The Atom is a name shared by five superheroes appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics.

The original Golden Age Atom, Al Pratt, was created by writer Bill O'Connor and artist Ben Flinton and first appeared in All-American Publications' All-American Comics #19 (October 1940). The second Atom was the Silver Age Atom, Ray Palmer, who first appeared in 1961. The third Atom, Adam Cray, was a minor character present in Suicide Squad stories. The fourth Atom, Ryan Choi, debuted in a new Atom series in August 2006. Another Atom from the 853rd Century first appeared as part of Justice Legion Alpha in August 1999.

The Atom has been the star of multiple solo series, and four of the five have appeared as members of various superhero teams, such as the Justice Society of America, the Justice League, the Suicide Squad, and the Justice Legion Alpha.

Fictional character biographies

Al Pratt

The original Atom, Al Pratt, first appeared in All-American Comics #19 (October 1940). He initially had no superpowers; instead, he was a diminutive college student and later a physicist who was depicted as a tough guy, a symbol of all the short kids who could still make a difference. Pratt was a founding member of the Justice Society of America, later gaining limited super-strength, and an energy charged 'atomic punch'. He died in the charge against Extant during the Zero Hour.

Ray Palmer

The Atom introduced during the Silver Age of comic books in Showcase #34 (1961) is physicist and university professor Raymond Palmer, Ph.D. (He was named for real-life science fiction writer Raymond A. Palmer, who was himself quite short.) After stumbling onto a mass of white dwarf star matter that had fallen to Earth, he fashioned a lens which allowed him to shrink down to subatomic size. Originally, his size and molecular density abilities derived from the white dwarf star material of his costume, controlled by mechanisms in his belt, and later by controls in the palms of his gloves. Much later, he gained the innate equivalent powers within his own body. After the events of Identity Crisis, Ray shrank himself to microscopic size and disappeared. Finding him became a major theme of the Countdown year-long series and crossover event.

Paul Hoben
Prior to Ray Palmer's trip to the Amazon Jungle, he learns his wife Jean Loring has had an affair with her colleague, Paul Hoben. Palmer and Loring got a divorce. Later, Palmer offers his blessing to the couple when they marry, and he offers Hoben his size-changing belt so that Hoben can protect Ivy Town after Ray returns to the Morlaidhans. Adam Cray would later steal this belt; Hoben never uses the costume or name of the Atom.

Adam Cray

Adam Cray, son of the murdered Senator Joseph Cray, first appeared as the Atom in the pages of Suicide Squad #44 by John Ostrander (August 1990). Cray was initially believed to be Ray Palmer in disguise by members of the team. Cray had been recruited by Palmer (who faked his own death) to apprehend the Micro Squad, a group of villains that had been reduced in size. Palmer intended to use Cray to uncover a shadowy government cabal which was using Palmer to discover the secret identities of other costumed heroes (Palmer's own identity no longer being secret). While Palmer infiltrated the Micro Squad, Cray would attract the attention of the Cabal as the new Atom so that no one would notice Palmer assuming the identity of a fallen Micro Squad member.

Adam Cray remained with the Suicide Squad briefly, serving as a secret weapon whose existence was unknown to others of the Squad. Cray saves Amanda Waller from a group of assassins. At one point, Cray approaches Deadshot about his role in Senator Cray's murder. Later, Cray is impaled through the chest with a screw by Blacksnake, a Micro Squad member who believes him to be Palmer.

After the unanticipated murder of Cray, Palmer reveals himself and defeats Cray's murderer. The ruse ended, Palmer explains himself to the Justice League, who had been searching for him after hearing rumors of a new Atom.

During the events of Blackest Night, Adam's corpse is reanimated as a member of the Black Lantern Corps alongside several other fallen Suicide Squad members. Following his reanimation, Adam and the other Black Lanterns travel to Belle Reve and attack Bane and Black Alice. Adam is apparently destroyed by the Manhunter's self-destruct mechanism, unleashing an explosion of Green Lantern energy that eradicates the Black Lanterns.

In DC Rebirth, Adam Cray is the son of Senator Cray and Ryan Choi's roommate at Ivy University. Senator Cray also attended Ivy and expected Adam to attend Ivy as well. He first meets Ryan when he walks into their dorm with heavy luggage and kindly introduces himself. Adam teaches Ryan how to play rugby and video games.

Ryan Choi

Ryan Choi, as described by DC solicitations, is "a young hotshot professor who's filling the extra spot on Ivy University's teaching staff. .. and who inadvertently ends up filling the old Atom's super-heroic shoes". This new Atom is based on a redesign by Grant Morrison. He debuted in the Brave New World one-shot, a preview of projects, and then appeared in the series The All-New Atom, written by Gail Simone. He is later murdered by Deathstroke and his Titans.

Rhonda Piñeda/Atomica
In September 2011, The New 52 rebooted DC's continuity. In this new timeline, a new, female Atom is introduced, Rhonda Piñeda, a Hispanic American college student from Ivy Town. She is revealed to be working as a reluctant spy for Amanda Waller and Steve Trevor, gathering intel on the new Justice League recruits. She is noted to be "the most important member of the Justice League of America" by Steve Trevor. At the conclusion of the "Trinity War" storyline, she is revealed to in fact be betraying both teams; she hails from the alternate universe of Earth-3, where she is a member of the Crime Syndicate operating under the name Atomica. She also reveals that by placing a sliver of Green Kryptonite in Superman's optic nerve, she caused him to accidentally kill Doctor Light, with the added effect of severely weakening and almost killing Superman over time.

Atomica originally worked on Earth-3 with Johnny Quick as a thief and killer. One night after killing two cops, they are cornered on the roof of S.T.A.R. Labs during a storm. Lightning hits a satellite, electrocuting Johnny and granting him speed powers. Rhonda falls inside the building and lands near Ray Palmer's Atomico work, gaining size- and density-changing powers. During the final battle with the Crime Syndicate, Atomica reduces her size and is killed when Lex Luthor steps on her.

Following the reboot of the multiverse after Dark Nights: Death Metal, a new Earth-3 and Atomica are created. Atomica is the lover of speedster serial killer Johnny Quick and accompanies him on his high-speed murder spree across Central City.

Atom One Million
An unnamed scientist in the 853rd Century performed experiments in superstring theory that creates a singularity and whose radiation alters his physical make-up. When the singularity threatened to expand and destroy his universe, he enters it in an attempt to save the universe but instead finds himself on an interdimensional bridge to another universe as his own is wiped out, unable to stop it. At the end of the bridge, he finds Superman Prime who came to help but was too late. Stranded, he searches this universe for remnants of the one he lost, in time taking the name the Atom and joining the Justice Legion Alpha when he helped them defeat the Bizarro-Legion. This Atom's powers differ from his predecessors in that he doesn't shrink but breaks up into several smaller duplicates of himself divided amongst his mass. At atomic size, these duplicates can mimic elements such as gold and oxygen.

Enemies
Each of the versions of Atom have their own enemies:

Golden Age enemies
 Black Dragon Society - A Japanese saboteur organization.
 Blackie -
 Cootie Gang - A gang who stole a solvant that can dissolve metal from a science lab.
 Dude Henwick - A gangster who led his gang in robbing an ice cream parlor.
 Emperor of America -
 Lefty Lou Albano -
 Perry Poodle - A baseball player who invents a machine that would enable him to cheat at baseball even when two criminals take advantage of him. Atom exposed to Perry what the two criminals were doing behind his back and defeated them. Some of the money Perry made was split between the donation to the Policeman's Ball and to Perry and his impoverished mother.
 Rattlesnake Pete -
 Raymond Macum - A science fraud.
 Scrime -
 Stroehm - A gangster who framed Mr. Baker for arson in order to get to the copper deposit on his property.
 Tusk - John Brandt is a criminal with tusks on his lower jaw.

Modern enemies
 Bug-Eyed Bandit - A scientist who controls robotic insects.
 Calculator - A criminal genius.
 Chronos - A time-traveling villain.
 Dean Mayland - The dean at Ivy University who dislikes Atom.
 Deraegis - A Katarthan chancellor.
 Doctor Light - A light-themed villain who is usually an enemy of the Teen Titans.
 Dwarfstar - A size-shifting supervillain.
 Floronic Man - A plant-controlling botanist.
 Giganta - A size-shifting supervillain who is usually an enemy of Wonder Woman.
 Lady Chronos - A Chinese woman who came across Chronos' research.
 Strobe - A criminal who stole an experimental suit that grants him energy projection and photokinesis.
 Thinker - A telepathic supervillain. He once fought both Atoms during one of his illegal activities.
 Waiting - A microscopic race who have their cities on the back of dogs.
 Weapons Master - A supervillain from the year 11,960 who is an expert at mechanical engineering.

Foes of lesser renown
 Bat-Knights - A group of six-inch high warriors from the tribe of Elvana who ride on bats. They were manipulated by a crook named Eddie Gordon until he was defeated by Atom. The Bat-Knights were manipulated by Eddie again when he escaped from prison.
 Big Gang - A gang who uses big gimmicks and target big items in their heists.
 Big Head - The mastermind and leader of the Big Gang.
 Big Ben - The Big Gang's timing specialist.
 Big Bertha - The Big Gang's strongest member.
 Big Cheese - A member of the Big Gang who uses specially-made cheeses that have different properties.
 Big Deal - A magician and card trick specialist who is the latest member of the Big Gang.
 Big Shot - The Big Gang's marksman.
 Big Wig - The Big Gang's master of disguise who utilizes different wigs.
 Billy Knolles - A toymaker who poses as a handyman to map out rich people's houses for his heists.
 Black Phantom - A costumed criminal who leaves a thumbprint as his calling card.
 Blacksnake - A CIA Agent.
 Cannoneer - A human cannonball who turned to a life of crime and fought Atom and Batman.
 Carl Ballard - A criminal who took advantage of the alien Kulan Dar.<ref name="Atom #2">Atom #2. DC Comics.</ref>
 Druid - The ruler of the sub-atomic world of Catamoore which is governed by magic. He is also an old enemy of Zatara.
 Eddie Gordon - A criminal who manipulated the Bat-Knights into doing his bidding until he was defeated by Atom. Eddie later escaped from prison and manipulated the Bat-Knights into working for him again thanks to the invention of the criminal scientist Luke Preston who was his cellmate.
 Elkins - A man whose camera hypnotizes people into doing his bidding.
 Gestalt - A group of elite scientific thinkers.
 Humbug - An artificial being created by the thoughts of the members of Gestalt.
 M'nagalah - A shapeless alien life form who was an old enemy of Swamp Thing.
 Man in the Ion Mask - William Jameson is a man who uses an ionic ray in which anyone in the vicinity of him would be temporarily paralyzed so that he can rob them. Man in the Ion Mask resurfaced years later where he collaborated with Bug-Eyed Bandit, Floronic Man, Panther, Thinker, and Wizardo in attacking the Lighter Than Air Society.
 Oscar D. Dollar - A gentleman who blames himself for his Silver Dollar causing trouble. Atom discovered that the Silver Dollar in question was made from a chunk of White Dwarf Star Matter.
 Panther - A black panther-themed villain and leader of the Panther Gang. Panther resurfaced years later where he collaborated with Bug-Eyed Bandit, Floronic Man, Man in the Ion Mask, Thinker, and Wizardo in attacking the Lighter Than Air Society.
 Smarts - A colector and master planner.
 Sting - An old friend of Blacksnake who controls robotic bees.
 Swan Maiden - Dorothy Briggs is a swan-themed villain who used special effects and a slight disguise to pull off a trick where an actual swan robbed a bank. Her ruse was exposed by Atom who secretly recorded her confession.
 Toyboy - A criminal who uses his psychic power to animate toys and also possesses super-strength. Atom and Hawkman discovered that this was the evil side of Johnny Burns that manifested due to an exposure to the Photonoscope and a device that Ray Palmer was analyzing which affected his mother who worked as Ivy University's cleaning lady. When both Burns' were in the same area, the nice Burns disappeared and overcame the bad side in one body. After surrendering and being handed over to the police, Johnny was released into his mother's custody.
 Wizardo - Howard Crane is a magician, theater owner, and former quick change artist who performed a trick that enabled him to pose as astronaut Peter Venner and frame him for the crimes that he committed. Wizardo resurfaced years later where he collaborated with Bug-Eyed Bandit, Floronic Man, Man in the Ion Mask, Panther, and Thinker in attacking the Lighter Than Air Society.

