nećaku na proslavu Božića i nalazi put do sreće i ispunjenja.

Iako se na kraju Dickensove priče Scrooge promijeni, u književnosti i anglosaksonskoj kulturi je ostao upamćen kao simbol za škrtost, a riječ "scrooge" je ušla u engleski jezik kao sinonim za škrca.

Izvori

Britanska književnost
Književni likovi

Ebenezer Scrooge


Latinski križ je jedan od oblika kršćanskog križa, kojemu krakovi nisu jednaki. Lijevi, gornji i desni su iste dužine, dok je donji otprilike dvostruko duži od ostalih. Na latinskom ga se naziva crux capitata i crux ordinaria. Najuobičajeniji je oblik križa u zapadnoj Crkvi. Vjernike podsjeća na najveću žrtvu koju je Isus podnio za grijehe svijeta. Križ nema korpusa ("prazan"), čime ukazuje na uskrsnuće i nadu u vječni život. Petrov križ je obrnut, jer apostol Petar nije se smatrao dostojnim umrijeti kao njegov Učitelj Isus Krist, pa je od mučitelja tražio da mu križ okrenu naopako.

Latinski križ pojavljuje se u graditeljstvu u tlocrtu  većine rimokatoličkih crkava, odnosno crkava na Zapadu. Oltar se nalazi otprilike kod mjesta spajanja krakova.

Na tipkovnici je znak latinskog križa odobren kao dio Unicode stranice 1995. zbog čega bi ga svi uređaji, počevši od starijih trebali ispravno prikazati. Kao emoji može ga se proizvesti otipkavanjem :cross: .

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Glas Koncila OD SRAMOTE DO ZNAKA SPASENJA Paradoks križa – najmračnija točka i najsjajnija svjetlost

Križevi
Kršćanska ikonografija

Latinski križ


Das Gouvernement Tambow (, Tambowskaja gubernija) war eine Verwaltungseinheit des Russischen Kaiserreiches, in der südöstlichen Mitte des europäischen Russland gelegen. Es grenzte (von Norden im Uhrzeigersinn) an folgende Gouvernements: Wladimir, Nischni Nowgorod, Pensa, Saratow, Woronesch, Orjol, Tula und Rjasan.

Es hatte eine Fläche von 66.588 km², Hauptstadt war Tambow.

Es wurde 1779 als Statthalterschaft gegründet und 1796 in ein Gouvernement umgewandelt. 1920/21 war es ein Zentrum des Aufstandes von Tambow, bei dem die Zentralregierung einige Monate lang über weite Teile des Gebietes keine Kontrolle hatte. 1928 wurde es in mehrere Distrikte der Oblast Zentrale Schwarzerde aufgeteilt.

Es zerfiel in die folgenden Ujesdy (Kreise):

 Borissoglebsk
 Jelatma
 Kirsanow
 Koslow (heute Mitschurinsk)
 Lebedjan
 Lipezk
 Morschansk
 Schazk
 Spassk
 Tambow
 Temnikow
 Usman

Statistik

Nach den Ergebnissen der Volkszählung von 1897 hatte das Gouvernement 2.684.030 Einwohner. Davon waren 2.562.677 Russen, 89.704 Mordwinen und 16.976 Tataren. Daneben gab es noch kleinere Gruppen von Ukrainern, Weißrussen, Juden und Deutschen.

Die Ernte ergab 1903: 36.293 Tonnen Weizen, 1.302.914 Tonnen Roggen, 502.807 Tonnen Hafer, 14.350 Tonnen Erbsen, 4658 Tonnen Buchweizen und 641.371 Tonnen Kartoffeln. Auch Hanf, Zuckerrüben (1903: 82.232 Tonnen) und Tabak (1903: 9,1 Millionen kg) wurden angebaut. Der Viehstand betrug 1903: 538.000 Stück Hornvieh, 1.595.000 grob- und 160.000 feinwollige Schafe sowie 280.000 Schweine. Die Pferdezucht war bedeutend und berühmt, sie lieferte als vorzüglich bekannte Traber. Man zählte 1900 226 Gestüte mit 6742 Zuchttieren. Im ganzen waren im Gouvernement 605.000 Pferde vorhanden. Der Wert der industriellen Produktion belief sich 1900 auf 20,4 Millionen Rubel bei 635 Betrieben mit 16.274 Arbeitern. Die Hauptindustrien waren die Branntweinbrennerei (6,5 Millionen), die Zuckerfabrikation (2,4 Millionen), die Tabakverarbeitung (1,6 Millionen) sowie die Tuchmacherei. Der Getreide- und Viehhandel war sehr bedeutend.

Literatur

Weblinks
 Volkszählungsergebnisse von 1897 (Sprachgruppen) (russisch)
 Volkszählungsergebnisse von 1897 (Verwaltungsbezirke) (russisch)

Gouvernement des Russischen Reiches
Gouvernement (RSFSR)

Gouvernement Tambow


Organik, "bitki veya hayvan kökenli", bazen de "karbon içeren" anlamında kullanılan bir sıfat. Organik sözcüğü ile şunlardan biri kastedilmiş olabilir:

 Kimyada, karbon içermekte olan (istisnalar hariç) organik bileşikler.
 Tarımda, organik kelimesi gübre ve böcek ilacı ile ilgilidir, bunların kesinlikle hayvan veya bitki kökenli olması gerekir. Kullanılan ürünlerin doğallığı sebebiyle Organik tarım olarak adlandırılır.
 Organik gıda, doğal beslenmede kullanılan çeşitli ürünler.
 Organik ürünler adı altında kullanıma sunulan veya satılan ürünlerdir.
 Organik restoran veya doğaya yakın anlamında organik yaşam biçimi şeklinde de kullanımları mevcuttur.
 Organik kozmetik - Organik tarım ile elde edilen sertifikalı organik bitkilerin özsuları (organik hidrosol) kullanılarak üretilen kozmetik veya dermokozmetik ürünler.
 Organik yapım eşya, petrokimyasal ve insan yapımı malzemelerin (kontrplak, vinil, camelyaf (fiberglas)) kullanılmadığı anlamında gelir.
 Ayrıca organik terimi bir bütünün ayrılmaz parçalarından birisi anlamında da kullanılır.
 Organik (askeriye)

Kavramlar

Organik


Mate Karal (Karall) (1827.  1911.), hrvatski književnik

Bez daljnjega možemo ga smatrati začetnikom svjetovne umjetničke proze gradišćanskih Hrvata i to serijom "Crtice iz selskoga žitka" u "Kalendaru svete Familije" od 1904. do 1911. godine.

Ostao je vjeran tradiciji zabavljati ali s didaktičkim usmjerenjem, što možemo smatrati općenitom pojavom u literaturi onoga vremena. Sve to objelodanjiva pod geslom "Piše prietelj svoga roda i naroda", pod kojim naslovom mu Miloradić posveti pjesmu koja je ujedno i vjerna slika kulturne situacije onoga vremena. Po sadržaju i po stilu visoko iznad svakidašnje proze svojega vremena što ali ni kod njega ne znači da se mogu primijeniti načela umjetničke proze na njegovo literarno stvaranje.

