Moritz Albrecht Franz Friedrich Fedor von Bock (3 December 1880 – 4 May 1945) was a German Generalfeldmarschall (Field Marshal) who served in the German Army during the Second World War. Bock served as the commander of Army Group North during the Invasion of Poland in 1939, commander of Army Group B during the Invasion of France in 1940, and later as the commander of Army Group Center during the attack on the Soviet Union in 1941; his final command was that of Army Group South in 1942.

Bock commanded Operation Typhoon, the ultimately failed attempt to capture Moscow during the autumn and winter of 1941. The Wehrmacht offensive was slowed by stiff Soviet resistance around Mozhaisk, and also by the , the season of rain and mud in Central Russia. The Soviet counteroffensive soon drove the German army into retreat, and Bock was subsequently relieved of command by Adolf Hitler.

A monarchist, Bock was not heavily involved in politics and he did not sympathize with plots to overthrow Adolf Hitler. Bock was also uncommonly outspoken, a privilege Hitler extended to him only because he had been successful in battle. Bock, his second wife and his stepdaughter were killed by a strafing Royal New Zealand Air Force fighter-bomber on 4 May 1945 as they traveled by car towards Hamburg.

Early life and World War I

Fedor von Bock was born into an old Prussian military family in Cüstrin, Germany (now Kostrzyn, Poland), a fortress city on the banks of the Oder River in the Province of Brandenburg.

His father, Moritz Albert Karl von Bock, had commanded a division in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871. His mother, Olga Helene Franziska von Falkenhayn, was the sister of Erich von Falkenhayn, Chief of the German General Staff during the First World War. At the age of eight, Bock went to study at a military academy in Berlin. The education emphasized Prussian militarism, and he quickly became adept in academic subjects such as modern languages, mathematics, and history. He spoke fluent French, and some English and Russian. At an early age, and largely due to his father, Bock developed an unquestioning loyalty to the state and dedication to the military profession.

While not a brilliant theoretician, Bock was a highly motivated officer. As one of the highest-ranking officers in the Reichswehr, he often addressed graduating cadets at his alma mater, which closed in 1920. His theme was always that the greatest glory that could come to a German soldier was to die for the Fatherland. He quickly earned the nickname "Holy Fire of Küstrin".

In 1905, Bock married Mally von Reichenbach (1887–1910), a young Prussian noblewoman. They had a daughter. In 1908, Bock entered the War Academy in Berlin, and after a year's study he joined the ranks of the General Staff. He soon joined the Army League (Deutscher Wehrverein) and came to know Walther von Brauchitsch, Franz Halder, and Gerd von Rundstedt. By the time World War I began in 1914, Bock was a captain; he served as a battalion commander in January and February 1916. He was decorated with Pour le Mérite, German Empire's highest military decoration.

Inter-war period
Bock stayed on as an officer of the post-war Reichswehr, and rose through the ranks. In the 1920s, Bock was together with Kurt von Schleicher, Eugen Ott, and Kurt von Hammerstein-Equord, a member of a secret group known as Sondergruppe R, selected by and responsible to Hans von Seeckt, who were in charge of helping Germany evade the Part V of the Treaty of Versailles, which had disarmed Germany.

The officers of Sondergruppe R formed the liaison with Major Bruno Ernst Buchrucker, who led the so-called Arbeits-Kommandos (Work Commandos), which was officially a labor group intended to assist with civilian projects, but were in reality thinly disguised soldiers that allowed Germany to exceed the limits on troop strength set by Versailles. Buchrucker's so-called "Black Reichswehr" became infamous for its practice of murdering all those Germans who were suspected of working as informers for the Allied Control Commission, which was responsible for ensuring that Germany was in compliance with Part V.

The killings perpetrated by the "Black Reichswehr" were justified under the so-called Femegerichte (secret court) system. These killings were ordered by the officers from Sondergruppe R. Regarding the Femegerichte murders, Carl von Ossietzky wrote: "Lieutenant Schulz (charged with the murder of informers against the "Black Reichswehr") did nothing but carry out the orders given him, and that certainly Colonel von Bock, and probably Colonel von Schleicher and General Seeckt, should be sitting in the dock beside him".

Several times Bock perjured himself in court when he denied that the Reichswehr had had anything to do with the "Black Reichswehr" or the murders they had committed.

On 27 September 1923, Buchrucker ordered 4,500 men of the Black Reichswehr to assemble outside of Berlin as the first preparatory step toward a coup. Bock, who was Buchrucker's contact with the Reichswehr, was enraged, and in a stormy meeting berated Buchrucker for mobilizing the Black Reichswehr without orders.

Bock stated the Reichswehr wanted no part in Buchrucker's coup and that "If Seeckt knew you were here, he would screw his monocle into his eye and say "Go for him!"". Despite Bock's orders to demobilize at once, Buchrucker went ahead with his coup on 30 September 1923, which ended in total failure.

In 1935, Adolf Hitler appointed Bock as commander of the Third Army Group. Bock was one of the officers not removed from his position when Hitler reorganized the armed forces during the phase of German rearmament before the outbreak of the Second World War. He remained a monarchist. Hitler reportedly said of him, "Nobody in the world but Bock can teach soldiers to die." In 1936 Bock married Wilhelmine, née von Boddien (1893–1945).

Bock commanded the invasion of Vienna in March 1938 for the Anschluss and then the Invasion of Czechoslovakia.

World War II

Invasion of Poland
By 25 August 1939, Bock was in command of Army Group North in preparation for the invasion and conquest of Poland. The objective of Army Group North was to destroy the Polish forces north of the Vistula. Army Group North was composed of General Georg von Küchler's 3rd Army, and General Günther von Kluge's 4th Army. These struck southward from East Prussia and eastward across the base of the Polish Corridor, respectively.

On 10 September Bock ordered the forces under his command to burn Polish villages located behind the front line to the ground if they were fired upon from the settlement and "if it proves impossible to identify the house from which the shots came". By the end of the military occupation of the country on 26 October 1939 531 towns and villages had been destroyed across Poland. In five weeks, Poland was overrun by German and Soviet forces.

Invasion of France

Shortly after the conquest of Poland, on 12 October 1939 Bock was given command of Army Group B, with 29½ divisions, including three armoured divisions. These were tasked with advancing through the Low Countries and luring the northern units of the Allied armies into a pocket. Army Group B consisted of the 18th and 6th Armies. While his units were overrunning the Netherlands, in May 1940, Bock attempted to call on the exiled former Kaiser—Wilhelm II—at Doorn, but Bock was unable to gain admittance, the German troops guarding the residence having been instructed to prevent such visits.

Bock participated in the Armistice with France in late June 1940.

On 19 July 1940, Bock was promoted to the rank of field marshal during the 1940 Field Marshal Ceremony. At the end of August, Army High Command transferred Army Group B to East Prussia; this included Kluge's 4th Army. On 11 September, Bock relinquished command of his occupation area in France to Field Marshal Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb.

Invasion of the Soviet Union

On 2 February, Bock met with Hitler and questioned whether the Russians could be forced to make peace even if the Red Army was brought to battle and defeated. Hitler airily assured Bock that Germany's resources were more than sufficient and that he was determined to fight. In preparation for Operation Barbarossa, on 1 April 1941 Army Group B was re-designated as Army Group Center. Deployed in Poland, Army Group Center was one of the three army formations which were to lead the invasion of the Soviet Union. It included the 4th and 9th Armies, the 3rd and 2nd Panzer Armies and Luftflotte 2. On the left flank of Bock's Army Group Center was Army Group North, commanded by Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb; on the right flank was Army Group South, commanded by Gerd von Rundstedt.

The main objective of Army Group Center was to follow the route north of the Pripyat Marshes to Moscow. Following the border battles, the task of Army Group Center was to drive towards the cities of Minsk and Smolensk, and destroy the Soviet armies stationed there in encirclement battles.

At 03:15 on 22 June 1941, the first shots of Operation Barbarossa were fired; Germany invaded the Soviet Union with a timed declaration of war.

Elements of Heinz Guderian's force had crossed the Bug River and were bypassing the city of Brest-Litovsk. Hermann Hoth's tanks were heading for Grodno on the Nieman River to seize the important river crossings. Several reconnaissance units from the 4th and 9th Armies had already crossed the Bug and Desna Rivers.

At 07:00, Bock flew from Posen to an advance airfield near the headquarters of XIII Infantry Corps. There, Major General Erich Jaschke gave Bock a summary of the progress of the invasion. Following this meeting, Bock visited Guderian's forward command post at Bokhaly. Bock then visited Joachim Lemelsen, who gave a report from the front. The roads on the Soviet side of the Bug River were already becoming too soft to support the weight of tanks. Despite this, the first day of the invasion had been spectacularly successful. Soviet resistance was reported as being light and complete surprise was achieved. All along the front rapid progress was being made.

On the second day of Barbarossa, Bock crossed the Bug River escorted by Major General Gustav Schmidt. Later that day Bock was presented with reports that Soviet resistance was stiffening all along the front, especially on Guderian's southern flank.
Meanwhile, Hoth's forces were advancing with much more ease through the Baltic states and Belarus. The first two days of Army Group Center's advance proved to be highly successful.

Hoth's army advanced so quickly that Bock immediately contacted Walter von Brauchitsch, requesting the bypassing of Minsk in favour of attacking toward Vitebsk so that a drive could be made for Moscow. Initially, the change in plan was accepted but it was soon overruled by Hitler, who favoured the encirclement and destruction of the large Soviet armies near Minsk. Bock wrote in his diary:

Differences between Bock's strategic intent and the intent of High Command repeatedly surfaced. Bock continued to favour a direct drive toward Moscow, bypassing Soviet armies and leaving them to be destroyed by infantry, which advanced on foot, well behind tank columns. Bock argued that if encirclement were truly necessary then instead of diverting his tanks north and south to encircle and destroy smaller Soviet armies, a larger encirclement should be made eastward toward the Dvina-Dnieper River basins.

Hitler decided against this plan, and insisted that the pockets containing Soviet armies must be destroyed before advancing deeper into Russia. Bock, enraged by this decision, was quoted as saying: "We are permitting our greatest chance of success to escape us by this restriction placed on our armour!"

He hesitantly gave the order to abandon the drive toward Vitebsk and assist in the destruction of the pockets. On 25 June, Bock moved his headquarters from Posen to Kobryn, a town about  northeast of Brest-Litovsk. On 30 June, the 4th and 9th Armies met each other near Slonim, trapping thousands of Soviet soldiers. However, many Soviet soldiers managed to escape eastward. Bock soon gave the order to disengage from the encirclement and prepare for a full-scale drive to the east. This order once again caused a confrontation between Bock and Brauchitsch.

