François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande (; føddur 12. august 1954) er ein franskur politikari, ið var forseti Fraklands árini 2012 til 2017.

Hann var aðalskrivari í franska Sosialiska flokkinum frá 1997 to 2008, borgarstjóri í Tulle frá 2001 til 2008 for formaður í Corrèze General Council frá 2008 til 2012. Hann var limur í franska tjóðartinginum tvær ferðir, sum umboð fyri 1. valdømi hjá Corrèze frá 1988 til 1993 og aftur frá 1997 til 2012.

Keldur

Forsetar Fraklands
Føðingar í 1954
Franskir politikarar

François Hollande


Szkoła New Haven (New Haven School, Progressive School, Legal Reformist School) – jedna ze szkół ekonomicznej analizy prawa. Stanowi przeciwieństwo tzw. szkoły chicagowskiej, która zakłada potrzebę postulowania zmian w prawie. Prezentowane przez nią podejście normatywne ma się opierać na analizie kosztów i korzyści. Akcentuje się tu ponadto potrzebę eliminowania niesprawności rynku. Nazwa szkoły pochodzi od New Haven (miasta, w którym znajduje się Uniwersytet Yale). Nazywana jest również "szkołą progresywną" (Progressive School) bądź też "szkołą reformatorów prawniczych" (Legal Reformist School).

Szkoła New Haven opiera się na konstrukcjach odpowiedzialności cywilnej oraz rozkładzie ryzyka.

Jej głównymi szkołami i ośrodkami są Chicago i New Haven.

Prekursorzy
U podstaw podejścia szkoły New Haven legły publikacje Guido Calabresiego, który badał prawo deliktowe i wskazywał, że celem każdego systemu prawnego odnoszącego się do wypadków jest obniżanie trzech rodzajów kosztów:
 kosztów bezpośrednich (np. utrata życia, szkoda na mieniu)
 kosztów związanych z niedostatecznym wynagradzaniem strat osobom poszkodowanym
 kosztów administrowania systemem.
Jego badania zaowocowały krytyczną oceną amerykańskiego prawa wypadków opartego na zasadzie winy. Postulował on zastąpienie jej w znacznym zakresie zasadą ryzyka.

Kontynuatorami myśli Calabresiego byli Robert Ellickson i Steven Shavell. Chodź Calabresi wywarł ogromny wpływ na ukształtowanie się szkoły New Haven, jego myśl w pierwotnej postaci znalazła niewielu kontynuatorów. S. Shavell nawiązywał do teorii Calabresiego w pewnym zakresie.

Istota szkoły New Haven
Szkoła New Haven prezentuje tzw. podejście normatywne do ekonomicznej analizy prawa. Robert Cooter i Thomas Ulen wskazują, że jej korzeni trzeba szukać w publikacjach Calabresiego. Jedną z nich jest przełomowy artykuł Some Thoughts on Risk Distribution and the Law of Torts, który dotyczył wpływu systemu prawa na zachowanie odpowiedniego poziomu ostrożności w działaniach mogących wyrządzić szkody innym osobom oraz kosztów administrowania tego rodzaju systemem. Tematyka ta została dalej kontynuowana w książce The Costs od Accidents.

Calabresi, na podstawie zaproponowanego modelu krytycznie ocenia obowiązujące w Stanach Zjednoczonych prawo wypadków, które opiera się na zasadzie winy. Zachęca do wprowadzenia zmian normatywnych (stąd mówi się, że szkoła New Haven prezentuje podejście normatywne) w obowiązującym systemie prawa, by urzeczywistniać stawiane przed nim cele społeczne, co odróżnia te rozważania od koncepcji szkoły chicagowskiej Law & Economics niechętnej takim interwencjom.

Wskazuje się, że szkoła New Haven łączy czerpanie ze szkoły chicagowskiej oraz aktywną eliminację niesprawności rynku. Stanowi ona normatywne Law & Economics.

Law & Ecocomics i ekonomiczna analiza prawa są zastosowaniem ekonomicznej teorii (teorii mikroekonomicznej) do analizy prawa, które swoje początki wiążą z naukowcami z chicagowskiej szkoły ekonomii. Koncepcje ekonomiczne służą do wyjaśnienia skutków przepisów, aby ocenić, które przepisy prawne są efektywne ekonomicznie, a także przewidzieć, jakie zasady prawne zostaną ogłoszone. Zwrot "Prawo i ekonomia" odnosi się do stosowania analizy mikroekonomicznej problemów prawnych. Ze względu na nakładanie się systemów prawnych i systemów politycznych, niektóre z zagadnień z zakresu prawa i ekonomii są również podniesione w ekonomii politycznej, ekonomii konstytucyjnych i nauk politycznych.

Analiza ekonomiczna prawa jest zwykle podzielona na dwa podpola: pozytywne i normatywne.

"Prawo i ekonomia pozytywna" wykorzystuje analizę ekonomiczną do przewidywania skutków różnych przepisów prawnych. Tak więc, na przykład, pozytywna ekonomiczna analiza prawa deliktów, przewiduje skutki ścisłej odpowiedzialności rządów w przeciwieństwie do skutków zaniedbania reguły. Prawo pozytywne i ekonomia ma również wyjaśnić rozwój norm prawnych, na przykład wspólnego prawa o czynach niedozwolonych, pod względem ich efektywności ekonomicznej.

Prawo i ekonomia normatywna idzie o krok dalej i sprawia, że zalecenia polityczne oparte na ekonomicznych konsekwencji różnych polityk. Kluczowym pojęciem dla normatywnej analizy ekonomicznej jest efektywność, a w szczególności skuteczności przydziału środków.

Do prekursorów L&E zaliczyć także należy: Ronald Coase, Gary Becker, Henry Manne, Richard Posner.

Szkoła Chicagowska i szkoła New Haven określane są szkołami głównego nurtu Law & Economics.

Zgodnie z poglądem szkoły New Haven istnieją dwie uzupełniające się metody obniżania sumy tych trzech rodzajów kosztów: ogólne odstraszanie (general detterence) i szczególne odstraszanie (specific detterence). Pierwsza obciąża kosztami wypadku stronę, która do niego doprowadziła. W ten sposób koszty są obniżane, ponieważ zachęca się do ostrożnego zachowania. Jednak metoda ta nie jest optymalna m.in. ze względu na obojętność niektórych osób wobec potencjalnego nałożenia na nie kosztów wypadków. Druga metoda – szczególne odstraszanie – uzupełnia pierwszą, wpływając bezpośrednio na zachowania mogące prowadzić do wypadków, np. zakaz jazdy pod wpływem alkoholu (Calabresi 1970). Calabresi twierdzi, że system ten nie kreuje bodźców do powstrzymywania się od wypadków, a także pomija koszty drugorzędne i trzeciorzędne. Fakt, że w ramach kosztów drugorzędnych Calabresiego znajdują odzwierciedlenie redystrybucja bogactwa i alokacja ryzyka, świadczy o tym, że według tej koncepcji prawo ma realizować, oprócz efektywności również te cele (Priest 2005). Szkoła New Haven nawiązuje po części do dorobku Calabresiego. Choć opiera się w dużym stopniu na modelu i założeniach szkoły chicagowskiej, kładzie silniejszy nacisk na niesprawności rynku (market failures), które powinny być eliminowane (Katz 1998). Interwencja rządowa mająca na celu usunięcie niesprawności rynku powinna się opierać na analizie kosztów i korzyści, a istotną rolę w tym procesie mają do odegrania instytucje rządowe (Mercuro, Medema 2006). W innym ujęciu podkreśla się, że szkoła New Haven wykorzystuje Law & Economics do ekonomicznego uzasadnienia interwencji publicznej, realistycznej analizy instytucji politycznych i biurokratycznych oraz do definiowania roli sądów w nowoczesnym systemie podejmowania decyzji (Rose-Ackerman 1992). W związku z akceptacją możliwości postulowania zmian w prawie przez przedstawicieli szkoły New Haven tego rodzaju podejście nazywane jest w ekonomicznej analizie prawa podejściem normatywnym.

Przypisy

Ekonomiczna analiza prawa
Uniwersytet Yale

Szkoła New Haven


Oelan-Chol (Russies: Улан-Хол) is 'n dorpie in Kalmikië, Rusland. Dit is die setel en die enigste nedersetting van die gelyknamige Oelan-Chol Plaaslike Munisipaliteit wat tot Lagan-rajon behoort. Die dorpie se naam kom van die Kalmikiese woorde vir "rooi vallei".

Demografie
Volgens Sensus 2010 het Oelan-Chol 2 329 inwoners gehad. Etniese Kalmikiërs vorm die meerderheid van die dorpie se bevolking.

Verwysings

Nedersettings in Kalmikië

Oelan-Chol


Benjamin "Ben" Cureton (født 11. februar 1981 i Perth) er en australsk tidligere letvægtsroer.

Cureton begyndte sin seniorkarriere i roning i den australske otter og var ved VM i 2000 med til vinde bronze. Året efter blev det til en sjetteplads ved VM, hvor han også var med i fireren, der dog kun kom i B-finalen. I 2002 koncentrerede han sig om letvægtsfireren, hvor han ved VM var med til at blive nummer fire.

Ved OL 2004 i Athen roede han i denne disciplin sammen med Anthony Edwards, Glen Loftus og Simon Burgess. Australierne vandt deres indledende heat og blev nummer to i semifinalen. I finalen kom ind på andenpladsen i finalen, hvor Danmark ("Guldfireren") vandt guld, mens Italien tog bronzemedaljerne.

Ved VM 2006 blev han med letvægtsfireren nummer seks ved VM, og ved OL 2008 i Beijing blev australierne nummer tre i B-finalen og samlet nummer ni. Ved VM i 2011 opnåede han sit bedste VM-resultat, idet australierne vandt guld, nu med en besætning, der ud over Cureton bestod af Anthony Edwards, Samuel Beltz og Todd Skipworth.

Australierne var samme besætning dermed blandt favoritterne ved OL 2012 i Beijing, og efter en andenplads i indledende heat blev de nummer tre i semifinalen. I finalen stod kampen om guldet længe mellem den britiske og den danske båd, men til sidst kom Sydafrika og overhalede begge disse og vandt guld i en tæt spurt foran Storbritannien og Danmark, mens australierne på fjerdepladsen var næsten et sekund langsommere end Danmark.

Cureton indstillede sin aktive karriere efter OL 2012.

OL-medaljer
 2004:  Sølv i letvægtsfirer

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Roere fra Australien
Personer fra Perth
Deltagere for Australien ved sommer-OL 2004
Deltagere for Australien ved sommer-OL 2008
Deltagere for Australien ved sommer-OL 2012
Olympiske sølvmedaljevindere fra Australien

Ben Cureton


Kaliwatan sa alasiwsiw ang Glandulosa willemsei. Una ning gihulagway ni Boris Petrovich Uvarov ni adtong 1934. Ang Glandulosa willemsei sakop sa kahenera nga Glandulosa, ug kabanay nga Gryllidae.

Kini nga matang hayop na sabwag sa:
 Turkeya

Walay nalista nga matang nga sama niini.