U središtu pažnje je svakako sadržaj, razumljiv sadržaj, koji ujedno odgaja i zabavlja i tek usput, skoro od sebe razumljivo, slučajno se primjenjivaju stilistički i jezični obrasci, koji se ni u semantičnoj a još manje u stilističkim osobinama smiju odaljiti od narodnoga govora, inače narod ne prihvaća neuhodane, neobične jezične i stilističke forme i odbija frazama; slovačko, agramitersko, hrvaćansko/ hrvačansko, poslije Drugoga svjetskog rata kao srpsko ili rusko. Tako i Karal svojim temama; dobar i nemaran gospodar, uredna i zanemarena seljačka kuća, Židovi u selu, svadbeni običaji, moraliziranje o nedelji, o problemu asimilacije i širenju kalendara u narodu, o ´biču´ onodobnog vremena: alkoholizmu, o problematici gradišćanskohrvatskoga školstva i o drugim sadržajima iz narodnoga života. Vrlo lijepim i prikladnim jezikom daje uzorak i na taj vrlo tihi, miran način širi gramatičke ideje i jezične promjene pokrenute od Gašpara Glavanića (1833. – 1872.), Mihe Nakovića (1840. – 1900.) i njihovog kruga.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Mate Karal Crtice

Književnici gradišćanskih Hrvata

Mate Karal


Marsovo pole (; russisk for Marsmarken) er en stor offentlig plads i Tsentralnyj rajon i Sankt Petersborg, mellem Marmorpaladset, Betskojs hus og Saltykov-Sjtjedrins hus. Mod syd afgrænser Mojkafloden pladsen.

Pladsen er opkaldt efter Marsmarken i Rom og Champ-de-Mars i Paris, der begge er opkaldt efter krigsguden Mars.

Eksterne henvisninger

Seværdigheder i Sankt Petersborg
Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Sankt Petersborg

Marsovo pole


Boris Marian, pe numele real Boris Mehr, (n. 19 noiembrie 1941, Soldatsko-Alexandrovsk, regiunea Stavropol, Caucazul de Nord, RSFS Rusă) este un poet și publicist român de origine evreiască.

Biografie
S-a născut în Caucazul de Nord în familia ziaristului Iacob Mehr și a soției lui, Maria (n. Schärf), primind la naștere numele de Boris Mehr. Familia sa era originară din ținutul Herța, de unde fugise în 22 iunie 1941 de frica deportării de trupele germane, și s-a reîntors în România în 1945. A urmat studii la Liceul "Nicolae Bălcescu" din București (azi Colegiul Național "Sfântul Sava") (1956-1959), apoi la Facultatea de Chimie Industrială a Institutului Politehnic din București (1959-1961), pe care le-a continuat la Institutul de Chimie Fină din Moscova (1961-1965).

După absolvirea facultății a lucrat ca inginer la Uzina "Danubiana" (1965-1968), cercetător științific la ICECHIM București (1968-1978), director tehnic la Întreprinderea de Anvelope din Zalău (1978-1983) și inginer la Centrala industrială a cauciucului (1983-1997).

Debutul său literar a avut loc în anul 1969 în revista Luceafărul, la recomandarea lui Ilie Constantin, colaborând cu poezii în revistele literare Luceafărul, România literară, Flacăra, Poesis, Contemporanul, Viața noastră și Ultima oră din Israel etc. Primul volum de versuri, Numele profesorului, a fost publicat în 1986, fiind urmat de volumele de poezii Profesorul de fericire (1989), Vocea profesorului (1993) și Viață de profesor (2002) și de volumul de eseuri Evreii – istorie, valori (2000). Poeziile sale au fost publicate și în antologia Poezia pădurii, vol. IV (2001). A desfășurat în paralel o activitate publicistică, lucrând din 1997 ca redactor la revista Realitatea evreiască.

Recenzând volumul Bazar oriental (2009), criticul Alex. Ștefănescu scria că "încercarea autorului de a face literatură este zădărnicită de amatorism, de tendința de a moraliza și mai ales de stilul împiedicat, care face unele pasaje ininteligibile". Mai tânărul critic Răzvan Voncu a scris, într-o recenzie a volumului Exilul cuvântului (2014), că "livrescul și naturalul, laicul și religiosul, suprarealismul și luciditatea se întrețes, într-un discurs dens și substanțial" în universul poetic al lui Boris Marian, iar poezia sa este "o experiență spirituală care îl angajează în totalitate și pe care poetul o parcurge cu efort". În opinia lui Răzvan Voncu, Boris Marian este un "poet discret, măcinat de combustii spirituale și stăpânit de o admirabilă râvnă culturală [...] un poet-sinteză, în al cărui discurs gândirea iudaică și tradiția poetică românească se împletesc. Și, totodată, un spirit profund, pentru care poezia este un destin, nu o simplă delectare intelectuală".

Opera
 Numele profesorului, versuri, Ed. Litera, București, 1986;
 Profesorul de fericire, poeme, Ed. Cartea Românească, București, 1989;
 Vocea profesorului, versuri, Ed. Litera, București, 1993;
 Evreii – istorie, valori, eseuri, Ed. Hasefer, București, 2000;
 Viață de profesor, versuri, Ed. Albatros, București, 2002;
 Mers în pustiu sau căutarea lui Dumnezeu, versuri, Asociația Scriitorilor București, 2005;
 Dicționar sentimental, eseuri, Ed. Nouă, București, 2006;
 File de calendar profan, Ed. Hasefer, București, 2007;
 Adesea, între ore solitare, Ed. Nouă, București, 2007;
 Abis sau a șaptea poartă, versuri, Asociația Scriitorilor București, 2008;
 154 sunete, Ed. Granada, București, 2009;
 Bazar oriental, eseuri, note de jurnal, poeme, Ed. Nouă, București, 2009;
 Bazar oriental (II), Ed. Granada, București, 2010;
 Du Congo au Danube - antologie de poezie contemporană, Ed. Dagan, Paris, 2011;
 Infernul de toate zilele, versuri, Ed. Granada, București, 2011;
 Între infern și paradis, versuri, Ed. Tipo-Moldova, Iași, 2013;
 Interferențe culturale și istorice, eseuri, Ed. Hasefer, București, 2013;
 Exilul cuvântului, Colecția Poeții secolului XXI, Ed. Inspirescu, Satu Mare, 2014;
 Antologie de vis, Ed. Inspirescu, Colecția Poeții secolului XXI, Satu Mare, 2015;
 Ca o rugăciune, versuri, Ed. Astralis, București, 2016;
 Ce stradă e asta?, versuri și proză, Ed. Neuma, Cluj-Napoca, 2017;
 Antologia aforismului românesc contemporan, ediția a II-a, Ed. Digital Unicorn, București, 2017.