On 3 July, Bock's forces were once again advancing eastward, with Guderian's tanks crossing the Berezina and Hoth's tanks crossing the Duna. This day marked the furthest distance covered by Bock's troops in a single day, with over  travelled. Four days later, Guderian's tanks crossed the Dnieper, the last great obstacle before Smolensk. However, Guderian was soon ordered by Günther von Kluge to withdraw back across the river. Bock soon reversed this order, and Guderian was allowed to re-cross the river. Bock protested Kluge's actions to High Command, to no avail. On 11 July, Bock moved his headquarters again to Borisov, a Soviet town near the Berezina River.

According to General Günther Blumentritt, as reported by British military historian B.H. Liddell Hart, one reason Kluge privately gave for preferring to interrupt his and Guderian's drive for Moscow in July 1941 and to use their tanks instead for the proposed Kiev encirclement was that the change would temporarily put Kluge under the command of the amiable Rundstedt rather than leaving him under the thumb of Bock, who was "a very difficult man to serve."

March on Moscow

On 9 September, Army High Command instructed Bock to prepare an operational order for the assault on Moscow. Operation Typhoon was the code-name given to this new attack, which was to begin no later than 30 September. Bock supervised the planning and preparation of the operation, and a few days later it was approved by the High Command.

As part of the preparation for Operation Typhoon, Army Group Center would be reinforced and replenished with men and vehicles; it would be composed of three infantry armies (the 2nd, 4th, and 9th) and three tank armies (2nd, 3rd, and 4th Panzers). Colonel General Erich Hoepner would command the 4th Panzer Army, while the former two were outgrowths of Hoth's and Guderian's original Panzer Groups. The replenishment of Army Group Center for Operation Typhoon caused it to increase greatly in size: with almost 1.5 million soldiers, it was now larger than it was at the outset of Operation Barbarossa. Bock spent most of the remainder of September on inspection tours of his reinforced Army Group Center. On one occasion, Bock—along with Albert Kesselring—flew over Moscow.

On 29 September, Bock held a conference with his senior commanders Strauss, Hoth, Kluge, Weichs, Hoepner, Guderian, and Kesselring. During the meeting the main operational plan was reviewed, with Bock again stressing that Moscow must be taken by 7 November, before the onset of winter, and to coincide with the anniversary of the Russian Revolution. The following day, Operation Typhoon began with attacks from Guderian's and Hoth's armored forces. Several days later, the infantry armies began to move toward Moscow. With less than 150 km between the most advanced troops and Moscow, Bock estimated that his troops would enter the city in three to four weeks. Almost immediately, Bock's forces encountered stiff Soviet resistance on the road to Moscow.

The 2nd Panzer Army—along with the XLVIII Panzer Corps—attacked important rail junctions near Oryol (Orel) and Bryansk. Hoepner's 4th Panzer Army soon crossed the Desna River and gained access to deep Russian territory. Meanwhile, Hoth's 3rd Panzer Army struck toward Rzhev on the Volga River.

On 3 October, Guderian's forces captured Orel and subsequently gained access to a paved highway which led to Moscow, some  away. Meanwhile, elements of the 2nd Panzer Army reported that they had bypassed Bryansk and were heading toward Karachev. Bock ordered Guderian to press on toward Tula, but within hours this order had been reversed by High Command. The reversal of the order called for Guderian to attack Bryansk where—along with Vyazma—two massive encirclements of Soviet forces were occurring. Bock argued that the area between Orel and Tula remained relatively free of Soviet forces and that Tula could be captured within hours. Ultimately, Bock agreed to divert Guderian's tanks toward Bryansk.

Cold rain soon began to fall over the northern sectors of Army Group Center's front, and the roads soon turned into quagmires as part of the Rasputitsa. Virtually the entire front became stuck; the only vehicles capable of negotiating the mud were tanks and other tracked vehicles. However, these moved at a snail's pace (sometimes less than  per day), and fuel consumption soared. This further aggravated the problem of already poor supply lines.

Slight improvements in the weather soon made it possible for Bock's forces to continue to seal the pockets around Bryansk and Vyazma. The dual encirclements of Soviet forces around Vyazma and Bryansk yielded some of the largest Soviet casualties since the beginning of Operation Barbarossa: some 650,000 prisoners were taken during these two encirclements, after which the Soviet armies facing Bock's Army Group Center no longer had the advantage of superior numbers. Bock was one of the few German officers to protest the systematic maltreatment of Soviet prisoners of war, but took few steps to improve the conditions of those being held in the areas under his command.

The weather soon deteriorated again, with the roads once more turning into impassable, muddy quagmires. Since 30 September, Bock had lost some 35,000 men, 250 tanks and artillery pieces, and several hundred other vehicles, many of which were mired in the mud. Fuel and ammunition supplies became dangerously low. Despite these problems, the advance toward Moscow continued as Hitler became increasingly impatient. When advance units of the 4th Panzer Army reached Kaluga and Maloyaroslavets, German forces were within  of Moscow. Guderian's advance in the south was much slower. An attempt by his forces to capture Tula had failed, with considerable losses of men and tanks. However, other units captured Stalinogorsk and Venyov, indicating the possibility of bypassing Tula.

As Bock's forces smashed through the Red Army defense lines at Mozhaisk in mid-October, panic struck in the capital. Hundreds of thousands of civilians began to evacuate the city while others were forced into emergency volunteer units. Martial law was instituted as looting and pillaging of deserted stores increased. Marshal Semyon Timoshenko was relieved of command in favor of Georgy Zhukov, who had been organizing the defense of Leningrad. The main bulk of the Soviet government was evacuated to Kuibyshev,  southeast of Moscow; however, Stalin remained in the capital after being reassured by Zhukov that the capital would not fall.

The further Bock's forces advanced, the stiffer Soviet resistance became. The paved roads leading to Moscow became craters under constant Russian artillery fire, rendering them impassable. This forced the German troops into the mud and Army Group Center soon became stuck once again. The goal of capturing Moscow by mid-October could no longer be achieved. However, the sheer weight of the German advance could not be fully stopped, and on 21 October units of the 9th Army captured Kalinin.

As November arrived the mud soon turned into ice as temperatures dropped to −28 °C (−20 °F). While the ground hardened sufficiently enough to support vehicles, the cold weather added to the miseries of the German soldiers as many had not received winter clothing. Frostbite soon took its toll; many soldiers were severely affected and had to be evacuated.

On 20 November, Bock moved his field headquarters to an advanced forward position near the front lines. There he visited an artillery command post, where he could see the buildings of Moscow through his field glasses. Several days later, German forces crossed the Moscow-Volga Canal and reached Khimki but soon fell back due to Soviet resistance. On 29 November, elements of the 4th Panzer Army reached the western suburbs of Moscow. On 4 December, units of the 2nd Army reached Kuntsevo, a western suburb of Moscow. Several units of Guderian's army bypassed Kolomna and reached the Moscow River. Meanwhile, the 3rd Panzer Army once again fought into Khimki. These were the last advances made by Army Group Center under Bock's command.

On 6 December, with the temperature at −45 °C (−50 °F), fresh Russian troops commanded by Zhukov launched a huge counterattack. All along the front near Moscow German troops retreated, destroying whatever equipment they could not salvage. Several days later, High Command ordered a halt to all offensive operations. Bock wrote in his diary:

By 13 December, German forces had retreated more than  from the capital. On 18 December, Bock was relieved of his command of Army Group Center. The official pretext of this decision was health problems. However, this was just one case out of some 40 high-ranking officers being relieved of their command following the failure to capture Moscow.

1942 Second Battle of Kharkov and Summer Offensive, Eastern Front

He was reassigned to lead Army Group South on 20 January 1942, after the death of Generalfeldmarshall Walter von Reichenau from a stroke. Thus, in May 1942, he commanded the defending forces that delivered the devastating defeat to the Soviet winter offensive and severely depleted Soviet tank strength in the Second Battle of Kharkov. On 28 June 1942, Bock's offensive split the Russian front into fragments on either side of Kursk. Three armies (Weich's 2nd Army, Hoth's 4th Panzer, and Paulus' 6th Army)—along with 11 panzer divisions—fanned out toward Voronezh and the Don River. Paulus' armoured divisions reached the Don on either side of Voronezh on 5 July. The Soviet High Command created a Voronezh Front under Nikolai Vatutin, who reported directly to Moscow. Bock wanted to eliminate Vatutin's forces before extending his own flank too deeply into the void created by the strength and speed of the German offensive. Hitler was not pleased with Bock's plan to delay the push toward Stalingrad. On 7 July, Hitler split Army Group South into Army Groups A and B.  Army Group A was given to Field Marshal Wilhelm List to command. On 17 July, Hitler relieved Bock as commander of Army Group B, replacing him with Maximilian von Weichs. Bock never again occupied a senior command position.

1945, Death
Bock was injured on 3 May 1945, as his car was strafed by a Hawker Tempest from No. 486 Squadron RNZAF killing his wife, stepdaughter, and a friend. Initially the only survivor of the attack, Bock died of his injuries the following day. He was buried in a cemetery in Lensahn.

Awards
Order of the Crown, 4th class (Prussia, 13 September 1911)
 Iron Cross of 1914
2nd class – 18 September 1914
1st class – 30 October 1916
 Knight's Cross of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern with Swords (25 October 1916)
 Military Merit Cross, 3rd class with war decoration (Austria-Hungary, 24 June 1915)
 Order of the Iron Crown, 3rd class with war decoration (Austria, 9 February 1917)
 Military Merit Cross, 2nd class (Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 3 August 1917)
 Hanseatic Crosses of Hamburg (19 September 1917) and Bremen (30 January 1918)
 Order of the Zähringer Lion, Knight 1st class with Swords (Baden, 10 January 1918)
 Order of the Crown, Knight's Cross with Swords (Württemberg 25 January 1918)
 Pour le Mérite (1 April 1918)
 Order of Military Merit, Commander's Cross (Bulgaria, 2 August 1918)
 Service Award (1920)
 Silesian Eagle, 1st and 2nd class (15 April 1921)
 Wehrmacht Long Service Award, 1st class with 4th class; Oak Leaves added on 12 September 1939
 Anschluss Medal
 Sudetenland Medal
 Order of the Yugoslav Crown, 1st class (June 1939)
 Clasp to the Iron Cross, 1st and 2nd class (22 September 1939)
 Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy (27 August 1940)
 Order of Michael the Brave (Romania)
3rd class – 29 July 1942
1st class – September 1942
 Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Kingdom of Hungary with Swords (27 November 1942)
 Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 30 September 1939 as Generaloberst and Commander-in-Chief of Heeresgruppe Nord

See also
Corruption within the Wehrmacht

References

Sources

 Afflerbach, Holger (1996). Falkenhayn: Politisches Denken und Handeln im Kaiserreich. Munich: Oldenbourg.