Ang mga gi basihan niini

Insekto
Insekto sa Turkeya
Glandulosa

Glandulosa willemsei


O Michigan Golf Classic foi um torneio de golfe no PGA Tour, que se realizou uma única vez, em setembro de 1969 no Shenandoah Golf & Country Club, um campo de par 70 com 6 708 jardas localizado em Walled Lake, Michigan. O evento foi conquistado por Larry Ziegler, então, aos 30 anos, residente de Bonne Terre, Missouri e foi o primeiro título dele no PGA Tour. Ele derrotou o ex-aluno da Universidade de Houston, Homero Blancas, com um birdie no segundo buraco do desempate de "morte súbita".

Campeão
1969 – Larry Ziegler, com 272 tacadas, oito abaixo do par.

Competições de golfe
Antigos eventos do PGA Tour

Michigan Golf Classic


Kaliwatan sa lumot ang Aspicilia obscurata. Una ning gihulagway ni Elias Fries, ug gihatagan sa eksakto nga ngalan ni Johann Franz Xaver Arnold. Ang Aspicilia obscurata sakop sa kahenera nga Aspicilia, ug kabanay nga Megasporaceae.

Kini nga matang hayop na sabwag sa:
 Kadagatang Artiko
 Uropa ug Asya

Walay nalista nga matang nga sama niini.

Ang mga gi basihan niini

Abungawg-uhong
Abungawg-uhong sa Kadagatang Artiko
Abungawg-uhong sa Uropa
Aspicilia

Aspicilia obscurata


An Dumetella carolinensis in uska species han Aves nga syahan ginhulagway ni Linnaeus hadton 1766. An Dumetella carolinensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dumetella, ngan familia nga Mimidae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo diri gud kababarak-an. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Dumetella

Dumetella carolinensis


Friedrich August Kekule, kasnije Friedrich August Kekule von Stradonitz (  KAY -kə-Lay,  ; 7. septembra 1829 - 13. jula 1896), bio je njemački organski hemičar. Od 1850 -ih do svoje smrti, Kekulé je bio jedan od najistaknutijih hemičara u Evropi, posebno u teorijskoj hemiji. Bio je glavni utemeljitelj teorije kemijske strukture, a posebno Kekulove strukture benzena.

Kekulé nikada nije koristio svoje prvo ime; bio je poznat tokom svog života kao August Kekulé. Nakon što ga je Kajzer proglasio plemićem 1895., usvojio je ime August Kekule von Stradonitz, bez francuskog akutnog naglaska preko drugog "e". Francuski naglasak očito je imenu dodao Kekuleov otac za vrijeme Napoleonove okupacije Hessena od strane Francuske, kako bi se osiguralo da ljudi koji govore francuski izgovaraju treći slog.

Najpoznatiji Kekuleov rad bio je o strukturi benzena.  Godine 1865. Kekulé je objavio rad na francuskom (jer je tada još bio u Belgiji) koji sugeriše da struktura sadrži šestočlani prsten ugljikovih atoma sa naizmjeničnim jednostrukim i dvostrukim vezama. Naredne godine objavio je mnogo duži rad na njemačkom jeziku na istu temu.

Empirijska formula za benzen bila je dugo poznata, ali je bilo teško odrediti njegovu visoko nezasićenu strukturu. Archibald Scott Couper 1858. i Joseph Loschmidt 1861. sugerirali su moguće strukture koje sadrže više dvostrukih veza ili više prstenova, ali proučavanje aromatičnih spojeva bilo je u najranijim godinama, a tada je bilo dostupno premalo dokaza koji bi pomogli kemičarima da se odluče za bilo koju određenu strukturu.

Reference

Inozemni članovi Kraljevskog društva
Dobitnici Copleyjeve medalje
Umrli 1896.
Rođeni 1829.

August Kekulé


Kaliwatan sa isda ang Retropinna retropinna. Una ning gihulagway ni Richardson ni adtong 1848. Ang Retropinna retropinna sakop sa kahenera nga Retropinna, ug kabanay nga Retropinnidae.

Kini nga matang hayop na sabwag sa:
habagatan-kasadpang Kadagatang Pasipiko

Walay nalista nga matang nga sama niini.

Ang mga gi basihan niini

Isdangtunay
Isdangtunay sa Kadagatang Pasipiko
Retropinna

Retropinna retropinna


Anaxyrus là một chi động vật lưỡng cư trong họ Bufonidae, thuộc bộ Anura. Chi này có 22 loài và 27% bị đe dọa hoặc tuyệt chủng.

Các loài
 Anaxyrus americanus (Holbrook, 1836)
 Anaxyrus baxteri (Porter, 1968)
 Anaxyrus boreas (Baird & Girard, 1852)
 Anaxyrus californicus (Camp, 1915)
 Anaxyrus canorus (Camp, 1916)
 Anaxyrus cognatus (Say, 1822)
 Anaxyrus compactilis (Wiegmann, 1833)
 Anaxyrus debilis (Girard, 1854)
 Anaxyrus exsul (Myers, 1942)
 Anaxyrus fowleri (Hinckley, 1882)
 Anaxyrus hemiophrys (Cope, 1886)
 Anaxyrus houstonensis (Sanders, 1953)
 Anaxyrus kelloggi (Taylor, 1938)
 Anaxyrus mexicanus (Brocchi, 1879)
 Anaxyrus microscaphus (Cope, 1867)
 Anaxyrus nelsoni (Stejneger, 1893)
 Anaxyrus punctatus (Baird & Girard, 1852)
 Anaxyrus quercicus (Holbrook, 1840)
 Anaxyrus retiformis (Sanders & Smith, 1951)
 Anaxyrus speciosus (Girard, 1854)
 Anaxyrus terrestris (Bonnaterre, 1789)
 Anaxyrus woodhousii (Girard, 1854)

Hình ảnh

Tham khảo

Cóc

Anaxyrus


Christopher Armand Taylor (ur. 29 sierpnia 1990) – amerykański baseballista występujący głównie na pozycji zapolowego w  Los Angeles Dodgers.

Przebieg kariery
Taylor studiował na University of Virginia, gdzie w latach 2010–2012 grał w zespole uniwersyteckim Virginia Cavaliers. W 2012 został wybrany w piątej rundzie draftu przez Seattle Mariners. Zawodową karierę rozpoczął w zespole Everett AquaSox (poziom Class A Short Season), następnie występował w Clinton LumberKings (Class A). W 2013 grał w High Desert Mavericks (Class A-Advanced) i Jackson Generals (Double-A).

W styczniu 2014 został zaproszony przez Seattle Mariners na występy w spring training, jednak po jego zakończeniu został odesłany do Tacoma Rainiers (Triple-A). W lipcu 2014 wystąpił w Triple-A All-Star Game. Po rozegraniu 75 meczów dla Rainiers, w których uzyskał średnią 0,328 z 5 home runami, 63 runami i 37 RBI, 24 lipca 2014 został powołany do 40-osobowego składu Mariners i tego samego dnia zadebiutował w Major League Baseball w meczu przeciwko Baltimore Orioles, w którym zaliczył single'a.

W czerwcu 2016 w ramach wymiany zawodników przeszedł do Los Angeles Dodgers. 15 lipca 2016 w meczu z Arizona Diamondbacks zdobył grand slama i był to jego pierwszy home run w MLB. W 2017, w National League Championship Series, w których Dodgers mierzyli się z Chicago Cubs, uzyskał średnią 0,316, zdobył dwa home runy, pięć runów, zaliczył trzy RBI i wraz z Justinem Turnerem został wybrany najbardziej wartościowym zawodnikiem serii.

Nagrody i wyróżnienia

Przypisy

Amerykańscy baseballiści
Baseballiści Seattle Mariners
Baseballiści Los Angeles Dodgers
Urodzeni w 1990
Ludzie urodzeni w Virginia Beach

Chris Taylor (baseballista)


Mehriban Arif qizi Aliyeva  (; 26 de agosto de 1964) é vice-presidente e primeira-dama do Azerbaijão (esposa do atual presidente Ilham Aliyev), além de chefe da Fundação Heydar Aliyev. The Sunday Times, escrevendo em 2005 sobre a decisão de Aliyeva de candidatar-se ao Parlamento do Azerbaijão, descreveu-a como já exercendo "influência considerável" e a Fundação Heydar Aliyev como "uma poderosa e rica instituição criada para salvaguardar o legado do presidente e apoiar uma série de projetos educacionais e de caridade."

Em 21 de fevereiro de 2017 foi nomeada vice-presidente do Azerbaijão, um cargo que foi criado através de um referendo constitucional em 2016.  De acordo com o Los Angeles Times, Mehriban Aliyeva é amplamente considerada como estando na linha para suceder seu marido como presidente do Azerbaijão.

Vice-presidentes do Azerbaijão
Primeiras-damas do Azerbaijão
Políticos do Azerbaijão
Políticos do Novo Azerbaijão
Oftalmologistas do Azerbaijão
Médicas do Azerbaijão
Dirigentes esportivos do Azerbaijão
Filantropos do Azerbaijão
Família Aliyev
Naturais de Bacu
Embaixadores da Boa Vontade da UNESCO

Mehriban Aliyeva


Xylia evansii is 'n boom wat deel van die Fabaceae familie is. Die spesie is inheems aan Ghana, Guinee, Ivoorkus, Liberië en Sierra Leone.

Bron
 Plants of the World Online

Xylia
Flora van Ghana
Flora van Guinee
Flora van Ivoorkus
Flora van Liberië
Flora van Sierra Leone

Xylia evansii


Alang sa ubang mga dapit sa mao gihapon nga ngalan, tan-awa ang Desa Wonoharjo.

Administratibo nga balangay ang Desa Wonoharjo sa Indonesya. Nahimutang ni sa administratibo nga balangay sa Desa Wonoharjo, lalawigan sa Jawa Barat, sa kasadpang bahin sa nasod,  km sa habagatan-sidlakan sa Jakarta ang ulohan sa nasod.

Ang klima habagat. Ang kasarangang giiniton  °C.  Ang kinainitan nga bulan Hunyo, sa  °C, ug ang kinabugnawan Hulyo, sa  °C. Ang kasarangang pag-ulan  milimetro matag tuig. Ang kinabasaan nga bulan Disyembre, sa  milimetro nga ulan, ug ang kinaugahan Septiyembre, sa  milimetro.

Ang mga gi basihan niini

Mga subdibisyon sa Jawa Barat

Desa Wonoharjo (administratibo nga balangay sa Jawa Barat)


Kaliwatan sa alibangbang ang Melittia binghami. Una ning gihulagway ni De Niceville ni adtong 1900. Ang Melittia binghami sakop sa kahenera nga Melittia, ug kabanay nga Sesiidae. Walay nalista nga matang nga sama niini.

Ang mga gi basihan niini

Insekto
Melittia

Melittia binghami


Jevgenij Tsymbal (russisk: Евгений Васильевич Цымбал) (født den 5. september 1949 i Jejsk i Sovjetunionen) er en sovjetisk filminstruktør.

Filmografi
 Zasjjitnik Sedov (Защитник Седов, 1988)

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Filminstruktører fra Sovjetunionen

Jevgenij Tsymbal


The Directorate General of Food is a department of the government of Bangladesh, and is located in Dhaka. It is responsible for the overall management of food supply in Bangladesh.