Note

Bibliografie
 Aurel Sasu, Dicționar biografic al literaturii române M-Z, vol. II, Ed. Paralela 45, București, 2004, p. 42.

Lectură suplimentară
 Boris Crăciun, Daniela Crăciun-Costin, Dicționarul scriitorilor români de azi, Ed. Porțile Orientului, Iași, 2011.
 Alina Kristinka (Cătunescu) (coord.), Dicționarul autorilor români contemporani (D.A.R.C), Ed. Arial, Ploiești, 2013.
 Eugen Simion (coord.), Dicționarul general al literaturii române, vol. 4 (L-O), Editura Univers Enciclopedic, București, 2005.
 Henri Zalis, O istorie condensată a literaturii române (1880-2000), Ed. Bibliotheca, Târgoviște, 2005.

Nașteri în 1941
Poeți români
Jurnaliști români
Jurnaliști evrei
Evrei români
Români cunoscuți sub pseudonimele folosite

Boris Marian


María Teresa Chacín de López Contreras (Caracas, 22 de janeiro de 1945) é uma psicóloga e cantora venezuelana. Ela gravou mais de 50 álbuns e recebeu diversos prêmios, incluindo o Grammy Latino de Melhor Álbum Infantil.

Biografia
María Teresa Chacín, nascida em Caracas em 22 de janeiro de 1945, foi a primeira cantora venezuelana a ganhar um Grammy Latino. Além de interpretar bolero e outros gêneros musicais, é produtora, animadora, cuatrista e psicóloga. Gravou mais de 50 álbuns entre os formatos LP e CD acompanhada por músicos renomados como Juan Vicente Torrealba, Chelique Sarabia, Armando Manzanero, o guitarrista Rodrigo Riera e Aldemaro Romero ao reger em um de suas gravações para a Orquestra Sinfônica de Londres.

Sua carreira como intérprete começou em 1963 quando fez parte da Universidade Orfeón da Universidade Central da Venezuela, destacando-se por 8 anos como solista. Em 1961 conseguiu ser contratada pela gravadora Palacio de la Música para gravar seu primeiro LP, intitulado Chelimanías. Em 1970, se formou em Psicologia pela Universidade Católica Andrés Bello. Foi produtora e apresentadora de rádio e televisão, com seu programa María Teresa y sus amigos, com o qual ganhou o Prêmio Monsenhor Pellín em 2000 e que esteve no ar por seis anos.

Discografia

Naturais de Caracas
Vencedores do Grammy Latino
Cantores da Venezuela
Músicos da Venezuela

María Teresa Chacín


An Cyrtochilum ramosissimum in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni John Lindley, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Stig Dalström. An Cyrtochilum ramosissimum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cyrtochilum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Image gallery

Cyrtochilum

Cyrtochilum ramosissimum


"Purple Haze" is a song written by Jimi Hendrix and released as the second single by the Jimi Hendrix Experience on March 17, 1967.
The song features his inventive guitar playing, which uses the signature Hendrix chord and a mix of blues and Eastern modalities, shaped by novel sound processing techniques.  Because of ambiguities in the lyrics, listeners often interpret the song as referring to a psychedelic experience, although Hendrix described it as a love song.

"Purple Haze" is one of Hendrix's best-known songs and appears on many Hendrix compilation albums.  The song featured regularly in concerts and each of Hendrix's group configurations issued live recordings. It was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame and is included on lists of the greatest guitar songs, including at number two by Rolling Stone and number one by Q magazine.

Background and recording
By January 5, 1967, the Jimi Hendrix Experience's first single, "Hey Joe", backed with "Stone Free", had peaked at number six on the UK record chart. "Hey Joe" was not a Hendrix composition – it was written by Billy Roberts and recorded by several groups prior to the Experience. Hendrix commented, "That record isn't us. The next one's gonna be different.  We're working on an LP which will mainly be our stuff." The group recorded several demos of original material at studios in London, including "Can You See Me", "Foxy Lady", "Third Stone from the Sun", "Red House", and "Remember".  In the middle of December, producer Chas Chandler heard Hendrix toying around with a new guitar riff. "I heard him playing it at the flat and was knocked out. I told him to keep working on that, saying, 'That's the next single!  Chandler claimed that after some more urging, Hendrix wrote the rest of "Purple Haze" in the dressing room of a London club during the afternoon of December 26, 1966, before a gig. In several interviews, Hendrix spoke about writing the song, but did not mention where or when he wrote it.

The Experience began recording "Purple Haze" on January 11, 1967, at De Lane Lea Studios in London. According to drummer Mitch Mitchell, he and bassist Noel Redding learned the song in the studio: "Hendrix came in and kind of hummed us the riff and showed Noel the chords and the changes. I listened to it and we went, 'OK, let's do it.' We got it on the third take as I recall." The basic track was recorded in four hours, according to Chandler.  Multitrack recording technology allowed engineers to record and complete additional parts on the final master.  After the basic track was finished, Chandler explained that he and Hendrix developed the song:
  Redding and Mitchell were not included in the process because Chandler felt that it was more efficient for him and Hendrix to do it alone. To get a better quality recording, Chandler took the four-track tape recorded at De Lane Lea to Olympic Studios for overdubbing (although Hendrix had worked with eight-track recording in the US, it was not yet available in the UK). At Olympic, they were assigned Eddie Kramer, who, as a sound engineer, played an important role in subsequent Hendrix recordings. Hendrix added new vocals and guitar parts between February 3 and 8, 1967.  Unlike the conventional techniques used by the Experience to record previous songs, Chandler decided to try out new effects and sounds for "Purple Haze". He enhanced background sounds (some contributed by Redding) by playing them back through headphones, which were moved around the recording microphone, creating "a weird echo". Chandler also used sped-up guitar parts recorded at half-speed (which also raises the pitch) and panning to create novel effects. The guitar solo features the first use of the Octavia guitar effects unit.  Acoustical and electronics engineer Roger Mayer developed the unit with input from Hendrix. The Octavia doubles the frequency of the sound it is fed, essentially adding an upper octave.

Lyrics and interpretation
In interviews, Hendrix usually gave different answers about the development of the song's lyrics.  Biographer Harry Shapiro points out that "Purple Haze" is most likely "a pot-pourri of ideas" which Hendrix developed over time.  As a fan of science fiction, he frequently incorporated its imagery in his songwriting.  Hendrix read Night of Light, a 1966 novel by Philip José Farmer, that expanded on a short story published in 1957.  In the story set on a distant planet, sunspots produce a "purplish haze" which has a disorienting effect on the inhabitants.  An early handwritten draft by Hendrix, titled "Purple Haze – Jesus Saves", uses dream-like imagery where the sense of direction and time is distorted.  In an interview on January 28, 1967, before the song was completed, Hendrix was asked how he wrote songs; he responded, "I dream a lot and I put my dreams down as songs. I wrote one called 'First Look Around the Corner' and another called 'The Purple Haze,' which was about a dream I had that I was walking under the sea."  He later expressed frustration that he was unable to more fully develop his ideas for the song:

So far, only a crumpled single sheet of ruled yellow tablet paper is on exhibit at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and does not include any of the lyrics used in the Experience song.  Chandler admitted that in the early stages, he helped Hendrix shape the songs and lyrics to radio single length.  Biographer Keith Shadwick comments that although much of the complexity may have been sacrificed, it resulted in verses that are "simple, focused and striking".

