Cool World is a 1992 American live-action/adult animated black comedy fantasy film directed by Ralph Bakshi and written by Michael Grais and Mark Victor. Starring Kim Basinger, Gabriel Byrne and Brad Pitt, it tells the story of a cartoonist who finds himself in the animated world he thinks he created, but has existed long before. In this world, he is seduced by one of the characters, a femme fatale who wants to become human.

Following the success of Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988) and his own professional resurgence in television in the late 1980s, Bakshi conceived it as a live-action animated horror film. He brought the idea to Paramount Pictures, and became attached to direct; it was his first feature film in nearly a decade. The film was intended as his comeback. However, interference from producer Frank Mancuso Jr. led to an extensive rewrite from Michael Grais, Mark Victor, and an uncredited Larry Gross. As a result, relations between Bakshi, Mancuso, and the studio deteriorated, and the film had a highly tumultuous production.

Cool World was released by Paramount on July 10, 1992. Upon its release, the film was a critical and commercial failure. Critics panned the film for its story, acting, animation, and effects combining animation with the live-action footage; however, the soundtrack and visuals received praise. The film was a box-office bomb, grossing $14 million against a budget of $28 million. Despite its poor reception and though appearing on several lists of the worst films ever made, Cool World developed a cult following and has been described as a cult classic.

Plot

In 1945 Las Vegas, World War II veteran Frank Harris returns to his mother and invites her to a ride on his motorcycle. The two are involved in a traffic collision where Frank's mother dies. Afterwards, Frank is inadvertently transported to a cartoon-like alternate universe called the "Cool World", where he restarts his life as a detective for Cool World's local police department.

Forty-seven years later, underground cartoonist Jack Deebs is being released from a ten-year prison sentence for the murder of a man he found in bed with his wife. During his sentence, he created a series of comics called Cool World based on recurring visions of his, prominently featuring femme fatale Holli Would. Holli's wish is to escape Cool World and become a real person, which is possible when "doodles" (slang for Cool World's inhabitants) have sexual intercourse with "noids" (slang for humans). However, Frank and his partner Nails, a doodle, keep a vigilant eye on Holli to ensure that the two dimensions do not intertwine.

Shortly after his release, Jack is transported into Cool World and smuggled into a local nightclub by Holli and her henchmen. Frank aggressively confronts Jack, explaining that Cool World has existed long before he created his series. He also warns him that Writing implements, such as his fountain pen, are lethal to the doodles; and to abstain from having sex with Holli, as her transforming into a noid can be dangerous for both dimensions. Despite these warnings, Frank himself is in love with another doodle, Lonette, but limits himself to platonic advances. Jack succumbs to Holli's advances, and she makes love to him, which transforms her into a noid. Holli steals Jack's pen to entrap Nails, and leaves with Jack for the real world.

In the real world, Holli finds herself excited and overwhelmed experiencing real sensations. Due to her presence there, she and Jack spontaneously flicker in between noid and doodle forms. While contemplating their situation, Holli tells Jack about the "Spike of Power", an artifact which was the cause of Frank being transported into Cool World and placed on top of the Union Plaza Hotel by a doodle who crossed into the real world, and admits she wants to use it to remain in her noid form permanently. When Jack displays skepticism about the idea, Holli abandons him to search for the spike on her own.

Frank learns what has happened and returns to the real world, where he reluctantly teams up with Jack in a bid to stop Holli despite hostility between one another. They arrive at the hotel as Holli begins to climb to the top of the tower. In his pursuit, Frank is pushed off the building to his death by Holli. As she seizes the spike, she releases a multitude of monstrous doodles into the real world, affecting her surroundings. The Spike also transforms Jack into a superhero-like doodle, and in the ensuing chaos, frees Nails from the pen.

Although enticed to ignore and begin a new life in the real world with Holli, Jack returns the Spike to its rightful place, sending him, Holli and the invading doodles back from whence the creatures came and restoring the balance between their dimensions. Nails brings Frank's body back to Cool World, where he and Lonette mourn his loss. However, as she finds out from Nails that Holli was briefly in her doodle form when she killed Frank, she explains that a noid killed by a doodle in the real world can be reborn as a doodle in Cool World. Frank is transformed into a doodle, allowing him to continue his relationship with Lonette. Jack and Holli, permanently in doodle form, are last seen as Jack begins planning their new life together, much to Holli's dismay.

Cast
 Gabriel Byrne as Jack Deebs, an ex-convict cartoonist who is seemingly responsible for the creation of Cool World.
 Brad Pitt as Frank Harris, a former World War II veteran-turned-detective for Cool World's police department who is intent on stopping Holli. Pitt also voices Frank in his doodle form.
 Kim Basinger as Holli Would, a charismatic femme fatale doodle who wishes to become a noid and live in the real world. Basinger also voices Holli in her doodle form.
 Deirdre O'Connell as Isabelle Malley, a neighbor of Jack.
 Michele Abrams as Jennifer Malley, Isabelle's daughter.
 Janni Brenn-Lowen as Agatha Rose Harris, Frank's mother.
 Frank Sinatra Jr. as himself

Voices
 Charlie Adler as Nails, a spider-like doodle and Frank's partner.
 Candi Milo as Lonette, Frank's doodle love interest.
 Milo also voices Bob, a cross-dressing doodle and one of Holli's "Goons", and various other doodles.
 Maurice LaMarche as Doctor Vincent "Vegas Vinnie" Whiskers, a kind, wise and eccentric doodle scientist who inadvertently transported Frank to Cool World through his usage of the Spike of Power.
 LaMarche also voices Mash, a gorilla-like doodle and one of Holli's "Goons"; Jack in his doodle form (credited as "Super Jack"); a drunk patron at the Slash Club (credited as "Drunk Bar Patron"); and one of the doodle interrogators Frank meets when he first enters Cool World (credited as "Interrogator No. 2").
 Joey Camen as Slash, a diminutive primate-like doodle and one of Holli's "Goons".
 Camen also voices the sentient door of Holli's apartment building (credited as "Holli's Door") and one of the doodle interrogators Frank meets when he first enters Cool World (credited as "Interrogator No. 1").
 Michael Lally as Sparks, a doodle criminal who works as an informant for Cool World's police department.
 Gregory Snegoff as Bash, a lanky doodle and one of Holli's "Goons".
 Patrick Pinney as Chico, a legless doodle who works as a bouncer at the Slash Club and literally bounces.
 Jenine Jennings as Craps Bunny, a rabbit-like doodle who plays craps with the Goons.
 Rodney Saulsberry as additional doodle voices.

Production

Development
Following a career resurgence with Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures in the late 1980s, in 1990, Ralph Bakshi concepted a new film project involving a cartoonist who created a comic book while in prison that makes him an underground "star". The cartoonist would go on to have sexual intercourse with a femme fatale "doodle" named "Debbie Dallas (a play on the title of the pornographic film, Debbie Does Dallas)" and father a hybrid child with her; half-cartoon, and half-human. The child, growing up resenting its father for abandoning it, would grow up and go on to make a pilgrimage to the real world to try to hunt down its father and kill him. Ralph pitched the idea as a live-action animated horror film to Paramount Pictures, where he had served as the final head of the studio's animation division some years earlier. Bakshi stated that Paramount Pictures "bought the idea in ten seconds." In addition to Bakshi himself writing his own screenplay going off of his concept, Michael Grais and Mark Victor, along with an uncredited Larry Gross wrote several drafts of the screenplay based on Bakshi's original concept. Grais has accused Bakshi of lying about his contribution, noting he and Victor won repeated arbitrations regarding their credits. Producer Frank Mancuso Jr. — son of Paramount president Frank Mancuso Sr. — became attached as producer, leading Paramount to greenlight the film in November 1990. A long-running rumor attached to the film is that when Bakshi discovered that his original concept had been re-written behind his back without his knowledge or permission, he got into a physical altercation with Frank Mancuso Jr. that involved him punching the producer in the mouth. However, in a 2022 phone interview with Kevin E. G. Perry of The Independent, Bakshi put that rumor to rest, saying, "I never punched Frank Mancuso Jr. [...] That was just a rumour. I yelled at him a couple of times, but that wasn't his fault. I like Frank. I never punched him. Can you set that straight?"

Casting and production
Bakshi had originally intended to cast Pitt and Drew Barrymore in the film's leading roles. Instead, the studio insisted on casting bigger box office draws, leading to Basinger and Byrne being cast in late January 1991. The role of Frank was created for Pitt. Principal photography lasted from March 15 to April 19, 1991, with scenes being filmed both in Las Vegas and at soundstages at Paramount in Los Angeles.

The relationship between Bakshi and Paramount quickly deteriorated during production. Mancuso convinced Paramount that the film's potential R rating from the MPAA in the United States, which would restrict attendance from anyone under 17 without a parent or guardian, would be too risky. Hence why Mancuso hired Larry Gross to revise the screenplay to target a more general PG-13 MPAA rating, and presented it on the first day of production. Bakshi stated he felt "backstabbed" by Mancuso. Bakshi also claimed Basinger had approached him and Mancuso during production to rewrite the film herself because she "thought it would be great [...] if she would be able to show this picture in hospitals to sick children [...] I said, 'Kim, I think that's wonderful, but you've got the wrong guy to do that with.'"

Animation style
Bakshi's animation was done on the Paramount lot. The film's animators were never given a screenplay, instead told by Bakshi to "do a scene that's funny, whatever you want to do!"

The visual design of the live-action footage was intended to look like "a living, walk-through painting," a visual concept Bakshi had long wanted to achieve. The film's sets were based upon enlargements of designer Barry Jackson's paintings. The animation was strongly influenced by Fleischer Studios (whose cartoons were released by Paramount in the 1930s and 1940s) and Terrytoons (where Bakshi once worked, and whose Mighty Mouse character was also adapted into a series by Bakshi). The artwork by the character Jack Deebs was drawn by underground comix artist Spain Rodriguez.

Soundtrack
A soundtrack album, Songs from the Cool World, featuring recordings by My Life with the Thrill Kill Kult, Moby, Ministry, The Future Sound of London, and others, was released in 1992 by Warner Bros. Records. It included the track "Real Cool World" by David Bowie, his first original solo material in roughly three years; the song was written exclusively for the film. The soundtrack received stronger reviews from critics than the film itself, including a four-star rating from AllMusic. Mark Isham's original score for Cool World, featuring a mixture of jazz, orchestral pieces, and electronic remixes, and performed by the Munich Symphony Orchestra, was released on compact disc by Varèse Sarabande, and in complete form in 2015 by Quartet. It also received positive reviews.

Promotion
Paramount focused the film's promotion both on being as Bakshi's comeback, and the hypersexual imagery of Holli Would. It was considered by some pundits as misaimed. Paramount's marketing president Barry London noted the film "unfortunately did not seem to satisfy the younger audience it was aimed at." Designer Milton Knight recalled that premiere audiences "actually wanted a wilder, raunchier Cool World."

Several different licensed video games based on the film were created by Ocean Software. The first game was developed by Twilight and released in 1992 for the Amiga, Atari ST, Commodore 64, and DOS. Two different games were released in 1993 for the Nintendo Entertainment System and Super NES, alongside a Game Boy version of the former. A four-issue comic book prequel to the film was published as a miniseries by DC Comics. It featured a script by Michael Eury and art work by Stephen DeStefano, Chuck Fiala, and Bill Wray.

Controversy
In July 1992, Paramount's marketing campaign of the film created controversy by altering the Hollywood Sign to include a  tall cutout of Holli Would. The studio's request was initially denied by the City of Los Angeles, but reversed once Paramount gave $27,000 to the city, and an additional $27,000 for cleanup after the 1992 Los Angeles riots. Local residents were angered by the sign's alteration, largely due to the sexualized image of Holli, and launched a failed lawsuit against the city to stop the alteration. In a letter to the city's Recreation and Park Board, commission officials wrote that they were "appalled" by the board's approval of the alterations: "...the action your board has taken is offensive to Los Angeles women and is not within your role as custodian and guardian of the Hollywood sign. The fact that Paramount Pictures donated a mere $27,000 to Rebuild L.A. should not be a passport to exploit women in Los Angeles." Protestors picketed the unveiling of the altered sign.

Reception

Box office
Cool World opened sixth at the North American box office, with $5.5 million. Although set to expand to more theaters in its second weekend, Paramount stunned exhibitors by immediately ceasing advertising for the film. Its lifetime gross was US$14.1 million, barely more than half its reported US$28 million budget.

Critical response

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 4% based on 51 reviews, with an average rating of . The consensus reads: "Cool World throws a small handful of visual sparks, but they aren't enough to distract from the screenplay's thin characters and scattered plot." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 28 based on reviews from 16 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade of "C" on scale of A+ to F.

Variety reviewer Brian Lowry compared the film to an extended music video, praising the soundtrack and visuals, but panning the story. The plot was heavily derided by other reviewers, with a review for the Los Angeles Times saying "[T]he plot makes almost no sense."