History
The Directorate General of Food traces its origins to the Food Department created in 1943 after the 1943 Bengal Famine. In 1955 the government of East Pakistan tried to abolish the department and place its responsibilities under the Department of Agriculture. Its operations were suspended for seven months, but the merger didn't happen.

After the Independence of Bangladesh, the Ministry of Food & Civil supplies was created, of which the Directorate General of Food was a department. The Directorate is now part of the Ministry of Food, which  was created as part of a government reorganisation in 2012.

References

1943 establishments in India
Organisations based in Dhaka
Government departments of Bangladesh

Directorate General of Food


Dumyat (scozzese: Dùn Mhèad; pronuncia: /dəˈmaɪ.ɨt/) è una collina all'estremità occidentale delle Ochil Hills nella Scozia centrale. Si pensa che il nome derivi da Dun (fortezza) dei Meati.

Descrizione
Sebbene la collina non sia molto elevata (altezza 418 m), la sua forma caratteristica spicca nel panorama dell'area di Stirling ed è spesso rappresentata assieme alla vicina Abbey Craig (in cartoline e calendari. La collina è una meta turistica frequentata dagli appassionati di storia, data la vicinanza del Monumento di Wallace.

Dumyat ha due vette principali: Castle Law ad ovest e Dumyat ad est. Sulla cima di Castel Law sono ancora visibili i resti di un'antica fortezza collinare anticamente occupata dai Meati.

Note

Voci correlate
Meati

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Colline della Scozia
Stirling (area amministrativa)

Dumyat


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The Palácio dos Condes de Castro Guimarães, originally known as the Torre  de São Sebastião (St Sebastian's Tower), was built in 1900 as an aristocrat's summer residence in Cascais, Lisbon District, Portugal. It became a museum in 1931. The building follows an eclectic architectural style, while the museum includes paintings of national and international significance, furniture, porcelain, jewellery and a neo-Gothic organ.

History
Jorge O'Neil built the Torre de São Sebastião in 1900, to the designs of Francisco Vilaça. O'Neill was a Portuguese aristocrat of distant Irish descent who had multiple business interests including Portugal's match monopoly. The nearby Casa de Santa Maria was also constructed at his behest.

The building employs several architectural styles, adopting a Revivalist approach that includes Neo-romanticism, Neo-Gothic, Neo-Manueline and Neo-Moorish. The overall impression is of a medieval castle. References to O'Neill's Irish heritage can also be found scattered throughout the building, particularly in the so-called Shamrock Room.

The building's most striking feature is the tower, the base of which juts out into a small cove. The house has an irregular rectangular plan, in two, three and four floors, with several main and triple windows. There are several gargoyles, protruding eaves and porches. The interior is built around a quadrangular cloister. The main rooms are intercommunicating and have beamed ceilings with floors in ceramic tiles with Polychromatic patterns, as well as some tiled walls. Almost all rooms also have tiled stoves, some of which were brought from other buildings.

In 1910 the house was sold to the 1st Count of Castro Guimarães who, with his wife, lived there until 1927. Many of the pieces now in the museum were acquired during that period. Notable were the purchases of a neo-Gothic organ, built for the Count, and rare 16th Century manuscripts including the valuable "Chronicle of Don Afonso Henriques", the first king of Portugal, written by Duarte Galvão (1446-1517).

The Count died in 1927, donating the house and its garden to the state, with the request that the house be used as a museum and art gallery.  The Condes de Castro Guimarães Library Museum was inaugurated on July 12, 1931, and for many years was the only museum in Cascais. Directors have included João Couto, Carlos Bonvalot, Branquinho da Fonseca and Maria Alice Beaumont. In 1932, the famous Portuguese writer, Fernando Pessoa, applied for the position of curator, but was turned down for lack of qualifications.

References

Buildings and structures in Cascais
Art museums and galleries in Portugal
Museums in Lisbon District
Summer architecture
Houses completed in 1900
Museums established in 1931
1931 establishments in Portugal

Palácio dos Condes de Castro Guimarães


Bandidus septus là một loài côn trùng trong họ Myrmeleontidae thuộc bộ Neuroptera. Loài này được Gerstaecker miêu tả năm 1885.

Chú thích

Tham khảo

Bandidus

Bandidus septus


Kaliwatan sa murag-anay ang Pericapritermes brachygnathus. Una ning gihulagway ni Volker John ni adtong 1925. Ang Pericapritermes brachygnathus sakop sa kahenera nga Pericapritermes, ug kabanay nga Termitidae. Walay nalista nga matang nga sama niini.

Ang mga gi basihan niini

Uk-ok
Pericapritermes

Pericapritermes brachygnathus


John Leary (November 1, 1837 – February 8, 1905) was an American businessman and politician who was a key civic leader in Seattle, Washington. He made contributions to virtually all civic and business activities during the city's early years.

Leary started as a lumber merchant in New Brunswick, Canada, at 17. A successful entrepreneur, he accumulated "a modest fortune" and traveled to Seattle in 1869 in search of greater opportunities. Leary died one of the richest people in Seattle, with a net worth of $2 million, most of which was acquired through real estate deals in Seattle and vicinity. He participated in many other Seattle projects, including railroads, mining, banking, water and gas works, steamship operations, law, and others. Many of his activities were unprofitable, but served an important public purpose. He was also known for his extensive charitable contributions.

Leary served multiple terms as Seattle councilman and one as Seattle mayor, in 1885. He co-founded the Seattle Chamber of Commerce, Rainier Club, and First National Bank of Seattle, Seattle's first bank. From 1878 to 1890, Leary played one of the most prominent roles in Seattle's battle with the Northern Pacific Railroad for an independent railroad connection—a key element of Seattle's subsequent commercial success and leadership in Washington State.

Leary financed the construction of the steamwheeler Bailey Gatzert, the finest ship in Puget Sound at the time. His mining operation led to the founding of Ravensdale, Washington (initially named for him). Leary's home, the most expensive residence in the city of the time, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Two Seattle streets, Leary Way and Leary Avenue, bear his name.

East Coast career

Leary was born on November 1, 1837, to a family of Irish descent, in Saint John, New Brunswick, on the Eastern coast of Canada. He soon demonstrated an "unusual aptitude for business," and at 17, started a successful lumber trading business in St. John. This business soon expanded into the neighboring town of Woodstock. By the age of 30, he had accumulated a "modest fortune" and ran his own lumber camp on the banks of the Meduxnekeag River.

The Meduxnekeag riverbed spans from the confluence of its North and South Branches near Houlton, Maine in the United States to Woodstock in Canada. The 1866 expiration of the Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty resulted in substantial losses to Leary's business. Initially, he moved to Houlton in an attempt to run his business from Maine, but soon decided to take his chances on the Western frontier. Leary worked in lumbering until 1867.

West Coast career
In 1869, Leary arrived in Seattle, then a village with unpaved streets supporting a population of less than 1,000 people. Unlike the typical Washington Territory entrepreneur of the time, Leary didn't limit himself to a particular area of business, but engaged in a panoply of activities. In the words of Samuel L. Crawford, a Washingtonian journalist of the time, "Mr. Leary had an unusually active mind and was a great promoter. His great 'stunt' was to start some big enterprise and, after it was well under way, drop out of it himself. In this manner, he fathered many of the big schemes of the day."

As a result, over the next 20 years, Leary was involved in multiple operations simultaneously. He "touched every line of public progress" of Seattle, often at personal loss. Nevertheless, by the beginning of the 20th century, Leary had accumulated a fortune estimated at $2 million ($53,000,000), mostly from his investments in Seattle real estate. He died one of the richest people in Seattle.

Law practice

Leary was admitted to the bar in 1871, becoming a "pioneer lawyer" in Washington Territory. That same year, he became a junior partner in McNaught & Leary law firm. In 1872, McNaught & Leary was one of five law firms in Seattle and one of the six most active law firms in Washington Territory. One of Leary's most consistent occupations in Seattle was law; he was active in this area for eleven years.

In 1878, James F. McNaught became an attorney for the Northern Pacific Railroad Company, and the law firm dissolved. Leary initially started his own law practice, but then formed another firm with Henry G. Struve. The Struve & Leary Company was organized in 1878, and in 1880, when J.C. Haines joined the firm, it was renamed Struve, Haines & Leary. Leary stayed with the firm until 1882, when he left to devote himself to business and civic activities.

Mining
In 1872, Leary opened the Talbot coal mine (located in present-day Renton) with partners John Collins and James F. McNaught. Later, Leary was elected one of the venture's directors.

This operation was the first to deliver coal to Seattle. To expose a vein of coal, the company constructed a tunnel  long,  wide, and  high. To ship the coal to Yesler's Wharf in Seattle, they laid  of railroad track towards the Black River. However, as the bed proved to be badly faulted, the mine closed after a few years.

Between 1878 and 1880, Leary financed several geological expeditions in Washington, which normally would have been financed by local governments, to develop the region. The parties explored the West Coast towards Cape Flattery, the Skagit and Similkameen rivers, and parts of Eastern Washington. The expeditions confirmed the presence of rich coal and iron deposits, and the reports were made available to the public.

In 1884, together with J.M. Colman, Leary took part in the opening of the Cedar River mines. He was also an early stockholder in other mines around Renton.

Leary's most substantial mining effort was the creation of the Leary Coal Company, which developed coal mines in Ravensdale. This mining town was founded by Leary, and initially bore his name. Its original output of 48,000 tons in 1900 increased to 185,000 tons by 1905. The large coal shipments were made possible by a dedicated railroad line financed by other railroad projects with Leary's involvement, and connected the mines to the Northern Pacific Railway. After Leary's death, the mine was sold to Northern Pacific, which maintained a yearly output of 120,000+ tons of coal through 1915, when an accident killed 31 miners and prompted the company to abandon the mines.

Utilities
Leary organized various ventures that helped build Seattle's infrastructure, often without regard for their potential profitability.

In November 1881, Spring Hill Water Company (earlier purchased by Leary with Jacob Furth and Bailey Gatzert because of its insolvency) was the first to lay water pipes along Seattle streets, pumping water from Lake Washington. This created Seattle's first water system, and by 1886, its capacity reached . At some point, Leary served as the president of the сompany. In 1890, he and his partners sold the company to the city for $352,000 ($9,000,000).

Leary also helped organize the city's first gas company, and served as its president until 1878.

Banking
In September 1882, Leary participated in the founding of Seattle's first bank, the First National Bank of Seattle. (Before 1882, only a loan business founded by Dexter Horton operated in town.) Among Leary's partners in this enterprise were William S. Ladd, a famous banker from Oregon; Henry Yesler, Seattle's richest citizen, C.L. Dingley, G.W. Harris, and J.R. Lewis. The bank opened on November 15, 1882, with $150,000 ($4,000,000) in capital.

The bank's solvency and stability helped the city withstand the Panic of 1893. Leary served as the president of the bank, but later "was obliged to resign … owing to the pressure of his other business interests." First National later merged into Seafirst Bank, which was eventually acquired by the Bank of America.

In 1889, Leary was a member of the board of trustees of the People's Savings Bank in Seattle.

Media

In 1878, Leary founded the Seattle Post journal. He was the principal owner of the journal from 1880 until 1882 when he engineered a merge with the Seattle Intelligencer. He built the Post building, a new modern office building for the Seattle Post-Intelligencer at a prime location. By 1884, Leary had sold all interest in the combined paper.