After its release, Hendrix offered another explanation: "He [the song's protagonist] likes this girl so much, that he doesn't know what [state] he's in, ya know.  A sort of daze, I suppose.  That's what the song is all about."  This draws on an experience Hendrix had while still in New York, where he felt that a girl was attempting to use voodoo to trap him and he became ill.  Shapiro believes that this is reflected in most of the first two verses:

Many fans and the press interpret the song as referring to a psychedelic experience due to lines such as "purple haze all in my brain" and "'scuse me while I kiss the sky".  However, Hendrix and those closest to him never discussed any connection between psychedelic drugs and the song, although Shapiro admits that, at the time, to do so would have been "professional suicide". Chandler, who claimed he was present when Hendrix wrote it, later denied suggestions that Hendrix did so while under the influence of psychedelics.  Commenting on the lyrics, Shadwick concludes "the music [was allowed] to tell the larger story.  Poised effectively between the twin intoxicants of drugs and desire, they could be interpreted to the listener's taste".  In concert, Hendrix sometimes substituted lyrics for comic effect; "'scuse me while I kiss the sky" was rendered "'scuse me while I kiss this guy" (while gesturing towards Mitchell), "'scuse me while I kiss that policeman" (at a near riot in Los Angeles), or "'scuse me while I fuck the sky" (during a downpour in Seattle).

Composition

Music critic William Ruhlmann describes "Purple Haze" as having "relentlessly driving, if relatively slow-paced underlying music, which provides a good platform for some of Hendrix's inventive guitar playing".  Beginning with its dissonant opening and heavy use of distortion, Hendrix's techniques "all contributed to the dirty, raw, metallic, [and] angular sounds" heard in the song, according to Shapiro.  The intro consists of the melodic interval of a tritone or diminished (sometimes called flattened) fifth.  Historically, this dissonant interval has been referred to as diabolus in musica (literally "Devil in music"). It is sounded during the first two measures by Hendrix playing a B on guitar against an E played by Redding on bass, followed by the respective octaves.  Mitchell on drums comes in for the third measure, when Hendrix introduces the riff that piqued Chandler's interest, and Redding continues playing the octaves in E.

After the riff, the verse sections begin, which Shadwick describe as "simplicity itself, consisting of just three chords": E79, G, and A.  The E79, or dominant seventh sharp ninth chord, has come to be called the "Hendrix chord" by guitarists and was used primarily in rhythm and blues and jazz before Hendrix helped popularize it.  He also used an unconventional fingering technique for the G and A chords.  Because Hendrix used his thumb to fret the roots of the G and A chords on the sixth string, his fingers were left in a position to create different chord voicings.  Instead of the usual G barre chord (G–D–G–B–D–G), a G5 (G–X–G–G–D–G) is sometimes played with the major third (B) being muted on the fifth string and replaced by the open third string (G).  Redding follows the chord changes mostly by playing the root with occasional passing notes, while Mitchell heightens the tension with drum flourishes that accentuate Hendrix's vocal and guitar.

Biographer David Henderson describes Hendrix's guitar tone as "at the razor edge of distort".  However, individual notes are still clear, as well as the harmonically more complex chords, even with the use of extreme overdrive for the time.  The tension is maintained until the guitar solo, which "arrives as something of a release rather than a further racking up of the atmosphere."  It is also when Hendrix first introduces the Octavia, coupled with a Fuzz Face distortion unit.  Whitehill describes the solo as "almost sound[ing] likes he's playing a blues raga.  He starts out playing in the Mixolydian mode and then he goes right into the blues side.  The Octavia has the effect of a sitar, kind of like Ravi Shankar meets B.B. King."  During the song's outro, the guitar part recorded at 7½ inches per second (ips) played back at 15 ips, is combined with the Octavia, further extending the guitar's upper frequency range.  Henderson describes it as "an uncanny piercing tone that takes off, Eastern-sounding beyond the range of the guitar" and, according to Shadwick, "gives the impression that the guitar notes are flying off into the ether."

Releases and charts

On March 17, 1967, "Purple Haze" was released in the UK as the first single on Track Records.  Another Hendrix composition, the R&B-influenced "51st Anniversary" was included as the B-side.  Paul McCartney, who was an early Hendrix supporter, gave the record an enthusiastic pre-release review in Melody Maker.  The single entered the charts at number 39 on Record Mirror and at number 43 on Melody Maker. It peaked at number three and spent 14 weeks on the chart.  During March 1967, several performances of "Purple Haze" were filmed to promote the song and used for television programs, such as Beat-Club, Dee Time, and Top of the Pops.  Live performances were also broadcast on German NDR and BBC Radio's Saturday Club.  In 2022, the British Phonographic Industry awarded "Purple Haze" its Gold certification, signifying sales of over 400,000.

For the American single, Reprise Records paired the song with "The Wind Cries Mary".  It was released on June 19, 1967, the day following the Experience's performance at the Monterey Pop Festival. The single entered the Billboard Hot 100 pop chart on August 26, where it spent eight weeks and reached number 65.  "Purple Haze" was included as the opening track on the American release of Are You Experienced on August 23, 1967.  Because of the song's airplay on underground FM radio, the album became more popular than Hendrix's singles.

One of Hendrix's most popular songs, "Purple Haze" appears on numerous compilation albums.  Some of these include Smash Hits, The Essential Jimi Hendrix, The Singles Album, Kiss the Sky, Cornerstones: 1967–1970, The Ultimate Experience, Experience Hendrix: The Best of Jimi Hendrix, Voodoo Child: The Jimi Hendrix Collection, and The Singles Collection.  An alternative version recorded at the same time, but with different vocal and guitar overdubs, is the first song on The Jimi Hendrix Experience 2000 box set.  Live recordings of "Purple Haze" as performed by each of the different Hendrix lineups have been released. These include Live at Monterey (the Experience), Live at Woodstock (Gypsy Sun and Rainbows), Live at the Fillmore East (Band of Gypsys), and Live at Berkeley (the Cry of Love touring group).  Additional live recordings with the Experience appear on Winterland (2011 Billboard number 49 album) and Miami Pop Festival (2013 Billboard number 39 album).