Roger Ebert of the wrote for the Chicago Sun-Times that the film "misses one opportunity after another ... [it is] a surprisingly incompetent film." Leonard Maltin panned the film as "too serious to be fun, too goofy to take seriously; lead characters unlikable and unappealing. Looks like a Roger Corman version of Roger Rabbit." Chris Hicks for Deseret News  described it as "a one-joke movie – and it's a dirty joke. [...] And much of what's going on here seems more angry and nasty than inspired or funny." The film's acting and effects were singled out by The Washington Post reviewer Hal Hinson, who wrote her performance made him wonder "whether Kim Basinger is more obnoxious as a cartoon or as a real person", and felt that the combination of animation and live action was unconvincing.

In 1997, John Grant wrote in The Encyclopedia of Fantasy that Cool World "stands as one of the fantastic cinema's most significant achievements, an 'Instauration fantasy' that reveals greater depths with each viewing." In 2005, animation historian Jerry Beck described the film as being "for adults and Bakshi completists only". He wrote the film "has a great premise, a great cast, and the best animation he's ever been involved with", but critiquing it as a "pointless rehash of many of Ralph's favorite themes, and the story literally goes nowhere".

In some interviews after the release of the film, Bakshi denounced the film, saying "I thought if I did the animation well, it would be worth it, but you know what? It wasn't worth it." Bakshi also stated that he "had a lot of animators there that I'd brought in and I thought that maybe I could just have fun animating this stuff, which I did." In 2022, he stated "I used to disparage it, but not anymore" and that "Cool World has some of the best animation I've ever done."

The film garnered a Razzie Award nomination for Kim Basinger as Worst Actress.

See also

 List of adult animated films
 List of films considered the worst
 List of films set in Las Vegas

References

External links

 Cool World  at the official Ralph Bakshi website.

1992 films
1992 animated films
1992 comedy films
1990s American animated films
1992 black comedy films
1990s English-language films
1990s fantasy comedy films
American films with live action and animation
American animated fantasy films
American adult animated films
American black comedy films
American fantasy comedy films
Adult animated comedy films
Films about fictional painters
Films about parallel universes
Films about comics
Films adapted into comics
Films directed by Ralph Bakshi
Films scored by Mark Isham
Films set in 1945
Films set in 1992
Films set in the 1940s
Films set in the 1990s
Films set in the Las Vegas Valley
Films shot in the Las Vegas Valley
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films with screenplays by Michael Grais
Films with screenplays by Mark Victor
Paramount Pictures animated films
Paramount Pictures films
Rotoscoped films
Films produced by Frank Mancuso Jr.
Films about veterans

Cool World


Sharp MZ ime je za serija kućnih računala koje je proizvodila tvrtka Sharp. Ova računala su se prodavala u Japanu, i zapadnoj Europi (Velika Britanija i Njemačka).
U zapadnoj Europi pojavila su se 1979. godine i za to vrijeme imala su napredna svojstva, te su imala pristup naprednim programskim jezicima treće generacije kao BASIC, Pascal i FORTRAN

Tehničke značajke

Skupina Sharp MZ80K

Računala Sharp MZ80K imala su sljedeća svojstva:

 Mikroprocesor: 8-bitni Sharp LH0080A koji je bio kompatibilan s procesorom Zilog Z80
 ROM : 4 KB
 RAM : 48 KB
 tipkovnica: alfanumerička
Modeli:
 MZ-80K serija

 MZ-80K (1978.): kit inačica, jedna tiskana pločica s tipkovnicom; dostupna sani u Japanu
 MZ-80C: kit inačica, bolja tipkovnica i 48 KB memorije
 MZ-80K2:  tvornički sastavljena inačica MZ80K.
 MZ-80K2E:  80K2 s nižom cijenom
 MZ-80A (1982.)/MZ-1200: unaprijeđeni 80K s boljom tipkovnicom, više VRAMa i ugrađeni zeleni zaslon
 MZ-700 serija (MZ-80K s grafikom u bojima)
 MZ-700 (1982.): prvi MZ bez ugrađenog zaslona, i opcionalnim kasetofonom i pisačem; potpuno sukladan s MZ-80K.
 MZ-800 (1985.): prvi MZ s grafikom od 640×200 točkica te posebnim integriranim krugom za zvuk Texas Instruments SN76489; nedostupan u Japanu
 MZ-1500 (1984.): grafika 320×200 točkica, ugrađeni zvučni integrirani krug Texas Instruments SN76489; umjesto kasetofona, disketna jedinica od 2,8 cola tzv. Quick Disk.

Skupina MZ-80B

MZ-80B nastao je kao podvrsta serije MZ-80K koji je bio prodavan tvrtkama:

 Serija MZ-80B
 MZ-80B (1981.): grafika 320×200 točkica (opcija za više VRAMa)
 MZ-80B2: 80B više ugrađenog VRAMa, prodavan uz MZ-2000.
 MZ-2000 (1982): grafika 640×200 točkica s ugrađenim monokromnim zaslonom, boja je bila opcija; BASIC kompatibilan s MZ-80B.
 MZ-2200 (1983): bez zaslona, samostalna jedinica.
 MZ-2500 (SuperMZ) serija: na tržište izašao 1985. godine, računala iz ove serije rabili su mikroprocesor Z80B takta 6 MHz. U cijenu je bio uključen kasetofon i ugrađena jedna 3,5" disketna jedinica, te zvučni integrirani krug Yamaha YM2203 FM, sklopovsko skroliranje, paleta od 256 boja (unaprijeđivo na 4096). Ovo je bio jedan od najsnažnijih kućnih računala. Neki modeli bili su također kompatibilni s MZ-80B i MZ-2000.
 MZ-2511
 MZ-2520: MZ-2511 bez kasetofona i modeli koji su bili kompatibilni s MZ-80B/2000.
 MZ-2521
 MZ-2531(MZ-2500V2) (1986.)
 MZ-2800 serija
 MZ-2861 (1987.): Hibrini 16-bitni stroj koji je imao mikroprocesor Intel 80286 i Z80 za kompatibilnost s MZ-2500. MZ-2861 je mogao pogoniti MS-DOS u 16-bitnom modu, također je imao i emulator PC98.

U Europi MZ-80B prvi put je bio predstavljen na sajmu u Hannoveru (Njemačka) i prodavao se skupa s: 32 KB RAMa (proširivo na 64 KB), ugrađenim kasetofonom, zaslonom koji je imao 40 ili 80 redova te grafičku razlučivost od 320x200 točkica. MZ-80B je bio kompatibilan s operacijskim sustavom CP\M.

Skupina MZ-3500/5500/6500

Linija poslovnih računala, većina su imala 5,25 colne diskete.
 MZ-3500 serija (1982.): s dva mikroprocesora Z80A.
 MZ-3541: FDOS i EOS (CP/M kompatibilan)
 MZ-5500 serija (1983.): Stroj s MS-DOS-om i mikroprocesorom Intel 8086.
 MZ-6500 serija (1984.): Brza inačica MZ-5500 koja je bila prodavana kao radna stanica za CAD.
 MZ-6500
 MZ-6550: Vertikalni stroj s mikroprocesorom Intel 80286 s ugrađenom disketnom jedinicom od 3.5 cola.

Izvori

Kućna računala
Japanska računala

Sharp MZ 80K


Chlamydomonadales incertae sedis, rodovi zelenih algi u redu Chlamydomonadales čija pobliža taksonomska pripadnost još nije utvrđena.

Rodovi

 Chloropteridella P.C.Silva
 Chlororhabdion F.W.Jane
 Coleochlamys Korshikov
 Cryodactylon Chodat
 Desmatractum West & G.S West
 Echinosphaerella G.M.Smith
 Edaphochlamys T.Pröschold & T.Darienko
 Ettlia J.Komárek
 Graesiella T.Kalina & M.Puncochárová
 Halochlorella P.J.L.Dangeard
 Hapalochloris Nakada
 Hydrianum Rabenhorst
 Lobosphaeropsis Reisigl
 Muriellopsis Reisigl
 Pseudochlorothecium Korshikov
 Tetraflagellochloris L.Barsanti & A.Barsanti

Sinonimi
 Bernardinella Chodat sinonim od Desmatractum.
 Chloropteris Pascher, 1932, nom. illeg. sinonim od Chloropteridella.
 Rhopalocystis Schussnig, 1955, nom. illeg. sinonim od Coleochlamys.

Izvori

Chlamydomonadales incertae sedis


Don Patterson (26 de dezembro de 1909 - 12 de dezembro de 1998), foi um animador e produtor de cinema norte-americano.

Patterson começou sua carreira no início da década de 1930 como produtor no Charles Mintz, e depois se mudou para o estúdio de Walter Lantz Studio.

Ele começou a trabalhar no Walt Disney Studios na década de 1940, contribuindo para cinco filmes teatrais: Pinóquio, Fantasia, Dumbo, Os Três Caballeros e Make Mine Music, Toontown's All-Stars to the Rescue.

No início dos anos 1950, Patterson retornou ao estúdio Lantz e se tornou um dos quatro principais animadores de Lantz, junto com Ray Abrams, Laverne Harding e Paul Smith.

Em 1952 ele foi um dos melhores produtores do Pica-Pau de todos os tempos, em 1953 no Cupins de Marte." Patterson também dirigiu Hypnotic Hick (1953), Socko in Morocco e Alley to Bali (ambos em 1954).

Patterson ganhou um Golden Award no Motion Pictures Screen Cartoonists Awards de 1985.

Filmografia

Ligações externas

Animadores dos Estados Unidos
Mortos em 1998
Nascidos em 1909

Don Patterson (animador)


Das Haus Hauptstraße 28 in Gundelfingen an der Donau, einer Stadt im
schwäbischen Landkreis Dillingen an der Donau in Bayern, wurde im 17. Jahrhundert errichtet. Das Gebäude ist ein geschütztes Baudenkmal.

Architektur
Das zweigeschossige Giebelhaus mit einem modernen Ladenlokal im Erdgeschoss besitzt Profilgesimse als Geschosstrennung. Der seitlich mit S-Stufen begrenzte Giebel wird vertikal durch Lisenen in fünf Zonen geteilt, diese enden in Zinnenform. Die horizontalen Profilgesimse sind mit den Lisenen verkröpft. Beide Giebelspitzen werden von einer Zinne bekrönt. Das Obergeschoss mit fünf Achsen besitzt Rechteckfenster, die ursprünglich mit Jalousieläden versehen waren. An der Langseite sehen wir eine Geschosstrennung durch Profilgesimse und ein profiliertes Traufgesims.

Der rückwärtige, schmälere Giebel ist unsymmetrisch vertikal in sechs Zonen gegliedert und wie die Vorderseite mit Zinnen, die kleine Satteldächer besitzen, bekrönt. An dieser Seite befindet sich eine Segmentbogenluke mit Aufzugbalken. Der Keller und der Mittelraum des Erdgeschosses werden von Tonnengewölben gedeckt.

Literatur
 Die Kunstdenkmäler des Landkreises Dillingen an der Donau. Bearbeitet von Werner Meyer (= Die Kunstdenkmäler von Bayern. Die Kunstdenkmäler von Schwaben. Band VII. Landkreis Dillingen an der Donau). R. Oldenbourg Verlag, München 1972, ISBN 3-486-43541-8, S. 342.

Weblinks

Bauwerk in Gundelfingen an der Donau
Baudenkmal in Gundelfingen an der Donau
Erbaut im 17. Jahrhundert

Hauptstraße 28 (Gundelfingen an der Donau)


Fantasmagoria () era uma forma de teatro de terror que (entre outras técnicas) usava uma ou mais lanternas mágicas para projetar imagens assustadoras, como esqueletos, demônios e fantasmas, em paredes, fumaça ou telas semitransparentes, normalmente usando retroprojeção para manter a lanterna fora de vista. Foram usados projetores móveis ou portáteis, permitindo que a imagem projetada se movesse e mudasse de tamanho na tela, e vários dispositivos de projeção permitiam a troca rápida de imagens diferentes. Em muitos espetáculos, o uso de decoração assustadora, escuridão total, apresentação verbal (auto-)sugestiva e efeitos sonoros também foram elementos-chave. Alguns programas adicionaram uma variedade de estímulos sensoriais, incluindo odores e choques elétricos. Elementos como jejum obrigatório, fadiga (shows tardios) e drogas foram mencionados como métodos para garantir que os espectadores ficassem mais convencidos do que viram. Os shows começaram sob o disfarce de sessões espíritas reais na Alemanha no final do século XVIII e ganhou popularidade na maior parte da Europa (incluindo a Grã-Bretanha) ao longo do século XIX.

A palavra "fantasmagoria" também tem sido comumente usada para indicar mudanças sucessivas ou combinações de imagens fantásticas, bizarras ou imaginadas.

Etimologia
Do francês phantasmagorie, do grego antigo φάντασμα (phántasma, "fantasma") + possivelmente αγορά (agorá, "assembleia, reunião") + o sufixo -ia, ou ἀγορεύω (agoreúō, "falar publicamente").

Paul Philidor (também conhecido como Phylidor) anunciou seu show de aparições de fantasmas e evocação das sombras de pessoas famosas como Phantasmagorie no periódico parisiense Affiches, annonces et avis divers de 16 de dezembro de 1792. Cerca de duas semanas antes, o termo havia sido o título de uma carta de um certo "A.L.M.", publicada na Magazin Encyclopédique. A carta também promoveu o show de Phylidor. Phylidor já havia anunciado seu show como Phantasmorasi em Viena em março de 1790.