In 1890, together with several partners, Leary purchased the Seattle Trade Journal, which was established in 1888 by Edmond S. Meany and Alexander Begg. A year later, he sold it to The Seattle Telegraph.

In 1890, Leary was one of the leading stockholders of the Morning Journal Publishing company. That year, the company made an unsuccessful attempt to publish a Democratic Morning Journal, which was absorbed by the Telegraph the following year.

Real estate

Leary's multiple investments in real estate were based on his firm belief in the future of Washington Territory, and in Seattle in particular. These convictions proved accurate, and his real estate investments became the main source of his accumulated fortune.

For example, in 1883, together with Judge Thomas Burke and William R. Ballard, Leary purchased  of land on Salmon Bay. Around 1890, it was divided into individual plots and sold to new settlers, forming the city of Ballard (now a suburb of Seattle).

Among Leary's other notable investments were the Cosmopolitan Hotel, the Seattle Post building, and the Yesler-Leary Block. The latter was built in 1883. It was considered the most prestigious piece of commercial real estate and the biggest office building in Seattle at the time. The Yesler-Leary Block had a  long facade facing 1st Avenue and a  facade facing Yesler Way. Constructed in a joint venture with Henry Yesler in 1883 at a cost of over $100,000 ($3,000,000), this office building was destroyed in the Great Seattle Fire on June 6, 1889.

Politics and civic activism
Like the majority of Washington Territory settlers of the time, Leary was a Republican.  His contemporaries described him as an "outstanding civic leader," a "natural leader," and "a pioneer among pioneers."

Leary served three terms as Seattle councilman, in 1873, 1875, and 1876.

In 1884, receiving 1311 votes, he was elected to serve as mayor of Seattle in 1884–1885. Seattle citizens cheered for him during one of the biggest political meetings ever held in Occidental Square. Leary was elected mayor on a ticket created by businessmen in opposition to the Law and Order League. At the time, the League was led by the "moralistic elements," including recently enfranchised women activists who lobbied for liquor and gambling regulations. Later, Leary damaged the relationship with his conservative supporters by allowing raids on saloons and houses of prostitution in attempt to "placate women's and reform groups."

At the time, the position of mayor wasn't salaried, but was regarded as a civic duty. Leary was the first mayor to hold regular office hours. He worked on improving downtown streets, and pleasantly surprised Seattleites by investing his own money to plank 1st Avenue—Seattle's first street-paving project. Leary ran for re-election, but lost.

In late 1885–early 1886, "anti-Chinese agitation" (a result of race antagonism, business depression, and poor enforcement of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882) occurred in many Western cities. Many white Americans blamed the business depression of 1882–1885 on cheap Chinese labor, which was considered strong competition to white Americans. The racism turned violent  in September, when white laborers attacked Chinese workers causing the Rock Springs massacre followed by an attack in Squak Valley (now Issaquah, Washington). As the agitation reached Seattle, Leary attempted to convince the Chinese to leave the city before any violence had occurred, but he was unsuccessful. Intense anti-Chinese riots rocked Seattle (as many other places on the West Coast), and eventually an "anti-Chinese congress" held in Seattle issued a decree to expel all Chinese people from Western Washington.

In 1890, Leary was an incorporating member of the board of trustees of the Seattle Chamber of Commerce. He served as the Chamber's president for two separate terms, the first being in 1890–1891.

In 1892, during an economic downturn, Leary ran for mayor again on a Republican ticket, but lost to Democrat Judge James T. Ronald.

Transportation

Seattle's first railroads

The Northern Pacific Railroad was the first transcontinental railroad to reach Puget Sound. After a few years of surveying, in 1873 the railroad unexpectedly decided that Tacoma, not Seattle, would be its western terminus. That decision would direct most commercial traffic to the Port of Tacoma, condemning Seattle to a subservient position in the region. Dependent on commerce, the Seattle population panicked and started planning to relocate their businesses and families to Tacoma.

Leary managed to curtail the panic with a characteristic stunt. He sold one of his hotels for $600 ($16,000) and used the proceedings to purchase a large quantity of piles, sinking them in straight lines along a potential railroad bed leading into Seattle. The resulting illusion of someone building a railroad into Seattle led to multiple rumors that stopped the initial panic, and thus the exodus of people from Seattle.

To resolve the problem in the long term, however, Seattle desperately needed a railroad connection. The situation was exacerbated by the fact that Northern Pacific Railroad had invested massively in Tacoma real estate and was actively luring Seattleites to relocate there.

Leary's stunt led to the establishment of the Seattle and Walla Walla Railroad, which planned to connect Settle to Walla Walla via Snoqualmie Pass and direct at least some commercial traffic into the Port of Seattle. Several prominent citizens backed the project financially, including Arthur Denny, John Collins, Franklin Mathias, Angus Mackintosh, Henry Yesler, James McNaught, J. J. McGilvra, J. M. Colman, and Dexter Horton, but Leary wasn't among the investors. It soon became apparent that Walla Walla had little interest in the project, and Seattleites' resources alone were insufficient (the construction was estimated to cost $4 million ($106,000,000). The construction of the railroad began in 1874, but never went beyond King County.

In 1881, a temporarily leadership change at Northern Pacific led the company to build a connection to Seattle and Walla Walla Railroad at Black River. Service to Seattle began in 1884; however, Northern Pacific continued using its monopoly power in favor of its Tacoma business interests and discriminated against Seattle merchants.

The problem wasn't resolved until Seattle commenced another railroad—Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway (SLS&E)—which would connect Seattle via Snohomish, Sedro-Woolley, and Sumas to the Canadian Pacific Railway, thus circumventing Northern Pacific entirely. Leary was one of the organizers, incorporators, directors, and investors of SLS&E, but the bulk of the investment came from New York bankers.

Leary played a part in the final battle for Seattle's independent railroad connection. As the construction of SLS&E proceeded in 1885 towards Snohomish, a Tacoma judge issued a writ on behalf of Northern Pacific, ordering Snohomish authorities to stop the construction of the essential Snohomish bridge. An ensuing legal battle would have resulted in a delay, leading to the violation of the financial agreement with New York bankers and thus endangering the entire operation. Along with Judge Thomas Burke, another principal investor in SLS&E, Leary commandeered a SLS&E railroad engine and rushed it to Snohomish. They arrived before the writ did, and convinced the local sheriff and deputies to "disappear for a couple of days" so no one could enforce the writ until the matter could be resolved in court. Putting all available personnel to work, SLS&E completed the bridge on time.

In 1882, Leary was also one of the founders of the Baker City Railway.

Maritime transportation

In 1877, Leary co-owned the Zephyr with George Harris and Captain William Ballard. In 1879, Leary and Harris sold their shares and Ballard became the sole owner.

With Seattle railroad connections secured, the Port of Seattle experienced a boom of maritime transportation; about $1 million ($26,000,000) worth of new steamers were added to the fleet of companies operating from Seattle in 1890. Leary contributed by organizing the Seattle Steam Navigation & Transportation Company, incorporated with $500,000 ($13,000,000) of capital stock. Leary served as the company's first president alongside other principal investors: Jacob Furth, Edward Neufelder, W.R. Ballard, and H.G. Struve.

Leary built the steamer Bailey Gatzert for SSN&T. One of the finest steamers of her time, it was named after Leary's friend and close business associate Bailey Gatzert, and cost between $100,000 ($2,600,000) and $125,000 ($3,300,000).

In 1891, steamboat operators consolidated into the Columbia River & Puget Sound Navigation Company. The president of the new company was Captain Uriah Bonsor Scott, and Leary became the vice-president. The company owned various steamers, including Telephone, Fleetwood, Flyer and Leary's Bailey Gatzert. They operated between Puget Sound and Victoria, British Columbia.

Leary also played a significant role in organizing the first mail route from Seattle to Alaska.

Other activities
Leary organized and served as president of the West Coast Improvement Company, Seattle Land & Improvement Company, and the Seattle Warehouse & Elevator Company. He was one of the directors and promoters of the James Street & Broadway Cable & Electric line and of the West Street & North End Electric Railway Company.

Leary was an Irish National League of America governing council member and a member of the University of Washington Board of Regents, lobbying for free education and textbooks for all students.

Personal life

Family

John Leary was married twice, but had no children from either marriage. He married his first wife, Mary Blanchard, on November 26, 1858, in Littleton, Maine. She died on July 17, 1890, in San Francisco, "after a short illness."

On April 21, 1892, Leary married Governor Elisha P. Ferry's daughter, Eliza P. Ferry.

The family resided on the corner of 2nd Avenue and Madison Street. In 1903, Leary started the construction of a new family home at a prime location in Capitol Hill, overlooking Lake Washington. It was estimated to be the most expensive private residence in Seattle at the time. The architects were John Graham (the founder of John Graham & Company, later credited for many historic Seattle landmarks, including the Space Needle) and Arthur Bodley.

The new house wasn't fully completed before Leary's death, but remained the residence of his widow and a famous place for social and charitable gatherings until Eliza Leary's death in 1935. In 1948, the Episcopal Diocese of Olympia purchased the house which remains its headquarters in 2020. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.

At the time of his death, two of Leary's relatives were known to be still living: his sister Margaret (or Maggie) Leary Baker of Philadelphia, and Jane Leary of Fredericton, New Brunswick.

Charitable activities
Leary was known for a broad spectrum of charitable activities. His associate, Alfred Battle, described Leary as "...the most charitable man I ever knew. He gave money to everybody he thought needed it."

Both of Leary's wives engaged in charitable activities and donated to notable causes. Mary B. Leary was the founder and president of the Ladies Relief Society of Seattle, organized in 1884 to help unfortunate families and individuals. Eliza P. Leary was an active member of Seattle's Sunset Club and a member of the local chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution.

Organizations
Leary was among the original founders of the Rainier Club, one of Seattle's most prestigious organizations. He became its president in 1890 and served at least through 1891.

In addition, Leary was an officer in Seattle's chapter of the Royal Arch Masons and a member of a local chapter of Odd Fellows.

Death and legacy
Leary suffered from liver disease in the last three years of his life. He withdrew from most business activities and spent substantial time in Southern California. He also made two trips to Carlsbad, Germany.

Leary died of heart failure in Riverside, California, on February 8, 1905.   His body was transported to Seattle, and his funeral took place on February 15. He was buried at Lake View Cemetery on Capitol Hill.

Leary died one of the wealthiest people in Seattle, leaving a fortune valued at $2 million ($53,000,000). It was left almost entirely to his wife, Eliza. A Seattle street, Leary Way, was named after him.

Notes

References

Literature cited

External links

 HistoryLink Essay

1837 births
1905 deaths
American people of Irish descent
Mayors of Seattle
Washington (state) pioneers
History of Seattle
Seattle City Council members
American city founders
Politicians from Saint John, New Brunswick
19th-century American politicians

John Leary (politician)


Mindernes magt er en amerikansk stumfilm fra 1918 af Maurice Tourneur.