Recognition and influence
In March 2005, Q magazine ranked "Purple Haze" at number one in its list of the "100 Greatest Guitar Tracks Ever!" The song placed at number two on Rolling Stone magazine's "100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time" list, which noted that the song "unveiled a new guitar language charged with spiritual hunger and the poetry possible in electricity and studio technology". It also appeared at number 17 on the magazine's "500 Greatest Songs of All Time" list in 2004, with the comment that "it launched not one but two revolutions: late-Sixties psychedelia and the unprecedented genius of Jimi Hendrix". Author and music critic Dave Marsh called it the "debut single of the Album Rock Era".  In 1995, "Purple Haze" was included as one of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's "500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll".  NPR named the song to its list of the "100 Most Important American Musical Works of the 20th Century" in 2000.  In 2000, it was given a Grammy Hall of Fame Award, which "honor[s] recordings of lasting qualitative or historical significance". In 2020, Far Out ranked the song number one on their list of the 20 greatest Jimi Hendrix songs, and in 2021, American Songwriter ranked the song number two on their list of the 10 greatest Jimi Hendrix songs.

Many musicians have recorded their interpretations of the song, making it one of Hendrix's most covered songs.  Dion DiMucci included an acoustic version with strings on his 1968 comeback album Dion. Released as a single in 1969, it appeared at number 63 on the Billboard Hot 100, which was two positions higher than Hendrix' single in 1967. In Canada, where Hendrix's single did not reach the charts, Dion's version reached number 72.  Also with a new arrangement, the Cure recorded it for the various artist's Stone Free: A Tribute to Jimi Hendrix in 1993. Their rendition reached number two on Billboard's Modern Rock Tracks alternative rock chart. "Purple Haze" has achieved an unusual level of interest among classical musicians. The Meridian Arts Ensemble, the Hampton String Quartet, and Nigel Kennedy have recorded their interpretations and the Kronos Quartet often play it as an encore.

See also
 Album era

Notes
Footnotes

References

Sources

External links
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WGoDaYjdfSg "Purple Haze" (official audio) on Vevo]

1967 songs
Songs written by Jimi Hendrix
1967 singles
The Jimi Hendrix Experience songs
Track Records singles
Reprise Records singles
Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients
Dion DiMucci songs
The Cure songs
Song recordings produced by Chas Chandler
American hard rock songs
American psychedelic rock songs
Mondegreens

Purple Haze


Peter Strieder (* 4. Juli 1913 in Leipzig; † 25. Juni 2013 in Nürnberg) war ein deutscher Kunsthistoriker, der insbesondere zur deutschen Tafelmalerei des Spätmittelalters geforscht hat.

Biographie
Peter Strieder ist der Sohn des Wirtschaftshistorikers Jakob Strieder. 1920 übersiedelten seine Eltern mit ihm nach München wo er 1932 am Maximiliansgymnasium das Abitur machte.

Von 1932 bis 1937 studierte er in München und Frankfurt a. M. die Fächer Kunstgeschichte (bei Wilhelm Pinder, anschließend bei Hans Jantzen), Klassische Archäologie (bei Ernst Langlotz und Ernst Buschor) und Geschichtliche Hilfswissenschaften (bei Johannes Heckel). 1937 wurde er in München bei Hans Jantzen mit dem Thema Das Volk auf deutschen Tafelbildern des ausgehenden Mittelalters promoviert. 1937 bis 1939 war er Volontär bei folgenden Institutionen in München: Staatliche Graphische Sammlung, Bayerische Staatsgemäldesammlungen, und Bayerisches Nationalmuseum. 1939–1940 arbeitete er als Stipendiat am Württembergischen Landesamt für Denkmalpflege in Stuttgart. Von Mai 1940 bis September 1945 war er im Kriegsdienst (davon 3 Jahre in Burgund) und in Gefangenschaft.

Im November 1945 wurde er Konservator am Bayerischen Landesamt für Denkmalpflege. Im Oktober 1949 wechselte er zum Germanischen Nationalmuseum nach Nürnberg. Dort war er von 1953 bis 1978 Leitender Museumsdirektor der Abteilung für Malerei bis 1800. An Wiederaufbau und Neugestaltung der Museumsbauten hatte er einen bedeutenden Anteil.

Strieder lebte mit seiner Ehefrau Ruth Strieder in Nürnberg-Reichelsdorf und Garmisch-Partenkirchen. Ihr Sohn ist der Politiker Peter Strieder.

Seit seiner Studentenzeit war Strieder aktives Mitglied der katholischen Studentenverbindung K.S.St.V. Alemannia München im KV.

Konzipierte Ausstellungen (Auswahl)
 Meister um Albrecht Dürer. Ausstellung Nürnberg, Germanisches Nationalmuseum 1961
 1471 Albrecht Dürer 1971. Ausstellung zum 500. Geburtstag Dürers, Nürnberg, Germanisches Nationalmuseum 1971
 Vorbild Dürer. Kupferstiche und Holzschnitte Albrecht Dürers im Spiegel der europäischen Druckgraphik des 16. Jahrhunderts. Ausstellung zum 450. Todestag Albrecht Dürers, Nürnberg, Germanisches Nationalmuseum 1978

Schriften (Auswahl)
 Das Volk auf deutschen Tafelbildern des ausgehenden Mittelalters (= Münchner Beiträge zur Kunstgeschichte 5). München 1939 (Dissertation).
 Deutsche Malerei der Renaissance (Zwei Teile in einem Band: Deutsche Malerei der Dürerzeit, Deutsche Malerei nach Dürer), Langewiesche, Königstein i. Ts. 1966
 Dürer, Mailand 1976 (deutsche Ausg. Luxemburg 1977, weitere Ausgaben in Englisch, Französisch und Spanisch)
 (zusammen mit Hanna Härtie bearb.): Alfred Stange: Kritisches Verzeichnis der deutschen Tafelbilder vor Dürer Bd. 3: Franken, München 1978
 Albrecht Dürer. Das Gesamtwerk, Die Großen Meister der Malerei, Berlin 1979 (italienische Ausgabe Mailand 1980)
 Dürer. Mit Beiträgen von Gisela Goldberg, Joseph Harnest und Matthias Mende. Langewiesche, Königstein i. Ts. 1981 / 1982, englische Ausgabe London (Frederick Muller) und New York (Abaris Books), französische Ausgabe Paris (Albin Michel), niederländische Ausgabe Antwerpen / Brüssel (Mercatorfonds), serbokroatische Ausgabe Belgrad (Jugoslovenska Revija), 1983 japanische Ausgabe Tokyo (Chuokoransha).
 Tafelmalerei in Nürnberg 1350–1550, Langewiesche, Königstein i. Ts. 1993
 Albrecht Dürer: Adam und Eva. Thesen zum Auftraggeber, in: Zeitschrift des Deutschen Vereins für Kunstwissenschaft 63, 2009, S. 215–224
 Dürer. 3., überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage 2012, betreut von Anna Scherbaum. Mit Beiträgen von Georg Josef Dietz, Joseph Harnest, Bruno Heimberg und Anna Scherbaum. Verlag Langewiesche, Königstein i. Ts. 2012, ISBN 978-3-7845-9142-1

Literatur
 Bibliographie Peter Strieder, in: Anzeiger des Germanischen Nationalmuseums 1984, S. 92 ff.
 Kurt Löcher: Peter Strieder zum 80. Geburtstag, in: Anzeiger des Germanischen Nationalmuseums 1994, S. 310–311.
 Peter-Klaus Schuster: Die Gewalt in der Kunst. Festvortrag zum 85. Geburtstag von Peter Strieder, in: Anzeiger des Germanischen Nationalmuseums 1999, S. 227–233.
 Kürschners Deutscher Gelehrtenkalender, Berlin u. a. 2003, S. 3338–3339.
 Daniel Hess: Peter Strieder zum Gedenken (mit Bibliografie zusammengestellt von Anja Ebert). In: Anzeiger des Germanischen Nationalmuseums 2013, S. 7–15.