A variação inglesa Phantasmagoria foi introduzida como o título da mostra de ilusões ópticas e peças de arte mecânicas de M. De Philipsthal em Londres em 1801. Acredita-se que De Philipsthal e Philidor tenham sido a mesma pessoa.

Na modernidade
Algumas trupes teatrais modernas nos Estados Unidos e no Reino Unido encenam espetáculos de projeção de fantasmagoria, especialmente no Halloween.

De 15 de fevereiro a 1 de maio de 2006, a Tate Britain apresentou "The Phantasmagoria" como um componente de seu show "Gothic Nightmares: Fuseli, Blake and the Romantic Imagination". Recriou o conteúdo das apresentações dos séculos XVIII e XIX e evocou com sucesso seus gostos pelo horror e pela fantasia.

Em 2006, David J. Jones descobriu o local exato do show de Robertson no convento dos Capuchinhos.

Bibliografia

Grau, Oliver (2007). "Remember the Phantasmagoria! Illusion Politics of the Eighteenth Century and its Multimedial Afterlife", Oliver Grau (Ed.): Media Art Histories, MIT Press/Leonardo Books, 2007.
Guyot, Edme-Gilles (1755). Nouvelles Recréations Physiques et Mathématiques translated by Dr. W. Hooper in London (1st ed. 1755)
"Robertson" (Robert, Étienne-Gaspard) (1830–34). Mémoires récréatifs, scientifiques et anecdotiques d'un physicien-aéronaute.
David J. Jones(2011). 'Gothic Machine: Textualities, Pre-Cinematic Media and Film in Popular Visual  Culture, 1670-1910', Cardiff: University of Wales Press
David J Jones (2014). 'Sexuality and the Gothic Magic Lantern, Desire, Eroticism and Literary Visibilities from Byron to Bram Stoker', Palgrave Macmillan, .
Douglas, Evelyn. Phantasmagoria. 1st ed. Vol. 1. Chelmsford: J. H. Clarke, 1887. Print.
Barber, Theodore. Phantasmagorical Wonders: The Magic Lantern Ghost Show in Nineteenth-Century America. 2nd ed. Vol. 3. N.p.: Indiana UP, 1989. Print.

Ligações externas

Burns, Paul The History of the Discovery of Cinematography An Illustrated Chronology

História do cinema
Fantasmas na cultura popular

Fantasmagoria


Franklin es una serie de televisión infantil estadounidense-canadiense producida por Treehouse TV, Nickelodeon y Family, basados en los libros de Paulette Bourgeois y Brenda Clark. Franklin por a las 11:00 a.m. Nick Jr. en 11 de enero de 1999.

Personajes

Principales

 Franklin Tortuga
 Nombre Científico: Testudines
Es el protagonista de la serie, es simpático, le gusta jugar con sus amigos, entre ellos, Oso, Castor, Zorro, Conejo, Ganso y Nutria. Su mejor amigo es Oso, él vive en una casa hecha de piedras. Franklin posee con su personalidad algo torpe pero es un gran amigo. Franklin tiene ocho años, en la secuela dedicada a Franklin (Franklin y sus amigos), cumple los diez años.

 Oso
 Nombre Científico: Ursidae
Es el mejor amigo de Franklin. Oso tiene doce años, Oso vive en un árbol con su familia, Oso es el mayor porque, en un episodio nace su hermana menor. Oso tuvo amistad con Franklin desde su infancia, en la serie derivada de Franklin, Franklin y sus amigos, el cumple los catorce años y se dice que es el mayor de todos de sus amigos.

 Castor
 Nombre científico: Castor canadensis
Es una castor de Género femenino y es amiga de  Franklin. Como dato curioso, no la suelen llamar Castora en el doblaje, ya que ella es una hembra, decidieron llamarla Castor. No se sabe en donde vive, ella tiene amistad con Gansa quien es su mejor amiga, ella suele poner retos a Franklin ya que es algo presumida con él.  Ella tiene nueve años, en el spin-off de Franklin y sus amigos cumple los once.

 Conejo
 Nombre científico: Oryctolagus cuniculus
Es otro de los amigos de Franklin; a él le gusta jugar y divertirse, tiene amistad con Zorro ya que se parecen un poco, Conejo usa su patas para caminar, a veces puede saltar, nunca se sabe en donde vive. Él tiene nueve años, en el spin-off de Franklin y sus amigos el cumple los once.

 Gansa
 Nombre científico: Anser anser
Es otros de los amigos de Franklin, ella tiene una amistad con Castor, ella es simpática y amable y juega con sus amigos, nunca se sabe por donde vive. En algunos episodios suelen llamarle "Ganso", siendo que es una hembra. Ella tiene once años, mientras en el spin-off de Franklin y sus amigos cumple los trece.

 Zorro
 Nombre científico: Vulpes vulpes
Es otro de los amigos de Franklin y mejor amigo de Conejo, zorro juega con sus amigos y corre veloz, nunca se sabe donde vive, él se pone en cuatro patas, ya que en algunos episodios de Franklin se ve que él está en cuatro patas, él tiene doce, en el spin-off de Franklin y sus amigos cumple los catorce y se le cambia el color de su piel.

 Caracol
Es otro de los amigos de Franklin y el más pequeño de los amigos, se cree que es una hembra, pero al final se aclaró que es un macho, él tiene problemas para levantar cosas pero es un gran compañero, él tiene una personalidad muy alegre y divertido, y tiene sies años; en el spin-off de Franklin y sus amigos, cumple los ocho.

 Nutria
 Nombre científico: Lutrinae
Es de los últimos amigos de Franklin, Nutria casi no aparece en los episodios, ella vive en el lago y juega con Franklin, ella tiene diez años. Se menciona en la serie que se cambió de casa y ella ya no apareció en el spin-off de Franklin y sus amigos.

 Tejón
 Nombre cientifico: Taxidea taxus
Es otro de los amigas de Franklin, elle haber parálisis cerebral. Zorro está enamorado de ella. Ella tiene doce años, y ella ya no apareció en el spin-off de Franklin y sus amigos.

 Mapache
 Nombre cientifico: Procyon lotor
Es otro de los amigos de Franklin, el tiene once, y el ya no apareció en el spin-off de Franklin y sus amigos.

 Mofeta
 Nombre cientifico:
Es otro de los amigas de Franklin, elle tiene ocho, y ella ya no apareció en el spin-off de Franklin y sus amigos.

Episodios

Emisión Internacional

 : Family Channel y Treehouse TV
 : Nickelodeon
  Latinoamérica: Cartoon Network Latinoamérica y Discovery Kids
 : Canal Once y XHMOR TV
 : Playhouse Disney (España)
 : Playhouse Disney
 : Canal Panda
 : Zappelin
 : Italia 1
 : Nickelodeon

Doblaje de América Latina

 Franklin - Calculous Cat
 Castor - Leyla Rangel
 Oso - Gabriel Ramos
 Papá de Franklin - Juan Alfonso Carralero
 Mamá de Franklin - Laura Ayala
 Gansa - Alondra Hidalgo
 Caracol - Cynthia Chong / Marco Portillo / Cristina Hernández
 Conejo - Christine Byrd
 Sr. Búho - César Arias
 Zorro - Elsa Covián
 Mofeta - Norma Iturbe
 Glotón - Gaby Willert
 Murciélago - Anabel Méndez
 Sra. Castor - Mónica Villaseñor
 Sra. Ratón - Nelly Horseman
 Narradora - Maru Guzmán

Doblaje de España

 Franklin - Rafael Alonso Naranjo Jr.
 Oso - Javier Balas

Enlaces externos

 Sitio en Nick Jr. (en inglés)
 Sitio oficial del spin-off de Franklin (en inglés)
 Sitio en Discovery Kids

Programas de televisión iniciados en 1997
Series de televisión finalizadas en 2004
Series de televisión animadas de Estados Unidos
Series de televisión animadas de Canadá
Series de televisión infantiles
Series dobladas al español en México
Series dobladas al español en Venezuela
Series de televisión infantiles basadas en libros
Animales de ficción
Tortugas de ficción
Programas de televisión educativos
Series de televisión animadas de los años 1990
Series dobladas al español en España

Franklin (serie animada)


لوكاس غارغولا (Łukasz Garguła) ، من مواليد 25 فبراير 1981 في زاغان في بولندا ، لاعب كرة قدم بولندي.

يلعب مع نادي بالتشاتو منذ عام 2002.

بدأ باللعب مع منتخب بولندا لكرة القدم في عام 2006.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية بولنديون
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من زاجان
رياضيون من محافظة لوبوسكي
لاعبو الدوري البولندي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو الدوري البولندي الدرجة الرابعة
لاعبو الدوري البولندي الممتاز
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2008
لاعبو فيسوا كراكوف
لاعبو كرة قدم بولنديون
لاعبو منتخب بولندا لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب بولندا لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبو ميدز ليجنيكا
مواليد 1981
مواليد في زاجان
لاعبو كرة قدم من محافظة لوبوسكي

لوكاس غارغولا


Pasadena er en by i Los Angeles County, Californien, USA. Det estimerede indbyggertal i 2016 er 153.351, hvilket gør den til USA's 166.-største by og 40.-største i Californien. Byen ligger i San Gabriel Valley, nordøst for Los Angeles.

Byen er blandt andet kendt for Rose Bowl-stadion, hvor den årlige Rose Bowl-kamp i amerikansk fodbold spilles 1. eller 2. januar. Kampen spilles som et led i den landskendte Rose Parade samme dag.

Pasadenas borgmester er (pr. maj 2015) Terry Tornek fra Demokraterne.

Ekstern henvisning
 Pasadenas hjemmeside

Byer i Californien

Pasadena (Californien)


Hermann Stauder (* 20. September 1877 in Lienz; † 12. Februar 1937 in Hall in Tirol) war ein österreichischer Eisenbahnbeamter und Laien-Schmetterlingskundler. Seine Studien führten ihn unter anderem nach Nordafrika. Von ihm stammen verschiedene Publikationen. Teile seiner Sammlungen befinden sich in den Naturhistorischen Museen in Wien.

Schriften

 Edelwildjagden. Beiträge zur Sammeltechnik und Biologie begehrter Arten und Formen von Lepidopteren; Beschreibung berühmter Flugplätze. In: Entomologischer Anzeiger. Bd. 3, 1923, , S. [ 82–86] (PDF; 880 kB), [ 93–96] (PDF; 732 kB), [ 103–108] (PDF; 1,0 MB), [ 119–121] (PDF; 613 kB), [ 125–129] (PDF; 868 kB), [ 139–144] (PDF; 1,0 MB).

Literatur

 Susanne Randolf, Verena Stagl: "Prächtig sind die Weiber!" Bio- und Bibliographie des Schmetterlingkundlers Hermann Stauder (1877–1937). In: Entomologica Austriaca. Bd. 16, 2009, , S. 213–251 (PDF; 2,41 MB)

Lepidopterologe
Österreicher
Geboren 1877
Gestorben 1937
Mann

Hermann Stauder


Boeuf Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Boeuf Township (Franklin County, Missouri)
 Boeuf Township (Gasconade County, Missouri)

Boeuf Township


Bangladeş'teki başlıca şehirler ve kasabalar

Barisal Bölgesi
 Barguna
 Barisal
 Bhola
 Jhalokati
 Patuakhali
 Pirojpur

Chittagong Bölgesi
 Bandarban
 Brahmanbaria
 Chandpur
 Comilla
 Cox's Bazar
 Feni
 Khagrachhari
 Lakshmipur
 Noakhali
 Rangamati
 Chittagong

Dakka Bölgesi (Dhaka Bölgesi)
 Dakka (başkent)
 Faridpur
 Gazipur
 Gopalganj
 Jamalpur
 Kishoreganj
 Manikganj
 Maradipur
 Munshiganj
 Mymensingh
 Narayanganj
 Narsingdi
 Netrokona
 Rajbari
 Shariatpur
 Sherpur
 Tangail

Khulna Bölgesi
 Bagherhat
 Chuadanga
 Jessore
 Jhenaidaha
 Khulna
 Kushtia
 Magura
 Meherpur
 Narail
 Shatkhira

Rajshahi Bölgesi
 Bogra
 Dinajpur
 Gaibandha
 Joypurhat
 Kurigram
 Lalmonirhat
 Naogaon
 Natore
 Nawabganj
 Nilphamari
 Pabna
 Panchagarh
 Rajshahi
 Rangpur
 Saidpur
 Sirajganj
 Thakurgaon

Sylhet Bölgesi
 Habiganj
 Maulvi Bazar
 Sunamganj
 Sylhet
 Shamla

En büyük 10 şehir ve nüfusları
 Dakka - 10.356.500 (başkent)
 Chittagong - 3.310.100
 Khulna - 1.311.100
 Rajshahi - 668.400
 Mymensingh - 326.600
 Tungi - 316.400
 Comilla - 305.700
 Sylhet - 295.000
 Rangpur - 260.800
 Barisal - 254.400

Ülkelerine göre şehir listeleri
Bangladeş listeleri

Bangladeş'teki şehirler listesi


The Women's American Football League (WAFL) was a women's American football league that was formed in 2001. After disbanding, the teams merged with the Women's Affiliated Football Conference (WAFC), the Independent Women's Football League (IWFL), Women's Football Association (WFA), and the American Football Women's League (AFWL), itself now disbanded.