Other versions
The Dark Knight Strikes Again
Frank Miller portrayed Ray Palmer as a major player in Batman: The Dark Knight Strikes Again as part of Batman's resistance. He was taken prisoner by Lex Luthor and made to live in one of his own petri dishes for a period of months until his rescue by Catgirl. in Dark Knight III, He was then instrumental in the liberation of Kandor until killed by their leader, Baal.

Tangent Comics

In the Tangent Comics imprint, the Atom is "Arthur Harrison Thompson", a subject of radiation testing on human beings. The first hero in the Tangent timeline, he inadvertently caused the Cuban Missile Crisis to escalate into a limited nuclear exchange that obliterated Florida and Cuba in 1962, unknown to his fellow Americans. Thompson was succeeded by his son, who was killed by the Tangent Comics version of the Fatal Five, and a grandson named Adam, who, in Tangent: Superman's Reign, is being held captive by Superman.

It is suggested in the Tangent series that the Atom's name was at least in part chosen because of the abbreviation of his full name "Arthur Harrison Thompson" on his barracks door to simply "A. Thom."

Also in the Tangent series, the Atom's presence as America's first superhero during the 1960s has led to a huge cultural impact, and in this world many significant points in pop culture have been effected by his presence; for instance The Beatles choose to be called "The Atomiks", further more TV shows such as The Beverly Hillbillies became The Superman Hillbillies, The Dick Van Dyke Show became The Dick Van Hero Show and Get Smart became Get Powers.

Elseworlds

Some other re-imaginings of the Atom include an appearance in League of Justice, a story portraying the Justice League in a The Lord of the Rings-type story where the Atom was recast as a wizard/fortune teller called "Atomus The Palmer".
Al Pratt as the Atom was one of the three heroes who chose to work at the side of Senator Thompson in The Golden Age. When Al discovers that Thompson is really the Ultra-Humanite, he joins the other heroes against the villain and Dyna-Man.
The Al Pratt Atom appeared in JSA: The Unholy Three as a post-WW2 intelligence agent with transparent atomic flesh and a visible skeleton.JLA: Age of Wonder where Ray Palmer worked with a science consortium whose numbers at one point included Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla.JLA: Created Equal, after Ray Palmer is killed in the cosmic storm that nearly wipes out the rest of the male population on Earth, a graduate student named Jill Athron is given a research grant to study Palmer's white-dwarf-star-belt. She becomes the Atom and joins the Justice League.
 The Robin in the Just Imagine... is granted transformation into the Atom evolved from an Incan rune of Hawkman.

52 Multiverse
In the final issue of 52, a new Multiverse is revealed, originally consisting of 52 identical realities. Among the parallel realities shown is one designated "Earth-2". As a result of Mister Mind "eating" aspects of this reality, it takes on visual aspects similar to the pre-Crisis Earth-2, including the Atom among other Justice Society of America characters. The names of the characters and the team are not mentioned in the panel in which they appear, but the Atom is visually similar to the Al Pratt Atom. Based on comments by Grant Morrison, this alternate universe is not the pre-Crisis Earth-2.

In Countdown #30, the Challengers from Beyond encountered Earth-15, a world where the sidekicks had taken their mentor's places. On this Earth, the Atom is Jessica Palmer, a genius who graduated from MIT at age eight. The Search for Ray Palmer - Red Son features the Ray Palmer of Earth-30, an American captured by the Superman of a communist Russia. Countdown: Arena also depicts the Ray Palmer of Earth-6, who through unknown circumstances now has the powers and title of the Ray. The Search For Ray Palmer: Superwoman/Batwoman briefly features a female version of The Atom.
On the newly introduced Earth-52, Atomarsupial is one of the metasimian Primate Legion

Collected editions
Ray Palmer

Ryan Choi

In other media

Television
Live-action
 An unidentified Atom appears in the Legends of the Superheroes special "The Roast", portrayed by Alfie Wise. This version is engaged to marry Giganta.
 The Ray Palmer incarnation of the Atom appears in Justice League of America portrayed by John Kassir.
 The Al Pratt incarnation of the Atom appears in the Smallville two-part episode "Absolute Justice", portrayed by Glenn Hoffman.
 The Ray Palmer incarnation of the Atom and Ryan Choi appear in media set in the Arrowverse, portrayed by Brandon Routh and Osric Chau respectively.

Animation

 The Ray Palmer incarnation of the Atom appears in The Superman/Aquaman Hour of Adventure, voiced by Pat Harrington, Jr.
 The Ray Palmer incarnation of the Atom appears in The All-New Super Friends Hour and Super Friends voiced by Wally Burr.
 A futuristic incarnation of the Atom named Micron appears in the Batman Beyond two-part episode  "The Call", voiced by Wayne Brady.
 The Ray Palmer incarnation of the Atom appears in Justice League Unlimited voiced by John C. McGinley.
 The Ryan Choi and Ray Palmer incarnations of the Atom appear in Batman: The Brave and the Bold, voiced by James Sie and Peter Scolari respectively.
 The Ray Palmer incarnation of the Atom appears in Young Justice, voiced by Jason Marsden.
 The Ray Palmer incarnation of the Atom appears in the DC Nation Shorts segment "Sword of the Atom!", voiced again by Jason Marsden.
 Ray Palmer appears in Justice League Action, voiced by Jerry O'Connell.
 The Ray Palmer incarnation of the Atom appears in the Teen Titans Go! episode "Strength of a Grown Man", voiced by Patton Oswalt.

Film
 Ray Palmer appears in Justice League: The New Frontier, voiced by an uncredited Corey Burton.
 Alternate universe versions of Ray Palmer and Ryan Choi appear in Justice League: Gods and Monsters, voiced by Dee Bradley Baker and Eric Bauza respectively.
 An unidentified, alternate universe version of the Atom makes a non-speaking appearance in Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox as a prisoner of Aquaman's.
 Ryan Choi appears in the DC Extended Universe (DCEU) film Zack Snyder's Justice League, portrayed by Zheng Kai.
 The Ray Palmer incarnation of the Atom appears in Teen Titans Go! To the Movies, voiced by Patton Oswalt.
 The Ryan Choi incarnation of the Atom appears in Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: The Flash, voiced again by Eric Bauza.
 Al Pratt appears in the DCEU film Black Adam, portrayed by Henry Winkler.

Video games
 An unidentified Atom appears in DC Universe Online.
 The Ray Palmer incarnation of the Atom appears in Injustice: Gods Among Us.
 The Al Pratt, Ray Palmer, and Ryan Choi incarnations of the Atom all appear in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure.
 The Ray Palmer incarnation of the Atom appears as a playable character in Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham, voiced by Troy Baker.
 Atomica, Ryan Choi / Atom, and the Arrowverse incarnation of Ray Palmer / Atom all appear in Lego DC Super-Villains, voiced by Laura Bailey, again by Jason Marsden, and Brandon Routh respectively.
 The Ryan Choi incarnation of the Atom appears as a playable DLC character in Injustice 2'', voiced by Matthew Yang King.

See also
Ant-Man
Molecule

References

External links
 Index to the Atom's Earth-1 adventures
 Article on the history/legacy of The Atom from the Comics 101 article series by Scott Tipton
 The Simone Files II: The All-New Atom
 Counting Down to Countdown IV: The Great Disaster and the Atom

Articles about multiple fictional characters
Fictional government agents
Atom
Fictional Hong Kong people
Fictional schoolteachers
DC Comics American superheroes
DC Comics characters who are shapeshifters
DC Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds
DC Comics characters with superhuman durability or invulnerability
DC Comics characters with superhuman strength
DC Comics martial artists
Fictional professors
Comics characters introduced in 1990
Comics characters introduced in 2006
Fictional characters who can change size
Characters created by John Ostrander
Characters created by Grant Morrison

Atom (character)


An Xylobium coelia in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach ngan Josef Ritter von Rawicz Warszewicz, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Robert Allen Rolfe. An Xylobium coelia in nahilalakip ha genus nga Xylobium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Xylobium

Xylobium coelia


Nânta sau Nânti (în , în meglenoromână : Nắnti sau Nǫ́nti; în  sau Yediköy) este un sat în Meglen, în regiunea Macedonia Centrală din Grecia .

Geografie și localizare
Satul se află la poalele părții sudice a Muntelui Kozuf, la 17 km nord-est de orașul Aridaia, la o altitudine de 595 de metri.  În trecut, satul era sediul fostei episocpii de Meglen.

Este situat în partea de nord a zonei Meglen, într-o mică vale între Munții Kozuf în est, Paiko la sud-est și Nidze la nord-vest, la aproximativ 17 km nord de satul Exaplatanos. La începutul secolului XX, Nânta a constat din 8 mahalale.

Istorie
În sat au fost descoperite rămășițe alei erei macedonene și romane.

Satul este menționat pentru prima oară ca Enotia ( Ένωτια ) de Ghiorghios Kedrenos în secolul al XI-lea, când descrie asediul Cetății Meglen de împăratul bizantin Vasile al II-lea . În 1350, împăratul Ioan VI Cantacuzino a menționat din nou Notia ( Nότια ). Pe dealul abrupt de deasupra satului sunt rămășițele unei cetăți medievale.  Nânta este în mod tradițional cel mai mare sat meglenoromân din Meglen . Locuitorii se ocupau în principal cu ceramica, deoarece în jurul satului erau resurse de lut.

După prăbușirea cetății Meglen, la începutul secolului al XI-lea, Nânta a fost un centru al regiunii Meglen timp de secole. Populația sa până în 1924 a fost majoritar meglenoromână, care și-a schimbat religia în a doua jumătate a secolului al XVIII-lea și au devenit musulmani . Este ultima islamizare din zona Meglen, care a avut loc relativ recent. Conform tradiției păstrate în toate satele meglenite, un eveniment a avut loc în Ziua Paștelui, când episcopul, în loc să urmeze liturghia și să binecuvânteze oamenii cu binecuvântarea obișnuită "Hristos a înviat", ia binecuvântat în limba turcă și le-a recomandat să devină musulmani și el însuși a devenit capul noii religii islamice.

Conform legendelor locale, inițial Nânta a fost desfășurată în 10 cătune separate, care în timpul Imperiului Otoman s-au mutat într-un singur loc.  În 1759, întregul sat a fost islamizat, condus de episcopul meglenit Ioan.   Cele patru biserici locale au fost transformate în moschei. O parte din locuitorii din Nânta, care nu au acceptat islamul, au fugit în Veria, Naousa și Resen . Printre refugiați a fost și Dore, originarul familiei Resen, Ljupcevi, din care și originea lui Andrei Lapchev.  Între locuitorii islamizați, încă s-au mai observat în secolele mai târziu o serie de obiceiuri neislamice, cum ar fi sărbătorirea Sf. Gheorghe și a lui Sfântul Ilie .  Satul avea de asemenea un nume paralel în limba turcă, Yediköy .

În vremurile vechi, satul Nânta avea aspectul unui oraș, dar a început treptat să cadă în favoarea altor așezări care au început să se dezvolte în orașe precum Gevgelija, Aridaia și alte centre.

Mulți au suferit în primul război mondial, mai ales în 1916, când locuitorii săi au fost deportați în centrul Bulgariei de la autoritățile militare bulgare, pentru că aici a trecut linia frontului. După încheierea războiului, jumătate din sat a revenit.

În conformitate cu Tratatul de la Lausanne, în 1924, populația musulmană din Grecia a fost evacuată forțat și, în locul lor, autoritățile grecești au stabilit familii de refugiați din Anatolia și Caucaz .  În 1928, 216 de familii de refugiați grecești locuiau în sat cu un total de 901 de locuitori.

Nânta au fost grav afectată în timpul celui de- al doilea război mondial, în special în ofensiva din ianuarie 1944, când soldații bulgari au ars și ucis 4- de săteni. Mai târziu a suferit și în timpul războiului civil, când o parte a populației sa mutat în Macedonia de Nord și în țările din Europa de Est, iar majoritatea autorităților monarhice grecești l-au forțat să se mute în celelalte sate meglenite. După încheierea războaielor, satul a fost restaurat.

Economie
Satul produce cantități mari de cartofi, iar unele familii, în special de sărăcăciani, se ocupă de creșterea animalelor, pentru care există condiții favorabile datorită terenurilor montane fără precedent adecvate pentru creșterea animalelor.

Demografie
Conform statisticilor Vasil Kănciov ( " Macedonia. Etnografie și Statistică ") în 1900, în Nânta trăiau 3500 vlahi -muslumani, 160 romi -muslimani.   Potrivit datelor secretarului de exarhă bulgar Dimitar Mishev (" La Macédoine et sa Population Chrétienne "), în 1905, în 1907, în Nânta erau 168 de romi.