 Gerbet, Klaus and Johnston, David. Generalfeldmarschall Fedor von Bock: The War Diary 1939–1945. Schiffer Publishing. 1 January 2000

 Horner, D. M., Jukes, Geoffrey. The Second World War: The Eastern Front 1941–1945. Osprey Publishing (25 July 2002)

 Mitcham, Samuel W. (2009). The Men of Barbarossa: Commanders of the German Invasion of Russia, 1941. Philadelphia: Casemate.

External links

1880 births
1945 deaths
Black Reichswehr personnel
Commanders of the Order of Military Merit (Bulgaria)
Deaths by airstrike during World War II
Generals of Infantry (Reichswehr)
German Army personnel of World War I
German Army World War II field marshals
German monarchists
German people of Russian descent
German Protestants
German untitled nobility
Grand Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (military)
Military personnel from the Province of Brandenburg
People from Kostrzyn nad Odrą
Prussian Army personnel
Recipients of the clasp to the Iron Cross, 1st class
Recipients of the clasp to the Iron Cross, 2nd class
Recipients of the Hanseatic Cross (Bremen)
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Recipients of the Order of Michael the Brave, 1st class
Recipients of the Order of the Yugoslav Crown
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)

Fedor von Bock


Mørket er en dansk kortfilm fra 2003 instrueret af Henrik Vestergaard Nielsen efter eget manuskript.

Medvirkende

 Henrik Vestergaard, Martin
 Frederik Meldal Nørgaard, Jesper
 Lilje Aurora Thomsen, Martins kone
 Thomas Biehl, Mekaniker
 Caroline Kromann, Martins datter
 Claus Lund, Jæger
 Keld Nielsen, Jespers far
 Ann Rønde, Mor i bus
 Amanda Rønne

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2003

Mørket (film)


Leopold IV. Debeli (1371. – Beč, 3. svibnja 1411.) bio je vladar iz dinastije Habsburg. Od 1392. do 1406. kao Leopold II. vladao je nad grofovijom Tirol i starim posjedima. Od 1406. pa sve do svoje smrti, bio je starješina obitelji. Zajedno sa svojim bratom Ernstom bio je vojvodski regent "Podunavske Austrije" umjesto svoga tada još maloljetnog rođaka vojvodu Alberta V., jedinog sina vojvode Alberta IV.

Austrijski vladari
Habsburgovci

Leopold IV. Debeli


Paludan Müllers Vej er et dansk vejnavn og refererer bl.a. til følgende:

 Paludan Müllers Vej (Aalborg)
 Paludan-Müllers Vej (Aarhus)
 Paludan Müllers Vej (Frederiksberg)
 Paludan-Müllers Vej (Haderslev)
 Paludan Müllers Vej (Odense)

Paludan Müllers Vej


Juan José Gurrola (Ciudad de México, 19 de noviembre de 1935-ibídem, 1 de junio de 2007) fue un arquitecto, director de radio, cine y teatro, actor, escenógrafo, dramaturgo, pintor, fotógrafo y performer mexicano. Fue galardonado con el Premio Nacional de Ciencias y Artes en el área de Bellas Artes por el gobierno de México en 2004.

Estudios
Realizó estudios de arquitectura en la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) de 1954 a 1958. En 1961 estudió diseño y tecnología arquitectónica del teatro con George Izenour en la Universidad de Yale, dirección de teatro y diseño de escenas bajo la tutoría de Willi Schmidt en el Schlosspark Theatre en Berlín, y fotografía, pintura y dibujo en el Kunstzentrum für Bildende Kunst en Trier, Alemania.

Fue becado por la John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation para escribir teatro, así como por la Fundación Rockefeller para estudiar dirección teatral y diseño de producción y arquitectura en teatros. El British Council lo invitó a trabajar en el Royal Court Theatre en Londres, Inglaterra, con George Devine.

Trayectoria profesional
Participó a través de los años en innumerables festivales y coloquios: II and III Annual Symposium of the Inter-American Foundation for the Arts, el Festival de Teatro Latinoamericano en La Habana, Cuba, el 11° Festival Internacional de Teatro en Nancy, Francia, el Festival de Teatro de las Américas (en el John F. Kennedy Center para las artes en Washington D. C.), en La Mama Theatre Club, en Nueva York, y en The Eugene O'Neil Theatre Center, en Waterford, Connecticut; el X Festival Internacional Cervantino en Guanajuato, México, The 2nd International Symposium of Ancient Greek Drama, en Delphi, Grecia, y el Festivale Mondiale de Drammaturgia Contemporanea Nel Chianti, en Italia. Participó además en la Documenta V, en Kassel, Alemania.

Como director de teatro puso en escena más de 50 piezas entre las que destacan: Despertar de primavera de Frank Wedekind, La hermosa gente de William Saroyan, La piel de nuestros dientes de Thornton Wilder, Bajo el bosque blanco de Dylan Thomas, La caja de arena de Edward Albee, El paseo de Buster Keaton de Federico García Lorca, La cantante calva de Eugène Ionesco, Ay, papá, pobre papá, estoy muy triste porque en el clóset se colgó mamá de Arthur Kopit, Landrú (Opereta) de Alfonso Reyes, Los poseídos de Fiodor Dostoievski-Albert Camus, La tragedia de las tragedias o vida y muerte de Pulgarcito el Grande de Henry Fielding, Retorno al hogar de Harold Pinter, Camino a Damasco de August Strindberg, HIM de e.e. cummings, Los exaltados de Robert Musil, Lástima que sea puta de John Ford, La prueba de las promesas de Juan Ruiz de Alarcón, El deseo agarrado por la cola de Pablo Picasso, Pasiphae de Henry de Montherlant, El gato con botas de Johann Ludwig Tieck, Las leyes de la hospitalidad de Raúl Falcó, Fiorenza de Thomas Mann, El hacedor de teatro de Thomas Bernhard, Frida & Diego de Greg Cullen. También tradujo y escenificó Hamlet, Príncipe de Dinamarca de William Shakespeare. Su última puesta en escena fue Simplemente complicado de Thomas Bernhard.

En ópera, Juan José Gurrola dirigió La noche de un neurasténico de Nino Rota, El teléfono de Giancarlo Menotti, Emilio y Emilia de Ernst Toch, Cavalleria rusticana de Pietro Mascagni, Pagliacci de Ruggero Leoncavallo, Orestes parte de Federico Ibarra, El prisionero de Luigi Dallapiccola. Todos los montajes operísticos que realizó se presentaron en el Palacio de Bellas Artes, con la excepción de Troubles in Tahiti de Leonard Bernstein, realizado en la Casa de la Paz.

Obras representativas

Teatro
 La hermosa gente (Director) – Ciudad de México (1957)
 El alfarero (Intérprete, Director) – Ciudad de México (1959)
 Nietzsche in the Kietzschen (Dirección, Dramaturgia) – Ciudad de México (1969)
 Él (1973)
 Lástima que sea puta (Intérprete, Director) – Ciudad de México (1978)
 Pasiphae  (Director) – Ciudad de México (1983)
 Alice en el país de las apariencias entre la vida y la muerte. Amén (Director) – Ciudad de México (1999)
 La tragedia de Hamlet, príncipe de Dinamarca (Director) – Ciudad Universitaria de la UNAM (2005)
 Director del grupo de teatro de la Facultad de Arquitectura de la UNAM

Actor de cine
 El topo (1969), de Alejandro Jodorowsky
 Frida, naturaleza viva (1983), de Paul Leduc

Radio y televisión
 Director del Departamento de Radio de la UNAM
 Director del Departamento de Televisión de la UNAM

Música
 En busca del silencio - Escorpión en ascendente

Premios y distinciones
 Mención honorífica en el Festival de Cortometraje de Guadalajara  por Alberto Gironella
 Premio en el Festival de Mar del Plata (Argentina) por Trajinera
 Premio Nacional de Ciencias y Artes en 2004.
 Fue becario de la Fundación Rockefeller, del Colegio Británico, de la Fundación Guggenheim y del gobierno alemán.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Juan José Gurrola en la Galerie Francesca Pia
 Fundación Gurrola

Nacidos en Ciudad de México
Fallecidos en Ciudad de México
Actores de cine de México
Actores de teatro de México
Dramaturgos de México
Directores de cine de México
Directores de teatro de México
Premio Nacional de Ciencias y Artes (México)
Alumnado de la Facultad de Arquitectura de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

Juan José Gurrola


Marta Sahagún (; born Marta María Sahagún Jiménez (10 April 1953) served as the First Lady of Mexico from 2 July 2001, when she married President Vicente Fox, until he left office on 30 November 2006. Her tenure was marked by her outspoken views and active role in her husband's administration, in contrast to previous First Ladies of Mexico, as well as several controversies regarding her nonprofit Vamos México foundation and her family's business dealings.

Early life and teaching
Sahagún was born in Zamora, Michoacán, the second of six children, to Dr. Alberto Sahagún de la Parra, who founded Zamora's San José Hospital and a nursing school, and Ana Teresa Jiménez Vargas. For some years she worked as an English teacher at the Universidad Lasallista Benavente. Her first marriage was to veterinarian Manuel Bribiesca Godoy, with whom she ran a veterinary wholesale supplies business in Celaya, Guanajuato. They had three children: Manuel, Jorge Alberto and Fernando. They separated in 1998 and divorced in 2000.

Political career
Sahagún has been an active member of the National Action Party since 1988. She unsuccessfully ran for mayor of Celaya and met Vicente Fox, who named her as his spokeswoman for his government in Guanajuato. Sahagún continued to serve as his press secretary during his successful presidential campaign and for his first year in office. Sahagún married Fox in 2001.

In September 2001, Sahagún created the Vamos México (Let's Go Mexico) foundation, which allocates funds to help marginalized people of the country and other organizations such as the Legion of Christ. Vamos México was inaugurated with a concert by Elton John in Chapultepec Castle, which drew criticism for using a national monument for a private function. The foundation came under national and international scrutiny after an investigation by The Financial Times found that less than half of the foundation's donations went toward charitable efforts. The Financial Times criticized the foundation's lack of transparency in the management of its resources, the source of its donations and its high overhead costs, despite its access to presidential staff, resources and donated office space. The Mexican federal auditor also opened an investigation into whether the national lottery and the president's office had improperly channeled public funds into the foundation. The lottery's then-director, Laura Valdés, is the sister of a board member of Vamos México.