Medvirkende
Elsie Ferguson - Rosamond English
Wyndham Standing - Harry English
Percy Marmont - Belhune
Ethel Martin - Cunningham
Clarence Handyside - Arthur Gerardine

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Stumfilm fra USA
Amerikanske film fra 1918
Dramafilm fra USA

Mindernes magt


Cannon Hill State School is a heritage-listed state school at 845 Wynnum Road, Cannon Hill, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 12 June 2015.

History
Cannon Hill State School opened in 1915 on a  site in the suburb of Cannon Hill, approximately  east of central Brisbane, to meet the demand for primary school education in the area. Suburban development after World War II spurred the construction of additional buildings to accommodate the school's growing pupil numbers. Cannon Hill State School comprises a complex of six school buildings, including one suburban timber school building (1915); a building designed to match it (1947, with 1957 highset timber building extension); a temporary classroom building (), one highset timber school building (1954); a timber-framed school building incorporating open web floor trusses (1959); and one of the earliest state school swimming pools (1921); set in landscaped grounds with mature trees. The school has been in continuous operation since its establishment and has been a focus for the local community as a place for important social and cultural activities.

The provision of state-administered education was important to the colonial governments of Australia. Following the introduction of the Education Act 1860, which established the Board of General Education and began standardising curriculum, training and facilities, Queensland's national and public schools grew rapidly. The State Education Act 1875 provided for free, compulsory and secular primary education and established the Department of Public Instruction. This further standardised the provision of education, and despite difficulties, achieved the remarkable feat of bringing basic literacy to most Queensland children by 1900.

Prior to 1900, the development of the suburb of Cannon Hill was strongly linked to the establishment of local industries and the arrival of affluent settlers in the 1860s – including the Weedon family who, in 1867, built one of the earliest residences in Cannon Hill, known as "Cannon Hill House". Cannon Hill and its surrounding district were pastoral and agricultural during this time and the cultivation of sugar cane was the major local industry. A brickworks operated in Cannon Hill from about 1875 and by the late 1800s the suburb had become semi-industrial, although much of the area remained open bushland. With the establishment of a slaughterhouse in 1906, and the construction of abattoirs and livestock saleyards, Cannon Hill became known as a meatworkers' area in the early 1900s.

The growth of the suburb was stimulated by the establishment of the Swift Company, which built a large abattoir in 1913, described as one of the largest industrial operations undertaken in Queensland at the time. With the influx of residents, created by employment in the flourishing meatworks business, the demand for a local school in Cannon Hill increased significantly. The lack of a local school meant many children had to travel several kilometres to Bulimba, Norman Park or Hemmant to attend primary school.

The establishment of schools was considered an essential step in the development of early communities and integral to their success. Locals often donated land and labour for a school's construction and the school community contributed to maintenance and development. One of the most prominent families residing in Cannon Hill in the early 1900s was the Bartlett family, who owned a significant amount of land, including the portion of land that would later become the site for Cannon Hill State School. According to oral histories, the Bartlett family was strongly associated with the establishment of Cannon Hill State School, intentionally acquiring land for a local school, and subsequently selling four acres to the Department of Public Instruction in 1914. Walker James Bartlett was a member of the 1913 committee that promoted the establishment of a state school and once the school opened in 1915, became chairman of the first school committee.

To help ensure consistency and economy, the Queensland Government developed standard plans for its school buildings. From the 1860s until the 1960s, Queensland school buildings were predominantly timber-framed, an easy and cost-effective approach that also enabled the government to provide facilities in remote areas. Standard designs were continually refined in response to changing needs and educational philosophy and Queensland school buildings were particularly innovative in climate control, lighting and ventilation. Standardisation produced distinctly similar schools across Queensland with complexes of typical components.

Cannon Hill State School, which cost , was officially opened on 25 September 1915 by the Hon. Herbert Hardacre, Minister for Public Instruction. The original school building, (Block B), is an intact example of a suburban timber school building (Type C/T8), with a U-shaped plan, comprising classrooms and two teachers rooms. The timber building was designed with one central and two side wings, roofed with Marseilles tiles, and metal ceiled. Each wing was divided into  wide classrooms, divided by folding partitions. Ventilation features included hinged ventilation boards to floor level and prominent roof vents, or fleches, centrally mounted on the roof atop a system of metal ducts that ventilated the roof space. The functional and decorative fleches appear to have been removed between 1971 and 1974 (possibly in association with the replacement of the terracotta roof tiles with corrugated metal sheeting). Battened gable infills were also visible in the original design documents and early images of the school. This building type solved many of the problems of light, ventilation and classroom size that plagued previous school designs as well as providing what was considered the ideal, modern education environment. A significant feature was the construction of large windows, along with a particular classroom arrangement designed to maximise natural light from the left; a strategy developed by the Department of Works between 1894 and 1914.

Under the stewardship of the Department of Public Works, which retained responsibility for schools until 2013, and through the involvement of some of Queensland's most innovative architects, school buildings became more advanced and diverse. This was the outcome of years of systematic reform and experimentation. The suburban timber school building demonstrates these advances in school architecture, especially in lighting and the building layout. Visiting Cannon Hill State School in 1915, the Hon. Herbert Hardacre (Minister for Public Instruction) praised Cannon Hill State School as "best in the state on grounds of health and economy" and suggested it was a high-water mark in school architecture. John Douglas Story (Under Secretary, Department of Public Instruction) termed the school "the most scientific building yet erected" in Queensland and maintained that "it lent itself in every way to the healthy education of the children".

In 1916, the school's sports ground was established at a cost of , marking the start of a number of landscape modifications to Cannon Hill State School. The provision of outdoor play space was a result of the early and continuing commitment to play-based education, particularly in primary school. Trees and gardens were planted as part of beautification of the school. In the 1870s, schools inspector, William Boyd, was critical of tropical schools and amongst his recommendations stressed the importance of the adding shade trees to playgrounds. In addition, Arbor Day celebrations began in Queensland in 1890. Landscape elements were often constructed to standard designs and were intrinsic to Queensland Government education philosophies. Educators believed gardening and Arbor Days instilled in young minds the value of hard work and activity, improved classroom discipline, developed aesthetic tastes, and inspired people to stay on the land. Aesthetically designed gardens were encouraged by regional inspectors. On Arbor Day 29 April 1916, 120 trees and shrubs were planted in the school grounds. The Minister of Education, visiting the school in September 1919 to open a tennis court, noted the school grounds had been transformed by two beautifully laid out gardens including rose bushes, sweet peas and carnations.

Schools became a community focus, a symbol of progress, and a source of pride, with enduring connections formed with past pupils, parents, and teachers. The inclusion of war memorials and community halls reinforced these connections and provided a venue for a wide range of community events in schools across Queensland. On 23 September 1919, a war memorial comprising an avenue of various trees was planted in the grounds. In 2007, a war memorial plaque was added to the school, next to a mature rosemary bush.

In 1921, one of the earliest state school swimming-pools was built at Cannon Hill State School by the school community, volunteers and parents, at a cost of . There was minimal funding from the Department of Public Instruction and construction relied on donations from Kelly Brickworks at Murrarrie. The pool, noted on the 1915 site plan, was the fourth state school pool in Brisbane, with school baths already established at Junction Park State School (1910), Wooloowin State School (1916) and Ascot State School (pre-1921). The construction of the pool, a concrete shell with concrete paved areas adjacent (), was a community response to a near drowning tragedy in a local waterhole. Despite the lack of funding, the Cannon Hill community succeeded in building the pool, necessary change sheds and amenities by hosting working bees at weekends. The commitment shown in the construction of the pool strongly highlights the significant relationship between Cannon Hill State School and its local community. The pool, which retains the dimensions noted in a 1946 drawing, has been in continuous use since its official opening on 9 December 1922, demonstrating its important function to the local community over the past century.

Enrolment numbers remained steady over the following three decades - largely due to the establishment of Morningside State School in 1926 - until suburban growth after World War II spurred a building program. Like other state schools across Brisbane, Cannon Hill State School experienced a rapid increase in pupil numbers post-1945 which, in conjunction with a shortage of building materials, causing drastic overcrowding. In December 1949, The Courier-Mail reported that Cannon Hill State School expected 90 to 100 new enrolments in the coming year, on top of its 420 existing pupils.

This was a nationwide occurrence and, to cope, many new buildings were constructed and existing buildings were extended. At Cannon Hill State School, a new building, Block F, was added in 1947 and connected to Block B via a raised verandah walkway. Block F shares many features with Block B: its classroom width, use of folding partitions, its verandah layout and external detail; however, it also clearly demonstrates features typical of its period: boarded ceilings with metal tie rods and lack of ventilation flaps.

A temporary building (Block C), was constructed at Cannon Hill between 1950 and 1951 to accommodate increasing enrolment numbers. This building combined the conventional construction techniques and design characteristics of earlier buildings on the site, with aspects of the Department of Public Works prefabricated buildings constructed for the commencement of the 1951 school year. A factory at Hamilton was established to construct these temporary school buildings, with extensive pre-cutting under way in 1951. Panels for external walls were prefabricated from tongue and groove (T&G) boarding.

Temporary buildings were constructed in Queensland schools between 1943 and 1951. This standard type was introduced as an expedient, temporary solution to the exceptional growth in student numbers in the immediate post-war period when skilled labour was scarce and materials were in short supply. They were small timber buildings, lowset on concrete piers, with skillion or gabled roofs clad with corrugated metal sheets. External walls were clad with vertical T&G timber boards and the rear wall had casements with operable fanlights sheltered by a simple hood. Accessed from a verandah, the type comprised two classrooms , which was consistent with the department's ideal dimensions of the time. The design, materials and form were a departure from earlier types, did not influence subsequent designs, and only a small number of them were constructed. While the classroom sizes differ, strong similarities exist between this Works Department temporary classroom (Type E/T5) and Block C, especially its gabled roof (introduced after 1949), casement windows with fanlights and vertical boarding. The timber building, comprising three classrooms as well as a teachers room by 1952, is a modification of a standard plan with the addition of a hat room as a verandah annexe and hinged ventilation boards to the verandah wall. Few buildings of this type survive.

From 1950 the Department of Public Instruction introduced and developed new standard plans for school buildings. These new standards were based on conventional construction yet incorporated concepts derived from the imported prefabricated systems including large banks of glazing and a  design module. These buildings were highset timber-framed structures and the understorey was used as covered play space. Introduced in 1950, the principal type (F/T4) was a long and narrow building with a gable roof. A semi-enclosed stair connected the understorey to a north facing verandah running the length of the building. Classrooms opened off the verandah and had extensive areas of windows; almost the entirety of the verandah wall and the opposite classroom wall were glazed, allowing abundant natural light and ventilation. This type was the most commonly constructed in the 1950s in Queensland. A highset timber school building (Type F/T4) with a semi-enclosed stair, comprising three classrooms, and a library, (Block E), was constructed at Cannon Hill in 1954. This building runs east–west, with a verandah protecting the northern side. This was a contemporary Works Design practice that evolved from the sectional school design. A 1957 extension to the east of Block F followed the same design principle. Educationalists argued that the ideal orientation of classroom buildings was 10 degrees east of north, with verandahs protecting the northern side and classrooms facing south. This led to the construction of school buildings that were oriented in relation to the sun rather than the site boundaries. This orientation was approximately consistent with the existing axial siting of the majority of existing buildings at Cannon Hill State School.