Teams
Arizona Caliente WPFL
Alabama Slammers
Baton Rouge Wildcats IWFL
Orlando Fire
California Quake IWFL
Hawaii Legends
San Diego Sunfire
SF Tsunami
Oakland Banshees IWFL
Orlando Mayhem  IWFL
Tampa Bay Force
Jacksonville Dixie Blues
New Orleans Voodoo Dolls
Indianapolis Vipers
Rose City Wildcats
Seattle Warbirds
Sacramento Sirens IWFL
LA Lasers
Minnesota Vixens (Exhibition) WPFL

Women's World Bowl
Season   Champion          Score  Runner-Up

2001-02  California Quake  30-14  Jacksonville Dixie Blues

2002-03  Jacksonville Dixie Blues  68-20  Indianapolis Vipers

See also
Women's Professional Football League (WPFL)
Women's Football in the United States
List of leagues of American football
Legends Football League

References

External links
Women's Football Forums

Defunct American football leagues in the United States
Women's American football leagues

Women's American Football League


Bugøyfjorden (nordsamisk: Reaisvuonna) er en fjordarm af Varangerfjorden i Sør-Varanger kommune i Troms og Finnmark fylke i Norge. Fjorden har indløb mellem Storbukt i vest og Baskkesbogenjárga i øst og går 9 kilometer mod sydvest til bygden Bugøyfjord i bunden af fjorden.

På vestsiden af fjorden, lidt nord for Bugøyfjord, ligger bebyggelsen Valen, og helt mod sydøst i fjorden ligger Vagge.

Europavej E6 går langs bunden af fjorden.

Kilder og henvisninger

Fjorde i Troms og Finnmark
Sør-Varanger
Varangerfjorden

Bugøyfjorden


Ricky Ford (d. 4 Mart 1954 Boston, Massachusetts) Müziğe davul ile başlayan Ford daha sonra Rahsaan Roland Kirk'ten etkilenerek 15 yaşında saksofon çalmaya başladı. Müzisyeni Boston'daki bir kulüpte dinleyip etkilenen Ran Blake, Ford'u New England Konservatuvarı'nda eğitim alması için ikna etti. (Blake daha sonra Ford'u "Rapport", "Short Life Of Barbara Monk" ve "That Certain Feeling" gibi pek çok albümde çalması için de davet etti).

1974 yılında Ford, Mercer Ellington yönetimindeki Duke Ellington Orkestrası'na katıldı ve 1976 yılında da Charles Mingus'un grubunda George Adams'ın yerini aldı. Bu grupla birlikte "Three Or Four Shades of Blue" ve "Me Myself An Eye"ı kaydetti.

1970'lerin sonu 1980'lerin başında Dannie Richmond, Mingus Dynasty, George Russell, Beaver Harris, Lionel Hampton ve Adbullah Ibrahim'in Ekaya grubu ile çaldı. Ancak 1977'de çıkış yaptığı ilk albümünden sonra daha çok lider olarak çalıştı, Jimmy Cobb ve eski Ellington üyelerinden James Spaulding ile kayıtlar yaptı. Son kayıtlarında kendisine New England Konservatuvarı'nda hocası olan Jaki Byard da eşlik etmiştir.

Güçlü ve otoriter bir tenor saksofoncu olan Ford'un modern cazın birçok yapısındaki yetkinliğinin kendine özgü bir duyum yaratmasını engellediği iddia edilebilir.

Ricky Ford, 2001 - 2006 yılları arasında İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Müzik Bölümü'nde de saksofon, kompozisyon, doğaçlama ve ansamble dersleri vermiştir. Halen Paris'te yaşamakta ve çalışmalarına devam etmektedir.

Kaynakça
 http://www.cazci.com

1954 doğumlular
Boston doğumlular
Amerikalı bateristler
Amerikalı caz müzisyenleri
Yaşayan insanlar

Ricky Ford


Sauternes var et britisk dampdrevet fragtskib, som blev bygget 1922. Under en storm med vindstyrke 10 den 7. december 1941 under den anden verdenskrig, sank Sauternes i Fugloyarfjørður mellem Fugloy og Svínoy på Færøerne. På Færøerne kaldes skibet "Jólaskipið", "Juleskibet". Det oprindelige franske skib var opkaldt efter den franske Landsby og vinområde Sauternes.

Skibet blev knust mod klipperne ved Svínoy. De erfarne redningsfolk på Fugloy kunne intet stille op. Forliset skyldtes, delvis som følge af en kommunikationsfejl som skete under et dramatisk uvejr, og mandskabet telegraferede til Tórshavn, at skibet havde søgt ly i Fugloyarfjørður. Telegrammet blev mistolket, idet personalet i Tórshavn troede, de mente Fuglafjørður, som var en sikker havn. Skibet fik den skæbnesvangre ordre om at ankre op, og under aftenen og natten sled skibet sig løs. Mandskabet på "Sauternes" forsøgte forgæves at ankre op på ny, men skibet drev videre ind i mod Svínoys kyst, og til sidst blev skibet sænket af tre efterfølgende kæmpebølger. Lige før skibet sank blev der fra Fugloy observeret to redningsflåder, men begge forsvandt. Alle ombord i alt 25 mennesker mistede livet. Deraf 19 besætningsmedlemmer, fem soldater og en passager. Dagen efter kom mange vragrester fra skibet i land på øen. Der er beretninger om at en fisker roede fra Fugloy ud til skibet og advarede mandskabet om at det var farligt at ligge forankret der, men han blev ignoreret.

Last
Skibet kom fra Skotland, og havde blandt andet julegaver med til de britiske soldater på Færøerne. Ombord befandt der sig også et beløb på 22.500 danske kroner præget i England, beregnet til at komme i omløb på Færøerne.
 250 tons fødevarer, brændevin, penge, 3000 liter benzin og andre militære forsyninger.
 50.000 stk. 25 øre
 60.000 stk. 10 øre
 50.000 stk. 5 øre
 50.000 stk. 2 øre
 50.000 stk. 1 øre

De savnede
De seks fundne lig blev bisat i Klaksvík:
 George Albert Perris, 34 år, kaptajn
 Richard Smith, cirka 35 år
 John Daniel McNicol, 21 år
 Robert Ross, cirka 25 år
 Peter McKenzie Cormack, 21 år
 ukendt mand, cirka 35 år

De andre besætningsmedlemmer mindes på en mindetavle i London: William Smith, James Currie Carruthers, Donald Chapman, Donald Fraser, John Fanning Grossart, Sydney Horn, Hugh Tanser Jarvis, Henry William John Koven, Michael McCarthy, Tokuzo Mitsuda, Hugh Morrice, Robert Brown Palmer, Kenneth Lavery Rider, Alexander Ross, John Russell, Alexander Scobbie, James Wilson.

Dykkerekspeditionerne 2000 og 2001
Juleskibets skæbne har altid bevæget færingerne og i 1999 blev fartøjet fundet ved hjælp af et undervands kamera, og der blev foretaget indledende inspektioner af dykkere. År 2000 og 2001 blev vraget besøgt i flere dykninger. Med eneret fra Færøernes Landsstyre var et dansk dykkehold i juli 2000 for første gang nogensinde nede på det meget omtalte "juleskib", der sank i Fugloyarfjørður på Færøerne den 7. december 1941, på ca. 100 m dybde. Der blev ved dykningerne taget nogle meget interessante ting op fra vraget.

2000
 Dykkerskibet Dragaberg og dykkerholdet ankommer til Færøerne den 5. juli 2000. Fredag 7. juli kl. 21.00 var dykkerne nede ved vraget i ca. 20 minutter. Sigtbarheden var god. Agterskibet var i forholdsvis god stand. Dykkerne var fascinerede af, hvor urørt vraget var, alt er urørt og ting ligger, som de har ligget, siden skibet sank i 1941. En af dykkerne optog ca. 10 minutters video af vraget. Dykkerne kunne ud fra videofilmen lave skitser og planer over vraget og vragdelene.
 Den 12. juli bjergede dykkerne maskintelegrafen, et koøje og en dybdemåler.
2001
 Det danske dykkerhold på skibet Dragaberg ankom igen til Hvannasund den 11. maj 2001 og foretog den første dykning mandag 14. maj 2001 på positionen, hvor Juleskibet sank. Der blev hævet et koøje og skibsklokken blev lokaliseret. Næste dag lykkedes det at hæve skibsklokken. På klokken, der er hel og i god stand, er der graveret "SAUTERNES" og dermed det endelige bevis på, at vraget Juleskibet.
 På grund af dårligt vejr og stærk strøm blev dykningerne afsluttet i denne omgang og den 20. maj tog dykkerne tilbage til Danmark.

Litteratur
 Grækaris Djurhuus Magnussen: Jólaskipið. S/S Sauternes í Fugloyarfirði. Forlagið Steyri, Korsør 2002, , (på færøsk).

Eksterne henvisninger og kilder
 Juleskibet
 SS Sauternes (engelsk)
 www.wrecksite (engelsk)
 SS Sauternes (engelsk)
 Oversat fra Wikipedia de
 Se også Ostindiefareren Westerbeek

Skibskatastrofer
Dampskibe
Skibe bygget i Frankrig
Skibe fra Storbritannien

Sauternes (dampskib)


Buffon se  poate referi la:

 Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon (1707 - 1788), naturalist, matematician, biolog și scriitor francez
 Gianluigi Buffon (n. 1978), fotbalist italian
 Buffon, Côte-d'Or, comună din Franța

Vezi și
 Bufon
 Bufonul și moartea

Buffon (dezambiguizare)


Poseidon, satıhta veya dalmış durumda seyir halinde iken, özel şekilde tasarımı yapılmış bir denizaltıdan fırlatılabilecek kapasitedeki iki kademeli, katı yakıtlı balistik bir füze, UGM-73 olarak adlandırılır. Bu füze; atalet güdüm tertibatlı, nükleer harp başlıklı olup, 14 değişik hedefe yönlendirilebilen 14 tane başlığı taşıyabilecek kapasiteye sahip manevra yapabilen bir araca haizdir.

Balistik füzeler
Lockheed Corporation

Poseidon (füze)


Coblenzer ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Horst Coblenzer (1927–2014), deutscher Schauspieler und Sprechwissenschaftler
 Tanja Coblenzer (* 1985), deutsche Fußballspielerin

Coblenzer


Filipinler pesosu, Filipinler'in resmî para birimi. İşareti "₱", kısaltması "PHP"dir. 1 peso, 100 séntimo (centavo)'dur.

Dış bağlantılar
 Virtual Museum of Spanish Philippine Coinage
 Philippine Guerrilla and Emergency Notes
 Philippine Coin News & Update
 Philippine Banknotes and Coins

Peso
Peso

Filipinler pesosu


Steeven Corneil (29. prosinca 1995.) je rukometaš iz Demokratske Republike Kongo. Nastupa za francuski klub Angers SCO i rukometnu reprezentaciju Demokratske Republike Kongo.

Natjecao se na Svjetskom prvenstvu u Egiptu 2021., gdje je reprezentacija DR Konga završila na 28. mjestu.

Izvori

Rukometaši iz Demokratske Republike Kongo

Steeven Corneil


Operation Condor (Spansk: Operación Cóndor; Portugisisk: Operação Condor) var en USA-støttet kampagne mod venstreorienterede grupper og andre modstandere mod militærregimerne i de latinamerikanske lande Argentina, Bolivia, Brasilien, Chile, Paraguay og Uruguay fra 1968-1989. Kampagnen blev udført med politisk undertrykkelse og statsterror, heriblandt tortur og mord af politiske modstandere.

Den mest berygtede del af Operation Condor fandt sted i Chile under Augusto Pinochets USA-støttede diktatur.

Retssager og dommme
Retssager og dommme i forbindelse med tortur og drab i forbindelse med Operation Condor:

 I 2011 blev Alfredo Astiz dømt, og han sidder stadig i fængsel (per 2016).

 I 2013 startede en retssag i Argentina; I maj 2016 er 15 af de 18 tiltalte i sagen fundet skyldig i delagtighed i Operation Condor; Argentinas sidste militærdiktator Reynaldo Bignone blev idømt 20 års fængsel for at lade over 100 mennesker forsvinde under Operation Condor; Den pensionerede oberst Manuel Cordero fra Uruguay - den eneste ikke-argentiner på anklagebænken - blev dømt til 25 års fængsel.

 I 2017 blev i Chile 106 tidligere agenter fra Direccion de Inteligencia Nacional (DINA) dømt til mellem 541 dage og 20 års fængsel.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Operation Condor: the illegal state network that terrorised South America, The Guardian, 03.09.2020

Chile
Argentina

Operation Condor


Taurus Model 605 je revolver kojeg proizvodi brazilski konglomerat Taurus a prvi put je predstavljen 1995. godine. U njegovoj proizvodnji koristi se nehrđajući čelik te bruniranje kao završni proces obrade. Primarno je namijenjen kao samoobrambeno oružje koje se temelji na svojem malom kompaktnom dizajnu.