In response, Vamos México bought full-page ads in Mexican newspapers with a pie chart breakdown of its expenses, which added up to 103.26 percent.

Despite her popularity with the public, Sahagún was criticized by legislators and media for using her position as First Lady to set up a future run for the presidency. She was also criticized for her spending habits, including her publicly funded staff of 38, with the top 11 employees costing a total of $782,000 a year.

Despite admitting her interest in the presidency, Sahagún confirmed in 2004 that she would not become a candidate for president and would retire to her and her husband's ranch, although she added, "Mexico is ready to be governed by a woman."

Controversies

Conflict with Proceso and Olga Wornat

In 2003, Argentine journalist Olga Wornat published La Jefa: Vida pública y privada de Marta Sahagún de Fox ("The Chief: The Public and Private Life of Marta Sahagun de Fox"), a book about Marta Sahagún and her sons. Federal deputy Ricardo Sheffield Padilla asked the federal government to investigate the claims of corruption raised by Wornat. In 2005, Wornat published a second book about Sahagún and her sons, Crónicas Malditas ("Accursed Chronicles"), which investigated the sources of their immense fortune. The Mexican magazine Proceso also published an article the same year about the dissolution of Sahagún's first marriage (including claims of domestic violence against her then-husband) and about the "suspicious" businesses of Sahagún's sons.

On May 3, 2005, Marta Sahagún filed a civil lawsuit before the Tribunal Superior de Justicia del Distrito Federal (Supreme Tribunal of Justice of the Federal District) against Wornat and Proceso for "moral damages" and breach of privacy. Sahagún's son Manuel Bibriesca Sahagún filed a separate lawsuit against Wornat, who had received death threats since her books were published and had been placed under house arrest by a federal judge.

On November 27, 2005, Proceso published an article titled "Amistades Peligrosas" ("Dangerous Friendships"), wherein Raquenel Villanueva, a prominent lawyer for drug kingpins, said she had met Fernando Bribiesca Sahagún with her client Jaime Valdez Martínez in 2003. The Procuraduría General de la República considers Valdez a representative of drug cartel leader Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán.

The Bribiesca sons

Sahagún and her sons have been repeatedly accused of using her influence to promote their business interests. Partly as a result of the revelations of journalist Olga Wornat, the Mexican Chamber of Deputies launched investigations into the activities of Sahagun's sons. In mid-2006, a commission of the Chamber of Deputies, chaired by Deputy Jesús González Schmal, allegedly found evidence that would prove multiple shady dealings in the affairs of Sahagun's children and decided to raise a complaint with the Attorney General's Office. Upon hearing the report, Sahagún held a press conference at the official residence of Los Pinos to harshly criticize the commission and González Schmal, claiming that it was lies and a publicity stunt against her.

Mexican journalist Anabel Hernández, in her books Fin de fiesta en Los Pinos (2006) and Narcoland (2012) contributed to increasing criticism of Sahagún and her sons by investigating the Bribiescas' alleged influence peddling and their links to drug cartels.

Manuel and Jorge Bribiesca Sahagún reportedly played a key role in facilitating multimillion-dollar contracts with state-owned Pemex on behalf of Oceanografia, an oil services company that was later accused of defrauding Citigroup and Banamex of at least $400 million.

In 2012, the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation issued an arrest warrant for Manuel Bribiesca on charges of fraud in relation to the Oceanografia case.

See also

List of first ladies of Mexico
Politics of Mexico

References

External links

Mexico's first lady eyes following Fox to presidency
El Balero: Marta Sahagún de Fox
 Univisión: Primera dama mexicana quiere presidencia
Presidencia de la República: Marta de Fox (official bio)
 Vamos Mexico response to the Financial Times
Sahagún sues journalist and Mexican magazine
Reporters Without Borders articles about the Sahagún family relations with Olga Wornat

1953 births
Living people
National Action Party (Mexico) politicians
People from Zamora, Michoacán
Politicians from Michoacán
Vicente Fox
First ladies of Mexico
Recipients of the Order of Isabella the Catholic
Dames Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic

Marta Sahagún


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Tuberolabium

Tuberolabium candidum


ලුහුඬු දැන්වීම්, විශේෂයෙන් පුවත්පත්වල දැකිය හැකි මාර්ගගත සහ අනෙකුත් වාර්තාවල උදා- ලෙස මුදල් ඉතිරි කරන හෝ වියදම් නැති දැන්වීම් සහිත පත්‍රවල ද පළවන දැන්වීම් ආකාරයකි. ලුහුඬු දැන්වීම් ප්‍රමිතියකට අනුව සැකසූ දැන්වීම් හෝ ව්‍යාපාරික ආදර්ශයන් ගෙන් වෙනස් වන අතර ඒවා පෞද්ගලික හෝ තනි තනි වශයෙන් (සුළු සමාගම් හෝ සංස්ථා ඊට අයත් නොවේ) නිෂ්පාදයන්ට අලෙවියන් හෝ සේවාවන් ඉල්ලමින් පළ කෙරෙන දැන්වීම් වේ.

විමසුම

ලුහුඬු දැන්විම් යනු සාමාන්‍යයෙන් විකිනීමට ඇති දෙය පිළිබඳව කෙටියෙන් ලියැවුණු දුරකතන අංක මඟින් වඩාත් විස්තර සපයා ගත හැකි ආකාරයේ දැන්වීම්ය. එයට තව වඩාත් විස්තර ද සැපයිය හැකි අතර එනම් සම්බන්ධ කරගත හැකි තවත් ලිපිනයක් හෝ නිෂ්පාදනය පිළිබඳ සවිස්තරයක් ද දිය  හැක. (උදා - "රෙදිපිළි" වෙනුවට කලිසම් සහ උඩුකයට ඇඳුම්, සයිස් 10" හෝ "රථ වාහන" වෙනුවට රතු 1996 පොන්ටියැන් මහා රථ තරඟය ග්‍රෑන්ඩ් පික්ස්) සාමාන්‍යයෙන් මෙහි පින්තූර හෝ අනෙකුත් රූප රාමු මෙම දැන්වීම්වල අඩංගු නොවන අතර සමහර විට කුඩා ලාංඡනයක් භාවිතා කළ හැක.

ලුහුඬු දැන්වීම් එසේ හැඳින්වෙන්නේ ප්‍රකාශනය තුළ විවිධ මාතෘකා යටතේ සාමාන්‍ය වර්ගීකරණයක්, සිදු කරමින් සේවාවන් නිෂ්පාදනයන් වර්ග කරමින් (ගිණුම්කරණය, රථ වාහන, රෙදි පිළි, ගොවිපල නිෂ්පාදන, විකිණීමට තිබේ, කුලියට යනාදී) සහ සම්පූර්ණ කාණ්ඩගත කරමින් ප්‍රකාශනයේ සුවිශේෂී ස්ථාන එයට දෙමින් එය ප්‍රදර්හන වෙළඳ දැන්වීම්වලට වඩා පැහැදිලි පෙනෙන ලෙස, එනම් ප්‍රකාශන කලාව සහිත චිත්‍ර ඇතුළත් ප්‍රකාශනය පුරා විහිදුනු කතු වැකියට යාබද වෙළඳ දැන්විම්වලට වඩා  වෙනස් ලෙස පළ කිරීම වේ.

ආකාර දෙකක මුහුම්කරණය ප්‍රදර්ශනාත්මක සහ ලුහුඬු දැන්වීම් - නිතරම හමු විය හැක. කණ්ඩගත දැන්වීම්වල දී විශාල ප්‍රමාණයක් රූප සහිත විස්තරාත්මක ඒවා ද ප්‍රකාශනයක ලුහුඬු දැන්වීම කොටස් අතරතුරේ හමු විය හැක. ව්‍යාපාරික අවස්ථා ලුහුඬු දැන්වීම් අතර හමු විය හැකි අතර ඒවා සේවා අලෙවිය සඳහා භාවිතා කරන අතර 1-800 දක්වා අතර ප්‍රමාණයක් රැකී රක්ෂා සංඛ්‍යා එහි විය හැක. ලුහුඬු දැන්වීම් අතර බොහෝ සමාගම් නව රැකියා අවස්ථාවන් ද දැන්වීමට අවස්ථා කර ගෙන ඇත.

මුද්‍රිත ලුහුඬු දැන්වීම් දිගින් ඉතා සීමිත ලෙස තීරුවක පේළි ගෙන ඇති අතර ඒවා කෙටි යෙදුම් මඟින් පුරවා ඇති අතර ඉන් ඉඩකඩ සහ මුදල් ඉතිරි කර ගෙන ඇත. වර්තමානයේ අන්තර්ජාලය වෙත ද ලුහුඬු දැන්වීම් ව්‍යාප්තව තිබෙනු දැකිය හැක.

මුද්‍රිත ප්‍රකාශන වල වෙළඳ දැන්වීම් මෙන්ම පරිගණකය, ගුවන් විදුලිය, රූපවාහිනිය (කේබල් රූපවාහිනිය සහ විකාශන රූපවාහිනිය) ආදී සියලු මධ්‍ය වලට අද ලුහුඬු දැන්වීම් ව්‍යාප්ත වී ඇත. මුද්‍රිත මාධ්‍යයේ බොහෝ අංශ මෙන් ලුහුඩු දැන්වීම් ද අන්තර්ජාලයට ඇතුලුවී ඇත.

අන්තර්ජාල ලුහුඬු දැන්වීම් පේළි ගණනට අය නොකරන බැවින් දිගින් වැඩිවේ. ඒවා සොයාගැනිමට පහසුය. ප්‍රාදේශිය මට්ටමෙන් ක්‍රියාත්මක වන අතර වැඩි ප්‍රේක්ෂක සංඛ්‍යාවක් ආමන්ත්‍රණය කරයි.ස්වයං ප්‍රතිපත්ති නිර්ණය කිරීම සහ අඩංගු අඩු වියදම් ව්‍යූහය නිසා එ. ජනපදයේ' ක්‍රෙලිස්ට මෙන්ම ගම්ට්‍ර' සහ  කජිජි වැනි ජාත්‍යන්තර වෙබ් අඩවි නොමිලේ ලුහුඬු දැන්වීම් පලකිරීමට පවා අවස්ථාවක් ලබා දේ.බොහෝ ආයතන සිය ප්‍රදේශියකයන් හෝ නාගරික ප්‍රදේශ ආවරණය කරයි. ක්‍රෙලිලිස් ලොව ප්‍රථම අන්තර්ජාල ලුහඩු දැන්වීම් වෙබ් අඩිවි අතුරින් එක්වූ අතර මසකට ප්‍රේකෂකයන් මිලියන 14 ක් පමණ ඇදගන්නා ලොව විශාලතම ලුහුඬු දැන්වීම් මූලාශ්‍රය බවට අද පත්ව ඇත.'අැග්‍රීෙග්ටර්ස් ' නම් අන්තර්ජාල සේවා වෙනත් මූලාශ්‍රයන්ගෙන් ලබා ගත් ලුහුඬු දැන්වීම් එක් වෙබ් අඩවියක දක්වාය. උදාහරණ  උෘඩිල්, වාස්ට් සහ එඩ්ගියෝ

එසේම සමහර ආයතන මගින් සැපයෙන අන්තර්ජාල ප්‍රචාරණ සේවා සහ මෙවලම් හරහා සිය සාමාජිකයන්ට අන්තර්ජාල වෙළඳ දැන්වීම් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට සහ ඒවා ස්වයංක්‍රීයව අන්තර්ජාල වෙබ් අඩිවලට යැවීමට ඉඩ සැලසේ.