In 1954 the type was improved by replacing the proliferation of stumps in the understorey with a timber truss that spanned the width of the classroom and provided an unimpeded play space. This concept was further refined in 1957 by replacing the timber truss with a steel open-web joist that spanned further and removed more understorey stumps. This structural system was employed with reinforced concrete piers to support large loads at minimal cost. This particular concept was applied in the 1959 construction of Block A, a two-storey brick and timber building (Type F/T7) stepped in section to link with Block B by a walkway. This structure was supported on concrete columns and steel open web joints with a cantilevered portion supporting the verandah. The understorey of Block A was left open for playing until the design was modified to add another classroom on the lower level. The use of brick in the construction of Block A follows a structural scheme typical of 1950s school architecture. It was partially constructed on land acquired in 1957 after the Department of Public Instruction purchased a property, to the west of the school on Wynnum Road, for future extensions to the school.

Other modifications to the school included: the construction of Block G (one classroom) in 1951 and Block D in 1955 (four classrooms); an extension to Block C in 1957; the removal and subsequent rebuilding of Block G in 1970 (three classrooms on two levels); the addition of a toilet block in 1970; the construction of a retaining wall to the north and east of the sports ground in 1972; the removal of the teachers residence and the subsequent construction of a pre-school centre in 1974; construction of a tuckshop in 1981 (since removed); the removal of Block D in 1987 following arson damage; the construction of a new toilet block; and the 1988 conversion of the southern toilet block to a covered play area, stores and janitor's room. The pool dressing sheds were demolished and replaced after 2009.

Landscape features still visible at the Cannon Hill State School include mature trees. Numerous mature fig trees grow in the school grounds, with two notable trees located along the path leading from the pool area to the sports ground. Two mature mango trees survive - one near the parade ground north of Block C, which survives from the original private residence gardens, and another from the former teachers residence garden, located near the southern end of the sports ground. During the 1916 Arbor Day, the Hon. HF Hardacre (Minister for Public Instruction) was present when the first Anzac tree, a silver wattle, was planted at Cannon Hill State School. A silver wattle, located just outside Block A facing Wynnum Road, may represent a continued landscaping practice. The front gardens retain the original 1914 pathway and terracing layout, and an avenue of trees, including a mature palm tree, lines the pathway from Block A to Block C.

In 2015, Cannon Hill State School celebrates the school's centenary, with a provisional museum already established at the school, honouring Cannon Hill State School's significant history and community efforts.

Considering the school's continuous operation since 1915, the school has played an important part of Cannon Hill's history, teaching generations of students. The school has been a key site for social meetings and activities since its establishment, including school dances, held there as early as 1916; May fairs and fetes, agricultural shows, welcoming soldiers home from the First World War, and school concerts, each one bringing together the school and local community over the past century. It retains an array of representative Department of Public Works-designed buildings and an early swimming pool set in landscaped grounds with mature shade trees.

Description
Cannon Hill State School occupies a  site bounded by Wynnum Road to the north, Molloy Road to the east, Princess Street to the south, and residential properties that front Narela Street to the west. Prominently positioned above the main road through Cannon Hill, the school is a landmark in the suburb. The main entrance to the school is along Wynnum Road, where the original timber school building, Block B, remains a striking feature of the streetscape. The site slopes gently to the south and east. The school buildings, parade ground, swimming pool and tennis courts are concentrated on the northern half of the site, with playing fields and a pre-school situated to the south.

The school complex comprises a variety of educational buildings, amenities and landscape features of varying eras of design and construction. Of these, significant components include:

All buildings are axially sited, aligned parallel and perpendicular to Wynnum Road. Blocks B, E and F are timber-framed, weatherboard-clad and highset on concrete piers, with timber-framed windows and corrugated metal-clad gabled roofs.

Block G and various modern ancillary structures including toilet blocks, a dental clinic, covered play areas and a large structure adjacent to the pool, are not considered to be of cultural heritage significance. Other non-significant elements include modern carpet and linoleum floor linings, kitchenettes, acrylic panels to window openings, modern benches and storage cupboards, and aluminium windows.

Block B – suburban timber school building (1915)

Block B is a large, symmetrically arranged timber school building comprising a U-shaped footprint of three main gable roofed classroom wings, connected by continuous verandahs to the north side. The building exhibits typical characteristics of a suburban timber school building, Type C/T8. All classrooms are  wide and verandahs are  wide. The east and west wings (formerly 2 classrooms each) are a mirror image of each other (with the exception of later modifications), with verandahs along both east and west elevations. The central wing (formerly 3 classrooms) is longer, with a verandah to the north elevation only. Two small, gable-roofed teachers rooms project diagonally from the inner junctions of the wings, with one of two original verandah cloak rooms retained opposite. Six sets of open timber stairs provide access to the verandahs, and the building is connected to Block F to the south and Block A to the west via covered verandah walkways.

The north (front) elevation is symmetrically composed. Protruding gable ends of the east and west wings each feature a bank of windows, eight narrow sashes wide by three sashes high, flanked by open verandah ends. The windows to the east wing comprise casement windows to the bottom row, horizontal-pivot sashes to the middle and fanlights to the top. The windows to the west wing have been replaced with aluminium framed casements to the two bottom rows, with fanlights above. The gable end windows are sheltered by wide, terracotta-tiled window hoods with decorative timber brackets. This window and sunshade configuration is mirrored on the southern elevations of the east and west wings, and the exposed southern wall of the central wing also features a similar window configuration. Clear acrylic panels have been affixed to the inside of the majority of window openings.

The building retains much of its original timber ornamentation. The wide gabled roofs have open eaves with decorative timber brackets. Exposed framing is visible to the single skin verandah walls and the raked verandah ceilings are lined with timber v-jointed (VJ), tongue-and-groove (T&G) boards. Joinery to the verandahs includes: timber posts with decorative arched brackets; two-rail timber balustrades with battened balusters; panelled double doors with fanlights; and horizontal-pivot sash windows above door height. The outer verandahs of the east and west wings are partially enclosed. The east wing enclosure retains original weatherboard cladding (with some later modifications), whilst the west wing enclosure () is more extensive and includes a passageway and external stair added at the southern end. Bag hooks are attached to the wall of the outer verandah of the west wing.

The central wing is divided into two classrooms, with a small amenity area between, separated by modern concertina doors. The east and west wings are both open-plan. The original classroom layouts of all wings are evident from the bulkhead partitions retained where the original folding partitions have been removed. Internally, the three classroom wings and teachers rooms all have timber floors (lined with modern vinyl and carpet), and walls lined with VJ, T&G boards. Hinged ventilation boards survive at the base of verandah walls, although painted closed and externally sealed in some locations. The classroom wings have modern suspended ceilings and lighting, though it is possible that pressed metal ceilings remain above. The projecting teachers rooms walls are lined with timber VJ, T&G boards and the original pressed metal ceilings and decorative air vents have been retained. The cloak room located on the verandah at the junction of the central and west wings is formed by partitions lined with single skin VJ, T&G boards, with open timber shelves. The cloak room partitions are mirrored on the east wing side; however, the construction of the doorway through to the verandah walkway to Block F has resulted in the removal of the original timber shelves and construction of an enclosed storage space.

The understorey has a concrete slab floor, is partially enclosed by vertical timber battening and chain wire storage areas, and is used as a covered seating and play area. The weatherboard cladding to the teachers' rooms extends to form storage rooms below.

Block F – suburban timber school building (1947), with high set extension (1957)

Situated to the south of Block B, Block F comprises two sections: a highset, gable roofed building (1947) sited parallel to Molloy Road; and a perpendicular, gable roofed extension to the west (1957), connected by an enclosed L-shaped verandah.

The 1947 section of Block F aligns with the east wing of Block B, and is similar in plan, form, fenestration and external detailing. External timber stairs provide access to the west verandah which is enclosed with aluminium-framed hopper windows. An additional bank of aluminium-framed hoppers are housed in the southern end and a casement window is located at the enclosed northern end of the east verandah (now a kitchenette). The 1957 extension is highset on concrete piers with a semi-enclosed play space underneath. The building exhibits some of the characteristics of a highset timber school building with semi enclosed chairs, Type F/T4, including: highset timber-framed structure on concrete stumps; external cladding carried through both levels; verandah bag racks; and extensive use of hopper windows to the southern elevation. The  wide north facing verandah is enclosed with aluminium-framed hopper windows and accessed via an external set of timber stairs. The exposed southern elevation features a large bank of timber-framed hopper windows, three sashes high.

Extensive interior modifications have resulted in an open-plan classroom space across the 1947 and 1957 sections of Block F. Above the large openings created in the former 1947 verandah walls, banks of original high-level horizontal-pivot windows remain, along with timber VJ, T&G board linings. The 1947 raked ceilings are also lined and feature metal tie rods, whilst the 1957 flat ceiling is lined in flat sheeting with cover-strips. The former layout of the 1947 building (2 classrooms) is evident, with some verandah doorway openings with fanlights retained, as well as VJ, T&G lined partition bulkheads where the original folding timber partitions have been removed.

The understorey of the building has a concrete floor and is used as a covered seating and play area. Weatherboard cladding extends to ground level to enclose the east and south elevations of the 1957 extension, with corrugated metal sheeting enclosing the southwest corner of the 1947 building.

Block E – highset timber school building with semi-enclosed stair (1954)

Connected to the western verandah of Block F, Block E exhibits characteristics of a highset timber school building with semi enclosed chairs, Type F/T4. The building comprises three classrooms and a smaller end room, with a partly enclosed verandah to the north elevation. The verandah is accessed from the west by a set of open timber stairs. The partially enclosed understorey is used as a covered play space, with weatherboard cladding extending to form change rooms at the western end.

The southern elevation features a large bank of hopper windows, 16 sashes wide by three sashes high, with an additional two-sash-wide bank of hopper windows at the western end. Windows on the northern verandah wall are double-hung sashes with fanlights. A bag rack extends the length of the verandah. Internally, the classrooms walls, partitions and flat ceiling are lined with flat sheeting with cover-strips. A large opening has been formed in one of the classroom partitions, with smaller internal "windows" formed in the other two original partitions. One set of original interior double doors remains in-situ.

Block C – temporary classroom  (–51)
Block C is a lowset structure (–51) with vertical tongue-and-groove board cladding, half-gabled roof and a partially enclosed northern verandah. A gable roofed former teachers' room projects from the northern elevation. The chamferboard clad extension (1957) to the west is not of cultural heritage significance.

The building (formerly 3 classrooms) exhibits characteristics of a Type E/T5 including vertical T&G board cladding, north facing verandah and casement windows with fanlights. The composite structure incorporates the prefabricated panels typical of prefabricated timber school buildings by the Works Department, Type F/T2 with conventional construction and design characteristics consistent with earlier buildings on the site.

All walls are single skin, with vertical T&G board cladding on the exterior of the east, west and south walls, and interior of the northern, verandah wall. The east, west and south walls exhibit characteristics of pre-fabricated construction, comprising pre-fabricated panels set within timber framework. The south and east elevations feature banks of two-light casement windows with fanlights, whilst windows to the verandah wall are double-hung three-light sashes.