În 1920, Lugunța a fost identificat cu 1.000 de case musulmane din Vlach.

În recensământul din 1913 a fost înregistrat cu 3.442 de locuitori. În timpul primului război mondial, din cauza proximității acțiunilor militare, satul a suferit, în special în 1916, iar locuitorii săi au fost deportați în interiorul Bulgariei de autoritățile bulgare. Doar jumătate dintre locuitori s-au întors în sat. Prin urmare, în recensământul din 1920, satul a fost condus de o populație semi-populată, adică numai 1.607 de locuitori. În 1924, populația musulmană a fost evacuată cu forța în Turcia, în timp ce familiile de refugiați grecești au fost stabilite în locul lor. Recensământul din 1928 a fost înregistrat ca așezare de refugiați cu 712 de locuitori, iar în 1940 numărul acestora a crescut la 1.098 de locuitori. Satul a fost grav avariat și a fost complet abandonat în timpul celui de- al doilea război mondial și al războiului civil, iar după sfârșitul celor două războaie a fost reînnoit, dar cu mai puțini locuitori, deoarece majoritatea nu s-au întors în sat. În recensământul din 1951 au fost doar 95 de locuitori, în 1961 numărul acestora a crescut la 437, în 1971 au fost înscriși 440, în 1981 412, iar în 1991 367 de locuitori, inclusiv unele din familiile satului Leskovo, precum și familiile de sărăcăciani s-au mutat aici după normalizarea situației.

Potrivit unui raport din 1993, satul este o așezare mixtă și a păstrat două limbi minoritare - greaca pontică și meglenoromâna, și ambele la nivel mijlociu.

În recensământul efectuat în 2001, satul a fost enumerat cu 388 de locuitori. În ultimul recensământ efectuat în 2011 în Grecia, satul a fost înregistrat cu 309 de locuitori.

Instituții

 Secția de poliție

Referințe

Meglenoromâni
Pages with unreviewed translations
Sate din Grecia

Nânta


Megumi Sato (佐藤 めぐみ, 'Satō Megumi'?, nascută 17 noiembrie 1984) este o actriță japoneză.

Carieră
Sato a apărut în filmul de thriller lui Sion Sono Exte. Ea a jucat un rol de sprijin în filmul de debut lui Mikio Satake Class Reunion.

Filmografie

Filme
 Winning Pass (2004)
 Angel in the Box (2004)
 Peanuts (2006)
 Angel (2006)
 Green Mind, Metal Bats (2006)
 Exte (2007) as Yuki Morita
 Cyborg She (2008)
 L: Change the WorLd (2008) ca Misawa Hatsune
 Kung Fu Kun (2008)
 Hana Yori Dango Final (2008)
 Class Reunion (2008) ca Megumi
 Happy Flight (2008)
 Kamogawa Horumo (2009)
 Kamisama Help! (2010)
 After the Flowers (2010)
 Milocrorze (2011)
 The Castle of Crossed Destinies (2012)
 Sue, Mai & Sawa: Righting the Girl Ship (2013)
 The Complex (2013)

Televiziune
 Kinpachi-sensei (2001)
 Medaka (2004)
 H2 (2005) ca Satomi Nakata
 Hana Yori Dango (2005) ca Sakurako Sanjo
 Aru Ai no Uta (2006) ca Shiami Shirai
 Sunadokei (2007) ca Ann Minase
 Taiyo no Uta (2006) ca Misaki Matsumae
 Chiritotechin (2007) ca Kiyomi Wada
 Hana Yori Dango Returns (2007) ca Sakurako Sanjo
 Shukujo (2008)

Referințe

Nașteri în 1984
Actrițe japoneze
Idoli japonezi
Actrițe de dublaj japoneze
Oameni în viață
Oameni din Tokio

Megumi Sato


Fruit wines are fermented alcoholic beverages made from a variety of base ingredients (other than grapes); they may also have additional flavors taken from fruits, flowers, and herbs. This definition is sometimes broadened to include any alcoholic fermented beverage except beer. For historical reasons, mead, cider, and perry are also excluded from the definition of fruit wine.

Fruit wines have traditionally been popular with home winemakers and in areas with cool climates such as North America and Scandinavia. In subtropical climates, such as in East Africa, India, and the Philippines, wine is made from bananas.

Labeling
Fruit wines are usually referred to by their main ingredient (e.g., plum wine or elderberry wine) because the usual definition of wine states that it is made from fermented grape juice.

In the European Union, wine is legally defined as the fermented juice of grapes.

In the United Kingdom, fruit wine is commonly called country wine; the term should not be conflated with the French term vin de pays, which is grape wine. In British legislation, the term made wine is used.

Production

Fruit wine can be made from virtually any plant matter that can be fermented.  Most fruits and berries have the potential to produce wine. There are a number of methods of extracting flavour and juice from the fruits or plants being used; pressing the juice, stewing and fermenting the pulp of the fruits are common. Few foods other than grapes have the balanced quantities of sugar, acid, tannin, nutritive salts for yeast feeding, and water to naturally produce a stable, drinkable wine, so most country wines are adjusted in one or more respects at fermentation. However, some of these products do require the addition of sugar or honey to make them palatable and to increase the alcoholic content (sugar is converted to alcohol in the fermentation). Two commonly produced varieties are elderberry wine and dandelion wine. A wine made from elderberry flowers is called elder blow wine.

The amount of fermentable sugars is often low and needs to be supplemented by a process called chaptalization in order to have sufficient alcohol levels in the finished wine. Sucrose is often added so that there is sufficient sugar to ferment to completion while keeping the level of acidity acceptable. If the specific gravity of the initial solution is too high, indicating an excess of sugar, water or acidulated water may be added to adjust the specific gravity down to the winemaker's target range.

Many kinds of fruit have a natural acid content which would be too high to produce a savory and pleasant fruit wine in undiluted form; this can be particularly true, among others, for strawberries, cherries, pineapples, and raspberries. Therefore, much as to regulate sugar content, the fruit mash is generally topped up with water prior to fermentation to reduce the acidity to pleasant levels. This also dilutes and reduces overall fruit flavor; a loss of flavor can be compensated for by adding sugar again after fermentation which then acts as a flavor enhancer (known as a back-sweetener), while too much acid in the finished wine will always give it undesired harshness and pungency.

Many fruit wines suffer from a lack of natural yeast nutrients needed to promote or maintain fermentation. Winemakers can counter this with the addition of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium available commercially as yeast nutrient. In the opinion of one wine writer fruit wines often do not improve with bottle age and are usually meant to be consumed within a year of bottling.

Plum wine
Plum jerkum is made from fermented plums in a manner similar to the use of apples for cider. It was often associated with the north Cotswolds and was once a product of the city of Worcester.

Pomegranate wine

Pomegranate wine is a type of fruit wine.
A commercial pomegranate wine product was developed in Israel, and its marketed abroad as Rimon.
Since then, commercial pomegranate wine has also started also to be made in Cyprus, Turkey, Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan.

Pineapple wine

Pineapple wine is made from the juice of pineapples. Fermentation of the pineapple juice takes place in temperature-controlled vats and is stopped at near-dryness. The result is a soft, dry, fruit wine with a strong pineapple bouquet. Pineapple wine is popular in Thailand and other SE Asian countries, where it is made using traditional practices and is not available commercially. In Mexico, fermented pineapple beverages are very popular and given the name tepache.

Commercial examples from around the world include Maui's Winery in Hawaii and Jacobs Wines of Nigeria, the first pineapple winery in Africa.  It is also made in Dominican Republic by Vinicola Del Norte, its alcohol content is 10%. Several varieties of pineapple wine are made in Okinawa, Japan, from local produce. Its alcohol content is 11.5% ABV.

Dandelion wine

Dandelion wine is a fruit wine of moderate alcohol content that is made from dandelion petals and sugar, usually combined with an acid (such as lemon juice).

While commonly made as a homemade recipe, there are a handful of wineries that commercially produce Dandelion wine, including Bellview Winery of New Jersey, Breitenbach Winery of Ohio, Hidden Legend Winery of Montana and Maple River Winery of North Dakota.

Rose hip wine
Rose hip wine is a fruit wine. It can be made from fresh or dried rose hips. To produce this beverage, the rose hips are fermented in syrup with yeast and citric acid, creating an extract. This technique is used with only a few other types of fruit wine, including blackthorn (sloe), hawthorn, and rowan.

Redcurrant and whitecurrant wines
Redcurrant and whitecurrant fruit wines are beverages that are usually produced in northerly cool areas, where it is hard to grow high-quality grapes. They are simple to produce. Their natural chemical balances are such that they can be self-clarified without any additional substances. Redcurrants and whitecurrants contain only a small amount of carbohydrates; this necessitates the addition of sugar or honey.

Cherry wine

Cherry wine is a type of fruit wine made with cherries, usually tart cherries that provide sufficient acid.  Cherry wines can be used to make fortified wines and liqueurs.  Michigan wine makers, located in the leading tart-cherry-producing region of the United States, produce several varieties of cherry wine, including spiced versions and cherry-grape blends. "Cherry Kijafa" is a fortified fruit wine that is produced in Denmark from cherries with added natural flavors, and usually contains 16% alcohol by volume.  Among cherry liqueurs Maraska, a cherry wine made from Marasca cherry from Croatia, is among the best known. The last couple of years Fredriksdal Cherry Wine (partly invented by distinguished restaurant owner Jan Friis-Mikkelsen) has been produced in Denmark. Cherry wine production is becoming popular in China, where cherry production is high.

Orange wine
Fruit wine can be made from oranges. This should not be confused with orange wine, also known as  amber wine, which is made from grapes, but is orange/amber in color.  Wine made from oranges, although not commercially widely available, is produced in White River, South Africa, and by home wine makers. The taste is a light bodied wine, pale or golden in color, dry, thin in body, alcoholic.  Outcome is reliant on the yeast used.  Recipes are few and far between. Typically a home wine maker is receiving the bounty of their own orange tree or from a neighbors tree.  The wine can be difficult to make because the fruit is very acidic, and the pH must be adjusted up.  Further complications are encountered by a type of Penicillium mold that can stop the fermentation and spoil the wine.  Great care must be taken to clean and sanitize the fruit.  The remainder of the process is straightforward.  The US government Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau has a standard for orange wine.

Other fruit wines
 Banana wine
 Lychee wine
 Fruit wine can also be made from Blackberry, Blueberry, Blackcurrant, Redcurrant, Cranberry, Elderberry, Gooseberry, Mulberry, Seaberry, or Raspberry.

Fruit dessert wines
There is also the option of producing fruit dessert wines. Many homemade country wines and fruit wines are made in a dessert wine style with more or less residual sugar and high alcohol content. But dessert wines don't have to be sweet, e.g. the sherry fino. In Germany fruit dessert wines are fruit wines with more than 12.0% vol. In Austria they need an alcohol content of at least 13.0% vol. to a maximum of 22.0% vol. The total alcohol content may be increased by adding alcohol, fruit spirits, sugar, fruit juice and fruit juice concentrate to the fruit wine or cider. Fruit dessert wines can thus resemble classic dessert wines such as sherry or port wine. In US these wines are often labelled as fruit port and resemble fruit liqueur. It is also possible to produce fruit vermouth or other fruit wines flavored with herbs and spices.

There are different production methods for fruit dessert wines. In Canada you can find apple icewine, which is produced by cryo-extraction (freeze concentration) of apple juice or apple cider (ice cider). Oxidative vinification (sherrisation) is used, for example, in apple dessert wine. Adding alcohol (port wine method, fortification) can be found with French pommeau or with cherry wine and other fruit dessert wines, for example, from Denmark. For fortified wines that are legally between wine and spirits, a tax is usually paid in accordance with the country-specific regulation.

See also

 Cider
 Fruit brandy
 Pruno

References

Fruit wine


السيح مدينة سعودية، وهي عاصمة الخرج الإدارية والاقتصادية، تقع وسط المملكة العربية السعودية ويبلغ عدد سكانها أكثر من نصف مليون نسمة.

الموقع
تقع مدينة السيح على خط العرض: 24.1667 وخط الطول: 47.5000 وتبعد عن العاصمة الرياض ما يقارب 75 كم باتجاه الجنوب الشرقي.