ලුහුඬු දැන්වීම්


Hacıahmetlidavutlu,  Aksaray ilinin Ağaçören ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1928 yılı kayıtlarında Hacıahmetli Davutlu olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya
Aksaray il merkezine 65 km, Ağaçören ilçe merkezine 15 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Ağaçören belde ve köyleri

Hacıahmetlidavutlu, Ağaçören


The Volksbühne ("People's Theatre") is a theater in Berlin. Located in Berlin's city center Mitte on Rosa-Luxemburg-Platz (Rosa Luxemburg Square) in what was the GDR's capital. It has been called Berlin's most iconic theatre.

About
The Volksbühne was built during the years 1913 to 1914 and was designed by Oskar Kaufmann, with integrated sculpture by Franz Metzner. It opened on December 30, 1914 and has its origin in an organization known as the "Freie Volksbühne" ("Free People's Theater") founded in 1890 by Bruno Wille and Wilhelm Bölsche, which sketched out the vision for a theater "of the people" in 1892. The goal of the organization was to promote the naturalist plays of the day at prices accessible to the common worker. The original slogan inscribed on the edifice was "Die Kunst dem Volke" ("Art to the people"). During World War II, the theatre was heavily damaged like much of the rest of Berlin. From 1950 to 1954, it was rebuilt according to the design of architect Hans Richter.

Frank Castorf became director in 1992. During his 25-year tenure, through mid 2017, the theater's ambitious, experimental productions, brought it worldwide recognition as a leading European venue.

In 2015 the City of Berlin announced that Castorf would be replaced by Chris Dercon in 2017, who himself resigned in April 2018 after what was considered by many to have been a commercially and artistically weak period for the theater.

Left-wing activists occupied the theater in September 2017.

René Pollesch was appointed to be a new director from 2021.

References

External links

Official Volksbühne website

Theatres in Berlin
Buildings and structures in Berlin
Rebuilt buildings and structures in Berlin

Volksbühne


Creunitz ist ein Ortsteil der Stadt Gräfenthal im Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt in Thüringen.

Lage
Creunitz liegt südwestlich von Gräfenthal. Der Weiler ist über die Landesstraße 1150 und Kreisstraße 175 zu erreichen. Die kupierte und teilweise terrassenmäßig angelegte Gemarkung des Weilers befindet sich in einer typischen Mittelgebirgslandschaft im Thüringer Schiefergebirge. Sie ist durch Tal-, Hang- und Höhenlagen gekennzeichnet. Rodungsinseln und -flächen sind immer noch erkennbar. Vom Weiler gehen Wanderwege in das Aubachtal und über den  Rennsteig nach Spechtsbrunn, vorbei am Steinernen Reiter als Rastplatz mit einer Sage umwoben.

Geschichte
Am 23. April 1394 wurde der Weiler erstmals urkundlich erwähnt.
54 Personen bewohnen den Weiler.

Creunitz lag im Mittelalter an der viel befahrenen, sogenannten "Judenbacher Straße", einem unwegsamen Abschnitt der einstigen Heer- und Handelsstraße zwischen Nürnberg und Leipzig. Die Creunitzer und ihre Nachbarn aus Spechtsbrunn, Gräfenthal, Meernach und Buchbach waren über Generationen Fuhrleute oder Waldarbeiter.  Am 15. Dezember Jahre 1806 trat Sachsen-Coburg-Saalfeld mit den übrigen ernestinischen Fürstentümern dem Rheinbund bei. Vom November 1806 bis zum Frieden von Tilsit im Juli 1807 war das Fürstentum  französisch besetzt. Die napoleonische Besatzungsmacht zwang den Landesvater, Herzog Franz von Sachsen-Coburg Saalfeld eine neu trassierte Militärstraße nach französischen Vorgaben zu bauen, die jedoch nie fertiggestellt wurde. Am Vogelherd, am Buchbach und an der Felswand der Gemeindekuppe bei Creunitz sind heute noch deutliche Spuren der Bau- und Sprengarbeiten zu erkennen. Der sogenannte "Steinerne Reiter" wurde 1811 von einem Unbekannten aus dem Schieferfelsen gehauen, das rasch verwitterte Bildnis wurde nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg durch Vandalismus schwerst beschädigt. Der Gräfenthaler Modelleur Schubert wurde nach 1920 mit der Anfertigung einer Kopie aus Zementguss beauftragt.

Im Schieferbruch von Creunitz wurde durch Geologen Silurischer Alaunschiefer bestimmt, er enthält seltene Fossilien von Graptolithen der Gattung Abiesgraptus.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Gräfenthal
Ort im Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt
Ersterwähnung 1394
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt)
Gemeindeauflösung 1974

Creunitz


Carterton () is a small town in the Wellington Region of New Zealand and the seat of the Carterton District (a territorial authority or local government district). It lies in a farming area of the Wairarapa in New Zealand's North Island. It is located  southwest of Masterton and  northeast of Wellington. The town has a population of ), out of a total district population of .

Carterton was founded in 1857. Originally known as Three Mile Bush, it served as housing for workers building the road between Wellington and Masterton. It was later renamed after Charles Carter, who was in charge of the building of the Black Bridge over the Waiohine River south of the town. The town describes itself as New Zealand's daffodil capital, holding a Daffodil Festival each year on the second Sunday in September, with the main event taking place at Middle Run along Gladstone Road.

History
Carterton was the first place in the world to elect a transgender mayor, Georgina Beyer. Beyer went on to set another world's first record, becoming the MP for the  Wairarapa electorate in 1999.

On 7 January 2012, a hot air balloon crashed just north of the town, killing eleven people and making headlines around the world. The balloon came into contact with a high-voltage power line supplying the town, resulting in the balloon catching fire and the town losing power briefly. In 1956, along with Masterton, Carterton became the joint first town in New Zealand to use the 111 Emergency Number.

Demographics

Carterton
Carterton covers  and had an estimated population of  as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Carterton had a population of 5,340 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 600 people (12.7%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 1,203 people (29.1%) since the 2006 census. There were 2,214 households, comprising 2,547 males and 2,793 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.91 males per female, with 957 people (17.9%) aged under 15 years, 720 (13.5%) aged 15 to 29, 2,196 (41.1%) aged 30 to 64, and 1,470 (27.5%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 89.4% European/Pākehā, 15.4% Māori, 2.1% Pasifika, 3.1% Asian, and 1.4% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 16.5, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 51.9% had no religion, 35.3% were Christian, 0.8% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.7% were Hindu, 0.2% were Muslim, 0.5% were Buddhist and 1.9% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 666 (15.2%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 1,110 (25.3%) people had no formal qualifications. 501 people (11.4%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 1,854 (42.3%) people were employed full-time, 645 (14.7%) were part-time, and 153 (3.5%) were unemployed.

Carterton District
Carterton District covers  and had an estimated population of  as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Carterton District had a population of 9,198 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 963 people (11.7%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 2,097 people (29.5%) since the 2006 census. There were 3,645 households, comprising 4,524 males and 4,674 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.97 males per female. The median age was 46.4 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 1,740 people (18.9%) aged under 15 years, 1,281 (13.9%) aged 15 to 29, 4,113 (44.7%) aged 30 to 64, and 2,064 (22.4%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 91.4% European/Pākehā, 13.4% Māori, 1.8% Pasifika, 2.2% Asian, and 1.9% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 16.6, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 53.1% had no religion, 35.5% were Christian, 0.6% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.5% were Hindu, 0.1% were Muslim, 0.4% were Buddhist and 1.6% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 1,350 (18.1%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 1,620 (21.7%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $29,800, compared with $31,800 nationally. 1,092 people (14.6%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 3,492 (46.8%) people were employed full-time, 1,242 (16.7%) were part-time, and 240 (3.2%) were unemployed.

Landmarks
Carterton's town clock is located on High Street next to the post office. The existing tower was put into operation in September 1962, replacing the original clock tower atop the post office that was damaged in the 24 June 1942 Wairarapa earthquake.

The Bank of New South Wales, showing confidence in Carterton, built a beautifully ornate bank building on the corner of Park Road and High Street North in 1912. This building is listed in the historic buildings list found in the Wairarapa Combined District Plan. In 1982, the Bank of New South Wales became Westpac and continued to occupy the building until a devastating earthquake in Christchurch (6.3 on the Richter scale) severely damaged many unreinforced masonry buildings in February 2011. After an unfavourable engineers' assessment the bank shifted out of the building approximately 150 metres south in High Street North. The building underwent substantial seismic strengthening and re-opened as the Carterton Free Presbyterian Church in July 2017.

Historic Carterton railway station is located west of the town centre off Belvedere Road. The station building at the station is original, having been built when the railway opened in 1880, and has accepted passenger services ever since. It is currently leased from KiwiRail Network by the Wairarapa Railway Restoration Society.

The Carterton District library on Holloway Street is New Zealand's oldest purpose-built library that is still in use as a library today.

The Carterton Events Centre is also on Holloway Street. Opened in October 2011, this state-of-the-art, multi-purpose community facility is available for community and commercial use. Centrally located in the Wairarapa region, the Centre provides modern, flexible, spaces for all manner of events, shows, exhibitions, meetings and community gatherings. Interconnection of spaces throughout the Centre allows for separation and opening up of spaces to cater for different needs. The Events Centre belongs to the Carterton community, through the Carterton District Council.

Carterton's Memorial Square is on the corner of High Street and Park Road and holds Carterton's World War One memorial, positioned centrally. The red granite pillar, apparently broken off at the top, symbolising the lives cut short by the war. The memorial was unveiled on 13 February 1921 by Minister of Internal Affairs George Anderson. Since the 1930s, Memorial Square has been administered under an act of parliament – the Carterton and District Memorial Square Act (1932).