Block C is accessed via a modern deck that connects with the eastern end of the verandah, from which classrooms are entered via early timber-boarded double-doors with fanlights. The verandah wall retains characteristics of earlier standard designs, including hinged ventilation boards, and bag hooks attached to the exposed wall framing. The verandah has a two-rail balustrade with battened balusters to the east of the former teachers room, and enclosed bag racks with lattice over to the west. The raked verandah ceilings are lined with VJ, T&G timber boards. A weatherboard-clad storeroom is located at the eastern end of the verandah. The projecting former teachers room is weatherboard-clad with casement windows, and the ceiling is lined with flat sheeting with cover strips. The north and east windows are sheltered by timber-framed window hoods.

Early interior walls and partitions have exposed framing and are lined with VJ, T&G boards. Internal classroom arrangements have been reconfigured, with the original doors and partitions partly or fully removed. Some lintels remain to indicate the former partition layout. The ceiling is coved and flat sheeted, with metal tie rods retained. There is a large opening to the wall between the earlier building and the 1957 extension.

Block A – timber-framed school building with open web floor trusses (1959)
Block A is a long, gable roofed building sited parallel to Wynnum Road and connected to Block B via a covered walkway at its east end. The asymmetrically arranged building is stepped to respond to the site gradient and comprises two main sections: a double storey brick block to the east; and a highset timber and brick structure to the west. Block A is characteristic of Type F/T7. The structure is supported on tapered open web steel floor trusses, with a cantilever supported northern verandah, enabling unencumbered play space underneath. The stepped, gabled roofs are clad with terracotta tiles, with four modern (1993) roof vents visible from the south.

The double storey section to the east is constructed of face brick. Glass louvres and an area of brickwork (1973) enclose the toilets and store rooms to the ground floor. A small porch covers the ground floor entry to the north and a driveway passes through the building, with a former entrance passageway with timber bench seating on the west side. The first floor has an enclosed south verandah with narrow chamferboard cladding and fixed, timber-framed glazing, with steel framed glass louvres to the verandah wall. The first floor interior contains offices and workrooms divided by partition walls. A central staircase links the two halves of the building.

The west section comprises four classrooms on the first floor and an open play space beneath, with a brick-enclosed staircase at the far western end. Timber framed hopper windows, with fanlights, extend along the full length of the south elevation. The north-facing verandah is enclosed with fixed, timber framed glazing (1993), on enclosed bag racks. The verandah walls are lined with flat sheeting with cover-strips, with steel framed glass louvres above sill height. The classroom walls and raked ceiling are lined with flat sheeting with cover-strips. Folding timber doors survive in two partition walls. The understorey features open web steel floor trusses supported on concrete piers. An additional classroom is located to the east end of the understorey, enclosed by glass louvres to the north, face-brick with hopper windows to the south, and a solid brick wall to the west.

Setting and Landscape Features
The established grounds comprise lawn areas, garden beds and numerous mature plantings, as well as various built landscape features such as pathways, terraces and retaining walls; integrated with the concentration of school buildings to the north and surrounding the open playing fields to the south.

The front of the school is elevated and set back from Wynnum Road behind a fenced lawn and densely planted terraced garden beds. The axial siting of Block B is accentuated by the original (1915) concrete entrance pathway and stair layout from Wynnum Road. Mature trees including Poincianas (Delonix regia) are integrated into the front garden, with Wattle (Acacia pycnantha), Figs (Ficus), and Moreton Bay Ash (Corymbia tessellaris) scattered across the northwest corner of the site. Further mature plantings continue along the western boundary of the school including Figs, Eucalypts and various other species.

Areas of asphalt are located between the school buildings, including the parade ground (now covered with astro-turf) to the south of Block A which is surrounded by concrete block retaining walls. A mature Mango (Mangifera indica) tree (associated with the early private residence) is located to the southwest of the parade ground. Several shade trees of various species, Moreton Bay Ash, Fig and Camphor Laurel (Cinnamomum camphora), form an avenue running south from Block A, in line with the driveway.

The rectangular swimming pool, opened 9 December 1922, to the south of Block E comprises an in-ground concrete shell and surface surround. A large modern amenity building has been constructed to the west end of the pool and concrete tennis and basketball courts are located to the east.

The site slopes downwards to the south and the level playing fields are surrounded by vegetated embankments. A retaining wall constructed of Brisbane tuff with later additions in granite, defines the east and north extents of the grassed playing field. Two large figs stand on the slope between the pool and the playing field. Various mature plantings including Paperbarks and a Mango tree are concentrated to the southeast corner of the site around the Pre-School Centre (location of the former Teacher's Residence) and along Molloy Road.

Heritage listing
Cannon Hill State School was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 12 June 2015 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.

Cannon Hill State School (established in 1915) is important in demonstrating the evolution of state education and its associated architecture in Queensland. The place retains excellent and representative examples of standard government designs that were architectural responses to prevailing government educational philosophies.

The suburban timber school building (1915) represents the culmination of years of experimentation with light, classroom size and elevation, by the Department of Public Works. This was replicated in a similar building (1947) with modifications typical of its period.

The temporary classroom building (-1) demonstrates a transitional period where standardised designs of conventional construction were combined with prefabricated systems to provide basic classroom accommodation in response to the increased post-war demand on schools.

Two highset timber school building extensions (1954, 1957) demonstrate new standard designs that evolved after World War II, incorporating concepts from prefabrication systems.

The timber-framed school building incorporating open web floor trusses (1959) demonstrates the change to steel truss supports and cantilevered verandahs to create uncluttered understorey play space.

The early swimming pool (1921) reflects the growing popularity of children learning to swim for health and safety reasons.

The large, suburban site with mature trees and landscaping features demonstrates the importance of play and aesthetics in the education of children.

The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.

Cannon Hill School is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a suburban Queensland state school complex. These include: generous, landscaped sites with mature shade trees, assembly/play areas and sporting facilities; and a range of timber-framed teaching buildings constructed between 1915 and 1959. The large school complex retains good, representative examples of standard Queensland government designs that were architectural responses to the prevailing government educational philosophies, and non-standard features such as a swimming pool (1921).

The large suburban timber school building (Block B, 1915) is a good, intact example of its type, comprising: a symmetrical plan of three gable-roofed wings connected via continuous verandahs; highset timber-framed structure with play space beneath; projecting teachers rooms; verandah cloak rooms and hat hooks; and continuous operable vents at floor level.

An adjacent classroom building (Block F, 1947) is of similar design to the earlier suburban timber school building, comprising a rectangular plan with consistent classroom width, verandah layout and external details, but without the hinged ventilation boards.

The temporary classroom building (Block C, -51) is a rare, intact example of its type, with lowset timber-framed structure, north facing verandah, vertical tongue-and-groove cladding and banks of casement windows with fanlights over.

Extensions to the east (Block F, 1957) and west (Block E, 1954) of Block F are good examples of highset timber school buildings, with external cladding carried through both levels, extensive use of hopper windows to southern elevation, and double-hung sash windows to the northern, verandah wall.

The timber-framed school building incorporating open web floor trusses (Block A, 1959) is a good, intact example of its type, combining face brick construction with a highset timber-framed structure supported on open web steel floor trusses, enabling unencumbered play space underneath.

The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.

Cannon Hill State School is of aesthetic significance for its picturesque architectural qualities and contribution to the streetscape. Highly-intact, the Suburban Timber School Building (Block B, 1915) has considerable architectural value as a building of high-quality materials and construction with well-composed features. The symmetrical front elevation, with projecting gabled wings, features decorative elements of finely-crafted timber work. The Suburban Timber School Building is prominently sited, elevated and set back from the road behind open grassed areas and landscaped gardens; it is an attractive feature along Wynnum Road and is a landmark for the area.

The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.

Schools have always played an important part in Queensland communities. They typically retain significant and enduring connections with former pupils, parents, and teachers; provide a venue for social interaction and volunteer work; and are a source of pride, symbolising local progress and aspirations. Cannon Hill State School has a strong and ongoing association with the Cannon Hill community. It was established in 1915 through the fundraising efforts of the local community and generations of children have been taught there. The place is important for its contribution to the educational development of Cannon Hill and is a prominent community focal point and gathering place for social and commemorative events with widespread community support.

See also
 History of state education in Queensland
 List of schools in Greater Brisbane

References

Attribution

Further reading

External links

Queensland Heritage Register
Cannon Hill, Queensland
Articles incorporating text from the Queensland Heritage Register
Public schools in Brisbane

Cannon Hill State School


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Il codec video H.263 fu originariamente creato dall'ITU-T nel 1995/1996 come codec compresso con un basso bitrate per applicazioni di videoconferenza.

Esso fa parte della famiglia H.26x ed è stato progettato per essere utilizzato nei sistemi basati su H.324 (PSTN e altre reti commutate di videoconferenza e telefonate), ma ha anche trovato uso nel protocollo H.323 (video-conferenze basate su RTP/IP), H.320 (video-conferenze basate su ISDN), RTSP (Streaming) e SIP (conferenze via Internet).
Molti dei contenuti FLV (video flash usati su siti come YouTube, Google Video, MySpace ecc.) sono compressi con questo codec, anche se alcuni siti usano adesso la compressione VP6, supportata da Flash a partire dalla versione 8.
I video H.263 possono essere decodificati con la libreria libavcodec (con licenza LGPL e parte del progetto FFmpeg) che è usata da programmi come ffdshow, VLC media player e MPlayer.

L'H.263 è stato sviluppato come un miglioramento del codec H.261, il precedente standard ITU-T per la compressione video, e gli standard MPEG-1 e MPEG-2. La prima versione fu completata nel 1995 ed era un sostituto adeguato al codec H.261 a tutti i bitrate. Fu ulteriormente migliorato nei progetti conosciuti come H.263v2 (conosciuto anche come H.263+ o H.263 1998) e H.263v3 (conosciuto anche come H.263++ o H.263 2000).

Molti telefoni celluari e smartphone degli anni 2000 e dei primi anni 2010 registrano i video con la loro fotocamera, utilizzando come codec l'H.263 e come formato contenitore il 3gp.

Lo standard supporta vari formati video, ad esempio i formati di tipo CIF (SQCIF, QCIF, CIF, 4CIF, 9CIF e 16CIF).

Il codec successivo sviluppato dall'ITU-T VCEG (in collaborazione con MPEG) dopo l'H.263 è lo standard H.264, conosciuto anche come AVC e MPEG-4 part 10. Poiché l'H.264 fornisce un miglioramento significativo rispetto all'H.263, lo sviluppo di quest'ultimo è considerato ormai solo per questioni di retrocompatibilità.
La maggior parte dei prodotti per le video-conferenze includono ora sia l'H.264, sia l'H.263, sia l'H.261.

L'H.263 supporta risoluzioni video fino a 1408×1152 pixel (16CIF).

Risoluzioni video superiori come il Full HD e il 4K necessitano l'utilizzo d'altri codec, ad esempio dell'H.264.

Versioni
Dall'originale ratificazione dell'H.263 nel marzo 1996 (con l'approvazione di un documento prodotto nel novembre 1995), ci sono state due seguenti aggiunte che migliorarono il codec originale con l'aggiunta di estensioni opzionali (annexes). Per esempio, l'H.263v2 aggiunse un filtro debloccante (deblocking filter) attraverso l'Annex J.