السكان
تتمتع مدينة السيح بموقع أستراتيجي على الخارطة السعودية وتتميز بتنوع النشاطات الحكومية والمدنية (زراعية وصناعية وعسكرية) مما ساهم في ارتفاع معدلات النمو السكاني ارتفاعا مطردا، ويقدر عدد سكان مدينة السيح حسب آخر إحصائية رسمية من مصلحة الإحصاءات العامة لتفاصيل التعداد العام للسكان والمساكن ما يزيد عن نصف مليون نسمة

التسمية
اكتسبت مدينة السيح هذا الاسم بسبب مياه العيون التي كانت تفيض وتسيح على وجه الأرض بكميات كبيرة وخصوصاً في الأودية التي تخترق المدينة.

المناخ
المناخ قاري حار جاف صيفاً وبارد شتاءً قليل الأمطار يتحسن الجو ليلا منتصف شهر سبتمبر حتى يشتد البرد ومتوسط درجة الحرارة العظمى بالشتاء 18 والصغرى 5 وأحيانا تحت الصفر خلال شهري ديسمبرو يناير أما الصيف فمتوسط درجة الحرارة العظمى 48 والصغرى 31.

الجغرافيا
تصب في مدينة السيح العيد من الأودية من أهمها ووادي السهباء، وتشتهر بوجود العيون وهي تجويفات داخل الأرض وتشهد العيون المائية في السيح خلال فترة الصيف إقبالا من قبل الزوار الذين يفدون إليها من داخل وخارج المملكة وخصوصاً من مواطني دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي. وتتميز عيون السيح منذ زمن طويل بمياهها الباردة خلال فصل الصيف والدافئة خلال الشتاء حيث توفر تلك العيون المائية أجواء جميلة يعشقها الناس بعد أن كانت مياه العيون تفيض وتسيح على وجه الأرض بكميات كبيرة وخصوصاً في الأودية التي تخترق مدينة السيح والتي اكتسبت هذا الاسم لجريان المياه فيها طوال العام. وعرفت السيح أنها أرض مياه حيث اكتسبت اسمها منذ القدم من مضمون طبيعتها الجغرافية التي تميزت بوفرة إنتاجها الزراعي وخصوبة أراضيها وعذوبة مياهها حيث توجد بها الكثير من الينابيع الطبيعية التي كانت تمد المزارع والمشاريع الزراعية بالمياه عبر مجموعة من القنوات والجداول المائية الجميلة.

الطرق والمواصلات
السيح تعتبر مدينة استراتيجية فهى ملتقى طرق سريعة بين الخرج وبقية المناطق بل والدول المجاورة ومنها
 طريق الرياض الخرج ويعد أول طريق سريع بالمنطقة الوسطى والذي انشيء عام 1980م
 هناك طريق الجنوب المؤدي إلى منطقة عسير السياحية ثم إلى جمهورية اليمن ويمر عبره مواطني دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي خصوصا في فصل الصيف
أيضا هناك الطريق الذي يربط بين الخرج والمنطقة الشرقية ودول مجلس التعاون,قطر والإمارات وعمان.
وهو يربط بين دول الخليج وبين منطقة عسير واليمن عبر مدينة السيح.
 خط سكة حديد يمر عبر مدينة السيح الذي ينطلق من محطةالرياض إلى المنطقة الشرقية وخصوصا خط البضائع

الأهمية الإستراتيجية

تعد مدينة السيح إحدى المدن الرئيسة والفاعلة في حاضر ومستقبل المملكة العربية السعودية فهي عاصمة الخرج الحديثة ومركزها الإداري والاقتصادي.... كما يجدر في هذه العجالة التنويه بما تتمتع به هذه المدينة من خصوصيات بحكم طابعها وما تمتلكه من مزايا ومقومات حيث تعد من المناطق الغنية بكل المقومات الاقتصادية الجاذبة للاستثمار والاستيطان، ليس هذا فحسب بل ومن الموارد الطبيعية والموقع الجغرافي والكثافة السكانية وهي ولا شك عوامل تكسب هذه المدينة مناخا ناجحا للاستثمار فيما لو استغلت الاستغلال الأمثل في خلق كيان اقتصادي قوي وفاعل ومتين يكون رافدا من روافد تنويع مصادر الدخل وداعما للناتج القومي والمحلي فضلا عن خلق فرص وظيفية للقوى البشرية الواعدة ولاسيما وهي المدينة الرديفة للعاصمة السياسية للبلاد..
وتحتضن مدينة السيح العديد من المنشآت الاقتصادية والحكومية الهامة لعل أبرزها المؤسسة العامة للصناعات العسكرية التي تعتبر المصانع العسكرية الوحيدة في الخليج العربي، وقاعدة الأمير سلطان الجوية التي تعتبر واحدة من أكبر القواعد الجوية في العالم، وتضم قاعدة الإمدادات والتموين الرئيسية للجيش العربي السعودي وتحولت إلى منطقة الخرج العسكرية بداية العام 1430 هـ والإدارة العامة للأسلحة والمدخرات والعديد من فروع القطاعات العسكرية المختلفة التابعة لوزارة الدفاع..

الأهمية الاقتصادية

تقع مدينة السيح وسط إقليم زراعي واسع يعد أكبر المناطق الزراعية في المملكة وتحتضن أكبر شركات ومزارع ومصانع الألبان والدواجن السعودية التي تغطي بمنتجاتها دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي والأردن، وتعد المدينة الصناعية في جنوب السيح واحدة من أكبر المدن الصناعية في المملكة إذ تقام على مساحة تزيد عن / 100 مليون متر مربع / .

معالم مدينة السيح
 قصر الملك عبد العزيز التاريخي ويقع بحي العزيزية في قلب مدينة السيح وقد تم بناؤه عام 1938م ويعد أكبر قصور موحد المملكة العربية السعودية ويتميز بتصميم جميل يلفت نظر الزائر لوسط مدينة السيح حيث يتكون من خمس وحدات متماثلة من حيث التصميم ومواد البناء وعدد الطوابق وقد تم ترميم القصر مؤخراً.
 برج مياه الخرج الذي يعتبر واحداً من أبرز أبراج المياه في الشرق الأوسط حيث يتميز بتصميم فريد من نوعه والبالغ ارتفاعه (105) متر ويقع على طريق الملك عبد العزيز في قلب مدينة السيح بمرافقه الثقافية والترفيهية ومطعمه الدوار.
 منتزه المشتل ويعد أقدم المنتزهات في المملكة حيث كان مقصداً للزوار من مناطق المملكة للاستمتاع به طوال أكثر من خمسين عاما،
 مدينة الملك عبد الله الترفيهية ( تحت الإنشاء ) تقع في شمال مدينة السيح وتقام على مساحة تزيد عن ( 400 ألف متر مربع ).
 مركز الملك عبد العزيز الحضاري ( تحت الإنشاء ) ويقع في وسط مدينة السيح ويشغل المركز مساحة لا تقل عن 68 ألف متر مربع ويتكون المشروع من ساحة احتفالات وقاعة للاحتفالات الرسمية وقاعة للمحاضرات وفندق فئة خمس نجوم وكذلك ميدان مفتوح ويحيط بالموقع أهم المنشآت بوسط المدينة مثل قصر الملك عبد العزيز التاريخي (( قصر مشرف )) ومبنى ديوان المحافظة وجامع الملك عبد العزيز.
 عيون السيح وتعد من أكبر العيون بالمملكة وتقع غرب مدينة السيح وتشهد العيون خلال فترة الصيف إقبالا كبيراً من قبل الزوار الذين يفدون إليها من داخل وخارج المملكة وخصوصاً من مواطني دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي.

أهم المجمعات التجارية
تحتضن مدينة السيح العديد من المجمعات والمراكز التجارية الحديثة منها:

1- مجمع الحديثي مول

2- مجمع جو مول

3- مركز العقارية مول

4- مجمع الواحة مول

5- مجمع الخرج التجاري

6- مركز صحارى التجاري

7- مركز الكريديس ستي

8 - مركز روشن التجاري

الاندية
تزخر مدينة السيح بوجود ناديين عريقين هما نادي الشعلة ونادي الكوكب

المراجع

 صحفة الخرج
 مدينة السيح عاصمة الخرج أنموذج للمدن الفاعلة بالمملكة العربية السعودية

العارض

مدن منطقة الرياض

السيح


Anna Irene Molberg (nascida a 5 de agosto de 1990) é uma política norueguesa.

Ela foi eleita representante no Storting pelo círculo eleitoral de Hedmark para o período 2021-2025, pelo Partido Conservador.

Foi também vice-representante no Storting de 2009 a 2013.

Mulheres da Noruega na política
Membros do Parlamento da Noruega
Pessoas vivas
Nascidos em 1990
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Mulheres)

Anna Molberg


Min mors fisk er en film instrueret af Laura Ludmilla Sørensen, Anders Christoffer Andersen.

Handling
På Ghanas kyst står kvinder for efterbehandlingen af fisk. Handlen med fisk giver ganske godt, så da den gamle mor dør, skal hun begraves efter alle kunstens regler. En standsmæssig begravelse med optog og hornmusik, og ikke mindst en formidabel kiste formet som en fisk i selvlysende farver. Tag med til ceremonien!

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2005

Ghana
Oplysningsfilm fra Danmark

Min mors fisk


Olivier Faure (født 18. august 1968 i La Tronche ved Grenoble i Isère) er en fransk politiker fra Socialistpartiet.

Socialisternes formand
På partiets kongres i Aubervilliers den 7.–8. april 2018 blev han valgt til formand (premier secrétaire) for Socialistpartiet.

Talsmand og medlem af Nationalforsamlingen
Fra 13. december 2016 til 11. april 2018 var Olivier Faure formand for Det nye Venstres gruppe i den franske Nationalforsamling.

Han blev socialistisk medlem Nationalforsamlingen ved valget i 2012, og han blev genvalgt den 18. juni 2017. Han repræsenterer 11. kreds i Seine-et-Marne.

Olivier Faure var Socialistpartiets talsmand fra 26. august 2014 til 17. december 2016.

Politikere fra Frankrig
Socialister fra Frankrig

Olivier Faure (fransk politiker)


Rafael Castillo Pinilla (1939) es un botánico colombiano.

Eponimia
 (Annonaceae) Guatteria castilloi Maas & Westra
 (Rubiaceae) Bouvardia castilloi Borhidi & García Gonz.

Algunas publicaciones
 . 2010. Flora de la Real Expedición Botánica del Nuevo Reyno de Granada: Solanáceas (2): Géneros Saracha, Schultesianthus, Schwenckia, Sessea, Solanum y Witheringia / determinaron las láminas y redactó los textos Rafael Castillo Pinilla. Volumen 38. Editor Ed. de Cultura Hispánica, 114 pp. ISBN 848347123X
 ------------------------------. 2004. Flora de la Real Expedición Botánica del Nuevo Reino de Granada: Géneros Acnistus, Browallia, Capsicum, Cestrum, Cyphomandra, Datura, Deprea, Dunalia, Jaltomata, Juanulloa, Lycianthes, Markea, Nicandra, Nicotiana, Nierembergia, Physalis y Salpichroa. Volumen 1. Editor Ed. Cultura Hispánica, 158 pp. ISBN 8472327345
 ------------------------------. 1974. Sinopsis de la familia Solanaceae en Colombia. Editor R.C. Pinilla, 484 pp.

Referencias

Botánicos de Colombia
Escritores en español
Profesores de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Profesores de Colombia

Rafael Castillo (botánico)


Gert Wiedenhofen (* 16. Dezember 1927 in Düsseldorf; † 19. Februar 2001) war ein deutscher Schauspieler und Synchronsprecher.

Leben
Der Sohn eines Rechtsanwalts studierte in den frühen Nachkriegsjahren Jura und Theaterwissenschaft an der Universität zu Köln. Seine künstlerische Ausbildung erhielt Wiedenhofen in Hamburg bei Eduard Marks an der Staatlichen Schauspielschule und in Wien bei Helene Thimig am Max Reinhardt Seminar. Seinen Bühneneinstand gab er 1952 an Frankfurts Theater am Roßmarkt. Es folgten Verpflichtungen in Baden-Baden, München sowie am Theater am Kurfürstendamm in Berlin.

Ein breites Betätigungsfeld fand er als Schauspieler in Film und Fernsehproduktionen. Er spielte in der Dieter-Hallervorden-Komödie Ach du lieber Harry, in der Komödie Die Oma ist tot mit Hape Kerkeling, in der Simmel-Verfilmung Engel, die ihre Flügel verbrennen, in Wolfgang Staudtes Drama Satan ist auf Gottes Seite, aber auch in anspruchslosen Produktionen wie Schulmädchen-Report. 11. Teil: Probieren geht über Studieren. Daneben übernahm er zahlreiche Gastrollen in Fernsehserien wie Anwalt Abel, Derrick, Die Hausmeisterin, Der Fahnder und Polizeiinspektion 1.