Revolverski cilindar ima kapacitet od pet metaka te koristi streljivo kalibra .357 Magnum. Tvrtka je 1997. na nove revolvere počela uvoditi vlastiti sustav zaključavanja kao dodatnu sigurnost. Naime, kada je udarna igla spuštena, pomoću posebnog kluča se blokira njezino repetiranje.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Informacije o revolveru na službenim web stranicama proizvođača

Vatreno oružje
Brazilsko oružje

Taurus Model 605


El Parque Nacional Palenque es un espacio natural protegido ubicado en la zona arqueológica de Palenque, Chiapas, este parque nacional ocupa una superficie aproximada de 1,772 hectáreas, fue creado mediante un decreto expedido el 20 de julio de 1981 por el entonces presidente de México, José López Portillo.

Ubicación geográfica
El parque se encuentra ubicado a unos kilómetros del municipio de Palenque, alrededor de 150 kilómetros al noreste de la capital del estado Tuxtla Gutiérrez.

Flora y fauna
De acuerdo al Sistema Nacional de Información sobre Biodiversidad de la Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO) en el Parque Nacional Palenque habitan más de 1,475 especies de plantas y animales de las cuales 139 se encuentra dentro de alguna categoría de riesgo de la Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-059  y 34 son exóticas.,

La flora del parque se compone de una selva alta perennifolia y pastizales,  en cuanto a fauna se encuentran mamíferos como jaguares, monos aulladores, tlacuache cuatro ojos, zarigüeyas lanudas, ardillas grises, ratas algodoneras, guaqueques, cacomixtles, kinkajú, entre otros. y tienen reselva efilosofico y gnoseológico

Clima
El parque se encuentra a una altitud media entre los 200  a los 800 , con un clima cálido a húmedo con una temperatura promedio anual de 26 °C, y lluvias torrenciales todo el año principalmente en verano.

Véase también
Anexo:Parques nacionales de México

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Palenque, parque nacional
Ciudad prehispánica y parque nacional de Palenque
Áreas protegidas del estado de Chiapas
Áreas protegidas establecidas en 1981
México en 1981

Parque nacional Palenque


Salcha ist ein Ort des Fairbanks North Star Borough im US-amerikanischen Bundesstaat Alaska.

Geographie
Salcha liegt auf 64°31'14" nördlicher Breite und 147°0'41" westlicher Länge und wird vom Salcha River durchflossen. Die nächste Großstadt ist Fairbanks, die sich 60 Kilometer in nordwestlicher Richtung befindet. Durch den Ort führt der Richardson Highway.

Geschichtliches
Der Ort wurde 1898 erstmals als  Salchaket erwähnt, was in der Sprache der Ureinwohner "Mund des Salcha" bedeutet. 1904 wurde der Ort als Saltshatsheg bezeichnet und heißt heute Salcha, in Anlehnung an den gleichnamigen Fluss.

In manchen Jahren steigen die Temperaturen bereits im März/April stärker an als gewöhnlich und Schnee und Eis beginnen zu tauen. Das Schmelzwasser kann aber nicht aus dem Salcha River in den Tanana River, der teilweise noch vereist ist, abfließen. Wegen der Eisbarrieren drückt sogar Stauwasser vom Tanana River bis nach Salcha, wo es dann zu starken Überflutungen kommt. Die Durchschnittstemperaturen betragen in normalen Jahren − 4 °C bis − 16 °C im März und − 5 °C bis + 7 °C im April.

Demografische Daten

Das U.S. Census Bureau hat bei der Volkszählung 2020 eine Einwohnerzahl von 977 mit einem Durchschnittsalter von 36,8 Jahren ermittelt.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 alaska/bl-Salcha Historie
 city-data Einwohnerzahlen
 overflows Überflutung
 weatheronline Klimadaten

Salcha


Notoscopelus je rod riba iz porodice Myctophidae.

Vrste
Danas je poznato 6 vrsta u ovom rodu:
 Notoscopelus bolini B. G. Nafpaktitis, 1975
 Notoscopelus caudispinosus (J. Y. Johnson, 1863)
 Notoscopelus elongatus (O. G. Costa, 1844)
 Notoscopelus japonicus (S. Tanaka (I), 1908)
 Notoscopelus kroyeri (Malm, 1861)
 Notoscopelus resplendens (J. Richardson, 1845)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Žaboglavke

Notoscopelus


Enttäuschung steht für:

 ein Gefühl, siehe Enttäuschung
 eine Erzählung von Thomas Mann, siehe Enttäuschung (Thomas Mann)
 eine deutsche Jazzband, siehe Die Enttäuschung

Siehe auch:
 Die Enttäuschten (dt. Alternativtitel: Der schöne Serge), der erste Film von Claude Chabrol aus dem Jahr 1958
 Disappointment

Enttäuschung (Begriffsklärung)


Peter Hurd (February 22, 1904 – July 9, 1984) was an American painter whose work is strongly associated with the people and landscapes of San Patricio, New Mexico, where he lived from the 1930s. He is equally acclaimed for his portraits and his western landscapes.

Early in his life, Hurd studied in Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania under the noted illustrator N. C. Wyeth, along with two of his grown children. Hurd later married the painter's eldest daughter, Henriette Wyeth, who also is known as an accomplished painter. During World War II, Hurd worked for Life magazine as a war correspondent attached to the US Air Force. He created hundreds of "War Sketches".

Life

Born in Roswell, New Mexico, Peter Hurd originally attended military school before he realized he loved painting and wanted to pursue it professionally. After graduating from the New Mexico Military Institute in Roswell, he was halfway through West Point when he changed course to follow his true calling. He moved to Philadelphia, where he graduated from the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, which he entered in 1924. Afterward, he became a private pupil of N. C. Wyeth, a noted illustrator and painter based in an area near the city.

Hurd worked alongside Wyeth's own children, Andrew and Henriette, who were also studying under their father. Hurd worked as Wyeth's assistant at his studio in Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania, for a number of years. In 1929, he married Henriette Wyeth. They had three children, Peter, Carol, and Michael Hurd.

In the mid-1930s, during the Great Depression, the Hurds moved to San Patricio, New Mexico, settling on 40 acres. They gradually acquired more land, developing the 2200-acre Sentinel Ranch. The ranch and its surrounds provided endless material for their work. Their painting careers developed side by side. Henriette focused on floral studies, oil portraits, and still life paintings.

Hurd worked at capturing the landscape and the people who lived within it.  His large egg tempera paintings of the local landscape earned him national recognition; reproductions were published in Life magazine. Later, during World War II, Life magazine sent Hurd all over the world as a combat correspondent with the US Air Force. He covered almost all the fronts of the far-flung battle line, creating hundreds of "War Sketches" that range from poignant to comic.

Hurd's years with the Air Force had a profound effect on his artistic work. He had always been a careful and precise worker when he worked in tempera. But as an embedded war reporter documenting urgent or fleeting moments, he had to draw and work much more quickly. He began using watercolor, which he soon mastered. When he returned to painting the New Mexico landscapes, his work was characterized by a new freedom and looseness, but still displayed his customary subtle tones as a gifted colorist.

Some of Hurd's most well-known portraits were of his neighbors, family, and friends at Sentinel Ranch.  He loved to paint people who were deeply connected to the land, and always showed them outdoors, against the hills and sky. He wrote, "the ones I like best to paint are those whose lives are spent under the sky: Men whose clothing, skin and eyes are all conditioned by the wind."  His Portrait of Jose shows the foreman of Sentinel Ranch amid the ridges of the land he cared for. In what is perhaps Hurd's hallmark work, Eve of St. John, Herrera's daughter is bathed in the light of a candle she carries.

From 1953 to 1954, Hurd was commissioned for a major mural by Texas Technological College (now Texas Tech University) in Lubbock, Texas.  He and his assistants painted the fresco mural in the rotunda of what was then the West Texas Museum (now Holden Hall). Hurd completed about one fresco per week over a two-year period, depicting pioneers and influential leaders of West Texas.

Hurd also was commissioned to paint the official portraits of two heads of state, United States President Lyndon B. Johnson and King Faisal of Saudi Arabia. He had previously done a portrait of the former for the cover of the January 1, 1965 issue of TIME which announced the President-elect as the magazine's Man of the Year. He had received the commission because Johnson liked his work. Usually needing 30 hours with a live model for such a portrait, he was granted one half-hour sitting at Camp David. It took Hurd 400 hours to complete the portrait, relying exclusively on photographs. Upon first viewing the finished painting under less than ideal lighting at his ranch in late-October 1965, Johnson famously rejected it by saying, "That's the ugliest thing I ever saw." When Hurd asked the President about his portrait style preference, Johnson responded with one done by Norman Rockwell for LOOK'''s presidential election coverage in its October 20, 1964 issue. This story wasn't made public until it was the subject of a feature article in The Washington Post on January 5, 1967. After a travelling exhibition to raise funds for various nonprofit organizations around the country, Hurd donated the painting to the Smithsonian Institution's National Portrait Gallery where it's currently on display. The only stipulation was that it wouldn't be exhibited until after Johnson left office. The official Johnson presidential portrait that hangs at the White House was painted by Elizabeth Shoumatoff.

Many of Hurd's works, along with those of his wife Henriette Wyeth, father-in-law N.C. Wyeth, and son Michael Hurd, can be seen at the Hurd-La Rinconada Gallery in San Patricio, New Mexico.

Works
Hurd set many of his works in southeastern New Mexico, on his family's ranch in San Patricio and in the Hondo Valley.

Some of his works include:The Eve of St. JohnThe OasisThe Gate and BeyondThe Red PickupThe Late CallThe Future Belongs To Those Who Prepare For It'' - this mural was originally located inside the Prudential Building in Houston, Texas, which has since been demolished. The mural was saved and relocated in 2010 to a new public library building in Artesia, New Mexico.

References

External links

Image Gallery of the Peter Hurd mural in rotunda of Holden Hall at Texas Tech University
Peter Hurd Artwork Examples on AskART.
Peter Hurd and Henriette Wyeth Hurd papers at the Smithsonian Archives of American Art
Two Hurd exhibition catalogs from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF)
Artist Peter Hurd

1904 births
1984 deaths
People from Roswell, New Mexico
20th-century American painters
American male painters
American muralists
American tempera painters
Artists from New Mexico
Haverford College alumni
Modern painters
Wyeth family
Fresco painters
20th-century American printmakers

Peter Hurd


Köprü, nehir ve vadi gibi geçilmesi güç bir engelin iki kıyısını bağlayan veya herhangi bir engelle ayrılmış iki yakayı birbirine bağlayan veya trafik akımının, başka bir trafik akımını kesmeden üstten geçmesini sağlayan yapıdır.

Tarihçe

Genellikle ormanlı bölgelerde ilk köprüler bir veya daha fazla ahşap kütüğün uzatılmasıyla meydana getirilmiştir. Tropikal bölgelerde ise lifli bitkiler bir araya getirilerek asma köprüler inşa edilmiştir. Genellikle lifli asma ağaçları bu maksatla dünyanın çeşitli yerlerinde kullanılmıştır. Taşlı bölgelerde ise, ara ara taşlar yığılarak köprü ayakları yapılmıştır. Daha sonra bu ayaklar birleştirilmiştir.

İlk köprülerin Çin'de yapıldığı, oradan Hindistan'a yayıldığı tahmin edilmektedir. Arada ayaklar yaparak birden fazla açıklıklı köprüler inşa edilmiştir. MÖ 4000'de Mezopotamya'da ve MÖ 3000 yıllarında Mısır'da ilk kemere benzer köprülere rastlanmaktadır. Kemer köprü sisteminde yükler kemerler tarafından alınır ve yönü değiştirilerek basınç kuvveti olarak kemer boyunca nakledilir ve köprü ayaklarında zemine verilir. O zamandan beri kemer köprü şekli klasik köprü tipi olarak kalmıştır. Kemer tipi eski Mısırlılar tarafından bilinmekteyse de yapı sistemi olarak kullanılmamıştır. Kemer sistemi, anahtar taşı olmaksızın kendi kendini taşıyan bir yapı türü değildir. Eski Yunanlar kemer şeklini bilmelerine rağmen bunu yapılarda kullanmamışlar mimaride ilerlemelerine rağmen ancak birkaç köprü inşa etmişlerdir. Sebebi ise ticarette daha çok deniz yolunu kullanmalarıdır. Gerçek taş örme köprü, ekonomik ve dayanıklıdır. Küçük nehirleri orta ayaklar kullanarak geçmek mümkündür. Bu tür şekil, yaygın olarak Çinliler ve Romalılar tarafından kullanılmıştır. Romalıların yaptıkları köprülerin ilki ahşap olup, tarihi MÖ 621'e kadar uzanır. MÖ 200 civarında taş köprülerin inşası başladıysa da, ahşap olanlara da devam edilmiştir. Taş olanlardan günümüze kadar gelenler de mevcuttur. Genellikle yarı dairevi kemerler kullanmışlardır. Sayıları yedi-sekize varan taş blokların kullanıldığı olmuştur. Taşlar birbirlerine harçsız oturtulmuş olup, ayaklar çok rijit olarak yapılmıştır. Bu sebepten herhangi bir açıklığın çökmesinin komşu açıklıklara zararı olmaz. Özellikle nehir ortasında yapılan köprü ayaklarına itina göstermişlerdir. Orta ayakların inşası sırasında bitişik kazıklar çakarak, su ve zemini, sağlam zemin buluncaya kadar boşaltmışlar, ayağı daha sonra inşa etmişlerdir. Romalılar ayrıca vadileri aşmak için inşa ettikleri köprüleriyle de meşhurlardır.