L'originale H.263 specificava le seguenti estensioni:
 Annex A - Specifica precisione della trasformazione inversa (Inverse transform accuracy specification)
 Annex B - Decodificatore ipotetico standard(Hypothetical Reference Decoder)
 Annex C - Considerazioni per il Multipoint (Considerations for Multipoint)
 Annex D - Metodo non restrittivo sui vettori di moto (Unrestricted Motion Vector mode)
 Annex E - Metodo di codifica aritmetica (Syntax-based Arithmetic Coding mode)
 Annex F - Metodo avanzato di predizione (Advanced Prediction mode)
 Annex G - Immagini P-B (PB-frames mode)
 Annex H - Correzione errori per il segnale video (Forward Error Correction for coded video signal)

Nel marzo 1997, l'estensione Annex I che descriveva il tracciamento degli errori (Error Tracking) — una tecnica di codifica per migliorare la robustezza di fronte alle perdite di dati e agli errori — fu approvata per fornire informazioni per l'aiuto degli sviluppatori che avevano intenzione di implementare questa tecnica.

H.263v2
L'H.263v2 (conosciuto anche come H.263+ o come la versione 1998 dell'H.263) è il nome informale della seconda edizione dello standard ITU-T H.263. Conserva tutte le capacità della versione originale dello standard, ma potenzi le capacità dell'H.263 aggiungendo molte estensioni che possono migliorare sostanzialmente l'efficienza della codifica e fornire altre funzioni (come la robustezza migliorata contro le perdite di dati nel canale di trasmissione). Il progetto H.263+ fu ratificato dall'ITU nel febbraio del 1998 e aggiunse le seguenti estensioni:
 Annex I - Modalità di codifica avanzata INTRA (Advanced INTRA Coding mode)
 Annex J - Filtro debloccante
 Annex K - Slice Structured mode
 Annex L - Supplemental Enhancement Information Specification
 Annex M - Migliorata modalità Immagini PB (Improved PB-frames mode)
 Annex N - Reference Picture Selection mode
 Annex O - Metodo di scalabilità temporale, SNR e spaziale (Temporal, SNR, and Spatial Scalability mode)
 Annex P - Reference picture resampling
 Annex Q - Reduced-Resolution Update mode (see implementors' guide correction as noted below)
 Annex R - Independent Segment Decoding mode
 Annex S - Alternative INTER VLC mode
 Annex T - Modified Quantization mode
L'H.263v2 aggiunse inoltre il supporto flessibile per personalizzare il formato delle immagini e il tempo (picture clock frequencies). Precedentemente i soli possibili formati supportati dall'H.263 erano stati Sub-QCIF, QCIF, CIF, 4CIF, e 16CIF, e l'unica frequenza delle immagini era 30000/1001 (approssimativamente 29.97) clock ticks al secondo.

L'H.263v2 specificava un set di modalità raccomandate in un'appendice informativa (Appendice II, deprecata da allora):

H.263v3
La definizione dell'H.263v3 (conosciuto anche come H.263++ o come la versione 2000 dell'H.263) consisteva nell'aggiunta di tre estensioni. Queste estensioni e un'estensione aggiuntiva che specificava i profili (approvata l'anno seguente) furono originariamente pubblicate come documenti separati dal testo principale dello standard. Le estensioni aggiuntive specificate erano:
 Annex U - Enhanced reference picture selection mode
 Annex V - Data-partitioned slice mode
 Annex W - Additional supplemental enhancement information specification
 Annex X (specificata originariamente nel 2001) - Definizioni di profili e livelli (Profiles and levels definition)

L'informativa precedente Appendix II (miglioramenti opzionali raccomandati) diventò obsoleta con la creazione della normativa Annex X.

Nel giugno 2001 un'altra informativa (Appendix III, Esempi per l'implementazione di un encoder/decoder H.263) fu approvata. Descrive le tecniche di codifica e ciò che riguarda gli errori e le perdite dei decoder.

Nel gennaio 2005, un documento unificato di specifica h.263 fu prodotto (con l'esclusione dell'Appendix III, che rimane un documento pubblicato separatamente).

Nell'agosto 2005, una guida degli implementatori fu approvata per correggere un piccolo errore nella poco usata estensione Annex Q reduced-resolution update mode.

Applicazioni
 I video H.263 possono essere decodificati con la libreria gratuita (sotto licenza LGPL) libavcodec (parte del progetto ffmpeg) che è usata da programmi come ffdshow, VLC media player e MPlayer.
 La maggior parte dei contenuti FLV (usati su siti come YouTube, Google Video, MySpace etc.) è codificata in questo formato, anche se alcuni siti usano adesso la compressione VP6, supportata da Flash a partire dalla versione 8.
 La versione originale del codec Real Video era basata sull'H.263 fino alla distribuzione di RealVideo 8.

Collegamenti esterni

 Video Demystified - Libro con informazioni sull'H.263 (in inglese)

Codec video
Standard ISO

H.263


Uma tempestade multicelular agrupada é uma tempestade que é composto de várias células, cada uma em um estágio diferente no ciclo de vida de uma tempestade. Ele aparece como várias cumulonimbus incus agrupadas. Uma célula é um updraft/downdraft. Estas células diferentes irá dissipar-se como nova forma de células e continuar a vida do grupo de temporais multicelular com cada célula tomar uma vez que a célula domina no grupo.

Descrição

A formação de tempestades multicelulares implica que a corrente ascendente na tempestade mãe é o deslocamento do seu downdraft. As células novas geralmente formam parte do vento (geralmente ocidental ou sudoeste) da tempestade onde o downdraft das células maduras atende o vento ambiental, levantando o pacote de ar e desencadeando nova convecção. As células maduras estão, portanto, geralmente no centro da tempestade, e as células que se dissipam geralmente estão na parte de baixo da tempestade de vento (normalmente do leste ou do nordeste)..

Características
A tempestade multicelular agrupada pode durar horas, enquanto cada célula individual só deve durar cerca de 20 a 60 minutos. Essas tempestades às vezes podem ser severas e às vezes têm caminhos estranhos devido à trovoada e às vezes não seguem o o caminho das células que a compõem. O hodógrafo típico, o gráfico do vento versus a altitude, associado a ele, mostra um corte linear do vento com altitude. O corte vertical moderado do vento leva ao desenvolvimento de uma convergência de superfície não simétrica associada à saída da tempestade, com a convergência mais forte ocorrendo em no lado direito do movimento da tempestade. Assim, enquanto que as células individuais se move ao longo do vento lateral enquanto que a linha se move a 30° da mesma, e 70% da velocidade do vento na camada média da atmosfera.

O índice Convectivo disponível a energia potencial (CAPE) é de moderada a grande, geralmente entre 800 e 1.500 J/kg. O radar estrutura deste tipo de tempestade e é caracterizada por balanços de refletividade na parte sudoeste do grupo.

Ameaças
Qualquer severa atividade em uma dessas tempestades provavelmente irá vir do dominante célula perto ou após o seu pico de corrente ascendente de força. Isto porque poderia haver granizo a partir de uma forte corrente ascendente que dura apenas um curto período de tempo, trazendo ventos.

A chuva é um importante impacto de tais sistemas. A velocidade e a direção na qual o grupo inteiro de tempestades mover a jusante fazer a diferença na quantidade de chuva, que é recebido em um só local. Células individuais podem mover a jusante, mas outras células, formando a barlavento do grupo e pode mover-se diretamente sobre o caminho a célula anterior, formando a formação ecos.

Uma tempestade multicelular, às vezes, pode se desenvolver em um Sistema Convenctivo de Mesoescala (MCS) ou uma Linha de instabilidade. As atualizações reformulam novas células continuamente na vanguarda do sistema com chuva e granizo seguindo atrás. As correntes ascendentes de tempestades individuais e declive ao longo da linha podem se tornar fortes, produzindo granizo e forte saída de ventos de linha reta à frente do sistema. Os furacões só são ocasionalmente relatados.  Em certas condições, a linha de distorção pode se estender em uma linha muito longa, movendo-se extremamente rapidamente e se tornando um direito.

Referências

Links externos
 [ https://web.archive.org/web/20050820101852/http://hs-staffserver.stjames.k12.mn.us/~fraken/meteorology%20files/resources/11a.pdf]
 [ https://web.archive.org/web/20050122173517/http://snrs.unl.edu/amet498/versaw/multicell.html]
 https://web.archive.org/web/20120207002434/http://spotterguides.us/advanced/advanced04.htm
 http://www.erh.noaa.gov/iln/spotterguide/spotterguide.html

!Esboços sobre meteorologia
Nuvens
Fenômenos naturais
Fenômenos meteorológicos
Eletricidade

Tempestade multicelular


Snúðurkriki (frøðiheiti - Jynx torquilla)

Sí eisini
 Fuglar í Føroyum

Fuglar
Piciformes

Snúðurkriki


Ha legato indissolubilmente il suo nome a quello della Boston University, presso cui è divenuto Professore Emerito nel 2000. È conosciuto soprattutto per la tecnica di otturazione dei canali radicolari, in cui la guttaperca riscaldata è compattata all'interno del sistema di canali radicolari in precedenza sagomato e deterso (tecnica di Schilder).

Ha formulato le basi razionali del trattamento endodontico; il raggiungimento degli obiettivi biologici e meccanici da lui enunciati negli anni sessanta-settanta consente di ottenere la predicibilità del successo nel trattamento endodontico.

Note

Collegamenti esterni
Herbert Schilder, 77, Surgeon Who Refined the Root Canal, Dies, Obituary, dal New York Times del 5 febbraio 2006

Herbert Schilder


Minh Tân là một xã thuộc huyện Dầu Tiếng, tỉnh Bình Dương, Việt Nam.

Địa lý
Xã Minh Tân có diện tích 44,98 km², dân số năm 2021 là 7.963 người, mật độ dân số đạt 177 người/km².

Hành chính
Xã Minh Tân được chia thành 6 ấp: Tân Bình, Tân Thanh, Tân Phú, Tân Đức, Tân Tiến, Tân Định.

Lịch sử
Ngày 25 tháng 4 năm 1979, Hội đồng Chính phủ ban hành Quyết định 180-CP thành lập xã Minh Tân thuộc huyện Bình Long ở vùng kinh tế mới tỉnh Sông Bé.

Tháng 1 năm 1997, chuyển xã Minh Hòa thuộc huyện Bình Long, tỉnh Bình Phước về huyện Bến Cát, tỉnh Bình Dương quản lý.

Ngày 23 tháng 7 năm 1999, Chính phủ ban hành Nghị định 58/1999/NĐ-CP về việc chuyển xã Minh Tân thuộc huyện Bến Cát về trực thuộc huyện Dầu Tiếng mới tái lập quản lý.

Ngày 17 tháng 11 năm 2004, Chính phủ ban hành Nghị định 190/2004/NĐ-CP về việc điều chỉnh 1.477 ha diện tích tự nhiên và 950 nhân khẩu của xã Minh Tân về xã Long Hòa quản lý.

Sau khi điều chỉnh địa giới hành chính, xã Minh Tân còn lại 4.906 ha diện tích tự nhiên và 4.539 nhân khẩu.

Chú thích

Tham khảo

Minh Tân, Dầu Tiếng