Archivalien
 Umfangreiche Korrespondenz mit Kollegen und Freunden, 1950–1994 (Geschenk des Wissenschaftlers) im Historischen Archiv des Germanischen Nationalmuseums.

Anmerkungen

Weblinks

 Publikationen von Peter Strieder in Kubikat

Kunsthistoriker
Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter des Germanischen Nationalmuseums
Träger des Bundesverdienstkreuzes 1. Klasse
Korporierter im KV
Deutscher
Geboren 1913
Gestorben 2013
Mann

Peter Strieder (Kunsthistoriker)


HMS Renown was the lead ship of her class of battlecruisers of the Royal Navy built during the First World War. She was originally laid down as an improved version of the s. Her construction was suspended on the outbreak of war on the grounds she would not be ready in a timely manner. Admiral Lord Fisher, upon becoming First Sea Lord, gained approval to restart her construction as a battlecruiser that could be built and enter service quickly. The Director of Naval Construction (DNC), Eustace Tennyson-D'Eyncourt, quickly produced an entirely new design to meet Admiral Lord Fisher's requirements and the builders agreed to deliver the ships in 15 months. They did not quite meet that ambitious goal, but the ship was delivered a few months after the Battle of Jutland in 1916. Renown, and her sister , were the world's fastest capital ships upon completion.

Renown did not see combat during the war and was reconstructed twice between the wars; the 1920s reconstruction increased her armour protection and made other more minor improvements, while the 1930s reconstruction was much more thorough. The ship frequently conveyed royalty on their foreign tours and served as flagship of the Battlecruiser Squadron when Hood was refitting.

During the Second World War, Renown was involved in the search for the  in 1939, participated in the Norwegian Campaign of April–June 1940 and the search for the  in 1941. She spent much of 1940 and 1941 assigned to Force H at Gibraltar, escorting convoys and she participated in the inconclusive Battle of Cape Spartivento. Renown was briefly assigned to the Home Fleet and provided cover to several Arctic convoys in early 1942. The ship was transferred back to Force H for Operation Torch and spent much of 1943 refitting or transporting Winston Churchill and his staff to and from various conferences with various Allied leaders. In early 1944, Renown was transferred to the Eastern Fleet in the Indian Ocean where she supported numerous attacks on Japanese-occupied facilities in Indonesia and various island groups in the Indian Ocean. The ship returned to the Home Fleet in early 1945 and was refitted before being placed in reserve after the end of the war. Renown was sold for scrap in 1948.

Design and description
Admiral Lord Fisher first presented his requirements for the new ships to the Director of Naval Construction (DNC) on 18 December 1914, before the ships had even been approved. He wanted a long, high, flared bow, like that on the pre-dreadnought , but higher, four 15-inch guns in two twin turrets, an anti-torpedo boat armament of twenty  guns mounted high up and protected by gun shields only, speed of 32 knots using oil fuel, and armour on the scale of the battlecruiser . Within a few days, however, Fisher increased the number of guns to six and added two torpedo tubes. Minor revisions in the initial estimate were made until 26 December and a preliminary design was completed on 30 December.

During the following week the DNC's department examined the material delivered for the two battleships and decided what could be used in the new design. The usable material was transferred to the builders, who had received enough information from the DNC's department to lay the keels of both ships on 25 January 1915, well before the altered contracts were completed on 10 March.

Renown had an overall length of , a beam of , and a maximum draught of . She displaced  at normal load and  at deep load. Her Brown-Curtis direct-drive steam turbines were designed to produce , which would propel the ship at . However, during trials in 1916, Renowns turbines provided , allowing her to reach a speed of . The ship normally carried  of fuel oil, but had a maximum capacity of . At full capacity, she could steam at a speed of  for .

The ship mounted six 42-calibre BL 15-inch Mk I guns in three twin hydraulically powered turrets, designated 'A', 'B', and 'Y' from front to rear. Her secondary armament consisted of 17 BL 4-inch Mark IX guns, fitted in five triple and two single mounts. Renown mounted a pair of QF 3 inch 20 cwt anti-aircraft guns mounted on the shelter deck abreast the rear funnel. She mounted two submerged tubes for  torpedoes, one on each side forward of 'A' barbette.

Renowns waterline belt of Krupp cemented armour measured  thick amidships. Her gun turrets were  thick with roofs  thick. As designed the high-tensile-steel decks ranged from  in thickness. After the Battle of Jutland in 1916, while the ship was still completing, an extra inch of high-tensile steel was added on the main deck over the magazines. Renown was fitted with a shallow anti-torpedo bulge integral to the hull which was intended to explode the torpedo before it hit the hull proper and vent the underwater explosion to the surface rather than into the ship.

Despite these additions, the ship was still felt to be too vulnerable to plunging fire and Renown was refitted in Rosyth between 1 February and mid-April 1917 with additional horizontal armour, weighing approximately , added to the decks over the magazines and over the steering gear. Flying-off platforms were fitted on 'B' and 'X' turrets in early 1918. One fighter and a reconnaissance aircraft were carried.

Construction and service

1916–1925

Renown was laid down by Fairfield at Govan, Glasgow, Scotland on 25 January 1915. The ship was launched on 4 March 1916 and completed on 20 September 1916, after the Battle of Jutland at the cost of £3,117,204. She served with the Grand Fleet in the North Sea during the remaining two years of the First World War. Renown was assigned to the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron for the duration of the war, but never fired a shot in anger during the war. On 12 December 1917 Renown put to sea with other elements of the fleet in an unsuccessful attempt to intercept the German 3rd Half-Flotilla of destroyers that had destroyed a Scandinavian convoy and most of its escorts off the coast of Norway. For the rest of the war the ships patrolled the North Sea uneventfully. Both Renown and Repulse were present at the surrender of the High Seas Fleet at Scapa Flow on 21 November 1918.