Außerdem arbeitete Wiedenhofen umfangreich als Sprecher für Hörspiel und Synchron.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 1953: Die Nacht ohne Moral
 1953: Die 5 Karnickel
 1955: Der Frontgockel
 1956: Durch die Wälder, durch die Auen
 1956: Zwei Bayern in St. Pauli
 1958: Zwei Matrosen auf der Alm
 1958: Majestät auf Abwegen
 1958: Piefke, der Schrecken der Kompanie
 1958: Nick Knattertons Abenteuer
 1960: Das Rätsel der grünen Spinne
 1963: Der Fall Rohrbach (Fernsehdreiteiler, 1 Folge)
 1963: Scotland Yard jagt Dr. Mabuse
 1965: Tatort
 1965: Der Nachtkurier meldet – Der Mann, der nie aufgab
 1967: Geheimauftrag K (Assignment K)
 1967: Die seltsamen Methoden des Franz Josef Wanninger – Eine "diplomatische" Lösung
 1968: Komm nur, mein liebstes Vögelein
 1969: Engelchen macht weiter – hoppe, hoppe Reiter
 1969: Warum hab' ich bloß 2× ja gesagt?
 1970: Engel, die ihre Flügel verbrennen
 1972: Hauptsache Ferien
 1974: Zwei himmlische Dickschädel
 1977: Schulmädchen-Report. 11. Teil: Probieren geht über Studieren
 1977: Die Vertreibung aus dem Paradies
 1978: Paul kommt zurück
 1978: Jauche und Levkojen
 1981: Ach du lieber Harry
 1983: Die Heartbreakers
 1983: Satan ist auf Gottes Seite
 1983: Unser Mann vom Südpol
 1987: Die Krimistunde (Fernsehserie, Folge 24, Episode: "Der letzte Auftritt")
 1988: Die Krimistunde (Fernsehserie, Folge 30, Episode: "Was Simon sagt")
 1990: Der Alte – Der Nachfolger
 1992: Rosen für Afrika
 1995: Tödliche Hochzeit
 1997: Die Oma ist tot
 1997: Muttertag
 1997: Hotel Mama – Die Rückkehr der Kinder

Hörspiele (Auswahl)
 1954: Zehn Jahre zu alt – Regie: Gert Westphal (SWF)
 1955: Die Zerstörung von Slawasch – Regie: Fritz Schröder-Jahn (SWF)
 1955: Der trojanische Krieg findet nicht statt – Regie: Gert Westphal (SWF)
 1955: Der blaue Strohhut – Regie: Gerd Beermann (SWF)
 1955: Kritische Ereignisse im Staate Pelargonien – Regie: Ludwig Cremer (SWF)
 1955: Der Fall Pinedus – Regie: Ludwig Cremer
 1989: TransFormers – Die Weltraumbrücke, Karussell.

Synchronrollen (Auswahl)

Filme
 1986: Jack Angel in Transformers – Der Film als Astrotrain
 1990: Steve Buscemi in King of New York – König zwischen Tag und Nacht als Test Tube
 1994: Roger Lloyd–Pack in Interview mit einem Vampir als Pianolehrer
 1995: Peter Boretski in Das Ende aller Träume als Großvater
 1995: Anthony Daniels in Indiana Jones und der rote Baron als Francois
 1999: Brian Doyle–Murray in Stuart Little als Cousin Edgar Little

Serien
 1989: Jack Angel in Transformers als Astrotrain
 1989–1992: Frank Welker in Transformers als Galvatron
 1997: Eiji Maruyama in Sailor Moon als Der Erleuchtete/ Phantom der Macht
 1997–1998: Tomomichi Nishimura in Sailor Moon als Reis Großvater (3. Stimme)
 1999: Jon Lovitz in NewsRadio als Max Lewis

Literatur
 Hermann J. Huber: Langen Müller's Schauspielerlexikon der Gegenwart. Deutschland. Österreich. Schweiz. Albert Langen • Georg Müller Verlag GmbH, München • Wien 1986, ISBN 3-7844-2058-3, S. 1106.
 Who is Who in Foto, Film & TV, Zürich: Verlag für Prominentenenzyklopädien 1979, S. 322.

Weblinks

Anmerkungen

Filmschauspieler
Theaterschauspieler
Synchronsprecher
Hörspielsprecher
Person (Düsseldorf)
Deutscher
Geboren 1927
Gestorben 2001
Mann

Gert Wiedenhofen


Chase Stillman (né le  à Saint-Louis, dans l'État du Missouri aux États-Unis) est un joueur canado-américain de hockey sur glace. Il évolue à la position d'ailier droit.

Biographie

Jeunesse
Lors de la saison 2018-2019, Stillman joue pour les Wolves Minor de Sudbury dans la  en Ontario. Il remporte le championnat, est nommé dans la première équipe d'étoiles et remporte les titres de meilleur jeune joueur et meilleur attaquant. Il participe aux Jeux du Canada, où il représente l'Ontario et remporte la médaille d'argent. Au terme de la saison, il est nommé joueur de l'année par la .

La saison suivante, il évolue pour les Wolves de Sudbury dans la Ligue de hockey de l'Ontario (LHO). Auteur de trente-quatre points, il est nommé dans l'équipe recrue des étoiles de la ligue.

La saison 2020-2021 de la LHO étant annulée à la suite de la pandémie de COVID-19, il choisit d'aller jouer au Danemark. Il joue pour l'équipe des moins de 20 ans de l'Esbjerg fB Ishockey.

En prévision du repêchage de 2021, la centrale de recrutement de la LNH le classe au trente-cinquième rang des espoirs nord-américains chez les patineurs. Il est finalement sélectionné au  rang par les Devils du New Jersey
.

Au niveau international
Othmann représente le Canada au niveau international. Lors du Défi mondial des moins de 17 ans en 2019, il finit à la  place avec l'équipe blanche du Canada. Il remporte le championnat du monde des moins de 18 ans en 2021.

Vie privée
Il est le quatrième membre de sa famille à être repêché par une équipe de la LNH. Son grand-père Bud Stefanski est un ancien choix des Rangers de New York en 1975. Son père Cory est un ancien choix de premier tour des Flames de Calgary en 1992 et double vainqueur de la Coupe Stanley. Son frère Riley est un ancien choix des Panthers de la Floride en 2016.

Statistiques
Pour les significations des abréviations, voir statistiques du hockey sur glace.

En club

| 2018-2019 || Wolves Minor de Sudbury ||  || 24 || 19 || 36 || 55 || 20 ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 2018-2019 || Nickel Capital Wolves de Sudbury || GNML || 2 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 2018-2019 || Canadians de Rayside-Balfour ||  || 8 || 6 || 2 || 8 || 0 || 5 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 2
|-
| 2018-2019 || Wolves Minor de Sudbury ||  || 4 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 6 ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 2018-2019 || Team Ontario ||  || 6 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 2018-2019 || Northern Ontario Hockey ||  || 2 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 2018-2019 || Team  ||  || 4 || 1 || 4 || 5 || 2 ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 2019-2020 || Wolves de Sudbury || LHO || 58 || 13 || 21 || 34 || 63 ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 2020-2021 || Esbjerg fB Ishockey U20 || Championnat du Danemark U20 || 8 || 9 || 7 || 16 || 43 ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 2021-2022 || Wolves de Sudbury || LHO ||24 ||9 ||11 ||20 ||27 ||-  ||-  ||-  ||-  ||-
|-
| 2021-2022 || Petes de Peterborough || LHO ||35 ||10 ||19 ||29 ||37 ||4  ||0  ||1  ||1  ||10

Au niveau international

|-
| 2019 || align=left| blanc U17 || Défi mondial des moins de 17 ans || 6 || 1 || 3 || 4 || 4 ||  place
|-
| 2021 || align=left| Canada U18 || Championnat du monde moins de 18 ans || 7 || 2 || 2 || 4 || 4 ||
|-

Transactions
Le , il est sélectionné par les Wolves de Sudbury en  position, lors du  tour du repêchage de la LHO.

Le , il est sélectionné par les Lumberjacks de Muskegon en  position, lors du  tour du repêchage d'entrée de l'USHL.

Le , il s'engage avec les Wolves.

Le , il est prêté par les Wolves à l'Esbjerg fB Ishockey.

Le , il signe son contrat d'entrée avec les Devils du New Jersey.

Trophées et honneurs

Trophées juniors
 2018-2019
 Nommé assistant-capitaine des Wolves Minor de Sudbury.
 Sélectionné dans la première équipe d'étoiles de la .
 Nommé jeune joueur de l'année de la .
 Nommé meilleur attaquant de la .
 Champion de la , avec les Wolves Minor de Sundbury.
 Nommé joueur de l'année par la .
 Médaillé d'argent lors des , avec le Team Ontario.

2019-2020
 Sélectionné dans la première équipe recrue des étoiles de la LHO.

2021-2022
Nommé assistant-capitaine des Wolves de Sudbury.

Références

Naissance en mars 2003
Naissance à Saint-Louis (Missouri)
Joueur canadien de hockey sur glace
Choix de premier tour au repêchage d'entrée dans la LNH
Choix de repêchage des Devils du New Jersey
Joueur des Wolves de Sudbury
Attaquant de hockey sur glace

Chase Stillman


An Thelymitra brevifolia in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jeffrey A. Jeanes. An Thelymitra brevifolia in nahilalakip ha genus nga Thelymitra, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Thelymitra

Thelymitra brevifolia


San Julián est une ville et une municipalité de Bolivie, située dans la province de Ñuflo de Chavez du département de Santa Cruz. Cette ville est peuplée majoritairement d'émigrants de différentes régions du pays, notamment les Quechuas et, dans une moindre mesure, par les habitants des plaines, Guaranis et Chiquitanos. Les environs de la ville représentent un fort potentiel agricole, de par la qualité de ses sols, qui fournissent du soya, du tournesol, du maïs, du riz, des haricots et du sésame.

La ville est située à  au nord-ouest de Santa Cruz de la Sierra et elle est traversée par la route 9 qui relie Santa Cruz et Trinidad. La fête de la ville est celle de San Juan, le 24 juin.

Elle est créée en tant que quatrième section de la province du Ñuflo de Chavez par la Loi 1091 du 21 février 1989.

Démographie
Du point de vue ethnique, la population de San Julián est diverse. Bien qu'une prédominance de Quechuas provenant des départements de Potosí et de Chuquisaca puisse être remarquée, la présence de Guaranís et de Chiquitanos est notable. Les langues les plus parlées sont l'espagnol et le quechua et dans une moindre mesure le guaraní et le chiquitano.

Le noyau urbain central de la municipalité – la ville de San Julián en tant que telle – compte  habitants selon le recensement bolivien de 2012, alors que l'ensemble de la municipalité en compte , ceci faisant d'elle la vingt-sixième municipalité la plus populeuse du pays.

D'autres villages et noyaux de population faisant partie de la municipalité ont une population significative, tels que :

 La Asunta :  habitants,
 Villa Paraíso :  habitants,
 Villa Victoria : 900 habitants,
 Illimani N29 : 800 habitants,
 Berlin Los Troncos : 800 habitants,
 El Carmen : 500 habitants.

Plus de 200 communautés composent l'entièreté de la municipalité.

Géographie
San Julián est une municipalité de la province de Ñuflo de Chávez et est située à  au nord-ouest de Santa Cruz de la Sierra, la capitale du département. La topographie de la région présente des plaines et la température moyenne annuelle est de . Le río Grande (ou Guapay) borde San Julián Sud et Berlín sur leur côté ouest, tandis que le río San Julián borde Brecha Casarabe à l'est.

Organisations et secteurs sociaux
Les organisations sociales et les syndicats agricoles ont acquis un rôle de premier plan dans la vie et le développement de San Julián, depuis sa fondation. Les mouvements sociaux de cette région ont été les protagonistes d'événements historiques tels que la Guerre du gaz d'octobre 2003, lorsque les fédérations des colonisateurs de San Julián se sont mobilisées pour bloquer la route Santa Cruz–Trinidad, en rejet des intentions du gouvernement de Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada d'exporter du gaz via les ports chiliens. Ces mobilisations sont réprimées par les forces policières et militaires du gouvernement et un paysan de San Julián y perd la vie.

Les organisations sociopolitiques de San Julián ont également promu la nationalisation des hydrocarbures, qui est devenue une réalité le . San Julián a fortement soutenu le travail de l'Assemblée constituante bolivienne de 2006, qui a approuvé la Constitution actuelle de l'État. Dans ce combat, elles ont affronté le projet de la soi-disant Media Luna (l'orient bolivien) qui en 2007 et 2008 s'est opposée à la promulgation de la nouvelle Constitution.