Roma İmparatorluğunun çöküşü ile köprü inşaatında bir duraklama görülür. Ancak 13. asırda taş kemer köprü inşası Avrupa yanında Orta Doğu'da ve Çin'de yaygınlaşmıştır. Kemerler, Romalılara nisbetle daha basık inşa edilmiştir. Ancak inşa tarzı daha az itinalı yapılmıştı. Rönesans ile köprü mühendisliğinde sınırlı bir gelişme kaydedilmiş fakat daha çok süsleme tarafı ağır basmıştır. Ancak teorik bir gelişme Andrea Palladio tarafından Leonardo da Vinci'nin gerilme prensibini pratik hale getirmesiyle elde edilmiştir. Bu teknik, kısa ahşap elemanların kafes sistem meydana getirecek şekilde kullanılarak büyük açıklıkların geçilmesini mümkün kılmıştır.

1747'de Fransa'da Ecole des Ponts et Chaussées ilk mühendis mektebi olarak kurulmuştur. Bu okulda teorik bilgiler, tecrübe ile elde edilenlerle beraber verilmiştir. 1750'de ilk ahşap kafes sistem köprü İsviçre'de ve ilk demir köprü de 1779'da İngiltere'de inşa edilmiştir. 19. yüzyılda ise köprü inşasında önemli ilerleme kaydedilmiştir.

Köprülerin çeşitleri

Ahşap köprüler
1800'lerde yapılan ahşap köprüler daha çok sanatkarlar tarafından inşa edilmiştir. Kafes sistem türünden taşıyıcı sisteme önem verilmiştir. Ayrıca kemer türünden ahşap taşıyıcı sisteme de ahşap köprülerde rastlanır. Kafes sistem köprülerde alt başlık çekme geçirilmelerine maruzken, üst boşluk basınç gerilmeleri taşırlar. Köşegen türünden olanlar ise kesme kuvvetine karşı koyarlar. Daha sonra ahşap köprülerde demir çubuklar kullanılmıştır. Ancak 1870'ten sonra bakımının masraflı olması dolayısıyla ve modern trafik yüklerine karşı yeterince mukavim olmamasından yavaş yavaş terk edilmiştir.

Demir ve çelik köprüler
On dokuzuncu yüzyılda bu tür köprülerde önemli ilerlemeler yapıldı. Önceleri taş ve ahşap köprü yapım tekniğine uygun demir ve çelik köprüler yapılmışsa da, daha sonra bu tür malzemenin kendine has imkânlarının olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Bu köprülerin bir türü olan asma köprülerde, köprü tabliyesi, iki ayağa bağlı çelik halatlara asılı olarak taşınır. Diğer bir tür de kafes taşıyıcı sistemi olan çelik köprülerdir. Bunların özelliği yüksek titreşimlere mukavim olmalarıdır.

Modern köprüler
Çeliğin ucuzlaması bunun daha yaygın kullanılmasını sağlamıştır. Ayrıca kaynak tekniğinin ilerlemesi daha sağlam birleşme yerlerinin yapımını sağlamıştır. Çeliğin mukavemetinin yüksekliğinden dolayı, taşıdığı yükün ağırlığına oranı yüksektir. Değişik çelik alaşımlarının kullanılması çelik köprülerin mukavemetinin daha yüksek ve dış tesirlere daha dayanıklı olmasını sağlamıştır. Her ne kadar alüminyum kullanılmasıyla, daha hafif köprüler elde edilebilirse de pahalı olması bunların yaygınlaşmasını önlemiştir. Ancak daha sonra betonarme yapı türünün gelişmesi ve 1950'lerden sonra öngerilmeli betonun uygulanmaya başlanması, köprü inşaatında önemli adımların atılmasına yol açmıştır. Köprü inşaatında önemli gelişmeleri ayrıca matematiksel ve deneysel araştırmalar, bilgisayar kullanımı hızlandırmıştır. Bu tür metotları kullanarak, mühendisler statik ve dinamik yükler altında köprüde ortaya çıkacak gerilmeleri daha kesin elde edebilecek duruma gelmişlerdir. Bu suretle daha büyük açıklıkların daha narin köprülerle geçilmesi mümkün olmuştur.

Betonarme köprüler
İlk betonarme köprüler taş köprülere benzer şekilde inşa edilmiştir. Ancak 20. yüzyılda bu tür malzemenin kendisine has özelliği fark edilmiş ve farklı yapım türü geliştirilmiştir. Özellikle kemer köprülerin daha narin yapılabilmesine imkân vermiştir. Yol, bu kemerin üstünde, kemerle düşey kolonlarla bağlı olabileceği gibi, altta kemere asılı da düzenlenebilir. Genellikle büyük açıklıklı betonarme kemer köprüler, üç açıklıdır.

Öngerilmeli beton köprüler
1940'larda öngerilmeli betonun gelişmesiyle, betonun düşük çekme gerilmesi mahzuru önlenmiştir. Öngerilme, köprülere beton dökümünden önce gerilen ve betonun dökülmesi ve sertleşmesinden sonra serbest bırakılan çelik çubuklarla verilebilir. Diğer bir tür öngerilme verme şekli de betonun dökülüp sertleştikten sonra, yerleştirilen öngerilme kablolarına kuvvet tatbik edip bunun uçlarından ankre edilmesidir. Öngerilmede, betonun yüksek basınç mukavemeti, çeliğin yüksek çekme mukavemetiyle birleştirilmektedir. İlk öngerilmeli beton köprüler 1936'da Almanya'da ve daha sonra Fransa'da yapılmıştır.

Çelik köprüler

Kiriş köprüler
En yaygın köprü şekli olup, kısa ile orta açıklıklarda uygulanır. Basit ve ekonomik oluşu, tercih sebebidir. Karayolu köprülerinde I şeklindeki çelik kirişler mesnetler arasına yerleştirilir. Daha sonra üstüne 20 santimetre betonarme plak dökülür. Demiryolu köprülerinde ise demiryolu boyunca kirişlere konulan enlemlere mesnetlendirilir. Kiriş köprüler tek açıklıklı olabileceği gibi, sürekli kiriş şeklinde çok açıklıklı da olabilir. Kaynaklı olabildiği gibi perçinli de yapılabilir. Büyük açıklıklar için, mesnetlerden gelen kablolar açıklık boyunca tabliyenin taşıyıcılığını arttırırlar. Kiriş, bir yüzü yola gelmek üzere kutu kesitli olarak da tertiplenebilir. Düşey çelik plaklar kutu kesitine kaynaklanarak, köprünün taşıyıcılığı arttırılır.

Kafes kiriş köprüler
Tek açıklıklı kafes kiriş köprülerde açıklık ortalarında yükseklik arttırılarak daha uygun taşıyıcılık elde edilir. Bu suretle malzeme ekonomik şekilde kullanılmış olur. Kafes kiriş köprüler sürekli de yapılabilir. Bunların yükseklikleri mesnet bölgesinde de büyüktür. Bu tür köprüler diğer tür köprü şekilleriyle beraber de kullanılabilir. Kafes kiriş, kemer şeklinde olabildiği gibi konsol olarak da düzenlenebilir. Asma köprülerde tabliye, kafes kiriş türünden de tertip edilebilir.

Konsol kiriş köprüler

Bu, çeşitli şekillerde olabilir. Mesela, uç mesneti yakın mesnete birleştiren kiriş konsol olarak diğer açıklığa doğru uzayabilir. Bu şekilde köprü kirişi ilaveten ara mesnetteki kuleye de asılabilir. Konsol kirişin tam uç noktası serbest olduğundan küçük çökmelere ve dönmelere müsaade edebilir. Genellikle kirişin yüksekliği değişkendir. Mesned üstünde büyük yüksekliğe sahib olur. Dünyanın en uzun çelik konsol kirişi Kanada'da Quebec demiryolu üzerinde olup 549 metrekarelik bir açıklık geçilmektedir. 1900'de inşaatına başlanan köprünün yapımı sırasında iki defa kaza olmuş ve köprü 1917'de tamamlanabilmiştir.

Kemer köprüler
Kemer köprülerin en masif olanı mesnetlere bağlı olanıdır. Mesnetler dönebilecek şekilde, mafsallı olarak düzenlenebildiği gibi bazı köprülerde tam tepe noktasında dönmelere müsaade edilebilir. Bunlar daha az masiftirler. Bu tür köprülerde yol köprü üzerinde olabilir ve yük basınç elemanlarıyla kemere verilir. Yol köprünün altından da geçebilir. Bu halde yolun yükü çekme taşıyan elemanlarla köprüye iletilir. Bazı durumlarda yolun seviyesi kemerin üzerinden de geçebilir. Eğer mesnet zemini, sağlam değilse, mesnetler birbirine bağlanabilir. Kemerler genellikle basınç taşıdıklarından burkulmaya karşı da korunmaları gerekir. Dünyanın en uzun kemer köprüsü New York'ta 1931'de inşa edilen 504 m açıklıklı Bayonne Köprüsü'dür.

Asma köprüler
Yirminci yüzyılda uzun açıklıklar için asma köprüler yaygınlaşmıştır. Bunlar kablo, kule ve ankraj olmak üzere üç elemanla belirlenir. Kablolar, köprünün tabliyesini taşıyan yüksek mukavemetli çelik tellerden ibarettir. Genellikle kablolar helisel şekildedir, bu suretle daha kolay imal edilirler. Köprünün kulelerine kablolar bağlanır ve bunlar köprünün tabliyesine mesnetlik teşkil ederler. Bunlar genel olarak çelik taşıyıcılardır, ancak betonarme de olabilirler. Kabloların bir uçları büyük bloklara bağlanır.

Hareketli köprüler
Hareketli köprüler, gemi ve büyük deniz vasıtalarına geçit verirler. Özellikle gerekli yükseklikte sabit köprü yapımı pahalı veya mümkün değilse bu tür köprü tercih edilir. Hareketi için ilave düzenlerin projelendirilmesi gerektiğinden, genellikle görünüşleri zarif değildir.

Terazi tipinden hareketli köprüler, tür olarak çekilen orta çağ köprülerine benzerler. Hareket sırasında bir uç sabit kalırken, diğer uç kaldırılır. Bunun tanınmış örneği 1894'ten kalan Londra'daki Tower Köprüsü'dür. Bazı köprülerde ise hareket, düşey eksen etrafında dönme ile sağlanır. Bunların açılıp kapanmaları zaman alırsa da her türlü geçişe uygundur.

Değişik bir hareket köprünün bir parçasının tamamen düşey hareket edebilmesini sağlamakla elde edilebilir. Diğer türlere nazaran daha ucuz olarak inşa edilebilirler ve hareket için daha az güce ihtiyaç gösterirler.

Köprünün hareketi, yatay hareketle de gerçekleştirilebilir. Ancak köprünün içeri çekilmesi için büyük yere ihtiyaç olması mahzurludur. Bunun bir örneği geçmiş dönemde İstanbul'daki Mecidiye (Galata) Köprüsüdür.

Askeri köprüler
Bunların özellikleri hareketli, kolay ve hızla kurulabilen türden olmalarıdır. Askeri köprüler genellikle yüzen orta ayakların üzerine mesnetlendirilirler. Her açıklık parçası hareket edebilir. Ancak amaçları itibarıyla geçici olarak inşa edilirler. Bu tür ilk köprüyü MÖ 537'de Mezopotamya'da Persler yapmışlardır. Bu tür köprülerin diğer bir mahzuru her açıklığın kendi başına çalışmasıdır. Bunun sonucu bir açıklığın fazla yüklenmesi, diğer açıklıklar ona yardım edemeyeceği için, çökme ile sonuçlanır. Diğer bir çeşit askeri köprü, yol tabliyesinin ahşap bloklar üzerine mesnetlendirilmesiyle inşa edilir. Askeri kiriş köprüler, prefabrike çelik ve alüminyum elemanların yan yana getirilip monte edilmesiyle inşa edilir.

Dış bağlantılar

Köprü
Köprü İnşaatı Nasıl Yapılır?
Köprülerin Tarihçesi
The Bridge

Köprü


أندرونيكوس الثاني باليولوج  (25 مارس 1259 - 13 فبراير 1332) كان إمبراطوراً بيزنطيّاً حكم من 1282 حتى سنة 1328. وهو أكبر أبناء الإمبراطور ميخائيل الثامن زوجته ثيودورا دوقاينا فاتاتزينا.

حياته
في سنة 1261 عينه أبوه وليا للعهد بعد استرداد القسطنطينية من اللاتين، وتوِّج إمبراطور سنة 1282 بعد وفاة والده وفور توليه العرش قام بحل الوحدة المكروهة شعبيا بين  والكنيسة الكاثوليكية والتي كان من معارضيها في حياة أبيه الإمبراطور الراحل. واجهت الدولة في عهده صعوبات اقتصادية كثيرة حيث انخفضت قيمة العملة البيزنطية بشكل كبير وقلَّ دخل الدولة السنوي, وقد حاول أندرونيكوس أن يحل تلك المشكلة من خلال رفع الضرائب وتقليل النفقات وقلل نسبة الإعفاء الضريبي, وقام أيضا بتفكيك الأسطول البيزنطي -وكان قد بلغ عدد سفنه 80 سفينة- وذلك توفيرا للنفقات. وبذلك اعتمدت الإمبراطورية على أساطيل البندقية وجنوة. ففي سنة 1291 قام باستئجار 50 سفينة من جنوة, وفي سنة 1320 حاول أندرونيكوس إحياء الأسطول البيزنطي بتدشينه 20 سفينة جديدة لكنه فشل لسوء الحظ في إعادة الأسطول لسابق عهده .