When the Grand Fleet was disbanded in April 1919, Renown was assigned to the Battlecruiser Squadron of the Atlantic Fleet. In June she was refitted in preparation for a tour of Canada, Newfoundland and the United States by Edward, Prince of Wales, and both flying-off platforms were removed. A  rangefinder replaced the  model in 'Y' turret and a  rangefinder was added to the armoured hood over the conning tower. From January to March 1920 Renown was refitted more extensively as a "royal yacht". Her aft 4-inch mounting and both 3-inch AA guns were removed so that extra accommodation and a promenade deck could be built. A large deck house was built on the shelter deck between the funnels. The port side housed a squash court while the starboard side was a cinema. The ship sailed in March for Australia and New Zealand with the Prince of Wales and his entourage aboard and made many stops en route. She returned to Portsmouth in October and was placed in reserve in November.

Renown was recommissioned in September 1921 for a tour of India, the Philippines and Japan by the Prince of Wales and sailed from Portsmouth in October. The ship arrived back in Portsmouth in June 1922 and she was placed in reserve the following month. The ship began a reconstruction that same month along the lines of her sister, although changes were made based on the experiences with Repulse. Renowns main armour belt was removed and a new 9-inch belt was installed, using up the remaining plates made surplus by the conversion of the battleship  (originally ordered by Chile and purchased after the war began) to the aircraft carrier  as well as new armour, but installed about  higher than on Repulse to offset any increase in draught. A strake of tapered armour was fitted underneath the main belt to deflect any shell that dived beneath the water's surface; it was 9-inches thick at top and thinned to  at the bottom. The ship's deck armour was heavily reinforced adjacent to its machinery spaces and magazines. Two longitudinal bulkheads were added between the upper and main decks that ran from the base of the conning tower to the end of the boiler rooms. The bulges were reworked and based on those used in the s although crushing tubes were only used abreast the magazines. The rear triple 4-inch gun mount was replaced. The flying-off platform on 'B' turret was reinstated and a high-angle control position (HACP) was added to the fore-top. The pair of 3-inch AA guns and her two single four-inch gun mounts were replaced with four QF four-inch Mark V anti-aircraft guns. They had a maximum depression of -5° and a maximum elevation of 80°. They fired a  high explosive shell at a muzzle velocity of  at a rate of ten to fifteen rounds per minute. The guns had a maximum ceiling of , but an effective range of much less. The reconstruction only added  to the ship's displacement and three inches to her draught. This reconstruction cost £979,927.

1926–1939

Renown finished her reconstruction in September 1926 and she was assigned to the Battlecruiser Squadron until the ship was detached to convey The Duke and Duchess of York to Australia between January and July 1927. On the return journey, a boiler room caught fire on 26 May, burning four ratings before it was put out. Upon her return she rejoined the Atlantic Fleet. Renown became the flagship of the BCS when Hood was refitting between 1929 and 1931. Hood resumed the role as flagship after she was recommissioned and Renown was paid off for a refit of her own. A High-Angle Control System Mark I (HACS) was fitted with a director on the roof of the fore-top that replaced the high-angle rangefinder and the conning tower platform was enlarged to accommodate a pair of Mark V octuple mounts for the  QF 2-pounder Mark VIII gun The Mark V mounts could depress to −10° and elevate to a maximum of 80°. The Mark VIII 2-pounder gun fired a   shell at a muzzle velocity of  to a distance of . The gun's rate of fire was approximately 96–98 rounds per minute. Only one mount was initially available, however, and it, along with its director, was fitted on the starboard side. Renown had her midships triple 4-inch mount removed to make room for an aircraft catapult that was not fitted until 1933. The port Mark V 2-pounder mount was finally fitted, albeit without its director, that same year. The ship now carried a Fairey III floatplane for reconnaissance purposes. The flying-off platform was also removed.

Renown collided with Hood on 23 January 1935 while on exercises off the coast of Spain. The damage to her bow was temporarily repaired at Gibraltar and the ship sailed to Portsmouth for permanent repairs between February and May. The captains of both ships were court-martialled, as was the squadron commander, Rear Admiral Sidney Bailey. Bailey and Hoods Captain Tower were acquitted, but Renowns Captain Sawbridge was relieved of command. The Admiralty dissented from the verdict, reinstated Sawbridge, and criticised Bailey for ambiguous signals during the manoeuvre.

The ship participated in King George V's Silver Jubilee Fleet Review at Spithead on 16 July. Together with Hood, Renown was sent to Gibraltar to reinforce the Mediterranean Fleet during the Second Italo-Abyssinian War of 1935–36 and transferred to Alexandria in January 1936 where she was assigned to the 1st Battle Squadron. She returned home in May and rejoined Home Fleet.

Renown began a much more thorough reconstruction in September 1936, based on that of the battleship . Her superstructure and funnels were razed to the level of the upper deck, her masts taken out and the ship's main and secondary armament was removed. A large splinter-proof tower superstructure was built, topped with a director-control tower for the main armament and two HACS Mark IV directors. The armoured hood formerly mounted above the conning tower was reinstalled on the rear superstructure. The ship's engines and boilers were replaced by Parsons geared turbines and eight Admiralty three-drum boilers operating at . This saved some  of weight and allowed the two forward boiler rooms to be converted to  magazines and other uses. Renowns deck protection was somewhat upgraded by adding non-cemented armour where it had not been added earlier and protecting the new 4.5-inch magazines. As in Repulse hangars were built abreast her rear funnel and a catapult was fitted between the rear funnel and the aft superstructure.

The ship's 15-inch gun turrets were modified to the Mark I (N) standard with their elevation increased to 30°. Twenty dual-purpose QF 4.5-inch Mark III guns in twin BD Mark II mountings replaced all of the 4-inch guns. Six of the gun turrets, three on each side, were abreast the forward funnel while the remaining four were mounted abreast the main mast. The BD Mark II mounts had elevation limits of −5° to +80°. The Mark III gun fired a  high explosive shell at a new gun muzzle velocity of . Its rate of fire was 12 rounds per minute. They had a maximum effective ceiling of . The guns were controlled by four dual-purpose Mark IV directors, two mounted on the rear of the bridge structure and the remaining two on the aft superstructure. They fed tracking data to a HACS Mark IV analog computer for high-angle targets and an Admiralty Fire Control Clock Mark VII for low-angle targets. Each gun was provided with 400 rounds of ammunition. Three octuple Mark VI 2-pounder mounts were fitted, two on a platform between the funnels and the third at the rear of the aft superstructure. Each was provided with a Mark III* director. Four quadruple Vickers .50-calibre Mark III mounts were also added, two each on the forward and rear superstructures. The submerged torpedo tubes were removed and eight above-water torpedo tubes added. This reconstruction, at £3,088,008, was more than three times as expensive as her earlier reconstruction.

Second World War

Renown was recommissioned on 28 August 1939 as part of the Home Fleet. Much like her sister, she spent September patrolling in the North Sea, but was transferred to Force K in the South Atlantic in October to help search for the heavy cruiser . The ship joined Force H at the Cape of Good Hope in November to prevent Admiral Graf Spee from breaking into the South Atlantic. She was unsuccessful in this, but sank the blockade runner SS Watussi on 2 December. She remained in the South Atlantic even after Admiral Graf Spee was scuttled on 17 December and did not return to the Home Fleet until March 1940. The ship became flagship of the Battlecruiser Squadron when Hood was paid off to refit that month. Renown supported British forces during the Norwegian Campaign and engaged the German battleships  and  on 9 April.