Administration

Comme l'établit la Constitution bolivienne, San Julián, en tant que municipalité, est administrée par un gouvernement municipal autonome composé de deux organes. L'organe exécutif municipal a pour autorité suprême le maire élu au suffrage universel pour une période de cinq ans. Le maire pour la période 2015-2020 est Faustino C. Flores (MAS-IPSP).

L'organe législatif est composé d'un conseil municipal de sept membres élus au suffrage direct pour une période de cinq ans.

Organisation territoriale
Selon la Loi sur les gouvernements autonomes municipaux, San Julián est divisée en quinze quartiers et un quartier indigène :

 Quartier du centre-ville de San Julián
 Quartier de Villa Paraiso
 Quartier Sud de Berlin
 Quartier Saint-Martin
 Quartier de San Salvador
 Quartier de la Asunta
 Quartier de Monte Negro
 Quartier d'Illimani
 Quartier Limonal
 Quartier de San Salvador
 Quartier du 10 novembre
 Quartier du 2 août
 Quartier Nord de Berlin
 Quartier de Limoncitos
 Quartier Villa Verde
 Quartier paysan indigène originaire guaraní du 16 mars

Tourisme
San Julián est traversée par plusieurs rivières telles que le río Grande (Guapay), le río San Julián, le río Pailas, la río Bolsón et la río Secacuchial.

Certains bâtiments de la ville présentent un certain intérêt, notamment la mairie de San Julián (bâtiment moderne de style colonial) et l'église de San Julián.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

 Liste de villes de Bolivie

Ville en Bolivie

San Julián (Bolivie)


The Lotka–Volterra equations, also known as the Lotka–Volterra predator–prey model, are a pair of first-order nonlinear differential equations, frequently used to describe the dynamics of biological systems in which two species interact, one as a predator and the other as prey. The populations change through time according to the pair of equations:

where
the variable  is the population density of prey (for example, the number of rabbits per square kilometre);
the variable  is the population density of some predator (for example, the number of foxes per square kilometre);
 and  represent the instantaneous growth rates of the two populations;
 represents time;
The prey's parameters,  and , describe, respectively, the maximum prey per capita growth rate, and the effect of the presence of predators on the prey growth rate.
The predator's parameters, , , respectively describe the predator's per capita death rate, and the effect of the presence of prey on the predator's growth rate.
All parameters are positive and real.

The solution of the differential equations is deterministic and continuous. This, in turn, implies that the generations of both the predator and prey are continually overlapping.

The Lotka–Volterra system of equations is an example of a Kolmogorov model, which is a more general framework that can model the dynamics of ecological systems with predator–prey interactions, competition, disease, and mutualism.

Biological interpretation and model assumptions

The prey are assumed to have an unlimited food supply and to reproduce exponentially, unless subject to predation; this exponential growth is represented in the equation above by the term . The rate of predation on the prey is assumed to be proportional to the rate at which the predators and the prey meet; this is represented above by . If either  or  is zero, then there can be no predation. With these two terms the prey equation above can be interpreted as follows: the rate of change of the prey's population is given by its own growth rate minus the rate at which it is preyed upon.

The term  represents the growth of the predator population. (Note the similarity to the predation rate; however, a different constant is used, as the rate at which the predator population grows is not necessarily equal to the rate at which it consumes the prey). The term  represents the loss rate of the predators due to either natural death or emigration; it leads to an exponential decay in the absence of prey. Hence the equation expresses that the rate of change of the predator's population depends upon the rate at which it consumes prey, minus its intrinsic death rate.

The Lotka–Volterra predator-prey model makes a number of assumptions about the environment and biology of the predator and prey populations:
 The prey population finds ample food at all times.
 The food supply of the predator population depends entirely on the size of the prey population.
 The rate of change of population is proportional to its size.
 During the process, the environment does not change in favour of one species, and genetic adaptation is inconsequential.
 Predators have limitless appetite.
 Both populations can be described by a single variable. This amounts to assuming that the populations do not have a spatial or age distribution that contributes to the dynamics.

Biological relevance of the model

None of the assumptions above are likely to hold for natural populations. Nevertheless, the Lotka–Volterra model shows two important properties of predator and prey populations and these properties often extend to variants of the model in which these assumptions are relaxed:

Firstly, the dynamics of predator and prey populations have a tendency to oscillate. Fluctuating numbers of predators and prey have been observed in natural populations, such as the lynx and snowshoe hare data of the Hudson's Bay Company and the moose and wolf populations in Isle Royale National Park.

Secondly, the population equilibrium of this model has the property that the prey equilibrium density (given by ) depends on the predator's parameters, and the predator equilibrium density (given by ) on the prey's parameters. This has as a consequence that an increase in, for instance, the prey growth rate, , leads to an increase in the predator equilibrium density, but not the prey equiilbrium density. Making the environment better for the prey benefits the predator, not the prey (this is related to the paradox of the pesticides and to the paradox of enrichment). A demonstration of this phenomenon is provided by the increased percentage of predatory fish caught had increased during the years of World War I (1914–18), when prey growth rate was increased due to a reduced fishing effort.

A further example is provided by the experimental iron fertilization of the ocean. In several experiments large amounts of iron salts were dissolved in the ocean. The expectation was that iron, which is a limiting nutrient for phytoplankton, would boost growth of phytoplankton and that is would sequester carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The addition of iron typically leads to a short bloom in phyoplankton, which is quickly consumed by other organisms (such as small fish or zooplankton) and limits the effect of enrichment mainly to increased predator density, which in turn limits the carbon sequestration. This is as predicted by the equilibrium population densities of the Lotka–Volterra predator-prey model, and is a feature that carries over to more elaborate models in which the restrictive assumptions of the simple model are relaxed.

Applications to Economics and Marketing
The Lotka Volterra model has additional applications to areas such as economics and marketing. It can be used to describe the dynamics in a market with several competitors, complementary platforms and products, a sharing economy, and more. There are situations in which one of the competitors drives the other competitors out of the market and other situations in which the market reaches an equilibrium where each firm stabilizes on its market share. It is also possible to describe situations in which there are cyclical changes in the industry or chaotic situations with no equilibrium and changes are frequent and unpredictable.

History

The Lotka–Volterra predator–prey model was initially proposed by Alfred J. Lotka in the theory of autocatalytic chemical reactions in 1910. This was effectively the logistic equation, originally derived by Pierre François Verhulst. In 1920 Lotka extended the model, via Andrey Kolmogorov, to "organic systems" using a plant species and a herbivorous animal species as an example and in 1925 he used the equations to analyse predator–prey interactions in his book on biomathematics. The same set of equations was published in 1926 by Vito Volterra, a mathematician and physicist, who had become interested in mathematical biology. Volterra's enquiry was inspired through his interactions with the marine biologist Umberto D'Ancona, who was courting his daughter at the time and later was to become his son-in-law. D'Ancona studied the fish catches in the Adriatic Sea and had noticed that the percentage of predatory fish caught had increased during the years of World War I (1914–18). This puzzled him, as the fishing effort had been very much reduced during the war years and, as prey fish the preferred catch, one would intuitively expect this to increase of prey fish percentage. Volterra developed his model to explain D'Ancona's observation and did this independently from Alfred Lotka. He did credit Lotka's earlier work in his publication, after which the model has become known as the "Lotka-Volterra model".

The model was later extended to include density-dependent prey growth and a functional response of the form developed by C. S. Holling; a model that has become known as the Rosenzweig–MacArthur model. Both the Lotka–Volterra and Rosenzweig–MacArthur models have been used to explain the dynamics of natural populations of predators and prey.

In the late 1980s, an alternative to the Lotka–Volterra predator–prey model (and its common-prey-dependent generalizations) emerged, the ratio dependent or Arditi–Ginzburg model. The validity of prey- or ratio-dependent models has been much debated.

The Lotka–Volterra equations have a long history of use in economic theory; their initial application is commonly credited to Richard Goodwin in 1965 or 1967.

Solutions to the equations
The equations have periodic solutions.  These solutions do not have a simple expression in terms of the usual trigonometric functions, although they are quite tractable.

If none of the non-negative parameters , , ,  vanishes, three can be absorbed into the normalization of variables to leave only one parameter: since the first equation is homogeneous in , and the second one in , the parameters β/α and δ/γ are absorbable in the normalizations of  and  respectively, and  into the normalization of , so that only  remains arbitrary. It is the only parameter affecting the nature of the solutions.

A linearization of the equations yields a solution similar to simple harmonic motion with the population of predators trailing that of prey by 90° in the cycle.

A simple example

Suppose there are two species of animals, a rabbit (prey) and a fox (predator). If the initial densities are 10 rabbits and 10 foxes per square kilometre, one can plot the progression of the two species over time; given the parameters that the growth and death rates of rabbits are 1.1 and 0.4 while that of foxes are 0.1 and 0.4 respectively. The choice of time interval is arbitrary.

One may also plot solutions parametrically as orbits in phase space, without representing time, but with one axis representing the number of prey and the other axis representing the densities of predators for all times.

This corresponds to eliminating time from the two differential equations above to produce a single differential equation

relating the variables x and y. The solutions of this equation are closed curves. It is amenable to separation of variables: integrating

yields the implicit relationship

where V is a constant quantity depending on the initial conditions and conserved on each curve.

An aside: These graphs illustrate a serious potential limitation in the application as a biological model: for this specific choice of parameters, in each cycle, the rabbit population is reduced to extremely low numbers, yet recovers (while the fox population remains sizeable at the lowest rabbit density). In real-life situations, however, chance fluctuations of the discrete numbers of individuals might cause the rabbits to actually go extinct, and, by consequence, the foxes as well. This modelling problem has been called the "atto-fox problem", an atto-fox being a notional 10−18 of a fox. A density of 10−18 foxes per square kilometre equates to an average of approximately 5×10−10 foxes on the surface of the earth, which in practical terms means that foxes are extinct.

Hamiltonian structure of the system
Since the quantity  is conserved over time, it plays role of a Hamiltonian function of the system. To see this we can define Poisson bracket as follows
.  Then Hamilton's equations read

The variables  and  are not canonical, since . However, using transformations  and  we came up to a canonical form of the Hamilton's equations featuring the Hamiltonian :

Phase-space plot of a further example
A less extreme example covers:
, , . Assume ,  quantify thousands each. Circles represent prey and predator initial conditions from  =  = 0.9 to 1.8, in steps of 0.1. The fixed point is at (1, 1/2).

Dynamics of the system
In the model system, the predators thrive when prey is plentiful but, ultimately, outstrip their food supply and decline. As the predator population is low, the prey population will increase again. These dynamics continue in a population cycle of growth and decline.

Population equilibrium
Population equilibrium occurs in the model when neither of the population levels is changing, i.e. when both of the derivatives are equal to 0:

The above system of equations yields two solutions:

and

Hence, there are two equilibria.

The first solution effectively represents the extinction of both species. If both populations are at 0, then they will continue to be so indefinitely. The second solution represents a fixed point at which both populations sustain their current, non-zero numbers, and, in the simplified model, do so indefinitely. The levels of population at which this equilibrium is achieved depend on the chosen values of the parameters α, β, γ, and δ.

Stability of the fixed points
The stability of the fixed point at the origin can be determined by performing a linearization using partial derivatives.

The Jacobian matrix of the predator–prey model is

and is known as the community matrix.

First fixed point (extinction)
When evaluated at the steady state of , the Jacobian matrix  becomes

The eigenvalues of this matrix are

In the model  and  are always greater than zero, and as such the sign of the eigenvalues above will always differ. Hence the fixed point at the origin is a saddle point.

The instability of this fixed point is of significance. If it were stable, non-zero populations might be attracted towards it, and as such the dynamics of the system might lead towards the extinction of both species for many cases of initial population levels. However, as the fixed point at the origin is a saddle point, and hence unstable, it follows that the extinction of both species is difficult in the model. (In fact, this could only occur if the prey were artificially completely eradicated, causing the predators to die of starvation. If the predators were eradicated, the prey population would grow without bound in this simple model.) The populations of prey and predator can get infinitesimally close to zero and still recover.

Second fixed point (oscillations)
Evaluating J at the second fixed point leads to

The eigenvalues of this matrix are

As the eigenvalues are both purely imaginary and conjugate to each other, this fixed point must either be a center for closed orbits in the local vicinity or an attractive or repulsive spiral. In conservative systems, there must be closed orbits in the local vicinity of fixed points that exist at the minima and maxima of the conserved quantity. The conserved quantity is derived above to be  on orbits. Thus orbits about the fixed point are closed and elliptic, so the solutions are periodic, oscillating on a small ellipse around the fixed point, with a frequency  and period .