تفاقم مشاكل الدولة في عهده
حاول أندرونيكوس الثاني حل كثير من مشاكل الإمبراطورية عبر الدبلوماسية، فبعد وفاة زوجته الأولى تزوج من يولاندا دي مونتفيرات وبزواجه منها وضع حدا لمطالبة آل مونتفيرات بعرش مملكة سالونيك. بل وحاول أن يزوج إبنه وولي عهده ميخائيل التاسع باليولوج للإمبرطورة اللاتينية كاثرين دي كورتينييه لوقف تحريض اللاتين في أوروبا على إعادة إحياء الأمبراطورية اللاتينية في القسطنطينية. كما قام بتزويج إبنته سيمونيس من استيفان ميلوتين ملك  وذلك للحيلولة دون وقوع أي نزاع حول مقدونيا.
على الرغم من نجاح أندرونيكوس الثاني في حل كثير من مشاكل الإمبراطورية في أوروبا، إلا أنه واجه انهيار الحدود البيزنطية في آسيا الصغرى, وقد اضطر إلى استئجار فرسان كتالونيا وآراجون لمساعدة الإمبراطورية في وقف تقدم العثمانيين في آسيا الصغرى خصوصاً بعد فشل إبنه ميخائيل التاسع في ذلك. فتنازعوا مع ميخائيل التاسع وانقلبوا على الإمبراطور بعد مقتل زعيمهم روجر دي فلور سنة 1305. فقاموا بتخريب تراقيا و وثيسالي وقاموا باحتلال دوقية أثينا في طريق عودتهم إلى دولة اللاتين باليونان. كما استمر العثمانيون في مهاجمة أراضي الإمبراطورية في آسيا الصغرى فسقطت  سنة 1326. وفي نهاية حكم أندرونيكوس الثاني لم يبقَ من أملاك الإمبراطورية في شرق الأناضول غير مناطق محدودة .

تنحيه عن العرش
وتفاقمت مشاكل الدولة باستيلاء ثيودور سفيتوسلاف قيصر بلغاريا على أجزاء كبيرة من تراقيا بعد هزيمته لميخائيل التاسع، وانتهى النزاع بزواج ثيودورا -ابنة ميخائيل- من قيصر بلغاريا. وقد حدث نزاع بين أندرونيكوس وإبنه ميخائيل كاد أن يحدث شقاقا داخل العائلة الحاكمة. وبعد وفاة ميخائيل سنة 1320 تبرأ أندرونيكوس من حفيده أندرونيكوس بن ميخائيل التاسع., فأشعل ذلك نار الحرب الأهلية التي تدخل فيها البلغار إلى جانب أندرونيكوس الحفيد. وفي سنة 1328 دخل أندرونيكوس الثالث باليولوج القسطنطينية منتصرا وأجبر جده أندرونيكوس الثاني باليولوج على التنحي, وبعد تنحيه عن العرش قضى سنوات عمره الباقية كراهب .

مراجع

أباطرة بيزنطيون في القرن 13
أباطرة بيزنطيون في القرن 14
أطفال ميخائيل الثامن باليولوج
بيزنطيون في حروب عثمانية بيزنطية
سلالة بالايولوغوس الحاكمة
شخصيات ملكية تنازلت عن العرش
مدفونون في جامع فناري عيسى
ملوك أرثوذكس
مواليد 1259
مواليد في إزنيق
ميخائيل الثامن باليولوج
وفيات 1332
وفيات في القسطنطينية

أندرونيكوس الثاني باليولوج


An Thrasya mosquitiensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Gerrit Davidse ngan Alasdair Graham Burman. An Thrasya mosquitiensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Thrasya, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Thrasya

Thrasya mosquitiensis


Sahne veyahut oyunluk, tiyatro, müzik gibi eserlerin sergilenmesi için ayrılmış olan alanı veya bir tiyatro oyununun ve filmin bölümlerinden her birini ifade eder.

Etimoloji
Sahne, Arapça kökenli (صحن / saḥn) bir kelime olup, dilimizde ilk defa Şemseddin Sami tarafından 1870'li yıllarda Fransızca (scène) "tiyatro sahnesi"nin karşılığı olarak kullanılmıştır. Daha sonra Şemseddin Sami tarafından Kamûs-ı Türkî adlı sözlüğünde tanımına yer vermiştir.

Tiyatrodaki kullanımı
Tiyatroda sahnenin iki tanımı vardır. Birincisi, oyun alanına bir oyuncunun her bir girişi yeni bir sahnenin başlangıcı ve her bir çıkışı o sahnenin sonudur. Buna Fransız sahnesi denilir. Bir diğeri ise olayların gerçekleşeceği yeri ya da dekoru tanımlar. Bu nedenle tiyatro oyunları; günlük hayattan farklı olay akışı, seçilmiş ve ayıklanmış olaylar, bölünmüş çeşitli sahneler, değişik ortam ve zamanlardan oluşur.

Aktör, aktris ve performans sanatçılarının ihtiyacı olan boşluğu sağlar, seyircilerin odak noktasını oluşturur. Mimari yapıya göre sahne, genellikle yükseltilmiş bir alandan veya birkaç farklı alandan oluşabilir. Özellikle tiyatro binalarında sahne sabit bir unsur olmakla beraber, kaldırılabilen sahneler de vardır.

Kullanım amacına ve hitap ettikleri seyirciye göre sahneler dörde ayrılır. Batı kültürlerinde en yaygın olan sahne formu prosceniumdur. Bu türde seyirci sahneye sadece bir cephesinden bakar. Sahnenin gizlenmiş diğer üç cephesi sanatçılar ve teknisyenler tarafından kullanılır. Diğer tür, "öne çıkarılmış sahne"dir. Bu sahne prosceniuma benzemekle beraber, seyircilerin arasına doğru uzanır ve sadece arka tarafı gizlidir. "Orta sahne"de ise gizlenmiş bir cephe yoktur; seyirci sahnenin dört yanını da çevreler.

Sinemadaki kullanımı
Sinemada sahne, film içinde, dekorun ve kamera açılarının değiştiği yerlerdeki tamamlanan bir durumu belirtir. Buna Çekim Sahnesi denir. Başka bir deyişle sahne, aynı kişiler ve aynı dekor içinde geçen, sürekli bir olayı gösteren bir ya da daha çok çekimden oluşan görüntüler dizisidir. Yani sahne, aynı kişilerin aynı dekor veya mekan içinde, aynı anda yer aldıkları çekimler bütünüdür ve tamamlanan bir durumu belirtir.

Kaynakça

Tiyatro terimleri
Sahne terminolojisi
Sinema ve video terminolojisi

Sahne


Haileybury is a private school with campuses in Keysborough, Brighton East, Berwick, Darwin, Northern Territory and Melbourne's CBD. It also has an international campus in the Tianjin outer district of Wuqing, China. Haileybury operates under the model of parallel education, which consists of Haileybury College (a school for boys) and Haileybury Girls College (a school for girls). Haileybury has been described as the largest independent school in Australia.

Haileybury maintains strong relationships with schools in China, Japan, France, Sri Lanka, England, Indonesia and Timor-Leste. Haileybury delivers the VCE program to a number of schools in China and most recently has partnered with the Dili International School.

Haileybury was announced in The Educator as one of Australia's Innovative Schools of 2015 for its work in China. Partnering with 8 schools across the country, 300 graduates are finishing each year in the VCE China Program. As Haileybury brings Australian Secondary Education to China, it is the largest provider in its field.

Associations

Independent Schools Victoria (ISV)
Associated Public Schools (APS)
Junior School Heads Association of Australia (JSHAA)
Headmasters' and Headmistresses Conference

History
Charles Rendall, an old boy of Haileybury College,  Hertfordshire (1873) and graduate of Oxford University (1879), moved to Australia in 1882, becoming a teacher of Latin and Ancient Greek at Melbourne University, Melbourne Grammar, and later at Scotch College. In 1892, with five staff and 17 students, he opened a new Haileybury campus in Brighton East, Victoria. The school was based on the traditional English public school model with an emphasis on classical texts of Ancient Greece and Rome, and cricket.

Haileybury offered 12 years of secondary education and averaged 40 to 50 students through the Depression years of the 1890s. Discipline was enforced through the cane and the prefect system. Also on the staff were Mr. and Mrs. Mills who contributed financially to the founding of the School. Rendall bought them out at the end of 1892 and in 1893 married Louise Fanny Cardweaver, who became school housekeeper.

Louis Berthon joined Rendall's staff in 1894. Due to Rendall's continuing health problems, especially after 1906, Berthon was often in charge. Both men regarded a supportive staff/student relationship as paramount. In 1914, Rendall's wife died in a car accident, and afterwards he sold Haileybury to Berthon. Berthon did not have the same reputation as Rendall and school numbers began to decline, but by 1920, enrollments rose again.

In 1932 the third Headmaster, Sydney Dickinson, purchased what was then known as the 'Castlefield' Estate, in Hampton, Victoria, and from 1932 to 1939, Haileybury used both properties.

Sholto Black became Headmaster in 1942, by which time 190 boys were enrolled at the School.  By the time of his retirement in 1953, the number had grown to 600.

Subsequently, David Bradshaw became the new Headmaster and continued the expansion of the school. In 1958, Haileybury was invited to join the Associated Public Schools of Victoria.  In 1961 the property 'Newlands' was purchased in Keysborough by the School Council, and from 1963 to 1968 the Senior School operated at both the Brighton and Keysborough campuses.

Michael Aikman later took over from Bradshaw as Headmaster and continued to develop the Keysborough property. During the 1970s the Preparatory School was built on the 'Newlands' site and was to run parallel with the Preparatory School 'Castlefield, Brighton' situated in Hampton. In 1985, land was purchased at Berwick to establish a third Preparatory School. In 1989 the 'Edrington' campus opened its doors.

Dr. Robert Pargetter took over as Principal in 1998. He introduced to Haileybury the model of Parallel Education, a specialised Pre-Senior (Year 9) Program, a broadening of the curriculum, and the three-year VCE. Girls first began at Haileybury in 2000, and in 2006 Haileybury Girls College was formally established. During Pargetter's time at Haileybury, student numbers increased from 1,620 to 3,110. After Pargetter's death in 2007, Derek Scott was appointed Principal.

Haileybury opened its first overseas campus outside of Beijing, China in 2013. In 2019, it opened its first interstate campus, located close to Darwin, Australia, named Haileybury Rendall School. Also in 2019, Haileybury was named Australian School of the Year at the Australian Education Awards.

Headmasters & Principals

Crest and Motto
Rendall, an alumnus of Haileybury, England, obtained permission from his old school to use its name and badge. The colours he chose were magenta and black instead of the magenta and white of the parent school; and for the motto he chose 'Altera Terra' to signify the establishment of a new Haileybury 'in another land'.

In 1954, the school decided to couple the motto of Haileybury, England, 'Sursum Corda' ('Lift up your hearts') to the original 'Altera Terra'.

Campuses and Facilities

Brighton
The Brighton campus is commonly referred to as "Castlefield" and was established in 1932 as another component to the original campus on New Street, Brighton. The campus consists of an Early Learning Centre, Junior School, Girls Middle School, Boys Middle School and two Pre-Senior Centres. In 2007, the Senior School at Brighton opened.

Keysborough
The Keysborough campus was established in the 1960s and consists of "Newlands" and the Senior School.

"Newlands" has been open since the 1970s but has since undergone major refurbishments. The campus consists of an Early Learning Centre, Junior School, Girls Middle School, Boys Middle School and two Pre-Senior Centres.  The Senior School was established in the 1960s and has undergone major redevelopments since the establishment of Haileybury Girls College in 2006.

The Keysborough campus houses the David Bradshaw Chapel, a concert hall called "Aikman Hall", a newly refurbished library, a lecture theatre, an arts precinct, and several sporting ovals, hockey fields, and tennis courts, as well as an Olympic size swimming pool with diving facilities.

Berwick
The Berwick campus is commonly referred to as 'Edrington' and officially opened in 1989. The campus consists of an Early Learning Centre, Junior School, Girls Middle School, Boys Middle School and two Pre-Senior Centres. In 2007, the Senior School at Berwick officially opened. The main assembly hall was named 'John Twist Hall' after the school principal at the time.

City
The City campus was opened in 2016 and is the newest Haileybury campus in Victoria. It is located on King St, in Melbourne's Central Business District. The campus has been labelled as Melbourne's first vertical school, with the building consisting of ten stories with two terrace levels. The campus educates approximately 700 students from pre-school to Year 12. The first cohort of Year 12 students graduated from the campus in 2020.

Darwin
Haileybury Rendall School, named after Haileybury's founder Charles Rendall, officially opened in 2018. The school consists of three components:
 The largest Indigenous boarding school in Australia with around 150 students
 A day school for 600 students
 An international boarding school.

Curriculum
Haileybury offers its students the Victorian Certificate of Education (VCE).