Renown spotted the Germans ships and fired first, but she was hit first by two  shells that only slightly damaged her. A few minutes later she hit Gneisenau with one 15-inch and two 4.5-inch shells that knocked out the ship's main fire-control director and damaged the rangefinder on 'A' turret. The German ships were faster than Renown in the heavy weather and were able to disengage after about 90 minutes. Renown expended 230 rounds from her main armament and 1,065 rounds from her secondary armament during the engagement. The ship was under repair from 20 April to 18 May and provided cover during the evacuation from Norway in early June. Renown was transferred to Force H at Gibraltar in August and relieved Hood as flagship.

In November 1940 Force H covered the small aircraft carrier  as she flew off Hurricane fighters bound for Malta from a position south of Sardinia. Later that month Force H participated in the inconclusive Battle of Cape Spartivento. Renown bombarded Genoa on 9 February 1941 with little effect. Force H escorted convoys both inside and outside the Mediterranean in March–May 1941 before being summoned into the Atlantic to search for the . The ship intercepted the German supply ship Gonzenheim, which had been intended to resupply Bismarck, on 4 June. Renown and Force H escorted another convoy to Malta in July and the ship returned home for repairs to her starboard bulge the next month. While the exact dates are not known, the ship received a variety of radars in 1941, possibly during this refit. These included Type 284 radar for surface gunnery control, Type 285 anti-aircraft gunnery radar, Type 281 air warning radar and a Type 271 surface search radar. Two quadruple "pom-pom" mounts were also fitted on top of 'B' turret. Renown was transferred to the Home Fleet in November when her repairs were complete and became deputy fleet flagship when  was detached to take Winston Churchill to the Arcadia Conference in Washington, D.C., on 9 December. She provided cover for the inbound and outbound convoys to the Soviet Union in early March 1942. Renown was relieved as flagship by Duke of York on 3 April, but became flagship of Force W which was formed to escort carriers carrying fighters to be flown-off for Malta in April–May. Renown rejoined Home Fleet once those missions were completed, but was transferred to Force H in October 1942 to participate in Operation Torch. She covered the invasion and follow-up convoys against interference by the French or Italian Fleets.

Renown returned to Britain to refit from February to June 1943; her catapult and aircraft were removed while the hangar was converted to a laundry and a cinema. She also received a total of 72 Oerlikon 20 mm light AA guns in 23 twin mounts and 26 single mounts fitted between July 1942 and August 1943. In January 1944 a quadruple "pom-pom" mounting was placed on the roof of 'B' turret and the 20mm guns there were re-sited elsewhere. Additional light AA directors with Type 282 radars were also fitted during this time. The ship brought Winston Churchill and his staff back from the Quebec Conference in September and conveyed them to the Cairo Conference in November. She rejoined the Home Fleet in December, just in time to be transferred to the Eastern Fleet a few weeks later. Renown arrived in Colombo at the end of January 1944 where she became flagship of the 1st Battle Squadron. In April she participated in Operation Cockpit, an air strike against port and oil facilities on Sabang, off the island of Sumatra.

The ship bombarded Japanese-occupied facilities on Car Nicobar in the Nicobar Islands and Port Blair in the Andaman Islands on 30 April – 1 May. Renown supported the air strike against Surabaya, Java (Operation Transom) on 17 May as well as the follow-on attack against Port Blair on 21 June. After another air strike on 25 July on Sabang the ship bombarded the city. She bombarded facilities in the Nicobar Islands from 17–19 October. On 22 November Renown was replaced as flagship by  and the ship began a refit at Durban from December to February 1945.

Renown was recalled in March lest the remaining German heavy ships make a final sortie and reached Rosyth on 15 April. She was given a brief refit when this concern proved illusory and was placed in reserve in May 1945. She was partially disarmed in July when six of her 4.5-inch turrets were removed preparatory to fitting these mountings with remote power control. The refit was subsequently cancelled. The ship hosted a meeting between King George VI and President Truman on 3 August when the latter was en route home aboard the heavy cruiser . The decision to dispose of the ship was announced on 21 January 1948 and she was towed to Faslane for scrapping on 3 August. She was the last british battlecruiser to be scrapped, outlasting  by days.

Notes

Footnotes

References

External links

 Maritimequest HMS Renown Photo Gallery
 Renown engages enemy bombers with her AA armament
 Renown returns for a refit in 1942
 Royal Navy Log Books for Renown; transcriptions of ship's logbooks November to December 1916, August 1919 to October 1920

World War II battlecruisers of the United Kingdom
Renown-class battlecruisers
Ships built on the River Clyde
1916 ships
World War I battlecruisers of the United Kingdom

HMS Renown (1916)


Uskrsli (tal. Il risorto) je mjuzikl/rock-opera Danielea Riccija, glazbeno-scensko uprizorenje Velikog tjedna od Cvjetnice do Kristova uskrsnuća, s naglaskom na uskrsnuće.

U Hrvatskoj izvođen 2014. – 2017. u koprodukciji zagrebačke »Komedije« i ansmabla »Kolbe«, kao stalni dio repertoara Kazališta Komedija. Ulogu Isusa tumači Stjepan Lach, Marije Sonja Bardun, a Marije Magdalene Maja Blagdan.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Popis songova u aplikaciji Apple glazba
 Službene Facebookove stranice

Mjuzikl
Uskrs

Uskrsli


Volodymyr Oleksiiovych Struk (ucraniano: Володимир Олексійович Струк; Lozivs'kyi, 15 de maio de 1964 - Kreminna, 2 de março de 2022) foi um político ucraniano.

Vida
Struk formou-se na Universidade Estadual de Assuntos Internos de Luhansk.

Membro do Partido das Regiões e mais tarde da Plataforma de Oposição — Pela Vida, serviu na Verkhovna Rada de 2012 a 2014.

Em 2020, foi eleito prefeito da cidade de Kreminna, localizada no Oblast de Luhansk. Desde 2014, posicionava-se de maneira favorável a criação da República Popular de Luhansk e posteriormente a anexação do território separatista ucraniano a Rússia.

Morte
Struk foi encontrado morto a tiros em Kreminna, da qual era prefeito desde 2020, em 2 de março de 2022, aos 57 anos, na invasão da Ucrânia pela Rússia em 2022.

A morte foi confirmada pelo Ministro do Interior da Ucrânia, Anton Gerashchenko, que afrimou que Struk "assumiu ativamente uma posição russa na última semana" e que Struk era um "apoiador ativo da República Popular de Luhansk pró-russa (LPR)".

Naturais da Ucrânia
Políticos da Ucrânia
Prefeitos da Ucrânia
Mortes por armas de fogo
Políticos assassinados

Volodymyr Struk