On Sundays, from 22 February 2015, the Square began to host Carterton Farmers' Market. This weekly produce and craft event was born of the 2014 Place Making Carterton project, initiated by the Carterton District Business (Inc) group and Carterton District Council.

Located 10 minutes from the Square is Stonehenge Aotearoa, built by members of The Phoenix Astronomy Society, it is a modern adaptation (opened in 2005) of the Stonehenge ruins on the Salisbury Plain of England.

Education

Carterton has three primary schools:
 Carterton School, a state full primary (Year 1–8) school with a roll of  students as of  The school opened in 1861.
 South End School, a state full primary (Year 1–8) school with a roll of  students as of  The school opened in 1962.
 St Mary's School, a state-integrated Catholic full primary (Year 1–8) school with a roll of  students as of  The school opened in 1917 and integrated into the state education system in the early 1980s.

Ponatahi Christian School, a state-integrated composite (Year 1–13) Christian school, is also located in Carterton. It has a roll of  students as of  It was founded as a private school in 1978 and was originally sited at Ponatahi, southwest of Carterton. The school moved to its current site over the 1996–97 summer holidays, and integrated into the state education system in April 1998.

There are no state secondary schools in Carterton. The nearest secondary schools are Kuranui College, 10 km away in Greytown, and Wairarapa College and Makoura College 14 km and 15 km away respectively in Masterton.

Transport

Roads
The main street through Carterton is High Street – split on either side of Holloway Street into High Street North and High Street South. Other main streets include Park Road, Belvedere Road, Brooklyn Road, Pembroke Street and Holloway Street (which all run approximately east–west) and Lincoln Road (which runs approximately north–south). Other notable streets include Costley Street, Kenwyn Drive and Frederick Street.

Carterton District is a rapidly expanding area which, according to inter-census dates (i.e. between 2006 and 2013) is the fastest growing local government area in the North Island with respect to population. A number of new subdivisions have assisted in this expansion such as Hartley Avenue, Routhan Way, Daffodil Grove, Armstrong Avenue, Tararua Crescent, Carrington Drive and Mill Grove.

Carterton is served by State Highway 2, the main highway between Wellington and Masterton. The highway runs the length of High Street.

Carterton is served by Metlink bus route 200, which connects Carterton with Masterton, Greytown, Featherston and Martinborough.

Rail
Carterton lies on the Wairarapa Line, and is served by the Wairarapa Connection operated by KiwiRail and Transdev on behalf of Metlink, connecting Carterton to Wellington. The train serves both Carterton railway station and Matarawa railway station southwest of the township.

Notable people
 Georgina Beyer, world's first transgender mayor
Sir Bob Charles, golfer, first left-handed golfer to win a golf major (The Open Championship, 1963)
 Herbert Ernest Hart, World War I commander, born Taratahi
 Madeleine Marie Slavick, writer and photographer
 Ron Mark, politician and current mayor of Carterton
 Celia Manson, writer and journalist
 Marion Tylee, artist
 Hamuera Tamahau Mahupuku (c.1842 – 14 January 1904), a New Zealand tribal leader, runholder, assessor and newspaper proprietor from Longbush

Image gallery

See also
 Carterton railway station
 Matarawa Railway Station
 Wairarapa
:Category:Mayors of Carterton, New Zealand

References

External links

Carterton District Council website
The Carterton Events Centre
Carterton District Business Community Website
Carterton Farmers' Market website
Destination Wairarapa tourism website for visitors

Wairarapa
Carterton District
Populated places in the Wellington Region

Carterton, New Zealand


Kosningar í Bandaríkjunum fóru fram þann 7. nóvember árið 1944.
 Forsetakosningar í Bandaríkjunum 1944
 Öldungadeildarkosningar í Bandaríkjunum 1944
 Fulltrúadeildarkosningar í Bandaríkjunum 1944
 Fylkisstjórakosningar í Bandaríkjunum 1944

1944
1944

Kosningar í Bandaríkjunum 1944


Beir steht für:

 Fred Beir (1927–1980), US-amerikanischer Schauspieler
 veraltet für Murle (Ethnie), eine Ethnie im Südsudan
 veraltet für Murle (Sprache), Sprache der Murle

Beir


Sveitarfélög á Möltu eru neðsta stjórnsýslustigið á Möltu. Frá 1993 eru þau 68 talsins.

Á eyjunni Möltu eru 54 sveitarfélög:

Á eyjunni Gozo eru 14 sveitarfélög:

Sveitarfélög á Möltu


La indiferencia es un estado de ánimo en que no se siente inclinación ni repugnancia por algo, sea una persona, un objeto, tema o asunto determinados.

En el estoicismo
Los antiguos estoicos caracterizaban la actitud del sabio por la indiferencia respecto de lo que no es bueno o virtuoso. La adiáfora producía en el orden afectivo la apatía y la ataraxia. Pirrón proclamaba la indiferencia absoluta como único camino para conseguir la felicidad; esta actitud era derivada de su filosofía teorética que proclamaba también la indiferencia entre dos proposiciones contradictorias y la consiguiente imposibilidad de hallar un criterio de verdad.

Psicología del sentimiento
En psicología del sentimiento se discute acerca de la posibilidad de estados neutros, esto es, indiferentes al placer y al dolor. Están por la afirmativa Reid, Bain y Ribot; Hamilton y Sully dudan y Leibniz, Condillac y Höffding lo niegan. Teóricamente, parece lógico suponer que entre el placer y el dolor máximos hay una serie de estados intermedios y un punto equidistante que representaría la indiferencia afectiva. Se alega, sin embargo, contra la existencia de sensaciones indiferentes:
1º: la naturaleza misma de la afección sensible, que expresa siempre una situación favorable o desfavorable respecto de nuestras inclinaciones
2º: relatividad del placer y del dolor, que hace que estados que parecen indiferentes lo sean solamente por su relación con los estados actuales.

Hay que añadir a esto que de multitud de sensaciones no nos damos cuenta por ser habituales y que no hay ningún inconveniente en admitir una serie no interrumpida de intermediarios entre el placer y el dolor sin introducir en la serie un punto neutro.

La suposición de estados neutros, como dice Höffding, proviene no solo de que se desdeñan los grados más tenues de placer y dolor, sino también de que se padece una confusión entre el estado general del espíritu y el efecto producido por algunas representaciones y experiencias particulares. Este estado general no deja de estar determinado en cada instante por el predomio, ya del placer, ya del dolor.

En la doctrina de la voluntad, la indiferencia o exención de necesidad constituye las distintas formas del acto libre. La libertad de indiferencia ha sido interpretada como libertad de determinarse sin motivos, ante bienes de valor distinto o bienes iguales. Leibniz negaba que hubiera indiferencia de equilibrio en el proceso voluntario pues, según él, la voluntad se determina siempre por el mayor motivo.

Filosofía moral
En filosofía moral se plantea igualmente la cuestión de la existencia de actos morales indiferentes, esto es, ni buenos ni malos; cuestión que comporta una solución análoga a la de los estados neutros  afectivos. Todo momento de la actividad humana pesa en un sentido u otro en la totalidad de la vida del individuo; si nos acerca a nuestra perfección el acto es bueno, si nos aparta de ella, es malo.

En la filosofía de Schelling, la indiferencia es el carácter esencial de lo absoluto; como máxima indeterminación es el origen de todos los seres; es la razón absoluta, principio de la razón subjetiva y de la razón objetiva.

Véase también
Desapego

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Terminología filosófica
Emociones
Comportamiento humano

Indiferencia (sentimiento)


Craig G. Rogers (n. 26 de mayo de 1971) es un urólogo estadounidense y el jefe la cirugía renal en Henry Ford Hospital, Michigan, Estados Unidos. Dr. Rogers es conocido por innovaciones en cirugía asistida por el robot Da Vinci, especialmente en la cirugía renal.

Él realizó la primera cirugía con el uso de sonda de ultrasonido. Él fue uno de los primeros urólogos en realizar una cirugía con el uso de nanoknife y una nefrectomía por single-port.
Dr. Rogers es autor de más de 80 artículos y publicaciones, así como videos y capítulos de libros.

Carrera médica
Rogers se licenció en medicina en la Universidad de Stanford y se especializó en la Universidad Johns Hopkins. Desde 2007 trabaja en Henry Ford Hospital en el Instituto Urológico Vattikuti con Dr. Mani Menon.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 El sitio web de Dr. Craig Rogers

Cirujanos de Estados Unidos
Médicos de Estados Unidos

Craig G. Rogers


Medlemmerne af Europa-Parlamentet er organiseret i politiske grupper i Europa-Parlamentet efter politisk tilhørsforhold. For at danne gruppe i Europa-Parlamentet kræves det at mindst 25 MEP'er fra mindst en fjernedel af medlemslandene i EU deltager i gruppen. Parlamentsmedlemmer kan også være løsgængere i Europa-Parlamentet i stedet for at tilhøre af en de politiske grupper i parlamentet.

Der er efter dannet 7 politiske grupper i Europa-Parlamentet:

Referencer

Politiske grupper i Europa-Parlamentet


Ballıkaya, Sakarya ilinin Akyazı ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Daha önceleri Yongalık köyüne bağlı bir mahalle iken, 22 Temmuz 1959'da köy statüsü kazandı. 2012 yılındaki yasa değişikliğinden sonra yeniden mahalle oldu.

Coğrafya
Sakarya il merkezine 50 km, Akyazı ilçesine 17 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Akyazı'nın mahalleleri

Ballıkaya, Akyazı


Pattani is a town (thesaban mueang) in the far south of Thailand, near the border with Malaysia. It is the capital of Pattani Province. The city has a population of 44,353 (2018). It covers the whole tambon Sabarang, Anoru and Chabang Tiko of Mueang Pattani district.

Pattani lies 1,056 km south of Bangkok, and is located at the mouth of the Pattani River. The historic centre of Patani was originally located a few miles away near the Krue Se Mosque, but developed at the present location after the older Patani was captured and sacked in 1785.

The local dialect of Malay is called Pattani Malay or Yawi in Thai (derived from Jawi).

Etymology
Some believe that the name Pattani originated from Malay name Patani (Jawi: ڤطاني), which can mean "this beach" in Pattani Malay language. (In standard Malay, this would be pantai ini.) According to a legend, the founder of Pattani was a raja from Kota Malikha named Phaya Tunakpa. Phaya Tunakpa went hunting one day and saw a beautiful albino mouse-deer the size of a goat, which then disappeared. He asked his men where the animal had gone, and they replied: "Pata ning lah!" ("This beach!" in the Pattani Malay language). They searched for the mouse-deer but found instead an old couple, where the old man identified himself as Che' Tani ("Mister Tani"). The old man said that he was sent by the raja's grandfather to build a new town further beyond but had fallen ill on the journey; as he could not go any further, he stayed at that place. The raja then ordered a town be built at the site where the mouse-deer had disappeared. The town became Patani, which is believed to be named either after "this beach" where the mouse-deer had disappeared. Alternatively, it has also been said to be named after the old man as Pak Tani meaning "Father Tani".