Sport
Haileybury is a member of the Associated Public Schools of Victoria (APS).

APS & AGSV/APS Premierships
Haileybury has won the following APS and AGSV/APS premierships.

Boys:

 Athletics (8) – 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993
 Badminton (7) – 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2023
 Basketball (9) – 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2021
 Cricket (8)  – 1966, 1968, 1985, 1997, 2006, 2007, 2018, 2021
 Cross Country (6) – 1992, 1993, 2008, 2009, 2015, 2019
 Football (11) – 1965, 1970, 1977, 1983, 1987, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2023
 Futsal (2) – 2020, 2021
 Hockey (2) – 2004, 2016
 Soccer (7)  – 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 2005, 2006, 2021
 Swimming (3) – 1987, 1988, 1989
 Swimming & Diving* (6) – 1998, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008
 Table Tennis (26) – 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021
 Tennis (13) – 1987, 1990, 1992, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2012, 2015, 2020
 Volleyball (4) – 2015, 2017, 2019, 2020
 Water Polo (2) – 2018, 2019

Girls:

 Athletics – 2019
 Badminton (10) – 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2020, 2021
 Basketball (3) – 2018, 2019, 2021
 Cross Country (3) – 2007, 2009, 2011
 Diving (2) – 2017, 2019
 Hockey (5) – 2013, 2015, 2016, 2019, 2021
 Soccer (7) – 2007, 2008, 2010, 2013, 2016, 2017, 2018
 Softball – 2014
 Swimming & Diving* (4) – 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010
 Tennis (2) – 2015, 2017
 Volleyball (6) – 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2017
 Water Polo (4) – 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010

*From 1998 until 2013, swimming and diving events were awarded as a single premiership.

Non-APS Sports
Haileybury also operates a Snow Sports program for secondary students.

Parallel Education
At Haileybury, the parallel education system provides education for boys and girls at the same school, and both genders are allowed to interact outside of class times, where mostly single gender classes exist.

Parallel education at Haileybury incorporates two schools. Haileybury College is a school for boys, and Haileybury Girls College is a school for girls. Each school operates from the Early Learning Centre to Year 12.

How Parallel Education Works;
 Girls and boys attend the same teaching precincts
 Learning and activities are arranged to reflect the age and gender of the student and the nature of the activities
 Students from the Early Learning Centre to Year 4 are educated in coeducational classes
 Years 5 to 9 move to single gender schools at Berwick, Brighton and Keysborough (with separate Pre-Senior Centres)
 The three-year VCE program is conducted with separate classes for girls and boys in English courses, and in other subjects where numbers allow. All other classes are co-educational with students coming together for classes such as music or drama, and in social and cultural activities. However, the Senior School houses are all single-gender, and all relevant events, such as House Athletics, the swimming carnival and House Arts, are conducted in these single-gender houses.

The Haileybury Institute
Haileybury's Deputy Principal John Fleming spends four weeks of each term travelling Australia, coaching teachers in using strategies to improve students' skills. The program is delivered to hundreds of schools across Australia. The program closely fits with Haileybury's Social Justice Program. Many of the schools who participate in Fleming's program are assisted on a pro-bono basis, with education departments helping to cover the costs.

Social Justice
Haileybury places an emphasis on social justice through their Community Responsibility Program. Each of Haileybury's campuses supports local and global charities, with approximately 40 charities benefitting from the program. As part of their social justice program, Haileybury students seek to raise awareness about the not-for-profit organisations they support, and the work these organisations accomplish, as well as doing fundraising. Haileybury Berwick's Boys Middle School created a campaign in collaboration with Beyond Blue Youth to tackle the issues surrounding youth depression. Haileybury has also implemented various initiatives to advocate for climate change amongst the student body.

Notable alumni

See also
 List of schools in Victoria
 List of high schools in Victoria
 List of people educated at Haileybury, Melbourne
 Victorian Certificate of Education
 List of largest Victorian Schools

References and sources

External links

 Old Haileyburians Association
 Haileybury and Imperial Service College, Hertford, England

Associated Public Schools of Victoria
Educational institutions established in 1892
Private secondary schools in Victoria (state)
International Baccalaureate schools in Australia
Member schools of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference
Junior School Heads Association of Australia Member Schools
1892 establishments in Australia

Buildings and structures in Melbourne City Centre
Buildings and structures in the City of Casey
Buildings and structures in the City of Bayside
Buildings and structures in the City of Greater Dandenong

Haileybury (Melbourne)


An Carex chordorrhiza in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carl von Linné d.y.. An Carex chordorrhiza in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Carex

Carex chordorrhiza


Ragnarsdrápa er et skjaldekvad der siges at være skrevet til Ragner Lodbrogs ære, men som mere sandsynligt er skrevet til en senere Regnar. Kvadet tilskrives den ældst kendte skjald, Bragi Boddason, som levede i 800-tallet og digtede det til den svenske Bjørn sveakonge. Bragi beskriver billederne på et dekoreret skjold, som Regnar har givet ham som tak for et kvad, ligesom Æneas i Æneiden beskriver billederne på et skjold, Vulcan har skænket ham.

Egil Skallagrimssons ven Arinbjørn herse i Fjordane (d. 969) fortalte om sin "frænde" Brage, at han på en nat digtede en dråpa (= hyldest) på 20 vers om sveakongen Bjørn, og i Landnåmsbogen fortælles, at Brages datter Astrid var mormor til den Arinbjørn. Astrid Bragedatter var også mormor til Rosskjell, bedstefar til Tind Hallkelsson og hans bror Illuge den sorte på Gilsbakke, der var far til skjalden Gunløg Ormstunge (d. 1008). Flere steder nævnes, at Brage var skjald hos sveakongen "Bjørn på højen"; sandsynligvis den Bern, konge i Svitjod, som Rembertus (d. 888) nævner i sin beretning om Ansgars rejse derop i 827.

Billederne på Regnars skjold inkluderer:
 Brødrene Hamder og Sørles angreb på kong Jormunrek (omtalt af Jordanes).
 den endeløse tvekamp mellem Hedin og Høgne (Hjadningekampen).
 Gefion der pløjer Sjælland ud af Sverige.
 Thors fisketur efter Midgårdsormen.

Det overlevne fragtmenter af Ragnarsdrápa findes i Snorri Sturlusons Yngre Edda. Episoderne med Hamdir og Sorli og Heðinn og Hǫgni bliver udelukkende beskrevet i Ragnarsdrápa, mens andre dele stammer fra det samme digt, der beskriver billederne på de fire dele af skjoldet, i fire strofer hver med et, formentlig tabt omkvæd.

Kvadet sammenlignes ofte med Húsdrápa og Haustlöng, som også beskriver illustrationer af mytologiske scener. Ligesom Haustlöng bruger det arkaiske og komplekse kenninger i strid med syntaksen. Selvom dróttkvætt går imod nogle af de senere reglert, er kvadet vel udført, og dette samt kompleksiteten af sproget viser, at der allerede på dette tidspunkt var sket en betragtelig udvikling i skjaldekunst.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Ragnarsdrápa i på oldnordisk i Finnur Jónssons udgave, på Kulturformidlingen norrøne tekster og kvad, Norge.
 To udgaver af den originale tekst
 De to første strofer læst højt
 Oversættelse og diskussion af de seks en halv strofe

Skjaldekunst
Litterære kilder til nordisk mytologi

Ragnarsdrápa


Ufa (în , în ) este denumirea gării centrale din Ufa, situată în districtul feroviar Soviețki de pe istorica magistrală de cale ferată transsiberiană.

Din punct de vedere al administrării, gara face parte din regiunea bașkiră a Căilor Ferate Kuibîșev.

Istoric
Istoria gării Ufa este asociată cu construcția căii ferate Samara–Ufa, care a început în 1885, iar în 1888 a ajuns în orașul Ufa. În 1888 gara a început să funcționeze ca punct terminus al căii ferate. În 1890 a fost construită secțiunea Ufa–Zlatoust, transformând gara într-una de tranzit. În 1892 a fost construită și secțiunea Zlatoust–Celiabinsk. De la deschiderea traficului pe calea ferată siberiană și pe racordul Ekaterinburg–Celiabinsk (1896) și până la deschiderea circulației pe calea ferată Petersburg–Vologda–Viatka (1906), gara Ufa a fost situată pe singura magistrală feroviară care conecta Rusia și Europa cu Uralii, Siberia și Orientul Îndepărtat..

Poziția gării Ufa a fost decisă în 1885, iar prima clădire, construită în stil eclectic după un proiect al biroului de arhitectură F. F. Essen, a fost operată între 1888 și 1967.

Pe 15 februarie 1968, Comitetului Regional Bașkir al PCUS a adoptat o rezoluție "Despre construcția unor gări feroviare, fluviale și de autobuz în orașul Ufa", iar ridicarea clădirii actuale a gării a început în același an, după un proiect al arhitectului K. Gottlieb. O reconstrucție și modernizare a fost demarată în mai 2004. Prima etapă a gării renovate a fost deschisă publicului pe 17 decembrie 2008.

Parcare
În zona adiacentă clădirii gării se află două parcări auto cu plată. Prima, situată la intersecția străzilor Karl Marx și Vokzalnaia și având o capacitate de 200 de mașini, aparține Uzinei de Reparații Locomotive Diesel din Ufa. A doua este situată în piața gării, este administrată de societatea APS Master și este echipată cu o barieră automată și cu un terminal de plată pentru serviciile de parcare. În plus, la nivelul superior al străzii Vokzalnaia, în zona stației de tramvai, unde a fost realizată o intrare directă spre sala de așteptare a gării, parcarea vehiculelor este permisă pe ambele părți ale șoselei. Conform informațiilor furnizate de Căile Ferate Kuibîșev - o subsidiară a Căilor Ferate Ruse, parcarea vehiculelor personale în perimetrul gării Ufa începând din 5 ianuarie 2017 va fi asigurată prin intermediul angajaților societății OOO APS Master din Moscova, pe baza unui acord de închiriere încheiat cu Căile Ferate Ruse. Serviciile oferite de această societate permit parcarea gratuită timp de maxim 15 minute a vehiculelor sosite pentru a aduce sau prelua pasageri de la gară. Actualmente, dreptul de acces liber și parcare gratuită timp de 15 minute în zona gării este acordat tuturor vehiculelor.

Interdicții de oprire
Pe ambele părți ale străzii K. Marx din zona gării sunt instalate semne de circulație prin care se interzice oprirea sau parcarea vehiculelor. Pe lângă "Oprirea interzisă", indicatoarele mai avertizează că vehiculele parcate vor fi ridicate de către autoutilitare specializate.

Transport
Gara este un nod intermodal și este prevăzută cu stații pentru următoarele linii de autobuz și tramvai:
Linia 101: Gara Ufa → Aeroportul Internațional Ufa
Linia 3: Strada Dzerjinski → Cartierul Belorecenskîi
Linia 74: Strada Dzerjinski → Ufimski DOK (cartierul Inors)
Linia 214: Strada Dzerjinski → Parcul Milovski (cartierul Zaton)
Linia 230: Strada Dzerjinski → Parcul Kașkadan (cartierul Sipailovo)
Linia 239: Gara Ufa → Autogara Nord
Linia 251: Gara Ufa → Parcul Kașkadan (cartierul Sipailovo)

Galerie de imagini

Note

Gări din Ufa
Fondări în 1888

Gara Ufa


An Festuca capillata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck. An Festuca capillata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Festuca, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Festuca

Festuca capillata


Erik Vera Franco (24 de marzo de 1992; Ciudad de México) es un futbolista mexicano, juega como lateral y su actualmente está sin equipo.

Trayectoria
Debutó con Pumas en un partido del Torneo Clausura 2011 (México) contra Club de Fútbol Monterrey entrando de cambio al minuto 66 por Leandro Augusto Oldoni, partido que ganó la escuadra auriazul. Disputó el torneo mexicano sub 20 con Pumas Sub 20 y en el Clausura 2012 disputó la final de la categoría contra América sub 20, saliendo derrotado.
Disputó el torneo de Clausura 2013 con el equipo del Ascenso MX, Pumas Morelos filial del Club Universidad Nacional que fue vendida y desapareció, provocando el regreso de Erik al primer equipo.
Salió de Pumas y estuvo cedido en varios equipos de la Liga de Ascenso, como Venados de Mérida y posteriormente Necaxa, con quien logró el ascenso a la primera división y la titularidad. Para el Clausura 2017, Erik regresó a Pumas.

Clubes

Palmarés

Campeonatos nacionales

Selección nacional

Participaciones en Copas del Mundo
Fue seleccionado nacional sub 17 para jugar con el equipo mexicano en la Copa Mundial de Fútbol Sub 17 de 2009, donde le tocó marcar a jugadores de la calidad de Neymar, llegando a octavos de final, eliminados por Corea del Sur en la tanda de penales, donde pudo anotar su lanzamiento.

Nacidos en Ciudad de México
Futbolistas de Ciudad de México
Futbolistas del Club Universidad Nacional en los años 2010
Futbolistas del Venados Fútbol Club
Futbolistas del Club Necaxa en los años 2010
Futbolistas del Club Atlético de San Luis
Futbolistas de los Alebrijes de Oaxaca

Erik Vera Franco