As illustrated in the circulating oscillations in the figure above, the level curves are closed orbits surrounding the fixed point: the levels of the predator and prey populations cycle and oscillate without damping around the fixed point with frequency .

The value of the constant of motion , or, equivalently, , , can be found for the closed orbits near the fixed point.

Increasing  moves a closed orbit  closer to the fixed point. The largest value of the constant  is obtained by solving the optimization problem

The maximal value of K is thus attained at the stationary (fixed) point  and amounts to

where  is Euler's number.

See also

Competitive Lotka–Volterra equations
Generalized Lotka–Volterra equation
Mutualism and the Lotka–Volterra equation
Community matrix
Population dynamics
Population dynamics of fisheries
Nicholson–Bailey model
Reaction–diffusion system
Paradox of enrichment
Lanchester's laws, a similar system of differential equations for military forces

Notes

Further reading

 – a modern discussion using Hudson's Bay Company data on lynx and hares in Canada from 1847 to 1903.

External links

From the Wolfram Demonstrations Project — requires CDF player (free):
Predator–Prey Equations
Predator–Prey Model
Predator–Prey Dynamics with Type-Two Functional Response
Predator–Prey Ecosystem: A Real-Time Agent-Based Simulation
 Lotka-Volterra Algorithmic Simulation (Web simulation).

Predation
Ordinary differential equations
Fixed points (mathematics)
Population models
Mathematical modeling
Community ecology
Population ecology

Lotka–Volterra equations


Sombrero-galaksen (også kendt under katalognumrerne.: M104 og NGC4594) er en elliptisk-galakse i stjernebilledet Jomfruen. Galaksen befinder sig omkring 29,5 mio. lysår fra Jorden.. Den har en diameter på ca. 50.00 lysår, svarende til 30% af Mælkevejens størrelse (9 x 4 bueminutter. Sombrero-galaksen har en meget lysstærk kerne, der ses som en usædvanlig stor udbulning i centralregionen. Desuden har den et meget udtalt støvbånd der omkrandser den, og disse to egenskaber er medvirkende til navnet. Galaksen har en tilsyneladende størrelsesklasse på 8,98 M og fjerner sig med en rødforskydning på 0,003416.

Sombrero-galaksen blev opdaget den 11. maj 1781 af Pierre Méchain, men blev først optaget i Messiers katalog i 1921. Desuden havde William Herschel registreret galaksen i 1784, hvor den efterfølgende blev optaget i New General Catalogue med serienummeret 4594.

Kilder

Individuelle galakser

Sombrero-galaksen


Mihai Cotorobai ( - ) est un homme politique moldave.

Biographie
Il est membre du Parlement de Moldavie.

Mihai Cotorobai est décédé le 6 janvier 2021, après avoir contracté le COVID-19 lors de la pandémie de COVID-19 en Moldavie.

Références

Liens externes

 Cine au fost şi ce fac deputaţii primului Parlament din R. Moldova (1990-1994)?
 Declaraţia deputaţilor din primul Parlament
 Site-ul Parlamentului Republicii Moldavie

Naissance en mars 1951
Décès en janvier 2021
Mort de la maladie à coronavirus 2019 en Moldavie
Personnalité politique moldave
Décès à 69 ans

Mihai Cotorobai


Dominus ac Redemptor é um breve apostólico, promulgado em 21 de julho de 1773 pelo Papa Clemente XIV, por meio do qual a Companhia de Jesus foi suprimida.

Contexto

Os jesuítas foram expulsos do Brasil (1754), Portugal (1759), França (1764), Espanha e suas colônias (1767) e Parma (1768). Apesar de enfrentar forte pressão dos embaixadores das cortes Bourbon, o Papa Clemente XIII recusou-se repetidamente a ceder às suas demandas, que exigiam a supressão total da Ordem dos Jesuítas. O assunto tornou-se uma crise que cercou as comemorações do conclave de 1769, que elegeria Clemente XIV. O novo Papa, da família Ganganelli, era um frade franciscano.

Clemente tentou aplacar os inimigos dos jesuítas durante seus primeiros anos de governo por meio de um tratamento severo da Ordem: recusou-se a se encontrar com o superior geral Lorenzo Ricci, ordenou-lhes que não recebessem noviços, entre outras medidas, sem sucesso. A pressão crescia a ponto de os países católicos ameaçarem romper com Roma. Clemente XIV finalmente cedeu em nome da paz da Igreja e para evitar a secessão na Europa e suprimiu a Companhia de Jesus através do breve Dominus ac Redemptor, em 21 de julho de 1773.

Conteúdo do documento
O documento tem 45 parágrafos no total.

No parágrafo introdutório, Clemente XIV observa que como Cristo veio à terra como o príncipe da paz, isso foi transmitido aos apóstolos e ao sucessor de Pedro, cuja responsabilidade é promover as instituições que buscam a paz, e eliminar aquelas que impedi-lo. É por isso que o Papa se dá, como seu próprio poder, para suprimir uma ordem religiosa se ela ameaçar a harmonia e a tranquilidade da Igreja.

Em seguida, Clemente prossegue com um estudo detalhado dos motivos que o motivam a extinguir a Companhia de Jesus:

 Uma longa lista de acusações contra a Ordem está listada.
 Recorde-se que, ao longo da sua história, a Ordem foi severamente crítica.
 Evoca-se a angústia causada aos papas anteriores pelos embates entre católicos em relação à doutrina jesuíta.

Em uma seção final, mais técnica, Clemente XIV pronuncia a sentença régia pela supressão da Companhia de Jesus. Algumas disposições ditadas para a aplicação do escrito são adicionadas.

A execução do breve apostólico
Um segundo escrito, o Gravissimis ex causis, de 16 de agosto, estabeleceu uma comissão de cinco cardeais encarregados de informar os jesuítas e cuidar dos gastos causados pela supressão. Dois dias depois, uma carta do presidente da comissão de cardeais ordenava a todos os bispos da Igreja que proclamassem e publicassem o documento em cada casa, residência ou escola jesuíta, na presença da comunidade. Essa abordagem incomum criou um bom número de problemas, pois havia 22 589 jesuítas, 49 províncias, 669 colégios e mais de 3 000 missionários. Centenas de escolas foram fechadas ou transferidas para outras ordens religiosas ou para o estado. Países não católicos, como o Reino da Prússia e o Império Russo, proibiram os bispos de promulgar o documento e ordenaram aos jesuítas que continuassem suas atividades acadêmicas como se nada tivesse acontecido.

Igreja Católica

Dominus ac Redemptor


Der Robert L. Bradshaw International Airport ist der größere der beiden internationalen Flughäfen im Staat St. Kitts und Nevis und liegt auf der Insel St. Kitts. Er ist nach Robert Bradshaw, dem ersten Premierminister des Inselstaates, benannt.

Der Flughafen wird von folgenden Flugzeugbetreibern bedient:
 regelmäßig von zahlreichen regionalen Pendlerflügen innerhalb der Karibik
 American Airlines aus den USA und Kanada
 British Airways aus Europa kommend; unter anderem wöchentlich vom Flughafen London-Gatwick

Weblinks
 Basseterre Robert L Bradshaw International Airport, bei airport.airlines-inform.com
 Robert L Bradshaw, bei worldaerodata.com

Einzelnachweise

Luftverkehr (St. Kitts und Nevis)
Flughafen in Nordamerika
St. Kitts
Verkehrsbauwerk in St. Kitts und Nevis
Saint George Basseterre
Saint Peter Basseterre


هيدفيغز مارتينيز مادورو  (مواليد 13 فبراير 1985 في ألميري - هولندا) لاعب كرة قدم هولندي يلعب حاليا لصالح نادي الدرجة الأولى فالنسيا الإسباني منذ 2008 في مركز قلب الدفاع كما يجيد اللعب في مركز الوسط المدافع .

مسيرته الكروية
لعب هيدفيغز مادورو خلال مسيرته الاحترافية مع 6 أندية في خمسة عشر موسمًا وسجل خلالها 16 هدفًا ضمن 251 مباراة. حيث فاز في ثلاثة مواسم بالكأس ولم يفز بأي دوري.

خاض هيدفيغز مادورو مسيرته مع نادي أياكس أمستردام في موسم 2004–05 ليلعب معه أربعة مواسم، مشاركًا في 70 مباراة سجل خلالها 9 أهداف. ثم انتقل إلى نادي فالنسيا في موسم 2007–08 ليلعب معه خمسة مواسم، حيث شارك في 76 مباراة سجل خلالها هدفين. لينتقل بعدها إلى نادي إشبيلية في موسم 2012–13 لمدة موسم واحد، مشاركًا في 26 مباراة ولم يسجل أي هدف. ثم انتقل إلى نادي باوك في موسم 2013–14 ولمدة موسمين، مشاركًا في 19 مباراة سجل خلالها 3 أهداف. هذا وانتقل لاحقًا إلى نادي غرونينغن في موسم 2015–16 ولمدة موسمين، مشاركًا في 32 مباراة سجل خلالها هدفًا واحدًا. ثم انتقل بعدها إلى نادي أومونيا في موسم 2017–18 لمدة موسم واحد، مشاركًا في 28 مباراة سجل خلالها هدفًا واحدًا أيضًا.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية هولنديون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في اليونان
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في قبرص
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إسبانيا
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون من ألميره
رياضيون هولنديون مغتربون في اليونان
رياضيون هولنديون مغتربون في إسبانيا
طاقم نادي أياكس أمستردام غير اللاعبين
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني
لاعبو الدوري القبرصي الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو الدوري الهولندي الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو الدوري اليوناني
لاعبو أياكس أمستردام
لاعبو إشبيلية
لاعبو باوك تسالونيكي
لاعبو كأس العالم 2006
لاعبو كرة قدم أروبيون
لاعبو كرة قدم أولمبيون هولنديون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية هولنديون
لاعبو كرة قدم في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2008
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في اليونان
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إسبانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في قبرص
لاعبو كرة قدم من ألميره
لاعبو كرة قدم هولنديون
لاعبو كرة قدم هولنديون مغتربون
لاعبو منتخب هولندا تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب هولندا لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب هولندا لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبو نادي أومونيا
لاعبو نادي غرونينغن
لاعبو نادي فالنسيا
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
مواليد 1985
مواليد في آلميره
هولنديون من أصل أروبي
هولنديون من أصل كوراكاوي

هيدفيغز مادورو


El buco moteado (Ecuador) (Bucco tamatia), también denominado burrito moteado (Venezuela), bobo moteado (Colombia) o chacurú manchado,  es una especie de ave galbuliforme perteneciente al género Bucco que integra la familia Bucconidae. Es nativa de América del Sur.

Descripción
Mide 18,5 cm. Corona y frente ocre en las subespecies orientales, rojiza rufa en las occidentales; cuello y parte superior del pecho color ocre; faja malar y nucal blanca bordeada a los lados por una mancha negra, muy notoria por debajo; partes superiores castaño oscuro con manchas negruzcas; partes inferiores blancas con pintas horizontales negras; a los lados de la parte alta del dorso puede aparecer una mancha blanca. El iris es rojo y el pico negro.

Distribución y hábitat
Se encuentra en Bolivia, Brasil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guayana francesa, Guyana, Perú, Surinam y Venezuela.
Vive en el estrato alto y medio del bosque de galería, palmerales y bosques inundables.

Comportamiento
De hábito impasible, posa inmóbil por largos períodos, a veces en una percha expuesta a plena vista. Solitario, a veces en pareja.

Alimentación
Su dieta es mixta, compuesta de frutos y artrópodos; sigue columnas de hormigas legionarias.  También caza lagartijas.

Reproducción
Construye el nido en un túnel que excava en algún barrancos o también, en nidos de termitas arbóreas o en árboles huecos. La hembra pone 2 a 3 huevos, que la pareja incuba durante aproximadamente 15 días.

Vocalización
Su canto, característico y más oído temprano en la mañana, es fuerte y penetrante, una larga serie de notas  "ueeép" monótonas y melodiosas, que van aumentando en intensidad por 10 a 15 segundos, recordando a un trepatroncos.

Sistemática

Descripción original
La especie B. tamatia fue descrita por primera vez por el naturalista alemán Johann Friedrich Gmelin en 1788 bajo el mismo nombre científico; localidad tipo «Cayenne y Brasil».