Some also say the word Pattani is derived from "Petani" in Malay which means "farmer".  Another suggestion is that it derives from a Sanskrit word pathini, meaning "virgin nymph"; Pathini is also said to be the title of a daughter of Merong Mahawangsa, founder of the preceding kingdom of Langkasuka.

History
Pattani is located at the mouth of the Pattani River. The river may have changed course and empty into the sea at the current location in the 16th century. A small port existed in the current location at Kuala Bekah at the mouth of Sungai Patani by the early 17th century. However, the older historical centre of the Pattani Kingdom that ruled over the region of Patani was located a 6–7 km to the east of the present city; near Ban Kru Se or Kampong Kersik, which is where the Krue Se Mosque is located. The older Pattani was captured and sacked by the Siamese, and a new town centre later developed in the current location and the Sultan moved to Cabang Tiga at the southern side of present-day Pattani in the 19th century. The Patani City municipality was established in 1935 by royal decree.

Climate
Pattani has a tropical monsoon climate according to the Köppen climate classification, with a lengthy wet season and a brief dry season. The temperatures and humidity are high year round, with slightly higher temperatures in April, just as the monsoon arrives. The wet season is long, lasting May-December, and the dry season short, covering only January-April. The months of October, November, and December are particularly wet.

References

External links

Populated places in Pattani province
Cities and towns in Thailand

Pattani, Thailand


Ricardo Grigore ()

Note

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1999
Nașteri pe 7 aprilie
Fotbaliști ai FC Dinamo București
Oameni în viață
Bucureșteni
Fotbaliști români
Români în viață
Fotbaliști la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 2020

Ricardo Grigore


Vanessa Lopes Ramalho (Brasília, 5 de julho de 2001) é uma influenciadora digital, dançarina e cantora brasileira. É uma das TikTokers mais seguidas do Brasil.

Biografia e carreira
Vanessa nasceu em Brasília mas se mudou para Recife, ainda criança. Ela criou uma conta no Tiktok enquanto fazia faculdade e durante a pandemia começou a gravar danças para a rede social. Seus pais, que são empresários, Alisson de Oliveira Ramalho e Liziane Lopes Ramalho (Lica), a apoiaram na carreira. Atualmente, a Vanessa Lopes tem 29,7 milhões de seguidores no TikTok e no YouTube, seu canal tem 1,77 milhões de inscritos e no Twitter tem 406,7 mil seguidores. Já no Instagram, ela tem 13,4 milhões de seguidores. Ela apresenta o podcast "Não é TPM" juntamente com Fernanda Schneider, Gabriela Mag, Victória Collen, Isa Paoli e Vivi Wanderley.

Prêmios e indicações

Youtubers do Distrito Federal (Brasil)
Tiktokers do Brasil
Influenciadores digitais do Brasil

Vanessa Lopes


Ondrejovce este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Levice din regiunea Nitra. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 467 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Ondrejovce este atestată documentar din 1260.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Ondrejovce


Americana () is a municipality (município) located in the Brazilian state of São Paulo. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas. The population is 229,322 (2015 est.) in an area of . The original settlement developed around the local railway station, founded in 1875, and the development of a cotton weaving factory in a nearby farm.

After 1866, thousands of former Confederate sympathizers from the American Civil War settled in the region. Following the Civil War, slavery was abolished in the United States. In Brazil, however, slavery was legal until 1888, making it a particularly attractive location to former Confederates, among whom was a former member of the Alabama State Senate, William Hutchinson Norris.

Around three hundred of the Confederados are members of the Fraternidade Descendência Americana (Fraternity of American Descendants). They meet quarterly at the Campo Cemetery.

The city was known as Vila dos Americanos ("Village of the Americans") until 1904, when it belonged to the city of Santa Bárbara d'Oeste. It became a district in 1924 and a municipality in 1953.

Americana has several museums and tourist attractions, including the Pedagogic Historical Museum and the Contemporary Art Museum.

Rio Branco Esporte Clube, founded in 1913, is the football (soccer) club of the city. The team plays their home matches at Estádio Décio Vitta, which has a maximum capacity of 15,000 people.

History
The first records on the occupation of the lands where Americana now stands date from the late 18th century, when Domingos da Costa Machado I acquired a crown property between the municipalities of Vila Nova da Constituição (now Piracicaba) and Vila de São Carlos (now Campinas). In that area several estates were created, including Salto Grande, Machadinho, and Palmeiras.

A part of the property, which included the Machadinho estate, was sold by Domingos da Costa Machado II to Antônio Bueno Rangel. After Rangel's death, the estate was divided between his sons José and Basílio Bueno Rangel. A part of the property was afterwards sold to the captain of the Brazilian National Guard, Ignácio Corrêa Pacheco, who is considered the founder of Americana.

Confederate immigration

In 1866, the region started to be populated with American immigrants from the former Confederate States of America, who were fleeing the aftermath of the American Civil War. The Emperor Dom Pedro II was a fierce advocate of the South during the war, and openly recruited the former Confederates, offering free transport, cheap land, and an easy path to citizenship.

The first immigrant to arrive was the lawyer and ex-state senator from Alabama, colonel William Hutchinson Norris. Norris installed himself in lands near the seat of the Machadinho estate and the Quilombo River.

Norris was to investigate and report on Brazil and as a possible new home for Confederates who no longer wanted to live in the United States. His report was positive, and in 1867 the rest of his family arrived in Brazil, accompanied by other families from the Confederate States. These families settled in the region, bringing agricultural innovations and a kind of watermelon known as "Georgia's rattlesnake". Between 8,000 and 20,000 former Confederates emigrated to Brazil (not all to this one town). Slaves were inexpensive in Brazil, one noted, and at least 54 families bought 536 slaves after arrival in Brazil.

In 1875, almost a decade after the arrival of the Confederate immigrants in the region, the Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro completed the expansion of its main railway to the city of Rio Claro. A station was built within the lands of the Machadinho estate. Despite belonging to the municipality of Campinas, the station was made to serve the estates in the municipality of Santa Bárbara d'Oeste, which was further away and had no station of its own.

The inauguration of the station counted the Emperor Dom Pedro II and Gaston, comte d'Eu among those who attended. The station was baptized "Santa Bárbara station". It is unknown exactly when the small village became the city of Americana, but it is known that this village was created by the time of the inauguration of the railway station, and that it was Ignácio Corrêa Pacheco who distributed the lands. Pacheco is thus considered the founder of the city. The municipal holiday of Americana is still August 27, the day when the railway station was inaugurated.

The small town formed around the station was named "Villa da Estação de Santa Bárbara" (Santa Bárbara Station Town). Its inhabitants consisted mainly of American families, and the town became thus popularly known as "Villa dos Americanos" (Town of the Americans).

The similarity between the official name of the town and the one of the neighboring municipality frequently caused serious communication problems, such as mail to Santa Bárbara Station often being shipped to the municipality of Santa Bárbara,  away. In order to solve the problem, the railway company changed the name of the station in 1900 to "Estação de Villa Americana" (American Town Station). The name of the town itself was then also officially changed to "Villa Americana" (American Town).

The official song of the city says, in part:

The many Confederates
brought us
the wheelbarrow, watermelon,
cotton and the plow.

The city celebrates an annual Confederate festival, named the "Festa Confederada". The Confederate flag is prominently displayed, and men dress as Confederate soldiers.

Carioba

In the 1890s, the farm known as Fazenda Salto Grande was purchased by the American Clement Willmot. Willmot established the first industry in Americana under the name Clement H. Willmot & Cia. In 1889, the factory was renamed Fábrica de Tecidos Carioba (Carioba Textile Factory). The name "Carioba" derives from the Tupi words for "white cloth".

The factory ran into financial trouble after the abolition of slavery in 1888, and was purchased by German immigrants who were members of the Müller family. The town of Carioba sprang up around the factory. German immigrants brought European-style urbanization to Carioba which is reflected in the style of its manors, factories, hotels, and schools. Asphalt of tar was then first imported from Europe into Americana and utilized in road paving. The factory became the basis for the present-day Parque Industrial de Americana (Industrial Park of Americana).

Italian immigration
On October 8, 1887, Joaquim Boer led a large group of Italian immigrants to Brazil. At Americana these Italian immigrants built their first church in 1896, dedicated to Saint Anthony of Padua, who eventually became the patron saint of the city. Born in Portugal, and called Saint Anthony of Lisbon there, the saint who is among the three June popular saints in the Catholic calendar (the others being Saints John the Baptist and Peter) is celebrated on June 13 with typical Junine countryside Brazilian food, prayers of the rosary, square dance, liquor, and bonfire.

Although immigrants got incentives to come to Brazil, Italians who arrived before that did not seem to have enjoyed special privileges. They often lived within the quarters designed for enslaved Africans who also suffered from lack of comfort and healthy conditions. Those immigrants worked as indentured servants, paying off their debts to farmers who had paid for their tickets and were exploited, until the system was revamped and improved. Their descendants went on to become laborers, merchants, and professionals.

Elihu Root's visit

In 1906, two years after the creation of the Distrito de Paz de Villa Americana, the municipality received a visit from Elihu Root, United States Secretary of State, who had been attending and presiding over the Pan-American Conference held in Rio de Janeiro. After the conference, Root visited other parts of Brazil (such as Araras), and was informed of the existence of Americana. Root expressed interest in visiting the town, and was received at Americana with great emotion and affection. Hundreds of the residents received Root at nighttime.

Autonomy
With the change in status from village to district, Americana developed rapidly. Its first police force was created, a sub prefecture was established, and three street lights – lit by kerosene and brought from Germany – were introduced. A school was also established, with the sending of the educator Silvino José de Oliveira to represent Americana's interests with the state government. All of these developments led the local inhabitants to clamor for the status of a city.

In 1922, Villa Americana was one of the most progressive districts in Campinas with a population of 4,500. In this year, the fight to change its status to city began, led by Antonio Lobo and others, such as Lieutenant Antas de Abreu, Cícero Jones and Hermann Müller himself. Their efforts finally bore fruit: on November 12, 1924, the Municipality of Villa Americana was created, comprising two districts: Villa Americana and Nova Odessa, Nova Odesa later becoming its own municipality.

Constitutionalist Revolution and economic development

At the time of the beginning of the Getúlio Vargas dictatorship in Brazil in 1930, Americana was undergoing a profound economic transformation due to the rise of the textile industry there (the city was known as the "Rayon Capital").

In 1932, during the administration of Mayor Antonio Zanaga, the revolt known as the Constitutionalist Revolution erupted against Vargas' regime. Americana sent volunteers to this revolution, and three of them, Jorge Jones, Fernando de Camargo and Aristeu Valente (from Nova Odessa, then part of Americana), perished during the struggle. Their sacrifice is remembered in Americana to this day.

In 1938, Mayor Zanaga changed the name of the town from Villa Americana to Americana, and due to the economic transformation of the town, the Comarca of Americana was created on December 31, 1953, during the administration of Mayor Jorge Arbix. In 1959, during the administration of Mayor Abrahim Abraham, Nova Odessa was made autonomous as its own municipality.

Between 1960 and 1970, the rapid development of Americana led many people to move there in search of work. Because of its size, there was not enough room to accommodate the new residents and many lived on the border of Santa Bárbara d'Oeste and Americana, creating what is known today as Zona Leste de Santa Bárbara (East Santa Barbara).

The same also occurred because the majority of the population were unaware of the location where one municipality ended and where another began. The confusion came about because municipal limits were not yet fully determined. The problem was solved with the creation of a major avenue, today called Avenida da Amizade (Friendship Avenue), which became the dividing line.

At the same time as these developments, some problems were also created. The sudden increase in population caused an imbalance in the public accounts of the municipality, which was not ready for such a great number of new residents.

Geography

Location
Americana is located in the center-east region of the state of São Paulo, Southeast Region.

  from São Paulo
  from the Port of Santos
  from Campinas
  from São Carlos
  from São Bernardo do Campo
  from Piracicaba
  from REPLAN em Paulínia

Climate
Americana has an altitude tropical climate, with hot summers and chilly winters. In winter, there is much less rainfall than in summer. According to Köppen and Geiger the climate classification is Aw.

The median high temperature in summer is  and the median low is , comparable to Boston. In winter, the median high temperature is  and the median low temperature is , comparable to Orlando, Florida.

In Americana, the month with the most daily hours of sunshine is February with an average of 9.37 hours of sunshine. In total, there are 290.43 hours of sunshine in February.

The month with the fewest daily hours of sunshine in Americana is January with an average of 8.87 hours of sunshine per day. In total, there are 266.09 hours of sunshine in January. About 3251.14 hours of sunshine are counted in Americana throughout the year. On average, there are 106.92 hours of sunshine per month.

Ecology
Amblyomma sculptum and A. dubitatum are common here. Brites-Neto et al., 2017 find α-cypermethrin (pyrethroid) and flufenoxuron (benzoylurea chitin synthesis inhibitor) are efficacious against populations in this area. These ticks are significant veterinary parasites and so α-cyp and flufenoxuron are useful here for animal protection.

Demography

The population descends from a mixture of Portuguese and other immigrants, mainly Italian, Portuguese, German and Levantine.

Because of its origins as a village settled by American Confederates, it received the name "Americana", referring to "cidade" or city, the feminine form of "American", which in Portuguese means any native of the Americas, although often applied only to U.S. citizens.

Ethnic groups
 84.6% White
 12.0% Pardo (Mixed Race)
 2.4% Black
 0.8% Asian
 0.2% Native American

Culture

Theatres

 The Teatro Arena Elis Regina, or the Elis Regina Arena Theater (named after Elis Regina) was built in 1981 and became a venue for various artists. It was then abandoned to a state of dilapidation, having become a site of illegal activities. In 2000, reconstruction began, reopening on September 22, 2004. The theater was rebuilt with the idea of a circus in mind: it would offer various entertaining spectacles and activities simultaneously, and the theater was covered with a white canvas sheet, evoking the impression of lightness and brightness. The theater offers 1100 seats, two dressing rooms, and ample parking space.
 Teatro Municipal Lulu Benencasse, or Lulu Benencasse Municipal Theater, opened in 1986, occupying the building of the old Cine Brasil, which for decades had been a hang-out for young americanenses. Since its inauguration, it has served as the venue for various cultural offerings, such as plays, dance performances, and music, as well as different social and artistic programs. The theater was chosen as a film location by the producers of the film Por Trás do Pano (1999, with Denise Fraga) due to its traditional appearance. It has 840 seats.

Municipal Library

The Municipal Library, named after the teacher Jandira Basseto Pântano, was founded on October 25, 1955. It occupies the old building belonging to the Academic Group "Dr. Heitor Penteado" on Comendador Müller Square, near the Church of Santo Antônio. It contains 41429 books on various general subjects and 9051 children's books, totalling 50,480 books (as of June 1999), as well as 114 various newspapers and 24,500 magazines, including children's. The average number of visitors in 1998 was 600 people, who mostly came in the afternoon. Its enrolled number of associates totals 31,900 people, as of December 1998.

Jandira Basseto Pântano was born on October 27, 1918, in Americana. She received her elementary education at the Escolas Reunidas, one of the first schools founded in the city. She completed her education at Campinas and in January 1938 was named a substitute teacher at the Academic Group "Dr. Heitor Penteado" before becoming a full-time teacher there. She worked as a teacher at the school for 22 years, and was noted for her hard work and diligence. She worked with all of the grades, but she preferred to work with the fourth year students, and prepare them for the wider world. She retired on March 9, 1968, and died on June 7, 1988. Up until her death, she continued to receive students at her home, helping illiterate adults and poor children.

Museums and cultural centers

 Museum of Contemporary Art (Museu de Arte Contemporânea (MAC)): Founded in 1978, it is found in a building attached to the Municipal Library. It contains 260 works of art by contemporary artists, including paintings, sculpture, engravings, designs, photographs, and artistic installations. The museum features exhibitions by local artists and by artists from other cities, as well as workshops and classes. It also contains a library and holds an annual national contest, which gives the "Prêmio Revelação de Artes Plásticas" (Revelation Prize of Plastic Arts) to young artists.
 "Conselheiro João Carrão" Historic and Pedagogical Museum (Museu Histórico e Pedagógico "Conselheiro João Carrão): This museum is located in the old farm known as Salto Grande built in colonial Minas Gerais style from taipa according to the "pilão" technique, where the material is piled and compressed into horizontal layers a course at a time, with foundations made from real wood. Located at the confluence of the Atibaia and Jaguari Rivers, the museum contains photographs, maps, historical artifacts and machines, furniture, and torture devices used during the slavery system.

Religion

 Roman Catholicism: Since the dismemberment of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Campinas in 1976, Americana fell under the diocese of Roman Catholic Diocese of Limeira. Americana has a strong Catholic tradition due to the influence of Luso-Brazilians and of its Italian immigrants, who first began arriving in 1887. The first church at Americana was built in the middle of 1896 and dedicated to Saint Anthony of Padua, who became the patron saint of the city. The city has one of the largest Catholic churches in the country built in the Neoclassical style, the New Church of Saint Anthony (Matriz Nova de Santo Antônio), the largest in the diocese.
 Protestantism and evangelicalism: Americana is also home to adherents of Protestant denominations such as the Nazarene, Presbyterian, Methodist, Baptist, Assembly of God, Adventist, Pentecostal denominations such as Universal Church and Restorationist denominations such as the Jehovah's Witnesses and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Immigrants from the Southern United States brought with them various customs and religions, mostly of the Presbyterian and Baptist persuasions.

Infrastructure

Bus station
Named Terminal Rodoviario Francisco Luiz Bendilatti, the Americana bus station has been in operation since 1988 and is located in the Campo Limpo neighborhood. The location receives buses from more than thirty locations, which operate in the Southeast, South and Center-west regions of Brazil. The main cities connected with Americana bus station are São Paulo, Goiânia, Curitiba, Araraquara, Osasco, Limeira, Santo André, Cascavel, Londrina and Maringá. The Terminal has twenty-five cargo transport companies.

Airport
The main and closest airport in the area is in the neighboring city of Campinas, Campinas International Airport, and the main airport in Brazil and South America, in the city of São Paulo, São Paulo-Guarulhos International Airport, is in the same state.

Sports

In football the city is represented by Rio Branco Esporte Clube, founded on August 4, 1913. Rio Branco played in series A1 of the Campeonato Paulista since 1992 and was relegated to A2 in 2009.

It used to play in series C of the Campeonato Brasileiro. The team plays in Décio Vitta, with a capacity of 15,000.

Americana is also the hometown of Paralympics swimmer Danilo Binda Glasser, winner of two bronze medals in the Paralympics of Sydney 2000 and at Athens 2004, and footballer Oscar, a silver medallist at the 2012 London Olympics, a 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup champion, a 2011–2012 UEFA Champions League champion Chelsea F.C. player.

In 2014, the city hosted the first Pan-American Korfball Championship.

See also
 List of cities in São Paulo, Brazil
 Confederados
 American Brazilians

References

Further reading

External links

1875 establishments in Brazil
Municipalities in São Paulo (state)
Populated places established in 1875
Confederate expatriates
American expatriates in Brazil

American diaspora in South America

Americana, São Paulo


Der Autobahnring von Wuhan (), chin. Abk. G4201, ist ein lokaler Autobahnring rund um die Metropole Wuhan in der Mitte der Volksrepublik China. Er weist eine Länge von 188 km auf. Auf Teilen des Autobahnrings verlaufen die überregionalen Autobahnen G4, G42, G50 und G70.

Einzelnachweise

Autobahn in der Volksrepublik China
Straße in Asien
Straße in Hubei
Bauwerk in Wuhan
Wuhan

Autobahnring Wuhan


Districtul Azaz (în , transl. manṭiqat A'zāz); în ) este un district din Guvernoratul Alep, în nordul Siriei, având capitala la Azaz. La data recensământului populației din anul 2004, districtul avea o populație de 251.769 persoane.

Subdistricte
Districtul Afrin este împărțit în șase subdistricte (nawāḥī):

1) Datele privind populația sunt cele valabile pentru anul 2004;

Note

Legături externe

Azaz

Districtul Azaz


Mohammad-Javad Mohammadizadeh (n. 1951) es el actual vicepresidente y Jefe de la Organización de Protección Ambiental de Irán desde agosto de 2009, cuando reemplazó a Fatemeh Javadi. Fue Gobernador de la provincia de Jorasán Razaví.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 /Portal del sitio Presidencial

Paleontólogos de Irán
Vicepresidentes de Irán
Políticos de Irán del siglo XX
Políticos de Irán del siglo XXI

Mohammad-Javad Mohammadizadeh