Taxonomía
Forma una superespecie con Bucco noanamae. Varias otras subespecies fueron propuestas, incluyendo inexpectatus (centro norte de Brasil, punctuliger (centro de Brasil) e interior (suroeste de Brasil), pero aparentemente representan poblaciones inconstantes, resultados de cruzamientos.

Subespecies
Se reconocen 3 subespecies,  con su correspondiente distribución geográfica:

 Bucco tamatia tamatia J. F. Gmelin, 1788 - este de Colombia (al sur hasta Vaupés), este de Venezuela, las Guayanas, al sur hasta la margen norte del Río Amazonas.
 Bucco tamatia pulmentum P. L. Sclater, 1856 - sureste de Colombia al sur hasta el este de Ecuador, noreste del Perú, oeste de Brasil y noreste de Bolivia.
 Bucco tamatia hypnaleus (Cabanis & Heine, 1863) - Amazonia brasileña al este del Río Tapajós.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Videos, fotos y sonidos de Nystactes tamatia en The Internet Bird Collection.
 Fotos y sonidos de Bucco tamatia en Wikiaves.
 Sonidos de Bucco tamatia en xeno-canto.

tamatia
Aves de América del Sur
Animales descritos en 1788
Taxones descritos por Johann Friedrich Gmelin

Bucco tamatia


A Estudos de Psicologia é um periódico científico editado pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Publicada desde seu lançamento em 1996, esta revista está indexada em várias bases como Latindex e DOAJ.

O periódico está dividido em quatro áreas temáticas:
 Psicobiologia e Psicologia Cognitiva;
 Psicologia Social do Trabalho;
 Temas em políticas sociais: assistência social e sistema de garantia de direitos;
 Aspectos psicossociais das interações entre pessoas e diversos contextos socioambientais.

Na avaliação do Qualis realizada pela Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), este periódico foi classificado no extrato A1 para a área de Psicologia.

Ligações externas

Revistas científicas do Rio Grande do Norte
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte

Estudos de Psicologia


General Electric ili GE (Službeni naziv - The General Electric Company) je američka multinacionalna kompanija osnovana u New Yorku sa sjedištem u Bostonu, Massachusetts.
Godine 2017. GE je rangiran među Fortune 500 kao 13. najveća tvrtka u SAD-u prema bruto prihodu. U 2011 GE je rangiran kao 14. najprofitabilnija tvrtka. Prema Forbes Global 2000 od 2012. godine GE je 4. najveća tvrtka u svijetu. Zaposlenicima General Electrica dva puta je dodijeljena Nobelova nagrada: Irvingu Langmuiru 1932. i Ivaru Giaeveru 1973. godine.
13. siječnja 2016. je objavljeno da GE premješta svoje sjedište iz Fairfielda, Connecticut (gdje je bilo od 1974.) u Južni Boston. Prva grupa radnika je pristigla u ljeto 2016. te se kompletno preseljenje očekuje 2018 godine.

Povijest

Osnivanje

Tijekom 1889. Thomas Edison je imao poslovnih udjela u mnogim tvrtkama povezanim s električnom energijom:

•	Edison Lamp Company, proizvođač svjetiljki u East Newark, New Jersey
•	Edison Machine Works, proizvođač dinama i velikih električnih motora u Schenectady, New York
•	Bergmann & Company, proizvođač električnih rasvjetnih tijela, utičnica i drugih električnih rasvjetnih uređaja; te
•	Edison Electric Light Company, tvrtka koja posjeduje patent i financije u vlasništvu J.P. Morgana i obitelj Vanderbilt za Edisonove eksperimente rasvjete

Godine 1889. Drexel, Morgan & Co., tvrtka koju su osnovali JP Morgan i Anthony J. Drexel, financirala je Edisonovo istraživanje i pomogla pri spajanju tih tvrtki u jednu korporaciju nazvanu Edison General Electric Company, koja je registrirana u New Yorku 24. travnja 1889. Nova tvrtka preuzela je i Sprague Electric Railway & Motor Company u istoj godini.

Godine 1880. Gerald Waldo Hart osnovao je American Electric Company, koja se nekoliko godina kasnije spaja s tvrtkom Thomson-Houston Electric Company, u vlasništvu Charlesa Coffina. Godine 1887. Hart napušta tvrtku kako bi postao nadzornik Edison Electric Company. General Electric osnovan je 1892. godine spajanjem tvrtke Edison General Electric Company i Thomson-Houston Electric Company, uz podršku tvrtke Drexel, Morgan & Co. Obje tvornice i danas rade kao dio korporacije GE. Tvrtka je bila registrirana u New Yorku, dok je Schenectady tvornica bila sjedište dugi niz godina.

Javna tvrtka

Godine 1896. General Electric je bio jedan od 12 izvornih tvrtki navedenih na novoformiranom indeksu Dow Jones Industrial Average na Wall Streetu. Nakon 121 godine, jedina je od izvornih tvrtki još uvijek na popisu toga indeksa, iako nije stalno bila na tom popisu.
Godine 1911. General Electric je preuzeo Nacionalnu udrugu za električnu rasvjetu u svoj rasvjetni posao. Osnovao je sjedište rasvjete u Nela Parku u Clevelandu u državi Ohio koje je i danas sjedište rasvjetnog poslovanja General Electrica.

Proizvodnja energije

GE-ova povijest rada s turbinama u području proizvodnje električne energije donijela je dovoljno znanja da se okušaju u proizvodnji turbokompresora za zrakoplove. Pod vodstvom Sanford Alexander Mossa GE je proizveo prve turbokompresore tijekom Prvog svjetskog rata te su ih nastavili razvijati tijekom međuratnog razdoblja. Turbokompresori su postali neophodni u godinama neposredno prije Drugog svjetskog rata, a GE je bio svjetski lider u proizvodnji turbokompresora kada je rat počeo. Ovo iskustvo učinilo je GE prirodnim odabirom za razvoj Whittle W.1 mlaznog motora koji je predstavljen u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama 1941. godine. GE zauzimao je deveto mjesto prema ugovorima o ratnoj proizvodnji među Sjedinjeno-američkim korporacijama. Iako je njihov rani rad s Whittle dizajnom kasnije predan tvrtki Allison Engine, GE Aviation je postao jedan od najvećih svjetskih proizvođača motora, zaobilazeći britansku tvrtku Rolls-Royce plc.

GE preuzeo je imovinu vjetroelektrane Enron tijekom stečajnog postupka godine 2002.  Enron Wind bio je jedini preživjeli američki proizvođač velikih vjetroelektrana u to doba, a GE je povećao inženjering i materijal za dio korporacije koji se bavio vjetrom i udvostručio godišnju prodaju na 1,2 milijarde dolara u 2003. godini. Također je preuzeo ScanWind 2009. godine.

Neki su potrošači bojkotirali GE žarulje, hladnjake i druge proizvode u osamdesetima i devedesetima godinama kako bi prosvjedovali zbog uloge GE-a u proizvodnji nuklearnog oružja.

Tržište dionica

GE je jedina tvrtka koja je danas navedena u Dow Jones industrijskom indeksu koja je također bila u izvornom indeksu 1896. godine.

Unutrašnji poslovi korporacije

GE je multinacionalna kompanija sa sjedištem u Bostonu, Massachusetts. Međutim, glavni uredi se nalaze u 30 Rockefeller Plaza u Rockefeller Centru u New Yorku, sada poznat kao Comcast Building. Nekada je bila poznata kao zgrada GE zbog velikog loga GE na krovu; NBC-ovo sjedište i glavni studiji također se nalaze u zgradi. Kroz svoju podružnicu RCA povezana je s centrom od svog osnutka 1930-ih. GE je 1974. godine preselio svoje poslovno sjedište iz GE-ove zgrade na Lexington Avenue na Fairfield.
GE-ova porezna prijava je najveća podnesena prijava za povrat poreza u SAD-u; prijava u 2005. godini bia je na otprilike 24.000 stranica i 237 megabajta u elektroničkom obliku. Tvrtka također troši najviše novaca na lobiranje nego bilo koja druga tvrtka u SAD-u.
Godine 2005. GE je pokrenuo inicijativu "Ecomagination" u pokušaju da se postavi kao "zelena" tvrtka. GE je jedan od najvećih igrača u industriji vjetroelektrana, također razvija proizvode koji su prihvatljivi za okoliš kao što su hibridne lokomotive, desalinizaciju i rješenja za ponovnu uporabu vode te fotonaponske ćelije. Tvrtka planira izgradnju najveće tvornice za proizvodnju solarnih panela u SAD-u i postavila je svojim podružnicama cilj smanjenje emisija stakleničkih plinova.

Dana 21. svibnja 2007. GE je priopćio kako će prodati GE Plastics petrokemijskim proizvođačima SABIC za 11,6 milijardi dolara. Transakcija je izvršena 31. kolovoza 2007., a naziv tvrtke promijenjen je u SABIC Innovative Plastics s Brian Gladdenom kao izvršnim direktorom.
U veljači 2017. GE je priopćila kako tvrtka namjerava ispraviti razliku između zaposlenika muškog i ženskog spola obećavajući da će zaposliti 20.000 žena u tehničkom sektoru do 2020. godine. Tvrtka također želi imati 50:50 zastupljenost mučkih i ženskih radnika u tehničkim programima.
U listopadu 2017. GE je priopćio da će zatvoriti centara za istraživanje i razvoj u Šangaju, Münchenu i Rio de Janeiru. Tvrtka je potrošila 5 milijardi dolara za istraživanje i razvoj u prošloj godini.

Direktori tvrtke

John L. Flannery je trenutačni izvršni direktor i predsjednik uprave GE-a. On je bivši predsjednik i izvršni direktor GE Healthcarea.
Jeffrey Immelt je bivši izvršni direktor i bivši predsjednik uprave GE-a. Bio je izabran od strane upravnog odbora GE-a 2000. godine kako bi zamijenio Jack Welcha nakon njegove odlaska u mirovinu. Prije toga, Immelt je vodio odjeljak GE's Medical Systems (sada GE Healthcare) kao njegov predsjednik i CEO.

Immeltov mandat kao predsjednik Uprave GE-a započeo je u kriznom vremenu: preuzeo je ulogu 7. rujna 2001. četiri dana prije terorističkih napada na Sjedinjene Države. U napadu su poginula dva zaposlenika i koštao GE osiguranje $ 600 milijuna - i imao je izravan utjecaj na sektor Aircraft Engines. Immelt je također izabran kao jedan od financijskih savjetnika predsjednika Obame o planu ekonomske pomoći.
Immelt se umirovio iz GE-a 2. listopada 2017. godine.

Priznanja

Godine 2011. prema magazinu Fortune GE je postao 6. najveća tvrtka u SAD-u i 14. najprofitabilnija.  Drugi ljestvici za 2011/2012 uključuju sljedeće:
 # 18 tvrtka za vođe (Fortune)
 # 6 najbolji globalni brand (Interbrand)
 # 82 zelena tvrtka (Newsweek)
 # 91 na popisu najcjenjenijih tvrtki (Fortune)
 # 19 najinovativnija tvrtka (Fast Company)
Za 2012. godinu, brend GE je procjenjen na 28,8 milijardi dolara. Izvršni direktor tvrtke Jeff Immelt nakon to je postao predsjednik uprave 2004. godine uveo je niz promjena u poslovanju, nakon, kako bi ujedinio razna poduzeća GE-a.
Promjene su uključivale novu korporativnu paletu boja, male izmjene na GE logotip, novi prilagođeni font (GE Inspira) i novi slogan "Mašta na poslu", osmišljen od Davida Lucasa, koji zamjenjuje slogan "Mi donosimo dobre stvari za život" koji se koristio od 1979. Razne promjene koje su osmislili u Wolff Olins i odnose se na GE marketingu i web-stranicu.

2016. godine GE se pojavio na Fortune 500 listi i drži 11. mjesto.

Poduzeća

Tvrtka se predstavlja kao sastavljena od više primarnih poslovnih jedinica ili "poduzeća". Svaka je jedinica sama veliko poduzeće, od kojih će mnoga, čak i kao samostalne tvrtka, biti u Fortune 500. Popis GE Poduzeća varira s vremenom kao rezultat akvizicije i reorganizacije.

Glavne poslovne jedinice GE-a uključuju:

•	GE Additive
•	Current, powered by GE
•	GE Lighting
•	GE Capital
•	GE Aviation
•	GE Healthcare
•	GE Transportation
•	GE Global Research
•	GE Digital
•       GE Power
•	Baker Hughes, a GE Company
•	GE Renewable Energy

Povezane stranice
General Electric

Izvori

Američke energetske tvrtke

General Electric